Ulrich Middeldorf jC( 0uJ~t tAsfy- C i . .(U t t c 0 : v, ct'6( 5? ^ -L 1 v cl ■V"' C 4<:ct - (t ' r< ~ , , ■ , Ot'C. .. Os-lX/*-" >--V t-vlHv K. ! 1 v v J Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/chronologicalvie00hask_0 4 V * RECOMMENDATIONS From Rev . Samuel H. Cox , D . D ., Brooklyn , iV. Y. “ Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1845. “ I have examined at some length the Chronological View of tub World, exhibiting the leading Events of Universal History , &e. &c* &c., by Daniel Haskel, A. M., a volume lately extant, and purporting to be a manual for general use ; and am pleased with the performance. So far as my scrutiny extends, I find the dates correct and well arranged, as well as richly miscellaneous, and luminously methodical. It is digested from authentic sources, and continued to the present time. As a vade- mecum , or daily companion, for the man of general reading, or the pro- fessional scholar, it will be found, I think, practical, valuable, and more useful, than any compendium of the sort known to me. As such, I am free and happy to give it my testimony and best wishes — that its deserts may be crowned with an adequate patronage. Certainly it belongs to a very important class of topics and interests in the walks of general litera- ture* — -a class too much neglected even by the educated and the eminent “ Samuel H. Cox.” From the New York Evangelist. “ This is a very ingenious and comprehensive work. The memory of dates, the succession of nations, and names of eminent historic personages, is greatly assisted by the arrangement of the chart, presenting a bird’s-eye view of the course of time, which, if once seen, can scarcely be forgotten It is undoubtedly a great auxiliary to the study of history and chronology, and every student will feel grateful for the skilful arrangement, and the accuracy and finish of its execution. “ The chart is accompanied with a volume,” [A Chronological View of the World, &c.,] “ also of great value. It is the labor of an accom- plished scholar, and condenses an incredible amount of information, which no intelligent reader can do without, in a small, convenient space ; and, what is more, its accuracy is unquestionable.” From the New York Observer. “ This will be found to be a full and particular view of the events ot Universal History, and such a book as the scholar will always be pleased to have at hand, for reference and review. Its value will be increased by Strass’s Stream of Time, an historical chart, exhibiting at one view the various revolutions of nations and the course of empire, from the creation to the present time. The book, though prepared to accompany this chart of history, will be equally well fitted for separate use, and the whole will greatly facilitate the acquisition of n knowledge of Universal History.” From the Journal of Commerce , N. Y. “ This work is adapted equally to refresh the memory of the adept in Universal History, and to aid the student in pursuing his task. It forms a valuable addition to the private library. It is a concise and yet full ex- hibit^ of the whole subject, pleasingly illustrated by anecdote, and entirely devoid of the tediousness of bare chronology.” 2 RECOMMENDATIONS. From the Morning Courier and New York Enquirer. 44 This work was prepared to accompany Strass’s 4 Stream of Time, or Chart of Universal History,’ though it is equally well calculated for a sep- arate use. The book contains a rich summary of the facts of history, and will be exceedingly useful to the scholar for reference and review. It is enlivened by many anecdotes and facts in detail, relieving the dryness of a mere chronological table, and will be found a valuable aid in the study of Universal History.” From Mr. N. C. Brooks , Principal of the High School, Baltimore , Md 44 I have examined the 4 Chart of History and Chronology,’ from the German of Strass, and am pleased to give it my unqualified recommenda- tion. I am acquainted with no other plan calculated to give a knowledge of the great epochs, and events of history and chronology, in so short a time. A copy should be in every family, academy, and school. To the politician also, the divine, the man of letters, and the general reader, it will be found of invaluable service. 44 Respectfully yours, N. C. Brooks ” In the above views we agree with Mr. N. C. Brooks : James O. Law, Mayor, Rev. B. Waugh, 44 T. Sargent, 44 Benson Head, 44 G. C. M. Roberts, M. P., 44 Wm. Hamilton, 44 I. P. Cook, 44 Henry V. D. Johns, D. D., Robert H. Archer, ► Baltimore. Rev Charles B. Dana, 44 J. T. Johnson, 44 Joshua N. Dan forth, Bernard Hooe, C. S. Hallowell & Broth., Alexandria Boarding School, W. W. Seaton, Mayor, Rev. W. Matthews, 44 James Curley, 44 T. Sewall, 44 James Laurie, 44 J. W. French, 44 Wm. Hawley, 44 H. Stringfellow, 44 J. S. Bacon, Thomas Sewall, M. D. T. L. Smith, Henry L. Ellsworth, ► Alexandria. ► W ashington. Rev. S. G. Gassaway, 44 C. M. Butler, 44 James M’Vean, 44 S. A Roszel, II. A. Burr, ► Georgetown. A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD; EXHIBITING THE LEADING EVENTS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES THE OBITUARY OF DISTINGUISHED MEN, AND THE PERIODS IN WHICH THEY FLOURISHED ; TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE APPEARANCE O F C OMET S,. AND A CO MPLETE VIEW OF THE FALL OF METEORIC ^ STONES, IN ALL AGES COLLECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE ARTICLE “ CHRONOLOGY” IN THE NEW EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPAEDIA, EDITED BY SIR DAVID BREWSTER, LL. D., F. R. S. WITH AN ENLARGED VIEW OF IMPORTANT EVENTS, PARTICULARLY IN REGARD TO AMERICAN HISTORY, AND A CONTINUATION TO THE PRESENT TIME, CcHectc^ from ^utfcenttc -Sources. BY DANIEL HASKEL, A. M., CD ITOR OF M’CULLOCH’S UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, AND AUTHOR OF THE ARTICLES RELATING TO THE UNITED STATES, IN THE AMERICAN EDITION. NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, No. 86 CEDAR- STREET. 1848 , Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, By J. H. COLTON, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. PREFACE, This volume is intended to accompany and illustrate Strass’s Stream of Time or Chart of Universal History, as happily adapted to English literature, by Dr. Irving of Gr at Britain. The illustration at the bottom of the chart will suf- ficiently explain its use. It is a complete bird’s-eye view of Universal History, and by a careful inspection of it, will convey a more complete view of the subject than can other- wise be obtained in the same time. The following concise work is chiefly taken, as the title indicates, from the article Chronology, in Sir David Brewster’s New Edinburgh Ency- clopedia, a work of great and deserved reputation ; and like all the articles in that work, it is very complete of its kind. It contains a much more full view of the events of Universal History than could be indicated in the body of the chart, and will greatly aid the study of history by the use of it. The facts recorded in this volume are exceedingly numerous and very much compressed, and are not designed so much for con- tinuous reading, as for reference and review. For continuous reading there are numerous universal histories of all dimen- sions, which can everywhere be obtained, but after such reading, this more concise and comprehensive work will be exceedingly useful for a review of the whole subject, and even of itself will furnish an extensive view of Universal History, and will greatly add to the value of the chart. With regard to the additions to the work of Sir David Brew- ster, the object has been, by enlarging many of the articles, to present the subject somewhat more in detail, and to relieve the dryness of a mere chronological table ; to add important particulars not contained in the work from which it is taken, particularly in regard to American history ; and to continue the whole to the present time. The extent of this concise work did not allow of doing this but in a limited form ; to have done it fully, would have been to write a voluminous 4 PREFACE. history, which would have been inconsistent with the design, and has been purposely avoided. Professor F. Strass of Klosterbergen, Magdeburg, pub- lished his Chart or Stream of History, together with an intro- ductory pamphlet, for the purpose of affording instruction to the corps of cadets at Berlin, Of this chart, what Dr. Priestley says in his Lectures on History, respecting an older chart originally compiled in France, and afterwards published in England and in the United States, may be affirmed with greater emphasis: “ This is properly a picture of all history, and is made by such natural methods of expression, that it renders visible to the eye, without reading, the whole figure and dimensions of all history, general and particular ; and so perfectly shows the origin, progress, extent, and duration, of all kingdoms and states that ever existed, at one view, with every circumstance of time and place, uniting chronology and geography, that it not only, in the most agreeable man- ner, refreshes the memory, without the fatigue of reading ; but a novice in history may learn more from it by a mere attentive inspection of a few hours, than he can acquire by the reading of many weeks or months . 55 The chart of Strass is a much more complete work than that of which Dr. Priest- ley, an eminently competent judge, made the above remarks. Nothing needs to be added, but that when the names of dis- tinguished persons are inserted in the book, the time in which they flourished is denoted, and when the letters ob., (obiit,) followed by a date are added, it denotes the time when they died. INTRODUCTION. COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGY. The following table will point out the relation between tlie principal seras which are used in History. The Creation of the World corresponds to The year 4004 before Christ. The year 710 of the Julian period The year 3251 before the foundation of Rome. The 1st year of the Olympiads corresponds to The year 776 before Christ. The year 3228 of the Creation of the World. The year 23 before the foundation of Rome. The year 3938 of the Julian Period. The Foundation of Rome corresponds to The year 753 before Christ. The year 3251 of the Creation of the World The year 4 of the 6th Olympiad. The year 3961 of the Julian Period. The vulgar , or Christian cera , corresponds to The year 4004 of the Creation of the World. The year 1 of the 195th Olympiad. The year 753 of the foundation of Rome. The year 4714 of the Julian Period. The Hegira corresponds to The year 622 of the Christian iEra. The year 4626 of the Creation of the World, The year 3 of the 348th Olympiad. The year 1375 of the foundation of Rome. The year 5338 of the Julian Period. 1 * > . ' ■ CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD 4004. The world created near the autumnal equinox, on Sunday, October 23.* 5872, according to the Septuagint. 4700, according to the Samaritan text. Adam and Eve created on Friday, Oct. 28. — The chronology here followed is that of the Hebrew Scriptures, which is generally regarded as the most correct. The difference between this and the Sa- maritan text, and that of the Septuagint, relates only to the different lengths assigned to the lives of some of the patriarchs, and is productive of no change in regard to other events. 4003. Cain born. 3875. Abel is murdered by Cain. 3874. Seth born. 3382. Enoch born translated to heaven, 3017, set. 365. 3317. Methuselah born. Fie died at the age of 969. 2948. Noah born. He died at the age of 950. 2446. Shem born. He died at the age of 600. Patriarchs before the Deluge . Years. Years. 1. Adam lived 930, and begat Seth at the age of 130. 2. Seth “ 912, 3. Enos “ 905, 4. Cainan “ 910, 5. Mahalaleel 895, 6. Jared “ 962, 7. Enoch “ 365, 8. Methuselah 969, 9. Lamech “ 777, Enos Cainan “ Mahalaleel Jared “ Enoch “ Methuselah Lamech “ Noah “ 105. 90. 70. 65. 162. 65. 187. 182. 10. Noah, at the period of the deluge, was aged 600. The period of the deluge from the creation was 1656. • According to Archbishop Usher’s Annals of the Old and New Test CHRONOLOGY 8 B. C. 2349. Noah entered the ark on Sunday, Nov. 30, and it be- gan to rain bn Sunday, Dec. 7. 2348. The deluge e On Wednesday, May 6, the ark rested on mount Ararat. On Friday, Dec. 18, Noah left the ark. — -Incredulous persons have thought it impos- sible that the ark should have contained a species of all animals, and the provisions necessary for their sustenance for a whole year. To this objection only one remark can be made : namely, that the fact is recorded, and the admeasurements of the ark are designated in Holy Writ. This immense machine was upwards of 150 fathoms in circumference, and consequently four times more capacious than the largest men-of-war, which contain crews of 700 or 800 men ; with as many troops, and provisions for their support during a period of six months, being further burdened with rigging, and more than 90 guns, with the necessary ammunition ; an immense weight, which would appear almost incredible, had we not ocular demonstration of the fact. Conse- quently we have only to quadruple the weight in question, in order to be convinced of the possibility of maintaining in such a structure, for the period of a year, eight individuals, with the animals which the Almighty thought it expedient to rescue from the deluge. It has been computed that all the animals contained in the ark would not equal the bulk of 500 horses, and others make them equal to 400 oxen. 2247. The tower of Babel is built in the valley of Shinar by Noah’s posterity the confusion of their languages, and their dispersion among different nations. Differ- ent opinions have been entertained as to the object for which the tower of Babel was erected. That it was designed to furnish a place of refuge in case of an- other deluge, is a childish conceit. It was probably designed, by its vast height, to serve as a land-mark to guide any of the wandering tribes back who might stray from the parent settlement, and thus to preserve them as one great people ; but it proved the occasion of their dispersion. The sons of Noah— Shem, Ham, and Japhet — at the dispersion founded various nations. Shem and his OF THE WORLD 9 descendants peopled a part of Asia, particularly Persia, Assyria, the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Syria ; Ham and his sons peopled Arabia, Egypt, Lybia, and the land of Canaan ; Ja- phet and his descendants proceeded to the west and nortff, and from them originated the Scythians, the Thracians, the Macedonians, and the Cymbrians. The countries fofunded by the descendants of Japhet have been significantly called the warehouse of na- tions. 2237. About this time Noah is supposed to have left the re- bellious portion df his offspring, and to have led a colony of the more tractable into the east, where he, or one of his successors, founded the Chinese mon- archy. The early improvement and populousness of the east, seems to favor this idea. Noah lived 350 years after the deluge, yet nothing is said of him in the sacred record after the dispersion, which occur- red 101 years after that event, but the time of his death. 2234. Astronomical observations begun at Babylon, a regis- ter of which was transmitted by Callisthenes to Aris- totle for 1903 years, to the capture of that city by Alexander in the year 331 B. C. 2221. Nimrod founds the Chaldean monarchy. — Nimrod was the son of Cush, and the grandson of Ham, and is called in the scripture, Belus. He first gained his dominion by his skill and bravery in destroying wild beasts, an important service in those days ; and he improved his influence and power to found a king- dom, the seat of which was Babylon, on the Eu- phrates, not far from the spot where the tower of Ba. bel was built. This was called the first Assyrian kingdom. 2205. The first imperial dynasty of China, called Kia, be- gins. See Mem. Inscript, tom. xviii. p. 220. 2188. The kingdom of Egypt commences under Menes or Misraim, which lasted for 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses, in the year 525 B. C.- — Egypt is one of the most remarkable nations of antiquity ; distin- guished for its populousness, its civilization, and its improvements in the arts and sciences, The annual 10 CHRONOLOGY B. C. overflowing of the Nile inundates the country, and when it subsides leaves a deposite of rich mud on the soil, rendering it exceedingly fertile. This fertility, by rendering it easy to obtain subsistence, favored the increase of population, and the ease and plenty in which they lived gave leisure for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. They excelled in geometry, astronomy, and arithmetic. Geometry is believed to have been found out in Egypt, and to have resulted from the frequent setting out and admeasurement of the lands, as the boundaries were obliterated by the inundation of the Nile. They had considerable knowledge of astronomy, had observed the motion of the planets, they had divided the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 degrees each, and had ascertained the precise length of the year very near to the truth. The most enlightened Greeks derived much of their knowledge of the Egyptians by visiting that country and con- versing with their priests, who were among the most learned people of antiquity. This was particularly true of Thales, Pythagoras, the early author of the Copernican system, of Anaximander, Anaxagoras, and of Plato and his scholars in after times. 2089. The kingdom of Sicyon established, which lasts 1000 years. 2059. The kingdom of Assyria begins. 1996. Abraham born. He died 1821 B. C., set. 175.— Abra- ham was the tenth grand patriarch after the deluge. 1. Shem the father of Arphaxad lived Years. 600. 2. Arphaxad “ Salah a 438. 3. Salah ct Heber u 433. 4. Heber “ Peleg C6 464. 5. Peleg “ Reu (( 239. 6. Reu “ Serug ee 239. 7. Serug 66 Nahor (( 230. 8. Nahor “ Terah u 148. 9. Terah “ Abraham (C 145. 10. Abraham 175. 1897. Circumcision instituted. The cities of Sodom, &c. destroyed. OF TIIE WORLD. 11 B. C. 1896. Isaac born. 1856. The kingdom of Argos begins. 1827. The 17th dynasty of the six shepherd kings in Egypt begins, and continues 103 years. 1822. The letters invented by Memnon, the Egyptian. 1796. The reign of Ogyges begins. 1766. The second imperial dynasty of China, called Chang, begins. 1764. The deluge of Ogyges, which laid waste Attica for more than 200 years. 1759. Jacob goes to Haran, and marries the two daughters of his uncle. 1728. Joseph sold into Egypt. 1718. Sparta built by Spartes. See Rollin. 1702. All the lands in Egypt sold to Joseph. 1689. Jacob predicts the coming of the Messiah, and dies set. 147. 1635. Joseph foretells the egress of the Israelites from Egypt, and dies set. 110, having been praefect of Egypt for 80 years. 1615. The Ethiopians from the Indus settle near Egypt. 1582. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins, when Cecrops is supposed to have come into Attica. The chronicles known by the appellation of the Parian or Arundelian marbles, are engraved in large Greek capitals, and were discovered in the Isle of Paros, one of the Cyclades, at the commencement of the seventeenth century. They were conveyed to England by the order of the Earl of Arundel, whose grandson caused them to be deposited in the library at Oxford. The chronicle was engraved in the year 264 before Christ ; it commences with the foundation of Athens in 1582, and concludes in the year 364 B. C. This valuable remnant of antiquity has been the means of rectifying many statements in the an- cient history of Greece, as well as the heroic and fabulous periods, &c. The marbles of Paros were translated by Selden in 1628, and by Prideaux in 1676. 1575. Pharaoh orders all the children of the Israelites to be drowned. 1571. Moses born. 12 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 1570. Pyramids of Egypt built. — The Pyramids of Egypt, the largest of which measures on one side 693 Eng. lish feet in height, have been deservedly classed among the wonders of the world. The superficial content of the ground on which this pyramid stands is 480,249 feet, or something more than 11 English acres. The direct height of it is 481 feet, which is about the height of the top of the cupola of St. Paul’s church in London. The three principal pyramids are near the spot where Grand Cairo is now situated, and near the site of ancient Memphis. The four sides of the great pyramid are turned exactly to the four cardinal points, and therefore show the true meridian of that place. This proves that the meri dian and poles of the earth have not shifted since their erection, and evinces the considerable advance- ment of astronomical observation and knowledge a> that period. 1556. Cecrops, with a colony of Saites from Egypt, founds Athens. 1546. About this period Scamander comes from Crete and founds Troy. 1531. Moses visits the Israelites ; flies into Midian, and con tinues there 40 years. 1503. The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, placed by the Arundelian marbles in 1521. 1500. First eruption of iEtna. See Collection Acadtmique , tom. vi. p. 489. 1497. The council of Amphictyons established. 1493. The Phoenician letters carried into Greece by Cadmus, who built the citadel of Thebes. 1491. God appears in a burning bush to Moses, and sends him into Egypt. Moses performs a number of mira- cles in that country, and departs from the kingdom, together with 600,000 Israelites, besides children ; which completed the 430 years of sojourning. They miraculously pass through the Red Sea, and come to the desert of Sinai, where Moses receives from God, and delivers to the people, the ten commandments, and the other laws, and sets up the tabernacle, and in it the ark of the covenant. 1485. The first ship that appeared in Greece, brought from OF THE WORLD. 13 B. C. Egypt by Danaus. The pump supposed to have been invented. 1480. Troy supposed to have been built by Dardanus. 1453. The first Olympic games celebrated at Elis. 1451. Moses dies, set. 110.- — The Israelites, after sojourning in the wilderness forty years, are led by Joshua into the land of Canaan, where they fix themselves, after having subdued the natives. 1445. Joshua partitions the land of Canaan. 1426. Joshua dies at Timnath-Serah, set. 110. 1406. Minos gives laws to Crete. Iron found from the burning of the woods of mount Ida in Crete. 1390. Benjamin almost destroyed by the other 11 tribes. 1383. Ceres taught the Athenians the arts of agriculture, &c. 1356. The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens. These constituted a great festival observed every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, and was the most cele- brated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece. They contained mysteries which it was considered sacri- legious and highly dangerous to reveal. Both sexes and all ages were initiated, and it was considered a heinous crime to neglect this sacred part of their re- ligion. This was one of the heaviest accusations against Socrates when he was condemned to death. They were abolished by Theodosius the Great, after having subsisted about 1800 years. — Each city of Greece celebrated festivals, by means of which the inhabitants were assembled ; but the Pythian or Delphic games, the Isthmian , or those of Corinth, the Nemean , and the Olympian , were the four grand fes- tivities which collected all the population of Greece ; and much importance was attached to their celebra- tion ; and they were calculated to promote good fel- lowship, and to unite the inhabitants of the several states, as well as to subserve other purposes. They were instituted at different times. 1344. The kingdom of Mycenae begins about this time, when the kingdom of Argos was divided. 1326. The Isthmian games instituted by Sysiphus. 1325. The great Egyptian canicular year began on Satur- day, July 20, and consisted of 1460 years. — As the 2 14 CHRONOLOGY B. C. inundation of the Nile was announced by the heliacal rising of Sirius, which was made to correspond with the beginning of the year, it was soon discovered that the heliacal rising of this star advanced nearly one day in four years, and that in the space of 1461 years it would complete a whole revolution, till it again happened on the day originally fixed for the commencement of the year. This period, which was equal to 1460 Julian years, was called the great Egyptian or Canicular year. — A star is said to rise heliacally when it rises so near the sun’s rising as to be just visible before it. Sirius was called also Canicula , or the Dog-star, and is in the constellation of Cams Major , or the Great Dog, which is the brightest in the heavens. The Egyptians observing that the Nile began to swell at a particular rising of this star, paid it divine honors, and named it Sirius ; from Sir is, one of the appellations of the Nile. 1307. The Olympic games instituted by Pelops. 1300. The Lupercalia instituted. 1285. Deborah defeats the Canaanites under Sisera. 1284. The Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily ; according to others, the first colony arrived in 1294, and a second in 1264. 1263. The expedition of the Argonauts ; — according to oth- ers, in 1225. About this time the Pythian games were instituted by Adrastus. — The Argonautic expe- dition was undertaken by some bold and adventurous navigators who quitted Argos, under the conduct of Jason , penetrated the Euxine sea and landed at Colchis, on its eastern border. This place was a depot for the merchandise transported from the In- dies. About this period or a little earlier flourished Sancho- niathon , the Phoenician historian of Berytus, who wrote the history of that nation, which conceived it- self to be the most ancient in the world. The Phoenicians were among the most civilized people throughout the east, for it is to them we owe naviga- tion, commerce, and the first principles of writing. After the productions of Moses, those of Sanchonia- thon are the most ancient extant, dating as far back B. C. OF THE WORLD, 15 as 1440 years before the Christian sera, 500 years before the union of the cities of Attica under Theseus. Sanchoniathon’s history was translated into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of Adrian, some few fragments of which are handed down to us by Eusebius, &c. 1252. The city of Tyre built. 1245. Gideon routs the Midianites. 1243. Arcadians conducted by Evander into Italy. 1234. Theseus establishes a democracy in Attica, and re- news the Isthmian games ; others say in 1231. 1233. Carthage built by a colony of Tyrians. 1225. The Theban war of the 7 heroes against Eteocles. 1222. The celebration of the Olympic games by Her- cules. 1213. Helen carried off by Theseus. 1198. Helen carried off by Paris ; others say in 1204.- — • This event proved the origin of a war, in which all the princes of Greece engaged against the city of Troy. 1194. The Trojan war begins, and continues 10 years. — Agamemnon , king of Mycenae and Argos, the brother of Menelaus, whose wife Paris had carried off, was appointed generalissimo of the confederated army ; Menelaus commanding in person his Lacedaemonian troops. The combined Grecian fleets, consisting of 1200 sail, and 102,000 combatants, united in the port of Aulis , had long waited for a favorable wind, and at length arrived on the coast of Troas, and began the war. The Trojans were commanded by Hector , and the Dardanians by JEneas. 1188. Jephtha, the 7th judge of Israel for 6 years, his rash vow with respect to his daughter. 1184. Troy burned by the Greeks on the 11th of June, 408 years before the first olympiad. iEneas sails early in autumn for Thrace. — The city, after ten years siege, was taken by stratagem ; by means of a large wooden horse, hollowed within and containing armed men, who in the night gained access to the city, and admitted their friends, and put every thing to fire and sword. The escape of iEneas and his voyagers un- til he landed in Latium in Italy, of which he became 16 B. C. CHRONOLOGY king, constitutes the subject of the iEneid, the poem of Virgil, so justly celebrated. \ 1182. The kingdom of the Latins begins under iEneas. \ 1179. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Lydians. 1176. Salamis in Cyprus built by Teucer. 1157. Eli the high priest, 11th judge of Israel for forty years. 1152. The city of Al&a-Longa built by Ascanius. 1141. The temple of Ephesus, considered the most magnifi- cent structure in the world, was burned down by Erostratus. This temple was 425 feet long, and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 60 feet high, many of which were beautifully carved ; the whole placed there by so many kings. It soon rose from its ruins with increased splendor and mag- nificence. 1136. Samson slays 3000 Philistines. 1124. The migration of the iEolian colonies. Thebes built by the Boeotians. 1122. The third dynasty of China, called Tcheoo, begins. 1115. The mariner’s compass said to be known in China. 1104. The Heraclidse return into Peloponnesus, and divide it. The kingdom of Lacedaemon begins. That of Mycenae ends. 1088. The kingdom of Sicyon ends ; others say in 1130. 1070. Athens governed by archons. 1058. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Pelasgians. 1055. Saul kills himself on mount Gilboa. 1048. Jerusalem taken by David ; and made the seat of his kingdom. 1044. The Ionian colonies migrate from Greece. 1023. Absalom rebels, and is killed by Joab. 1012. Solomon begins to build the temple. — He collected immense riches for the purpose, from distant coun- tries. Hiram, king of Tyre, his neighbor and ally, assisted him with workmen and sailors. 1000. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Thracians, who hold it 19 years. 996. Solomon’s fleet prepared in the Red Sea, and sent to Ophir. 992. Solomon’s palace finished. OF THE WORLD. 17 B. C. 986. Samos, in the island of the same name, and Utica* built about this time. 975. The kingdoms of Judah and Israel divided.— This was under Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon* Two tribes, only those of Judah and Benjamin, re- mained faithful to him, and formed the kingdom of Judah. The other ten tribes were henceforward de- nominated the kingdom of Israel, over whom reigned Jeroboam, formerly an officer in Solomon’s court. 974 or 971. Sesac, king of Egypt, takes Jerusalem, and plunders the temple. 926. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, born. 916. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Rhodians, who maintain it 23 years. 907. Homer wrote his poems and flourished. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed for the glory of having given birth to this most sublime of the poets. 900. The kingdom of Assyria ends. 896. Elijah the prophet taken up into heaven. 893. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Phrygians. 884. Lycurgus, after travelling 10 years, establishes his laws in Lacedaemon. — Lycurgus formed a body of peculiar laws, which were calculated to form a singu- lar people. He established a senate of 28 persons, which maintained a just equilibrium between the kings and the people. All distinction between the people was destroyed, by an impartial division among them of the land. Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged only the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and iron money was substituted in its place. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to luxury than another. Their intercourse with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel abroad. The youths were intrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wis- dom of the laws. They were early taught to think, and to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in repartee. They were instructed to steal, provided it were done adroitly ; but if the theft was 2 * CHRONOLOGY 18 B. C. discovered, they were severely punished. This was done to prepare them for stratagem in war. His laws were well fitted to rear a nation of soldiers, brave and temperate ; but were calculated to destroy the amia- ble domestic affections. The women were brave and warlike, like the men, but had nothing of that soft- ness and delicacy which are the greatest ornaments of the female character, and their manners are said to have been peculiarly loose. The Olympic games restored at Elis. 872. The art of sculpture in marble said to be invented. 869. Scales and measures invented by Phidon, king of Ar- gos, who also coined silver at iEgina. The city of Carthage built by Dido ; others say it was enlarged by her in 864. 868. The Cyprians acquire the maritime power of the Med- iterranean. 839. The kingdom of Judah desolated by the army of Ha- zael, king of Syria. 826. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the Phoenicians. 820. Nineveh taken by Arbaces and Belesis ; Sardanapalus burns himself to death. 814. Kingdom of Macedon begins, and continues 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. 801. Capua, in Campania, built. 797. Kingdom of Lydia begins. 790. Amos the prophet flourished. He prophesied in 787. 787. The Egyptians acquire the maritime power of the Mediterranean. 786. The Corinthians invented ships called Triremes. 779. The race of kings terminated at Corinth, and was suc- ceeded by magistrates, called Prytanes, elected annu • ally. f70. Phul invades the kingdom of Israel, and is bribed to depart with 1000 talents. 760. Theopompus establishes the Ephori at Lacedaemon. 754. The decennial archons begin at Athens. The Mile- sians acquire the maritime power of the Mediterra- nean. 753. Rome built, according to Yarro, April the 20th, or the X2th of the kalends of May. — Romulus laid the foun- OF THE WORLD. 19 B. C. dation of Rome upon seven neighboring hills, and though humble in its origin, it was destined at length to become the proud mistress of the world. In order speedily to increase the number of his subjects, he afforded an asylum to all who sought a refuge under nim, and collected around him a company of out- laws, and granted the rights of the city to those whom he conquered by force of arms. The neighboring people having refused to ally themselves with the Ro- mans in marriage, the latter adopted the expedient of forcibly carrying off the daughters of the Sabines , who had been led from curiosity to attend the cele- bration of their public games. This act of violence caused the Sabines, with other surrounding people, to make war upon the Romans ; and the former having gained possession of the fortress upon the Tarpeian rock, which gave them great advantage, the Sabine women, who seem to have been treated with respect and kindness, and to have become attached to their husbands, precipitated themselves between the con- tending armies, and by their entreaties calmed the rage of the combatants ; when it was agreed that Romulus, and Tatius, the chief of the Sabines, should reign jointly over Rome ; which they did for six years. 750. The rape of the Sabines. 747. Union of the Romans and Sabines. The sera of Na- bonassar begins. 743. The first war between the Messenians and Lacedaemo- nians begins, and continues 19 years. 734. The Carians acquire the command of the Mediterra- nean. 732. Syracuse built by a colony of Corinthians under Archias ; others say in 758. 724. The first Messenian war ended by the capture of Ithome, which subjected them to the Lacedaemoni- ans. 722. The Chinese empire divided into principalities. Con- fucius’s history of China begins. 721. Samaria taken, after three years’ siege. The first eclipse of the moon on record, according to Ptolemy March 19th, 3 hours 20' before midnight. CHRONOLOGY 20 B. C. 720. The 2d and 3d eclipses of the moon on record ; the 2d on March 5th, 50' before midnight; and the 3d on September 1st, 4 hours 20' before midnight, according to the meridian of Alexandria. 717. Unsuccessful siege of Tyre for about five years by Sal- manaser, king of Assyria. 713. Gela in Sicily founded. Sennacherib’s army destroyed in one night by an angel, to the amount of 185,000 men. 709. The Salii, an order of priests, instituted by Numa. 708. Ecbatana built by Dejoces. 707. Tarentum built by the Parthenians, on being expelled from Sparta, t 703. Corcyra built by the Corinthians. 696. Isaiah sawn asunder by order of* Manasses. 690. Holofernes besieged Bethulia, and killed by Judith. 686. Archilochus invented the Iambic verse. 685. The Messenian war continues front 685 to 671. 684. Athens governed by annual archons. Tyrtseus the poet flourished. •'.£ 683. The Lacedsemonians defeated By Aristomenes. * 680. Assaradinus, king of Assyria, takes Babylon. The chariot race instituted at the Olympic games. \% k 678. Dejoces extends Media to the river Halys. 677. Manasseh, king of Judah, carried prisoner to Babylon. 676. The Lesbians acquire the command of the Mediter- ranean, and retain it about 69 years. 675. The annua! festivals of Carnia instituted at Sparta. Terpander the poet the first victor. 673. Terpander added three strings to the lyre. Thaletas of Gortynius, in Crete, the musician. 671. The second Mes&enian war finished, and the Messenians driven from the Peloponnesus. 670. Aleman of Sardis, the lyric poet. 667. The combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii. Tul- lius Hostilius, the 3d king of Rome, was chosen suc- cessor of Numa, and*- carried on a vigorous war against Alba, a neighboring city ; but as the belliger- ent proceedings were productive only of the useless extermination of the people on both sides, they agreed to decide their differences by a combat which should take place between three individuals chosen on either OF THE WORLD. 21 B. C. side. The Romans in consequence elected three brothers named the Horajtii, and the Albani a like number from the family called the Curiatii. Two of the former, during the contest, fell mortally wounded, while the third, who had escaped unhurt, pretended to fly, and turning round at intervals upon his opponents successively killed the Curiatii. Alba was destroyed three years after, when the inhabitants established themselves at Rome. 665. The city of Alba destroyed. The Messenians settled in Italy. War between the Romans and the Fi- denates. 659. Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and retains it for 30 years. 658. Byzantium built by a colony of Argives. Others place the building of it in 670. 652. A shower of meteoric stones fell at Mount Alba. 651. A five years’ war between the Romans and Sabines be- gins. Cyrene in Africa founded. 648. The Thoth of the year of Nabonassar was on February 1st, having shifted 25 days in 100 years. Thoth was the first month of the Egyptian year, and the length of the solar year was determined by the heliacal rising of Sirius or the Dog-star. This common year con- sisted of 365 days, which being less than the truth caused this difference to occur in 100 years. After- wards they corrected this by causing every fourth year to consist of 366 days, which is very near the truth. (See article on year 1325.) 641. Amon, king of Judah, slain by his servants. 636. The Tartars defeat the Chinese with great slaughter. 631. War between the Romans, and the Fidenates and Sa- bines, which continues for fifty years. 630. Cyrene built by Battus, who begins that kingdom. 629. The government of Corinth usurped by Periander. 627. Jeremiah the prophet flourished. 626. Zephaniah the prophet flourished. 625. The Pentateuch found by Hilkiah. 624. The Scythians invade Media, Lydia, &c. Draco, the lawgiver, archon at Athens. 623. Draco establishes his laws at Athens. When he exer- cised the office of archon he formed a code of laws CHRONOLOGY 22 Be C. for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in blood. He pun- ished all crimes with death, alleging that as the small- est crimes deserved it, he could not find a more severe punishment for the most atrocious. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on ac- count of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished the murderer with death. 621. War between the Lydians and Milesians, which con- tinues 11 years. The fourth eclipse on record, which was of the moon, on Saturday, April 22d, three hours after midnight, according to the meridian of Alex- andria. 610. Necho begins the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea. 608. Josiah, king of Judah, killed at Megiddo by Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. 607. Alcseus the poet flourished* 606. Nineveh destroyed by the armies of Cyaxares and Na- bopolassar. 605 or 606. The first captivity of the Jews. 604. The Phoenicians about this time sail from the Red Sea round Africa, and return by the Mediterranean. 600. Sappho the lyric poetess flourished. 596. The Scythians expelled from upper Asia, by Cyaxares. Epimenides of Crete, the first builder of temples in Greece. 594. Solon, archon and lawgiver of Athens. He was ac- counted one of the seven wise men of Greece. Ath- ens was at this time in great disorder, and the citizens looked to him to give them a body of laws. They even offered to confer on him an arbitrary power, which he declined. He divided the citizens into four classes, the first three of which possessed property in different degrees, while the fourth, which consisted of the poor, was more numerous than the other three united. The offices of the state were confined to the rich ; but all important affairs were transacted in the assembly of the people, such as making peace and war, sending ambassadors to foreign countries, natu- ralizing foreigners, &c., and in this assembly all the OF THE WORLD. 23 B. C. citizens had an equal vote ; so that the power was virtually in the hands of the people. As a check upon this exorbitant power, he instituted a senate, consisting at first of 400 persons, afterwards increased to 500 and 600 ; by whom it was necessary that every measure should be proposed before it could come be- fore the popular assembly. He also reinstated the court of Areopagus, which had before this time ex- isted, but whose power had been abridged. This court was selected from the wisest and best citizens, and at first consisted of 9 judges, but was increased to 31, and afterwards to 51 or many more persons. They had the custody of the laws, and the charge of executing them, the care of the public treasury, the education of the youth, and were censors of the man- ners of the people, and had the regulation of every thing relating to religion. The particular laws of Athens were mild, and calculated to protect the poor against oppression by the rich ; and even their slaves were treated with mildness and compassion. Thales of Miletus. 593. Ezekiel the prophet flourished. 592. Anacharsis the Scythian flourished. 591. The Pythian games first celebrated at Delphi. 590. The Lydian war begins, and continues six years. 587. The city of Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 586. The temple of Jerusalem burned. 585. A battle upon the river Halys, between Cyaxares and Halyattes, interrupted by an eclipse of the moon, May the 28th, predicted by Thales. iEsop the my- thologist flourished. 582. The Isthmian games restored. 580. Money first coined in Rome. 579. The Megarensian war. Stesichorus the poet flour- ished. 572. Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 571. Apries, king of Egypt, dethroned by Nebuchadnez- zar. 569. Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams, according to Josephus. 568. The Nemaean games restored. Anaximander of Mile- tus, and Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, flourished. , 24 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 566. The first census at Rome — 84,700 citizens. 562. The first comedy at Athens, acted upon a scaffold by Susarion and Dolon. 560. Pisistratus usurped the tyranny of Athens, which he recovered after expulsion in 557, and from which he was again expelled in 556. 559. Daniel delivered his predictions. Cyrus ascended the Persian throne. Daniel beheld in a dream the four great empires : 1st, that of the Assyrians and Baby- lonians ; 2d, the Persians under Cyrus ; 3d, the Greeks under Alexander ; 4th, that of the Romans. 556. Anaximenes of Miletus flourished. 550. Cyrus king both of Media and Persia. The kingdom of Lydia ended. Cyrus, by the death of his father Cambyses, king of the Persians, and of Cyaxares II., his father-in-law, king of the Medes, was placed at the head of the most powerful empire that had evei yet existed. Pie marched against Croesus, king of Lydia, who was immensely rich, whom he defeated and condemned him to be burned alive. When that monarch ascended the fatal pile, he exclaimed, “ So- lon, Solon !” and upon Cyrus demanding an explana- tion, he stated that this Grecian sage, when he visited the king of Lydia, was asked by the latter whether he did not think him a happy man , who replied that no being should think himself happy before death . Struck with this remark on the instability of earthly posses- sions, Cyrus spared his life, and made him governor of a considerable province. 549. Theognis the poet flourished. The Pisistratidse burn the temple of Apollo at Delphos. 548. Croesus crossing the Halys by an artificial bridge con- trived by Thales, is routed by Cyrus. 539. The Phocseans settle in Gaul, and build Marseilles. Pythagoras flourished. 538. Cyrus takes Babylon, and terminates the kingdom of Babylon. After a long siege Cyrus at length became master of Babylon, over which the impious Belshaz- zar, son of Evilmerodach, reigned, who perished on that occasion, according to the previous prediction of Daniel, when he explained the meaning of the words Mene } Mene , Tekel , Upharsin , traced upon the wall OF THE WORLD. 25 B. 0. by an invisible hand, during an impious festival, at which the king drank out of the sacred vessels which had been carried away from the temple of Jerusalem. 537. Simonides of Cea, the poet, flourished. 536. Cyrus issues an edict for the return of the Jews and the rebuilding of the temple, and he restored to them the vessels of gold and silver which had been carried off by Nebuchadnezzar. Thespis the inventor of tragedy lived. 535. The first tragedy acted about this time at Athens, by Thespis, in a wagon. According to the Arundelian marbles, in 536. 532. Anacreon the poet flourished. 530. Cyrus marches against the Scythians. Cyrus attacked the Massagetse and gained a complete victory ; during which he killed with his own hand the son of their Queen Thomyris. Irritated at not being able to sub- due that princess, after having conquered so many nations, Cyrus pursued the Massagetse into the defiles of their mountains, where he fell into an ambuscade and lost his life. His body was then carried to Tho- myris, who commanded his head to be struck off, and plunged into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaim- ing at the same time, u Now surfeit thyself with blood , for which thou hast so long thirsted .” 527. Learning encouraged at Athens. A public library first founded. War between the Romans and Sa- bines. 526. Cambyses conquered Egypt. When at Thebes, he caused all the temples to be pillaged and burnt ; and out of the flames were saved 300 talents of gold, and 2,300 of silver, which he carried away, together with the famous golden circle which had encompassed the tomb of Ozymandias. He was the son of Cyrus the Great, and was accidentally killed by a wound inflicted by his own sword, when mounting his horse.— A comet appeared in China, near Antares, or a Scorjpionis , and extended to the milky way. 523. The 5th lunar eclipse observed at Babylon, on Wednes- day, July 16th, one hour before midnight, and more than 6 digits eclipsed on the northern disk. 520. Confucius lived. The 2d edict to rebuild Jerusalem. 3 26 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 519. A great earthquake in China. 515. The temple of Jerusalem finished, March 10. Five years before, in the second year of the reign of Da- rius, under the high priest Joshua, the Jews proceeded in re-erecting the temple of Jerusalem, after an edict to that effect had been published by the king of Persia. Zerubbabel and Joshua were intrusted with the su- perintendence of the works, while the laborers were encouraged by the exhortations of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah. The passover celebrated, April 18. 512. Babylon revolts from Darius, but is recovered two years after. On this occasion Zopyrus, one of the nobles of his court, having voluntarily cut off his own ears and nose, fled to the enemy, telling them that he had received this treatment from his royal master, because he had advised him to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. This was credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander of all their forces. When he had entirely gained their confidence he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for which he was liberally rewarded. 510. The tyranny of the Pisistratidee abolished at Athens. 509. The consular government begins at Rome, on the expul- sion of Tarquin and his family, Feb. 26. Tar quin the Proud was the seventh and last king of Rome. He murdered his father-in-law, and seized on the kingdom, at the instigation of his wife Tullia, who drove her chariot over the dead body of her father, in haste to salute her husband as king. The crown which Tarquin had obtained by violence he endeav- ored to keep by a continuation of tyranny, and made himself odious to the Romans. At length his son Sextus, by dishonoring the virtuous Lucretia, who killed herself in despair, roused the army to revolt. While Tarquin was besieging the city of Ardea, the senate condemned him and his posterity to perpetual exile, by which royalty was abolished at Rome, after having continued 244 years, under seven kings, and one year of interregnum. OF THE WORLD. Kings of Rome . Years. 753 Romulus reigned, 37 716 One year of interregnum, 1 715 Numa Pompilius, 43 672 Tullus Hostilius, 32 640 Ancus Martius, 24 616 Tarquin Priscus, 38 578 Servius Tullius, 44 534 Tarquin the Proud, 25 244 The regal government at Rome was replaced by two consuls, whose functions continued but one year. The two first were Lucius Junius Brutus, chief of the conspiracy that dethroned Tarquin, and Lucius Tar- quinius Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia, whom the son of Tarquin had dishonored. 508. First alliance between Rome and Carthage. 507. The second census in Rome — 130,000 citizens. 506. Heraclitus the philosopher lived. Megabysus subdues Thrace and Macedonia. War between the Romans and Sabines. 505. Parmenides of Elea, the philosopher, lived. 504. Sardis burned by the Athenians, which occasioned the invasion of Greece by the Persians. 502. The sixth lunar eclipse observed at Babylon, un Monday, Nov. 19th, 24' before midnight— 3 digits eclipsed on the south part of the disk. 498. The lonians, after a revolt, subdued by the Persians, and Miletus taken. 497. The Saturnalia instituted at Rome — 150, 7u0 citizens. 495. Tarquin the Proud dies at Cuma. 494. War between the Romans and Sabines. 493. Tribunes created at Rome. The Athenians build the port of Piraeus. 491. The kingdom of Syracuse usurped by Gelo. Coriola- nus banished from Rome. The seventh lunar eclipse observed at Babylon, on Wednesday, April 25th — 2 digits of the moon’s south limb eclipsed. 490. The Persians defeated by Miltiades, at Marathon. Da- CHRONOLOGY B. C. rius, the king of Persia, at this time was the most powerful monarch in the world. He had taken of- fence at the Athenians for their assisting the Grecian colonies, in Asia Minor, in attempting to throw off the Persian yoke, and he meditated the entire conquest of Greece. He dispatched his son-in-law, Mardonius, into Europe, who, with an army of 110,000 men, met the Grecian army at Marathon, under the command of Miltiades, who gained a complete victory and drove the invaders to their ships. The loss of the Persians in the celebrated battle of Marathon was 6,300, and that of the Athenians only 192. 488. Coriolanus withdraws the Volsci from Rome. 487. Egypt rebels, and revolts from the Persians. 486. iEschylus first gains the prize of tragedy. 485. Cassius punished for usurping the sovereignty. The Volsci and iEqui subdued. 484. Aristides banished from Athens. Xerxes recovers Egypt. 483. Quaestors first created at Rome. An eruption of mount iEtna. 481. Xerxes begins his expedition against Greece. Accord- ing to Herodotus, the number of fighting men in the army of Xerxes was upwards of 2,000,000, and in- cluding suttlers, slaves, and women, the whole multi- tude exceeded 5,000,000. The Athenians, under the command of Themistocles, took the lead in opposing this force. But Leonidas, king of Sparta, with 300 Spartans, defended successfully for two days the nar- row pass of Thermopylae, the only entrance into southern Greece. A path was discovered by which the enemy got in their rear, when their case becoming desperate, they resolved to sell their lives at the dear- est possible rate. They made terrible slaughter among the Persians, but were at length all cut off to a man. Athens was deserted and burned. A great naval battle was soon after fought in the straits of Salamis, between the Persian fleet of 1,200 galleys, and that of the Greeks of 300 galleys, under the command of Themistocles, in which the Persians were defeated, and Xerxes fled precipitately to his own dominions, leaving Mardonius with 300,000 Persians to finish the conquest of Greece. See year 480. OF THE WORLD. 29 B. C. 480. The affair of Thermopylae finished, Aug. 7th. The Persians defeated at Salamis in a sea-fight, Oct. 20th. Pindar the lyric poet flourished, ob. 435, aet. 86. A comet appeared with a curved tail, according to Lu* biniezki. 179. The Persians defeated at Plataea, Sept. 22d; on which day happened the naval battle of Mycale. War be- tween the Romans and Hetrurians. Charon of Lamp, sacus, the historian, lived. 477. The 300 Romans, of the name of Fabius, killed by the Veientes near Cremona, July 17th. 476. Valerius triumphed over the Veientes and Sabines. 103,000 citizens in Rome. A great eruption of mount iEtna. 471. Themistocles retires to Xerxes in Asia. 470. Cimon defeats the Persian fleet at Cyprus, and the army near the river Eurymedon, in Pamphylia. An erup- tion of mount iEtna. Anaxagoras of Clazomene, the philosopher, ob. 420, Get. 72. 469. An earthquake at Sparta. The Tuscans found Capua. A comet appeared, according to Riccioli. 467. A meteoric stone, the size of a cart, fell at iEgospota- mos, in Thrace. Pliny assures us, that this stone was preserved in his time ; and that another fell at Abydos, and a third at Protidea. 466. The Syracusans recover their liberty. A comet ap- peared for 75 days, according to Lubiniezki. 463. Egypt revolts from the Persians, but obtains the aid of the Athenians. A great pestilence in Rome. Sopho cles, the tragic poet, ob. 406, Get. 91. 462. The Persians defeated by the Athenians in a naval en gagement, in Egypt. 461. Earthquakes and numerous prodigies in Rome. 460. The third Messenian war with the Lacedaemonians be- gins, and continues ten years. 459. The Athenians begin to exercise tyranny over the other Grecian states. 458. Cincinnatus appointed dictator. War between the Co- rinthians and Megareans. 456. The Athenians, deserted by the Egyptians, retire out of Egypt by capitulation with the Persians. The ludi secular es celebrated for the first time at Rome. 3* CHRONOLOGY 30 B. C. 454. The Romans send deputies to Athens for a copy of So- lon’s laws. An eruption of iEtna. 453. Aristarchus the tragic poet flourished. 451. The decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables compiled and ratified. 450. Cimon triumphs over the Persians by sea and land. Cimon took the isle of Cyprus, and Artaxerxes the Persian monarch was compelled to ratify a disgraceful peace with the Greeks ; engaging to restore to all the Grecian cities in Asia their ancient freedom ; not to approach the seacoast nearer than the distance of one day’s journey on horseback, and to send no large ves- sels upon the Grecian seas between the islands of Cyanese and Cheledonsea, on the coast of Lycia. Ci- mon died in the isle of Cyprus, before the city of Citium, now Chitti, which he was then besieging.— Zaleucus, the lawgiver of Locri. 449. The decemvirs banished. The Persians make a shame- ful peace with the Greeks. 448. The first sacred war about the temple of Delphi. Hel- lanius, the historian, ob. 411, set. 85. 447. The Boeotians defeat the Athenians at Chseronea. 446. A thirty years’ truce between the Athenians and Lace- daemonians. Thucydides banished by the ostracism. 445. Herodotus reads his history in the council at Athens, at the age of 39 years. Military tribunes created at Rome. 444. The Athenians send a colony to Thurium in Italy, of which number were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Ly- sias. Empedocles of Agrigentum, the philosopher, flourished. 443. Censors first created at Rome. 442. Universal peace. Euripides gained the prize of tragedy at Athens, at the age of 43 years, ob. 407, set. 78. 441. The battering ram, the testudo, and other military in- struments, invented by Artemones of Clazomene. Pe- ricles subdues Samos. A great famine at Rome. 440. Comedies prohibited at Athens. Phidias the sculptor flourished, ob. 432. 439. War between Corinth and Corcyra. 437. Cratinus, the comic poet, ob. 431. OF THE WORLD. 31 B. C. 436. Malaehi, the last of the prophets, delivered his predic- tions. 435. The Romans take Fidense. The Corinthians defeated by the Corcyrians. Eupolis the comic poet lived, ob. post. 415. 434. Aristophanes the comic poet, ob. post 389. 433. Temple of Apollo consecrated. A comet appeared in China. 432. Metonic cycle begins. Meton ob. post 415. The Me- tonic cycle, so called from its inventor, consists of 19 years, or more accurately, of 6940 days ; at the end of which the times of the new moon fall on the same days of the year, and the eclipses return in nearly the same order. The reason of this is, that in 19 solar years there are 235 lunations, (with the differ- ence of a few hours,) and very nearly one complete revolution of the moon’s nodes. The cycle was after- wards corrected by Calippus. 431. Peloponnesian war begins, May 7, and lasts near 27 years. This war, which proved highly prejudicial to the city of Athens, had its origin in the pride of the Athenians, and a refusal on the part of Pericles to render an account of 7000 talents which had been expended in the name of Greece, and the affront to which the Lacedaemonian ambassadors were subjected in being denied a hearing, and compelled, without ceremony, to quit the territory of Athens. The Lace- daemonians, under the command of Archidamus their king, gained possession of the city of Plataea and proceeded to Attica, which country they desolated ; while the Athenians, on the other hand, ravaged the coasts of Peloponnesus with a fleet of 100 vessels, and some time afterwards obtained two naval victories over the Lacedaemonians. At length the Spartans under Lysander utterly defeated the Athenian fleet at iEgos Potamos, and Athens was compelled to sub- mit to humiliating terms of peace. Lysander abolished the popular government at Athens, and substituted thirty magistrates, which were called the thirty ty- rants, who were expelled by Aristobulus and a band of patriots, in the year 401. Euctemon the astrono- mer flourished. A comet appeared, which continued 32 CHRONOLOGY B. C. visible for 60 days. See Lubiniezki and Hevelius, the last of whom places it in 430. 430. The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague at Athens for five years. 429. Socrates the philosopher flourished, ob. 400, set. 70. 428. Democritus of Abdera, ob. 361, set. 109. 427. Gorgias of Leontium, the orator, ob. 400, set. 108. 426. The plague breaks out at Athens a second time. Thu- cydides the historian flourished, ob. about 391, set. about 80. An eruption of Mount iEtna. 425. Hippocrates of Cos, the physician, ob. 361, set. 99. 424. Aristophanes’ first comedy of the Clouds acted against Socrates. 423. A truce between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians. 421. A peace of 50 years between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians. 420. Alcibiades, the Athenian general, ob. 404, set. 46. 419. Protagoras of Abdera, the sophist, flourished. 418. The Lacedsemonians gain a signal victory over the Argives and Mantineans. 416. The Agrarian law proposed at Rome. 415. Alcibiades accused at Athens. Parrhasius of Ephesus, the painter. 414. Egypt revolts from the Persians. The second part of the Peloponnesian war begins. A comet appeared. 413. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 27, by wdiich Nicias was so terrified that he lost the Athenian army in Sicily. 412. The Athenians are deserted by their allies. Lysias the orator, ob. 378, set. 81. Four hundred persons elected to the government of Athens. A comet ap- peared in winter in the North: 411. A comet appeared. See Hevelius. 410. The Athenians defeat the Lacedsemonians at Cyzicum. The history of Thucydides ends, and that of Xeno- phon begins. The Carthaginians attack Sicily. A comet appeared. See Riccioli . 408. The Romans defeat the Yolsci, The Athenians seize the Hellespont. 407. The Carthaginians renew their attack upon Sicily. 406. Agathon the comic poet flourished. 405. The Athenian fleet of 180 ships defeated at iEgos- B. C. OF THE WORLD. 33 potamos by Lysander. Syracuse usurped by Dio- nysius. Cebes the philosopher. 404. Lysander takes Athens, and finishes the Peloponnesian war. Athens governed by 30 tyrants. Euclid of Megara, the philosopher. 403. The Roman infantry first received pay. 402. Telestes, the dithyrambic poet, flourished. 401. Cyrus killed in an expedition against Artaxerxes. The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon. The 30 tyrants expelled from Athens by Thrasybulus, and the democratic government established. A comet appeared. See Lubiniezki. 400. The Athenians put Socrates to death. The death of Socrates forms one of the most lamentable and dis- graceful things in Grecian history. He who was the most correct of heathen philosophers and moralists, was accused before the tribunal of 500 of having spoken evil of the gods which his countrymen wor- shipped, and of having made innovations in religion ; and at the age of 70 years was condemned, by a ma- jority of three voices, to drink hemlock, a deadly poison. To his friends who lamented that he was about to die innocent, he replied, “ Would you have me then die guilty V 5 When the fatal day arrived, he drank the hemlock presented to him by the execu- tioner, with an unaltered countenance, and in a few moments expired. But the fickle Athenians soon re- pented of their rashness and injustice, and treated his persecutors with deserved contempt. Xenophon the philosopher, ob. 359, set. about 90. 399. The feast called Lectisternium instituted at Rome. 398. Military catapultse invented by Dionysius about this time. Ctesias, the physician and historian, ob. after 384. Many prodigies are seen at Rome. 397. Dionysius of Syracuse declares war against the Cartha- ginians. Zeuxis the painter flourished. 396. Antisthenes, called the Cynic philosopher. 395. The Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, unite against the Lacedaemonians. 394. A sea-fight at Cnidus, between the Persians and Lacedae- monians. The Corinthian war commences. Archy* tus of Tarentum, the mathematician, ob. after 360. CHRONOLOGY 34 B. C. 393. Argives take possession of Corinth. 390. The Romans defeated at the battle of Allia by the Gauls, who marched to Rome, and burned it. The Gauls under Brennus laid siege to Clusium, which, imploring the assistance of Rome, Fabius was sent to assist them. The Gauls then directed their march to Rome, which filled the city with consternation. Their aged, women, and children, sought refuge in the surrounding towns, the men capable of bearing arms shut themselves up in the Capitol, while 80 sen- ators awaited the enemy seated in their curule chairs, or ivory chairs of state, but were all slaughtered. Rome was delivered up to the flames, and the Capitol was besieged. The consul Manlius, advertised of the approach of the enemy by the cackling of the sacred geese, saved the Capitol ; but after a seven months’ siege, the Romans consented to pay to the Gauls one thousand pounds’ weight of gold. When it was being weighed, the Romans complained that it was not fairly weighed ; Brennus, insulting their calamity, and indignant at the complaints of the vanquished, threw his sword into the scale, and ordered them to pile on until it was balanced. Camillus, forgetting the ingratitude and injustice of his fellow-citizens, who by means of false accusations had forced him into exile, placed himself at the head of the Ardiaei, and attacking the Gauls with fury, is said to have cut them off to a man, leaving not a soul to convey the news of their defeat to their countrymen. 389. Plato’s first travels into Sicily, ob. 348, set. 81. 388. Dionysius takes Rhegium. Philoxenus the dithyrambic poet. 387. The peace of Antalcidas between the Lacedaemonians and Persians. Rome contained 152,583 effective men. Damon and Pythias, the Pythagorean philoso- phers and friends. 385. The Cyprian war finished. 380. Isseus of Chalcis, the Athenian orator, ob. about 360. 378. Isocrates the rhetorician, ob. 388, set. 99. 377. The Lacedaemonians defeated in the naval battle at Naxus, Sep. 20. 376. Artaxerxes makes peace with the Greeks. OR THE WORLD. 35 B. C. 374. The unsuccessful expedition of tne Persians under Artaxerxes into Egypt. Philolaus the Pythagorean philosopher. 373. A great earthquake in Peloponnesus. A comet appeared in Greece in winter, near Orion. See Lubiniezki . 372. Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, ob. 324, set. 90. 371. The Lacedaemonians defeated by the Thebans under Epaminondas at the battle of Leuctra, July 8. A comet appeared. 370. The Messenians return to Peloponnesus, after an exile of about 300 years. 368. Eudoxus brought the sphere from Egypt into Greece, ob. about 352, set. 53. 367. The populace at Rome succeed in making one of the consuls a plebeian. 365. The Romans renew the custom of fixing the chrono- logical nail in the temple of Jupiter, on the 13th of Sept. Livy places it in 363. 363. Epaminondas killed at the battle of Mantinea. Aris- tippus, junior, the Cyrenaic philosopher. 362. Revolt in Lesser Asia of several Persian governors against Artaxerxes. 360. Philip defeats the Athenians at Methon. Plato’s second voyage into Sicily. 359. Philip gains a second battle over the Illyrians. Earth quake at Rome, by which M. Curtius is swallowed up. 357. The second sacred war begins. Dionysius junior ex- pelled Syracuse by Dion. Aristotle observed the moon’s transit over Mars, April 4. 356. A comet appeared. See Hevelius. 354. Dion put to death. Theopompus of Chios, the orator and historian. A comet appeared, the tail of which was successively elongated. 353. Philip defeats the Phocians in Thessaly. 352. Ephorus of Cumae, the historian, flourished. 351. The Sidonians, besieged by the Persian army, burn their city, and put themselves to death. The monu- ment of Mausolus erected. 350. Egypt conquered by Ochus. 348. Philip concludes the sacred war after taking the cities of the Phocaeans. Speusippus, the academic philosopher, ob. 339. A comet appeared in Greece. See Lubiniezki . CHRONOLOGY 36 B, 347. Dionysius recovers Syracuse. 345. Aristotle the philosopher flourished, ob. 322, set. 63. 343. War between the Romans and Samnites commences, and continues 71 years. Timoleon restores the lib- erty of Syracuse ; expels Dionysius, and establishes a democracy. Frotogenes of Rhodes, the painter, ob. about 320. The Syracusan sera commenced. Philip makes Thrace tributary. A plague at Rome. 341. A comet appeared near the equator, in Greece. See Riccioli. 340. The Carthaginians defeated near Agrigentum by Timo- leon, July 13. 339. Xenocrates, the academic philosopher, ob. 314, set. 82. 338. The Athenians defeated by Philip, &e., in the battle of Chseronea, Aug. 2. 336. Philip killed by Pausanias. Philip having caused him- self to be appointed general of the Grecian armies, and caused them to decide to rise against the king of Persia, repaired in person to witness the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra with the king of Epirus, and was assassinated in the 47th year of his age, by Pausanias, a young Macedonian, cap- tain of his guard, in revenge of an act of injustice done to himself. Philip was a great general, and had received his military education under the great Epaminondas at Thebes, whither he was sent as a hostage in early life. He disciplined an army not only for the conquest of Greece, but expressly for the conquest of Persia. Of this army it was said, that every soldier was fit for a subaltern ; every subaltern for a captain ; and every captain for a commander- in-chief. He was succeeded by his son Alexander, at 20 years of age, who, without such an army pre- pared to his hand, would not have been able to ac- complish those immense conquests in Persia, which have conferred on him the title of the Great. A comet appeared in Greece, and was seen for 70 days. Stilpo of Megara, the philosopher, ob. after 294. 335. Alexander enters Greece, destroys Thebes, but pre- serves the house of Pindar. Demades, the Athenian orator, ob. 322. 834. Alexander defeats the Persians on the Granicus, May 22. OF THE WORLD. 37 Alexander set out for the conquest of Persia with an army of 30,000 foot, 5000 horse, the sum of 70 tal- ents, and provisions only for a single month. He crossed the Hellespont ; and Darius Codomanus, the king of Persia, resolved to crush at once this incon- siderate youth, whom he met on the Granicus, a small river of Phrygia, with 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The Greeks swam the river, their king leading the van ; and attacking the astonished Persians, left 20.000 dead upon the field, while the Greeks lost only 115 men. The whole Persian army was put to flight. Alexander now sent home his fleet, leaving to his army the sole alternative that they must subdue Asia or perish. Apelles of Cos, the painter. 333. Alexander gains a second battle at Issus in October. Prosecuting their course, the Greeks were attacked by the Persians in a narrow valley of Cilicia, near the town of Issus. The Persian host amounted to 400.000 men, but their situation was such that a small part only could come into action, and they were defeated with prodigious slaughter. The loss of the Persians was 110,000, that of the Greeks was in- considerable. The generosity of Alexander was displayed after the battle of Issus in his kind at- tention to his noble prisoners, the mother, wife, and family of Darius. Calisthenes, the philosopher, ob. 328. 332. Alexander takes Tyre, Aug. 20 ; obtains possession of Egypt, and builds Alexandria. Alexander bent his course towards Tyre, whose inhabitants shut their gates, and maintained a noble defence for seven months. The city was at length taken by storm, and 8000 of the inhabitants cruelly put to death. The taking of Gaza opened Egypt to Alexander, and the whole country submitted without opposition, as they were impatient of the Persian yoke. A silly piece of vanity led him across the scorching sands to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, as he was desirous to be thought the son of Jupiter, which caused his mother to write to him in raillery, “not to set her and Juno by the ears. 5 ’ He returned from this perilous and foolish enterprise, and performed a more noble act by founding the city 4 88 CHRONOLOGY B. C. of Alexandria, which perpetuates his name. Dino- crates the mathematician. 331 . Darius defeated by Alexander in the battle of Arbela, Oct. 2, eleven days after a total eclipse of the moon. Having returned from Egypt and crossed the Euphrates wuth 50,000 men, he fought the tremendous battle of Arbela. The number of Persians engaged in this battle is stated at 700,000, and their loss at 300,000, while Alexander lost only about 500. This great battle decided the fate of Persia, which now submitted to the conqueror, and Darius was soon after murdered by one of his satraps. 330. The cycle of Calippus commences from Darius’s death, July 1. iEschines the orator banished. 329. Hyperides, the Athenian orator, ob. 322. 328. Philetas of Cos, the poet and grammarian, ob. about 280. Alexander passed the mountain of Caucasus. 327. Alexander’s expedition into India against Porus. 326. Lysippus the statuary flourished. 325. Menedemus of Eretria, ob. about 301, set. 74. Demos- thenes banished from Athens, recalled in 23, and died in 322, set. 60. 324. Crates of Thebes, the Cynic philosopher, ob. after 287. 323. Alexander dies, April 21, and his empire divided. Al- exander before his death penetrated into India, and defeated Porus, a sovereign of that country. He was desirous of projecting further achievements, but his soldiers, perceiving no end to their toils, refused to proceed farther. He then returned with his army to Persepolis, which he caused to be set on fire, in a fit of phrensy. Thence proceeding to Babylon, he there indulged himself in the greatest excesses, and died suddenly of a fever brought on by excessive drinking, in the 33d year of his age, and in the 13th year of his reign. He is the most renowned hero of antiquity, surpassing all others in the rapidity and extent of his conquests. He possessed military talents of the highest order, but his vanity was excessive, and his ambition unbounded. He was fond of learning, frank and generous in his disposition, and, in the early part of his career, distinguished for self-government ; but at length, intoxicated by success, he gave himself up to OF THE WORLD. 39 B. C. excessive indulgence, and to acts of the most atrocious cruelty and ingratitude. How different were his character and fame from those of the American Wash- ington ! Alexander named no successor, his family were successively all destroyed, and his kingdom was at length divided into four parts under as many of his principal officers : Macedonia under Cassander , Thrace under Lysimachus, Syria, under Seleucus , and Egypt under Ptolemy Lagus. Alexander destroyed the Per- sian monarchy after it had subsisted 206 years ; and the Macedonian kingdom which he founded, or rather greatly extended, existed in its glory but a few shc*rt years, though it exceeded in extent all that had gone before it. Praxiteles, the statuary, ob. after 288. 322. Antipater puts to death the Athenian orators, Demos- thenes, Hyperides, and Demades. Theophrastus, the peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 288, set. 85. 321. The Romans defeated by the Samnites. 320. Polysperchon proclaims general liberty to all the Greek cities. Ptolemy carries 100,000 Jews captives into Egypt. Menander, the inventor of the new comedy, ob. 293, set. 52. 319. The Romans subdue the Samnites. 318. Phocion put to death by the Athenians. Cassander be- comes master of Athens. 317. Agathocles usurps the government of Syracuse and Sicily. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years ; expelled from Athens in 307 ; ob. about 284. 315. Cassander rebuilt Thebes, and founded Cassandria. Rhodes nearly destroyed by an inundation. 314. The cities of Peloponnesus recover their liberties. Dinarchus, the Athenian orator, banished in 307. 313. Polemon, the academic philosopher, ob. 270. 312. Babylon taken by Seleucus. The sera of the Seleuci- dse commences. Zeno of Cittium in Cyprus, the first of the Stoic philosophers, ob. 264, set. 98. 310. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles, July 22, who carries the war into Africa ; during his passage the sun was eclipsed, Aug. 15, 11 digits 10'. A comet appeared in China. Crantor, the academic philoso- pher, ob. before 270. CHRONOLOGY 40 B. C. 308. The Samnites, Marsi, and Peligni defeated by Fabius Philemon, the comic poet, ob. about 274. 307. The oligarchy of Athens changed into a democra cy. 306. The successors of Alexander take the title of kings. 305. Megasthenes the historian. 304. Seleucus founded Antioch, Edessa, Laodicea, &c. Pyrrho, the philosopher, ob. set. 90. 301. Antigonus defeated at the battle of Ipsus. 300. Euclid of Alexandria, the mathematician. 298. Arcesilaus the philosopher, founder of the middle Acad- emy, ob. about 241, set. 73. 296. Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes. Epicurus the philosopher, ob. 270, set. 72. 294. Timocharis of Alexandria observed, March 9th, 4 hours before midnight, a conjunction of the moon with Spica Virginis — ob. after 272. Rome contained 270,000 effective men. 293. The first sun-dial erected at Rome upon the temple of Quirinus by Papirius Cursor. Erasistratus, the phy- sician, ob. about 257. 292. Aristyllus of Alexandria, the astronomer. 291. Seleucus builds and peoples about 40 new cities in Asia. 290. The Samnite war ended. Fabius introduces painting into Rome. Bion Boristhenites, the philosopher, ob. 241. 288. Strato, the Peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 270. 287. The Athenians revolt from Demetrius Poliorcetes. Zenodotus of Ephesus, the first librarian of Alexan- dria, ob. about 245. 286. Macedon taken possession of by Lysimachus, and Pyr- rhus expelled. 285. Dionysius, the astronomer of Alexandria, began his sera on Monday, June 26th. He was the first who found the exact solar year to consist of 365 d 5 h 49' — ob. 241. 284. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament sup- posed to have been made. The pharos of Alexandria built. Achsean republic founded. A great earth- quake in the Hellespont and Chersonesus. The Gauls defeat the Romans. OF THE WORLD. 41 B. C. 283. Sostratus of Cnidus, the architect. The college and library of Alexandria founded. 282. Timocharis observed, Nov. 9th, 3i hours after mid- night, a second conjunction of the moon with Spica Virginis . Theocritus of Syracuse, the pastoral poet. 280. Pyrrhus assists the Tarentines in Italy. Aristarchus of Samos, the astronomer, flourished. 279. Dionysius Heracleotes, the philosopher. Rome con- tains 278,222 citizens. 278. An army of Gauls under Brennus cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. Philo, the dialectic philoso- pher, ob. about 260. 277. Aratus of Tarsus, the astronomical poet. 276. Lycophron of Chalcis, the poet. 275. The Romans defeat Pyrrhus, who retires to Epirus. Persseus, the Stoic philosopher. 272. The Romans defeat the Samnites and Tarentines. Pyrrhus killed at the siege of Argos. Lycon, the Peripatetic philosopher, ob. 226, set. 74. 269. Silver first coined at Rome. Crates, the Academic philosopher, ob. about 250. 268. Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas. Berosus, the Chaldean historian. 267. Ptolemy made a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. Hermachus of Mitylene, the Epicurean* 265. Rome contains 292,226 citizens. 264. The first Punic war. The Arundelian marbles com- posed. Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher, ob. about 240, set. 80. 263. Homer, jun., the tragic poet. 262. The battle of Sardis. Timseus of Sicily, the historian, ob. set. 96. 261. The Romans attend to maritime affairs.— The Romans felt the absolute necessity of possessing a fleet, when a Carthaginian ship which happened to be wrecked upon the Italian shore served them for a model ; and in less than two years they became possessed of a navy, consisting of 120 vessels, armed with iron cramp hooks, for the purpose of boarding. The ves- sels of this time were large galleys. Manetho, the Egyptian historian. 260. The Carthaginians defeated at sea by the Romans,— 4* 42 CHRONOLOGY B. C. The consul Duilius gained the first naval victory over the Carthaginians, now masters of the Mediterranean. Callimachus of Gyrene, the poet, ob. about 244. 259. Zoilus the critic, called Homero-Mastix. 258. Duris of Samos, the historian. 257. Neanthes of Cyzieum, the orator and historian. 256. Regulus defeated and taken prisoner.- — The Romans equipped a fleet consisting of 330 ships, to oppose the Carthaginians, who had a navy of 350 vessels ; the latter being resolved to oppose the designs of the Ro- mans on Africa. Regulus, whose fleet had combat- ed with various success, at length gained a complete victory. He then landed in Africa, and compelled the Carthaginians to ratify a peace, the conditions of which were extremely burdensome and humiliating to the latter, while 27,000 prisoners who had been cap- tured were sent to Rome. Soon after Regulus was captured, with 5000 Romans, by Xanthippus, the Lacedaemonian general, who had been invited by the Carthaginians to assist them ; and 30,000 men were left dead on the field of battle. The melancholy news was conveyed to Rome by Regulus, who opposed an exchange of prisoners, to negotiate which he had been sent, with the promise to return if unsuccessful ;• and in order to keep his promise inviolate he did re- turn, though he expected that it would be to suffer death in dreadful tortures, which took place. Antigonus lestores the liberty of Athens. Ctesibius, the historian, ob. set. 104. 255. The fourth imperial dynasty of China begins. Sosibi- us of Lacedaemon, the critic. 254. Hieronymus of Rhodes, the Peripatetic philosopher. 252. Rome contains 297,897 effective men. 251. Aratus joins the Achaean league. 250. The Parthians revolt from the Macedonians. 249. The Romans defeated by the Carthaginians in the na- val battle of Drepanum. 248. Antigonus Carystius, the historian. 247. Jesus, the son of Sirach. A census at Rome — 251,212 citizens. 246. Ptolemy kills Laodice, and subdues great part of Syria. Conon of Samos, the astronomer, ob. after 223. OF THE WORLD. 43 B. C. 245. Eratosthenes of Gyrene, librarian of Alexandria, ob. 194, set. 82. 243. The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus. Sphserus, the Stoic philosopher and historian. 242. The Carthaginians defeated. The first Punic war ended. Apollonius of Perga, the geometer. 241. Agis, king of Sparta, is put to death, attempting to set- tle an Agrarian law. 240. Plays acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus, the first Roman dramatist. 239. Chrysippus, the Stoic philosopher, ob. 207, set. 73. 238. The Carthaginians terminate the Libyan war. Po- lystratus, the Epicurean philosopher. 237. Hamilcar, with his son Hannibal, leads the Carthagini- ans into Spain. Euphorion of Chalcis, the poet, ob. about 220, set. 56. 236. The Tartars expelled from China. Archimedes of Syracuse, the mathematician, ob. 212. 235. Rome being at peace with all nations, the temple of Janus was shut the first time after Numa. Messala, the Roman painter, ob. after 226. 234. The Sardinian war begins. Nsevius, the comic poet, ob. 203. 231. The first divorce at Rome. Sardinia and Corsica con- quered by the Romans. 230. Apollonius Rhodius, the poet and third librarian of Alexandria. Eratosthenes observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 51' 20". 229. The Romans declare war against the Illyrians. 228. The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens, Corinth, &c. Philochorus of Athens, the historian, ob. 222. 226. Aristo Ceus, the philosopher, ob. about 183. 225. Cleomenes kills the Ephori, and restores the Agrarian laws of Sparta. The Gauls defeated in Italy. Fa- bius Pictor, the first Roman historian. 224. The Romans for the first time crossed the Po. The Colossus of Rhodes overturned by an earthquake. 221. Phylarchus, the historian. 220. Rome contains 270,213 citizens. The social war in Greece begins, and lasts 3 years. Plautus of Um- bria, the comic poet, ob. 184. A comet appeared in Aries, and was seen 22 days. 44 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 219, Saguntum destroyed by Hannibal. — Hannibal, who had accompanied his father Ha mil car into Spain in the year 237, was educated in his father’s camp, and at nine years of age swore, on the altar of his coun- try, eternal enmity to the Homans ; and at the age of 25 years succeeded his uncle Asdrubal in the com- mand of Spain ; and after taking several other cities, he laid siege to Saguntum. Of this place, after a siege of nine months, he obtained possession, or rather of its ruins ; for its inhabitants, faithful to their alli- ance with the Romans, raised an immense pile in the centre of the public square, consisting of all their most precious things, set it on fire, and precipitated themselves into the flames, rather than to fall into the hands of the Carthaginians. Those who escaped the flames became victims of the sword. The art of surgery introduced into Rome. 218. The second Punic war begins with Hannibal’s passing the Alps, and continues 17 years. 217. The Romans defeated at Thrasymene. 216. The Romans totally defeated at Cannse. — From the de- struction of Saguntum, Hannibal lei his army over the Pyrenees and the Alps — a stupendous undertak- ing ; and when he arrived in Italy, had 20,000 foot and 6,000 horse. He gained four great victories : those of the Tecinus, the Trebia, the Thrasymenus, and of Cannse. The defeat at Cannse was the most memorable that the Romans ever suffered ; more than 40,000 of their choice troops were left dead on the field, and the city of Rome trembled for its safety. Hannibal was the greatest general of his age, and he especially displayed his great skill in this memorable battle. Rome, however, was saved by the bravery and caution of Fabius Maximus, to whom the Ameri- can Washington has often been compared. He has been called the American Fabius. 215. Evandar, the philosopher of the second Academy. 213. All the records in China destroyed by Shee-hoangtee. Erroneously placed by many in 246. 212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus after a siege of 3 years. 210. Hermippus of Smyrna, the Peripatetic philosopher. OF THE WORLD. 45 b. e. 207. Claudius Nero defeats and kills Asdrubal. Zeno of Tarsus, the Stoic philosopher. 205. Ennius of Calabria, the poet, brought to Rome by Cato the qua3stor. Sotion of Alexandria, the grammarian. 204. Scipio besieged Utica. A meteor in the form of a star appeared. It extended from the east to the west points of the horizon. See Lubinlezki . 203. Scipio in one day took the two camps of Asdrubal and Syphax, killing 40,000 men, and taking 6,000 prison- ers. These two generals assembled the remains of their armies, and were defeated in a second combat ; in consequence of which victories Publius Scipio be- came master of various cities, and the senate of Carthage was under the necessity of recalling Han- nibal to Carthage. Hannibal exerted his utmost en- deavors to obtain peace, but proved unsuccessful ; when Scipio gave him battle on the plains of Zama, and the former was completely overthrown, with the loss of 40,000 men, having with the greatest difficul ty provided for his own safety by flight. 202. The fifth imperial dynasty of China begins. Hannibal defeated by Scipio at Zama, Oct. 19. A shower of meteoric stones fell in Italy. 201. Peace obtained by the Carthaginians, and the end of the 2d Punic war. The Roman senate granted peace to the Carthaginians upon very hard terms ; and Syphax, king of Numidia, was sent to Rome in order to grace the triumph of Scipio ; where that unfor- tunate prince shortly after died in prison. For his. victories in Africa, the surname of Africanus was conferred upon Scipio. 200. The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years. Aristophanes of Byzantium, the gramma- rian, ob. set. 80. A comet appeared in Cancer. 198. Sidon taken by Antiochus after the battle of Panius. Asclepiades Myrlianus, the grammarian. 197. The Romans send two praetors into Spain. Licinius Tegula, the comic poet. 196. Caius Radius, the Roman orator. A comet appeared. See Heveiins and Cczsius. 195. Aristonymus, the 4th librarian of Alexandria, ob. set. 77. CHRONOLOGY 46 B. C. 194. A comet appeared. A shower of meteoric stones fell in Italy. Sparta and Hither Spain subdued by the Romans. 193. Hyginus of Pergamus, philosopher of the second Acade- my. 192. The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans be- gins, and continues 3 years. Rome contains 243,704 effective men. 191. Earthquakes were felt at Rome during 38 days. 190. Scipio defeats Antiochus in the battle of Magnesia. 189. The Romans make peace with Antiochus. 188. Philopsemen compels the Lacedaemonians to renounce the laws of Lycurgus. 187. Antiochus defeated and killed in Media. Scipio Afri- canus banished from Rome. 185. Diogenes of Babylon, the Stoic philosopher. 183. Philopsemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates, tyrant of the Messenians. The Transalpine Gauls march into Italy. A very large comet appeared, and £7 continued visible for 80 days. See LubiniezJd and Hevelius . 182. The stars appeared in China in the day time. 181. The plague rages at Rome. 180. Demetrius is killed by his father Philip. Statius Csecilius, the comic poet, ob. after 166. 179. Rome contains 273,244 effective men. Some books of Numa found at Rome in a stone coffin, supposed by Livy to be forged, and burned. 177. Agarthacides cf Cnidus, the historian. 176. Heraclides, called Lembus, the historian. 175. A great earthquake in China. Pestilence at Rome. 174. A comet appeared. See Hevelius and Ccesius . 173. Ennius finishes the 12th book of his annals. Attains of Rhodes, the astronomer and grammarian. 172. A comet appeared in China in the east. See Hevelius . Antiochus’s first expedition in Egypt. 171. The 2d Macedonian war begins. Antiochus defeats Ptolemy’s generals. 170. Paper invented in China. Antiochus plunders the temple of Jerusalem. An irruption of the Tartars into China. 169. Rome contains 212,805 citizens. OF THE WORLD. 47 B. C. 168. Perseus defeated by P. iEmilius at Pydna. An eclipse of the moon happened the preceding night, foretold by Gallas. A comet, or more probably, a meteor, appeared. C. Sulpicius Gallus, the tribune, and the 1st Roman astronomer. 167. The first library erected at Rome, consisting of books brought from Macedon. 166. Terence of Carthage, the comic poet, ob. 159, set. 35. His first play, Andria, acted at Rome. Apollonius killed by Judas Maccabseus. A globe of fire (fax) appeared. 165. Judas purified the temple of Jerusalem. An eruption of iEtna. Crates Mallotes of Pergamus, called the critic. A globe of fire appeared. 164. Rome contained 327,032 citizens. Polybius of Mega- lopolis, the historian, ob. 124, set. 82. 163. The government of Judea under the Maccabees begins, and continues 126 years. M. Pacuvius, the tragic poet, ob. about 131, set. 90. ■■ 162. Hipparchus begins his astronomical observations at Rhodes. Demetrius takes possession of Syria. 161. The philosophers and rhetoricians banished from Rome. 160. Terence’s last play, Adelphi, acted at the funeral of P. iEmilius. Carneades of Gyrene, ob. 128, set. 90. 159. Clepsydrse invented by Scipio Nasica. 158. An irruption of the Tartars into China. Hipparchus observed the autumnal equinox on Sunday, Septem- ber 27, about mid-day. 157. A comet appeared in China in the 9th month. 156. Several temples of Pergamus plundered by Prusias, king of Bithvnia. Aristarchus of Alexandria, the great grammarian, ob. set. 72. 154. A comet appeared. See Hevelius and Lubiniezki . 152. Andriscus, personating the son of Perseus, assumes the government of Macedon. 150. Demetrius, king of Syria, killed by A. Balas. Aristo- bulus of Alexandria, the Jew and Peripatetic philoso- pher, ob. after 124. A very large comet appeared, of the color of fire. It shone with intense light, and appeared as large as the sun. 48 CHRONOLOGY B, C. ' 149. The 3d Punic war commenced, and lasted three years. Prusias put to death by Nicomedes. 148. Jonathan Maccabaeus defeats Apollonius in the battle of Azotus, and takes that city and Ascalon. A comet appeared in the north part of China, in the 4th month. Satyrus the Peripatetic philosopher and his- torian. 147. Rome contained 322,000 citizens. The Romans de- clare war against the Achseans* 146. Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio, and Corinth by L. Mummius. The Carthaginians having taken up arms against Massanissa, king of Numidia, a friend and ally of Rome, occasioned the third Punic war ; at the conclusion of which, Carthage, renowned for arts, opulence, and the extent of its dominion, was plundered, and barbarously levelled to the ground. The Carthaginians having delivered up their arms at the demand of the Romans, the consuls, having re- paired to the city and set fire to the Carthaginian fleet, commanded the inhabitants to remove and establish themselves at the distance of ten leagues from the sea, when they became desperate, and set about re- supplying themselves with arms, using their temples for places of the manufacture, and the gold and silver to supply the place of other metals ; even the females sacrificed their hair to be manufactured into ropes. The Romans were at first repulsed, and their fleet re- duced to ashes. But the valor of Scipio and the Romans at length prevailed, and Carthage, the proud rival of Rome, was so completely destroyed, that no ruins now mark the spot where Carthage once stood. Scipio iEmilius, the son of Paulus iEmilius, and the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus, who achieved this great victory, had the honor of a triumph at Rome, and received the surname of Second Afri- canus. The same year the consul Mummius took possession of Achaia, and burned the city of Corinth ; the gen- eral council of Greece was suppressed, and the coun- try was reduced to a Roman province under the name of Achaia . Thus in the space of one century, Thrace, Greece, Af- OF THE WORLD. 49 B. C. rica, Syria, and all the kingdoms of Asia Minor, be- came subject to Rome. This was the eera of the dawn cf luxury and taste at Rome, the natural fruit of foreign wealth, and an acquaintance with foreign manners. In the unequal distribution of this import ed wealth, and the corruption of manners to which it gave rise, and the venality and vices which it engen- dered, we see the remote cause of the dissolution of the Roman republic, which owed its prosperity to the poverty, hardihood, and virtue which had character- ized it in its rise. Hipparchus observed the vernal equinox, March 24, at mid-day. A remarkable comet appeared in Greece. It continued visible for 23 days. 145. The Romans desolated Greece. 144. Tryphon murdered Jonathan and his brethren. Antip- ater of Tarsus, the Stoic philosopher. A very bright comet appeared in Capricorn, and was seen two days. 143. A great earthquake in China. 142. Simon, the high priest, takes the castle of Jerusalem ; repairs it, and rescues Judsea from the Syrian yoke. 141. The Numantian war begins, and lasts eight years. An eclipse of the moon observed at Alexandria, on Tues- day, Jan. 17, two hours before midnight. 140. Diodorus, the Peripatetic philosopher. 139. Lucius Accius, the tragic poet, flourished. 138. Panatius of Rhodes, the Stoic philosopher. 137. Ptolemy Physcon patronises the arts and sciences. Nicander of Colophon, the physician and poet. 136. Scipio Africanus, &c., made an embassy into Egypt, Syria, and Greece. Ctesibius of Alexandria, the mathematician and inventor of hydraulic instruments. A globe of fire appeared. 135. The history of the Apocrypha ends. A comet appeared in the N. E. part of China, in autumn. The war of the slaves begins in Sicily. 133. Numantia destroyed by Scipio. Attalus dies, and Per- gamus is added to the Roman empire. Tiberius Gracchus slain. 132. A comet appeared in Gemini, and continued visible for 83 days. 5 50 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 130. Antiochus, king of Syria, defeated and killed. The revival of learning in China. In 129 and 130, a very large comet appeared. It was visible for TO days, and had a diurnal arc of 4 hours. 129. The temple on Gerizim destroyed by Hreanus. 128. Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox to be on Thurs- day, March 23d, about sun-set, and afterwards the star Regulus was 29° 50' from the summer solstitial colure. Clitomachus of Carthage, philosopher of the third Academy, ob. about 100. 127. Hipparchus, on May 2d, about sunrise, observed the sun in 7° 35' y, the moon in 21° 40' and their mean distance to be 312° 32'— -he observed Spica Virginis 6° W. of the autumnal equinoctial point. 124. Apollonius of Nysa, the Stoic philosopher. 123. Carthage rebuilt by order of the Roman senate. Ile- rodicus, called Cratiteus, the grammarian. 122. A very large comet appeared. 121. A great eruption of iEtna. Caius Gracchus killed. L. Cselius Antipater, the Roman historian. 120. A comet appeared in the eastern part of China. Castor of Rhodes, the chronologer and historian. 119. Two comets appeared in China— one in spring, in the N. E., and another in summer, in the N. W. A comet appeared for 70 days. Menecrates of Nysa, the gram- marian. 118. Narbonne built by a Roman colony. Dalmatia con- quered by Metelius. 116. The government of Egypt assumed by Cleopatra. Lu- cilius, the first Roman satirist, ob. 103, set. 46. 115. Apollodorus of Athens, the chronologer and gramma- rian. 113. Marcus Antonius, sen., the Roman orator, ob. 87, set. 56. 112. The Jugurthine war begins, and lasts five years. 110. A comet appeared in China, in the autumn. Lucius Crassus, the orator, ob. 91, set. 49. 109. Samaria taken by Hyrcanus. The Teutones and Cim- bri attack and defeat Silanus. 108. The Romans defeated by the Cimbri. Athenion, the Peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 95. ]07. Cicero is born. OF THE WORLD. 51 B. C. 106. Ptolemy dethroned by Cleopatra. Jugurtha given up to Marius. 104. The Cimbri and Teutones defeat the Romans, and kill 80,000 of them on the banks of the Rhone. 103. The Roman people obtain the power of electing the prcetors. 102. The Teutones defeated by Marius at Aix — 200,000 killed* and 80,000 taken prisoners. 101. Marius and Catullus defeat the Cimbri, of whom 120,000 are killed, and 60,000 taken prisoners. 100. The Agrarian law revived by Saturninus. Julius Ceesar born. Philo, the philosopher of the third Academy. 99. The Romans conquer Lusitania. A globe of fire ap- peared. 97. Ptolemy Appion dies, and leaves his kingdom to the Ro- mans. Mesopotamia occupied by the Romans. 96. The king of Parthia sends ambassadors to China. 95. Charmidas, the philosopher of the third Academy. 94. Antiochus of Cyzicum, defeated by Seleucus. 93. Seleucus defeated by Antiochus the Pious. Apellicon Teius, the proprietor of a famous library at Athens, ob. about 86. An aurora borealis appeared. 91. The Social or Marsic war commences, and is finished by Sylla in 88. L. Sisenna, the Roman historian. 90. A comet appeared in Virgo. Asclepiades of Prusias, the physician, ob. after 63. 89. The Mithridatic war begun. Playfair places it in 94. 88. The civil war between Marius and Sylla begins, and continues six years. In the war of the Romans against Mithridates, king of Pontus, Sylla obtained the command from the senate, and Marius was nom- inated by the people, upon which the former marched to Rome and took possession of the city, and Marius was compelled to fly and secrete himself, and Sylla caused him to be proclaimed the enemy of his coun- try. During the protracted contests between these partisans, 150,000 Roman citizens were slain. Alex- ander Polyhistor, the grammarian and historian. 87. Photius Gallus, the first Latin rhetorician. A comet ap- peared in the N. W. of China, in the spring. Others place it in 84. 86. Athens taken by Sylla, who defeats Archelaus. 52 CHRONOLOGY B. C. 85. Diotimus the Stoic philosopher, ob. after 83. Rome con- tains 464,000 citizens. 84. Q. Valerius Antias, the Roman historian. Peace be- tween Mithridates and Sylla. 83. Zeno of Sidon, the Epicurean philosopher. Sylla de- stroyed the Capitol. 82. Sylla plunders the temple of Delphos — defeats Marius — is created dictator. Quintus Hortensius, the Roman orator, ob. 50, set. 63. 81. A. Lucius Archias, the poet. 80. Antipater of Sidon, the poet. 79. Sylla resigns the dictatorship. Possidonius of Apamea, the Stoic philosopher and astronomer, ob. after 51, set. 84. 77. Geminus of Rhodes, the astronomer and mathematician. 76. Apollonius of Rhodes, the rhetorician. 75. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, dies and leaves his king- dom to the Romans. Theodosius of Tripoli, the mathematician. 73. The Servile war begins under Spartacus, &c. 71. Spartacus being defeated by Crassus, the Servile war ends. Tyrannio, the grammarian, ob. after 56. 70. The censorship revived at Rome. M. Terentius Varro, ob. 28, set. 88. Virgil born. 69. The Roman Capitol rebuilt. Rome contains 450,000 citizens. Lucullus defeats Mithridates. A comet appeared in the west of China, in the spring. 68. Aristodemus of Crete, the grammarian. 67. Mithridates defeated by Pompey in Armenia. The war of the Pirates. 66. Crete reduced to a Roman province. 65. The reign of the Seleucidse ends. And Syria reduced to a Roman province. A very large comet appeared. T. Lucretius Cams, ob. 54, set. 44. 64. Dionysius of Thrace, the grammarian. 63, Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates killed himself. Jerusalem taken by Pompey. 62. Antiochus, the philosopher of the third Academy. 61. L. Taruntius Spurina, the mathematician, ob. after 44. 60. A comet was observed by Possidonius, during an eclipse of the sun. The first triumvirate between Pompey, Csesar, and Crassus. Pompey, Crassus, and Csesar, OF THE WORLD. 53 B. C. being the most considerable men at Rome, a league was formed between them for appropriating to them- selves the whole power of the state. This league was denominated the First Triumvirate . They dis- tributed among themselves the foreign provinces * Pompey received Spain and Africa ; Crassus, Syria ; and Caesar, Gaul, most of which was yet unconquered. Pompey remained at Rome ; Crassus made war upon the Parthians, and was killed in the year 53 ; and Caesar, in eight brilliant campaigns, conquered Gaul and a part of Britain. Catullus, the lyric poet, ob. about 40, aet. 46. 59. Andronicus of Rhodes, the Peripatetic philosopher. 58. Cicero banished by the intrigues of Clodius. 57. Cicero recalled from exile. Sallust, the historian, ex- pelled from the senate in 50, ob. 35, aet. 51. 55. Caesar passes the Rhine, and defeats the Germans. Cae- sar’s first invasion of Britain. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, restored. Pompey builds a stone theatre for public amusements. 54. Caesar’s second invasion of Britain. Timagenesof Alex- andria, the historian and rhetorician. 53. Crassus killed, and his army defeated by the Parthians, Cratippus, the Peripatetic philosopher. 52. Milo murders Clodius. 51. Gaul becomes a Roman province. 50. The civil war begins, Oct. 22d. Pompey and Caesai became arrayed against each other, and the dominion over the Roman empire was the splendid prize for which they contended. On the side of Pompey, the consuls, and senate, and aristocracy of Rome arrayed themselves ; and Caesar enjoyed the high favor of his troops, and great popularity with the citizens. Plaving conquered Gaul, Caesar led his army to Rome. The small river Rubicon was the boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul, and by passing this river Caesar had no alternative but to conquer Rome, or die ; and hence to pass the Rubicon has become a proverbial expression for taking a bold and decisive step. Pom- pey had not an army at Rome sufficient to cope with that of Caesar ; and hence, together with the consuls, senate, and grandees of Rome, he fled into Thes- 54 B. C. CHRONOLOGY saly. — Rome contains 320,000 citizens. A comet appeared. 49. Caesar proclaimed dictator. A comet appeared in China. Cornelius Nepos, ob. about 25. 48. The battle of Pharsaiia, between Caesar and Pompey. The forces of Caesar were 22,000 men, while those of Pompey were 45,000 foot and 7,000 horse. But the army of Caesar consisted of veterans, inured to the fatigues and discipline of war, while those of Pompey, with some good soldiers, contained many luxurious young patricians who dreaded the loss of their beauty, and therefore Caesar directed his troops to aim at their faces, by which they were more easily discomfited. Pompey was utterly defeated ; 15,000 were left dead upon the field, and 24,000 surrendered as prisoners of war, and he fled to Egypt, where he hoped to find protection from its monarch ; but he was basely mur- dered by the order of the Egyptian king. — Varro, the poet. 47. A very large comet appeared. Julius Caesar retakes Alexandria. The Alexandrian library destroyed. 46. The war of Africa. Cato kills himself at Utica. This year, called the year of confusion , was corrected by Sosigenes of Alexandria, and consisted of 15 months and 445 days. 45. Battle of Munda. Caesar rebuilds Carthage and Corinth. 44. Caesar killed in the senate-house, aet. 56. Caesar was assassinated in the open senate on the 15th of March, by the conspirators, among whom was Brutus, who had previously been pardoned by Caesar for a revolt, on seeing whom, he exclaimed, “ And you too, Brutus, my son and fell pierced by twenty-three wounds. Thus fell this mighty conqueror, after having fought fifty pitched battles, in which were slain 1,192,000 men, and captured by assault more than 1,000 cities and towns. Mark Antony delivered a funeral ora- tion over his body, by which he excited the greatest indignation against his murderers. — A comet appeared in China, and at Rome, where it was observed for seven days after Caesar’s death. Diodorus Siculus, the historian. 43. A shower of iron is said by Pliny to have fallen in Lu- OF THE WORLD. 55 B, C. cania, the year preceding the defeat of Crassus. The second triumvirate between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death, Dec. 7th. After the death of Csesar, the Second Triumvirate was formed, consisting of Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. One of their first acts was for each to give up even their own friends who were obnoxious to the others, to pro- scription and to death. Antony claimed that Cicero, who had uttered severe censures against him, should be given up to death, to which Octavius, who was his friend, consented with some reluctance ; and each of the others named some persons who were obnoxious to them. Cicero was overtaken while attempting to flee, his head was cut off and carried with his hands to Antony. Fulvia, the wife of Antony, took the head in her lap, spit upon it, and drawing out the tongue pierced it several times with a bodkin. The head and hands were fixed upon the rostra, which drew tears from the virtuous citizens. 42, Cassius and Brutus defeated by Antony at Philippi. 41. A great famine at Rome. An earthquake in China. Trogus Pompeius, the historian. 40. Antigonus occupies Jerusalem. Herod receives Judasa from the Romans. Didymus, the scholiast. 39, Syria and Palestine recovered by the Romans. 38. The senate makes 67 praetors. 37. Pompey gained the empire of the sea. Sosius took Je- rusalem and Herod. Antigonus put to death. 36. Sextus Pompeius defeated in Sicily. Lepidus degraded from the triumvirate, and banished. Virgilius Maro, ob. 19, set. 51. 34. Antony seizes Armenia. Marcus Manlius, the astro- nomical poet. 33. Dioscorides, physician to Antony and Cleopatra. 32. A comet appeared in China. 31. The battle of Actium, Sept. 2d. Antony and Cleopatra defeated. Antony had yielded himself up to a mad passion for Cleopatra, and had espoused her, giving her as a dowry Phoenicia, lower Syria, the island of Cyprus, Cilicia, Arabia, and a portion of Judeea, and caused her to be called queen of queens, and her son Ptolemy, king of kings. The Roman senate, indig- 56 B. C. CHRONOLOGY nant at these fooleries, declared war against him, when he retired with Cleopatra to Ephesus, at which place he collected a fleet of 800 vessels, 200 of which were furnished by Cleopatra, who persuaded him to combat by sea, though his land forces were more nu- merous than those of Octavius. The battle was fought near the promontory of Actium, during which Cleopa- tra fled with 60 of her ships ; when Antony, in de- spair, followed her in one of his best vessels, and the remaining part of his ships submitted to Octavius, while his army, consisting of 19 legions, containing 12,000 horse, went over to the standard of the victor. This battle terminated the commonwealth of Rome. An earthquake in Judsea. Asinius Pollio, the orator and historian, ob. A. D. 4, set. 80. 30. Alexandria taken by Octavius. Antony and Cleopatra put themselves to death. Egypt reduced to a Roman province. Antony destroyed himself by falling on his own sword, and Cleopatra poisoned herself by an asp, brought to her for the purpose, in a basket of figs. Octavius intended to have led her in triumph to Rome. The revenue of Rome was computed to amount at this time to 400,000,000 pounds sterling. Strabo, the geographer, ob. A. D. 25. In this and the following year, a comet appeared in Libra, and w.as seen for 29 days. 29. Horatius Flaccus, ob. 8, set. 57. Csesar triumphed three days in Rome. Temple of Janus shut. Rome con- tains 4,101,017 citizens. 28. iEmilius Macer of Verona, the poet, ob. 16. 27. The title of Augustus and of emperor, for 10 years, con- ferred upon Octavius, by a decree of the senate. The Pantheon at Rome built. A great famine in Palestine. S. Aurelius Propertius, the elegiac poet. A comet appeared. See Hevelius . 25. The Egyptians adopt the Julian year, and fix their Thoth to begin always on Aug. 29th. Titus Livius, ob. A. D. 17, set. 76* 23. A large comet was seen this year. Antonius Musa, the physician. 22. A great pestilence in Italy. 21. Augustus recalls Agrippa, and gives him Julia in mar- OF THE WORLD. 57 B. C. riage. Tibullus, the elegiac poet, ob. about 19, set. 24. 20. Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians. Porus, king of India, solicits an alliance with Augus- tus. Ovidius Naso banished to Tomi, A. D. 9, ob. 17, set. 59. 19. Rome at the meridian of its glory. Agrippa constructed the aqueducts at Rome. The celebrated poet Virgil died in the 51st year of his age, and by his will en- joined that the iEneid should be burned, not having put the finishing touches to that great work. Augus- tus, however, countermanded the testamentary order of the poet, for which posterity will thank him. Herod, who at this period commanded the Jews, being anxious to acquire their good-will, which he had for- feited, proposed rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem at his own charge, and in a manner more magnificent than that of Solomon, which was assented to, and the structure completed in the most sumptuous manner. 18. Augustus reduces the senate to 300, and afterwards limits them to 600. 17. The Secular games revived. Varius and Tucca, critics and editors of the iEneid. 16. Agrippa goes to Syria, and thence to Judaea. 15. The Rhaetians defeated by Drusus. M. Vitruvius Pollio, the architect. 14. A great conflagration at Rome. 13. The office of Pontifex Maximus assumed by Augustus, who burns 2,000 pontifical books, reserving those of the Sibylline oracles. 12. A comet was seen for several days near Rome. Tibe- rius conquers the Pannonians. Nicholas Damascenus, the philosopher. Agrippa dies. 11. Drusus conquers several German nations. 10. The city of Caesarea built by Herod. 9. Drusus’s expedition into Germany, where he dies, July 20th. C. Julius Hyginus, the grammarian and poet. 8. Augustus corrects the calendar. Rome and its suburbs contain 4,233,000 citizens. Verrius Flaccus, the grammarian, and tutor to Augustus’s grandsons. 6. Tiberius, jealous of the two Caesars, retires to Rhodes. 5. Q. Varus appointed governor of Syria. A comet ap- 58 B. C. CHRONOLOGY peared in China. Our Saviour born on Monday^ Dec. 25th, or Sept., four years before the common sera. This is called the Vulgar 2Era, because Diony- sius the monk, who wrote about the year 526, being desirous of adopting this mode of computation, com- mitted an error of four years. He thought that Christ had been born under the consulate of Caius Csesar and Lucius iEmilius Paulus, while it appears from the most exact researches that he came into the world four years and seven days previous. The mistake of Dionysius, surnamed the Lesser, was, however, gen- erally adopted, and has been uniformly adhered to ever since. About this time the temple of Janus was shut by Augustus, as an emblem of the universal peace which then prevailed. This temple, which was always open in time of war, was shut but three times for more than 700 years ; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually engaged in war. Cyrenius appointed governor of Judaea. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the historian. 4. An eclipse of the moon observed at Jerusalem, March 13th, middle 2 hours 45' after midnight. 2. Julia banished by Augustus. Dionysius, the geogra- pher. 1. An interview between Caius Caesar and Tiberius. A comet appeared. First Century. 4. D. 1. C. Caesar makes peace with the Parthians. 2. Tiberius returns to Rome. L. Caesar dies. 3. C. Caesar dies. China’s conspiracy detected. 4. Leap year corrected. Phaedrus flourished. 6. A great famine at Rome. 7. Germanicus marches against the Pannonians. 8. Jesus Christ disputes in the temple. Asinius Galiius, ob. 33. Germanicus, ob. 19, aet. 34. 9. The Romans subdue Dalmatia. Yarus, then command- ing on the banks of the Rhine, was deceived by Ar- minius, general of the Cherusci, a people of Germany who inhabited between the Weser and the Elbe, and in a defile where he was incapable of fighting or of OF THE WORLD. 59 4. D. retreating. The Romans in that disastrous affair lost three legions and as many corps of cavalry, upon which Varus in despair fell upon his own sword, having received many wounds. The Cherusci took possession of two eagles, a black and white standard, which circumstance it is said gave rise to the present German arms. This melancholy catastrophe spread the greatest consternation throughout Rome, and it is said that Augustus upon the occasion exclaimed in accents of despair, “ Varus, restore me my legions!” All the citizens from the age of 25 to 35 years re- ceived orders to proceed to Germany under the com- mand of Tiberius ; who re-established discipline, but contented himself with ravaging the borders of the Rhine, fearful of risking his reputation by a general engagement. Two years afterwards he was replaced by Germanicus, and returned to Rome, where he en- joyed three triumphs, and Augustus raised him to be his associate in the empire, the consulate, and the tribune. 10. In this year or in the year 12, a comet was seen in Aries for 32 days. The Romans defeated by Armin- ius, a German general. 13. A comet appeared in China. 14. Rome contains 4,037,000 citizens. Augustus dies at Nola, Aug. 19th, set. 76. When he experienced the approaches of death, he said to his confidential at- tendants, “ Have I not played my part admirably ? The piece is finished: give your plaudits.” In re- ference to the beginning and end of his life, it has been said, “ It would have been good for mankind if he had never been bom or never had died.” 15. Valleius Paterculus, ob. 31. 16. Mathematicians and magicians expelled from Rome. 17. Cappadocia reduced to a province. An earthquake de- stroys 12 cities in Asia. Cornelius Celsus. 18. Tiberius built by Herod. 19. Jews banished from Rome. 21. Theatre of Pompey consumed by fire. A comet ap- peared in China. 23. Valerius Maximus. 26. Tiberius goes to the island Capraea. John the Baptist begins his ministry. 60 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 27. A conflagration at Rome. Pilate made governor of Judaea. Jesus baptized by John. 32. Columella flourished. 33. Our Saviour Jesus Christ crucified on Friday, April 3d, at 3 o’clock P. M. Resurrection on Sunday, April 5th. Ascension, Thursday, May 14th. 36. St. Paul converted. Vitellius, the new governor of Syria, commanded Pontius Pilate to repair to Rome, and justify himself from the numerous complaints sent in, respecting his maladministration ; when the senate, having heard his defence, exiled him to Vienne, a town of the Allobroges ; where he at length killed himself in the year 39. 37. Tiberius dies after a reign of 23 years, aet. 78. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world ; but his real character soon disclosed itself. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators rendered him odious to the people u The mutiny of the armies in Pannonia and Germany alarmed his fears, and led him to pay great deference to the senate. The activity and valor of Germanicus, one of his best generals, excited his jealousy, and he is supposed to have been accessory to his death in Antioch. Not only his relations and friends were sacrificed to his ambition and cruelty, but there was scarcely in Rome a single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a father, a brother, or a husband. He nominated as his suc- cessor, Caius Caligula, who was accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. In the 18th year of this monarch’s reign Christ was crucified ; as if, as Dr. Goldsmith says, the universal depravity of mankind wanted no less a sacrifice than that of God himself to reclaim them ! Shortly after his death, Pilate wrote to Tiberius an account of his passion, resurrection, and miracles ; upon which the emperor made a report of the whole to the senate, desiring that Christ might be accounted a god by the Romans. But the senate, being displeased that the proposal had not come first from themselves, refused to allow his apotheosis; alleging an ancient law which gave them the super- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 61 intendence in all matters of religion. This fact is referred to in the Apology for Christianity by Ter- tullian, who would not have been likely to have done it, if it could not have been verified by public docu- ments. They even went so far as by an edict to command that all Christians should leave the city ; but Tiberius, by another edict, threatened death to all such as should accuse them ; by which means they continued unmolested during the rest of his reign. 39. A conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. St. Mat- thew, according to Blair, writes his gospel. Philo Judaeus flourished. 40. The name of Christians given at Antioch. Petronius appointed governor of Syria. A comet appeared in Gemini. 41. Caligula assassinated by Chereas. Caligula, the suc- cessor of Tiberius, was little better than a madman, notorious alike for his follies and his vices. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome expected universal prosperity, but he soon became wanton and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered that the image of his own head be placed on the images of the gods ; he committed incest with his three sis- ters, and became such a monster of cruelty that he even wished that the people of Rome had but one neck, that he might cut it off with one blow. His favorite horse was sumptuously accommodated in a marble stable ; his horse and his wife were admitted to the honors of the priesthood, and he crowned his absurd fooleries by becoming a priest to himself. Of all his vices his extreme prodigality was the most re- markable ; the luxuries of former emperors were simplicity itself, compared with those which he prac- tised. His impieties were subordinate to his cruelties ; he caused many distinguished citizens to be put to death merely to possess himself their riches. Caligula undertook a military expedition to Britain, but con- tented himself with causing his troops to collect shells upon the beach, and returned in triumph to Rome. At length a deep-laid conspiracy, under the guidance of Chereas, rids the world of this monster, by assassi- nating him in a bath, at the age of 25 years, having 6 62 CHRONOLOGY A. D. reigned a little more than three years and ten months. Seneca says of him, that nature seems to have brought him forth to show what was possible to be produced from the greatest vice, supported by the greatest au- thority. He was succeeded by Claudius his uncle. He caused two registers, those of the sword and the dagger to be burned, in which were enrolled the names of those persons whom his predecessor had destined to premature deaths. 43. Claudius’s expedition into Britain. Claudius dispatched his lieutenant Plautius to Britain for its subjugation, who gained some advantages previously to his arrival in person ; but after remaining 16 days, Claudius re- turned to Rome, which he entered with the honors of a triumph. 44. Peter imprisoned. James put to death. St. Mark, ac- cording to Blair, wrote his gospel. 45. Vespasian’s successful war in Britain. Vespasian and Titus displayed singular valor and conduct under Plautius, where they dbught 30 successful battles, took 20 towns, and made themselves masters of the Isle of Wight, and thus reduced Britain to the condi- tion of a Roman province. Pomponius Mela the ge- ographer. 47. A new island appeared in the iEgean Sea. The secular games celebrated at Rome. Caractacus the British king. 48. A comet appeared. See Lubiniezki. 50. London built by the Romans about this time. 51. Caractacus carried in chains to Rome. He was king of the Silures in South Wales, and for nine years kept the Romans at bay, but was at length over- powered by the Roman legions, and was led a pris- oner to Rome ; and looking round with wonder at the magnificence of the imperial city, he exclaimed, “ Alas, how is it possible that a people possessed of such magnificence at home, could think of envying Caractacus an humble cottage in Britain !” He was one of nature’s noblemen, and was pardoned by Claudius. A comet appeared. 52. The council of the apostles at Jerusalem. Astrologers expelled Italy. Paul preaches at Athens. OF THE WORLD. 63 A. D. 54. In 54 or 56 a comet appeared in Cancer. It was visible during 4 months, and moved from the north to the east. Claudius dies, having been poisoned by his wife Agrippina, the mother of Nero by a former husband. She was apprehensive of death herself, and wished to secure the elevation of her son. Nero succeeds at the age of 17 years. At first he appeared liberal and humane, and when called upon to sign a death-warrant, exclaimed, “ Would to heaven I had never learned to write !” But at length signing death-warrants became a mere pastime. 55. Csesar landed in Britain. Aug. 26, a comet appeared in China. Paul preached at Ephesus. 56. Rotterdam built about this time. 57. A comet appeared in 57 or 58. Persius, ob. 62, eet. 30. 59. Nero caused his mother Agrippina to be put to death. Surveying her dead body he was heard to say, ‘‘that he had never thought his mother so handsome. 5 ’ She deserved on account of her own cruelty to suffer, but not at his hands. Thus began a career of iniquity such as the world has rarely seen beside, which has caused his name to signify proverbially all that is ty- rannical and cruel. Paul’s defence before Felix. 60. A comet appeared at Rome, and in China. It was seen for 6 months in great brilliancy. The Christian re- ligion published in Britain. Paul’s defence before Festus. 61. Boadicea defeats the Romans, but soon after is conquered by Suetonius. Boadicea, queen of th*e Iceni, whose daughters had been ravished by the Romans, and herself afflicted with stripes for remonstrating against the outrage, rose against her oppressors, and with an army of 230,000 men, attacked the Romans under Suetonius, whom she routed, after having slain 70,000 persons. But the Romans afterwards avenged the loss, by slaughtering 80,000 Britons, when Queen Boadicea, in despair, poisoned herself. A comet ap- peared. Petronius Arbiter, ob. about 66. 62. St. Paul sent in bonds to Rome. In 62 or 64 a comet appeared. 63. A great earthquake in Asia. 64. A conflagration in Rome. The conflagration of Rome, 64 A. D. CHRONOLOGY by which more than two-thirds of the city was de- stroyed, was believed to have taken place by Nero’s orders. A report was publicly circulated that he had viewed it with pleasure from the top of a tower, sing- ing a poem on the burning of Troy. He had looked with uneasiness upon the irregularity of the city and its narrow and crooked streets, and caused it to be re- built in a manner which increased its beauty ; but the conflagration had caused an immense loss of prop- erty and great distress. To remove from himself the odium of the execrable action of setting it on fire, he charged it upon the Christians, who were becoming considerably numerous in Rome, and thus commenced the first general persecution of the Christians. Their death and tortures were aggravated by cruel derision and sport ; for they were either covered with the skins of wild beasts and torn in pieces by devouring dogs, or fastened to crosses, and wrapped up in com- bustible garments, that when the daylight failed, they might like torches dispel the darkness of the night. For this tragical spectacle, Nero lent his own exten- sive and beautiful gardens, erected since the burning of the city, and exhibited at the same time the diver- sions of the circus, sometimes driving a chariot in person, and sometimes standing as a spectator, while the shrieks of women burning to ashes supplied music for his ears. Quintus Curtius. 65. Prodigies seen at Jerusalem. Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death. 66. Nero goes into Greece. The Jewish war begins in May. A comet appeared. Pliny the historian, ob. 79. 67. St. Peter and St. Paul put to death about June 29th. Vespasian defeats the Jews, and takes Josephus pris- oner. 68. A comet appeared. Nero dies. The cruelties of Nero excited the indignation of the whole Roman empire ; he was declared by the senate an enemy of the state, and condemned to be whipped to death with rods. When about to be overtaken by his pursuers, he put an end to his life by a dagger by the aid of his secre- OF THE WORLD. 65 A. D, tary and freedman, at the age of 30 years, haying reigned 13 years and 8 months. 69. Galba put to death. Otho kills himself. A comet ap- peared in Jerusalem. 70. Titus destroys Jerusalem, Saturday, Sept. 8. During the siege no less than 1,100,000 persons perished; Titus having used all possible persuasion to induce the inhabitants to surrender, the city was taken by assault. The general was desirous to preserve the temple, a most magnificent structure ; but as this building was well fortified, and served as a citadel, the soldiers set it on fire, nor was it found possible to stop the conflagration, and the temple was burned to the ground, and the prediction of the Saviour, that not “ one stone should be left upon another/ 5 was literally fulfilled : a most improbable event when it was uttered. The inhabitants were then sold by auction, and Cesarea became the capital of the coun- try. — The lands of Judaea sold by the Romans. A comet appeared in Gemini. 71. Josephus, ob. 93, set. 56. 72. A comet appeared in Libra, and was seen for 40 days. 73. The philosophers expelled from Rome by Vespasian. A comet appeared. Frontinus flourished. 74. The states of Achaia, Lycia, Samos, Thrace, &c., formed into separate provinces. Silius Italicus, ob. set. 75. 75. Vespasian dedicated a temple to Peace, in which he re- placed the rich spoils taken from the temple at Jeru- salem. A comet appeared in China. 76. A comet appeared. Asconius Pedianus, ob. set. 85. 77. A comet appeared in China. A great plague at Rome. The Parthians revolt. 79. Vespasian dies, aged 69, in the tenth year of his reign ; and was succeeded by his son Titus, who proved an honor to human nature during the short period of his reign ; as a proof of which he conceived that he had lost a day, which was spent without any occasion having presented itself of his doing good. Herculaneum and Pompeii are buried by an eruption of Mount Ve- suvius, Nov. 1. The mountain discharged such an immense quantity of ashes and lava as completel} to 6 * 66 A. D. CHRONOLOGY cover these cities, which have been exhumed in mod- ern times, disclosing most curious remains of antiquity, which the ashes have contributed to preserve. Upon this occasion, the naturalist Pliny, approaching too near in order to gratify his scientific curiosity, per- ished. In 78 or 79, a comet appeared for 6 months. 80. The Capitol, Pantheon, &c., of Rome consumed by fire. Titus builds the hot baths and amphitheatre. 81. A comet appears. Titus dies, aged 40, supposed to have been poisoned by his brother Domitian, who delighted in crimes as much as his deceased relative had gloried in the practice of virtue. Domitian felt equal pleas- ure in publicly shedding the biood of the Romans, and in transfixing with a golden pin the bodies of flies in his private apartment. Martial, ob. 104, set. 75. 82. Agricola reduces South Britain to a Roman province. Domitian banishes all the philosophers from Rome. Apollonius Tyanseus, ob. 97. 84. Valerius Flaccus flourished. 85. Britain discovered to be an island. 86. Domitian instituted the Capitoline games. Solinus. 88. The secular games celebrated. The Dacian war begins. Epictetus the Stoic philosopher, ob. about 161. 89. Quintilian, ob. about 95. 90. Agrippa of Bithynia, the mathematician. 91. Statius of Naples, the poet, ob. 96. St. Clement I. 92. A vestal buried alive for prostitution. Agrippa observes in Bithynia a conjunction of the moon with the Pleia- des, Nov. 29, 5 h before midnight. St. Ignatius, ob. 108. 93. The empire of the Huns, in Tartary, destroyed by the Chinese. Tacitus the historian, ob. after 99. John banished to the island of Patmos. 95. The second persecution of the Christians under Domitian. In this persecution 40,000 were supposed to have suf- fered martyrdom. The apostle John was cast into a caldron of boiling oil, from which however he came forth unhurt, and was exiled to the island of Patmos, one of the Cyclades, where he wrote the Apocalypse. Juvenal, ob. 128. 96. Domitian put to death. Domitian, alarmed by omens and astrological predictions, became apprehensive of OF THE WORLD. 67 A. D. his own death ; and set down the names of various illustrious persons whom his jealousy rendered sus- picious, among whom was that of his wife Domitia, all of whom were to be murdered. Happily his wife became possessed of the fatal list, which she commu- nicated to those whom it concerned, when it was unanimously resolved that they would anticipate the views of the emperor by sacrificing him, which they successfully executed. This took place on the 8th of September, when Domitian was 45 years of age, having reigned nearly 15 years. He was succeeded by Nerva, a man of great gentleness and humanity. 97. The evangelist John returns from exile ; ob. 99, set. 92. 98. Nerva dies a natural death, at the age of 65 years, 10 months, and 10 days, after a short reign of one year, four months, and 8 days. He had named for his suc- cessor Trajan, then governor of Germany. Menelaus, the mathematician, observed at Rome a transit of the moon over Spica Virginis , Jan. 11, 5 h after midnight. 99. Julius Severus governor of Britain. Trajan was pro- claimed emperor by his troops at Cologne. He wrote to the senate stating that he made Titus his model, and the senate, impressed with such consolatory hope, decreed to him the title, “ Father of the Country His entrance into Rome was in the highest degree condescending and gracious. Every age and sex, says Pliny, flocked to witness his arrival ; even the sick dragged their emaciated frames to feast their eyes with a spectacle overpowering with joy. Some exclaimed that they had lived long enough, having beheld so excellent a prince at the head of the em- pire ; while others conceived that it was a fresh in- ducement to make them anxious for life. Mothers felicitated their children in having to spend their lives under a government whose only labor would consist in striving to ensure their happiness. His wife Plo- tina was equally condescending and kind. Second Century. 102. Pliny, pro-consul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his account of the Christians ; upon which he remarked, that no CHRONOLOGY 68 6 l . D. proceedings against them were required, but that he ought only to punish those who were disturbers of the public tranquillity. 103. Dacia reduced to a Roman province. Trajan, in order to attack the Dacians, built a bridge over the Danube, which consisted of 20 arches 520 fathoms long, which is upwards of three times the width of the Thames at London bridge, over which his troops readily passed. The Dacian monarch put an end to his own life, and Dacia was made a Roman province. Pliny junior. 105. A great earthquake in Asia and Greece. Dion Pru- sseus flourished. 106. Trajan marches against the Parthians, &c. Philo Byblius, ob. 133, set. 80. 107. The third persecution of the Christians under Trajan. Trajan, though an excellent emperor, authorized the third general persecution of the Christians, whom prob- ably he knew only by the misrepresentations of their enemies, and it is likely confounding them with the Jews, who were ever ready for rebellion. This persecution was carried on with great violence for several years. 109. A comet appeared in China. Plutarch, ob. 119. 111. Suetonius the historian, ob. after 117. 114. Trajan erects his column at Rome. Trajan’s pillar was composed of 24 great pieces of marble, so curi- ously cemented as to seem but one. Its height was 128 feet, about 12 feet in diameter at the bottom and 10 at the top. It has on the inside 185 steps for as- cending to the top, and 40 windows for the admis- sion of light. The whole pillar is incrusted with marble, on which are represented, in bas-relievos , the warlike exploits of the emperor, particularly in the war with the Dacians. On the top was a colossal statue of Trajan holding in his right hand a sceptre, and in his left a globe of gold, in which his ashes were said to have been afterwards put ; but Eutro- pius afhrms that his ashes were deposited under the pillar. It still remains, a proud monument of ancient Rome. The statue of St. Peter has taken the place of that of Trajan. A great earthquake in China. iElian, ob. about 140, set. 40. OF THE WORLD. 69 A. D. 115. Trajan subdues Assyria. An earthquake at Antioch. 116. The Jews make an irruption into Egypt. L. Annaeus Florus. 117. Adrian marches into Britain. Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops, seconded by the empress Plotina, and soon after confirmed by the senate. Theon, senior, the astronomer of Smyrna. 118. The fourth persecution of the Christians under Adrian. Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles, presented to him an apology for the Christians. Having carefully ex- amined it, the emperor wrote to Minucius Fundanus, the pro-consul of Asia, ordering him not to put to death any Christians, unless they should be convicted of crimes other than the profession of Christianity. 120. Nicomedia and other cities destroyed by an earthquake. 121. Adrian builds a wall between Carlisle and Newcastle. 126. Adrian goes into Asia and Egypt for 7 years. 127. Aristides flourished. 128. In 128 or 130 a comet appeared in Aquarius and Ca pricorn, and was seen 39 days. Caesarea and Nico polis destroyed by an earthquake. 130. Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and erects a temple to Ju- piter. At Alexandria, Ptolemy observed Mars in opposition, Dec. 14, 3 h P. M. 131. The Jews commence a second war. St. Polycarp, ob. 167. 132. Ptolemy observed the autumnal equinox, Sep. 25, 2 h P. M. 133. An eclipse of the moon observed by Ptolemy at Alex- andria, on Tuesday, May 6, ll h 45' P. M. He ob- served Jupiter in 13° 15' 8, May 17, ll h P. M., and Saturn in 9° 40' June 4, 4 h P. M. Ptolemy, the mathematician, ob. 161. 134. Urbicus’s wall was built between Edinburgh and the Firth of Clyde. Marcion the heretic. Ptolemy ob- served Venus in 11° 5' VS, Feb. 16, morning; and Mercury in 20° 12' tt g, Oct. 3, morning. 135. The Jewish war ends, and almost all the Jews banished from Judsea. 136. The second great canicular year of the Egyptians be- gins, July 20. Arrian, the historian and philosopher. 138. Adrian dies at Baiee in the 72d year of his age, having 70 CHRONOLOGY A. D. reigned 22 years, and was succeeded by Antoninui Pius, eminent for his virtues and love of peace. But though he passed no edict against the Christians, he did not authoritatively put a stop to the persecutions still carried on against them ; but he afterwards wrote to the governors of the provinces of Asia to desist from the persecution of them. Ptolemy observed Regulus in 2° 30' of this sign, and 32° 40' from the summer solstice. 139. Justin Martyr writes his first Apology for the Chris- tians, ob. 163. 140. Ptolemy observed Venus in 18° 30' EE, and 47° 15', from the mean place of the sun, July 18. Observed the vernal equinox at Alexandria, March 22, about 1 o’clock afternoon. 141. A comet appeared in China. 144. Appian the historian. 145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians. In 145 or 146 a comet was seen 6 days in Aquarius. Polysenus. 146. The worship of Serapis introduced at Rome by the em- peror, and his mysteries celebrated, May 6. Artemi- dorus. 147. Apuleius flourished. 148. Justin the historian. 149. A comet appeared in China. Aulus Gellius, the gram marian. 151. Maximus Tyrius, ob. about 180. 152. An earthquake at Rhodes. An inundation of the Tiber, &c. Antoninus stops the persecution against the Christians. 153. Pausanias, ob. after 173. 156. Diophantus, ob. set. 84. 158. Lucian, ob. about 180, set. 90. 159. The Bactrians and Indians submit to Antonirus. 160. A comet appeared. 161. Antoninus Pius dies on the 7th of March, aged 73 years, 5 months, and 16 days, having reigned 22 years and six months. Marcus Aurelius, who had married his daughter Faustina, succeeded him, in conjunction with Verus, his adopted brother. Marcus Aure- lius possessed the noblest qualifications and vir- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 71 tues, but Verus, on the contrary, was ignoble and vicious. 162. War with the Parthians continues three years. 163. The Christians persecuted under Marcus Aurelius An- toninus, called by some the 4th. In this persecution Christians were banished from their houses, reproached, beaten, plundered, imprisoned, and stoned. Polycarp suffered martyrdom. Galen, ob. 193, set. 70. 165. A comet appeared. 166. The Romans send ambassadors to China. 168. A plague over the known world. Athenagoras, ob. !77. 169. The war with the Marcomanni begins. 171. Montanus propagated his heresy. Tatian. 172. Athenseus of Naucratis, author of the Deipnosophistce , ob. about 194. 174. War with the Marcomanni, Vandals, &c., finished. 177. Another war with the Marcomanni, which lasts three years. 178. Diogenes Laertius, ob. about 222. 180. Marcus Aurelius dies, set. 59, after having reigned 19 years and 10 days, nine years of which he shared the throne with Verus; and was succeeded by his son Commodus, who pursued a course different from that of his father, having been cruel and debauched. 181. Commodus makes peace with the Germans. A comet appeared. 182. A comet appeared in China. St. Irenseus, ob. 202. 183. A violent war in Britain finished by Marcellus. 186. Julius Pollux, ob. set. 58. 188. The Capitol, &c. of Rome destroyed by lightning. A comet appeared in China. 189. A plague at Rome. The Saracens defeat the Romans. 191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 192. Commodus is put to death, set. 31. A comet appeared. 193. Different persons usurp the empire on the death of Pertinax. 194. Se verus besieges Byzantium. 195. A comet appeared. 198. Albinus defeated by Severus, and killed at Lyons. 200. A shower of a substance which converted copper into silver is said by Dion to have fallen for three days 72 CHRONOLOGY A. D. during the lifetime of Severus. Severus defeats the Parthians. A comet appeared in China. Third Century. 201. Papinianis, ob. 212. 202. The 5th persecution of the Christians, under Sept. Severus, during which Tertullian had the courage to write an apology for the Christians, addressed to the emperor. “We fill,” observes that writer, “your cities and towns, your senate and your armies ; we only abandon your temples and your theatres.” In Egypt, Leonidas, the father of Origen, suffered mar. tyrdom. Ireneus, bishop of Lyons, suffered martyr- dom in that city. A comet appeared at Rome. An eruption of Vesuvius. 204. The secular games celebrated at Rome. A comet appeared in China, and was seen several days. 205. An earthquake in Wales. 206. A comet appeared in China, near the polar star. Cle- mens Alexandrinus. 207. Severus goes into Britain, and 50,000 of his troops die of the plague. Minutius Felix. 209. Severus builds his wall across Britain of stone, in the place of that erected of earth by Adrian, being 32 miles in length, from the Clyde to the Forth. This wall divided the possessions of the Romans in Britain southward, from those of the barbarians on the north. 210. Philostratus, ob. about 244. 211. Severus dies at York, set. 66, of grief for the ingratitude of his son Caracalla, who conspired against his father and intended to put him to death. Severus reigned 17 years and 8 months, and his remains were conveyed to Rome for interment. He was succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta. 212. A comet appeared in China. Christianity introduced into Scotland. Caracalla kills his brother Geta, and many others.’ 213. Oppian, ob. set. 30. 216. War between the Romans and Parthians. 217. Caracalla killed by Maximus, set. 43. The Septuagint OF THE WORLD. 73 A. D. found in a cask, where it had probably been secreted by the persecuted Christians. 218. Maximus put to death by the soldiers. A comet ap- peared in China ; it Avent from east to west, and was seen several days at Rome. 220. Julius Africanus, the chronologer. A comet appeared in Pisces, and was seen for 18 days. 222. The Romans agree to pay an annual tribute to the Goths to bribe them not to invade the empire. This was under the reign of Alexander Severus, a virtuous prince, who was murdered in 235, by a mutiny of the army under Maximin, when he Avas only 26 years of age. In the course of 50 years from the death of Alexander Severus, there are reckoned more than 50 Csesars, who with that title, lawful or usurped, made their appearance to contend for the imperial throne. Proclaimed and then murdered by their soldiers, they were the sport of fortune and of cruelty. The army Avere exceedingly corrupt, and had learned that they were the masters of the empire. 225. Mathematicians allowed to teach publicly at Rome. 226. Parthia becomes tributary to Persia. 229. The Arsacides terminate in Persia. Dion Cassius, the historian. 231. Origen, ob. 254, set. 69. 232. Ammonius, the Christian and Platonic philosopher, be- gins a school of Platonic philosophers at Alexandria, ob. after 243. 233. The Persians defeated by the Romans with great slaughter, at Tadmor. 235. The 6th persecution against the Christians, under Maxi- minus, Avho commanded all Christians to be put to death, under pretext of a conspiracy planned against his life, and the consequence Avas, a slaughter of 4000 persons, which spread terror and desolation through the Roman provinces. 236. Two comets appear in China. 237. The two Gordians killed in Africa. 238. Censorinus flourished. 241. The Franks first mentioned in history. Gregory Thau- maturgus, ob. 266. 7 74 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 242. Gordian makes a successful expedition against the Per- sians. 244. Gordian is put to death. 245. Peace between the Romans and Persians. 247. The secular games celebrated at Rome. Plerodian, the historian. 249. The two Philips are killed; one at Verona, the other at Rome. 250. The seventh persecution of the Christians, under Do- cius. Decius no sooner possessed himself of the pur- ple than he commanded the slaughter of the Christians, when they were driven from their habitations, stripped of their estates, and tormented with racks. This was the most severe persecution that had been hitherto known. 251. The Romans are defeated by the Goths at Mcesia. St. Cyprian, ob. 258. 252. The Romans become tributary to the Goths. Asia invaded by the Scythians and Persians. A dreadful pestilence over the Roman empire. 254. Plotinus, ob. 270, set. 68. A great eruption of iEtna. 257. The 8th persecution of the Christians, under Valerian. Both men and women suffered death, some by scourg- ing, some by the sword, and some by fire. 258. The Roman empire is harassed by 30 tyrants. 260. Valerian flayed alive by Sapor, king of Persia. The temple of Diana burnt. The Roman empire ravaged by the Scythians. 261. A great plague raged in the Roman empire. Longi- nus, ob. 273. 262. Earthquakes in Europe, Asia, and Africa ; and 3 days of darkness. Paul us Samosatenus, bishop of Antioch, deposed in 270. 264. Odenatus, king of Palmyra, governs the eastern em- pire. 267. The Romans defeat the Scythians and Goths. 268. Gallienus is killed at Milan, set. 50. 269. Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000. Egypt occupied by Zenobia. 272. The 9th persecution of the Christians, under Aurelian. This was inconsiderable, compared with those already mentioned. OF THE WORLD. (5 A. D. 273. Zenobia defeated by Aurelian, and Palmyra take>, 274. The temple of the Sun built at Rome. Dacia gi\en up to the Barbarians by Aurelian. 275. Aurelian is killed near Byzantium. 276. Wines first made in Britain. Tacitus dies at Tarsus. Porphyry, ob. about 304, set. 71. 277. Probus marches into Gaul. The Franks settle in Gaul. A comet appeared in China. 280. The Persians defeated by Probus. 282. Probus is put to death at Sirmium. 284. The sera of Dioclesian begins Aug. 19, according to the fixed Egyptian year, though his reign did not be- gin till Sept. 17. He was about 40 years old \vh n he was elected to the empire. He owed his exalt >- tion entirely to his merit, having passed through all the gradations of office, with sagacity, courage, and success. Ambassadors sent to China by the Romans. 285. Arnobius flourished. 286. The empire attacked by northern nations, and several provinces are usurped by tyrants. At this time the northern hive, as it was called, poured down their swarms of barbarians upon the Roman empire. When the troops stationed on their borders to repress inva- sion were at any time called away, they made inroads upon the empire, and retreated when the troops re- turned. In this manner the Scythians, Goths, Sar- matians, Alani, Carsii, and Quadi came down in in- credible numbers ; while every defeat seemed only to increase their strength and perseverance. These northern nations were generally denominated barba- rians, but in their conduct they displayed, probably, less barbarity than the Romans. They had been exasperated by repeated and cruel attacks from the Romans, who seemed to regard it as a high crime that they should refuse to be conquered, or that they would not stay conquered. 287. Carausius proclaimed emperor in Britain. Maximinus was named by Dioclesian at first Caesar, and after- ward Augustus, when he became an equal partner in the empire. Maximinus then proceeded to Gaul, and gained numerous victories over the Germans, whom he expelled from those territories. It was during this 76 CHRONOLOGY A. D. expedition that Mauricus, chief of the Theban legion, which consisted chiefly of Christians, having received the command of Maximinus to march against Geneva, a Christian colony, the soldiers petitioned the emperor that they might not be compelled to combat against their Christian brethren. The legion was twice pun- ished ; when it retired into the mountains of Valais, where being invested by the other corps of the Roman army, the whole legion devoted itself to death in sup- port of the Christian faith, and was, with its com- mander, exterminated on the spot. This noble con- duct was probably interpreted by Maximinus as an act of rebellion, and might have had its influence in preparing the minds of Maximinus and Dioclesian for that terrible persecution of the Christians which after- wards took place. 289. A great comet visible for 20 days, in Mesopotamia. Gregory and Hermogenes, lawyers. 290. The Gregorian and Hermogenian codices published. 291. The two emperors and the two Caesars march to defend the four quarters of the empire. iElius Spartianus, the historian. 293. Carausius killed by Alectus. The Franks expelled from Batavia. 296. Britain recovered to the emperors after a ten years’ usurpation. Dioclesian besieges and takes Alexandria. Fourth Century. 301. War between the Persians and Romans. Julius Capi- tolinus. 303. The 10th persecution of the Christians, under Diocle- sian. Dioclesian seems to have been instigated to this persecution chiefly by his colleagues. In this dread- ful persecution, which lasted 10 years, houses filled with Christians were set on fire, and whole droves were tied together with ropes, and driven into the sea. Their sacred writings were burned, and they were stripped of all public employments. It is related that 17,000 were slain in one month’s time ; and that dur- ing the continuance of this persecution, in the pro- vince of Egypt alone, no less than 144,000 Christians OF THE WORLD. 77 A. D. died by the violence of their persecutors; Desidea 700,000 that died through the fatigues of banishment or the public works to which they were condemned. The Christians gave some occasion for their persecu tions by their animosities and strifes with each other Flavius Yopiscus. 304. Dioclesian and Maximianus resign the empire. Diode sian and Maximianus, the two emperors, resigned theii dignities on the same day. They had made Constan- tius Chlorus and Galerius, Caesars, who now took the name of emperors. The friends of Dioclesian, and particularly Maximianus, wished Dioclesian to resume the purple, which Maximianus was also willing to do. To these he replied, “ If you could but see the pulse which I raise in my garden, with my own hands, you would never speak to me of the empire. 55 Constantius was virtuous, valiant, and merciful, and Galerius, though brave, was brutal, incontinent, and cruel. They divided the empire between them ; Constantius was appointed to the western part, including Britain. 305. A comet appeared in China. Trebellius Pollio. 306. Constantius wages war against the Britons : dies July 25. He died at York, appointing his son Constantine as his successor, who was proclaimed by the plaudits of the soldiers. Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome by the pretorian bands. 307. A considerable part of Rome consumed by fire. iElius Lampridius. In 307 or 308 a comet appeared. 308. Four emperors reigned at the same time. 309. The Christians persecuted in the East. 310. Britain divided into four governments by Constantine. 311. Lactantius flourished. 312. Maxentius killed in battle. Pestilence over the East. On the march of Constantine to meet Maxentius, his mind was in anxious suspense in regard to the ap- proaching contest, and sent up ejaculations to heaven to inspire him with wisdom in regard to the path which he should pursue. A little before sunset he is said to have seen in the heavens a pillar of light in the form of a cross, having this inscription on it, .153. Treaty of Winchester, by which Stephen grants to Henry the reversion of his kingdom. 1154. Damascus taken by Nouradin. Christianity intro- duced into Finland. A1 Edrisius, the Arabian geo- grapher. 1156. The city of Moscow founded. 1157. An earthquake in Spain. Nouradin defeated near Gennesareth by Baldwin. Finland conquered by the Swedes. 1158. Frederic received the title of king of Bohemia at the diet of Ratisbon. 1159. Commotions in Scotland. War between England and France. The pope excommunicates the emperor. John Tzetzes, the critic and historian, ob. about 1176. 1160. The order of Carmelites instituted. 1161. Eustathius, the commentator on Homer. 1162. The power of the crusaders declines in Palestine. The emperor Frederic destroys Milan, but preserves the churches. 1163. Raymond II. defeated by Nouradin. John of Salis- bury, ob. 1187. 1164. The first king of Sardinia created by Frederic. A contest between Henry of England and Becket. The council of Clarendon, Jan. 25. 1165. Two comets, or one comet with two tails, appear in Libra. 1166. Maimonides of Corduba, a learned Jew, ob. 1208. 1167. Rome taken possession of by Frederic. War between England and France. Egypt invaded by the caliph f of Persia. Henry of Huntingdon. 1169. An interview at St. Denis between the kings of Eng- land and France. 1170. Peace concluded between France and England. An earthquake at Antioch. 1171. The island of Chio taken by the Venetians. The dynasty of Fatimites ends in Egypt. 1172. Henry II. of England takes possession of Ireland. OF THE WORLD. 115 A. J. 1173. Catania destroyed by an earthquake. 1174. William acknowledges the kingdom of Scotland a fief of the crown of England. 1176. Frederic defeated by the Milanese. Circuits estab- lished in England. Zenghis-khan begins to reign. 1177. Saladin defeated by Baldwin before Jerusalem. 1178. A legate sent by the pope to Prester-John. 1179. Saladin defeats the crusaders. Becket’s tomb in Eng- land visited by the French king. The university of Padua found. 1180. Glass commonly used in England. 1181. The laws of England digested by Glanville. 1182. Damascus taken by Saladin. 1183. The inhabitants of Berry massacre 7000 Albigenses. Peter of Blois, the historian, ob. 1200. 1184. Andronicus murders the Latins in Constantinople. 1186. The Roman yoke thrown off by the Bulgarians. A conjunction of all the planets happened on Sept. 16th, at sunrise, sun in n# 30°, Jupiter in — 2° 3', Venus, in 3° 49', Saturn in 8° 6', Mercury in 4° 10', Mars in 9° 8', tail of the Dragon 18 ° 23' — . 1187. The kingdom of Jerusalem finished by the capture of that city by Saladin, Oct. 2d. Saladin, the Saracen monarch, was a great and generous prince. Having made himself master of Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Persia, he soon threatened Jerusalem, which was weakened by dissension, as it had been polluted by the abominations of the crusaders. Jerusalem surrendered at discretion to Saladin, who, instead of imitating the cruelties which had formerly been per- petrated by the Christians, treated them with great humanity, dismissing great numbers of prisoners without ransom, among whom was Guy de Lusignan, their leader, after he had sworn never again to take up arms against him ; which oath, with the permis- sion of the bishops, he afterwards violated, as they did not hold to keeping faith with heretics. 1188. The third crusade fixed at the diet of Mayence. The Saracens routed by the Dutch and Zealanders. Mecklenburg held as a fief of the crown of Denmark. 1189. The kings of England and France go to the Holy Land. Richard renounces his superiority over Scot- 116 A. D, CHRONOLOGY land. Philip Augustus of France, Richard I., sur- named the lion-hearted, of England, and Frederic Barbarossa of Germany, lead the crusaders. The two former were ambitious rivals, and quarrelled by the way. The Christian army consisted of about 300,000 men, but their success was prevented by their divisions and jealousies. They attacked Acre, which, after a three years’ siege, capitulated. Philip Augustus, jealous of Richard, and tired of the fruit- less expedition, retired with the greater part of his soldiers to France; but Richard continued the con- test with great valor and perseverance. After de- feating Saladin, he concluded with him a truce of three years, that he might return to Europe. Philip Augustus was preparing to take advantage of his rival’s absence, who having been shipwrecked on his return, and crossing Germany in the guise of a pil- grim, was taken prisoner by the duke of Austria, whom he had offended at the siege of Acre, and was given up for a sum of money to the emperor Henry VI., who kept him 15 months in prison, and demanded and received 150 thousand marks of silver for his ransom. The hero of the crusade was treated as a freebooter ! 1190. Cilicia subdued by Frederic, who defeats the Sara- cens. The Teutonic order of knights instituted at Ptolemais. Others place it in 1164. 1191. Ptolemais taken by the Crusaders. 1192. Richard, king of England, made prisoner by the em- peror Henry VI. Saladin defeated by Richard in the battle of Ascalon. Roger de Hoveden, the his- torian. 1195. Spain invaded by the Saracens from Africa, who de- feat Alphonso, and kill 50,000 Spaniards. 1196. Naples and Sicily taken possession of by the emperor Henry VI. 1197. Henry sends an army into Palestine. William of Newburgh, the historian. 1198. The order of the Holy Trinity instituted. 1199. Peace between England and France. Companus, of Lombardy, the astronomer. 1200. University of Salamanca founded by Alphonso IX. OF THE WORLD. 117 A. D. William, king of Scotland, does homage at Lincoln to the king of England, Nov. 21. A very large comet appeared. It moved over 2 signs in 18 days. Thirteenth Century. 1201. City of Riga founded. War between England and France. 1202. Gervase of Canterbury, the historian. 1203. The 3d crusade under Boniface sets out from Venice, and reaches Chalcedon 24th June. 1204. The Venetians and French take Constantinople. Nor- mandy reunited to France. The Inquisition estab- lished. 1205. The Bulgarians defeat Baldwin near Adrianople. 1207. Rouen and Falaise erected into corporations. 1208. The order of Fratres Minores established. The pope excommunicates King John of England. The reign of John, who succeeded his brother Richard, is infa- mous in English history. He put to death prince Arthur, who had the hereditary right to the crown, which greatly offended the nation. He became in- volved in a disastrous controversy with the pope, who ordered the monks of Canterbury to elect their primate without the king’s permission. John, in a passion, sent two knights to expel the monks from their convent, and to take possession of their re- venues. This caused the pontiff to lay the kingdom under an interdict. The interdict was a terrible power, by which the popes, in the middle ages, re- duced individuals, and even whole kingdoms, to the most abject submission to their power. When the interdict was laid on a kingdom, all spiritual ser- vices ceased ; the churches were shut up ; sacra- ments were no longer administered ; no corpses were buried with funeral rites ; and all the ministry of the church, which was considered as the only channel of salvation, was forbidden to be exercised. The monarch was abhorred by his subjects, and aban- doned by his attendants ; every thing wore the aspect of the deepest distress, and the most immediate ap- prehension of divine vengeance and indignation. CHRONOLOGY 118 A. I>. John was thus compelled to make a degrading sub mission to the pope, which greatly offended his barons who took occasion to compel hifn to sign Magna Charta , and of the New Forest, at Runnymede , be- tween Windsor and Staines, by which the great foundation of English liberty was laid. The pro- visions of Magna Charta enjoined that one weight and one measure should be used throughout the kingdom ; — gave new encouragements to commerce by the protection of foreign merchants ; — prohibited all delay in the administration of justice ; — fixed the court of Common Pleas at Westminster , that the par- ties in a lawsuit might no longer be harassed with following the king from place to place ; — established annual circuits of judges; and confirmed the liber- ties of all the cities and districts. It protected every freeholder in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property. This was the first general opposition suc- cessfully made against arbitrary power, and those rights were acknowledged and established which the English had enjoyed before the conquest. John signed it with reluctance, retracted it, and called upon the pope for protection ; and nothing but the fear of an invasion from France reconciled him to it, or induced the barons to continue their allegiance to this faithless and tyrannical monarch. The power of the interdict was felt in other instances, and in other kingdoms, which were thus placed un- der the entire control of the Roman pontiffs. — (The last attempt at its exercise was by Pius VII. against Napoleon in 1809, but it was vain and inefficient, as it is likely to be in all time to come.) 1209. The works of Aristotle, imported in 1209 from Con- stantinople, are condemned by the council of Paris in 1210. The silk manufacture imported into Venice by Greek weavers. Ralph de Diceto, the historian. 1210. The Albigenses violently persecuted. The pope ex- communicates the emperor Otho. 1211. Wales subdued by the king of England. Saxo-Gram- maticus, the historian. 1212. The Moors signally defeated by the Christians at Thoulouse, July 12. OF THE WORLD. lid A. D. 1213. The king of England becomes the pope’s vassal, Walter of Coventry. 1214. War between the English and Scotch. Otho routed by Philip near Bouvines. The Persians defeated by the Turks. A comet appeared in March. 1215. The order of Dominicans instituted. A comet ap- peared in March. The order of Knights-Hospitallers founded. Magna Charta signed by King John, June 15th. 1216. Scotland excommunicated by the pope’s nuncio. Pe- ter de Courtenay imprisoned. Accorso, ob. 1229. 1217. Peace between the English and Scotch. The French defeated in the battle of Lincoln. A comet in autumn near the Crown. 1219. Damietta taken from the Saracens by the Christians. 1220. Astronomy and geography brought into Europe by the Moors. 1221. The university of Padua enlarged. St. Anthony of Padua, ob. 1231. 1222. A great earthquake in Germany. Damietta evacuated by the Christians. 1223. The slaves in France franchised by Louis VIII. An extraordinary comet appeared in Denmark. A comet appeared in the East. John de Sacrobosco, a ma- thematician of Halifax, in Yorkshire, ob. at Paris, 1244. 1226. The king of France, &c., leagues against the Albi- genses. 1227. A general expedition from the different states of Eu- rope to Palestine. The Tartars, under Zenghis- khan, overrun the empire of the Saracens. 1228. University of Thoulouse founded. 1229. A treaty between the Christians and Saracens. A conspiracy in Sweden. Alexander Halensis, ob. 1245. 1230. Denmark desolated by the plague. The Teutonic knights subdue Prussia. Several persons murdered in the university of Paris, in consequence of the dis- putes about Aristotle. A comet appeared. 1231. The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Latin. 1232. William, bishop of Paris, ob. 1248. 1233. The Dominicans intrusted with the Inquisition. Order of the knights of the Blessed Virgin instituted. 120 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1234. Peter de Vignes, chancellor to Fred. II., ob. 1249. 1236. The Tartars first penetrate into Russia, Poland, &c. 1238. University of Vienna founded. The Tartars exact a tribute from the Russians. A comet which moved with great velocity. 1239. The Guelphs and Ghibelines continue to desolate Italy. 1240. The king of Denmark published a code of ancient Cimbrian laws. Poland and Hungary invaded by the Tartars. A large comet appeared east of the Pole. 1241. The Swedes and Livonians defeated by the Russians near Narva. The Hanseatic league formed. The Hanseatic League was a celebrated confederacy of cities on the coasts of the Baltic and the adjoining countries. The first league was formed in 1239, between Hamburgh, Minden, and many other towns, to which Lubec soon after acceded : it was for the purpose of mutual defence against foreign potentates, especially the Danish king Waldemar, as well as the neighboring nobles of Germany. The league rapidly spread, and comprehended at one period 85 cities, divided into four provinces. It had four chief foreign depots — at London, Bruges, Novogorod, and Bergen. In the 14th and 15th centuries the league became of high political importance, and made war and peace as an independent sovereign power, but it was never recognised by the German empire. Its decay was gradual, and owing to the increased protection given to commerce by the princes of the several states in which these cities were situated, rendering the alliance for mutual defence unneces- sary. Tin mines discovered in Germany. A comet in January, seen 30 days. Matthieu Paris the his- torian, ob. 1259. 1242. A plague in France, Italy, and Greece. Grosteste, bishop of Lincoln, ob. 1254. 1244. Jerusalem taken by the Kharismians, who defeat the Christians. The order of the Celestines instituted. 1245. The general council of Lyons for renewing the cru- sades. A large comet appeared. 1248. The 5th crusade under Lewis IX. This was the last of the crusades undertaken against Palestine. In A. B. OF THE WORLD. 121 the course of these fanatical expeditions, which con- tinued for about two centuries, some of which were against Christians in the Eastern empire, and issued in the capture of Constantinople, and others against the Albigenses and Waldenses in Europe; it is estimated that two millions of Europeans were buried in the East, and many who survived became blended with the Mahometan population. Though these bar- barous expeditions were productive of great misery, they had a powerful and beneficial influence on the manners and customs, the commerce, the literature, and the religion of Christendom. They gave a se- vere blow to the feudal system, and served to dimin- ish the confidence of Europe in the promoters of these undertakings, and to free the human mind from the shackles of superstition. 1249. Damietta taken by Lewis IX., June 5. 1250. Lewis taken prisoner in Egypt. Cimabue revives painting in Florence, ob. 1300. The Sorbonne founded in Paris. 1251. Wales subdued, and Magna Charta confirmed. 1252. Alphonso of Spain found the sun’s apogee in EL 28 f ' 40'. Albertus Magnus, ob. 1280, set. 75. 1253. The Alphonsine tables published. Linen first made in England. 1254. War between Denmark and Sweden. A comet seen for several months. St. Thomas Aquinas, ob. 1274* 1255. A large comet appeared. 1256. The order of the Augustines established. 1257. St. Bonaventura, ob. 1274, set. 53. 1258. The capture of Bagdad by the Tartars terminates the empire of the Saracens. Treaty of Barcelona. Re- presentatives of the Commons of England present for the first time in parliament. Blair places this in 1264. John de Joinville. 1259. Treaty of Abbeville. The Tartars invade Poland. Nas- sar Eddin, theJPersian astronomer and geographer. 1260. Alphonso of Spain orders all public records to be writ- ten in the vulgar tongue, not in Latin ; and publishes the code of laws called Las Partidas. 1261. Constantinople recovered from the French by the Greek emperors. Roger Bacon, ob. 1284, set. 78. 11 122 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1263. The Hebrides invaded by the Norwegians. Civil wars in England. 1264. Henry taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes. The deputies of towns and boroughs summoned to parlia- ment. (Playfair.) A comet with a long tail ap- peared. 1265. The battle of Evesham in England, Aug. 4. 1266. The battle of Benevento, where Mainfroi is killed, Feb. 26. Peace between Norway and Scotland. 1267. Police established at Paris about this time. 3 268. Antioch taken by the Mussulmans. Conradin taken at the battle of Celano, in Italy, and afterwards be- headed, Aug. 29th. The Tartars invade China. 1269. Cozah Nasirodni observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 30'. 1270. Louis IX. embarks at Aigues-Mortes for Palestine. Bulgaria reduced by the king of Plungary. The Scots guard embodied in France. 1272. The academy of Florence founded. The orders of Mendicants reduced to the Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of St. Augustin. 1273. The empire of Austria begins. Cheouching, in China, observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 33' 39 // . 1274. First treaty of commerce between England and Flan- ders. 1275. Durandus, ob. 1296. 1277. The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Damas- cus. 1279. Edward relinquishes his claim upon Normandy. The mortmain act passed in England. Henry of Ghent, ob. 1293, set. 76. 1280. The Tartars defeated near Emessa by the sultan of Egypt. 1281. Marienburg built by the Teutonic Knights. 1282. Ten thousand French massacred at the Sicilian ves- pers, March 20. A great plague in Denmark. The academy della Crusca founded. 1283. Wales subjugated, and united to England by Edward I. During his residence with his wife in Wales, a prince was born, who was afterwards Edward II. ; and at his birth was called Edward Prince of Wales, OF THE WORLD. 123 A. D. which has since been the title of the eldest son of the kings of England. A new separation between the Latin and Greek churches. Raymond Lully, ob. 1315, set. 80. 1285. Hungary ravaged by the Tartars. Alphonso of Ara- gon deprives his uncle of Majorca. Jacobus de Voragine, ob. 1298. 1286. Eric V., king of Denmark, assassinated near Yibourg. A comet appeared with its tail to the east. 1287. A clock at Westminster about this time. The Tar- tars penetrate into Poland. 1288. Tripoli taken by the sultan of Babylon. 1289. A great earthquake in Europe. Albert the mathema- tician and Provencal poet. 1090. The Jews banished from England. University of Lisbon founded. 1291. Syria conquered by the sultan of Babylon. Compe- tition between Bruce and Baliol for the crown of Scotland. The Turks take Ptolemais by assault. The crusades terminate. John Duns, called Scotus, ob. 1308, set. 43. 1293. From this year there is a regular succession of parlia- ments in England. A comet appeared in summer. 1294. Parliaments established in Paris. 1296. A war between the English and Scotch. An intense frost in Denmark. 1297. Edward carries off the coronation chair, and records of Scotland. 1298. The Ottoman empire founded. A large comet ap- peared. 1299. An earthquake in Germany. A comet appeared. A monk of Pisa invents spectacles. Boniface VIII. institutes the year of jubilee at Rome. Faenzas earthenware invented. 1300. The Ottoman empire begins. Scotland invaded by Edward. Fourteenth Century. 1301. Philip excommunicated by the pope. A comet ap- peared. Peter de Abano, ob. 1316, set. 66. 1302. The Tartars defeated near Damascus by the sultan CHRONOLOGY 124 A. D. of Egypt. The mariner’s compass invented (or improved) by Flavio. University of Avignon found- ed. 1303. Three English armies defeated by the Scots in one day, near Roslin. 1304. A comet visible for three months to the north. Dante, ob. 1321, set. 56. 1306. The Jews banished, from France. Edward invades Scotland, which is defended by Bruce. Arnoldus de Villa Nova, ob. 1340. 1307. Coals first used in England. The Swiss cantons established. 1308. University of Lisbon removed to Coimbra. The seat of the popes removed to Avignon for 70 years. 1310. Rhodes taken by the knights of St. John, who settle there. 1312. The council of Vienna abolishes the order of Knights Templars. University of Orleans founded. A comet appeared. Durandus, ob. 1333. 1313. Molay, the grand master of the Templars, burned alive at Paris, along with several of the knights. 1314. The cardinals set fire to the conclave, and separate. The battle of Bannockburn, in which the English are completely beaten by the Scots, July 25. 1315. Germany afflicted with famine and pestilence. The Scots invade Ireland. A comet appeared in De- cember, near the north pole. 1316. A comet appeared in February. This comet is not mentioned either by Lubiniezki or Hevelius. 1317. Nicholas de Lyra, ob. 1340. 1318. A comet appeared in Cancer. A great famine in Britain. L319. University of Dublin founded. William Occam, ob. 1343. 1320. An earthquake in England. Gold coined in Europe. 1321. A civil war in England. 1322. The battle of Muldorf, at which Frederick III. was taken prisoner. 1323. A truce of 13 years between the English and Scotch. A great eruption of .Etna. 1325. The first commercial treaty between England and Venice, OF THE WORLD. 125 A. D. 1326. Queen Isabella brings an army into England against her husband, Edward III. 1327. Edward II. deposed by the English parliament. 1329. Philip defeats the Flemings at the battle of Mount Cassel. 1330. Gunpowder invented by a monk of Cologne. 1331. The city of Nice taken and plundered by the Turks. The Teutonic knights settle in Prussia. The art of weaving cloth introduced into York by two Brabant weavers. 1332. Silesia seized upon by the king of Poland. The pope charged with heresy. Nicephoras Gregoras the astronomer and historian, ob. 1350. 1333. Gibraltar taken by the Moors. The Scots defeated near Berwick, July 19. 1337. Edward III. makes war with Frahce. He sets sail with his army July 15. A comet appeared. 1338. The empire of Germany declared-independent of the pope. Edward makes war upon France. 1339. The academy of Pisa established, y A comet appeared. Denmark desolated by war* pestilence, and famine. 1340. Edward III. defeats the French in a naval battle near Helvoetsluys, which leads to a pdace of four years. Copper money first used in Scotland and Ireland. 1341. The eastern empire usurped by Oa'ntacuzenus for 17 years. A comet appeared in. ~ in the spring. It was first seen near Spica Yirgihis, moved through 5 degrees every day, and disappeared near SI. 1342. Powder used at the siege of -Algiers. Edward’s ex- pedition to the Continent. The knights and bur- gesses first assembled together in the same house of the English parliament. 1343. Leontius Pilatus of Thessalonica, restorer of Greek literature in Italy, flourished. 1344. Macham, an Englishman, discovers the Madeira isl- ands. Gold eoinecHn England. Poland invaded by the Tartars.* ^ 1346. The battle of Cressy, Aug. 26. The English defeat the Scots, and take David prisoner. 1347. A comet appeared in August, and was seen two months. The plague ravages Europe, and is said to carry off one fourth of the inhabitants. The admiralty court 11 * 126 A. D, CHRONOLOGY instituted. Calais taken by Edward, Aug. 4. After the battle of Cressy, Edward III., to maintain him- self in Picardy, found it necessary to gain possession of Calais, and he marched against the town. The besieged, under the command of John de Vienne, defended themselves for eleven months with the most heroic courage, but were at length forced to sue for a capitulation. The English monarch de- manded that they should yield at discretion, and ultimately exacted that six of the leading inhabitants of the place should present themselves before him with ropes around their necks, bearing the keys of the city. Five bold inhabitants of the city, with Eustace de St. Pierre at their head, accordingly re- paired to the English camp, and were on the point of being beheaded, but were saved by the interces- sion of Edward the Black Prince, the heroic son of Edward. His mother also, the queen of Edward, throwing herself at his feet, by her supplications dis- armed his rage, and those noble hostages were dis- missed without punishment. Edward the Black Prince, a brave man, knew how to feel for those whose only crime was an heroic resistance of inva- sion. A code of laws published in Poland, and the university of Cracow founded. Rienzi’s usurpation at Rome. 1348. The university of Prague founded. 1349. The order of the Garter instituted in England, April 23. A plague in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and other parts of Europe. 1350. The Jubilee fixed to every fiftieth year. 1351. Wire invented at Nuremberg. 1352. First irruption of the Turks into Europe. 1353. Africa and Asia desolated by locusts. A comet ap- peared, and moved from north to south. 1354. Francis Petrarch flourished, ob. 1374, set. 76. 1355. A conspiracy at Venice. Boccaccio, ob. 1376, set. 62. 1356. Battle of Poitiers, at which the French are defeated, and King John taken prisoner, Sept. 19. Edward the Black Prince, so called from the color of his armor, with an army of 12,000 men, was sent into France, and carried devastation into the heart of the OF THE WORLD. 127 A. D. kingdom. John king of France took the field againsJ him with 60,000 men, and advanced towards Poitiers, with the design of surrounding him and cutting him off at once. The French marched to the attack through a lane, and the Black Prince with a small force opposed them in front, while his main body divided into two parts, one of which lay in ambus- cade, poured down upon their lengthened flank, cut them to pieces, and gained a complete victory. John, with one of his sons, was taken, and was treated by the Prince of Wales with a magnanimity equal to his heroism. When he conducted his royal pris- oner in triumph to London, amid the acclamations of the people, he rode himself on a small palfrey on his left hand, while John, on his right hand, was mounted on a beautiful horse elegantly caparisoned. John was at length sent back to France, having promised a large sum for his ransom, which being unable to raise, he returned and surrendered him- self a prisoner in London, with a remarkable regard for good faith. He is also said to have been smitten with a strong passion for the beautiful Countess of Salisbury in England, which might have influenced his return. He died soon after in London. An earthquake in Germany. 1357. Great commotion in France. 1358. Tamerlane commences his reign in Persia. Treaty of Calais signed, Oct. 24. 1359. Treaty of Bretagne, May 8. 1361. Matthew of Westminster, ob. about 1380. 1362. Law pleadings in England carried on in English in- stead of French. Military order of Janizaries estab-. lished among the Turks. A comet appeared near Yenus. 1364. Battle of Cocherel, May 6, and of Avrai, Sept. 29. 1365. The universities of Geneva and of Vienna founded. 1366. Adrianople becomes the seat of the Turkish empire. 1367. The battle of Neiara in Spain, April 4. 1368. The battle of Montial, March 14. 1369. Wicklifle teaches the doctrine of the Reformation in England, ob. 1385. John de Wicklifle was a pro- fessor of divinity in the university of Oxford. He CHRONOLOGY 128 A. ] came out boldly against the errors of the church of Rome, and has been denominated “the morning star of the Reformation. 55 He translated the Scriptures from the Latin Vulgate into English; was prose- cuted for heresy, but being supported by several noblemen, he escaped punishment. His followers were called, by way of reproach, Lollards, a pious sect which before originated in Germany. 1370. Chivalry flourished about this time. Chivalry con- stitutes one of the most remarkable features of the state of society in the European nations in the mid- dle ages, and produced a wonderful influence upon their opinions, habits, and manners. Its distinguish- ing characteristics were a romantic spirit of adven- ture, a love of arms and the rewards of valor, an eagerness to succor the distressed and to redress wrongs, high sentiments of honor and religion, and a devoted and respectful attachment to the female sex. It is supposed to have had its origin among the Gothic nations and their descendants, and prevailed particu- larly in France, Spain, and Germany. The Romans never possessed those materials in character out of which such an institution could be constructed ; they had pride, but not that delicate sense of honor which leads men to prize their own esteem more than the applause of the world, and which is never associated with meanness ; and particularly that high regard to the female sex which considers them as equals, and, from their feebleness and delicacy, as the peculiar objects of protection and respect. It existed in its greatest perfection in England in the time of Edward III. The sons of noblemen who were destined for chivalry, entered at the age of seven years on their course of education, in some castle, surrounded by noble ladies and valiant knights, and the first impressions made upon their minds were those of love, gallantry, honor, and bravery. From 7 to 14 years, the appellation given to these boys was page or varlet. At 14 they received the title of esquire , and were authorized to carry arms. On arriving at the age of 21, the esquires, after a thorough examination in regard to OF THE WORLD. 129 A. D. their qualifications, were admitted to the full honors of knighthood. They were invested with the spurs, sword, and other insignia of chivalry, and were dubbed as knights by receiving the accoMde , or a slight blow on their shoulder or cheek, as an emblem of the last affront which it was lawful for them to endure. The knight then sallied forth in quest of adventures, and was particularly authorised to challenge to single combat all who refused to acknowledge the unparal- leled beauty of the mistress to whom he had devoted himself, called his lady-love. Kings and nobles highly valued the honors of knighthood ; and on the eve of a bhttle, the injunction was, “Let every one think of his mistress.” Jousts , tilts , and tournaments , were splendid exhibitions of chivalry, on the occa- sion of royal marriages, coronations, and after dis- tinguished victories. They were attended by valiant knights, noble barons, sovereign princes, and ladies of the highest rank, and were indeed most magnifi- cent celebrations. The institution of chivalry tended to refine the manners of a barbarous age, to infuse humanity into war, to promote a regard to truth and justice, and especially to cherish a delicate and ref spectful attention to the female sex, for which the descendants of the Gothic nations have ever been eminently distinguished. But the institution also had its evils ; it nourished a martial spirit, and to its fantastic notions of honor the modern practice of duelling may be traced. It was interwoven with the feudal system, and declined with it. 1371. The English fleet defeated by the French near Rochelle, June 23. 1372. Earl of Pembroke defeated at sea by the Spanish ad- miral, June 23. 1373. Cyprus taken by the Genoese. John Gower, the first English poet, ob. 1402. 1375. A peace of thre> years between France and England. 1376. John Froissart flourished, ob. 1400. John Froissart was born at Valenciennes, about 1337. He is said to have begun before the age of 20 to write the history of the wars of his time. A disappointment in love, and a desire to learn from their own mouths the achieve- 130 A. D. CHRONOLOGY ments of his contemporary warriors, induced him to travel extensively. He first visited England, and was for a considerable time secretary to Phillippa, the queen of Edward III. Subsequently he was patronised by Edward the Black Prince, and sev- eral other illustrious characters. His chief work is a history, which comprises what happened in France, Spain, and England, from 1326 to 1400. He was a poet as well as an historian. His delightful Chron- icle of the middle ages has been twice translated into English, and recently reprinted in the city of New York. 1377. England invaded by the French. The seat of the popes transferred from Avignon to Rome. Clement the seventh took up his residence at Avignon, where he was nominated pope, although Urban the Sixth had been recently elected at Rome, which gave rise to the famous schism of the West, which was with immense difficulty subdued, after continuing 38 years, and only terminated at the council of Constance. Flanders inundated by the sea. Wickliffe’s doctrine condemned in England. 1378. The schism of double popes, which lasts 38 years. Greenland discovered by a Venetian. 1379. Great dissensions in Flanders. 1381. Bills of exchange first used in England. Pestilence in Germany. Watt Tyler’s insurrection in the be- ginning of July. 1382. The battle of Rosebeck in Flanders, Nov. 17. Pliera- polis taken by the Turks. 1383. Cannon first used in the English service by the gov- ernor of Calais. Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, died. 1384. Philip, Duke of Burgundy, succeeds to the earldom of Flanders. The first navigation act in England. War between the English and Scotch. 1385. Battle of Aljubaroba, at which the King of Castile is routed by the King of Portugal, August 14. Ni- cholas Flamel, ob. 1409. 1386. Constantinople taken by Andronicus Paleologus ; re- taken by John and Manuel. The first company of linen-weavers in England. OF THE WORLD. 131 A. D. 1387. Tamerlane subdues Georgia and Turkestan. 1388. Battle of Otterburn, at which the English are defeated by the Scotch, July 31. Margaret of Denmark de- feats the Swedes at Falcoping, Sept. 21. Union of the Danish and Swedish crowns. 1390. The sacred war in Prussia. 1391. Cards invented for the amusement of the French king. The English parliament abolishes the papal power. Commotions in Scotland. 1392. Jews expelled from Germany. The Portuguese dis- cover the Cape of Good Hope. Emanuel Chrysolo- ras, ob. 1413, set. 60. 1393. The Turks ravage Wallaehia, and defeat the Hunga- rians. The doctrines of the Reformation propagated in Bohemia by Huss and Jerome of Prague. 1394. The Jews expelled from France, Sept. 17. A comet appeared in the evening, and moved from west to north. 1395. The Christians, under Sigismund, defeated at Nicopo- lis by Bajazet, Sept. 28, who also subdues the Bul- garians. 1396. Geoffrey Chaucer, the English poet, ob. 1440. 1397. The union of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, at Cal- mar. Owen Glendower, ob. about 1408. 1398. A rebellion in Ireland. Dukes created in Scotland. Tamerlane penetrates into Hindostan. Intense frost in Denmark. 1399. Tamerlane takes Delhi, and afterwards takes No- vogorod. 1400. War between the English and Scotch. Tamerlane, with a great army, enters Asia Minor. A large comet appears in February, moving towards the west. Fifteenth Century. 1401. Italy invaded by the emperor Rupert, who is repulsed. Tamerlane bakes Bagdad, Aug. 9th. A very large comet appeared. 1402. Battle of Angoria, at which Bajazet is defeated by Tamerlane, and taken prisoner July 28th. Tamer- lane, or Timur Beg, cham of the Tartars, became formidable towards the end of the 14th century. He 132 A. D. CHRONOLOGY was the son of a shepherd, and raised himself by his courage and prudence. He obtained many victories, and boasted that he had three parts of the world un- der his power. He subdued Persia, India, Syria, and many other countries. Having conquered Ba- jazet I., Sultan of the Turks, he exposed him in an iron cage, (the fate which Bajazet had designed for his adversary if he had been victor,) when the mor- tified monarch dashed his head against the bars of his prison and killed himself. Battle of Haledown hill, May 7th, in which the Scottish forces were de- feated. 1403. The battle of Shrewsbury, at which Hotspur is slain, July 22d. A comet appeared in March with its tail towards the north. 1405. Conspiracy of Archbishop of York against Henry sup- pressed. Great guns first used at the siege of Ber- wick. Famine and the plague in Denmark. Ca- nary islands discovered by Bethencourt. 1406. A comet appeared. Leonard Aretino, secretary of Florence, ob. 1443, set. 74. Brunus of Arezzo, secretary of Florence. 1407. The kingdom of France laid under an interdict. A comet appeared. Balthazar Cossa obtains possession of Rome. 1408. A comet appeared. 1409. The council of Pisa commences March 25. 1410. Painting in oil color invented by John Yan-eyck at Bruges. A civil war in France. 1411. The university of St. Andrews founded. War be- tween the pope and king Ladislaus. 1412. Algebra introduced into Europe from Arabia. 1414. The council of Constance commences, Nov. 16th. A comet appeared. 1415. John Huss condemned and executed, July 6th. He appeared at the council of Constance, under the safe conduct of the emperor of Germany, but faith was not to be kept with a heretic. He was condemned and burned. His disciple, Jerome of Prague, a man of superior abilities, had recanted ; but animated by the courage of John Huss, he retracted his recanta- tion, and was shortly after also burned, blessing OF THE WORLD. 133 A. D. God. They were both disciples of Wicklifle, and had testified against the corruptions of Popery. Their death was avenged by Zisca, a Bohemian nobleman, making war upon the Emperor Sigismund, who was compelled to make peace with him. Zisca died of the plague in 1424, and left directions, as it is said, that a drum should be made of his dried skin for the purpose of animating the reformers, and of appalling their enemies. Normandy invaded by Henry of England. Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25th, at which the French are routed by the English. 1416. The French fleet defeated by the English at the mouth of the Seine. Jerome of Prague dies. 1417. Henry’s second expedition into Normandy. Paper made of linen rags invented. According to others, about 1100. 1418. The Armagnac faction massacred in Paris. Poggio, the Florentine, ob. 1459, set. 80. 1420. The treaty of Troyes signed, May 21. Madeira dis- covered by the Portuguese. 1421. The Duke of Clarence is killed at the battle of Beauge, April 3. 1422. The vulgar Christian sera introduced into Portugal. 1423. Engraving on metal, and rolling press printing, in- vented. Battle of Crevant, in which the French and Scots are defeated by the English. 1424. The English under the Duke of Bedford defeat the French in the battle of Verneuil, Aug. 16. Flavius Blondus, ob. 1463, set. 75. 1426. An earthquake at Naples. A comet appeared. 1427. The academy of Louvain founded. Theodore Gaza, ob. 1478, set. 90. 1428. The siege of Orleans begins, Oct. 12, and continued to May 12th. Joan d’Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, presented herself before the king of France, and stated that she was commissioned by God to raise the siege of Orleans. This extraordi- nary young woman was then not 18 years of age, and introduced succours into the place, and finally conducted Charles VII. to Rheims, where he was crowned. After performing prodigies of valor, she was at last betrayed into the hands of the English, 12 134 CHRONOLOGY A. D. who cruelly condemned her to the flames in Rouen, June 14th, 1431. She suffered under the charge of witchcraft. 1429. The battle of Herrings, Feb. 12th. Battle of Patay. Francis Philelphus, ob. 1481, set. 83. 1431. A great earthquake at Lisbon. Henry, king of Eng- land, crowned king of France. Geo. Trapezuntius, ob. 1485, set. 90. 1432. A comet appeared. 1433. A very large comet appeared for three months. G. Gemistius Pletho, ob. 1490, set. 100. 1434. A civil war in Sweden. Cosmo de Medici recalled from exile. A comet appeared. 1435. The treaty of Arras between Charles II. and the duke of Burgundy. A comet appeared. 1436. Paris retaken by the French, April 13th. Laurentius Valla, ob. 1465, set. 50. 1437. An expedition of the Portuguese into Africa. Hun- gary invaded by the Turks. Ulugh Beigh observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 30' 17" : ob. 1449, set. 57. 1438. A shower of meteoric stones fell at Rou, near Burgos in Spain. 1439. The Greek and Latin churches united. The Prag- matic sanction settled in France. A comet appeared in the east, with its tail turned to the south. 1440. The art of printing invented at Mentz. Several cities contend for the honor of this invention ; those which have the best claim are Haarlem and Mentz. Lau- rence Coster of Haarlem practised the art with wooden types, or engraved boards ; but the introduction of moveable metal types, which was a grand improve- ment, is attributed to Peter Schceffer, the assistant, and son-in-law of John Fust or Faust of Mentz. The first edition of “ Speculum Humana Salvationist one of the earliest productions of the press, was printed about 1440, by Coster at Haarlem. But the cele- brated “ Mentz Bible without date,” the first speci- men with metal types, was executed by Guttemberg and Fust, between the years 1450 and 1455. Then followed “the Psalter” in 1457, by Fust and Schoef- fer. Before the year 1500, there were printing OF THE WORLD. 135 A. D. offices in upwards of 200 places, and in various countries. William Caxton is generally regarded as the first person who introduced the art in England. At first the metal types were cut, but afterwards they were cast in matrices, which was a still farther improvement. John Guttemberg, ob. after 1480. 1441. Siege of Pontoise. John Faustus, ob. about 1466. 1442. The Turks invade Hungary. Peter Schoeffer, ob. after 1479. 1444. Battle of Yarnes gained by the Turks. Famine in Sweden. A comet appeared in Leo. Truce be- tween France and England at Tours, June 1st. Wessblus, ob. 1489, set. 70. 1445. A comet appeared. 1446. Inundation at Dort, April 17th, which drowns 100,000 persons. Frederick declares war against the Swiss. 1447. The Turks defeated by Scanderbeg in 22 battles, during several years. 1448. The house of Oldenburgh begins to reign in Denmark, in the person of Christiern I. The English defeated by the Scotch at Sark. The crowns of Sweden and Denmark disunited. Contests between the houses of York and Lancaster. The Vatican founded at Rome. 1449. War between England and France. Ulugh Beigh killed by his sons. G. Purbachius, ob. 1462, set. 87. 1450. University of Glasgow founded by Bishop Turnbull. Delft ware invented at Florence. A very large comet appeared in summer, which eclipsed the moon, and moved from east to west. The battle of Four- migni, April 18. 1451. The English evacuate Rouen. War between Den- mark and Sweden. iEneas Sylvius, Pius II., ob. 1464. 1452. Cardinal Bessarion, ob. 1472, set. 77. 1453. The Turks take Constantinople, May 29th. Maho- met II., the Turkish sultan, at the head of 300,000 men, took Constantinople, killed the emperor Con- stantine, and terminated the empire of the Greeks, after it had continued 2200 years from the founding of Rome by Romulus. The learned Greeks were obliged to seek refuge in Italy, and contributed to the revival of learning in the west. The battle of 136 CHRONOLOGY A. D. Castillon terminates the English government in France, July 7. 1454. A conspiracy against the pope in Rome. The Prus- sians and Poles wage war for twelve years against the Teutonic knights. Thomas a Kbmpis, ob. 1471. Two comets appear. 1455. The battle of St. Albans, May 31st.* 1456. A great earthquake at Naples. The Turks repulsed at the siege of Belgrade. A large comet appears. 1457. Glass first manufactured in England. A comet ap- pears in June, in the 20th degree of Pisces. Joannes Argyropulus, ob. 1480, set. 70. 1458. Corinth taken by the Turks. A sedition in England. A comet appears in July below Taurus. 1459. Alphonso’s first expedition into Africa. 1460. Battle of Northampton, July 19th. A large comet appears. Battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31. Alum mines discovered in Italy. Wood cuts invented. 1461. A comet appeared. King Edward defeats king Henry at Towton, March 29th. Regiomontanus, ob. 1476, set. 60. % 1462. An expedition of the Turks into Wallachia. The Vulgate Bible printed in 2 vols. Baptista Platina, ob. 1481, set. 60. 1463. A comet appears. The plague rages in Saxony and Thuringia. War between the Venetians and Turks. Alphonso’s second expedition into Africa. 1464. League against Louis XI. of France. Rodolph Agri- cola, ob. 1485, set. 43. 1466. An early printed book, was Cicero de Officiis, in which Greek characters were first occasionally found, which were scarcely legible. 1467. Sheep first sent to Spain from England. A comet appears above the Fishes. 1468. Two comets appear, one of which is seen 15 days in the north, and the other 15 days in the west. War- wick’s conspiracy against Edward. Jos. Jovianus Pontanus, ob. 1503, set. 70. 1469. Battle of Banbury, July 26th. Order of St. Michael instituted in France. 1470. A comet appears on the 13th January. Battle of Stamford, March 14. King Edward attainted. King OF THE WORLD. 137 A. D. Henry VI. restored. Casts in plaster invented by Verochio. 1471. A comet appears in autumn. Battle of Barnet, April 14. Edward restored. The battle of Tewksbury, May 4th. Marsilius Ficinus, ob. 1499, set. 56. 1472. War between the Turks and Parthians. A comet appeared. John Lascaris, ob. 1513, set. 90. 1473. Tiphernas introduced into France the study of the Greek language. A comet appears in Cancer. 1474. The Portuguese discover the Cape de Verde islands. Annius of Viterbo, ob. 1492. 1475. Constable de St. Paul beheaded. The treaty of Amiens, Aug. 29. Poland and Hungary infested with locusts. A comet appears in Libra. 1476. A comet appears in June. Ferdinand of Castile de- feats the king of Portugal. George Merula, ob. 1494. 1477. Watches made at Nuremberg. Duke of Burgundy defeated and killed at Nancy. A "comet appears in January. 1478. Laurence de Medici banished from" Florence. Peace between France and Castile, Nov. 9. Waltherus observed the vernal equinox in Ma'rch 11, 8 h 15'. 1479. University of Upsal founded. Union-of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. ^ 1480. Rhodes besieged by the Turks. f 1481. A great famine in France. Savonarola, ob. 1498, set. 46. 1482. The Portuguese discover the coast of Guinea. Jo. Picus, of Mirandola, ob. 1494, set. 37. 1483. A conspiracy in England. Post horses and stages established. 1484. Famine and the plague raged in Denmark. 1485. Battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22. The houses of York and Lancaster united. Demetrius Chalcondyles, ob. 1513. 1486. The Russians clonquer the kingdom of Casan. An- gelo Politian, ob. 1494, set. 46. 1487. The star-chamber instituted in England. Hermolaus Barbarus, ob. 1493, set. 39. 1488. The battle of St. Aubin, June 28. Cape of Good Hope discovered. 1489. Maps and sea charts introduced into England. Dia» 12 * CHRONOLOGY 138 A, D. monds polished at Bruges. An earthquake at Con- stantinople. Cyprus ceded to the Venetians. 1490. Poetry begins to flourish in Germany. 1491. A comet appears in spring, during an eclipse of the sun, towards the south. The study of the Greek tongue introduced into England, by William Grocyn, ob. 1522, eet. 80. Baptista Mantuanus, ob. 1516, set. 68. 1492. A comet appears in December, and is visible in the evening for two months. Brittany reunited to France. America discovered by Columbus, placed by Blair in 1494. After he had been wearied by long solicitations at other courts, Christopher Colum- bus was taken under the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, in which the latter has the chief honor of encouraging the enterprise. He was fitted out with three small vessels, two of which were with- out decks, such as no man would now venture to cross the Atlantic in, and a crew of ninety men, with which he commenced the bold undertaking of crossing the wide Atlantic, the extent of which was unknown, and of finding land at the west, which he supposed would be some part of India or China. After numerous difficulties, the great question was settled, by discovering, after a voyage of seventy days, land which proved to be one of the Bahama West India islands. He set sail from Palos in Spain on the Mediterranean, and the time of his voyage, from his departure from Gomera, the most westerly of the Canary Islands, to the discovery of land was thirty-five days, the longest time that any navigator had been hitherto out of sight of land. This dis- covery, considering its consequences, was undoubt- edly the most important ever made by man, and has materially changed the aspect and condition of the world. Isle of St. Domingo discovered. Peace be- tween Charles VIII. and Henry VI. Ferdinand ex- pelled the Moors from Granada, after a possession of above 800 years. A meteoric stone, of 260 pounds weight, fell at Ensisheim, near Sturgau in Alsace, November 7. 1 4**3 A. comet seen before and after passing its meridian. OF THE WORLD. 139 A. D. Montserrat discovered. Jo. Reuchlin, surnamed Capnio, introduces the Hebrew and Greek languages into Germany, ob. 1521, set. 67. 1494. University of Aberdeen (King’s College) founded by Bishop Elphinstone. Poyning’s act passes in Ire- land. 1495. Kingdom of Naples seized by the king of France. Algebra taught by a friar at Venice. The diet of Worms. The venereal disease brought into Europe. 1496. The Jews and Moors expelled from Portugal. John Colet, ob. 1519, set. 53. 1497. Americus Vespucius discovers North America. Vas- quez de Gama’s expedition to the East Indies. 1498. Poland ravaged by the Wallachians, who carry off 100,000 prisoners, and sell them to the Turks. Alex- ander ab Alexandro, ob. 1521, set. 50. 1499. A comet appears. War between the Venetians and the Turks. Louis XII. takes possession of the Mi- lanese. Dr. Thomas Lynacre, ob. 1524. 1500. A comet appears in April, and is seen below Capri- corn for eighteen days. The Portuguese discover Brazil. John Cabot discovers Florida. The empire divided into six circles by Maximilian. Painting in chiaro obscuro discovered. A great pestilence in England. Sixteenth Century. 1501. Inquisitorial tribunal established at Venice. The kingdom of Naples seized by Louis of France and Ferdinand of Castile. Aldus Manutius, ob. 1513. 1502. St. Helena discovered. Pomponatius of Mantua, ob. 1525, set. 63. Gonsalvo, ob. 1515, set. 72. 1503. The battle of Cerignole, April 28. Leonardo da Vinci, ob. 1520, set. 75. Cardinal Ximenes, ob. 1517, set. 80. 1504. A comet appears. King Henry VII. built a chapel at Westminster Abbey. Hats made at Paris. Gawin Douglas, ob. 1521. 1505. Shillings first coined in England. Two comets ap- peared. Albert Durer of Nuremberg, ob. 1528, set. 57. 140 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1506. A comet appears in August. Academy of Frankfort on the Oder founded. Ceylon discovered. Nicholas Machiavel, ob. 1529. 1507. The Genoese subdued by Louis. Madagascar dis- covered by the Portuguese. Lewis Ariosto, ob. 1533. 1508. The league of Cambray against the Venetians signed, Dec. 10. Budseus of Paris, ob. 1540, set. 73. 1509. The Venetians defeated. The battle of Aignadel, May 14. An earthquake at Constantinople, Sept. 14. - f * 1510. About 1,200 meteoric stones, one of which weighed 120, and another 60 pounds, fell Vat Padua. The pope grants to Ferdinand the investiture of Naples, July 23. *4 1511. A large comet appears in Leo, in June and July. The Spaniards conquer the island of Cuba. A league against the French between the emperor, the pope, and the Venetians, Oct. 4. Raphael, ob. 1520, set. 37. , V 1512. A comet appears in March and April. The battle of Ravenna, April 11. The river DA la Plata discov- ered. Etching on copper invented ; some place it in 1459. Erasmus, ob. 1536, set. 70. 1513. War between England and Scotland. The battle of Novarro, in which the Swiss defeat the French. Bat- tle of the Spurs, Aug. 16. Battle of Flodden, be- tween the Scotch and English, Sept. 9. Sannazarius of Naples, ob. 1530. 1514. A comet appears in Leo, in Jan. and Feb. Cannon bullets of stone still used. War between the Otto- man empire and Persia. Polydore Virgil, ob. 1555, set. 80. 1515. Copernicus observed the vernal equinox, March 11, 4 h 30' morn, at Fruemberg. He observed Spica Virginis in 17° 3' 2 ", and the sun’s apogee in 6° 40'. The first Polyglot Bible printed at Alcala. Battle of Marignan between the French and Swiss, Sept. 13 and 14. Ferdinand annexed the kingdom of Navarre to that of Castile. Cornelius Agrippa, ob. 1534, set. 48. 1516. A comet appears. The kingdom of Algiers seized by A. D. OF THE WORLD. 141 Barbarossa. War between the Persians and Turks. Treaty of Noyon, Aug. 16. Francis Guiecardini, ob. 1540, set. 58. 1517. A comet appears in Leo. Luther propagates the doc- trines of the Reformation in Germany, ob. 1546, set. 63. Luther was born at Eisleben in Saxony, in 1483, of poor parents, but he received a learned education, and became an Augustin friar, and re- tiring to his monastery, he obtained great reputation for piety and a love of knowledge. Happening to find a copy of the Bible in the library of his monas- tery, he applied himself to the study of it with dili- gence ; and when Tetzel, a Dominican friar, came to Wittemberg, employed by Leo X. for the sale of indulgences, Luther published from the pulpit ninety- five theses against him, in which he exposed the abominations of this traffic. These theses spread over Germany with astonishing rapidity, and they were everywhere read with the greatest avidity ; and all admired the boldness of the man who ven- tured to attack the plenitude of the papal power. Leo, fond of his ease, regarded the controversy be- tween Luther and his opponents as a mere squabble between two rival orders of monks ; but he soon dis- covered his mistake. On the 21st of August, 1518, he summoned Luther to appear at Rome within sixty days, before the auditor of the chamber and the inquisitor-general Prierias, who had written against him, whom he empowered jointly to examine his doctrines, and to decide concerning them. The pope at length agreed to refer the matter to Cajetan, a learned Dominican friar, his legate in Germany, be- fore whom the bold reformer appeared, and refused when called upon to retract his opinions, which he believed to be true, and appealed to a general coun- cil. At this ti{ne he had no thought of utterly se- ceding from the Roman Catholic church or the pope. Leo caused forty-one propositions to be extracted from Luther’s works, which he forbade to be read, and com- manded all who possessed a copy of these works to commit them to the flames. Luther was excommu- nicated, pronounced a heretic, and delivered unto 142 CHRONOLOGY A. D. Satan ; and all secular princes were required to seize and punish the audacious heretic. But the re- former was not dismayed ; in some cities the pope’s bull was treated with disrespect, and even trodden under foot. Luther now began to pronounce the pope to be the antichrist foretold in the scriptures. Leo caused the works of Luther to be publicly burned at Rome ; and the reformer, by way of re- taliation, caused all the members of the university of Wittemberg to be assembled, and in the presence of an immense number of spectators, cast the volumes of the canon law, together with the bull of excom- munication into the flames, and his example was imi- tated in several cities of Germany. This took place on the 10th of December, 1520. A second bull of the pope, on the 6th of the following month, expelled Luther from the communion of the church. Luther applied himself more assiduously to the study of the scriptures, and was increasingly prepared to expose the falsehood and abominations of the pope and church of Rome. The Turks terminate the kingdom of the Mamelukes in Egypt. 1518. New Spain and the straits of Magellan discovered. Zuinglius, ob. 1531. 1519. Francis I. and Charles Y. claim the imperial throne. Proportional compasses invented before this by L. da Vinci. Cardinal Bembo of Venice, ob. 1547, set. 68. 1520. A comet appears. War between Prussia and Poland. Sweden and Denmark united. The confederacy of the Holy Junta in Spain. Ludovicus Vives of Va- lentia, ob. 1536. 1521. A large comet appears in April, between Cancer and Leo. A league against Francis I. between the em- peror and Henry VIII. The diet of Worms, April 17. The diet of Worms was held in January, 1521, to which the different princes were invited, to con- cert the most proper measures for checking the pro- gress of the new and dangerous doctrines, which threatened to overthrow the religion of their ances- tors, and disturb the peace of Germany. An attempt A. D. OF THE WORLD. 149 to condemn Luther in his absence was frustrated by a majority of the members of the diet. He had a safe conduct from the emperor, but he had seen in the case of John Huss and Jerome of Prague, how poor a protection this wa's against the flames of mar- tyrdom. He declared that if there were “ as many devils at the council to oppose him, as there were tiles on the houses,” he would not refuse to go ; and he could not when present be induced to retract his opinions ; and though he was suffered to depart un- scathed, through the kind protection of his friends among the princes, he was immediately after his de- parture placed under the ban of the empire. The university of Paris publicly condemned his sen- timents, and Henry VIII. attempted to confute them r from which circumstance the pope conferred on him the title of “Defender of the Faith,” which his successors still wear, but not professedly as the champions of popery. At the same time that the Reformation was progress- ing in Germany, it broke out in Switzerland under Zuinglius. It is a little remarkable that Luther, notwithstanding the violence and power with which he was persecuted, at last died a natural death. To this circumstance the rivalship between Charles Y. of Germany, and Francis I. of France undoubtedly contributed. Each wished to conciliate the states of Germany, some of which strongly favored the Reformation. Belgrade taken by the Turks, August. Copernicus of Thorn, in Prussia, ob. 1543, set. 60. 1522. The island of Rhodes taken from the knights, by the Turks, Dec. 25. The first voyage round the world, by a ship of Magellan’s squadron. Michael Angelo, ob. 1564, set. 89. 1523. Sweden and Denmark disunited. Paracelsus, ob. 1541, set. 48. 1524. Clement Marot, ob. 1544, set. 60. Queen Katharine of England, ob. 1536, set. 50. 1525. The battle of Pavia, in which Francis I. was taken prisoner, Feb. 24. Julio Romano, ob. 1546, set. 54. Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor, ob. 1535. CHRONOLOGY 144 A. D. 1526. A comet appears from 23d Aug. to 7th Sept. Treaty of Madrid, Jan. 14. The inquisition established in Portugal. Lutheranism established in Denmark. Paul Jovius, ob. 1552, set. 70. 1527. A large comet appears in Leo, on the 11th Aug. The papal territories invaded by Charles V., and Rome taken and plundered, May 6. Bermuda isles dis- covered. Francis Rabelais, ob. 1553, set. 70. 1528. A comet appears in Pisces, on the 18th January. Po- pery abolished in Sweden. Andrew Doria, ob. 1560, set. 93. Olaus Magnus, ob. 1544. 1529. Four comets and an aurora borealis appear. The diet of Spires, March 15, against the reformers, after which they received the name of Protestants. At the diet of Spires a decree was passed unfavorable to the Lutherans, when John, elector of Branden- burgh, and several other princes protested against it, and were thence called Protestants. The diet or- dained that the question between the parties should remain unsettled until the calling of a general coun- cil, and laid some restrictions upon the progress of the new opinions, while the Protestants demanded the immediate summoning of a lawful council. The treaty of Cambray, Aug. 5. Vienna besieged by the Turks, who are repulsed. J. Geo. Trissino, ob. 1550. 1530. A comet appeared from the 6th Aug. to the 13th Sept. The diet of Augsburg, June 25. Union of the Prot- estants at Smalcald, Dec. 22. The secretary of state’s office instituted in England. Spinning-wheel invented by Jurgen of Brunswick. Martin Bucer, ob. 1551, set. 60. 1531. Post-offices in England. A great earthquake at Lis- bon. A comet appeared. Hieronymus Vida, ob. 1566. 1532. The court of session instituted in Scotland. Peace between the emperor and German princes, July 23. A comet appeared. Treaty of Nuremberg, Aug. 2. Lilio Giraldi, ob. 1552, set. 74. 1533. Authority of the pope abolished in England. An in- surrection of the Anabaptists in Westphalia. A comet appeared. Ignatius Loyola, ob. 1556, set. 65. OF THE WORLD. 145 A. D. .534. The kingdom of Tunis seized by Barbarossa. The Reformation takes place in England, March 30. The Reformation in England took its rise from the wish of Henry VIII. to obtain a divorce from his wife, Queen Catharine of Spain, who was the widow of his elder brother, Arthur, the latter of whom lived but a few months after their marriage. Henry ob- tained a dispensation from the pope for the marriage of his brother’s widow. But he began, in 1527, pro- fessedly to entertain scruples of conscience on ac- count of this marriage, his wife being within the prohibited degrees of affinity, though he had been eighteen years married to her and had several chil- dren, all of whom died young, excepting Mary, after- wards queen of England. His scruples of conscience were doubtless greatly increased by the ardent at- tachment which he had formed for Anne Boleyn, a beautiful maid of honor to Queen Catharine, whom he wished to make his wife, after having created her marchioness of Pembroke. Catharine refused to consent to a divorce, and the pope would not annul the marriage. Henry married Anne Boleyn, and the pope excommunicated the king. Henry, enraged at this treatment, abolished the papal authority in England, refused an annual tribute to the pope, or- dered a dissolution of the monasteries, and seized on their great wealth, obliged the clergy as well as oth- ers to acknowledge him as the head of the church, and threatened banishment or death to all who should refuse obedience. Though Henry was not in prin- ciple of the reformed religion, and wished himself merely to occupy the place of pope in his own king- dom, he was the instrument of breaking the power of the papacy in England, and prepared the way for better men than himself to effect an extensive re- formation. J ulius Caesar Scaliger, ob. 1558, set. 75. Anne Boleyn, queen of England, ob. 1536, being beheaded by com- mand of Henry VIII., on a charge of unfaithfulness, he having fixed his affections on Jane Seymour, a beautiful maid of honor in the court of the queen, whom he married the next day after Anne Boleyn 13 CHRONOLOGY 146 A. D. was beheaded. She was afterwards the mother of Edward VI., and died at his birth. 1535. The Reformation introduced into Ireland. Charles V.’s expedition into Africa terminates, Aug. 14. The society of the Jesuits formed. Archbishop Cranmer, ob. 1556, set. 67. Barbarossa, the Turk- ish general, ob. 1547. 1536. Expedition of James, king of Scotland, into France. A league against Charles V. between Solyman and Francis. John Leland, ob. 1552. Jane Seymour, queen of England, ob. 1537. 1537. A comet appeared in Taurus, in May, and was seen three weeks. Fracostorius, ob. 1553, set. 71. 1538. A comet appeared in Pisces, from the 17th to the 21st Jan. A treaty, which lasts four years, concluded at Nice, between Charles and Francis, June 18. Peter Aretino, ob. 1556, set. 65. 1539. A comet, moving in a retrograde direction, was seen in Leo from the 6th to the 17th of May. A rebel- lion at Ghent. The Bible printed in English. The Cortes in Spain subverted by Charles V. 645 mon- asteries, &c., suppressed in England and Wales. John Sleidan, ob. 1458. Ann of Cleves, queen of England, divorced 1540. 1540. A comet appeared. Sebastian Cabot discovers the variation of the compass. The order of knights of St. John abolished. The society of Jesuits estab- lished. Robert Stephens, ob. 1559, set. 56. Catha- rine Howard, queen of England, ob. 1542. She was beheaded on the charge of infidelity, which was not well proved but before marriage, which caused the parliament to pass a law making it high treason for a queen to impose herself as a virgin on the king, when it was not true. This was the second queen whom the king had caused to be beheaded. Of him it was well said, “that he never spared a man in his anger, or a woman in his lust.” But he chose to be wicked according to law, and where his passions were not concerned he was often affectionate and kind. He did not pursue the lawless course of Charles II., abounding with natural children, but he could abet the repudiation and even death of a wife, when she A. D. OF THE WORLD* 147 stood in the way of his marrying some new object of his affections. 1541. A comet appeared. Soly man subjects Hungary. Al- giers besieged by Charles, Oct. 21. Melancthon, ob. 1560, set. 64. 1542. A comet was seen near Constantinople for forty days. A treaty between Francis I. and Solyman against Charles V. Japan discovered. Hieron. Wolfius, ob. 1580, set. 64. Scotland invaded by the English, who defeat the Scots at Solway Moss, Nov. 23. Ti- tian Vecelli, ob. 1576, set. 99. 1543. Mortars and iron cannon made in England. Ir°n first cast in England. A league between Charles Y. and Henry, against Francis I. The academy ef Verona founded. California discovered. Pins in- troduced from France into England. John Calvin, ob. 1564, set. 55. Catharine Parr, queen of Eng- land. She was the widow of Lord Latimer. The late act had rendered the king too dangerous a lover for any maiden ladies to think of encountering. With him, suspicion was conviction, and accusation death. Even Catharine Parr narrowly escaped decapitation for her friendship to the Reformation. In the pre- sence of Winchester, she had been urging her old topic, the perfection of the Reformation, and after she had retired, the king broke out into this expression : “ A good hearing it is, when women become such clerks ! and a thing much to my comfort, to come in my old age to be taught by my wife. 55 Winchester did not fail to improve the opportunity of aggravating the queen’s insolence ; and after insinuating the dan- ger of cherishing such a serpent in his bosom, ac- cused her of treason based upon heresy. Upon which the king was prevailed on to give a warrant to draw up articles that would touch her life, and the day and the hour were appointed when she was to be seized. The queen accidentally discovered the de- sign, and waited on the king, who received her kind- ly, and purposely began a discourse about religion. She answered, “ that women by their creation at first were made subject to men ; who being made after the image of God, as the women were after their CHRONOLOGY 148 A. I image, ought to instruct their wives ; and that she was much more to be taught by his majesty, who was a prince of such excellent learning and wis^ dom.” “Not so, by St. Mary,” said the king, “you are become a doctor, Kate, able to instruct us, and not to be instructed by us.” To which she replied, “ that he had much mistaken her freedom in arguing with him, since she did it to engage him in discourse, to amuse this painful time of his infirmity ; and that she might receive profit by his learned conversation, in which last point she had not missed her aim, al- ways referring herself in these matters as she ought to his majesty.” “ And is it so, sweetheart ?” said the king, “ then we are perfect friends again.” On the appointed day when she was to be taken to the tower, being a fine day, the king walked in the gar- den and sent for the queen. While they were to- gether, the lord chancellor, who was ignorant of the reconciliation, came with the guards. The king stepped aside to him, and after a little discourse was heard to call him knave. Ay, arrant knave, a fool, a beast, and bid him presently avaunt out of his sight. The queen, not knowing on what errand they came, endeavored, with gentle words, to pacify the king’s anger. “ Ah ! poor soul,” said the king, “ thou little knowest how ill he deserves this at thy hand. On my word, sweetheart, he has been towards thee an arrant knave, and so let him go.” Thus she proba- bly saved her life, and surviving the king, he left her at his decease, as a mark of his affection, a legacy of <£4,000 pounds, besides her jointure. This anec- dote affords a good picture of the character of Henry VIII. 1544. The Imperialists defeated by the French at the battle of Cerisoles, April 11. The crown of Sweden de- clared hereditary. Treaty of Crespi, between the emperor and Francis I., Sept. 18. The reformed religion tolerated in Sweden. Adrian Turnebus, ob. 1565, set. 53. 1545. A comet was seen in the west for several days. Nee- dles first made in England. Disturbances in Scot- land. The English defeated by the Scots at Ancram A. D. OF THE WORLD. 149 Muir. The council of Trent begins, and lasts eigh- teen years. Conrad Gesner, ob. 1565, set. 49. 1546. A league against the Protestants between the emperor and the pope. Socinianism springs up in Italy. Camerarius, ob. 1574, set. 75. 1547. A comet appeared. The elector of Saxony defeated by the emperor at Muhlberg, April 24. Fiesque’s conspiracy in Genoa. The Scots defeated by the English at Pinkney, Sept. 10. Jerome Cardan, ob. 1575, set. 75. 1548. War between the Persians and Turks. The interim granted to the Protestants by Charles V. The Re- formation advances in Poland. Jo. Genesius de Se- pulveda, the restorer of learning in Spain, ob. 1572, set. 81. 1550. The eldest sons of peers permitted to sit in the House of Commons. Bank of Venice established. Iron bullets first used in England. Stockings first knit in Spain. 1551. A league against the emperor between Henry II. and Maurice, duke of Saxony. Annibal Caro, ob. 1566. 1552. The treaty of Passau between Charles and the Pro- testants, July 31. Books of astronomy and geome- try destroyed in England as magical. Paul Manu- tius, ob. 1574, set. 62. 1553. Queen Mary restores popery in England. Servetus executed for heresy by the council of Geneva. Edward VI. dies, July 6, set. 16. Cardinal Pole, ob. 1558. 1554. A comet appeared for several days with its tail turned towards the east. The Low Countries invaded by the French. The Russians subdue A stracan. Ma- ry of England marries Philip of Spain. Castelve- tro, ob. 1571, s^t. 66. 1555. A comet appeared. The peace of religion established in Germany, Sept. 25. A league against the Span- iards between the king of France and the pope, Dec. 15. Frederick Commandin, ob. 1575, set. 66. 1556. A comet appeared. Corsica ravaged by the Turks. Charles resigns his crown to Philip, Jan. 6. He was tired of the grandeur of the world and the toils of 13* 150 CHRONOLOGY A. D. empire ; and having yielded up Spain to his son Philip, and Germany to his brother Ferdinand, who had already acquired the title of king of the Ro- mans, he retired to a monastery in Estramadura, near Portugal. 1557. A comet appeared in Sagittarius. Charles retires to a monastery, Feb. 24. Glass first manufactured in England. Battle of St. Quintin, at which the French are defeated, Aug. 10. Onuphrius Pan- vinius, ob. 1563, set. 39. 1558. A comet appeared in August, near Berenice’s hair. The French take Calais, Jan. 8. Queen Mary dies, Nov. 17, after an inglorious reign of 5 years, 4 months, and 11 days, in the 43d year of her age, and was succeeded by Elizabeth, her half-sister, the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Eliza- beth had been trained in the school of adversity. During the reign of her sister, she narrowly escaped being put to death for her partiality to the Protest- ants ; and Philip, the husband of Mary, though a bigot, afforded her protection. After she ascended the throne he offered her marriage, and promised to obtain a dispensation from the pope for this purpose, but she respectfully declined it. At this period there was scarcely a chimney in any house in England. Fires were kindled by the walls, and the smoke found its way out at the roof, doors, or windows ; the habitations were nothing but walling, plastered over with clay ; the people reposed on pallets of straw, and had a log of wood by way of a pillow. How unlike the accommodations of the present times ! Queen Elizabeth used to ride in state on a pillion behind her chamberlain ; coaches were then unknown. The reformed religion authorized in England. Ron- sard, ob. 1585, set. 61. 1559. Five large meteoric stones fell at Miscoz in Transyl- vania. A comet appeared in June for some days. The peace of Chateau-Cambresis. The tranquillity of Europe restored. The queen regent of Scotland persecutes the reformers. George Buchanan, ob. 1582, set. 76. OF THE WORLD, 151 fL. D. 1560. A comet appeared in Dec. for 28 days. The civil wars in France begin by the conspiracy at Amboise. Philip removes his court from Toledo to Madrid. A treaty between Elizabeth and the Protestants in Scotland, at Berwick, Feb. 27. Presbytery estab- lished in Scotland. 1561. Queen Mary arrives in Scotland after an absence of 13 years. Livonia ceded to Poland. Louis Camo- ens, ob. 1579, set. 50. 1562. Prince of Conde defeated at the battle of Dreux, Dec. 19. Peter Ramus, ob. 1572. 1563. War between Denmark and Sweden. The council of Trent terminates, Dec. 4. Orleans besieged by the duke of Guise, Feb. 6. The Escurial in Spain built. Slave-trade carried on with England. Osorius, ob. 1580. 1564. A comet appeared on the 25th Feb. The beginning of the year fixed to Jan. 1, in France. Peace be- tween France and England, April 9. The first coach made in England by Walter Rippon. See Stowe’s Summary , p. 287. 1565. The revolt of the Low Countries. The Turks attack Malta. Tintoret, ob. 1594, set. 82. 1566. Two comets appear. The 39 articles of the church of England established. Hungary ravaged by the Tartars. Theodore Beza, ob. 1605, set. 86. 1567. A comet appears. Queen Mary marries Bothwell, May 15. Battle of St. Denis, Nov. 10. Disturb- ances in Sweden, James Cujas, ob. 1590, set. 68. 1568. Queen Mary defeated in the battle of Glasgow, May 13 ; retires into England in the beginning of June, and is imprisoned. The Moors in Spain revolt. The reformed religion tolerated in the Low Coun- tries. Three clockmakers came to England from Delft. Ciaconius, ob. 1581, set. 56. 1569. A comet appeared in Capricorn on the 8th and 9th November. The battle of Jarnac, May 13 ; of Moncontour, Oct. 3. Pancirolus, ob. 1591. 1570. A league between Spain, Venice, and the Roman see, against the Ottoman Porte. The peace of Germain- en-Laye, in favor of the Pluguenots, August 15. Log-line used. Carolus Sigonius, ob. 1585, set. 60. 152 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1571. The Turks take the isle of Cyprus. The Turks de- feated at the battle of Lepanto, Oct. 7. Henry Stephens, ob. 1598, set. 70. 1572. The massacre of the Protestants at Paris, Aug. 24. — This was the famous massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which Charles IX., instigated by his mother, and * the advice of many nobles of his court, ordered the massacre of all the Protestants in the kingdom, on the nights of the 24th and 25th of August. The Protestants had been invited to Paris on the occasion of the celebration of the marriage of Henry, king of Navarre, with the sister of Charles IX. Charles was himself accused of firing from a long arabesque, being stationed at one of the windows of the Louvre, overlooking the Seine, and thus murdering some of his defenceless and fugitive subjects. Similar or- ders, which had been dispatched throughout all France, caused the massacre of more than 60,000 French Protestants, which would have been con- siderably augmented, had not the governors of some *owns refused to fulfil the bloody edict. But the massacre of St. Bartholomew, so far from diminish- ing the Protestants, rather increased them ; they ishut themselves up in their strongholds, and de- fended themselves with desperation. Cornelius Gemma observes a bright new star in Cas- siopeia. Bodinus, ob. 1585. 1573. War against the Protestants in France. Paul Vero- nese, ob. 1588, set. 56. 1574. The Spaniards besiege Leyden. Sebastian of Portu- gal’s expedition against the Moors in Africa. Mon- taigne, ob. 1592, c£t. 59. 1575. University of Leyden founded. Russia ravaged by the Turks. Francis Hotomanus, ob. 1590, set. 65. 1576. The Protestant religion permitted in France. A civil war ensues. Palladio flourished. 1577. Drake circumnavigates the globe, and returns Nov. 3, 1580. A comet appeared. Janus Dousa, ob. 1604, set. 50. 1578. A large comet appeared in October. The first treaty of alliance between England and the States Gene- OF THE WORLD. 153 A. D. ral, Jan. 7. A long and bloody war between Persia and the Ottoman Porte. Don Sebastian killed at the battle of Alcasar, Aug. 4. Cardinal Baronius, ob. 1607, set. 69. 1579. The union of Utrecht, which begins the republic of Holland, January 23. Riccoboni, ob. 1600, set. 58. 1580. The kingdom of Portugal seized by Philip of Spain A comet appeared. Peter Pithou, ob. 1596. 1581. A meteoric stone of 39 pounds weight fell in Thu ringia on the 26th July. University of Edinburgh founded. An edict of the United Provinces against Philip, July 26. Copper money introduced into France. Joseph Scaliger, ob. 1609, set. 69. 1582. Pope Gregory reforms the Julian calendar. New style introduced into Catholic countries, Oct. 5 being reckoned Oct. 15. A comet appeared. Christopher Clavius, ob. 1612, set. 75. 1583. A meteoric stone of 30 pounds weight fell at Rosa in Lavadie in January. The first proposal of settling a colony in America. Torquato Tasso, ob. 1595, set. 51. 1584. Raleigh discovered Virginia. Cape Breton discovered. William prince of Orange murdered at Delft, June 30. Edmund Spencer, ob. 1598. 1585. Carthagena taken by Drake. Greenland discovered. The treaty of Nonsuch between England and the States General, Aug. 10. A comet appeared. 1586. Babington’s conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth. Cavendish’s first voyage round the world. Tycho Brahe, ob. 1601, set. 55. 1587. Queen Mary beheaded, Feb. 8. — Mary queen of Scots being charged with having connived at and forwarded Babington’s conspiracy, was removed to Fotheringay castle, in Northamptonshire, when it was determined by Elizabeth’s council that 40 of the most illustrious persons in the realm, with five judges, should sit in judgment upon Mary. On the 12th of October, 1586, the Queen of Scots learned the charges alleged against her ; of which she solemnly protested her innocence. On the 25th of October, in the Star Chamber at Westminster, Mary CHRONOLOGY 154 A. D was pronounced accessary to Babington’s conspira- cy, and to have imagined the death of Elizabeth. On the 7th of February the Earls of Shrewsbury and Kent arrived at Fotheringay castle, and com- manded Mary to prepare for death by 8 o’clock the following morning, the warrant for her execution be- ing read aloud to her. At the appointed hour Mary, with great calmness and magnanimity, repaired to the spot appointed for her execution, placed her head on the fatal block, and at the second stroke of the executioner, her head was severed from hei body. Such was the tragical death of the beautiful Mary of Scotland, in the 45th year of her age, and the 19th of her captivity. This transaction has brought deserved odium on the name of Elizabeth, who pretended that the warrant for execution was intended to have lain dormant, and she therefore threw the odium on her secretary, Da- vison, who was in consequence tried, imprisoned, and fined. The battle of Coutras, Oct. 20. A hundred sail of ships in the bay of Cadiz burned by Drake. L588. The Spanish armada destroyed, July 27.— Philip II. of Spain, to revenge the death of Mary queen of Scots, and the assistance afforded by Elizabeth to the inhabitants of the Low Countries in gaining their independence of Spain, equipped a numerous fleet, which he pompously denominated the Invincible Armada , consisting of 450 large vessels, equipped at a vast expense, by treasure which he had derived from Peru and Mexico, for the invasion of England. On arriving at the mouth of the Thames, that im- mense naval equipment was in part dissipated by the winds, and partly overpowered by the skilful ma- noeuvres of Sir Francis Drake, and other distin- guished British naval commanders. After a fight of several days, a violent tempest overtook the Spanish forces, after they had passed the Orkneys ; and many of the ships were driven on the western islands of Scotland, or on the coast of Ireland, so so that not one half of them ever returned to Spain. Such was the miserable and disgraceful conclusion OF THE WORLD. 155 A. D. of an enterprise which had nearly exhausted the revenues of Spain, and had long filled Europe with anxiety or expectation. First newspaper in England, dated July 28. The duke of Guise, &c. assassinated. Duelling with small swords introduced into England. Bombshells invented at Venloo ; they were first thrown into the city of Watchtendonch in Guelderland, and are said to have been used at Naples in 1495. Henrico Catharino Davila, ob. 1631, set. 55. 1589. A conspiracy, by Huntly, Crawford, &c. against James, king of Scotland. Peace between the Turks and Persians. Drake’s expedition to Spain and Portugal. Henry III. murdered by Clement, July 22. Justus Lipsius, ob. 1606, set. 58. 1590. A comet appeared. Telescopes invented by Jansen, a spectacle-maker in Germany. An earthquake at Vienna, Sept. 5. The art of weaving stockings in- vented by Lee, of Cambridge. A slitting mill erected at Dartford. The battle of Ivry, which ruined the league, March 4. Stephen Pasquier, ob. 1615, set. 81. 1591. The university of Dublin founded. Tea first brought into Europe. Mariana, ob. 1624, set. 87. 1592. Presbyterian church government established by act of parliament in Scotland. Falkland isles dis- covered. 1593. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded by George, Earl Marischal of Scotland. Bothwell’s conspiracy against king James. A comet appeared. A great plague in London. Cardinal Perron, ob. 1618, set. 63. 1594. Baron Napier invents logarithms, ob. 1617, set. 67. The Jesuits banished from France, Dec. 19th. The bank of England x incorporated. Isaac Casaubon, ob. 1614, set. 55. 1595. Drake’s expedition against the isthmus of Darien. Discoveries in the Pacific Ocean made by Mendana and Quiros. The Russians make the first discove- ries in Siberia. Caribbee isles discovered. Shak- speare, ob. 1616, set. 53. 1596. The Spaniards take Calais from the French. A great 156 CHRONOLOGY A. B. earthquake at Japan. The Spanish fleet defeated by the English, and Cadiz taken. A treaty between England, France, and Holland, against Spain, Oct. 31. A comet appeared. The Stella Mira in Collo Ceti, observed by David Fabricius, Aug. 13th. An- nibal Caracci, ob. 1609, set. 40. 1597. A comet is seen from the 19th June till the 8th Au- gust. Watches brought from Germany to England. Hungary invaded by the Turks. Cervantes, ob. 1620, set. 69. 1598. Tyrone’s insurrection in Ireland. The edict of Nantes issued in April. The peace of Yervins, June 2d. President de Thou, ob. 1617, set. 64. 1599. A comet appears. Sir H. Saville, ob. 1622, set. 72. 1600. The Gowrie conspiracy. The English East India company established. The battle of Newport, July 2d. A variable star in the neck of the Swan dis- covered by Jansenius. England first obtains posses- sion of St. Helena. William Camden, ob. 1632, set. 72. Seventeenth Century. 1601. The siege of Ostend commences, June 25th. Ireland invaded by the Spaniards, Sept. 21th. Francis Ba- con, ob. 1626, set. 66. 1602. A comet appears in Cygnus. Byron’s conspiracy de- tected. Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges. Father Paul Sarpi, ob. 1623, set. 71. 1603. Manufactures of crystal established in France. Queen Elizabeth dies, March 24th, set. 70. Union of the crowns of England and Scotland.— The earl of Es- sex, who had been a great favorite with Elizabeth, falling into disgrace, yielded himself up to the sway of his violent passions and conspired against her, which was discovered by the queen, who was still more provoked by his saying “ that she was now grown an old woman, and become as crooked in her mind as in her body.” She could not endure a reflection on her beauty, even at the age of 70. It was the purpose of Essex to have seized on the queen’s person, and to have changed the govern- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 157 ment. He was tried, and convicted of high-treason ; and the queen very reluctantly signed the warrant for his execution, which took place privately at the tower, February 25th, 1601, in the 35th year of his age. Elizabeth considered the fact of his not hav- ing solicited her pardon as a proof of his obstinacy, though she was deceived in regard to it. After the death of Essex, Elizabeth became a prey to the most profound and incurable melancholy. She fled all society, continuing alone and in the dark, where she would be found buried in thought and drowned in tears. It was the common opinion that this was owing to the death of Essex, whose name she never mentioned without tears, and frequently reproached his obstinacy, as she would no doubt have pardoned him on an humble supplication, which the following anecdote will fully explain. The countess of Nottingham on her death.bed desired an audience of the queen, from whom Elizabeth as- certained that a ring, which she had given to Essex when in high favor, with the promise that if he ever fell under her displeasure, on his remitting this to- ken, he should be entitled to her protection, was sent by Essex, but never delivered. The earl of Not- tingham being an enemy of Essex, had forbidden his wife to deliver the ring to Elizabeth. The countess having made this disclosure, implored the queen’s forgiveness, when Elizabeth, starting up in an agony, is said to have shaken the dying countess in her bed, exclaiming with vehemence, “ God may forgive you, but I never can.” From this period the melancholy of the queen became more intense, and her decline more rapid, and after naming James VI. of Scot- land, the son of the unfortunate Mary, as her suc- cessor, she fell into a lbthargic slumber, and expired without a struggle or convulsion, in the 70th year of her age, and 45th of her reign, having been more glorious as a sovereign than amiable as a woman. During her reign, the militia who appeared at the musters, amounted to 1,172,674. She left 42 ships of war, of which only four carried 40 guns each ; the whole number of cannon in the fleet ajnountipg 14 158 CHRONOLOGY A. D. to 774. The nobility began to erect houses of brick and stone. James VI. of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth, became James I. of England, and the two kingdoms have continued ever since united. Gru- terus, ob. 1627, set. 67. 1604. Ostend taken by the Spaniards after a siege of three years, Sept. 10. Peace between England and Spain. The celebrated dispute between the Pope and the Venetians. A French colony established in Canada. Kepler discovers a new star near the right foot of Serpentarius, in September, which disap- peared in the space of a year. Malsherbes, ob. 1628, set. 76. 1605. The gunpowder plot, Nov. 5th. Coaches began to be in common use in England. Marini, ob. 1625, set. 56. 1606. A truce of twenty years between the empire and the Ottoman Porte. — -Virginia was divided, and by letters patent the southern part was granted to Sir Thomas Gates and otheng, called the London company ; the northern part was granted to the Plymouth company, April 10th. Papirius Masso, ob. 1611. 1607. A comet appeared. Hudson’s Bay discovered. — Cap- tain Newport arrived in Virginia and began the first effectual settlement on the river Powhatan, since called James river, and founded Jamestown, April 26. Boccalini. 1608. Colonies sent to Virginia from England. — Capt. John Smith first explored Chesapeake bay. Quebec founded by Samuel Champlain. Mr. Robinson’s congregation migrated from England to Holland. 1609. A truce between the Dutch and Spaniards. The United Provinces acknowledged independent, March 30, O. S. Mr. Robinson’s church removed to Ley- den. Helvicus, ob. 1617, set. 36. 1610. The Turks defeated near Babylon by the Persians. War between Russia and Poland. Thermometers invented by Drebbel, a Dutchman. 900,000 Moors banished out of Spain. Galileo first observed three of Jupiter’s satellites, Jan. 7. Galileo, ob. 1642, set. 78. Harriot first observed the spots on the sun, Dec. 8th. Andrew du Chesne, ob. 1640. Captain OF THE WORLD. 159 A. D. Henry Hudson discovered the river Manhattan, which bears his name. He also discovered the bay in the north part of North America which was named from him. His crew mutinied and set him afloat in an open boat, and he perished. 1611. War between Sweden and Denmark. The order of Baronets instituted in England, May 22d. An earthquake at Constantinople : 200,000 persons died there of the plague. Peace between the Persians and the Turks. Champlain discovered, and named Lake Champlain. Lopez de Vega, ob. 1635, set. 72. 1612. The Poles defeated by the Russians in Muscovy. The English attempt, without success, to discover a northern passage to China. The French settle in the island of Margna. Ben Jonson, ob. 1638. 1613. Peace between Sweden and Denmark. Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, who being instructed in Christianity, shortly after professed it, and was baptized by the name of Rebecca. John Kepler, ob. 1630. 1614. A British colony established in Virginia. Capt. Smith made a fishing voyage to the north part of America, made a chart of the coast, which he presented to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I., who gave the country the name of New England. A new gov- ernor from Amsterdam arriving at the settlement on Hudson river, he refused the acknowledgment to the English, stipulated by his predecessor, built a fort on the south end of Manhattan island, where New York now stands, and a fort and trading-house, called Fort Orange, near where Albany is now situated. 1615. Peace between the Imperialists and the Turks. The Jews ordered to quit\France. John Barclay, ob. 1621, set. 38. 1616. A civil war in France. Flushing restored by king James to the Dutch. Cape Horn first sailed round. Sir Robert Cotton, ob. 1631, set. 61. 1617. Peace between Russia and Sweden. Peace between the house of Austria and the Venetians. Domini- quino, ob. 1641, set. 60. CHRONOLOGY 160 A. D. 1618. Peace concluded between Russia and Poland. Two comets appeared. A horrible conspiracy at Venice detected. The battle of Ardeville between the Per- sians and Turks. The Synod of Dort begins No- vember 1, and continues till April 26, 1619. A great pestilence, (perhaps the yellow fever,) destroyed most of the Indians from Narraganset to Penobscot. Fabri de Peiresc, ob. 1637, set. 57. 1619. The circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey, ob. 1657, set. 80. Capt. Dermer, the first English- man who sailed through Long Island sound and Hell- gate. A war of thirty years begins in Germany, Aug. 26. 1620. A mass of iron weighing 160 tolahs, fell from the heavens in the Mogul territory, about 100 miles south-east of Lahore. The English settle at Madras. Copper money first used in England. Barbadoes discovered. The imperialists defeat the Bohemians at Prague, Oct. 30, O. S. Navarre united to France. Coining with a die first used in England. The first colonial assembly held in Virginia, June 19. Mr. Robinson’s congregation left Holland in the May- flower of 180 tons burden, and the Speedwell of 60 tons, in July, and England in September, for Amer- ica, and arrived at Plymouth, Mass., in November, and landed Dec. 11th, O. S., which is Dec. 22d N. S., from which latter the landing of the Pilgrims is dated, and the anniversary of this great event is celebrated. Guido Rheni, ob. 1642, set. 67. 1621. War between Spain and Holland renewed after a truce of 12 years. Civil war with the Huguenots, lasts 9 years. War between Turkey and Poland. The Dutch establish the settlement of Batavia. The fac- tions of Whigs and Tories arise. Gaspar Barthius, ob. 1648, set. 71. 1622'. Heidelberg taken by the Emperor, and the library sent to Rome, Sept. 16. Charter of New England granted to the Duke of Lenox and others, or the council of Plymouth, Nov. 23. Peter Paul Rubens, ob. 1640, set. 63. 1623. The knights of Nova Scotia instituted. The English factory at Amboyna massacred by the Dutch. Sir OF THE WORLD. 161 A. D. Henry Spelman, ob. 1641. First settlement of New Hampshire, at Little Harbor on Piscataqua river, near Portsmouth. 1624. The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet near Lima. Bag- dad besieged by the Turks, who are repulsed. The first cattle brought into New England at Plymouth, by Edward Winslow. Cardinal Bentivoglio, ob. 1644, set. 65. 1625. A pestilence in England. King James dies at Theo- balds, March 27, set. 59. Dissensions between Charles I. and the House of Commons. The first English settlement in the West Indies. Breda taken by the Spaniards. Peace between Ferdinand of Hungary and the Sultan. John Meursius, ob. 1639, set. 60. 1626. Peace between the Huguenots and the French king, Feb. 5, N. S. War renewed the following year. A league of the Protestant princes against the Em- peror. Gerard John Vossius, ob. 1650, set. 73. 1627. A meteoric stone weighing 59 pounds, fell on Mount Yaiser in Provence, on the 27th Nov. War between England and France. Ericius Puteanus, ob. 1646, set. 72. 1628. A meteoric stone weighing 24 pounds, fell at Hatford in Berkshire, on the 9th April. Grant of Massa- chusetts by the council of Plymouth, in England, March 19. Persia invaded by the Turks. The Duke of Buckingham murdered, Aug. 23. Louis XIII. takes Rochelle, Oct. 18, O. S. Ouevedo, ob. 1647. 1629. Parliament dissolved by Charles I. Nine members im prisoned, Mar. 4. Charter from the crown confirming the Plymouth grant, and erecting the Massachusetts company into a corporation, May 4th. Peace be- tween Denmark and\Germany. A truce between Poland and Sweden for 6 years, Sept. 5, O. S. Car- olina granted to Sir Robert Heath, Oct. 30th. Gus- tavus Adolphus enters Germany. Peace between England and France. Bahama isles discovered. Inigo Jones, ob. 1651. 1630. Gazettes first published in Venice. Treaty of Stock- holm between England and Sweden, May 31. War 14* CHRONOLOGY 162 A. D. between Germany and Spain. Poland invaded by the Turks. Grotius, ob. 1645, set. 62. Charles- town, Boston, Watertown, and Dorchester, settled by Gov. Winthrop and others. 1631. A treaty between Sweden and France, Jan. 13, O. S. The council of Plymouth granted lands to settlers on Pemaquid river in Maine, Feb. 29. Some curi- ous remains of an ancient settlement are now found at this place. The Swedes defeat the Imperialists at the battle of Leipsic, Aug. 28, O. S. The ver- nier index first made known. Clocks and watches generally used. Archbishop Usher, ob. 1655, set. 75. 1632. Patent of Connecticut from the Earl of Warwick, March 19. First vessel built in Massachusetts, called the “Blessing of the Bay,” launched July 4. Grant of Maryland to lord Baltimore, June 20. War between Sweden and Denmark. Battle of Lutzen, Nov. 6, O. S., where Gustavus Adolphus is killed. A great eruption of Vesuvius. Antigua settled by the English. Gab. Naude, ob. 1653. 1633. Galileo condemned by the inquisition. The French discovered Louisiana. Anthony Vandyck, ob. 1641, set. 42. The Dutch built a fort on the west bank of Connecticut river, in the present city of Hartford, at a place still known as Dutch Point. 1634. War between Poland and Prussia. The Swedes de- feated by the king of Hungary, at the battle of Nord- lingen, Nov. 26, O. S. Wethersfield, the oldest town in Connecticut, settled by people from Watertown, Mass. John Seklen, ob. 1654, set. 70. 1635. The French academy established at Paris. War be- tween France and Spain. A treaty between Holland and France, Feb. 8. Regular posts established in Britain. Windsor, Conn., settled by people from Dorchester. Hartford settled by Mr. Hooker and his congregation from Newtown, now Cambridge, Mass. Gassendi, ob. 1655, set. 66. 1636. A meteoric stone fell between Sagan and Dubrow in Silesia, in March 8. A treaty between Louis XIII. and the queen of Sweden, March 10, O. S. A truce of 26 years between Sweden and Poland. The Im- perialists defeated by the Swedes at Wistock, Oct. 4, OF THE WORLD. 163 A. D. O. S. Roger Williams settled and named Provi- dence, R. I. Renes Descartes, ob. 1650, set. 54. 1637. The Scots withdraw their allegiance from Charles I. War between the Poles and the Cossacs in the Ukraine. A league against Sweden between Spain and Denmark. An insurrection of the Protestants in Hungary. The prince of Orange takes Breda, Sept 26, O. S. The Pequod Indians commit depre- dations and are destroyed by Connecticut, May 26. Famianus Strada, ob. 1649. 1638* Bagdad taken by the Turks, Jan. 6. Two battles of Rheinfeld, Feb. 18 and 21, O. S. The solemn league and covenant in Scotland. Rhode Island settled by Mr. Coddington, March 24. New Haven settled by Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton the first governor, who have been styled the “ Moses and Aaron” of the colony, April. Harvard College (now University) was founded at Newtown, now Cambridge, and named after a liberal early benefactor, Rev. John Harvard. Oliver Cromwell, Sir Arthur Hazlerig, and John Hampden, were on the point of embarking for America, to secure civil and religious liberty, when they were prevented by order of the king. If he could have foreseen the events which were to follow, he would have been glad to let them go. Petavius, ob. 1652, set. 69. 1639. The French defeated at Thionville by the Imperialists. May 27, O. S. Horrox first observed a transit of Venus over the sun’s disk at Liverpool, Nov. 24, O. S. 3 h 15' P. M. Voiture, ob. 1648. 1640. England invaded by the Scots, Aug. 20, O. S., who take Newcastle. A conference between the English and Scots commissioners at Rippon, Oct. 2. The independence of Portugal recovered. The long parliament in England met, Nov. 5. Balzac, ob. 1654. 1641. Maine granted to Sir F. Gorges. First printing press in America established at Cambridge, Mass. Origi- nal constitution of Connecticut established, Jan. 14. Code of laws first established in Massachusetts. New Hampshire united with Mass., April 14. Earl of Strafford beheaded, May 12. The massacre of the 164 A. D. CHRONOLOGY Protestants in Ireland, Oct. 23. Chillingworth, ob. 1644, set. 42. 1642. A meteoric stone, weighing 4 pounds, fell near Wood- bridge in Suffolk, on the 4th of August. Peace be- tween the Turks and the Imperialists. The Swedes defeat the Imperialists at Leipsic, Oct. 3, O. S. King Charles demands the five members, and the civil war begins. His army defeated at Edgehill, Oct. 23. The French defeated by the Imperialists at Tutelingen, Nov. 15, O. S. Salmasius, ob. 1653. 1643. Bristol surrenders to prince Rupert, July 26. The siege of Gloucester raised, Sept. 5. Charles de- feated at the first battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. The Tartars invade China. The royal academy of paint- ing founded by Louis XIV. Barometers invented by Torricelli. The prince of Conde defeats the Spaniards at Rocroy, May 9, O. S. Waller’s plot in England detected, May 31. Confederation of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, for defence. Nicholas Poussin, ob. 1656* set. 62. 1644. The Tartars effect a revolution in China. The Im- perialists defeated by the Swedes in Bohemia, Feb. 25, O. S. The Earl of Warwick incorporated the settlers of Providence, Newport, &c., March 14. Cromwell defeats Charles I. at Marstonmoor, July 2. Earl of Essex’s army surrenders in Cornwall, Sept. 2 + The 2d battle of Newbury, Oct. 27. The Duke of Orleans takes Gravelines, July 18, N. S. Mothe le Vayer, ob. 1671. 1645. War between the Venetians and Turks. Charles I. defeated at Naseby, June 14. The fate of Charles and of the monarchy was decided at Naseby in Northamptonshire. The royal army was command- ed by the king in person, aided by prince Rupert ; Fairfax, Cromwell, and Ireton, his son-in-law, com- manded the Parliamentarians. The royalists, though at first successful, were entirely driven off the field, and a total route ensued, in which Charles lost his artillery and baggage, and above five thousand men fell into the hands of his enemies. In addition to the spoils, the royal cabinet was seized, in which were A. D. OF THE WORLD. 165 found copies of the monarch’s letters to his queen, which were subsequently read aloud in parliament, and such of them were subsequently published as were calculated to make him unpopular with the people. Peace between Sweden and Denmark, Aug. 3, O. S. The first code of Russian laws pub- lished. Treves taken by Turenne. Duke de Roche- foucault, ob. 1680, set. 68. 1646. A shower of rain, containing great quantities of sul- phur, fell at Copenhagen. The Venetians defeated by the Turks near Retimo, Oct. 9, O. S. Paul Scarron, ob. 1660. 1647. A comet appears near Berenice’s Hair. Charles I. delivered up to the English commissioners by the Scots, Jan. 30. Charles, closely pursued by his enemies, and fearful of falling into the hands of his insolent subjects, took the fatal resolution of surrendering himself to the Scottish army, who, to their great dis- grace, sold him to the English parliament for the sum of 400,000 pounds sterling. Henry Hammond, ob. 1660, set. 55. 1648. The peace of Munster between Holland and Spain, Jan. 20, O. S. The Seven United Provinces de- clared independent. The Imperialists defeated by Turenne at Augsburg, April 7, O. S. The prince of Conde defeats the archduke at Lens, Aug. 10, O. S. Peace of Munster between France and the emperor, Oct. 14, O. S. The peace of Osnaburgh between Sweden and the emperor. Thomas Hobbes, ob. 1679, set. 91. 1649. King Charles I. beheaded, Jan. 30, set. 49. Charles having been removed to London, was arraigned be- fore a regicide tribunal, composed of 133 members, of whom scarcely 70 ever met together on the trial. It was presided over by Bradshaw, a lawyer, and consisted mostly of military men, devoted to Crom- well, who was one of the judges. The deportmenl of the king on the occasion was temperate and dig- nified. He steadily refused to acknowledge the juris- diction of the court, and bore with fortitude and gen- tleness the insults and bitter reproaches which were heaped upon him. After witnesses had been intro * CHRONOLOGY 166 A. I duced to prove that the king had waged war against the parliament, he was pronounced guilty of high treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. The warrant for his execution was signed by 59 of his judges. The king spent the three days that intervened between the sentence and its execution in the society of his children, and in pious conversation with Dr. Juxton, the existing bishop of London. On the fatal day he ascended the scaffold with firmness and composure ; and after justifying his conduct in the late war, he laid his head upon the block, and at one blow it was severed from his body, in the 49th year of his age, and the 24th of his reign. Like all the Stuarts, he seems to have had a high idea of the prerogatives of royalty, and to have been a misguided man, whose intentions were better than his judgment. The na- tion was variously affected by his death ; the Scotch, perhaps, troubled that they had, for a sum of money, betrayed him to the parliament, were inclined to acknowledge his son Charles II. as monarch ; but the Parliament prevailed, and the Commonwealth was established, of which Cromwell at length became the head, as Protector. A civil war in Paris, which is blockaded by the prince of Conde. A league be- tween Denmark and the United Provinces. Galileo first applied the pendulum to clocks ; see 1656. Samuel Bochart, ob. 1667. 1650. Battle of Dunbar, in which the Scots are defeated by Cromwell, Sept. 3. Mezeray, ob. 1683, set. 73. 1651. Battle of Worcester, in which Cromwell defeats Charles II., Sept. 3. The Venetians defeat the Turk- ish fleet near Scio, June 12, O. S. The Poles defeat 300,000 Tartars, June 20. Dr. John Wallis, ob. 1703, set. 87. Archibald, marquis of Argyle, ob. 1661, set. 63. 1652. The war between the English and Dutch begins, May 19. Naval battle between the English and Dutch near Plymouth, Aug. 16. Van Tromp de- feats the English fleet in the Downs, Nov. 29. Van Tromp with 80 Dutch ships fell upon Blake with 40 English vessels in the Downs, when six of the latter were taken and the rest forced into the Thames, OF THU WORLD, 167 A. D. after which Van Tromp sailed through the channel with a birch-broom at the top-mast head, in token of haying sivept the British Channel, A comet appear- ed. The Dutch establish a colony at the Cape of Good Hope. J. Fred. Gronovius, ob. 1671, set. 58. Chancellor Seguier, ob. 1672, set. 84. 1653. A naval engagement between the English and Dutch on the coast of France, Feb. 18, in which the Eng- glish were victorious, having destroyed 11 Dutch men of war, and captured 30 merchantmen. They achieved a second victory off North Foreland, June 3. Cromwell dissolves Parliament, April 20. The Eng- lish defeat the Dutch in a sea fight on the coast of Flanders, June 3 ; and again near the Texel, July 29. Cromwell proclaimed protector, Dec. 16, ob. 1658, set. 60. Blaise Pascal, ob. 1662, set. 39. 1654. Peace between Holland and England, April 5. Air pump invented by Otto Guericke of Magdeburg. John Milton, ob. 1674, set. 66. Admiral Blake, ob. 1657, ©t. 59. 1655. Admiral Penn takes Jamaica, May 7. Blake destroys the Spanish galleons at Santa Cruz. The Venetians defeat the Turks in a naval battle at the Dardanelles, June 11, O. S. Huygens discovers the fourth satel- lite of Saturn, March 25. Peace between England and France, Oct. 25. War between Sweden and Poland. Thomas Bartholin, ob. 1680, set. 64. 1656. Treaty between the king of Sweden and the elector of Brandenburg, Jan. 11, O. S. England declares war against Spain, Feb. 16. The Poles defeated by the Swedes in three battles at Warsaw, July 18, 19, and 20, O. S. Pendulums said to have been applied to clocks by Fromantil; see 1649. Edmund Waller, ob. 1687, set. 82. Marshal Turenne, ob. 1675, set. 64. 1657. War between Denmark and Sweden. A treaty be- tween the king of Poland and the elector of Branden- burg, Sept. 9, O. S. Peter Corneille, ob. 1684, set. 78. 1658. A shower of sulphur fell in the duchy of Mansfield. Turenne defeats the Spaniards, and takes Dunkirk, June 17. Dunkirk delivered to the English. Hookes’ watch with a balance-spring invented. J. Baptista CHRONOLOGY 168 A. D. Poquelin Moliere, ob. 1672. Admiral de Ruyter, ob. 1676, set. 60. 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, Oct. 28, O. S. Du Cange, ob. 1685, set. 58. 1660. Peace between Denmark and Sweden, March 17, O. S. The restoration of Charles II., May 29. Peace be- tween Sweden, Poland, and the empire, May 8. The king of Denmark declared absolute, and the throne hereditary, Oct. 13, O. S. Algernon Syd- ney, ob. 1683, set. 66. General Monk, duke of Al- bemarle, ob. 1670, set. 62. 1661. A treaty between the Portuguese and Dutch. A treaty of commerce between Great Britain and Sweden, Oct. 21. The Portuguese cede Bombay to England. A comet appeared. Franking letters began ; abridged in 1764 and 1775. Sir John Mar- sham, ob. 1685, set. 83. 1662. The Royal Society established, July 15. Dunkirk restored to the French. Charles II. granted a char- ter to Connecticut, incorporating New Haven with it, April 23. Samuel Butler, ob. 1680, set. 68. 1663. Two meteoric stones, one weighing 200 and the other 300 pounds, fell at Verona. Gregorian telescopes invented before this. Charles II. confirmed the char- ter of Massachusetts by letter, June 28. Charter of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, granted, July 8. A great earthquake in Canada and New England, Jan. 26. The grant of Carolina to the Earl of Clarendon and 7 others, March 24. The Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres established. The Spaniards defeated by the Portu- guese near Evora. Prussia declared independent of Poland. Charles le Brun, ob. 1690, set. 71. 1664. War between the English and Dutch. Treaty of Pisa between the king of France and the pope, Feb. 2, O. S. The French defeat the Turks in Hungary, July 22. Observatory at Paris founded. Battle of St. Godard, July 22. The academy for sculpture established in France, Aug. 31. A comet appeared. New Haven consented to a union with Connecticut, December. Lewis Maimbourg, ob. 1686, set. 77. 1665. War between England and France. A comet ap- OF THE WORLD. 169 4. D. peared. The English defeat the Dutch in a naval battle near Harwich, June 3. Rev. John Elliot’s Indian Bible completed and printed. New Nether- lands taken from the Dutch and granted by patent to the duke of York, March 12. The duke of York re- leased to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, the territory of New Jersey, June 24. Sir J. Yeamans settled on the southern bank of Cape Fear river, with a colony from Barbadoes. The plague raged in London. The magic lantern invented by Kireher. The Spaniards defeated by the Portuguese at Villa Viciosa, June 7, O. S. Ralph Cudworth, ob. 1688, aet. 71. 1666. A comet was seen at Ceylon. A naval engagement between the English and Dutch near Dunkirk, June 1, 4. The English defeat the Dutch fleet near the Thames, July 25 and 26. A fire in London, which extended to 600 streets, and burnt 13,200 houses, Sept. 2. The English settle in Antigua. War de- clared between England and Denmark. Academy of sciences established in France. Giles Menage, ob. 1692, set. 79. 1667. A commercial treaty between Britain and Spain, May 23. The treaty of Breda, July 31. War between France and Spain. Charles de St. Evremond, ob. 1703, set. 90. 1668. A comet appeared on the 7th March in Aries. The Newtonian telescope invented before this : it was ex- hibited to the king on the 11th Jan., 1672. A treaty of commerce between Britain and Holland, Feb. 17. The triple alliance of Britain, Sweden, and Holland, against France, Jan. 23. Peace between Portugal and Spain, after 26 years of war, Feb. 3, O. S. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, between Spain and France, April 22, O. S. Massachusetts resumed the gov- ernment of Maine. Benedict de Spinosa, ob. 1678, set. 44. 1669. The Turks take Candia, Sept. 6, O. S. A treaty of commerce between Britain and Savoy, Sept. 19. Huygens, ob. 1695, set. 66. 1670. A treaty of commerce between Britain and Denmark, July 11. Peace of Madrid, between Britain and 15 no A. D. CHRONOLOGY Spain, July 18. Hevelius discovered a new star, July 15, which disappeared, and became visible in 1672. Sir Christopher Wren, ob. 1723, set. 91. 1671# Cassini discovers the sixth of Saturn’s satellites in Oc- tober. The colony, which, under Capt. Sayle, in 1670, had been settled at Port Royal, removed and began a settlement on the bank of Ashley river, un- der Sir J. Yeamans, which was called old Charleston. Isaac Barrow, ob. 1677, set. 47. 1672. A comet appears. The Cassegrainian telescope in- vented before this. France declares war against Hol- land, April 6. England declares war against Hol- land, March 17. War between the Poles and Turks. A league against France between the empire and Holland, July 15, O. S. A severe naval battle be- tween the English and Dutch in Solebay, May 28. Louis XIV. subdues great part of Holland. The prince of Orange made stadtholder, and J. de Witt put to death, Aug. 12. Cassini discovers Saturn’s 3d satellite. Sir W. Temple, ob. 1700, set. 72. 1673. The Dutch fieet defeated by that of the English and French, May 28, June 14, and Aug. 11. The king of France makes war upon Spain, Oct. 9, O. S. The Poles defeat the Turks near Choczim, Oct. 31. Rene Rapin, ob. 1687, set. 66. 1674. Treaty between Britain, Spain, and Holland, Feb. 19. Sicily revolts from Spain. The battle of LenefF in Flanders, Aug. 1, O. S. The French first settle in the East Indies. Academy of Soissons established. The Imperialists defeated at Ensheim by Turenne, Sept. 24, O. S., at Mulhausen, Dec. 19, O. S., and at Turkeim, Dec. 27, O. S. Treaty between Britain and Holland, at London, Dec. 11. New York taken by the Dutch in 1673, was restored, and confirmed to the English by treaty. Dr. Thomas Sydenham, ob. 1689, set. 66. 1675. War between Denmark and Sweden. Turenne passes the Rhine, and is opposed by Montecucli. The Swedes defeated by the Prussians at Fehrbellin, June 8, O. S. Battle of Altenheim, July 22, O. S. Treaty be- tween Britain and Holland at the Hague, Dec. 30. Connecticut laws revised in 1672, were first printed OF THE WORLD. 171 A. D. by Mr. Green at Cambridge, Mass. Robert Boyle, ob. 1691, set. 65. 1676. Meteoric stones fell from a ball of fire into the sea, S. S. W. of Leghorn, on the 21st of May. Carolina planted by English merchants. The king of France makes war upon Denmark, Aug. 28. The French defeat the allied fleet at Palermo, May 23, O. S. Indian war in New England, under the celebrated Indian chief, King Philip, occurred, during which he was killed, Aug. 12. The royal observatory at Greenwich built. Samuel Puffendorf, ob. 1694, set. 63. 1677. Meteoric stones fell at Ermandorf, near Roosenhav-n, on the 28th May. The commercial treaty of St. Germain, between Britain and France, Feb. 24th. The prince of Orange defeated near Cassel by the French, April 1, O. S. The Protestants revolt in Hungary. A comet appeared. The Danes defeated by the Swedes at Landscroon, Dec. 4, O. S. Carlo Maratti, ob. 1713, set. 88. 1678. A singular darkness at noon, Jan. 12. Alliance of Westminster, between Britain and Holland, March 3. Peace of Nimeguen, between France and Holland, July 31, O. S. Peace between France and Spain, Sept. 17. The Tartars attack the Russians. A comet appeared. The popish plot discovered by Oaks, Sept. 6. Daniel George Morhoff, ob. 1691, set. 53. 1679. The long parliament of England dissolved, Jan. 25. The peace of Nimeguen, between Germany and France, signed Jan. 26, O. S. Peace between Den- mark and Sweden, Aug. 23, O. S. An engagement between the English and Moors, which continued 11 days, at Tangier, Nov. 7. John de la Bruyere, ob. 1696, set. 57. 1680. Charles XI. declared absolute. A comet appeared. Lord Strafford beheaded. John de la Fontaine, ob. 1695, set. 74. 1681. A comet appeared. Dissensions between the king of England and parliament. Penny post in London be- gan ; established by government in 1711; postage increased to 2d. in 1801. Charter of Pennsylvania CHRONOLOGY 172 A. D. granted to William Penn, March 4. Sir George Mackenzie, ob. 1691, set. 53. James, duke of Mom mouth, ob. 1683, set. 36. 1682. A comet appears. Bouhours, ob. 1702, set. 74. Mar- shal Schomberg, ob. 1690. 1683. The Rye-house plot discovered, June 14. A. comet appeared. The Turks besiege Vienna. Lord Rus- sel beheaded, July 21st. John Dryden, ob. 1701, set. 70. 1684. A truce between France and Spain. The duke of Lorraine defeats 150,000 Turks at Weitzen, June 17, O. S. A comet appeared. Cassini discovers the 1st and 2d satellites of Saturn, in March. First set- tlement of Philadelphia, Oct. Charters of Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island vacated. Racine, ob. 1699, set. 60. George Saville, marquis of Halifax, ob. 1695, set. 62. 1685. Revocation of the edict of Nantz, Oct. 12, O. S., by Louis XIV., by which the Protestants w^ere violently persecuted, and the king lost 500,000 of his best subjects. Commotions in England and Scotland. Duke of Monmouth defeated at Sedgemore, July 6. Charles II. dies, Feb. 6, set. 55. Vauban, ob. 1707, set. 74. Boileau Despreaux, ob. 1711, set. 75. 1686. The Newtonian philosophy published. An embassy to Louis XIV. from the king of Siam. Albany in- corporated. First Episcopal church in Boston formed. The grand alliance against France between Britain, Germany, and Holland, May 12. A convention be- tween Britain and Holland against France, Aug. 22. The league of Augsburgh against France, July 11, O. S. A comet appeared. Humphrey Prideaux, ob. 1724, set. 77. 1687. Telegraphs said to have been invented ; they seem to have been proposed in 1663 by the marquis of Wor- cester. The crown of Hungary declared hereditary in the house of Austria. Sir Edmond Andros, who had been appointed by the king governor-general over New England, proceeded in October to Connecticut,, and arrived in Hartford with a company of troops while the assembly was in session, and demanded a surrender of the charter. While the principal offi- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 173 cers of the government were debating with Andros on the subject, and many people were collected, a garment was suddenly thrown over the candles, by which they were extinguished, and the charter, which lay on the table, was seized by Mr. Wadsworth of Hartford, conveyed away and secreted within a large hollow oak, still standing before the ancient seat of the Wyllis family, and is now celebrated as the Charter Oak . From this concealment it at length came forth, and, until long after the revolution, it formed the only constitution of the government of Connecticut, and it may now be seen in the archives of the secretary of state of that commonwealth. Grsevius, ob. 1703. 1688. Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake, July 10. The revolution in England begins, Nov. 5. France makes war against Holland, Nov. 23, O. S. Ab- dication of King James, who retires to France. Dec. 23. The Imperialists take Belgrade by assault. A revolution in Siam. Peter Bayle, ob. 1706, set. 59. 1689. K. William and Q. Mary proclaimed, Feb. 16. James II., with an army, lands in Ireland. The emperor declares war against France. France makes war upon Spain and England. The French fleet defeated at Bantry-bay, May 1. The grand al- liance between King William, the emperor, and the states-general, May 12. King William defeated at Killicrankie, July 27. Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, July 22. Falkland islands discovered. A treaty between China and Russia. Louis XIV. declares war against Holland. The Imperialists de- feat the Turks near Patochin, Aug 30 and Sept. 24. A comet appeared. Andros was seized^ deposed, and sent to England for trial, which was avoided. John Locke, ob. 1704, set. 70. 1690. Peace between the czar of Moscovy and the emperor of China. The French, under Tourville, defeat the English and Dutch in a naval battle off Beachy-head, June 30, O. S. Luxembourg defeats the allies at Fleurus, June 21. King William defeats James II. at the Boyne, July 1, O. S. First bills of credit is- sued by Massachusetts. Schenectady was burned, 15* CHRONOLOGY 174 A. D. and the inhabitants slain or scattered, Feb. 8. Bishop Stillingfleet, ob. 1699, set. 64. 1691. The congress at the Hague, Jan. Louis XIV. takes Mons, March 30, O. S. The battle of Aghrim, in Ireland, July 12. Termination of the war in Ire- land by the surrender of Limerick, Oct. 3. The Imperialists defeat the Turks, Aug. 9, O. S. A treaty of union between Sweden and Denmark. 12,000 Irish Catholics transported to France. Archbishop Tillotson, ob. 1694, set. 65. 1692. The English fleet defeats the French off La Hogue, May 19. Namur besieged and taken by the French, May 25. Massacre of Glencoe, Jan. 31. The Eng^ lish defeated by Luxembourg, at Steinkirk, July 24. Earthquakes in England and in Jamaica, Sept. 8. Massachusetts obtained a new charter, by which Plymouth was annexed to that colony. Bishop Bur- net, ob. 1715, rot. 72. 1693. Mild winter, in which vessels went to Albany in the month of Feb. William and Mary college, in Vir- ginia, founded. The English and the Dutch defeat- ed by the French, in a sea-fight off Cape Vincent, June 16. Order of St. Louis instituted. The al- lies defeated by Luxembourg, at Landen, July 19. Battle of Marsiglia, Sept. 24. Bossuet, ob. 1704, set. 78. 1694. Bank of England incorporated. Huy taken, Sept. 18. Messina destroyed by an earthquake. The Turks defeated by the Poles at Niester, Sept. 26. Queen Mary dies, Dec. 28, set. 33. Filicaia, ob. 1707, set. 65. Madame de Maintenon, ob. 1719, set. 84. 1695. A comet appeared at Macao, with a tail 40 degrees in length. War between the Ottoman Porte and the allies. Namur taken by the allies, July 25. The duke of Savoy takes Casal, May. Malebranche, ob. 1715. 1696. Treaty of Turin between Louis XIV. and the duke of Savoy. The Assassination plot discovered, July 14. Peter I. takes Azof, July 19. J. Dominique Cassini, ob. 1712, set. 87. 1697. A meteoric stone fell in Switzerland, on the 16th March. French take Carthagena, May 26. The OF THE WORLD, 175 A. T). Turks defeated by the Imperialists, in the battle of Zentha, Sept. 1. The peace of Ryswick, between Britain, F ranee, Holland, and Spain, Sept. 1 1 , Peace between France and the empire, Oct. 20. Henry Dodwell, ob. 1711, sst. 70. John Lobieski dies. 1698. The Czar Peter travels into Holland, England, and Germany. The first treaty of partition between France, Britain, and Holland, signed Aug. 10. A comet appears. Gronovius, ob. 1716, set. 71. Hein- sius, ob. 1720, aet. 79. 1699. Peace of Carlowitz, between Poland, Russia, Venice, and Turkey, Jan 16. A comet appeared. The Scots attempt an establishment on the coast of Darien. A league against Sweden, between Denmark, Poland, and Russia. The Dutch guards sent to Holland. Bishop Lloyd, ob. 1717, set. 90. 1700. Meteoric stones fell near St. Jago, in Jamaica. The Dutch and the German Protestants introduce the new style. The crown of Spain transferred to the house of Bourbon. A severe bill against the papists in England. The treaty of Traventhod, between Den- mark and Sweden, Aug. The Russians defeated by the Swedes at Narva, Nov. 20. Thrashing ma- chine, with flails, invented. Mad. Dacier, ob. 1720, set. 69. Eighteenth Century. 1701. The coronation of the first king of Prussia, Jan. 7. Academy of sciences founded at Berlin. An alliance against France, between Germany, England, Hol- land, and Savoy, Sept. 7. A league against the al- lies, between France, Spain, and Portugal. Yale College founded at Saybrook, Connecticut. Sir Isaac Newton, ob. 1727, set. 85. 1702. A comet appeared. War declared against France, in England, Germany, and Holland, May 4. The Im- perialists defeated by the French at Luzara, Aug. 4. Landau surrenders to the Imperialists, Aug. 30. Venloo surrendered to the allies, Sept. 25. The French fleet destroyed by the English and Dutch in the port of Vigo, Oct. 12. The French send colo- CHRONOLOGY 176 A. 1 nies to the Mississippi. Naval battle between the English and French in the West Indies, Aug. 19. China ware made at Dresden. King William dies, March 8, set. 52. He was the posthumous son of William, prince of Orange, by Mary, eldest daugh- ter of Charles I., and espoused his first cousin, Princess Mary, eldest daughter of James II., and left no issue. William and Mary, though not the next in succession, acceded to the throne of England by the choice of the parliament and people, on the abdication, or rather flight, of James II., who lost the throne by his tyranny, and attachment to the Roman Catholic religion. In compliance with an invitation from the chief men in England and Scot- land, the prince from Holland, with a fleet of 500 sail, set out for England, with the avowed design of restoring the church and state to their due rights ; and he was supported by the whigs, and by many whom James had considered his best friends, and particularly by Anne his daughter, afterwards queen of England, and Prince George of Denmark, her husband. This was the eventful period in English history, called the Revolution , in which the succes- sion was confirmed in the prince and princess of Grange ; a declaration of rights was annexed, which defined the royal prerogative, and fixed on a firm basis the liberties of the people of England. He was succeeded by the Princess Anne of Denmark, the eldest daughter of James II. — The charter of Philadelphia granted, Oct. 25. The culture of silk and cotton introduced about this time into Carolina. Prince Eugene, ob. 1736, set. 73. Fenelon, ob. 1715, set. 64. 1703. Portugal joins the league against France and Spain, May 5. Petersburg founded. A dreadful tempest in England, Nov. 27. Leibnitz, ob. 1716, set. 70. 1704. Rice introduced into Carolina from Madagascar. Deerfield, Mass., burned, and the inhabitants slain, taken captives, or dispersed, Feb. 28. The Bavari- ans defeated by Marlborough at Schellenburg, July 2. Admiral Rook takes Gibraltar, July 24. Battle of Blenheim, in which the allies defeat the French, OF THE WORLD. 177 A. D. Aug. 2. Narva taken by the czar of Muscovy, Aug. 10. The English defeat the French fleet off Malaga, Aug. 13. The allies take Landau, Nov. 23. Huet, ob. 1721, set. 91. 1705. The Spanish fleet defeated by the English off Gibral- tar, March 21. Marlborough forces the French lines in Brabant, July 18. The duke of Vendome defeats Prince Eugene at Cassano, Aug. 5. Barce Iona reduced by the English, Aug. 22. Sir Godfrey Kneller, ob. 1723, set. 77. 1706. A meteoric stpne weighing 72 pounds fell near Louisa, in Macedonia, in January. The French defeated by Marlborough, at Ramillies, May 12. Marlborough takes Brussels, Louvaine, Bruges, Ghent, Ostend, Menin, &c. The allies take Carthagena, June 13. Union between England and Scotland, signed, July 20. P. Eugene defeats the French at Turin, Aug. 27. Peace between Poland and Sweden, Sept. 13. The Spaniards discover the New Philippine Isles. A comet appeared. John Flamstead, ob. 1723, set. 77. 1707. The French defeat the allies at Almanza, April 14. Treaty between the emperor and Sweden, in April. The kingdom of Naples seized by the emperor. A conspiracy in Geneva. A comet appeared. And. Dacier, ob. 1722, set. 71. 1708. Battle of Oudenarde, in which the French are defeated, June 30. Sardinia taken by the allies, Aug. 4. Minorca taken by Gen. Stanhope, Sept. 18. Lisle surrenders to the allies, Oct. 12. Marlborough takes Ghent, Dec. 30. Jo. Vincent Gravina, ob. 1718, set. 50. 1709. Battle of Pultowa, in which the Swedes are defeated by the Russians, June 27. Tournay taken by the allies, July 30. The French defeated at Malplaquet, Aug. 31. Mons taken by the allies, Oct. 21. Dr. Bentley, ob. 1742, set. 80. Marshal Villars, ob. 1734, set. 82. 1710. The allies take Douay, June 15. The allies defeat the Spaniards at Almenara, July 27, and at Sara- gossa, Aug. 9. Port Royal taken by Gen. Nichol- son, and its name changed to Annapolis, Oct. 2. The 178 A. D. CHRONOLOGY English defeated at Brihwega, by the duke of Yen- dome, Dec. 9. Battle of Villa Viciosa, Dec. 10. The Spaniards defeated by Staremberg. Bishop Hare, ob. 1740, set. 70. R. Harley, earl of Oxford, ob. 1724, set. 63. 1711. The duke de Noailies takes Girrone, Jan. 23. War declared by the emperor of Russia against the Turks, March 8 ; a battle between the Turks and Russians, which lasts 3 days. Bouchain taken by Marlborough, Sept. 13. Treaty of Pruth, between Peter the Great and Achmet III. Addison, ob. 1719, set. 48. Lord Bolingbroke, ob. 1751, set. 73. 1/12. Villars defeats the English at Denain, July 13, and takes Douay, Sept. 8. Negotiations for peace at Utrecht. The Tuscaroras attacked N. Carolina, were defeated by Col. Barnwell, and migrated to the five nations and formed a sixth tribe. Sir R. Steel, ob. 1729. Tv 13. A comet appears. Peace of Utrecht between Britain and Holland, Jan. 29. Peace between Russia and Turkey. A treaty between Britain and Spain, March 26. Peace between Britain and France, between France and the duke of Savoy, between Portugal and France, between Prussia and France, April 11 ; between France and the states-general, April 12; between Britain and Spain, July 13. Iron began to be manufactured in Virginia. Matthew Prior, ob. 1721, set. 57. 1714. Treaty of Rastadt and of Baden, in Switzerland, be- tween Germany and France, March 6. Barcelona and Cordova taken by the king of Spain. Treaty of Baden between France, Germany, and Spain, Sept. 7. War declared against Venice by the Turks, Dec. 7. Q. Anne dies, and George I. succeeds to the throne of Great Britain, Aug. 1. Francis Atter- bury, bishop of Rochester, banished, 1723, ob. 1732, set. 70. 1715. Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 13. Morea subdued by the Turks. The barrier treaty between Holland and Germany, Nov. 15. The battle of Prestonpans, Nov. 13 ; SherifF-muir, Nov. 13. Prince Charles lands near Aberdeen, OF TIIE WORLD. 179 A . D. Deo. 22. Louis XIV. dies, Aug. 21, set. 77. John Hardouin, ob. 1729, set. 83. John, duke of Argyle, ob. 1743, set. 61. 1716. Alliance between Britain and Holland, Feb, 6. The rebellion in Scotland suppressed, April 26. Alliance between Britain and Germany, May 25. War be- tween Germany and Turkey. The Turks defeated by P. Eugene, at Peterwaradin, July 25. John Le Clerc, ob. 1736, set. 79. Philip, duke of Orleans, regent of France, ob. 1723, set. 51. 1717. A comet appears. Peter the Great arrives in Paris. Yale College was removed from Saybrook to New Haven. The triple alliance between Britain, F ranee, and Holland, at the Hague, Dec. 24. Prince Eu- gene defeats the Turks at Belgrade, kills 15,000 men, and takes 130 pieces of cannon. L’Enfant, ob. 1728, set. 68. 1718. Charles XII. invades Norway. The English defeat the Spaniards in a sea-fight, near Syracuse, July 31. Treaty of Passarowitz, between the Germans, Vene- tians, and Turks, July 21. Quadruple alliance be- tween Germany, Britain, France, and Holland, Aug. 2. Britain makes war upon Spain, Dec. 22. A comet appeared. Vertot, ob. 1735, set. 80. Earl Macclesfield, ob. 1732, set. 66. 1719. Sicily evacuated by the Spanish troops. Peace be- tween Britain and Spain, June 26. Peace between Poland and Sweden ; between Hanover and Sweden, Nov. 20. Battle of Franca Villa, June 9. The Mississippi scheme at its height in France. Combi- nation against the proprietary government of Caro- lina, and a revolution effected. First Philadelphia newspaper established. John Law, ob. 1729, set. 58. Dr. Friend, ob. 1728, set. 53. Alberoni disgraced, ob. 1752, set. 88. 1720. A league between England and Sweden, Jan. 21. Peace between Sweden and Prussia, Jan. 21. South Sea scheme begins April 7, and ends Sept. 29. Peace between Denmark and Sweden, June 3. A great earthquake in China, June 11. The Mississippi company in France dissolved, June 27. Pestilence in France. Sardinia ceded to the duke of Savoy, 180 A. B. CHRONOLOGY Aug. 7. Gov. Burnet arrived as governor of New York. Montfaucon, ob. 1741, set. 86. 1721. A shower of sulphur fell in Brunswick, in October. Peace between Britain and Spain, June 13. Alliance between Britain, France, and Spain, June 13. Peace between Sweden and Russia, Aug. 19. The small- pox raged in Boston and the vicinity, and inocula- tion first introduced by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, with great opposition. The aurora borealis, or northern lights, which had disappeared for almost a century, appeared in New England, Dec. 11. Dr. S. Clarke, ob. 1729, set. 54. Sir R. Walpole, ob. 1745, set. 71. 1722. The English make peace with the Moors, Aug. 12. A revolution in Persia, Oct. 12. The czar assumes the title of Emperor of Russia. Roggewein makes discoveries in the Pacific ocean. The Christians and Jesuits expelled from China. Dr. Jonathan Swift, ob. 1745, set. 78. 1723. Thirty-three meteoric stones fell near Plestowitz, in Bohemia, on the 22d June. A comet appeared. Dr. Edmund Halley, ob. 1742, set. 82. Duke of Marl- borough dies, set. 73. 1724. Earthquake in Denmark. Persecution of the Protest- ants in France. An academy of sciences established at St. Petersburgh. Philip V. resigns his kingdom to his son Lewis, Jan. 15. Fort Dummer, on Con- necticut river, the first settlement in Vermont by civilized men, made. John Albertus Fabricius, ob. 1736, set. 67. Duke de Riperda disgraced, 1726, ob. 1737. 1725. Treaty of Vienna, between the emperor and the king of Spain, April 31. War between Persia and Tur- key. Treaty of Hanover, between Britain, France, and Prussia, against Germany and Spain, Sept. 3. The first newspaper printed in New York, by Wil- liam Bradford, called the New York Gazette. Dr. John Arbuthnot, ob. 1735. Cardinal Fleury, ob. 1743, set. 90. 1726. An earthquake at Palermo, Aug. 21. Printing intro- duced into Virginia, by William Parks. Boerhaave, ob. 1738, set. 70. 1727. Treaty of Copenhagen, between Britain, Denmark, &c., OP THE WORLD. 181 A. D. April 16. Peace between Turkey and Persia. Ab- erration of the fixed stars discovered by Dr. Bradley. Siege of Gibraltar begun by the Spaniards, May 20, and continued till April, 1728. King George I. dies, June 11, set. 68, having reigned 13 years. A dry summer, followed by a violent earthquake, Oct. 20. Dr. Chandler, ob. 1750, set. 83. Dr. Bradley, ob. 1762, set. 70. 1728. Treaty of Westminster, between Britain and Holland, May 27. A colony of Danes passed into Greenland. A great fire in Copenhagen. An earthquake in China, September. A tempest in Carolina inundated the lowlands, and drove the people into the upper rooms of their houses, which was followed in Charleston by a pestilential fever, Cotton Mather died at Bos- ton, aged 65 years ; he was fellow of the Royal So- ciety of London. Cardinal Polignac, ob. 1741, set. 80. Sir R. Temple, ob. 1749, set. 74. 1729. A comet appeared. The treaty of Seville, between Britain, France, and Spain, Nov. 9. Bishop Gibson, ob. 1743, set. 79. 1730. War between Persia and Turkey. An earthquake in China. A revolution at Constantinople, September. The Persians, under Kouli-Khan, gain a signal vic- tory over the Turks. The first newspaper printed in Carolina. Carolina purchased of the proprietors by the crown, and divided into two provinces, North and South Carolina. Bishop Hoadly, ob. 1761, set. 85. 1731. A treaty between Britain and Germany, March 16. A new treaty between Germany, Britain, and Spain, July 22. Alliance between the electorates of Hano- ver and Saxony, August. A great earthquake at Naples. Alexander Pope, ob. 1741, set. 80. 1732. The Spanish fleet defeats the Moors on the coast of Barbary, June 20. The Pragmatic sanction con- firmed by the diet of the empire, Jan. 11. George Washington born in Westmoreland co., Virginia, Feb. 22, O. S. Pennsylvania contained 30,000 in- habitants ; Maryland, 36,000 ; New Jersey, 47,000, Rollin, ob. 1741, set. 80. 1733,. Jesuits expelled from Paraguay, January. A war be 16 182 A. D. CHRONOLOGY tween Germany and France. A treaty between France, Spain, and Sardinia. Georgia settled under Gen. James Oglethorpe, Feb. 1, at Yamacraw Bluff, on Savannah river, which was called after the In- dian name of the river, Savannah. Abbe du Bos, ob. 1742, set. 72. 1734. A battle between the Turks and Persians. The Im- perialists defeated by the French at Parma, June 18. The French take Philipsburg, July 7. Dantzic sub- mits to Augustus, July 10. The king of Sardinia defeats the Imperialists at Guastalla, Sept. 19. A commercial treaty between Britain and Russia, Dec. 2. Fontenelle, ob. 1756, set. 100. W. Pulteney, ob. 1764, set. 81. 1735. Alliance between Sweden and Denmark. The Turks defeated by the Persians. Preliminaries of peace between France and Austria, signed Oct. 3. Dr. Sherlock, ob. 1761, set. 84. 1736. Peace between Austria and Spain. War between Russia and Turkey. Kouli-Khan proclaimed king of Persia, by the title of Shah Nadir, Sept. 29. La- grange born, 25th June. Bishop Berkeley, ob. 1753, set. 73. 1737. A comet appeared. The emperor, along with Russia, makes war upon the Turks, July 2. A dreadful hurricane at the mouth of the Ganges, Oct. 10. In- surrection of the slaves in South Carolina. Colin Maclaurin, ob. 1746, set. 48. Philip, earl of Hard- wicke, ob. 1764, set. 74. 1738. The Russians invade the Crimea. Treaty of Vienna, between the emperor and the king of France, Nov. 18. James Thomson, ob. 1748, set. 48. Lord Presi- dent Forbes, ob. 1747, set. 62. 1739. Shah Nadir obtains possession of the empire of the Moguls. Treaty between Britain and Denmark. A comet appeared. The Russians defeat the Turks at Choczim, Aug. 8. Peace between Germany and Turkey, Aug. 21 ; between Russia and Turkey, Nov. War between England and Spain declared, Oct, 23. Porto-Bello taken by Vernon, Nov. 21. Treaty of Versailles between France and Holland, Dec. 21. Bishop Butler, ob. 1752, set. 60. OF THE WORLD. 183 A. D. 1740. War between Hungary and Poland. Peace between Persia and Turkey, Oct. The Emperor Charles VI. dies, Oct. 9, which begins the general war in Ger- many, that lasts 8 years. Henry Fielding, ob. 1754, set. 48. Arthur Onslow, ob. 1768, set. 78. 1741. Prussians defeated by the Imperialists at the battle of Molwitz, March 30. War between Russia and Sweden. Carthagena taken by Vernon, June 19. The Prussians seize Silesia, Oct. 20. Moravians first settle in America at Bethlehem. The cele- brated negro-plot for burning the city of New York was detected ; two white persons were executed, one of whom, a Roman Catholic priest, died, protesting his innocence ; 14 negroes were burned at the stake, 18 were hanged, and 71 were transported. There is reason to believe that a plot existed to bum the city, but the fears of the people were unreasonably excited. The city then contained 12,000 inhabitants, one sixth of whom were slaves. Benjamin Franklin issued the first number of his General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, the first literary journal pub- lished in the United States. Charles de Secondat Baron Montesquieu, ob. 1755, set. 67. 1 742. Two comets appeared. Battle of Czaslaw, between the Austrians and Prussians, May 6. Peace between Prussia and Austria. Prague besieged by the Aus- trians, Aug. 16 to Dec. 16. Alliance between Bri- tain and Prussia, Nov. 18. Dr. Stephen Hale, ob. 1761, set. 82. 1743. War between the Turks and Persians. The battle of Campo Santo, Jan. 17. The allied army defeats the French at the battle of Dettingen, June 16. Al- liance between Britain and Russia, February. A plague in Sicily, May. War between the British, French, Austrians, and Hungarians. Peace be- tween Russia and Sweden at Abo, Aug. 17. A comet appeared. An alliance between Britain, Hun- * gary, &c., at Worms, Sept. 13. Alliance between Britain and Russia, Dec. 11. The Library Com- pany of Philadelphia incorporated ; it was formed in 1631, through the influence of Benjamin Franklin, : and was the first subscription library in the country. 184 CHRONOLOGY A. D. A large comet appeared in Dec. G. Frederick Handel, ob. 1759, set. 56. 1744. A comet appeared. The attempt of the French to invade Britain defeated, Feb. 24. Naval engage- ment between the French and English fleets off Tou- lon, Feb. 22. War between Britain and France. War between Hungary and France, April 17. Sur- render of Menin, June. The king of Prussia takes Prague, Sept. 16. Friburg surrenders to the French, Nov. 1. Commodore Anson completes his voyage round the world. Henry Pelham, ob. 1754, set. 60. 1745. Quadruple alliance between Britain, Austria, Holland, and Poland, Jan. 8. The Austrians defeat the French at Pfaffenhofen, April 4. Battle of Fontenoy, April 30. Shah Nadir defeats the Turks at Erzerum, in May. The Prussians defeat the Austrians at Strie- gau, June 4. The French take Tournay, Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, Dendermonde, Ostend, Newport, and Aeth, between June 8 and Oct. 9. The Eng- lish take Louisbourg and Cape Breton, June 6. The rebellion in Scotland begins in July. The Austrians defeated by the Prussians at Sohr, Sept. 19. Battle of Prestonpans, Sept. 21. Treaty of Dresden, be- tween Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Saxony, Dec. 25. The duke of Cumberland takes Carlisle, Dec. 30. Louisburg, “the Dunkirk of America,” surren- dered to New England troops, aided by an English squadron, June 17. New England contains 1000 vessels exclusive of fishing craft. From the custom- houses it was ascertained that in commerce, Boston occupied the first place, Philadelphia the second, New York the third, Charleston the fourth, Newport the fifth, and Perth Amboy the sixth. Dr. Middleton, ob. 1750, set. 67. Marshal Saxe, ob. 1750, set. 54. 1746. Battle of Falkirk, Jan. 17. Peace between Persia and Turkey in January. Count Saxe takes Brussels, Feb. 20, and soon after Antwerp. Battle of Cullo- den, April 16. Alliance of Petersburg, between Russia and Austria, May 22. The prince of Conti takes Mons, July 10, and Charleroi, Aug. 2. Na- mur taken by Count Clermont, Sept. 19. The allies defeated by* Saxe at Reucoux, Oct. 11. Lima de- A . D. OF THE WORLD. 185 stroyed by an earthquake, Oct. 17. French expe- dition under the Duke D’Anville, consisting of 40 ships of war and from 3000 to 4000 troops, menaced New England, and signally failed by means of a storm, contagious fever, and other disasters ; it was considered by serious people as an instance of a re- markable interposition of Providence in their favor. The college of New Jersey, subsequently named Nassau-Hall, was first established at Elizabethtown, afterwards removed to Newark, and finally to Prince- ton in 1757, where it became permanent. Jonathan Dickinson, first president of New Jersey College, died, in his 60th year. David Brainerd, missionary to the Indians, died, in his 30th year. Hogarth, ob. 1764, set. 67. Duke of Cumberland, ob. 1765, set. 45. 1747. Anson and Warren defeat the French fleet, May 3. A comet appeared. The prince of Orange elected Stadtholder of the United Provinces, May 2. Alli- ance of Stockholm, between Prussia, Poland, and Sweden, May 29. Admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet, Oct. 14. The French take Bergen-op- Zoom, Sept. 5. Kouli Khan murdered. A revolu- tion in Persia. James Cassini, ob. 1756, set. 79. Lord Anson, ob. 1762, set. 62. 1748. Two comets appeared. The French take Maestricht, May 7. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, between Britain, France, Spain, Austria, Sardinia, and Holland, Oct. 7. Benjamin Robins, ob. 1751, set. 44. Sir John Barnard, ob. 1764, set. 80. 1749. Nova Scotia colonized. A league against the Cor- sairs of Algiers and Tunis, between the Pope, Vene- tians, &c. Bennington, Vt., granted by Gov. Ben- ning Wentworth, of N. H., which was followed by other similar grants, for four or five years, since called the New Hampshire grants. In these grants were reserved one right of land containing about 360 acres for the first settled minister ; one similar right as a glebe for the support of an Episcopal minister, of the Church of England, 66 as by law established; 55 and one right for the “ Society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts. 55 The glebe in Vermont, and also CHRONOLOGY 186 A. I in New Hampshire, has been appropriated to the use of schools, the U. S. court having decided that there is no such thing in the country as the Church of England, “ as by law established. ” But the Society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts since con- veyed their right to the Episcopal church in Ver- mont for the support of her ministry, and the court of the United States put them in possession of this right, and it now constitutes a fund for the support of the Bishop of Vermont, and to aid in the support of the Episcopal clergy of that state. This right of land is found in many of the oldest and best town- ships in the state of Vermont. The legislature had already appropriated it to the use of schools ; and it evinced the stern integrity and paramount authority of the Supreme Court of the United States, that they should confirm this grant to a foreign Society, which should go to the support of a denomination who con- stituted a small minority among the religious sects of the state. The population of the English colonies was this year, 1,046,000. La Place born, March 23. Bouguer, ob. 1758, set. 61. Philip, earl of Chesterfield, ob. 1773, set. 79. 1750. A large meteoric stone fell on St. Peter’s day at Niort, near Constance in Normandy. Two shocks of an earthquake in England, Feb. 8 and March 8. An academy of sciences founded at Stockholm. Treaty of commerce between Spain and Britain, Oct. 5. Belidor, ob. 1761, set. 64. Earl of Ba- thurst, ob. 1775, set. 91. 1751. Two meteoric stones, one weighing 71, and the other 16 pounds, fell in the district of Agram in Croatia. Peace between Portugal and Spain. Pennsylvania Hospital was established by act of the assembly, Feb. 7. Frederic, prince of Wales, dies, March 20, set. 44. Thomas Simpson, ob. 1761. S752. Franklin discovers the identity between electricity and lightning. The new style introduced into Bri- tain, Sept. 3, reckoned the 14th. A tempest laid Charleston under water, in Sept. The new style was introduced into the colonies. From this time, the new year, instead of beginning on the 25th of A. D. OF THE WORLD. 187 March, commenced on the 1st of Jan. The new style began on the 3d of September, now called the 14th, eleven days having been dropped. The new style was thus slowly adopted, as it had originated with Pope Gregory XIII. of Rome. La Caille, ob. 1762, set. 49. Franklin, ob. 1790, set. 85. 1753. Meteoric stones fell near Eichstadt in Germany in January. Other two, one of 20, and another of 11 pounds weight, fell in Bresse-bock, in September ; and a shower of stones fell on the 3d July, near Ta- bor in Bohemia. Major Washington, then in his 22d year, was sent by Gov. Dinwiddie of Va., to re- monstrate against the encroachments of the French at Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. The British Museum established by act of parliament. China ware made at Chelsea. Dr. Edward Young, ob. 1765, set. 83. 1754. A dreadful eruption of iEtna. A great earthquake at Constantinople, &c., Sept. 2. The French surprised and defeated by Col. Washington at the Great Mead- ows. Col. Washington and his troops in Fort Neces- sity, surrendered to the French, July 4. Dr. John Leland, ob. 1766, set. 75. John duke of Bedford, ob. 1771, set. 61. 1755. A meteoric stone fell in the country of Terra Nova, weighing pounds. War between the Algerines and Dutch, April 10. Quito destroyed by an earth- quake, April 28. Braddock killed near Fort Du- quesne, July 9. Gen. Braddock led a force against the French at Fort Duquesne, and Col. Washington was appointed his aid ; Braddock was defeated and mortally wounded, and Washington displayed his youthful prowess in conducting the retreat of the shattered forces. A convention between Britain and Russia, Sept. 30. Lisbon destroyed by an earth- quake, Nov. 1. Dr. Birch, ob. 1766, set. 61. Ad- miral Boscawen, ob. 1761, set. 50. 1756. Treaty between Britain and Prussia, Feb. 16. Eng- land makes war upon France, May 17. A naval engagement between the English and French off Minorca, May 20. Minorca surrendered to the French, June 28. Oswego taken, Aug. 14, by the CHRONOLOGY 188 a. r French under M. Montcalm. The population of Con- necticut, as returned to the assembly, was 130,611. Dr. Robert Smith, ob. 1768, set. 79. William Pitt, earl of Chatham, ob. 1778, set. 70. The Austrians defeated at Lowoschutz, by the king of Prussia, Oct. 1. 1757. Damien’s conspiracy against the French king, Jan. 5. The king of Prussia invades Bohemia. The king of Prussia defeats the Austrians at the battle of Prague, May 6. The battle of Kollin, June 18, in which the king of Prussia is repulsed by count Daun. The battle of Plaissy, in the East Indies, June 23. The battle of Hastenbeck, July 26, in which the French defeat the allies. The French take Verdun, Aug. 26, and Bremen, 3 days afterwards. The convention of Closter-seven, Sept. 8. A comet ap- peared. The battle of Rosbeck, Nov. 5, in which the Prussians defeat the French and Austrians. The Austrians defeat the Prussians near Breslaw, Nov. 22. The Prussians defeat the Austrians at Lessa, Dec. 5 ; take Breslaw, Dec. 21 ; and become masters of Silesia. Archbishop Seeker, ob. 1768, set. 75. 1758. Minden reduced by Pr. Ferdinand, March 14. A treaty between Britain and Prussia, April 11. The English take Senegal, May 1. The French de- feated by Pr. Ferdinand at Crevelt, June 23. The English repulsed at Ticonderoga, July 8. The Eng- lish take Louisburg, July 27, and Cherburg, Aug. 8. The Prussians defeated at Frankfort, Aug. 12, and at Hochkirchen, Oct. 14, by the Austrians. The Russians defeated by the Prussians, at Zorn- dorf, Aug. 25. The allies defeated at Landwern- hagen, Oct. 10. The Prussians raise the sieges of Colberg, Neiss, Cosel, Torgau, Leipsic, and Dres- den, in Oct. A treaty between Britain and Prussia, Dec. 7. Gen. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga with great loss ; Lord Howe killed, July. Fort Duquesne abandoned by the French and taken pos- session of by the English, Nov . ; named Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt. Jonathan Edwards, pre- sident of the college of New Jersey, died in his 55th A. D. OF THE WORLD. 189 year. P. Francis Courayer, ob. 1776, set. 79. Gen- eral Wolfe, ob. 1759, set. 33. 1759. A comet appeared. Ferdinand defeats the French at Bergen, April 13. Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by the British. Fort Niagara reduced by Sir W. Johnson, July 24. Battle of Minden, at which the French are defeated, Aug. 1. The king of Prus- sia defeats the Russians at Cunersdorf, August 12. The Jesuits banished from Portugal, Sept. 3. Gene- ral Wolfe defeats the French, and takes Quebec, Sept. 17. The French fleet defeated by Boscawen off Gibraltar, Aug. 18. The French fleet defeated off Belleisle, Nov. 20. A comet appeared. Balbec and Tripoli destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 5. A comet appeared. Bishop Pearce, ob. 1774, set. 84. Henry Fox, lord Holland, ob. 1774, set. 69. 1760. The French defeat the English at Quebec, April 28. The French defeated by the allies at Lydorf, July 16, and at Warbourg, July 31. The Prussians de- feated by the Austrians at Landshut, June 23. The French defeat the allies at Corbach, July 10. The Prussians defeat the Austrians at Pfaffendorf, Aug. 15. The Prussians defeat the Austrians in Saxony, Aug. 30, and at Torgau, Nov. 3. Niagara taken, and Gen. Prideaux killed. The English obtain pos- session of Canada, Sept. 8. Berlin plundered by the Austrians and Russians, Oct. 9. Earthquakes in Syria, Oct. 13. George II. dies, Oct. 25, set. 77. Voltaire, ob. 1778, set. 84. 1761. Col. Coote takes Pondicherry, Jan. 15. The French defeat the Hanoverians, &c., near Grunberg, March 21. The English take Belleisle, June 7. The French defeated at Kirchdenckern, July 15. A league between France and Spain, Aug. 15. The Russians defeated at Colberg, Sept. 16. King George III. crowned, Sept. 22. Lord Lyttleton, ob. 1773, set. 64. Charles Townshend, ob. 1767, set. 42. Samuel Davies, president of the college of New Jer- sey, died, aged 37. 1762. War with Spain, Jan. 3. Martinique surrenders, Feb. 4 ; Grenada, &c., March 4. Peace between Prussia and Russia, March 5. War between Spain 190 CHRONOLOGY A. D. and Portugal, May 23. A comet appeared. War declared by France and Spain against Portugal, June 20. The French defeated at Grabenstein, June 24. A revolution in Russia, July 9. The English take the Havana, August 12. Prince of Wales born, Aug. 12* The Jesuits expelled from France in August. The French defeat Prince Ferdinand at Johannesberg, Aug. 30. A battle between the allies and French at Bruchermuhl, Sept. 21. The Eng- lish take Manilla, Oct. 6. Schweidnitz surrenders to the Prussians, Oct. 9. The allies defeated by Pr. Henry at Freyberg, Oct. 29. The allies besiege and take Cassel, Nov. 1. Peace between Britain and France, Nov. 3. The severest drought known in America, in which there was no rain from May to September. Condamine, ob. 1774, set. 74. 1763. The peace of Paris, between Britain, France, and ^Spain, acceded to by Portugal, Feb. 10. The peace of Hubersburg between Prussia and Hungary, Feb. 15. Peace between Prussia and Poland, Feb. 15. - This was the end of the “ old French war, 55 which had been very troublesome to the colonies; but it had been very serviceable in accustoming them to the fatigues and discipline of a camp, and in prepar- - ing them for the subsequent important struggles of the Revolution. In the early part of the Revolu- tionary war the United States had some experienced generals, and the 66 old French war 55 was the school in which they learned the art. Gen. Putnam was well acquainted with many of the British officers, with whom he had fought side by side. He had occasional intercourse with them at Boston, before hostilities commenced. Being once asked by them if he did not believe that 5000 regular troops would overrun and subdue the country ? he replied, “ that leaving the men out of the question, the women would beat all their brains out with their broomsticks and ladles, before they had gotten half through the coun- try. 55 They early learned that he was as incorrupti- ble as he was brave. Wedge wood’s improvements in pottery. 1764. A comet appeared. A treaty between Russia and A. D OF THE WORLD. 191 Prussia, April 15. Stanislaus Poniatowsky elected king of Poland, Sept. 6. Famine and the plague in Italy. An earthquake at Lisbon, Dec. 26. Byron makes discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. C. V. Linne, ob. 1778, set. 70. 1765* The regency bill passed, May 15. Bengal established under the British government. Kentucky first set- tled by Col. Daniel Boone. The stamp act receives the royal assent, March 22, and occasioned great commotion in the colonies. Pittsburg was laid out on the plan of Philadelphia, on the Monongahela, at the junction of the Alleghany river. It had been extensively visited during the French war, and the importance of the situation had become well known. D. of Cumberland dies, Oct. 31. The Dauphin dies, Dec. 20. Dr. Rutherford, ob. 1771. James Stuart, the Pretender, dies. 1766. A meteoric stone fell in summer at Alboreti near Mo- dena. A comet appeared. The stamp act in America repealed, March 18. This repeal was accompa- nied by a declaratory act, asserting the right of parliament to bind the colonies in all cases whatso- ever ; notwithstanding which the repeal excited great joy, which was testified by the ringing of bells, by fireworks, and festivals. In consequence of an in- surrection in Spain, the king leaves Madrid, March 25. A comet appeared. A treaty of commerce be- tween Britain and Russia, June 20. A great earth- quake at Constantinople. The Jesuits banished from Bohemia and Denmark. Dr. Franklin was examined before the House of Commons on the state of the colonies. David Hume, ob. 1776, set. 66. 1767. The Jesuits banished from Spain, Genoa, and Venice, April 2. Martinique almost destroyed by an earth- quake. Toleration of the Protestants in Poland, Nov. 2. Wallis and Carteret make discoveries in the Pacific ocean. An act of parliament laying a duty on paper, glass, painters’ colors, and on teas, imported into the colonies, to be paid by them ; and for quartering the soldiers of the British army sta- tioned among them, on the inhabitants, excited much 192 A. D. CHRONOLOGY apprehension and alarm. Thomas Clap, president of Yale College, died, in his 64th year. Jean Jacques Rousseau, ob. 1778. 1768. A meteoric stone, weighing 7J pounds, fell near Luce, in the district of the Main, on the 13th September. Another meteoric stone fell on the 20th Nov. at Manerkerchen, near the Inn in Bavaria, weighing 38 pounds. The Royal Academy of Arts estab- lished in London. The Turks make war upon Russia. The Jesuits banished from Naples, Malta, and Parma. Bougainville makes discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. British troops arrived at Boston, and took possession of the State-house, the council hav- ing refused to provide barracks for them. Dart- mouth College founded at Hanover, N. H. First commencement in the college of Rhode Island ; founded in Bristol in 1764, removed to Providence in 1770. Edward Holyoke, president of Harvard College, died, aged 80. David Garrick, ob. 1779, set. 63. Robert lord Clive, ob. Nov. 22, 1774. 1769. Battles of Choczim, April 30, July 13, Sept. 17. The Russian fleet enters the Mediterranean in Dec. Paoli fled from Corsica, June 13, which was re- duced. A comet appears. Thomas Gray, poet, ob. July 30, 1771. 1770. The Turks defeated by the Russians, near the Pruth, Aug. 1. An earthquake at St. Domingo. Bender taken by storm, Sept, 28. A comet appears. The “ Boston massacre,* 5 in which the inhabitants were fired on by the British soldiery ; three were killed, and five dangerously wounded, which excited great commotion, March 5. The duties on goods imported into America repealed, excepting that on tea. An association formed not to drink tea, until this act should be repealed. George Whitefield died at Newburyport, Mass., in his 56th year. Benning Wentworth, late governor of N. H., died at Ports- mouth, in his 75th year. Oliver Goldsmith, ob. April 14, 1774. Edward lord Hawke, ob. Oct. 17, 1781. 1771. About 500,000 Tourgouths emigrate from the border of the Caspian, to the frontiers of China. Lord 4. D. OF THE WORLD. 193 Mayor of London committed to the Tower, March 27. The Russians burn the Turkish fleet at Cisme, Natolia, July 5. Two comets appear. Bishop Warburton, ob. July 7, 1779. Lord Ashburton, ob. Aug. 18, 1783. Dr. Smollet, ob. set. 61. 1772. A revolution in Denmark, and the queen imprisoned, Jan. 17. Insurrection at Christianstadt, which effects a revolution in Sweden, Aug. 13, and com- pleted at Stockholm, Aug. 19. Poland partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. A comet appears. Samuel Johnson, president of King’s College, N. Y,, died, aged 76. Dr. W. Hunter, anatomist, ob. March 15, 1788. Sir George Saville, ob. Jan. 1784. 1773. A. meteoric stone, weighing 9| pounds, fell at Sena in Aragon on the 17th Nov. Cook makes discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. The order of the Jesuits sup- pressed by a papal bull, Aug. 25. Disturbances in America begin at Boston, Dec. 18. Seventeen men, disguised as Mohawk Indians, emptied the cargoes of three tea ships, amounting to 342 chests, into the sea. A comet appears. D’Alembert, ob. Oct. 27, 1783. Capt. Cook, ob. Feb. 14, 1779. 1774. Boston port-bill passed, March 31. Louis XV. dies May 10, set. 64. Turkish army destroyed, June 20. Peace between Russia and Turkey, July 21. The ancient parliament of Paris restored, Nov. 12. A comet appeared. The population of Connecticut, by returns to the assembly, was 190,487 whites, 50,857 blacks, 1,363 Indians ; total 196,935. Bos- ton port-bill, by which the port was closed. The continental congress assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 4, who drew up a declaration of rights, and resolved to petition the king, and address the people. The number of inhabitants of Rhode Island, taken by order of the assembly, was 54,435 whites, 3,761 blacks, 1,482 Indians ; total 59,678. The census of the colonies, exclusive of Georgia, was 3,026,678 souls. L. Euler, ob. Sept. 1783. Charles Stuart, Pretender, ob. March 3, 1788. 1775. Hostilities in America begin at Lexington, April 19. 17 194 CHRONOLOGY 4. I>. A detachment of 800 men, under Col. Smith and Maj. Pitcairn, set out for Concord to destroy some military stores lodged there ; but though the great- est secrecy had been attempted, the news of their march had preceded them, and the country was alarmed by the ringing of church bells and the firing of signal-guns. At Lexington, April 19th, 70 min- ute men were assembled under arms near the meet- ing-house. Maj. Pitcairn at the head of his battal- lion called out to them, “ Disperse, you rebels ; throw down your arms and disperse/’ which not being obeyed, he advanced yet nearer, discharged his pistol, and ordered his men to fire. Several of the provincials fell, and the rest dispersed. Eight Americans were killed } three or four by the first fire, others after they had retreated. The British then proceeded to Concord, where they destroyed considerable military stores } but they were terribly annoyed by the provincials on their return to Boston. Of the Americans fifty men were killed and several wounded ; of the British 65 were killed, and 186 were wounded. The spirit of the country was roused, and Boston was soon surrounded by an army of 20,000 men, mostly undisciplined militia, deter- mined to preserve their freedom at the expense even of their lives, if necessary. Ticonderoga was taken by the militia under Coh Ethan Allen, who summoned its commander to sur- render, and the commander asking by whose author- ity, Allen replied, “ Of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” Crown Point was taken by Col. Seth Warner. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. The British, with 3000 men, attempted to drive 1000 Americans from their intrenchments on Breed’s, commonly called Bunker Hill, and with much diffi- culty succeeded. The British loss in killed, wound- ed, and missing, was 1050, of whom 226 were killed, and among them 19 commissioned officers. The American loss was 453, of whom 139 were killed, and among them Gen. Joseph Warren, of Boston. Gen. George Washington was chosen by the American congress, connnander-in-chief, who A . D. OF THE WORLD. 19S, arrived at Cambridge July 2. Gen. Montgomery, after taking St. John’s and Montreal, arrived at Quebec, where he was joined by Col. Arnold, who had penetrated with a detachment by the way of Kennebec river through the wilderness. In the as- sault on Quebec, Montgomery was killed, and a part of the assailants surrendered. Sir William Howe succeeded Gen. Gage in the command of the British army. St. John’s taken by Montgomery, Nov. 2. Assault of Quebec, Dec. 31. Dr. S. Johnson, ob. Dec. 13, 1784. 1776. General Howe leaves Boston, March 17. — The Amer- icans fortified themselves on Dorchester heigh n, which commanded the harbor of Boston, and obliged the British to retire from the harbor and town, March 17, and Gen. Washington entered Boston. Canada was evacuated by Arnold, June 18. Con- gress declares itself independent, July 4. This great event took place 284 years after the discovery of America by Columbus, 166 from the first effect- ual settlement in Virginia, and 156 from the first settlement of Plymouth, Mass., which were the earliest English settlements in America.— Attack on Charleston, June 28. Early in the summer, the British, under admiral Sir Peter Parker, and Gene- rals Clinton and Cornwallis, made an attack on Charleston, S. C., and were repulsed with consider- able loss. After the evacuation of Boston, Gen. Washington proceeded to New York, which he sup- posed would be the next object of attack. In June the British force, after reinforcements, consisting of 35,000 men, appeared in the harbor of New York, to whom Washington could oppose only 17,000 men, chiefly militia, provided with few of the munitions of war. — Battle on Long Island, Aug. 27. Gen. Howe landed on the south side of Long Island, Aug. 22, near New Utrecht. Battle of Flatbush, Aug. 27, in which the Americans were defeated with great loss, and Gen. Sullivan and lord Stirling were made prisoners. The American loss in killed and wounded was probably about 2000 ; the British loss 196 CHRONOLOGY A. Be in killed and wounded did not exceed 400. After the disastrous battle of Flatbush, Washington re- solved to retreat from Long Island, which he did in a single night, Aug. 29, unobserved by the enemy, who were not more than 600 yards distant from the American army. In September the city of New York was abandoned by the American army, and taken possession of by the British. Soon after this event, Capt. Nathan Hale, of the American army, was executed as a spy by the British with great cruelty. He was denied the attendance of a clergy- man and the use of a Bible, and the letters to his friends were destroyed, “ that the rebels should not know that they had a man in their army who could die with so much firmness. 55 He regretted that he had but one life to lose for his country. This sad event doubtless contributed afterwards to render the case of the unfortunate Andre hopeless. — Washing- ton crossed the Delaware Dec. 25, and the next morning captured more than 900 Hessians at Tren- ton. Their commander, Col. Rahl, was killed. New York taken, Sept. 15, and Fort Washington, Nov. 16. Rhode Island occupied, Dec. 8. Austria grants religious toleration, and abolishes torture. Bishop Lowth, ob. Nov. 1787. Dr. Adam Smith, ob. 1790, set. 67. 1777. Washington, Jan. 2, proceeded to Princeton and de- feated the British, who lost about 500 men. Lafay- ette, aged about 20 years, arrived from France, and was afterwards made a major-general in the Ameri- can army. General Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga, July 6. Gen. Howe lands in Chesapeake Bay, Aug. 30. Battle on the Brandywine, Sept. 11, be- tween the British, commanded by Cornwallis, and the Americans, under Washington. The Americans lost 300 killed and 600 wounded, and several hun- dred, chiefly the wounded, were made prisoners. La Fayette was among the wounded. The British lost 100 killed and 400 wounded. The British take Philadelphia, Sept. 26. Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. Of the Americans 200 were killed, nearly 600 wounded, and 400 made prisoners. The British A. D. OP THE WORLD. 197 had near 100 killed and 500 wounded. Surrender of Gen. Burgoyne’s army, Oct. 16. Gen. Burgoyne having taken Crown Point and Ticonderoga, arrived at Fort Edward on Hudson river July 30, having been much annoyed on his march. His force was 7,173 of the best British troops ; the American army did not exceed 5,000 men, but was continually in- creasing. To destroy some provisions and stores lodged at Bennington, Vt., a detachment of 600 men under Col. Baum, which was reinforced by 500 men under Col. Breyman, was sent to seize them. They were met by Col. Starke, at the head of the New Hampshire and Vermont militia, amounting to about 1,400 ; and they captured from the British 600 men, 4 brass field-pieces, 1000 stand of arms, and 900 swords. On the eve of the battle the brave Starke is said to have addressed his men : “ Fellow-soldiers, I am not much accustomed to speech-making, but there are the British, and we must beat them, or Mary Starke sleeps a widow to-night. 55 The loss of the British was 700 men, in killed, wounded, and prisoners ; of the Americans, 100 in killed and wounded. After some severe fighting between the main bodies of the forces, the continental troops had increased to 9,000 men, and the militia to about 4,000 men. A battle was fought at Stillwater, near Saratoga, by the Americans under Gen. Gates, in which the British, under Gen. Burgoyne, were de- feated, and compelled to surrender their whole force to the Americans, Oct. 17, to the amount of 5,752 men. There were also surrendered 5,000 stand of arms, 400 sets of harness, a number of ammunition wagons, &c. The surrender of Burgoyne diffused joy over America, and laid the foundation for a treaty of alliance with France. Vermont, in con- vention, declared itself an independent state. New York had opposed their independence, and congress, for fear of offending this important state, had not dared to receive them as such. Though no state was more cordial in their attachment to the Ameri- can cause, or did more for it in proportion to their strength ; the British hoped to detach Vermont from 17* 198 CHRONOLOGY A . D. the American cause, and forbore to invade them for this purpose ; and the wise heads of Vermont, with- out committing themselves, cherished this delusion ; yet the Green Mountain boys were proverbial for their patriotism and their bravery. John Hancock resigned the presidency of the American congress, having presided over it for two years, and Henry Laurens was appointed in his place. Buffon, ob. April 16, 1788. 1778® Treaty between France and America, Feb. 6. Evacu- ation of Philadelphia, June 18.— The British evacu- ate Philadelphia, June 18, and proceed towards New York. Battle of Monmouth courthouse, between Washington and Sir Henry Clinton. The British were defeated in a hard-fought battle, and compelled to retire with great loss, June 28. War between Austria and Prussia, July 7. Battle between the English and French fleets, July 27. Gen. Lee was suspended, for disobedience to orders, for one year, by a court-martial, and never afterwards joined the army. The French fleet under D’Estaing arrived, to assist the Americans. Wyoming, in Pa., con- taining 1000 inhabitants, was captured by the tories and Indians under Col. Butler, and the inhabitants massacred, July. Rhode Island besieged, Aug. 9 to 30. Pondicherry taken, Oct. 17. French routed at St. Lucia, Dec. 18. Savannah taken by the British, Dec. 29. M. Diderot, ob. April, 1785. 1779, Meteoric stones fell at Pettiswood, in Westmeath, in Ireland. Peace between the Prussians and Imperi- alists, May 13. The French take St. Vincent’s, June 17. Naval engagement between Byron and d’Estaing off Grenada, July 6. A dreadful erup- tion of Vesuvius, Aug. 8. Gibraltar besieged by the Spaniards in July. A comet appears. Norfolk, Gosport, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, Va., burned. Stony Point taken by the British in June. The British capture and destroy military stores at Dan- bury, and burn Fairfield and Norwalk, with some loss. The American Gen. Wayne captured Stony Point from the British, at the point of the bayonet, July 15; and the garrison of 543 men were made A. B. OF THE W0RLB. 199 prisoners, and considerable military stores were taken. The British had 63 men killed. Paul Jones captured the British frigate Serapis, of 44 guns, off the coast of England, Sept. 23. Eleazer Wheelock, first president of Dartmouth college, died, set. 69. William Henry Drayton, of S. C., died in his 37th year. 1780. Sir George Rodney takes 22 sail of Spanish ships, Jan. 8, and engages Langara, Jan. 16, near Cape Vincent. Naval battle between the English and French, off Martinique, April 17, Charleston sur- renders to the British, May 12. The French and Spanish fleets take five British East Indiamen, and a large fleet of West India ships, Aug. 9. Lord Corn- wallis defeats the Americans at Camden, Aug. 16. Charleston besieged and taken by the British, May 12. The Americans under Gen. Gates, were de- feated by the British under Lord Cornwallis, Aug. 16. The Americans lost 48 officers, 78 subalterns, and 604 rank and file. Baron de Kalb was mortal- ly wounded, and soon died. The British lost 325, of whom 65 were killed, 245 wounded, and 11 miss- ing. The Americans lost their whole baggage and artillery. Gen. Gates was superseded in the com- mand of the south by Gen. Greene, and his conduct in the battle of Camden was submitted to a court of inquiry. Gen. Lee and Gen. Gates had been sus- pected of a design to supplant Gen. Washington, which they denied. They had now both fallen un- der censure. Arnold treacherously agreed to deliver up the strong fortress of West Point, and Maj. An- dre, in arranging the business, was taken as a spy, and was hung Oct. 2. Washington wished to ex- change him for Arnold, which he could not effect. Torture abolished in France, Aug. 25. A dreadful hurricane in the Leeward islands, in Oct. War with Holland, Dec. 20. A comet appears. Sir W. Blackstone, ob. set, 57. 1781. St. Eustatia taken by the British, Feb. 3, and re- taken, Nov. 17. The Georgium Sidus discovered by Dr. Herschel, 13th March. Cornwallis defeats the Americans, at Guilford, March 15. Battle of 200 CHRONOLOGY A- D. the Dogger bank, between the English and Dutch fleets, Aug. 5. Cornwallis’s army surrenders to the Americans, at Yorktown, Oct 19. Gen. Morgan de- feated the British Col. Tarleton at Cowpens. The British loss was 300 killed or wounded, and 500 taken prisoners, and considerable arms and military stores were obtained. Battle of Guilford court- house, in which Gen. Greene was defeated by Lord Cornwallis. Battle of Eutau Springs, in which the British lost 1,100 men, and the Americans 555. Gen. Washington, at the head of the combined army of Americans and French, amounting to 12,000 men, crossed Hudson river, and proceeded through Philadelphia to Virginia, and besieged Yorktown, occupied by Lord Cornwallis, Sept. 8. On the 19th of Ootober, Cornwallis surrendered to the combined force of the Americans and French, 7,073 prisoners, exclusive of seamen. Arnold, sent by Sir Henry Clinton, burned 60 dwelling-houses, 84 stores, and a great amount of property, in New London, and cap- tured Fort Griswold, in Groton, opposite, putting the garrison to the sword after they had surrendered, and returned to New York. Muslins made in Eng- land. Two comets appear. 1782. The Spaniards take Minorca, Feb. 4. A battle be- tween the English and French fleets near Trinco- malee, Feb, 17. The French fleet under De Grasse, defeated by Rodney, April 12. The Spaniards be- sieged Gibraltar from 1780 to Sept. 13, 1782, when their floating batteries were burnt by red-hot balls. Charleston evacuated, Dec. 14. Connecticut con- tained 209,150 inhabitants, as taken by order of the assembly. Mary Washington, the mother of Gen. George Washington, died at Fredericksburg, Va., Aug. 25, aged 82 years. Washington had a pecu- liar veneration for his mother ; and at the earliest practicable opportunity after the surrender at York- town, he visited her, and invited a number of dis- tinguished French officers to accompany him. They arrived at her mansion at evening, and shortly after, this venerable lady was introduced to them, leaning on the arm of her son. They spent the former part A* D. OF THE WORLD. 201 of the evening pleasantly together, and she retired early, wishing them a good-night, and much happi- ness in their interview, leaning on the arm of her son. It would have been a fine scene for a painter. The French officers were struck with the strong good sense and dignified politeness of this lady of the old school, and remarked among themselves that it was no wonder that America produced great men, since they had such mothers. Her tombstone has the simple but eloquent inscription, “ Mary, the mother of Washington . ” And what greater eulogy could a lady receive than that of having contributed, by early discipline and instruction, to form the char- acter of Washington? M. d’Anville, ob. set. 80. Lord Kaimes, ob. set. 86. Metastasio, set. 84. D. Bernoulli, set. 82. 1783 . Preliminaries of peace between Britain, France, and Spain, Jan. 20, and America declared independent. Armistice between England and Holland, Feb. De- finitive treaty, Sept. 8. Messina, &c. destroyed by an earthquake, Feb. 5. A comet appears. Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, and preliminary articles of peace were signed at Versailles, between the American and British commissioners, Jan. 20. By official accounts furnished to the British parliament, the number of men who were killed or died during the American war, was 43,633. The number of inhabitants in Rhode Island, taken by order of the assembly this year, was 51,897. The cessation of hostilities with Great Britain was proclaimed to the American army by Washington, April 19, which completed the eighth year of the war. New York evacuated by the British, and taken possession of by Washington, Nov. 25. Washington separated from the army, Dec. 4, and resigned his commission in person to congress, at Annapolis, Dec. 23. Dickinson college, at Carlisle, Pa., founded. William Alexander, earl of Stirling, major-general in the American army, died at Albany, aged 57 years. 1784 . Peace ratified with America, March 24, and with Holland, May 24. Archindschan, in Turkey, de- 202 CHRONOLOGY A. D. stroyed by an earthquake, and 12,000 inhabitants buried in its ruins, July 18. Two comets appear. Hartford, New Haven, New London, Norwich, and Middletown, in Connecticut, were incorporated as cities. The New York Chamber of Commerce in- stituted. 1785. About 2,000 religious houses suppressed by the em- peror of Germany. An earthquake in Calabria, April 10. A severe frost in Germany, which lasted 115 days. A violent storm in France, Aug. 5, which laid waste 131 villages and farms. Two comets appear. John Adams, first ambassador of the United States to the Court of Great Britain, was received at Court, June 2, The king stated to him that himself was the last man to consent to the inde- pendence of the States ; but having done so, he would be the last person to disturb the peace between the two countries. Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, died at Lebanon, Ct., Aug. 17, in his 75th year. He was the efficient auxiliary of Wash- ington. Maj. Gen. James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, died in England, aged about 97 years. He was the oldest general in British service ; and on the return of Gen. Gage to England in 1775, he received the offer of the chief command of the British army in America, and professed his readiness to accept it, if the ministry would authorize him to assure the colonies that justice should be done to them ; but this was a hard condition, and the command was given to Sir William Howe. Dr. Matthew Stewart, ob. set. 68. 1786. Torture abolished in Sweden. Cardinal Tourlone, the high inquisitor at Rome, hung on a gibbet 50 feet high. Treaty of commerce with France, signed Oct. 29. An earthquake in Scotland, and north of England, Aug. 11. A plague in the Levant. A comet appears. Rebellion in Massachusetts under Daniel Shays. It originated in the difficulty of pay- ing the taxes, and the scarcity of money after the war. A convention of five states met at Annapolis, to concert an amendment in the government respect- ing the commerce and trade of the country, and the A. D. OF THE WORLD. 203 provision of a revenue Portland, Me., incorporated. Harrisburg, Pa , founded. Printing commenced in Lexington, Ky. Major-general Nathaniel Greene, late of the United States army, died at his seat near Savannah, Ga., aged 47 years. 1787. The settlers of Botany Bay first sailed from England, March 21. Banks established in the East Indies. Earthquake in New Spain, April 18. The Prus- sians take Amsterdam, Oct. 9. France and Eng- land agree to disarm, Oct. 9. Contest between the king of France and parliament begins. Christiana nearly destroyed by fire, April 9. The 2d and 4th satellites of the Georgium Sidus discovered by Dr. Herschel, Jan. 11. A comet appeared. Shay’s re- bellion continued, and was quelled by an armed force under Gen. Lincoln, March 10. The consti- tution of the United States formed by a convention at Philadelphia, of which Gen. Washington was president, and submitted to the states for their ratifi- cation, Oct. 4. Bishop Lowth, ob. set. 77. 1788. War between Turkey, Germany, and Russia. Treaty between Britain and Russia, Jan. 13. The United States of Holland guaranty the stadtholdership to the Prince of Orange, June 27. Russia makes war upon Sweden, June 30. Choczim taken, Sept. 29. Kirkwall nearly destroyed by the breaking down of the dam-dikes, Oct. 4. Assembly of the French notables, Nov. 6. Oczakow taken, Dec. 17. Island of Formosa shakes off the Chinese yoke, and 10,000 Chinese massacred. William White consecrated in London, bishop of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Prevost, bishop of New York. Settlement of Ohio began at Marietta, under Gen. Rufus Putnam. Baltimore contained 1,959 houses. John Ledyard, the cele- brated American traveller, died at Cairo, Egypt, in his 38th year. The constitution proposed to the people of the United States, was adopted by all the states except North Carolina and Rhode Island, and by them subsequently. The following shows the ratification by the several states in convention of the constitution of the United States : CHRONOLOGY 204 Delaware, Dec. 3, 1787, Majority. unanimously. Pennsylvania* Dec. 3, 46 to 23, unanimously. 23 New Jersey, Dec. 19, Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788, unanimously. Connecticut, Jan. 9, 128 to 40, 88 Massachusetts, , Feb. 6, 187 to 168, 19 Maryland, April 28, 63 to 12, 51 South Carolina, May 23, 149 to 73, 76 N. Hampshire , June 21, 57 to 46, 11 Virginia, June 25, 89 to 79, 10 New York, N. Carolina, July 26, 30 to 25, 5 Nov. 27, 1789, 193 to 75, 118 Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, 2 Vermont, Jan. 19, 1791, by a great major. It is remarkable that in the states most jealous for liberty, the constitution encountered the greatest op- position. But opposition to it has long since ceased. Two comets appear. 1789. Insurrections in France, March. States-General of France assembled, May 5. The French fleet dis- persed by a storm in Bantry-Bay, in an attempt upon Ireland, Jan. The French king makes concessions, June 28. Revolution in France, which is declared a republic, July 3. Bastille destroyed, July 14. Insurrection in Brabant, Aug. 10. Meteoric stones fell at Barbotan near Bordeaux, and killed a herds- man and a bullock, on the 20th August. Bender taken, Oct. 8. Surrender of Ghent, Nov. 23, and of Brussels, Dec. 12. Earthquake in Tuscany, which caused great devastation, Sept. 30. Dr. Herschel discovers the 6th and 7th satellites of Sat- urn. Washington was inaugurated as first president of the United States, in the open gallery of the old Federal Hall, in Wall street, N. Y., in the presence of a great concourse of joyful citizens. Never did a heartier shout proceed from the mouths of freemen, than that which greeted the conclusion of the cere- mony with “ long live George Washington. 55 Wash- ington appointed Mr. Jefferson, Secretary of State ; Col. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; General Knox, Secretary of War ; Edmund Randolph, At- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 205 torney-General ; John Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States ; John Rutledge, of S. C., James Wilson, of Pa., William Cushing, of Mass., Robert Harrison, of Md., and John Blair, of Va., Associate Justices. President Washington made the tour of New England, and everywhere received the highest tokens of respect, Oct. Gen. Ethan Allen died at Colchester, Vt., Feb. 13, aged 52 years. 1790. A great shower of meteoric stones fell in the south of France, on the 24th of July. Assignats issued in France, April 17. About 4,500 religious houses suppressed in France. Titles of honor abolished in France. Earthquake in Westmoreland, March 6. Two comets appear. Presbyterian General Assem- bly and Episcopal Convention first meet. National debt funded. Gen. Harmar defeated by the Indians, near Chillicothe. Tennessee erected into a territory. District of Columbia ceded by Maryland and Vir- ginia to the United States for the seat of the Federal Government. Population of the United States by the census, 3,929,326 ; of whom 695,655 were slaves. Benjamin Franklin died at Philadelphia, April 17, in his 85th year. Israel Putnam, late major-general of the Revolutionary army, died at Brooklyn, Ct., aged 72 years. James Bowdoin, late governor of Mass., died at Boston, Nov. 6, in his 64th year. Dr. Cullen, ob. set. 77. General Roy, ob. Dr. Henry, ob. 1791. Political riot in Birmingham, July 14. The king, queen, and royal family of France, attempting to escape out of the kingdom, are brought back prison- ers to Paris, June 21. Insurrection of 35,000 ne- groes at St. Domingo, Sept. Protestants allowed to have churches in France. Bangalore taken by Cornwallis. Battle of Seringapatam. The French defeated by the Austrians near Mons, April 30. At Constantinople, 32,000 houses were destroyed by an earthquake between March and July. Earthquake in Scotland, in October ; in Sicily and Calabria, Oc- tober ; at Lisbon, Nov. 27 ; at Zant, in the Adriatic, December 2. City of Washington, in America, founded. An act in favor of the Roman Catholics 18 206 CHRONOLOGY A, D. passed. Vermont admitted to the union, Feb. 18. Gen. St. Clair defeated by the Miami Indians, and retreated, with great loss, to Fort Washington, (now Cincinnati.) The revenue this year was $4,771,000 ; the exports were $19,000,000, and the imports $20,000,000. Raleigh, N. C., founded as the future capital of the state. The University of Vermont at Burlington, and the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, founded. The United States Bank, with a capital of $10,000,000, founded at Philadel- phia. First spinning of cotton by water power, by Samuel Slater, at Pawtucket, R. I. ; he had been the pupil of Arkwright and Strutt, in England. James Manning, first president of Rhode Island college, died at Providence, July 29, in his 53d year. Dr. Price, ob. set. 68. 1792. France declares itself a republic. Leopold, emperor of Germany, poisoned, March 1. King of Sweden assassinated, March 16. Earthquake in the coun- ties of Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, &c., March 2. The lake of Harentoren, which is a mile in circuit, in Kerry, sinks into the ground, March 25. The king of France renounces his crown, Aug. 10, and is confined in the Temple. Battle of Seringapatam between Tippoo and Lord Cornwallis. The Austrians defeated at Longwy, Aug. 14. The French defeated at Grand-pre, Sept. 10. Battle of Valory, French and Austrians, Sept. 20 ; of Menehould, French and Prussians, Oct. 2 ; of Hanau, Oct. 27 ; of Bossu, Nov. 4 ; of Jemappe, Nov. 6 ; of Thirlemont, Nov. 17. The French take Liege. Kentucky admitted to the union, June 1. U. States mint established at Philadelphia. Hen- ry Laurens, late president of congress, died in South Carolina, in his 70th year. J. Smeaton, ob. set. 68. Sir J. Reynolds, ob. set. 68. Sir R. Arkwright, ob. 1793. Holland invaded by the French. King of France tried, Jan. 19, condemned, Jan. 20, and put to death Jan. 22. A piece of land in Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk 15 fathoms in Feb. Queen be- headed, Oct. 16. The English, Prussians, Austri- ans, Sardinians, and Italian States, make war upon OF THE WORLD. 207 France. Admiral Hood takes Toulon. Battle of Hockheim, Austrians and French, Jan. 7 ; of Alden- hoven, Feb. 28 ; of Aix-la-Chapelle, Jan. 15 ; of Tongres, March 4 ; of Jurvienden, March 18 ; of Thirlemont, March 19 ; of Lovaine, March 22; of Coblentz, April 1 ; of Cassel, April 7 ; of Tournay, Austrians, English, and French, May 8 ; of St. Amand, May 10 ; of Valennes, allies and French, May 23 ; of Manheim, May 30 ; of Furnes, Dutch and French, June 21, and Austrians and French, June 26 ; of Villiers, July 18 ; of Cambray, Aug. 9 ; of Lincelles, Aug. 18 ; of Furnes, Aug. 21 ; of Rexmond, Aug. 29 ; of Dunkirk, English and French, Sept. 7 ; of Quesnoy, Sept. 11 ; of Li 111 - bach, Austrians and French, Sept. 12; of Menin, Sept. 15 ; of Toulon, English and French, Oct. 1 ; of Weissenburg, Austrians and French. Oct. 14 ; of Maubeuge, allies and the French, Oct. 16 ; of Birlemont, Oct. 16 ; of Orchies, Oct. 20 ; of Wan- zenaw, Oct. 25 ; of Landau, Nov. 29 ; of Toulon, which surrenders to the French, Nov. 19 ; of Le- bach, Nov. 27 ; of Rousillon, Spaniards and French, Dec. 11 ; of Perpignan, Dec. 20. The French under Moreau take Ypres, June 17. Earthquake at St. Domingo, April ; at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, Sept. 29. Two comets appear. Gen. Washington re-elected president, and John Adams vice-president, of the United States. Washington issues a procla- mation of neutrality. The French minister, Genet, produces much disturbance, and is recalled by re- quest of President Washington. Williams College, Mass., founded. Entered the port of New York 683 foreign vessels, and 1381 coastwise. Yellow fever prevailed in Philadelphia, of which 3645 per- sons died. Exports of the U. States $26,000,000. John Hancock, first president of the American con- gress, died at Boston, aged 56 years. Roger Sher- man, signer of the Declaration of Independence, died July 23, aged 72 years. Congress lay a foun- dation for the American navy, by authorizing the building of 6 frigates, March 30. Principal Robert- son, ob., set. 72. 208 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1794. Twelve meteoric stones fell near Sienna in Tuscany, on the 16th of June. Insurrection of the negroes at St. Domingo. Slave trade abolished by the French, Feb. 4. The French take Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 21. Antwerp taken, July 24. Battle of Oppenheim, be- tween the allies and French, Jan. 8; of Waterloo, Jan. 23 ; of Werwick, March 1 ; of Bayonne, Span- iards and French, March 19 ; of Perle, allies and French, March 22 ; of Cateau, March 28 ; of Cra- cow, Russians and Poles, April 4 ; of Durkheim, allies and French, April 5; of Piedmont, Sardinians and French, April 6 ; of Crombeck, allies and French, April 14 ; of Arlon, April 17 ; of Warsaw, Russians and Poles, April 21 ; of Landrecy, allies and French, April 24; of Cambray, English and French, April 24 ; of Cateau, April 26 ; of Courtray, allies and French, April 29 ; of Ostend, May 5 ; of Montes- quan, Spaniards and French, May 1 ; of Aosta, Sar- dinians and French, May 2 ; of Saorgia, May 8 ; of Tournay, English and French, May 18 ; of Bouillon, allies and F rench ; of Tournay, May 22 ; of Lautern, May 23 ; of Lithuania, Russians and Poles, June 3 ; of Piliczke ; of Barcelona, Spaniards and French, June 14 ; of Charleroi, Dutch and French, June 17 ; of Cracow, Prussians and Poles ; of Aost, Sardinians and French, June 26 ; of Puycerda, Spaniards and French, June 26 ; of Manheim, allies and French, July 12 ; of Fontarabia, Spaniards and French, Aug. 2; of Bellegarde, Spaniards and French, Aug. 26; of valley of Leira, Sept. 8 ; of Maestricht, allies and French, Sept. 18 ; of Clermont, Sept. 20 ; of Pied- mont, Sept. 23 ; of Posnania, Prussians and Poles, Sept. 24; of Milan, Sardinians and French, Sept. 31 ; of Emmerick, allies and French, Oct. 2 ; of Warsaw, in which the Prussians totally defeat the Poles, Oct. 12 ; of Druten, English and French, Oct. 20 ; of Pampeluna, Spaniards and French, Oct. 28 ; of Nimuegen, allies and French, Nov. 4 ; of Sendo- mir, Poles and Prussians, &c., Nov. 16; of Na- varre, Spaniards and French, Nov. 25; of Mentz, allies and French, Dec. 1. The French take Ber- gen-op-zoom. Bois-le-duc, Breda, and Brussels taken. A. D. OF THE WORLD. 209 The French take Charleroi, June 26 ; Cleves and Landrecy, July 15. St. Lucia taken by the Eng- lish. The French take Maestricht, Nov. 4. Na- mur, by the French, July 13, and Treves. Tele- graphs, invented in 1687, used by the French this year. Lord Howe defeats the French fleet, and takes 6 ships of war, June 1. Craton surrendered to the Prussians, June 15. Dieppe burned by the English, July 14. Martinique taken from the French, March 23. Earthquake in Turkey, July 3, which destroyed three towns containing 10,000 inhabitants ; also near Naples, June 13, which almost destroyed the city of Torre-del-Greco. About 3000 persons killed at Grenelle, near Paris, by an explosion of powder mills, Sept. 3. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania on account of a duty on distilled spirits. William Bradford succeeds Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. Gen. An- thony Wayne defeated the North Western Indians and compels them to sue for peace, Aug. 20. Treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, between Great Britain and the United States signed in London, by John Jay and the Earl of Grenville. Union Col- lege at Schenectady, New York, and Greenville Col- lege, Tennessee, founded. John Witherspoon, presi- dent of the college of New Jersey, died Nov. 15, in his 73d year. Richard Henry Lee, late president of Congress, died in Westmoreland county, Va., June 22, in his 63d year. Lavoisier, ob. set. 51. Sir W. Jones, ob. set. 48. M. de Condorcet, ob. set. 51. Ed. Gibbon, ob. set. 57. 1795. A large meteoric stone fell near Wood Cottage in Yorkshire, weighing 55 pounds, Dec. 13. Louis XVII. of France dies in prison, June 8. Telegraphs used by the English, June 26. French take posses- sion of Amsterdam, Jan. 18. Stadtholder obliged to retire to England. Warren Hastings, after a trial of 7 years, acquitted, April 23. Battle on the Waal, allies and French, Jan. 11 ; of Catalonia, March 5 ; of Neve Munster, March 5 and 18 ; of Figuera, Spaniards defeated, April 5 ; of Piedmont, Pied- montese defeated, April 12; ofPontas in Catalonia, 18 * CHRONOLOGY 210 4. E French defeated, June 14; of Piedmont, French de- feated, June 24, 27, and July 1 ; of Pampeiuna, French defeated, July 9; of Bilboa, Spaniards de- feated, July 17 ; of Quiberon, emigrants defeated, July 21 ; of Urutia, French defeated, July 30; of Vittoria, Spaniards defeated, Aug. 14 ; of Piedmont, Austrians defeated, Aug. 20; of La Pietra, French defeated, Aug. 31 ; on the Lahn, French defeated, Sept. 19 ; of Manheim, Austrians defeated, Sept. 23 ; French defeated at Piedmont, Oct. 1 ; on the Mayne, Oct. 11 ; at Mentz, Oct. 29 ; at Worms, Nov. 8 ; at Moselle, Nov. 22 ; at Deux Ponts, Nov. 28 ; and at Alsentz, Dec. 8. Breda taken by the French. Briel seized by them in January. The English take the Cape of Good Hope in June. The French take Dort, Jan. 10, and Dusseldorf, Sept. 6. Frankendal retaken from the French, Nov. 12. Luxembourg surrenders to the French, June 7. Malacca surren- ders to the English, Aug. 17. Manheim retaken by the Austrians, with 10,338 prisoners, and 4 generals, Nov. 23. Sir E. Pellew takes 15 sail, and burns 7, out of a fleet of 35 sail of transports, March 8. Ad- miral Hotham defeats the French fleet, and takes two ships of war, March 14. The Sceptre man of war takes 11 Dutch East Indiamen, June 19. Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet, June 25. Trinco- malee taken by the English. The French take Utrecht, Jan. 18. Poland partitioned between Rus- sia, Austria, and Prussia, Nov. 25. Peace between France and Prussia, and between France and Spain. The arsenal, admiralty, &c., with nearly 50 streets in Copenhagen, destroyed by fire, June 5. A dread- ful eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. A comet appeared. Oliver Wolcott succeeds Col. Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury ; Timothy Pickering succeeds Gen. Knox as Secretary of War. Connecticut establishes a school fund to the amount of $1,200,000 from the avails of the sale of the “ Western Reserve, 55 Ohio. New York city had 36,000 freeholders. Richmond, Va., contained 4,000 inhabitants. The exports of Baltimore amount to $5,000,800. The first printing press in Ohio established at Cincinnati. Bowdoin OF THE WORLD, 211 college at Brunswick, Me., chartered. Ezra Stiles, president of Yale college, died at New Haven, Ct., aged 68 years. 1796. A meteoric stone, of 10 pounds weight, fell in Portu- gal, on the 19th Feb. On the 8th March, a meteoric stone fell in Luzatia. Bamberg taken by the French, Aug. 4. The Sardinians defeated by the French at the battle of Piedmont, April 14. Battle of Lodi, French and Austrians, May 11; of Mantua, May 29; of Wetzlaer, French defeated, June 4; near Kirpen, French defeated, June 20. Austrians de- feated by Jourdan, July 6 ; Archduke repulsed by the French, July 8. Siege of Mantua raised, July 23. Austrians defeated by Jourdan, Aug. 11. Jour- dan defeated by the archduke near Nuremberg, Aug 18. French defeated by the Austrians, near Neu wied and Amberg, Aug. 24. Jourdan defeated near Munich, Sept. 11 ; near Limberg, Sept. 18; and at Ishy on the Leek, Sept. 19. The French take Ben- gau, Aug. 17. Bonaparte seizes Egypt, July 1. Columbo surrenders to the English, June 12. Con- stance seized by the French, Aug. 2. Demerara, &c., surrendered to the English, April 23 ; and again Sept. 23, 1803. The French take Florence, July; Franckfort, July; Goza, June 11 ; and Milan, May 18. Minorca surrenders to the English, Nov. 14. The French take Munich, Aug. 25; and Nurem- berg, July 9. Sir G. K. Elphinstone takes the Dutch fleet in Saldana Bay, Aug. 19. Peace between France and Naples; the French and Sardinians; England and Spain. Catharine II. of Russia dies, Nov. 10. A comet appeared. Tennessee admitted to the Union. Washington delivered his farewell address to the people of the United States, which is regarded as a kind of national legacy. Albany, N. Y., con- tains 700 dwellings and 6,021 inhabitants. Lynn, Mass., exports annually 300,000 pairs of shoes. Detroit delivered up by Great Britain to the United States. Samuel Huntington, formerly president of Congress, and governor of Connecticut, at his death, died at Norwich, Ct., Jan. 8, in his 64th year. David Rittenhouse, a distinguished astronomer and 212 CHRONOLOGY A. D. Fellow of the Royal Society of London, died at Philadelphia, June 26, in his 65th year, and was buried under his observatory. Major General An- thony Wayne of the Revolutionary war, died at Presque Isle on Lake Erie, in his 52d year. Sam- uel Seabury, bishop of Connecticut, died at New London, in his 68th year. Amboyna seized by the English, Nov. 28. Dr. Thomas Reid, ob. set. 87. Dr. G. Campbell, ob. Anton. Ulloa, ob. set. 80. James Macpherson, ob. set. 58. 1797. Bank of England refuses to pay in specie, Feb. 25. The French invade Ireland. Mutiny on board the fleet at Portsmouth, for advance of wages, &c., April 18, which subsided, May 10. Mutiny at the Nore, which was quelled, June 10, when several of the mutineers were executed. Revolution in Venice, May 17. Battle between the Austrians and Bona- parte, in Italy, Jan. 19 and 27, when the Austrians were defeated. Bonaparte defeats the archduke, April 1. The Austrians again defeated on the up- per Rhine, May 7, when the French take Frankfort, Kehl, &c. The French land a small force in South Wales, Feb. 22. Ireland put under martial law, May 19. The Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. Jar- vis, who takes four ships of war, Feb. 14. Admiral Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, when two admirals and fifteen ships of war were captured or destroyed, Oct. 11. Trinidad and four ships of the line taken by the English. Trieste seized by the French, but retaken by the Austrians, April 14. Verona taken by the French, April 28. The repub- lic of Venice abolished by the French. Treaty of Campo Formio, between the French and Austrians, signed Oct. 17. Newspapers first published at Con- stantinople. An earthquake at Sumatra, by which about 300 persons perished, Feb. 20. The country between Santa Fe and Panama, and the cities of Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 inhabitants, destroyed by an earthquake in Feb. Violent shocks were also felt in the West Indies. St. Domingo declares itself independent in Jan. The French seize the Tyrol. A comet appears. John Adams was chosen presi- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 213 dent, and Thomas Jefferson vice-president of the United States. Charles Cotesworth Pinkney not re- ceived as ambassador to France, and spoliations on American commerce commenced by the French. Exports of the United States amount to $17,000,000. There were 480 post-offices- — revenue of the depart- ment, $46,000. The frigate Constitution launched at Boston, and the Constellation at Baltimore. Yel- low fever in Philadelphia, of which 988 die. W. Mason, ob., ast. 72. Dr. James Hutton, ob. 1798. A meteoric stone, weighing 20 pounds, fell in the de- partment of the Rhone, on the 12th March. Other meteqric stones, one of which weighed 26 pounds, fell in India, at Krakhest, on the north side of the river . Goomty, on the 19th Dec. Louis XVIII. retires to Petersburg, April 3. The pope leaves Rome, which is taken possession of by the French, Feb. 26. Rome declared itself an independent republic. The pope dies a captive, Sept. 1799. The French take Alex- andria. Alexandria surrenders to the Austrians and Russians, July 24, 1799. The French take Malta, July 11. The Swiss troops defeated by the French, and their independency abolished, Sept. 19. Battle between the Irish rebels and the king’s forces, at Kilcullen, May 22. Battle in Connaught, where the French aided the Irish rebels, and were all taken prisoners, Sept. 7. The English destroy the basins, gates, and sluices of the canal at Bruges, May 19. The French seize Genoa. The French land at Kil- lala bay, Aug. 22, 1,500 men, who surrender on Sept. 7. Piedmont surrendered to the French, Dec. 6. Naval battle of Aboukir, in which the French fleet of 17 sail of the line is totally defeated, and 9 of them taken, by Sir H. Nelson, Aug. 1. Sir J. B. Warren defeats a French fleet of 9 sail, off the coast of Ireland, and takes 5 of them, Oct. 12. War be- tween France, Naples, and Sardinia, Nov. Earth- quake at Sienna, by which 50 persons perished, May 25. The Turks declare war against France. Two comets appear. Regular and provisional army or- ganized, of which Washington was appointed lieu- tenant-general and commander-in-chief. Transyl- CHRONOLOGY £14 A. 1 vania university, at Lexington, Kentucky, founded* The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in 18 vols. 4to., pub- lished by Thomas Dobson of Philadelphia ; the first work of the kind issued in the United States. Jere- my Belknap died in Boston, aged 54 years. The small standing army and the small navy which were produced during the administration of John Adams, were regarded with great jealousy ; the army was raised when the relations of the United States with France threatened collision with that power, and was disbanded when those relations ceased to be threatening. The navy also was regarded by many as a useless expense. Jefferson's system of gun- boats had for its object only the defence of harbors, and not at all the protection of commerce on the high seas ; and the navy was never regarded with much favor, until they had fought themselves into a high standing by their signal successes in the last war with Great Britain. T. Pennant, ob., set. 72. 1799. Corsica relinquished. Ancona surrenders to the Im- perialists, Nov. 13. Battle between the French and Neapolitans, near Naples, Jan. 18. The Archduke Charles defeats the French, and takes 2,000 prison- ers, March 14, 26, near Stockach. The French de- feated near Verona, March 5, 25, and 26 ; and on the 30th, and April 5. The French defeated by the Austrians, April 19 and 20, near Cremona ; by the Russians, near Milan, April 27, 11,000 killed and taken prisoners ; near Cassano, April 27. Bonaparte is repulsed at Acre by the Turks and Sir Sidney Smith, April 16 ; defeated near the Adda, March 26, 31, and May 5 ; defeated by Suwarrow, near Alessandria, May 17 ; defeated at Zurich, with the loss of 4,000 men, June 4 ; by Suwarrow, June 19, when the French lost 18,268 men. Tippoo Saib de- feated and slain near Periapatam, in the East Indies, by the English forces, May 4. Massena defeats the Austrians nearCoire, May 7. The archduke defeats Jourdan, April 2. Kray defeats the French under Scherer, in Italy, April 18. Suwarrow defeats the French at the passage of the Adda, May 23. Bo- naparte defeated before Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, A. D. OF THE WORLD, 215 May 27. Cardinal RufTo defeats the French at Na- ples, June 5. Suwarrow defeats Macdonald near Parma, with the loss of 10,000 men and four gener- als, July 12 ; Moreau, July 18 ; and Joubert, who was slain at Novi, Aug. 15, along with 10,000 killed. The French defeated near Tranto, June 19; near Manheim, Aug. 12. The Imperialists defeated near Zurich, Sept. 21. The French defeated near Men- dovi, Nov. 6 ; near Philipsburgh, with the loss of 4,000 men, Dec. 3 ; near Coni, which surrenders to the Austrians, Dec. 4. The Austrians defeated near Genoa, Dec. 12. Corfu taken by the Russians, March 3. St. Elmo surrenders to the Neapolitans, July 12. Capua surrenders to the allies, July 26. Mantua retaken by the Russians, July 28. The French take Naples, June 21 ; which is retaken by Cardinal RufTo, July 10. The Dutch fleet in the Texel surrenders to Admiral Mitchell, Aug. 29. Tortona taken by the French, July 5, and surren- dered to the Imperialists, Aug. 11. Citadel of Turin surrenders, May 17. Urbino surrendered to the Aus- trians, July 10. Holland invaded by the English, Aug. 27 ; abandoned by a convention, Oct. 19. Me- teoric stones fell on the 5th April, near Baton Rouge, on the Mississippi. Two comets appear. The small American navy, during the partial collision with France, gave presages of its future glory. The American frigate Constellation of 36 guns, com- manded by Capt. Truxton, captured the French frigate Insurgent of 44 guns. The whole American navy consisted this year of 42 vessels, carrying 950 guns, nor did public opinion favor its rapid increase, though it had shown itself a potent instrument. Gen. George Washington died at Mount Vernon, Va., Dec. 14, after a short illness, aged 68 years. An oration was delivered commemorative of the evenl, before Congress, by appointment, by Major-general Lee, and the people of the United States wore crape on the left arm for the space of 30 days, and a mar- ble monument to his memory was ordered to be placed in the capitol ; funeral orations and cere- monies were also attended at all the principal places 216 CHRONOLOGY A. D. through the country : the nation sincerely mourned for him as for a father, and the homage of the world has sanctioned the nation’s tears. America had not a second Washington to lose. His body still mould- ers in the family vault at Mount Vernon, but he has a memorial more durable than marble in the hearts of the American people. Ch. Borda, ob., set. 64. L. Galvani, ob., set. 55. Marmontel, ob. L. Spal- lanzani, ob. 1800. Bonaparte’s life attempted by an explosion of combus- tibles, Dec. 24. Battle of Novi, Austrians and French, Jan. 8 ; of Savona, in Italy, April 8 ; of Veragio, April 10, the French defeated; of Stock- ach, May 1, the Austrians defeated; of Moskirch, May 3, ditto ; of Marengo, 6,000 Austrians killed, and 8,000 prisoners taken, June 21 ; of Hohenlinden, Austrians defeated, Nov. 3 ; on the Mincio, Dec. 25, Austrians defeated. Genoa taken by the English and Austrians in May, and surrendered to the French in July. The French seize Tuscany. Union act for Ireland passed, July 2. Batavia taken by the English, Sept. 12. Earthquake at Constantinople, Oct. 24. Curacoa taken by the English, Sept. 14. Inundation at St. Domingo, which destroyed 1,400 persons, Oct. Northern confederacy against Eng- land. The seat of government of the United States was removed to Washington, named in honor of the father of his country, and previously designated and laid out as the seat of the capitol of the nation. By the census of the United States taken this year, there were found to be 5,305,482 inhabitants. Treaty with France concluded by commissioners. The pro- visional army disbanded by resolution of Congress, May 13. Middlebury College, Vermont, incorpo- rated. Kine pock inoculation introduced into Amer- ica, by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, of Cambridge, Mass. Edward Rutledge, governor of South Caro- lina, died, aged about 50 years. W. Cowper, ob., set. 69. Dr. Jos. Black, ob., set. 73. Nineteenth Century. 1801. Jan. 1, planet Ceres discovered by Piazzi. Union with OF THE WORLD. 21? Ireland carried into effect, Jan. 1. Aboukir surren- ders to the English, March 18. French defeated by the English at the battle of Rhamonia, in Egypt, March 21. Cairo taken by the English and Turks, June 21. Madeira surrenders to the English, July 25. Naples occupied by the French, April 8. Lord Nelson takes and destroys the Danish fleet of 28 sail off Copenhagen, Sept. 2. Defeat of the French fleet near Cadiz, in which two 74 5 s are burnt and one taken, July 16. Peace between France and Austria, Feb. 9. War between Portugal and Spain, Feb. 28. Peace between France and Naples, March ; between Spain and Portugal, June 10 ; between France and Portugal, Sept. 29. The English take Alexandria, Aug. 22. War between France and Turkey, Oct. 17. The Danish island, St. Bartholomew, taken by the English, March 20. The first imperial parlia- ment in England held in January. Northern con- federacy against England dissolved by a British fleet. The Danish island, St. Martins, taken by the Eng- lish, March 24. Dolomieu, oh. A comet appears. Thomas Jefferson chosen President, and Aaron Burr Vice-president of the United States. A squadron sent to the Mediterranean to protect the commerce of the United States against the states of Barbary. The exports of the United States were $93,000,000 ; duties, $20,000,000 ; revenue, $12,945,000. The Connecticut academy of arts and sciences incorpo- rated. University of Georgia located at Athens. There were exported from S. Carolina, 8,000,000 pounds of cotton, and 65,000 barrels of rice. There were 200 newspapers printed in the United States, 17 of which were daily, and 146 weekly. Jonathan Edwards, president of Union College, died in his 57th year. Benedict Arnold, the daring traitor, died in London. While in the American service, he was a brave general, and his march through the wilderness by the way of Kennebec river to Quebec, was a daring exploit. Horse-flesh and dog-meat were dainties on that route. It is remarkable that the British, after all their tempting offers to the American officers to go over to the royal cause, were successful but in 19 218 CHRONOLOGY A. D, this single instance. Said one, “ 1 am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the king of England is not rich enough to buy me.” While on a ma- rauding expedition in Virginia, having taken captive an American captain, Arnold asked him what his countrymen would do with him if he should fall into their hands ? The officer replied, “ They would cut off your lame leg, and bury it with the honors of war, and hang the remainder of your body on a gibbet.” Arnold was severely wounded in the leg in the at- tack on Quebec. 1802. Sir R. Abercromby defeats the French before Alex- andria, March 21, and died a few days after of his wounds. Peace between England, France, Spain, and Holland, March 27. The planet Pallas discov- ered by Olbers, March 28. Foundation stone of the London docks laid, June 26 . West India docks opened, Aug. 21. Crema, in Upper Hungary, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, June 12. Stockholm nearly destroyed by fire, Nov. 15. Stadtholder of Holland renounced by the prince of Orange, in a treaty with France, July. Life-boats invented by Mr. Greathead, who was rewarded by parliament in May. A comet appears. Louisiana ceded by Spain to France. Ohio admitted to the Union, and then was estimated to contain 76,000 inhabitants. Merino sheep, 100 in number, imported from Spain by Col. David Humphreys. Jefferson College, at Conons- burg, Pa., incorporated. South Carolina College founded at Columbia. Princeton College, in New Jersey, burned. Washington city contained 4,350 inhabitants. John Ewing, provost of the university of Pennsylvania, died in his 71st year. Dr. Dar- win, ob. 1803. About 3,000 meteoric stones, the largest of which weighed 17 pounds, fell at Aigle, in France, on the 26th of April. On the 5th of October, another shower of stones fell at Avignon. On the 13th De- cember another shower of stones fell at Messing, in Bohemia. All the British in France detained pris- oners of war, in May. Bonaparte makes offers to Louis XVIII., to induce him to relinquish the crown OF THE WORLD. 219 in his favor, Feb. 26. War between England and France. Scindiah defeated by the English, Aug. 11. Demerara surrenders to the English, Sept. 23. The French take Lubec, June. The English take Tobago, June 30. Hanover occupied by the French, June 14. A brilliant meteor, which rendered legi- ble the writing on the signs at London, appeared at half-past eight in the evening, Nov. 18. Louisiana purchased of the French by the United States, for $15,000,000. Commodore Preble, with an American fleet, bombarded Tripoli. The frigate Philadelphia, Capt. Bainbridge, struck on a rock in the harbor of Tripoli, and was captured, with 300 prisoners. Ba- con Academy, at Colchester, Conn., founded by a donation of $35,000, and named from its founder. Samuel Adams died at Boston, in his 82d year. Samuel Hopkins died at Newport, R. I., aged 83 years. David Tappan died at Cambridge, aged 51 years. Dr. Beattie, ob., set. 68. 1804. A large meteoric stone fell at Possil, near Glasgow, on the 5th April. Another meteoric stone fell at Apt, in the department of Yaucluse, on the 6th October. France formed into an empire, May 5, and Napoleon Bonaparte crowned emperor, Dec. 2. A fleet of In- diamen, under Captain Dance, drives off a squadron of French ships of the line, Feb. 15. Goree taken by the English, March 9. Earthquake in Holland, which makes the chandeliers in Maaslin church vi- brate two or three feet, January. The emperor of Germany assumes the title of emperor of Austria, Aug. 11. War between England and Spain, Dec. 14. The planet Juno discovered by Mr. Harding, Sept. 1. A comet appears. Lieut. Stephen Deca- tur, of the United States navy, recaptures and de- stroys the frigate Philadelphia, in the harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 1. Commodore Preble bombards Tri- poli. Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, to the great regret of the American people, July. The New York Historical Society founded. Philip Schuyler died at Albany, in his 73d year. Joseph Willard, president of Harvard College, died CHRONOLOGY 220 A. D. at Cambridge, in his 66th year. Dr. Priestley, ob. ? set. 71. 1805. Letters of marque issued against Spain, Jan. 11. The London wet docks opened, Jan. 31. A French squadron from Rochefort levied contributions on some of the West India islands, Feb. 21. Bonaparte as- sumes the title of king of Italy, March 18. Holkar defeated by the English at the battle of Bhurtpore, April 2. Schimmelpenninck made grand pensionary of the Dutch government, May 1. The Ligurian republic united with France, May 25. Lord Mel- ville impeached, June 26. Meteoric stones fell in one of the squares of Constantinople, in the month of June. Treaty between France and Naples, ratified at Portici, Oct. 8. Marquis Cornwallis dies at Ghauzepore, Oct. 5, set. 67. Battle of Guntzburg, in which the French defeat the Austrians, Oct. 2. Battle of Ulm, in which the French take the Aus- trians prisoners, Oct. 19. Ulm surrendered by Gen- eral Mack, with 30,000 men. The French defeat the Austrians at Moelk, Nov. 10 ; at Loeben, Nov. 13 ; and at Diernstein, Nov. 14. The French take Vienna, Nov. 13. The imperial palace of Schoen- brunn taken by the French, Nov. 14. Presburg taken by the French, Nov. 15. Battle of Tinter- dorff, in which the French beat the Austrians and Russians, Nov. 16. Battle of Austerlitz, in which the Austrians and Russians are completely defeated by the French, Dec. 2. Sir Robert Calder captures two sail of Spanish ships, after an engagement of four hours with the combined fleet off Ferrol. Bat- tle of Trafalgar, in which Lord Nelson was killed, after having nearly taken and destroyed the com- bined fleets of France and Spain, Oct. 21. Sir R. Strachan takes four French ships of the line off Cape Ortegal, Nov. 4. Treaty of Presburg, between France and Austria, Dec. 27. Treaty concluded with Scindiah by General Lake, Nov. 22. Peace with Holkar, Dec. 24. An earthquake at Eisen- hartz, in Styria, July 24. An earthquake at Naples and its vicinity, in which 20,000 lives are lost, July 26. A shock of an earthquake felt in many parts A. D. OF THE WORLD. 221 of Rome, July 30. Two comets appear. Thomas Jefferson chosen a second time president of the Uni- ted States, and George Clinton chosen vice-president. Gen. William Eaton concluded a favorable treaty with the bashaw of Tunis, more honorable to the United States than any Christian nation had obtained before for a hundred years. Botanic gardens opened at Cambridge, Mass., at New York, and at Charles- ton, S. C. William Moultrie died at Charleston, S. C., in his 75th year. 1806. Hanover occupied by the Prussians. Admiral Duck- worth took and destroyed five French ships of the line, in the bay of St. Domingo. Public funeral of the Right Hon. William Pitt, (who died Jan. 23,) Feb. 22. Two meteoric stones fell at Etienne and Valence, on the 15th of March. French squadron, under Linois, captured on its return from India, by Sir J. B. Warren, March 13. Prince of Orange dies, April 22. Trial of Lord Melville commences in Westminster flail, April 29. The island of Capri taken by Sir Sidney Smith, April 22. A meteoric stone falls at Basingstoke, Hants, on the 17th May. Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king of Holland, at St. Cloud, Paris, June 5. A resolution for the abolition of the slave trade adopted, on the motion of Mr. Fox, in the house of commons, June 10. A similar reso- lution adopted, on the motion of Lord Grenville, in the house of lords, June 24. Lord Melville acquit- ted, June 12. The brilliant victory of Maida gained by Sir John Stuart, over Gen. Regnier. Confedera tion of the Rhine established, July 12. Gaeta taken by the French, July 13. Peace between France and Russia, signed at Paris, by M. d’Oubril, the Rus- sian ambassador, but not ratified by the emperor of Russia, Aug. 13. Surrender of Buenos Ayres, &c., to Major-general Beresford and Sir Home Popham, July 28. Francis II. resigns the office of emperor of Germany, Aug. 7. A manifesto against the gov- ernment of France, published by the emperor of Russia, Aug. 30. A tremendous hurricane at Do- minico and Martinico, Sept. 9. Mr. Fox died, Sept. 13. Sir Samuel Hood, with the Centaur and Mon- 19* 222 CHRONOLOGY A. D. arch, captures four French frigates. Hostilities be- tween the French and Prussians begin, by a skir- mish near the bridge of Saalfeld, where Prince Fer- dinand Louis, of Prussia, was slain, Oct. 10. Battle of Jena, between the French and Prussians, in which the latter were defeated with immense loss, Oct. 14. Surrender of the corps of the Prussian army, under Prince Hohenloe, to the French, under Murat, Oct. 21 ; the French take possession of Stettin and Cus- trin. A proclamation of Bonaparte, offering inde- pendence to the Poles, Nov. 3. The electors of Sax- ony and Hesse accede to the confederation of the Rhine, Nov. 6. The Prussian corps, under Blucher, capitulate to the French, after a brave and skilful retreat, Nov. 7. The French take Magdeburg, Nov. 7. The duke of Brunswick dies near Altona, of a wound received in the battle of Jena, Nov. 9. The French cross the Vistula, and occupy Prague, Dec. 5. Surrender of Thorn, Graudentz, Warsaw, &c. Poland proclaimed independent. War between Rus- sia and Turkey. Battle of Pultusk, Oct. 26. A comet appears. Lewis and Clarke, under the direc- tion of the American government, explore the Missouri and Columbia rivers to the Pacific ocean. Washing- ton College, Pa., and Cumberland College, Nashville, Tenn., founded. Lehigh coal discovered, and first used. Total eclipse of the sun, visible in the United States, June 16. Treaty of amity and commerce between Great Britain and the United States, signed in London, by Monroe and Pinkney, not ratified by the American government. Academy of fine arts in Pennsylvania, instituted. Robert Morris, the great revolutionary financier, died at Philadelphia, in his 72d year. Horatio Gates, late major-general in the U. S. army, died at New York, April 10, in his 78th year. Henry Knox, late major-general of the U. S. army, and afterward secretary of war, died at Thom- astown, Me., Oct. 25, aged 56 years. 1807 . Monte Video taken by the British, Feb. 9. Battle of Eylau, between the French and Russians, Feb. 17. Unsuccessful expedition tc the Dardanelles, Feb. 19. A meteoric stone, of 160 pounds weight, fell in the OF TIIE WORLD. 223 circle of Ichnow, in the government of Smolensko, on the 13th March. The planet Vesta was discov- ered by Dr. Olbers, on the 29th March. The British army repulsed at Rosetta, April 4 and 24. The Russians defeated by the French at the battle of Friedland, June 14. Peace of Tilsit, between France and Russia, signed June 25. Heligoland taken by the British, July 4. The Spaniards re- pulse the British troops under Gen. Whitelocke, at Buenos Ayres, July 6. Bombardment of Copenha- gen, and the surrender of the Danish fleet, Sept. 7. The prince regent of Portugal, accompanied by the royal family, abandons his kingdom in consequence of the advance of the French under Junot, and sails for the Brazils, Nov. 29. Several meteoric stones, weighing from 25 and 30, to 200 pounds, fell in the state of Connecticut, on the 14th Dec. Attack on the American frigate Chesapeake, by the British ship of war Leopard, within the waters of the United States, caused great excitement, and satisfaction was demanded of the British government. British ves- sels were interdicted in the American waters- Aaron Burr was arrested for treason, tried, and acquitted. British orders in council issued, Nov. 11. The Mi- lan decree issued by Bonaparte, Dec. 17. A general embargo laid by the American government, Dec. 22. First successful steamboat on Hudson river. A. comet appeared from Sept. 25, to Jan. 30, 1808. Oliver Ellsworth died, Nov. 26, in his 63d year. Uriah Tracy died at Washington, July 19, in his 54th year. Commodore Edward Preble died, Aug- 25, in his 46th year. 1808. The French obtain possession of Rome, Feb. 2. War between Russia and Sweden begins, Feb. 24. Chris- tian VII. of Denmark, dies, March 13, and is sue ceeded by his son Frederick. King Charles abdi cates the Spanish throne in favor of his son Ferdi- nand VIL, March 19. The French army, com- manded by Murat, enters Madrid, March 23. The royal family of Spain arrive at Bayonne, April 24. The king of Spain abdicates his crown in favor of Bonaparte, May 5. Ferdinand VII. signs a renun- CHRONOLOGY 224 A. E ciation of the Spanish crown, May 12. The royal family of Spain sent from Bayonne into the interior of France, May 13. Solano, the governor of Cadiz, murdered by the populace, May 20. Meteoric stones, weighing 4 and 5 pounds, fell near Stannern, a pos-t station in Moravia, on the 22d May. Two Spanish deputies arrive in England to supplicate aid to the Spanish patriots, June 9. The French fleet at Cadiz surrenders to the Spaniards, June 14. Siege of Sa- ragossa, June 14. Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed king of Spain, at Bayonne, June 16. A British army of 12,000 men, under Sir A. Wellesley, sails for Por- tugal from Cork, July 12. The French defeat the Spaniards at Rio Seco, July 14. The French army, under General Dupont, surrenders to the Spaniards, July 20th. Revolution in Turkey, in which Mus- tapha is defeated, July 28th. British army arrives in Spain, Aug. 1, and defeats the French at the bat- tle of Roleia, Aug. 17 ; and at the battle of Vimiera, Aug. 21* Ferdinand VII. proclaimed king of Spain, at Madrid, Aug. 24. Convention of Cintra, which excites the greatest indignation in England, Aug. 30. A French army, under Marshal Ney, enters Spain, Sept. 3* A meteoric stone fell at Lissa, in Bohemia, on the 3d Sept. A Spanish army of 10,000 men, under the Marquis de Romana, escapes from Nyborg, in Denmark, Aug. 11, and lands at Corunna, Sept. 30. Bonaparte meets the emperor of Russia at Er- furth, Sept. 27. The Spanish armies, under Blake andCastanos, defeated by the French, Nov. 10 and 23. Madrid occupied by the French, Dec. 4. Andover Theological Seminary opened. The importation of slaves from Africa, ceased by law, Jan. 1. Bayonne decree, April 17, declaring all American vessels lia- ble to seizure. The translation of the Septuagint into English, by Charles Thompson, late secretary of Congress, published. Fisher Ames died at Ded- ham, Mass., July 4, aged 50 years. John Dickinson died at Wilmington, Del., at an advanced age. 180i Peace between Britain and Turkey, Jan. 5. Battle of Corunna, at which the French were defeated, and Sir John Moore killed, Jan, 16. Duke of York ac« OF THE WORLD. 225 cused of malversation, Feb. 1, and resigns the of- fice of commander-in-chief, March 10. Drury-lane theatre burnt, Feb. 24. Surrender of Saragossa, March 5. Revolution in Sweden, and Gustavus IV. deposed, March 13. Austria declares war upon France, April 6. Lord Cochrane destroys the French fleet in Basque Roads, April 12. The French defeat the Austrians in the battles of Abens- berg, Ratisbon, and Eckmuhl, April 20-23. Sir A. Wellesley defeats the French at Oporto, May 11. The French obtain possession of Vienna, May 13. Battle of Aspern, or Esling, between the French and Austrians, in which the Austrians had 20,602 killed and wounded, May 21. Schill, the celebrated Prus- sian officer, killed in Stralsund, May 31. The Aus- trians completely defeated by the French at the bat- tle of Wagram, July 5, 6. Suspension of hostilities between France and Austria, July 12. Surrender of Senegal to the British, July 20. Battle of Tala- vera between the British and French, July 27. The British troops, after landing in Walcheren, July 30, take Middleburg, July 31, and Flushing, Aug. 15. Peace between Russia and Sweden signed, Sept. 17. Peace between France and Austria ratified, Oct. 15. The 50th anniversary of the king’s accession cele- brated in every part of the kingdom, Oct. 25. Lord Collingwood destroys three French ships of the line bound from Toulon to Barcelona, off Cape St. Sebas- tian, Oct. 25. Bonaparte divorces his wife, the Em- press Josephine, Dec. 16. James Madison elected President, and George Clinton, Vice-president of the United States. The embargo was repealed, and fol- lowed by a non-intercourse with Great Britain. Di- plomatic intercourse between the United States and Great Britain, ceased. Miami University, Ohio, founded, by a grant of a township of land for its support. 1810. Bonaparte relaxes the Berlin and Milan decrees, Jan. 4. A shower of meteoric stones fell in Caswell co., North Carolina, Jan. 30. An earthquake at Malta, Feb. 16. Amboyna and its dependencies surrender to the British, Feb. 17. Guadaloupe taken by the 22 6 CHRONOLOGY A. D. British, March 5. Lord Collingwood dies, March 7. Bonaparte marries the Princess Maria Louisa, daugh- ter of the emperor of Austria, April 1. Great riots in London, on the committal of Sir F. Burdett to the Tower, April 9. Crown prince of Sweden dies, April 29. American non-intercourse act repealed, May 1. Mr. Windham dies, June 4. Riot in Stock- holm, at the funeral of the crown prince, June 20. Louis Bonaparte abdicates the throne of Holland, July 1. The Isle of Bourbon surrenders to the British, July 8. Holland annexed to the French empire, July 9. Ciudad Rodrigo taken by the French, July 10. A meteoric stone, weighing 7f pounds, fell in the county of Tipperary, Ireland, Aug. 10. An earthquake felt at St. Michael’s, one of the Azores, Aug. 12. Bernadotte chosen crown prince of Sweden, Aug. 21. A small comet discov- ered by M. Pons, 22d Aug. Lucien Bonaparte and his family taken by the Pomona frigate, Aug. 23. Almeyda surrenders to the French, Aug. 28. A great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Sept. 10. Bona- parte issues a decree to burn all British merchandise, Oct. 19. Princess Amelia dies, Nov. 2. Gustavus Adolphus, the late king of Sweden, arrives at Yar- mouth, Nov. 10. Three meteoric stones fell in the department of the Loiret, Nov. 23. Rambouillet decree of Napoleon orders all American vessels in the ports of France to be seized. The French decrees declared repealed, and intercourse with France re- newed. The population, by the third census, was 7,239,903. Kentucky contained 406,511 inhabit- ants; Pittsburg, Pa., had 4,740; Philadelphia, 90,000. Benjamin Lincoln, major-general in the revolutionary army, died. Charles Brockden Brown, a distinguished novelist, died. Henry Cavendish, ob. set. 78. 1811. Tortosa surrenders to the French, Jan. 1. Prince of Wales appointed regent, Feb. 4. A meteoric stone, of 15 pounds, fell in the village of Konleghowsk, in the government of TschernigofF, in Russia, on the 1st March. Battle of Barrosa, in which the French are defeated by the British under General Graham, A. B. OF THE WORLD. 227 March 5. Anholt defended by a handful of British sailors against the Danish flotilla, of 18 gunboats, and 4,000 men. Badajos surrenders to the French, March 10. A small comet discovered by Flauguergues, 25th March. The French defeated by Lord Wel- lington, in the battle of Fuerates de Honores, May 5th. General Beresford defeats the French under Soult, in the battle of Albuera, May 16th. Action between the American frigate the President, of 44 guns, com- manded by Commodore Rodgers, and the British vessel the Little Belt, of 18 guns, May 16th. Siege of Badajos raised, June 11th. Marshal Suchet takes Tarragona by assault, June 29th, and makes himself master of Montserrat, July 24th. The settlement of Batavia, the last colony of France, surrenders to the British under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Sept. 17th. The Boulogne flotilla defeated by the Naiad frigate in the presence of Bonaparte, Sept. 22d. General Blake defeated by the French under Suchet, Oct. 25. In consequence of this victory Murviedro sur- renders to the French, Oct. 27th. General Hill sur- prises and routs the division of General Girard, Oct. 28th. A comet appears, Dec. 23d. The St. George of 98 guns, and the Defence of 74 guns, stranded on the coast of Jutland, and the whole of the crews, amounting to 2,400 men, perished, Oct. 24. The Hero of 74 guns, stranded on a sand bank off the Texel, and the whole of her crew lost, Dec. 25. General Blake defeated by the French near Valen- cia, Dec. 26th. The British made reparation for the attack upon the Chesapeake. Richmond theatre burned, in which, out of 600 present, about 70 per- sons perished, and among them George W. Smith, the governor of Virginia. The frigate President, Capt. Rodgers, attacked by the Little Belt, Capt. Bing- ham, off Cape Charles, May 16 ; the Little Belt fires first, and has 11 killed and 21 wounded ; only one man on board of the President was wounded. Gen. W. H. Harrison fought with the Indians the bloody battle of Tippecanoe, on the Wabash river, in which the Americans had 62 killed and 126 wounded, and the Indians were defeated with still greater loss. CHRONOLOGY 228 A. I John Henry discloses a plot of the governor of Can- ada, Sir James Craig, to detach the New England states from the confederacy, which was unsuccessful ; for the disclosure he received of the government of the United States $50,000. John Rodgers died at New York, in the 84th year of his age, and the 63d of his ministry. 1812. The French defeated at Tariffa, by Colonel Skerret, Jan. 1st. Lord Wellington takes Ciudad Rodrigo by storm, Jan. 19th. Valencia surrenders to the French,, along with the army under General Blake, Feb. 6th „ A dreadful earthquake in the Caraccas, March 26th. Bonaparte makes proposals for peace, which are re- jected, April 17th. Badajos taken by Lord Welling- ton, April 27th. Bonaparte sets out from Paris, to take the command of the army against Russia, May 9th. Mr. Perceval shot in the lobby of the house of commons, May 11th. U. States declare war against Britain, June 19th. Joseph Bonaparte evacuates Madrid, June 28th. Lord Wellington defeats the French under Marmont, near Salamanca. Prelimi- naries of peace signed between Britain, Russia, and Sweden. Orders in council revoked, June 23d. Revolution in Sicily, July 20th. Lord Wellington enters Madrid, Aug. 12. Marshal Victor besieges Riga, Aug. 13th. General Hull and the American army taken prisoners by General Brock, Aug. 17. Battle of Smolensko, between the French and Rus- sians, Aug. 16. The British frigate Guerriere cap- tured by the United States frigate Constitution, Aug. 19th. The Constitution, of 44 guns, was commanded by Capt. Hull, and the Guerriere, of 38 guns, was commanded by Capt. Dacres. The action lasted 25 minutes; the British had 15 killed and 64 wounded, the Americans had 7 killed and 7 wounded. Battle of Mojaisk, in which the victory is claimed both by the French and Russians, Sept. 7. Soult raises the siege of Cadiz, Aug. 25th. A great and san- guinary battle fought at Borrodino, between the French and Russians, in which the victory is claim- ed by both sides, Sept. 7. The Russians burn Mos- cow, which the French enter, Sept. 14. Lord Wei- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 229 lington advances to Burgos, Sept. 21. The French evacuate Moscow, and begin a disastrous retreat, Oct. 19th. The British sloop of war Frolic, cap- tured by the United States sloop of war Wasp, Oct. 18th. Lord Wellington raises the siege of Burgos, Oct. 20th. Moscow re-occupied by the Russians, Oct. 22d. The British frigate Macedonian, captured by the United States frigate United States, Oct. 25. The United States, of 44 guns, was commanded by Capt. Stephen Decatur, and the Macedonian, of 38 guns, was commanded by Capt. John S. Carden. The action lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes ; the Mace- donian had 36 killed and 68 wounded, and the Uni- ted States had 5 killed and 7 wounded. Bonaparte, after leaving his army at Smorgony, on the 25th Nov., arrives in Paris on the 18th Dec. The French defeated at the passage of the Beresina, Nov. 28th. Wilna taken by the Russians, Dec. 10. The British frigate Java captured by the United States frigate Constitution, Dec. 29th. The Constitution, of 44 guns, was commanded by Capt. Bainbridge, and the Java, commanded by Capt. Lambert, had 38 guns. The action lasted 55 minutes ; the Java had 69 kill- ed and 101 wounded, and the Constitution had 9 killed and 25 wounded. Battle of Queenston, in which Gen. Van Rensselaer of the New York militia attacked the British, commanded by Gen. Brock, who was killed; and Van Rensselaer, after an obstinate battle, in which he had 60 killed and 100 wounded, was taken prisoner, Oct. 13. 30,000 Prussians, un- der General York, join the Russian army, Dec. 30. The whole navy of the United States at this time con- sisted of 10 frigates, 5 of which were laid up in ordi- nary, 10 sloops of war and smaller vessels, and 165 gunboats, only 60 of which were in commission. Hamilton College founded. The theological semi,, nary at Princeton founded. George Clinton, vice- president of the United States, died at Washington. Roger Griswold, governor of Connecticut, died at Nor- wich, aged 50 years. 1813 . The Conservative Senate of France agree to place 350,000 men at the disposal of the minister of war, 20 CHRONOLOGY Jan. 11. Battle of Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, in which Gen. Winchester, with 35 officers and 487 non-commissioned officers and privates, surrendered prisoners to the British and Indians under Col. Proc- tor, Jan. 11. Chesapeake declared in a state of blockade, Feb. 5. Ogdensburg taken by the British and the public stores removed or destroyed, Feb. 22. The British brig Peacock, of 18 guns, Capt. Peake, captured by the United States sloop of war Hornet, of 16 guns, Capt. Lawrence, after an action of 15 minutes. The Hornet had 1 killed, 3 drowned with the prize. The Peacock had 112 prisoners taken from the sinking wreck ; and the killed, and among them the captain, sunk with the vessel, Feb. 24. The house of commons agree, by a majority of 40, in a house of 488, to go into a committee on the Ca- tholic question, March 2. James Madison inaugu- rated President, and Elbridge Gerry Vice-president of the United States, March 4. The Russians enter Hamburg, March 8, and Berlin, March 10. The Russians defeat the French at Lunenburg, under Morand, who is slain, April 2. Sir John Murray defeats the French under Suchet, at Castello, in Spain, April 13. Thorn surrenders to the Russians, April 16, and Spandau on the 18th April. York, capital of Upper Canada, taken by the Americans under Gen. Dearborn, in which Gen. Pike was killed by an explosion of a magazine, April 27. Battle of Lutzen, in which the victory is claimed both by the French and the allies, May 2. Havre de Grace, Md., burned by Admiral Cockburn, May 3. The Roman Catholic bill lost at its third reading in the house of commons, by a majority of 4, May 24. Fort George and Fort Erie captured by the Americans, May 27. The British attack Sacket’s harbor, and are repulsed, May 29. The United States frigate Chesapeake, captured by the British frigate Shannon, June 1st. The Chesapeake, of 36 guns, was com- manded by Capt. Lawrence ; the Shannon, of 38 guns, was commanded by Capt. Broke. The Chesa- peake lost its commander, who, mortally wounded, exclaimed in his delirium, “ Don’t give up the ship , ” OF THE WORLD. 231 The Chesapeake had 67 killed and 104 wounded. The Shannon had 26 killed and 56 wounded. Capt. Broke was knighted ; a distinction not commonly conferred on the capturer of a single frigate of equal force ; but it was the only instance of similar suc- cess during the war. The British and Indians, 1,300 in number, repulsed at Lower Sandusky by Major Croghan with 160 Americans, Aug. 2. The British brig Boxer captured by the United States brig En- terprise, Sept. 5th. The British squadron on Lake Erie, commanded by Capt. Barclay, surrenders to the American squadron under Commodore Perry. The American squadron, under Capt. Oliver H. Perry, consisted of 9 small vessels, carrying in the whole 54 guns ; the British consisted of 6 larger ves- sels, mounting in the whole 63 guns. The comple- ment of men of the British exceeded that of the Americans. The loss of the Americans was 27 kill- ed and 96 wounded, Sept. 10. Commodore Perry turned the scale of battle by leaving his flag-ship, nearly a wreck, and proceeding in an open boat, carrying his colors amidst a tremendous fire, to a fresh ship. The United States brig Argus captured by the British brig Pelican. Battle of the Thames, in which the Americans, under Gen. Harrison, de- feated the British and Indians under Gen. Proctor, taking 601 men prisoners. The British had 12 regu- lars and 33 Indians killed, and 22 regulars wounded. The Indian chief Tecumseh was killed, probably by Col. Johnson. Gen. Jackson, with 2,000 Tennessee volunteers, attacks the Creek Indians and defeats them with the loss of 300 warriors. The Americans lost 15 killed and 80 wounded, Nov. 9. Gen. McClure abandoned Fort George, and burned the village of Newark, U. C., Dec. 10. This was used by the British afterwards as a poor excuse for burn- ing Washington, though it had been avenged imme- diately by the burning of Buffalo, Black Rock, &c. Bombay mission commenced by the A. B. C. F. M. Benjamin Rush died at Philadelphia, aged 68. Ro- bert R. Livingston died, in his 66th year. Theophi- lus Parsons died, aged 63. CHRONOLOGY 232 A. D. 1814. Allies invaded France at different points ; after many conflicts with various success, entered Paris, March 31. Bonaparte abdicated, April 11; embarked for Elba, April 28. Louis XVIII. entered Paris, May 3. Ferdinand VII. entered Madrid, May 14. Peace between France and the allies, May 30. France reduced to her limits as they were in Jan. 1, 1792. King of Spain suppressed the Cortes ; re-established the inquisition, Jesuits’ college, &c. Norway united to Sweden, Aug. 14. Washington city taken by the British, and the public buildings, library of congress, &c., burned ; this Vandal act roused the spirit of the nation. Messrs. Clay and Russel, commissioners, sail from New York in the U. S. frigate John Adams for Gottenburg, Feb. 25. Gen. Hull found guilty by a court-martial and sentenced to be shot, March 28. The president approves the sentence and re- mits the execution, April 25. Blockade of the whole American coast proclaimed by Admiral Cochrane, against which the president protests as an impossi- bility, and calls upon neutral nations to disregard it. Congress of Vienna, Sept. 26. Belgium united to Holland. Hanover, a kingdom. The British sloop of war L’Epervier, of 18 guns, Capt. Wales, cap- tured by the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, of 18 guns, Capt. Warrington, after an action of 42 minutes, in which L’Epervier had 8 killed and 15 wounded, and the Peacock only 2 wounded, April 29. Oswego taken by 1,800 British, after a resistance of 2 days, by 300 men under Lieut. Col. Michell. The British had 19 killed and 75 wounded ; the Americans had 6 killed, 38 wounded, and 26 missing, May 6. The Bri- tish Champlain squadron beaten off from the battery at the mouth of Otter Creek. McDonough’s squadron was fitting up at Vergennes, 7 miles from the mouth of Otter Creek. The object of the British was, probably, after capturing this battery, to sink the hulk of a vessel in the channel, which would have much obstructed the egress of McDonough’s fleet, not yet completed. The channel is narrow and crooked, though deep. This small battery was served with such spirit, that the British were beaten off without A. D. OF THE WORLD. 233 accomplishing their object, though the cannon of the battery were nearly all dismounted. Capt. Pring, the British commander, was severely reflected on, after his return to Canada, which probably induced him to fight his fine brig for 15 minutes after the main vessel, the Confiance, had surrendered, at the battle of Plattsburg. The Independence 74, launched at Boston, June 22. The British sloop of war Rein- deer, of 18 guns, Capt. Manners, captured by the U. S. sloop of war Wasp, Capt. Blakeley, after an action of 19 minutes. The Reindeer had 25 killed and 42 wounded, and the Wasp had 5 killed and 21 wounded, June 28. Fort Erie, with a garrison of 137 men, surrendered to Maj. Gen. Brown without resistance. Battle of Chippewa, in which Gen. Brown defeats the British under Gen. Riall, and compels him to retreat to Fort George. The Ameri- cans had 60 killed, 229 wounded, and 19 missing ; the British had 148 killed, 320 wounded, and 46 missing, July 5. Battle of Bridgewater, or Niagara Falls, in which Gen. Brown attacked the British un- der Gen. Drummond, and after a sanguinary en- gagement, which lasted from 5 o’clock till midnight, drove him from all his positions, stormed his batteries, captured his artillery, and after keeping possession of the field for 3 hours, the Americans returned to their encampment without interruption. The Ameri- cans had 171 killed, 572 wounded, among whom were Generals Brown and Scott, and 117 missing. The British admitted 84 killed, 559 wounded, 193 miss- ing, and 43 prisoners. Among the wounded were Generals Drummond and Riall, the latter made pris- oner, July 25. Lord Gambier, Henry Goulbourn, and William Adams, appointed by the British gov- ernment commissioners to treat at Ghent. Stoning- ton attacked by a British squadron under Commodore Hardy, and repulsed by the militia. The British fleet of 60 sail, under Admiral Cochrane, with a land force of 6,000 men, under Gen. Ross, entered Chesa- peake bay, and proceeded to the mouth of the Pa- tuxent. Commodore Barney blew up his flotilla of gunboats in that river, and proceeded to join Gen. 20 * 234 CHRONOLOGY A. D. Winder, who had command of the district, with a force, including the militia, of over 7,000 men. The British advanced to the attack of Washington, and the only successful resistance which they encoun- tered, was that of Commodore Barney and his brave sailors and marines, on the heights of Bladensburg, who, though deserted by the militia, fought until they were surrounded, and their commander wounded, and they were compelled to surrender. On the evening of Aug. 24, Gen. Ross entered the city at the head of 800 men, burned the capitol, president’s house, and other public buildings, the library of congress and public archives, and then retreated to their ships. The nation was roused by this savage war- fare, and the signal defeats of the British at Balti- more, Plattsburg, and New Orleans were effected under the stimulus of this Vandal outrage. The British sloop of war Avon, of 18 guns, Capt. Arbuth- not, sunk by the U. S. sloop of war Wasp, of 18 guns, Capt. Blakeley, after an action of 46 minutes, in which the Avon had 9 killed and 33 wounded, and the Wasp had 2 killed and 1 wounded, Sept. 1. The British squadron under Commodore Downie, on Lake Cham- plain, attacked the American squadron under Com- modore McDonough, in the harbor of Plattsburgh. After a sanguinary contest of 2h. 20m., the British squadron, excepting the gunboats, was captured. The American force was 86 guns, and the British 95 guns. The . Americans had 52 killed and 58 wounded ; the British had 84 killed and 110 wound- ed. Commodore Downie had great confidence of victory ; his flag-ship, the Confiance, was very pow- erful, and her metal unusually heavy ; said a sail- ing-master who was among the captured officers, 44 There is not a frigate in the whole British navy, which has a more powerful battery than that vessel.” It is said that Commodore Downie remarked to his men, when coming into battle, 44 1 allow you 30 min- utes to capture that fleet but before that time had expired, he lay low in death, Sept. 11. Sir George Prevost, who occupied Plattsburgh with 14,000 Bri- tish troops, made a simultaneous attack on the land OP THE WORLD. 235 on the American force, consisting of 1,500 regular troops under Gen. Macomb, and 3,000 militia from Vermont and New York, under Gen. Strong and Gen. Mooers, in which they were unsuccessful. There were several things in the battle of Platts- burgh and of Lake Champlain, which deserve notice. The battle took place in the forenoon on the sab- bath. After the British squadron came in sight, McDonough called together on board of his vessel all the men of the squadron who could be spared from duty, and had a fervent prayer offered to the God of battles for success. Instead of being elated by his victory, McDonough never appeared so sober and considerate as after this great and eventful battle. In regard to the British land force, it was the largest and best that had ever invaded the country, consist- ing of 14,000 men who had fought in the Spanish peninsula, and was led by Sir George Prevost, gov- ernor of Canada, an able and experienced general, who had something of the prudence and the bravery of Washington. Before the downfall of Bonaparte, the American war was considered a mere episode in the great epic of the world ; he had been indiffer- ently supported, and by his prudence and general- ship he had saved the Canadas. It was not to the honor of Great Britain that this veteran general died under arrest, and especially that his accuser was Sir James Lucas Yeo, commander of the squadron on Lake Ontario, whose naval tactics consisted in great skill in running away, and but for which, Lake On- tario, as well as Erie and Champlain, would have had its general engagement. Sir George Prevost died before his trial, and his death was probably hastened by his mortification. He might have cap- tured the American fort, but he would have lost many men in doing it, and after the capture of the fleet it could have answered no valuable purpose, and he preferred a retreat, to offering a human sacri- fice of several hundred men to wounded honor ; and for this he deserved approbation and not disgrace.— The British probably supposed that there were as 236 CHRONOLOGY A. D. many as 20,000 American militia at Plattsburgh. The gunboats of the British fleet made their escape. The sabbath after the defeat, the officers and men attended church, when the Hon. and Rev. Charles Stewart, afterwards bishop of Quebec, then a mis- sionary at St. Armand, in a sermon on the occasion, reproved them for choosing the sabbath for the en- gagement, remarking, that “ nothing less than defeat could have been expected, in attacking a pious man at his devotions on the sabbath The battle of Baltimore, in which 5,000 British, led by Gen. Ross, were repulsed, with the loss of their commander and 46 killed and 295 wounded ; the Americans had 40 killed and 200 wounded, and 49 taken prisoners, Sept. 12. Emboldened by his suc- cess at Washington, Ross boasted that he would make his winter-quarters in Baltimore ; but his winter- quarters were amidst the clods of the valley. Fort McHenry, which defends the harbor, was bombarded by the whole British squadron, consisting of 16 ves- sels ; but they were foiled, and retired on the morn- ing of Aug. 14. On the 18th of Nov., a powerful fleet, consisting of 60 vessels with 8,000 troops, ar- rived at the entrance of Lake Borgne, designed for the attack of New Orleans. On the 2d of Dec., Gen. Jackson, with the regular troops, arrived, and was joined by large detachments from Tennessee and Kentucky. Dec. 16, New Orleans was put under martial law, and vigorous preparations were made for its defence. Extensive works were erected 4 miles below the city, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi. On the night of the 23d, they were violently assaulted by Gen. Jackson, in which they lost 500 men in killed, wounded, and missing. On the night of Dec. 31st, they attempted three times to storm the American works, but were repulsed. Treaty of peace concluded at Ghent, between the United States and Great Britain, Dec. 24. Elbridge Gerry died at Washington, aged 70. 1815 . The troops on the west side of the river struggled with various success, but on the morning of Jan. 8, the main body of the British, led by Gen. Packen- A. D. OF THE WORLD. 237 ham, attempted to storm the American lines. Gen. Packenham was mortally wounded, as was Gen. Gibbs, the second in command. At 8 o’clock, the British retreated to their works, having lost 700 killed, 1,400 wounded, and 500 captured, making a total of 2,600. The Americans, in this battle, lost but 6 killed and 7 wounded ; a disparity unexam- pled in the history of warfare, and Gen. Jackson was too well satisfied with the result, to interrupt their retreat. Congress of Vienna guarantied the integ- rity of 22 Swiss cantons ; issued a manifesto against Bonaparte on his return to France. Bonaparte left Elba, Feb. 26 ; landed at Cannes, March 1 ; entered Paris, March 21. Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, bind themselves to bring 15,000 men each into the field against Bonaparte, March 25. Murat attacked the Austrians ; lost the battle of Tolentino, May 3, and the kingdom of Naples, May 20. The three legations restored to the pope, May 29. Bonaparte left Paris to conflict with the allies, June 10. Battle of Waterloo, June 18. Bonaparte abdicated in favor of his son, June 24. The allies entered France. Capitulation of Paris, July 3. Return of Louis XVIII. to the capital, July 8. Bonaparte surrender- ed himself to Capt. Maitland, of the British ship Bellerophon, July 15. Ney and Labedoyere shot. Holy Alliance concluded, Sept. 26. Bonaparte at St. Plelena, Oct. 26. Ionian republic established, Nov. 5. New treaties, providing for the occupation of France by foreign troops for five years, and fur- ther contracting the French frontier, concluded be- tween the allies and Louis XVIII., Nov. 20. Con- gress of Vienna adjusted the boundary of states, formerly dependent on the French empire ; fixed the constitution of Germany. A treaty of amity between his Britannic majesty and the United States of Ameri- ca, ratified by the president of the U. S., Feb. 17. U. S. frigate Constitution, captured the British sloops of war Cyane and Levant, off Madeira. U. S. sloop of war Hornet, Capt. Biddle, captured the British brig Penguin, off Brazil. Massacre at Dartmoor prison, of 7 killed and 60 wounded, disavowed by the CHRONOLOGY 238 A. I British, and compensation made to the widows of the sufferers. Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge sent against Algiers ; captured 2 Algerine vessels, and concluded an honorable peace, July 4. Merri- mac canal opened to Concord, N. H., from Boston, June 23. David Ramsay died at Charleston, aged 66. Robert Fulton died, in his 50th year. Chaun- cey Goodrich died at Hartford, Connecticut, in his 56th year. L816. Majority of 37 in the house of commons against the property tax, March 19. Princess of Wales married to Prince Leopold, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, May 2. Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth, Aug. 27. Declaration of South American independence issued at Buenos Ayres. Duke of Cambridge Gov. Gen. of Hanover, Nov. 2. Distress, riots in Eng- land, Spa-fields mob, Dec. 2. Indiana admitted to the Union. A national bank established by congress, with a capital of $35,000,000. American Bible So- ciety founded at New York. The Hartford asylum for teaching the deaf and dumb, the first of the kind in the United States, founded. Large fire in New York, loss, $200,000. Francis Asbury, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, died, in his 71st year. Nathan Strong died at Hartford, Ct. 1817. Habeas Corpus act suspended, March 7. Insurrection at Nottingham. Convention between Louis XVIII. and the pope ; privileges of the Gallican church se- cured. Spain disturbed, and Portugal threatened with popular tumults. Waterloo bridge opened, June 18. Bolivar supreme chief of the government of Venezuela. Death of the Princess Charlotte, to the great grief of the nation, Nov. 6. Pindarri war in India ; ended, Dec. 17. James Monroe inau- gurated President, and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice- president of the United States. Mississippi admitted to the Union. The University of Virginia, with a large fund, founded at Charlottesville. The Erie canal was commenced, and the first excavation made, July 4. Missions of the American Board to the Cherokees, commenced at Brainerd, Tenn. Printing commenced in English, and in Guess’s Cherokee syl. A. D. OE THE WORLD. 239 labic alphabet. Timothy Dwight, president of Yale College, died at New Haven, in his 65th year. 1818. Habeas Corpus suspension act repealed, Jan. 31. Ber- nadotte, king of Sweden, Feb. 30. Censorship of the press enforced by Louis XVIII. France, Spain, and the Netherlands, agree to measures proposed by England for the suppression of the slave trade. Duke of Clarence married to the princess of Saxe- Meiningen ; duke of Kent married to the princess of Saxe-Coburg, July 13. A papal bull allowed the benefices of Spain to remain two years vacant, and yielded the revenues to the service of the govern- ment, Aug. 12. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 29. Army of occupation withdrawn from France, Oct. 9. Death of the British queen, Charlotte, Nov. 17. Illinois admitted to the Union. The college at Waterville, Me., under the Baptists, was opened. Massachusetts general hospital founded at Boston. War with the Seminole Indians. Mission to the Choctaws established. Arthur St. Clair, a lieutenant under Gen. Wolfe, at Quebec, and afterwards Maj. Gen. in the revolutionary army, died in his 84th year. Caspar Wistar died, in his 57th year. Jo- seph McKean, president of Bowdoin College, died, aged 42 years. 1819. Southwark bridge opened, March 26. Princess Vic- toria born, May 23. Radical reform meetings, June 23. Congress of Carlsbad, Aug. 1. Manchester massacre, Aug. 16. Chili, Buenos Ayres, and Co- lombia, de facto independent. The “ Six Acts” sanctioned by the British legislature. Spain cedes the Floridas to the United States. New South Shet- land discovered. Alabama admitted to the Union. Arkansas erected into a territory. The first steam- ship sailed for Europe in May. William Samuel Johnson, late president of Columbia College, which he left in 1810, died in Stratford, Ct., aged 93 years. Hugh Williamson died at New York, in his 85th year. Caleb Strong died at Northampton, Mass., aged 75 years. John Langdon died at Portsmouth, N. H., aged 79 years. Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of Lake Erie, died in the West Indies. 240 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1820. Revolution in Spain; constitution of 1812 proclaimed, Jan. 1. Death of George III., Jan. 29. The king of Spain swears to the constitution ; inquisition sup. pressed, March 8. Expulsion of the Jesuits from Russia, March 25. Revolution at Naples, May 15. Carbonari constitutional junta in Portugal, Oct. 1. Maine admitted to the Union as a separate state. The population of the United States, by the census, was 9,708,135. William Ellery died at Newport, in his 90th year. Joseph Lathrop died at West Springfield, in his 90th year. 182a. Revolution in Brazil, Jan. 1. Congress of Leyback. Austrian army occupied Naples, Jan. 8. Disturb- ances in Piedmont ; the king resigned in favor of his brother, April 10. Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, May 5. Coronation of George IV., July 19. Aus- trian troops occupied the kingdom of Sardinia, July 29. George IV. visits Dublin, Aug. 17, and Hano- ver, Oct. 10. Catholic bill lost in the house of peers. James Monroe inaugurated President, and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice-president of the United States. Mis- souri, the 24th state, admitted to the Union. The Columbian College, under the Baptists, founded at Washington, D. C. Presbyterian Theological Semi- nary, at Auburn, founded. Liberia colony founded in Africa, and the capital called Monrovia. Elias Boudinot died, in his 82d year. Samuel Worcester, secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions, died at Brainerd, an Indian town. 1822. The Greeks declare themselves free, Jan. 1. Prince royal of Brazil, instituted a representative govern- ment, Feb. 16. Spanish Cortes meet at Madrid, March 1. The Greeks victorious at Larissa, Salon- ica, and Thermopylae The king of Portugal swore to the new constitution, Oct. 1. Brazil independent ; the prince-regent proclaimed emperor, Oct. 12. Con- gress of Verona, Oct. 20. Great distress in Ireland. George IV. visits Scotland. Boston incorporated as a city. Conspiracy of the negroes at Charleston, S. C. : 35 were executed. Rees 5 Cyclopaedia in 41 vols. 4to., and 6 additional vols. of plates, reprinted at Philadelphia. Eighty-nine steamboats were enrolled A . D, OF THE WORLD. 241 at New Orleans, with a tonnage of over 18,000 tons. William Pinkney died at Washington, in his 57th year. Alexander Metcalf Fisher, the youthful pro- fessor of natural philosophy in Yale College, was cast away in the Albion, on the coast of Ireland, and was lost, with the ill-fated crew of that vessel, aged 28. John Stark died at Manchester, N. H., in his 94th year. 1823. Mediation of the Holy Alliance rejected by the Cortes of Spain, Jan. 9. Removal of Ferdinand to Seville, thence to Cadiz, March 20. French army entered Spain, April 7, and Madrid, May 23. The king of Portugal suppressed the constitution, June 5. Cadiz invested by the French, June 25. Guatemala pro- claimed its independence, July 20. Battle of Tro- cadero before Cadiz, Aug. 31. Riego taken, Sept. 15 ; executed at Madrid, Nov. 27. Proceedings of the Cortes from March 7, 1820, annulled; end of the Spanish revolution, Oct. 1. Mexican constitution proclaimed, Oct. 4. The government of Great Bri- tain sent consuls to the new states of South America. 10,000 barrels of flour were embarked on the Erie canal, from Rochester, for New York and Albany ; Oct. 8, the first boats passed. American mission commenced at Beyroot, in Western Asia. John Treadwell died, in his 78th year. Samuel Wyllys died at Hartford, aged 84 years. Tapping Reeve died at Litchfield, Ct., aged 78. 1824. The English troops defeated by the Ashantees, Jan. 21. Bolivar, dictator of Peru, Feb. 10. Lord Has- tings, governor-general of India, declared war against the Burmese, March 5. Capture of Rangoon, May 5. The Ashantees driven from Cape Coast Castle, July 22. Charles X., king of France. Treaty be- tween the United States and Colombia, Oct. 3. Pro- visional government in Greece, Oct. 12. The Turks evacuated Moldavia, Nov. 23. Mechanics’ institu- tions formed in England. Union of the Scotch dis- senters. Catholic rent. A convention between Great Britain and the United States, for the suppres- sion of the slave trade, March 13. The boundary between Russia and the United States, fixed at 54° 21 242 CHRONOLOGY 40' N. lat., on the N. W. coast of America. Gera. Lafayette visited the U. S. by invitation of congress, and landed in New York, Aug. 13. Congress voted him $200,000 in money, and a township of land, in part for his services in the revolutionary war. Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, founded. Charles Thompson, formerly secretary of congress, died, near Philadelphia, in his 95th year. 1825. Great Britain concluded a treaty of commerce with the united provinces of Rio de la Plata, Feb. 2. John Quincy Adams inaugurated as President, and John C. Calhoun as Vice-president of the U. States. Ibrahim Pasha invaded Greece, Feb. 26. Conven- tion concluded between Russia and Great Britain, for the freedom of navigation, commerce, and the fishery on the Pacific ocean, and the northwest coast of America, Feb. 28. Independence of St. Domingo confirmed by France, April 17. Treaty between Great Britain and Colombia, April 18. Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Greeks near Forgi, April 19. Treaty between Great Britain and Mexico, April 29. Ports in the East Indies belonging to the Dutch, opened to the ships of all nations, July 21. Resolu- tion of the provisional government of Greece to have recourse to the protection of England, July 24. Treaty of commerce and navigation concluded be- tween Great Britain and the Hanse-Towns, Sept. 26. The Spaniards evacuated Mexico, Nov. 18. Death of Alexander, emperor of Russia, Dec. 1. General Campbell defeated the Burmese near Prome. Acts against the Catholic association. Petitions against the corn laws. Joint stock company mania ; commer- cial distress ; failures. The 50th anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill celebrated in Boston, and the corner-stone of the commemorative monument laid by Gen. Lafayette, when an address was delivered by Hon. Daniel Webster. Lafayette left the coun- try for France, Sept. 7. Treaty with the Creeks and the Osages, by which they were aided by the United States in making improvements. The Stock- bridge Indians settled at Green Bay. Ground broken for the Ohio canal on the Hocking summit, by Gov. A. D. OF THE WORLD. 243 Dewitt Clinton, July 4. The Farmington canal, from New Haven to Northampton, begun. Amherst Col- lege incorporated. Newton Baptist Theological Seminary, founded. Charles Cotesworth Pinkney died, in Charleston, S. C. John Brooks died at Medford, Mass., in his 73d year. William Eustis died at Boston, in his 72d year. Eli Whitney, in- ventor of the cotton-gin, died at New Haven, aged 57 years. 1826. War between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, Jan. 3. Bhurtpore stormed by the British troops under Lord Combermere. Sir A. Campbell defeated the Bur- mese near Malloun, Jan. 20. Surrender of Callao, Jan. 23. Peru evacuated by the Spaniards. Treaty of navigation between Great Britain and Franco, Jan. 26. Death of John VI., emperor and king of Portugal. Don Pedro granted the Portuguese a charter ; confirmed the regency, April 26 ; abdica- ted in favor of his daughter, Donna Maria da Gloria, May 2. Treaty of navigation between Great Britain and Sweden, May 19. Departure of the Ottoman troops from Wallachia. Opening of the first con- gress of the Bolivian republic, May 25. Landing of the Greeks near Salonichi ; battle with Omer Pasha, June 1. Importation of foreign silks into Great Britain permitted, from June 5. Insurrection of the Janisaries at Constantinople. New organiza- tion of the Ottoman army. Defeat of the Janisa- ries ; suppression of the corps, June 14, 15, 16. Convocation of a general congress in Chili, to form a constitution, June 15. The national congress con- stituted Chili a con federative state, July 11. Ashan- tees defeated the English, Aug. 7. National assem- bly of Greece called together in the isle of Paros, July 14. Bolivar, president of Peru for life, July 19. Nicholas, emperor of Russia, crowned at Mos- cow, Sept. 3. Russia declared war against Persia. Colombian flag admitted* into French ports, Sept. 28. The infant, Don Miguel, takes the oath of fealty to the Portuguese constitution at Vienna, Oct. 4. Lot- teries ceased in England, Oct. 18. Treaty between Great Britain and Brazil, for the abolition of the CHRONOLOGY 244 A. D. slave trade. The Portuguese rebels take Lamego 5 Portugal entreated the assistance of Great Britain, Dec. 3. English troops arrived at Lisbon, Dec. 25. Treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation, be- tween Denmark and the United States, concluded at Washington, Oct. 14. A treaty for the same pur- pose with Central America, concluded, Oct. 28. Nashville made the capital of Tennessee. The Home Missionary Society instituted in New York by a convention from 13 states and territories. Tre- mendous avalanches or slides in the White moun- tains, N. H., which occasioned great destruction. On the 4th of July, John Adams died at Quincy, Mass., in his 91st year ; and Thomas Jefferson, at Monticello, Va., in his 83d year. They aided, by the most important services, in achieving American independence. Jedidiah Morse, the veteran geogra- pher, died at New Haven, June 9, in his 65th year. 1827. Death of the duke of York, Jan. 5. The duke of Wel- lington appointed commander-in-chief, Jan. 22. Lord Liverpool becomes incapable of transacting business, Feb. 17. Subject of Catholic claims brought before the house of commons, by Sir Francis Burdett ; ma- jority against concession, four, March 5, 6. Depart- ure of the Ilecla, Capt. Parry, from Deptford, on the northern exploring expedition, March 25. Mr. Canning appointed first lord of the treasury, April 10. Duke of Clarence, lord high admiral, April 17. National guard of France disbanded by Charles X., April 30. Unitarian marriage bill assented to, by the house of peers, June 26. Resolution of the Bank of England to discount bills at 4 per cent, July 5. Death of Mr. Canning, Aug. 8. Lord Goderich ap- pointed premier, Aug. 11. Duke of Portland presi- dent of the council, Aug. 17. Return of Capt. Parry from the northern expedition, Sept. 29. Battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, in which the English, Russian, and French fleets, destroy the Turkish fleet. French chambers dissolved ; 76 new peers created, Nov. 5. The Bank of Lisbon suspended its payments, Dec. 7. Several murders having been committed by the Winnebago Indians, they submitted to give up the OF THE WORLD. 245 murderers, and prevented a war upon them. A re- volution in Peru overthrew all the institutions of Bolivar. Rufus King, late minister to England, died. Clapperton, the English traveller in Africa, died. 1828. Resignation of Lord Goderich, Jan. 8. Duke of Wel- lington, premier. British troops withdrawn from Portugal. Usurpation of Don Miguel. Finance committee appointed, Feb. 15. Test and corpora- tion acts repealed, Feb. 26. Law commission ap- pointed, Feb. 29. Catholic relief bill rejected by the upper house, Jan. 9 ; majority, 44. Mr. O’Connel, a Catholic, elected M. P. for the county of Clare. Catholic association. Brunswick clubs. London University opened. Additional article to a conven- tion between the United States of America and the Hanseatic republics of Lubec, Bremen, and Ham- burg, signed at Washington, June 4 ; a previous convention had been signed, Dec. 20, 1827. A new tariff passed, May 13, (since superseded.) Dewitt Clinton, governor of New York, and the efficient pro- moter of the Erie canal, died, Feb. 11. Jacob Brown, Maj. Gen. in the late American war, died. 1829. Settlement of the Catholic question recommended, in a speech from the throne, Feb. 5. Catholic associa- tion suppressed by act of parliament, March 5. Ca- tholic relief bill receives the royal assent, April 13. Irish forty shilling freeholders disfranchised. Agri- cultural distress. Partial disturbances in England, November and December. Peace between Russia and Turkey, Sept. 14. Gen. Harrison recognised at Bogota, as minister plenipotentiary of the United States. Andrew Jackson chosen President, and John C. Calhoun Vice-president of the United States. Explosion of the magazine of the steamship Fulton, at the navy-yard, Brooklyn, 26 persons killed. Navi- gation opened on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. New Roman Catholic cathedral in Montreal, which holds 10,000 people, opened. Timothy Pickering died at Salem, Mass. John Jay, chief-justice of the United States, died at Bedford. Sir Humphrey Davy, the celebrated chemist, died at Geneva. John M. Mason died at New York, aged 60. 21 * CHRONOLOGY 246 A. D. 1830. Measures of reform proposed in the house of commons, by the Marquis of Blandford, Feb. 18 ; by Lord John Russel, Feb. 23; by Mr. O’Connel, May 28, unsuc- cessfully. Death of George IV., June 26, in his 68th year. William IV., king of Great Britain. Revo- lution of July, in France. Duke of Orleans becomes “king of the French. 55 Revolution in Belgium. Riots in England ; great destruction of agricultural produce. Reform associations and political unions formed at Birmingham, &c. Duke of Wellington re- signs, Nov. 16. Earl Grey, premier; Mr. Brough- am, lord high chancellor. Revolution of the 19th Nov., in Poland. Algiers taken by the French, July 5. Prince Leopold declined the crown of Greece. Bolivar resigned his civil and military offices. Vir- ginia adopted a new constitution. Navigation of the Black sea opened to American vessels. Bill for re moving the Indians, passed the house of representa- tives by a vote of 288 to 165. Celebration of the second centennial anniversary of the settlement of Boston, Mass., oration by Josiah Quincy, LL. D. Queen of Portugal died, aged 54. John S. Ravens- croft, bishop of N. C., died at Raleigh, aged 58. Madame Letitia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, died at Rome, aged 85. Isaac Parker, chief-justice of the supreme court of Mass., died at Boston, aged 62. John H. Hobart, bishop of New York, died at Auburn. 1831. Reform bill announced to the house of commons by Lord John Russel, March 1 ; read a first time March 14 ; frustrated in committee, by a motion of General Gascoyne ; parliament dissolved ; debated in a new house of commons, from June 15 to Sept. 22, and carried by a final majority of 109 ; rejected by the peers, Oct. 7, by a majority of 41. Parliament pro- rogued. Riots at Derby, Nottingham, and Bristol. Prince Leopold accepted the crown of Belgium. Warsaw surrendered to the Russians ; the Poles are reduced to complete submission. Insurrection at Lyons, Nov. Cholera Morbus broke out at Sunder- land. King of the Netherlands makes his award respecting the N. E. boundary of the United States, 4 D. OF THE WORLD 247 Jan. 10 ; unsatisfactory to both parties. The Uni- ted States supreme court gave an opinion granting an injunction to stay the proceedings of Georgia, relative to the Cherokee lands. American Bible Society distributed this year 270,000 Bibles and Testaments ; receipts 125,316 dollars, 79 cents. Three thousand temperance societies in the United States, with 300,000 members. Fayetteville, N. C., destroyed by fire. North Carolina state house, with a statue of Washington, by Canova, destroyed by fire. Butler, Trott, and Worcester, Christian mis- sionaries, sentenced to four years imprisonment at hard labor in the Georgia penitentiary, for residing among the Cherokees, without taking the oath of al- legiance to the State of Georgia, Sept. 16. The board of commissioners approve of their conduct, Oct. 22. Nat. Turner, ringleader in the insurrec- tion of the slaves at Southampton, Va., taken and executed, Nov. 11. Robert Hall died at Bristol, Eng. Isaiah Thomas died at Worcester, Mass., set. 82. John Trumbull, author of McFingal, died at Detroit, Mich., aged 81. James Monroe, fifth Presi- dent of the United States, died at New York, aged 73 ; 100,000 persons attended the funeral. John H. Rice, President of the Union Theological Semi- nary, died, aged 54. Samuel L. Mitchell died at New York. Hannah Adams died at Brookline, Mass., aged 76. 1832, The reform bill (introduced again into the house of commons, Dec. 12, 1831) is debated until the 22d March, and endangered in the house of peers by a motion of Lord Lyndhurst, May 7. The ministers resign. The house of commons and the country present to the king addresses, expressing confidence in the retired ministry. The duke of Wellington attempts to form an administration — fails ; Earl Grey and his colleagues are recalled, May 18. Royal assent given to the reform bill, June 7, to the Scotch, July 17, to the Irish, Aug. 7. Hereditary peerage abolished in France. Prince Otho, of Ba- varia, accepted the sovereignty of Greece, May 7. Garlist and republican insurrection in Paris, June 248 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 5, 6. The city is declared in a state of siege. The diet of Frankfort published resolutions abridging the liberties of Germany, June 28. Don Pedro, ex- emperor of Brazil, landed at Oporto, July 9 ; civil war for the possession of Portugal. Death of young Napoleon, (duke of Reichstadt,) July 22. The Uni- ted States supreme court pronounced the imprison- ment of the missionaries in Georgia unconstitu- tional. The Creek Indians ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi, April 5. Bill for the relief of the surviving officers and sol- diers of the revolution, passed by the American congress, and signed by the president. The new tariff act passed the house of representatives by a vote of 132 to 65, and the senate by a vote of 32 to 16, and received the veto of President Jackson, and failed of a two-thirds vote. The University of New York organized, Sept. 26. Bishops consecrated at New York for Vermont, New Jersey, Kentucky, and Ohio. A convention in South Carolina declared against the tariff, as unconstitutional and void, Nov. 19. President Jackson condemns their course, and warns them not to proceed, Dec. 10. Gov. Haynes of S. C., by a resolve of the legislature, issued a proclamation in answer to that of President Jackson. John C. Calhoun resigns the vice-presidency of the United States, Dec. 28. Adam Clarke died in Eng- land. Baron Cuvier died in France. Charles Carrol, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, died at Baltimore, Md., in his 96th year. James Hillhouse, died at New Haven, Ct., in his 79th year. 1833. Santa Anna entered the city of Mexico, Jan. 12. O’ConnePs national council met at Dublin ; 29 members of parliament present, Jan. 17. British parliament met, and elected Charles Manners Sutton speaker, by a vote of 241 to 31, Jan. 29. Otho I., king of Greece, arrives at Napoli di Romania, and assumes the government, Feb. 6. Earl Grey intro- duced a bill into the house of lords, for the suppres- sion of disturbances in Ireland, passed in the house of lords, Feb. 21, and to a third reading in the house A. D. OF THE WORLD. 249 of commons, by a vote of 346 to 86, March 29. Mehemet Ali acknowledged by the Sultan governor and actual sovereign of the country from the limits of Asia Minor to the mouths of the Nile, and of Crete, and the Holy Land, April 6. Slavery abol- ished in the British colonies, and the sum of 20,000,000 pounds sterling appropriated, by way of loan, to compensate the owners of slaves ; appren- ticeship to continue for 12 years. Attack on Oporto by the army of Don Miguel repelled with great loss, July 24. Lisbon surrendered to the troops of Don Pedro, July 24. Donna Maria recognised as queen of Portugal by the English government, Aug. 15. The army of Don Miguel attacks Lisbon and is repulsed, Sept. 5. Marquis Wellesley publicly entered Dublin as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Sept. 26. Ferdinand VII. died, and was succeeded by the queen dowager as regent, until Isabella II. should attain to the age of 18 years, Sept. 29. Don Miguel repulsed before Lisbon after severe fighting, Oct. 10. Capt. John Ross, after an absence of four years, in search of a northwest passage, returned to England, Oct. 18. A remarkable display of brilliant meteors, before daylight in the morning, Nov. 13. The mis- sionaries, imprisoned contrary to law in the Georgia penitentiary, discharged, Jan. 14. New tariff bill passed, and signed by the president, March 1. Andrew Jackson inaugurated president, and Martin Van Buren vice-president of the United States, March 4. The buildings of the U. S. treasury de- partment at Washington destroyed by fire, March 31. Corner-stone of Girard College laid at Phila- delphia, July 4. Corner-stone of the New York University laid, July 16. Hannah More died at Clifton, England, aged 88. Alvan Hyde died at Lee, Mass., Dec. 4. Alexander McLeod, died at New York, Feb. 17, aged 58. Oliver Wolcott, died at New York, June 1, aged 74. Commodore Wm. Bainbridge, died in Philadelphia, July 27, in his 60th year. 1834. A quadruple alliance between France, England, Spain, and Portugal, to restore peace to the penin- 250 CHRONOLOGY A. D, sula, and to expel Don Carlos and Don Miguel from it, entered into, April 22. Santarem, who had been in possession of the troops of Don Miguel, hav- ing been taken by the army of Queen Maria, the forces of the former surrendered, and Don Miguel and Don Carlos were delivered up by their own men, May 27. Don Miguel embarks from Portugal to Italy, June 1. Don Carlos of Spain arrives at Portsmouth, England, June 17. Lord Grey resigns the post of prime minister of England, and is suc- ceeded by Lord Melbourne, July 9. The inquisi- tion abolished in Spain, July 15. The slaves eman- cipated in the British colonies, and a temporary apprenticeship commenced, Aug. 1. A tremendous eruption of Vesuvius commences, and continues several days, destroying 1,500 houses and other buildings, Aug. 18. The quadruple alliance took further measures to sustain the queens of Spain and Portugal on their thrones, Aug. 22. The Spanish chamber of peers voted the perpetual exclusion of Don Carlos and his heirs from the throne, Aug. 30. Don Pedro, regent of Portugal, died, and the Cortes declared Queen Donna Maria to have attained her majority, and her reign to have commenced on the 20th, Sept. 24. Both houses of the British parlia- ment destroyed by fire, Oct. 16. The Carlist gene- ral obtains a victory over Queen Isabella’s troops, Oct. 18. The first reformed parliament dissolved by proclamation of the king, Dec. 30. Castle of St. Louis, at Quebec, the residence of the governor, destroyed by fire, Jan. 25. The 7th report of the American Temperance Society announced that there were in the U. S. over 7000 societies, with more than 1,250,000 members, and over 1000 American temperance ships. Ursuline Convent or Nunnery destroyed, at Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 11. Wil- liam Wirt died at Washington city, Feb. 18, in his 62d year. Ebenezer Porter, president of Andover Theological Seminary, died at Andover, Mass., April 8, aged 62. John Marshall, chief-justice of the United States, died at Philadelphia, July 6, aged 79 years. Samuel Slater, father of the American A. B. OF THE WORLD. 251 cotton manufactures, died at Webster, Mass., April 20, aged 67. 1835. Marriage of Maria, queen of Portugal, to the duke of Leuchtenberg, celebrated at Lisbon, Jan. 30. Fran- cis II., emperor of Austria, died, in his 68th year. Remarkable eruption of Vesuvius, March 13. Don Augustus, husband of the queen of Portugal, died, March 28, after a few days illness. Lord Mel- bourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as prime minister of England, April 18. Attempt to assassinate the king of the French and his sons, by an infernal machine ; several other persons killed, and 30 wounded, July 29. Nine hundred convents sup- pressed in Spain, and their property applied to the payment of the public debt, July 29. Celebration of the Lutheran reformation, with much ceremony for three days, at Geneva, Aug. 22. Emperor Nicholas threatens to destroy Warsaw, on the least appearance of revolt, Oct. 24. San Antonio sur- rendered by the Mexicans to the Texans, with 24 pieces of cannon, 1900 rounds of powder, and other military stores, Dec. 10. James Smithson bequeaths 100,000 pounds sterling to the United States to found an “Institution for the diffusion of knowledge among men. 55 First passage through the whole length of the Boston and Providence Railroad, made June 2d. Dispute between Ohio and Michigan, respecting the boundary line. Boston and Lowell Railroad com- pleted and opened, June 27. Baltimore and Wash- ington Railroad completed and opened for passengers, Aug. 25. The construction of the New York and Erie Railroad commenced, Nov. 7. A tremendous fire broke out in New York, at 9 o’clock in the evening of Dec. 16, and burned till 1 o’clock the next day. It swept over between 30 and 40 acres of ground, covered with the most valuable stores, filled with rich merchandise, in the seat of the greatest commercial transactions in the city. The loss, according to the report of a committee, was as- certained to be 17,115,692 dollars ; the merchandise was estimated at 13,115,692 dollars ; the number of buildings burned was 529, valued at 4,000,000 dol- 252 CHRONOLOGY A. D. lars. The Merchants’ Exchange building, and the South Dutch church, were burned. The great re- sources of New York enabled its citizens to sustain this immense loss with little interruption to business, and few failures ; though its effects were felt in after years. The city was immediately rebuilt, with ad- ditional convenience and beauty. Thomas McCrie died, at Edinburg, Aug. 5, aged 63. John Brinkley died, at Dublin, Sept. 14, aged 72. David Hosack died, at New York, Dec. 22, aged 66. 1836* Duke of Broglie as prime minister of France, suc- ceeded by M. Thiers, Feb. 22. Railroad between Brussels and Antwerp opened, May 3. The coro- nation of Ferdinand, emperor of Austria, took place at Prague, Sept. 7. A revolution at Lisbon obliged the queen of Portugal to make oath to the constitu- tion of 1820. Carlist army of 14,000 men defeated by the army of the queen of Spain, with a total loss in killed and prisoners of 1,274 persons, Sept. 21. Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, son of the late king of Holland, attempted a revolution at Strasburg, and was defeated and arrested, Sept. 29. A charter granted by the king of England to the London Uni- versity, Dec. 1. The queen of Portugal abolished the slave trade in her dominions, Dec. 10. Attempt on the life of the French king; assassins arrested, Dec. 27. The “ Methodist Book Concern” burned in New York ; loss about $250,000, Feb. 29. Near the banks of San Jacinto, in Texas, a victory was gained over the Mexicans by the Texans under Gen. Houston, in which the Mexicans had 1500 men, and the Texans 783. The Mexican loss was 630 killed, 208 wounded, and 730 prisoners. Among the pris- oners were Gen. Santa Anna, president of Mexico, and Gen. Cos. The Texan loss was 2 killed, and 23 wounded, 6 mortally, April 21. The forbearance of the Texans saved the life of Santa Anna, who was afterwards released. Gen. Jessup announced to the adjutant-general of the U. S. army the termi. nation of the war with the Creek Indians, July 4. A meteoric stone fell in Norwich, Conn., July 28. The Utica and Schenectady Railroad opened, Aug. 1. A. D. OF THE WORLD. 253 The New York Bowery Theatre burned ; loss esti- mated at 75,000 dollars, Sept. 22. United States General Post Office and Patent Office burned ; the latter containing 7000 models and 9000 drawings of machines, patented, Dec. 15. Edward Livingston, died at Rhinebeck, N. Y., May 23d, in his 72d year. James Madison, 4th president of the United States, died at Montpelier, Orange county, Va., June 28th, in his 86th year. John Prince died at Salem, June 7th, in his 85th year. William White, bishop of the Episcopal church of Pennsylvania, died at Phila- delphia, in his 89th year. Aaron Burr, late vice- president of the United States, died at Staten Island, N. Y., Sept. 14, in his 81st year. Asa Messer, late president of Brown University, died at Providence, R. I., in his 68th year. 1837 . Michigan admitted to the Union, Jan. 26. The royal palace at Naples burned, with its library, and magnificent collection of paintings, Feb. 7. The English and Spanish troops defeated by the Carlists, with a total loss of about 1,000 men, March 15. Munier, who attempted the life of the French king, was banished, and an amnesty granted by the king to a large number of political offenders who had been imprisoned, April 26, A new constitution proclaimed in Madrid, and signed by the cortes and the queen, June 16. William IV., king of Eng- land, died, June 20th, and is succeeded on the 21st by Queen Victoria. Railroad from Manchester to Liverpool opened, July 4. Espartero appointed president of the council, in Spain, Aug. 18. Queen’s troops in Spain defeated by Don Carlos near Herrera, with the loss of about 1000 men, Aug. 24. British association for the promotion of science met at Liv- erpool, Sept. 11. Roman Catholic archbishop of Cologne deprived of his episcopal jurisdiction for refusing to sanction the marriages between Catholics and Protestants, unless it was agreed that the chil- dren should be brought up in the religion of the former, Nov. 15. St. Charles, in Canada, taken from the insurgents by the regular British troops, with a loss on the part of the Canadians of 200 22 254 CHRONOLOGY A. D« killed, over 300 wounded, and 30 prisoners, Nov. 25. Martial law proclaimed by the governor of Canada in the district of Montreal, Dec. 5 ; and a reward of 1000 pounds sterling offered for J. L. Papineau, speaker of the house of assembly, Dec. 5. The imperial palace at St. Petersburg, the largest royal residence in Europe, which cost over 5,000,000 dollars, burned, Dec. 29. The American steamboat Caroline, lying at Schlosser, in Niagara river, was set on fire by the Canadians, and sent over the falls, Dec. 30, which caused serious disturbance between the American and British governments. Abiel Holmes died at Cambridge, Mass., June 4, in his 74th year. Nathaniel Macon died, at Warren co., N. C., June 29, aged 79. Edward D. Griffin, late president of Williams College, Mass., died at New- ark, N. J., Nov. 8, in his 68th year. 1838. Royal Exchange of London, opened in 1669, and then cost 58,962 pounds sterling, was burned, and many valuable papers destroyed, Jan. 10. All the ports in Mexico declared in a state of blockade by the French, April 16. Gen. Espartero routed the Carlists in Spain, taking about 2,000 prisoners, and considerable artillery and baggage, April 26. Great Western and Syrius, steam-packets from England, arrived at New York, April 23. Great Western, on her second passage from Bristol to New York, arrived in 14J days, June 17. Coronation of Queen Victoria celebrated with great splendor in London, June 28. Entire emancipation of the negro apprentices took place in Jamaica and other West India islands, Aug. 1. Peace concluded between Russia and Turkey, July 8. The pope forbade in- fant schools in the papal states, Aug. 10. Queen of Spain’s troops defeated at Morelia by the Carlists ; loss of the former 91 officers killed, and 2000 men killed and wounded, Aug. 19. Coronation of the emperor of Austria, as king of Venetian Lombardy, celebrated with great splendor at Milan, Sept. 6. Railway from London to Birmingham opened, Sept. 16 ; whole distance performed in 4 hours and 58 minutes. The troops of the queen of Spain defeated A- D. OF THE WORLD. 255 at Mealla, with a loss of 3000 men, which gave the Carlists the command of Lower Arragon, Oct. 1. Lord Durham relinquishes the government of Cana- da, and is succeeded by Sir John Colborne, Nov. 1. The latter proclaimed martial law in the district of Montreal, Nov. 4. President Van Buren, by procla- mation, warned the citizens of the United States not to engage in the Canadian rebellion, Jan. 5. Peace between France and the Republic of Hayti, by the payment by the latter of 60,000,000 francs, in in- stalments, from 1838 to 1863, Feb. 1. Fatal duel at Bladensburg, between Jonathan Cilly, of Maine, and William C. Graves, of Ky., members of con- gress, in which the former was killed, and the latter soon after expelled from the house of represent- atives, Feb. 24. A convention of 143 bank dele- gates from 18 states, assembled at New York to consider the resumption of specie payments, April 11. A meteoric shower in the evening, at Knoxville, Ky., April 20. The U. S. exploring expedition, Charles Wilkes commander-in-chief, sailed from Hampton Roads, Aug. 19. The Mormons routed, and driven from Missouri by the militia, under Gen. Atchinson, Oct. 28. Riotous proceedings at the or- ganization of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on which occasion the militia were called out, Dec. 4. John Jamieson died at Edinburgh, Scotland, July 12, aged 80. Zachary Macaulay died in London, May 13, aged 70. Letitia Elizabeth McLean, (formerly Miss Landon,) died at Cape Coast Castle, by incau- tiously taking an over-dose of prussic acid, Oct. 15. Nathaniel Bowditch, president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, died at Boston, March 16, aged 65. James Gould died at Litchfield, Ct., May 11, in his 68th year. John Rogers, senior commander in the American navy, died at Phila- delphia, Aug. 1, in the naval asylum. 1839 . Treaty of peace concluded at Vera Cruz between France and Mexico, March 9. Commissioner Lin issued at Canton a proclamation against the opium trade, March 18. Chartists in England produce riots at Devizes and other places, April 1. Defini- 256 CHRONOLOGY A. D. tive treaty between Belgium and Holland, with the consent of the five powers, concluded, April 19* Serious riot at Birmingham, England, at a great meeting of the Chartists, July 5, followed by similar riots at the same place, July 15, causing great con- fusion and alarm. The five great powers of Eng- land, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, notify the Turkish Sultan at Constantinople, that they had undertaken to put an end to the war between Egypt and Turkey, July 28. Don Carlos abandoned Spain with his family, and several of his generals, and his army laid down their arms. Maroto, one of the Carlist generals, having entered into a treaty with Espartero, the war in the Peninsula was closed, Sept. 14. Riot of the Chartists, at Newport, Eng- land, in which 10,000 men, from the mines and col- lieries in the neighborhood, were defeated, and John Frost, their leader, taken prisoner, Nov. 4. Pope Gregory XVI. issues his bull against the slave trade, Dec. 3. Herbert Marsh died at Peterborough, Eng- land, May 1. Lord William Bentick died at Paris, June 17, aged 68. Lady Hester Stanhope, the eccentric niece of William Pitt, died in Syria, June 23, aged 64. Mahmoud II., sultan of Turkey, died at Constantinople, July 1, in his 54th year. Timo- thy Alden, first president of Meadville College, Pa., died at Pittsburg, July 5, aged 68. Aaron Bancroft died at Worcester, Aug. 19, aged 84. Nathaniel Bowen, bishop of the Episcopal church of South Carolina, died at Charleston, Aug. 25, in his 61st year. Zerah Colburn, the celebrated mathematical boy, who lost his powers of calculation in mature life, died at Norwich, Vt., March 2d, in his 35th year. Thomas Cooper, late president of South Carolina College, died at Columbia, S. C., May 11, in his 80th year. Wilbur Fisk, president of the Wesleyan University, died at Middletown, Ct., Feb. 22, aged 46. Stephen Van Rensselaer, known as the Patroon, died at Albany, Jan. 26th, in his 75th year. William Sullivan died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 3d, aged 64. Matthew Carey died at Philadelphia, A. D. OF THE WORLD. 257 Sept. 17, in his 80th year. William Dunlap died at New York, Sept. 28, aged 74. 1840 . The marriage of Queen Victoria, of England, to Prince Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, solemnized at the royal chapel of St. James, with great rejoicing in England, Feb. 10. The French chamber of deputies refused to discuss the bill providing a pro- posed marriage portion for the duke de Nemours, upon which the ministers resigned, Feb. 20. A new French ministry formed, with M. Theirs at the head, March 1. The British government demanded reparation of the Chinese, and ordered that the ves- sels of the emperor and of his subjects be held in custody until it was made, April 3. Frederick William III., king of Prussia, died, June 7, in the 70th year of his age, and the 43d of his reign. Two pistols fired at Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, while taking an airing in the royal gardens, by an insane young man of the name of Oxford, June 10. The steam packet ship Britannia, the first of Samuel Cunard’s line, arrived at Boston in 14 days 8 hours from Liverpool, July 18. The bill uniting the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, passed both houses of the British parliament and received the royal assent, July 23. The steamship Acadia arrived at Boston from Liverpool in 12 days 18 hours, the shortest passage then made, Aug. 17. Blockade of the river and port of Canton, China, by the English, July 2. City and island of Chusan, belonging to China, captured by the British after a slight resistance, Aug. 5. Prince Louis Napoleon, son of the late king of Holland, made a rash attempt upon the coast of France, and was taken prisoner and confined in the castle of Ham, Aug. 6. The town of Beyrout burned, and taken by the English and Austrian fleet, Sept. 11. The Talavera, a ship of 72 guns, and the Imogene, a frigate of 28 guns, burned in the dockyard at Plymouth, England, Sept. 28, William I., king of the Netherlands, volunta- rily abdicated his throne, and was succeeded by his son, William II., Oct. 7. He retired with an im- mense fortune, to marry the Countess d’Oultrimont, 22 * CHRONOLOGY 258 A. I a Roman Catholic lady, whom he could not have married as Protestant king of Holland. The army of Ibrahim Pacha and Solyman Pacha defeated near Bey rout, in Syria, by the Turkish and allied troops, wdth a loss to the former of 7000 killed, wounded, and prisoners, Oct. 10. The Queen-mother Christi- na, regent of Spain, resigned, abdicated, and retired to France, Oct. 12. The steamship Acadia arrived at Boston from Liverpool after the shortest passage yet made, of 12 days 12 hours, Oct. 17. Napoleon Bonaparte exhumed at St. Helena, Oct. 18, and his remains brought to Paris and interred with great pomp, Dec. 15. Thiers, as head of the French ministry, resigned, and was succeeded by Marshal Soult and Guizot, at the head of a new ministry, Oct. 21. The strong fortress of St. Jean d’Acre, the principal stronghold of Mehemet Ali in Syria, taken by storm by the allied fleet of the English, Turks, and Austrians ; the magazine, containing 500 barrels of powder, was blown up, burying nearly 2000 soldiers in its ruins. Upwards of 2000 men were killed, more than 3000 taken prisoners, and many wounded, Nov. 3. Of the allied fleet only 23 were killed and 50 wounded. A commercial treaty between Great Britain and Texas signed at London, Nov. 14. An action at Kotriah, in Sinde, between 4000 Beloochees, and 900 Sepoys, with 2 field-pieces, under Lieut. Col. Marshall ; 500 of the former were slain, and 6 chiefs, with 132 followers taken prisoners, Dec. 1. Several of the men of the exploring expedition having been killed at Malolo, in the Fejee Islands, Lieut. Wilkes attacked the town and fort, which were burned ; the plantations were laid waste, and 70 natives killed, July 25. The remains of Gen. Hugh Mercer, mortally wounded in the battle of Prince L-on, disinterred, and re-interred at the Laurel Hill cemetery, at Phila- delphia, Nov. 24. John Frederick Blumenbach died, at Gottingen, Jan. 22, aged 88 years. Henry William Matthew Gibers, the celebrated astronomer, died at Bremen, March 2, in his 81st year. Lucien Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, died at Viterbo, in OP THE WORLD. 259 Italy, June 27, aged 66. John Thornton Kirkland, late president of Harvard University, died at Boston, April 26, in his 70th year. John Lowell died at Boston, March 12th, in his 71st year. Rev. Benja- min Wooster, died at Fairfield, Vt., March 19, aged 77. He commanded a volunteer company of his parishioners at the siege of Plattsburg, and received from Gov. Tompkins, of N. Y., the present of a large pulpit Bible, with a complimentary letter. 1841. Provisional arrangement made between England and China, in which the Chinese cede the island and harbor of Hong Kong to the British crown ; an in- demnity of 6,000,000 dollars — 1,000,000 payable at once, and the remainder in equal annual instal- ments, ending in 1846 ; direct official intercourse between the two countries upon an equal footing ; the trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten days after the Chinese new year begins, and to be carried on at Whampoa until further arrange- ments are made, Jan. 20. Alexander McLeod, of Upper Canada, was arrested in the State of New York, for being engaged in burning the steamboat Caroline, at Schlosser, and imprisoned, Jan. 27. Marriage of the count of Nassau, (ex-king of the Netherlands,) to the Countess d’Oultremont, cele- brated at Berlin, Feb. 9. Under the act for uniting the provinces of Canada, Lord Sydenham, governor- general of British North America, took the oath of office, Feb. 10. Foreign trade of Canton suspended, and hostilities were renewed between the English and the Chinese. Canton attacked, and after a severe action, capitulated ; the Chinese agreeing to pay 6,000,000 dollars in one week to ransom the city ; and the Chinese troops, excepting those of the province, to be within 6 days withdrawn 60 miles into the interior ; and that all losses sustained by a partial destruction of the factories should be paid, May 21. The sum stipulated was actually paid. Pacification of the East by an arrangement between the sultan of Turkey, the pacha of Egypt, and the five confederated powers, signed in London, July 13. Lord Melbourne and his colleagues resigned as 260 CHRONOLOGY ministers in England, and Sir Robert Peel appointed first lord of the treasury, Aug. 30. William Henry Harrison inaugurated as president, and John Tyler as vice-president, of the United States, March 4. The English steam-packet President, with 109 per- sons, crew and passengers, sailed from New York, and has never been heard from ; probably lost, March 11. President Harrison died one month after his inauguration, and John Tyler, vice-presi- dent, succeeded as president, April 4. The 25th anniversary of the American Bible society celebrated in New York ; the receipts for the last year were 118,860 dollars, May 13. President Tyler pro- claimed a day of fasting and prayer in consequence of the death of William Henry Harrison, which was observed, May 14. An extra session of con- gress commenced, May 31. The steam packet Columbia arrived at Boston from Liverpool, after the short passage of 12 days 8 hours, June 16. Bill to distribute among the several states the pro- ceeds of the sales of the public lands, passed the house of representatives by a vote of 116 to 108, July 6. The supreme court of the state of New York refused to discharge Alexander McLeod from prison, and ordered that he be remanded to take his trial according to law, July 12. The bill to estab- lish a fiscal bank, passed by congress, Aug. 6, re- ceived the veto of President Tyler, Aug. 16. The bankrupt law, to go into operation Feb. 1, 1842, passed both houses of congress, Aug. 18. The jury by which Alexander McLeod was tried for burning the steamboat Caroline, after an absence of 30 minutes, returned a verdict of not guilty, Oct. 18. Edward Nares, professor of history in Oxford University, died at Beddenden, in Kent, England, Aug. 20, aged 79. Sir Francis Chantrey, the cele- brated sculptor, died in London, Nov. 25, aged 60. Jasper Adams, late president of Charleston College, died at Pendleton, S. C., Oct. 25. James Aber- crombie, the oldest Episcopal clergyman in Phila- delphia, died in that city, June 26, in his 84th year. Philip P. Barbour, judge of the supreme court of the A. D. OF THE WORLD 261 United States, died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 25, aged about 60. John Breckenridge died in Ken- tucky, Aug. 4. Nicholas Brown, the liberal bene- factor of Brown University, named from him, died at Providence, Sept. 27, aged 73. John Forsyth, late secretary of state of the United States, died at Washington, D. C., Oct. 22, aged 61. Maj. Gen. Alexander Macomb, commander-in-chief of the U. S. army, died at Washington, D. C., June 25, aged 59. Ezra Ripley, the oldest clergyman in Mass., died at Concord, Sept. 21, in his 91st year. Thomas L. Winthrop, president of the Mass, historical socie- ty, died at Boston, Feb. 22, aged 81. 1842 . An insurrection in Affghanistan, in which the British envoy, Sir W. MacNaghten, and 6000 British troops were massacred, Jan. 5. The income tax, proposed in England by Sir Robert Peel, March 11. Great fire in Hamburg, Germany, in which 2000 houses, embracing the finest part of the city, were destroyed, and property to the amount of six millions sterling, May 5, 6, 7. The queen of England shot at, in a carriage with Prince Albert, by a young man named John Francis, May 30. Another at- tempt on the life of the queen of England, by a youth named Bean, July 3. Serious disturbance in the manufacturing districts in England, suppressed by the military, killing 20 persons, and wounding many others, Aug. 10. Treaty between England and the United States respecting the N. E. boundary of the United States, happily concluded between Lord Ashburton and the Hon. Daniel Webster, at Washington, Aug. 20. A great fire in Columbia, S. C., destroying 29 buildings ; loss estimated at 150,000 dollars, April 12. A great disturbance at Providence, in which the suffrage party attempted to put down the charter of the state, and the govern- ment established under it. A new governor, senate, and house of representatives had been informally chosen in their primary assemblies. A body of armed men attempted to obtain possession of the arsenal, but were repulsed by the military under Gov. Samuel W. King ; and Mr. Dorr, the new 262 CHRONOLOGY A. D. governor, fled, May 18. The United States sloop of war Vincennes, Charles Wilkes, Esq., com- mander, of the exploring squadron, returned to New York, after an absence of nearly four years, June 11. Another disturbance in Rhode Island, between the charter and the suffrage parties. The ad- herents of Thomas W. Dorr, about 700 in number, took possession of a hill in Chepachet, with 5 pieces of cannon. Martial law was proclaimed throughout the state, and about 3000 militia were ordered out to support the government. A great part of the insurgents left the camp, and the hill was taken without bloodshed. Throughout the disturbances, only one man was killed, June 28. The steamer Columbia arrived at Boston, from Liverpool, in the short passage of 11 days 6 hours, June 28. The Croton water in N. Y. city, was introduced into the receiving reservoir, covering 35 acres, in 40th street, July 4 ; but it was not distributed in pipes over the city until the 14th of Oct. following. From the dam in Croton river, 5 miles from Hudson river, to the receiving reservoir, its length is 38 miles, conveyed in a covered aqueduct. The whole cost will be about 12,000.000 dollars ; and the minimum discharge of water at the dam in the driest time, is computed to be 27 millions of gallons every 24 hours, which would be sufficient for a pop- ulation of a million and a half of inhabitants, or nearly five times the present population of the city of New York. When the river is full, it would discharge about 60 millions of gallons every 24 hours. Bunker Hill monument, 220 feet high, was finished, having been begun 17 years since ; during half of which time the work had been suspended, July 23. The tariff law, passed by both houses of congress, was returned to the representatives with the veto of President Tyler, Aug. 9. An official announcement of the conclusion of the Florida war, Aug. 14. Brigadier-general Henry Atkinson, of the U. S. army, died at Jefferson barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., June 20, aged about 60. James Bar- bour died in Orange county, Va., aged 66. Benja- D. OF THE WORLD. 263 min Bussey died at Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 13, be- queathing his property, estimated at 350,000 dollars, to his widow and two other persons during their life, and afterwards, one half to Harvard University, to found an agricultural school on Bussey’s farm, in Roxbury ; the other half to the divinity and law schools in the university. Amos Eaton died in Troy, New York, May, aged 66. Calvin Goddard died at Norwich, Ct., aged 73. Thaddeus Mason Harris died at Boston, April 3, aged 73. Lyman Law died at New London, Ct., Feb. 3, aged 71. James Marsh, professor, and late president of the university of Vermont, died at Burlington, Vt., July 3, aged 47. Daniel Oliver, a distinguished medical professor, died at Cambridge, Mass., June 1, in his 55th year. Elijah Paine, U. S. district judge, died at Williamtown, Vt., April 21, aged 85. Samuel L. Southard, died at Fredericksburg, Va., June 26, aged 55. William Ellery Channing, died at Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, aged 62. John Dubois, Roman Catholic bishop of New York, died, Dec. 20, aged 78. 1843. A battle was fought in British India, between 2,800 British troops, under Sir Charles Napier, and 22,000 Beloochees, in which the latter were defeated, with a loss of 5,000 men, Feb. 17. Lord George Paulet, commanding the British frigate Cary sport, compelled a cession of the Sandwich Islands to the English government, which was done under a protest, Feb. 25. The queen of England gave birth to her third child, April 25. The insurgent party in Spain en- tered Madrid in triumph, and appointed a provisional guardian to the queen, July 26. The Sandwich Islands, compelled by Lord G. Paulet to be ceded to the British government, were ceded back to the native prince, July 31. A revolution in Greece compelled King Otho to dismiss his ministers, and accept a constitutional form of government, Sept. 15. A check given to “ Irish agitation,” by the arrest of Mr. Daniel O’Connel and his son, on a charge of conspiracy, and other misdemeanors, Oct. 14. They were held to bail in the sum of 2000 pounds sterling. CHRONOLOGY 264 a. r A French squadron under x\dmiral Du Petit Thours, took possession, by force, of the Society Islands, de- posing the native Queen Pomare, which was after- wards disavowed by the French government, Nov. 9. A great slide of earth took place from mount Ida, Troy, N. Y., which killed 18 persons, and wounded many others, Feb. 17. A great fire took place at Newbern, N. C., in which over 100 buildings were destroyed, April 18. A large part of the town of Wilmington, N. C., burned ; about 200 buildings destroyed, April 30. In Tallahasse, Florida, 250 buildings, being a great part of this infant city, de- stroyed by fire, May 25. The completion of the Bunker Hill monument celebrated at Boston, by over 50,000 persons ; an oration by Hon. Daniel Webster, on the anniversary of the battle, June 17. A dis- astrous fire at Fall River, Mass., destroying about 200 buildings in the heart of the village. Robert Adrain, a distinguished mathematician, died at New Brunswick, N. J., Aug. 10, aged 68. Washington Alston died at Cambridge, Mass., July 9, in his 64th year. Alden Bradford died in Boston, Oct. 26, aged 78. Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, of the United States coast survey, died at Philadelphia, Nov. 20, aged 74. Edward P. Livingston died at Cleremont, N. Y., Nov. 3, aged 63. Smith Thompson, judge of the supreme court of the United States, died at Poughkeepsie, Dec. 18, aged 76. John Trumbull, the celebrated painter, died at N. Y., Nov. 10, aged 87. Commodore Isaac Hull died at Philadelphia, Feb. 13, aged 68. Noah Webster died at New Haven, Ct., May 28, in his 85th year. 1844. Daniel O’Connel and a few others, indicted for con- spiracy, were found guilty, Feb. 12. A destructive fire at Manchester, England, destroying a block of warehouses, at an estimated loss of over 100,000 pounds sterling, March 30. Queen Victoria gives birth to her fourth child, a son, Aug. 6. Tangier, in Morocco, bombarded by a French squadron, un- der the Prince de Joinville, and the fortifications completely destroyed, Aug. 6. Mogadore, a town on the sea coast of Morocco, bombarded by the A. D. OF THE WORLD. 265 French squadron under the Prince de Joitiville ; the fortifications ruined, and the town set on fire. A few days before, a battle was fought between the French under Gen. Bugeaud, and the Moors, in which the latter were defeated with a loss of 800 men, Aug. 15. By a decision of the house of lords, judgment was given reversing the decision of the court, and O’Connel and his associates set at liberty, Sept. 4. Peace was concluded between France and Morocco, in which all the demands of the former were granted, Sept. 10. A terrible accident occur- red on board the U. S. steamer Princeton, Capt. Stockton, on the Potomac, with a large party of dis- tinguished persons on board. The large gun of wrought iron having been discharged the third time, exploded, and killed instantly Mr. Upshur, secretary of state, Mr. Gilmer, secretary of the treasury, Commodore Kennon, chief of one of the naval bureaus, Virgil Maxcy, late Charge d’ Affaires to the Hague, Hon. David Gardiner, of New York, and two or three domestics, besides wounding ten or twelve of the crew. The president, and other mem- bers of the cabinet, and many ladies on board, escaped unhurt, Feb. 28. A tax bill passed by the legislature of Pennsylvania and signed by the gov- ernor, sufficient to pay the interest on the debt of the state, and to restore its credit, became a law, April 29. Fearful riots took place in Philadelphia, origi- nating in a controversy between the Native Ameri- cans and the Irish. Three churches and 30 dwell- ing-houses were burned, and 14 persons were killed and about 40 wounded. The riots were put down by the military, May 6-8. A fire in New Orleans, destroying 200 buildings, and property to the amount of 250,000 dollars, May 18. Joe Smith, the Mor- mon prophet, and Hiram his brother, confined in jail at Carthage, 111., were murdered by a mob of 100 persons in disguise, June 27. A renewal of the riots in Philadelphia, attended with great excitement and loss of life. A battle was fought between the mob and the military, in which muskets and artillery were used on both sides, and 40 or 50 persons were 23 266 CHRONOLOGY A. D. killed or wounded. The governor of the state called out 5000 militia and quelled the disturbance, July 7. Henry Baldwin, judge of the supreme court of the U. S., died at Philadelphia, April 21, aged 65. Nicholas Biddle died near Philadelphia, Feb. 27, aged 58. Abraham Bishop died at New Haven, Ct., April 28, in his 82d year. Lucius Bolles, senior secretary of the Baptist board of foreign missions, died at Boston, Jan. 5, aged 64. Esek Cowen, judge of the superior court of the state of New York, died at Albany, Feb. 11, aged 56. Commodore Alexan- der J. Dallas, U. S. N., died on board of the frigate Constitution, at Callao, June 8, aged about 55. Peter S. Duponceau died at Philadelphia, April 2, aged 84. Levi Hedge died at Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 3, aged 78. Asahel Nettleton died at East Windsor, May 16, aged 60. William L. Stone died at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, aged 52. 1845. Bill for the reduction of postage, passed Feb. 27, by a vote 128 to 74. Bill for the annexation of Texas to the United States, passed Feb. 27, by a vote of 120 to 98. Revolution in Mexico, in which Santa Anna was overthrown as president, and banished from the country for ten years, Feb. Florida was admit- ted as a State in the Union, March 1st. James K. Polk was inaugurated as president, and George M. Dallas as vice-president, of the United States, March 4. Isaac C. Bates, senator from Massachu- setts, died in Washington, March 16, aged 66. Great lire at Pittsburgh, destroying 1200 buildings, in the most valuable part of the city, April 10. Two great fires at Quebec ; the first on the 28th of May, and the second on the 28th of June ; in both, 8000 houses were consumed, and 20,000 persons rendered houseless. Andrew Jackson, late presi- dent of the United States, died at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tennessee, June 8, aged 78. Fu- neral obsequies took place at New York, June 24th, attended by an immense concourse of people, and a eulogy was pronounced by Hon. Benjamin F. But- ler, in front of the City Hall. July 19, at 3 o’clock A. M., commenced the most disastrous fire which A. D. OF THE WORLD. 26? ever occurred in New-York, excepting the unex- ampled conflagration of Dec., 1835, extending over 20 acres, in the south part of the city, east from Broadway, destroying 268 buildings, many of them valuable stores and splendid boarding houses. The merchandise lost was valued at $2,000,000, and the whole loss at $6,000,000 ; $4,439,000 of which was covered by insurance. The Ocean-house, a large boarding-house at Newport, R. I., was burned, Aug. 3. July 4th, the Convention of Texas accepts the terms of “ annexation” as proposed by the U. S. Congress. 25th, General Taylor arrives at St. Josephs’s Island with the U. S. “ Army of Occupa- tion,” and soon after established his quarters at Corpus Christi, on the west side of the Rio Nueces. Thus the U. S., by the first act, assumes the Texan dispute with Mexico, and by the second, (an actual invasion of Mexico,) declares war per se against that Republic. August 16th, the “ Great Britain” Steamship, on her first voyage across the Atlantic, arrives at New- York. September 24th, Buenos Ayres placed under blockade by the British and French “ mediating ” squadrons. Nov. 20th, destruction of the batteries of the Vuelta de Obligado by the “ mediators ,” and consequent opening of the Parana to commerce. Dec. 5th, Texas admitted into the Union. 29th, An act passed Congress to extend the laws of the U. S. over Texas — and 31st, Texas constituted a collec- tion district of the U. S. 1846. Jan. 1st, Revolution in Mexico ; the government of Herrera expelled and Paredes proclaimed President. Feb. 11th, Great battle on the Sutlej, in India, be- tween the British and Sikh armies. 23d, Insurrec- tion in Poland put down by the Russians. March 1st, Gen. Riche, President of Hayti. 28th, Gen. Taylor with the U. S. troops encamps on the east bank of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras. April 27th, the U. S. Congress resolves to terminate the “ Joint occupation of Oregon.” Le Compte shoots at the K. of the French, for which, on the 8th June, he was guillotined. May 3d, the Mexican batteries at Matamoras are opened on the U. S. fortifications 268 CHRONOLOGY A. D. on the opposite bank of the river ; the firing is con- tinued for 7 days, and returned by the Americans with vigor and effect. 8th, the first pitched battle fought between the Mexicans and Americans at Palo Alto. 9th, battle of “ Resaca de la Palma.” In both these engagements the U. S. troops were vic- torious. The force of Mexico was about 5,000, that of the U. S. 2,100. In the two battles the Americans had 48 killed, 126 wounded and 7 missing; the Mexican loss, killed, wounded and missing, was about 1,700; besides which, large quantities of baggage, artillery and ammunition were captured. 12th, the war recognized by Congress — $10,000,000 and 50,000 men granted for prosecuting the war. 18th, General Taylor crosses the Rio Grande and takes military possession of Matamoros. — Vera Cruz placed under blockade by Commodore Connor. 19th, Military stations established on the route to Oregon. 25th, Princess Helena Augusta Victoria, fifth child of dueen Victoria, born. 26th, Prince Louis Napoleon escapes from the Castle of Ham, where he had been confined for three years, for a conspiracy to overthrow the reigning family of France. June 1st, Pope Gregory XVI. dies. 12th, St. John’s, Newfoundland, destroyed by fire. 18th, a treaty for the equitable division of “ Oregon” rati- fied by the U. S. Senate. 21st, Pope Pius IX. in- augurated. 26th, Sir Robert Peel resigns and the British Ministry is dissolved — Lord John Russell succeeds to the Premiership. July 3d, U. S. Tariff bill passes the House of Representatives, (95 to 44.) 6th, Monterey, California, surrenders to Commodore Sloat. 9th, Alexandria, D. C. retroceded to Virginia. 17th, Ratifications of the Oregon treaty exchanged at London. 24th, Louis Bonaparte, ex-King of Holland, died at Florence, aet. 67. 28th, U. S. Tariff bill passed the Senate (28 to 27.) 29th, Louis Philip, King of the French, shot at by Joseph Henri. August 1st, Revolution in Mexico ; Paredes deposed and Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824 proclaimed ; Salas constituted president j vro- tempore . 6th, Wisconsin : an act passed Congress A. D. OF THE WORLD. 269 authorizing this Territory to form a Constitution and State Government. 10th, 44 Smithsonian Insti- tution” established by act of U. S. Congress — U. S. Congress adjourns, having been in session 251 days. 17th, California proclaimed by Captain Stockton a Territory of the U. S. 18th, General Kearney takes peaceable possession of Santa Fe, and pro- claims New Mexico a Territory of the U. S. — Santa Anna returns from exile and lands at Vera Cruz. Sep. 19th, General Taylor arrives before Monterey, and after a siege of three days (22d, 23d and 24th,) compels the Mexicans under Arnpudia to capitulate. 23d, the Planet Neptunus first seen by M. Galle at Berlin in conformity with the computation of M. Le Yerrier. October 7th, Revolutionary movements against the government of Portugal. 17th, great floods on the Loire, which occasioned much loss of life and property. 23d, Tobasco taken by Com. Perry — 30th, Monclova by General Wool, and Nov. 14th, Tampico by Commodore Conner. Oct. — Le Due de Montpensier, son of the King of the French, married to the Infanta Luisa of Spain : on which occasion a royal amnesty was granted to politi- cal refugees, &,c. Nov. 26th, loss of the Steamboat Atlantic on Fisher’s Island. Dec. 1st, U. S. Tariff goes into operation — Cracow, the last remnant of ancient Poland, is annexed to Austria — Iowa ad- mitted. 25th, battle of Bracito in New Mexico — The potatoe crop throughout Europe has extensively failed, and produced famine and disease in many districts, especially in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. Inventions in 1846. — Gun Cotton. Deaths in 1846. — Henry Inman, artist, aet. 44 — Dudley Chase, Judge U. S. Supreme Court, aet. 74 — Samuel Ringgold, U. S. Artillery, at “ Palo Alto” — Theodore Dwight, aet. 81 — Alexander Barrow, United States Senator from Louisiana — Andrea Loudos, the Greek patriot, and one of the chiefs who first raised the standard of Independence at Patros, 1821. 270 CHRONOLOGY A. D. 1847. January 8th, battle of San Gabriel. 9th, battle of La Mesa. 10th, capture of Ciudad de los Angelos, and pacification of California. 11th, sequestration of Church property decreed by the Mexican Con- gress. 19th, insurrection in New Mexico. 21st, battle of the Kye, So. Africa. 24th, battle of La Canada. 29th, battle of El Embudo. February 1st, the town of Mora razed. 3d, battle of Puebla de Taos. 22d, 23d, battle of Buena Vista. 26th, Revolution in Mexico against Gomez Farias, the acting President, commences ; the seizure of Church property, according to the decree of 13th Jan., being the cause — Civil war raged in the Capi- tal until the 23d proximo, when Santa Anna, (who had been elected President 24th Dec., 1846,) assu- med the functions of government. 27th, Faustin Soulouque elected President of Hayti. 28th, bat- tle of Sacramento, and fall of Chihuahua. March 9th, Main division of Gen. Scott’s army debark at Vera Cruz. 21st, State of Guatemala is declared a separate sovereign Republic. 23d, Santa Anna inaugurated Provisional President of Mexico ; Go- mez Farias superseded, and the revolution in Mexico suppressed. 24th, bombardment of Vera Cruz — Insurrection (Guzman’s) in Caraccas. 29th, Vera Cruz and the Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa is surrendered to the U. S. forces. 30th, Alvarado and Fla-co-talpan surrender to the U. S. April 1st, Don Pedro Maria Anaya elected, (60 to 11,) President Substitute of Mexico. 3d and 4th, Forts about Canton destroyed by the British ; Siamese navy destroyed by the French in the Bay of Tou- ran. 5th, Great Fire at Bucharest, in Turkey, de- stroys 2,000 houses and $16,000,000 of property. 11th, First Constitutional Diet of Prussia inaugu- rated at Berlin. 15th, Nicholas P. Trist appoint- ed U. S. Commissioner to Mexico — Defeat of the Russians at Gingebel, in Daghestan. 17th, 18th, battle of Cerro Gordo. 18th, capture of Tuspan. 20th, Jalapa surrenders to the U. S. 22d, Castle of Perote captured. May 1st, Corner Stone of OF THE WORLD. 271 the “ Smithsonian Institution’’ laid by the Presi- dent at Washington City— The Constitutional Con- gress of the new “ Republic of Costa Rica” in- stalled. 15th, the advance of the U. S. forces enters Puebla. 17th, Grain in London at its maxi- mum price, wheat 113s. per quarter. 18th, a gen- eral armistice between the Argentine Republic and Uruguay. 19th, Santa Anna resumes the du- ties of President of Mexico. 21st, New Mexican Constitution promulgated— Convention between the British and Portuguese signed at London : the British to co-operate with Spain and Portugal against the Revolutionary Junta. 26th, the perma- nent Independence of the Leeward group of the Society Islands officially notified by the French and English. June 1st, the “ Washington,” the pioneer of the U. S. Ocean Mail Steamships, sailed on her first voyage across the Atlantic from New- York. 6th, a Conservative Coalition formed among the central states of Mexico to resist peace. 7th, Ab- bott Lawrence, of Boston, donates to the Harvard University $50,000 to establish a school of prac- tical science. 22d, the “ Union,” pioneer of the French line of Ocean Mail Steamships, left Cher- bourg for New-York on her first voyage— Capture of Tobasco. 26th, the Prussian Diet suddenly dissolved by the king. 30th, battle of Tamulte. July 5, a Convention for the Improvement of Western Waters convened at Chicago, Illinois — Blockade of the Port of Oporto raised by the com- bined forces, the Revolutionary Junta having dis- solved itself. 10th, the Chinese Junk, “Keying,” arrived at New-York, being the first vessel of the kind ever in America. 12th, battle of Rio Cala- boosa, near Huajutla. 17th, a Conspiracy against the Pope of Rome exposed and defeated— The Austrians occupy Ferrara. 24th, British Parlia- ment dissolved ; during the session 189 Railway bills were passed. Aug. 5th, the Bank of England raises its rate of discount to 5J per cent. — Com- mencement of the Great Financial Revulsion in 272 CHRONOLOGY Great Britain. 7th, 10th, the American army leaves Puebla and advances on Mexico. 8th, a Popular Insurrection in Milan. 10th, battle of El Passo de Oveja. 14th, Gen. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, ex-President of Mexico, arrives incog . at Vera Cruz, in the British Steamer, and escapes to the interior — This occurs on the anniversary of the return of Santa Anna in 1846— Indian insurrec- tion and massacre in Yucatan. 18th, the new as- teriod, “ Iris,” discovered — Action at San Angel. 19th, 20th, battle of Contreras, San Antonio, and Churubusco — Conspiracy against the British at Lahore, E. Indies, discovered — The Helvetic Diet decree the dissolution of the Sonderbund. 23d, an armistice between the American and Mexican forces. 24th, the Colony of Liberia, West Africa, is declared an independent Republic. 27th, Mexi- can Commissioners appointed by Santa Anna to confer with the U. S. Peace Commissioner. Sent. 6th, the Commissioners, unable to agree on terms of peace, separate — Return of Rae’s overland Ex- pedition from the Arctic regions. 8th, Hostilities recommence in the valley of Mexico— Battle of El Molino del Rey. 10th, eighteen American deser- ters hung at San Angel. 12th, 13th, bombardment and capture of Chapultepec. 13th, severe fighting at the gates and citadel of Mexico. 14th, the U. S. forces enter the city of Mexico, and hoist the “Stars and Stripes” over the National Palace. 15th, Martial Law proclaimed in the city of Mexico, and a military contribution ordered of the Munici- pality — Don Manuel Pena y Pena is appointed President ad interim , by Santa Anna. 18th, by a Royal decree Negro Slavery is abolished in the Danish West Indies. 22d, Santa Anna enters Puebla with his army, to assist the citizens in en- deavoring to expel the Americans from the fortifi- cations commanding that city. 26th, the Russian General Woronzoff defeats the Circassians, and takes Salta. 27th, the rich and valuable Library of the Royal Society of Icelandic Literature is OF THE WORLD. 273 destroyed by fire at Copenhagen ; 2,000 unpub- lished MSS. were burnt. Oct . 1st, Miss Mitchell, (New-Haven,) discovers a Comet, which bears her name. 2d, Earthquake at Mexico. 4th, battle of Gingelli, Algeria. 5th, Mexican Congress con- venes at Queretaro — N. P. Trist formally recalled from Mexico- — Tremendous storms on the Atlantic coast of the United States — Earthquake in Chili and Peru. 9th, battle of Huamantla, and death of Capt. Walker — Annular eclipse of the Sun, visible in the S. and W. of Europe, the first since 1767. 10th, Lucca ceded to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. 12th, the siege of Puebla raised after an ineffectual attempt of 28 days to dislodge the Americans. 17th, Tixhalcal-cupala laid waste by the Indians of Yucatan, and the inhabitants murdered. 18th, the asteriod “ Flora” discovered. 19th, Corner Stone of the “Washington Monument” laid at New- York with great ceremony. 20th, Capture of Guaymas. 25th, the Bank of England, on the re- commendation of the Ministry, raises its interest on discounts to 8 per cent. 26th, Earthquake at St. Domingo. Nov. 1st, Cholera appears in Mos- cow. 2d, Earthquake at Porto Rico. 4th, Queen of Portugal delivered of a Prince. 7th, Santa Anna superseded in command of the Mexican army by Gen. Rincon. 8th, the Swiss Diet decree the dissolution of the Sonderbund by force of arms . 11th, Gen. Don Pedro Maria Anaya is elected President, ad interim, of the Mexican Republic. 13th, Girard College, Philadelphia, finished. 15th, the “ Consulta di Roma” opened by the Pope. 16th, battle of Valladolid, Yucatan. 18th, British Parliament opened — Rt. Hon. Chas. Shaw Lefevre elected Speaker of the House of Commons — The Swiss Canton of Valois capitulates to the Federal forces — The “ Astor Opera House,” New-York, opened. 22d, battle of Gislikon, Switzerland, in which the Federal forces prevail — Lucerne capitu- lates, and the cantons of Uri and Unterwalden submit. 27th, Indian Massacre at Tijosuco, Yuca- .274 CHRONOLOGY tan. 29th, end of the Civil War in Switzerland, and total defeat of the Sonderbund ; the Jesuits are expelled — A Great Meeting of the citizens of New-York sympathize with the Pope, and vote him an Address and Resolutions on the noble stand he has taken for the Political regeneration of Italy. Dec . 1st, Bank of England reduces its discounts from 8 to 6 per cent. 6th, the 30th Congress of the U. S. convenes at Washington the Hon. Robert/ C. Winthrop, of Mass., elected Speaker of the ■ House of Representatives. 6th, 9th, tremendous gales on the coast of England. 7th, Theatres of London are closed, the Actors be- ing generally attacked with the prevailing “ Influ- enza/ 5 9th, McClintock Young appointed by the President of the U. S. acting Secretary of the Treasury. 10th, severe Earthquake at Santiago de Cuba. 11th, 12th, great freshets in the Wes- tern rivers of the United States. 13th, Irish Co- ercion Bill passed the British House of Commons, 173 to 14. 20th, u Shooting Stars” seen in profu- sion at New-Haven. 22d, Morse’s Magnetic Tele- graph in operation from New-York to St. Louis. Deaths in 1847. — Isaac S. Pennybacker, U. S. Senator — Peter R. Livingston, set. 81 — Henry Clay, Jr., set. 36, killed at Buena Vista — Gen. Riche, President of Hayti — Prince Jules de Polignac, set. 67 — Jerome Bonaparte — Prince Mu- rat — Hon. Geo. C. Dromgoole, M. C. from Vir- ginia — John Revere, M. D. — Hon. Daniel O’Con- nell, set. 72 — Thomas Chalmers, D. D., set. 69 — * Hon. Alexander H. Everett, U. S. Commissioner to China — Hon. Peter G. Stuyvesant— Hon. Silas Wright — Brig. Gen. Enos I). Hopping — Brog- niart, the celebrated Mineralogist — Hon. Isaac Van Zandt — Hon. Jabez Huntington, U. S. Sena- tor — Geo. H. Colton, Editor of the American Re- view — Robert Liston, the eminent Scottish Sur- OF THE WORLD. 275 geon — -Hon. James Kent, ex-Chancellor of New- York, and author of “ Commentaries,” &c. — Dr. Dibdin, the celebrated English Bibliographer, aet. 72 — Hon. John Fairfield, U. S. Senator — Hon. Jesse Speight, U. S. Senator— Major William Pop- ham, President-General of the Society of Cincin- nati, aet. 95 — Mendelssohn, the great musical com- poser — Rev. William Richards, Minister of “ Pub- lic Instruction” in the Sandwich Islands, (Nov. 7,) and for many years a Missionary of the Am. Board. CATALOGUE OF MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, &c. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. No. 86 CEDAR STREET NEW-YORK. 1848 CATALOGUE, Mounted. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK, with parts of the adjacent country, embracing plans of the Cities and some of the larger Villages. By David H. Burr. — 6 sheets . .60 by 50 inches. 4,00 MAP OF LONG ISLAND, with the environs of the City of New- York, and the southern part of Con- necticut. By J. Calvin Smith. — 4 sheets. .60 by 42 3.00 MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, compiled from the United States Surveys, by S. D. King; exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, situa- tion and boundaries of Counties, the location ol Cities, Villages and Post Offices — Canals, Rail- roads and other internal improvements, &c. &c. — 6 sheets 66 by 48. 10,00 MAP OF THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. By Dr. Luke Munsell. — 4 sheets 53 by 41. 5,00 SECTIONAL MAP OF THE STATE OF ILLI- NOIS, compiled from the United States Surveys. Also, exhibiting the internal improvements ; dis- tances between Towns, Villages and Post Offices ; the outlines of prairies, woodlands, marshes, and the lands donated to the State by the Gen. Govern- ment, for the purpose of internal improvements. By J. M. Peck, John Messinger and A. J. Mathew- son. — 2 sheets 43 by 32. 2,50 Portable , 1,50 MAP OF THE SURVEYED PART OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. By John Farmer.— 1 sheet 35 by 25. Portable , 1,50. 2,09 Mounted MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD, pre- senting to the eye, at one view, the moral and religious condition of the world, and the efforts that are now making for its evangelization. It is so colored that all the principal religions of the World, with the countries in which they prevail, and their relation, position and extent, are distinguished at once, together with the principal stations of the various Missionary Societies in our own and other countries. It is on cloth, each hemisphere six feet in diameter, and both printed on one piece of cloth at one impression , making a map with borders 160 by 80 inches, and so finished that it may be easily folded and conveyed from place to place, and sus- pended in any large room. 160 by 80 10,00 A CHRONOLOGICAL VIE WOF THE WORLD, exhibiting the leading events of Universal History ; the origin and progress of the arts and sciences, the obituary of distinguished men, and the periods in which they flourished, together with an account of the appearance of comets , and a complete view of the fall of meteoric stones in all ages, collected chiefly from the article “ Chronology” in the New Edinburgh Enclycopedia, edited by Sir David Brew- ster, LL. D., F. R. S., with an enlarged view oj important events , particularly in regard to American History, and a continuation to the present time, collected from authentic sources, by Daniel Haskell, A. M., Editor of McCullochs’ Universal Gazetteer, and author of the articles relating to the United States in the American edition, pp. 267.. Book, 75c. A MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES, showing the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Extraordinary pains has been taken to make this Map per- fectly reliable and authentic in ail respects. It is engraved on steel in the best style of the art, and is a very perfect Map of the inhabited por- tions of North America. In schools and semina- ries especially, it deserves to take precedence of all Maps heretofore published in this country. — 4 sheets 62 by 55. 5,00 Mounted. MAP OF THE WEST INDIES AND ADJA- CENT COASTS, by J. Pinkerton, London, re- vised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet, 32 by 25. 1,50 Portable, 75c. MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, WITH PART OF GUATEMALA. By David H. Burr.— 1 sheet 26 by 22. 1,00 Portable , 50c. MAP OF FRANCE, BELGIUM, and the adja- cent countries, by J. Pinkerton, London, revised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet 32 by 25. 3,50 MAP OF MEXICO. — 2 sheets 44 by 32. 2,50 Portable , 1,50. MAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, as laid out by commissioners and confirmed by acts of the Legislature of the State of New- York, made from actual surveys ; the farm lines and names of origi- nal owners being accurately drawn from authentic sources. Containing, also, a map of the Village oj Williamsburgh and part of the City of New- York , Ac. 8fc . — 2 sheets 48 by 36. 4,00 MAP OF THE COUNTRY, THIRTY-THREE MILES AROUND THE CITY OF NEW- YORK, compiled from the Maps of the United States Coast Survey, and other authorities. — . 1 sheet 29 by 26. 1,50 Portable, 75c. STREAM OF TIME, OR CHART OF UNI- VERSAL HISTORY, from the original German of Strauss, revised by D. Haskell. — 2 sheets 48 by 32. 2,50 PORTRAITS OF THE PRESIDENTS, AND DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.— 1 sheet 42 by 31. 1,50 A DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES LANDS IN IOWA, being a minute description ot every section and quarter section, quality of soil, Mounted. groves of timber, prairies, ledges of rock, coal banks, iron and lead ores, water falls, mill-sites, &c. &c., with a map of the surveyed part of Iowa, exhibiting the sections, townships and ranges, compiled from the United States Surveys. By Jesse Williams. — 1 sheet 32 by 22. Book and Map , Port able , 1,50. SKETCHESOF IOWA, ORTHE EMIGRANTS’ GUIDE ; containing a correct description of the agricultural and mineral resources, geological fea- tures, and statistics of the territory of Iowa. A minute description of each county and of the prin- cipal Towns and Indian Villages, prairies and tim- bered lands, &c. &c. ; with a map, compiled from the United States Surveys, exhibiting the bounda- ries of Counties, Township lines, prairies and timber lands, &e. &e. — 1 sheet 21 by 16. Book and Map , 1,50. THE TRAVELLERS’ DIRECTORY FOR ILLINOIS, containing accurate sketches of the State, a particular description of each county and important business town, a list of the principal roads, stage and steamboat routes, land offices, tracts of land unoccupied, a description of the timbered and prairie portions of the state — the rivers, miner- als, animals, internal improvements, climate and seasons, &c. &c., with a Map of Illinois, compiled from the United States Surveys, exhibiting the sections with internal improvements, distances be- tween towns, villages and post offices. By J. M. Peck and John Messenger. — 1 sheet 35 by 25. Book and Map , 1,50. IHE WESTERN TOURIST AND EMI- GRANTS’ GUIDE, through the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, and the Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, being an accu- rate and concise description of each state, territory and county, with a Map, showing the township* lines of the United States Surveys, the boundaries of counties, position of villages, &c. By J. Calvin Smith. — 1 sheet .23 by 21. Book and Map , 1,00. Mounted. MAP OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN AND TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, with parts of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. By John Farmer. — 2 sheets 36 by 26. Portable , 1,00. MAP OF PALESTINE, from the latest authorities, chiefly from the Maps and drawings of Robinson and Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E. Robinson, with plans of Jeru- salem, and the Journeyings of the Israelites. — 4 sheets 80 by 62. 6,00 MAP OF PALESTINE, from the latest authorities, chiefly from the Maps and drawings of Robinson and Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E. Robinson, with a plan of Jerusalem , and of the vicinity of Jerusalem 2 sheets 43 by 32. 2,50 Portable, 1,50. MAP OF EGYPT, THE PENINSULA OF MT. SINAI, ARABIA PETREA, with the southern part of Palestine, compiled from the latest au- thorities ; showing the Journeyings of the Chil- dren of Israel from Egypt to the Holy Land. — 1 sheet 32 by 25. 1,50 MAP OF EUROPE, by J. Pinkerton, London, re- vised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet 32 by 25. 1,50 MAP OF ASIA, by J. Pinkerton, London, revised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet 32 by 25. 1,50 MAP OF AFRICA, by J. Pinkerton, London, re- vised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet - 32 by 25. 1,50 MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet 29 by 26. 1,25 Portable , 75c. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, by J. Pinkerton, London, revised and corrected from the latest authorities. — 1 sheet 32 by 25. 1,50 Mounted. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, with parts of Mex- ico and the West Indies.— 4 sheets 48 by 38. AN ILLUSTRATED MAP OF HUMAN LIFE, deduced from passages of sacred Writ. — 1 sheet . 25 by 20. THE FAMILY AND SCHOOL MONITOR, an Educational Chart, by James Henry, Jr. In this Chart the fundamental maxims in Education, Physical, Moral and Intellectual, are presented in such a manner, as to fix the attention and im- press the memory. It cannot fail to be emi- nently useful ; indeed, we believe the public will regard it as indispensable to every family and school in our country. — 2 sheets 42 by 32. MAP OF THE COUNTRIES MENTIONED IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, AND THE TRAVELS OF THE APOSTLES, with An- cient and Modern Names, from the most authen- tic sources. — 1 sheet. 32 by 25. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF AME- RICA, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, MEXICO, THE WEST INDIES AND CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH PARTS OF NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUE- LA. This Map has been most carefully com- piled, and contains much new and interesting in- formation. It is highly embellished, and beauti- fully engraved on steel. — 2 sheets 45 by 36. JOHNSON’S ILLUSTRATED AND EMBEL- LISHED STEEL PLATE MAP OF THE WORLD, ON MERCATOR’S PROJEC- TION, exhibiting the recent Arctic and Antarc- tic Discoveries and Explorations, &c. &c. — 6 sheets . . 80 by 60. MAP OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW-YORK, BROOKLYN, WILLIAMS- BURGH, JERSEY CITY, AND THE AD- JACENT WATERS.— 3 plates. ... .56 by 32. 2,00 75 1.50 1,25 2.50 * 10,00 3,00 •••*.■ ; -“Vv . • -• ■« * / ‘ * * ■ c GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3 3125 01498 2413