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THE 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL PHILLIPS. 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE LIBRARY; 
 
 AND 
 
 BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON. 
 1854. 
 
' 
 
 . 
 
 BRADBURY AND EVANS, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY, 
 WHITEFRIARS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object of the following pages is to extract from the 
 valuable collection of Statues and Busts, that will be found 
 adorning the vast area of the Crystal Palace, some of the 
 interest and instruction which such works, if properly addressed, 
 are certain to yield. Man looks at his own image with a more 
 feeling curiosity than he regards the architectural remains of a 
 city, however ancient, or of any structure, however beautiful. 
 The broad brow of the poet whose works w r e have read, or the 
 martial air of the soldier whose deeds we have heard, excite an 
 instant desire for more intimate acquaintance with the men; 
 and such acquaintance can never be formed without lasting 
 advantage to all who are susceptible of instruction. 
 
 The limits of the present small volume have prevented my 
 doing more than record, as briefly as I might, the salient 
 points in the characters of the various personages whose 
 statues and busts constitute the Portrait Gallery of the Crystal 
 Palace; but I trust sufficient has been done to throw a little 
 light upon the various features which the visitor will contem¬ 
 plate on his pleasant journey, and to indicate, however indis¬ 
 tinctly, the universal path which, in life itself, leads to all true 
 greatness. A portrait gallery exhibits the men who have worked 
 their way to eminence. Biography teaches how they travelled 
 the difficult and thorny road. 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The collection of Statues and Busts in the Crystal Palace is 
 necessarily imperfect; hut it begins with a goodly array. It 
 is the intention of the Directors to extend and, as far as the 
 nature of the subject allows, complete it; and there can be 
 no doubt that we have already the elements of one of the 
 finest portrait galleries in Europe. 
 
 I desire in this place to express my thanks to my friend 
 M. Begnier, the eminent French comedian, to whose kindness 
 I am indebted for much information in connexion with the 
 French busts. I am also anxious to acknowledge the services 
 of my assistant, Mr. Shenton, who, under severe pressure, 
 has rendered me great help in the collecting and verifying of 
 our interesting materials. 
 
 SAMUEL PHILLIPS. 
 
 Crystal Palace, 
 
 Jmie , 1854. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 ANTIQUE PORTRAITS. 
 
 GREEK COURT. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE COURT— 
 
 GREEK POETS AND DRAMATISTS 
 
 NORTH SIDE COURT— 
 
 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, STATESMEN, AND GENERALS 
 
 ROMAN COURT. 
 
 ROMAN EMPERORS ..... 
 
 AVENUE IN FRONT OF ROMAN COURT .... 
 COURT OF THE ROMAN LADIES 
 COURT OF ROMAN GENERALS AND POETS 
 
 . 13 
 
 . 19 
 
 . 29 
 
 . 41 
 . 43 
 . 46 
 
 THE ITALIAN PORTRAITS— 
 
 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .54 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 56 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 69 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN . . . . . . . . 76 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 78 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS . . . . . . • . . 79 
 
 THE FRENCH PORTRAITS— 
 
 INTRODUCTION . . . . • • • • .80 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS . . . • ■ • . . 83 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 91 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS ...... 98 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN ....... 109 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS . . . . . .121 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS . . . . . . . .124 
 
 THE GERMAN PORTRAITS— 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 134 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS . . . . . . .136 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS . . . . . . . . 145 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS. 149 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 157 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS . . . . . . .162 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS. 163 
 
 THE ENGLISH PORTRAITS— 
 
 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .168 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 169 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. .. 179 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS . . . . . . . 188 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN ....... 202 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 218 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS. 220 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Portraiture is associated with the earliest attempts at repre¬ 
 senting living objects, both in sculpture and in painting. Even 
 amongst savages we find resemblances, carved or painted, or both, 
 of the human form, generally grotesque, but always presenting an 
 idea of Art. With the advance of civilization, the demand for 
 portraits increased, as the knowledge of the means available 
 for painting and sculpture improved. Men in authority, or 
 possessed of great wealth, or renowned by deeds of arms and 
 feats of strength, became the first subjects for the art. 
 
 That the Egyptians early practised portrait-painting, is evident 
 from the discovery of mural sculpture, at a date anterior to the time 
 of Rameses, representing painters delineating men and animals, and 
 sculptors carving out of granite the very figures reproduced in 
 another material, in the Egyptian Court of the Crystal Palace. 
 Herodotus records the fact that Amasis sent his portrait painted on 
 wood to Cyrene as a present; and some portraits of this kind were 
 found in the tombs at Thebes. On comparing the heads of 
 Raineses and Amenoph, several of which are to be seen in the 
 Egyptian court, the individuality of each is at once perceived. 
 Rameses has an aquiline nose and thin lips, while Amenoph has 
 the turned-up nose and thick lips of the African. 
 
 In Clarac’s “ Musee de Sculpture,” are collected many accu¬ 
 rate engravings of the portraits of the Egyptians contained in 
 the Louvre, which, according to this authority, are all verified, as 
 many as eighty-six of them having their names attached. In the 
 Imperial Library, at Paris, there is a collection of a hundred 
 Chinese portraits of great antiquity. They were brought from 
 
vm 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 China by the well-known Jesuit missionary, Pere Ameot. Panthier, 
 author of a History of China, refers to these portraits, and considers 
 them to be those of celebrated men and women living at a period 
 long anterior to Confucius. 
 
 Croesus, King of Lydia, had the image of his baking woman 
 set up in gold • and Herodotus has preserved the names of two 
 Argive youths, Biton and Cleobis, who for their piety in drawing 
 their mother, the priestess of Juno, to the temple, when the oxen 
 for her car in a great solemnity did not arrive, had their statues 
 placed by their countrymen at Delphi. 
 
 To the Greeks, indeed, we owe the finest examples of portraits 
 in Sculpture. Their temples, forums, and other public places, as 
 well as their private dwellings, were ornamented with the busts and 
 statues of heroes, kings, poets, orators, and others distinguished 
 by their achievements. Many of these examples have for¬ 
 tunately been rescued from destruction, and preserved to the 
 present time. 
 
 The Romans, although not themselves, either by the gift of 
 Heaven, or by their own tastes, artists, were great patrons of art. 
 Many a rich Roman citizen had the court of his house converted 
 into a kind of forum, which he adorned with his favourite por¬ 
 trait statues. From the precious ruins of Ancient Rome—from 
 her temples, palaces, villas—countless statues and busts have been 
 dug out. Her tombs also were furnished with portraits, busts, and 
 statues, recumbent, or in other postures. 
 
 In all times, and in all countries, we note a desire to perpetuate 
 the memory of the dead ; and the pious as well as humane inten¬ 
 tion was carried out in various ways. The Egyptians enclosed 
 their mummies in wooden and stone cases, carved and painted in 
 order to resemble, more or less, the inhabitant within. The 
 tombs of Etruria are usually surmounted by a half recumbent 
 statue, which although but rudely representing the features and 
 attitude of life, clearly reveal the intention to produce a portrait 
 of the deceased person, but never—which became the custom in after 
 ages—as though he were dead. 
 
 From the employment of sculptured portraits upon the monu¬ 
 ments of the dead, and from the use of other images in the 
 funeral rites, such representations came to be called “ busts,” 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IX 
 
 from the Latin word Bustum, signifying a tomb, or rather place 
 where the burning of the body took place. Since the majority 
 of persons could not afford a statue, the less expensive memo¬ 
 rial, consisting of the head and shoulders, was the more 
 generally adopted ; and hence the name now current amongst us. 
 
 Portraits played a still more important part in the economy 
 of the ancient Romans. Images, or rather masks, made in 
 wax and representing their ancestors, were kept by the Romans 
 in the vestibules of their houses, placed in cases formed like 
 temples, and there constantly exposed to, the notice of the 
 family and of visitors. When a member of the family died, 
 these masks were worn by the friends who assisted at the funeral, 
 as were the dresses and robes of office belonging to the ancestors 
 whom they personated. After the ceremony, the images were faith¬ 
 fully restored to their sanctuaries in the vestibule. 
 
 Another use of portraiture was originally peculiar to the Greeks, 
 but it became subsequently adopted by other nations. We refer 
 to the practice of painting upon a metal shield the portraits of a 
 family—often with the father in the centre—and of hanging it up 
 as sacred to the gods. There are similar portraits extant, in terra¬ 
 cotta, of Demosthenes in exile at Calauria, and of Thales. The 
 ancients also painted portraits on wood in encaustic, and some 
 portraits formed in mosaic still exist. 
 
 In proportion to the growth of luxury, and to the development 
 of the arts, do we find the increased employment of portraiture. 
 Every kind of work was decorated with a portrait. This was 
 especially the usage of the Greeks under the successors of Alex¬ 
 ander, at Alexandria, Antioch, and Pergamus ; and with the 
 Romans, towards the close of the Republic, and under the 
 Emperors. 
 
 Engraved stones of seals and rings are exceedingly valuable in 
 enabling us to identify antique busts and statues ; their hardness 
 having preserved them from injury. Yery frequently they give 
 the impression of being most accurate portraits. In the Greek Court 
 is a large collection of casts of these extremely interesting works, 
 which merit careful examination. Many of the heads are won¬ 
 derfully beautiful—far surpassing in execution any similar work of 
 the present time. 
 
X 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In like manner the portraits npon coins, being connected with 
 writing, have been most useful in contributing to the knowledge and 
 naming of antique busts and statues. Of these illustrations also, 
 the visitor is enabled to study a very complete series from very 
 early times. 
 
 The universal taste for portraiture exhibited by the ancients, and 
 the encouragement to art which the vast wealth of many enabled them 
 to afford, soon led to the formation of a gallery of portraits in every 
 house of importance. Such a gallery contained portraits, both 
 sculptured and painted, of great men in art, science, letters, and 
 arms, and was called 4 4 The Pinacotheca” The desire to render 
 such a collection as complete as possible, led to the production of 
 an infinite number of copies from those originally taken from the 
 life : just as with us, houses are adorned with plaster-casts of the 
 busts of Wellington, Shakspeare, and Milton. 
 
 It will now be understood how it has happened that so large a 
 number of portrait-busts have remained to us from antiquity. 
 Unless they had been multiplied in the manner described, the acts 
 of ignorance and the accidents of time would have effaced all 
 record of the features and aspect of the good and great in ancient 
 story. Most of the works, executed in metal, were melted down 
 and converted into money. One valuable mine, however, was 
 happily discovered in the ruins of Herculaneum, completely preserved, 
 and was removed to the Museum at Naples, where it still exists. 
 Of several, so recovered, we possess fine copies in the Crystal Palace. 
 
 During the reign of Hadrian in Rome (a.d. 120), art enjoyed a 
 revival—a Medicean period. A multitude of works of every kind 
 were produced, and portraiture was carried to its height through the 
 very zealous loyalty to which sculptors gave way, in their desire to 
 flatter their imperial and magnificent patron, by representing the 
 members of his family as so many gods and goddesses. The like 
 encouragement was afforded under the dominion of Antoninus 
 Pius (a.d. 140), and his adopted son, Marcus Aurelius ; followed, 
 unfortunately, by the destructive propensities of the odious 
 Commodus, who would have limited portraiture to the repre¬ 
 sentation of his own face. 
 
 We see the first efforts of portraiture in Christian art, in the 
 representations—sculptured and painted—of saints in the early 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xi 
 
 ages of tlie faith. Some examples of these will be found in the 
 Byzantine and Mediaeval Courts. A certain conventional form 
 was adhered to in all these works, in which we remark especially 
 a general elongation of the face and features, as if the aim had 
 been to impress upon them the natural effects of emaciation from 
 penance and fasting, the body and limbs being also subjected to 
 the same treatment. The eyes are always almond-shaped, half 
 closed, and sloping upwards from the nose. The portraits of 
 Justinian, Theodora, Nicephorus, and Charles the Bald, on the 
 fagade of the Byzantine Court, bear evidence of their authenticity. 
 
 In forming our idea of an individual portrait painted in the 
 early Christian period, we must never forget to allow for the 
 formalities by which an artist of that time was inexorably 
 directed. Statues and pictures were then produced (as indeed 
 they are to this day by the monks of Mount Athos,) in accordance 
 with rule and system—a sort of holy heraldry. At the time of 
 which we now speak, we trace no general and popular use of portraits, 
 such as we observed amongst the ancients, although they were still 
 to be found in the hands of the most wealthy and cultivated. These 
 were of an expensive kind, in mosaic and in miniature painting, 
 the latter style being frequently employed when a valuable manu¬ 
 script or missal was copied for presentation, and a portrait of the 
 author or donor was usually painted upon it. 
 
 Mediaeval portraiture shows a considerable advance upon the 
 Byzantine, but is still inferior to the antique and to the portraiture 
 of our own time. It was confined, almost exclusively, to monu¬ 
 mental effigies, in which the artist was constrained to present the 
 lifeless form, in the stiffness of very death—whether sleeping the 
 sleep of eternal peace, or kneeling in the attitude of prayer. Some of 
 the finest examples are to be seen in the Mediaeval Court : of 
 these more than one are doubtless portrait-statues of the time. 
 The same may be said of some of the effigies of the Knights 
 Templar, which exhibit great individuality, having been executed 
 in a very hard kind of marble, that has well retained the features 
 originally carved out of it. Busts of this period are exceedingly 
 rare ; inasmuch as portraiture of the kind was not in accordance 
 with the religious feeling of the age. We must be content to 
 take the effigies of mediaeval art as portraits of the time ; treated, of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xii 
 
 course, after certain conventionalities, but nevertheless truthful and 
 most interesting. 
 
 The art of portraiture revived under the creative genius of 
 Giotto and Orcagna, and of the great men of the Renaissance — 
 Domenico Ghirlandaio and Giovanni Bellini—until it reached the 
 highest dignity and beauty in the superb works of the mightiest of 
 the mighty Italians—Michael Angelo, Raffaelle, and Titian. The 
 most remarkable portraits of this period are paintings, and are there¬ 
 fore not to be found in large numbers in the Crystal Palace. In the 
 beautiful gallery, however, of copies from the old masters, will be 
 found several fine examples. In the Renaissance and Mediaeval 
 Courts, will be seen some of the statues from the tombs of 
 Maximilian and Albert of Saxony—the finest portrait-statues of 
 their kind. In the Italian Court, too, there are the immortal monu¬ 
 mental statues of the Medici, and a superb bust of Cosmo de’ 
 Medici by the inimitable Cellini. 
 
 The antique statues and busts described in the following pages 
 are from 
 
 The Vatican, at Rome, 
 
 The Capitoline Museum, 
 
 The Naples Museum, 
 
 The Florence Gallery, 
 
 The Louvre, 
 
 The Berlin Museum, 
 
 The British Museum. 
 
1IPOAOTOE. 
 
 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 ANTIQUE PORTRAITS. 
 
 GREEK COTJRT—South Side-Court. 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 * 1. Homer. Great Epic Poet of Greece. 
 
 [Born, probably b.c. 850. Place of birth unknown.] 
 
 A majestic antique Bust. The kingly and venerated Patriarch of all Poets, for 
 the western civilization—or, the sound of a Name ! The two wonderful poems 
 which hear down this name—whatever signifying—through the lapse and revo¬ 
 lutions of time, preserve, as it were, the image of an extinct world : although 
 of a world, perhaps less than half real, and more than half ideal:—for the 
 manners were : the persons and events may, or may not have been : and the 
 gods and goddesses of the “ Iliad” and the “Odyssey” were, we know, only 
 a believed-in, waking dream. But, by the potency of the song, the picture 
 lives ! The war, imaginary or no, raging between the Hellespont and the 
 
 * The objects forming the Portrait Gallery in the Crystal Palace, are numbered in 
 red figures throughout. 
 
14 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 foot of Mount Ida, remains, to the educated memory of the nations, like the 
 beginning—if not of the world’s, yet of its western half’s—history. And 
 those heroes and heroines, with their high actions and their deep passions— 
 the unrolling, embroidered web of their fortunes and fates :—the king of 
 men, Agamemnon,—the swift-footed son of the sea-goddess, Achilles,—the 
 sage, long-lived Nestor,—the shrewd, enduring Ulysses,—Ajax, a tower in 
 the fight,—Diomed, favoured of Minerva present beside him in the storm 
 of spears ;—and that grey-headed, imperial sire of Troy, with all his falling 
 sons, Priam,—the gallant and good Hector,—the loving and faithful Andro¬ 
 mache,—the aged, too fruitful mother, Hecuba;—even the fatal and 
 criminal, but divinely beautiful Helen—Is it not a strange magic that 
 dwells in the creative thought of the poet, and in his modulated words, 
 and that thus, in a language, and with manners, a faith, an age—all so long 
 since dead and gone—can, as if reviving all, render those Shadows, to us—now, 
 here—the earliest objects of a wondering and aspiring enthusiasm :—the 
 first enkindlers in our bosoms of that glowing, intense, comprehensive, and 
 intelligent sympathy, which transports us out of the central self, and beyond 
 the close-drawn horizon of our own particular life, to feel the conditions and 
 to understand the spirits of all our fellow men ? Let the theory be true, 
 which denies to these incomparable works an individual author—which 
 supposes them woven together of many songs, first sung in many places, by many 
 singers ; let the benignly august, fillet-bound head before us, be—that which 
 only at last it can be—a conjecture of the Grecian chisel;—we see at least 
 here how the consummated art of sculpture has chosen to express, in corpo¬ 
 real form, the one soul of power which animates those immortal twins of 
 poesy. We see in what shape of a human head, crowned with its own 
 irradiations, the fountains of all song might have sprung. We see what the 
 living and wandering minstrel of Greece, beloved and honoured wheresoever, 
 in hall or on green, he and his harp came,—what the individual Homer, for 
 whose birth seven cities contended, and whom in the after-day the land 
 numbered amongst her half-divine and worshipped heroes— would have 
 been :— or, WAS ! 
 
 [Although modern antiquaries agree with Pliny that busts of Homer are 
 apocryphal, yet there can be no doubt this is the true Greek conventional 
 portrait of that poet. A headless marble was dug up inscribed with his name 
 and shortly afterwards the head itself was found in the same hole, and 
 it fitted precisely to the marble previously discovered. The bust, so found, 
 is now in the Naples Museum. The same head is constantly found in other 
 representations of the ancient poet. The head is bound with the “stro- 
 phium,” an ornament given by the Greek artists to their gods and heroes. 
 The attitude of the head would seem to express the blindness with which 
 Homer, according to tradition, was afflicted. This bust is from the marble 
 in the Stanza dei Filosofi of the Capitoline Museum, Rome.] 
 
 2. Archilochus. Greek Poet. 
 
 [Born at Paros, about b.c. 700. Killed in battle, about b.c. 635.] 
 
 A satirical poet of great renown, whose acrid pen spared neither friend 
 nor foe. A writer also of licentious verse. Fragments only of his compo¬ 
 sitions have come down to us. To him is attributed the invention of the 
 Iambic measure, and he shares with Thaletas and Terpander the honour of 
 establishing lyric poetry in Greece. The victors in the Olympic games were 
 accustomed to sing one of his hymns in their triumphal procession. The 
 countenance of his statue denotes impudent boldness. 
 
 [The two early poets united : a mode of portraiture adopted by the Greek artists 
 
GREEK COURT—ANTIQUE PORTRAITS. 
 
 15 
 
 when two celebrated men were of the same country, and of kindred pursuits, 
 as Herodotus and Thucydides, parallel historians; Metrodorus and Epicurus, 
 philosophers of the same sect (see No. 20). This double terminal or Janus 
 was found at Rome on the Celian Hill: it is now in the Vatican. The ends 
 of the noses are modem, as are some other parts in the Homer. That 
 portraits of Archilochus existed so long after his death is proved by the 
 existence of an inscription in the Analecta of Thucydides written for his 
 portrait.] 
 
 2a. Homer. Great Epic Poet of Greece. 
 
 [For life see No. 1.] 
 
 3. HEsop. Writer of Fables. 
 
 [Born in Phrygia, about b.c. 620. Died about b.c. 560.] 
 
 The reputed author of the fables to which his name has been for 
 centuries attached. According to the general account, he was originally 
 a slave, and gained much notice for his wit, and especially for his talent of 
 communicating useful maxims in the form of apologues. His talent pro¬ 
 cured him favour at the court of Croesus. He is said to have been thrown 
 from the top of a rock and killed, by the priests of Delphi. His fables, at 
 first preserved by tradition, were at a later period converted into Greek 
 and Latin verse by Babrias and Phsedrus. We have them in Greek prose, 
 told naturally and in the utmost simplicity. In stature iEsop is described 
 as small and hump-backed, with a prominent stomach and pointed head, 
 yet the intellectual expression of his countenance is not that usually given to 
 dwarfs. 
 
 [From the very remarkable half-figure in marble in the Villa Albani, at Rome; 
 the whole of which is of great antiquity. It has been maintained that A3 sop 
 was not deformed, inasmuch as the circumstance is not mentioned by writers, 
 before the time of the Greek monk, Planudes Maximus. There are, how¬ 
 ever, traditions affirming his deformity, and Plutarch, in his Feast 
 of the Sages, makes him sit upon a low stool at the feet of Solon. The 
 countenance has a thoughtful and elevated expression. Lysippus sculptured 
 the portrait of iEsop to be placed amongst the sages of Greece at Athens. 
 Phsedrus refers to this work, and the celebrity of the man is fixed by the 
 fact that the court sculptor of Alexander employed himself upon his statue.] 
 
 4. Homer. Great Epic Poet of Greece. 
 
 [From the marble. Once in the Capitoline Museum; now in the Louvre.] 
 
 5. Epimenides. Poet and Prophet of Crete. 
 
 [Flourished about b.c. 596.] 
 
 St. Paul in his Epistle to Titus (i. 12) is supposed to allude to Epimenides. 
 But little more than his name and existence are known, apart from tradition. 
 About b.c. 596, he was invited to Athens, in order to stay the plague brought 
 upon the city by an impious outrage committed by Cylon, one of the Athenian 
 rulers, on the altars of the Acropolis. Succeeding in arresting the pestilence, 
 he augmented his already great fame—but he refused any other reward 
 beyond the goodwill of the Athenians in favour of the inhabitants of Gnossus, 
 where he dwelt. He was a native of Crete. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican. One of the conventional portraits of the 
 ancient Greek poets. The closed eyes are to represent the sleep which 
 tradition says he fell into for fifty-seven years.] 
 
 6. JEschyles. Tragic Poet. 
 
 [Born at Eleusis, in Greece, B.c. 525. Died at Gela, in Sicily, B.c. 456. Aged 69.] 
 
 The founder of Greek tragedy as it existed in its greatness. He intro- 
 
16 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 duced a second actor upon the scene, and gave dramatic interest to his act, 
 by rendering dialogue the most important element in the play. He 
 improved the masks and dresses of the actors, and raised the character of 
 the choral dances. The scenes painted under his direction were, it is said, 
 the first in which the idea of perspective was maintained. Sublimity and 
 magnificence characterize the style of his tragedies, in which the action 
 and plot, with an unparalleled simplicity of structure, move on, in com¬ 
 manding and stern strength, to their catastrophe; supported by grand 
 imagery, with diction wrested to the height of energy and solemn passion. The 
 characters drawn by iEschylus are as lofty as the language which they speak. 
 We almost yearn for the simple voice of Nature as we listen to the sustained 
 thunder-tone of this great master. His mind seems ever attuned for dis¬ 
 course with the Gods; yet in the “Prometheus,” though dealing with a 
 demigod, he describes with awful power, human suffering and human passion 
 in its saddest and most thrilling aspect. The family of iEschylus were 
 remarkable for their valour, and he himself fought bravely at Marathon 
 and Salamis. He was an actor in his own plays. 
 
 [From the marble in Stanza dei Filosofi, of the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 7. Sophocles. Tragic Poet. 
 
 [Born at Colonus, in Attica, about b.c 495. Died probably at Athens, b.c. 405. 
 
 Aged 90.] 
 
 In Sophocles, iEschylus found a rival and a conqueror. When Cimon 
 (b.c. 468) returned from the Isle of Scyros, with the ashes of Theseus, the 
 first play of Sophocles (“ Triptolemus ”) was preferred to the composition of 
 iEschylus, who in chagrin retired to Sicily. From this time Sophocles 
 stood alone, until he, in his turn, met a successful rival in Euripides. In 
 440, he produced “Antigone,” for its calm beauty, and the pure picture of 
 heroic, feminine self-devotion, one of the finest antique tragedies extant, and 
 the occasion of his promotion through the favour of Pericles. In the person 
 of Sophocles was represented the ideal of Greek perfection. He was very 
 beautiful; he excelled in gymnastics, music, and dancing; in temperament 
 he was calm and contented; in disposition kind and cheerful ; he had a 
 ready wit, a serene piety, and intellectual grandeur. His tragedies have an 
 advantage over those of iEschylus, in being essentially human ; they appeal 
 to the feelings of an auditory, and are written in a less magniloquent style 
 than that of the sublime father of Greek tragedy,—to whom, however, 
 Sophocles lay under the obligations of a pupil to his instructor. Both are 
 profound masters of their art. 
 
 [This bust is from the Capitoline Museum, and is identified by another in the 
 Vatican—found in P7T8—on which all the letters of the name remained, 
 except the SO. It was for a long time called Pindar,* because of the 
 inscription ; Bottari has proved it to be Sophocles, whom it completely 
 resembles. Compare the Lateran statue, No. 325, standing in the great 
 Transept, near the monument of Lysicrates.] 
 
 *. Pindar. Greek Poet . 
 
 [Born probably at Thebes, about b.c. 522. Died there, about B.c. 442. 
 
 Aged about 80 years.] 
 
 The most famous lyric poet of Greece. Sent at an early age to Athens, 
 he became the pupil of Lasus. He sung the victors in the Olympic, 
 Nemsean, Pythian, and Isthmian games,—the great festivals of assembled 
 Greece. Forty-five of these odes of triumph are all that have descended to 
 
GREEK COURT—ANTIQUE PORTRAITS. 
 
 17 
 
 ns ; they are characterized by great boldness of style, spirit, and trumpet- 
 toned enthusiasm, but the brilliant diction does not escape obscurity ; and 
 the modern student often follows with difficulty the excursive wing of 
 “The Theban Eagle,” through the wide regions of Hellenic mythology. 
 Pindar’s earliest extant work was written in his twentieth year. He is 
 described as a man of strong religious feelings, and a devout worshipper of 
 the gods. 
 
 8. iEscHiNES. Greek Orator. 
 
 [Bom in Attica, about b.c. 3S9. Died in the Isle of Samos, B.c. 314. Aged about 75.] 
 
 One of the greatest Greek orators. Was at the battle of Mantineia (b.c. 
 362), and distinguished himself at the battle of Tamynse in Euboea (b.c. 358). 
 Afterwards entered into political life, and became a partizan of Philip of Mace¬ 
 donia. Accompanied Demosthenes on two embassies to Philip, and was accused 
 by Demosthenes of betraying the interests of the state to that monarch. The 
 speech of his accuser and his own admirable defence are extant. His last great 
 public act was the prosecution of Ctesiphon for illegally proposing to present 
 Demosthenes with a golden crown for his services to the state. Demosthenes 
 defended the accused, and the speeches of the two orators delivered on this occa¬ 
 sion are also preserved. The prosecution failing, iEschines at once went into 
 exile (b.c. 330). As a popular leader and orator worthy to be called the rival of 
 Demosthenes. He lacked the vehement passion and powerful invective of 
 that consummate master, but his lucid arrangement, his facility and per¬ 
 spicuity, have never been surpassed. 
 
 [For an account of this statue, so long called Aristides,* see Handbook to 
 Roman Court and Nave, No. 326.] 
 
 * Aristides. Athenian Patriot. 
 
 [Born (uncertain). Died about b. c. 468.] 
 
 His unbending integrity procured him the title of “The Just.” Was 
 at the battle of Marathon (b.c. 480), where he fought bravely. Opposed to 
 the extreme democratical party in Athens, headed by Themistocles, by 
 whose influence he was banished (about b.c. 483). He was still in exile at the 
 time of the sea-fight of Salamis (b.c. 482), but he raised a band, and fought 
 for his country in this battle. Recalled by the Athenians from banishment, 
 and commanded their army at the battle of Platsea (b.c. 479). His sense 
 of justice spotless : his self-denial unimpeachable. At his death he was 
 very poor, although he had borne the highest offices of the State. The 
 Athenians became more virtuous from the contemplation of this bright 
 example. It is related that in the representation of one of the tragedies of 
 TEschylus, a sentence was uttered in favour of moral goodness. The eyes of 
 the audience turned involuntarily and at once from the actor to Aristides. 
 
 9. Euripides. Greek Poet. 
 
 [Born at Salamis, B.c. 480. Died in Macedonia, b.c. 406. Aged 74.] 
 
 The father of Euripides, putting his own interpretation upon the oracle 
 which promised that his son should be crowned with “ sacred garlands,” had 
 him carefully trained in gymnastic exercises, and whilst yet a boy Euripides 
 won the prize at the Eleusinian and Thesean games. But the lad was soon 
 allured from physical sports, by the fascinations of philosophy and literature. 
 
 He became the ardent pupil and friend of the philosopher Anaxagoras, and 
 the instruction thus derived is visible in many of his productions. At the 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 age of 18, Euripides wrote his first tragedy. He gained the first prize b.c. 
 441, and continued to exhibit his plays until within two years of his 
 death. He died in Macedonia, and is said to have been torn in pieces 
 by the dogs of the Macedonian king. Twenty of his plays are extant. 
 Like Anaxagoras, Euripides was of a serious temper, and averse to 
 mirth. He was intimate with Socrates, and the contemporary of Herodotus, 
 Xenophon, Thucydides, Pindar, Aristophanes, iEschylus, and Sophocles. To 
 assign him his poetical rank we must look back. In the three great Attic 
 tragedians we trace a natural progress of their theatre. In iEschylus, the 
 stage appears attracted with predominant force to the high mythological ideas 
 which it arose to embody : the muse stalks sublimely above the heads of men. 
 In Sophocles, the art tempers and adjusts, with admirable equipoise, the 
 superhuman and the human element; the spirits and hearts of men are more 
 closely approached by the poet, still overshadowed by the heroic and the 
 divine. In Euripides, although the story which he represents is still drawn 
 from the same source of divine and heroic fable, the sympathy with passions, 
 events, interests, and sufferings, incident to humanity, prevails in excess. 
 With him, amidst strewings of beautiful poetry, and whilst penetrated with 
 strokes of singular pathos, we too much feel that we step on our own daily 
 and common earth. We miss the elevation of an art which should, in 
 reflecting ourselves, lift us above ourselves : as we have experience in 
 our own Shakspeare. Sophocles said that ‘ ‘ he himself represented men as 
 they ought to be, but Euripides as they are.” 
 
 [This bust is verified by another in the Louvre, and one in the Naples Museum, 
 which has the name of Euripides engraved on the breast. There is also a 
 cameo of exceeding beauty in the Louvre, on which we find the same head. 
 Portraits of Euripides were common at Athens, and even as late as the 5th 
 century his statues were to be seen at Constantinople. A small seated 
 statue of Euripides will be found in the Bas-relief Gallery, No. 215. It is 
 inscribed with his name, and has a list of his plays, upon the slab which 
 supports the statue. See Handbook to Greek Court, No. 215.] 
 
 10. Aeattjs. Astronomer. 
 
 [Flourished about b.c. 270.] 
 
 A fellow-countryman of St. Paul, who quotes one of bis works in his 
 address to the Athenians. Called to the Court of Antigonus G-onatas, King 
 of Macedonia. He there pursued physics, grammar, and philosophy. He 
 also versified two astronomical treatises by Eudoxus. There are many 
 errors with much want of precision in the descriptive portions of these works, 
 proving the poet to have been neither a mathematician nor an acute 
 observer. As a poet, Aratus was hardly more eminent. He is wanting in 
 originality and poetic feeling ; yet his verses obtained popularity both in 
 Greece and Rome. 
 
 [The well known head, representing, as it is supposed, the Poet of the Stars, in 
 the attitude of viewing the heavens. The same head is found on medals, of 
 which the best is preserved in the Hunterian Museum of the College of 
 Surgeons, London.] 
 
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, STATESMEN, etc. 
 
 19 
 
 GREEK COURT.— North Side-Court. 
 
 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, STATESMEN, AND GENERALS. 
 
 11. Bias. Greek Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Priene, in Ionia. Flourished, it is believed, about the middle of the Sixth 
 
 Century b.c.] 
 
 One of the Seven Sages ; and of the four to whom alone the title was 
 universally conceded : the remaining three being Thales, Pittacus, and 
 Solon. His profession was that of an advocate ; hjs philosophy was prac¬ 
 tical—the fruit of experience. Many of his sayings and doings have been 
 recorded. He died at a very advanced age. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican, which bears his name and the motto :— 
 
 OI IIAEirrOl 
 ANGprmoi 
 KAKOI. 
 
 “ The majority of men are bad.” 
 
 A curious mistake of the engraver is observable in the word IIPHNEY2, 
 in which the I is omitted ; it should have been HPIHNEY2, the name of his 
 birth-place. This bust was found at Tivoli, with that of Periander, No. 29.] 
 
 12. Thucydides. Greek Historian. 
 
 [Born at Athens, b.c. 471. Died (place uncertain) b.c. 395. Aged 76.] 
 
 This great historian, holding military command in Thrace, suffered 
 Amphipolis to be surprised and taken by the Spartan general, Brasidas ; and 
 for this misfortune was banished by his countrymen during the space of 
 twenty years. It would have been a greater misfortune for the world had 
 Thucydides proved a warier soldier; for it was during his exile, that he 
 collected with infinite care the materials of his immortal history. That 
 history chronicles, in eight books, the events of twenty out of the twenty- 
 seven years of the Peloponnesian War :—a record of most interesting facts. 
 Where political and moral observations occur, they reveal great knowledge 
 of human character and motives. The style is pregnant, precise, and 
 severely simple. Demosthenes is said to have copied the entire history many 
 times with his own hand as a lesson of composition. The principal actors 
 in the war were the historian’s books of reference. As an historical monu¬ 
 ment the work is matchless. It has been always believed that Thucydides 
 came to a violent end, but it is not known whether he died at Athens, or in 
 Thrace. 
 
 13. Socrates. Philosopher. 
 
 [Born near Athens, b.c. 468. Died at Athens, B.c. 399. Aged 69.] 
 
 One of the greatest names in ethics, philosophy, and religion before the 
 Christian era. It was the belief of Socrates that he was specially charged 
 by the Deity to awaken moral consciousness in men. He had no school, neither 
 did he, like the sophists of his time, deliver public lectures. But he 
 stood in the market-places, or entered the work-shops, or visited the 
 schools, in order to teach the people his ideas respecting the scope 
 and value of human speculation and action. Aristophanes, the comic poet, 
 ridiculed and misrepresented the philosopher, who proceeded, neverthe- 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 less, with undaunted perseverance. After the banishment from Athens of 
 the “Thirty Tyrants,” Socrates was impeached for corrupting the youth, and 
 despising the tutelary deities of the state. He was condemned, and, prefer¬ 
 ring death to acknowledging, by a supplication for pardon, that he deserved 
 punishment, he swallowed poison. Whilst the cruel draught was per¬ 
 forming its work, he developed the grounds of his immovable conviction 
 of the immortality of the soul, and with his very last breath pointed 
 to a future state, as the true recovery from impurity and disease. 
 He left no writings behind him. We derive our knowledge of his doc¬ 
 trines and character, mainly from his illustrious disciples, Xenophon 
 and Plato. He effected a grand revolution in philosophy, for he first 
 connected with Supreme intelligence, the attributes of goodness, justice 
 and wisdom, and the idea of direct interposition in human affairs, and 
 recalled Reason from vain disquisitions, to the questions which come home 
 to the business and bosoms of men. In person, Socrates was said to resemble 
 the god Silenus. His looks were as repulsive as his life was irreproachable 
 and perfect. His peculiar method of teaching, since called the Socratic, 
 was, by a series of artfully contrived questions, to draw out from the 
 mind of his colloquist the truths which lay unconsciously embosomed there, 
 or to entangle proud and false reasoning in self-confutation. 
 
 [A countenance so little expressive of wisdom and goodness, that it might be 
 mistaken for that of a Silenus, whom he also equalled in the almost deformed 
 rotundity of his figure. But this bust, which is from that in the Louvre, 
 and an exceedingly fine work, has been proved to be a portrait of him by its 
 close resemblance to the other busts of the same subject, and to that in 
 particular in the Farnese Collection which bears his name, and the motto 
 whieh Plato gives him ( Criton ). Busts and cameos of Socrates are 
 numerous. No. 13a is from the Stanza dei Filosofi of the Capitoline Museum ; 
 it is inferior to the first described. ] 
 
 13a. Soceates. Philosopher. 
 
 14. Hippo ceate s. Physician. 
 
 [Born at Cos, in the iEgean Sea, about b.c. 460. Died about 357. Aged 104.] 
 
 The great fame acquired by Hippocrates, would seem to have been won 
 by a steadfast adherence to the sagacity of common sense. He had no 
 chemical knowledge, and his acquaintance with anatomy appears to have 
 been scanty and uncertain ; yet, knowing how to turn a rare experience to 
 account, and confining his operations mainly to the watching and assisting 
 of Nature, he succeeded in obtaining credit for superhuman skill. His 
 nephew, who is reputed to have possessed almost equal merit with his 
 uncle, was murdered in a fit of jealousy, by Hippocrates, who shortly after¬ 
 wards fell a sacrifice to the torments of remorse. A great number of works 
 are extant under his name, but most of them were written by his disciples. 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, which has been verified by a medal bearing the 
 name of Hippocrates, and showing a perfect resemblance to the head. 
 There are several busts of Hippocrates in existence—One in the Capitoline 
 Museum, another at Florence, and two in the Louvre.] 
 
 15. Isoceates. Rhetorician. 
 
 [Bornat Athens, b.c. 436. Died b.c. 338. Aged 98.] 
 
 It is said that Isocrates was the first man to describe the true value and 
 objects of oratory. His language is the purest Attic ; his style, which he 
 elaborated with great pains, elegant and polished. As teacher of rhetoric, 
 he became the instructor of the chief youths of his time. He composed 
 
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, STATESMEN, etc. 
 
 21 
 
 several discourses on great political occasions, and amassed considerable 
 wealth. He had throughout life a constitutional timidity, and a weakness of 
 voice that prevented him from speaking in the assemblies of the people. 
 Socrates had been one of his masters. His character appears to have been 
 spotless. 
 
 [From the bust in the Villa Albani at Rome, bearing the name of Isocrates. A 
 statue of him was sculptured by Leochares for the temple of Eleusis, and 
 another is described by Pausanias as in the temple of Jupiter Olympius, 
 which statue is spoken of by Christodorus, as being at Constantinople in 
 his time.] 
 
 16. Plato. Greek Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Athens, b.c. 430. Died b.c. 347. Aged 83.] 
 
 The most illustrious amongst the disciples of Socrates. The doctrines of 
 the great teacher have descended to us chiefly through the writings of this 
 eloquent hearer. Whence, a singular and inextricable conflict. The sturdy, 
 keen, practical plain sense of the master, and the soaring, brilliant 
 imagination, and subtly-dividing wit of the pupil, have come down to us 
 mingled ever in the same composition. In these extraordinary dialogues, 
 which display the spoken Greek of Athens in its utmost purity, beauty, and 
 melody, how much is Plato’s ?—how much is of Socrates ? The two busts 
 may go as far as any other authorities, in affording the almost discretionary 
 reply. The lip on which, whilst in the cradle, tradition says that the bee 
 settled—signifying the sweetness of the speech which should flow from it— 
 is before us, in part of the answer. Plato was, in his earlier life, a poet, but 
 gave his poetical compositions, amongst which are mentioned an epic poem 
 and a tragedy, to the flames. He excelled in bodily exercises, being distin¬ 
 guished as a wrestler. He travelled much in the quest of knowledge. 
 Like his illustrious preceptor, he taught that wisdom, under which we must 
 comprise goodness, is the attribute of the Godhead,—that philosophy is an 
 intellectual necessity, and, as the fountain of virtue, which it thus includes, 
 the most estimable of all the goods within the reach of man. Abstruse and 
 sublime, seeking to rest science and morals on an immutable basis, Plato 
 trains the intellect more than he teaches. In reading his writings, we enter 
 the Socratic school as hearers, as disputants. The Socrates, who constantly 
 leads the discussion, is rather the presiding Spirit, than the Man. We come 
 out, whatsoever else, worshipping students of the True, of the Fair, of the 
 Good. 
 
 [From the very beautiful little bust in the Florence Gallery. He wears the 
 “ strophium ” as a mark of his great honours. This bust possesses a great 
 claim to authenticity, on account of the name being deeply cut upon it in 
 Greek letters of the antique form. There is a similar bust in the Naples 
 Museum, of the same size, and inscribed with the name of Plato.] 
 
 17. Antisthenes. Philosopher. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Athens. Aged 70. J 
 He is the founder of the Cynic philosophy and flourished about b. c. 375. 
 He taught the love of poverty and labour, the renunciation of all the plea¬ 
 sures and conveniences of life, and contempt for everything but virtue, in 
 which only he allowed true happiness to consist. It is said that Antisthenes 
 left more books than scholars. But Socrates was his friend and Diogenes his 
 pupil. His countenance did credit to his creed : it was severe, and looked 
 the more terrible from his dishevelled hair and hanging beard. He taught 
 
22 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 in the Gymnasium at Athens, called Cynosarges ; and hence the name of his 
 school—the Cynic. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican. It was found in the ruins of Hadrian’s Villa, 
 and is of great beauty. It resembles another bust in the Vatican, which 
 was found in the villa of Cassius at Tivoli, but which is of less merit, except 
 that it bears his name. The portrait agrees precisely with the descriptions 
 given of Antisthenes by the ancients.] 
 
 18. Diogenes. Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Sinope, in Asia Minor, about b.c. 412. Died at Corinth, b.c. 323 or 324. 
 
 Aged 90.] 
 
 Having "been detected with his father, a banker, in some dishonest 
 transaction, Diogenes went to Athens, where he became the pupil of Anti¬ 
 sthenes, and adopted the Cynic philosophy. He carried his contempt for 
 riches and the usages of society to an extravagant excess. He subsisted on 
 charity, and slept where he could. Some doubt is thrown upon the story of 
 his living in a tub. He said that all the vicissitudes of fortune which 
 constitute tragedy, had been realized in him, but that patience had raised 
 him above them all. When advanced in years he was taken by pirates to 
 Crete, and there sold as a slave. Regaining his freedom, he revisited 
 Athens and Corinth, and in the last-named city had his memorable 
 interview with Alexander the Great. He inculcated morality, but despised 
 intellectual pursuits. His disposition was kind and humorous, though his 
 statue has an acute and caustic countenance. 
 
 [From the marble in the Sala delle Muse of the Vatican. It is verified by its 
 close resemblance to the head of a little statue in the Villa Albani at Rome, 
 representing the Cynic perfectly nude, and accompanied by his dog. It is 
 said that he sometimes appeared in the streets in this state, after having 
 anointed his body, a piece of eccentricity that gave rise to the joke of 
 Juvenal, that the Stoics differed from the Cynics only in the shirt, “tunica 
 tantum.” There is in the Villa Albani an antique bas-relief representing 
 Alexander the Great standing before the Cynic in his tub.] 
 
 19. Demosthenes. Greek Orator. 
 
 [Born at Athens, B.c. 381. Died in the isle of Calauria, opposite Argolis, b.c. 322. 
 
 Aged 59.] 
 
 A chief, if not the chief of— 
 
 “ Those ancients, whose resistless eloquence 
 Wielded at will that fierce Democracie, 
 
 Shook th’ Arsenal, and fulmin’d over Greece, 
 
 To Macedon and Artaxerxes’ throne.”* 
 
 This eloquence in Demosthenes—to the modern mind, the one unrivalled exem¬ 
 plar of the ancient Greek oratory—was like a trained athlete, living nerve and 
 bone. When Athens lay daunted under the successes of Philip of Macedon, Demos¬ 
 thenes, by the sole power of speech, roused the people to energetic warfare. His 
 style was fit for sustaining argument on the destinies of great nations. It was 
 simple, severe, lofty, vehement, and of irresistible power. He acquired this 
 consummate mastery, having, by an invincible perseverance, vanquished 
 seemingly invincible natural obstacles. At one period of his life Demosthenes 
 was accused of receiving a bribe from Harpalus, a Macedonian General, 
 who fled to Athens, to escape the vengeance of Alexander. He quitted 
 Athens. Upon the death of Alexander he returned to the city ; but the 
 Athenian arms proving unsuccessful against Antipater, the ruler of 
 Macedonia, the life of the orator was demanded by the conqueror. 
 
 Paradise Regained. 
 
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, STATESMEN, &c. 
 
 23 
 
 Demosthenes fled again—this time to the isle of Calauria—where he took 
 poison to save himself from the swords of the soldiery. Looking upon 
 the deep, contemplative, sad brow, figured in stone, we might well fancy 
 that we see, gleaming there, a too real consciousness of the requital await¬ 
 ing even the greatest Athenian, for services which no reward could 
 measure. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre. Several busts in various collections had been 
 called Terence, Pythagoras, Plato, and other names, when there were dug 
 up in Herculaneum two bronze heads, on one of which was the name of 
 Demosthenes; it was at once perceived that the busts above referred to 
 had been wrongly named; for they one and all represented the great orator. 
 A very beautiful carved medallion in amethyst exists also at Rome, which is 
 an undoubted likeness of him. For an account of the statues of Demosthenes 
 see Nos. 808 and 321 in the Handbook to the Roman Court and Nave.] 
 
 20. Epicurus. Philosopher. 
 
 [Born probably at Samos, in Greece, b.c. 342. Died at Athens, b.c. 270. Aged 72.] 
 The system of Epicurus has been much misrepresented. He did not 
 teach mere refined animal enjoyment. He considered indeed human happi¬ 
 ness as the end of philosophy, and he defined happiness as pleasure,— 
 pleasure itself being defined as perfect independence, self-reliance, and 
 contentment. The great aim of his ethics was to point out the way to 
 the attainment of such happiness. The habits of Epicurus were temperate 
 and frugal. During the later years of his life, he was afflicted with much 
 physical suffering, and he bore it with fortitude and patience. He held his 
 celebrated school, which founded the sect bearing his name, in a garden 
 purchased by him at Athens. 
 
 20a. Metrodorus. Greek Philosopher. 
 
 [Born either at Lampsacus or Athens, b.c. 329. Died b.c. 277. Aged 52.] 
 
 A devoted follower of Epicurus, between whom and his disciple the closest 
 friendship subsisted. Upon the death of Metrodorus, Epicurus provided 
 for his children. But Metrodorus failed to do justice to the philosophy of 
 his master ; and was the first to attach to the Epicurean idea the sensual 
 notions that have ever since, more or less, been identified with it. 
 
 [The mastfer and his intimate friend and disciple united. Busts of Epicurus are 
 common. Such was the enthusiasm of his followers, that his portrait was 
 multiplied in every way, and even the furniture of rooms engraved with his 
 name. This double terminal is from the Capitoline Museum, at Rome, and 
 bears the names of the two philosophers. It was dug up at Rome in 1742, 
 when the foundations were making for Sta. Maria Maggiore. Epicurus is 
 identified also by a beautiful and perfect little bronze foimd at Herculaneum 
 amongst the remains of a library of a disciple of Epicurus ; which bronze 
 is now in the Naples Museum.] 
 
 21. Zeno. Founder of the Stoic Philosophy. 
 
 [Born at Citium, in the Isle of Cyprus, about b.c. 362. Year of death uncertain.] 
 The son of a merchant, and himself a trader. Whilst pursuing his 
 vocation, he obtained some works on the Socratic philosophy ; read them 
 with eagerness, and resolved to abandon trade for philosophy. Became a 
 disciple of the Cynics ; then a pupil of Stilpo of Megara ; then lent an ear 
 to the expositors of Plato. After twenty years’ study and inquiry, he turned 
 aside from all existing schools, and created one for himself. The place 
 chosen by him for his instructions was a portico, adorned on the walls with 
 paintings by Polygnotus, hence called “ The Variegated Porch” (Stoa Pot die). 
 
24 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Tims he and his pupils were called Stoics. They placed happiness in virtue. 
 Virtue is—to live, by the rule of right reason, a life consistent with itself and 
 with universal nature : and lifts above all consideration of pleasures and 
 pains. The absolute moral rectitude of volition and action is the steering 
 star. But that secured—the humanities, courtesies, and customs of life are 
 not, after the fashion of the Cynics, to be slighted and trampled upon. Zeno 
 commands our respect by the purity of his life. He lived to a great age, though 
 of weakly constitution, by dint of regularity and moderation. He had a 
 serious and thoughtful countenance, corresponding to the severity of the 
 doctrines he taught. In his 98th year, quitting his school, he fell to the 
 ground and broke his finger. “Why am I thus importuned?” he ex¬ 
 claimed. “Earth, I obey thy summons.” He went home, and strangled 
 himself. 
 
 [From the marble in the Sala delle Muse of the Vatican. It was identified by 
 the stooping attitude of the neck, a slight deformity which is referred to by 
 the contemporaries of Zeno. For an account of the statue of this philosopher, 
 see No. 327, Handbook to Roman Court and Nave.] 
 
 22. Alexander the Third, sumamed the Great. King of 
 KLaccdoma , r.c. 336—323. 
 
 [Born at Pella, in Macedonia, B.c. 356. Died at Babylon, b.c. 323. Aged 32.] 
 
 The pupil of Aristotle, and the conqueror of the world. He ascended the 
 throne of Macedon in the twentieth year of his age. Shortly afterwards he 
 reduced the chief cities of Greece, and rased Thebes sparing only the 
 house of the poet Pindar. In his twenty-second year, he crossed the 
 Hellespont, and turned his arms against the Persian king, Darius, whom 
 he defeated. He conquered Phoenicia, Damascus, and Tyre. Taking Gaza, 
 he passed into Egypt, subdued it, and founded the city of Alexandria. 
 Here, in the madness of his ambition, he claimed divine honours. In 
 331, b.c., he again attacked Darius, and destroyed the Persian monarchy. 
 Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis, next paid homage to his arms. A change 
 now came over the victor, hitherto temperate and forgiving. He gave 
 rein to his passions, and committed acts of cruelty and excess. But his 
 activity was still incessant. He advanced victoriously to the Indus, and 
 marched back in triumphal procession to Babylon, where, still full of mighty 
 plans of conquest, he fell a victim to intemperance, took fever and died in the 
 thirteenth year of his reign. There was no mediocrity in the character of 
 Alexander. His vices were great, and his virtues magnificent. His heart 
 and mind led him to the extremes of good and evil. His lust of dominion 
 amounted to insane passion. In accordance with his wish, his body, 
 enclosed in a golden coffin, was conveyed to Alexandria, and there 
 deposited in a richly adorned sarcophagus,—now supposed to be in the 
 British Museum. The military skill of Alexander was of a high order. His 
 movements were rapid, decided, and well-directed :—he made great use of 
 his cavalry. His conquests rendered eastern Asia accessible to European 
 enterprise. He retained his affection for his early instructor, Aristotle, to 
 the last, sending, from the scenes of his Eastern conquest, strange animals 
 for the study of the great naturalist. In Asia, to this hour, the exploits 
 of “Iskander,” are told by the people to their children. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, inscribed with his name. It was dug up near 
 Tivoli, in 1779, and afterwards presented to Napoleon by the discoverer, the 
 Chevalier d’ Azara. It was by this bust, aided by the evidence of the coins, 
 that all the portraits of Alexander were verified. Notwithstanding the 
 
GREEK STATESMEN AND GENERALS. 
 
 25 
 
 numerous statues, busts, and pictures of this renowned conqueror which 
 are mentioned by ancient writers, only few now remain. One of the 
 characteristics of the head is the curling up of the hair at the back, as 
 though a circlet had given the hair that form, and it is said he was the first 
 to wear a diadem. The peculiar rising up of the hair in front is also a 
 characteristic of Alexander. A very beautiful little equestrian bronze was 
 found at Herculaneum in 1751, conjectured at the time to be a copy of the 
 statue of Alexander, by Lysippus. No. 22a, the inscription on which is 
 evidently modern, is from the Berlin Museum.] 
 
 22a. Alexander the Third, surnamed the Great. 
 
 23. Phocion. Athenian Statesman and General. 
 
 [Born in Attica, b.c. 402. Died at Athens, b.c. 317. Aged 85.] 
 
 He rose from the ranks of the people, and soon obtained military distinc¬ 
 tion ; exhibiting, whenever tried, great bravery and foresight. He was 
 forty-five times named general. He was opposed to the Macedonians, over 
 whom, by his moderation, valour, and prudence, he obtained signal 
 advantages. When, in his age, Athens—placed through the rejection 
 of his sagacious counsels at the mercy of the Macedonians — was occu¬ 
 pied by a foreign garrison, Phocion, whose integrity was invulnerable, 
 was suspected by his countrymen of treachery, and forced to swallow 
 hemlock. His body was denied burial, and cast beyond the confines of 
 Attica ; yet, according to the spirit of those singular times, in which the 
 wildest barbarity co-existed with the purest heroism, and towering ingratitude 
 seemed to be enacted only to make way for splendid remorse, his ashes 
 were subsequently brought back to Athens, his accusers put to death, 
 and a statue was raised to his honour. Phocion was surnamed “the 
 Good.” Alexander, surnamed “the Great,” endeavouring to win him from 
 his loyalty, offered him riches and the choice of four cities in Asia. The 
 answer of Phocion bespoke the spotless character of the man. ‘ ‘ If Alexander 
 really esteems me,” he said, “let him leave me my honesty.” 
 
 [From the statue, No. 324, for account of which see Handbook of Roman Court 
 and Nave.] 
 
 24. Alcibiades. Athenian General. 
 
 [Born at Athens, B.c. 450. Died in Phrygia, b.c. 404. Aged 45.] 
 
 The nephew of Pericles, in whose house he was brought up. He was 
 beautiful in his youth, and he maintained his beauty throughout life,—a 
 personal advantage of which he was not a little conscious. He was the pupil 
 of Socrates, towards whom he entertained a sincere regard and friendship to 
 the last. He entered early into the service of the Republic, and soon distin¬ 
 guished himself by his eloquence and feats of arms. Accused of irreligion, he 
 quitted Athens and took refuge in Sparta, where he betrayed the designs of 
 his country, and also abused the hospitality of the Spartan king. Retur nin g 
 to Athens he gained several victories at the head of her armies, and recovered 
 his position, but only to lose it again in consequence of his ill-success in an 
 expedition against Andros. By order of the “ Thirty Tyrants,” established by 
 Lysander in Athens, he was at length assassinated. Alcibiades was re¬ 
 markable for activity, eloquence, and address. He was very plausible, very 
 versatile, very unscrupulous, and a great dissembler. His unabashed 
 audacity was matchless, but it was relieved, as well as heightened, by good 
 nature, and good humour. He was also selfish, and ambitious, and inor- 
 
20 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 dinately vain. He had a slight defect in his speech, and could not pro¬ 
 nounce the letter R. 
 
 [From the marble in the Sala delle Muse of the Vatican. It has upon it the first 
 four letters of Alcibiades’ name. By an inferior artist, and probably of a late 
 date. It conveys no idea of the beauty of this fiery-hearted soldier. No. 
 24a. is a much finer head, but is not entitled to the same confidence as a 
 portrait. Alcibiades is said to have been the model for Cupids and Mercuries 
 in his youth. He received all the honours of portraiture from the Athenians, 
 who made several statues of him in bronze, and the Homans placed his 
 statue in the Forum by the side of one of Pythagoras.] 
 
 24a. Alcibiades. Athenian General. 
 
 25. Miltiades. Athenian General. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died b.c. 4S9.] 
 
 An Athenian. Succeeded his father Cimon as “Tyrant” of the Thracian 
 Chersonesus. He accompanied Darius on his expedition into Scythia. He 
 was subsequently driven out of the Chersonesus by the Persians, and fled to 
 Athens, where he resumed his rights as an Athenian citizen. He was 
 one of the ten generals chosen by the Athenians to resist the Persian 
 invasion, but by the consent of his colleagues he was invested with sole 
 command. He defeated the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes, at Mara¬ 
 thon (b. c. 490), and saved Greece. The victory, as well for the import of 
 its consequences as for the disproportion between the numbers engaged, is 
 one of the most memorable recorded in history. Afterwards intrusted with 
 the command of a fleet, with which he attacked the Island of Paros, to 
 gratify a private enmity. This expedition proving unsuccessful, Miltiades 
 was impeached, condemned to a fine, and thrown into prison, where he died 
 of his wounds. 
 
 [The hero of Marathon received all portrait honours from the Athenians. 
 Pliny relates that Pangenus, the brother of Phidias, painted a picture of the 
 battle with portraits of the generals ; and the great sculptor himself made a 
 statue of the conqueror, the cost of which was appropriately paid out of the 
 spoils of the Persians. It was placed in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. 
 The bust, No. 25a, is in the Louvre ; it was found on the Celian Hill at 
 Rome. The back part of the helmet has sculptured upon it the furious bull 
 of Marathon which Theseus killed, and which Miltiades wears as a trophy of 
 valour. This portrait has been identified by a bust engraved with the 
 name, described by Fulvius Ursinus, but which is unfortunately lost.] 
 
 25a. Miltiades. Athenian General. 
 
 26. Aspasia. 
 
 [Born at Miletus, in Asia Minor. Date of birth and death unknown ; but in 
 the fifth century b.c.J 
 
 A woman of great beauty and intellectual power, and the contemporary 
 of Pericles, who was her lover, and over whom she gained unbounded sway. 
 Her house was the resort of the greatest and most learned men in Athens, 
 and Socrates, Plato, and Alcibiades were her frequent guests. She is the 
 first of her sex whose portrait has been handed down from hoary antiquity 
 unto the present time. It is related that Pericles learnt political wisdom 
 from her instruction, and took eloquence from her lips. Pericles rewarded 
 his instructress by saving her life through his eloquence and tears, when, 
 like Socrates, Aspasia was arraigned on the charge of impiety. After the 
 death of Pericles, Aspasia attached herself to an obscure man of the name of 
 Lysicles, whom she advanced by her instructions to high office in the 
 Athenian republic. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican, which is inscribed with her name. This form 
 
GREEK STATESMEN AND GENERALS. 
 
 27 
 
 of bust is rare for women ; but it is thought to have been chosen purposely, 
 to show the superiority of one who gave counsel to Pericles and taught, 
 they say, Socrates eloquence. Her great celebrity is guaranteed by this 
 monument, which is the earliest antique Greek portrait of a lady.] 
 
 27 . Pericles. Athenian Statesman. 
 
 [Born at Athens, b.c. 494. Died b.c. 429. Aged 65.] 
 
 For forty years at the head of the administration in Athens ; twenty-five 
 years in conjunction with others, and fifteen years alone. He was the pupil 
 of Anaxagoras, from whom he derived philosophic equanimity and lofty 
 principle. The eloquence of Pericles was a grand characteristic of the man, 
 hut not the grandest. When dying, he affirmed that his greatest honour 
 had been, ‘‘that no Athenian, through his means, had ever put on mourn¬ 
 ing.” He promised the Athenians immortality; he secured it by means 
 of the memorials of beauty which he left on the Athenian soil, now 
 upwards of two thousand years ago. His oratory was rapid, penetrating, 
 condensed, energetic, persuasive, graceful, and fertile in resources. His 
 boundless influence was never degraded to unworthy purposes. Architec¬ 
 ture, sculpture, and literature, reached their highest point under his 
 protecting hand. Phidias was his director of public works ; Sophocles 
 and Euripides were his favoured friends. He governed with moderation 
 and justice, and eschewing all aggression for the mere sake of conquest, 
 endeavoured by every means to consolidate the dominion and to confirm the 
 maritime power of Athens. His eloquence was the golden sceptre of his 
 rule. He died in the great plague of Athens. 
 
 [Pliny mentions a painted portrait of him by Aristolaus, and Christodorus 
 states that his statue in bronze existed at Constantinople. Phidias, it is 
 said, sculptured the portrait of his illustrious patron on the shield of the 
 great Minerva, and the busts of him are taken from this figure. This bust 
 is from the British Museum. There is also a bust of Pericles in the Vatican, 
 which has the name on the breast. He wears the Corinthian helmet.] 
 
 28 . Pisisteattjs. “ Tyrant ” of Athens * 
 
 [Born about b.c. 612. Died at Athens, B.c. 527.] 
 
 A prince who made his way to power by questionable means, but who 
 made of power a noble and an exemplary use. When Solon established his 
 constitution, and quitted Athens, Pisistratus headed one of the rival factions 
 that instantly rose up. He seized the citadel of Athens (b.c. 560), but was 
 subsequently driven from the city by the united efforts of his foes. After 
 six years’ absence he regained Athens by a stratagem, but, again expelled, 
 suffered another exile for the space of ten years. He returned for a 
 second time, and vanquished those who opposed him, assumed power, and 
 maintained his position until his death. His rule was moderate, just, and 
 productive of great benefit to the Athenian people. He encouraged litera¬ 
 ture and the drama, protected religion, and regarded the interests of the 
 poor. To him we owe the first written text of the whole of the poems of Homer. 
 He is also said to have been the first in Greece to collect a library for public 
 use. He gave Athens repose, during which she nourished the elements of 
 her future strength and power. 
 
 [From the marble, which has hitherto been called a Pericles, in the Rospigliosi 
 Palace at Rome.] 
 
 * The title “ Tyrant ” in the old republics, meant only “ absolute monarch.” 
 
28 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 29. Periander. “ Tyrant” of Corinth. 
 
 [Born at Corinth, about b.c. 670. Died about b.c. 585.] 
 
 One of the “Seven Wise Men of Greece,” and the son of Cypselus, 
 “Tyrant” of Corinth, whom lie succeeded B.c. 625. The first years of his 
 government were distinguished by moderation and wisdom, but afterwards 
 he exercised great cruelty towards his family and people. He reigned 
 many years. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican, which is remarkably well preserved. It bears 
 his name in Greek letters. It was found in 1780, near Tivoli, in the house 
 of Cassius, with the heads of Bias, Solon, Thales, Pittacus, and Cleobulus, 
 and probably formed part of the Gallery of Cassius, the letters being of the 
 Roman time. In the British Museum there is another original marble of 
 this philosopher, which formerly was in the Palace of Sixtus V. at Rome. ] 
 
 30. Lyctjrgtjs. Lawgiver. 
 
 [Date and place of birth and death unknown.] 
 
 Lycurgus bolds an ambiguous place between tradition and history. Nothing 
 authentic is known of him, and a touch of the fabulous pervades his story. 
 He is said to have been of the line of Spartan kings, and, after having 
 travelled in nearly all countries of the world, to have brought back his laws 
 to Sparta, whose constitution he remodelled. Quitting Sparta, he exacted a 
 promise from the Spartans that they would not alter his laws until his 
 return. He never returned. He was honoured with a temple and a yearly 
 sacrifice. He inculcated, according to the tradition, rigid discipline, unques¬ 
 tioning obedience, and military ardour. 
 
 [From the head of the statue in the Sala delle Muse of the Vatican, Rome. It 
 is another example of conventional or traditional portraiture, but possesses 
 one very remarkable confirmation of an accident related in his life. In one 
 of the disturbances of the populace, he was struck in the eye ; and it will 
 be observed that one eye of the bust has the peculiar appearance of being 
 useless. Visconti, who noticed this peculiarity, first named the statue 
 Lycurgus. There is a head in the Naples Museum which corresponds with 
 this, and both are confirmed by the medals which bear his name. The drill 
 holes about the beard are interesting, as they prove that the ancient sculptors 
 worked on the same plan as the modems.] 
 
 31. Posidippus. Comic Poet. 
 
 [Born at Cassandreia, in Macedonia. Date of birth and death unknown.] 
 Nothing is known of his life or death. He was an Athenian comic poet, 
 of “The New Comedy,” and his first dramas appeared b.c. 289. He was 
 the last, in order of time, of the six who are mentioned by the anonymous 
 writer on comedy, as the most celebrated poets of the New Comedy. He is 
 said to have written forty plays, of which little more than the titles of 
 eighteen are preserved. No accurate judgment can be formed of his style; 
 some of his subjects, judging from the titles, must have been licentious. 
 
 [For account of this statue, see Handbook to Roman Court and Nave, No. 29*1.] 
 
 32. Menander. Comic Poet. 
 
 [Born at Cephissia, near Athens, b.c. 342. Died probably at Athens, b.c. 290. Aged 52.] 
 The model writer of “ The New Comedy,” which substituted for the per¬ 
 sonalities of the “Ancient Comedy,” a more faithful portraiture of the vices 
 and follies of men. A few fragments only remain of his numerous works. 
 His plays are said to have presented a most true and lively reflexion of the 
 manners and morals of his age. He had many imitators amongst the Greeks 
 and Romans, and Plautus and Terence profited by his writings. Only eight 
 
ROMAN COURT-THE EMPERORS. 29 
 
 of his plays were crowned. He was probably in advance of his time and 
 audience. 
 
 [For account of this statue, see Handbook to Greek Court, No. 290.] 
 
 33. Posidonius. Greek Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Apameia in Syria, about 135 years b.c. Died, probably at Rome, about 
 51 B.C.] 
 
 A writer on History, Astronomy, Astrology, Cosmography, and Grammar, 
 but none of his works remain ; a great scholar and traveller. A Stoic in 
 philosophy, yet desirous of bringing all systems of philosophy into harmony. 
 He suffered much from illness. Pompey visited him during a sharp attack 
 of gout, but during his agony he sustained an argument with the orator 
 Hermagoras to prove that pain is no evil. ‘ ‘ Torment me if you will, oh 
 Pain !” he exclaimed, “ I shall not admit pain to be an evil, a bit the more 
 for that.” 
 
 [For account of this statue, see Handbook to Roman Court and Nave, No. 307.] 
 
 ROMAN COURT. 
 
 ENTERING BY THE CENTRE ARCH FROM THE NAVE. 
 
 (Numbers commencing on the right .) 
 
 ROMAN EMPERORS. 
 
 34. Numa Pompilius. Second King of Rome s 
 
 [Born at Cures, in the country of the Sabines.] 
 
 The life of Numa Pompilius belongs to the realm of fable. ‘ ‘ His 
 name,” says Dr. Smith, “represents the rule of law and order, and to him 
 are ascribed all those ecclesiastical institutions which formed the basis of the 
 ceremonial religion of the Romans.” The legend attached to Numa describes 
 him as the mildest, wisest, and most virtuous of men. After his 
 election to the throne, vacated by Romulus, his first care was to ame¬ 
 liorate the condition of his people, and to legislate on behalf of religion. 
 He reigned thirty-nine years in uninterrupted peace. It is suggested 
 that as Numa was reputed chosen from amongst the Sabines, the 
 Romans, in all probability, drew their religious institutions from that nation, 
 rather than from the Etruscans. 
 
 [From the bust in the Vatican at Rome.] 
 
 35. Augustus. Roman Emperor , b.c. 30 —A.D. 14. 
 
 [Bom at Rome, b.c. 63. Died at Nola, in Campania, a.d. 14. Aged 76.] 
 
 The first Roman Emperor. Trained for his public career by his great- 
 uncle, Julius Caesar. After the death of Csesar (b.c. 44), he formed with 
 Antony and Lepidus the league known as the triumvirate. But subsequently 
 quarrelling with Antony, and overcoming him, he annexed Egypt to Rome, 
 and became sole master of the State. His reign was tranquil, and he 
 
30 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 conciliated the people. His disposition appears to have been cold ; he lived 
 simply, and despised pomp and pageantry. 
 
 [Suetonius mentions the handsome features of Augustus as well preserved in his 
 old age. He is described with eyebrows meeting and thick, the ears small 
 and well formed, the nose finely chiselled. There are several busts of him 
 taken at different periods. This Bust is from the Statue Gallery of the 
 Vatican. It represents him in old age wearing a fillet and a medal bearing 
 the effigy of his wife Livia. No. 35a is a portrait at a younger period : it is 
 from the Museo Chiaramonli of the Vatican. There is a noble statue of him 
 in the “ toga ” in the Bas-relief gallery, see No. 80, Handbook of Greek 
 Court.] 
 
 35a. Augustcs. Roman Emperor. 
 
 36. Neeo—Claudius C^esae Deusus. Roman Emperor , a.d. 
 
 54—68. 
 
 [Born at Antium, in Latium, a.d. 37. Died near Rome, 68. Aged 31.] 
 
 When we desire to express in a word the height of sanguinary cruelty 
 and atrocious tyranny, the name of Nero at once occurs to us. He was the 
 son of Domitius Ahenobarbus, and of the infamous Agrippina, through 
 whose intrigues he was adopted by Claudius, to the exclusion of his own 
 son, as successor to the throne. Nero’s government, at first moderate 
 and prudent, soon degenerated into fearful licentiousness. He poisoned 
 Britannicus, the son of Claudius ; he assassinated his mother ; he divorced 
 and murdered his wife Octavia, the daughter of Claudius, in order to marry 
 the beautiful and depraved Poppsea ; he set fire to Rome, and put many 
 Christians to death, on the pretence that they had caused the conflagration ; 
 he killed Poppsea by a brutal kick, and he ordered executions and perpe¬ 
 trated wrongs of all kinds, and without number. The Roman world was 
 at length tired of this monster; an insurrection broke out in Gaul; and 
 Galba, the governor of Spain, was proclaimed Emperor. Rome followed the 
 example of the provinces, and rose in insurrection. Nero took to flight, 
 and gave himself a mortal wound, when he heard the trampling of the 
 horses on which his pursuers were mounted. It is said that in his youth he was 
 instructed in many branches of knowledge—that he wrote poetry, and had 
 some skill in music. His criminal career may possibly have been the result 
 of furious insanity—we think, at least of a lunatic, when we read that Nero 
 appeared on the Roman stage as an actor, and played the fiddle whilst 
 the city was burning. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre. The circlet round his head was worn by him to 
 imitate the rays of the sun ; the holes for the rays are observable. No. 36a, 
 the bust crowned with laurel, is from the Statue Gallery of the Vatican.] 
 
 36a. Neeo—Claudius C^esae Deusus. Roman Emperor. 
 
 37 {outside). Tibeeius — Claudius Neeo Caesae. Roman Emperor, 
 a.d. 14—37. 
 
 [Born, b.c, 42. Died at Misenum, a.d. 37. Aged 79.] 
 
 Son of Titus Claudius Nero, and of Livia, whose second husband was 
 Augustus. The successor of his stepfather and the husband of Julia the 
 daughter of Augustus. During his earlier years of rule he governed with 
 moderation and justice ; but, growing suspicious of those around him, he 
 patronized a detestable class of men who acquired infamy in the state under 
 the title of “ Delatores,” or “ Informers,” and by establishing in its utmost 
 extent the law of Icesa majestas (high treason) obtained opportunity to the 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 31 
 
 shedding of some base, and of much honourable blood. He also became a 
 religious persecutor, unfilial, hateful of the rising glory of other men, and 
 sensual. He quitted Rome, a.d. 26, and never returned to the city. 
 He took up his residence in the delicious island of Capreas, lying off the 
 Campanian coast. Mean, timid, irresolute, insincere : yet wise in his 
 generation, with some penetration and political skill. He wrote a brief 
 commentary of his life. His youthful name has been immortalized by 
 Horace. In the reign of Tiberius and in the year 33, Jesus Christ suffered 
 crucifixion in Judea, under the condemnation of Pontius Pilate. 
 
 38 {outside). Claudius I. —Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Ger- 
 
 manicus. Roman Emperor , a.d. 41—54. 
 
 [Born at Lyons, in Gaul, b.c. 10. Died a.d. 54. Aged 64.] 
 
 Fourth in the series of Roman Emperors. Called to the throne in his 
 fiftieth year, upon the murder of his nephew Caligula. Branded as a 
 tyrant, but ought rather to be pitied for his weakness, timidity, vacillation, 
 and utter helplessness. He was the sport of the wicked, and the victim of 
 his own wretched feebleness. Unfortunate in every relation of life. His 
 third wife was the notorious Valeria Messalina ; his fourth, his own niece, 
 the shameless Agrippina, who prevailed upon the half-witted Emperor to 
 disinherit his offspring in favour of her son Nero, and who afterwards 
 caused the unhappy Claudius to be poisoned. The rule of this Emperor, 
 when left to himself, is described as mild and popular ; but he had seldom 
 the advantage of independent action, and in the hands of others he was 
 robbed of moral will. Fond of building, Claudius raised the Claudian 
 aqueduct. He wrote Greek as well as Latin, and composed some works on 
 history, besides memoirs of his own life. 
 
 39. Galba—Seryius Sulpicius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 68-69. 
 
 [Born at Terracina, in Italy, b.c. 3. Died at Rome, a.d. 69. Aged 73.] 
 
 The successor of Nero ; and governor of Spain when he was raised to the 
 supreme dignity. A strict military disciplinarian, and remarkable for care 
 and prudence. But when Emperor, his prudence became avarice, and he 
 practised sordid measures, under the plea of imitating the frugality of the 
 ancients. His niggardliness gave offence to the military and to the citizens, 
 who had been used to festivals under Nero ; and in his old age, Galba was 
 cut down in the streets of Rome. He reigned 7 months. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 39 * Vespasian — Titus Flavius Sablnus Vespasianus. Roman 
 
 Emperor , A.D. 69-70. 
 
 [Bom at Nursia, in the country of the Sabines, a.d. 9. Died at Cutiliae, in the 
 country of the Sabines, a.d. 79. Aged 69.] 
 
 Of low origin. "Went to Britain and subdued the Isle of Wight. Afterwards 
 sent to the East by Nero against the Jews, and was proclaimed Emperor by 
 his troops at Alexandria. On the death of Vitellius proceeded to Rome, 
 where, as Emperor, he restored order, reformed abuses, and improved the 
 condition of the empire. He commenced the Coliseum. A great Emperor, 
 popular with his army, upright, conscientious, simple in his living, and 
 affable in his manners. 
 
 [For account of the colossal Bust of Vespasian, see Handbook to Roman Court 
 and Nave, No. 338.] 
 
32 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 40. Caligula. Roman Emperor, a.d. 37—41. 
 
 [Born at Antium, in Latium, a.d. 12. Died at Rome, a.d, 41. Aged 29.] 
 
 Son of Germanicus and Agrippina. His real name was Cains Caesar, 
 but called Caligula by the soldiers, from his wearing in his boyhood small 
 caligae or soldier’s boots. Passed his boyhood in his father’s camp in Germany. 
 On the death of Tiberius he became Emperor, and for a time ruled wisely. 
 On recovering, however, from a severe illness, he perpetrated acts of horror 
 characteristic of a madman. He murdered the innocent for his amusement, 
 and married and dissolved his marriages in the most shameless manner. 
 His favourite horse he raised to the Consulship, and he deified himself. 
 After passing three years in raving crime and folly, he was struck down by 
 the conspirator’s sword. 
 
 [From the marble in the Gallery of the Emperors, of the Capitoline Museum. 
 Busts of Caligula are very rare, because, like those of Commodus, they were 
 as far as possible destroyed, on account of his atrocities. He is said to 
 have had a complexion of repulsive paleness. Suetonius alludes to his thin 
 lips and expression of confirmed dissimulation.] 
 
 41. Yitellius—Aulus. Roman Emperor , A.D. 69. 
 
 [Born on the Island of Caprese, a.d. 15. Died at Rome, a.d. 69. Aged 54.] 
 
 A royal glutton. He commanded in Lower Germany, where his popu¬ 
 larity with the troops led to his being proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers at 
 Cologne. Yitellius succeeded Otho, and reigned eight months after the 
 death of the latter, when he was murdered. Avaricious of money for the 
 sake of what it would purchase for the stomach. The life of Yitellius is told 
 when we state that it was devoted to eating, drinking, and acts of cruelty. 
 It was his boast that the infamous Nero was his chosen model. 
 
 [From the Louvre. Full of the character of the man—bloated and debased. 
 He is said to have spent nine millions of sesterces in suppers.] 
 
 42. Nerya—Marcus Cocceius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 96—98. 
 
 [Born at Narnia, in Umbria, a.d. 32. Died at Rome, a.d. 98. Aged 64.] 
 
 Pliny says that the commencement of the reign of Nerva was the era of 
 returning freedom ; and Tacitus praises the same Emperor, for reconciling 
 supreme authority with the liberty of the citizen. He succeeded the 
 Emperor Domitian, who was murdered, and his first care was to restore 
 tranquillity, and to repair the effects of his predecessor’s tyranny. He put 
 an end to the persecution of the Christians, attended to the wants of the 
 poor, and exercised a rigid economy. Gentleness and goodness were marked 
 features in his character. 
 
 [From the gallery of the Emperors in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 43. Titus—Flavius Sabinus Yespasianus. Roman Emperor, 
 
 a.d. 79—81. 
 
 Born at Rome, a.d. 40. Died at Cutilige, in the country of the Sabines, a.d. 81. 
 
 Aged 41.] 
 
 Elder son of the Emperor Yespasian, and one of the best of the Roman 
 emperors. It was he who besieged and destroyed Jerusalem (a.d. 70): he also 
 completed the Coliseum at Rome, and during his reign Pompeii and 
 Herculaneum were buried by the eruption of Mount Yesuvius (a.d. 79). As a 
 soldier and general, his conduct marked by great humanity and bravery. As 
 Emperor, administered the laws justly and improved the condition of his 
 people by whom he was beloved. “The being beloved,” to use the words 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 33 
 
 of Voltaire, constituted his greatest glory. Possessed great intellectual 
 refinement and delicacy of feeling. It is said that he was poisoned by his 
 brother Domitian, who was impatient to succeed to the empire. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. Busts of Titus are not 
 common: yet his statues were in every house, on account of his popularity. 
 For an engraving of one, see Handbook of Roman Court and Nave, j 
 
 44. Domitian—Titus Flavius Sabinus. Roman Emperor , a.d, 
 
 81—96. 
 
 [Born at Rome, a.d. 51. Died there, a.d. 96. Aged 45.] 
 
 Son of the Emperor Vespasian, and brother of Titus. He was bloody and 
 cowardly throughout his career. Suetonius says his very virtues were turned 
 into vices. Before the death of his brother Titus he made many attempts 
 upon his life, and, during his own reign, he frequently compelled individuals 
 to undergo the terrors of death, sparing their lives, in order to enjoy the 
 sight of their sufferings. His government was disastrous for Rome, though 
 he boasted annually of great victories, and assumed the title of Cod. Pliny 
 used to say that the triumphs of Domitian were certain ‘ ‘ proofs that the 
 enemy had gained an advantage.” Neither talent nor virtue was safe from 
 his persecutions, yet, although the last three years of his life form one 
 of the most frightful epochs in history, Domitian had talent and a cultivated 
 mind. He promoted architecture and beautified Rome ; he rebuilt the 
 libraries which had been burnt in the preceding reign, and sent literary men 
 to the famous Alexandrine library to make copies of books there. He was 
 the victim of a conspiracy, and the last of the twelve Csesars. 
 
 [From the marble in. the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 45. Trajan— M. Ulpius Trajanus. Roman Emperor , a.d. 98—117. 
 
 [Born at Italica, in Spain, a.d. 52. Died at Selinus, in Cilicia, 117. Aged 65 ] 
 Trajan endeavoured to emulate the glory of Alexander by extending the 
 Roman Empire in the East, but with imperfect success. He improved 
 the social and physical condition of his subjects, was easy of access, 
 possessed good sense, a profound judgment and knowledge of the world. 
 Not a man of letters himself, he was the friend of Pliny the younger, Tacitus, 
 Plutarch, and Epictetus. He was tall, majestic, robust, and his hair per¬ 
 fectly white. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum. Busts of Trajan are not uncom¬ 
 mon. The seated statue of Trajan is described under No. 343, in Handbook 
 to Roman Court and Nave.] 
 
 46. Hadrian—Publius JElius Hadrianus. Roman Emperor , 
 
 a.d. 117—138. 
 
 [Born at Rome, a.d. 76. Died there, a.d. 138. Aged 63.] 
 
 In his youth wedded to literature, especially that of Greece. He was the 
 adopted son of Trajan, whom he succeeded as Emperor, in a. d. 117. Travelling 
 was with him a passion. In a.d. 119, he set forth on a journey which lasted foi 
 the space of 17 years. He visited Gaul, Britain (where he erected the famous 
 wall between the Solway and the Tyne), Spain, Africa, and part . of Asia. 
 On a second visit to the East he lost his favourite page Antinous, and his 
 grief for this youth has since resounded through the world. Shortly after 
 his return to Rome in 132, the Jewish war broke out. It ended in the 
 subjugation and slavery of the chosen people. He was a wise Emperor, a 
 
 D 
 
34- 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 cultivator of the arts, and a lover of peace, though stained with vices of 
 his age. 
 
 [Busts of Hadrian are common. This is from the Rotunda of the Vatican. No. 
 123 is from a very perfect one in the Naples Museum. For engraving of the 
 fine statue in the British Museum, see Handbook of Roman Court and 
 Nave, p. 13.] 
 
 47. Antoninus Pius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 138—161. 
 
 [Bom near Lanuvium, a.d. 88. Died at Lorium, a.d. 161. Aged 74.] 
 
 The successor of Hadrian, and one of the most distinguished of the Roman 
 Emperors. Improved the condition of his people, and - consolidated the 
 power of the empire by enlightened and conciliatory measures. He was 
 respected and beloved. Of commanding aspect and dignified demeanour. 
 A deep-toned melodious voice heightened his native eloquence. One of the 
 most virtuous princes that ever sat upon a throne. 
 
 [From the marble in the Berlin Museum. There is in the Louvre a bust of 
 Antoninus Pius, having the head covered with a fold of the toga, and 
 crowned with ears of wheat, a copy of which is described under No. 381, 
 Handbook of Roman Court and Nave.] 
 
 48. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Roman Emperor, a.d. 161— 
 180. 
 
 [Born at Rome, a d. 121. Died at Sirmium, in Pannonia, a.d. ISO. Aged 59.] 
 Surnamed “ The Philosopher.” One of the best and greatest princes of 
 antiquity. He succeeded his adoptive father Antoninus Pius in a.d. 161, and 
 from that time until his death, his public and private acts conduced to the 
 welfare of his people and to the true glory of the empire. His sole 
 misfortune was to be father of the brutal Commodus, who succeeded 
 him on the. Imperial throne. He was clement, charitable, generous, and 
 forgiving. His bodily health, always weakly, gave way beneath excessive 
 labour of mind and body, and his death created universal sorrow. After 
 the lapse of a hundred years his memory was still held in veneration by the 
 people. He was of a thoughtful nature. At an early period he admired 
 the precepts and adopted the costume of the Stoic philosophers. Later 
 in life he was wont to repeat with great satisfaction the saying of Plato 
 — “ How happy would the people be, if philosophers were kings, and kings 
 philosophers.” His “Meditations”—a work in the Greek language—is 
 one of the noblest productions of Pagan philosophy. 
 
 [From the marble in the Berlin Museum. No. 48a is called the young M. 
 Aurelius. The colossal head from the Louvre is described under No. 344, 
 Handbook to Roman Court and Nave. The Senate decreed that a bust of 
 M. Aurelius should be in every house.] 
 
 48a. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Roman Emperor. 
 
 49. Pertinax— Publius Helvius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 193. 
 
 [Born at Villa Martis, in Liguria, a.d. 126. Assassinated at Rome, a.d. 193. Aged 67.] 
 The son of a charcoal-burner. First a schoolmaster in Liguria, then a 
 soldier. Rising to important command, he served in Great Britain and 
 Africa. Upon the murder of Commodus, the Praetorians prevailed upon him 
 to assume the purple. He accepted the honour in difficult times, when virtue 
 met with as little mercy as vice. He stipulated that the dignity should not 
 extend beyond himself, to his wife or son ; he proclaimed that no man should 
 be prosecuted for treason ; he at once set about useful reforms in the state ; 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 35 
 
 but in less than three months after his accession, he was murdered by the 
 same Praetorians, simply because he was too upright and too good a man. 
 He had a venerable aspect, and was mild and winning in his address. 
 
 [From the marble in the Rotunda of the Vatican.] 
 
 50. Yertjs— Lucius Aurelius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 161—169. 
 
 [Born at Rome, a.d. 130. Died at Altinum, in the country of the Veneti, a.d. 169. 
 
 Aged 39.] 
 
 Licentious and dissolute ; the colleague of Marcus Aurelius in the empire, 
 and the husband of Lucilla, daughter of the latter. During a four years’ 
 war against the Parthians, Lucius held command of the Roman army : but, 
 a drunkard and a gamester, his sole part in the war was to reap the 
 glory of the victories won by his generals. In his youth, he is described 
 as well made in person ; frank, simple, and gentle of disposition. 
 
 [A colossal Bust of him will be found described under Nos. 331 and 333, in the 
 Handbook to the Roman Court and Nave. It was found in the same place as 
 the colossal Marcus Aurelius.] 
 
 51. iEuus Terrs. Adopted Emperor. 
 
 [Born (uncertain). Died at Rome, a. d., 138.] 
 
 Of a noble Etrurian family. His beauty and literary accomplishments 
 drew the favour of the Emperor Hadrian, who changing his name, adopted 
 him for his successor. Twice Consul. Governor, for a short time, of 
 Pannonia. Died suddenly. Of a luxurious character. 
 
 [From the marble in the gallery of the Emperors of the Capitoline Museum at 
 Rome. ] 
 
 52. Annius Yerus. Roman Prince. 
 
 [Born a.d. 162. Died at Proeneste a.d. 170. Aged 7.] 
 
 The son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina, and the brother of Commodus, 
 with whom he was raisied to the rank of Caesar, a.d. 166. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre. Taken when young. A graceful little Bust, 
 remarkable for having the pupil of the eye so firmly indicated.] 
 
 53. Marcus Galerius Antoninus. Roman Prince. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Flourished a.d. 140.] 
 
 Son of Antoninus Pius and Annia Galeria Faustina. Nothing is known 
 of his life or death. His effigy is extant with that of his mother upon a 
 rare Greek coin ; but he is not styled Cassar in the inscription. Marcus 
 Galerius, no doubt, died before his father became Emperor. 
 
 [From the marble in the Gallery of the Emperors of the Capitoline Museum.] 
 
 54. Severus— Lucius Septimius. Roman Emperor, a.d. 193 — 211. 
 
 [Bom at Leptis, in Africa, a.d. 146. Died at Eboracum (York), a.d, 211. Aged 65.] 
 His family was of equestrian rank, and originally came from Gaul. In 
 A. D. 185, he was commander-in-chief of the army in Pannonia and Illyricum; 
 and on the murder of Pertinax was elected Emperor. He disbanded and 
 banished the Prsetorian guards, re-constituted the army, whose fidelity he 
 secured, and marched against his two rivals, Pescennius Niger and Clodius 
 Albinus, the first of whom had been declared Emperor in the East, and the 
 last, in Gaul. Defeating them both, he passed three years in the East, 
 warring against the Parthians, whom he subdued. In a.d. 208, he went to 
 Britain, in order to punish the Caledonians. But before his design could be 
 carried out, he fell himself a victim—it is said to grief, to the dissensions 
 
 d 2 
 
36 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 of his sons—in the city of York. He had many kingly qualities, hnt was 
 without clemency. A rigid disciplinarian, simple and sober in his tastes. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 55. Gordianus—Marcus Antonius, surnamed Africanus. Roman 
 
 Emperor, A.D. 238. 
 
 [Born at Rome, a.d. 157. Died at Carthage, in Africa, a.d. 238. Aged 80.] 
 
 Born of an honourable family, claiming high descent, and possessing great 
 wealth. When iEdile, his public spectacles were pre-eminently magnificent. 
 At one of them 1000 gladiators fought at once. When appointed Pro- 
 Consul in Africa, he was called “ The New Scipio,” on account of his popular 
 manners. When eighty years of age he was forced to become Emperor by 
 the people of Carthage, who would not submit to the ferocious Maximinus. 
 After a few months’ reign, however, he was attacked by Capellianus, the 
 Procurator of Numidia, and hearing of the fall of his son, strangled himself 
 with his own belt. A man of extraordinary self-command and sobriety, 
 and very studious. In his youth he composed a poem in thirty books ; 
 and, to his latest hour, he passed some portion of the day in the study 
 of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and Virgil. In temper gentle and affectionate. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. ] 
 
 56. Commodus — Lucius Aurelius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 180— 
 192. 
 
 [Born at Lanuvium, in Italy, a.d. 161. Died at Rome, a.d. 192. Aged 31.] 
 
 Son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina Junior. It is said that he was 
 handsome in form and feature. If history can be believed, he was 
 a monster in human form. He was cruel in hot and cold blood, vain, 
 cowardly, impious. He appeared many times in the Circus as gladiator, and 
 condescended to become a buffoon for the amusement of the lowest of his 
 people ; but he is chiefly famous for his human butcheries. He was poisoned 
 at last by his mistress, Marcia, who was only just in time to save her own 
 life, which had been already doomed by her sanguinary paramour. His 
 death gave occasion to almost frantic joy in Rome. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. ] 
 
 57. Macrinus—Marcus Opilius. Roman Emperor, a.d. 217—218. 
 
 Born at Caesarea, in Numidia, a.d. 164. Died near Archelais, in Cappadocia, a.d. 218. 
 
 Aged 54.] 
 
 An Emperor of obscure birth. He is said to have been, in his youth, a 
 gladiator. When Prsefect of the Praetorian guards, he contrived the murder 
 of Caracalla, then at Antioch, in order to fulfil the prophecy of a 
 soothsayer, who had predicted his accession to the throne. Elected Emperor 
 by the soldiers, he was himself dethroned and assassinated in Cappadocia, 
 after a brief reign of fourteen months. He is represented as haughty, 
 bloodthirsty, cruel, and cowardly. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 58. Pupienus—Marcus Claudius Pupienus Maximus. Roman 
 
 Emperor, a.d. 238. 
 
 [Born a.d. 164. Died at Rome, a.d. 238. Aged 74.] 
 
 Called “the Sad” from the melancholy expression of his countenance. 
 He was of an obscure family, but a distinguished soldier. After the death 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 37 
 
 of the two Gordiani, he was elected with Balhinus, by the senate, to the 
 empire, in order to oppose Maximinus ; but that tyrant was soon after 
 murdered by his own soldiers. The Praetorians, however, regretting 
 Maximinus, assassinated the two Emperors when they were preparing to 
 depart on separate expeditions. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 59. Maximinus—Caius Julius Yerus. Roman Emperor, a.d. 235 
 
 —238. 
 
 [Born on the confines of Thrace, a.d. 173. Died before Aquileia, a.d. 238. Aged 65 J 
 An Emperor of Gothic origin, who was originally a shepherd, and 
 owed his elevation entirely to his physical power and stature. He stood eight 
 feet high, and was muscular in proportion. Serving with Alexander Severns 
 on the Rhine, he excited a mutiny in the troops, in which Alexander and his 
 mother were assassinated, and he himself declared Emperor by the soldiers. 
 His reign was marked by mad severity, cruelty, and rapacity, and was 
 fiercely closed by a band of Praetorians, who broke into his tent and slew 
 him, having first put an end to his son before his eyes. He was a rare 
 monster. It is related that his thumb was of the girth of a woman’s wrist; 
 he could wear his wife’s bracelet as a ring; his eyes were inordinately large; 
 with a kick, he could break the leg of a horse; and his appetite corresponded 
 with his muscular development. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 60. Caracalla. Roman Emperor, a.d. 211—217. 
 
 [Born at Lyons in France, a.d. 188. Died in Mesopotamia, a.d. 217. Aged 29.] 
 
 In early life remarkable for gentle and pleasing address; but on the death 
 of his father, Septimius Severus, he assassinated his brother Geta, who was 
 left, with himself, joint heir to the throne. Other crimes were added, and, 
 conscience-stricken, he soon gave rein to the passions of a madman. He 
 oppressed his citizens by extortionate taxation, and plundered the world for 
 the means of paying for his soldiers and his amusements. He, however, 
 erected some great monuments in Rome. He was assassinated in Mesopo¬ 
 tamia by order of Macrinus, his chief officer. 
 
 [All busts of him show the peculiar deformed turn of the neck with which he 
 was afflicted.] 
 
 61. Geta—Publius Septimius. Roman Emperor, a.d. 211 — 212. 
 
 [Born at Milan, a.d. 189. Died a.d. 212. Aged 23.] 
 
 The second son of Septimius Severus. During his second Consulship pro¬ 
 ceeded to Britain (208) and obtained the surname of Britannicus. Upon 
 the death of his father, he and his brother Caracalla were declared joint suc¬ 
 cessors to the Imperial crown; but Geta, at the instigation of Caracalla, was 
 assassinated in the very arms of his mother, to whom he had fled for refuge. 
 Caracalla caused his brother’s statues to be destroyed, and his inscriptions 
 to be obliterated. Geta was depraved in his habits, and unpolished, but 
 not without some good qualities. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 62. Gordianus II. —Marcus Axtoxius. Roman Emperor, a.d. 238. 
 
 [Born, a.d., 192. Died at Carthage, in Africa, a.d. 238. Aged 46.] 
 
 Eldest son of Gordianus Africanus, with whom he was proclaimed Emperor, 
 
38 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 in Africa, in opposition to Maximinus. He was defeated and slain by 
 Capellianus, the Procurator of Numidia, who remained faithful to Max¬ 
 iminus. His instructor, Serenus Sammonicus, left him heir to a large library. 
 Gordianus II. had a good knowledge of law, and cultivated literature. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 63. Decius—Caius Messitts Quintus Trajanus. Roman 
 
 Emperor , a.d. 249—251. 
 
 [Born at Bubalia, in Lower Pannonia, a.d. 201. Died near Abricium, a.d. 251. 
 Aged 50.] 
 
 The first of a long line of monarchs who traced an Illyrian ancestry. In a.d. 
 245, he was entrusted with an important command on the Danube. Shortly 
 afterwards he was ordered by the Emperor Philippus to calm the rebellious 
 soldiery of Moesia ; but, on attempting to pacify them, he was offered, with a 
 sword to his breast, the alternative of instant death or the purple. Choosing 
 the purple, he was opposed in the field by Philippus, who fell. After 
 reigning thirty months, he met his death in battle against the Goths. 
 During his short rule, the Christians were bitterly persecuted. It is 
 difficult to form a just estimate of this Emperor’s character. He has been 
 described as “most amiable, highly accomplished, mild, affable, and brave.” 
 He has also been stigmatized as a monster of iniquity. 
 
 [From the gallery of the Emperors in. the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 64. Alexander Seyerus—Marcus Aurelius. Roman Emperor , 
 
 a.d. 222—235. 
 
 [Born at Arce, in Phoenicia, a.d. 205-208. Died in Gaul, a.d. 235.] 
 
 Elected Emperor on the death of Elagabalus, in a.d. 222. His reign was 
 marked by a gradual improvement in religion, morality, and politics. In 
 a.d. 232, he drove the Persians under Artaxerxes, in defeat across the Tigris. 
 He was about to advance against the Germans, then ravaging Gaul, when he 
 was murdered, together with his mother Julia Mamsea, by a band of 
 mutinous soldiers, instigated by the ferocious Maximinus, who seized the 
 crown. His life was simple and pure ; his government considerate and just. 
 His death caused general regret. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 65. Heliogabalus or Elagabalus—Yarius Ayitus Bassianus. 
 
 Roman Emperor , a.d. 218—222. 
 
 [Born at Antioch, a.d. 204. Assassinated a.d. 222. Aged 18.] 
 
 From his earliest years a priest of the Sun in the Temple of Emesa, 
 in Syria : but by the intrigues of his grandmother, Julia Msesa, declared 
 Emperor of Rome, in place of Macrinus, whom he defeated in battle, 
 and put to death. Elagabalus—so called from his sun-worship—the 
 priest taking the name of the God — introduced into Rome the super¬ 
 stitions in which he had been nurtured. By way of strengthening his 
 power, his grandmother induced him to associate with himself, in the govern¬ 
 ment, his cousin Alexander Severus. Repenting of this act, he was about 
 to undo it, when a revolt of the Prsetorians decided the question of rule by 
 assassinating him and throwing his body into the Tiber. A more worthless 
 carcase had never floated down the polluted river. His vices were as gross 
 as his superstitions. He left behind him a smirched and hated name. 
 
 [All Busts of him were ordered to be destroyed by the Senate: they are conse¬ 
 quently rare. This is from the Capitoline Museum at Rome. ] 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 39 
 
 66. Gallienus,—Publius Licinius Valerianus. Roman Emperor, 
 
 a.d. 2o3—268. 
 
 [Bom a.d. 218. Died before Milan, a. d. 268. Aged 50.] 
 
 Son of Valerian. When associated with his father in the empire, he 
 commanded with success against the barbarians on the Rhine and Danube. 
 In 260, Valerian was made captive by the Persians, and during the eight 
 years of his imprisonment, his son made no effort to release him. Rome, 
 whilst Gallienus reigned, was a prey to pestilence, internal rebellion, and 
 the ravages of foreign nations. In a.d. 268, he laid siege to Milan, whither 
 Aureolus, an invader of his empire, had fled for refuge. During the siege 
 Gallienus fell—it is said by the hands of his own soldiers. His character 
 was very bad. He was cruel, treacherous, and indolent, apathetic to public 
 disaster, self-indulgent, frivolous, and a glutton. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 67. Gordianus III. or Pius — Marcus Antonius. Roman 
 
 Emperor, a.d. 238 — 244. 
 
 [Bom a. d. 224. Died near Castrum Circesium, in Mesopotamia, a. d. 244. Aged 20. ] 
 An emperor, endowed with many good qualities. He was son of the 
 Consul Junius Balbus and Metia Faustina, daughter of Gordianus Africanus. 
 When sixteen years old he married the beautiful and virtuous daughter of 
 Misitheus, a wise and eloquent man, whom he appointed Prefect of the 
 Praetorians, and by whose prudent advice he was successfully guided. Upon 
 the death of this able minister, Philip the Arabian contrived to associate 
 himself in the government with Gordianus, who shortly afterwards fell a 
 victim, it is supposed, to the conspiracies of his colleague. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 68. Caius Julius Verbs Maximus. Roman Prince. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Aquileia, a.d. 238. Aged 18 or 21.] 
 Son of the Emperor Maximinus, who, on his accession to the purple in 235, 
 raised him to the rank of Caesar. Well educated, vain of his personal 
 beauty, and haughty of demeanour, but not evil disposed. He was massa¬ 
 cred with his father at Aquileia by the rebel Praetorians. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 69. Philip the Younger. — Marcus Julius Philippus II. 
 
 Roman Prince. 
 
 [Born (place unknown), a.d. 237. Died a.d. 249. Aged 12.] 
 
 Son of Philip I., Emperor of Rome. When seven years old dignified with 
 the title of Caesar. When ten years old chosen Consul, and shared the 
 empire under the title of Augustus. A child of singularly serious tem¬ 
 perament. He could never be induced to laugh, and would turn away his 
 head when his father indulged in merriment. 
 
 [From the Statue Gallery of the Vatican.] 
 
 70. Carinus — Marcus Aurelius. Roman Emperor, a.d. 283-285. 
 
 [Born probably at Rome, a.d. 249. Died inMoesia, a.d. 285. Aged 36.] 
 
 Eldest son of the Emperor Carus. Was appointed to the command of the 
 Western Provinces, a.d. 282. In a.d. 283, on the death of his father, was 
 associated in the government with his brother Numerianus, who was assas- 
 
40 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 sinated when Diocletian was proclaimed Emperor by the army in Asia. 
 Carinus marched against Diocletian, but in the moment of triumph he was 
 slain by one of his own officers, whose domestic happiness he had destroyed. 
 Carinus was a brave and skilful general, but a profligate and vicious man. 
 He was sensual and ferocious. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 71. Julian the Apostate—Flavius Claudius Julianus. Roman 
 
 Emperor, a.d. 361—363. 
 
 [Born at Constantinople, a.d. 331. Died in Persia, a.d. 363. Aged 32.] 
 Unquestionably a ruler of extraordinary capacity and power. He was the 
 nephew of Constantine the Great, and was brought up in strict seclusion by 
 the Christians, in order to save him from Constantius II., who, upon his 
 accession, had murdered the male members of Julian’s family. He withdrew 
 for a time to Athens ; was thence recalled by the relenting Constantius, and 
 invested with command in Gaul. He resided chiefly in Paris, and it is 
 worthy of note that at a time of scarcity in that city, Julian drew his 
 supplies of corn from England. During his stay in Gaul, the soldiers 
 proclaimed him Emperor. He marched against Constantinople, but before he 
 reached the city Constantius had died. Julian, created Emperor, renounced 
 Christianity for the Paganism of Greece; hence the name which he has 
 carried as a brand ever since. The Heathens extol this prince, the Christians 
 blame him. His life at least was pure, and his rule sagacious ; and, 
 although he naturally hated his former co-religionists, he was no religious 
 persecutor. After his accession to the throne he carried war into Persia, 
 where he was slain in battle. He was a prince of profound knowledge, of 
 great eloquence, and remarkable for philosophic calm. He professed Stoicism. 
 He was also a writer, and many of his works, displaying reflexion and 
 inquiring thought, have come down to us. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. A very interesting 
 statue of Julian will be found described under No. 92, Handbook of Greek 
 Court.] 
 
 72. Diocletian—Caius Valerius Aurelius. Roman Emperor, 
 
 a.d. 284—305. 
 
 [Born in Dalmatia, a.d. 245. Died a.d. 313. Aged 68.] 
 
 At first a simple soldier, he rose by his own merit to the rank of Captain 
 of the Palace Guard, an office which he held until the death of Numerianus, 
 when he was declared his successor. He associated Maximianus with him 
 in the empire, and appointed Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, Caesars. 
 At the instigation of Galerius he barbarously persecuted the Christians. In 
 a.d. 305, he resigned the empire in consequence of growing infirmities, and 
 withdrew to Salona, where he cultivated his own garden and lived in 
 philosophical retirement. Whilst he held power, he thought less of the 
 freedom and dignity of Rome, than of maintaining the power of the 
 sovereign, and of securing a regular succession. His cruelty to the Christians 
 has caused his reign to be described as “The Age of Martyrs.” 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum. ] 
 
 73. Constantius Chlorus—Flavius Valerius. Roman Emperor, 
 
 a.d. 305—306. 
 
 [Born a.d. 250. Died at York, in England, a.d. 306. Aged 55.] 
 
 The father of Constantine, surnamed “the Great,” who was founder of Con- 
 
ROMAN COURT—THE EMPERORS. 
 
 41 
 
 stantinople. Constantins governed, as colleague of Diocletian, beyond the Alps, 
 and bis dominion extended over Gaul, Britain, and Spain. He died in 
 England whilst preparing for an expedition against the Scots. He was the 
 best of the later Roman Emperors, having a regard to the welfare of his 
 people, and exhibiting no rapacity in his administration. In religious 
 matters he was mild and tolerant, showing great humanity towards the 
 Christians. He had excellent talents, and was surnamed “ Chlorus,” or 
 “the pale,” from the pallor of his countenance. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 74. Hostilianus. Roman Emperor , a.d. 251 or 252. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died a.d. 251 or 252.] 
 
 Generally regarded as the second son of the Emperor Decius, whom he 
 survived. Declared Caesar in a.d. 249, and was afterwards adopted by Tre- 
 bonianus Callus as his colleague in the empire. Died either of poison or 
 the plague. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 75. Voldsiands—Caids Vibids. Roman Emperor , a.d. 252—254. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Interamna, in Italy, a.d. 253 or 254.] 
 Son of the Emperor Callus, with whom he reigned, being elected Augustus 
 in a.d. 252. Little is known of his life or character. When iEmilianus was 
 chosen Emperor, he went with Callus to oppose him ; but, before a battle 
 could be fought, father and son were slain by their own troops. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.] 
 
 76*. Magnds Decentids. Roman Prince. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Sens, in Gaul, a.d. 353.] 
 
 A brother or cousin of the Emperor Flavius Magnentius. Nominated 
 Caesar, a.d. 351, he went into Caul, and suffered defeat in defending that 
 country against the Germans. He strangled himself upon hearing of the 
 defeat and deposition of his brother by Constantius, who succeeded to the 
 throne of Magnentius. 
 
 [For an account of a curious head of this Prince, placed in the Bas-relief gallery, 
 see Handbook to Greek Court, No. 217. J 
 
 AVENUE IN FRONT OF EOMAN COURT. 
 
 {Numbers continuing at the end next to the Greek Court.) 
 
 77. Trajan. Roman Emperor. 
 
 For life, see No. 45. 
 
 78. Trajan. R.man Emperor. 
 
 79. Antinods. Pithynian youth. 
 
 [Died in Egypt, A.D. 132.] 
 
 Celebrated for his beauty. He was the page and companion of the Roman 
 Emperor Hadrian, whom he accompanied to Egypt. He was drowned in 
 
42 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 the Nile, and the Emperor was inconsolable for his loss. On the spot where 
 he died, the city of Antinoea was raised; temples and statues in Egypt and 
 Greece were erected to his memory ; and in Greece, coins were struck in his 
 honour. The numerous representations of his beauty gave a fresh impulse 
 to the Fine Arts, and may be compared with the works of the best periods 
 of Grecian Sculpture. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre; the head bound with a fillet of vine. For 
 account of the many beautiful statues of Antinous see Handbook to Roman 
 Court and Nave.] 
 
 81. 1 
 
 82. 
 
 83. 
 
 84. 
 
 > Four duplicate busts removed. 
 
 85. Antoninus Pius. Roman Emperor. 
 
 For life, see No. 47. 
 [From the marble in the Naples Museum.] 
 
 86. Augustus. Roman Emperor. 
 
 For life, see No. 35. 
 
 [This very beautiful Bust is from the Florence Gallery.] 
 
 87. Tiberius. Roman Emperor. 
 
 , For life, see No. 37. 
 
 [This Bust is from the Berlin Museum.] 
 
 88. Claudius. Roman Emperor. 
 
 For life, see No. 38. 
 
 89. Herennius. Roman Emperor , a.d. 251. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died near Abricium, in Thrace, a.d. 251.] 
 Little interest is connected with the history of this emperor. In 249, he 
 was declared Caesar, and in 251, Augustus, as the colleague of his father 
 Decius. In a battle fought near Abricium, between the Emperor Decius and 
 the Goths, both he and his father were slain. 
 
 [From the Capitoline Museum.] 
 
 90. Scipio Africanus. Roman General. 
 
 For life, see No. 109. 
 
 91. Julia Mjesa. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Born at Emesa, in Syria, (date unknown). Died, probably at Rome, a. d., 223. J 
 Daughter to a Priest of the Sun. When her sister, Julia Domna, as wife 
 of Septimius Severus, became Empress, Julia Msesa resided at the Imperial 
 Court. Her bold political intrigues placed her grandson Elagabalus on the 
 throne. Against law, she was made a member of the Senate. She bore the 
 title of Augusta to her death, and was afterwards deified. A woman of 
 powerful mind, unscrupulously ambitious, but using power well. 
 
 [From the marble in the Gallery of the Emperors, in the Capitol, at Rome. ] 
 
COURT OF THE ROMAN LADIES. 
 
 43 
 
 92. Sabina. 
 
 [Died probably a.d. 137.] 
 
 Wife of the Emperor Hadrian, and grandniece of Trajan. Ill treated by 
 her husband, by whom, it is said, she was poisoned. Others assert that 
 in despair she put an end to her life. She was deified after her decease. 
 [From the original in alabaster in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 COURT OF THE ROMAN LADIES. 
 
 (Numbers commencing on the right.) 
 
 93. Liyia Drtjsilla. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Born b.c. 56—54. Died a. d. 29.] 
 
 Married to Tiberius Claudius Nero, a Roman general; but her beauty 
 captivating the Triumvir Octavian, afterwards Augustus, her divorce was 
 effected, and she became the Triumvir’s wife. A consummate actress, full 
 of craft and dissimulation, possessing great knowledge of the world, and, by 
 an affected purity of life, maintaining to the last her influence over the 
 mind of Augustus. She successfully intrigued for the succession in favour 
 of Tiberius, her son by her first marriage, and, it is said, removed by 
 poison the grandsons of Augustus, who stood in the way of her own offspring. 
 Tiberius became Emperor, and repaid the service by base ingratitude. He 
 removed his mother from all share in the government, declined all inter¬ 
 course with her, refused to see her when she was dying, and rejoiced, in open 
 show, at her death. 
 
 94*. Domna—Julia (Pia Felix Augusta). Roman Empress. 
 
 [Bom at Emesa, in Syria, about a.d. 170. Died a.d. 217.] 
 
 A woman of humble origin, but beautiful, ambitious and crafty. She) be¬ 
 came the wife of Septimius Severus, then of the rank of general, and acquired 
 boundless influence over his mind, persuading him that a prophecy had 
 destined her to become the wife of an Emperor, and inciting him to labour 
 to that end. After the death of her husband, her son Geta was murdered 
 in her arms by his brother Caracalla ; and after the successful revolt of 
 Macrinus, being suspected of treason, she, possibly to avoid punishment, 
 starved herself to death. 
 
 [From the marble in the Rotunda of the Vatican. This colossal head will be 
 found No. 334, Roman Court.] 
 
 95*. Julia, daughter of Augustus. 
 
 [Born at Rome, b.c., 39. Died at Rhegium, a.d. 14. Aged 53.] 
 
 The daughter of the Roman Emperor by his third wife Scribonia. Strictly 
 brought up, she was married at fourteen to Marcellus. Left a widow at 
 sixteen, she was forced by her father to marry the veteran Agrippa, by 
 whom she had three sons and two daughters. Her conduct dissolute and 
 unrestrained. Agrippa dying, she married again Tiberius Nero (afterwards 
 emperor) who left her in disgust. She was banished by her father until the 
 accession of Tiberius, when she suffered still harsher exile. Consumption 
 
44 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 killed her. In spite of her vices, the people of Rome loved her for her frank 
 and lively manner, and frequently solicited Augustus to recal her. 
 
 [For further account of this graceful Statue of Julia, see No. 229, of Handbook to 
 Roman Court, and Nave.] 
 
 96. Agrippina—the Elder. 
 
 [Born b.c. 15. Died a.d. 33. Aged 48.] 
 
 Daughter of Yipsanius Agrippa, and wife of Caesar Germanicus, to whom 
 she bore nine children. Accompanied her husband in all his campaigns, 
 and aided him by her cool foresight and energetic will: once, on the Rhine, 
 in his absence, by her heroic resistance to the timid counsels of those about 
 her, saving the relics of an army. On his death in Asia, she returned to 
 Rome, whence she was banished by Tiberius, jealous of her popularity. 
 After three years’ persecution and -suffering, she died—possibly by her own 
 hand. She had all the lofty qualities of a Roman matron—nobility of 
 soul, purity, and a devoted love for her husband and children. Tacitus says 
 of her, that £ £ the cares which belong to men supplanted, in her mind, the 
 vices common to her sex.” 
 
 [From the seated Statue, for account of which, see No. 281, of Hand-book to 
 Roman Court, and Nave.] 
 
 97. Agrippina the Younger. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Born at Oppidum Ubiorum (Cologne), a.d. 14—17. Died at Rome, a.d. 60.] 
 
 The ruthless and dissolute daughter of noble parents—of Germanicus and 
 Agrippina the elder. The unenviable mother of the madman, Nero. Upon 
 the death of her second husband, whom she was accused of poisoning, she 
 married her uncle Claudius, whom she induced to nominate Nero for his 
 successor, excluding his own son. She poisoned her uncle-husband, and 
 received her reward from her son, the matricide,—dying by hands com¬ 
 missioned by him to the murder. Tacitus speaks of some interesting 
 memoirs of her time, written by Agrippina, to which he had access in 
 writing his history. She was beautiful, but ambitious, and as wicked as 
 she proved unfortunate. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 98. Valeria Messalina. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Born, uncertain. Died at Rome, a.d. 48.] 
 
 The third wife of the Emperor Claudius I. Her name has become a bye- 
 word for profligacy. A murderess. Herself pierced through the breast by 
 the sword of a tribune entrusted with the execution of one of her victims. 
 The slave of lust, avarice, and ambition. Difficult to find in history a 
 woman more blackened by crime than Valeria Messalina. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 99. Plotina—Pompeia. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Date, and place of birth and death unknown.] 
 
 The wife of the Emperor Trajan. A woman of clear, strong mind, and an 
 exemplary purity of life and consistency of character. Childless herself, she 
 prevailed upon her husband to adopt Hadrian, in whose reign she died. 
 Hadrian built a temple in her honour, and composed hymns in her praise. 
 [From the marble in the Rotunda of the Vatican.] 
 
COURT OF THE ROMAN LADIES. 
 
 45 
 
 100. Matidia. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown.] 
 
 The niece of Trajan. Declared Augusta, a.d. 113, and after death, 
 deified. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 101. Crispina. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Caprese, a.d. 183.] 
 
 Was married to the Roman Emperor Commodus, a.d. 177, hut divorced 
 for infidelity, banished, and put to death in her exile. She was very 
 beautiful and ambitious. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 102. Mam^ea—Julia. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Born at Emesa, in Syria (date unknown). Died in Gaul, a.d. 235.] 
 
 The mother of Alexander Severus, for whom she governed wisely during 
 his minority. With many virtues, she possessed what, in the eyes of the 
 Roman soldiers, was invariably considered as a great vice—she was an econo¬ 
 mist in her expenditure ; and, disgusting the army by recommending 
 retrenchments, she gave occasion to a mutiny, to which she and her son 
 Alexander both fell victims. It is said that, whilst at Antioch, she received 
 instruction from Origen in the Christian faith. 
 
 [From tlie very beautiful Bust in the Florence Gallery.] 
 
 102a. Mam.ua—Julia. Roman Empress. 
 
 [The same as preceding, in advanced age.] 
 
 103. Salonika—Cornelia. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Date and place of bjrth unknown. Died before Milan, a.d. 268.] 
 
 Supposed to have been of Creek origin. Was the wife of the Emperor 
 Callienus, and dignified with the title of Augusta upon his ascending the 
 throne. She cultivated literature and philosophy, and was the protector of 
 Plotinus the philosopher. She is described as a woman of great good sense, 
 and exceeding benevolence. She roused him to repel the barbarians, and 
 accompanied his army that she might attend to the wants of the soldiers. 
 She was massacred with her husband and youngest son before Milan. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitol at Rome.] 
 
 104. Mariniana. 
 
 [Date and place of birth and death unknown.] 
 
 Little is known respecting this Princess, who was either wife, sister, or 
 daughter of the Emperor Valerian, and died at least four years before 
 his Persian expedition. Some coins, having on the obverse her name and 
 a veiled head, were struck, a. d. 254. 
 
 105. Faustina Junior—Annia Faustina. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died a.d. 175.] 
 
 The daughter of Antoninus Pius, and wife of Marcus Aurelius, whom she 
 accompanied into Asia, and there died suddenly. One of the most abandoned 
 and dissolute of the Roman Empresses, yet her virtuous husband preserved 
 
46 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Lis first affection for her to the last; and, on the spot where she died, erected 
 to her hononr the city of Faustinopolis. 
 
 [From the Capitoline Museum, at Rome. The original is in the marble called 
 ‘ ‘ Paonazzetto ” (peacock-stone).] 
 
 105a. Faustina. 
 
 [This bust, which is from the Florence Collection, bears the name of “ Faustina, 
 Junior.” It is a beautiful bust, well preserved, but bears little resemblance 
 to the preceding portrait. If it really represent the same person, the 
 work has been executed by a more flattering hand.] 
 
 106. Sabina—Poppaea. Roman Empress. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died a.d. 65.] 
 
 “She possessed,” says Tacitus, “everything but a virtuous mind.” She 
 became the wife of the Emperor Nero, after having been his mistress; at 
 her instigation Nero’s mother was killed by him, and his former wife, Octavia, 
 divorced and put to death. She was herself destroyed by a brutal blow 
 from Nero, who pronounced her eulogium at the tomb. “As he could not,” 
 says Tacitus, “speak of her virtues, he enlarged upon her beauty.” She 
 was deified, and honoured with a temple. Her luxurious tastes were 
 extravagant. It is related that her mules were shod with gold ; and that 
 when she travelled, she was followed by five hundred asses, whose milk 
 furnished a bath to preserve her complexion. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 COTJBT OF BOMAN GKENEBALS AND POETS. 
 
 ADJOINING THE COURT OF ROMAN LADIES. 
 
 (.Numbers commencing on the right.) 
 
 107. Lucius Junius Brutus. Roman Consul. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. ] 
 
 The first Consul, and one of the Founders, of the Roman Republic. Before he 
 was elected to the Consulate in b. c. 509, he had been the main cause of the ex¬ 
 pulsion of royalty from Rome in the persons of Tarquin and his sons. He fell 
 in battle whilst defending, as Consul, the infant Republic against the royal 
 exiles fighting for their restoration. These are admitted facts in the life of 
 Lucius Junius Brutus. His assumption of idiotcy during the reign of the 
 Tarquins, in order to carry on with greater safety his patriotic designs, and 
 his connexion with the affecting history of the devoted Lucretia, are events 
 which in recent years have passed from the grave volume of history to the 
 more fascinating pages of poetry. Philosophical historians permit us to 
 sing, but no longer to believe in, the once cherished narratives of earliest 
 Rome. The act, whether historical or merely traditionary, which the most 
 memorably distinguishes his name, is that of ordering the execution of his 
 two sons, convicted of conspiring for the restoration of the Tarquins. 
 
 [From the bronze in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitol at Rome.] 
 
COURT OF ROMAN GENERALS AND POETS. 
 
 47 
 
 108. Marcellus— M. Claudius. Roman General. 
 
 [Bom about b.c. 268. Died in Apulia, B.c. 208. Aged about 60.] 
 
 A Roman of high fame. At his hands Hannibal received the first check 
 that he experienced in Italy. He subsequently besieged Syracuse, but was 
 forced to convert the siege into a blockade in consequence of the genius 
 displayed in the defence of the city by the great Archimedes, who rendered 
 of no avail every engine brought against Syracuse, and inspired dread by his 
 own instruments of war. At length Marcellus triumphed, the city was 
 given over to pillage, and its defender perished, whilst pondering over a 
 geometrical problem, by the hand of a common soldier. He again turned his 
 victorious arms against Hannibal, winning fresh laurels and new honours 
 from the state. It was whilst fighting against the Carthaginian hero that 
 he fell, slain by a spear of the enemy. Hannibal sympathized with his fall, 
 and paid honour to his remains. A plain, stern, unlettered soldier, brave 
 to recklessness, rude and unpolished in manners, unyielding in temper. 
 
 [This Bust bears the name of Marcellus in the Capitoline Museum. It may be 
 the nephew of Augustus when a child.] 
 
 109. Scipio — Publius Cornelius Aericanus Major. Roman 
 
 General. 
 
 [Born probably at Rome, b.c. 234. Died at Liternum, in Campania, b.c. 183. Aged 51.] 
 Son of Publius Cornelius Scipio, whose life he saved in the battle of the 
 Ticinus. One of the few Roman generals who survived the fatal battle of 
 Cannae, and chosen with Appius Claudius to command the remains of the 
 army. Went as Praetor or Pro-Consul to Spain at the age of 24, where he 
 took Carthagena, gained the battle of Boecula, and recovered the whole country. 
 Forcing Hannibal, the victorious Carthaginian^ general, to carry the theatre 
 of war to Africa, he gained the celebrated victory of Zama, which decided the 
 long conflict between Rome and Carthage for dominion. Received the sur¬ 
 name of Africanus in consequence, but, vexed with the ingratitude of his 
 countrymen he withdrew to Liternum, where he died. Like Mahomet and 
 Cromwell, he believed himself the special instrument of Heaven. He was 
 undoubtedly the greatest man of his age, and one of the first of the Roman 
 worthies. The affectionate friend of the poet Ennius, and the patron of 
 literature. The Spaniards, for his virtues, would have made him king. 
 [From tbe Capitol at Rome. Many busts of this great general are in existence. 
 They all represent him with the head and face close shaved, according to the 
 fashion of his day, when men shaved closely after the age of forty. The 
 authentic busts have the scar on the left side of the head, and some have a 
 scar on each side, and some on the wrong side. No. 127 is from the bust 
 in basalt belonging to the Rospigliosi Palace. No. 125 is from the bronze 
 found in the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, and now in the Naples 
 Museum.] 
 
 110. Cato—Marcus Porcius. Roman Patriot and General. 
 
 [Born b.c. 95. Died at Utica, in Africa, b.c. 46. Aged 49.] 
 
 One of the classical undying forms reared in antiquity to symbolize high 
 moral purity, unquenchable love of liberty, and the sternest virtue. Cato 
 answers to the idea of Roman patriotism, as Julius Caesar to that of Roman 
 conquest. Before this one we stand, wondering at human power; before 
 that, subdued by the might of the highest moral excellence. Cato as a 
 child was grave, pains-taking, resolute, tenacious ; as he grew, he became 
 strong in the love of virtue, and in his hatred of oppression. Attached to 
 the philosophy of the Stoics, he aimed at happiness through its teaching. 
 
48 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 He had served with honour many offices in Rome when Pompey, Caesar, and 
 Crassns found it necessary to remove him to Cyprus, in order that his 
 patriotism might offer no obstacle to their ambitious schemes. Returning 
 to Rome, he was made Praetor, the highest office he ever held. At the 
 breaking out of the civil war he was entrusted by the senate with the 
 defence of Sicily : he afterwards joined Pompey. Subsequently to the 
 battle of Pharsalia, at which he was not present, he sailed to Africa in 
 search of Pompey. Suffering defeat at Thapsus, he committed self-destruc¬ 
 tion. Before the fatal act he read Plato’s Phaedon several times through. 
 His death caused great grief. It was mourned by great Caesar himself, 
 who grudged Cato his death, since Cato grudged him the glory of sparing 
 his life. 
 
 [Double bust representing Cato and his daughter Porcia; it is from the Capito- 
 line Museum, but possesses no especial authenticity. ] 
 
 111. Julius Cjesar. Roman Dictator. 
 
 [Bom at Rome, b c. 100. Died there, b.c. 44. Aged 56.] 
 
 The mightiest amongst the mighty of men. At the outset of his career he 
 served in Asia, where he won a civic wreath. Subsequently made Consul in 
 Rome (b.c. 59) ; and, at the close of his term of office, appointed to the 
 government of Gaul—which country in nine years he wholly subjugated to 
 Roman rule. His invasion of Britain is amongst the earliest recollections of the 
 English schoolboy. The renowned Commentaries of Julius Csesar graphically 
 narrate these deeds. Rousing the jealousy of Pompey, in Rome, by his splendid 
 achievements, he marched into Italy—afterwards into Spain, in order to crush 
 the adherents of Pompey, and then returned to Rome in triumph, to be 
 created Dictator. As Dictator he overcame his rival in the battle of Phar¬ 
 salia, in Thessaly. He performed fresh service to the state in Egypt, and 
 going back to Rome in order to advance the social and material prosperity of 
 his country, he fell a victim to a conspiracy, of which Brutus and Cassius 
 were at the head. Twice had the crown been offered to him, and twice had 
 he refused it. No Roman before his time had ever won such honour as was 
 heaped upon his head. He suffered from epilepsy, and was very abstemious. 
 He was tall, fair and slight—very careful of his person, concealing his bald¬ 
 ness by a laurel crown. His was indeed a head in wreathed with palms. 
 He was a great captain, a great statesman, a great orator—a great writer. 
 He had innate personal intrepidity, instantaneous decision, answering 
 celerity of action, resources to meet every emergency, consummate military 
 skill, an unshaken presence of mind, a trust—whether in his fortune, as he 
 said, or in himself—which still augured and still conquered success. He had 
 also the most implicit confidence in his troops, whom he treated ever as com¬ 
 panions and brothers in arms. Intellectual action in him was without labour. 
 It was subtle, comprehensive, rapid, luminous, self-possessed. He dictated 
 to five secretaries at once, on different subjects : his strokes of eloquence in 
 the Senate, as his strokes of action in the field, were quick and irresistible. 
 In the terrible civil war of the dissolving Republic—a war wasteful of Roman 
 blood in the field,—thirstier for the flow of the same drear beverage by the 
 axe and the dagger,—there, where the sole sad policy of the victor hitherto 
 was revenge, Csesar tried the novel art of forgiveness: although in 
 his Gaulish conquests—when the barbarian stands before him—he looks 
 to us, by his own reporting, sanguinary and merciless. By toil and spare 
 diet, he hardened a feeble health for any work. A civilian, with but a 
 
COURT OF ROMAN GENERALS AND POETS. 
 
 49 
 
 taste, in youth, of war, lie, at forty, stepped into command, at once a su¬ 
 preme commander. Recklessly licentious, yet no intellect could be keener, 
 healthier, and more vigorous. His writings, with the simplicity of a soldier, 
 have the clearness and precision of a grammarian. And why not, since we know 
 that in the versatility of his genius, he wrote two books on grammar. In 
 the history of the world, Julius Csesar was a power. In the records of 
 psychology a wonder. 
 
 [From the bronze in the Florence Gallery. He wore the front of his head 
 shaven. It resembles the bronze medals of Caesar, but is suspected to be 
 modern. He is said to have been sensitive on account of his baldness, and 
 this bust shows the hair combed forward to hide it. No. 111b possesses 
 much individuality; it is from the head in basalt in the Berlin Museum, and 
 stood constantly on the study table of Frederic the Great. No. 111a is the 
 bust from the Poniatowsky Collection, and remarkable for having the 
 diadem round the head. No. 125 is from the marble in the Gallery of the' 
 Emperors, in the Capitol at Rome.] 
 
 Julius C^sar. Roman Dictator. 
 
 112. Marcus Junius Brutus. Roman General. 
 
 [Born B.c. 85. DiedB.C. 42. Aged 43.] 
 
 The friend of Cicero—the fellow conspirator of Cassius—one of those who 
 shared in the deed memorable to all time—questionable in its own—of 
 killing Julius Caesar. From his earliest youth, and through life, absorbed 
 in study and self-contemplation, to the detriment of his powers as a man of 
 action. He was much attached to Cato, whom he accompanied to Cyprus, 
 when it was found necessary to remove the republican leaders from Rome. 
 We are accustomed to think of Brutus—Shakspeare being greatly answerable 
 for the thought—as standing aloof from the vulgar ambition and desires of 
 his fellow-men ; yet we find him in Cilicia (b. c. 53), growing rich by letting 
 out money at usurious interest. In the civil war of Pompey and Csesar he 
 took part with Pompey , Caesar, however, gave orders that at the battle of 
 Pharsalia his person should be sacred. Grateful for the consideration, 
 Brutus, upon the defeat of Pompey, asked pardon from Caesar, which was 
 generously accorded. In b.c. 48, appointed by Caesar governor of Cisalpine 
 Gaul : the inhabitants of which, delighted with his mild treatment 
 of them, and his justice, honoured him with public monuments. Four 
 years later he joined the conspiracy against his patron, and burdened 
 his hand with the death of that great soldier. Then took up arms 
 against Antony ; but suffering defeat at Philippi, fell by his own sword. 
 His reading and varied knowledge were immense : he was speculative, 
 superstitious, and highly imaginative. His aspirations pure and noble, but his 
 practical ability small, and his judgment imperfect and too easily led. He 
 wrote much, his chief productions being his orations. 
 
 [From the Capitol at Rome, where it stands in the same gallery as the Dying 
 Gladiator (No. 309) in the Nave.] 
 
 113. M. Yipsanius Agrippa. Roman General. 
 
 [Born b.c. 63. Died in Campania, b.c. 12. Aged 51.] 
 
 His victories mainly contributed to make the Emperor Augustus, whose 
 daughter he married, master of the Roman Empire : and he was the chief 
 support of the rising monarchical institution in Rome. He spent much 
 money on public works, erected several public buildings, including the 
 
50 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Pantheon and the Julian aqueduct; was a patron of the fine Arts, and dying, 
 bequeathed his goods and his gardens to the people of Rome. 
 
 [From a Bust in the Louvre.] 
 
 114. Nero Claudius Drusus. Roman General. 
 
 [Born at Rome, B.c. 38. Died B.c. 9. Aged 29.] 
 
 A son of Livia who married the Emperor Augustus, and brother of 
 Tiberius. Victorious in Gaul and Germany. Unflinchingly firm and severe 
 towards all who resisted him, but generous to those who trusted and submitted 
 to him. He married Antonia, the daughter of Marc Antony. His known 
 desire to see the commonwealth restored endeared him to the Roman people. 
 Died in Germany, from an injury sustained in a fall from his horse. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome. See also a statue of 
 him, Mo. 222, Roman Court.] 
 
 115. Germanicus Cjesar. Roman General. 
 
 [Bom b.c. 15. Died at Antioch, in Syria, a.d. 19. Aged 34.] 
 
 Son of Nero Claudius Drusus, and his wife Antonia; was adopted by 
 Tiberius, at the request of Augustus. Occupied for a time in an exterminating 
 war against the eastern Germans. Afterwards appointed by Tiberius supreme 
 ruler of the eastern provinces. Died at Antioch, where, it is supposed, he 
 was poisoned by the governor of the place. A man of sensitive feeling, 
 temperate, and virtuous. Remarkable for the dignity of his person, for 
 captivating eloquence, munificence, and unaffected courtesy; but credulous, 
 nervous, and a believer in magic. Idolized by his soldiers, and popular with 
 the multitude. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitol, at Rome. The statue generally called by 
 his name is described under No. 312 in the Hand-book to Roman Court 
 and Nave.] 
 
 116. Coebulo—Cneius Domitius. Roman General. 
 
 [Date and place of birth unknown. Died at Cenchrese, in Greece, a.d. 67.] 
 
 One of the most celebrated generals of his age, and brother-in-law of 
 Caligula. He composed some military memoirs after the manner of Csesar’s 
 Commentaries, but they have not been preserved. He was a good disciplin¬ 
 arian, and cautious as well as brave. He commanded against the Parthians, 
 and was victorious in every engagement. After Nero’s accession, he 
 continued faithful to his new master, who summoned him to Greece, and 
 for his fidelity greeted him with an order for execution on his landing at 
 Cenchrese. He stabbed himself with his own sword. His daughter Domitia 
 Longina, celebrated for her beauty and vices, was the wife of the Emperor 
 Domitian. 
 
 [From the marble in the Gallery of Philosophers, of the Capitoline Museum, at 
 Rome.] 
 
 117. Pecimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius Albinus. Roman 
 
 General. 
 
 [Born at Adrumetum, in Africa. Date not known. Died at Lugdunum (Lyons), 
 in Gaul, a.d. 197.] 
 
 Entered the army at an early age, and served with distinction under 
 Marcus Aurelius. Held a command in Gaul, and afterwards in Britain, 
 under Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, the successor of Commodus, 
 Clodius was proclaimed Emperor in Britain by the British legions, and 
 shared the purple with Septimius Severus. Subsequently discarded by 
 
COURT OF ROMAN GENERALS AND POETS. 
 
 51 
 
 Severus, lie put himself at the head of his legions, and met his colleague in 
 battle at Lugdunum, in Gaul, where he fell. He was of great beauty and 
 strength, and was called by his father “ Albinus,” on account of the great 
 whiteness of his skin. A skilful general, but severe : styled by some, the 
 “Catiline” of his time. 
 
 [From the gallery of the Emperors, in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 118. Terence—Publius Terentius. Latin Comic Poet. 
 
 [Born at Carthage, b.c. 195. Died (place uncertain), b.c. 159. Aged 36.] 
 
 The second and last of the Latin comic poets—Plautus being the first— 
 whose plays have descended to our time. He was the slave of a Roman 
 senator, who, having regard to his talents and handsome person, gave him 
 his liberty : on which occasion the freedman assumed his patron’s name— 
 Terentius. In person, he was thin and of the middle height, with an olive 
 complexion. Terence is the one Latin writer in whom the stateliness and the 
 lofty strength, seemingly inherent in the language of Rome, at once ceases : 
 and the tongue which we had deemed fit only to be spoken by the Kings of 
 the world,—by the Fathers convened in the temple of Capitoline Jove,— 
 gently condescends to the hearts and the hearths of men. In the six pre¬ 
 served comedies of his—both by the delineation of the characters, and by the 
 strain of their speaking—we feel ourselves in the familiar presence of known 
 humanity. Not but that the manner implies delicate choice and thoughtful 
 art; but its easy, natural air deceives the belief in the actual study. The 
 words rise up from the heart, to drop from the lip. In the dialogue of 
 Terence, the barrier that hitherto has stood inflexibly between the modern 
 and the antique world has fallen. We are at home in the Roman theatre. 
 To great purity, grace, tenderness, the style adds, even in description, or 
 narrative, or continuous argument, that utter simplicity and obviousness of 
 the sense, which is found in the most trivial uses of speech. 
 
 [From the marble in the Stanza dei Filosofi of the Capitol, at Rome. On the 
 right shoulder is sculptured the histrionic mask, a curious fancy of the 
 artist, which may have been suggested by the custom in Egyptian portrai¬ 
 ture, of carving the name in a small “ cartouche ” on the shoulder, a practice 
 alluded to in the scriptures.] 
 
 119. Quintus Hortensius. Roman Orator. 
 
 [Born b.c. 113. Died b.c. 49. Aged 64.] 
 
 He employed his great oratorical powers in the defence of Sylla, and of the 
 aristocratic party to which he had attached himself. Cicero styled him “rex 
 judiciorum.” He defended Yerres against Cicero : and the triumph of 
 Cicero on that occasion threw Hortensius ever after into the second rank. He 
 acquired great wealth, and lived luxuriously. His oratory was of the florid 
 kind, and greatly aided by gesticulation ; he had a retentive memory, and a 
 sweetly sonorous voice. 
 
 [From the marble in the Villa Albani, Rome. The Bust is inscribed with his 
 name. It was found together with the bust of Isocrates (No. 15). 
 
 120. Cicero—Marcus Tullius. Roman Orator. 
 
 [Born at Arpinum, b.c. 106. Died at Formiae, b.c. 43. Aged 63.] 
 
 The acknowledged greatest name in Roman eloquence. A man diligent 
 in accomplishing himself by various study, and wonderfully gifted with 
 the power of clothing thought in copious and musical words. He is less 
 
 e 2 
 
52 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 distinguished as an original thinker. He frequented the schools of the 
 philosophers, but seemed in heart more dedicated to the worldly ambition 
 of power and fame than to the studious zeal of truth. He courted popularity, 
 and lived in anticipated immortality. He was an ambiguous partisan, waiting 
 to be directed by victory to the side which he should embrace. He loved to 
 throw an air of philosophical reflexion over questions of human affairs; 
 and his expression of these reflexions is felt even to this day as singularly 
 felicitous. We quote his words, because we can find no apter expression 
 yet for the permanent thoughts. His writings show him undisguisedly vain. 
 After the assassination of the great Julius (b.c. 44), he became the leader of 
 the republican party, and in his celebrated “Philippics” denounced Antony 
 as the foe of his country. This was his ruin. On the formation of the 
 Triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus, he was included in the 
 proscriptions ; his head was cut off, and fixed upon the Rostra which had so 
 frequently resounded with his eloquence. Plis greatest political achievement 
 was the detection and sudden overthrow of the revolutionary conspiracy 
 headed by Catiline (b.c. 63), his brilliant denunciations of whom we listen 
 to in our boyhood. Kind and pure in his life, but without true greatness of 
 character, and with many moral weaknesses. 
 
 [From the marble in the Vatican. Considered to be the most faithful portrait of 
 this renowned orator. No. 120 a is from the Gallery of Philosophers of the 
 Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 120a. Cicero—Marcus Tullius. Roman Orator. 
 
 121. Virgil—Publius Virgilius Maro. Latin Poet. 
 
 [Born at Andes, near Mantua, in Cisalpine Gaul, b.c. 70. Died at Brundusium, 
 in Italy, b.c. 19. Aged 51. j 
 
 The district in which Virgil was born not being then included in Italy, 
 he did not enjoy the native rights of a Roman citizen ; and when Augustus 
 divided the lands in Cisalpine Gaul amongst his victorious veteran soldiers, 
 Virgil was ejected from his small patrimonial farm. Upon his petitioning the 
 emperor, however, the farm was restored to him. He was the friend of 
 Horace, whom he introduced to Maecenas. Besides poetry, he cultivated medi¬ 
 cine and agriculture. He Avas tall, dark, rustic in appearance, and feeble in 
 body. He was drawn by the power of genius from the obscure shade of a 
 peasant’s life, to be the favoured poet and friend of an emperor. In his 
 verse the native majesty of the language appears more perfectly tempered, 
 than in any other, with grace and sweetness. Virgil is the most pathetic of 
 the Roman poets : the heart speaks in his verse. He has the soul of the 
 beautiful, like an earlier Raffaelle in song. His poem on Husbandry—the 
 most finished work of his muse—is written with a cleaving of soul to the native 
 theme. The purport of the poem was to recal the luxurious Romans to the 
 simple and vigorous way of life of their ancestors, who lived cultivating the 
 earth. If the rural earth and free nature could have been endeared to 
 the voluptuous masters of the world by the charm of musical words, the 
 Georgies might have done this. We ourselves feel the pouring of a purer 
 atmosphere into the corrupted city. The epic poem of Virgil, “The 
 iEneid,” relating the transplantation of a Trojan colony from the flames of 
 falling Troy, to found (in Italy) future Rome, derives a high poetical cast 
 from the prophetic spirit that overshadows it. Both “ The Georgies ” and 
 the “ /Eneid ” express love in the soul of the poet—love for the scenes and 
 
COURT OF ROMAN GENERALS AND POETS. 53 
 
 vocation in "Which he was born—love of Rome, which he will purify or will 
 glorify. 
 
 [From the marble in the Stanza dei Filosofi of the Capitol, at Rome. The por¬ 
 traits of Virgil have been -verified by Bellori. The tomb of Virgil is a well- 
 known object of interest near Naples. It is now an ivy-grown, but 
 venerated ruin, although so late as 1326 it was nearly perfect.] 
 
 122. Seneca—Lucies Annaeus. Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Corduba (Cordova), in Spain, about a.d. 2. Died at Rome, a.d. 68. Aged 66. j 
 The tutor of young Domitius, afterwards the Emperor Nero, by whom he 
 was condemned and sentenced to self-destruction—probably that Nero might 
 secure his great possessions. Seneca underwent his punishment with great 
 firmness and philosophic calm. He was a writer of many works, and Quin¬ 
 tilian says that he corrupted the taste of his age by an affected though 
 elegant style. Many of his epistles and moral and physical treatises are 
 extant. His philosophy was Stoical, with modifications ; his manner of 
 writing is antithetical, and apparently laboured. He rejected the super¬ 
 stitions of his country, and was a monotheist. 
 
 [From the marble in the Berlin Museum. In the Florence collection there 
 are three Busts of him. The portrait of Seneca was identified as early as the 
 sixteenth century by a medallion engraved with his name, possessed by 
 Cardinal Mattei. A Bust in bronze was found at Herculaneum.] 
 
 122*. Livy—Titus Livius. Roman Historian. 
 
 [Born at Petavium (Padua), b.c. 59. Died a.d. 17. Aged 76.] 
 
 Little is known of the life of this famous historian, save that he enjoyed 
 the patronage and friendship of Augustus, and established a wide and instan¬ 
 taneous fame in his own time. The great and only extant work of Livy is 
 his History of Rome. It originally consisted of 142 books : 35 only have 
 come down to us—of the remainder we have merely short summaries. Livy 
 is an admirable weaver together, without sifting criticism, of received records 
 and traditions. His reader glides on the stream of his flowing narration. 
 His style is lucid, animated, picturesque. But in the annals of the warlike 
 republic—that setter up and putter down of kings—that mistress of the 
 nations—we look for and desire, more stern and majestic strength ;—a pro¬ 
 founder disclosure of the heroic political wisdom, which steadily advanced in 
 building up the most memorable empire in the world. 
 
 [Bust yet to come.] 
 
 (Leaving the Court of Roman Generals, we proceed to the Nave. The numbers 
 of the Portrait Gallery continue into the Nave from left to right. 
 
 123. Hadrian. Roman Emperor. 
 
 For life, see No. 46. 
 
 124. Liyia Drusilla. Roman Empress. 
 
 For life, see No. 93. 
 
 [A fine statue of Livia will be seen in the vestibule adjoining the Court of the 
 Generals, No. 237.] 
 
 125. Julius CLesar. Roman Dictator. 
 
 For life, see No. 111. 
 
54 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 126. Scipio Africanus. Roman General. 
 
 For life, see No. 109. 
 
 127. Scipio Africanus. Roman General. 
 
 For life, see No. 109. 
 
 128. Decimits Ccelius Balbinus. Roman Statesman and Emperor , 
 
 a.d. 238. 
 
 [Date, and place of birth unknown.] 
 
 A man of Consular dignity, who had governed in nearly all the peaceful 
 provinces of the Empire, and was esteemed and beloved by all ranks ; when, 
 upon the death of the Gordiani in Africa, he was selected as one of the 
 Emperors to oppose the ferocious Maximinus—Pupienus being the other. 
 Soon after the death of Maximinus, both Balbinus and Pupienus were 
 murdered by the Praetorians, who remembered to their disadvantage the 
 prodigal liberality of their lately-slain tyrant. They reigned only four months. 
 Balbinus was celebrated for his oratory and poetry. 
 
 [From the marble in the Capitoline Museum, at Rome.] 
 
 THE ITALIAN PORTRAITS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Our Italian collection is formed, chiefly, from the busts of the 
 Capitoline Museum, at Rome, where Pius VII., in 1820, founded 
 a portrait gallery of celebrated Italians, to which he gave the 
 name of the Protomoteca. This gallery contains about 70 busts, 
 and though dedicated especially to the honour of Italians, still 
 finds room for some of the distinguished foreigners who derived 
 much of their eminence from studying at Rome. These are 
 Nicolas Poussin of France, Raffaelle Mengs the Bohemian, 
 Winckelmann the German antiquary, Angelica Kauffman, the 
 most accomplished painter of her sex, and Giuseppe Suee, a 
 French painter. The busts of living men are not admitted, and the 
 honour of joining the famous company is awarded by the Academy 
 of Rome, assisted by men learned or skilled in any special science 
 or art. 
 
 The series is a very complete one, and begins as early as the 
 Xlllth century. It is to be regretted that so few of these busts 
 have been done from the life ; although it must be understood that 
 none is the work of mere imagination, some authenticated portrait 
 having in every case furnished a model. Most of these busts 
 are the work of sculptors of the time of Canova, and many of them 
 
ITALIAN PORTRAITS. 
 
 55 
 
 were executed at his expense, and presented to the collection. In 
 general, it will be remarked that a certain grandeur prevails in the 
 treatment of the heads, an element that seems to belong, natur¬ 
 ally, to the works of the best Italian artists, whether in painting 
 or sculpture. Even where existing casts from the face prove 
 to us that in these busts there has been a certain departure from 
 the real features, we see it has been done only to afford a more 
 exalted idea of the person, and to give the stamp of that nobleness 
 and dignity which characterize the finest efforts of portraiture. 
 A comparison of the busts of Galileo, Nos. 185 and 185a, and of 
 Michael Angelo, Nos. 143 and 143a, will illustrate this point. 
 
 There is also in the Capitoline Museum, a large collection of 
 antique portrait busts, embracing many of the ancient philosophers, 
 poets, and Roman Emperors, a selection from which, as we have 
 already stated, is found in the Greek and Roman Courts. 
 
 In the Vatican (the palace of the Pope, at Rome), a splendid 
 edifice, which has, from time to time, been constructed and en¬ 
 larged by various eminent architects, and decorated by the greatest 
 painters of the world, are preserved many chefs d’oeuvre of art that 
 are to be seen in no other place. The collection of the Vati¬ 
 can includes many portraits of every kind ; but one portion of the 
 vast structure is exclusively devoted to portrait-statues and 
 busts. This is a spacious and magnificent apartment called the 
 Rotonda, paved with antique mosaics, and surrounded with 
 antique statues and busts on pedestals of the rarest marbles. 
 Adjoining this saloon is another noble gallery, built by Pius 
 VII. which contains many statues of the Greek sages, and of other 
 illustrious men. 
 
 In the Florence gallery there is a most interesting series of 
 portraits of painters by their own hands—a unique and unrivalled 
 collection, begun by the Cardinal Leopold, the brother of 
 Ferdinand II., and increased by the addition of the portraits from 
 the collection of the Abbe Pazzi, purchased by the Grand Duke 
 Leopold in 1765. Besides these paintings, there is a collection of 
 more than 4,000 engraved gems and cameos, amongst which are 
 many antique portraits. There are also about 100 antique portrait 
 busts, of which the rarest and best preserved are Cicero, Marc 
 Antony, Julius Csesar, Augustus, Caligula, Galba, and Otho. As 
 the visitor will observe, several of these are in our portrait gallery. 
 
 The Naples collection, besides many fine works of antiquity of every 
 kind, has contributed in the most important manner to the subject of 
 antique portraiture. It contains the invaluable relics found at 
 
f>6 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii: and amongst these have, from time 
 to time, appeared portrait busts, statues, and even pictures with 
 names upon them, by which busts elsewhere have been recognised. 
 There are in this Museum, about 200 portraits in marble and 
 bronze, from which our collection has been enriched. 
 
 (The portraits of Italians begin immediately behind the Statue of 
 Rubens , in the great Transept , on the east side of the Nave.) 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 129. Niccola Pisano. Sculptor and Architect. 
 
 [Born at Pisa, in Italy, 1205-7. Died at Sienna, in Italy, about 1290.] 
 
 The early reviver of Sculpture in Italy ; memorable for being the first 
 Italian artist who quitted the dry, stiff, traditional forms which had long 
 prevailed, and founded a school based upon Truth and Nature. His finest 
 productions preceded those of Cimabue ; and it was said of him that 
 “ he was the first to see the light and to follow it.” His great work is the 
 marble pulpit, with bas-reliefs from Scripture, in the Baptistery at Pisa. 
 
 [By Alessandro d’Este. Vasari mentions a Bust of him by his son Giovanni, 
 from which this may have been taken.] 
 
 130. Andeea di Cione, better known by his surname Oucagna or 
 
 Ob, GAGS'A. Painter, Sculptor, Architect. 
 
 [14th century.] 
 
 Precise time of his birth unknown ; it appears that he died about 1370. 
 Executed several works in his three vocations. The dignified grandeur and 
 admirable grouping of the figures in his paintings were at a later period 
 copied or adopted, even by Michael Angelo and Raffaelle. Orcagna was a 
 good as well as a great man. His chief works still exist, though in a half- 
 ruined state, in the Campo Santo at Pisa, and in the Strozzi Chapel, 
 and the Or-San-Michele at Florence. 
 
 [This Bust is by the Cav. Massimiliano Laboureur. There is, however, a mezzo- 
 relievo, by his own hand, behind the altar in Or-San-Michele, at Florence, 
 which contains his portrait. He is there represented as an Apostle, shaven, 
 and wearing a hood. ] 
 
 131. Filippo Beunelleschi. Sculptor and Architect. 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1377. Died there, 1446. Aged 69.] 
 
 The self-taught constructor of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore, at 
 Florence, which, though smaller than that of St. Peter’s at Rome, surpasses it 
 in elegance and lightness. A builder of churches, palaces, and fortifications. 
 Michael Angelo declared that it was difficult to imitate and impossible to 
 excel him. Small and insignificant in person, but of commanding genius. 
 With many competitors, his goodness and prudence preserved him from 
 enmity. 
 
 [His tomb is next to that of Giotto, in the Cathedral at Florence, and bears an 
 epitaph by Aretino. This bust was done by Alessandro d’Este. It is no 
 doubt taken from that in the Church of Sta. Maria del Fiore, at Florence, 
 which was done from the life, in marble, by his pupil, 11 Buggiano. In 1830, 
 statues of him and Arnolfo, his fellow architect, were placed in the new 
 chapter-house : they are by Luigi Pompaloni, a Florentine.] 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 57 
 
 132. Lorenzo Ghiberti, or Lorenzo di Cione. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1878. Died, 1455. Aged 77.] 
 
 One of the most memorable of the great Italian artists of the fifteenth 
 century. At the age of 23, he competed with Brunelleschi and Donatello 
 for the execution of the side doors of San Giovanni at Florence. His two 
 rivals confessed themselves vanquished and retired in his favour. These 
 gates were twenty-one years in course of completion, and are divided into 20 
 panels, each containing a bas-relief cast in bronze, from a subject in the 
 New Testament. Another twenty years were spent in producing the 
 central doors of the same Baptistery, representing in ten compartments 
 the principal events of the Old Testament. Of these, Michael Angelo 
 said they were beautiful enough to stand at the entrance of Paradise. A 
 reproduction of these gates occupies the centre of the south end of the 
 Renaissance Court. GhiberLi modelled and cast statues, worked in gold, 
 painted on glass, and wrote a MS. history of Ancient and Modern Artists. 
 [Buried in Sta. Croce, Florence ; his tomb is now lost. This Bust is by Carlo 
 Finelli. There is an interesting portrait of him by his own hand, 
 amongst the heads on his celebrated gates in the Renaissance Court. 
 The two heads in the centre, between the upper corners of the second panels 
 from the ground, are portraits of Ghiberti and Bartoluccio, the caster ; the 
 right-hand one, with the bald head, being Ghiberti. In the original gates 
 his name is inscribed near the head, with the words,— 
 
 “ Laurentii Cionis de Ghibertis mira arte fabricatum. ”] 
 
 133. Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi; called by his contem¬ 
 
 poraries Donatello. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1386. Died there, 146S. Aged 83.] 
 
 He was the generous competitor and friend of Lorenzo Ghiberti. Employed 
 and patronized by Cosmo de’ Medici. Was one of the first Italian sculptors 
 who gave to their figures freedom of movement and force of expression. 
 A very fine work of this artist is the equestrian statue of Gattamelata, in 
 the city of Padua. A cast from it will be found in the Gothic and Renaissance 
 Sculpture Court. The character of Donatello was remarkable for simplicity and 
 generosity; he took no thought for himself, and was devoted wholly to his art. 
 [This Bust is by Giovanni Ceccarini.j 
 
 134. Fra Angelico da Fiesole; called also Fra Gioyanni da 
 
 Fiesole, and II Beato. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Vicchio, in Tuscany, 1387. Died at Rome, 1455. Aged 67.] 
 
 This charming painter of the early Florentine school became, when a 
 youth, a friar of the Dominican order. Began by illuminating missals; 
 afterwards enlarged his style, and executed frescos. The finest of these 
 are in the church of San. Marco, and in the chapel of Nicholas Y. at Rome. 
 His works are distinguished by simple grace, tenderness of colour, and the 
 most profound religious feeling. He excelled particularly in painting 
 angels. 
 
 [This Bust is by Leandro Biglioschi; but there is a life-size bust of him upon his 
 tomb, in Minerva di Roma.] 
 
 135. Tommaso Gtjidi, also called Massaccio. Painter. 
 
 [Born at San-Giovanni, in the Val d’ Arno, 1402. Died at Florence, 1443. Aged 41. J 
 . Massaccio-Tomasaccio (big or heavy Tom) was a nickname given to 
 him when a boy. A devoted student of the works of Brunelleschi and 
 
58 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Donatello. He lived for the most part in Rome and Florence, and died in 
 the last-named city. Time has destroyed the greater number of his works. 
 His frescos, which still remain in the Brancacci chapel of the Carmelite 
 church in Florence, representing the history of St. Peter, are remarkable for 
 their freedom, and for the absence of the conventionalities of the early 
 mediseval painters. Some of his noble figures became models for the later 
 Florentines, and were imitated by Raffaelle himself. He excelled his 
 contemporaries in the nude form, and gave to his draperies a style unknown 
 before, adapting them naturally and gracefully to the human shape. 
 
 [By Carlo Finelli.] 
 
 136. Andrea Mantegna.. Painter and Engraver. 
 
 [Born at Padua, in Italy, 1430. Died at Mantua, in Italy, 1506. Aged 76.] 
 
 This painter is celebrated among the early artists of Italy, and belongs 
 to the Paduan school of art. His chef-d'oeuvre, the Madonna della 
 Vittoria, in the Louvre, is grandly treated, and remarkable for its admirable 
 finish. His cartoons of the triumphs of Caesar are at Hampton Court ; 
 the composition is grand and spirited, and knowledge of the antique is 
 blended with a feeling for nature. To Mantegna is attributed the art of 
 engraving with the burin, and also the invention of the art of foreshortening 
 figures, especially on ceilings. Distinguished for his good and amiable 
 qualities. 
 
 [He was buried in the Church of S. Agnese, in Mantua. His tomb is in one of 
 the chapels, and bears his statue, in bronze. This bust is by Rainaldo 
 Rinaldi. ] 
 
 137. Luca Signorelli. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Cortona, in Tuscany, 1440. Died 1521. Aged 81.] 
 
 An ancestor of Yasari, the author of “ Lives of the Painters,” and a dis¬ 
 tinguished painter of the early Tuscan school. Assisted in the works of the 
 Sistine Chapel at Rome ; and his pictures there, according to Yasari, are 
 superior to those of his contemporaries. His great frescos in the Cathedral 
 of Orvieto, representing the Day of Judgment and the History of Antichrist, 
 are his principal works. His productions show too great anxiety to mark the 
 form with anatomical correctness. In this he was the precursor of Michael 
 Angelo; and Fuseli has frequently imitated him. As aman he was upright, sin¬ 
 cere, and kind-hearted. He lived and decorated himself with great splendour. 
 
 [By Pietro Pierantoni.] 
 
 138. Francesco Lazzari Bramante. Architect, Painter, Poet. 
 
 [Born at Castel Durante, m Italy, 1444. Died at Rome, 1514. Aged 70.] 
 
 Memorable as the architect employed by Julius II. and Leo X. to rebuild 
 the church of St. Peter’s, at Rome, and to construct the famous Loggie of the 
 Vatican, afterwards completed and adorned by Raffaelle. Bramante was a 
 bold and original genius, but vain, impetuous, and impatient. As a 
 consequence of his recklessness, most of his works have speedily decayed. 
 
 [By Alessandro d’Este. Bramante was buried in the crypt of S. Peter’s, at 
 Rome, called the “ Grotte Vaticane.”] 
 
 139. Pietro Perugino, or Pietro Yanucci della Pieve. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Pieve, in Italy, 1446. Died there or at Perugia, 1524. Aged 78.] 
 
 Immortal as the instructor of Raffaelle, and himself a celebrated painter 
 of the Umbrian school. He was opposed to the more modern style of which 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 59 
 
 Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and his own great pupil RafFaelle, are the 
 renowned masters. His pictures are religious, earnest, and graceful, but 
 wanting in variety of character. In his best pictures, his colouring is excellent, 
 and the expression of his heads very beautiful, but his numerous works are 
 of very unequal value and merit. Vasari has branded this painter as avari¬ 
 cious, eccentric, sordid, and irreligious. Modern writers have attempted to 
 rescue him from the harsh verdict pronounced by his early biographer. 
 
 [By Raimondo Trentanove. ] 
 
 140. Domenico Ghirlandaio. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1449—51. Died sometime between 1490 and 1498.] 
 
 The son of a goldsmith who adopted the name Ghirlandaio (the garland- 
 maker) on account of his skill in making the gold and silver ornaments worn 
 by Florentine girls. The first work of Domenico was a portrait of Amerigo 
 Vespucci who had the honour of giving his name to America. Devoted to 
 his art, preferring honour and glory to riches. Painted in fresco, in tempera, 
 and in mosaic, but excelled in the first. In his sacred historical pictures, he 
 introduced portraits of remarkable persons as spectators, which gives them a 
 peculiar value. He was the early instructor of Michael Angelo, and his finest 
 works are in the churches of Florence. 
 
 [By Massimiliano Laboureur. His portrait, by his own hand, is in one of the 
 pictures of the Choir of S. Maria Novella, at Florence.] 
 
 141. Leonardo da Vinci. Painter . 
 
 [Bom at Vinci, in Tuscany, 1452. Died at Amboise, in France, 1519. Aged 67.] 
 One of the greatest names of the fifteenth century. His genius was all 
 but universal, and his faculty of acquiring knowledge of all kinds, prodigious. 
 He is most generally known and appreciated as a painter ; but he was also 
 a distinguished writer, a man of general science, an architect, an engineer, 
 an accomplished musician, and a discoverer in Natural Philosophy. As 
 painter he was the pupil of Andrea Verrochio, and the founder of the 
 Milan school. It was at Milan that he painted his great and universally 
 known picture, of the “Last Supper.” From 1504 to 1515, he travelled 
 through Italy as architect and engineer to Caesar Borgia, Duke of Valentino. 
 He is the undoubted head of the highest development of art, in which the 
 most elevated subjects were represented in the noblest Form. Every branch 
 and attribute of Fine Art was intimately known to him. In the expression 
 of the passions, his eye and mind were quick and eager ; and he investigated 
 every phase of life to its minutest modifications. He was familiar with the 
 spirit of the humblest ranks, and could stamp divine subjects with a beauty 
 and sentiment which only the very highest genius is competent to attain. 
 There was great rivalry between Leonardo and Michael Angelo.—A Titanic 
 emulation ! The faculties of both were mighty and analogous ; their grasp 
 similarly broad and powerful. Leonardo passed his last years in France, 
 protected by Francis I., who showered favours upon this gifted man. A story 
 is current that the painter died in the arms of the monarch, but there appears 
 no good foundation for the statement. 
 
 [From the marble, by Filippo Albaccini. The bust resembles the painted 
 portraits, of which there are several of undoubted accuracy and truth, 
 painted by himself, at Florence, Venice, Paris, and Milan. The works of 
 Leonardo on Anatomy and Painting are still invaluable to students in art. 
 His treatise on Painting was first printed at Paris in 1651. The MS. was 
 in a curious hand-writing, and written backwards with the left hand. ] 
 
60 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 142 . Fra Bartolomeo, or Baccio della Poeta. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Savignano, in Italy, 1469. Died 1517. Aged 49.] 
 
 At an early age he carefully studied the works of Leonardo da Yinci, and 
 the effect of the study is visible in his own productions. Whilst his fame 
 was growing, he became deeply influenced by the preaching of Savonarola, 
 at whose instigation he publicly burnt some of his finest studies of the 
 undraped figure. In 1500, Bartolomeo assumed the habit of a Dominican 
 friar, and forsook painting. But after the lapse of four years he resumed 
 his art, made the acquaintance of Raffaelle at Florence, and the influence of 
 these two eminent painters on each other was mutually advantageous. Among 
 the finest works of Fra Bartolomeo are, the large picture of St. Mark, 
 esteemed in painting equal to the “Moses” of Michael Angelo in sculpture, 
 and the “Madonna della Misericordia.” He was the inventor of the lay 
 figure, which he was the first to employ. His style is characterized by calm 
 seriousness, unaffected dignity, and grace. The religious expression of his 
 holy figures reveals conscious elevation, not mere sentimentality ; and in his 
 Madonnas holiness is always exquisitely blended with beauty. But Barto¬ 
 lomeo lacked inward power. Sometimes he is cold and formal; at others, 
 impetuous and wanting in repose. The colouring of flesh is peculiarly soft 
 in his pictures, and his draperies are excellent. 
 
 [By Domenico Manera. In the last work of Bartolomeo, which is now in the 
 Uffizzi, at Florence, representing the patron saints of Florence, and others, he 
 has introduced his own portrait.] 
 
 143 . Michael Angelo Btjonaeotti. Sculptor, Painter, Architect. 
 
 [Born at Caprese, in Tuscany, 1474. Died at Rome, .1563. Aged 89.] 
 
 A demigod in art. All learning and all knowledge came to Michael Angelo, 
 perhaps even more than to Leonardo da Yinci, his mighty contemporary, as a 
 rightful inheritance, to be magnificently accepted and sumptuously enjoyed. 
 Poet, musician, sculptor, architect, engineer, painter, anatomist, man of science 
 —his titles to renown are inexhaustible. His genius was universal, his grasp 
 boundless. All his works, of whatever kind, bear the broad, deep stamp 
 of his haughty, masculine spirit, and constitute the immortal expression of 
 strength, energy, and sublimest passion. The feeling of Michael Angelo 
 was strong, intense, grand, penetrating ; his thought as clear as it was 
 profound. His life is a series of conquests in the world of intellect. Domenico 
 Ghirlandaio has the honour of claiming Buonarotti for his pupil. By 
 Ghirlandaio the stripling was introduced to Lorenzo de’ Medici, who, as well 
 as his successor, became the steady friend of the great artist. Upon the 
 expulsion of the Medici, he went to Bologna, thence to Florence, and thence 
 again, upon the invitation of the Pope, to Rome. In 1503, commissioned 
 to paint one end of the great Hall of Council, Leonardo da Yinci being 
 intrusted with the other. Never before had two such spirits met to con¬ 
 tend for glory. His statue of Moses, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 
 were produced under Pope Julius II. Under Leo X., and Adrian, works 
 of equal power issued from his inspired brain. In 1546, he was com¬ 
 manded by the Pope to undertake the direction of the works at St. 
 Peter’s. He consented only upon condition that he received no salary, 
 and laboured “for the love of God alone.” For seventeen years he pro¬ 
 secuted the pious service, and raised the sacred edifice as far as the base 
 of the cupola. The undying memorials of his chisel and pencil speak the 
 intellectual supremacy of the man beyond all words of praise. They will com- 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 61 
 
 mand wonder, delight, admiration, respect, and awe, whilst the world 
 lasts. There is nothing factitious, no studied allurement, no imposture in his 
 work. It is all true, simple, sublime. Michael Angelo, in 1530, directed 
 in person the defence of Florence, and erected its fortifications—which yet 
 exist—when that city was besieged, and, after a year of heroic defence, 
 taken by the army of Charles Y. The fall of Florence, at this time, witnessed 
 the last breath of Italian independence. Look on his face ! You see many fur¬ 
 rowed lines there, and a potent brow. The features and expression betray iras¬ 
 cibility of temper, jealous self-consciousness, towering sense of power. 
 Michael Angelo had all these. He was a lion aware of his strength. 
 What if he used it as a lion, at times vehemently, and regardless 
 of the pain inflicted upon others ! He was also a staunch friend, disinter¬ 
 ested, liberal, temperate, upright, conscientious. The ancients had their 
 Titans. Michael Angelo too is the son of Heaven and Earth. 
 
 [ This Bust is from the marble by Alessandro d’Bste, and one of those contri¬ 
 buted to the Capitoline Museum, at the expense of Canova, when he was 
 President of the Academy of Saint Luke, at Rome. It conveys an idea of 
 coarseness which would hardly seem to belong to Michael Angelo’s natural 
 expression, marked as it is with power and energy. It will be remembered 
 how his nose was broken by a blow from his fellow-student, Torrigiano. 
 He was buried in Sta. Croce, at Florence, his noble monument there being 
 designed and executed under the superintendence of Vasari, the historian of 
 the painters. It consists of a sarcophagus, supported by three figures, 
 representing Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, and surmounted by his 
 bust (of which No. 143 a is a cast) and three crowns, with the motto 
 ‘ * tergeminis tollit honoribus. ” This tomb and the bust were executed by 
 three sculptors, Domenico Lorenzi, a pupil of Bandinelli, Valerio Cioli, and 
 Giovanni dell’ Opera. There is, in the Capitoline Museum a bust of Michael 
 Angelo, said to be by his own hand ; the head is of bronze, and the rest of 
 marble; and in the same place a painted portrait of him, by Andrea del 
 Sarto. Vasari mentions an alto-relievo of him in bronze, by Danielo 
 Ricciarelli, and a medal (“a very close resemblance”) by Cav. Lioni, which 
 was abundantly copied and distributed in his honour.] 
 
 143a. Michael Angelo Btjonarotti. Sculptor , Painter , Architect. 
 144. Titian, or, Tiziano Yecellio. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Pieve di Cadore, in Lombardy, 1477. Died at Venice, 1576. Aged 99. 
 
 In the works of Titian, Venetian art reached its culminating point. 
 He was the pupil of Bellini; hut the disciple soon surpassed his 
 master. Titian first instituted the custom of painting full-length 
 portraits, and his pictures of this kind, of which he painted many, 
 have never been surpassed. In the representation of undraped female forms 
 he also displayed the hand of a master. In softness, transparency, and 
 delicacy of colouring, he stands alone. All his figures seem to express a 
 high consciousness and enjoyment of existence. He was followed, throughout 
 his career, with great honours. Charles V., whose portrait he painted, made 
 him Count Palatine, and he received invitations from other crowned heads. 
 He died of the plague in Venice, and was buried with great ceremony, at a 
 time when raging pestilence had suspended the ordinary rites of burial. 
 Towards the close of his life his subjects were chiefly religious. 
 
 [He was buried at the Chiesa delle Frazi, at Venice. This Bust is by Alessandro 
 d’Este. There is in the Church of St. John and St. Paul, at Venice, a fine 
 bust of Titian, which stands by the side of that of Palma Vecchio; it was 
 placed there forty-five years after his death, by Palma il Giovine. There is 
 little doubt that this and its companion of Palma were the work of Jacops 
 Albarelli, the intimate friend of Palma Giovine, whose bust he also executed. 
 
62 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Ridolfi mentions a Bust of the great painter, by his friend Jacopo Sansovino. 
 There is, in the Vienna Gallery, a superb portrait of him, by his own 
 hand.] 
 
 145. Bententtto Tisio, commonly called Garofalo. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Garofalo, 1481. Died at Ferrara, in Italy, 1559. Aged 78.] 
 
 A distinguished painter of the Ferrarese school. The sight of Raffaelle’s 
 works, in the Sistine Chapel, determined him to follow art, and he became 
 a friend of the great artist himself, though in style most unlike him—bril¬ 
 liant hut mannered. On festival days it was his custom to work without 
 payment at a convent in Ferrara, “for the love of God.” Blind for the last 
 few years of his life-—cheerful in disposition, and resigned under affliction. 
 
 [By Massimiliano Laboureur. In the Louvre are two portraits said to be of 
 Garofalo, but they are of doubtful authenticity. This bust is probably done 
 from a picture.] 
 
 146. Raffaelle Sarzio, commonly called Raffaelle. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Urbino, in Italy, 1483. Died at Rome, 1520. Aged 37.] 
 
 The founder of the Roman school of painting, tie was the son of a 
 painter, and the pupil of Perugino, whom his first style resembles, and whom 
 he quickly surpassed. He was already eminent in his art at the age of 
 seventeen. In 1506, he first saw Michael Angelo’s great and celebrated 
 “ Cartoon of Pisa,” and a closer study of anatomy and form is manifest in 
 his works after this time. In 1508, in the pontificate of Julius II., he was 
 invited to Rome, where he continued until his death, painting his exquisite 
 frescos in the Vatican. Whilst executing these works, Michael Angelo was 
 completing the Sistine chapel, and a rivalry arose between these two con¬ 
 summate artists, which was never extinguished. Raffaelle was a sculptor 
 and architect as well as painter. In 1514, he directed the works at St. 
 Peter’s, and was subsequently very zealous in superintending the exhumation 
 of the remains of antique art, and in designing a restoration of ancient Rome. 
 In the midst of his fine labours, he contracted a fever and died. In his 
 works, beauty of Form is the expression of the utmost elevation of mind and 
 perfect purity of soul. Some of Raffaelle’s cartoons on scriptural subjects 
 are at Hampton Court Palace. Several of his pictures are in France, 
 obtained by Francis I., who tried in vain to allure Raffaelle to his capital. 
 His “Transfiguration,” in the Vatican, left unfinished at his death, and 
 carried in his own funeral procession, is considered by some the finest 
 picture in the world. It was finished by his pupil, Giulio Romano. Little 
 or nothing is known of his private life, save that his nature was sweet and 
 gracious, and that all men loved him. He was of a slender frame, and five 
 feet seven inches high. His skull was beautifully formed. 
 
 [Raffaelle was buried in the Pantheon at Rome, now called Sta. Maria RitoDda. 
 His tomb was ordered by himself, and executed by Lorenzo Lotti, who, it ia 
 said, restored one of the ancient tabernacles there at Raffaelle’s request, 
 and added an altar, with a figure of the Virgin. Upon this monu¬ 
 ment there is a bust of him by Paolo Naldini, a sculptor who lived in 
 the early part of the 17th century. The tomb was opened in 1833, and the 
 remains were found entire, so that the skull long exhibited in the Academy 
 of S. Luke as that of Raffaelle was proved to be a fabulous relic. Portraits 
 of Raffaelle are to be found in several celebrated pictures; in the Duomo and 
 Sacristy of Siena, in the Borghese Gallery at Rome, and one by his own hand 
 in the picture of St. Luke; but the most authentic one, and that which 
 alone possesses the beautiful expression of his remarkable countenance, is 
 the pictiire by himself in the Gallery of Portraits of Painters by their own 
 hands at Florence. This bust is from one probably by Carlo Maratta, a great 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 63 
 
 admirer and copier of Raffaelle’s works, and who presented it to the Capi- 
 toline Museum. There was in 1791, in the Spada Palace at Rome, a portrait 
 of Raffaelle when 12 years old, by himself. (See “ Martyn’s Tour in Italy," 
 p. 242.) 
 
 147. Michele Sanmicheli. Architect . 
 
 [Born at Verona, in Italy, 1484. Died there, 1559. Aged 75.] 
 
 His works were chiefly fortifications. At the age of seventeen, he went to 
 Rome to study the remains of its ancient architecture, and there gained the 
 friendship of Buonarotti, Bramante, Sansovino, and Sangallo. For Pope 
 Clement VII. he fortified, with Sangallo, the cities of Parma and Placentia. 
 In 1527, entered the service of the Venetians, and for them, at Verona, 
 first employed angular bastions, which he invented. The principle being 
 generally adopted, Sanmicheli was employed to fortify many of the 
 Italian cities, as well as the islands of Candia and Corfu. He then 
 strengthened his native city with fortifications, and adorned it with palaces 
 and other works. One of these, the Capella di Guareschi, is a masterpiece 
 of architecture. 
 
 [Bust by Domenico Manera.] 
 
 148. Fra Sebastiano del Piombo, sometimes called Sebastiano 
 Yeneziano. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Venice, 14S5. Died at Rome, 1547. Aged 62.] 
 
 The pupil of Bellini and Giorgione. At Rome he competed with Raffaelle, 
 and gained the friendship and approval of Michael Angelo, some of whose 
 designs he executed,—amongst others that of the “Raising of Lazarus”—a 
 picture now in our National Gallery. Besides painting in oils and fresco, 
 he invented a method of painting on stone, which was much admired. His 
 portraits are celebrated, and he excelled in beauty of colouring. It is said 
 that he was slow of execution, and not a lover of his art, which he deserted 
 for other pleasures when he attained competency. His principal works are 
 in Venice and Rome. He was called Fra del Piombo (Monk of the Signet), 
 from the office of sealer of briefs, which he held in the Pope’s Chancery. 
 
 [By Massimiliano Laboureur.] 
 
 149. Giovanni da Udine, or Giovanni di Nani. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Udine, in Italy, 14S7. Died at Rome, 1564. Aged 77.J 
 A pupil of Raffaelle, whose style he so thoroughly imitated that it is 
 difficult to distinguish his work from that of his master, whenever he acted 
 as his assistant. In this capacity he was the chief painter of the Loggie of 
 the Vatican. Some ancient grottos having been discovered near Rome, he 
 detected the composition of their stucco ornaments; and so successfully 
 imitated the material, that he may be called the inventor of modern stucco 
 work. Excelled in painting birds, fruits, and animals. 
 
 [By Massimiliano Laboureur.] 
 
 150. Andrea del SArto, or Andrea Yannuchi. Painter . 
 
 [Born at Florence, 14S8. Died there, 1530. Aged 42.] 
 
 Called Del Sarto, from the trade of his father, who was a tailor. Long 
 trouble followed his early and unfortunate marriage. Visited France, where 
 he painted pictures for Francis I., who loaded him with gifts, and com¬ 
 missioned him to buy works of art in Florence. Spent the money entrusted 
 to him, and bought neither pictures nor statues for his illustrious patron. 
 
64 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Disgraced, neglected, and poor, he died deserted by his wife. This painter 
 —whose works are admirable in design and colour, and remarkable for the 
 elegance and majesty of the figures, is deficient in elevation and refinement of 
 expression. His own character was morally weak and degraded. 
 
 [By Antonio D’Este. A monument was erected to him by Raffaelle da Monti 
 Lupo at the expense of Domenico Conti, the heir of Andrea, in the Church 
 of the Servites. It was removed by the authorities, but in 1606 a Prior had 
 another tomb erected in the cloister, between the Madonna del Sacco and 
 another of his frescos. A life-size bust in marble, by Giovanni Caccini, 
 surmounts this tomb. J 
 
 151. Marcantonio Raimondi. Engraver. 
 
 [Born at Bologna, in Italy, about 1489. Died there, about 1537. j 
 
 The most celebrated of all the early engravers. The first impression from 
 any engraved metal plate is dated 1454. Within sixty years, Marcantonio 
 had carried the art to perfection. At Rome he was patronized for some 
 years by Raffaelle, who employed him to engrave some of his most exquisite 
 designs. The finest works of Marcantonio now bear a very high value for 
 their beauty and rarity. Unhappily he was a bad man. He began his 
 career as an artist by using his skill to pirate some of the works of Albert 
 Durer. After Raffaelle’s death, he was banished from Rome by Clement VII. 
 for gross immorality, fled to Bologna, fell into poverty, and is supposed to 
 have died assassinated. 
 
 [By Massimiliano Laboureur. The best specimens of Marcantonio’s engraving are 
 in the Imperial collection at Vienna.] 
 
 52. Correggio, or Antonio Allegri. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Correggio, in Italy, 1493 or 1494. Died there, 1534. Aged 40 or 41.] 
 
 Of his private life and character little is known, but his works are justly 
 admired throughout the civilized world, while his frescos in the cupola of 
 the Cathedral at Parma have earned for him undying fame. He painted in 
 oil and fresco. In our National Gallery we have several of his admirable 
 productions. As an artist, remarkable for exquisite sensibility. ‘ ‘ In 
 his compositions,’’says Kugler, “all is life and motion. All his pictures 
 express the overflowing consciousness of life ; the impulse of love and 
 pleasure.” Delicate in perception, with great quickness, subtlety, and 
 depth of feeling. His forms not always beautiful, but his treatment of light 
 and shade masterly, and almost unique. 
 
 [There is no bust of Correggio from the life ; this is by Philippo Albacini, and 
 no doubt from some authentic painted portrait.] 
 
 153. Polidoro Caldare da Caravaggio. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Caravaggio, in Lombardy, 1495. Died at Messina, 1543. Aged 48.] 
 
 Was employed by Raffaelle to assist him in the Vatican, having been 
 originally a mason. Afterwards became distinguished as an ornamental 
 painter. He was assassinated by his servant for the sake of his money. 
 
 [He was buried in the Cathedral at Messina. The Bust is by Massimiliano 
 Laboureur.] 
 
 154. Giulio Romano, or Giulio Pippi de’ Giannuzzi. Architect 
 
 and Painter. 
 
 [Born at Rome, 1499. Died at Mantua, 1546. Aged 47.] 
 
 A pupil of Raffaelle, by whom he was employed on works at the Vatican. 
 Incited by the Marquis of Mantua to the city of that name, where he was 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 65 
 
 raised to the rank of nobility, provided with a house, a salary of 500 gold 
 ducats, board for himself and his pupils, a horse, and some yards of silk 
 velvet and cloth for clothing. Built many palaces in Mantua, and painted 
 much in fresco. His later works are wanting in grace and purity, and 
 display wildness and even coarseness. Yet he has a memorable name as one 
 of the Roman school of art. 
 
 [This bust is by Alessandro d’Este.] 
 
 155. Andrea Palladio. Architect. 
 
 [Born at Vicenza, in Italy, 1518. Died there, 1580. Aged 62.] 
 
 He largely and accurately studied and described the Roman style of archi¬ 
 tecture, and adapted it to modern purposes with admirable success. Inigo Jones 
 may be called his disciple ; and the Banquet ting House at Whitehall is a good 
 example of the style called Palladian. He was small in stature, and agreeable in 
 countenance. His most celebrated buildings are at Venice, Verona, and Vicenza. 
 
 [This bust is by Leandro Biglioschi.] 
 
 156. Paolo Cagliari, called Veronese. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Verona, 1528. Died at Venice, 1588. Aged 60.] 
 
 One of the great masters of the Venetian school of painting, whose prin¬ 
 ciple was the study and imitation of nature, but whose peculiar excellence 
 was colour, which the leaders of the school carried to the highest point of 
 perfection. The works of Veronese are remarkable for splendour of colour, 
 for the clear and transparent treatment of shadows, and for comprehensive 
 keeping and harmony. He represented festivals and banquets suggested by 
 Sacred History. The “Marriage at Cana,” now in the Louvre at Paris, is a 
 magnificent example of his style. He was a man of courteous manners and 
 generous disposition, and left a family of sons and brothers, who pursued the 
 same calling. 
 
 [By Domenico Manera.] 
 
 157. Giovanni Pierluigi, surnamed Di Palestrina. Musical 
 
 Composer. 
 
 [Born 1524. Died 1594. Aged TO.] 
 
 Palestrina is justly described in his epitaph as “ Musicse Princeps.” He 
 was the greatest musician of his time, and the creator of Church music. 
 Before his day the music of profane, and even immoral songs, had been allied 
 with church masses. He reformed the custom by the production of a sacred 
 composition that ravished every hearer. In 1555, he was Musical Director 
 to the Church of St. John Lateran. Ten years afterwards, he was named 
 Composer to the Pontifical Chapel. But he was in straitened circumstances 
 throughout his career. His music continues a model at this hour. He had 
 a singular capacity for apprehending the poetic character of his subject. 
 
 158. Annibale Carracci. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Bologna, 1560. Died at Rome, 1609. Aged 49.] 
 
 One of the three Carracci who founded a new school of painting (the Bolognese 
 school), the fundamental principles of which were the study of nature, and a 
 close imitation of the great masters. At Rome, painted the gallery of the 
 Farnese palace with mythological frescos, which display masterly drawing, 
 excellent arrangement of draperies, and an agreeable, clear colouring. Produced 
 landscapes as well as historical works. His facility in drawing marvellous. 
 
66 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Amongst the pupils of the Carracci school were Domenichino, Guercino, and 
 Guido Reni. 
 
 [The author of this bust is not known. It was executed at the expense of Carlo 
 Marat ta.] 
 
 159. Domenichino, also called Domenico Zampieei. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Bologna, 1581. Died at Naples, 1641. Aged 60.] 
 
 A famous painter of the Bolognese school. A pupil of the Carracci. At 
 Rome, painted some frescos, and other pictures, hut was poorly paid. His 
 life one series of misfortunes. His fame and skill excited the jealousy of the 
 Roman and Neapolitan artists, who destroyed his paintings, mixed deleterious 
 compounds with his colours, and—it is believed—at last poisoned him. His 
 works occasionally reveal artlessness, and a clear conception of nature, but he 
 never escapes from the trammels of the imitative school of the Carracci. His 
 great work, the “ Communion of St. Jerome,” pronounced by Poussin only 
 inferior to the Transfiguration of Raffaelle. Yet for this picture, Domenichino 
 received fifty scudi—about ten guineas. In person, stout and short—hence 
 his name, Domenichino (little Dominic). Passionately fond of music, and 
 devoted to study and tranquillity. Whilst he painted, he would have his 
 house as quiet and as noiseless as a monastery. 
 
 [By Alessandro d’Este. There is another bust of him in the Louvre by Mile. 
 Charpentier.j 
 
 160. Pieteo di Coetona, or Pieteo Beeettini. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Cortona, 1596 or 1609. Died at Rome, probably about 1669.] 
 
 A painter of the modern and degenerate school of art, who lived and 
 worked at Florence and Rome. So stupid in his youth, that he was called 
 “ Ass’s Head.” Was employed to paint a ceiling in the Barberini palace— 
 perhaps the largest picture ever undertaken by a single artist. At Florence 
 he executed the ceilings of the Pitti palace. 
 
 [This bust is by Pietro Pierantoni.] 
 
 161. Aecangelo Coeelli. Violinist and Composer . 
 
 [Born at Fusignano, near Bologna, 1653. Died at Rome, 1713. Aged 60.] 
 
 Corelli’s playing was distinguished by the most perfect sweetness and 
 smoothness. Of execution, as now understood, he had none. But he 
 possessed grace, finish, and an exquisite power of expression. His works 
 still keep their ground as an indispensable study for all who would 
 acquire a broad and artist-like style of playing. He was a modest and 
 unaffected man, and enjoyed an equable temper, which not even the rough 
 outbursts of Handel could disconcert. He had also humour. He would lay 
 down his violin if folks talked whilst he was playing, and apologize for 
 interrupting the conversation. 
 
 [Corelli was buried in the Pantheon at Rome. The author of this bust is not 
 mentioned; it was executed at the cost of Cardinal Ottoboni, Corelli’s 
 constant friend and patron.] 
 
 162. Ludovico Antonio Mueatoei. Antiquary . 
 
 [Born at Vignola, in Italy, 1672. Died at Modena, in Italy, 1750. Aged 78.] 
 
 Contributed much valuable material towards the History of Italy in the 
 Middle Ages. Librarian to the Duke of Modena for the space of fifty years. 
 
 [By Adamo Tadolino.] 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 67 
 
 163. Benedetto Marcello. Writer and Musician. 
 
 [Born at Venice, 1G86. Died at Brescia, in Italy, 1739. Aged 53.J 
 A lawyer and public officer; be was also a distinguished poet, and a 
 musical composer of a high order. His most celebrated work is a Para¬ 
 phrase of the first fifty Psalms, arranged for one, two, three, or four voices ; 
 it is remarkable for great tenderness, united with the religious feeling, and 
 vehemence of style, which have obtained for the author from his fond 
 countrymen the appellation of the Pindar and Michael Angelo of musicians. 
 He also composed sonnets, madrigals, and dramatic pieces. 
 
 [By Domenico Manera.] 
 
 164. G-iambatista Piranesi. Engraver. 
 
 [Born at Rome, 1707. Died there, 1778. Aged 71.] 
 
 An excellent and laborious artist. Has produced a great work in sixteen 
 volumes upon the antiquities and curiosities of Rome. Has never been sur¬ 
 passed for his skill in representing architectural ruins and restorations. He 
 also displays singular powers of invention, and his fancy subjects show 
 consummate execution. He acquired great and widely extended fame during 
 his life. 
 
 [By Antonio d’Este.] 
 
 165. Giovanni Paisiello. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Born at Tarento, in Italy, 1741. Died at Naples, 1816. Aged 75.] 
 
 A dramatic composer of extraordinary fertility. His works remarkable 
 for their number, rather than for their eminence. He was the son of 
 a veterinary surgeon. In 1777, he came to St. Petersburgh, upon the 
 invitation of Queen Catharine, and remained there, in great honour, during 
 eight years. In 1802, he answered Napoleon’s summons to Paris, and com¬ 
 posed the mass and other music for the coronation, in 1804. Shortly after 
 this event, he retired to Naples, where, in consequence of his many political 
 tergiversations, he fell into disgrace, and closed a brilliant career in neglect 
 and chagrin. His character as a man is not pleasing. He was jealous, 
 unscrupulous, mean, and cringing. 
 
 [By Pietro Pierantoni. ] 
 
 166. Niccolo Zingarelli. Musician. 
 
 [Born at Naples, 1752.. Died 1S37. Aged 85. J 
 The author of several operas no longer performed. One, his most celebrated 
 work, “ Romeo and Juliet,” still represented in France and Germany, and 
 rendered popular in England by Pasta’s personation of Romeo. The last of 
 the Italian composers for the church. His oratorio of ‘ ‘ The Destruction of 
 Jerusalem,” a noble composition, written in the classical style of the old 
 ecclesiastical school. During his later years he led the life of a recluse. 
 
 167. Domenico Cimarosa. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Bom at Aversa, near Naples, 1755. Died at Venice, 1801. Aged 47.] 
 
 A cobbler’s son and a baker’s apprentice. It was the duty of the lad to 
 fetch daily a batch of dough from the house of Aprili, the great singing 
 master of his time : and the musical sounds always ringing through the 
 house touched his spirit and elicited his genius. Aprili caught him listening 
 
 f 2 
 
68 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 at the keyholes, and considerately sent him to a free musical school in Naples. 
 At the age of 19, Cimarosa quitted the Conservatorio, and immediately after¬ 
 wards wrote his first work—the music to a farce called “ Baroness Stramba.” 
 From this time forward his compositions for the theatre were incessant, and 
 invariably successful. In 1787, Catharine of Russia invited him to St. 
 Petersburgh, whither he went; but his health failing, he betook him, in 1792, 
 to Yienna, and there entered the service of the Emperor Leopold. In his 
 38th year, after he had written 70 operas and dramatic works, he composed 
 his masterpiece, “II Matrimonio Segreto.” The Emperor of Austria was so 
 delighted with the performance, that after supping the composer and the 
 singers, he took the whole of them back to the theatre, and made them sing 
 the opera through again. The operas of Mozart, then dying a few miles off, 
 had fallen at the same theatre upon cold and unfeeling ears. Few compo¬ 
 sitions of Cimarosa are known at the present day, though his innumerable 
 productions were highly popular whilst he lived. His music exhibits some 
 originality and a prodigal flow and variety of ideas. His scoring is peculiarly 
 brilliant, and his comic powers were great. 
 
 [By Canova.] 
 
 168. Antonio Canoya. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Passagno, in Upper Italy, 1757. Died at Venice, 1822. Aged 65.] 
 
 One of the most celebrated of modern sculptors. When five years old, 
 evinced a taste for his art, and at fourteen was a pupil of Tonetto, a sculptor 
 at Yenice. From Yenice went to Rome, where he executed many works. 
 A favourite of Buonaparte, whose portrait, for the colossal statue of the 
 Emperor (in the possession of the Duke of Wellington) he modelled at 
 Paris, and from which was taken the bust No. . He had no 
 pupils ; for he used to say that ‘ ‘ the master’s compositions were the best 
 instructors.” His works are very numerous ; casts from some of the most 
 celebrated are to be found in the court of modern Italian Sculpture. His 
 imaginative pieces more successful than his portraits, although many of 
 these are master-pieces of art. In execution he was unrivalled ; but his 
 taste is not always pure. In person Canova was below the middle height, 
 his eyes full of expression, and the general character of his face indicative 
 of good-nature. He was much beloved at Rome as the generous friend of 
 his brother artists. 
 
 [From the colossal marble bust by his own hand, in the Protomoteca of the 
 Capitol at Borne.] 
 
 169. Gasparo Spontini. Musician. 
 
 [Born at Majolatti, in the Roman States, 1778. Died there, 1851. Aged 73.] 
 
 Educated at Naples, and at the early age of seventeen commenced his 
 musical career as the composer of an opera, which was rapidly fol¬ 
 lowed by sixteen more. In 1803, he went to Paris, and continued 
 composing operas. In 1807, appointed musical Director to the Empress 
 Josephine ; and in 1808, produced with great success his best work, 
 “La Yestale.” From 1810 to 1820, Director of the Italian Opera in Paris. 
 Then invited to Berlin, where he wrote some more operas, and remained 
 until the death of the late king in 1840. The greater part of the music 
 composed by Spontini is forgotten. He was eclipsed by the genius of Rossini, 
 but he had remarkable ability as a dramatic composer. His instrumenta¬ 
 tion was original, and his music abounds in melody. 
 
 [By Bauch, 1827. From the marble on the Monument to Spontini, at Tesi, 
 in Italy.] 
 
ITALIAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 69 
 
 170. Niccolo Paganini. Violinist. 
 
 [Born at Genoa, 1784. Died at Nice, 1840. Aged 56.] 
 
 The greatest of modern fiddlers, who performed in the principal cities of 
 Europe, and acquired more fame and money by playing on one string, than 
 any of the brotherhood ever gained on all four. He looked like a magician, 
 and his playing justified his looks. 
 
 [By Dantan, 1837.] 
 
 171. Mabia Felicitas Malibran. Actress. 
 
 [Bom in Paris, 1808. Died at Manchester, 1836. Aged 28.] 
 
 A wonderfully gifted dramatic genius, too soon cut off by death. In 
 France, England, Germany and Italy, she created enthusiastic admiration, 
 as much by her histrionic powers, as by her efforts as a songstress. She was 
 a child of nature, and as benevolent as she was richly endowed with intel¬ 
 lectual gifts. She made the noblest uses of the earnings of her industry, and 
 was beloved by her fellow artists for the unaffected goodness of her heart. 
 No actress of her time equalled her for truth and passion. Whatever 
 art was in her, lay concealed. It never came to view. Her acting assailed 
 the feelings of men, and took them prisoner. Escape was its own punishment. 
 
 [By Flosi.] 
 
 171a. Mama Felicitas Malibban. Actress. 
 
 [For account of this statue, see Handbook to Modern Sculpture, No. 108.] 
 
 172. Giulia Gbisi. Italian Singer. 
 
 [Born in 1816. Still living.] 
 
 Made her first appearance in London during the season of 1834, being 
 then 18 years old. From that time until her retirement from the English 
 stage in 1854, not absent for a single season. Her voice a soprano of great 
 power and of exquisite purity. Her histrionic talents, of the highest order, 
 displayed equally in the artless peasant girl, and in the passionate and 
 revengeful Semiramis. During twenty years she reigned supreme as queen 
 of the lyric drama, finding many rivals, hut no equal. 
 
 [By Flosi.] 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 173. Dante Alighieri. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1265. Died at Ravenna, 1321. Aged 56.] 
 
 The eldest and greatest poet of modern Italy. He was of a noble Floren¬ 
 tine family. He came into stormy times, and his life was tempestuous. His 
 native city was then split between the fierce hostile factions of the Guelphs 
 and Ghibellines, the two great parties that distracted Germany and Italy 
 in the middle ages. An urban faction in Florence was that of the Blacks 
 and Whites. Dante was a Ghibelline, and a White : a keen partisan, and 
 a distinguished citizen, he shared the passions and the vicissitudes of his 
 party. Two battles are mentioned in which he gained honour as a soldier. 
 At thirty-five, he was in the supreme magistrature of the city. When Charles 
 of Anjou, in passing through Florence, took the part of the Blacks, Dante 
 was amongst the sufferers. He was condemned to exile, and confiscation of 
 his property : but, on a revision of the sentence, to be burned alive. He 
 
70 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 wandered long, in France and in Italy, and rested at last, tinder tlie shelter of 
 Guido Novelli, at Ravenna. He died there. He was once married, but not 
 happily. A boyish love for Beatrice Portinari lives, as a sort of ethereal idea, 
 throughout his poetry and life. He wandered and sang. His marvellous 
 poem, ‘‘ The.Divine Comedy,” was composed during his long exile. It at once 
 raised the modern Italian to the rank of a classical tongue, and the poetry 
 of modern Italy to a height to which it has never again soared. The poet 
 relates his journey, as a living man, through the three invisible worlds, which 
 receive, as his church teaches, the souls of other men when released from 
 the body : Hell, Purgatory, Heaven. Through Hell and Purgatory he is led 
 by the shade of the poet Yirgil—indeed his beloved leader in their common art. 
 Through Paradise, his Beatrice herself, in whom he impersonates Theology, 
 guides him. The ghosts he sees, those under punishment especially, 
 are chiefly his deceased contemporaries, and Italians : so that the other 
 shadowy world is with him almost a reflexion of his own world here. From 
 the first step of his pilgrimage to the last, he sees sights of his own imagining, 
 transcending all experience, almost all conception, yet delineated with such 
 vivid precision, in language so simply real, that a feeling only short of 
 belief accompanies the reader, and remains with him. Italian peasants 
 meeting the poet, pointed out, as they looked with awe on ‘ ‘ his pale aud 
 visionary brow,” the man who had been down to Hell. Prominent 
 characteristics of his poetry are strength, daring, intensity, grace, absolute 
 self-reliance, and boundless invention : above all, the continual self-presence 
 of the poet as the centre to his own thoughts, and to the worlds which he 
 traverses and describes. He began to write his poem in Latin verse ; but 
 Dante was too essentially a poet to write out of his mother-tongue;—a 
 poet expresses himself in his verse, and only the mother-tongue is near 
 enough to him for that. 
 
 [This Bust is by Alessandro d’Este, and was placed in the Protomoteea at the 
 expense of Canova. It corresponds in the chief characteristics of the face 
 with the portraits taken from the life, of which there are several. In Florence 
 Cathedral, near the tomb of Giotto, is an authentic portrait. The one lately 
 discovered on a wall in the palace of the Podesth at Florence, is extremely 
 interesting, as being a youthful likeness by the hand of his friend Giotto. 
 The monument to Dante in S. Croce is the work of Stefano Ricci. It was 
 erected in 1829, at the public expense ] 
 
 174. Francesco Petrarca. Poet. 
 
 [Born in Tuscany, 1304. Died at Argua, near Padua, 1374. Aged 70.] 
 
 The crown around the brow of Petrarch has many gems. He is poet, diplo¬ 
 matist, scholar, and restorer of ancient letters. To the world, he is the great 
 Italian sonnetteer. This extremely artificial metrical scheme, which seems, 
 however, singularly congenial to his native speech, afforded him the tempta¬ 
 tion, in the means, to write incessant effusions on one love, really or ideally en¬ 
 tertained. He was an ecclesiastic under a law of celibacy. Thus separated from 
 the object of his presumed affections, he allied his soul to hers in verse. His 
 love-strains are studies, without number, of the passion, in its endlessly varying 
 moods and moments—half of them wreaths laid at the feet of the living 
 Laura—half, strewings on her untimely tomb. The flowers, disclosed by the 
 rapidly advancing Spring of the language, breathe the freshness, sweetness, 
 and innocent grace of the season. Ever since, every son of song in Italy 
 strikes this lute of a few chords, but Petrarch remains its Apollo. 
 
 [By Carlo Finelli.] 
 
ITALIAN POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 71 
 
 175. Giacomo Sanazzaro. Poet. 
 
 [Bom at Naples, 1458. Died there, 1530. Aged 72.] 
 
 A devoted adherent of the House of Arragon, whom he followed in their 
 disastrous campaign in defence of the Church. During his travels he pub¬ 
 lished his poem of “Arcadia,” which gave a new phase to Italian poetry. 
 A great admirer of Yirgil and Propertius. 
 
 [From his tomb in Santa Maria del Parto at Naples, by Girolamo Santa Croce, 
 a Neapolitan sculptor of the 15th century. His tomb is one of the most 
 beautiful monuments of the time; designed by Santa Croce, and sculptured 
 by Montorsoli. Two weeping angels lean over the bust which bears the name 
 Actius Sincerus, under which he published many of his works. At 
 the sides of the tomb are statues of Apollo and Minerva, said to be antique, 
 but now called David and Judith.] 
 
 176. Ltjigi Ariosto. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Reggio, in Italy, 1474. Died at Ferrara, 1533. Aged 59.] 
 
 A poet from the cradle : constrained by his father to bestow five years on 
 the study of the law : then released to literature. He was Gentleman of the 
 Court to two princes : from both he received scanty pay : from the one 
 75 crowns (or about £15 a year), from the other 84 crowns. He lived and 
 died poor, having enjoyed great independence of spirit, and the barren 
 respect of Italian princes. His talents for business were remarkable. His 
 great poem the “Orlando Furioso” is of a species which then deluged 
 Italian literature. It is a web of adventures of knight errantry. These 
 turn round the person of Charlemagne, and the invasion of France by the 
 Moors—poetically misdated to his reign. The copious flow and untiring 
 spirit of the narrative is without comparison. The skill with which 
 Ariosto carries on a labyrinth of separate adventures, and brings them to 
 meet, is peculiar to himself. The variety in the invention of the characters, 
 and the flexibility of the pure and musical style to the humorous or the 
 pathetic, the warlike or the tender, the natural and the marvellous, 
 are singularly characteristic of the power of this poet ; who grasps his 
 subject meanwhile like a man of business and of the world, and whose tone 
 is, on the whole, rather that of intellectual superiority to his subject than 
 of passionate absorption by it. A vein even of irony breaks through; and 
 the enthusiastic lover of romance suffers a pang of scepticism from the 
 suggested incredulity of his priest. They tell, how, when governor of a 
 wild Appenine province, he fell, on a solitary walk, into the hands of ban¬ 
 ditti. The captain, on recognising the poet of the Orlando Furioso, apolo¬ 
 gized for the rudeness of his men, and set his captive at liberty. 
 
 [By Carlo Finelli. There is a life-size bust upon his monument in the Benedic¬ 
 tine Monastery at Ferrara, where he is buried.] 
 
 177. Torquato Tasso. Poet. 
 
 [Bom at Sorrento, near Naples, 1544. Died at Rome, 1595. Aged 51.] 
 
 One of the small cluster of spirits whose uttered thoughts have fastened 
 upon the world’s ear for all time. One of the still smaller group whose 
 personal history, growing out of the poetical temperament, weighs in interest 
 against their consummate work. We discover too little of the life of Shak- 
 speare. We know too much of the story of Torquato Tasso. The Swan of Avon 
 sings, and not a milk-white feather is ruffled in the song. Personal anguish 
 quivers through the high heroic strain of him who, in Italian, with 
 unequalled art, told the inspiriting story of the recovered Holy City. How shall 
 Torquato’s touching and saddening tale be concentrated in a sentence ? He was 
 
PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 already a scholar when a child—delicately organized in the flesh—wondrously 
 endowed in soul. At eighteen he had given forth a poem—worthy sign of 
 his coming strength. He was at the Court of Alphonso II., Duke of 
 Ferrara, when he commenced his great epic, and dared—he was a poet’s son 
 —to fix his strong affection upon the Princess Leonora, sister of the Duke. 
 In 1575, the “ Jerusalem Delivered” was completed. Its beauty was too 
 evident, for it raised a pitiless storm of envy, enmity, and persecution. His 
 passion for the princess was detected, and he was imprisoned as a madman. 
 Breaking loose, he wandered footsore from place to place, hut found his way 
 too speedily hack to Ferrara. Caught again, he was again confined, suffering 
 new imprisonment for seven long years. He came forth at last, a melancholy 
 man. It availed him little that at Rome, in 1595, he was solemnly crowned 
 with laurel by the pope, and every honour showered upon his illustrious 
 head. He died, worn out with troubles of heart and mind, only a few days 
 after his sublime coronation. The “Jerusalem Delivered” is built upon the 
 essential basis of epic poetry—the profound and associated sympathy of innu¬ 
 merable hearers. In the poem, as out of it, the universal heart of Christendom 
 is arrayed against the misbelieving world. Tasso wrote in an age when the 
 religious passion, which was the soul of the Crusades, survived sufficiently 
 for a hope in the poet that his strain would reanimate the Red-cross war¬ 
 fare. As man, and as poet, enthusiasm was predominant in him. The salient 
 characters of the poem are well-defined, each complete in itself, and all 
 standing well apart from, and relieving one another, although hardly, 
 perhaps, flung forth in desirable plenitude of dramatic life and effect. 
 The subject, as we all know, was the successful first Crusade — which 
 took Jerusalem—under the pious, magnanimous, and truly heroic God¬ 
 frey of Bouillon. The structure of the plot is well balanced : the art of 
 . the writing exquisite : possibly too much so. It is generally self-conscious 
 and elaborate, rather than inspired and impetuous. 
 
 [By Alessandro d’Este, and presented to the Capitoline Museum by Canova. 
 Tasso’s tomb in St. Onuphrius was not erected until some time after his 
 death. There is a portrait in mosaic over it.] 
 
 178. Pietro Bost aventura Metastasio. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Rome, 1698. Died at Vienna, 1182. Aged 84.] 
 
 Born of poor parents. When ten years old, improvised in the streets of 
 Rome; then adopted and educated by Gravina, a rich juris-consult, who left 
 the poet all his fortune. Forty editions of Metastasio’s works were published 
 before his death. He wrote many tragic operas, besides numerous smaller 
 compositions. Invited by Charles YI. of Austria, he settled in Vienna, and 
 received the title of Imperial Poet. His style is singularly chaste, harmo¬ 
 nious, and elegant. Attracted to, and attracting by, the delineation of 
 characters, morally pure and elevated. Pathetic, but his passion lacks 
 individuality. When we have read a few of his works, we have read all. 
 In person tall and commanding. 
 
 [By Ceracchi. There is a fine bust of him by Vinnazar of Vienna. Metastasio 
 was buried in St. Michael’s Church, at Vienna, but the place is not 
 known.] 
 
 179. Carlo Goldohi. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Venice, 1707. Died at Paris, 1793. Aged 86.] 
 
 The most celebrated Italian comic poet of the eighteenth century, and 
 the renovator of the comic stage in his country. When eight years old, 
 
ITALIAN POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 73 
 
 sketched out a play. After some reverses of fortune, settled in Paris, where 
 he wrote his last work, “ Materials for a History of his Life and Theatre.” 
 He wrote 150 pieces for the stage, introducing all classes of men, whom he 
 described with surprising truth. He reformed the Italian drama by extin¬ 
 guishing the fashion of playing in masks, and by doing away with certain 
 conventional characters before introduced into every play. His works are not 
 without the defects of an over-abundant and extraordinarily rapid composition ; 
 but he has the great merit of faithfully portraying men in their affections, 
 their habits, follies, and vices. 
 
 [By Leandro Biglioschi.] 
 
 180. Yittoeio Alfieei. Poet . 
 
 [Born at Asti, in Piedmont, 1749. Died at Florence, 1803. Aged 54.1 
 He was of noble origin, and acceded, at the age of 14, to large hereditary 
 estates. His passions were strong, ardent, and irregular : his education 
 was neglected. He travelled much,—rapidly and impatiently, like a man 
 fleeing from himself, or seeking, without finding, objects to satisfy the 
 capacity of a mind, large but unstored. He was first drawn with passion to 
 literature by Plutarch’s Lives ; and his first tragedy, “Cleopatra,” was acted 
 at Turin in 1775, when he was 26 years old. Thenceforward he was devoted 
 to the study of his art. The subjects of his tragedies, which follow the 
 simplicity of the Greek model, are chiefly from ancient mythology, or history. 
 They are distinguished by intense absorption of the poet in his dramatic 
 action and persons, by the austere exclusion from the plot of everything 
 accidental or inoperative to the main purpose and catastrophe, and by the 
 rejection of all accessory ornament from his sedulously laboured style. In 
 his hands the flowing and languishing Italian speech becomes abrupt, con¬ 
 centrated, darted, fiery ; harsh, often, until it is dilated into harmony by the 
 swelling and emphatic intonations of the actual theatre. He raised at once 
 the prostrate Italian tragedy to the rank of an art, and to a competition 
 with the nations. He was a passionate lover of horses, licentious in his 
 attachments, and an ardent partisan of liberty. 
 
 [Alfieri was buried in Santa Croce. Canova, commissioned by the Countess of 
 Albany, sculptured his tomb and the medallion of him which is upon it. 
 This bust is by Domenica Manera, and no doubt is a good likeness, having 
 been executed under Canova’s eye.] 
 
 181. Alessandeo Gayazzi. Monk and Orator . 
 
 [Born at Bologna, in Italy, 1809. Still living.] 
 
 At the age of 16, entered the religious order of St. Barnabas. Subsequently 
 appointed Professor of Rhetoric at Naples. Upon the accession of Pope 
 Pius IX. to the pontifical chair, Gavazzi warmly upheld the liberal policy then 
 announced by the head of the Catholic Church. He was the ‘ ‘ Peter the 
 Hermit ” of the crusade in Lombardy against Austria in 1848 : and shared 
 the dangers of the troops, whom he animated by his eloquence. Upon the 
 entry of the French under Oudinot into Rome, Gavazzi quitted Italy with 
 the patriots. He has since lived in London, where his extraordinary political 
 discourses have created a marked impression upon his listeners. His oratory 
 is adapted to large masses, his memory is extraordinary, and his manner 
 exceedingly picturesque and striking. He is not a scholar, and his patriot¬ 
 ism is not of the kind that suffers by defeat. Gavazzi makes a good income 
 as a popular preacher. Mazzini lives upon a crust. 
 
 [This bust is by Piericcini.] 
 
74 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS. 
 
 182. Christopher Colttmbtts. The Discoverer of the New World. 
 
 [Born at Genoa, 1436. Died at Valladolid, in Spain, 1506. Aged 70.] 
 
 Lord Bacon says, that he, who unites the faculties of speculation and of 
 action, is like one horn, according to the faith of the astrologers, under Saturn 
 and Jupiter in conjunction, and may command the world. Columbus— 
 profound in thought, intense in action—did even more. To one world he gave 
 another. He was essentially an intellectual hero ; for he dared to believe, 
 on grounds sufficing to reason, that which the world disbelieves, and 
 scoffs, and scorns. He was essentially a practical hero : witness his perse¬ 
 vering urgency of kings and states to undertake the first visiting of a world 
 which his instructed spirit already discerned in the far off seas. Witness 
 also his conduct of his fleet, wearied with vain expectation on the silent main, 
 and rising to mutiny on the apparently confirmed disappointment of its 
 hopes. His services to man no human gratitude could repay, yet he died 
 overwhelmed with affliction, great vexation and bodily infirmity. In 1492, 
 he discovered San Salvador, Cuba, and St. Domingo. In 1493, his eager 
 foot first trod the Antilles. In 1498, America opened to his importunate 
 gaze. His fourth voyage of discovery was delayed by an event that merits 
 record in every history of the world’s progress. He was thrown into prison. 
 Obtaining liberty, his eager and mysteriously informed spirit was brooding 
 again on the wide ocean. He reached the Gulf of Darien. We witness 
 to-day, in the prosperity, might, and civilization of the American people, 
 the latest glorious results of the restless intrepidity and bright intelligence 
 of Christopher Columbus. Before the dazzling spectacle we may yet learn 
 humility, if we will only remember the sorrow of those upon whom the 
 unveiling of America instantly let in the sword and the fire. Columbus was 
 the first observer of the variation and the dip of the needle. 
 
 [By Raimondo Trentanove.] 
 
 183. Piccolo Machiavelli. Political Writer and Historian. 
 
 [Born at Florence, 1469. Died there, 1527. Aged 58.] 
 
 For fourteen years, Machiavelli, born of a noble family, acted as Secretary 
 of the Florentine Republic, and was charged with several important missions. 
 Upon the return of the Medici to Florence in 1512, he was implicated in a 
 conspiracy formed against them, was imprisoned and put to the torture. 
 Subsequently released by Pope Leo X., he was reinstated in his office It 
 was after his liberation that he wrote his Discourses upon Livy, his books on 
 the Art of War, and his celebrated essay, called “The Prince.” Machia¬ 
 velli, to our imagination, embodies in his individual person the Idea of 
 Italian political subtlety. His chief work, already mentioned, “The Prince,” 
 expounds the art of Reigning : i. e. of acquiring and preserving Power; 
 —of which art perfidy and murder are, in this exposition, two 
 accepted instruments. The prevalent assumption has been that Machia¬ 
 velli recommends the practice of the art, such as he expounds it. 
 Later vindicators have said that he describes, without approving, the 
 Art of Reigning as exercised by the Italian princes of his day, and 
 that his book is to be regarded as containing a satire, and not a doctrine. 
 
ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC MEN. 75 
 
 The bust before the visitor may furnish materials for the study of this 
 curious question. 
 
 [From the bust in the Florence Gallery. A most interesting work of the time, 
 bearing the date 1495. An undoubted likeness of this celebrated man. Full of 
 character, with every indication of having been done from the life, although 
 the author is now unknown. Machiavelli’s tomb is in St a . Croce at 
 Florence. Two centuries after his death, Lord Cowper, in 1787, placed over 
 it a bas-relief portrait which was paid for by public subscription set on 
 foot by Lord Cowper, and was executed by Innocenzo Spinazzi.] 
 
 184. Annibale Cabo. Writer . 
 
 [Born at Citth-Nuova, in Illyria, 1507. Died, 1566. Aged 59.] 
 
 His chief work was a free translation of the iEneid in blank verse: the 
 style is pure, and the sense faithful. Also wrote humorous pieces in the 
 purest Tuscan. 
 
 [The work of Antonio d’Este, at the expense of Elizabeth, Duchess of Devonshire, 
 the second wife of the late Duke, a lady to whom we are indebted for origi¬ 
 nating the excavations in the Forum at Rome.] 
 
 185. Galileo Galilei. Philosopher . 
 
 [Born at Pisa, 1564. Died 1642. Aged 78.] 
 
 One of the self-dedicated inquiring spirits, to whom to behold Truth is—to 
 live :—a hierophant of Nature ! Whilst Bacon in England was laying down, 
 in form, and theoretically, the laws of experimental philosophy, Galileo in 
 Italy, led by instinct or intuition, was putting them in force. If Bacon 
 stands out as the legislator of our great modern students in physical 
 science, Galileo is assuredly their most illustrious and animating exemplar. 
 We think of the stern and strenuous observer as we do of the prophets, 
 who stand up in the might of invincible truth, solitary against a world. In 
 the very first sentence of the “Novum Organum” it is written that, 
 “Man, the servant and interpreter of Nature, knoweth, andean, so much as, 
 in the fact or in thought, he may have observed, of the order of Nature.” Of 
 all men Galileo was essentially the one who allowed Nature to speak for 
 herself, —and waited patiently, piously, and thoughtfully for her utterances, 
 never imposing upon her his own wilful and imperfect conceptions. His 
 spirit was self-sustaining. Hundreds, or thousands, have in the later time 
 risen, who from the cradle to the grave have watched Nature. But they 
 are the officers of an organized army. He walked like Hercules, with 
 his club and lion’s skin cloak, alone. Because his worship was pure, his 
 punishment was great. Suffering for truth’s sake, he was imprisoned for 
 years ; yet his only crime had been, that he had faithfully recorded the 
 revelations that came down to him directly from the skies. To Galileo we 
 owe, amongst other obligations, the discovery of the laws of gravity, the 
 invention of the pendulum, of the hydrostatic balance, of the thermometer. 
 He constructed a telescope, and with it discovered the satellites and rings of 
 Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the spots on the sun. Noting down what 
 he saw, he changed the whole system of astronomy, and led men on the 
 right track of observation for all ages to come. Italy, with her many titles 
 to our admiration, gratitude and respect, has no prouder claim than this : — 
 She gave us Galileo. The face before us does not belie the soul. Upon it 
 are stamped the rigid signs of robust and intrepid intellect. 
 
 [From the marble, by Domenico Manera, which was placed in the Capitoline 
 Museum at the cost of Canova. About a century after Galileo’s death, in the 
 year 1737, leave was at last granted to erect a monument to his memory in 
 
76 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Santa Croce, at Florence ; it was placed opposite to that of Michelangelo, and 
 the bones of the great philosopher were removed into it. In the Museum of 
 the Florence Gallery is preserved the small telescope which he used. The 
 bust, No. 185a, is a cast from that on his tomb.] 
 
 185a. Galileo Galilei. Philosopher. 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 187. Cosmo de’ Medici. Merchant and Statesman. 
 
 [Bom 1389. Died, 1464. Aged 75.] 
 
 The grandfather of Lorenzo de’ Medici, surnamed the Magnificent: himself 
 illustrious for the services which he rendered to the Florentine Republic, of 
 which he was a member, and for his munificent encouragement of art, 
 science, and literature. Upon his death, the grateful Florentine people 
 inscribed on his tomb the title of “Father of his Country.” A member of 
 the Signory, which legislated for the Florentine Republic, he strove to curb 
 the oligarchy in the State. Accordingly, many of the chief families com¬ 
 bined against him, and it was only by the most admirable judgment and 
 consummate prudence that he was enabled to elude their toils, and to 
 advance the popular cause. Possessed of immense wealth, he parted freely 
 with his riches for the glory of his country, and for the promotion of 
 all those arts that add dignity to human nature and beautify the world. 
 [From the bust in the Florence Gallery, a most characteristic head.] 
 
 188. Bartolomeo Coleoni. Soldier of Fortune. 
 
 [Born at Bergamo, in Italy, 1400. Died at Venice, 1475. Aged 75.] 
 Remarkable for his unstable loyalty. Served at first under Sforza and 
 De Montone in the army of Queen Joan of Naples. Then passed into the 
 service of Venice. Fighting against and nearly destroying the army of the 
 ambitious Duke of Milan, he went over to the enemy with 500 soldiers. 
 He now fought against the Venetians ; but in 1446, was thrown into prison 
 on a charge of treason. Released by the Milanese, he deserted to the 
 Venetians, whom he again led on against his latest employers. Instead of 
 fighting Sforza, the Milanese general, he deserted to his side, and assisted 
 him to gain the sovereignty of Milan. Immediately afterwards he returned 
 to the Venetians, and, strange to say, continued their generalissimo for 
 twenty-one years. The Senate, upon his death, employed the celebrated 
 Andrea Verrocchio to raise an equestrian statue in bronze to his memory, of 
 which the one before the visitor is a cast. Shortly before his death, Coleoni, 
 not without reason, warned the Venetian Senate not to trust another man 
 with such power as they had confided to him. 
 
 [For account of this fine equestrian statue, see Handbook to the Renaissance 
 Court.] 
 
 189. Stefano Gattamelata. Warrior. 
 
 [Born at Narni, in Italy. Died at Venice, 1443.] 
 
 First served in the army of the Church : but in 1484 passed over to the 
 Venetians, and was made Captain-General of their army. A zealous servant 
 of the State. He was raised to the rank of Venetian noble in 1438 ; rich 
 pensions were conferred upon him, and a palace was given him in the city. 
 
ITALIAN SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 77 
 
 The equestrian statue of which the one in the Crystal Palace is a east, is 
 by Donatello, and is at Padua. 
 
 [For account of this equestrian statue, see Handbook to the Renaissance 
 Court.] 
 
 190 . Giovanni Medici, surnamed Bandineri. Italian Soldier. 
 
 [Born 1498. Died near Borgo-Forte, in Italy, 1526. Aged 28.] 
 
 A descendant of Cosmo, ‘ ‘ the father of his country, ” and the son of the 
 celebrated Catharine Sforza. Passionately fond of arms, he was employed, 
 in 1521, by the Florentines against the Duke of Urbino. In 1524, he entered 
 the service of France, and a year or two afterwards died of a wound. He 
 was ferocious, and mercilessly cruel. After his death his soldiers, who 
 had profited by his instruction and example, styled themselves ‘ ‘ The Black 
 Bands”—“Bandineri.” The chief of the butchers is distinguished in 
 history by the unenviable title. 
 
 [A very finely-formed head, from the figure in the Piazza San Lorenzo, Florence.] 
 
 191 . Francesco Pico della Mirandola. 
 
 [Died, 1321.] 
 
 A gentleman of Modena, at the head of the Ghibelline faction, in 
 fighting whose battles with the Gruelphs he passed his life. In 1312, he 
 filled the office of Podesta of Modena, but was expelled from the city the 
 very same year by the Gfuelph party. Returning, he sold his authority 
 for 50,000 florins to Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua, and retired to his estates at 
 Mirandola, whither Bonacossi followed him, assassinated him and his two 
 sons, and made off with the purchase money. 
 
 [From a terracotta in the Berlin Museum. A youthful portrait.] 
 
 192 . Eranqois Eug&ne of Savoy, called Prince Eugene. Military 
 
 Commander. 
 
 [Born in Pa<ris, 1663. Died at Vienna, 1736. Aged 73.] 
 
 One of the world’s great and successful generals. The great-grandson of 
 Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, his mother being niece of Cardinal Mazarin. 
 Refused a regiment by Louis XIV., he offered his services to the flag of 
 Austria, and fought as a volunteer for the Emperor against the Turks. The 
 deeds of the young soldier caused Louis XIV. to repent of his former 
 refusal, but the most tempting offers came in vain to Eugene. He took 
 part with Marlborough in all his great victories in the Low Countries, expelled 
 the French from Italy, and overthrew the Turks, from whom he took the 
 city of Belgrade. His renown at the peace of 1718, when he retired from 
 active service, stood as high as any soldier’s of the age. In retirement Prince 
 Eugene cultivated literature and the arts. His services had extended 
 through the reigns of three Emperors, and he fought with almost unvarying- 
 success. He was ambitious of glory, and of nothing else. He was never 
 married. He invented no system of military tactics, and he followed 
 none. He had the faculty of discerning the right thing to do at the right 
 time, and of arranging his plans quickly and ably in conformity with the 
 circumstances by which he was surrounded. His mind once made up, his 
 intrepidity was boundless. He was rigid in disposition ; his figure was 
 well made, though not tall; his eye was black and piercing, and his com¬ 
 plexion dark. 
 
 [A fine portrait statue by Canigia, a Piedmontese sculptor lately dead.] 
 
78 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 193. Fean cisco Ximenez de Cisneros. Cardinal and Regent of 
 
 Spain. 
 
 [Born in Castile, 1437. Died, 1517. Aged 80.] 
 
 A learned priest who had withdrawn to a convent, and was in his 
 fifty-sixth year, when Queen Isabella of Spain brought him from his 
 retirement, and appointed him Archbishop of Toledo, and her own Con¬ 
 fessor. His power over the queen was used, according to the ideas of his 
 time, in the interests of his country, for the benefit of the Spanish people, 
 and for the advancement of learning and religion. After the death of 
 Isabella, in 1504, he was made Governor of Spain, in the absence of the 
 King, and he managed to steer his political course with consummate skill 
 and prudence. In 1516, he became Governor of Castille for the young 
 Emperor, Charles Y. He possessed in an eminent degree the genius of 
 government, and his rule paved the way for the greatness of Charles Y.’s 
 reign. He was unbending in authority, and organized with a rigid sense 
 of justice, that amounted to cruelty. As Inquisitor-General, he had suffered, 
 during eleven years of office, 50,000 condemnations to be passed, and 2500 
 human beings to be consigned to the flames. Shortly before his own death 
 he fell into disgrace, and he closed his eyes in grief. He was a fanatic 
 without passion. Pious with sword in hand; austere in his way of life, 
 sagacious, imperious, and a profound politician. 
 
 194. Carlo Rezzonico, afterwards Pope Clement XIII. Pope. 
 
 [Born at Venice, 1693. Died at Rome, 1769. Aged 76.] 
 
 Commenced his pontifical reign by an endeavour to improve the morals of 
 his clergy and his people; but, later, he created displeasure in Europe by 
 protecting the Jesuits, who had been expelled from France and Portugal. He 
 consented at last to the suppression of the Order, and expired almost as soon 
 as the consent was given. It is rather surprising that he did not die shortly 
 before. A man of sincere piety, pure intentions, and great charity. 
 
 [From the celebrated monument by Canova. Although the bust is of colossal 
 proportions, the features preserve their natural, harmonious expression.] 
 
 194*. Padre Ventura. Italian Priest. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Born at Palermo, towards the close of the last century. At an early age, 
 entered the order of the Teatini: subsequently appointed Professor of the 
 University of Rome. When, in 1821, Naples, Piedmont, and Spain rose for 
 the recovery of freedom, and the hopes of the liberal party were raised to the 
 highest pitch in Italy, Ventura sympathized with the popular voice. He was 
 instantly dismissed from his office, and his writings were denounced. When, 
 in 1831, the Italian liberals were crushed by Austria, the Padre took counsel 
 of his judgment, craved to be reconciled with the clerical party, and was made 
 supreme head of his Order. Deceived by the early policy and promises of 
 Pius IX., Ventura, in 1846, again gave rein to his liberal ideas, and 
 returned to his original sympathies. His oration on the death of O’Connell, 
 delivered at Rome, was bold and pathetic, and so far won for him the 
 
ITALIAN PRIESTS. 
 
 79 
 
 regard of Lis ancient allies, that on the success of the Sicilians, who threw 
 off the Neapolitan yoke, he was named their representative at the court 
 of Rome. Another change came over the spirit of Ventura’s life. The 
 Pope—his friend—was chased from Rome ; and he himself prudently 
 awaited, in Civita Vecchia, the result of the French invasion undertaken 
 on the Pope’s behalf. Upon the fall of Rome he repaired to France, and 
 there speedily wrote a formal recantation of all his “errors.” At this 
 hour he preaches in Paris in favour of Ultra-montane doctrines, and is sur¬ 
 rounded by admirers. He is learned, polished, courtier-like, and very 
 eloquent : not a popular preacher like Giavazzi, but with a style and 
 manner adapted to a cultivated audience. 
 
 [By Rinaldo Rinaldi, of Rome.] 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS. 
 
 195. Charles Albert. King of Sardinia. 
 
 [Born 1798. Died at Oporto, 1849. Aged 51.] 
 
 A man of unstable principles. Inclined to liberal views, but unequal to 
 the effort of steadily maintaining them. At the time of his birth, seven 
 male heirs stood between him and the Sardinian throne, but in his thirty- 
 third year he found himself king. Received his education in Paris. In 
 1821, headed a conspiracy in order to force more liberal measures upon his 
 sovereign; but betrayed the design before it was ripe for execution. In 
 1823, entered the French service under the Due d’Angouleme, and attached 
 himself to the cause of despotism in France. From the date of his ascend¬ 
 ing the throne, 1831, until his death, he continually vacillated between the 
 extremes of absolutism, and downright radicalism. Inl848—the yearofrevolu- 
 tion—he gave his subjects a constitution, and the eyes of Italy were turned 
 anxiously towards him as to a deliverer and friend. Discontent rose against 
 Austria, and he became the champion of Italy against the foreign intruder. 
 Success at first crowned his arms ; but weakness and indecision again 
 visited him at the crisis of his career, and he suffered defeat at Novara, at 
 the hands of the Austrian general, Radetzky. Abdicating in favour of his 
 eldest son, Charles Albert quitted Italy, crossed Spain, and reached Oporto, 
 where he soon died, a disappointed, vexed, and broken-hearted man. 
 
 [By Canigia, a Piedmontese sculptor of the time.] 
 
80 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 THE FRENCH PORTRAITS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 France surpasses all modern nations in awarding monumental 
 honours to her illustrious sons. The feeling which prompts the 
 grateful act is more akin to noble patriotism than to the littleness 
 of personal display. The magnificent illustration of the national 
 disposition at Versailles commands our respect by the important 
 historical interest which it creates, and by the instruction and 
 benefit which it confers upon the world. 
 
 The buildings of all the great institutions of France are adorned 
 with portrait statues and busts of the men who have earned 
 distinction in connexion with them. <£ The Institute,” which 
 corresponds to our Royal Society, has its statues of philosophers 
 and scientific men. The Mazarin Library possesses a collection of 
 those most distinguished in literature, generally. The Theatre 
 Frangais has an exceedingly interesting gallery of dramatists and 
 theatrical celebrities, which is only feebly reflected in the collection 
 —valuable in some respects—of theatrical portraits at the Garrick 
 Club in London, which we owe chiefly to the late Mr. Charles 
 Mathews, the comedian. 
 
 The collection of the Theatre Frangais is composed of statues 
 and busts representing the greatest dramatic writers and the most 
 celebrated comedians of the French stage, of pictures of actors or 
 of paintings having reference to the dramatic art. The library is 
 rich in autggraph manuscripts, and in the letters of nearly all the 
 authors who have illustrated the French stage. It contains also 
 the registers and account books of the several theatrical 
 administrations, without a single interruption, from the 24th of 
 October, 1658—the date of Moliere’s first representation in Paris— 
 down to the present time. 
 
 The collection of statues and busts dates from only the 
 last century, when the sculptor Caffieri laid its foundation. 
 He proposed to the actors, in 1773, to present to their green-room 
 the bust of his friend Alexis Piron, the poet (see No. 231 in 
 our collection)—who had died a few months before—on the 
 condition that he should be allowed free entrance to the theatre 
 for the rest of his life. It appears, from the letter of Caffieri, 
 preserved in the library of the theatre, that the usual price of his 
 marble busts was £120, and that the right of entrance to the 
 
THE FRENCH PORTRAITS. 
 
 81 
 
 theatre for life was fixed by the comedians at the same sum. The 
 proposition was accepted, and Caffieri continued for some time to 
 present busts to the theatre upon the same terms — that is to say, 
 for every bust the right of an entree for one of his relatives or 
 friends. Other sculptors followed the example of Caffieri. The 
 practice still continues, and the collection is yearly augmented, not 
 only by this means, but also by the frequent gifts of the Minister 
 of the Interior, and by the still larger donations of private 
 individuals. 
 
 The collection of paintings dates as far back as the 
 death of the tragedian Lekain. His comrades, to honour his 
 memory, decided that his likeness should be hung in their green¬ 
 room. Later came the portrait of Baron, and afterwards that of 
 Mademoiselle Duclos by Largilliere, a celebrated portrait painter of 
 the time of Louis XIY. This portrait of Mdlle. Duclos is a 
 masterpiece. At the present moment, in consequence of the frequent 
 additions to this triple collection, there is not space enough in the 
 interior of the theatre properly to display it; and it is proposed to 
 transport it to a more commodious receptacle, and to give to the 
 reunion of all these treasures of the drama the name of the Moliere 
 Museum. The busts, which we are enabled to exhibit in the 
 Crystal Palace, form only a small selection from the gallery of the 
 Theatre Fran 9 ais. 
 
 The Louvre, which in Paris corresponds to our British Museum, 
 National Gallery, and Hampton Court combined, has long been one 
 of the world’s great treasuries of history and art. Resting upon 
 ancient walls, founded certainly as far back as the 9th century— 
 when it was a strong fortress in the midst of a forest—the Louvre 
 has been gradually changing its form and appearance since the time 
 of Philippe Auguste. In 1527, Francis I., with the aid of the 
 architect Pierre Lescot, entirely remodelled it, and gave to it the 
 character of splendour and vastness which has ever since attached 
 to this great national structure. All succeeding kings—Charles, 
 Henri, Louis, whatever the name—have done something to uphold 
 its magnificence. In addition to the other numberless works of 
 art contained in the Louvre there are some 300 antique portrait 
 busts and statues, and an immense collection of rare cameos and 
 medals, amongst which are many valuable portraits of antiquity, 
 and about 200 statues and busts of great men of modern time, 
 half of these being representations of military men, with some 
 admirals, and about 50 portraits of sculptors and painters. 
 
 The Palace of Versailles is entirely devoted to the illustration of 
 
82 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 the glory of France. Here, in addition to many pictures, repre¬ 
 senting the great military achievements of the French, there are 
 saloons filled with statues and busts of the kings, princes, marshals, 
 and admirals, and portraits of nearly every great man of the 
 country from the time of Clovis the First and Clotilde, a king and 
 queen of the 5th century, down to Louis Philippe of our own time. 
 There are more than 600 statues, busts and medallions, many of 
 them fine works of art, and all possessing the very highest interest. 
 A considerable portion being duplicates of works at the Louvre or 
 Tuileries. In such an extensive series there are, as may be 
 supposed, many arbitrary portraits executed to complete a series, 
 but though not taken from the life, they have for the most part 
 been derived from trustworthy authority. There are also upwards 
 of 600 memorial tablets in bronze, placed in the Gallery of 
 Battles, inscribed with the names of all officers killed or wounded 
 in the service of the country, beginning with Prince Robert le 
 Fort, Comte d’Outre-Maine, killed at the combat of Brissarthe, in 
 866, and ending with the heroes of Waterloo. 
 
 The Historical Gallery at Versailles contains portrait busts and 
 statues by 146 different sculptors of France, commencing with 
 Germain Pilon and Jean Goujon, who flourished in the middle of 
 the 16th century. 
 
 From all these great collections our Portrait Gallery has been 
 enriched, as the Catalogue will show. 
 
 As works of art the French portraits cannot be placed in the 
 highest rank. The style, as in French works of ideal sculpture, is 
 rather picturesque, than antique and severe ; and few of the 
 portraits are free from a certain affectation of attitude or assumed 
 expression of countenance, for which it may readily be conceived, 
 the artist, rather than the subject, is to blame. It is rare to find 
 a French bust treated with the seriousness and intensity of the 
 antique, or with the unaffected naturalness of the best busts of the 
 English school : too many indeed verge upon the common and 
 fatal error of portraiture—caricature. 
 
 We must, however, take these portraits as the characteristic works 
 of the country to which they belong ; all of them bear the stamp 
 of truthfulness, if some should be found tainted with exaggeration. 
 Many are models in the art of marble portraiture. Those of 
 Madame Dubarry (Ho. 285), and Marie Antoinette (Ho. 310), are 
 especially beautiful ; that of Gaston de Foix (Ho. 258) is also a 
 very noble portrait ; and the bust of Thomas Corneille (Ho. 222), 
 is one of the finest productions of the school. The heads are 
 
FRENCH ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 83 
 
 generally rather larger than life : and the visitor cannot fail to 
 remark the exceeding care bestowed upon the wigs and elaborate 
 embroidery of the time. 
 
 [The French Portraits commence immediately behind the Statue of 
 Admiral Duquesne, in the Great Transept.) 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 196. Jean Goujon. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born in Paris. Died there, 1572.] 
 
 Many of his works were destroyed in the French Revolution, hut the Tribune 
 of the “Salle des Cent Suisses,” in the Louvre, the “ Diana of Poictiers,” and 
 the “ Fountain of the Innocents,” in Paris, are left to attest the artist’s 
 superiority. At Malmaison, in France, is another statue by him of Diana, 
 remarkable for the beauty of the pose, the suppleness of the limbs, and the 
 extraordinary lightness of the drapery. The two caryatides in the Renais¬ 
 sance Court are examples of his style. Killed by a shot from an arque- 
 buse during the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, and whilst he was at 
 work on the decoration of the Louvre. 
 
 [This is considered to be a bust of the time, and perhaps by his own hand.] 
 
 197. Simon Youet. Painter. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1582. Died there, 1641. Aged 59.] 
 
 Is generally regarded as the founder of the French school of painting. He 
 received his first instruction from his father, who was also an artist. When 
 a mere youth, he acquired great fame as a portrait painter. He visited 
 Constantinople, where he painted Achmet I. At Rome he worked for Pope 
 Urban VIII. at St. Peter’s. Recalled to France by Louis XIII. in 1637, he 
 was appointed chief painter to the king. His colouring is fine, and he 
 possesses great boldness of touch ; but his drawing is marked by mannerism, 
 and he is not happy in perspective, or in his effects of light and shade. He 
 accomplished, however, for French painting, what Corneille effected for the 
 drama. He created and raised the national taste. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre.] 
 
 198. Nicolas Poussin. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Andelys, in France, 1594. Died in Rome, 1665. Aged 71.] 
 
 The greatest master of the French school of painting. His taste for art 
 was revealed at a very early period. As a child, he drew upon his lesson 
 books and the walls of the school-room. At eighteen, he went to Paris, 
 where he frequented schools from which he learned but little. Genius and 
 self-tuition did more for him. At thirty he painted the “Death of the 
 Virgin” for a chapel at Notre-Dame, and so well, that the poet Marino 
 took the painter to Rome, and recommended him to Cardinal Barberini with 
 the energetic words, “You will see a youth who has the spirit of one 
 possessed.”* The Italian syllables are yet stronger. In Rome he fell into 
 poverty, and sold his pictures for a mere trifle. He worked against the 
 spirit and taste of the age in both France and Italy : throwing himself, with 
 his faithful comrade in art, the sculptor Fiamingo, entirely into the study of 
 
 g 2 
 
84 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 the ancient Greek sculpture. He was recalled to his own country hy 
 Richelieu, in 1640, and was created Court Painter. In 1643, he returned to 
 Rome, whence no solicitations could again draw him. He lived twenty-five 
 years in great calm and happiness, married to the sister of Caspar Poussin, 
 without children, without a pupil, without a man-servant— esteeming quiet 
 in the house above everything. He was devoted to his art, a great student 
 in it, and of all science bearing upon it. His genius was altogether antique. 
 He transported himself into an elder world, and lived there. Thus in 
 religious subjects he seems to lean towards the Old Testament ; and he 
 revels in the wealth of Greek mythology. His classical spirit ennobled 
 landscape both in its own forms and by the poetical significance and treatment 
 of the figures. His art, like poetry, seemed to open to him an escape from 
 the world about him. A style of severe simplicity, truth, high beauty, 
 harmony. 
 
 * Vederete un giovane che ha la furia del diavolo. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Blaise.] 
 
 199. Pierre Mignard. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Troyes, in France, 1610. Died in Paris, 1695. Aged 85.] 
 
 Called “The Roman Mignard,” in contradistinction to his brother Nicolas, 
 also a painter, and styled “ Mignard of Avignon.” The works of Pierre are 
 not remarkable for originality of invention or peculiar facility of execution ; 
 but they exhibit correct design, beauty of form, and excellence of colouring. 
 The French regard him as the best colourist of the age of Louis XIY. The 
 ‘ 1 Grand Monarque ” sat ten times to this painter, who also painted the 
 portraits of the Popes Urban VIII. and Alexander VII. Mignard was first 
 intended for the profession of medicine, but his taste for drawing led him to 
 the arts. He passed twenty-two years in Italy, where he acquired fame. 
 He was recalled to France by his own sovereign, and by him also appointed 
 chief painter to the court. 
 
 [From a marble in tbe Louvre, by Antoine Coysevox.] 
 
 200. AndriS le Notre. Architect and Gardener. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1613. Died there, 1700. Aged 87.] 
 
 The designer of the magnificent gardens at Versailles ; the projector of its 
 grand fountains, grottos, porticos, and bowers. He also laid out the 
 gardens of St. Cloud, the Tuileries, Meudon, and several others. Louis 
 XIV. heaped favours upon this great gardener, but Le Notre could not be 
 spoiled by royal indulgence. He travelled into Italy and was received by 
 Pope Innocent XI. “I care not how soon I die now,” said Le N6tre to the 
 Pope, ‘ ‘ since I have seen the two greatest potentates in the world —your 
 Holiness and the King, my master.” Le Notre was simple, honest, and 
 disinterested : possessed a fertile genius and lively imagination; in many 
 respects the prototype of our own Paxton. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Gourdel, which was taken from the one in 
 the Church of St. Roch.] 
 
 201. Etjstache le Sxjeijr. Painter. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1617. Died 1655. Aged 3S.J 
 One of the greatest French painters. First taught by his father, a 
 sculptor ; then a pupil in the studio of Vouet. His fame established by the 
 pictures, twenty-two in number, which he painted for the Chartreuse in 
 
FRENCH ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 85 
 
 Paris, and which represent the chief events in the life of St. Bruno, the 
 founder of the Order. He took delight in sacred subjects, and in simple reli¬ 
 gious affection he left Lebrun and Poussin far behind him. He scarcely ever 
 quitted Paris, never France ; and his sole studies were the few exemplars 
 from the antique which he could find in his native city. Raffaelle he could 
 worship only through the engravings of Marcantonio. But the love of 
 his art was boundless, his study intense, his industry inexhaustible. He 
 excelled in purity of form, and his pictures reveal a tenderness of feeling 
 and a spiritual grace, wholly wanting in the productions of the majority of 
 his contemporaries. He was himself a man of mild and blameless nature. 
 He died very early, worn out by his labours and by the active jealousy of his 
 brother artists. 
 
 [The costume is that of the time of Louis XIII. From a marble by P. L. Lau¬ 
 rent, done in 1806. Laurent was a pupil of Pajou, and died in 1816.] 
 
 202. Charles Lebrtjn. Painter . 
 
 [Bom in Paris, 1619. Died 1690. Aged. 71.] 
 
 One of the most celebrated painters of the French school. The Chancellor, 
 Seguier, struck by his talent when a boy, placed him in the studio of Youet, 
 and subsequently sent him to Rome, where he maintained him during six 
 years. In 1648, Lebrun was recalled to France, and admitted into the 
 Academy. Mazarin, charmed by his works, presented him to the king, by 
 whom he was favourably received and largely patronized. It is said that 
 Louis XIY. would spend two hours at a time in Lebrun’s studio, whilst the 
 artist was painting his “Battles of Alexander,” Alexander being Louis by 
 allusion. For fourteen years, engaged in painting the great gallery of 
 Versailles. Received many distinguished appointments in connexion 
 with the Fine Arts, and at his instigation Louis XIV. instituted the 
 French Academy at Rome. For many years Lebrun was as absolute in 
 the republic of Art, as his master in the kingdom over which he ruled. He 
 was styled “ Dictator,’? and his influence is perceptible in the works of his 
 time. He was one of the vainest of men, and the most pompous, artificial, 
 and theatrical of painters ; his works, though they might swell the pride 
 of a Court, would hardly flatter the pride of a country. His best picture 
 is “The Stoning of Stephen,” in the Louvre. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by A. Coysevox. Ex-ti’emely interesting, both 
 on account of its being taken from the life, and having once surmounted the 
 tomb of the great painter which was erected by order of his widow in the 
 Church of St. Nicholas, in Paris, the tomb being also the work of Coysevox. 
 The monument was removed at the time of the Revolution. The bust at 
 Versailles, by Bosio (1837), takes its authority from this.] 
 
 203. AndeJ} F^libien, Sieur des Avaux et de Javercy. Writer 
 
 on Art. 
 
 [Born at Chartres, in France, 1619. Died in Paris, 1695. Aged 76.] 
 
 Held various appointments in connexion with art. Amongst others, those of 
 Historiographer to the King, and Secretary to the Academy of Architecture. 
 His best known work is “Lives of Ancient and Modern Painters,” 
 which is translated into English. Grave and serious in character, but, right- 
 minded and good-hearted, he preferred virtue to the favours of fortune. 
 
 204. Jean Mabillon. Antiquary. 
 
 [Born at Pierre-Mont, in France, 1632. Died in Paris, 1707. Aged 75.] 
 
 A Benedictine monk, who employed his life in collecting materials and 
 
86 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 writing on monastic history and antiquities. Entitled to high rank for his 
 extensive learning and great virtues; his style clear, masculine, and 
 methodical; his mind free from bigotry. 
 
 205. Jean Baptiste de Lully. Violinist and Musical Composer . 
 
 [Born near Florence, 1633. Died 1687. Aged 54.] 
 
 A musical genius ; who began life as a scullery-boy, and, in soul, continued 
 a scullery-boy to the last. It was whilst playing the fiddle in the kitchen of 
 Mademoiselle de Montpensier that his musical faculty was detected and 
 rescued. Subsequently playing some airs of his own composition to 
 Louis XIV. he was made, at the age of 19, “Inspecteur General des 
 Violons.” In 1672, letters-patent were granted him to establish a Royal 
 Academy of Music : that academy was the Opera. He performed marvels at 
 his theatre. He was at once composer, director, ballet-master, leader of the 
 band, and even machinist. Nothing came amiss to him ; and his activity, 
 his popularity, his success were enormous. In less than fifteen years he 
 had composed nineteen operas, which continued in high favour until put out 
 of fashion by Gluck a century afterwards. To appreciate the merits of 
 Lully as a composer, we must look at him from the point of view of his own 
 time. So regarded, he is an artist of great spirit and dramatic power. He 
 found France without any dramatic music whatever. He left works which 
 formed the style of later masters, and became the foundation of a national 
 opera. He had wit, energy, versatility, and was a great favourite with the 
 Court. His moral character was detestable. To the great he was grovelling; 
 to his earliest benefactress he was ungrateful; towards his dependants he 
 was overbearing, insolent and brutal. 
 
 [From the bust in the Church of Petits P£res.] 
 
 206. Antoine Coyseyox. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Lyons, in France, 1640. Died in Paris, 1720. Aged 80. J 
 Of Spanish origin. Employed for four years on the decoration of 
 Cardinal de Furstenburg’s palace, at Saveme, in Alsace. Executed also for 
 Paris, a statue of Louis XIY., and the bronze winged horse placed in the 
 Tuileries gardens. The Revolution destroyed most of his works; but 
 amongst those left is one of the finest—the monument of Colbert. A per¬ 
 severing and painstaking artist. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by himself. The original bears the following 
 inscription :—“Ch : Ant: Coysevox Sculpteurdu Roi, Chancelier de l’Acadd- 
 mie ; par lui-meme. Donnl h l’Academie par Ch. Pierre Couston architecte 
 du Roi, son petit neveu. ” ] 
 
 207. Jules Hardouin Mansart. Architect. 
 
 [Bom in Paris, 1645. Died at Marly, in France, 1708. Aged 63.] 
 
 The builder of the Palace of Versailles, and of the Hotel des Invalides 
 in Paris : indebted for his celebrity more to the good-will of his 
 sovereign, Louis XIV., than to his own genius. His works noble and 
 striking, but his style not chaste, and apt to fall into extravagance. A 
 vain man, proud of the favours of the king and jealous of retaining 
 them. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by T. L. Lemoyne, a pupil of Coysevox, who died 
 in 1755 ; and doubtless from the life. He wears a damask dress with the 
 cordon of St. Michel.] 
 
FRENCH ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 207*. Claude Joseph Telnet. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Avignon in France, 1714. Died 1789. Aged 75.] 
 
 He received his first instruction from his father, who was an historical 
 painter. He set out for Italy in his eighteenth year, and continued there 
 for many years, studying and painting for small remuneration. He 
 returned to France in 1753, on the invitation of Louis XV., was elected a 
 member of the French Academy, and commissioned by the government to 
 paint the principal ports of France. He excelled in marine subjects. It is 
 related of him that during a terrible storm at sea, when all on board his 
 ship were trembling for their lives, he caused himself to be lashed to the 
 mast of the vessel, that he might watch the boiling ocean. The Louvre 
 contains several of his pictures, which display a consummate management of 
 light and shade. He had no rival in France whilst he lived, and he died 
 pencil in hand. He was a modest man, and never so happy as when at work. 
 
 [ Bust to come.] 
 
 208. Jacques Geemain Soufflot. Architect . 
 
 [Born at Irancy, in France, 1714. Died in Paris, 1781. Aged 67.] 
 
 When the Carthusians rebuilt their church at Lyons, Soufflot’s design for 
 the dome was accepted, and he achieved celebrity in consequence. Then 
 settling in Lyons, built several edifices there, including the theatre (one of 
 the finest in France), and the Hotel-Dieu (the hospital). Invited to Paris, 
 he became architect to the king. His designs for the Church of Sainte 
 Genevieve were adopted; but the cupola exciting much adverse criticism, the 
 architect fell into despondency, languished and died. Blunt in his manners, 
 but of a generous and noble mind. He was called the ‘ 1 benevolent cross- 
 patch.” 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Prdvot.] 
 
 208*. Maeie-Anne-Botol Dangeytlle. French Comic Actress. 
 
 [Born 1714. Died 1796. Aged 82.] 
 
 Actress at the Theatre Frangais, and perhaps one of the most perfect 
 mistresses of her division of the art that have trodden the French stage. 
 The original of this bust, in the Theatre Franyais, has not the name of the 
 sculptor, but is a work of singular delicacy of expression, and evidently 
 from the hand of a master. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 208**. Mademoiselle Claieon. French Tragic Actress. 
 
 [Born 1723. Died 1803. Aged 80.] 
 
 The most accomplished French tragic actress of her time. Born of poor 
 and illiterate parents. Made her first appearance on the stage in 
 her thirteenth year. At first unsuccessful, she proved eventually a sub¬ 
 lime tragedian, and during twenty-two years held possession of the public. 
 Disraeli the elder has a curious story from her life. He relates that as 
 a child she was cruelly treated by a violent mother, and driven all day to 
 manual labour. One day when locked in a room for punishment, she 
 climbed upon a chair to look about her. In the house opposite she saw a 
 celebrated actress amidst her family ; one daughter performing her dancing 
 lesson. Clairon noticed with excitement every motion : not one was lost 
 
88 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 upon her. The lesson over, the rest of the children applauded, and the 
 mother embraced her clever dancer. The scene melted the heart of Clairon, 
 reflecting on her own hitter lot, and she hurst into tears. She ascended the 
 chair again, hut the vision had vanished. Henceforth she was a new child, 
 and never so happy as when locked in that room : from her chair she 
 watched again and again the happy dancer—imitated her gestures—reflected 
 her grace. She worshipped a divinity. She had never been to a theatre ; 
 yet, without knowing what an actress meant, she had herself become an 
 actress. Her ardent studies were soon manifest. Her first victory was 
 over her barbarous mother, whom she softened. Her later conquest was the 
 subjection of all Paris, and in Paris, of all polite France and Europe. The 
 anecdote lives, how Yoltaire, when his tragedy of “ Oreste” was to be 
 brought out, insisted that his Electra, compelled in the palace of her fathers 
 to the discharge of menial offices, should appear habited as a slave. Made¬ 
 moiselle Clairon, to whom the character fell, resisted. She shrank from 
 flying in the face of the artificial French taste, and of the traditional stage 
 decorum—both expecting a princess arrayed in proper theatrical splendour. 
 The poet persisted. The piece over, she came to him and said, ‘ ‘ Ah ! M. 
 de Yoltaire, you have ruined me. All my gorgeous wardrobe is no longer 
 worth a sou.” She had been released for once to act up to the truth, nature, 
 and simple reality of her part; and had astonished audience, actors, herself 
 —all save the poet—by her self-excelling success. 
 
 [This bust, which is to come, is from a marble by Lemoyne, dated 1761. 
 
 209. Jacques Louis Dayid. Painter . 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1748. Died at Brussels, 1825. Aged 77.] 
 
 The founder of the modern or classical school of French painters. Pupil 
 of Yien, with whom he passed several years in Italy. Returning to France 
 in 1780, opened a school, which attracted many pupils. In 1784, paid 
 a second visit to Italy, and on his return was hailed with the title of 
 Regenerator of Art. Was now admitted into the Academy and lodged in the 
 Louvre, with the appointment of “Painter to the King.” His pictures 
 proved eminently successful. His drawing was perfect, and the correctness 
 of his design revealed the pure antique fount from which he had quaffed his 
 inspiration. For a time David forsook the easel, to take part in the fury of 
 Revolutionary politics. He forgot his apartments in the Louvre, joined hands 
 with Robespierre, to whom he was personally attached, and became one of 
 the loudest clamourers for the blood of Louis XYI. The painter was 
 present at the mock trial of the monarch, whom he grossly insulted as the 
 wretched king passed in front of him. After the fall of Robespierre, David 
 owed the preservation of his own neck solely to his great reputation as an 
 artist. He ceased to be a politician to become a dictator in art. During 
 the Consulate his influence was supreme. He not only immortalized some 
 of its heroic passages, but he designed its official costumes. Buonaparte 
 heaped favours upon his artistic panegyrist, and the painter added grace 
 and dignity to the deeds of the First Consul. The last work of David in 
 Paris was “Leonidas,” painted in 1814. In that year, it is written that 
 Wellington, accompanied by some English officers, visited the artist’s studio, 
 and expressed a wish to be painted. The story adds, that David replied 
 coldly that “he did not paint Englishmen,” and turned his back upon his 
 visitor. Upon the return of Napoleon from Elba, David was made Com- 
 
FRENCH ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 89 
 
 mander of the Legion of Honour. The next year he was banished as a 
 regicide, and took up his residence in Brussels. “Napoleon crossing 
 St. Bernard” and “The Coronation of Napoleon” are amongst his 
 offerings to the triumphs of the Emperor. Classical and correct in design, 
 David fails in colour, and in picturesque expression. His figures, too, have 
 a hard and marble-like appearance. A large swelling at the side of his face 
 was caused by a blow he received, when young. It has been justly said 
 that opinions of David will vary, accordingly as they are expressed by 
 Frenchmen or by foreigners. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Rude, 1831.] 
 
 210. Charles Percier. Architect . 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1764. Died, 1838. Aged 74.] 
 
 Known by his works in conjunction with Fontaine. The influence of the 
 labours of both is matter of history in art. To them is due the completion of 
 the Louvre and the erection of the arch in the Place du Carrousel at Paris. 
 Percier wrote several works on art. In his youth sent to Rome to study, 
 where he gained the friendship of Flaxman and Canova. Modest and 
 retiring ; and in the pursuit of his art most persevering. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by Pradier.] 
 
 211. Girodet-Triosoh. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Montargis, in Franee, 1767. Died in Paris, 1824. Aged 57.] 
 
 The real name of this artist was Anne-Louis Girodet de Coussy ; but he 
 took the name of Trioson from his adopted father and benefactor, a phy¬ 
 sician, to whom he was indebted for his education. He was the son of the 
 Duke of Orleans’ steward, and intended for the army, but evincing a great 
 taste for painting, was placed in the studio of David. Afterwards proceed¬ 
 ing to Rome, he received the first prize for a work of art in that city. At 
 the end of five years returned to Paris, where an apartment was assigned 
 him in the Louvre. In 1806, he gained a prize by his picture of “The 
 Deluge,” competing with his old master, David. Grirodet did not produce 
 many works, habitual ill-health disabling his pencil ; but he left enough 
 behind him to maintain his reputation. His chief pictures are “Endymion,” 
 “Hippocrates,” “The Revolt in Cairo,” and “Napoleon Receiving’the 
 Keys of Vienna.” The colouring of Girodet is cold and earthy ; and his 
 figures, whilst revealing the classic form and correct drawing that charac¬ 
 terize the labours of all David’s pupils, lose the expression of inward life. 
 In spite of obvious deficiencies in truthful representation, his paintings 
 produce a deep, and occasionally a powerful impression. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre—the author unknown. One by M. Roman was 
 in the French Exhibition of 1827.] 
 
 212. Francois Gerard. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Rome, 1770. Died in Paris, 1837. Aged 67.] 
 
 Studied under Pajou the sculptor, then with Brenet, and finally with 
 David, whom he assisted in several works, until 1794, when he exhibited 
 his own picture of “ The Tenth of August ” (the day of the storming of the 
 Tuileries in 1792). Under the influence of David, Gerard became one of 
 the jury of the Revolutionary Tribunal—an office from which he subse¬ 
 quently shrunk. He received great honour and distinction at the hands of 
 Napoleon ; and the Emperor Alexander, and the Duke of Wellington, became 
 
90 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 his friends. A man of extensive knowledge, and, as a painter, to be recom¬ 
 mended for taste and refinement, rather than for invention or sublimity. 
 His colouring, though harmonious, is not always true. His subjects were 
 chiefly historical, and in these the arrangement of the figures and the 
 selection of costume are always pleasing. He was also successful as a 
 portrait painter. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by Pradier, 1838.] 
 
 213. Antoike Jeaist Geos. Painter. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1771. Died there, 1835. Aged 64.] 
 
 One of the most distinguished of David’s pupils. Appalled by the 
 horrors of the first Revolution, he quitted France, and withdrew to Geneva ; 
 thence to Milan, where he became known to Buonaparte, by whom he was 
 countenanced and employed. He followed the army for six years, and 
 returned to France in 1801. Then painted several pictures commemorative 
 of Napoleon’s military achievements. He enjoyed ample patronage under 
 both the Emperor, and the Restoration ; hut in his later years he fell 
 into melancholy ; and one morning his body was found in the Seine. His 
 compositions are remarkable for boldness and facility of invention ; hut his 
 colouring is frequently exaggerated. His subjects, too, though invariably 
 treated with power, degenerate occasionally into vulgarity and theatrical 
 display. His best picture is “The Plague at Jaffa.” He was a man of 
 cultivated mind, and passionately fond of music. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Debay Sen., 1827.] 
 
 214. Pieeee Naecisse Gtjeeln'. Painter. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1774. Died at Rome, 1833. Aged 59. J 
 
 The son of an humble shopkeeper, and in early years self-instructed. 
 As a painter he was the pupil of Regnault, under whom he soon became 
 distinguished for facility of execution and refined composition. He subse¬ 
 quently studied several years in Rome. In 1822, appointed Director of the 
 French Academy. He was not distinguished either for design or colour; but 
 his figures are full of expression. His subjects chiefly mythological and 
 classical. 
 
 [ From the marble in the Louvre, by Auguste Dumont, 1831, author of the 
 statue of Louis Philippe, at Versailles, and lately deceased.] 
 
 215. Comte D’Oesay. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1798. Died there, 1852. Aged 54.] 
 
 A man of fashion, endowed with exquisite taste and with great talent 
 for the cultivation of art. He resided many years in England, where he 
 influenced the taste of a portion of society, and practised sculpture and 
 painting as an amateur. Towards the close of his life he withdrew to Paris, 
 and there received an appointment in connexion with the fine arts, from his 
 former friend the Emperor of France. He had engaging manners, a kind 
 heart, and an open hand. Possessed of great personal beauty, he was not 
 wanting in manly attributes, being athletic, and skilled in arms and horse¬ 
 manship. 
 
 [This excellent work and admirable likeness is by W. Behnes.] 
 
FRENCH ARTISTS AND POETS. 
 
 91 
 
 216. Mademoiselle Felix Rachel. Tragic Actress. 
 
 [Born at Munf, in Switzerland, 1821. Still living.) 
 
 The daughter of poor Hebrew parents. In 1831, this famous actress 
 made her debut at the Theatre Moliere, in Paris, as Hermione in 
 “ Andromaque but without giving indication of the genius she has 
 subsequently displayed. In 1841, she first appeared in England, and from 
 that time has won unbounded admiration, and maintained an undivided 
 supremacy both here and in France. French dramatic poetry, which ordi¬ 
 narily finds no welcome in English ears, is reconciled to our taste as it falls 
 from her lips. Her excellence consists in the emphatic expression of deep 
 feeling and passion, in the thrilling effects which she is able to produce, 
 even by a whisper, and in her independent superiority over the traditions 
 and conventionalities of the stage. She is the least unnatural of French 
 tragedians ; yet is not so natural as to be able altogether to conceal her 
 art. The spectator never forgets that an actress is before him ; is never 
 carried away by an irresistible impulse. Rachel, great as she is, is always 
 the same, even to the motion of a garment, and the raising of her hand. 
 Hence, the impression made by a first representation is far more potent 
 than any that may follow. She lacks ideality and refinement. Her tem¬ 
 perament stands between her and her ability to inspire the spectator with 
 a perfect belief in her earnestness, and in her love of the beautiful and good. 
 
 [Bust by Ludwig Wichmann. Plaster. 1844. The original in possession of 
 the artist. ] 
 
 217. Diaxe de Poitiers. 
 
 [Born 1499. Died at Arret, in France, 1566. Aged 67. J 
 At 13, married Louis de Breze, Grand Senechal of Normandy, who died 
 in 1531. At the age of 48 she became the favourite mistress of Henry II. 
 of France. Her influence was used, except where she was herself biassed by 
 religious prejudices, invariably for good and commendable objects. Her 
 talents were commanding, and her beauty continued unimpaired by age. She 
 was created Duchess of Yalentinois, and her power was well appreciated 
 abroad. One of her daughters by De Breze married the son of the Due de 
 Guise, afterwards Due d’Aumale. 
 
 [A portrait of the time.] 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 218. Pieeee Corneille. Dramatist . 
 
 [Born at Rouen, in France, 1606. Died in Paris, 1684. Aged 79.] 
 
 The father of French tragedy. Educated by the Jesuits. During the early 
 part of his career, monastic exhibitions were the only dramatic performances 
 in vogue in France. When the French began to draw their dramatic inspirations 
 from Spain, Corneille was the first to take real advantage of the movement. 
 He dramatized the first youthful achievement of the Cid with extraordinary 
 success. It soon became the custom to say of anything deserving applause, 
 that ‘ ‘ it was as good as the Cid.” Then followed his drama of ‘ 1 Les Horaces,” 
 considered a masterpiece of French tragedy, a species of composition which is 
 
92 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 not to be criticized by the rules that we apply to the great productions of 
 our own stage. ‘ ‘ Cinna” and ‘ ‘ Polyeucte” followed, both efforts of undoubted 
 genius. In 1642, elected member of the French Academy. The claims of 
 Corneille upon our regard not to be over estimated. The French drama was 
 yet in the block when he took up his artist tools. Grandeur of thought, 
 elevation of sentiment, and heroism of character are wrought out in all his 
 productions, which have exercised a momentous influence upon succeeding 
 times in France. Corneille was simple and almost rustic in his manners 
 and appearance. Yery proud, but very shy. Ambitious of glory, yet 
 disdaining the society of the great, even up to the greatest. He had a 
 commanding person, and expressive features. When he died he was poor, 
 almost to want. Napoleon had a lofty idea of Corneille’s knowledge of 
 government. “ Had he lived in my time,” said the Emperor, “ I should 
 have taken him into my council.” 
 
 [This is from the original marble, by Caffieri, in the Comedie Fran 9 aise. There 
 is a statue of him at Versailles done in 1836, by M. Laitie. Both are taken 
 from painted portraits.] 
 
 219. Jeaist de Roteotj. Dramatist . 
 
 [Born at Dreux, in France, 1609. Died there, 1650. Aged 41.] 
 
 One of the creators of French tragedy. To him Corneille is indebted for 
 the idea of founding a tragedy upon the subject of the Cid—for it was at his 
 instigation that the great master first looked to the Spanish stage for 
 inspiration and guidance. Rotrou gloried in the success of Corneille, and 
 generously maintained his superiority over all dramatic writers in France— 
 including himself. He left thirty-seven dramatic pieces, and many of them 
 exhibit power and great felicity of language. He enjoyed a civil office in 
 his native town, where he was much respected. He was cut off by an 
 epidemic. 
 
 [The original is in marble, by Caffieri. The costume is of the time of Louis XIII. ; 
 but the bust must have been done from some painted portrait, as it bears the 
 date of 1783, and Caffieri was not born until 1723.] 
 
 220. Jeax be la Foxtaixe. Poet. 
 
 [Born at CMteau Thierry, in France, 1621. Died in Paris, 1695. Aged 74.] 
 
 A great French poet ! His fables in verse, published when he was forty 
 years of age, placed him at once amongst the first writers in verse that 
 France had produced, and created an epoch in French literature. As a writer 
 of fables he is probably not surpassed by any writer of any country. His life 
 was fall of vicissitudes. He succeeded his father, as Keeper of the Royal 
 Domains at CMteau Thierry, but deserting both his wife and his occupa- 
 pation, he went to Paris, where he formed a lasting friendship with Moliere, 
 Racine, and Boileau. A pension saved him from starvation; and losing 
 this with the fall of the Minister, Fouquet, who gave it, he was again 
 rescued by the charity of Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I., and 
 wife to the Duke of Orleans. Upon the death of this princess, he was again 
 fortunately provided for by Madame de Sabliere, in whose house the poet 
 lived for twenty years. In society, La Fontaine was dull, silent, and 
 subject to absence of mind. In his youth he was remarkable for his 
 aversion to poetry. He lies buried by the side of Moliere, who ever regarded 
 him with affection, and who discovered his genius years before it was 
 
FRENCH POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 93 
 
 acknowledged by the world. His style is easy, sprightly, graceful, witty, 
 pointed, and inimitably naive. 
 
 [This is from the bust in terra cotta in the Theatre Francjais, by Caffieri. It has 
 served as the authority for that by Dessine, at Versailles, and the statue in 
 the Vestibule of the Admirals, by M. Seurre, done in 1837. Unfortunately, 
 none of these could have been modelled from the life.] 
 
 220a. Jean de la Fontaine. Poet. 
 
 [By Auguste Dumont.] 
 
 221. Moline. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1622. Died there, 1673. Aged 51.] 
 
 Tbe real name of Moliere was Jean Baptiste Poquelin. That which is 
 associated with his renown was assumed when he became an actor, and 
 “disgraced” his family, who cut Jean Baptiste away from the genealogical 
 tree,—the father of Moliere being valet de chambre to Louis XIII. Like 
 our own Shakspeare, Moliere was an actor as well as a writer of plays. He 
 forsook the study of the law for the stage, and at the age of 24 was making 
 his way in the provinces, where he produced comedies, in which he himself 
 acted. In 1658, he returned to Paris, and by the favour of Louis XIV. 
 opened the theatre of the Palais Royal. His new comedies produced there 
 attracted crowds. His latest work was “ The Imaginary Invalid,” brought 
 out in 1673. He played the principal part himself, and during the fourth 
 representation, was carried a dying man from the stage. The rites of 
 Christian sepulture, denied, as a matter of course, to the player, were not 
 conceded to the author who had satirized hypocrisy in his well-known 
 comedy of “The Hypocrite.” Moliere was beloved by his contemporaries : 
 he was generous and warm-hearted—the friend of Conde, Boileau, and 
 Racine. He is by far the first writer of Comedy in modern times. His 
 place is close to the side of Shakspeare, for, like the English writer, he 
 successfully addresses all countries and all ages, appealing to no limited, 
 local, and accidental condition of the human mind, but striking home to 
 the universal and unchangeable heart of man, as it everywhere throbs. 
 Beyond the humorous faculty, he possessed earnestness of feeling, and a deep 
 tone of passion. He was a man of tender heart; and of all French writers, 
 he is the least French. 
 
 [From tbe marble in the Louvre.] 
 
 222. Thomas Corneille. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born at Rouen, 1625. Died at Andelys, 1709. Aged 84.] 
 
 Younger brother of the great Corneille, with whom he lived until his death 
 in brotherly affection. Inspired by his brother’s success, he early devoted 
 himself to dramatic composition, and, like his illustrious brother borrowed 
 from Spain the materials for his earliest attempts. The labours of Thomas 
 Corneille found even more approbation with contemporary audiences than 
 those of Pierre ; but the majority of the younger brother’s many comedies 
 are now forgotten. The services rendered by Thomas to philology are 
 perhaps more useful and lasting than his contributions to the drama. He 
 published a supplementary Dictionary to that of the French Academy, and 
 wrote other works. In his old age he lost his sight. He died honoured 
 and beloved. 
 
 [ By J. J. Caffieri, 1785. There is a copy of it at Versailles, in marble, by M. 
 
94 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Chenillion, dated 1836. The original was taken from an authentic picture 
 by Jouvenet, which belonged to the Countess of Bouville, daughter of Cor¬ 
 neille, a copy of which picture was given to the Com^die Framjaise by 
 Caffieri.] 
 
 223. Philippe Quinattlt. Poet. 
 
 [Bom at Felletin, in France, 1635. Died in Paris, 1688. Aged 53. 
 
 A lyrical poet of great reputation, and the most famous writer of French 
 operas. His earliest works were tragedies and comedies, hut in 1670, after 
 his election to the Royal Academy, he allied his verse to music, and did 
 not sever the union until he altogether eschewed dramatic composition. He 
 furnished to Lully, the musician, the words for his first opera, and continued 
 to aid that composer until Lully’s death. Towards the close of his days, 
 Quinault, influenced by religious scruples, ceased to write for the stage. 
 His lyrical productions have great tenderness, and melodious sweetness, 
 and are happily and eminently adapted to their alliance with the sister art. 
 
 [From a bust in terra cotta, by Caffieri, which was the model for that in marble 
 placed in the public room of the Opera, at Paris, and for another in the 
 BibliothSque G^ndvifeve, at Paris.] 
 
 224. Nicolas Boileaij. Poet and Satirist. 
 
 [Born at Crosne, in France, 1636. Died at Paris, 1711. Aged 75.] 
 
 One of the illustrious writers of his time. His labours went far to fix the 
 character and purity of the French language, and his sharp criticisms have 
 exercised ever since his day a salutary influence upon the literature of his 
 country. He ridiculed with singular acuteness the false taste of his genera¬ 
 tion, and endeavoured to point out the true principles of composition. His 
 ‘ ‘ Art Poetique ” is considered by many, as rivalling the ‘ ‘ Ars Poetica ” 
 of Horace. His humorous and heroic poem of “Le Lutrin,” written to 
 illustrate his theory that an epic ought to have a slender groundwork, 
 abounds in fanciful and sportive wit. He was the friend of Moliere, Racine, 
 and Lafontaine, and the great Conde was his patron. A generous and 
 charitable man, an upholder of religion, but a sworn hater of hypocrisy. 
 Constant in his friendships, and always ready to forgive injuries. 
 
 [ From a marble, by Francois Girardon, in the Louvre, a sculptor born at Troyes, 
 in Champagne, 1630, and died 1715.] 
 
 225. Jean Racine. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born at La Fertd Milon, in France, 1639. Died there, 1699. Aged 60.] 
 
 Racine was the Euripides of France, as Corneille was her iEschylus. The 
 first excelled in impassioned tenderness, the last in power and sublimity. 
 Corneille borrowed from the Spanish stage ; Racine took his inspiration from 
 the ancients, whom he studied with ardour and effect. He published 
 “ Phedre,” one of his best tragedies, when he was thirty-eight years old, 
 but, disgusted with the envy which he raised, he resolved to renounce the 
 theatre ever afterwards. He did not keep his word; for some years later, 
 at the request of Madame de Main tenon, he wrote his beautiful drama of 
 “Athalie,” which, it would seem, was not appreciated at the time. His 
 versification is sweet, expressive, and harmonious ; and his plays are re¬ 
 markable for grace and feeling. He was himself beloved for his simplicity, 
 modesty, and genuine character. He was too sensitive to adverse criticism. 
 
FRENCH POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 95 
 
 226. Jean Francis Regnard. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1655. Died at Dourdan, in France, 1709. Aged 54.] 
 
 A celebrated comic writer of France, and a man of many adventures. 
 Returning from an Italian journey, be was taken by pirates, and sold to 
 slavery in Algiers. Whilst there he was sentenced to become a Mussul¬ 
 man, or to be burnt alive. Ransomed by the French Consul in 1681, he 
 resumed his travels northwards. In 1683, he took up his abode in Paris, 
 and wrote comedies, which became very popular,—the most successful being 
 “The Gamester,” produced in 1696. Regnard had an inexhaustible fund of 
 humour. Voltaire has said that “he who is not pleased with Regnard, 
 is not entitled to admire Moliere.” 
 
 [ In marble, by J. J. Foucon, signed and dated 1779. There is a copy of this bust 
 at Versailles.] 
 
 227. Charles Riviere Dufresny. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1648. Died 1724. Aged 76.] 
 
 A versatile genius ! A musician, a poet, a draughtsman, a gardener, and an 
 architect. And most improvident withal ! Was in the service of Louis XIV. 
 first as valet-de-chambre, then as Inspector of the Royal Gardens. In the 
 latter capacity, he was the first to introduce the English style of gardening 
 into France. He enjoyed a pension ; but for an inconsiderable sum he sold 
 both place and pension, and soon became penniless. Then took to writing 
 for the theatre as a last resource for bread. Few of his plays met with, or 
 deserved, success ; but one or two have recognised merit. He received fresh 
 favours from the King, and the Duke of Orleans conferred upon him a 
 handsome gift of money. But nothing could save Dufresny from himself. 
 He fell in his age into deep poverty, and so died. 
 
 [ From the marble by Augustin Pajou, signed and dated 1781. A sculptor and 
 professor in the Academy of Paris, and one of the best of his time. He 
 died in 1809.] 
 
 228. Prosper Jolyot de Cr^billon. Dramatic Author. 
 
 [Born at Dijon, in France, 1674. Died in Paris, 1762. Aged 88.] 
 
 Styled the JSschylus of France. Educated by the Jesuits, and intended for 
 the law, he produced, in 1705, his first play, “Idomeneus.” A subsequent 
 effort, the tragedy of “Rhadamistus,” placed him at once in advance of all 
 the tragic poets who lingered on the stage after Corneille and Racine had 
 quitted it. Disgusted, at a later period, with Court neglect, and the decline 
 of popularity, he withdrew from the world, and passed a life of abstinence 
 amidst a large number of cats and dogs, whose attachment, he said, 
 consoled him for man’s ingratitude. In 1731, elected a member of the 
 French Academy. Towards the close of his days the sun once more smiled 
 upon his fortunes. He received a pension through Madame Pompadour of 
 2,400 French livres ; and the King of France caused his works to be printed 
 at the Louvre press. As a tragic author he takes high rank. Too fond of 
 dealing in horrors, but all his works have warmth, energy, and varied 
 action. He was proud, independent, and alive to his own defects. 
 
 [ The marble bust from which this was taken was executed after a model from 
 the life, by the celebrated sculptor, J. B. Lemoyne, in 1760. The marble was 
 carved by J. B. Huez, in 1778, as the inscription tells us. The only notice 
 ofHuez, who has often been considered the author of the bust, is in “Les 
 Salons ” of Diderot, where he is mentioned amongst the contributors to the 
 exhibitions of the day, and not in complimentary terms. Lemoyne was a 
 Parisian, and died in 1778. He did many busts.] 
 
96 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 229. Philippe NAeicault Destouches. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born at Tours, in France, 1680. Died 1754. Aged 74. 
 
 In Ms youth served as a volunteer in the French army. Then adjoined 
 to the embassy in Switzerland, where his leisure enabled him to follow the 
 bent of his fancy, and to write for the stage. His plays were as popular as 
 his diplomatic skill proved useful. He found favour with the Duke of 
 Orleans, who attached him to the mission of Dubois, when that minister, in 
 1717, went to London. His diplomacy still pleased the Regent, who, unfor¬ 
 tunately, died too soon for Destouches. But the dramatist had been prudent; 
 and upon the death of his patron, he retired with a sufficient fortune to Ms 
 estate, and sought consolation in the pursuits of agriculture and pMlosophy. 
 His plays won applause rather by the interesting situations of which they 
 were full, than by subtle development of character. 
 
 [From the only bust of him, by P. F. Berruer, done in 1781 and signed. Berruer 
 was a member of the Paris Academy, and died in 1797-1 
 
 230. Alaix RiixA Le Sage. Novelist. 
 
 [Born at Sarzeau, in France, 1683. Died at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1741. Aged 58.] 
 The author of “ Gil Bias” and the ‘‘Devil on Two Sticks.” A poor man, 
 notwithstanding the success of his novels. Becoming deaf, he used a 
 speaking-trumpet in the presence of intelligent visitors ; when other visitors 
 came to him he gravely put the instrument into his pocket. An inimitable 
 painter of human nature, ranking with the few immortals whose creations 
 appeal to all times. Proud and independent, though amiable of disposition. 
 Devoted to the pursuits and joys of a literary life. 
 
 231. Alexis Pieoh. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Dijon, 1689. Died 1773. Aged 84.] 
 
 A wild and dissolute spirit. The author of one admirable comedy, 
 “ La Metromanie,” wMch may take rank with the dramatic productions of the 
 best period in France, and of seven volumes of compositions which have long 
 ceased to float on the broad river of fame. Piron was the son of an 
 apothecary at Dijon, and after almost breaking his father’s heart by his 
 follies, he was obliged to flee his native town in consequence of the publi¬ 
 cation of an indecorous effusion written amidst the fumes of an orgie. He 
 went to Paris, and there for nine years lived in great indigence, supporting 
 himself as a copyist. Then he took to writing for the minor theatres, 
 with more or less success, until 1738, when he produced his masterpiece, 
 already mentioned. It secured him a place at once amongst the best 
 dramatists of his country. In 1753, he applied for a vacant seat in the 
 Academy, and was refused. He revenged himself by composing a satire 
 and the following epitaph :— 
 
 ‘ ‘ Ci-git Piron, qui ne fut rien, 
 
 Pas meme Academicien.” 
 
 ‘ ‘ Here lies Piron—a nullity— 
 
 Not even an Academician.” 
 
 [This is an admirable bust, by Caffieri, dated 1775. Copied at Versailles by M. 
 Pigalle.] 
 
 232. Pieeee Claude Nivelle de la Chauss^e. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1692. Died there, 1754. Aged 62.] 
 
 He is regarded as the inventor of sentimental comedy in France ( Comedie 
 
FRENCH POETS AND DRAMATISTS, 
 
 97 
 
 larmoyante.) Hugh Kelly’s “False Delicacy” made the invention known 
 in England, and Foote’s “Piety in Pattens” ridiculed it. Pierre de la 
 Chaussee was a French Academician. His writings gained for him consider¬ 
 able fame during his life, and La Harpe ranks him amongst the authors who 
 have conferred honour upon the French theatre. 
 
 [In marble, by Caffieri. 1785.] 
 
 233. FeajVqois Maeie Aeouet de Yoltaiee. Historian , Poet, 
 
 and Wit. 
 
 [Bom at Chatenay, in France, 1694. Died in Paris, 1778. Aged 84.] 
 
 This extraordinary Intellect was not, as is generally supposed, an atheist. 
 Voltaire was not destitute of the sense of moral responsibility ; and he hardly 
 believed in the immortality of the soul; but it was from his pen that fell 
 the startling confession that, 1 ‘ if Grod did not exist, it would be necessary 
 to invent his being.” Voltaire was richly endowed. He wrote the best epic 
 poem in the French language; his tragedies, full of, strength and passion, 
 take high rank ; his satire is cutting and inimitable, and his historical writ¬ 
 ings are full of life and movement. Wrapt up, however, in the philosophical 
 spirit of the eighteenth century, he was ever incapable of judging justly of the 
 greatness of minds who had received the prejudices of less enlightened 
 times. For forty years, he led a life of incessant literary action : part of 
 that time he was forced, in consequence of his satirical writings, to live in 
 England, where he became the intimate of Bolingbroke, Toland, and 
 other deists. In 1749, he visited Berlin, on the invitation of Frederic the 
 Great. Always a persevering and acrimonious enemy of Christianity, he 
 laughed at Revelation ; and, a sneerer at hereditary orders, he helped largely 
 to the overthrow of the monarchy in France. He did not live to witness the 
 Revolution ; but it is said that he lived long enough to be horrified at his 
 infidelity. It must be noted to his honour, that whilst he ridiculed all 
 things in which he had no faith, he was sincere in his maintenance of the 
 rights of humanity, and in his denunciations of injustice. He was the idol 
 of all who read and talked in France in his time. 
 
 [ From the marble, by Houdon, done in 1778, and signed by him in the Theatre 
 Frangais. There is a fine seated statue of Voltaire in the Theatre Frangais by 
 Houdon considered to be his chef-d'oeuvre as a portrait statue, and remark¬ 
 able for the noble style in which the subject is treated. Copies of the same 
 bust and statue exist at Versailles.] 
 
 233a. Feax§ois Maeie Aeotjet de Yoltaiee. Historian , Poet, 
 and Wit. 
 
 [By Pajou.] 
 
 234. Michel Jean Sedaine. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1719. Died there, 1797. Aged 78.] 
 
 The son of an architect. At the age of 13 relinquished, through poverty, 
 the study of architecture and became a journeyman mason. Later in life he 
 set up as master mason, but he forsook his calling for literature and the 
 drama. His plays are well written for stage effect, but are not remarkable 
 for their poetic character, or correctness of style. The success of his play, 
 “Richard Coeur de Lion,” procured him admission into the French Academy. 
 [From a marble, by Jaques Edouard Gatteaux, signed and dated 1843. M. 
 Gatteaux is an engraver of medals as well as sculptor, and member of the 
 Institute. Born 1788.] 
 
98 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 234*. Charles Palissot de Montenoy. Dramatist. 
 
 [Born at Nancy, in France, 1730. Died, 1814. Aged 84.] 
 
 Celebrated chiefly for his comedy of the “ Cercle,” in which, by his 
 ridicule of Rousseau, he gave offence to the philosophical literati of France, 
 with whom he waged continual literary war. In 1760, he produced his 
 comedy of “ Les Philosophes in 1764, the “ Dunciade.” His works are not 
 distinguished by richness of invention or copiousness of ideas ; but his style 
 is natural, easy and correct. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 235. Marie Jeanne Yattbernier, Comtesse du Barry. 
 
 [Born at Yaucouleurs, in France, 1746. Guillotined, 1793. Aged 47.] 
 
 Of humble parentage. Quitting a convent in Paris into which she had 
 entered at an early age, she worked as a milliner when fifteen years old. Shortly 
 afterwards she became the mistress of the Count du Barry, a dissolute man of 
 fashion, and by him was introduced to Louis XV., who captivated by her 
 beauty and unrestrained manners, induced the brother of the Count to 
 make Mademoiselle Yaubernier his lawful wife. La Comtesse du Barry, 
 received at Versailles, soon acquired an ascendancy over the licentious 
 monarch and his court. She exercised supreme sway, and held in her 
 hands the power of life and death—promotion and disgrace. Her extra¬ 
 vagance was boundless. At the death of Louis in 1774, she was shut up in 
 a convent, where she became religious. Released from her imprisonment by 
 Louis XVI., she conducted herself with decorum, but too late for any 
 earthly happiness she might derive from repentance. In 1793, the revolu¬ 
 tionists took her life because she had devoted it to the service of the Royal 
 family, for whom, it would appear, she had sold her diamonds. She was 
 much pitied at the scaffold, where she betrayed great want of courage. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Pajou. A very beautiful work delicately 
 chiselled, and full of life and softness. It is signed and dated 1772. The bust 
 at Versailles is a repetition, dated 1773.] 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS. 
 
 236. Michel de Montaigne. Essayist. 
 
 [Born at the Castle of Montaigne, in Perigord, France, 1533. Died at Perigord, 
 1592. Aged 59.] 
 
 An original and most engaging writer. His essays consist chiefly either of 
 personal narrative, or of disquisitions upon his individual nature. His reason¬ 
 ing acute and philosophical, his manner, if one may so call it, grotesque, and 
 na'ive. His descriptions of persons, events, and places full of life and exquisite 
 drawing. A favourite author with all lovers of sterling thought, lucid style, and 
 quaint reflection. He lived during a time of religious conflict, but walked 
 quietly and unscathed through the fire, blessed with philosophic calm. 
 He travelled in 1580, visited Switzerland and Venice “which he had a 
 hunger to see,” and settled for a time in Rome. He said “he could not go 
 out of his way, for he had no way to go.” On his return, elected Mayor of 
 Bordeaux, though he told the electors he had ‘ ‘ neither party-spirit, memory, 
 diligence, nor experience.” Elected for a second time to the office, never¬ 
 theless. A man of great moral courage, and warm in his friendships. 
 
FRENCH SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 99 
 
 237. Jacques Auguste de Thou. Minister of State and Historian. 
 
 [ Born in Paris 1553. Died 1617. Aged 64.] 
 
 Under Henry III. of France, De Thou discharged the duties of several 
 offices with eminent ability and credit; and in 1581, was appointed one of 
 the commissioners, sent to quiet the disturbances in Gruyenne. In 1588, he 
 was nominated Councillor of State, and in the following years proceeded to 
 Glermany and Italy on a diplomatic mission. On the death of Henry III. 
 he received the confidence of Henry IV., and was employed, with others, to 
 digest the articles set forth in the celebrated Edict of Nantes in. 1598. In 
 1591, he commenced his great history of his own times; and, in 1604, 
 published the first eighteen books. After the death of Henry IV., he served 
 for a time as one of the Directors of Finance in Sully’s place, but soon 
 retired, disappointed and vexed ; and closed his days in the completion of 
 his magnificent historical labours, and in the practice of piety. De Thou 
 was deeply read in men, and learned in human dealings ; grave and severely 
 simple. His mighty work was written in 138 books, in the purest Latin, 
 and is one of the world’s monuments of industry, intelligence, and know¬ 
 ledge. He also wrote Latin verses. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Barth&emi Prieur. The head is in white 
 marble, and the body in porphyry to imitate his robe.] 
 
 238. Ej£x1c Descaetes. Mathematician and Metaphysician. 
 
 [Born at Touraine, in France, 1596. Died at Stockholm, in Sweden, 1650. Aged 54.] 
 Shares with Bacon the title of Father of Modern Philosophy. All the meta¬ 
 physical writers follow him, as the men of the physical sciences follow Bacon. 
 He was only three and twenty when, whilst with his regiment on the Danube, 
 he determined to reform philosophy. To do so, he resolved to efface from his 
 mind all that he had learnt, and to admit nothing that could not be demon¬ 
 strated by reason and experience. With him, consciousness was the sole basis , 
 mathematics the sole method , of certainty. He substituted the philo¬ 
 sophy of reason for that of authority. His genius for the great sciences, and 
 his superiority over the majority of his contemporaries in scientific ac¬ 
 quirements, were remarkable. He first applied algebra to geometry; 
 he likewise made observations on the decline of the magnetic needle, put 
 forward the true theory of the rainbow, and brought the science of optics 
 within the domain of mathematics. His influence over his age was great, 
 though his writings involved him in controversies. But he was timid 
 as a man. He wrote a book on astronomy, but destroyed it on learning 
 the fate of Gralileo. He was the first great master of French prose. It is 
 said of him, that he began by doubting everything, and ended by believ¬ 
 ing that he had left nothing unexplained. 
 
 239. Axtoixe Abhauld. Theologian and Controversialist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1612. Died at Brussels, 1694. Aged 82.] 
 
 A learned and fierce polemic, whose consistency was as perfect as his 
 spirit was bitter, and whose defiance of conflict and danger was as insolent as 
 his private life was blameless. His happiness consisted in spiritual warfare. 
 He established himself spokesman of the Jansenists. When he was ten years 
 old he was heard to say to Cardinal Perron, “With this pen I, like you, will 
 write against the Huguenots.” He commenced the labours of his life by an 
 attack upon the Jesuits. Taking active part in all the angry discussion 
 
 n 2 
 
100 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 respecting grace, lie published two ‘ ‘ Apologies ” in favour of Jansenius, which 
 drew upon him the censure of the Sorbonne, and compelled him to retire to Port 
 Royal, where he remained for the space of twelve years. Returning to Paris 
 in 1668, he plunged immediately into the seething waters of controversy, and 
 was again forced into exile. Fifteen years afterwards, we find him, as 
 furious as ever, attacking the doctrine of Malebranche respecting the grace 
 and vision of God. At his own request, his much-agitated heart, after it 
 had ceased to beat, was sent to be deposited in the Port Royal. Forty-eight 
 volumes remain to attest the intensity of his religious prejudices, the depth 
 and extent of his learning, his violent love of wrangling, and his 
 restless and unwearied industry. We sigh over the waste of power and 
 the misuse of fine material. 
 
 240. S^bastieh le Prestre de Vatjban. Engineer . 
 
 [Bom at St.-L€ger de Foucheret, in Burgundy, 1633. Died 1707. Aged 74.] 
 
 Of poor parents, but well descended. At the age of seventeen, entered the 
 army of Conde, in Spain, then fighting against France. Taken prisoner in 
 1653, he went over to the French army, and received his commission as 
 lieutenant of engineers. His rise was as rapid as his services were great. 
 At the age of twenty-five, he conducted the sieges of Gravelines, Ypres, and 
 Oudenarde. He gave the most valuable help in all the campaigns of 
 Holland and Flanders, from 1667 to 1703 ; and in 1703 was created Marshal 
 of France. His contributions to the science of fortification have celebrated 
 his name. He was not only a great builder, but a shrewd observer, and 
 knew better than any of his contemporaries how to avail himself, whether in 
 defence, or in attack, of the circumstances by which he was surrounded, and 
 of the opportunities and conditions of his time. To him we owe the system 
 of parallel lines, which he introduced before the city of Maestricht. At the 
 siege of Philisbourg, he invented the “tir a ricochet,” in which the ball, 
 making a series of bounds, strikes several times along works against which 
 it is directed. He also invented the musket, in which the match served 
 in lieu of the cover to the pan. He afterwards armed the musket with the 
 bayonet. He vastly improved the system of inundations, that most useful 
 element of self-defence. His engineering appliances during his long and 
 indefatigable service were inexhaustible. It is affirmed on authority, that 
 he repaired three hundred old fortresses, constructed thirty-three new 
 works, conducted fifty-three sieges, and was present at a hundred and 
 forty severe engagements. He also left behind him twelve folio volumes on 
 Strategetics, entitled “Idle Hours.” Yauban was beloved by the soldiery, 
 for whose safety he was always careful. His humanity is otherwise known 
 by his endeavour to procure from the king, his master, the restoration of 
 the Edict of Nantes. To that king he was deeply attached ; although to 
 him, as well as to every other man, he was blunt in the expression of what 
 he believed to be truth,—straightforward and manly. He has been called 
 the prince of engineers, and the best of subjects. 
 
 241. Joseph Pittoh de Tournefort. Botanist . 
 
 [Born at Aix, in Provence, 1656. Died 1708. Aged 52.] 
 
 Educated by the Jesuits, and intended originally for the Church ; but 
 upon the death of his father he made several botanical excursions, and 
 finally devoted his days to the prosecution of his darling pursuit. He 
 visited England, Spain, and Holland. Tournefort did much towards the 
 
FRENCH SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 101 
 
 foundation of a scientific botany. His special service was in distinguishing 
 plants from one another, and in preparing them by classification for the 
 handling of the more philosophic student. Like the other botanists of 
 his time, he had his own system of classification. He was one of the first 
 thinkers upon the geographical distribution of plants. In 1700, he pursued 
 his inquiries in the Levant, whence he brought home, after protracted and 
 perilous wandering, no fewer than 1356 new plants. He published his 
 “ Travels in the Levant” upon his return to France. 
 
 242. Charles Rollin. Historian. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1661. Died 1741. Aged 80.] 
 
 The son of a cutler, and himself intended for that trade ; but rescued 
 to learning and literature by a Benedictine monk who placed him at the 
 College of Plessis. His studies were eminently successful. After holding 
 many high scholastic appointments in France, he was obliged to resign, in 
 1720, the Rectorship of the College of Plessis, where he had been brought up, 
 in consequence of the religious troubles of the time, he being suspected of 
 favouring the Jansenists. From 1720 until his death, occupied in literary 
 labours. His “Ancient History” appeared at intervals, from 1730 to 1738. 
 Its simple style and moral tendency are more to be admired than the exactness 
 of its narrative and the discernment of its author. The other writings of Rollin 
 improved the taste of his age, and certainly strengthened its moral tone. 
 As Rector of the University he revived the study of Greek, and gave pro¬ 
 minence to the cultivation of French. He corresponded with Frederic 
 the Great, Rousseau, and Yoltaire, without deriving injury from their 
 acquaintance : for all his contemporaries describe him as singularly virtuous 
 and pious. 
 
 243. Jean Baptiste Rousseau. Lyric Poet. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1669. Died at Brussels, 1741. Aged 72.] 
 
 A lyric poet of great celebrity in France, but many of his compositions 
 defaced by scurrility and indecency. He was the son of a shoemaker, 
 but he received a good education, and at an early age, gave sign of his 
 poetic genius. In his nineteenth year, appointed page to the French ambas¬ 
 sador at the court of Denmark ; and subsequently attached as Secretary to 
 the Embassy in England. In 1712, he fell into disfavour, and was banished 
 from France for writing libellous verses, which, to the last moment of his 
 life, he declared were the production of some enemy, who had designed 
 his ruin. Retiring to Vienna, he found favour with Prince Eugene. The 
 odes of Jean Baptiste Rousseau are not surpassed, if they are equalled, in 
 the French language; his lyrics are elegant and harmonious, and his 
 epigrammatic skill is perfect. His later productions, however, exhibit a 
 lamentable falling off from the early excellence by which he won his fame. 
 
 [ In marble, by Caffieri. No date.] 
 
 244. R£n£ Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur. Chemist and 
 
 Naturalist. 
 
 [Born at RoclieUe, in France, 1683. Died at Maine, in France, 1757. Aged 74.] 
 The discoverer, in his own country, of the art of making steel, till then 
 imported into France. The thermometer which he adjusted, and which is 
 named after him, is chiefly used on the continent. His life spent in the 
 
102 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 service of science, and in the close pursuit of truth. Entomology was, 
 however, his favourite study ; and he contributed a most interesting memoir 
 towards the history of insects. He died from the effects of a fall from 
 his horse. 
 
 245. Georges Lotjis Le Clerc, Comte de Buffom. Naturalist. 
 
 [Born at Montbard, in France, 1707. Died in Paris, 1788. Aged 81.] 
 
 This great naturalist commenced his scientific career at the age of 25, and 
 his study at Montbard was called by Prince Henry of Prussia ‘ ‘ the cradle of 
 Natural History.” Shortly afterwards appointed Intendant to the Jar din des 
 Plantes at Paris, where he projected his theory of the classification of animals, 
 and assisted by Daubenton and Lacepede, wrote the great work which has 
 immortalized his name. He was more or less dissimilar to Linnaeus in the spirit 
 and in the detail of his undertaking. Buffon’s object is to write a natural history 
 of each animal; that of Linnaeus to express its peculiar and distinctive character 
 in the fewest possible words. Linnaeus gives classical names to the objects he 
 describes. Buffon names his animals in French. Buffon’s style is luminous 
 and elevated, and at times approaches the character of blank verse. He 
 is one of the founders of ethnological science, and as a writer on ethnology 
 gave great prominence to the history of man as an Animal. He was sensual, 
 vain, and in religious matters hypocritical. 
 
 [ The original bust, which is in the Louvre, is inscribed—“ByPajou, sculpteur 
 du Roy, professeur de son Academie depeinture et de sculpture, 1773.” Pajou 
 died in 1809.] 
 
 245a. Georges Louis Le Clerc, Comte de Bitffom. Naturalist . 
 
 [By J. Debay.] 
 
 246. Charles Liftn^, known by his Latin name LiisrHiEHS. Botanist. 
 
 [Bom at Rceshult, in Sweden, 1707. Died at Upsal, in Sweden, 1778. Aged 71.] 
 
 A botanist, even at school, where he neglected his books in order to collect 
 plants in the fields. His father, in despair, apprenticed him to a shoemaker. 
 With eight pounds in his pocket, he went to Upsal, to study for the 
 medical profession. Here he was appointed botanical lecturer in the 
 University. Thence he was despatched to Lapland on a botanical expedition, 
 and it is said he travelled 3,500 miles with no more than ten pounds. Finally 
 became Professor of Medicine at Upsal, and Superintendent of the Botanical 
 Gardens. Published, besides his great Systema Naturae, many works 
 on natural history, and a book on Materia Medica and nosology. He 
 invented a new system of classification, founded upon the sexes of plants, 
 which reigned in the science till superseded by the natural system of Jussieu. 
 In person below the middle height, strong, and muscular. His head large; 
 his look ardent and piercing ; his features agreeable and animated. Vanity his 
 greatest foible ; yet few men have shown greater boldness, zeal, and activity, 
 in the pursuit of science. His love of nature seemed a religious devotion of 
 the heart. His library and herbarium were purchased for 1000L by Sir 
 James Edward Smith, and are now in the possession of the Linnsean Society 
 of London. 
 
 247. Jeam Jacqtjes Bottsseatj. Philosopher and Writer. 
 
 [Born at Geneva, 1712. Died at Ermenonville, in France, 1778. Aged 66 ] 
 
 This singular and morally-distempered man, was endowed by nature with 
 
FRENCH SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 103 
 
 a warm imagination, a teeming fancy, and ardent feeling ; but his whole 
 nature was unhinged by the absence of conscientiousness and directing 
 principle. He was not only self-loving and vain, but self-engrossed. His 
 early life was passed in reading romances, and in the loose indulgence of his 
 weaknesses and passions. Yet his pen was a potent one, and, even more 
 than that of Voltaire, helped to bring about the Revolution in France, and 
 all its social blasphemies. Whilst Voltaire, with his bright and sharpened 
 wit, cut away the cable that held religion to its moorings, Rousseau pene¬ 
 trated to the households of men, invaded their firesides, and poisoned their 
 hearts. His writings were new, fascinating, and eloquent ; abounding in 
 highly-wrought descriptions of nature, and in what seemed genuine bursts of 
 passion. His philosophy attributed all vices to civilization, to the existence 
 of property, and to the tyranny of governments. His career was as dis¬ 
 graceful to himself, as his works proved detrimental to the happiness of 
 others. He committed frequent thefts in his youth, and behaved with 
 infamous ingratitude towards his benefactress, Madame de Warens, who 
 saved him from threatened starvation ; yet was left by him to starve in later 
 days, when the condition in life of both had changed. With all his profound 
 sentiment, Rousseau was a cold-blooded and cruel man. He was a subtle, 
 independent, and original inquirer. 
 
 [From the bronze in the Louvre which bears the name of Houdon, 1778. The 
 treatment is in the antique manner. The drapery is a mantle, and the head 
 is bound with a fillet. This bust has an especial interest, from its having 
 been executed from a cast taken after death by Houdon, who was sent for to 
 Ermenonville immediately after the decease of Rousseau, by M. de Girardin, 
 with whom he lived. The original cast still exists, and shows its genuine¬ 
 ness by the scar on the forehead, caused by Rousseau’s falling from his 
 chair ; an accident which gave rise to the report that he had shot him¬ 
 self.] 
 
 247 *. Jean Darcet. Chemist and Physician. 
 
 [Born at Douazit, in France, 1725. Died in Paris, 1801. Aged 76.] 
 Disinherited by his lather for preferring the study of natural philosophy 
 to that of jurisprudence ; but befriended by Montesquieu, who appointed 
 him tutor to his sons. His great discovery was the composition of porcelain. 
 He artificially formed from minerals, found in France, the earth of which 
 porcelain is made, and which exists in a natural state in Saxony, where the 
 law forbade its exportation. The first to extract gelatine from bones, and 
 soda from the sea water. Director of the Gobelins and of the Sevres 
 manufactories. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 248 . Jean Pierre Dtjhamel. Man of Science. 
 
 [Born at Nicorps, in France, 1730. Died 1816. Aged 86.] 
 
 In 1752, Duhamel visited the mines of the Pyrenees, and of various 
 parts of Germany, in order to collect information, his object being to 
 establish a School of Mines in his own country. But he had to wait 
 twenty years for the realization of his idea. As soon as it was carried out, 
 he received the appointment of Professor of Agriculture and Metallurgy. 
 He was a true practical philosopher, and his inventions and discoveries 
 were all of the highest use in the branch of science to the development of 
 which his life-long exertions had been directed. 
 
104 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 249. Joseph Louis Lageahge. Astronomer. 
 
 [Born at Turin, in Italy, 1736. Died in Paris, 1813. Aged 77. J 
 At tlie age of 19, was Professor of Mathematics at the College of Turin. 
 Appointed successor to Euler when the latter was removed from Berlin. 
 Subsequently settled in Paris, where he became one of the Directors of the 
 Mint, and Professor in the Polytechnic school. In 1793, when all foreigners 
 were ordered to leave France, he was permitted to remain. His important 
 labours contributed largely to the advancement of mathematics and 
 astronomy, agitating most of the problems which Laplace subsequently 
 treated with such success. Delicate in health, he led a temperate life ; and 
 in society he was reserved and contemplative. Neither great fame nor high 
 honour impaired his modesty. One of the Encyclopedists. 
 
 250. Jeah Fbahqois Galaup de la P^eouse. Navigator. 
 
 [Born at Albi, in France, 1741. Died about 1788.] 
 
 At an early age entered the naval service of his country, and in 1782 
 commanded the successful attempt to destroy the English settlement at 
 Hudson’s Bay : an attack in which he displayed great humanity towards 
 the foe. In 1785, he quitted France with two small frigates on a voyage of 
 discovery. He visited the coasts of Tartary, Japan, and New Holland ; in 
 1787, he sent home one of his officers with an account of his expedition ; 
 and in 1788, he quitted Botany Bay. No further intelligence was ever received 
 of him or of any of his crew. He probably perished on one of the Yanikors 
 islands. 
 
 50*. Maeie-Je ah-Antoine Nicolas Cae^tat, Maequis de Con- 
 DOECET. Mathematician and Philosopher. 
 
 [Bora in Picardy, France, 1743. Died at Clamart, in France, 1794. Aged 51.] 
 One of the original thinkers of the eighteenth century, and the biographer 
 of Yoltaire. Cold and reserved in his manner, but his feelings warm and 
 enthusiastic. D’Alembert called him “a volcano covered with snow.” 
 Another writer has said that goodness was so sweetly expressed in his 
 eyes, that had he proved dishonest, he would have been more to blame 
 than any other man. He earned and still retains the name of the ‘ ‘ virtuous 
 Condorcet.” His scientific attainments caused him to be elected Secretary to 
 the Academy of Sciences at an early age. His works, which are in 21 
 vols., were collected by Cabanis and Garat. The work on which his fame 
 will rest is the Esquisse d'un tableau Historique des progres de V esprit 
 Humain , where, for the first time, the idea of Progress as a law of 
 Humanity was scientifically expounded. Condorcet believed in the indefinite 
 perfectibility of man as the result of this law of progress. In 1791, inflamed 
 with the zeal which he had helped to kindle for liberty, and the overthrow 
 of inveterate abuses, he became a member of the National Assembly, but 
 not proving violent enough for his colleagues, was forced to secrete him¬ 
 self in the house of a friend. Death being pronounced against all who 
 should harbour proscribed persons, Condorcet voluntarily quitted his 
 sanctuary in disguise ; but was detected in the village of Clermont, and 
 thrown into prison. He swallowed poison, and was found dead on the 
 following morning. In action, Condorcet wanted moral courage. 
 
 [ Bust to come.] 
 
FRENCH SCIENTIFIC MEN. 105 
 
 251. Jacques Etienne Montgolfier. Aeronaut, and Inventor of 
 
 Balloons. 
 
 [Bom at Vidalon-lfes-Aunonai, in France, 1745. Died at Serribres, in France, 1799. 
 
 Aged 54.] 
 
 The son of a paper-maker. Was led by reading the philosophical writings 
 of Priestley to conceive the idea of employing gas, lighter than the atmo¬ 
 sphere, as a means of ascending through the air. His first experiment was 
 made at Aunonai in 1783, and with such success that he repeated it the 
 same year in Paris, and again at Versailles before the Court. Montgolfier 
 was rewarded for his invention by admission to the Academy of Sciences, the 
 cordon of St. Michel, and a pension of 2000 livres. 
 
 251*. Gaspar Monge. Geometrician. 
 
 [Born at Beaunde, in France, 1746. Died in Paris, 1818. Aged 72.] 
 
 Inventor of descriptive geometry, and one of the founders of the Poly¬ 
 technic School at Paris. During the Revolution elected Minister of Marine ; 
 but soon resigning, took a personally active part in the equipment of the 
 army for war. Under Napoleon, visited Egypt, where his investigations of 
 architectural remains were incessant. His whole life devoted to science ; and 
 his work on the history of Mathematics testifies to his deep spirit of research. 
 An impartial writer, but a praiser of few. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 252. Dominique Denon. Egyptian Traveller. 
 
 [Bom at Chalons-sur-Saone, in France, 1747. Died in Parils, 1825. Aged 78.] 
 Brought up to the law, he neglected his profession for the fine arts. 
 Found favour with Louis XV. and his successor. Fulfilled several diplomatic 
 appointments with great success. In 1787, became a member of the Academy 
 of Painters. Employed by Robespierre to design the new republican official 
 costumes. Accompanied the French expedition to Egypt; of which one 
 result was his interesting and magnificent work, published at the public 
 expense, “Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt, during the campaigns of 
 General Buonaparte.” This work first brought the wonderful remains of 
 ancient Egyptian art distinctly before our eyes. Subsequently appointed, by 
 Napoleon, Director-General of Museums, and mainly organized in Paris the 
 admirable collection which for a time constituted the richest treasury of art 
 ever known in Europe. At the Restoration, Denon lost his office, and 
 devoted his leisure to the arrangement of his own museum. Pie was an 
 ardent lover of the fine arts, possessed an elegant taste and liberal mind. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by M. Marin. 1827.] 
 
 252*. Claude Louis Berthollet. Chemist. 
 
 [Born at Talloire, in Savoy, 1748. Died at Arcueil, in France, 1822. Aged 74.] 
 After studying at Turin, went to Paris. There elected a member of the 
 Academy of Sciences, and Professor of Chemistry to the Normal and 
 Polytechnic Schools. During the first wars of the Revolution employed in 
 making gunpowder, and converting iron into steel. With Monge, the 
 geometrician, accompanied the French army to Italy and Egypt in order to 
 direct the removal of the plundered works of art. The friendship of 
 these two philosophers, their calmness in pursuing science amidst danger, 
 their courage and kindness to the soldiers, won for them the admiration 
 
106 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 of the whole army. Berthollet discovered the bleaching properties of 
 chlorine, and the art of fixing the colour of dyes. Also assisted in the 
 establishment of a new chemical nomenclature. Generous, disinterested, 
 heroic ; and his modesty equal to his merit. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 253. Antoine Ladeent de Jessietj. Botanist. 
 
 [Born at Lyons, 1748. Died in Paris, 1836. Aged 88.] 
 
 One of a celebrated family of botanists ; his uncle Bernard, who died in 
 1777, having been one of the foremost botanists of his age. His most 
 famous work, founded upon his uncle’s great labours, was “The Varieties of 
 Plants, arranged according to their Natural Order.” His whole scientific 
 life was spent in an endeavour to ascertain the natural relations of plants, 
 and, by the aid of fresh discoveries, to justify and complete the system he 
 upheld. 
 
 253*. Pieeee Simon Laplace. Astronomer. 
 
 [Born at Beaumont, in France, 1749. Died in Paris, 1827. Aged 78.] 
 
 A great geometrician and physical astronomer. To him we owe the 
 Theory of Probabilities, and the Nebular Hypothesis. He also prepared 
 the way for the Theory of Tides. He discovered the existence of an 
 invariable plane in the solar system. Invented a thermometer. His great 
 work, Mecanique celeste, introduced to the English by Mrs. Somerville in 
 her “Mechanism of the Heavens,” is so complete that no alterations of 
 importance have been made by subsequent discovery. 
 
 [ Bust to come.] 
 
 254. Jean Antoine Chaptal. Chemist. 
 
 [Born at Nogaret, in France, 1756. Died in Paris, 1832. Aged 76.] 
 
 As a chemist eminent for making the science subservient to the uses of 
 manufacture. In 1800, elected Minister of State. In 1802, presented to 
 the State a scheme for education which embodied Napoleon’s educational 
 measures. Curious to say, the scheme betrayed a distrust of general 
 education altogether, and an anxiety to train up youth in the interest of 
 the government. An able statesman, but in science a practical philosopher, 
 rather than a brilliant discoverer. 
 
 255. Beenaed Geemain JStienne Lac^p^de. Comte de la Yille 
 
 see Mon. Naturalist. 
 
 [Born at Agen, in France, 1756. Died at Epinay, in France, 1825. Aged 69.] 
 When young, in the army ; but quitted it for the study of Natural History. 
 The favorite pupil of Buffon, who obtained for him the appointment of Curator 
 to the king, and selected him to continue his Natural History. His works 
 display profound research, and are elegantly written. A courteous and 
 kind-hearted man. 
 
 255*. Antoine Isaac Silyestee, Baeon de Sacy. Orientalist. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1758. Died there, 1838. Aged 80.] 
 
 One of the greatest of modern linguists, he made himself master, not 
 only of all the classical and modern languages of Europe, but of many of the 
 languages of the East. His industry was remarkable. In 1806, he was 
 appointed Professor of Persian. In 1810, he published an Arabic grammar. 
 
FRENCH SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 107 
 
 In 1832, he was raised to the peerage, and made keeper of the Oriental 
 MSS. in the king’s library. De Sacy was the chief founder and first Presi¬ 
 dent of the Asiatic Society in Paris, and besides extending in his country 
 the knowledge of every branch of Oriental literature, he caused professor¬ 
 ships of Chinese, Sanskrit, and Hindostani to be established in Paris. He 
 left behind him a magnificent library. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 256. Georges Leopold Chretien Fr^d^ric Dagobert Ctjvier. 
 
 Naturalist. 
 
 [Born at Montbeliard, in France, 1769. Died in Paris, 1832. Aged 63.] 
 
 At an early age displayed a taste for drawing and natural history, 
 and an extraordinarily retentive memory. After the Reign of Terror, 
 invited to Paris, where he prepared his ‘ ‘ Tabular Arrangement of the 
 Natural History of Animals,” which has served as the basis for all subse¬ 
 quent works on zoological classification. Shortly afterwards commenced the 
 formation of his celebrated collection for the study of comparative anatomy. 
 His greatest work, ‘ ‘ The Animal Kingdom distributed according to its 
 Organization,” has been the foundation of all zoological studies since his time. 
 Possessed of great administrative capacity. Famous for his discoveries 
 among fossil animals, and by these rendered invaluable services to geology. 
 Was made Councillor of State, by Napoleon. In 1831, raised to the peerage. 
 His writings very attractive. His mind active and enterprising, yet sound 
 and methodical. Unlike Buffon, he considered system indispensable in the 
 investigations of physiology. Solicitous for the diffusion of knowledge. A 
 good as well as great man. Unimpeachable in all the relations of social life. 
 
 256*. Jean Le Rond D’Alembert. Mathematician and Philosopher . 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1717. Died there, 1783. Aged 66.] 
 
 When an infant exposed in the church of Le Rond, from which he is 
 named. Nursed in obscurity by the wife of a glazier ; educated at the 
 College of Mazarin. Evinced astounding precocity and a decided inclina¬ 
 tion for mathematical studies. At the age of twenty-four gave proof of his 
 great mathematical knowledge, and gained admission into the Academy 
 of Sciences. Memorable for his connexion with the great French work 
 “ L’ Encyclopedic, ” to which he contributed many articles, and its excellent 
 preliminary discourse. In 1772, appointed Secretary to the French 
 Academy. The author of many celebrated works on his favourite science, 
 in which he was an undoubted discoverer. He was the friend of the 
 Empress Catharine of Russia, and of Frederic the Great of Prussia. In 
 the war which in his time was carried on against the church, he took his 
 place by the side of his friends Diderot, Yoltaire, Grimm, and D’Holbach. 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 256**. Alexandre Louis Joseph, Marquis de Laborde. Soldier, 
 
 Traveller , and Educator. 
 
 [Bom in Paris, 1774. Died there, 1842. Aged 68.] 
 
 At the breaking out of the French Revolution, entered the Austrian 
 service, in which he remained nine years. After the treaty of Campo Formio, 
 revisited his native city, prosecuted the study of literature and the arts, and 
 attached himself to Napoleon and the Imperial family. Then travelled 
 
108 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 through England, Holland, and Spain ; accompanied Napoleon to the last- 
 named country, and went with the Emperor also to Austria in 1810. He 
 held many important offices during Buonaparte’s life, and formed one of the 
 Embassy appointed to demand the hand of Maria Louisa. After the Restora¬ 
 tion the influence of Laborde ceased ; his usefulness, however, continued, 
 for he took great pains to introduce into France the Lancasterian system of 
 education for poor children. In 1822, he was elected Deputy for Paris ; and 
 in 1830, signed, with 220 other Deputies, the protest against the ordinances 
 of Charles X. He was again deputy under Louis Philippe. Laborde was a 
 traveller in the East as well as in the West : an accomplished man, and an 
 eloquent speaker. He wrote many works having reference to his travels and 
 to his educational objects. 
 
 [ Bust to come.] 
 
 256 ***. Gay Ltjssac. French Chemist. 
 
 [Born 1778. Died 1850. Aged 72.] 
 
 A leading discoverer in Chemistry whilst the science was advancing with 
 the most rapid steps and surprising disclosures. Of a spirit exact and large 
 to reason out abstruse principles, subtly curious to hunt on the track of new 
 marvels, and patient and inventive to repeat, vary, and heap experiments, 
 his long life of labour might well leave a name memorable to his own science, 
 and to the arts which it enlightens and aids. In 1816, he was appointed 
 Professor of Chemistry in the Polytechnic School. He was one of those who 
 do not shrink from personal peril in enlarging the domain of science. In 
 1804, at the desire of the French government, he ascended in a balloon in 
 order to ascertain by experiment, whether the magnetic force suffers percep¬ 
 tible diminution at great elevations, and found no appreciable diminution up 
 to the elevation of 13,124 feet. Simple, modest, gentle, firm, open and 
 upright, an unchangeable friend, and a sound patriot :—he carried into all 
 the relations of life the ardour of truth which animated his scientific 
 researches. 
 
 256 ****. Charles Nodier. Writer. 
 
 [Born at Besangon, in France, 1780. Died, 1844. Aged 64.] 
 
 One of the contributors to the “ Biographie Universelle,” and an able 
 writer on many subjects. He published a dictionary of words which naturally 
 represent by their sound the action signified : and this work became at once, 
 by order of the government, a class-book in all the public schools. He also 
 wrote instructive works on flowers and insects. In 1800, there appeared 
 from his pen a poem called “Napoleone,” for which he suffered imprisonment. 
 A writer for the Journal des Debats newspaper ; subsequently conducted the 
 Quotidienne. In 1834, a member of the French Academy. He had great 
 rapidity in composition, and published many writings ; amongst them several 
 novels. As a writer his style is pure ; he was hostile to innovations in 
 language. He has been accused of political tergiversation : and of being 
 little scrupulous in the way of pushing his interests, and forcing a repu¬ 
 tation. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 109 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN- 
 
 257. Pierre de Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard. Warrior. 
 
 [Born near Grenoble, in France, 1476. Died, 1524. Aged 48.] 
 
 The “ Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche.” A true knight and gen¬ 
 tleman. His earliest renown won at the tourney. At the age of eighteen, 
 entered active service, which he did not quit until his death in Italy, where 
 he fell, as he desired, by the weapon of the foe on the field of battle. Spotless 
 in character, intrepid, generous, self-denying, and the very soul of honour. 
 He enjoyed the respect and admiration of his country’s enemies, and by his 
 own countrymen he was idolized. After the battle of Marignan, his King, 
 Francis I., one of the bravest men of his age, desired to receive the order of 
 knighthood from the hands of Bayard. The ceremony over, Bayard addressed 
 his sword, vowing to regard it thenceforward as a sacred relic, never to be 
 drawn except against Turks, Saracens, and Moors. The body of Bayard was 
 embalmed by the foe and restored to the French for honourable burial, at 
 Grenoble. 
 
 258. Gaston de Foix. Warrior. 
 
 [Born 1489. Died at Ravenna, in Italy, 1512. Aged 23.] 
 
 The nephew of Louis XII. of France. Succeeded the Duke of Longueville 
 in the command of the army in Italy, where his prodigies of valour and 
 daring exploits gained him the name of the “Thunderbolt of Italy.” He 
 raised the siege of Ravenna, and in his hot pursuit of the foe, was cut down; 
 —slaughtered in the hour of victory. 
 
 [This is one of the finest French busts. There is also a portrait of him in the 
 Gallery of Vienna, by Palma Vecchio.] 
 
 259. Michel de l’Hopital. Chancellor of France. 
 
 [Born at Aigueperse, in France, 1505. Died at Vignay, in France, 1573. Aged 68.] 
 One of the greatest magistrates of France. Educated by his father, a 
 surgeon, for the profession of law, at Toulouse and Padua. Entering 
 Parliament, he became distinguished for his judgment, learning, modesty, 
 and legal attainments. On the death of Francis I. nominated Ambassador 
 to the Council of Trent. Upon his return to France, appointed by 
 Marguerite de Valois, Duchesse de Berri, Private Chancellor of her House¬ 
 hold ; and after the accession of Henry II., raised to the dignity of 
 Chancellor of France. Religious dissensions were now rife and bitter, and 
 L’Hopital took the side of moderation and justice. It was his hand that in 
 1562 drew up the edict called the “edict of January,” which gave freedom 
 of worship to Protestants in France. Hopeless, however, of seeing an end 
 to the fierce quarrels of Roman Catholics and Calvinists, he resigned the 
 seals of office in 1567, and retired into privacy. He was still in obscurity 
 when the butchery of St. Bartholomew took place. During the massacre, 
 Catherine de Medicis sent a body-guard to protect the Ex-Chancellor. Being 
 told that he was pardoned, L’Hdpital calmly replied “that he was not 
 aware that he had done anything demanding either death or pardon.” The 
 grief and horror which he experienced at this dreadful event broke the 
 heart of the mild and conscientious man. His character looks all the 
 
110 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 brighter from the darkness by which he is surrounded. His industry was 
 equal to his great learning, and his high sense of honour and justice 
 corresponded to his humanity. When, in 1554, he was made Superintendent 
 of the Royal Finances, he restored an exhausted treasury by his stem and 
 resolute honesty. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Gois, Sen.] 
 
 260. GrASPAED PE COLIGNY. Marshal and Admiral. 
 
 [Born at Chatillon-sur-Loin, in France, 1517. Died in Paris, 1572. Aged 55.] 
 Greatly distinguished for his valour. The head of the Protestant party 
 in France, and the first victim of the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 261. Pierre Laerent Btjirette PE Belloy. Dramatist .* 
 
 [Born at St. Flour, in Auvergne, 1727. Died 1775. Aged 48.] 
 
 A writer who acquired immense popularity in his own day, but whose 
 death, it is said, was hastened by grief at the total failure of his last 
 dramatic work. His best production is “The Siege of Calais,” which, as 
 the third great success achieved by his pen, secured for him the gold 
 medal accorded by the king to authors who should have been thrice 
 successful on the stage. The style of Belloy is somewhat laboured and 
 sententious, and he indulges largely in hyperbole ; but he had a happy know¬ 
 ledge of stage effect. He possessed an astonishing memory ; and was the 
 first introducer of national subjects, for representation upon the French stage. 
 At an early period of his life he had himself been an actor in Russia. 
 
 [From the marble by Caffieri. On the pedestal of the bust is inscribed—“ The 
 work of his friend, Caffieri. 1771.”] 
 
 262. FRAhrgois de Bonne, Dec de Lesdigei&res. Constable of 
 
 France. 
 
 [Born 1543. Died 1626. Aged 83.] 
 
 When nineteen years of age, a simple archer ; but, by dint of great 
 bravery, activity, and success, he shortly became chief of the Protestant 
 party in France. In 1575, appointed commander of the Protestant army in 
 the place of Montbrun; performed great feats of arms in Dauphiny and 
 Provence, and helped, more than any other soldier of his time, to place 
 Henry IV. upon the throne. After the death of Henry, the religious 
 convictions of Lesdiguieres underwent a remarkable change. He was con¬ 
 verted to Romanism,—some say, by the persuasive powers of a missionary ; 
 others, by the dazzling office of Lord High Constable of France, offered on 
 condition that he abjured his faith. It is certain that he had a lust of 
 power and wealth, and was unscrupulous in the means of getting them. 
 Yet he had great qualities. He was generous and forgiving. He was 
 conqueror in every battle he fought. Our own Elizabeth was heard to say 
 that ‘ ‘ had there been two Lesdiguieres in France, she would have begged 
 one from the king.” He was indeed a man after her own great heart; for 
 he was brave, handsome, active, full of resources, and always successful. 
 
 263. Maximilien de B^thene, Dec de Selly. Minister of State. 
 
 [Born at Rosny, in France, 1560. Died at Villebon, in France, 1641. Aged 82.] 
 
 The early friend and Minister of Henry IV. of France. Educated, like 
 his royal master, in the reformed faith, he ran in his youth great risk of 
 
 * This biographical notice belongs properly to “French Poets and Dramatists,” and 
 
 has been unavoidably misplaced. 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 falling a victim to the terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. Escaping 
 from that danger, he joined the standard of the young King of Navarre, 
 shared his dangers, and distinguished himself by the most daring courage. 
 His abilities, however, as diplomatist and financier outweighed his bravery 
 and impetuosity on the field. When Henry IV. ascended the throne of 
 France, Sully became Minister of Finance, and by dint of skilful manage¬ 
 ment and great labour he so far repaired the monetary credit of the nation 
 as to he able to pay off, in the course of ten years, a heavy debt, and to 
 leave a considerable surplus in the treasury. Upon the accession of 
 James II. of England, he came to this country as ambassador, and concluded 
 a treaty advantageous to the interests of both nations. After the assassina¬ 
 tion of Henry IV., Sully quietly retired to his estates, where he was fre¬ 
 quently consulted by Louis XIII., and where he composed his interesting 
 “Memoirs.” He was amazingly rich, and laden with honours. He held 
 many appointments—amongst others, those of Governor of Poitou, and 
 Grand Surveyor of France. Sully was parsimonious, although he had ever 
 been liberal in supplying the necessities of his royal master, when the King 
 of Navarre stood in need of help. He had many fine qualities : not the 
 least of these was his plain, blunt sincerity in all his dealings with the king. 
 He was a most diligent worker, rising invariably at four o’clock in the morning 
 to commence his daily work. He is described as violent in temper, avaricious, 
 and greedy of honour as well as money. He had largely earned both by his 
 life-long fidelity to his sovereign, and by the lasting services rendered in the 
 time of peace to the bankrupt exchequer of his country. He died as he 
 had lived—a Protestant. 
 
 [From the statue in the Institute of France, by Mouchy.] 
 
 264 . Claude Fabei de Peieesc. Patron of Science. 
 
 [Born at Beaugensier, in France, 1580. Died 1637. Aged 57.] 
 
 A benefactor of his kind, being one of the most notable promoters and patrons 
 of science and literature. For a long time resident on his native soil, then in 
 Italy, England, and Holland, in all which countries he collected with the greatest 
 avidity, and at infinite pains, rare memorials of antiquity. He encouraged 
 and assisted men of genius wherever he met them, and corresponded with 
 the learned of his time in Europe. We are indebted to him for the preser¬ 
 vation of several ancient manuscripts, and for our acquaintance with 
 fragments of learning, until his time unrecovered. He was himself an anti¬ 
 quary, a philologist, and an astronomer. 
 
 [ From a marble in the Louvre, copied by Claude Francin from a bust by Caffieri. 
 Francin died in 1773. An original work of his from the life, is the bust of 
 D’Alembert, at .Versailles. The original of our bust, some years ago, had the 
 nose broken off. It has not been very skilfully restored. ] 
 
 265 . Abeaham Duqdesne. Vice Admiral of France. 
 
 [Born at Dieppe, in France, 1610. Died in Paris, 1688. Aged 78.] 
 
 One of the most famous sea-captains of France. At the age of seventeen, 
 he already gained great distinction by his deeds against the Spaniard. 
 During the minority of Louis XIV. entered the navy of Sweden, and 
 destroyed the fleet of Christian IV. of Denmark. Returning to France, per¬ 
 formed illustrious service against Spain and Holland combined; opposed Ruyter 
 and Van Tromp, and gained important victories over both. Ruyter he 
 completely defeated near Messina, winning that city for the French. In 1683, 
 
112 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 bombarded Algiers, and in 1684, bnmbled Genoa. Duquesne, being a 
 Protestant, did not receive from bis royal master the highest rank in the 
 French navy, but he was created a Marquis, and upon the revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes, his was the sole name not included in the general proscription. 
 Louis XIY. expressed to this great sailor his regret that he could not recom¬ 
 pense his services as they merited, because of his religious faith. When 
 Duquesne repeated this to his wife, she said, “You ought to have replied :— 
 ‘Sire, if I am a Protestant, my services are Catholic.’” Like Nelson, 
 Duquesne was in private life admired for his gentleness and sterling 
 worth. 
 
 [For an account of this statue, see Handbook of Modern Sculpture, No. 92.] 
 
 266. Henri re la Tore r’Auvergne, Yicomte re Turenne. 
 
 Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born at Sedan, in France, 1611. Died at Baden, 1675. Aged 64.] 
 
 The most skilful commander in Europe, at a time when the art of war 
 was studied with greater assiduity than at any previous period. The 
 public and private acts of Turenne proclaim the inherent grandeur of 
 his mind. He was born a Protestant, and becoming a Roman Catholic in 
 after life, he exhibited moderation and comprehensive liberality, not always 
 characteristic of the convert. He was sagacious, truthful, and virtuous. 
 In war energetic, brave, and full of resources ; in private life pure, kind, and 
 disinterested. He entered upon military duty in Holland in his 13th 
 year. After the death of Louis XIII., Mazarin and the Queen Mother 
 enlisted the successful soldier in their service, and conferred upon him the 
 Marshal’s baton. They had no cause to repent the act. He performed 
 great deeds in Germany, took part in the wars of the Fronde, and 
 covered himself with glory in every campaign. He fell whilst leading his 
 men into action, and his marshalled troops, paralysed by the blow, 
 retired without hazarding a battle. Montecucculi, the opposed commander, 
 on seeing the movement, exclaimed, “Turenne is dead.” Turenne was 
 unprepossessing in appearance : he had a fierce expression, was of the middle 
 height, with very broad shoulders and thick eyebrows. He was mourned, 
 by order of the King, as a prince of the blood royal, and buried with 
 kings in the Church of St. Denis. Napoleon said, at St. Helena, that he 
 had studied the life of Turenne, deeming his renown exaggerated, but 
 that he had risen from the study confirmed in his opinion of the commander’s 
 greatness. “The boldness of Turenne,” he added, “increased with his 
 experience ; for he was more daring at the close than at the outset of 
 his career. It was the reverse with Conde, who made so great display at 
 starting.” 
 
 267. Edouard Colbert. Minister of State. 
 
 [Died, 1693.] 
 
 Brother of the great Jean Baptiste Colbert, who was Finance Minister of 
 Louis XIY. Edouard was a lieutenant-general in the army, and a member 
 of the government. 
 
 [ From a marble in the Louvre, by Desjardins, a Dutch sculptor, born at Breda, 
 1640, who died at Paris, in 1694. Desjardins attained to eminence and be¬ 
 came principal of the Academie in Paris. The original is inscribed—“ E. C. 
 Marquis de C'olbert, Surintendant des batimens du Roy, a g6 de LXIIII. 
 ans.”] 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 113 
 
 267*. Jean Baptiste Colbert. Statesman and Financier. 
 
 [Born at Reims, in France, 1619. Died in Paris, 1683. Aged 64.] 
 
 It has been said that Louis XIY. would never have been so great a King 
 had not Colbert been so great a financier. And there is warrant for the 
 remark. His soul was absorbed in the work of glorifying France, and he 
 carried out his patriotic object by re-establishing order in the finances of 
 the country, from which he contended all material prosperity flows—by a 
 reconstruction of the whole commercial system—by adorning the capital with 
 great public works, and by a general encouragement of art and literature. 
 Some authors assert that Colbert was the son of a draper. His mind was 
 that of the most enlightened statesman. In early life, Mazarin had been his 
 patron, and when the Cardinal died, he bequeathed his friend to the King 
 as the best legacy he could leave him, and he appointed him his own executor. 
 France prospered under his hand, which suffered no fatigue from inordinate 
 exertion, and which ruled,—if occasionally with a .rod of iron,—with a 
 success that has left some of its effects visible even at the present day. He 
 died spent with service, having lived through intrigues and rivalries. 
 
 [ This bust, which is to come, is from a marble in the Louvre, by Michel An- 
 guier, who died in 1686. He was the artist who executed the sculptures of 
 the Triumphal Arch at Paris, called the Porte St. Denis. The costume is 
 the court dress, with a mantle over, which is the Order of the Holy Spirit, 
 and the Cordon. At Versailles there is a bust also from the life, by Coysevox, 
 who did the kneeling statue on his tomb in the church of St. Eustace, a copy 
 of which is there also.] 
 
 268. Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, surnamed The 
 Great CondjL Warrior. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1621. Died at Fontainbleau, in France, 1686. Aged 65.] 
 
 A great soldier, daring, impetuous, valiant, brilliant in his achievements, 
 and, in the pursuit of victory, utterly regardless of human life, whether 
 in respect of himself or of others. When he first entered the army, he 
 served under the great Turenne, but in 1643, five days after the acces¬ 
 sion of Louis XIV., being invested with the chief command of the armies 
 of Flanders and Picardy, he won the famous battle of Rocroi, in which, 
 with a most inadequate force, he annihilated the veteran Spanish troops. 
 From 1643 to 1649, he accumulated glory and honour upon his brow. 
 In 1650, Mazarin, alarmed by the position assumed by the laurelled 
 warrior during the troubles of the “Fronde,” arrested him, and impri¬ 
 soned him in the Bastille. Released after thirteen months’ confinement, 
 Conde in revenge threw himself into the arms of Spain, and marched 
 against Paris; where, however, his bravery and hot indignation could 
 make little way against Turenne. Peace having been concluded in 1659, 
 Conde returned to France, resumed his old allegiance, and took part in 
 the triumphant victories of the time. When Turenne was killed at 
 Salzbach, in 1675, Conde assumed the place of the deceased commander, 
 but only to make his last campaign ; for ill-health soon compelled him 
 to lay down his arms for ever. He retired to his estate at Chantilly, 
 and passed the remainder of his days in the society and patronage of 
 the chief literary men of the time. He was the friend of Racine and 
 Moliere, and an enthusiastic admirer of Corneille. Conde was a hero on 
 the field of battle, but there only :—as a man, proud, fierce, eager, passionate, 
 
114 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 and ambitious. He bad an eagle glance, and a spirit easily roused. After 
 tbe wont of tbe great world in France in those days, he became religious in 
 his decline. 
 
 269. Hexri Fraxqois d’ Aghjesseatj. Chancellor of France. 
 
 [Born at Limoges, in France, 1668. Died at Fresnes, in France, 1751. Aged 83.] 
 
 A distinguished orator and judge, a fine scholar, a loyal citizen, and a 
 worthy, if in some respects, a weak man. He improved the administration 
 of justice in France, defended the monarchy against papal aggression, and 
 the people from the aggressions of the monarch. He became Chancellor in 
 1717, but resolutely opposing the dangerous system of finance known as 
 “ Law’s system,” he was deprived of the seals and banished. In 1720, he 
 was recalled, to counteract the disastrous effects of Law’s schemes ; but in 
 1722, making another stand against corruption, he was again dismissed, by 
 the influence of Court intrigue. Once more invited back to office, he served 
 his country until 1750, when he finally resigned the Chancellorship. He was 
 distinguished for gentleness of manner and sweetness of disposition, as much 
 as for love of honesty and truth. It was said of him, that his thoughts were 
 those of a philosopher ; his speech, that of an orator. He was conversant 
 with many ancient and modern languages, and he wrote Latin and other 
 verses. His works, chiefly legal, formed thirteen quarto volumes. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre.] 
 
 270. Maurice, Comte de Saxe. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born at Dresden, in Saxony, 1696. Died at Chambord, in France, 1750. Aged 54 ] 
 One of the most illustrious warriors of the eighteenth century. The natural 
 son of Frederic Augustus II., King of Poland, and Aurora, the celebrated 
 Countess of Konigsmarck. In 1711, he followed the King of Poland to 
 Stralsund ; he also served in Hungary against the Turks, and was at the 
 siege of Belgrade. In 1720, he entered the service of France, in which, after 
 famous deeds of heroism, and many brilliant triumphs, he rose to the highest 
 rank. In 1745, he gained the battle of Fontenoy, and by the capture of 
 Maastricht in 1747, he secured the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Marshal Saxe 
 was large in size, and of extraordinary strength. He was a Lutheran. 
 
 [ From the marble in the Louvre, by J. B. Pigalle, a celebrated French sculptor 
 of the last century, who died at Paris in 1785. The mausoleum to the 
 memory of Saxe, in the church of St. Thomas, at Strasbourg, was built by 
 him. The Marshal wears his armour, which is sculptured with the arms of 
 his family. The statue at Versailles is the work of M. Rude, in 1836. Another 
 bust, by Cartellier, treated in the Antique style, is in the Tuileries.] 
 
 271. Frax§ois Christophe Kellermanx. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born at Strasbourg, in France, 1735. Died in Paris, 1820. Aged 85.] 
 
 One of Napoleon’s generals. Commanded at the battle of Yalmy, 1792, 
 against the Duke of Brunswick, and his victory probably determined the 
 fate of Europe until 1815. Years afterwards it was his good fortune to 
 decide the issue of one of Napoleon’s greatest battles by the brilliancy of his 
 charge. Napoleon said “the charge was opportune.” “Opportune!” 
 replied Kellermann, “it has put the crown upon your head.” The Emperor 
 never forgave the remark. Kellermann excelled in statesman-like tact and 
 finesse. 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 115 
 
 272. Charles Franqois Dumouriez. French General. 
 
 [Bom at Cambrai, in France, 1739. Died, 1823. Aged 84.] 
 
 Played a conspicuous part in the first French Revolution, changing from 
 one party to another. His antipathy to the extreme Republicans induced him 
 at last to treat with Austria for the invasion of France, hut, deserted by his 
 army, he retired to Hamburgh and thence to England. A friend of Lord 
 Castlereagh and the late Duke of Kent. Enterprising, ambitious, and 
 capable, but inconsiderate and hasty. He wrote several works. 
 
 273. Th^ophile Malo de la Tour d’Auvergne-Corret. Warrior. 
 
 [Born at Cartraix, in Lower Britanny, 1743. Died at Neuburg, in Bavaria, 
 
 1800. Aged 57.] 
 
 Styled by Napoleon “ the first grenadier of France.” Entered the Spanish 
 army as a volunteer, and conducted himself with great bravery and humanity 
 at the siege of Mahon. Throughout his military life exhibited unflinch¬ 
 ing valour and singular judgment. After the close of his service, re-en¬ 
 tered the army as the substitute for the son of a friend, who had been drawn as 
 conscript. Killed at the battle of Neuburg, he was buried on the field, but 
 his heart was embalmed and confided to the care of his regiment. A hero 
 in war, and in private life. An excellent scholar, well versed in history, 
 eminent as a linguist, and known as the author of a Franco-Celtic Dictionary. 
 As a signal distinction, the name of La Tour D’Auvergne, after his death, 
 was still called, in its turn, in the muster-roll of his regiment. 
 
 [ From the marble in the Tuileries. The author not known, but supposed to be 
 Chas. Louis Corbet.] 
 
 274. Pierre Alexandre Berthier. Marshal of France. 
 
 Born at Versailles, in France, 1753. Died at Hamburg, in Germany, 1S15. Aged 62.] 
 
 The bosom friend of Napoleon, and his constant companion in his cam¬ 
 paigns. He received ip person the Emperor’s instructions, and forwarded 
 them to the different generals. Performed his duties with docility, readiness, 
 and perfect silence, and never betrayed his master’s secrets. As a subordinate 
 unsurpassed, but had none of the qualities of a commander. He proved 
 ungrateful. On the fall of Napoleon, he went over to the Bourbons ; on 
 Napoleon’s return from Elba he changed again, but to be repulsed by his 
 former chief. After Waterloo the Bourbons refused to countenance him, 
 whereupon he fell into melancholy and died by his own hand. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileiies.] 
 
 275. Jean Baptiste Kleber. French General. 
 
 [Born at Strasbourg, in France, 1754. Assassinated at Cairo, in Egypt, 1800. Aged 46. 
 
 At first in the Bavarian army. At the breaking out of the French Revolu¬ 
 tion, served France in the ranks. His lofty stature, martial air, and fearless 
 demeanour soon insured his promotion. With Napoleon in the Egyptian 
 expedition. Left in command of the army in Egypt, he captured Cairo, but 
 was himself assassinated in that city by a native of Aleppo. In him cool 
 judgment and romantic bravery were combined; and his humanity and 
 integrity equalled Iris courage and coolness. Napoleon pronounced him one 
 of the greatest of his generals. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries, by Masson. It figured in the Exhibition of 
 the 9th year of the Consulate, with the statement that it was done for the 
 Gallery of the Consuls.] 
 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 276. Feanqois Joseph Lefebyee, Dec de Dahtzic. Marshal of 
 
 France . 
 
 [Born in Alsace, 1755. Died in Paris, 1820. Aged 65.] 
 
 One of the many who at the breaking out of the French Revolution found 
 themselves on the lowest step of the social ladder, and in time, by force of 
 ability and valour, mounted to the very highest. Lefebvre was the son of a 
 miller, and being an orphan, was brought up in charity by a relative. He 
 enlisted in the Guard, and, at the time of the Revolution, had become 
 a sergeant. Before forty, he was General of brigade. In 1804, 
 Marshal of the Empire. In 1807, besieged and took Dantzic, and for 
 the exploit received his title. In the expedition to Russia (1812) he had the 
 command of the Imperial Guard. Upon the restoration of Louis XVIII, 
 made peer of France, but deprived of his dignity at the second restoration, 
 in consequence of his equivocal conduct during the hundred days. He died 
 in 1820, having followed twelve sons to the grave. He was not a brilliant 
 soldier, nor had he striking qualities of mind ; but he was intelligent, well- 
 informed, modest, and discreet—qualities not without their value in an 
 officer of Napoleon’s army. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries.] 
 
 277. Maeie Pael Gilbeet Motiee, Maeqeis de Lafayette. 
 French General, 
 
 [Born at Chavagnac, in France, 1757. Died in Paris, 1834. Aged 77.] 
 
 Of noble family, but a republican and an enthusiast from his earliest 
 youth. He was only twenty-three years of age when he embarked secretly 
 for America, in order to take part in the War of Independence. Raising 
 and equipping a body of men at his own expense, he fought at the battles of 
 Brandywine and Monmouth. He was again in France in 1779, for the 
 purpose of concluding a treaty between that country and America ; returned to 
 America after accomplishing his object, and commanded Washington’s 
 vanguard when Lord Cornwallis surrendered in 1782. His zeal, on behalf 
 of America and the republican cause, knew no bounds, and his restlessness 
 was excessive. Many of his proposed schemes were wild and impossible. 
 During the French Revolution, this arch-republican was himself obliged to 
 fly from France, in order to save his head, and being taken by the Austrians, 
 was imprisoned for five years at Olmutz. Buonaparte stipulated for his 
 deliverance, in the treaty of Campo Formio (1796), and obtained it, but 
 Lafayette took no part in politics under Napoleon, and at the Restoration 
 publicly evinced his dislike for the Bourbons. In 1824, he revisited 
 America, where he was received with an affectionate welcome, and acknow¬ 
 ledged as one of the joint founders, with Washington and Franklin, of 
 American Freedom. The Revolution of 1830 saw Lafayette, for a day, 
 Dictator of France, but he resigned that supremacy to hand over the vacant 
 throne to Louis Philippe. Lafayette, with purity of intention, and elevation 
 of principle, was the victim of vanity, puerile simplicity, and an overweening 
 love of popularity. His heart was stronger than his head : his capacity for 
 public business not equal to the virtues which adorned his heart. Brave and 
 chivalrous to a fault, he was without solid judgment. One error ran through 
 his life : he believed that the constitution of America might be transplanted 
 to his own soil ; and that a throne, surrounded by republican institutions, 
 would be the very perfection of human government, even in France. 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 117 
 
 278. Pieeee Feanqois Chaeles Augeeeau. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1757. Died at La Houssaye, in France, 1816. Aged 59.] 
 
 One of Napoleon’s generals, and remarkable for Ms recklessness and 
 courage. At the age of 35, in the ranks, he rose to become a General 
 of Division. On the fall of Napoleon, he took his army over to the Bourbons. 
 When Napoleon returned from Elba he shouted “ Vive VEmpereur ! ” After 
 Waterloo, he again joined the legitimate monarch. His avarice was un¬ 
 bounded : he robbed churches and private houses, and his coarse manners 
 contrasted strongly with the pomp of Ms dress and daily life. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries, by Masson.] 
 
 279. Ande£ Massena. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born at Nice, in Italy, 1758. Died in Paris, 1817. Aged 59.] 
 
 The French General whom Napoleon styled “The Child of Victory.” 
 Entered the French army as a private soldier, and in 1793 was General of 
 Division. Sharing in the brilliant campaigns of Napoleon, he was distin¬ 
 guished by his irresistible impetuosity, clear penetration, and military skill. 
 In comprehensiveness of view, and in the formation of those combinations on 
 which the fate of battles depends, he was superior to all his brother 
 Marshals. He opposed Wellington in Portugal, and conducted the admirable 
 retreat of the French army. Personally, he was avaricious, rapacious, 
 cruel, and mean. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries.] 
 
 279*. Pieeee Claude Feanqois Dannon. Statesman and Writer. 
 
 [Born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1761. Died in Paris, 1840. Aged 79.] 
 
 Took an active part in the first French Revolution ; but not proving 
 violent enough for the Jacobins, was sentenced to death. Regaming his 
 liberty, was appointed one of the Commissioners for drawing up the new 
 Constitution. Afterwards sent with others to Italy, to orgamze the Roman 
 Republic. On his return opposed the ascendancy of Napoleon, but was subse¬ 
 quently made Archivist of the Empire. In 1830, restored to offices, wMch he 
 lost on the downfall of Buonaparte, and afterwards created peer of France. 
 Wrote much in the “ Biographie UMverselle,” and in the “ Histoire 
 Litteraire.” Simple in manners, of unaffected modesty, disinterested and 
 benevolent. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 279**. Pieeee Paul Rogee Collaed. Statesman and Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Sourmepuis, in France, 1763. Died in Paris, 1845. Aged 82.] 
 
 At twenty called to the bar. Embraced the revolutionary principles, but 
 disgusted with the anarchy to winch they led, withdrew to the more peaceful 
 pursuits of literature. Devoted himself to pMlosophy, and sought to 
 counteract the infidel tendencies of his age by a religious spiritualism. 
 Appointed by Napoleon Professor to the Normal School. At the Restoration, 
 re-entered the field of politics and made President of the Chamber of Deputies. 
 Retired again in 1830. Introduced into France a system of philosophy 
 analogous to that of Reid, the Scotch pMlosopher, of whose works he recom¬ 
 mended the study. As a politician, one of the founders of the popular 
 school known by the name of Doctrinaires , which recognised certain prin¬ 
 ciples as essential to all society, and desired to render the actions of men 
 
118 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 conformable to them. A man of perfect integrity. His interests never 
 interfered with his duty, and he left an honoured and unspotted name. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 280. Lazaee Hoche. French General. 
 
 [Born at Montreuil, in France, 1768. Died at Witzlar, in Prussia, 1797. Aged 29.] 
 
 Son of an ostler in the Royal stables at Versailles. First a stable boy, 
 then a private soldier, he commanded, at the age of 25, the army of the 
 Moselle! Set sail to invade Ireland with 25,000 men, but a storm dis¬ 
 persed Ins vessels. Afterwards commanded the armies of the Sambre and 
 Meuse, and forced a passage across the Rhine. His brilliant career cut short 
 by death. In his early youth fiery and vehement; but he soon obtained a 
 mastery over his temper, and became grave, silent, and thoughtful beyond 
 his years. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries by Delaistre.] 
 
 281. BESsiimES, Jean Baptiste. Duke of Istria. Marshal of 
 
 France. 
 
 [Bom in Guienne, France, 1768. Died 1813. Aged 45.] 
 
 One of the bravest, worthiest, and most faithful of Napoleon’s lieutenants. 
 Served in the first campaign of Italy, in the expedition to Egypt, in the 
 second campaign of Italy, and was created Marshal in 1804. In the 
 subsequent wars in Germany he displayed the highest valour, skill, and 
 judgment. According to the Emperor, “he was full of fire, but never 
 otherwise than prudent and circumspect.” In 1808, achieved victory in 
 Spain ; afterwards greatly contributed to the success of the battle fought at 
 Essling ; and having visited Spain a second time in 1811, he proceeded in 
 1812 to Russia, at the head of the Imperial cavalry guard. On the morning 
 of the battle of Lutzen, in 1813, he betook himself to a narrow pass at 
 Rippach, in order to drive out the enemy there vigorously defending himself. 
 He was on foot and at the head of his men. The foe had already given way, 
 when a shot struck him in the breast and he fell dead. Napoleon received 
 the news with grief, but it was kept a secret from the army for the rest of 
 the day. The Emperor had lost a friend, the soldiers a companion in arms, 
 whose character had never belied his military deeds. He died very poor, 
 leaving to his family nothing but his good name. At St. Helena, Napoleon 
 left 100,000 francs to his son. He had not forgotten the fidelity of the 
 father. 
 
 282. BartieGiJmi Catharine Joubert. French General. 
 
 [Born at Pont-de-Vaux, in France, 1769. Killed at Novi, in Italy, 1799. Aged 30.] 
 A brave soldier who, had he lived, would undoubtedly have proved not 
 the least eminent of the famous Marshals of the Empire. He was intended 
 for the bar : but at the breaking out of the Revolution, moved by his 
 Republican sympathies, he entered the National Guard. Subsequently 
 enlisted in the regular army as a common soldier, and rapidly distinguished 
 himself. For his admirable conduct under Kellerman, at the Battle of Loano 
 (1795), he was made General of Brigade upon the field. Two years after¬ 
 wards he was General of Division. In 1798, he succeeded General Brune in 
 the command of the army in Italy. He fell at Novi, whilst impetuously 
 leading on his men. He was prompt, energetic, and fearless to a fault; he 
 enjoyed the unbounded confidence of the soldiers, and his private life was 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 119 
 
 stainless. His countenance had a melancholy cast—his manner was grave 
 and silent. When he spoke it was with hlnnt and soldier-like brevity. An 
 ardent Republican. One great aim of his life was said to be the dethrone¬ 
 ment of all the petty sovereigns of Italy, and the substitution of one great 
 Italian Republic. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries by Boizot.] 
 
 283. Louis Charles Antoine Desaix. French General. 
 
 [Born at St. Hilaire D’Argat, in France, 1168. Killed at Marengo, in Piedmont, 1800. 
 
 Aged 32.] 
 
 A celebrated General of the French Republic. Brave, discreet, prompt, 
 intelligent, and energetic. Mainly contributed to Napoleon’s triumphs in 
 Egypt; and at Marengo, where he fell, his charge against the Austrians 
 contributed largely to the fate of the day. Napoleon considered Desaix only 
 second to himself, and said of him that ‘ ‘ he thought only of glory ; and 
 luxury, and even comfort he despised.” Mild yet decided in character ; and 
 so just in his conduct as to have gained in Egypt the name of “the Just 
 Sultan.” 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries by Dejoux.] 
 
 284. Jean Lannes, Due de Montebello. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born in Guienne, 1769. Killed at Essling, in Austria, 1809. Aged 40.] 
 
 In the first rank of Napoleon’s renowned Marshals. Of poor and humble 
 parents, was in early life apprenticed to a dyer. In 1792, entered the army 
 as a volunteer. By signal intelligence, activity, and matchless courage, soon 
 fought his way upward, and secured the notice of Napoleon. Distinguished 
 himself greatly in the first Italian campaign ; accompanied Buonaparte to 
 Egypt; followed him again into Italy in 1800, and covered himself with 
 glory at Montebello in 1804, when he was created Duke. At Austerlitz, 
 Jena, Eylau, and Friedland ; and at one and all justified the fame his skill 
 and intrepidity had gained. At the battle of Essling, 1809, he had the com¬ 
 mand of the centre. On the 22nd, on passing through the lines to cheer on 
 his men, he was struck by a cannon shot, which took off both legs. He was 
 borne to the Emperor, who was deeply affected at the sight of his brave and 
 mutilated soldier. When speaking of Lannes, at a later period, Napoleon 
 said that ‘ ‘ at first his courage carried away his mind ; but by degrees his 
 mind came more and more abreast of his courage, and he was great when he 
 perished. I took him,” he added, “a pigmy : I lost him a giant.” 
 
 285. Michel Net. Marshal of France. 
 
 [Born at St. Louis, in France, 1769. Was judicially sbot, in Paris, 1815. Aged 46.] 
 Known as “The Bravest of the Brave.” The son of poor parents. 
 Enlisted at the age of thirteen, and speedily fought his way up to the 
 command of a division. His name intimately connected with Buonaparte’s 
 military career. He secured the retreat of the small remnant of the grand 
 army after the disastrous Russian invasion, and at Waterloo he had five 
 horses shot under him. After the final overthrow of Napoleon in 1815, Ney 
 was tried and shot for his treachery to the Bourbons in joining the Emperor 
 on his return from Elba. A monument recently erected on the spot where 
 he fell has translated the act of treachery into a triumph of patriotism. Ney 
 was sincere, honest, blunt, and almost austere in his manners, yet merciful 
 to the vanquished. It is recorded to his honour that he lived and died poor. 
 
120 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 286. Feancois SeYeEIN Desgeaviees Maeceau. French General. 
 
 [Born at Chartres, in France, 1769. Killed at Hochsteinbach, in Germany, 1796. 
 
 Aged 27.] 
 
 Brave, generous, and heroic, gifted for great military achievements. 
 Twice narrowly escaped the guillotine; once for gallantly protecting a 
 beautiful woman from the brutality of the soldiers. He fell mortally 
 wounded in the forest of Hochsteinbach; and the armies of France and 
 Austria both showei honour to his memory by firing volleys of artillery over 
 his grave. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries by Ed. Dumont.] 
 
 287. Pieeee Jacques Cambeonne. French General. 
 
 [Born at St. Sebastian, near Nantes, 1770. Died 1842. Aged 72.] 
 
 A brave, humane, and faithful soldier, who rose in virtue of his own good 
 deeds from the ranks, and made for himself an honoured name in the French 
 army. He entered that army in his twentieth year, and knew no repose 
 until the peace of 1815. He made one in Hoche’s unsuccessful expedition 
 against Ireland, fought in Italy, Switzerland, Spain, and was present at 
 the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipzig. Devoted to the 
 Emperor, he accompanied him to Elba ; returned with him in 1815 ; and at 
 Waterloo was found ready as ever at his post, commanding a division of the 
 Old Guard, At Waterloo, as befitted this brave and simple-minded soldier, 
 he performed his best service. His men were slaughtered around him, and, 
 threatened with death himself, he was called upon to surrender. His 
 answer has been treasured up in the annals of the French army: “The 
 Guard dies, but does not surrender.” He was taken prisoner, covered with 
 wounds. In 1816, he was tried by a council of war ; but he had broken no 
 oath to the Bourbons, and was acquitted. Other generals of Napoleon have 
 a wider fame ; none can show a better title to their renown. 
 
 [By Debay, 1816.] 
 
 288. Louis Nicolas Davoust, Peince D’Eckmuhl. Marshal of 
 
 France. 
 
 [Born at Annoux, in Burgundy, 1770. Died in Paris, 1823. Aged 53.] 
 
 One of the bravest and ablest of Buonaparte’s lieutenants. Cool and 
 collected in danger, energetic and methodic in his plans. His troops were 
 always in better order than those of any other general. Served at Ulm, 
 Austerlitz, Jena, and Auerstadt, and successfully defended Hamburgh 
 against the allies. Cruel, rapacious and coarse. His extortions, oppressions, 
 and murders gained for him the title of the Hamburgh Robespierre. Upon 
 the fall of Napoleon, he retired from active life. 
 
 289. Maximilien Sebastien Poy. French General. 
 
 [Born at Ham, in Picardy, 1775. Died in Paris, 1825. Aged 50.] 
 
 Began his military career at 15. Served in the Peninsular war, and at 
 Waterloo received his fifteenth wound. Entered the Chamber of Deputies 
 after the peace, became an orator, an opponent of the reactionary government, 
 and one of the most popular men of his time. He died poor, and a subscrip¬ 
 tion of 40,000Z. was raised for the relief of his destitute family. Skilful and 
 courageous in the field. Left an unfinished history of the Peninsular war, 
 which is honest, candid and eloquent. 
 
FRENCH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 121 
 
 290. Antoine Chaeles Louis Collinet de Lasalle. General of 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 [Bom at Metz, in France, 1175. Killed at Wagram, in Austria, 1809. Aged 34.] 
 
 A famous officer in the wars of Napoleon. Served with the revolutionary army 
 in 1793, on the Rhone and Moselle. Accompanied Kellermann as Aide-de-Camp 
 into Italy, and there was made prisoner. When taken before the veteran and 
 war-tried field-marshal Wurmser, and asked the age of Buonaparte, he replied, 
 “ Of the age of Scipio when he conquered Hannibal.” At a later period with 
 Napoleon in Egypt. In 1801, in Italy, where at the battle of Caldiero he had 
 three horses killed under him. His later services were unremitting, and always 
 brilliant. He fell mortally wounded at the battle of Wagram, July 6, 1809. 
 On the eve of the battle he had a singular presentiment of his coming death. 
 He rose in the night for the express purpose of inditing a letter to the Emperor, 
 praying his consideration on behalf of his wife and children. The letter was 
 placed the next morning in the hands of the Emperor at the very moment 
 when news also came of the hero’s death. A dauntless soldier, and of spot¬ 
 less fidelity to his chief. 
 
 [From the marble in the Tuileries by Delaistre.] 
 
 291. Casimik Peeiee. Statesman. 
 
 [Born at Grenoble, in France, 1777. Died in Paris, 1832. Aged 55.] 
 
 First served in the army. Then entered into business, established a 
 banking-house, and embarked in commercial speculations, which proved 
 successful. Elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Until 1830, 
 the fierce opponent of government, and the chief advocate of the popular 
 cause. In 1831, until his death, Prime Minister of Louis Philippe ; his 
 policy the preservation of peace, the repression of the military spirit, and 
 the encouragement of commerce. His public career courageous and free from 
 corruption. 
 
 [Medallion by Houdon.] 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 291*. Georges d’Amboise. Cardinal and Minister of State. 
 
 [Born at Chaumont sur Loire, in France, 1460. Died at Lyons, 1510. Aged 50.] 
 
 As Prime Minister of Louis XII. of France, acquired popularity by 
 reforming abuses and relieving the burdens of the subject. Acquired the 
 title of “ Father of the People.” Also Archbishop of Rouen. When created 
 Cardinal, effected great reforms in some of the religious Orders. Benevolent 
 and charitable. Never in possession of more than one benefice, two-thirds of 
 which he gave to the church and to the poor. 
 
 [From the statue in the Cathedral at Rouen.] 
 
 292. Caedinal Richelieu. Minister of France. 
 
 [Born in Paris, 1585. Died there, 1642. Aged 57.] 
 
 The great Minister of Louis XIII., and the actual ruler of France during 
 that monarch’s reign. He was the third son of Franfois du Plessis, Seigneur 
 de Richelieu, and at first destined for the army, but renounced this career 
 
122 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 for the Church, when his elder brother gave up his ecclesiastical 
 dignities for a monastic life. His political career commenced when he 
 was appointed Secretary of State for the War and Foreign Depart¬ 
 ments ; and it was sustained on the highest eminence, by the force of 
 superior intelligence, unequalled craftiness, and an utter contempt for conscien¬ 
 tious scruples. He was now the grateful protege of the King, now his 
 exacting master ; now he was insidiously sowing the seeds of distrust and 
 dissension amongst all the members of the Royal Family, now openly and 
 magnanimously effecting their reconciliation. But, subtle and unscrupulous 
 as were the means he employed, his views were vast, his political ideas pro¬ 
 found, and he laboured strenuously to give stability to the French monarchy. 
 He was a heartless man, but a faithful minister ; jealous of interference with 
 his control, but using his boundless influence for the welfare of the nation. 
 He was a right hypocrite, affecting piety, which he never felt; he was per¬ 
 fidious, and even cruel; but we look back upon his career with an enforced 
 respect for his skill, his strong will, and his undoubted successes. He 
 persecuted Protestants in France, and abated the power of the French 
 nobility. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Coysevox. He wears the Cardinal’s robe, 
 with the Order of the Holy Spirit. Modelled from some of the painted 
 portraits of the time. There are two statues of him at Versailles, one by 
 Ramey, dated 1819, the other by Duret, 1836.] 
 
 292a. Cardinal Richelieu. Minister of France. 
 
 [A mask.] 
 
 293. Cardinal Mazarin. Minister of France. 
 
 [Born at Rome, 1602. Died at Vincennes, in France, 1661. Aged 59.J 
 
 The pupil, protege, and successor of Cardinal Richelieu, by whom he was 
 recommended to Louis XIII. on his death-bed, and whom he surpassed in 
 cunning, finesse, intrigue, and in the skill with which he turned all his 
 public acts to his own private advantage. His avarice was excessive, and his 
 coffers groaned with the wealth of the country which he ruled and impo¬ 
 verished. France was indebted to him for the treaties of Westphalia and of 
 the Pyrenees, and these constitute his best claim to the consideration and 
 gratitude of the French people. Another service must not be forgotten. 
 He beggared the French nation, but he endeavoured to make amends by 
 bequeathing to Louis XIY. the sagacious Colbert, under whose strong hand 
 the finances of France rapidly recovered. The character of Mazarin has been 
 variously described. By some he is regarded as a great Minister of State, 
 equal to Richelieu; by others as a man of indifferent abilities, with an 
 inordinate share of craftiness and diplomatic trickery. It is certain that he 
 was deeply versed in the knowledge of man. Louis XIV. was in leading- 
 strings whilst Mazarin lived, but sole and absolute monarch from the day of 
 his Minister’s death until the hour of his own. Mazarin founded the first 
 public library established in France, but he kept the young monarch who 
 was entrusted to his hands, in shameful ignorance of all that it concerned the 
 youthful prince to know. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre by Coysevox.] 
 
 294. Blaise Pascal. Theologian and Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Clermont-Ferrand, in France, 1623. Died in Paris, 1662. Aged 39.] 
 
 Of a genius so rare as to seem supernatural. In tender years the boy, 
 
FRENCH THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 123 
 
 debarred from mathematical books, with charcoal, on the wall of a garret, 
 worked out for himself problems answering to nearly the first book of Euclid 
 —without definitions or terms,—calling a circle a round, and a right line a 
 score. Whilst still young, he was a discoverer in physics. The rise of water 
 in pumps, and of quicksilver in the barometer, had, till his time, been 
 ascribed by the philosophers to the “horror of Nature for a vacuum.” He 
 guessed that the cause was the pressure of the atmosphere, and verified his 
 conjecture by carrying the barometer up a mountain. He saw, agreeably to 
 his expectation, that as by the ascent the pressure gradually diminished, the 
 quicksilver as gradually fell. He had a subtle and profound metaphysical 
 intellect, with great power to express abstruse thoughts clearly and precisely. 
 His temperament was melancholy. A singular hallucination hung by him— 
 without otherwise disturbing the sound use of his faculties—that at his side 
 a visible gulph was ever yawning. The melancholy took a deeper hue as he 
 advanced towards the close of his brief life. He became religiously austere, 
 and subjected himself to personal mortification and trials, under which 
 elasticity and health gave way. Yet the pious philosopher was not without 
 the lighter qualities of the mind. His celebrated “Provincial Letters,” 
 written in defence of the doctrines of the Abbey of Port Royal, against the 
 Jesuits, are bright with the keenest satire. Pascal was a great mathema¬ 
 tician, a true philosopher, and one of the purest of men. 
 
 295. Jacques Benigke Bossuet. Prelate of France. 
 
 [Born at Dijon, 1627. Died in Paris, 1704. Aged 77.] 
 
 According to Voltaire, the eloquence of Bossuet stands unrivalled. His 
 Universal History, published for his pupil, the son of Louis XIV., written 
 to point out the influence of God animating all the changes of historic events 
 —an idea expressed in the noble aphorism “ Vhomme s'agite: Dieu le 
 mene (man struggles and strives: but it is God who leads him). 
 His sermons, funeral orations, and controversial publications, place him in the 
 very highest rank as a writer. According to Eustace, who wrote the 
 “Classical Tour,” it is the especial glory of Bossuet to have compelled the 
 French language “to become the vehicle of sublimity.” In the second part of 
 the Universal History, the truths of Christianity are vindicated with a 
 lofty eloquence that is without equal in France. One of Bossuet’s contro¬ 
 versial works against Protestantism, converted Gibbon, in his younger years, 
 to the Roman faith. On one occasion, he was the opponent in argument of 
 the mild Fenelon. Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between 
 the styles of the fiery Bossuet and the gentler, but equally pious and learned 
 author of “ Telemachus.” The illustrious Bossuet was buried in the Cathedral 
 of Meaux, of which city, his friend, Louis XIV., had appointed him Bishop. 
 Hence he is still popularly styled “ The Eagle of Meaux.” 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by A. Coysevox.] 
 
 296. Franqois de Saligjstac de Lamotte F^isr^LOisr. Archbishop 
 
 and Writer. 
 
 [Bom at Perigord, 1651. Died 1715. Aged 64.] 
 
 The author of “Telemachus.” A meek, pious, wise, and gentle-hearted 
 man who passed through life loving all, and doing good to all. The tutor of 
 the Duke of Burgundy, the King’s grandson, in whose self-willed and un¬ 
 governable temper, his influence and skilful management effected a moral 
 
124 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 conversion. Having engaged in a religious controversy with the celebrated 
 Bossuet, who procured his writings to he condemned at Rome, and sub¬ 
 sequently incurring the displeasure of Louis XIV., was banished by 
 that monarch. The resignation of the archbishop caused the king to 
 repent of his injustice, and Fenelon was recalled. Though possessed of 
 high station, great talents, and sound learning, a perfect example of humility. 
 The style of Fenelon is melodious, translucent. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by Coysevox, and taken from the life. The 
 costume is that of a bishop of the time, with the Order of the Holy Spirit 
 round the neck ; this Order was broken at the first Revolution : the form of 
 the cross is still apparent. The statue at Versailles is by Felix Lecomte.] 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS- 
 
 296*. Charlemagne or Charles the Great. King of the Franks 
 and Emperor of the West. 
 
 [Born at Saltzburg, in Bavaria, a.d. 742. Died a.d. 814. Aged 72.] 
 
 The son of Pepin, who was the first King of France of the Carlovingian 
 dynasty. On the death of his father, in a.d. 768, crowned with his brother 
 Carloman, joint King of France. On the death of Carloman in a. d. 771, became 
 sole ruler. In 772, commenced the subjugation of the Saxons, whom he 
 finally overthrew. Marched into Lombardy to the aid of the Pope, overran 
 the country, and caused himself to be crowned King of Lombardy in ad. 774. 
 Then passed into Spain to assail the Saracen power established there, but 
 suffered defeat at the battle of Roncesval. In a.d. 800, crowned at Rome 
 “Emperor of the West,” by Pope Leo III. Engaged in ceaseless warfare 
 throughout his reign ; yet a great promoter of learning, and the founder of 
 several universities. Collecting enlightened and learned men about him, he 
 completed many national works, advanced agriculture and the arts, and 
 rendered himself immortal by the wisdom of his laws, and by the influence 
 which his magnificent labours produced upon the destinies of mankind. He 
 was said to be the tallest and strongest man of his time. His habits were 
 of the simplest, and his frugality a pattern to the world. A steadfast 
 friend and a devoted father. He was buried with great pomp at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, and was sincerely mourned by his subjects, who had loved him in 
 life. Few kings have so legitimately and nobly earned the title of “ Great,” 
 as Charles I., King of the Franks. 
 
 [ A head from the Rotonda of the Vatican. In the Louvre is a very remarkable 
 portrait of him in stucco ; a similar one is in the Vatican library. There is 
 also in the Vatican a large picture of the coronation of Charlemagne, which 
 contains a vast number of portraits.] 
 
 296**. Philip III. King of France. 
 
 [Born 1245. Died 1285. Aged 40.] 
 
 This king was surnamed “ The Bold” for a reason which historians have 
 never been able to discover. He was a mere tool in the hands of his 
 Chamberlain, whom he raised to the dignity of Prime Minister, but who 
 eventually suffered as a common culprit on a gibbet. The king was wholly 
 
FRENCH MONARCHS. 
 
 125 
 
 given up to superstitious practices, and his rule was disastrous for France. 
 During this reign a plain gentleman, Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, was 
 elected Emperor of Germany, and became the founder of a line of kings in 
 Austria. We are reminded also that one of the most remarkable events 
 of this period was the momentary reunion of the Greek and Latin Churches, 
 in 1274, effected by Gregory X. at the second oecumenic council of Lyons. 
 
 297. Louis XI. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Bourges, in France, 1423. Died at Duplessisles Tours, 1483. Aged 60.J 
 The son of Charles VII. and Mary of Anjou. The mother was one of the 
 most virtuous women of her age ; the son proved a bad child, a bad father, 
 a bad husband, a bad brother, a bad friend, a bad subject, and in all qualities 
 of the heart, a bad king. He was a tyrant, a cheat, a bigot; cruel, implacable 
 in his hatred, unscrupulous in revenge, a miser, until he had an end to 
 accomplish, when he could prove a prodigal; crafty, sanguinary, suspicious, 
 and despicably mean. He availed himself of the humbler orders to crush the 
 power of the nobility, and loved to surround himself at all times with the 
 lowest instruments for the accomplishment of his designs. Four thousand 
 persons are said to have fallen victims to his cruelty, and history records 
 that his father died of privations, self-imposed, through fear of being 
 poisoned by his son. Yet this concentration of vice was personally brave, 
 and a great promoter of letters. He introduced printing into France, and he 
 wrote a book of counsels for his son, which he called ‘ ‘ The Rose Tree of 
 Wars.” He moreover left the royal authority established, and France 
 powerful. His last few years were passed in seclusion, in suspicious alarm, 
 and constant terror of death. 
 
 [A characteristic bust; evidently a true portrait, pourtraying the well-known 
 bigotry and cruelty of the man.] 
 
 298. Louis XII. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Blois,in France, 1462. Died in Paris, 1515. Aged 53.] 
 
 The son of Charles, Duke of Orleans, and heir presumptive to the throne, 
 during the minority of Charles VIII. Disputing the Regency with the 
 mother of Charles VIII, he was defeated, and suffered severe imprisonment 
 for the space of three years. Liberated by King Charles in person, he con¬ 
 ceived a warm friendship for the young monarch, which was never broken. 
 In 1498, when Charles died without issue, Louis succeeded to the French 
 throne. His reign was fruitful of good to his country. He forgave his 
 enemies, re-established discipline and order in his army, economized the 
 resources of the state, and made the army of France victorious abroad. He 
 appointed the judges of the land for life, in order to secure their integrity, 
 encouraged literature and science, and liberally rewarded men of talent. He 
 was three times married, his last wife being Mary, sister of Henry VIII. of 
 England. During his reign, Gaston de Foix fell at Ravenna, and the autho¬ 
 rity of the Pope was suspended in France. Louis was of a frank and 
 generous nature, and was called “the Father of his People.” 
 
 [From the bronze half-figure in the Louvre.] 
 
 299. Francis I. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Cognac, in France, 1494. Died at Rambouillet, 1547. Aged 53.] 
 
 The son of Charles of Angouleme, and cousin-german of Louis XII. of 
 France, whose daughter he married, and whom he succeeded on the French 
 
126 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 throne. A libidinous king, with many knightly qualities, and with all the 
 bigotry and self-absorption that characterized too many of the despotic rulers 
 of his time. He was a great encourager and patronizer of letters and the 
 fine arts : but he had no mercy to wards the heretic, and, in 1535, he forbade 
 printing in France under pain of death. Not a successful warrior ; he was 
 taken prisoner at Pavia, during a war with Spain, and detained at Madrid 
 for the space of a twelvemonth. His meeting with our own Henry VIII. on 
 the Field of the Cloth of Gold, in 1520, is known to every reader of history. A 
 lustre is shed upon the reign of this monarch in consequence of his magnificent 
 patronage of art, but his life otherwise presents as little for admiration as the 
 satyr-looking bust which no doubt faithfully records the lineaments of the man. 
 His passions were violent and gross : and though he received the dignity of 
 knighthood from the hands of a subject, yet even the sword of a Bayard 
 could not endow him with virtue enough to protect him from wilful 
 prodigality, selfish follies, and open debaucheries. 
 
 [From the bronze in the Louvre by Jean Cousin, representing the king in com¬ 
 plete armour, interesting as a work of the time, but far less real as a portrait 
 than the head 299a, which is from the celebrated monument at St. Denis, 
 by P. Bontemps, where the king is sculptured lying dead, and perfectly naked. ] 
 
 299a. Francis I. King of France. 
 
 300. C iiable s Y. Fmperor of Germany and King of Spain. 
 
 [Born at Ghent, in Belgium, 1500. Died in Estremadura, in Spain, 1558. Aged 58.] 
 The reign of this undoubtedly great monarch is chiefly remarkable for 
 the rivalry which, during twenty-eight years, subsisted between him and 
 Francis I., of France, leading to European war, and to battles of varied 
 fortune. Charles inherited Germany from his father, Spain from his 
 mother ; but the Empire was boldly disputed by Francis I., and thus 
 war commenced. After alternate success and defeat, Charles over¬ 
 
 came his rival at Pavia, in 1525, and took him prisoner. Gaining 
 his freedom the following year, Francis allied himself with Henry VIII. 
 of England, but Charles V. still contrived to obtain good terms 
 by the treaty of Cambrai, in 1529. The wily Emperor now 
 
 caused himself to be crowned Emperor of Rome, and then engaged in a 
 crusade against the Turks. War again broke out with France ; but this 
 time fortune turned against Charles, and never pronounced in his favour 
 again. Suffering reverse upon reverse, his army beaten by disease as 
 much as by the enemy—he himself forced to flee, almost alone, for safety 
 —he was thrown into a depth of calamity as profound, as his previous 
 condition had been brilliant and lofty. Resigning his crown in favour of 
 his son Philip, he retired to a monastery in Spain, where he closed his career. 
 Charles was sagacious, cool, crafty, and obstinate, with great grasp of intel¬ 
 lect ; cruel and hypocritical, yet not without some knightly qualities. He 
 affected great piety, especially in his later years, but there was more of 
 policy than of spiritual conviction in his religious movements. One of his 
 first acts as king, was to convene the Diet of Worms, to which he gave 
 Luther a safe conduct. He treated the Protestants with cruel harshness. 
 No two characters could have been more opposite than those of the Royal 
 and Imperial rivals. Their points of difference are admirably described 
 by Robertson. 
 
 [From a medallion in bronze in the Louvre. Compare with Titian’s portrait, often 
 engraved.] 
 
FRENCH MONARCHS. 
 
 127 
 
 301. Charlotte, or Carlota d’Ayesne, Duchess of Valentino. 
 
 [Died, 1514.] 
 
 A princess less illustrious for her great beauty and mental endowments, 
 than for her virtue and piety. First married to Charles, Prince de Chimey; 
 afterwards forced by Louis XII., to marry the infamous Caesar Borgia, 
 whose misfortunes she shared without participating in his vices. 
 
 302. Henry II. King of France. 
 
 [Born at St. Germain-en-Laye, in France, 1518. Died in Paris, 1559. Aged 41.] 
 The son of Francis I. He pursued the policy of his sire, carried war into 
 Italy, and strenuously opposed the House of Austria under Charles V. and 
 Philip II. He also took arms against England, and was bitter in his perse¬ 
 cution of Protestants. In his reign France recovered from England the 
 towns of Boulogne and Calais, the latter of which England had held for the 
 space of 210 years. Henry II. was an average king of the time. He was 
 the slave of his mistress, the celebrated Diana of Poitiers, upon whom, and 
 upon his favourites, he lavished his wealth ; he cultivated libertinism at 
 Court, he robbed the people, he overstepped his legitimate rights, and he left 
 his country largely in debt. Historians thank Providence that it was no 
 worse. This monarch died of an accidental wound, in a tournament, from 
 the hand of Montgomery, the chief of his Scotch guards. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, by Jean Goujon. A very interesting relic, 
 formerly part of a beautiful chimney-piece brought from the Chateau de 
 Villeroy, and now in the Louvre, the work of Germain Pilon. No 302a is 
 from the marble by Germain Pilon, the celebrated sculptor of the French 
 Renaissance. The marble is very much decayed, but the general character 
 of the head is preserved, as well as the costume. The head is crowned with 
 laurel. The mantle is ornamented with the fleur-de-lys, and the Order is 
 that of St. Michel. The magnificent tomb of this king in St. Denis is by 
 Pilon.] 
 
 302a. Henra II. King of France. 
 
 303. Charles IX. King of France. 
 
 [Born at St. Germain, 1550. Died there, 1574. Aged 24.] 
 
 The son of Henry II. and Catherine de Medici. He was brought up 
 under the tutelage of his mother ; and at an early age, gave promise of a 
 good career, exhibiting a taste for literature, princely courage, and a love of 
 glory. But under the influence of his pernicious mother, he became profli¬ 
 gate and cruel. His unenviable reign is notorious for the horrible Massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew, when thousands of Protestants were deliberately mur¬ 
 dered. Remorse for this tremendous crime followed Charles IX. to his grave, 
 into which he was prematurely cast by diseases, the result of his debaucheries. 
 
 [From a marble in the Louvre, attributed to Germain Pilon. It represents the 
 king in his youth. The pedestal is inscribed, Carolus IX. 1568.] 
 
 304. Henry III. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Fontainebleau, 1552. Died at St. Cloud, 1589. Aged 37.] 
 
 The son of Henry II. and Catherine de Medici. He acquired military 
 fame as Duke of Anjou, by the victories of Jarnac and Moncontoni, gained 
 over the Huguenots. In 1573, he was elected King of Poland ; but on the 
 death of his brother, Charles IX. of France, he relinquished the sovereignty 
 of Poland for that of France. As King, his early energy and manly courage, 
 
128 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 gave place to shameless vice and debauchery. He was surrounded by the 
 most unworthy favourites, who caused his reign to be designated as ‘ ■ The 
 reign of the minions.” He had had a hand in the Massacre of St. Bartho¬ 
 lomew ; but at a later period, driven out of his own capital by a faction, be 
 formed an alliance with Henry of Navarre, tbe chief of the Protestants, and 
 with that prince he laid siege to Paris. He was thus employed at the camp 
 of St. Cloud, when he was assassinated by a monk, named Jacques Clement. 
 Plenry III. has been described, by some historians, as a pupil of Machiavelli, 
 concealing a profoundly devised plan beneath his gross immoralities, obsceni¬ 
 ties, and blasphemies. His acts were frequently those of a madman, yet 
 he was not without good qualities. He was the last king of the house of 
 Yalois. It had reigned 261 years, and given 13 monarchs to France. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre, by Germain Pilon. Like its fellow, No. 302a, 
 very much eaten away, as though at some time exposed to the weather. ] 
 
 305. Heney IY. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Pau, in France, 1553. Assassinated in Paris, 1610. Aged 57.] 
 Educated in the reformed religion by his mother, Jeanne d’Albret, he 
 became head of the Huguenot party : as such he took part in the civil wars, 
 which arose in the reign of Henry III., and was in consequence excommu¬ 
 nicated by Pope Sixtus Y. Acknowledged King of France by a portion of 
 the French army after the death of Henry III., he took arms against the 
 League, vanquished its followers in several engagements, and finally entered 
 Paris, after professing his adherence to the Roman Catholic faith. In the 
 reign of Henry IV. the humane Edict of Nantes, which gave toleration to 
 Protestantism, was promulgated, and the sagacious reforms of the Minister 
 Sully, a Protestant, helped largely to the restoration of order, and to the 
 development of the public resources. The arsenals were replenished, roads 
 and canals were made, taxation was reduced, and the industry of the people 
 fostered. Whilst this salutary work was going on, and Henry IY. and his 
 Minister were negociating the most important treaties with the various 
 powers of Europe, in order to establish a general confederacy and a lasting 
 peace, the monarch fell by the knife of Ravaillac, a fanatic. Henry IY. 
 was an unfaithful husband, and unstable in his religion. He had many 
 mistresses, and he twice abjured his faith : but he was the author of the 
 edict of Nantes. 
 
 305a. Heney IY. King of France. 
 
 [A very elegant statuette of the time. The head beautifully sculptured, and 
 evidently a good portrait.] 
 
 306. Maeie de’ Medici. Queen of France. 
 
 [ Born at Florence, 1573. Died at Cologne, 1642. Aged 69.] 
 
 Daughter of Francis II., Grand Duke of Tuscany ; wife of Henry IV. of 
 France ; and mother of Henrietta-Maria, the queen of Charles I. of England. 
 She wedded Henry IY. after he had divorced his first wife, Margaret of 
 Valois, and the alliance was not a happy one. Crowned the day before 
 the assassination of her husband, at which some of her contempora¬ 
 ries more than suspected that she herself connived. But no proof of her 
 guilt has been forthcoming. Regent during the minority of her son 
 Louis XIII., she threw France into confusion by her misgovernment, 
 prodigality, intrigues and wilfulness. The confusion ended in civil war. 
 
FRENCH MONARCHS. 
 
 129 
 
 Resigning the regency when Louis XIII. attained his majority, she took ap 
 arms against her son ; hut reconciliation being made through the inter¬ 
 vention of Richelieu, then Superintendent of her household, she introduced 
 that great and wily man into the counsels of the king. Richelieu, appointed 
 Prime-Minister, arrested his former mistress at Compeigne, and threw her 
 friends into the Bastile. The sun of Mary had finally set; she became 
 an outcast and a wanderer in Europe. Our own Charles I. found his 
 mother-in-law an asylum ; but he himself was soon in need of human 
 charity, and the abased queen must needs creep to Cologne, where she lived 
 in obscurity and died—as travellers are still shown—in a garret. A weak 
 woman, with strong passions. Ambitious, jealous, irascible. In her 
 character, as with all men and women—even the worst—there is one brighter 
 spot for contemplation. She introduced into France an enlightened and a pure 
 taste for art. There still exist some specimens of engraving by her hand. To 
 her, Paris owes the Palace of the Luxembourg, and, for her, Rubens painted a 
 gallery still possessed by France. 
 
 [The companion statuette to 305 a.] 
 
 307. Louis XIII. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Fontainebleau, 1601. Died at St. Germain, 1643. Aged 42.] 
 
 He succeeded his father Henry IV. when nine years old. In 1614, his 
 majority was declared : in the following year he married Anne of Austria. 
 His reign is chiefly remarkable for the ascendancy acquired over the King 
 and his government, by Cardinal Richelieu, whose policy, although directed 
 by personal ambition, elevated the power of France and prepared it for the 
 glory of the succeeding reign. Louis XIII. was surnamed “The Just:” 
 but the good, which he desired, he had neither firmness nor enlightenment 
 enough to secure. He was timid and diffident, though scrupulous, sincere, 
 and pious. He had a melancholy nature. Grandeur had no seductions for 
 him, and it could not be said that he enjoyed the sweets of private life. 
 His mother Richelieu caused to be banished, and Louis suffered her to die in 
 misery at Cologne ; an unfilial act to be attributed rather to weakness of 
 character, and the influence of the Cardinal, than to deliberate unkindness. 
 He was the father of Louis XIV. 
 
 [From a fine portrait statue in bronze, by Simon Guillain of Paris, who died 
 in 1658. The original is in the Louvre, and a copy of it is at Versailles : it 
 has lost a spur and the fleur-de-lys which was at the top of the sceptre. The 
 King wears the royal fleur-de-lys mantle over his armour, and the grand 
 collar of the Order of the St. Esprit. He holds the sceptre in one hand, and 
 stretches out the other, as if giving a command. There is an interesting 
 bust at Versailles of the same King when a boy, and no doubt from the life.] 
 
 307a. Louis XIII. King of France. 
 
 [From the marble statue in the Louvre, by Guillaume Couston, a pupil of 
 Coysevox, who died at Paris in 1746. The King wears the royal fleur-de-lys 
 mantle, and on his knees offers his crown and sceptre to the Virgin. The 
 15th of August, 1638, the day on which Louis XIV. was born, was ordered 
 to be celebrated by a solemn procession in Notre-Dame ; and throughout 
 France, to this day it is kept in the Cathedral, and called the ceremony of 
 the Vow of Louis XIII. The attitude chosen by the sculptor is thus 
 explained. There are several other examples of the same kind at Versailles ; 
 the statue of Louis XIV. (No. 308) is one. At Versailles there is a similar 
 statue by Coysevox, and a bust by Warm.] 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 307. * Anne oe Austria. Queen of France. 
 
 [Born in Spain, 1602. Died in France, 1666. Aged 64.] 
 
 The daughter of Philip II. of Spain, and wife of Lonis XIII. of France. 
 She was neglected by the King, her husband, and had no influence in France 
 during his lifetime. But upon his decease, the parliament annulled his will, 
 which had restricted the Queen’s power, and gave her the unlimited Regency 
 of the kingdom, and sole guardianship of her son, Louis XIY. She appointed 
 Cardinal Mazarin her Prime Minister, and the alliance thus formed between a 
 Spanish princess and an Italian priest, gave rise in France to the civil wars 
 of “La Fronde.” In spite of the opposition which she encountered, she 
 made over the sovereignty of France unimpaired to her son when he reached 
 his majority. Of a mild and docile temper, religious and charitable. As a 
 mother she was devoted to her children, and sought to imbue them with 
 high moral and religious principles. 
 
 [Mask from the statue referred to in note No. 308.] 
 
 308. Louis XIY. King of France. 
 
 [Born at St. Germain, 1638. Died 1115. Aged 77.] 
 
 The son of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria. He ascended the throne at 
 five years old—his mother being Regent during his minority—and reigned 
 72 years, longer than any other King of France. Until the death of 
 Mazarin in 1661, Louis XIY. suffered the adroit Cardinal to rule. From that 
 hour until his own death, no man governed but himself. This renowned 
 monarch survived nearly the whole of his family, and when he died, the 
 crown, as in his own case, came to the charge of a child—his great grandson—• 
 then in his fifth year. The reign of Louis Quatorze was singularly eventful 
 within and without the realm. It embraced wars, marked now with splendid 
 successes, and now with formidable reverses. He aimed at universal 
 monarchy, and endangered his own. He sustained, in the War of the Succes¬ 
 sion, the defence of Spain and France against united Europe—a war in which 
 the allies hoped to dismember France, that did not lose a province. Under 
 this king, the soil of France was stained with the blood of her children in 
 religious civil conflict; the most industrious and the best, slaughtered for their 
 faith, or exiled. A magnificent Court surrounded his person—the centre to 
 the politeness of Europe, its stately decorum veiling great moral corruption. 
 Jealous of his prerogatives and of his supremacy amongst kings, Louis XIY. 
 was still more jealous to be thought the best bred gentleman of his time. 
 In this reign, the marine, the commerce, and the manufactures of France 
 made a vast stride. Arts, letters, and science were royally encouraged. It 
 is looked back upon as the Augustan age of French literature, when the 
 writings of Corneille, Racine, Moliere, and Boileau—of Masillon, Bossuet, 
 Fenelon, seemed to have fixed the language. The age of Louis XIY. was 
 the age of glory to the French monarchy ; and splendidly dissolute, and, in 
 many respects, hollow, as it may have been, we still revert to its records 
 with a fascination that never palls, and an interest that becomes more acute 
 the more it is gratified. 
 
 [This statue, representing Louis as a child, is from a bronze by Guillain, which 
 formed, with a statue of Anne of Austria, and one of Louis XIII., a group of 
 three, as a monument to commemorate the building of the Pont-au-Change, 
 begun by Louis XIII. in 1639, and finished under Louis XIV., 1647, while 
 Anne was Regent. The monument was destroyed in 1787 ; but the statues 
 are in the Louvre, as well as the great bas-relief. The bust of Anne of 
 Austria (No. 307*) is taken from the statue.] 
 
FRENCH KINGS AND QUEENS. 
 
 131 
 
 308a. Louis XIV. King of France. 
 
 [From the marble, by Ch. Ant. Coysevox, in the Louvre and at Versailles. 
 The King, kneeling on a cushion where his crown is placed, is dressed in 
 the Royal mantle, with the Orders of the Holy Spirit and St Michel. There 
 are numbered no fewer than twenty-two busts, statues, and medallions of this 
 favourite King at Versailles. Four are equestrian statues in bronze ; one by 
 Martin Bogaert, called Desjardins, and two by Louis Petitot, done in 
 1834. The statue in bronze by Desjardins, which once stood in the Place des 
 Victoires, was destroyed in 1793. The four slaves which stood chained at the 
 angles of this statue were alone preserved, and are now at the Hotel des 
 Invalides, at Paris.] 
 
 309. Louis XV. King of France. 
 
 [Born at Versailles, 1710. Died there, 1774. Aged 64. J 
 He succeeded liis great grandfather, Louis XIV., in the fifth year of his 
 age. He was styled “the well beloved.” In his 34th year, on the field of 
 Fontenoy, he gave proof of courage. Up to the prime of manhood, he gave 
 equally satisfactory evidence of many good qualities of heart and head. But 
 indolence and vicious habits, subsequently contracted, rendered the latter 
 half of Louis’s reign one of the most disgraceful and profligate that France 
 had witnessed. The shameless proceedings which had stained the career of 
 his guardian, the Regent Orleans, were re-enacted in his own vicious 
 Court. The disasters of France abroad during this degraded time, the 
 destruction of her navy, the financial crisis that followed that catastrophe, 
 the corruptions that were eating into the very heart of the State, and the 
 immorality that characterized the higher classes, were the natural forerunners 
 of the frightful storm that burst over France in the following reign. Louis 
 XV., once “the well beloved,” died execrated by his subjects, who insulted 
 his wretched remains, as they were passing to their last home. 
 
 309a. Louis XV. King of France. 
 
 [From the marble, in the Louvre, by Guillaume Couston the son, who died at 
 Paris, 1777. The costume, in accordance with the fancy of the day, is that 
 of a Roman general, as we see in the statue of King James II., of England, 
 (No 491). The King holds in his right hand a sceptre reversed, and with his 
 left presents a baton of a Marshal of France At Versailles, are several 
 authentic busts of the time of this monarch, besides a copy of this statue, 
 and an equestrian statue in bronze, by Bouchardon. The date of this work 
 is about 1728.] 
 
 310. Marie Antoinette Josephine Jeanne. Queen of France. 
 
 [Born at Vienna, 1755. Guillotined 1793. Aged 38. ] 
 
 The unfortunate daughter of Francis I., Emperor of Germany, and the 
 illustrious Maria Theresa of Austria. In 1770, before she was sixteen, 
 married to Louis the Dauphin, who in 1774 became King of France, under 
 the title of Louis XVI. At the breaking out of the French Revolution, 
 every public disaster was laid to her charge by the maddened people, and 
 after the execution of her husband, she was herself condemned to death. On 
 her way to the scaffold, she was for two hours reviled by a ferocious mob ; 
 but resignation and sweetness of demeanour only could be traced on her 
 countenance. Her hair had been turned silvery white by her many troubles, 
 and a settled melancholy was stamped on her beautiful features. After her 
 execution, her body was immediately consumed with quick lime. The 
 murder of this unhappy lady was the most crimson spot in all the bloody time 
 of the French Revolution. She was of a playful, happy, cheerful disposition, 
 devoted to her family, benevolent to all. Her purity is beyond question, her 
 
 k 2 
 
132 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 heroism perfect. In mixing in public concerns, which she did not under¬ 
 stand, she betrayed imprudence. In despising etiquette she laid herself 
 open to the worst criticisms of her ungenerous foes ; but her character shines 
 unsullied after cruel persecution, horrible imprisonment, and ignominious death. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre by Lecomte.] 
 
 311, Napoleon Buonaparte. Emperor of France. 
 
 [Born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1768. Died at St. Helena, 1821. Aged 53.] 
 
 A soldier of fortune at the outset of his career. Lieutenant of Artillery, 
 1785. First Consul of France, 1799. Emperor of France in 1804, when he 
 was but 36 years of age. Discrowned exile, and prisoner, 1815. The 
 military prodigy of his age. His story reads like a romance of eastern 
 enchantment; for he made and unmade kings at his will, and confounding 
 all the established conceptions and expectations of men, asserted and won his 
 Tight to fix for a time the destinies of nations. His extreme hour of greatness 
 was in 1813, after the fearful retreat from Russia, when in a few months he 
 summoned a new army to his side from the fields of exhausted France, and 
 alone defied, and almost overcame, the united strength of the rest of civilized 
 Europe. The most ignoble period of his life is found on the barren rock of 
 St. Helena, when, treacherous to his former grandeur, he was afflicted and 
 absorbed by the worthless and passing annoyances of the moment. His 
 career was that of a dazzling meteor, astonishing all men in its fiery passage, 
 but creating little else than amazement, and admiration mingled with fear. 
 Not naturally cruel, he enacted cruelties. Brave in the field, he lacked the 
 true heroic element. He used all men for his own advancement, and 
 counted human life valueless, when its sacrifice might add to his imagined 
 glory. Superstitious, but not religious. Framed for intensest exertion, 
 indefatigable, impatient, irritable, untruthful, theatrical, petty. Yet a 
 grand lawgiver ; cognisant of the wants of men, and capable of meeting them, 
 had his lust of ambition suffered him to provide for the interests of his people 
 as sedulously as for his own. His character, a singular conflict of great virtues 
 with small vices, and of great vices with small virtues. The most splendid 
 soldier since the days of Julius Csesar, and the idol of his army. The uncle 
 of Napoleon III., the present Emperor of France. 
 
 [From the marble in the Louvre by Houdon.] 
 
 311a. Napoleon Buonaparte. Emperor of France. 
 
 [The colossal bust by Canova.] 
 
 311b. Napoleon Buonaparte. Emperor of France. 
 
 [An ideal bust by Thorwaldsen, supported on the French eagle with palm 
 branches.] 
 
 311c. Napoleon Buonaparte. Emperor of France. 
 
 312. Louis Philippe. King of the French. 
 
 [Bom in Paris, 1773. Died at Claremont, in England, 1850. Aged 77.] 
 
 A monarch who ascended the throne of France on the neck of one Revolu¬ 
 tion, and was hurled from it by the heel of another. A king who had borne 
 adversity bravely in his youth, yet was unequal to sustain prosperity in his 
 age. The most remarkable example of the proverb that “a Bourbon learns 
 nothing, and forgets nothing.” If any Bourbon could prove an exception to 
 the rule, Louis Philippe must have been the man. He had great sagacity ; 
 
FRENCH MONARCHS. 
 
 133 
 
 lie had mixed for many years with all ranks and conditions of men. He had 
 acutely felt the want of the means of living. He had been forced to earn his 
 own bread by hnmble day labour. He had travelled in America, resided in 
 England, had read much, observed more. Yet in 1848, after a reign of 18 
 years, he conducted himself towards the French nation with a blind obsti¬ 
 nacy and wilful disregard of consequences, worthy of a sovereign who had 
 been suckled in the lap of despotism, and fed for ever afterwards upon 
 obsequious flattery, and all the other dainty diet of a Court. Louis Philippe 
 had many good qualities of heart. He was beloved by his wife and children, 
 and was a true hero at the domestic hearth. He had also a shrewd, active, 
 well-informed mind. Nor did he act without a principle in his dealing with 
 his subjects. But unfortunately his love for his family led him into foolish 
 schemes for their advancement, his shrewdness overreached itself, and his 
 principle of action was based upon a fallacy. He imagined that he could 
 satisfy his people with the very husk and rind of constitutional government, 
 and flatter them with the conviction that they were chewing and enjoying the 
 kernel. Corruption was hardly greater in the days of the Regency, than 
 towards the untimely close of the reign of Louis Philippe, but the rottenness 
 under the later Orleans was veiled beneath forms demanded by the spirit of 
 the age, and conceded by the King in a spirit of mock complaisance and quiet 
 irony. Few men have had greater opportunity than the King of the 
 Barricades. None have so desperately disappointed hope and baffled expecta¬ 
 tion. The history of the House of Orleans is full of instruction for all who 
 bear the name : but no chapter is so fraught with momentous interest to the 
 living chief of the House as that which tells the extraordinary and calamitous 
 history of Louis Philippe. 
 
 [From the Marble, by J. E. Jones, 1845.] 
 
 312*. Lotus Napoleon - . Emperor of France. 
 
 [Born 1808. Still living.] 
 
 The third Emperor of the name, and not the least remarkable of his 
 extraordinary race. The opinions formed of the present Emperor of France 
 from his earlier history, have all been belied by his subsequent career. He has 
 been an exile, a prisoner, a wanderer, an outcast. When he has ceased to 
 be an object of suspicion, it was only to become a subject for ridicule. 
 Of all pretenders to thrones in Europe, he has been held the least likely to 
 obtain, by any change of circumstances or overthrow of dynasties, supreme 
 dominion. When kings, in their fear, have reckoned over the names of those 
 from whom danger might be expected, and have exhausted the entire 
 list by including all possible representatives of peril, Louis Napoleon 
 has not been in the number. He lived for years in London, and 
 on the 10th of April, 1848, when special constables were enrolled for 
 the preservation of menaced order, he sallied forth with his neighbours, and 
 performed street duty with the humblest. He was so poor in England, that 
 his goods were sold to pay his debts. Yet at this hour the diadem binds his 
 brow, and his foot is firmly planted upon the summit of power in tranquil¬ 
 lized France, and we all pray Heaven in the interests of humanity, 
 civilization, and peace, to maintain it there. Since the accession of 
 Napoleon III., all his exertions have been directed to the development of 
 the material resources of his country, and to the upholding of that good 
 understanding amongst nations which is essential to the continuance of social 
 
134 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 prosperity. Europe lies under great obligations to his sagacity, and England 
 has cause to rejoice in his friendship. When he married, he called himself a 
 “parvenu.” His wisdom, moderation, and good faith have attached him 
 to the heart of public opinion more closely than though, upon an insincere 
 brow, he had brought to his imperial throne the stamp of a hundred kings. 
 
 [From the marble by Barre, 1853.] 
 
 312a. Louis Napoleon. Emperor of France. 
 
 [From the marble by J. E. Jones.] 
 
 312**. Eugenie Maeie Guzman. Empress of France. 
 
 [Born 1826. Still living.] 
 
 The wife of Napoleon III., before her marriage with whom she was 
 Countess Montijo of Teba. 
 
 THE GERMAN PORTRAITS. 
 
 - * - 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ludwig, King of Bavaria, first conceived the idea of raising a 
 monument to the national glory of Germany. In the year 1807, 
 he planned the Walhalla, a grand hall for the reception of the 
 statues and portrait-busts of celebrated Germans, borrowing the 
 title of the structure from the old Norse language, the name being 
 that of the palace into which Odin, the Scandinavian Jupiter, 
 received the souls of the slain heroes. The idea, however, 
 remained undeveloped until the important part played by 
 the soldiers of Germany in the final overthrow of Napoleon 
 gave a new impulse to the great scheme of the king. In 1821, 
 he entrusted his architect, Leo von Klenze, with the execution 
 of his plan. But it was not until 1830 that the design was 
 sufficiently matured for building ; and, after the laying of the 
 first stone, twelve years were occupied in consummating the work. 
 The Walhalla was inaugurated October 18th, 1842. 
 
 The Walhalla stands in a commanding position on the banks of 
 the Danube, close to the little town of Donaustauf, and not far 
 from Regensburg. It is a noble building of the Doric order, 
 resembling the Parthenon of ancient Greece, 230 feet long, 108 
 feet broad, and 64 feet high, having a colonnade on every side. 
 It is based upon a massive structure of Cyclopean stone work formed 
 into three terraces, and is approached by a grand flight of steps. 
 
 The pediments at each end are filled with marble statues by 
 
THE GERMAN PORTRAITS. 
 
 135 
 
 Ludwig Schwanthaler. The south pediment, looking over the river, 
 contains an allegorical subject designed by Rauch, and sculptured 
 by Schwanthaler. Germany is here as a female figure surrounded 
 by young warriors, who represent the different States of Germany, 
 presenting to her the chief fortresses under the form of young 
 women. The north pediment is entirely by Schwanthaler. It 
 represents the battle between Hermann and Yarus. 
 
 The interior forms a noble highly-decorated hall in the Ionic 
 style, with polished marble walls and painted mouldings, the floor 
 being also richly inlaid with marbles. The hall is 168 feet long, 
 48 feet broad, and 53 feet high. The entablature is supported by 
 14 Caryatides, treated as Walkyren, the Chusers of Slaughter in the 
 old Germanic mythology, each being 10 feet 9 inches high. They are 
 modelled bySchwanthaler, and executed in marble by his pupils ; the 
 figures being painted in the manner supposed to have been practised 
 by the Greeks : the hair is brown, the flesh ivory colour, the tunics 
 are of violet colour, the upper drapery white with red and gilt 
 edges, and the bearskins gilt. A frieze runs round the hall, on 
 which is sculptured the history of the Germans, from their origin 
 in the mountains of the Caucasus to their baptism by Bonifazio. 
 This frieze is the work of Martin Wagner, a Bavarian sculptor, 
 living at Rome, assisted by Schopf and Pettrich. It is in marble, 
 and measures 3 feet 4 inches in height, by 292 feet long. 
 
 Six statues of Victory, larger than life, and sculptured by Rauch, 
 are arrayed round the hall. Between these are placed the busts 
 of the great men of Germany, in six groups, numbering, in all, 96. 
 They begin, chronologically, with Arminius, who repelled the Romans, 
 and King Harry I. (a.d. 876—936), and come down to Blucher 
 and Schwarzenberg. The Poets are represented from the medieval 
 Minne and Meister-singers, down to Goethe and Schiller. All these 
 busts are however modem works of art, the earliest dating from 
 1794. 
 
 The “ Ruhmeshalle” (or Hall of Fame”), at Munich, contains 
 another collection of portrait-busts of celebrated Germans. This, 
 like the Walhalla, was established by Ludwig, King of Bavaria, 
 and built by the architect Klenze. It was commenced in 1843, and 
 completed in 1853. It is well situated upon a hill which rises from 
 a flat of some extent near Munich, called after the Queen of Louis, 
 “ die Theresen-Wiese.” It is in the Doric style of Greek architec- 
 tre, 230 feet long, by 150 feet broad, and 60 feet high, and is 
 surrounded by 48 columns, 24 feet in height. Within the 92 
 metopes are 44 figures of Victory, and 48 representations of the 
 
136 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 principal events in the progress of Bavaria, designed and executed 
 by Schwanthaler. The pediments also are ornamented with statues 
 in marble by the same artist, personifying the provinces of the 
 present kingdom of Bavaria. The statue of Bavaria, a cast from the 
 head of which is in the Crystal Palace (See No. 205 of the Hand¬ 
 book of Modern Sculpture), stands in front of the building. 
 
 Some of the German portraits enumerated in the following pages 
 are copies from portraits in both collections above referred to. 
 There are also some portrait-busts of which the originals exist in 
 the “ Royal Museum,” and in the “ Lager-Haus,” at Berlin. 
 
 (The German Portraits begin immediately behind the Statue of Sir 
 Robert Peel at the south-west angle of the Great Transept and 
 Nave.) 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 313. Peter Paul Rebels. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Cologne, in Germany, 1577. Died at Antwerp, in Flanders, 1640. Aged 6B. J 
 One of the most prolific and famous painters; not of the Flemish school 
 only, but of the world. His life as untroubled as his genius was grand. 
 Crowned heads courted him, wealth followed him, and until immediately 
 before his death he knew not the sorrow of sickness. He passed happily 
 through life, multiplying with astonishing rapidity those marvellous pictures 
 which have associated his name for ever with the idea of glorious colour. He 
 left paintings in France and in Spain, and both countries vied with each other 
 in loading the great artist with well merited honours. He came to England in 
 the reign of Charles I. as Envoy from the Spanish court, and in England fresh 
 dignities awaited him. As a painter, he is memorable for the harmony, beauty, 
 and mellow richness of his colouring, which flings a surpassing charm over 
 every one of his productions. His men are always powerfully drawn and 
 characterized with wonderful variety ; but for the graceful and ideal repre¬ 
 sentation of the more delicate sex, we have only the coarse type of his 
 countrywomen. His portraits are fresh, vigorous, and carefully executed. 
 His most celebrated work, The Descent from the Cross, at Antwerp, is a 
 wonderful creation, both for expression and feeling. In landscapes, Rubens 
 was also most happy. In all his works there is a luxuriance of life and 
 vigour and passionate expression. In person he was tall, majestic, and 
 extremely handsome ; in temperament energetic and enthusiastic ; in his 
 manner of living plain and moderate; in his dealings with his brother 
 artists, gentle and munificent as a prince. Amongst his pupils he reckoned 
 Vandyke, Teniers the younger, Jordaens, and Sneyders. 
 
 [For a description of this noble statue, see No. 107, Handbook of Modern 
 Sculpture.] 
 
 314. Georg Friedrich Handel. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Born at Halle, in Saxony, 1684. Died 1759. Aged 75.] 
 
 This magnificent musician, the dominant characteristics of whose genius 
 
GERMAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 137 
 
 are grandeur, spirituality, and solemnity, was the son of a surgeon. Having 
 in his youth displayed a passionate love for music, and having travelled 
 much with the view of gaining instruction in Germany and Italy, he went 
 to London, at the age of twenty-six, and there composed, by order of Queen 
 Anne, the “ Te Deum”and “Jubilate,” which, in 1714, were performed 
 at St. Paul’s. Subsequently became Director of the Opera, in the Haymarket, 
 for the production of his own works : a large subscription, headed by George I., 
 enabling him to open the theatre. The scheme falling to the ground, in 
 consequence of the quarrels of the singers, Handel abandoned the stage, and 
 devoted his powers to the production of those sublime oratorios that have 
 immortalized his name. In 1740, he composed “Saul;” in 1741, “The 
 Messiah ;” the last a three weeks’ work. Other great oratorios followed. In 
 1750, he lost his sight, and from that time until his death he gradually 
 declined. He was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey. This 
 mighty musician was infirm of temper, and imperfectly educated. When 
 roused, he was violent and ungovernable. A singer once refused to sing one 
 of his airs. Handel, seizing the man in his arms, and pale with rage, 
 threatened to throw him out of the window if he persisted in the refusal. 
 His countenance wore a rough expression, though he was good-natured 
 when not agitated. He stands at the head of the greatest masters of music; 
 and, as a performer on the organ, he was without a rival. 
 
 [In the Musical Collection of the Royal Library at Berlin. The artist is not known, 
 but it beai's many evidences of being a truthful poi'ti*ait, and is altogether a more 
 characteristic head than the conventional portrait by Roubiliac No. 314a.] 
 
 314a. Georg Friedrich Handel. Musical Composer. 
 
 [From the mai'ble by Roubiliac.] 
 
 315. Johan Joachim Winckelmann. Antiquary. 
 
 [Bom at Steindal, in Germany, 1717. Died at Trieste, in Austria, 1768. Aged 51.] 
 The son of a shoemaker, and self-educated. At thirty became a Roman 
 Catholic, and journeyed to Rome, where he studied the antique, and pub¬ 
 lished his celebrated “History of Art.” At Trieste he was murdered by a 
 felon, for the sake of the medals conferred upon him by the Courts of Austria 
 and Bavaria. His investigations into the true principles and significance of 
 high art, more especially of antique sculpture, led the way to the enlightened 
 criticism of Lessing and Goethe. 
 
 [By Doel. It was placed in the Capitoline Museum at Rome, by Geo. F. 
 Reififenstein.] 
 
 315*. Anthony Raphael Mengs. Fainter. 
 
 [Born at Aussig, in Bohemia, 172S. Died at Rome, 1771. Aged 43.] 
 Surnamed, but without much reason, the Raffaelle of Germany. 
 He studied assiduously at the Vatican. Upon his return to Germany 
 he was appointed at Dresden painter to the King. Revisiting Rome 
 he fell in love with a beautiful peasant girl, and became a Roman 
 Catholic in order to marry her. In 1757, he commenced painting in 
 fresco, and his works of this kind will bear comparison with some 
 of the best of the Italian masters. In 1761, he was invited by Charles 
 III. to Spain, where he painted for the palace at Madrid, the ‘ ‘ Apotheosis 
 of Trajan.” This is his clief d'ceuvre. He died leaving scarcely sufficient 
 to pay his funeral expenses, and the King of Spain provided for his seven 
 
138 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 children. The works of Mengs display correctness of drawing, vigour of 
 colouring, finished execution, and studied grace : but the loftier qualities of 
 mind, demanded by historical painting, are wanting. He was a writer on art 
 as well as an artist: and a generous, warm-hearted man. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 316. Franz Joseph Haydn. Musical Composer . 
 
 [Born in Rohrau, on the frontiers of Austria and Hungary, 1732. Died at 
 Vienna, 1809. Aged 77.] 
 
 The son of very poor and humble parents, who cheered their poverty and 
 supported their labour by home music. The family concerts constituted 
 Haydn’s initiation into Art. He was a passionate neophyte. At the age of 
 thirteen, he had composed a mass, which he was unable to write correctly. 
 Taken into the service of the great master Porpora, he submitted to menial 
 drudgery in order to have the advantage of his instruction. In 1760, he 
 entered the better service of Prince Esterhazy, with whom, as Court Musician, 
 he continued tor the space of twenty-five years. During that period, some of 
 his finest symphonies were produced. In 1791, he went, on invitation, to 
 London, and continued there for thirteen years, sending forth his inimitable 
 works, and receiving honour on every side. In 1794, he returned to 
 Germany, established himself in the suburbs of Vienna, and composed the 
 oratorio of “The Creation.” He died in 1809, from agitation, it is said, 
 induced by the advance upon Vienna of the French army. Haydn is 
 one of the greatest of modern musicians. He set free the spirit of instru¬ 
 mental music, and purified his art by the purity, simplicity, and beauty of 
 his works. He is remarkable for lucid melody and for his power of effective 
 painting. His labours were enormous and his compositions countless. He 
 could himself reckon up to 800 works, large and small, and there he 
 stopped. 
 
 317. Johann Wolfgang Mozart. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Born at Salzburg in Austria, 1756. Died at Vienna, 1791. Aged 35.] 
 
 The most renowned of German musical composers. Plis father was a 
 musician, and he himself the greatest musical prodigy that ever lived. It 
 is alleged upon authority that at four years old, he could already play and 
 even compose. It is certain, that before he was eight a harvest was in 
 reaping by his family, who travelled over Germany to exhibit his astounding 
 performances. In 1764, he was in England playing before the King and 
 Court. In 1769, he produced an opera, being then 13 years of age. At 15, 
 he was in Italy, creating wonder by works which rivalled those of the 
 great Italian masters. Medals were struck in honour of young Orpheus in 
 the land of art and song. He was not 17 years old when he could count as 
 his productions four operas, an oratorio, two masses, and many other compo¬ 
 sitions. Mozart grew in years, and did not suffer the ordinary penalty of 
 precocity. In him “the child was father to the man.” The blossom 
 became ripe fruit. In 1781, he produced his opera of “Idomeneo.” Then 
 followed the “Marriage of Figaro,” and in 1787, his masterpiece “Don 
 Giovanni”—a work composed in an incredibly short space of time. Now 
 came sickness—and the threatening of a complaint allied too frequently to 
 unnatural intellectual development. Symptoms of consumption gave rise to 
 melancholy—melancholy to inordinate labour—inordinate labour to speedy 
 death. Mozart had the grave already in sight when he composed his exquisite 
 
GERMAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 139 
 
 “Requiem.” This illustrious man was the founder of the school in 
 which Beethoven was a faithful disciple. His fertility of creation, the rich 
 luxurious beauty of his music, his purity and melody, can hardly be excelled. 
 In all the relations of life Mozart was blameless. He had a generous soul, 
 and we are pained to think so rare and so richly endowed a genius should at 
 any period of his career have suffered anguish from poverty and distress. 
 
 318. Karl Friedrich Zelter. Musician. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1758. Died 1832. Aged 74. J 
 The son of a master mason, whose trade he followed. Forsaking masonry 
 for music, he became the pupil of Fasch, at whose death he was appointed 
 Director of the Royal Institute of Music, and Professor of music in the 
 Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin. Zelter’s works are chiefly songs and 
 compositions for men’s voices, without accompaniment. He also wrote on 
 the theory of music. He will be chiefly remembered as the friend and 
 correspondent of Goethe, and the early instructor of Mendelssohn. 
 
 [By Rauch., March, 1825. Modelled as a present from the sculptor to Goethe, 
 the friend of Zelter. The Academy of Music had it executed in marble 
 for their institution, Rauch again charging nothing for his services.] 
 
 319. Johann Gottfried Schadow. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1764. Died there, 1850. Aged 86.] 
 
 The son of a poor tailor. He evinced, at an early age, a great love for the 
 fine arts, but he was one of many children, and there was small hope of 
 gratifying fine-art tastes in the needy household. Fortune brought the youngster 
 in contact with a sculptor, who taught him drawing, and from that moment 
 his destiny was fixed. Whilst receiving instruction, he ran off with a girl to 
 whom he was attached, married her at Vienna, and with the consent and at 
 the expense of his stepfather, proceeded to Rome. There for two years he 
 laboured hard as a sculptor, in the Vatican and in the Capitol. In 1788, he 
 had already advanced far enough to be appointed Court Sculptor at Berlin. 
 In 1822, he was made Director of the Academy of Fine Arts in the same city. 
 His works, numerous and of a high order, are found in Berlin and else¬ 
 where in Germany. He was one of the first who opposed to the insipid 
 and conventional idealism of the eighteenth century, a vigorous and 
 truthful representation of nature, heightened by noble intellectuality. This 
 is especially visible in his portrait statues. He was a worthy precursor of 
 Rauch, who is one of his most famous followers. To his eldest son, Rudolph 
 Schadow, also a distinguished sculptor, belong the specimens of modern sculp¬ 
 ture which appear under the name of Schadow in this collection. The second 
 son, Wilhelm Schadow, is one of the most celebrated painters in Germany, 
 and President of the Academy at Diisseldorf. Both have a greater name 
 as artists than the father. 
 
 [By Rauch, 1811. Plaster. The original is in the studio of Rauch.] 
 
 320. Albert Bartholomaus Tiiorwaldsen. Sculptor. 
 
 [Bom 1770. Died 1844. Aged 74.] 
 
 He was born, as he said, at Copenhagen : some say in Iceland : some at sea, 
 between. His father, an Icelander, was employed in carving heads for ships 
 in the Royal Dockyard, on which the great sculptor practised his young hand : 
 his mother was a priest’s daughter. He was educated, as all the children 
 
140 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 of workmen, in the Holm , or dockyard, at the King’s expense. At 
 11, Thorwaldsen was a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copen¬ 
 hagen. At 17, he first secured attention, and gained the small silver 
 medal; at 19, the large. At 21, he won the small, at 23, the 
 large gold medal. His birthday he did not know, but he called it 
 March 8th, the day of his arriving at Rome in 1796. In the Eternal City he 
 addicted himself to the antique. He brought introductions to Zoega the 
 Dane, then living at Rome, a learned and antiquarian connoisseur. Zoega 
 dealt kindly and hardly with the young sculptor, severely criticizing his 
 labours ; and Thorwaldsen, under his critic’s censure, and from his own 
 dissatisfaction, destroyed numerous attempts. His first “Jason with the 
 Golden Fleece,” of the natural size, made no impression, and he broke it in 
 pieces. He made it again, 8^ feet high. It secured general admiration, and 
 this time he did not destroy his work. He had, however, made up his mind 
 to go home; his small preparation was completed ; Jason was to be sent 
 after him; but a mistake in a passport created a day’s delay. During the 
 short interval, Thomas Hope, a well-known name in England, entered the 
 artist’s studio, and saw the “Jason.” The price was asked. “Six 
 hundred zecchini.” “I will give eight hundred,” answered Thomas Hope. 
 Thorwaldsen stopped in Rome, and now began and went on, his mightier career. 
 His chief works are classical subjects—some Christian, to which he drew late 
 in life. The most popular of all his productions is the bas-relief of “ Priam 
 and Achilles.” In 1819, he returned to Copenhagen, but not permanently 
 until 1838. In Rome he was the friend of Canova, who acknowledged his 
 merit. His health was often very weak, and he died suddenly at a theatre. 
 He was simple in his manners, and beloved. In fire and grandeur he 
 resembled Michael Angelo. The old Scandinavian energetic blood rolled in 
 his veins. The family tradition made him descended from one of those early 
 warrior-kings : a more glorious, innocent conqueror. 
 
 [By Rauch. Plaster. 1816. Done at Rome. A fine ai'tist-like head. The 
 original is in the studio of Rauch.] 
 
 321. Ludwig tan Beethovex. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Born at Bonn, in Rhenish Prussia, 1770. Died at Vienna, 1S27. Aged 57.] 
 
 This great composer was taught music from his childhood ; but it was not 
 until his twelfth year that he at all developed his genius. Sent to Vienna, 
 he was placed there under the care of the Chapel-Master, Albrechtsberger, in 
 spite of whose cold and conventional instruction he advanced in knowledge 
 and strength, and excited general attention by his extraordinary gift cf 
 improvisation, and marvellous execution. In 1805, he composed “Fidelio ; ” 
 then followed his oratorio of “Christ on the Mount of Olives,” the 
 “Heroic” and “Pastoral” symphonies, and his pianoforte Concertos. At 
 this time Beethoven had scarcely the means of subsistence, and to save him 
 from want, a pension of four thousand florins was settled upon him by the 
 Austrian government. He fixed his abode at the village of Baden, near 
 Vienna, and his life became one of retirement and self-nurture. He com¬ 
 posed his music in his solitary rambles. The wildest scenery to him was the 
 choicest, for he shrank from intercourse with men. His habits were known 
 and respected. He died unmarried. From his twenty-sixth year he had 
 been deaf; but he was otherwise robust. He was passionately fond of 
 Scott’s romances, and these works, with the “Odyssey” of Homer, were his 
 consolations during the illness of which he died. His fertility and variety 
 
GERMAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 141 
 
 of production are marvellous. The passionate soul of melody possessed him. 
 His works are rich in harmony, tinctured it may he with the delicate 
 mysticism that ruled his genius in its silent haunts. 
 
 [By Ernst Hahnel, of Dresden. Plaster. 1847, In the possession of the 
 artist, who executed the large statue of Beethoven in bronze, which stands 
 in the Place at Bonn. This was the study from the life, for the head of the 
 statue.] 
 
 321*. Ferdinand o Paer. Musical Composer. 
 
 [Born at Parma, in Italy, 1771. Died 1839. Aged 68.] 
 
 At sixteen, Paer began to write for the stage. Before he was twenty-six 
 he had already produced twenty-two operas, all in the conventional style of 
 the old Italian operas, and after the manner of Cimarosa and Paisiello. 
 After 1797, a laudable change is remarked in his style—more force in the 
 harmonies, more variety in the modulations, with richer and more effective 
 instrumentation. In 1801, appointed by the Elector of Saxony Chapel- 
 Master in Dresden, and, favoured by the repose afforded here, Paer still 
 improved his style. In 1806, Dresden was taken by the French. The 
 
 , musician transferred his services to Napoleon, and accompanied his new 
 master to Paris. In 1810, revisited his native city, and there composed 
 his master-piece, the opera of Agnese. His subsequent career is remark¬ 
 able for little more than for petty intrigues against rival composers, and— 
 after his appointment as Director of the Italian Opera in Paris in 1812—for 
 miserable squabbles with actors and musicians. He ceased to be an artist, 
 and condescended to become a mere courtier and “ homme de salon.” His 
 death was accelerated by long-continued habits of intemperance. Paer was 
 gifted with great fluency, and his works have brilliancy and spirit; but he 
 is without originality, force, and dramatic power. 
 
 [Bust to come.] 
 
 322. Christian Friedrich Tieck. Sculptor. 
 
 [Bom 1776. Died at Berlin, 1850. Aged 74.] 
 
 Of the school of Schadow. Brother to the celebrated poet and critic, and 
 the friend of Rauch, with whom he was engaged in illustrating in sculpture 
 the glories of the late war. His productions are in various parts of 
 Germany, and are held in high * estimation. He is the sculptor of the 
 statue of Frederic William at Ruppen, and of the front gate of the cathe¬ 
 dral at Berlin. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1825. Given by Rauch to his friend Tieck, and now in 
 the possession of his widow.] 
 
 323. Christian Rauch. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born 1777. Still living.] 
 
 The leading German sculptor of his day—endowed with great imaginative 
 powers, and excelling in portraits, which, under his treatment, exhibit 
 truth and nature, intimately associated with poetic elevation. In 1804, he 
 took his way from Berlin to Rome, and presently secured the friendship of 
 Thorwaldsen, whose love for the antique greatly influenced and directed his 
 taste. Whilst at Rome he executed “Mars and Yenus wounded by 
 Diomedes,” a colossal bust of the King of Prussia, and other celebrated 
 works. In 1811, invited by the King of Prussia to Berlin, he produced 
 many colossal statues and countless busts. His colossal “Victories,” for the 
 
142 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Walhalla, and the equestrian monument of Frederic the Great, are well 
 known efforts of his genius. A great artist—competent to express vigorously, 
 truthfully, and naturally, historical rather than ideal conception. 
 
 [By F. Tieck. Plaster. 1825. Modelled, to be given to bis friend Rauch, but 
 the marble bust not finished. From Lager-Haus.] 
 
 324. Karl Friedrich: Schinxel. Architect and Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Neuruppin, in Germany, 1781. Died at Berlin, 1841. Aged 60.] 
 Styled by his countrymen the Luther of architecture. Employed by the 
 King of Prussia to erect those structures in his capital which have stamped a 
 new character on Berlin, and endowed it with high architectural claims. He 
 gave a new impulse to his art, both by his influence and his example, and 
 was besides a generous and amiable man. 
 
 [By F. Tieck, 1819. The marble bust is in the Berlin Museum. A copy in bronze 
 is on the staircase of the Royal Theatre, Berlin.] 
 
 325. Leo you Klenze. Architect. 
 
 [Born at Hildesheim, in Hanover, 1784. Still living.] 
 
 The architect, in Munich, of “The Glyptothek,” and the constructor 
 of many works, Royal and otherwise, in the same city. Also the designer 
 of the plans for the “Walhalla.” Author of some literary productions bearing 
 upon his art. In 1844, accompanied Ludwig I. to Greece to examine the 
 plans already made for the improvement of Athens, and to suggest original 
 designs. IOenze possesses great decorative skill, and a comprehensive 
 knowledge of the history of architecture ; but the true genius and high 
 faculty of composition appears on few of his productions. He does not take what 
 is universal in the various styles with which his mind is familiar, in order to 
 form a style expressive of his own spirit, and suitable to the country and 
 climate in which it is his business to exhibit it, but he borrows his 
 structures from Greece and Italy, and deposits them in Munich, loading 
 the city with specimens of foreign styles of architecture. His effects are 
 undoubtedly picturesque, and the decorations of his buildings always beau- 
 itful, but fault is found with the internal arrangements of his edifices, with 
 the lowness of the apartments, and with the bases of his fa 9 ades, which are 
 occasionally mean and even vulgar. 
 
 [By J. Halbig. Plaster. 1846. Executed for King Ludwig.] 
 
 326. Peter Cornelius. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Diisseldorf, in Prussia, 1787. Still living.] 
 
 A renowned painter of the later German school. He studied under Langer, 
 a disciple of the old sci ool, who made enormous efforts to suppress the romantic 
 tendencies of his pupil, to check his imagination, and to restrain his boldness. 
 By a visit to Italy, however, Cornelius confirmed the bent of his genius, and 
 rendered the good intentions of Herr Langer of no avail. His indomitable 
 perseverance, hard study, and rare gifts, soon enabled him to outstrip all 
 rivalry. Whilst still young he was invited to direct at Diisseldorf the School 
 of Painting, which has proved itself one of the most careful and successful 
 nursing-mothers of Art in Germany. In 1819, engaged by the King of 
 Bavaria to decorate the Museum of Sculpture then constructing at Munich. The 
 subjects painted by Cornelius in fresco for this Museum from the heroic 
 myths of Homer and Hesiod, are conceived with a rich imagination, and exe¬ 
 cuted with superior power. His cartoons illustrating the old “Kibe- 
 
GERMAN MUSICIANS. 
 
 143 
 
 lungen-Lied,” and the “Faust” of Goethe, are equally remarkable. In 
 1825, appointed Director of the Academy of Painting at Munich. In 1841, 
 summoned to Berlin by the King of Prussia, for whom Cornelius designed 
 the “Shield of Faith,” presented by his Majesty to his godson, the Prince 
 of Wales. Cornelius paints with the passionate sensibility and delicate 
 perception of a true poet. His copious imagination is never at fault, and 
 his ability to produce is as striking as his faculty of conception. Yet he 
 never oversteps the modesty of nature, or the confines of true art. He is 
 the worthy leader of a daily increasing school in Germany, which attempts, 
 and not unsuccessfully, to unite in art earnestness of thought, activity, 
 boldness, and freedom. 
 
 [By E. Hahnel. Plaster. 1852. In the possession of the artist. This was the 
 study for the head of the large statue of Cornelius which Hahnel was 
 commissioned to execute for the new museum at Dresden, and which 
 stands on the outside, amongst the artists of Germany.] 
 
 327. Christoph Gluck. Musician. 
 
 [Born in the early part of the 18th centuiy. Died at Vienna, 1181.] 
 
 The great merit of Gluck is that he emancipated music from the 
 trammels of conventionalism and false taste, and made it the exponent and 
 minister of poetry and the drama. Gluck, invited to London in 1745 to 
 celebrate in music the butcheries of the Duke of Cumberland, found that the 
 operas represented there were mere concerts, for which the drama was a 
 pretext. Sound was everything, meaning nothing, His own music was set 
 to words with which it had no connexion, and, torn from its original 
 context, lost all its effect. This fact led him to the discovery of the great 
 principle which is the key to the rest of his life : viz., that music is not merely 
 a pleasant arrangement of sounds intended to gratify the ear, but a subsidiary 
 language, able to exalt and strengthen the emotions, raised by the measure 
 and force of the spoken language to which it is allied. In 1761, he composed 
 his opera of “ Alceste,” as an illustration of his idea. It was followed in 1762 
 and 1763 by “ Paris and Helena” and “Orpheus.” In 1779, he composed the 
 “ Iphigenia in Tauride,” the greatest of his works. Wieland has happily 
 expressed Gluck’s claim upon our respect in a sentence. “He preferred,” 
 he says, “the Muses to the Syrens.” His works are not so much operas, in the 
 ordinary sense of the term, as poems, in which music is employed for producing 
 and sustaining emotion. Off the stage Gluck was nothing, but upon it the 
 musician was himself a poet. The manners of Gluck, like those of Beethoven 
 and Handel, were rough and blunt. He was large in person ; and his 
 habits were indolent and somewhat sensual. The bust discloses the man. 
 
 [From the Terracotta, by Hotidon. In the musical collection of the Royal 
 Library at Berlin. The only bust taken from the life.] 
 
 327a. Cristoph Gluck. Musician. 
 
 [From the Terracotta by Houdon, in the Louvre.] 
 
 327b. Christoph Gluck. Musician. 
 
 [From the bust by Francin (Fils) in the Louvre.] 
 
 327c. C. Christoph Gluck. Musician. 
 
 [From a bust by R. Wagner of Berlin.] 
 
144 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 328. Friedrich Gartner. Architect. 
 
 [Born 1792. Died 1847. Aged 55.] 
 
 The chief architect in Munich since the withdrawal of Klenze. His 
 most important work is the new Library in that city, which is remarkable 
 for the simple magnificence of its facade. He designed the Palace of King 
 Otho at Athens, and he re-opened the quarries of Pentelicus, which had 
 not been employed since the days of Hadrian. Upon the departure of 
 Cornelius from Munich, Gartner received the appointment of Director of the 
 Royal Academy of Fine Arts. 
 
 [By Johann Halbig.] 
 
 329. Julies Schnorr. Painter. 
 
 [Born at Leipzig, in Saxony, 1794. Still living.] 
 
 First studied under his father, who was Director of the Academy at 
 Leipzig. In 1811, went to Vienna to get instruction there ; but found 
 
 little to gratify his taste, or to encourage his genius. In 1817, 
 travelled into Italy, and there made the acquaintance of Ludwig, then 
 Crown Prince of Bavaria. At Rome worked at the Villa Massimi, 
 where Cornelius was also employed, and where he produced in the 
 space of five years his eleven frescos from the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto. 
 Called to Munich in 1827, he received there the appointment of Professor of 
 Historical Painting in the Academy, and painted for the King of Bavaria 
 his admirable frescos illustrating “The Nibelungen-Lied.” In 1846, 
 accepted an invitation to Dresden. Schnorr is chiefly known to us by his 
 beautiful illustrations of the Bible. Amongst all the fresco painters of Munich 
 he stands unrivalled for combining individual life with ideal composition. 
 [From the plaster model by Ernst Rietschel, dated 1848. In the possession of 
 the sculptor.] 
 
 330. Ludovic Schwanthaler. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Munich, in Bavaria, 1802. Died there, 1848. Aged 46.] 
 
 Most of his numerous and admirable works adorn his native city. His 
 masterpiece is the colossal statue of Bavaria, cast in bronze, 54 feet high. 
 The noble head of this figure forms a remarkable object in our Court of German 
 and English Sculpture. Before its inauguration the artist had died, having 
 been an invalid for the last fifteen years of his life. Many casts from the works 
 of Schwanthaler may be found in the Court of Modern German Sculpture. He 
 had the advantage of being an excellent classical scholar, and was besides a 
 warm-hearted, unassuming man, simple in his manners, full of wit and 
 humour, and a true friend. As an artist he had a fine classic feeling, 
 great spirit and fire, a strong imagination, a vigorous and creative genius. 
 
 [By Xavier Schwanthaler. Marble, 1849. The original is in the “ Ruhmeshalle ” 
 (Hall of Fame), at Munich. It was modelled from the life in 1837.] 
 
 331. Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy. Musician. 
 
 [Bom at Berlin 1809. Died at Leipzig 1847. Aged 38.] 
 
 The grandson of the Jewish philosopher, Moses Mendelssohn, and the 
 son of an eminent banker. Like Mozart he exhibited an astonishing 
 precocity. In his twentieth year he was already a musical composer of 
 great originality. Then setting out on his travels, he visited London, 
 Paris, and various parts of Italy. In 1834, appointed Chapel-Master at 
 
GERMAN ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 145 
 
 Diisseldorf. In that city he produced, when 27 years old, his oratorio 
 of “St. Paul.” It won the success it merited. In 1839, he composed his 
 “Lobgesang,” or “ Hymn of Praise,” by many regarded as his masterpiece. 
 In 1846, his marvellous oratorio of “Elijah” was produced at Birmingham. 
 From this period his mental activity was prodigious, and his production 
 ceaseless. He died, literally consumed by the fire within him. He was a 
 great man. His faculties, of the highest order, were engaged in the ad¬ 
 vancement of the purest art. His manner was unaffected, his heart warm, 
 and affectionate. He loved England. His earliest works indicate his genius ; 
 his latest compositions are tinged with a deeper, and more solemn hue—but 
 all he did was beautiful—like his mind. 
 
 [By E. Rietschel. Marble. 1848. In the possession of Alexander Mendelssohn, 
 the banker, of Berlin, for whom it was executed.] 
 
 332. Johann Halbig. Sculptor. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 An excellent German sculptor, who studied under Schwanthaler, at 
 Munich. The grand colossal figure of Franken (Franconia), in the German 
 Court of Modern Sculpture (No. 173), is by this artist. 
 
 • [Modelled by himself. 1850. A commission from King Ludwig. ] 
 
 333. Moritz yon Sen wind. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Vienna, 1804. Still living.] 
 
 Studied under Ludwig Schncrr ; then under Cornelius. Since the year 
 1828, has been employed in decorating with frescos the Palace of the King 
 of Bavaria, at Munich, and the Palace of the Grand Duke of Baden, at 
 Carlsruhe. His compositions from the classical mythology, and from the 
 modem poets, particularly from Tieck and Goethe, are amongst the finest 
 things which have been produced in modern times. 
 
 [From a medallion by Ernst Rietschel.] 
 
 333*. Edward Devrient. Player. 
 
 TBom 1801. Still living.l 
 
 One of a family remarkable, like that of the Kembles in England, for 
 dramatic genius. His uncle was a famous actor of his time ; his elder 
 brother is a player of repute in Hanover, and his younger brother, Emile 
 (born in 1803) is known in England, as one of the best representatives of 
 Hamlet at the present day. Edward is rather a studious and careful 
 artist, than a man of genius. He is also an author of ability, his dramatic 
 works having obtained considerable favour. 
 
 [From a medallion by Erast Rietschel, dated 1852. In the possession of the sculptor.] 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 334. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. Epic and Lyric Poet. 
 
 [Born at Quedlinburg, in Prussian Saxony, 1724. Died at Hamburgh, 1803. Aged 79.] 
 Goethe said well of Klopstock, that to him German literature owed a debt 
 of gratitude, for he was in advance of his time, although he lived long 
 enough for his time to be in advance of him. He is the classical epic poet 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 of Germany, as Milton of England, but with a difference. Milton was 
 nurtured on the overflowing bosom of English poesy. Klopstock had imbibed 
 no such strength at a native fount. The sublime utterance of the one still 
 reverberates through a world that is still the wiser and the better for the 
 heavenly strain. The sonorous rhapsodies of the other already weary the 
 ear of the land on which they originally fell with weight and power. Few 
 were the admirers of England’s blind poet when he sang “ of Man’s first 
 disobedience.” To-day they are countless. When Klopstock published the 
 first part of “ The Messiah,” Germany was enthusiastic. The learned were 
 at his feet, kings craved his companionship, and the people worshipped a 
 prophet. To-day, a young German critic has the hardihood to say—without 
 being stoned for his heresy—that Klopstock’s poems are like nothing so 
 much as translations from some unknown author, by an erudite but some¬ 
 what unpoetical philologist. With the early admiration for the poet, was 
 mingled awe for the sanctity with which his subject had enveloped his person. 
 He became in a nation, what Pollock, the author of “The Course of Time,” 
 has been amongst a class. If he is now taken down from his undue eminence, 
 his just claims to respect must nut be disregarded. If Luther constituted an 
 epoch in the moral and intellectual emancipation of his country, Klopstock 
 marked an era in the progress of her poesy. Both names are landmarks, in 
 the history of the language, as cultivated in the service of letters. The latter was, 
 also, a pioneer and a reformer. His odes are striking and lofty ; his learn¬ 
 ing extensive ; his piety fervent; and his poetic sensibility profound. The 
 thirst of communing with the soul of his native Germany—since, a widely- 
 possessing enthusiasm—announced itself as a literary virtue, first in Klop- 
 stock’s writings. It spoke in the selection of some of his themes : but was 
 chiefly operative in his profound and enamoured study of the language which 
 begins, in his verse, to discover and lavish exuberant wealth. 
 
 [By Bannecker.] 
 
 335. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Man of Letters. 
 
 [Born atCamentz, in Saxony, 1729. Died at Brunswick, 1781. Aged 52.] 
 
 A philosopher and a poet, but more of an investigator than of a creator. 
 Nevertheless, a strong renovator. He is named by Germany of to-day 
 with gratitude, amongst those who loosened the old chains of imitation 
 from her literature, and summoned her to think and to write, self- 
 conscious, from her own deep and powerful spirit. Powerlessly enough, 
 her drama, till his time, was borrowed from that of a people, geographically 
 divided from her by a river—intellectually, her antipodes. Lessing showed 
 her, in place of Corneille and Racine, a foreigner, in whose kindred veins 
 her own blood ran; and called her to Nature and to herself, in calling her 
 to Shakspeare. Lessing was a critic in plastic art; witness his “Laocoon.” 
 He was a fabulist of great invention, fancy, and humour : witness his 
 “ Fables,” which may take rank with those of iEsop. He was a dramatist 
 of skill, power, and pathos: witness his “Nathan the Wise,” and his 
 “Emilia Galotti.” Above all, he was an independent thinker ; and a style 
 clear, precise, and masterly, runs through all his writings. He is one of 
 those now elder classics through whom the language of the country has 
 risen into literary rank and service. 
 
 [By Ernst Rietschel. Bronze. 1849. Erected by subscription at Brunswick. 
 
 For further account of this statue, see Handbook to Modern Sculpture. 
 
 No. 200.] 
 
GERMAN POETS. 
 
 147 
 
 336. Christoph Wieland. Poet. 
 
 [Bom in Suabia, 1733. Died 1813. Aged 80.] 
 
 An exquisite artist in words, herein resembling though more enchanting than, 
 Lessing, whose contemporary he was. He might seem to he a transitionist; soft¬ 
 ening the passage from the imitative French school in Germany, to the pure 
 German. Or you may suspect that the foreign element is not French, but 
 Italian, if modern,—or Attic, if ancient. For he was a student of classic 
 antiquity, and a lightness of grace, and a mobile sensibility to the beautiful, 
 which are not German, reign over his numerous writings in prose and verse. 
 Some of his works are direct imitations from the Greek—as his Dialogues 
 after Lucian. His elaborate philosophical romance, “Agathon,” lays the 
 scene in old Greece. But his gift is an unrivalled ease in the flow of his 
 narrative verse—lively or serious—made alluring by perpetual representation 
 to the eye ; and roving with predilection amidst romantic scenes and adven¬ 
 tures. His poem of “Oberon” is a masterpiece in this kind. He seems 
 to have prepared for it in studying Ariosto, but engrafting upon the Italian 
 style the more picturesque of his own northern and later poetry. The 
 qualities missed in this rich, enticing, and luxurious word-painter, are 
 profound passion, intellectual might, and the more solemn contemplation 
 of the universe, natural and spiritual. Wieland was a scholar : you feel the 
 influence of his reading at every step ; hut the springs in his own bosom well 
 freely. 
 
 [The original marble, by Schadow, is the property of Henry Crabbe Robinson, Esq. 
 of London. Flaxman declared it “a perfect work, never surpassed by any 
 artist, living or dead.” When Mr. Robinson visited Goethe at Weimar, and 
 informed him that he possessed this bust, Goethe related the circumstances 
 under which it had been lost to Germany, and added: “You have made me 
 as happy as though I had recovered a lost child.” Mr. Robinson promised 
 Goethe to bequeath the bust to the Public Library at Weimar, where Wieland 
 had lived for many years. One cast has been allowed to be taken for the 
 Crystal Palace; and the mould has been destroyed.] 
 
 337. Johann Wolfgang yon Goethe. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in Germany, 1749. Died at Weimar, in 
 Germany, 1832. Aged 83.] 
 
 For comprehensiveness and grasp of thought, for profound knowledge of 
 human life and dealings, for intellectual prowess, for intimate acquaintance 
 with various and opposing arts and sciences, Goethe stands alone in Europe 
 throughout the period which he elevated by his presence and swayed by his 
 achievements. He was a great poet, an excellent dramatist, a fine novelist, 
 a skilled naturalist; with chemistry, botany, and anatomy he was familiar. 
 In truth, it is not easy to limit the immense domain through which his giant 
 mind ranged at its will, conquering and acquiring wherever it touched. His 
 productions are voluminous, corresponding to the wealth of his overflowing 
 brain. His “Faust” predominates far above his other works in popular im¬ 
 pression. It is the one in which he seems the most resolutely to have committed 
 himself to his subject. Wild, audacious, lying as this does desperately out of 
 the Real and the Possible, he throws himself into his enterprise, doing it 
 justice, with all his gathered might. We have a feeling persuasion of this 
 having been his own favorite work, to which he most confided, with love, the 
 intimacies of his genius. The recognition of Faust, as a high work of art, 
 must, however, be restrained to the first part. In the second the poet seems 
 as though self-bewitched. Certainly, Germany never has possessed so 
 
 l 2 
 
148 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 consummate a master, in art, of her words. His lyrics are gems of music. They 
 have th efelt charm of - grace, rather than demonstrable worth. In the Terse of 
 Schiller it isthe other way. Ask of his Germany what constitutes the all-extolled 
 merit of Goethe, and you will hear for answer :—“He is the great world- 
 sage.” But some of the elements of true wisdom he unquestionably lacked. 
 Admit all his strength, his knowledge, his skill, his intuition, and you 
 still miss the heart lodged by Mother Nature in the bosoms of Homer, of 
 Sliakspeare, of the compatriot and contemporary Schiller; which, warm and 
 large, embraced with loving and devout sympathy all that is great and high in 
 the souls of men. You desire, in many of his personages, the beating 
 pulses of simple, natural, human affection ; the exuberance of genial and 
 generous passion ;—in himself, the possessing and tyrannizing enthusiasm, 
 proper to the vowed follower of the Muse. His judgments of the world 
 show distinguished capacity, but his 'pictures are not generic representa¬ 
 tions of Man, either as reality gives him in experience to every one of us, or 
 as poesy would select him. Goethe promulgated speculations on plants and 
 colours that have been received into science. He made other speculations 
 during his mighty and protracted career, which passed into the spirit of 
 more than one generation, to influence, guide, advance, fashion, and direct it. 
 
 [By Alexander Frippel, 1789. Modelled from the life when Goethe was in his 
 prime. It was done at Rome, by order of the Prince Waldeck, in whose 
 castle at Aroldsen the original exists. Goethe at that time allowed his hair 
 to grow in all its natural luxuriance. “I remember him well,” says a 
 distinguished friend and countryman of his; “he was then as handsome as 
 Apollo.”] 
 
 337a. Johann- Wolfgang ton Goethe. Poet. 
 
 [This bust is by Rauch, from the marble, dated 1820. It was a commission from 
 the Grand Duke of Saxe Weimar, and occupies its place in his palace.] 
 
 337b. Johann Wolfgang ton Goethe. Poet. 
 
 [This bust is from the colossal statue, the work of Steinhauser, executed by 
 order oi the Grand Duchess of Saxe Weimar.] 
 
 338. Friedrich Christoph ton Schiller. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Marbach, in Germany, 1759. Died at Weimar, 1805. Aged 46.] 
 According to the Germans, Schiller stands second in the list of their 
 great poets, Goethe being the first; but in the esteem of the rest of the 
 world, Schiller is pre-eminently the greatest of German poets. In univer¬ 
 sality, breadth and power, his genius yields to that of his illustrious rival; 
 but in delicacy of perception, refinement of feeling, intense sympathy with 
 the passions he represents, exquisite purity of thought and diction, and in 
 the treatment of ideal beauty, he is without a competitor in his own country. 
 His manifest delight in the delineation of pure and generous characters is 
 not the least grateful of his excellences. His poetry is the bright intellectual 
 reflexion of his own chastened spirit, as the writings of Goethe constitute 
 the masculine and mighty expression of Ins essentially sensual nature. 
 The German stage was formed by Schiller, whose later tragedies gave to the 
 drama of his country a rank that it had never held before. At the outset 
 of his career Schiller studied law, then medicine ; and whilst his own tastes 
 would have led him to the pastoral office, he found himself, at the age 
 of 30, appointed to the Chair of History at Jena. His acknowledged greatest 
 work is the tragedy of “Wallenstein.” He died of consumption, and was 
 buried with public honours. He conferred dignity upon the literature of his 
 
GERMAN AUTHORS. 
 
 149' 
 
 country, and helped, more than any other man of his time, to bring it 
 abreast of the poetry of other nations ; but the originality, beauty, and 
 force of his productions are not more worthy of contemplation, than the 
 aspiring grandeur and nobility of his moral character. He was the friend 
 and pupil of Goethe. The teacher was the more consummate artist, the 
 disciple was the purer man. Schiller exalts our idea of humanity, Goethe 
 lowers it. 
 
 [By Dannecker. Marble. 1805. Tbe original was bequeathed by the artist to 
 King William of Wiirtemberg, who presented it to the Museum at 
 Stuttgart.] 
 
 338a. Friedrich Christoph you Schiller. Poet. 
 
 [This colossal bust was executed by order of King Louis of Bavaria for the 
 Walhalla. ] 
 
 339. Ludwig Tieck. Author. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1773. Recently deceased.] 
 
 A writer in literature and art, who has exercised a sensible influence 
 upon the minds of contemporary authors. His narratives reveal a powerful 
 imagination and a profound sense of the beautiful. In his “Zerbino” he 
 exhibited his ideas on general aesthetics. A visit to England in 1818 inspired 
 him with the idea of translating the plays of Shakspeare, and he undertook 
 this labour in conjunction with W. Schlegel. The translation is perhaps the 
 best that has ever been made in any language of our great poet. At the 
 early period of his literary career, Tieck delighted in the marvellous and 
 fantastic. In 1820, his genius took a new direction, and built upon an 
 historical foundation, and upon observation of actual life. The present 
 King of Prussia charged Tieck with the direction of the theatre at Berlin, 
 and conferred upon him a pension. Many of his works have been translated 
 into English—two by Bishop Thirlwall. 
 
 [By F. Tieck. Plaster. 1836. In the Lager-Haus. The original model was 
 done at Dresden.] 
 
 340. Berthold Auerbach. Poet and Novelist. 
 
 [Born 1812. Still living.] 
 
 Of Jewish parents, and originally intended for theological pursuits. 
 Completing his education in 1832, he abandoned Rabbinical lore for the 
 study of history, philosophy, and general literature. In 1841, he published 
 a life of Spinosa, to whose doctrines he was deeply attached, and a trans¬ 
 lation of that philosopher’s complete writings. In 1843, he produced a 
 much more popular and generally interesting work, ‘ 1 Village Histories of 
 the Black Forest,” which has been translated into English, Dutch, and 
 Swedish. Since 1845, Auerbach has resided either at Weimar or Leipzig. 
 He is zealous in the cause of popular education, and, during the commotions 
 of 1848, took part with the moderate democrats. 
 
 [By Ernst Rietschel. Medallion. 1847. In the possession of the sculptor.] 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS. 
 
 341. Johann Gutenberg. Inventor of Printing. 
 
 [Born at Mayence, in Germany, between 1395 and 1400. Died there, 1468.] 
 Nothing is known of the early history of Gutenberg, save that he was 
 
150 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Lorn of a patrician family. In 1427, he resided at Strasburgh. When and 
 where his first attempt at printing was made, it is impossible to say, for he 
 never affixed his name, nor the date of printing to any of his productions. 
 About 1438 he first employed moveable types made of wood. In 1443, he 
 quitted Strasburgh, and returned to his native place. There he met with 
 one John Faust, a rich goldsmith, and engaged with him to establish a 
 printing-press, Faust finding the money for the undertaking. The press 
 was established, and then, for the first time, the Bible was printed in Latin. 
 Business went on prosperously for a time. But, four hundred years ago, 
 it fared with great discoverers and great speculations as at the present hour. 
 Faust had made large advances, and Gutenburg could not meet the claim. 
 The pair went to law ; and, as it falls out in these cases, the goldsmith got 
 the verdict. He retained the business. Gutenberg was thrown upon the 
 world. There he found a friend, was set upon his feet, and established 
 another press. In 1837, a splendid monument, by Thorwaldsen, was erected to 
 the memory of Gutenberg in his native town, where the members of the 
 Gutenberg Society—to which many of the writers of the Rhenish provinces 
 belong—meet to celebrate his mighty discovery, and to do honour to his name. 
 Who shall fix the merit or assess the claims, or tell the influence exercised in 
 the world by the portentous labours, of ‘ ‘ The Inventor of Printing ? ” 
 
 [By E. Yon Launitz. Plaster. 1840. Modelled gratuitously by the artist, for 
 the celebration of the invention of printing in 1840. For an account of the 
 very fine monument erected to Gutenberg at Frankfort by E. Von Launitz, 
 see No. 175 of Handbook to Modern Sculpture.] 
 
 342. Immanuel Kant. Metaphysician. 
 
 [Born at Konigsberg, in Prussia, 1724. Died there, 1804. Aged 80.] 
 
 The founder of a new philosophy in Germany. After twelve years’ 
 meditation, he produced, in the space of five months, his celebrated “Criticism 
 of Pure Reason.” His main theory is, that there is only one source of 
 knowledge, viz., the union of subject and object; that is to say, our know¬ 
 ledge is partly mental , partly physical ,—one half of it coming from the 
 mind, or subject , the other half from the object. The mind has its 
 own forms which it gives to objects. Time and space are forms of the 
 mind, not things existing out of it. By thus restoring to mind its inde¬ 
 pendent activity he was able to oppose Locke, proving that we have ideas 
 independently of experience, and to oppose Hume, by proving that these 
 ideas have a character of universality, necessity, and irresistibility. Hume 
 insisted that the understanding is treacherous. Kant declared it is only 
 limited. For a time, Kant’s philosophy superseded every other system in 
 the Protestant Universities of Germany. A man of high intellectual endow¬ 
 ment; his life rigorously philosophical. He lived and died a type of the 
 German Professor. The cathedral clock of Konigsberg, which town he 
 never once quitted during his long life, was not more punctual, it was said, 
 than Immanuel Kant. 
 
 [By Fried. Hagemann. The original in marble is in the University of 
 Konigsberg. F. Hagemann was a pupil of G. Schadow; he was born in 1773, 
 and died at Berlin in 1806. He executed this bust at Konigsberg.] 
 
 343. Heinkich Pestalozzi. jEducator. 
 
 [Born in Switzerland, 1745. Died there, 1827. Aged 82.] 
 
 In a year of great dearth and distress to a Swiss Canton, he found himself 
 in charge of half a hundred ragged and wretched children—in an empty 
 
GERMAN AUTHORS AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 151 
 
 bam for a school—with hardly bread for them and him, and wholly without 
 books, or any other usual implements of that industry ; but with a heart 
 yearning and overflowing in love towards his little helpless ones, and with 
 an intellect singularly given to resolve the complex forms of knowledge into 
 the primitive elements fitted, by their evidence and their simplicity, for the 
 tender and opening mind to receive. So driven and so gifted ‘ ‘ he made 
 every child its own book.” These emphatic words of the narrative tell the 
 secret of that genius with which he afterwards renovated instruction for the 
 schools of Europe. To draw forth power — to invite the native energies 
 into spontaneous action—to lead on the pupil, step after step, in creating 
 thought, in investigating and constructing, how slowly soever, knowledge 
 for himself—to foster intelligence under the kindliest influences, like a plant 
 that wins growth in dews and sunshine, in soft airs and showers—was the 
 new and living scholastic art which Pestalozzi opposed to the old tyranny of 
 inflexible rote, rule, and routine. But intellectual training alone, he held 
 for vain and pernicious. The roots must strike and feed in the soil of the 
 religious, rightly-governed will. 
 
 [Marble. 1809. A commission from King Louis of Bavaria. The original is in 
 the Walhalla.] 
 
 343. * Johann Petek Frank. Physician. 
 
 [Born at Rotalben, in Germany, 1745. Died at Vienna, 1821. Aged 76.] 
 
 One of the greatest practical physicians that Germany has produced. 
 In 1779, he published the first volume of his most famous work, the 
 “System of Medical Police,” which he states to have cost him ten years 
 intense study. Was Professor of medicine at Gottingen. In 1795, invited 
 to Vienna by the Emperor with commission to reform the medical department 
 of the army. In 1804, charged by the Emperor Alexander with the forma¬ 
 tion of a chemical school at Wilna; and subsequently received many tempting 
 offers from Napoleon to establish himself in France. Has written many 
 interesting works in connexion with his profession ; but his fame as a writer 
 rests upon the publication already mentioned. 
 
 [The bust, which is to come, is by Rauch, in bronze. 1841. The original 
 belongs to the monument raised to Frank by subscription, in the House or 
 the Orphans at Halle on the Saale.] 
 
 344. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. Philosopher and Poet. 
 
 [Born at Dusseldorf, 1743. Died at Munich, 1819. Aged 76.] 
 
 The son of a merchant whose business he followed in spite of his great 
 fondness for literature, until an official appointment in his native city 
 enabled him to devote his whole time to study. In 1777, he published 
 “Friendship and Love,” a philosophical poem, and in the same year was 
 invited to Munich, where he was made Privy Councillor. In 1781, he 
 had a sharp controversy with Mendelssohn, respecting the doctrines of 
 Spinosa. In 1804, he assisted in the formation of the Academy of 
 Sciences at Munich, of which institution he became President in 1807. 
 His work published in 1811, upon “Divine Things and Revelation,” in¬ 
 volved him in bitter discussion with Schelling. Jacobi was a philosophical 
 critic, rather than the founder of a distinct philosophical system, and his 
 polemical works did good service to philosophy by weeding false theories 
 from systems already in existence. He was an honest, diligent, and pene¬ 
 trating inquirer after truth, and carried a reverent mind and a sincerity 
 
152 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 of purpose into all his investigations. He affirmed that all our know¬ 
 ledge of the divine world comes by spiritual intuition, and that all demon¬ 
 strative systems tend to fatalism. 
 
 [By Tieck, 1809. In plaster. Modelled at Munich, and now in the Koyal 
 Museum, Berlin.] 
 
 ■345. Albeecht Thaee. Physician and Agriculturist. 
 
 [Born at Celle, in Hanover, 1752. Died at Moeglin, near Frankfort, 1828. Aged 76.]. 
 
 Educated for the medical profession at Gottingen, where in 1774, he took 
 his doctor’s degree. From his youth upwards of a serious and reflective turn, 
 engaged in philosophical studies, and in brooding over plans for the ameliora¬ 
 tion of his kind. He passed some time in England, at the University of 
 Oxford, and there attracted the notice of George III., to whom he was 
 appointed Physician in Ordinary. After making a pedestrian tour through 
 England, he visited Scotland, and closely investigated the system of agri¬ 
 culture there pursued. Henceforth he belonged to agricultural science. In 
 1794, he published his introduction to English agriculture. Retiring to 
 delle upon the death of his father, he founded in his native place an 
 institution for the education of young agriculturists. Implements instantly 
 improved, and a rational system of cultivation spread throughout the 
 Communes bordering on that of Celle. Invited to Berlin, he quitted 
 Hanover in 1804. Obtaining a property at Moeglin on the Oder, through 
 the generosity of the King of Prussia, he began a course of oral 
 instruction in agriculture to classes of youth collected from all parts of 
 Germany. His Institution rapidly rose to the rank of an Academy, and all 
 its Professors were paid by the Prussian government. As an agricultural 
 writer, the name of Thaer is worthy of being placed beside that of our own 
 Arthur Young, and of the meritorious Frenchman, Olivier de Serres. He is 
 the reformer of husbandry in his own country, and an enlightened expounder 
 ■of the great principles upon which agricultural prosperity in modern times 
 rests. 
 
 [By Carl Wichmann. Marble. In the possession of Thaer's family at Moeglin.] 
 
 346. Samuel Hahnemann. Physician and Founder of Homoeopathy. 
 
 [Born at Meissen, in Saxony, 1755. Died in Paris, 1843. Aged 88.] 
 
 He began life under good auspices. His father, a porcelain painter, an 
 upright and instructed man, in straitened circumstances, is said to have 
 been assiduous in inculcating upon him his own principles of integrity. When, 
 unable to support further the expenses of his education, he was about putting 
 him to a trade, the Meissen professors, struck by the lad’s talents, resolved 
 to continue his education gratuitously, and afterwards obtained for him the 
 same favour at Leipzig. He embarked in his profession, and gained such 
 distinction, that for a whole twelvemonth, during the illness of the celebrated 
 Wagner, all the hospitals of Dresden were placed under his direction. His 
 eminence offered the fairest prospects, when he was visited by a growing 
 distrust of the science which he practised. He found in it no settled and 
 commanding principles. He saw the ablest men, groping their way between 
 experience and conjecture. One law, as he thought, dawned on him ; that 
 the cure of the disease is to be effected by the same agent which, in the 
 healthy body, would have produced it. On this basis he re-constructed 
 medicine, giving to his new system the name of “ Homoeopathy,” or “The 
 Science of Like Affections.” His disciples devoted themselves to the creation 
 
GERMAN AUTHORS AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 153 
 
 of a suitable Materia Medica, by experimenting upon their own healthy 
 bodies ; and it is a second discovery of Hahnemann, if a discovery, that 
 infinitesimal doses may be effectual in the cure of disease. The system 
 of Hahnemann waged war to the knife, and it met with war to the knife. 
 As an historical point it is worthy of remark, that Homoeopathy has spread, 
 and is spreading, its conquests. The honesty of the founder may stand on 
 the single plain fact, that by denouncing and renouncing established doctrines, 
 he stepped down from the safe height of his profession, into hazard of the 
 poverty which he had tasted, and from which he had laboriously risen. 
 
 [By Rauch. The original bust is in marble, in the Library at Bremen.] 
 
 346a. Samuel Hahnemann. Physician and Founder of Homoeopathy. 
 
 [This is a colossal bust representing the homceopathist at a more advanced age.] 
 
 347. Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias Olbers. Astronomer. 
 
 [Bom at Abergen, in Germany, 1758. Died at Bremen, in Germany, 1840. 
 
 Aged 82.] 
 
 In 1779, whilst studying medicine at Gottingen, he became known as an 
 astronomer by his observations on the comet of that year. He then dis¬ 
 covered a new method of calculating the orbits of comets. In 1802, he 
 discovered the planet Pallas ; and in 1807, after an arduous search of 
 three years, the planet Yesta. Olbers was by profession a physician, and 
 he divided his time between the practice of medicine, and the pursuit of his 
 darling study. His observatory was the most complete known in Germany 
 at his time. He wrote but little, and his works are on abstruse subjects. 
 His valuable library was purchased at his death by the Emperor of Russia, 
 and deposited in the University of Pultowa. 
 
 [For description of this statue, see Handbook to Modern Sculpture.] 
 
 348. Friedrich Augustus Wolf. Philologist. 
 
 [Born at Hainrode, in Germany, 1759. Died at Marseilles, 1824. Aged 65.] 
 
 Son of the organist of Hainrode. In 1777, he entered the University of 
 Gottingen, where he gave private lessons to his fellow-students in English 
 and Greek, and published an edition of Shakspeare’s Macbeth. In 1807, he 
 went to Berlin, and took an active part in the foundation of the University 
 shortly afterwards created there. Is honourably known to literature, for 
 his erudite and admirable editions of the classical authors, and for his bold 
 elucidation of many obscure points in ancient learning. His most celebrated 
 work, the “Prolegomena ad Homerum,” published in 1795, was directed 
 to overthrowing the opinion, previously universal, which saw in the “ Iliad,” 
 the entire creation of a single mind. He argues that it is the contexture of 
 distinct traditionary songs, the productions, probably, of many distinct 
 singers : thus dissolving at once the unity of the poem and of the poet, 
 and making out of one many Homers. An earlier suspicion had already 
 separated the authorship of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey.” Both 
 questions are still in full debate amongst the learned. He may be regarded 
 as the founder of the modern philological school of Germany; and his 
 ‘ ‘ Prolegomena ” undoubtedly exercised a greater influence upon modern 
 scholarship than any work that has yet appeared. 
 
 [By F. Tieck. Marble. 1822. In the Royal University, Berlin.] 
 
154 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 349 . Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Philosopher and Metaphysician. 
 
 Born at Rammenau, in Germany, 1762. Died at Berlin, 1814. Aged 52.] 
 
 He was an humble private teacher in Leipzig when he first made acquaint¬ 
 ance with the writings of Kant, whose views he eagerly adopted and 
 cherished. He subsequently (1792) introduced himself to Kant by a work 
 which he wrote in eight days, “A Critique upon every possible Revelation.” 
 This publication procured for its author the Chair of Philosophy at Jena, in 
 1793, which he was obliged to resign in consequence of his heterodox religious 
 principles. Finding an asylum in Prussia, he was appointed to the Philoso¬ 
 phical Chair first at Erlangen, then at Berlin. In 1813, he joined a corps 
 of volunteers, and took part in the memorable campaign of that year, his 
 wife accompanying him, and performing many heroic and womanly services 
 to the wounded. Husband and wife both took fever in the discharge of 
 their duties, and died. It has been said of Fichte that he erected the 
 temple which Kant declined to build. His great aim was to construct a 
 science out of Consciousness, and to found upon it a system of morals. He 
 endeavoured to establish the identity of Being and Thought, and is there¬ 
 fore the great advocate of Idealism, which, however, he understood in a 
 different sense from that taught by Berkeley. According to his theory, 
 the realization of the world is the complete development of ourselves— 
 which should tend to the beautiful, the useful, and the good. His life 
 and death were both honourable to his nature. Before he died, he was 
 doomed to see his system in a great measure superseded by that of 
 Schelling. 
 
 [Bust by Ludwig Wichmann. Marble. The original is in the hall of the 
 University of Berlin. Executed for the University.] 
 
 350 . Cheistoph Wilhelm Hueeland. Physician. 
 
 [Born at Langensalze, in Saxony, 1762. Died, 1836. Aged 74.] 
 
 Professor of medicine at Jena in 1793, and physician to the King of 
 Prussia. The author of several works, the most celebrated being ‘ 1 The Art 
 of prolonging Human Life,” a book translated into many languages. His 
 fame in his own country was very great, and he is styled the Nestor of 
 German practitioners. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1833. A commission from the University of Berlin, 
 where the original exists.] 
 
 351 . Alexander yon Humboldt. Naturalist and Traveller. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1769. Still living.] 
 
 The mighty traveller of our own day. Filled with literature and science, 
 as if he had spent one life in the library, the laboratory, and the obser¬ 
 vatory, he performed the work of another in treading visited and unvisited 
 plain, valley and mountain of the eastern and western hemisphere ; uniting 
 an ardour of spirit and a vigour of intellect rarely mated, and not often, singly 
 matched. An author of books that have advanced existing science, and the 
 creator of new sciences. His writings, conveying an account of his world¬ 
 wide journeys and scientific exploits, and treating profoundly and originally 
 of general physics, zoology, comparative anatomy, astronomy, mineralogy, 
 magnetism, and botany, are without parallel for richness of materials, and 
 in respect of their value as manuals for all enlightened explorers of the 
 marvels of nature. After a life of almost superhuman labour, and incon- 
 
GERMAN AUTHORS AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 155 
 
 ceivable results, the grey-headed sage sums up the diligence of his 
 lengthened years, in a survey which registers, along every line of human 
 inquiry, the point of progress attained in the contemplation of the Universe,— 
 the first half of the teeming nineteenth century having elapsed. Who else 
 could have achieved—who hut he could have attempted—the Atlantean 
 service ? Who hut the philosopher, to whom the whole cycle of the physical 
 sciences is familiar—who walks hand in hand, a friend and fellow-labourer, 
 with their most distinguished inquirers ? Who hut the scholar, before whose 
 eyes the lore of old time lies unrolled ? Who but the workman whose strength 
 toil cannot quell, and whose fire age does not quench?—Spread his “Kosmos” 
 before a young and ardent intelligence, which has just then accomplished its 
 regular liberal nurture, and say “ Read and comprehend.” The comprehen¬ 
 sion exacted will, when acquitted, have added an education. 
 
 [By Rauch. Executed in marble at Rome, 1823.] 
 
 351a. Alexander yon Humboldt. Naturalist and Traveller. 
 
 [This medallion, by F. Tieck, was modelled gratuitously for a medal struek at 
 the expense of those who had attended a course of lectures delivered by 
 Humboldt, and by them presented to him.] 
 
 352. Gottfried Hermann. Philologist ancl Critic. 
 
 [Bom at Leipzig, 1772. Still living. •] 
 
 This distinguished scholar evinced, at a very early age, a taste for 
 classical literature, but was compelled by his father to study law at Jena. 
 Returning to his native city, he resolved to abandon the career of juris¬ 
 prudence for that of literature. In 1798, he became Professor of philosophy. 
 The foundation of his reputation was his fine work on Greek metres, 
 well known to English students. He translated “The Clouds” of Aristo¬ 
 phanes, and some tragedies of Euripides and Sophocles. His academic 
 dissertations are numerous, and his Latin poems are admirable specimens of 
 antique composition. Hermann has rendered invaluable service to the cause 
 of letters. Goethe said of him, that he was ‘ ‘ a true Scavant, for he 
 knew how to renew the old and to revive the dead.” Dr. Parr placed him 
 at the head of the great contemporary critics. 
 
 [By Ernst Rietscbel. Marble. 1846. Executed for the University of Leipzig, 
 and placed in the ball there.] 
 
 353. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph yon Schelling. Metaphysician. 
 
 [Born at Leonberg, in Germany, 1775. Still living.] 
 
 At Leipzig, where he studied medicine and philosophy, became the pupil of 
 Fichte. Afterwards filled Fichte’s vacant Chair at Jena, where he lectured with 
 great success. Continued in Bavaria until 1842, when he was invited by the King 
 of Prussia to Berlin. Is still there, occupying as lecturer the philosophical Chair 
 once held by Hegel. Is often styled the German Plato. It has been suggested 
 that he should rather be called the German Plotinus. Schelling proclaims the 
 incapacity of reason to solve the problems of philosophy, and calls in the aid 
 of a higher faculty—“ intellectual intuition.” He is the founder of a new 
 school of scientific thinkers, called the Natv/re Philosophers , of whom Oken 
 is the most illustrious example. He treats Newton’s speculations upon light 
 with disdain, although they have led to many practical discoveries. Schelling’s 
 views on light and philosophy, generally, will probably lead to little more 
 than endless disputation. His works, nevertheless, indicate a vivid imagina- 
 
156 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 tion conjoined with, subtle dialectics. Coleridge, in his philosophical writings, 
 has often adopted and adapted the ideas of Schelling. In many respects, 
 Schelling’s head and face resemble those of Socrates. 
 
 [By J. Halbig. Marble. 1852. The original is in the Royal Palace at Munich. 
 It was executed by order of King Maximilian II.] 
 
 354 . Jan Jacob Berzelius. Chemist . 
 
 [Born at Ostgothland, in Sweden, 1779. Died at Stockholm, 1848. Aged 69.] 
 
 The son of a village schoolmaster, and educated for the medical profession. 
 Cultivated with ardour the science of chemistry, which then scarcely drew 
 the attention of the medical student. Appointed Professor of Chemical 
 Pharmacy in the University of Stockholm, and retained the Chair for the 
 space of forty-two years. At home and abroad he attained to great honour 
 and distinction. In Sweden he was made a noble, and he could boast of 
 connexion with eighty-eight scientific societies of Europe and America. His 
 patient investigations helped largely to lay the foundations of organic 
 chemistry; and to him pre-eminently belongs the honour of applying the 
 great principles of inorganic chemistry. He invented the use of symbols 
 for chemical formulae, an invaluable method of representing chemical 
 changes ; and was as distinguished for his researches in analytical chemistry, 
 as for his philosophical views of the science. His personal appearance was 
 that of a strong, healthy man, and gave no indication of his intellectual 
 power. An early riser, devoting all his mornings to his scientific labours, 
 and his evenings to social relaxation. He was beloved in Stockholm. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1822.] 
 
 355 . Sulpitz yojST BoisserIse. Architect and Archaeologist. 
 
 [Bom at Cologne, 1775. Still living.] 
 
 A man to whom, as to his brother, Germany is indebted for one of 
 its most interesting and valued picture galleries. The two brothers, and a 
 friend named Bertram, in 1803, formed a resolution to collect the artistic 
 antiquities of Germany, and for years all three pursued their object with the 
 utmost vigour, intelligence, and zeal. In 1814 “The Boisseree Collection” 
 already reckoned 200 works of art, and Avas arranged at Cologne. It was 
 ultimately transferred to Stuttgart, on the invitation of the King of Wur- 
 temburg. Many valuable masterpieces of old masters were thus brought to 
 light. In 1827, the collection was ceded to Louis, King of Bavaria, for 120,000 
 dollars, and in 1836 conveyed to Munich, in which city Sulpitz and his 
 brother established themselves. A -writer upon the ‘ ‘ Architectural Monu¬ 
 ments of the Lower Rhine,” and an indefatigable, as well as a successful, 
 day labourer in the field of his early and later discoveries. 
 
 [Bust. Plaster. By L. Schwanthaler. 1840. The original is in the Palace at 
 Munich.] 
 
 356 . Peter Kaspar Wilhelm Beuth. Member of the Council of 
 
 State in Prussia. 
 
 [Born 1782. Died 1853. Aged 71.] 
 
 Director in Berlin of the Government department of trade, commerce, and 
 buildings, and head of the Great Industrial Society of Prussia. In his 
 public service he endeavoured to advance the principles of Free-trade, 
 and always acted upon the idea that the regulative intervention of 
 
GERMAN AUTHORS AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. 
 
 157 
 
 government in matters of commerce should be restricted to cases of general 
 danger. He established many useful institutions in connexion with his 
 department, and caused the issue of several works of instruction for indus¬ 
 trial schools and for artisans. He also introduced into Prussia valuable 
 improvements in manufactures, brought home by himself from the United 
 States, England, and France, into which countries he had travelled. An 
 active promoter of enlightened industry. 
 
 [By F. Tieck. 184V. Modelled for a large gold medal struck by tbe Great 
 Society for the Encouragement of Industry in Berlin, and presented to 
 Mr. Beuth.] 
 
 357 . Kael Gustav Caeus. Physician and Anatomist. 
 
 [Born at Leipzig, 1V90. Still living.] 
 
 The son of a painter. Intended for a dyer,—he devoted himself to the 
 study of chemistry; but, widening his sphere, applied himself to medicine, 
 and, subsequently, to anatomy. In 1811, appointed to the Chair of Com¬ 
 parative Anatomy in Leipzig ; and, in 1815, to the Directorship of Clinical 
 Midwifery, at the Medico-Surgical Academy of Dresden. Has acquired great 
 reputation by his lectures on Psychology. Also a painter of considerable 
 talent, and the author of numerous works on Medicine, and upon Art. His 
 Letters on Landscape-painting are valuable to artists ; their merit was recog¬ 
 nised by Goethe. No less important is his book on the “Proportions of the 
 Human Body,”—just published. In him severe science and beautiful art— 
 a rare union—are happily combined. 
 
 [By Ernst Rietschel. Plaster. 1846. In the possession of the sculptor.] 
 
 358 . Kael Gutzkott. Journalist and Dramatist. 
 
 [Bom at Berlin, 1811. Still living. ] 
 
 A German author, who, after the breaking out of the Revolution of 1830, 
 exerted himself to advance the interests of his countrymen by publishing one 
 work against Revelation, for which he received three months’ imprisonment, 
 and another against Marriage, which was scarcely issued before he himsel f 
 entered the marriage state. The dramas of Gutzkow have fared better than 
 his polemical writings, some of his plays being very popular. He is a pro¬ 
 lific author, and has cleverness and wit, which he brings to the illustration 
 of every topic of the day ; but his vanity and conceit surpass his abilities, 
 and perpetually mislead him. 
 
 [By Ernst Eietscbel. Plaster. 1850. In tbe possession of tbe sculptor.] 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 359 . Hans Joachim yon Ziethen. Prussian General. 
 
 [Bom at Buppin, in Germany, 1699. Died at Berlin, 1786. Aged 87. ] 
 
 One of the bravest and best of the great Frederic’s generals. Served 
 with great honour in the campaign of Silesia, 1742 ; secured the victory of 
 Hennesdorf by the eminent skill displayed in the retreat from Bohemia. As 
 lieutenant-general, made the campaign in Saxony, 1756, and won further 
 distinction in 1760 at Torgau. When 80 years old still eager for action, and 
 
158 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 kept out of battle only by tbe kind interdict of the king. He died honoured 
 by his sovereign, beloved by his inferiors, and worshipped with enthusiastic 
 admiration by the great mass of the people. Frederic the Great was fond 
 of proposing military problems to his officers, asking them, in such or such 
 an imaginary situation,—“ What would you do ? ” to which the other officers 
 replied, as they best might. All that he could ever get from old Ziethen 
 was : ‘ ‘ Sire, only let me see the enemy coming, and I shall know well 
 enough what to do with him.”—So he did. 
 
 360. Gebhardt Lebrecht von Beecher, Prince oe Wahlstadt. 
 
 Prussian Field Marshal. 
 
 [Born at Rostock, in Germany, 1742. Died in Silesia, 1819. Aged 77.] 
 
 First entered the Swedish army. Taken prisoner by the Prussians, whom 
 he joined, but expelled from this service for duelling and dissipation. Retired 
 to the country, married, and, after fourteen years’ quiet, returned to the army 
 as Major of the very regiment which he had quitted as Captain. Then com¬ 
 menced a glorious military career, proudly terminating with his opportune 
 appearance on the field of Waterloo. In 1814, visited England with the 
 allied sovereigns, and was enthusiastically received. A rough and fearless 
 soldier, brave, honest, free, beloved by his comrades, devoted to his country, 
 and a bitter hater of his country’s foes. As a general, daring, reckless, and 
 impetuous, to the detriment of otherwise high military qualifications. In 
 temper he was vehement and irascible, and an ardent lover of pleasure. His 
 soldiers gave him the nickname of “Marshal Forwards.” 
 
 [Bust, by Rauch. 1816. Marble. This is the bust presented by King Frederic 
 William III. to the Duke of Wellington, and is in the gallery at Apsley 
 House. The large intaglio (No. 360a) is from the monument at Kriblowitz, a 
 small village near the city of Kant, in Silesia, and about ten English miles from 
 Breslau. It was erected about six years ago by order of King Frederic 
 William IV. of Prussia, and is designed after the ancient Roman sepulchre of 
 Caecilia Metella, but on a smaller scale, being thirty feet high. It is 
 constructed entirely of granite, and the ceiling is formed of one large block. 
 A marble sarcophagus within contains the remains of Blucher. The monu¬ 
 ment at Lowenberg, on the river Bober in Silesia, was erected by King 
 Frederic William IV. to commemorate the battle of Katsbach, won by 
 Blucher over the French in 1813. It consists of a colossal bust in marble 
 upon a pedestal of grey marble, bearing an inscription. The bust, No. 360b, 
 was sculptured by Berger, a pupil of Rauch’s, after the head of the colossal 
 statue in bronze by Rauch, which stands in the Place at Breslau.) 
 
 360a. Gebhaedt Lebrecht von Beecher, Prince of Wahlstadt. 
 
 Prussian Field Marshal. 
 
 360b. Gebharbt Lebrecht von Beecher, Prince of Wahlstadt. 
 
 Prussian Field Marshal. 
 
 361. Friedrich Wilhelm Below. Prussian General. 
 
 [Born in Mecklenburgh, 1755. Died at Konigsberg, 1816. Aged 61.] 
 
 A brave man and a distinguished general. He fought under Blucher in the 
 battles of Eylau, Friedland, and Tilsit. In 1813, he three times saved 
 Berlin from the advancing French army. He was in the great battle of 
 Leipzig ; and in 1815, he repulsed Yandamme and Grouchy on the heights of 
 Wavre. The marvellous rapidity with which he brought up his division to 
 the field of Waterloo won high commendation from the Duke of Wellington. 
 
GERMAN SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 159 
 
 He had great taste in the Fine Arts, and a cultivated mind. He composed 
 some pieces of sacred music, which have been much admired. 
 
 [By Bauch. Bronze. 1824. In the Pleasure Garden near the Palace at 
 Potsdam. 
 
 362. Karl Baron Yon Stein. Prussian Minister of State. 
 
 [Born at Nassau, 1756. Died 1S31. Aged 75.] 
 
 A great Minister of modern times. Though rough and uncouth in his 
 manners, his honour was unimpeachable, his integrity without a flaw, and 
 his devotion to the interests of Prussia patriotic and enlightened. He was 
 Prussian Minister of Finance in 1804 : but resigning in consequence of some 
 differences with the King, he retired to his patrimony in Nassau. Thence 
 recalled after the peace of Tilsit, he resumed his functions, and commenced 
 a series of great social, economical, and material reforms, which led directly 
 to the resuscitation of the Prussian monarchy, and to her present eminence. 
 Napoleon, jealous of the useful activity of this Minister, demanded and 
 obtained his exile. In 1813, the banished man proceeded to St. Petersburg, 
 where his counsels directed the Emperor Alexander through the crisis of that 
 dreadful year. Nor did Prussian interests suffer, in consequence of the 
 sagacious advice that came from time to time to Berlin from the exile’s 
 retreat in Courland. 
 
 363. Gtebhardt Dayid Scharnhorst. General. 
 
 [Born in Hanover, 1756. Died at Prague, 1813. Aged 57.] 
 
 A very distinguished general of his day. He served first in the 
 Hanoverian service, then in the army of the King of England, and finally in 
 that of Prussia. In the war with France, in 1806, he contributed greatly 
 to the brilliant retreat on Lubeck, effected by Blucher. After the peace of 
 Tilsit, he was named President of the Commission for the re-organization of 
 the Prussian army, and his energy and wisdom enabled Prussia to bring a 
 finely appointed army of 200,000 men into the field, after Napoleon’s Rus¬ 
 sian reverses. He was wounded at Lutzen, and died at Prague shortly 
 afterwards. In 1804, he had been appointed by the King of Prussia, con¬ 
 jointly with Baron Knesebeck, instructor to the Prince Royal : and at one 
 time of his life he wrote several works on military subjects, which gained 
 him great repute. 
 
 [By Bauch. Modelled in 1819, and executed in bronze by order of King Frederic 
 William III. It stands in the Pleasure Garden near the Eoyal Palace at 
 Potsdam. A colossal bust, taken from the same model, was done by Bauch, 
 by order of King Louis of Bavaria, for the Walhalla.] 
 
 364. Yorck, Count yon Wartenburg. Prussian Field Marshal. 
 
 [Born at Konigsberg, 1759. Died 1830. Aged 71.] 
 
 One of the ablest Prussian generals in the wars with Napoleon. 
 He fought under the British flag in the American revolution. When com¬ 
 manding subsequently in the Prussian service, he concluded in 1812, on his 
 own responsibility, the celebrated Convention which separated the Prussian 
 troops from the French, and proved one of the main causes of Napoleon’s 
 overthrow. He gained many victories at various times, and was honoured 
 with the title of Wartenburg for the battle fought at that place. In 1821, 
 he was created Field-Marshal. A brave man, endowed with great military 
 
160 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 talent; a shrewd observer of men, ambitious, violent, yet devoted to his; 
 country. 
 
 [By Rauch. Bronze. 1818. In the Pleasure Garden near the Palace at. 
 Potsdam. ] 
 
 365 . Friedrich Heinrich yox Nollexdorf. Prussian Field- 
 
 Marshal. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1763. Died there, 1823. Aged 60.] 
 
 A distinguished Prussian officer. Commanded a brigade in the Prussian 
 contingent to Napoleon’s disastrous expedition to Russia, and bore an 
 honourable part in the wars subsequently undertaken against Napoleon. 
 Accompanied Frederic William of Prussia on his visit to England. He died 
 on the same day as Buonaparte. All the sovereigns of the coalition had 
 conferred honours upon him, and Napoleon himself decorated him with the 
 cross of the Legion of Honour. 
 
 [By Rauch. Bronze. 1819. In the Pleasure Garden near the Palace at 
 Potsdam.] 
 
 366 . Augustus, Couxt Herdart de Gxeisexau. Field-Marshal. 
 
 [Born at Schilda, in Upper Saxony, 1760. Died at Posen, in Prussia, 1832. Aged 72.] 
 
 An eminent soldier, who served first under the Margrave of Anspach- 
 Bayreuth ; then in the English, then in the Prussian service. On the return 
 of Napoleon from Elba, he was placed at the head of Blucher’s staff, and 
 was mainly instrumental in bringing up the Prussian troops at Waterloo, 
 where he ably conducted the pursuit. In 1831, took the command of the 
 Prussian army on the breaking out of the Polish insurrection, and died of 
 cholera the same year. A great master of strategy. 
 
 [By F. Tieck. Bronze. 1821. In the Pleasure Garden near the Palace at 
 Potsdam.] 
 
 367 . Karl Wilhelm Barox yox Humboldt. Statesman and 
 
 Philologist. 
 
 [Born at Potsdam, in Prussia, 1767. Died near Berlin, 1835. Aged 68.] 
 
 In William Yon Humboldt the highest qualities of a scholar were united to 
 the talents of a statesman and man of the world. He discharged the func¬ 
 tions of Ambassador at Yienna and in London, and served his country on 
 more than one grave and diplomatic mission. He was extensively learned in 
 languages dead and living ; but that is common in Germany. His originality, 
 as a philologist, lies in a delicacy of abstruse thought—a philosophical vein, as 
 fine as profound, which he brings to bear on all questions of the literary 
 field, from the rigid investigation of grammatical forms and laws, to the most 
 feeling and comprehensive criticisms of taste. A rare power of sifting 
 analysis, a strong impulse to tread, alone and self-guided, unfrequented 
 grounds, and an eye to seek out new truth on ground the most trodden, may 
 be read in his various masterly writings. He was a poet also. 
 
 [Modelled by Thorwaldsen, at Rome, in 1807. It has since been executed in 
 marble by order of King Frederic William III., and placed in the Museum 
 at Berlin.] 
 
 368 . Hermann Yon Boyen. Prussian Minister of War. 
 
 [Born at Kreutzburg, in Prussia, 1771.] 
 
 Commenced his military career as corporal in an infantry regiment, 1784, 
 and gradually rose until, in 1799, appointed Staff-Captain. In his youth a 
 
GERMAN SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 161 
 
 great student of the works of Frederic the Great; and from 1794 to 1796, 
 during the war with Poland, the adjutant and friend of the celebrated 
 General Yon Gunther, whose military disciple he became, and whose memoirs 
 he subsequently composed. In his twenty-eighth year he wrote a treatise 
 upon military law, which eminently conduced to the more humane treatment 
 and greater comfort of the common soldier. Served in all the later wars 
 against Napoleon. Major-general at the Peace of Paris, when he became 
 Minister of War. In that capacity, established in connexion with the service 
 a number of organic laws,’ which display great practical wisdom, and a 
 manly consideration for the well-being of the army. Retired from office in 
 1819, and occupied himself in literary pursuits. Reinstated by the present 
 King of Prussia in 1841, he at once pursued his former energetic course of 
 improvement on behalf of his country and of its loyal defenders, to the 
 great joy of the soldiers, and with the honour, good-will, and affection of 
 the people. 
 
 [By Hopfgarten. The original bronze is in the Palace at Potsdam.] 
 
 369. Otto-Feodor Freiherr von Manteuffel. Prussian Minister. 
 
 [Bom, 1805. Still living.] 
 
 Educated at the University of Halle. In 1827, went to Berlin, where he 
 was employed in the Administration. In 1841, appointed Chief Counsellor 
 of State and Director of the Home Department in the government of Kon- 
 igsberg. When, in 1847, the first united Prussian Chamber met, Manteuffel 
 powerfully defended the existing system against the liberal attempts of the 
 day ; and in April, 1848, protested and voted against universal suffrage. In 
 November, 1848, appointed chief Administrator for Brandenburg, since which 
 time his ministerial activity has become matter of Prussian history. Man¬ 
 teuffel took an active part in framing the constitution of December 5, 1848. 
 After the death of Count Brandenburg, he was entrusted provisionally with 
 the direction of foreign affairs ; and in 1850 was elected President of State. 
 He is in high favour with the king, but not so popular with the liberal 
 party. 
 
 [By Vollgold. Bronze. 1850. In the Pleasure Garden near the Palace at 
 Potsdam. First executed by the artist for his own gratification. Has since 
 been cast in bronze by order of King Frederic William IV.] 
 
 370. Count Joseph Radetzky. Austrian General. 
 
 [Born in Bohemia, 1766. Still living.] 
 
 Has been a soldier, and in active service, for upwards of seventy years. 
 He took part in the^reat struggle against Napoleon. In 1809, distinguished 
 himself at Agram, and in the battles of 1813, 1814, and 1815, won fresh 
 laurels. In 1822, appointed Commander-General of the Lombardo-Venetian 
 kingdom. His last great service for Austria was after the Revolution of 1848, 
 when he opposed and defeated the vacillating attempts made by Charles 
 Albert of Sardinia, on behalf of Italian liberty. When it is said that 
 Radetzky is a brave soldier, an able general, a loyal subject, and, as many 
 aver, a courteous gentleman, his claims to respect are enumerated. He is 
 rigid and severe, if not cruel, as he is certainly regardless of all human 
 considerations that presume to interpose between him and the duty which 
 he owes as a soldier to his king. 
 
 [By Rauch. Considered to be a very exact likeness.] 
 
 M 
 
162 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 371. Mabtunt Luthee,. The Great Reformer . 
 
 [Born at Eisleben, in Saxony, 1483. Died there, 1546. Aged 63. J 
 
 The Lion of the Reformation. One of the men who, by coming to their 
 time, have made an epoch in the world’s history. Assuredly the abuses of 
 Rome, —in her second supremacy, as the spiritual mistress of the world, — 
 must have aroused their effectual remedy ; for partial resistances, before 
 Luther rose, showed how deeply the mind of mankind resented and resisted 
 the oppression and the spiritual malversation, and how fast the time was 
 ripening for general revolt. Europe, since the overthrow of the Roman 
 Empire, had been gradually rising with the inward vigour of her renewed 
 life. The restored study of classical letters came as a powerful external impulse. 
 Rome had but slowly established her domination, and only then securely given 
 herself up to licence. Thus the strengthening of the evil on the one hand, and 
 of the resisting life on the other, met : and then Luther came. He was fit 
 for his Herculean labour. He had stepped from the very heart of the people, 
 and his strong nature bespoke his hardy origin. He was fearless as one who 
 could not feel fear in the midst of the most terrible danger ; he was zealous 
 as one who labours under the sense of Divine appointment, who knows that 
 to die may be to live, to live may be to suffer worse than death : and who 
 rejoices equally at every turn of fortune. He was threatened with the stake : 
 he persisted in his crusade all the more for the menace. The Pope excom¬ 
 municated him in the face of all the world. He denounced the Pope before as 
 large an audience. The Pope publicly burned all his writings : he publicly 
 burned the Bull of excommunication, the Canon Law, and the Pope’s Decretals. 
 Before Luther died,—and he fell asleep tranquilly, worn out with labour, not 
 with age,—his doctrines had already taken deep root in the wide world. We 
 are all the debtors of his work ; and we may remember with gratitude the 
 generous protection of the Elector of Saxony, who again and again refused to 
 give the Lion up, when the hunters loudly demanded his blood at the gate. 
 
 [By G. Schadow. Marble. The original placed in the Walhalla by order of 
 King Louis. Luther was excluded from the Walhalla till 1848, when he was 
 admitted, and inscribed as. Dr. Martin Luther. In the Berlin Museum there 
 is a portrait of him from the life, by L. Cranach, as the Junker Georg, 
 with moustaches, painted when he was concealed in the Castle of 
 Wartburg.] 
 
 372. Philip Melakcthoh. German Divine and Reformer . 
 
 [Born at Bretten, in the Palatinate of the Ehine, 1497. Died at Wurms, in 
 Germany, 1560. Aged 63.] 
 
 The wise and gentle sharer with Martin Luther in the glory of the 
 Reformation. Melancthon was Professor of Greek in the University of 
 Wittemberg in 1518, when Luther was there teaching Theology. They 
 united their great gifts and powers to do the perilous labour of their lives, 
 and each proceeded to his mission in the spirit created within him for the 
 accomplishment of a seemingly superhuman task. Luther raged furiously 
 against the error he encountered on his path. Melancthon strove to entice 
 it into the right road by gentle words and mild remonstrance. The one 
 exhibited the resolute bearing of a soldier fighting for the church militant; 
 
GERMAN DIVINES. 
 
 163 
 
 upon the face of the other beamed the quiet heroism of the Christian saint. 
 Luther upbraided his companion-in-arms for his lukewarmness. Melancthon 
 met the rebuke by continuing his steadfast course of conciliation, caution, and 
 thoughtful zeal. Luther found no friend in the camp of the enemy. The 
 most intolerant of his foes respected the mild virtues of Melancthon. Both 
 were fit instruments for the hour in which they were summoned to action, 
 and for the sacred cause they arose to defend : and, as was fitting, both were 
 buried side by side in death, as they had laboured side by side, and hand to 
 hand, in life. Melancthon compiled the celebrated Augsburg Confession. He 
 was a great scholar, attached to the study of mathematics, and to scientific 
 studies generally. He had no desire for worldly honours and distinctions. 
 He was a true hero. 
 
 [From the marble by G. Schadow. Placed in the Walhalla by order of King 
 Louis.] 
 
 373 . Friedrich Ernest Daniel Schleiermacher. Theologian. 
 
 [Born at Breslau, in Prussia, 1768. Died at Berlin, 1884. Aged 66.] 
 
 His parents were of the Moravian brotherhood, which he quitted at the 
 age of 18, and began to study philology and divinity at the University of 
 Halle. In 1802, he taught the same subjects in the same University of 
 Halle. In 1833, he visited England, and opened the German chapel of the 
 Savoy. The author of several works distinguished for profound thought, 
 conveyed perspicuously to those he is addressing. He was an excellent 
 theologian, a distinguished philologist, a profound critic, and an admirable 
 translator. His translation of Plato, unfortunately not completed, is the 
 best extant. He had a pure and pious mind. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1822. A commission from the University of Berlin. The 
 same bust was placed over his tomb by the friends of Schleiermacher.] 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS. 
 
 374 . Frederic William. Elector of Brandenburg. 
 
 [Bom at Cologne, 1620. Died 1688. Aged 68.] 
 
 Surnamed the Great Elector, and father of the first King of Prussia. He 
 succeeded to the government in 1640, and found his dominions exhausted by 
 war and mismanagement. He restored the public finances, and corrected 
 abuses. In 1655, he joined the Swedes in the invasion of Poland. In 1678, 
 he completed the conquest of Pomerania. He then fought against the 
 Swedes, and involved himself in war with France, because, after the 
 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he had befriended 20,000 French 
 Protestants who sought protection at his door. In 1686, he helped the 
 Emperor against the Turks, and two years afterwards assisted William 
 of Orange in his invasion of England. He left his territory as rich, fruitful, 
 and well-governed, as he had found it poor and distracted. He has been 
 censured for his frequent change of party, but he deserves his name of 
 “Great,” no less for the victories he won abroad, than for the good services 
 performed at home. He is described as a generous, kind-hearted man. 
 
 [By Ludwig Wichmann. Bronze. At Treptow.] 
 
 M 2 
 
164 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 375. Frederic William I. King of Prussia. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1688. Died there, 1740. Aged 52.] 
 
 The son of Frederic I. and the father of Frederic the Great. The best 
 that can be said of him is, that he left behind him a full treasury and an 
 efficient army of 66,000 men. He was rough and rude in his manners, a 
 hater of luxury, and parsimonious in all things but his expenditure for 
 the increase of his military resources. He had a childish desire to fill all his 
 regiments with very tall men, and was unscrupulous in his methods of 
 gratifying the whim. An amusing story is told in connexion with this passion. 
 Meeting with a fine, tall, and strong young peasant woman, who was on 
 errand to the quarters of a regiment, he gave her a letter to deliver to 
 the commanding officer, ordering him to marry the bearer to his tallest 
 grenadier. The girl, hindered on her way, and not knowing the purport 
 of her mission, entrusted it to a little old woman, and the marriage was 
 effected accordingly. His contempt for science and literature was supreme, 
 and he made no secret of his want of all respect for their professors. He was 
 feared, not loved, in his country, and his death caused no regret. 
 
 [By Hopfgarten. Bronze. At Treptow. Done within the last ten years.] 
 
 376. Frederic II., Surnamed the Great. King of Prussia. 
 
 [Bom at Berlin, 1712. Died 1786. Aged 74.] 
 
 The greatest soldier of his time, and the most famous king that Prussia has 
 given to her throne. At the commencement of his reign, in 1740, his 
 dominions contained two and a quarter millions of inhabitants. At the end 
 of its 46 years, Prussia counted six millions of subjects. He held the field 
 singly against Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, and Austria; and came with 
 honour and rich booty out of the conflict., A great worker, whether in the 
 field or in the cabinet. His custom was to rise at five in the morning to read 
 ‘ ‘ papers. ” These he dispatched with a word or two, written on the margin: the 
 rest of the day was marked out with exact precision, a part of it being inva¬ 
 riably devoted to literary pursuits, and to the cultivation of music, of which he 
 was fond. No man ever gave less of his time to frivolity or inaction. His dress 
 was plain, and never other than military ; his toilet, when he rose, occupied 
 him only a few minutes ; he always wore high jack boots, and he never 
 changed his dress during the day. An able administrator, a liberal 
 encouragerof art, science, and industry, and the personal friend of D’Alembert, 
 Condorcet, and Voltaire, with all of whom he personally corresponded. His 
 conversation was lively and brilliant, not unfrequently sarcastic : but, in 
 action, he was not cruel. A free thinker, rejoicing in his intellectual inde¬ 
 pendence. Besides his other acquisitions, he was one of the guilty sharers in 
 the dismemberment of Poland. Nevertheless, dying, he left an illustrious 
 name to his country, and a throne to his successor worthy the acceptance of a 
 European monarch. 
 
 [For an account of the admirable and unique monument, by Rauch, of which 
 this is the life-size model, see No. 195 in Handbook to Modern Sculpture.] 
 
 377. Frederic Louis Henry. Prince of Prussia. 
 
 [Born at Berlin, 1726. Died at Rheinsberg, in Prussia, 1802. Aged 76.] 
 
 The son of Frederic William I., of Prussia, and brother of Frederic the 
 Great. A student in his youth, and a distinguished soldier in his manhood. 
 He held important command during the Seven Years’ War. In later life, 
 when he withdrew into retirement, he erected in his garden a monument on 
 a huge mound of earth. It was raised in memory of his companions in 
 
GERMAN MONARCHS. 
 
 165 
 
 arms, and underneath it, in a vault, he directed that his own remains should 
 he interred. 
 
 [By Emil Wolff. Marble. 1847. It was modelled at Rome. The original is in 
 the Palace at Berlin.] 
 
 378. Maximilian Joseph I. King of Bavaria. 
 
 [Born 1756. Died 1825. Aged 69.] 
 
 From 1799, Elector, and from 1806, King of Bavaria. The year that he 
 saw his Duchy raised to the dignity of a kingdom, Maximilian, who for 
 some years was the faithful ally of Napoleon, gave his daughter in marriage 
 to Eugene Beauharnois. In 1813, the Bavarian king, acting in the true 
 interests of his country and of humanity, joined the allies against France, 
 and helped with them to rescue Germany from the fangs of the French 
 invader. In public as well as private life, Maximilian was courteous, 
 benevolent, simple-minded, and true-hearted. 
 
 [By Stiglmayer. In marble. It is in the Palace at Munich. Stiglmayer was for a 
 long time at the head of the Royal Foundry for bronze casting.] 
 
 379. Frederic William III. King of Prussia. 
 
 [Born 1770. Died 1840, aged 70]. 
 
 The grand nephew of Frederic the Great. He succeeded to the throne in 
 1797, and, in 1806, was involved in a war with France, which, before its 
 close, almost extinguished his kingdom. The peace of Tilsit, in 1807, left 
 him little more than a nominal sovereignty. In 1810, he founded the 
 University of Berlin ; in 1812, took part with France against Russia ; and 
 in 1813, again declared war against France. His army shared in the 
 triumphal entry into Paris in 1814 ; and in 1815, his soldiers under Blucher 
 partook of the glory of Waterloo at the crisis of the battle. A man of 
 domestic virtues, but of small capacity. Napoleon’s judgment of this King 
 was somewhat harsh. “He is,” said Buonaparte, “the greatest idiot on the 
 face of the earth—without intelligence, and incapable of sustaining a conver¬ 
 sation for the space of five minutes—a true Don Quixote.” The present 
 King of Prussia is the son of Frederic William III. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1826. In the Royal Palace at Berlin.] 
 
 380. Lotus Ferdinand. Prince of Prussia. 
 
 [Born 1772. Died at Saalfeld, in Germany, 1806. Aged 34.] 
 
 A soldier of great distinction, and beloved by the Prussian army. In 
 the war of 1806, he commanded the advanced guard of Prince Hohenlohe, 
 and was killed in that year, whilst covering the evacuation of Saalfeld, in 
 Central Germany. He died bravely. He was of a generous and vehement 
 nature, a great advocate of the war, and frequently a violent opponent of 
 the government. He was impatient of the fact, that the accident of his 
 birth prevented the full exercise of energy and activity, which meaner men 
 were permitted. 
 
 [By L. Wichmann. Bronze. 1822. At Potsdam.] 
 
 381. Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia. Queen of Prussia. 
 
 [Born at Hanover, 1776. Died at Hohenzieritz, 1810. Aged 34.] 
 
 The honoured wife of Frederic William III. of Prussia. Napoleon 
 admired her for her wit, tact, and singular address, and Europe applauded 
 her for her heroic character, and true nobility of soul. On the breaking out 
 of the war with France, in 1806, she was inspired with enthusiasm, and was 
 
166 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 frequently seen in the streets of Berlin at the head of her Hussars, whose 
 uniform she wore. On the defeat of her husband at Auerstadt, she shared 
 his perilous retreat, and evinced great firmness and resignation. She was 
 also with her husband at the Conference of Tilsit, and was earnest in her 
 entreaties to Napoleon for easier conditions on behalf of her unfortunate 
 country. She was beautiful in person, calm and constant in reverses, with 
 great dignity and grace of manner. She was beloved by her people. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1824.] 
 
 382. Ltjdwig I. Ex-King of Bavaria. 
 
 [Bom 1786. Still living.] 
 
 The eldest son and successor of King Maximilian Joseph. As Crown Prince 
 he took little interest in public affairs, but confined himself to the zealous 
 patronage of the fine arts. Frugal in his personal expenditure, he was extra¬ 
 vagant in his purchases of works of art, and in the construction of his cele¬ 
 brated Glyptothek, a building devoted to the reception of the finest works of 
 sculpture. Ascending the throne in 1825, he commenced many economical 
 reforms, but still drew around him, by his munificent patronage, the most 
 celebrated artists of Germany, for the adornment and elevation of his capital. 
 More than one stately edifice and exquisite collection in Munich bear testi¬ 
 mony to his love for art and zeal in its promotion. He would have done 
 still more for his city had he been permitted. He lodged the munificent 
 sum of £30,000 in the hands of an English banker to purchase the Elgin 
 marbles, in the event of their rejection by the English government. The 
 sum actually paid for the marbles by England was £35,000. A grandeur is 
 reflected upon this—the finest side of Ludwig’s character. On the other hand, 
 he has lived to become a bigot, to forget his early political reforms, to deal 
 with a rough hand in matters of religion and state, and to shock public opinion 
 by illicit alliances, at the very moment he is expressing a pious anxiety for the 
 restoration of monasteries. In 1848, Ludwig I. abdicated in favour of his 
 son Maximilian, the reigning king. The ex-king is a ruler fit for the middle 
 ages, when the love of art was intense and passionate, when manners were 
 rude and unformed, and the people in fetters, spiritual and bodily. 
 
 [By Halbig, 1848.] 
 
 382a. Ludwig I. Ex-King of Bavaria. 
 
 [Colossal bust, by Ludwig Schwanthaler. Marble. 1840. The original is in the 
 Royal Palace at Munich.] 
 
 383. Leopold I. King of the Belgians. 
 
 [Born 1790. Still living.] 
 
 Head of the House of Coburg. He was educated in Germany, and in 
 1816, married Charlotte, the daughter of George IY. of England. She died 
 the following year. In 1832, he married a daughter of Louis Philippe of 
 France ; and in 1850, she also died. He was called to the sovereignty 
 of Belgium in 1832. Although a foreign prince, and a Protestant 
 ruling over a Catholic country, he has succeeded in winning the respect of all 
 political parties, and the sympathies of all religious sects. He is the type of 
 a constitutional king on the continent of Europe, and his personal influence, in 
 European politics, is considered to be weightier than in proportion to the 
 size of his dominions. He is the uncle of Queen Victoria. 
 
 [From the marble by G. Geefs, in Windsor Castle.] 
 
GERMAN MONARCHS. 
 
 167 
 
 383. * Louise Maeie. Queen of the Belgians. 
 
 [Died 1850. J . 
 
 She was the daughter of Louis Philippe, King of the French, and second 
 wife of King Leopold I. of Belgium. 
 
 [From the marble by G. Geefs, in Windsor Castle.] 
 
 384. Frederic William IY. Reigning King of Prussia. 
 
 [Born 1795. Still living.] 
 
 A king whose good intentions and fair-sounding promises seem invariably 
 to overbalance his powers of performance. Anxious for popularity, yet 
 always vacillating on the path that leads to it. Manifestly ambitious, but 
 kept aloof from the great prizes of ambition by want of moral courage, 
 of earnestness, and vigorous action. He commenced his reign with many 
 advantages, and might have rendered himself the most powerful sovereign of 
 Germany, and the most popular of its rulers. He has missed the power, 
 and parted with the popularity. He promised his people a constitution : 
 they have never received it. In the Revolution of 1848 he sided with the 
 extreme liberals, but only to bound back again—further than ever—into the 
 arms of absolutism. In his conduct towards Russia and England in the 
 momentous dispute of 1854, Frederic William IY. is faithful to his 
 character and his antecedents. 
 
 [By Rauch. Marble. 1845. In the Royal Palace at Berlin.] 
 
 385. Nicholas Pauloyitch. Reigning Emperor of all the Russias. 
 
 [Born 1796. Still living.] 
 
 The third son of Paul I. and of Maria Feodorowna, and the eighth 
 sovereign of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, which is of German origin. 
 Succeeded to the throne in 1825, upon the death of Alexander—his elder 
 brother Constantine renouncing the throne in his favour. In 1826, declared 
 war against Persia ; in 1828, the war closed in his favour. In the same 
 year found occasion for a quarrel with the Turks, crossed the Balkan moun¬ 
 tains, which Russian troops had never before passed, and imposed hard 
 conditions upon the Sultan—amongst others, the so-called Protectorate of 
 the Danubian Principalities. The insurrection in Poland, after the French 
 Revolution of 1830, the commencement of the war in the Caucasus, are 
 familiar events. Still more recent is the interference of Nicholas in the 
 war between Hungary and Austria—an interference that restored Hungary to 
 Austrian rule—and, later still, the invasion of the Danubian principalities, on 
 the plea of securing the rights of the Greek Church in the Turkish dominions. 
 A fanatic in his adherence to Russian customs, language, and religion, and 
 glorying in his title of Spiritual Chief of the Orthodox Church. The incarna¬ 
 tion of despotism, and the stern hater of all liberal ideas. His rule military 
 and absolute. Like Frederic the Great, he never shows himself but in military 
 costume. Is of great height, and said to be very proud of his size. His 
 life one of feverish activity. He gets through more work in a day than 
 other monarchs can manage in a month. He rides, walks, holds a review, 
 superintends a sham fight, goes on the water, exercises the navy, gives a 
 fete, takes his meals, and enjoys his rest, all within the twenty-four hours. 
 He is a wondrous traveller—travelling faster and getting over more ground 
 than everybody else—and has an absolute passion for military evolutions. 
 Since the days of the Empress Catharine, Constantinople—called in Russia 
 
168 
 
 POETEAIT GALLEEY. 
 
 Czarapol (city of the Czars)—has been regarded as the future capital of the 
 Eussian empire. Nicholas, after much diplomacy, cozening, double-dealing, 
 menace, and display of anger, has put forth his massive hand to seize it. 
 The world waits to see whether that greedy hand shall grasp its prize, or 
 recoil smitten and maimed for its unauthorized rapacity. 
 
 [By C. Rauch. Marble. 1820. In the Palaces at St. Petersburg and Berlin.] 
 
 386. Alexandra. Empress of Russia. 
 
 [Bom 1798. Still living.] 
 
 The wife of Nicholas, the reigning Emperor of Eussia, and the sister of 
 Frederic William IV., King of Prussia. 
 
 [By Rauch. From the marble. 1816. A commission from the Emperor. It is 
 in the Palace at St. Petersburg, and another copy is in the Royal Palace 
 at Berlin.] 
 
 387. Francis Joseph. Reigning Emperor of Austria, and King of 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 [Born 1830. Still living.]' 
 
 Succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, in 1848, 
 (the epoch of revolutions), his father, Francis Charles, having refused the 
 Crown. At the time of his accession, Vienna had just been recovered from 
 the insurgents, but Hungai’y was in arms against Austria. In 1849, a new 
 constitution, of a more liberal character, was promulgated by the Emperor, and, 
 in the same year, Hungary was reduced to submission by the assistance of 
 Eussia. In 1850, the young Emperor returned to the old system of absolute 
 government. In 1852, his life was attempted by a Hungarian whilst walking 
 on the ramparts of Vienna. Francis Joseph is personally popular. He is 
 bold and soldier-like, possessed of strong will and independent judgment. 
 His experience is beyond his years. 
 
 [By Halbig. Marble. 1850. The original is in the Imperial Palace at Vienna.] 
 
 ENGLISH POETKAITS. 
 
 INTEODU CTION. 
 
 We have no great collection of Portrait Busts in England. The 
 British Museum contains 20 antique portrait busts; those of Homer, 
 Pericles, Diogenes, and Julius Caesar have a good claim to authenti¬ 
 city. There are, also, in the Museum, some valuable antique Portrait 
 Statues. The English portraits, in Sculpture, in the Crystal Palace 
 have been collected, as time permitted, from old busts and statues, 
 and from the studios of living and deceased sculptors. Attached to 
 the lives of our English worthies given in the following pages, will 
 be found, wherever practicable, the names of the respective artists. 
 
ENGLISH ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 169 
 
 With the English Contingent, the muster of our illustrious army 
 for the present closes. Five hundred busts and statues constitute 
 the vigorous germ of a collection which it is hoped eventually to 
 render by its extent worthy of the magnificent structure in which it 
 is housed, and of the subject which it is intended to vivify, viz. :— 
 The history of the great men of all nations who have, by thought 
 and deed, advanced human civilization, and stamped their impress, 
 whether for good or evil, upon the world through which they have 
 passed. 
 
 (The English Portraits commence immediately behind the Farnese 
 Hercules at the north-west angle of the Great Transept 
 and Nave.) 
 
 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. 
 
 388. Inigo Jones. Architect. 
 
 [Born in London, 1572. Died 1651. Aged 79. J 
 Inigo Jones served his apprenticeship to a joiner : hut his talent for 
 landscape-drawing obtained for him the favour of the Earl of Pembroke, in 
 whose company he visited France, Flanders, Germany, and Italy. At 
 Venice he was inspired with a taste for architecture, and following the 
 art with ardour and success obtained the office of first architect to the King 
 of Denmark. The king took Jones to England in 1606, and introduced 
 him to James I. His employment at the English Court as scenic deco¬ 
 rator is well known. The attachment of Inigo Jones, who was a Roman 
 Catholic, to the cause of Charles I., caused him great loss and suffering 
 during the civil wars, and he died, shortly after the sacrifice of his master, 
 worn out with grief and trouble. The style of architecture introduced into 
 England by this famous master, was founded on the Venetian school, and 
 more particularly on that branch of it exercised by Andrea Palladio. It is 
 distinguished by excellent proportions, and by a masculine and noble 
 character, which, whilst it does not condescend to borrow too much from 
 ornament, yet makes just use of its charm. The Banquetting House at 
 Whitehall, the only completed portion of the magnificent palace designed by 
 Jones, is his chef-d'oeuvre , and bears comparison with any work of the 
 Italian style in Europe. He practised the best and purest style of Italian 
 architecture ever known in England. 
 
 389. Sib, Cheistophee Ween. Architect and Mathematician. 
 
 [Bom in Wiltshire, 1632. Died at Hampton Court, 1723. Aged 91.] 
 
 We think of Wren as the first of British architects ; but he was something 
 more. As a mathematician, he was in his day second only to Newton ; and 
 in general scientific knowledge, he had no superior. Educated at Westminster. 
 At thirteen, had already invented a new astronomical instrument. At 
 fourteen, entered Wadham College, Oxford ; — and, young as he was, 
 formed one of the original members of a club established for philoso- 
 
170 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 phical discussions and experiments ; a club out of which sprang the 
 Royal Society. When twenty-five, Professor of Astronomy at Gresham 
 College, London. At the Restoration, Savilian Professor of Astro¬ 
 nomy at Oxford ; his skill as an architect having been meanwhile 
 shown in the Sheldon Theatre at Oxford. The popular fame of Wren 
 rests on St. Paul’s Cathedral, which he began to rebuild nine years 
 after the great fire, taking thirty-five years to complete his magnificent 
 labour. Before, and during this lengthened period, he built other edifices, 
 and applied his vigorous and subtle mind to the most abstruse branches of 
 science. His mechanical discoveries are numerous. He invented an in¬ 
 strument for ascertaining the amount of rain falling in each year ; he 
 rendered the taking of astronomical observations more easy and exact; 
 he was the originator of the attempt to introduce fluids into the veins 
 of animals ; and there is every reason to believe that to him, and not to 
 Prince Rupert, we owe the art of mezzotint engraving. Amongst his 
 architectural buildings are Trinity College Library, Cambridge, the new part 
 of Hampton Court Palace, Chelsea Hospital, a wing of Greenwich Hospital, 
 and the palace at Winchester. St. Paul’s, probably suggested by St. 
 Peter’s at Rome, although not of equal dimensions with its supposed proto¬ 
 type, is a far nobler work of art, excelling it in plan, in composition exter¬ 
 nally, in variety of effect internally, and in scientific construction. Bow 
 Church, Cheapside, St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, and most of the other churches, 
 in the City of London—where he chiefly worked—with their exquisite and 
 varied steeples, are the work of Wren, whose ecclesiastical edifices greatly 
 surpass in beauty all his other buildings. In his time the Greek style 
 had not been made known, and though with the Roman acquainted only 
 through books, and the Renaissance buildings of Paris, his work in it is 
 critically correct. His native genius is stamped upon his buildings, and he is 
 ever to be admired, if not always imitated. Supplanted by Court intrigue in 
 1718, he spent his old age as quietly as intrigue would let him at Hampton 
 Court, absorbed, and finding compensation, in his scientific studies, and visiting 
 London occasionally to see how the repairs at Westminster Abbey were going on. 
 
 390. Dayid Garrick. Player and Dramatist. 
 
 [Born at Hereford, 1716. Died at Hampton, 1779. Aged 63.] 
 
 The pupil of Dr. Johnson, with whom he went to London from Lichfield, in 
 search of a profession. He adopted the stage, and after playing for some time 
 at Ipswich under the assumed name of Lyddel, made his first appearance in 
 London, in 1741, in the theatre of Goodman’s-fields. He was twenty-five 
 years old—the part was Richard III.—the success triumphant. According to 
 tradition, the sole imperfect reporter to posterity of the triumphs achieved on 
 the scenic boards, Garrick was a rare master of his art; equally impressive in 
 tragedy and comedy. Sir Joshua Reynolds painted him smiling at Comedy, 
 looking sadly at Tragedy,—and claimed by both. He raised immeasurably 
 the character of the actor’s profession in this country, and purified the stage. 
 His acting was founded upon a delicate and thorough perception of Truth 
 and Nature. To him is due the great merit of restoring Shakspeare 
 to the boards, and of annihilating the false taste created by the dramatists 
 of a later period. His last appearance on the stage was in 1776. He 
 was small in stature, but well built ; his eyes were dark, and full of 
 fire. He had marvellous power of transfusing the workings of the soul into the 
 face, and all the passions were at his bidding. He was very vain, and not 
 
ENGLISH ARTISTS. 
 
 171 
 
 without other weaknesses ; hut else a generous and worthy man. His 
 private life reflected additional lustre on his genius, and as citizen and 
 artist he earned the honourable grave which he found in Westminster 
 Abbey. Garrick was also a writer for the stage. His comedies and farces 
 are lively and agreeable, and some of his epigrams have wit and fancy. 
 Johnson and he maintained their friendship to the last. The great lexico¬ 
 grapher affected contempt for the profession of his pupil ; but he hugged 
 “Davy,” nevertheless, in the folds of his capacious heart, and was justly 
 proud of his achievements and renown. 
 
 391. Henry Ftjseli or Fuessli. Painter. 
 
 [Born. 1145. Died 1825. Aged 80.] 
 
 An artist -of undoubted genius and originality, but very eccentric both as 
 painter and as man. Born at Zurich, where he cultivated learning with great 
 ardour, especially the literature of England ; at the same time took delight 
 in copying the works of Michael Angelo and Raffaelle. Came to England in 
 1763, and showed his paintings to Sir Joshua Reynolds, who praised the 
 work and recommended to the young aspirant the usual pilgrimage to Rome. 
 Obeying the command he remained for eight years in the city of Art, and 
 then came back to England where he worked his way to honour. In 1790, 
 he was Royal Academician ; in 1799, Professor of Painting ; in 1804, 
 Keeper of the Royal Academy. Fuseli was a good scholar, endowed with a 
 potent and wild imagination, and an excellent anatomist; but he suffered his 
 imagination to lead him into extravagance, and his anatomy protruded itself 
 in his pictures. He painted, in 1798, a series of forty-seven pictures illus¬ 
 trative of Milton. They reveal grand conception and daring power, but 
 tremble occasionally on the verge of the grotesque. No later artist has 
 ventured to follow him in his flights, but his profound interpretations of the 
 true spirit of poetry may be contemplated by all men with advantage. 
 
 [From the marble, by E. H. Baily, R.A. Executed for Sir Thomas Lawrence, 
 1824.] 
 
 392. James Northcote. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Plymouth, 1746. Died 1831. Aged 85.] 
 
 The son of a watchmaker, and intended for his father’s business ; but, at 
 an early age, he transferred his affections from the parental shop to the 
 more genial region of art. In 1771, he attracted the notice of Reynolds, 
 under whose eye he studied for a time, and in 1777, set out for Italy. 
 In 1783, first exhibited at the Royal Academy. In 1787, elected Royal 
 Academician. The subjects of Northcote are chiefly historical, but he is 
 not remarkable for power, or originality of conception. Although he displayed 
 considerable skill in composition and colouring, as well as some vigour of 
 expression, his ability in art was by no means equal to his enthusiasm and 
 his application. Northcote was also a writer on art, and the author of a 
 Life of Reynolds. At the age of eighty-four he published a Life of Titian. 
 He was penurious and eccentric, and not a favourite with his brother 
 Academicians. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A., 1821.] 
 
 392a. James Northcote. Painter. 
 
 [Modelled from the life, and executed in marble, by Joseph Bonomi. Presented 
 by J. S. Scoles, Esq.] 
 
172 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 393. John Raphael Smith. Engraver . 
 
 [Bom about 1750. Died in 1811.] 
 
 A distinguished draughtsman in crayons, and a mezzotint engraver. The 
 friend of Chantrey the sculptor, when that admired artist was serving 
 his time at Sheffield, in the shop of Mr. Ramsay, carver and gilder. It is 
 related that the sight of Mr. Smith’s drawings, together with his conversa¬ 
 tion, first rendered Chantrey impatient of his servitude in the carver’s 
 workshop, and induced him to purchase his release, which he obtained 
 two years before his indentures had expired, for the sum of fifty pounds. 
 This bust of John Raphael Smith, by Chantrey, was the first that 
 brought the young sculptor into note. It was exhibited in the Royal 
 Academy when Chantrey was 24 years old, and, during the disposition of the 
 works for exhibition, attracted the attention of Nollekens, who exclaimed, 
 
 ‘ ‘ This is a splendid work. Let the man be known. Remove one of my busts 
 and put this in its place.” 
 
 [The subject of this bust was afflicted with deafness, and the expression of the 
 infirmity is cleverly given in the face.] 
 
 394. John Flaxman. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at York, 1755. Died 1826. Aged 71.] 
 
 Beyond all compare the greatest artist England has produced, and in 
 all respects one of her worthiest sons. His life constitutes one of the land¬ 
 marks set up in a nation for the guidance of the ambitious, and the 
 encouragement of the desponding. His father was a moulder of plaster 
 casts : in whose humble shop the boy received his earliest inspiration. 
 Feeble, and crippled, and thrown upon himself, he read such books as he 
 could obtain, and made drawings from the classic models that sur¬ 
 rounded him. This was his education, for there was no money at home to 
 purchase a better. At ten, the self-taught boy could read Latin, and 
 had picked up much varied information. A shop filled with plaster casts 
 will be visited occasionally by men of taste and feeling. One such man 
 saw, and was struck by the genius of John Flaxman. His name was 
 Mathew, and by him the child, who could read Latin, was made acquainted 
 with the beauties of the Iliad and Odyssey. At fifteen, admitted a student 
 of the Royal Academy, and competed successfully for the silver medal. 
 What was to be done next ?—the father without means, and the youth old 
 enough to earn his own bread ! The young sculptor entered the service of 
 the Messrs. Wedgwood, and devoted some dozen years of his life to the 
 improvement of their porcelain manufacture. His genius stamped upon the 
 products of the potteries a character of beauty and classic elegance rivalling 
 the productions of any country. The forms were admired in his own day ; 
 they are now more highly esteemed than ever. At the age of twenty-seven 
 Flaxman married Anne Denman. His marriage, his friends declared, 
 would ruin him as an artist. Friends are apt to look upon the shadowy 
 side of one’s happiness. In this case they were mistaken. Anne Denman 
 had the finest qualities of heart; she possessed also exquisite taste, and a 
 cultivated mind. She appreciated the genius of her husband, and was 
 an enthusiast for his works. She accompanied him to Italy, where he 
 nourished his talents by the study of the masterpieces of antiquity. At 
 Rome he executed his illustrations of Homer, Hesiod, iEschylus, and 
 Dante. For the first-named he received fifteen shillings for each drawing, 
 and was satisfied. He was elected member of the Academies of Florence 
 
ENGLISH ARTISTS. 
 
 173 
 
 and Carrara, and after seven years’ absence came back to England. 
 His reputation bad preceded him, and be soon justified his fame by 
 his noble monument of Lord Mansfield, in Westminster Abbey. The 
 works of Flaxman, whether of the pencil or the chisel, may take rank 
 with the productions of any age or country. They are distinguished by 
 simplicity, dignity, sublimity, grace, and true poetic feeling. If any 
 modern sculptor may take rank with the ancients, Flaxman’s place will be 
 second to none. His productions are scattered over the globe ; we meet 
 them in India, the two Americas, and in Italy, as well as nearer home. 
 He is better appreciated everywhere than in England. But we are begin¬ 
 ning to know his value. His worth as a man was equal to his greatness as 
 an artist. All who knew him speak of his modesty, his gentleness, his 
 single-heartedness. After the death of his wife in 1820, whom he tenderly 
 loved, he lived in comparative retirement. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. Prom the marble executed for Sir Thomas Lawrence, 
 1824.] 
 
 395. Thomas Stothard. Painter. 
 
 [Bom 1755. Died 1834. Aged 79.] 
 
 Apprenticed at an early age to a pattern draughtsman. Subsequently, and 
 for many years, he furnished the illustrations to “The Novelist’s Magazine.” 
 Became the reigning prince of illustrators, and for fifty years continued to 
 adorn the pages, not only of contemporary literature, but of our poets from 
 Chaucer all down to Rogers. His most famous productions are the illustrations 
 to “The Pilgrim’s Progress,” to “Robinson Crusoe,” to “Rogers’s Italy,” 
 the Procession of the Flitch of Bacon, the Pilgrimage to Canterbury, and 
 the Wellington Shield. He made many designs for sculptors; amongst others, 
 that for Chantrey’s “Sleeping Children,” in Lichfield cathedral. Atone 
 time or another he attempted every branch of the limner’s art. He had great 
 powers of imagination, moulded and directed by unflagging industry and the 
 severest application. His genius is peculiarly English. He studied deeply 
 the works of Raffaelle and Durer, but was no slavish imitator of these, or 
 of any other men. The grace that clings to his works is essentially the ex¬ 
 pression of his own mind. Let us see his productions how, or when, or 
 where we may, his spirit is detected at once, and we say, “ This is 
 Stothard.” His female figures, not always strictly correct in drawing, are 
 exquisitely graceful. His life passed evenly in the performance of labour 
 in which he delighted. He was a good man, and his works are his annals. 
 
 [From the marble executed by E. H. Baily, R.A., in 1825, for Sir Thomas 
 Lawrence.] 
 
 396. Sir Thomas Lawrence. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Bristol, 1769. Died 1830. Aged 61.] 
 
 Of humble origin ; the father of Sir Thomas being the landlord of the 
 “Black Bear,” at Devizes, in Wiltshire. At an early age evinced great 
 delight in drawing, and a talent for the recitation of poetry. Received his 
 first instruction at Bath from Mr. Hoare, the painter in crayons; and when 
 thirteen years old, gained from the Society of Arts the great silver palette and 
 five guineas, for a copy, in crayons, of the “Transfiguration.” When eighteen, 
 he exhibited seven female portraits at Somerset House. In 1791, chosen 
 Associate of the Royal Academy. In 1815, knighted ; and in 1820, upon the 
 death of West, elected President of the Royal Academy. The first portrait 
 
174 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 painter of Lis time, and in other respects an accomplished man. His numerous 
 works are representations of the most notable and wealthiest people of his 
 day, by whom he was courted, honoured, and richly rewarded. His colouring 
 was clear and brilliant, and his design most graceful ; hut vigour and 
 truthfulness of character are not always remarked in his productions. 
 Lawrence had little or no education,—he was removed from school when 
 only eight years old,—hut he must have picked up much on his road. One 
 of our great actors has acknowledged his large debt of gratitude to 
 Lawrence for instruction, advice, and intellectual training. 
 
 [By B. H. Baily, R.A. Taken the year after Sir Thomas Lawrence’s death.] 
 
 397. Charles Kemble. Player. 
 
 [Born at Brecknock, 1775. Still living.] 
 
 The living chief of a family remarkable for dramatic genius. Since the 
 time of Garrick, until very recently, the English stage has not been without 
 its Kemble, as one of its brightest ornaments. Mrs. Siddons and John Kemble, 
 were the sister and brother of Charles. As the representative of Falcon- 
 bridge, Mercutio, Benedick, Cassio, and similar characters, Charles Kemble 
 has been without an equal in our time. He first appeared at Sheffield, as 
 Orlando, in “As You Like it,” in 1792. His first appearance in London 
 was at Drury Lane Theatre (1794), in the character of Malcolm, in 
 “Macbeth.” He retired from the stage in 1836, but subsequently returned 
 to the boards for a short time, in 1840, in order to play a few of his best 
 parts before her present Majesty. He played for the last time, April 10, 
 1840, in the character of Hamlet. 
 
 [By Dan tan, 1842.] 
 
 398. Francis Chantrey. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Norton, near Sheffield, 1781. Died in London, 1841. Aged 60.] 
 
 The first portrait sculptor of his day, but not equally famous for works of 
 imagination, the very few compositions of this kind that proceeded from his 
 chisel having been suggested to him by other more poetic minds. Chantrey 
 did not command astonishment, but compelled admiration by the simplicity, 
 beauty, and truth, that were stamped on all his productions. His portraits 
 are faithful, characteristic, and most artistic representations ; idealizing 
 the individual; and in this branch of his art he undoubtedly outstripped 
 all rivals. His success was very great. He began life as a carver’s appren¬ 
 tice, and was a journeyman carver in London, where he helped with his own 
 hand to furnish the dining-room of Mr. Rogers, the poet—a room in which 
 many times, in after life, he sat, one of the most welcome and sociable of the 
 guests there assembled. Wealth and honour came to him earned by labour and 
 perseverance ; and the fruits of his industry, amounting to £90,000, he 
 bequeathed to the Royal Academy, for the purchase of ‘ ! works of fine art 
 of the highest merit in painting and sculpture,” such works “being 
 executed within the shores of Great Britain.” The bequest was worthy of 
 a man whose mind, whose works, whose habits, all bore the strong impress 
 of the nation in which he was born, and of the people from whose heart he 
 had sprung. 
 
 [By his pupil, F. W. Smith.] 
 
 398a. Francis Chantrey. Sculptor. 
 
 [Medallion by Heffeman.] 
 
ENGLISH ARTISTS. 
 
 175 
 
 399. William Mttlready. Painter. 
 
 [Bom at Ennis, in Ireland, 1786. Still living.] 
 
 An honoured, name in British art, and undoubtedly the head of the 
 charming and peculiar style which he adopted, after having employed 
 his genius on larger and more striking subjects. He has risen from obscu¬ 
 rity by the force of genius, and given to the world works which will not 
 readily perish. When fourteen years old admitted a student at the 
 Royal Academy. Elected Royal Academician in 1816. His works reveal 
 great delicacy and purity of mind. He is a consummate draughtsman and 
 colourist; and in the refined beauty and finish of his pictures, is not 
 surpassed by any of his contemporaries. Amongst his best works may be 
 reckoned those in the Vernon Gallery and in the collection of Mr. Sheepshanks. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1830.] 
 
 400. John Gibson. Sculptor. 
 
 [Born at Conway, N. Wales, 1790. Still living.] 
 
 Like Chantrey, apprenticed to a wood-carver, and, like him also, a 
 cabinet-maker at this starting-point of his career. At the age of eighteen, 
 he exhibited a wax model of “Time,” which procured him employment 
 with a sculptor in Liverpool. Making the acquaintance of Lord Castle- 
 reagh, he was furnished by that nobleman with an introduction to Canova, 
 and he accordingly set out for Rome in 1820. In Rome he still resides. 
 He has wrought with his chisel for the noble and wealthy of his own country, 
 and for the patrons of art in the land which he has chosen for his residence. 
 Ludwig of Bavaria—the eager and munificent patron of art—has been 
 amongst the serviceable friends of the gifted Welshman. For grace, beauty, 
 and finished eAecution, John Gibson has never been surpassed in this 
 country. Flaxman is the first of British artists ; but as a sculptor, chisel 
 in hand, Gibson is bardly second even to him. 
 
 [From the marble by Theed. ] 
 
 400a. John Gibson. Sculptor. 
 
 [This bust is by Macdonald of Rome.] 
 
 401. William Charles Maceeady. Player. 
 
 [Bom 1793. Still living. ] 
 
 The son of William Macready, who was author, actor, and manager. 
 Educated at Rugby. Made his first appearance on the stage as Romeo, 
 at Birmingham, and his debut in London, in 1816, as Orestes, in the 
 “Distressed Mother.” He continued in London a leading tragic actor, 
 until he finally retired from the stage in 1851. Mr. Macready’s style 
 of acting was of the romantic, rather than of the classic order ; his 
 
 “Virginius” a more masterly performance than “Hamlet,” his 
 
 “Rob Roy” far more picturesque and striking than “Richard III.” 
 In the representation of Shakspeare’s characters this popular actor was not, 
 generally speaking, equal to the most celebrated of his contemporaries. 
 His conceptions were not the conceptions formed by the intellectual portion 
 of his auditory in the tranquillity of the study. It was, however, impos¬ 
 sible to witness a more admirable execution of a wrong conception, than 
 
 that which Mr. Macready was able to render. In private life he has 
 
176 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 done honour to his profession; and he has left no actor behind him 
 superior to himself. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 402. George Cruikshank. Caricaturist. 
 
 [Born in London, 1794. Still living.] 
 
 Like Tom Hood, George Cruikshank is something more than a humourist: 
 or, to speak more correctly, like all great humourists, both he and Hood 
 possess and reveal a deep perception and appreciation of the serious and the 
 pathetic in Nature and Art. The labours of Cruikshank, which commenced 
 at a very early period of his life, have been incessant and remarkable. His 
 admirable illustrations have adorned hooks of all kinds, from the political 
 “House that Jack built,” to the moral “Bottle.” At no period has he 
 drawn a line which—however cutting may have been the satire employed— 
 has not had for its object the benefit, as well as the amusement of his fellow- 
 men. His latest works—attacking the most degrading of our national vices, 
 —command our gratitude and respect. George is popular amongst his 
 associates. His face is an index to his mind. There is nothing anomalous 
 about him and his doings. His appearance, his illustrations, his speeches 
 are all alike, —- all picturesque, artistic, full of fun, feeling, geniality, 
 and quaintness. His seriousness is grotesque, and his drollery is profound, 
 tie is the prince of living caricaturists, and one of the best of men. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 403. Robert Vernon. Patron of Art. 
 
 [Born 1774. Died in London, 1849. Aged 75.] 
 
 A benefactor to his country, who amassed a fortune in business, and 
 expended his wealth in the formation of a gallery of pictures by British 
 artists. Whilst living, he proved himself the benefactor of struggling genius. 
 Dying, he bequeathed his works of art to the nation. His pictures are 
 now collected at Marlborough House, where they form “The Vernon 
 Gallery.” 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 404. Fanny Butler. Actress. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 The daughter of Charles Kemble : and a popular actress of her day. She 
 made her first appearance at Covent Garden Theatre, October 5, 1829, in the 
 character of Juliet; and the sensation she then created rescued the theatre 
 from the difficulties into which it had fallen. She married Mr. Butler, an 
 American, and is the authoress of one or two well-written tragedies and 
 other works. 
 
 [ByDantan, of Paris.] 
 
 405. Adelaide Sartoris. Vocalist. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Second daughter of Charles Kemble : highly distinguished as a vocalist 
 of the Italian school ; she made her first appearance at Covent Garden 
 Theatre, in Norma, Nov. 2, 1841, and sang and acted with great success 
 at the same theatre in 1841 and 1842 ; but at the end of 1842 she retired 
 from her profession into private life. 
 
 [By Dantan, of Paris.] 
 
ENGLISH PORTRAITS. 
 
 177 
 
 405 *. Grace Darling. Lighthouse-keeper's Daughter. 
 
 [Born at Bamborough, Northumberland, 1815. Died 1842. Aged 27.] 
 
 “ One whose very name bespeaks 
 Favour divine, exalting human love ; 
 
 Whom, since her birth on bleak Northumbria’s coast, 
 
 Known unto few, but prized as far as known, 
 
 A single act endears to high and low, 
 
 Through the whole land.”— Wordsworth. 
 
 Grace was the seventh child of a humble man who had charge of a 
 lighthouse on one of the Fame Islands, olf the coast of Northumberland. 
 In the month of September, 1838, the “Forfarshire” steamer, of 300 
 tons, having on board sixty-three souls, during a terrible storm and dense 
 fog, struck on a rock within a mile of the light-house. It was deep 
 night. The ship snapped in half. Nearly all the creatures on board 
 were swallowed by the chafing sea; and when morning broke, all 
 that remained of the “Forfarshire” and its people, were nine of the 
 passengers clinging to the windlass in the forepart of the vessel. It was 
 a fearful morning, the fog still prevailing—the sea hardly less boisterous. 
 Through the mist, however, the sad spectacle could be witnessed from the 
 mainland, and a reward was offered to any boat’s crew that would venture 
 to the rescue. It was offered in vain. But the despairing castaways were 
 visible also from the lighthouse, where none was rich enough to offer reward 
 of any kind, for the sole inhabitants were husband, wife, and daughter. It 
 was the last watch before extinguishing the light at sunrise, and Grace was 
 keeping it. She intreated her father to go to sea, and he consenting, the girl 
 shared his boat, and the pair in dread and awe put off. Why speak of danger ? 
 Why detail the miracle ? The risk was incalculable. The chances of recovery, 
 nay, of self-preservation, were infinitesimal. But God strengthened the 
 woman’s arm, as he had visited her heart, and, after painful labour, the 
 rescue was effected. The delivered nine were taken to the lighthouse, and 
 there kindly treated by the heroic girl and her aged parents. The spirit of 
 the nation was stirred by the act. Money enough to provide for her as long 
 as she should live, and gifts innumerable, were brought to her sea-girt rock ; 
 but she would not leave the light-house. Why should she ? What place so 
 fitting to hold this queen ? She held her modest Court there until her early 
 death. One who visited her .speaks of her genuine simplicity, her quiet 
 manner, her perfect goodness. In 1841, symptoms of consumption—the 
 poisonous seed sown, it may be, on that drear morning—revealed themselves. 
 In a few months she died, quietly, happily, religiously. Shortly before her 
 death, she received a farewell visit from one of her own sex, who came in 
 humble attire, to bid her God speed on her last illimitable journey. The good 
 sister was the Duchess of Northumberland, and her coronet will shine the 
 brighter for all time, because of that affectionate and womanly leave-taking. 
 Joan of Arc has her monument. Let Grace of Northumbria have none. 
 Her deed is registered— 
 
 “ in the rolls of Heaven, where it will live 
 A. theme for angels when they celebrate 
 The high-souled virtues which forgetful eai’th 
 Has witnessed.” 
 
 [Medallion by David Dunbar. Modelled from the marble bust in the possession 
 of the Bishop of Durham. The original model was taken from the life at 
 the Longstone lighthouse, soon after the incident above recorded, and three 
 years before the death of Grace.] 
 
 N 
 
178 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 405 .** William Darling. Lighthouse-Keeper. 
 
 [Born 1783. Still living.] 
 
 The father of Grace Darling. He succeeded his own father as keeper of 
 the Coal-light on the Brownsman, the outermost of the Fame islands, on 
 the coast of Northumberland. In 1826, he was transferred to the light¬ 
 house on the Longstone, another of the same group of islands. Solitary, 
 cut off for weeks from communication with the mainland, this humble man 
 has passed his days in self-improvement. He is intelligent, quiet, and 
 well-conducted. His children have received a good education for their 
 position in life, the father being the sole instructor—and one daughter at 
 least has not thrown discredit upon her bringing up. 
 
 [By David Dunbar.] 
 
 POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 406 . Geoffrey Chaucer. The Father of English Poetry. 
 
 [Born in London, 1328. Died there, 1400. Aged 72.] 
 Notwithstanding the gulf of years, the poetical sire of Shakspeare. He to 
 whom, in an age which we call dark, the full sun of poetry shone. He whose 
 lineaments and gesture, transmitted by a contemporary pencil, are here 
 before us. He whose eye, though downcast, reads the world around him, 
 as it sounds the interior of Man : whose grave look of thought hides the 
 soul of mirth. What phase of our various life seems strange to him ? 
 To this he is at home in experience ; to that in imagination With what 
 Homeric power has he not described the tournament where kings fight in 
 the lists at Athens ! What mediaeval romance in the loves of Palamon and 
 Arcite ! What an oriental colour and grace in the Squier’s half-told tale of 
 the Tartar Cambuscan ! You read tale after tale, and wonder which 
 of the diversified strains was indeed the most native to the heart of the 
 poet. One critic will tell you—the broad coarse mirth—Never believe it ! 
 See with what lingering and tender fondness he brings out the sorrowful 
 story of the pure, innocent, and falsely accused Custance, abandoned to the 
 wild, drifting sea. How patiently he tells the trials of the patient Griseldis 
 —how sternly the self-doom of those two impious challengers of death. To 
 Chaucer was given an insight of which nothing eludes the scrutiny, a sympa¬ 
 thy of which nothing lies beyond the embrace. And in what spring-like 
 vigour and bloom of life that vanished world rises again before us ! What 
 truth ! and what spirit ! Under his quill the speech of England first rose 
 into the full form and force of a language. Look up at him ! He seems to be 
 scanning thought and word, both. Mine host of the Tabard singling him out 
 amongst the pilgrims, for the teller of the next tale, says of him: 11 He 
 seemeth elvish by his countenance.”—Does he ? 
 
 [For an account of this statue by Marshall, see No. 53, Handbook of Modern 
 Sculpture. There is an interesting contemporary portrait of Chaucer in the 
 British Museum, bearing date 1400, from which the idea of this statue is 
 borrowed.] 
 
 407 . William Shakspeare. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Stratford-on-Avon, 1564. Died there, 1616. Aged 52.] 
 
 William Shakspeare stands at the head of those whose intellectual domain 
 
ENGLISH POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 179 
 
 is the spirit of man. This is the master character of his mind, to which 
 poetry is in him an accidental direction. His insight into man is his title 
 to universal interest. He is the chief painter of humanity that the world 
 has seen, combining, at once, perfect intimate knowledge of human nature, 
 and perfect creative power of representation. The drama had suddenly 
 awakened in his country, and he obeyed the instinct of his time, the poetic 
 bent of which was created for him, as he for it. There were with 
 him, before him, and immediately after him, great poets, with whom the 
 dramatic elements existed in high native strength and beauty ; but in him 
 alone are those elements mastered, so as to produce entire works of art, 
 complete in power, and in consistent, though not regular, form. Sharing 
 the intuition of Aristotle, which makes the action in the play the root out of 
 which the characters and all else grow, he directs the stream of events as 
 connectedly as it flows in the human world ; and, as in the world, so in his 
 inspired writing—agents appear born for their work, as the work to do 
 seems to offer itself to the agents. All beauties of language, all flights 
 of poetry, all particular scenes and speeches, powerful and impressive 
 as they may be, are merely subordinate. No character, how exquisitely or 
 elaborately soever conceived and finished, is drawn for itself; but one and 
 all are relative to the scope of the play and to one another. He seems to 
 have undertaken a great task, and to be seriously and solely intent upon 
 advancing to its fulfilment. No form of human life is foreign to him ; the 
 most heroic and the humblest, the most illustrious and the most obscure, of 
 all times, in all places, are in presence before him. He seizes the spirit of 
 time, place, and theme. Natural, preternatural, light, weighty, laughter, 
 tears, terror, are all alike to him—all under his mastery, and flung forth 
 with free power. Grace and gigantic strength, are spirits equally at his 
 bidding. The learned and the unlearned are both attracted by his spell. 
 The ignorant feel the fascination, the erudite have never exhausted the study. 
 His country, with her innumerable titles to renown, ranks amongst the 
 highest his great name. With school instruction of the most ordinary kind, 
 by universal and unerring observation, by profound and intense meditation 
 of men, with the creative power of the highest imagination, he gave out, 
 spontaneously, works of that kind whose study makes men learned : and 
 they are so viewed and studied by all civilized nations, every day more and 
 more, at home and abroad. In him England competes for the crown of 
 poetical glory with all other nations of old or modern fame. She has had 
 other great poets, but they all, besides their own natural offerings, have 
 brought poetry from other lands and languages, into their own. In him 
 alone she feels, that what she displays she has produced. Little is known 
 of the life of William Shakspeare. 
 
 [From the well-known monumental bust in the church at Stratford-on-Avon, 
 where Shakspeare lies buried. It was executed by an artist named Gerard 
 Johnson, very soon after the death of Shakspeare, and erected between 1616 
 and 1620. The original is in common limestone, and was painted to resemble 
 life. The eyes were a light hazel, the hair and beard auburn: the doublet 
 was scarlet, and the loose gown black. It was repainted precisely in the 
 same manner in 1749. Butin 1793, Malone officiously had it whitewashed, 
 as it now exists. There is a great resemblance between this face from the 
 Stratford monument and the portrait published in the first folio of 
 Shakspeare’s works, by the actors, in 1623. No. 407a is from a very 
 remarkable terracotta bust, in the possession of Professor Owen, of the 
 College of Surgeons. It was discovered in pulling down the old Duke’s 
 Theatre in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, where it was placed over one of the stage- 
 doors, the bust of Ben Jonson (accidentally destroyed by the workmen) 
 
 N 2 
 
180 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 occupying a corresponding place over the other door. Shakspeare having 
 been rescued by the timely interposition of Mr. Clift, Professor Owen’s 
 father-in-law, the bust became that gentleman’s property, and by him it was 
 given to its present owner. There are two types of the Shakspeare portrait: 
 the : ‘ round-faced, ” as seen in the monument of Stratford-on-Avon, and the 
 “oval-faced” of Cornelius Jansen. Roubilliac’s bust, and that in the 
 
 g Dssession of Professor Owen, are after Jansen. No. 407b is the bust by 
 oubilliac. The statues by Roubilliac and John Bell (see Handbook of 
 Modern Sculpture, Nos. 56 and 9) are conventional, and represent the 
 two types.] 
 
 407a.7 
 
 l William Shakspeare. Poet. 
 
 407b.J 
 
 408. John Milton. Poet. 
 
 [Born in London, 1608, Died there, 1674. Aged 66.] 
 
 The son of a scrivener. In his earliest years he became enamoured of the 
 Muses, wrote exquisite poetry, travelled in Italy, returned hastily on the 
 outbreak of the Civil war, and identified himself with the Republican party. 
 Later in life, and as blindness was deepening upon him, he was appointed by 
 Cromwell Latin Secretary to the Council of State. Retiring from politics on 
 the death of the Protector, he would, under the Restoration, have suffered as 
 a regicide, had not Sir William Davenant, to his great honour, interposed his 
 own favour with the Court. So rescued, Milton withdrew into obscurity 
 and poverty, unnoticed and forgotten. In his solitude and blindness he 
 composed “ Paradise Lost,” which he dictated chiefly to his eldest daughter. 
 The poem was sold to a bookseller for ten pounds, and was not very popular 
 during the lifetime of the poet. At one time he took pupils. He was three 
 times married, was devoutly religious, austere in his morals, and simple in 
 his ways of life. He is the great epic poet of England, distinguished by the 
 strength and sublimity of his genius, and hardly less for sensibility to the 
 graceful and beautiful. Laboriously learned, with an admiration as 
 intelligent as devoted, of the great writings preserved from Greek and 
 Roman antiquity, he, more than any other of our poets, has modelled his 
 works on the type of his illustrious predecessors. He has, of all English 
 poets, carried art in his writings to the highest pitch, but neither art 
 nor imitation has tamed the wing of his muse, or impaired his praise of 
 originality. He knew the greatness of his powers, viewing them as a gift to 
 be used to the honour of the Giver ; and his one paramount work, the 
 “Paradise Lost,” having for its “great argument,” as he himself says, “to 
 justify the ways of God to men,” must be regarded as his oblation, brought 
 and laid on the Altar. He founded and formed English heroic blank verse, 
 —a measure which, under his hand, rivals in richness and variety the 
 music of his classical masters ; and which alone could, by its majestic flow 
 and inexhaustible powers of expression, have sustained the weight and 
 amplitude of his subject. He loved and honoured Shakspeare. 
 
 409. Alexander Pope. Poet. 
 
 [Born in London, 1688. Died at Twickenham, 1744. Aged 56. J 
 Alexander Pope, the son of a linendraper, and a Roman Catholic, was his 
 own instructor. He was sent home from school in his twelfth year for 
 lampooning his tutor, and from that time he gave his teachers no further 
 trouble. Already, as a boy, a happy versifier—twice happy, for an indulgent 
 
ENGLISH POETS AND DRAMATISTS. 
 
 181 
 
 father smiled on his dawning skill—he was, in his maturer day, and for the re¬ 
 mainder of his own century, the leading star in the sky of our English poetry. 
 He received at the hands of his master, Dryden, the rhymed ten-syllable 
 couplet. This couplet was not first by Dryden used harmoniously, forcibly, 
 eloquently—for Hall in his Satires had done this—but by Dryden it was first 
 raised into the reigning measure of English song. He sustained in it a free 
 flow and bold sweep, suitable to his genius. Pope rather chained the move¬ 
 ment, stamping even on his verse the peculiarity of his fine intellectual 
 powers. When we search for Pope’s characteristic amongst poets, we find 
 that he had reasoning—which is the earnest,—and wit—which is the sport¬ 
 ing—of the logical faculty, both intimately blending themselves with the 
 poetic vein. It was, accordingly, to a bright and sharp intellectual action that 
 he fitted the couplet, apt by its nature for the service. Uniting to a lively, 
 quick and keen intellect, so much of poetic passion as, in fact, secured the 
 dedication of a life, he produced works which, by their mastery, must 
 command admiration whilst the language is read, although in them, the 
 deliberate skill predominates over the passionate expression. Yiewed from 
 the highest point, he was imitative, not original. His spirit active and 
 perceptive in the study of his greater and less predecessors, not self-infused 
 into the contemplation of Man and Nature. What is most felt as a fire in 
 his verse is the ardency of writing, the zeal of an artist enamoured of his 
 task : or he accepts and translates the passion of others, which, not having 
 its home in its own bosom, does not receive justice there. Our grandfathers 
 and our grandmothers knew by heart the “Essay on Man,” the “Essay 
 on Criticism, ” the “ Moral Essays,” the “ Characters of Women ” (sparkling 
 with wit and malice, but adding nothing to the observation and true ideal 
 delineation of woman), and the “Rape of the Lock,” in which the playful¬ 
 ness, lying in the verse, exquisitely comes out, and a graceful half-ironical 
 fancy amuses and captivates, but no steeping imagination subdues or 
 transforms to its likeness. He introduces us again to Ariel, whom we have 
 known before, but how different his Ariel and Shakspeare’s. Pope brought 
 intellective precision into poetry, which should feed on the indefinite and 
 the vague, and should flower out into the softened and the flowing. Hence, 
 often when he is the most admirable, he is the most artificial. 
 
 410 . Oliyee Goldsmith. Poet and Man of Letters. 
 
 [Born in Ireland, 1728. Died in London, 1774. Aged 45.] 
 
 Poor dear Oliver ! What shall we say of him, with his kindly benevo¬ 
 lence, his manly independence, his honest feeling, his childish vanity, his 
 naughty extravagance, his irregularities, his blunders, his idleness, his 
 industry, his zeal for the improvement and advancement of the whole world, 
 and his improvident neglect of himself. Goldsmith • had fits of genius :— 
 moments of an inspiration, or a possession, that appeared to produce in him 
 powers, not ordinarily there. In the conduct of Ufe he seemed born to be 
 the world’s victim : he lay under the world. His gifted pen in his hand, he 
 rose above it. The tender sensibility that indites his verse agrees too well 
 to his story. The playful humour, and the sharp, never rough, never malig¬ 
 nant, satire, take by surprise. He then had the laughers on his side— 
 too often, unfortunately, against him. His'poems of “The Traveller” and 
 “The Deserted Village” are a species by themselves, or each a species. 
 The vein of reflexion, of personal feeling, and of poetical viewing, with 
 
182 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 native simplicity of expression and musical sweetness, is common to the 
 two. The dirge of the deserted hamlet sowed the seed of ‘ ‘ The Pleasures 
 of Memory ; ” and the wandering poet, feeding his verse from his travels, 
 was repeated in “ Childe Harold.” G-oldsmith’s “ Retaliation,” written upon 
 his friends of the St. James’s Coffee House, in requital of the epitaphs they 
 had provided for himself, is the most brilliant and masterly summing up 
 of characters in pointed words and streaming verse that the language 
 possesses. The “ Yicar of Wakefield” is the smiled-at, honoured, and loved 
 inmate of every English home. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 410*. Hobeet Beens. Poet. 
 
 [Born in Alloway, Ayrshire, 1759. Died at Dumfries, 1796. Aged 37.] 
 
 The ploughman-poet of Scotland; in whom the labour of the limbs 
 appeared to invigorate the intelligence, and the bleak air of poverty to 
 cherish the blossoms of genius. Shakspeare rose from the bosom of the 
 people to delineate kings and queens. Burns, born some steps lower, 
 dwelt, even in his verse, to the last, amongst his own order. That is his 
 dignity and his glory. The life of the Scottish peasant as it remains repre¬ 
 sented by his pencil, and in his person, seizes the imagination and the sym¬ 
 pathies of the educated world. He has drawn the heart of the high towards 
 the low. He has raised the low to their just esteem in the opinion of the 
 high. But besides this moral aspect, he has gained, as a poet, immeasur¬ 
 ably, by rooting his foot to the fields which he furrowed. The conflict, so 
 maintained in our thoughts between his social position and his endowments 
 and aspirations, sheds a continual illumination of wonder upon his writings. 
 But more ! His happiest subjects and strains draw life and meaning from 
 the soil of which they are the self-sown flowers. Not merely that solitary 
 agricultural Idyl, with its homely-pathetic and homely-picturesque— ‘ ‘ The 
 Cotter’s Saturday Night,”-—but the fanciful tenderness of his lament over the 
 Daisy and the Mouse ;—but the wild and reckless daring of imagination in that 
 cordial rencounter with the dread foe Death—that blending of the humorous, 
 the supernaturally grotesque and the terrific in Tam O’Shanter—of the 
 rustic, the gracious, the solemn, even the sublime—in the Vision of Coila— 
 these most characteristic feats of poetical skill and genius—which stand apart, 
 defying competition and claiming rank for the name of Burns, amongst the 
 illustrious on Parnassus—all are made possible by originating from and 
 by reflecting his native condition. His songs are tender, passionate, musical; 
 chaunting his own or imaginary rustic loves. The torrent of his spirit, that, 
 pouring along the channels of thought and song, became an elate and exalting 
 enthusiasm, hurried him on the paths of common life into excesses, dilapi¬ 
 dating the humble home and the proud householder. He first published his 
 poems—now in every peasant’s cottage throughout Scotland—in his 27th 
 year, and his fame was instantaneous. Later in life, the favour and patron¬ 
 age of the Scottish nobility and gentry were able to confer upon him a place 
 in the Excise, of no less than £70 a-year : in the discharge of which 
 distinguished public function, and in the enjoyment of which splendid public 
 remuneration—then his only certain support—the one-laurelled modern singer 
 of the time-honoured Scottish tongue sank, from his darkening noon, into 
 the grave. 
 
 [This Bust is by David Dunbar.] 
 
ENGLISH POETS. 
 
 183 
 
 411 . Samuel Rogers. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Newington Green, near London, 1762. Still living.] 
 
 A classic inheritance from tlie entombed past. The living poet who 
 carried his first production with a trembling hand to Dr. Johnson’s house in 
 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, and could not find heart to wait for an answer to his 
 summons ^hen he had knocked at the door ; who listened with delight and 
 instruction to the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds ; and who still remembers 
 and relates how, when his father took him to see Garrick act, he himself 
 punished his boyish impatience by closing his eyes for a moment, as the 
 great actor was coming on to the stage. It is nearly seventy years since 
 Samuel Rogers published his first poem, and he was then a man. He is the 
 Addison of verse. Grace, elegance, delicacy, softness, are the character¬ 
 istics of his poetry. He does not astonish by power, nor thrill by burning 
 passion ; but he soothes, gratifies, and charms all who are susceptible of 
 consolation and pleasure from polished and complete works of art. His taste 
 is refined and classical, and all his works have the finish which such taste will 
 require of the artist possessing it. The rhythm of his poetry partakes of the 
 character of the sentiment: all is chaste, smooth, refined, and clear. The 
 descriptions in “Italy ” of Italian life and scenery are very beautiful, and his 
 reflections are at all times pure and elevating. For so long a life, Mr. Rogers has 
 written very little ; but his works are gems, and have been heightened and 
 improved by labour until scrupulous thought can do for them nothing more. 
 All poets since the century began have acknowledged Rogers for a master ; 
 and his conscientiousness, purity, and refinement, fit him for a teacher. 
 He has outlived not only his illustrious contemporaries, but the great poets 
 who were unborn when he had reached his prime. The patriarch, in his 
 long protracted nightfall, still gladdens his memory with the visions of the 
 past, looking with placid hope towards his all but present future. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 412 . William Wordsworth. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Cockermouth, 1770. Died at Rydal Mount, 1850. Aged 80.] 
 
 The most original of the poetical thinkers whom his day gave to his 
 country. Her verse, notwithstanding one or two better voices up¬ 
 lifted, had too long and too patiently worn the character of an imitative 
 literature. He undertook the championship of a conflict, which was to 
 reseat legitimate powers on the throne. Born and bred in the northern, 
 mountain region of England, his first study of men was amongst the 
 simple-minded, vigorous, independent, and intelligent peasantry of the 
 dales. The earth, which his young feet explored, lay embosoming its 
 lakes, rearing crag and steep, as though yet freshly robed in loveliness, or 
 charged with power, by the Creator’s hand. His instinct already drew him, 
 even unconsciously, to gather, in that contemplation of Man and of Nature, and 
 not in books, the materials of his appointed Art. Solitary, self-communing, 
 self-sufficing, he soon stood in presence with an educated world, the prophet of 
 a new poetical revelation. He found, at the first encounter, a prophet’s reward— 
 belief in the few : from the multitude, mockery and persecution. He lived 
 long enough to be understood ; to see health and strength of his infusing 
 reanimate the too languid veins of our English poesy. An extreme trust 
 in the worth inhering in every phase of humanity may have sometimes 
 descended too low, in the choice of the theme ; an excessive zeal of simplicity 
 
184 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 may occasionally have stripped the style a little too bare. But his writings 
 remain distinguished, amongst the lays of his own just elapsed age, as the 
 most soothing and instructive to the heart of the reader; and for the 
 generations of poets, rising and to rise, the most warning and oracular. 
 His strains have been remarkably various in length and weight, in manner 
 and style. As a portrayer of human nature, he ranks amongst those who 
 have the most deeply and critically explored the workings of our mysterious 
 heart and intellectual being. His especial vocation amongst poets was, in 
 his own view, the disclosure of the affinities which attract, by feeling, the 
 human soul to the natural world : It supplying intellectual forms, and We, 
 passion—an intercourse, blending, if it may be so said, two lives into one. 
 He entered upon his work of reforming our poetical spirit, in two volumes 
 of Lyrical Ballads and Other Poems, in the years 1798 and 1807. His life 
 was one long day of brooding calm—his sunset, lucid and serene. 
 
 [Presented to the Crystal Palace by the sculptor, P. Thrupp, and modelled by 
 
 him from a cast after death by Chantrey.] 
 
 413 . Sib, Waltee Scott. Poet and Novelist. 
 
 [Born in Edinburgh, 1771. Died at Abbotsford, 1832. Aged 61.] 
 
 The great magician of the north, under whose fascinating spell millions in 
 all lands have been entranced and strengthened. His boyish eye fed on the 
 wild scenes of his native land, and on the mouldering wrecks—here and 
 there sadly gracing those scenes—of her former sterner, yet greater day. 
 His boyish heart was cradled in the music of her old wild songs, then 
 living, and in the rough and bold traditions of her strange and romantic 
 Past. The joy and the passion which were life to the boy, became power to 
 the man. With a wondrous dominion suddenly begun, yet prolonged whilst 
 he lived, he swayed and swept back the spirits of his generation on a torrent 
 of delight and desire, into forgotten times, alien to our manner of thinking and 
 of being. But the poet finds one heart of Man under all the shapes of human 
 existence : one universal spirit of human life. Transported by the poet, we 
 find ourselves everywhere with our kind. Reanimated by him, the worn-out 
 and the antiquated rise new-born and of our time. And Scott, in verse or in 
 prose, was a poet. The electric telegraph of the press carried his writings, as 
 they left his desk, over the globe. The excellent French historian, Augustin 
 Thierry, says that the romances of Scott, by their vivid and vital representa¬ 
 tions of the past, have reformed the style and study of history on the 
 continent, urging and guiding the historian, instead of chronicling dry facts, 
 to throw himself with a thirsty inspiration into the bosom of the mighty 
 departed time. A Scottish traveller in Spanish California told, that a 
 Spanish monk had there shown him his copy of “ Ivanhoe,” and said 
 “Next after my Bible.” We remember with pain that Scott, to whom the 
 world stands so largely indebted for some of its purest delights, fell into 
 trouble and difficulty, and snapped his brain in his noble and manly struggle 
 for escape. The spot of Scotland which the toil of his genius had won him, 
 for rooting his family on, when torn from both him and them by a blast of ill- 
 fortune, was redeemed to them by the reverent affection of his country— 
 made theirs by a public act which tied even every “book of his curious 
 learning” to its place on his shelves, in perpetuity. There his favourite 
 daughter’s daughter and her children now prolong, if not his illustrious 
 name, his honoured line. 
 
 [By F. Chantrey.] 
 
ENGLISH POETS. 
 
 185 
 
 414. Robert Sotjthet. Poet Laureate. 
 
 [Born at Bristol, 1774. Died at Keswick, in Cumberland, 1843. Aged 69. J 
 An author who has earned imperishable renown in his own country, *for 
 the dignity with which he upheld the literary character, for his virtuous 
 mind, for his patient, honest industry, and for his masculine prose writings. 
 His poetical compositions—with the exception of the minor poems—are too 
 laboured and too long, are too deliberately planned, and not sufficiently 
 impassioned to be immortal; but they contain, nevertheless, many fine de¬ 
 scriptive passages, abounding in strength and beauty : the subjects are 
 chosen, and treated, with bold and free imagination. Southey read too 
 much, and reflected too little ; he was an insatiable devourer of books, and 
 almost a prisoner to his study ; hence he imbibed prejudices, and narrowed 
 his intellectual sympathies : but his heart was of the soundest, and his feel¬ 
 ings of the freshest. In the distribution of his hours he was most methodical. 
 He had a surprising memory, a yearning towards the romantic in his literary 
 pursuits, and an insuppressible vein of humour. He lived and died, com¬ 
 paratively poor, and he was always a day labourer. Yet he had ever a ready 
 ear for the tale of distress, and an open hand for all who needed its grasp in 
 the difficult journey of life. He never murmured at his own inevitable yoke, 
 and he had self-command enough to refuse a baronetcy, when, towards the 
 close of his career, he was offered the honour by the Minister of the day. It 
 is sad to think that the mind of Southey gave way in the decline of life. 
 When he could read no longer, ho walked to his bookshelves with a vacant 
 soul, and opened the volumes only to look at them, without being able to 
 derive the least consolation from their pages. He died honoured, and literary 
 men in England are proud to acknowledge, in him, one of the worthiest of 
 their order. 
 
 [This is a posthumous Bust, by E. H. Baily, R.A., from the marble which forms 
 a portion of the monument erected to the poet’s memory in Bristol. It was 
 carved in 1847.] 
 
 415. Thomas Campbell. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Glasgow, 1777. Died at Boulogne, 1844. Aged 67.] 
 
 The poetical career of Thomas Campbell began when he was twenty years 
 old, and was completed before he was thirty-three. He wrote nothing sub¬ 
 sequently to this age worthy of his fame. His earliest work, the ‘ ‘ Pleasures 
 of Hope,” composed in youth, at once established his claim to be ranked 
 amongst the foremost poets of his time. It brimmed with promise ; and not 
 the least singular circumstance in connexion with Thomas Campbell’s life 
 is, that the excessive expectation raised by his first appeal was never satisfac¬ 
 torily fulfilled. The poetic faculty burned in the ‘ ‘ Pleasures of Hope,” which 
 was full of melody, pathos, animated description, and impassioned sentiment. 
 All needful ardour was there. There were also to be noted the faults of a 
 youthful pen—redundancy of diction and incorrectness. Ten years after the 
 “ Pleasures of Hope” he published “ Gertrude of Wyoming.” The impul¬ 
 sive quality was already subdued by elaborate art; and although extreme 
 beauty and tenderness were here and there in the poem, correctness was still 
 wanting. Your spirit was entranced with verses, than which, in the 
 English language, you could find none better, simpler, and sweeter. Yet 
 for one such verse that was borne away from “ Gertrude of Wyoming” a 
 hundred were forgotten which were not its peers. Campbell had momentary, 
 true, intense conceptions, and fineness of fancy ; he exhibited felicities of 
 
186 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 thought and expression that fastened instantly on every memory ; his, too, 
 was an ear of poetical sensibility to the music of language ; but woe to the 
 verse if his poetic utterance came not of an inspiration—by a seizing theme. 
 “Ye Mariners of England,” “The Soldier’s Dream,” “The Battle of 
 Hohenlinden, ” constituted such themes, and these small poems of Campbell 
 are consequently abiding treasures in the literature of the nation. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. Executed in 1827.] 
 
 416 . Thomas Mooee. Poet. 
 
 [Born at Dublin, 1780. Died in Wiltshire, 1852. Aged 72.] 
 
 A poet of exuberant fancy, revelling in lavish ornament and gorgeous 
 painting, and giving utterance to the most ingenious creations, in language of 
 ineffable, and, occasionally, overpowering sweetness. A writer of inimitable 
 Irish ballads, which are now plaintive, now joyous, now pathetic, now fervid, 
 now tender, now fierce, now melting, now heroic; but always matchless by the 
 graceful flow of the verse, and the prompt springing of the happiest illustration. 
 Also the author of satires, brilliant and cutting, but rather the outpourings 
 of a generous fancy, delighting in its own exquisite self-conscious faculty 
 of mischief, than the malicious and bitter expression of a vexed and disap¬ 
 pointed mind. Melody and joyance are careering in almost every syllable 
 that he wrote. He was a passionate lover of music, and when he sang his 
 own ballads, the effect upon his listeners was electrical. His most celebrated 
 poetical composition is “Lalla Rookh,” an Eastern romance, which he wrote 
 “ amidst the snows of two or three Derbyshire winters.” His best prose 
 work, “ The Epicurean,” is a masterly performance, redolent of the perfume 
 which breathes through his verse, and elevated by a high moral aim. When 
 Thomas Moore died, the impression left of the man upon the public mind 
 was stamped there by his jocund muse—a feeling of tenderness and love was 
 associated with the pleasant memory of “Little Tommy Moore.” Since his 
 death his memoirs and his diary have been published, and the impression 
 has grown dimmer and dimmer in consequence. As a man, Thomas Moore, 
 the poet, appears to have been hardly more heroic than the most prosaic of 
 his kind. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. Executed in 1838, for the late Edward Moore, of 
 Mayfair. 
 
 417 . John Wilson. Poet and Professor. 
 
 [Born at Paisley, 1785. Died in Edinburgh, 1854. Aged 69.] 
 
 The son of a Paisley manufacturer. Educated at Glasgow and Oxford. 
 Like the youth of ancient Greece, he delighted equally in the sports of the 
 arena, and in the wisdom of the porch. At Oxford, the first wrestler of his 
 time, and the gainer of the Newdegate prize for the best poem. His genius 
 as passionate as his frame was overflowing with the sap of animal life. 
 Endowed with a lofty and glowing imagination, and with great critical 
 powers, improved by knowledge. A lover of learning for the joy it brings, 
 and a hearty sympathizer with the glorious labours of the great makers of 
 prose and verse, whether in ancient or modern time. He himself excelled 
 as a worker in more than one of the paths of literature. His poetry is 
 remarkable for the beauty of its imagery, for its rich fancy, and for the 
 flow of the verse ; his criticisms exhibit a profound knowledge of the true 
 principles of taste, are eloquent, and full of generous sentiment; his prose 
 tales of fiction have deep pathos, and reveal intimate acquaintance with the 
 
ENGLISH POETS. 
 
 187 
 
 human heart. As an orator, John Wilson might have vied with the most 
 eloquent of his contemporaries had he chosen to compete with them in their 
 own peculiar field ; as a writer upon the manly sports which he so ardently 
 loved, he is unequalled. His very corporeal substance seems heaving with joy 
 and physical happiness, as we follow his vigorous, picturesque, and elated pen, 
 amongst the lochs of Scotland, or the lakes of Cumberland. Wilson wrote with 
 the zeal of a strong partizan in politics. He would be one, and could not. His 
 large and universal heart never entertained what are called political antipa¬ 
 thies. His Toryism was his strong and hearty nature bubbling up and venting 
 itself in loyalty, chivalry, and affectionate duty. To say that he was opposed 
 to Liberty and Right, is to assert a monstrous paradox. He was the very 
 incarnation of liberty, and his giant soul shrunk from wrong, by natural 
 action. In 1818, Wilson was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in 
 the University of Edinburgh. The bust bespeaks the man. It looks like 
 Jupiter. We cannot gaze upon a more magnificent head. 
 
 [This striking and characteristic work is by the late James Fillous of Glasgow, 
 a fellow townsman of Professor Wilson. It was executed in marble for the 
 Public Reading Room at Paisley.] 
 
 418. George Noel Gordon, Lord Byron. Poet. 
 
 [Born in London, 1788. Died at Missolonghi, in Greece, 1824. Aged 36.] 
 
 Assuredly, the most popular, if not the greatest poet of our times. But, 
 the popularity by no means proof of the greatness. He was an object*of 
 interest on account of his birth, his youth, his misfortunes, his constant prac¬ 
 tice of associating with poetry his personal and daily history, his strongly 
 imagined injuries, his feverish complaints. A vigorous painter of portraits 
 —that is to say, of two, for he took delight only in the hero of gloomy passion, 
 and in the heroine of soft voluptuous beauty—all his pictures more or 
 less reflecting his own nature, and the nature of woman as it appeared to 
 his refined sensuality. Byron has described with ineffable grandeur natural 
 scenery, and has kindled the spirits of men with enthusiasm for the ancient 
 glory ; but we find no solace in his companionship, although he takes us 
 to streams and mountains visited by the gods. His own distempered image is 
 too visibly stamped on every scene. Byron affected to be a misanthrope; 
 yet he cherished the good opinion of men, and shrunk from their adverse 
 criticism. He pretended that he was isolated from the world ; yet his 
 name and fame were upon every lip. What will last in the poetry of Byron 
 are the verses uttered in moments of self-oblivion. Keats complained 
 that Byron made solemn things gay, and gay things solemn. This 
 was a great wrong, and is hardly repaired by the tenderness, pathos, 
 sentiment, and passion, that start from his poetry to go straight to 
 the heart. It was the misfortune of Byron to be sent into the world 
 without discipline or training of any kind. Had he been fairly dealt with 
 in his childhood and youth, his life might have been happier—its course more 
 equable. As it was, his genius was enslaved and wronged, his career was 
 violent and erratic, his whole nature warped, and his poetry, instead of being 
 a well-trimmed garden of beauty, had its choicest flowers entangled and 
 half hidden in unwholesome, gaudy weeds. 
 
 [By Thorwaldsen, but not from the life.] 
 
 418a. George Noel Gordon, Lord Byron. Poet. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. Modelled from authentic portraits.] 
 
188 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 419. Douglas Jerrold. Writer. 
 
 [Born in London, 1803. Still living.] 
 
 Before lie was eleven years old, he went as midshipman to sea. Returned 
 to London after two years’ service, and in his boyhood took to writing 
 dramas for minor theatres. In later life he has produced dramatic works 
 of a higher kind—his comedies being remarkable for epigrammatic wit, and 
 sparkling dialogue. His prose writings, generally’, are characterized by 
 trenchant sarcasm, by a vigorous Saxon style, by earnestness of will, 
 and by an unflinching advocacy of liberal principles. Douglas Jerrold has been 
 charged with bitterness of spirit, and a malicious desire to set the poor 
 against the rich. The charge rests upon no good foundation. He revolts 
 from injustice and oppression; he feels acutely their effects upon all who 
 come within their operation; and his views are invariably expressed with 
 all the intensity of his genuine convictions. His pen has been always at the 
 service of humanity ; and his heart is as sound as his language is plain, 
 direct, and unequivocal. 
 
 [Executed in marble, 1852, by E. H. Baily, R.A.] 
 
 419*. Henry Taylor. Poet. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Known to literature as the author of “Philip Yan Artevelde,” a drama for 
 the study, not for the stage. This dramatic poem is admirably finished, and 
 contains many beautiful images, and passages of undoubted vigour. But the 
 polish is too evident, the labour expended too much on the surface. There is 
 nothing in the work to offend ; nothing to take by surprise ; nothing that 
 stirs the human heart to its depths. The author shall defy you to point out 
 the blemishes of genius on his pages. You may equally challenge him to 
 produce evidence of the power of genius. In “Philip Yan Artevelde” we 
 are ever within sight of the domain in which the great dramatists reign 
 supreme, but never in the domain itself. It is all but a great work. It 
 seems as if only fire were wanting at the poet’s heart to convey us at once 
 from the region of great talent to the higher sphere of undoubted inspiration. 
 But the needed warmth comes not. 
 
 [By Macdonald, of Rome.] 
 
 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS. 
 
 420. Francis Bacon. Chancellor of England , and Founder of the 
 Inductive Philosophy. 
 
 [Born in London, 1561. Died 1626. Aged 65.] 
 
 The son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen 
 Elizabeth. Francis was yet a boy when he evinced so keen and lively an 
 intellect, that Elizabeth was wont to call him her young Lord Keeper. He 
 rose to the highest distinction in the state, becoming Lord Chancellor of 
 England. He was removed from his eminence, because he had sullied it by 
 accepting bribes. He lived ostentatiously, and died leaving many debts. 
 His name is one of the greatest this country boasts. He is the father 
 of the modern Philosophy. Standing between two intellectual eras, he 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 189 
 
 surveyed the past, and predicted the future, of human inquiry. Reverting his 
 eye, he saw that the most acute and powerful intellects had, age after age, 
 wasted their strength in investigating physical phenomena, without fruit 
 either of great ascertained truths, or*of service won from their speculations to 
 human uses. Neither zeal nor ability had been wanting. He inferred that 
 the method of those elder philosophers was in fault. Impatient and 
 arrogant, they presumed, upon the first strong impressions caught from 
 the contemplation of Nature, oracularly to divine her universal laws. 
 From these laws, affirmed not established, they proceeded to solve, as 
 best they could, all further phenomena : for, within these false and hasty 
 conclusions once recognised, Reason lay thenceforward imprisoned. Lord 
 Bacon said : “ Have patience. Wait upon Nature. Observe indefatigably. 
 Accumulate, without ceasing, records of the appearances. Verify experiment 
 by experiment. Set instance beside instance, without sparing, but not with¬ 
 out choosing. Ultimately the law will stand revealed.” What has happened ? 
 Immense and ever-advancing discovery — science created upon science— 
 observers, without number, conspiring in the most disjoined parts of the 
 civilized world to solve the same philosophical problems—Nature every day 
 more and more yielding to man the service of her powers—and the wisdom 
 of her Author every day more and more discerned in His works—these are 
 the results which honour the school of Bacon. 
 
 [From the monument at St. Albans.] 
 
 421. Hijmpheey Chetham. “ Dealer in Manchester Commodities.” 
 
 [Born 1580. Died 1653. Aged 73.] 
 
 An early and generous benefactor to the city of Manchester. One of Fuller’s 
 “Worthies of England.” He made a large fortune by sending Manchester 
 commodities up to London ; and during his life-time he invested his gains 
 in the education of twenty-two poor boys. At his death he left money 
 enough to provide for the suitable education of forty boys ; and he also 
 bequeathed £1000 for the purchase of books for a general library, as well as 
 £100 for the erection of a building to receive them. At the present hour 
 100 boys are educated, maintained, and clothed, by the munificence of 
 Humphrey Chetham, and more than 23,000 volumes are open to all who 
 desire to improve themselves by reading. The statue of which the one in 
 the Crystal Palace is a cast, has been recently raised to the memory of this 
 pious and benevolent man, by one who, in early life, partook of Humphrey 
 Chetham’s bounty. The name of the grateful recipient is unknown ; but 
 he need not blush to make it public. The statue may be seen in Manchester 
 Cathedral—a monument of affectionate reverence and gratitude, as well as 
 of Christian well-doing. 
 
 [For an account of this statue, see Handbook to Modern Sculpture, No. 62.] 
 
 422. John Locke. Philosopher. 
 
 [Bom in Somersetshire, 1632. Died at Oates, in Essex, 1704. Aged 72.] 
 
 A stem intellect with a pious and gentle heart. Of a good family. He 
 studied for medicine ; but his delicate health prevented his engaging in the 
 profession. The study was apparently turned to higher account in settling 
 his contemplation on the real and the useful. He ranks amongst English 
 philosophers ns the one who first, by his writings, impressed the fact that 
 the Mind of Man lies before us, if we can attend, as much a subject for 
 
190 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 observation and for the investigation of laws, as the outwardly sensible world. 
 The impulse given by his teaching to the educated mind of the country 
 was strong and lasting. His successors have introduced, as might 
 be expected,, more method and precision into this region of speculation. 
 They have confirmed, enriched, and extended the science, although yet 
 far from having attained that luminous certainty, and that wealth 
 of profitable results, which wonderfully reward the inquirers into the physical 
 order of Nature. Besides his “Essay on the Human Understanding” 
 —for which Locke is called the founder, in England, of modern metaphysical 
 inquiry-—he stood up in other works also, as the champion of intellectual 
 liberty, vindicating the rights of Reason in politics and in religion. In the 
 study of the Mind, “he broke the fetters of the schools,” as Bacon had done 
 for physical science. Locke was the friend of Newton. 
 
 [By Riesback.] 
 
 423. Sir Isaac Newtor. Astronomer and Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, 1642. Died in London, 1127. Aged 85.] 
 This illustrious man was educated at Grantham, and entered Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, in the year 1660. Before he had reached his twenty- 
 third year, he had already made various important discoveries in pure 
 mathematics ; amongst others, the celebrated “Binomial Theorem,” familiar 
 to every tyro, and that most refined and powerful instrument of scientific 
 investigation, the ‘ 1 Method of Fluxions, ” which, a few years later, was 
 independently discovered by the famous Leibnitz, and given to the world 
 in the form now universally known as the “Differential Calculus.” New¬ 
 ton was still young when the fall of an apple gave birth in his mind to 
 the first germ of “the Law of Gravitation,” which, some years later, he so 
 beautifully and wonderfully developed. In 1666—his age twenty-four—he 
 began those experiments with the prism which quickly led him to 11 The 
 Decomposition of Light,” and to other optical discoveries, unfolded in the 
 lectures delivered by him at Cambridge, as the successor of Barrow, from 
 the year 1669. In his thirtieth year, he was elected a fellow of the Royal 
 Society ; in 1703, its President; and he was re-elected to this distinguished 
 post year after year, for twenty-five years. His great work, ‘ ‘ Philosophise 
 Naturalis Principia Mathematica,” appeared complete in 1687. It has 
 excited the astonishment and profound admiration of the greatest philo¬ 
 sophers in all nations, from that time to the present; and no wonder, since, 
 in some respects, this grand production might almost seem to have resulted 
 from actual inspiration, and not from the mere day labour of an unassisted 
 human intellect. The mighty teacher was the originator of views and 
 theories, upon which the ablest philosophical minds of the last century 
 and of the present have built their most renowned achievements, yet we 
 are most admonished by his humility, his religion, and his calm. Newton was 
 member of Parliament for Cambridge. He was also master of the Mint. 
 Honour was shown to him living aAd dead. George I. ordered that his 
 body should, after lying in state, be buried in Westminster Abbey. What 
 luminary is without its dark spot ? Leibnitz and Newton were the two greatest 
 men of their age, yet a bitter and lasting quarrel between them is recorded, 
 for our solemn instruction. It remains to state that the year in which 
 Galileo died, Newton was born. No interval was suffered between the 
 extinction of the one essential light and the kindling of the other. 
 
 [By Roubilliao.] 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 191 
 
 424. Benjamin Franklin. Statesman and Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Boston, in America, 1706. Died at Philadelphia, in America, 1790. 
 
 Aged 84.] 
 
 “Franklin” is another word for usefulness, self-denial, frugality, perse¬ 
 verance, and independence. A poor printer’s boy, who, by his own unaided 
 powers raised himself from the lowest place of society to the highest, and 
 contributed alike to the advancement of science, and to the independence of 
 one of the finest countries of the earth. His discovery of the identity of 
 lightning and electricity, and the invention of the lightning-rod; the expla¬ 
 nation of the aurora borealis and thunder-gusts upon electrical principles, 
 are triumphs of the philosopher. His ardent support of the new Re¬ 
 public, his activity, judgment, and resources, speak for the statesman and 
 the lover of liberty. His language unadorned, but ever pure and expres¬ 
 sive ; his reasoning manly and cogent, and so concise that he never exceeded 
 a quarter of an hour in any public address. His correspondence a model of 
 clearness and compendious brevity. Scrupulously punctual in all his dealings. 
 An exemplar of economy, and regularity. His life, one of the most 
 instructive and encouraging studies for youth, since it exhibits the sufferings, 
 the trials, the power, and the victory of self-command, temperance and 
 industry, and the reward of genius overcoming all the difficulties of fortune. 
 
 [By Houdon.] 
 
 424a. Benjamin Franklin. Statesman and Philosopher. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 425. Samuel Johnson. Writer and Moralist. 
 
 [Born at Lichfield, 1709. Died in London, 1784. Aged 75.] 
 
 The son of a bookseller in Lichfield. Educated at Oxford, but compelled 
 to leave the University without a degree, in consequence of the misfortunes 
 of his father. Then an usher,—and then, marrying,—the proprietor of a 
 private academy in his native city. He had only three pupils, but one of 
 them was David Garrick. Master and pupil went up together to London in 
 search of fortune. Both found what they sought—the pupil suddenly and 
 brilliantly; the master, after trial, privation, and suffering. In 1738, Johnson 
 published his first poem, “ London.” Twelve years later, he came forth as 
 an essayist in the “Rambler.” In 1755, appeared his “Dictionary of the 
 English Language,” a seven years’ labour ; and in 1781, “The Lives of the 
 Poets.” In 1762, a pension of £300 a-year was settled upon him by King 
 George III. The tradition of Johnson in society is of a literary and moral 
 dictator—a character which, as far as he was concerned, implied much 
 rather the depth of conviction with which he championed great interests, than 
 the pride of self-conscious intellect, the taste for conflict, or the thirst of rule ; 
 and which the listeners conceded yet more in reverence for the personal 
 worth of the man, than in submission to his intellectual superiority. He is 
 one of the manliest and most robust minds in our letters. From moral sense 
 and religion, from deep natural concern, his giant will was devoted to the great 
 interests of mankind. He felt in himself a vocation to sustain these interests, 
 and he was the sturdiest of combatants in the prosecution of his moral crusade. 
 His style is stately, nervous, Latin, original, singularly suited to his mind, 
 which gave a direction to contemporary minds, and largely fashioned the litera¬ 
 ture of his time. The prime characteristic of his writings is unquestionably 
 strong, solid sense, mixed it may be with onesidedness, but bright with acute 
 
192 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 reflection. Johnson’s exterior was unwieldy, his manners were not polished, 
 hut a tenderer heart never heat than his own. He could utter a withering 
 epigram. He never committed a deliberately unkind act. His house was a 
 hospital for the sick and distressed ; he could not walk the streets without 
 emptying his pockets into the hands of beggars, and his great heart melted 
 under a tale of sorrow and injustice. He had strong prejudices, and although 
 sincerely pious, was superstitious. He loved to speak in aphorisms, and we 
 still quote his sayings, as attributing to him something of the dignity and 
 weight of an oracle. His life influenced his age. After his death he still 
 exercises his influence, for he has given occasion to the most perfect and 
 amusing biography in the language. 
 
 425a. Samuel Johnson. Writer and Moralist . 
 
 [This statue, by J. Bacon, R. A., is at the South End of the Nave, on the East 
 Side; for account of which, see Handbook to Modern Sculpture.] 
 
 426. Adam Smith. Philosopher and Political Economist. 
 
 [Born at Kirkaldy, in Scotland, 1123. Died, in Edinburgh, 1790. Aged 67.] 
 
 This great master in the science of political economy was the son of an 
 Officer of Customs, and studied first in Glasgow, afterwards at Oxford. 
 He had feeble health, and was of studious habits. In 1748, a lecturer, in 
 Edinburgh, upon Rhetoric and the Belles-Lettres ; and in 1751, appointed 
 Professor, first of Logic, and then of Moral Philosophy, in the University of Glas¬ 
 gow. At this period of his life he published his “Theory of the Moral Sen¬ 
 timents,” a work in which he regards Sympathy as the foundation of 
 all morals. In 1763, resigning his Professorship, he became tutor to 
 the young Duke of Buccleuch, with whom he travelled on the continent 
 for several years. He subsequently retired to his native village, where 
 he passed ten years of his life in close obscurity, study, and fruitful 
 meditation. In 1776, he issued from his cell to pour light for ever 
 into the busy world. In that year was published his memorable 
 “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.” 
 This monument of industry, observation, sagacity, learning, and acuteness, 
 continues the one great hand-book of political economists. The leading 
 points which Adam Smith laboured to urge in his “Inquiry” are—That 
 labour is the only source of the wealth of nations ; that wealth does not 
 consist in the abundance of gold and silver, but in the abundance of the 
 necessities, conveniences, and enjoyments of life ; that it is sound policy to 
 leave individuals to pursue their own interest in their own way, and that 
 every regulation intended to force industry into particular channels, is 
 impolitic and pernicious. The justice of these axioms has, after years of 
 argument, denial, and resistance, received general acknowledgment in 
 England ; and Adam Smith is the author of one revolution in the world’s 
 progress, and a benefactor of his kind. His reasoning is not always sound; 
 but the base of his fabric is unassailable, and the illustration which con¬ 
 stitutes its ornament, is amongst the happiest ever employed to give life and 
 light to a solid structure. Adam Smith is the great practical philosopher 
 of an age and a people, craving for his philosophy more than for any other, 
 yet wanting, most of all, the philosophy which shows the soul of a man as 
 the most precious of all his estates, and teaches him the husbandry of it. 
 He died, having won a competence, and fulfilling a government appointment. 
 
 [This plaster cast was formerly in the collection of Sir Thomas Lawrence.] 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 193 
 
 427 . John Htjnter. Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist. 
 
 [Born in Scotland, 1728. Died in London, 1793. Aged 65.] 
 
 When John Hunter was twenty years old, he could scarcely read or write ; 
 but he could make chairs and tables. At the time of his death, forty-five 
 years afterwards, he was the first anatomist in the country; and he left 
 behind him a museum—the work of his own rare intelligence and industry— 
 which the government purchased forthe sum of £15,000, and conferred upon the 
 Royal College of Surgeons. Hunter came to London, from his carpenter’s shop 
 in Scotland, in order to serve as anatomical assistant to his brother William, 
 who had already established a reputation as an anatomist, and was doing 
 well. In a few months John had made sufficient advance to be able to give 
 instruction in the dissecting-room. He then studied on his own account, went to 
 Oxford, and became a surgeon. Intense application, profound observation, 
 ceaseless experiments, and masterly skill and judgment, enabled him in time 
 considerably to enlarge the knowledge of surgery, and to make valuable 
 discoveries in connexion with his favourite science of comparative anatomy. 
 He was, for England, the first great leader in the Science of animal life. 
 He was a bold and clever operator ; he wrote several professional treatises ; 
 and, besides being Surgeon Extraordinary to the King, he held the offices of 
 Inspector-General of Hospitals, and Surgeon-General. His name is honoured 
 in the profession to which he belongs, and he is justly regarded as the great 
 and worthy guide and pioneer of all the seekers and successful discoverers, 
 who since his time have explored uhe same paths. 
 
 [By Flaxman.] 
 
 428 . James Watt. Improver of the Steam-Engine. 
 
 [Born at Greenock, 1736. Died 1819. Aged 83.] 
 
 It has been said that the genius of Watt, as displayed in his mechanical 
 inventions, has contributed more to show the practical utility of the 
 sciences, to extend the power of man over the material world, to multiply 
 and expand the conveniences of life, than the works of any other individual 
 in modern times. His was a rare mechanical genius. It had been nurtured 
 from his infancy at home; where he lived, as a boy, in solitary retii’ement, 
 cultivating observation and reflexion, and kept apart from other boys by 
 weak bodily health. It may be affirmed that his whole life was one long 
 day’s labour, for his enlightened industry never ceased. When a mere child, 
 he would take to pieces and reconstruct every toy that came in his way. 
 At nineteen he went to London, and placed himself with a maker of mathe¬ 
 matical instruments there, making delicate instruments for his employer with 
 his own hands. “With those same hands,” says M. Arago, a little fanci¬ 
 fully, since the head now took the place of the hands, “he after¬ 
 wards constructed those colossal machines which in Cornwall, and 
 on the ocean, perform the service of millions of horses.” But the improve¬ 
 ment of the steam-engine, until it attained its highest point of perfection, 
 is not Watt’s sole claim to the title of a discoverer. Without knowing a 
 note of music, he constructed an organ, and in a great measure solved the 
 problem of temperament. He invented the press for copying letters ; he 
 introduced the process of bleaching by the aid of chlorine ; he explained 
 the composition of water, and the art of warming by steam. The extent, variety, 
 and accuracy of Watt’s knowledge were amazing. No subject seemed foreign 
 to him, and upon every subject he spoke as if that alone had all his life 
 
 o 
 
194 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 engaged his attention. Sir Humphrey Davy declared that Watt stood upon 
 a higher elevation than Archimedes. Great as were his powers, he was a 
 man of child-like candour, and of the greatest simplicity. 
 
 [By Flaxroan.] 
 
 429. Sir James Mackintosh. Historian and Metaphysician. 
 
 [Born in Scotland, 1165. Died, 1832. Aged 67.] 
 
 A strong and shrewd intellect : determined by native impulse and aptness 
 to the metaphysical speculations, which, in the country where he was 
 born, make regularly an important part of a liberal education. He sought 
 and maintained the character of a dispassionate inquirer, reading extensively 
 and carefully weighing conflicting opinions. More a student than a man 
 of action ; yet, even in study, his energies clogged by a natural indolence. 
 Mackintosh, though descended from Jacobites, was a Whig. In 1791, he 
 wrote a defence of the French Revolution, in answer to Burke ; but, in less 
 than four years, confessed that bitter experience had overthrown his generous 
 argument. Adopting the law as a profession, he received promotion in 
 India at the hands of his political allies. After seven years’ service, entered 
 Parliament. He wrote an admirable “Dissertation on the Progress of 
 Ethical Philosophy” for the “Encyclopaedia Britannica,” and he was 
 engaged on a “History of the Revolution of 1688,” when he died. A man 
 of great learning, philosophical clearness, and fine perception. Yet his works 
 lack method and elegance, and fail, from the absence of these' qualities, to 
 do justice to the intellect that fashioned them. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. Executed in 1829 for Lord Nugent.] 
 
 430 . Francis Jeffrey. Critic and JEssayist. 
 
 [Born at Edinburgh, 1773. Died, 1850. Aged 77.] 
 
 One of the founders, and for many years the editor, of the “Edinburgh 
 Review,” — a publication which he enriched by his essays on poetry and 
 general literature. He had an acute, ingenious, and spirited intellect, a 
 sensibility of taste, and a constant flow and vivacity of style ; but his appre¬ 
 hensions in literature and the arts, were rather trained and authorized than 
 free and original. He had a leaning, scarcely a special gift, to speculate 
 on the questions of the Mind—questions early and familiarly brought before 
 him, as rife in the Scottish school in which he was educated. The influence 
 of Jeffrey upon literature and public opinion, during his life-time, was very 
 great—partly from the character of the Review which he governed, partly 
 from the independence, brilliancy, and ability with which he maintained his 
 principles of taste. Many of his criticisms contain the soundest views, and 
 are eloquently written : others have been signally refuted by time and the 
 public verdict; and their style is defaced by wanton and unjustifiable 
 flippancy of language. Jeffrey studied for the law, and, being always 
 a liberal in politics, was promoted by his Whig friends to the Scottish bench. 
 With the reputation of a brilliant and ingeniously argumentative speaker, 
 he disappointed, in the House of Commons, the general expectation. He was 
 esteemed a very kind and friendly feeling man. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. Executed in 1846.] 
 
 431 . Francis Baily. Astronomer. 
 
 [Born at Newbury, 1774. Died 1844. Aged 70.] 
 
 Originally a stockbroker. One of the founders of the Astronomical 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 195 
 
 Society, and for many years its President. Also Fellow and Vice-President of 
 the Royal Society. Author of many astronomical works ; amongst others, 
 of a volume detailing the repetition of the Cavendish experiment for the 
 determination of the earth’s density. 
 
 [Executed in marble, by E. H. Baily, R. A. Posthumous. 1848.] 
 
 432 . William Yarrell. Naturalist. 
 
 [Born in London, 1784. Still living.] 
 
 The author of “A History of British Birds,” and of various papers on 
 subjects connected with natural history. Is treasurer to the Linnsean Society 
 of London. 
 
 [By Henry Weigall.J 
 
 433 . George Stephenson. Engineer. 
 
 [Born 1781. Died 1848. Aged 67.] 
 
 A sturdy plant of English growth. A working mind horn ripe for its 
 time. An uncultivated power endowed with immeasurable capability. 
 The story of George Stephenson reads well for his country, well for himself, 
 well for the high faculties which Providence has given to man, irrespectively 
 of birth, station, education, or any accidental condition. His parentage 
 was of the poorest. He could not have begun his race at a more distant 
 point from the goal of fortune. He did not even start with his fellows in 
 open day, under the bright sun, on the earth’s surface. He was a pit-engine 
 boy, and his pay was twopence a day. It was a great rise for him when he 
 was made stoker, and he was on the high road to prosperity when he found 
 himself breaksman. Promoted to the office of engineman, he declared that 
 he was “now a man for life.” He first made known his mechanical genius 
 in the service of Lord Ravensworth, when he repaired and improved, as an 
 amateur, a condensing pump-engine, which had baffled the skill of some 
 professional engineers. Having been, for a time, occupied in laying down 
 some unimportant lines of rail, he went to Liverpool to plan a line of railway 
 between that city and Manchester. He held out great inducements to enter- 
 prize, and made unheard-of prophecies of success. He even undertook that a 
 locomotive should accomplish ten miles of distance in every hour. We must 
 not be surprised that the people called him “mad” for proffering the 
 assurance. Similar madmen had preceded him,—Columbus, Galileo,—the 
 inventor of gas, the discoverer of vaccination and others. The line, as we 
 know, was made, —the experiment tried. Stephenson was right, a locomotive 
 can travel at the rate of ten miles an horn-. The rise of Stephenson was 
 now rapid as the strides of his own locomotives. He took the lead at once 
 in railway engineering ; became a great locomotive manufacturer, an exten¬ 
 sive railway contractor, a large owner of collieries and iron-works, and a 
 man of mark in the nation. Our railway system is the result of the multi¬ 
 form operations of his strong practical mind. Stephenson disputed with 
 Sir Humphry Davy the invention of the safety lamp. Other claimants are 
 in the field. We shall never know the discoverer, any more than we 
 shall learn the birth-place of Homer ; and George Stephenson may spare the 
 extra laurel from his iron crown. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore, 1831. Executed for Robert Stephenson, Esq.] 
 
 0 2 
 
196 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 434 . William Fairs airy. Millwright and Engineer. 
 
 [Bom at Kelso, on the Tweed, 1189. Still living.] 
 
 This eminent engineer settled as a millwright in Manchester, in 1815, and 
 distinguished himself at once by his practical improvements in the construc¬ 
 tion of mills and workshops. To his early efforts, in the science of mill 
 architecture, may be traced much of the improved taste now displayed by 
 mill-owners in the manufacturing districts. His latest achievement in this 
 direction is the magnificent structure at Saltaire, near Bradford, York¬ 
 shire. He was an early builder of iron ships in Manchester, Hull, and 
 London. His experiments, designs, and superintendence, were available in 
 the construction of the Conway and Britannia Tubular Bridges. Mr. Fair- 
 bairn, besides his title to respect as a mechanical engineer, and a great 
 improver in the specific sciences to which he has devoted his life, is a 
 contributor of much valuable knowledge through the medium of the press. 
 He is the architect of his own fortunes, and is remarkable, in an age 
 of remarkable engineers, for his great energy, skill, taste, and discrimination. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 135 . Sir John Herschell. Astronomer. 
 
 [Born 3190. Still living, j 
 
 The worthy son of a celebrated sire. Educated at Cambridge, where he 
 easily distanced all who competed with him for* the honours of that seat of 
 learning. Like his father, Sir John has devoted himself mainly to astro¬ 
 nomical pursuits ; but he has penetrated with ardour into every field of 
 science, and illuminated by his genius all the ground he has trodden. He is 
 a consummate mathematician, an accomplished chemist, a profound philo¬ 
 sopher, a master of his native language, and of style. In 1834, he proceeded 
 to the Cape of Good Hope, for the purpose of making observations in the 
 southern celestial hemisphere, and continued there for the space of four 
 years. His “Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,” 
 is amongst the most beautiful, eloquent, and useful of modern publications. 
 His treatises on Sound and Light show a profound application of the highest 
 order of mathematics to physical subjects of the most subtle, delicate and 
 ethereal character. Herschell, more than any other man of this day, has con¬ 
 tributed to uphold and increase England’s scientific renown ; his learning 
 and accomplishments are universal, and his constant zeal in the diffusion of 
 knowledge amopgst all classes,—amongst the very humblest as well as the 
 very highest,—constitutes a right to our gratitude and respect equal to that 
 established by his philosophic labours and infinite acquirements. Sir 
 John Herschell is Master of the Mint. Sir Isaac Newton held the post 
 before him. 
 
 [From the marble by E. H. Baily, R.A. 1848.] 
 
 436 . Michael Faraday. Natural Philosopher. 
 
 [Born 1794. Still living.] 
 
 This illustrious scientific man is the son of a poor blacksmith, and was in 
 early life apprenticed to a bookbinder, at which craft he worked until his 
 twenty-second year. His great delight in electrical researches brought him 
 into acquaintance with Sir Humphrey Davy, whose assistant he became in 
 the laboratory of the Royal Institution, where Faraday himself in time rose 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 197 
 
 to the dignity of Fullerian Professor. The discoveries of Faraday in several 
 branches of science have placed him in the very highest rank amongst 
 European philosophers. The most difficult and abstruse points in con¬ 
 nexion with light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and the laws of matter, 
 have been simplified to an extraordinary degree by the force of his sagacity 
 and singular acuteness. As remarkable as his genius for discovery, and for 
 the detection of the hidden operations of nature, is his admirable faculty 
 of exposition. No living man approaches Faraday in the easy power of com¬ 
 municating the results of the most subtle investigation to a miscellaneous 
 audience. Passing through his lucid understanding, every subject, however 
 abstruse or abstract, becomes simple, clear, and attractive. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. Executed in 1823.] 
 
 436 *. Mary Somerville. Mathematician and Astronomer . 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 One of the few women who step out from the limits which seem naturally 
 assigned to their intellectual avocations, to compete with men in theirs. 
 One of the fewer who do so, deserting none of their proper tasks, forfeiting 
 nothing of their proper character. A profound mathematician and astro¬ 
 nomer ; a delicate inquirer into natural phenomena. Her work on ‘ ‘ The 
 Connexion of the Physical Sciences” spreads out, in a form designed for 
 the uninitiated reader, but not for the inattentive, a large variety of 
 impressive knowledge, on some of the most interesting laws of the natural 
 world. Her manner of writing is remarkably simple, descriptive, clear and 
 exact. 
 
 [By Macdonald. Executed in Rome, 1848.] 
 
 437 . William Whewell. Philosopher. 
 
 [Born at Lancaster, 1795. Still living.] 
 
 The Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and at this moment the greatest 
 ornament of that celebrated university. He has been tutor in the college of which 
 he is the Head, and Professor of Mineralogy. Subsequently appointed to the 
 Chair of Moral Philosophy, which he still occupies. A great promoter of the 
 study of this branch of human learning, both by his writings and his oral 
 lectures. Has contributed valuable essays on the subject of education, with 
 especial reference to the studies of his own university. Has enriched mathe¬ 
 matical and physical science with many original investigations; is the author of 
 a great work on the History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, and of 
 many scientific treatises exhibiting the application of the higher mathematics 
 to natural philosophy. The vigour, activity, vivacity, and quickness of his 
 intellect is extraordinary : his memory, in relation to almost every branch of 
 literature and science, is rich to overflowing, and his faculty of conversation 
 brilliant. The mind of William Whewell, by natural, impetuous action, 
 invades all territories of knowledge, and grasps at a dominion forbidden by 
 the term allotted to human life : but that mind, clearly and beyond all 
 doubt, has power to grapple and to deal effectually with all that it has time 
 to apprehend and seize. It is not to be wondered, that the temper of 
 so ardent a spirit should be hasty : that its nature is frank, generous, and 
 noble, 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. 1850.] 
 
198 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 438. Sib, Henby Thomas he la Beche. Geologist. 
 
 [Born in London, 1196. Still living.] 
 
 Distinguished himself early hy his geological researches in England, 
 France, Italy, and the West Indies. In 1835, the government instituted, 
 at his suggestion, a Geological Survey of Great Britain, in conjunction with 
 the Ordnance Siirvey, and subsequently extended it to the United Kingdom, 
 with Sir Henry as Director General. This post he now holds, in conjunction 
 with the direction of the Museum of Practical Geology, and of the Govern¬ 
 ment School of Mines. The author of many highly esteemed works and 
 memoirs on geology ; and has rendered good service to the state, hy directing 
 his knowledge to practical and educational purposes, and hy inducing poli¬ 
 ticians, seldom ready to advance in a scientific direction, to found insti¬ 
 tutions of a high intellectual type. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. 1845. From the bronze deposited in the Museum of 
 Economic Geology, London.] 
 
 439. Thomas Cablyle. Writer. 
 
 [Born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 1796. Still living.] 
 
 Critic, Philosopher, Essayist, Censor: the criticism acute, penetrating, 
 severe; the philosophy idol-worship; the essay-writing picturesque, striking, 
 animated, and strongly coloured ; the censorship furious, testy, useless, if not 
 unmeaning. Saturated with German metaphysics, full of German literature, 
 and delighting in the German form of expression. If Thomas Carlyle would 
 throw off his foreign affectations, and forget himself in his labours, he would 
 he one of our most instructive, useful, convincing, and admirable writers ; for 
 his heart is large, his intellect strong, and both heart and intellect have long 
 striven to inculcate human love amongst men, and to build, upon mutual affec¬ 
 tion, high deeds, and benevolent aspirations. But Thomas Carlyle, pen in 
 hand, never did forget himself at any one instant of his life, and never will. To 
 use one of his own Germanisms, he is the very incarnation of “Ich.” An 
 instructed author will hold the balance fairly between his subject and his 
 reader, dealing with each with intelligent reference to the other. Carlyle 
 usually cares nothing either for his reader or his subject, but swallows up both. 
 Whatever he shows us, we chiefly see Thomas Carlyle. “The French Revo¬ 
 lution” is the best of his works ! His pictures, there are startling, wonderful, 
 and highly painted ; his eloquence is inspiriting, and his imagery grand. As a 
 social and moral Reformer, he beats the air, belonging to that humblest order of 
 architects who are clever enough at destroying houses, but have no power to 
 set up others in their place. Yet the influence of Carlyle has been great, 
 both in England and America. He has forced men to think—he has appealed 
 with irresistible power to their better natures—given vigour and direction to 
 their impulses, and torn the veil from quackery as often as the evil thing has 
 crossed his manly and indignant path. Sad thought that so serviceable an 
 arm should be clogged with fetters of its own forging—that an almost bound¬ 
 less capacity for good should be restricted by a tether of its own fashioning. 
 
 By H. Weigall.] 
 
 440. Fbedebick Cabpehteb Skey. Surgeon. 
 
 [Born at Upton-on-Severn, 1798. Still living.] 
 
 Professor of Surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons of England : Surgeon 
 to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital and other institutions. The author of a work 
 on “Operative Surgery,” in which a strong and humane plea is put forward 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 199 
 
 against the use of the knife until the last extremity; and of the Hunterian 
 Oration for 1850. 
 
 441 . Richard Owen. Naturalist. 
 
 [Bom at Lancaster, 1804. Still living.] 
 
 Owen, Faraday, and Herschell are England’s living representatives of 
 science, and are so esteemed throughout Europe. Comparative anatomy, 
 founded hy Cuvier, has been perfected by Owen, and to him is due the great 
 merit of raising that science in England to a position that commands the 
 gratitude and admiration of the whole scientific world. This illustrious 
 philosopher commenced life as a midshipman, but his career was quickly 
 arrested by the close of the American war in 1813. In order to re-enter the 
 profession, he adopted the medical profession, and became the pupil of 
 Mr. Baxendale, a surgeon in Lancaster. In 1824, he matriculated in 
 Edinburgh. In 1825, he came to London, and passed the Royal College of 
 Surgeons in 1826. Under the advice of his friend, Abernethy, Owen gave 
 up all thoughts of the navy, and accepted an appointment at the College of 
 Surgeons, where for ten years he laboured at completing the catalogue 
 of John Hunter’s magnificent museum. The enormous labour was achieved 
 in 1840. Since that time every form of animal life, from the Sponge to the 
 Man, has been submitted to his sagacious mind, and upon every subject he 
 has thrown illumination. The mere enumeration of his contributions to the 
 literature of natural history would in itself be a task. His “ Treatise on the 
 Homologies of the Vertebral Skeleton” has been received with great favour 
 by anatomists and physiologists. His histories of ‘ ‘ British Fossil Mammals 
 and Birds,” and of “Fossil Reptiles,” the treatise “On the Nature of 
 Limbs,” on “Parthenogenesis, or the successive production of procreative 
 individuals from a single ovum,” have each brought fresh laurels to his 
 brow. Cuvier asked, ‘ ‘ Why should not natural history one day have its 
 Newton ?” We answer, “ It has found Richard Owen.” 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A. 1840.] 
 
 442 . Benjamin Disraeli. Writer and Politician. 
 
 [Born 1805. Still living.] 
 
 The author, at an early age, of “Vivian Grey,” a novel. Has since 
 published many interesting works of the same kind, the most popular being 
 “Coningsby,” a book in which the political views of the writer are inter¬ 
 woven in the tale of fiction. Mr. Disraeli has acquired greater fame as a 
 politician than as an author. By his own efforts, and by the force of his 
 great genius, he has risen to one of the highest offices of state, having for a 
 few months served his country as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Mr. 
 Disraeli is unequalled in the House of Commons for sarcasm and invective : 
 but he has other, better, more useful, and more lasting qualities of a 
 statesman. If the moral weight of Mr. Disraeli in the country, is less than 
 his talents would seem to claim, public opinion is not so much to blame as 
 Mr. Disraeli, for the discrepancy between his acknowledged ability, and his 
 place in the world’s estimation. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 443 . Thomas Brasset. Railway Contractor. 
 
 [Born at Buerton, near Chester, 1805. Still living.] 
 
 One of the chiefs of the aristocracy that has risen in these latest times 
 
PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 .200 
 
 upon the foundations of commercial enterprise. A prince of the new dy¬ 
 nasty. whose dominion extends wherever civilization is fostered by the 
 Rail, and whose coronet is of iron. He commenced life as a surveyor at 
 Birkenhead, and his first connexion with a railway was a contract to supply 
 the stone for a viaduct of the “Manchester and Liverpool.” Since that 
 time his labours have been incessant and extraordinary, both in his own 
 country and out of it. Since 1846, he has, upon his own responsibility and 
 credit, constructed upwards of 500 miles of railway, representing an aggre¬ 
 gate of £9,250,000 of contract money. In France and Spain, his joint con¬ 
 tracts with Mr. Mackenzie were for 189 English miles of road, and for 
 nearly £3,000,000 sterling. His engagements, in Scotland and England, 
 with Mr. Mackenzie and Mr. John Stephenson, from 1844 to 1851, 
 comprised 511 miles of railway, and an aggregate of £7,200,000. His 
 hands are still full, and his men are carrying out his behests in all parts 
 of the world. In more senses than one the career of Thomas Brassey may 
 be described as princely. The “Barentin” viaduct, of 27 arches, on the 
 “Rouen and Havre” line tumbled down when all but completed; and 
 the casualty involved a loss of £30,000. Mr. Brassey the contractor was 
 neither morally nor legally responsible. He had repeatedly protested 
 against the material used in the structure, and the French lawyers main¬ 
 tained that his protest freed him from liability. The contractor was 
 of a different opinion. He had contracted, he said, to make and main¬ 
 tain the road, and no law should prevent him from being as good as his 
 word. The viaduct was rebuilt at Mr. Brassey’s cost. For the construc¬ 
 tion of this stupendous work (accomplished in seven months) 16,000,000 
 bricks were required, of which 14,000,000 were new, and made on the 
 spot. Thomas Brassey is beloved by his countless retainers. Riches, 
 power, influence, and dominion, have not touched his sound and feeling 
 heart. We dare to speak truth of this living worthy, for his life is in 
 all respects one of the highest examples we can offer to our generation, 
 absorbed as we are in the production of great industrial undertakings, and, 
 above all things, intent upon the pursuit of wealth. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 443 *. William Dargah. Railway Contractor. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Born at the beginning of the present century, of humble parents, in the 
 county of Carlow, Ireland. After leaving schoool, was placed in a surveyor’s 
 office. Then served with Telford the engineer, on the Holyhead-road; 
 afterwards engaged, on his own account, in forming the Howth Road, and 
 some canal works in other parts of Ireland. Since the introduction of rail¬ 
 ways he has been the chief maker of the iron paths that traverse the sister 
 kingdom. When all the works shall be completed, which owe their construc¬ 
 tion to his skill, ingenuity, and industry, nearly a thousand miles of 
 railway will be due to his enterprise. William Dargan is not only a railway 
 contractor, but a railway owner, a steam-packet proprietor, a flax grower, 
 and a farmer. Whilst too many of his fellow-countrymen have been 
 engaged in destroying—as far as in them lay—the elements of industry in 
 Ireland, he has laboured to develop her resources, and to rouse the physical 
 energy and the self-respect of all classes. He is a patriot, not a partizan—not 
 an Orangeman, nor a Ribbandman, nor a Repealer, nor a Protestant-ascend- 
 ancy-man, but a true-hearted Irishman, a useful citizen, a loyal subject. If 
 
ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC MEN AND AUTHORS. 
 
 201 
 
 Sir Robert Peel could have counted a dozen Dargans amongst his coadjutors 
 in Ireland, he would never have had cause to reckon the government of that 
 portion of the United Kingdom, amongst his insuperable “difficulties.” The 
 greatest work of the patriotic Dargan remains to be mentioned. He placed 
 £20,000 at the disposal of the Committee formed in Dublin, for the construc¬ 
 tion of a Crystal Palace in that city. Before the Palace was ready to receive 
 the contributions of all nations, William Dargan had contributed a much 
 larger sum. He has his reward in the affectionate gratitude of the Irish 
 people—in the approving smiles of his sovereign—in the lasting good wrought 
 by his act in the land of his birth. 
 
 [This statue, by J. E. Jones, is at the south end of the nave.] 
 
 444 . Samuel Warren. Lawyer and Writer. 
 
 [Bom in Denbighshire, 1807. Still living.] 
 
 Is the author of “The Diary of a Physician,” and “ Ten Thousand a- 
 Year,” in the department of fiction, and of a work on the Study of the Law. 
 Mr. Warren was originally educated for medicine. He has risen to the 
 rank of Queen’s Counsel in the profession which he subsequently adopted ; 
 and his writings have acquired a wide popularity. The genius of Mr. 
 Warren lies especially in the detection and dissection of character, in which 
 he exhibits great skill and power. 
 
 [By Henry Weigall.] 
 
 445 . Edward Shepherd Creasy. Historical Writer. 
 
 [Bom in Kent, 1812. Still living.] 
 
 Educated at Eton, where he obtained the “Newcastle Scholarship.” Sub¬ 
 sequently proceeded to King’s College, Cambridge. In 1837, called to the 
 bar. Is Professor of History in University College, London, and the author 
 of some able historical works. 
 
 [By E. G. Papworth, jun., by whom it is presented to the Crystal Palace. 
 
 446 . Judge Haliburton. Lawyer and Writer. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Off the bench, better known under his assumed name of “Sam Slick.” 
 He is a judge of Nova Scotia. In 1835, first appeared in a Canada paper 
 as the author of a series of letters, illustrating the Yankee character. In 
 1842, was Attache in England to the American Legation ; one result of this 
 appointment was the publication of “Sam Slick in England.” Sam’s pen 
 continues from time to time to enliven and amuse the world, and to set it 
 broadly grinning. He has infinite humour, a rollicking, racy, uncontrolled 
 style, an exuberance of animal spirits, great acuteness, much worldly 
 sagacity, and marvellous good sense under all his fun. A genial satirist, 
 and one of those who have the best succeeded in making the low, corrupted, 
 half-provincial, and half-slang language of an inferior social class serve 
 literary use. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 447 . Edward Forbes. Naturalist. 
 
 [Bom at Douglas, Isle of Man, 1815. Still living.] 
 
 One of the most eminent of our scientific men, remarkable for his 
 originality, sagacity, lucid research, and general scientific attainments. 
 Studied at Edinburgh, and afterwards lectured there on Natural History. 
 
202 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 Joined, in 1841, the Hydrographical Survey of the iEgean, under Captain 
 Graves, R.N., and made important discoveries respecting the laws’ of 
 "bathymetrical distribution of marine animals and plants. In 1842, explored 
 the antiquities, geology, and natural history of Lycia. During this expedi¬ 
 tion the sites of eighteen ancient cities were brought to light. In 1845, 
 appointed Naturalist to the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and 
 in 1851, a Professor of the Government School of Mines. President of the 
 Geological Society, one of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition, 
 and author of numerous works and memoirs on geological, zoological, and 
 botanical subjects. In 1854, upon the decease of Professor Jameson, 
 raised to the Chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 [By E. H. Baily, R.A.] 
 
 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 448. William Murray, Earl of Mansfield. Lord Chief Justice. 
 
 [Born at Perth, in Scotland, 1704. Died in 1793. Aged 88.] 
 
 This great lawyer and upright man was the fourth son of David, Lord 
 Stormont. In 1718, being thirteen years old, he travelled to London on the 
 back of a pony, and went to Westminster school. In 1723, he proceeded to 
 Oxford. At both places of learning he was distinguished for his industry 
 and classical attainments. Afterwards entered at Lincoln’s Inn, and in 1730 
 was called to the bar. He gradually made his way upward. In 1742, 
 Solicitor General; 1744, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench; 1776, advanced 
 to the dignity of an Earl. Other events are worthy of record. During the 
 Gordon Riots of 1780, the Protestant mob, thinking him favourable to the 
 Catholics, burned his house to the ground, and cruelly destroyed a valuable 
 collection of books and manuscripts. He was the principal victim of the 
 merciless assaults of Junius ; and he is remembered in the law books, as the 
 chief justice who, in the celebrated case of “Rex v. Almon,” arising out of 
 one of Junius’s Philippics, attempted in vain to withdraw the cognisance of 
 the question of libel from the jury, to vest it in the court. In politics Lord 
 Mansfield was a Tory; as a judge he recognised nothing but his duty to his 
 sovereign and his country ; and he must always be regarded as one of the 
 greatest men that have adorned the judgment - seat in England. He 
 possessed an amazing clearness of apprehension, vast learning, and mar¬ 
 vellous perspicuity of exposition. His love of justice was the sole passion that 
 absorbed his otherwise calm nature, and his integrity was spotless. In 
 law, as in religion, tbe mind of Mansfield was essentially liberal. It was a 
 saying of Burke’s that Murray—superior to the technicalities of his profes¬ 
 sion—still made the liberality of law keep pace with the demands of justice 
 and the actual concerns of the world, conforming our jurisprudence to the 
 growth of our commerce and of our empire. He was thus the founder of 
 the commercial law of England, which before his time had no existence. 
 Brave as a lion on the bench, Mansfield exhibited unaccountable timidity as 
 a statesman. He quailed before Lord Chatham, whose schoolfellow he had 
 been, and who mercilessly opposed him from the school to the grave. The 
 illustrious rivals now lie quietly side by side in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 [From the statue in Westminster Abbey. Executed in 1801 by Flaxman.] 
 
ENGLISH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 203 
 
 449 . William Pitt, Earl op Chatham. Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1708. Died at Hayes, in Kent, 1778. Aged 70.] 
 
 A grand Minister, an idol in the memory of the nation, but failing in 
 some of the elements of true greatness, for he was haughty, overbearing, 
 inconsistent, insolent, obstinate, and petty. The statesman who would 
 never be seen on business, except in a full dress coat and tie wig — 
 who never allowed the highest considerations to interfere with his con¬ 
 stant study of effect—who, in opposition, anathematized men for attempting 
 that which he himself, in power, was the very first to carry out—who never 
 suffered his under secretaries to sit in his presence—who never blushed at 
 the most barefaced and vehement self-contradiction, can hardly be ranked 
 with the very highest characters that adorn the pages of History. Yet he 
 was superb withal, and potent in his influence upon the age in which he 
 lived. He had tremendous earnestness ; his thoughts blazed in his mind, 
 and were communicated in burning words to his listeners. He had the 
 faculty of uttering great truths, in language that carried not only conviction 
 to every understanding, but enthusiasm to every soul. He had a noble 
 person—an eye like an eagle’s—a voice of thunder. His oratory was splendid, 
 and his speeches maintained some of their power when transferred to paper. 
 He was always terrific. He began his career as a Cornet in the Blues, and 
 entering Parliament as member for Old Sarum, in 1735, he so astonished 
 Sir Robert Walpole by the violence of his assault, that the astute Minister 
 was fain to intreat some one “to muzzle that terrible Cornet of horse.” 
 The great glory of Chatham, as Minister, consists in the war policy which 
 he advocated and upheld to the great advantage and pre-eminence of his 
 country. In spite of all his errors he was adored by the people. He could 
 feel and act with true nobility, and the multitude were touched by the lofty 
 sentiments by which he was himself animated. Almost his whole fortune 
 consisted of private benefactions. The Duchess of Marlborough left him 
 £10,000, and Sir William Pynsent bequeathed him £3000 a year, and 
 £30,000 in ready money. He opposed the war with America, but with his 
 latest breath denied the right of the colony to independence. Whatever he 
 did, he was still the most popular man in England. Proud and domineering 
 as he was in public, his private character, as Lord Chesterfield declared, 
 “was stained by no vices, and sullied by no meannesses.” In his own 
 household, by his children and dependents, he was beloved for his gentle 
 kindness. The statue before the visitor is highly characteristic of the man. 
 “Graven by a cunning hand,” says Macaulay, “it seems still with eager 
 face and outstretched arm, to bid England be of good cheer, and to hurl 
 defiance at her foes.” 
 
 [The original model of the statue by J. Bacon, R.A., in Westminster Abbey. It 
 will be found at the South end of the Nave.] 
 
 450 . Edmund Burke. Orator , Writer, Statesman. 
 
 [Born at Dublin, 1730. Died 1797. Aged 67.] 
 
 Coleridge, speaking of Edmund Burke, has said that ‘ ‘ he referred habi¬ 
 tually to principles—he was a scientific statesman.” He is by far the most 
 philosophic politician that ever dealt with public affairs in England. He 
 takes rank with those who have applied their genius to the transactions 
 of their own fleeting day, in order to extract from them truth, wisdom, 
 and instruction for all ages. Gifted with gorgeous eloquence, he spake 
 like a prophet. We read his words, which we are told fell as he uttered them 
 
204 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 upon dull insensate ears, and are astounded to find how nearly, under altered 
 circumstances, they concern ourselves. Our descendants shall peruse the 
 same syllables with the same living interest, desire, and benefit. Cha¬ 
 teaubriand has asserted that when Fox spoke in the House of Commons, 
 he and all strangers could not keep back their tears. When Burke 
 rose, the act was a signal for general flight. We can understand 
 the difference. Burke walked sublimely in advance of his contemporaries ; 
 Fox was abreast of them, sharing in their prejudices, and, it may be, inflaming 
 their passions. Burke had great knowledge of men and books, an imagi¬ 
 nation rich to overflowing, and although a philosopher and a theorist, 
 business-like habits. His genius was unmatched in the House of Commons, 
 and his industry did not fall short of that of the most plodding member of that 
 assembly. He was the son of a Dublin attorney, and in early life found 
 favour with Lord Rockingham, who, bringing him into Parliament, allied 
 him to the Whig interest. The connexion was subsequently broken off, when 
 Burke, in alarm at the frightful results and portents of the French Revolution, 
 strove to preserve Liberty by holding her back from the too ardent 
 embrace of her professed friends. His “Reflections on the French Revo¬ 
 lution ” was the most memorable treatise of the time; and it was fol¬ 
 lowed by others as remarkable for splendid diction, as for the profoundest 
 philosophical thought. When starting into life, Burke wrote his cele¬ 
 brated essay on “ the Sublime and Beautiful,” and set on foot the “Annual 
 Register,” the historical portion of which he wrote for many years. He 
 would have been raised to the peerage but for the premature death of his 
 only son, of whom he was very fond. His character has been variously 
 estimated. There is no reason to doubt that he was as conscientious, 
 as honest, and as sincere, as he was mighty in his high mental endowments. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1850.] 
 
 451 . George Washington. First President of the United States. 
 
 [Born in Virginia, United States, 1732. Died, 1799. Aged 67.] 
 
 If we were asked to single out from ancient or modern story one bright 
 unsullied example of true greatness, of perfect patriotism, disinterestedness, 
 consistency, and self-devotion, it would be difficult not to select George Wash¬ 
 ington. England, that suffered by his acts, has reason to be proud of his 
 surpassing glory ; for he came from the common stock, and he wrought the 
 liberty of his country by the exercise of virtues dear to all Englishmen, 
 and—let us dare to say—characteristic of their race. He received the most 
 ordinary education, for he lost his father when ten years old ; and he had to 
 make his way in life by his own best efforts. At the age of eighteen he was 
 appointed surveyor, in Virginia, to Lord Fairfax. At twenty he was Major in 
 the colonial militia. In 1775, he took the command of the army in America 
 against England. How he acted from that hour until 1783, when the treaty 
 of peace was signed,—what intrepidity he exhibited,'—what wisdom, what 
 coolness, what courage, what moderation, what rare self-command under 
 defeat, for, fighting at great disadvantage, he lost more battles than he 
 gained,—is known to all. In 1789, he was elected President of the United 
 States. As chief of the government, he declined all remuneration, save the 
 bare payment of his official service : he had shown the same abstinence 
 when in command of the army. In 1796, worn out by the labours and 
 anxieties of his momentous life, he laid down his power and withdrew into 
 privacy; but not until he had delivered to the American people, as his last 
 
ENGLISH SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN. 
 
 205 
 
 public work, bis solemn advice for their future self-government and conduct. 
 His words of weight may be read to-day with singular advantage by the 
 millions who enjoy the inappreciable blessings of freedom and prosperity, 
 which his good right hand, sound heart, and sagacious judgment, chiefly 
 secured to them. If hero-worship may be pardoned, he shall be forgiven 
 —for his offence shall induce in him only humility — who kneels before the 
 quiet, unpretending shrine of Washington. 
 
 [By Canova.] 
 
 451 *. Warren Hastings. Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1732. Died 1818. Aged 86.] 
 
 Descended of an ancient and honoured line, seated at Daylesford, in 
 Worcestershire, but ruined by taking the King’s side in the civil war. The 
 boy, motherless, from his birth, and left in the hands of his grandfather, the 
 impoverished incumbent of the parish, was sent early to the village school, 
 and taught his letters with the peasantry. At seven years old, as he basked 
 on the bank of the little stream that ran through the domain of his fathers, 
 the thought of repossessing the lost inheritance broke on his imagination. 
 The vision of the child was the single personal aim of the man’s life. What 
 a life, ere the vision took reality ! At 10 he was placed at Westminster 
 school, at 17 he sailed with a writership for Bengal. His courage and 
 intelligence, when the English authorities had fled from Calcutta, with his 
 services in Clive’s army, raised him rapidly to distinction, and in ten years 
 after setting foot on Indian ground, he was member of Council. At 32, he 
 returned, with a moderate fortune, to England : and—that given and spent 
 —at 36, back to India. At 40, Governor of Bengal. At 41, Governor- 
 General. Ere the five years of his appointment had elapsed, he was 
 more ! He had overthrown his mortal foes in the Council: and was Lord 
 Paramount of British India. In his 53rd year, his reign ceased. What had 
 it been ? With a resolution which no dangers and no difficulties could 
 daunt, with a genius for resource, fertile in proportion to the demand, with 
 a sagacity that disabled opposition and commanded success, with a self- 
 possession calm in every tempest, he had taken in hand a set of provinces 
 imperilled by their disorganization and by terrible enemies : and he left a 
 constructed and fortified empire. What had been his means ? Good and ill. 
 He had stood between the rapacious rulers and the feeble ruled, and was 
 alike beloved by both. A civilian, he held the heart and allegiance of the 
 army. But in India he had used Indian powers. He had not amassed 
 money corruptly, but he had corrupted with it. He had extorted treasure, 
 he had broken faith, he had authorized and instigated cruelty, he had violated 
 justice to shed guilty blood, he had held the ordinary moral laws suspended, 
 for the safety and the aggrandizement of the dominion committed to his sway. 
 Called to answer before the highest tribunal in the land, by all the intellect, 
 eloquence, and power of a great party in Parliament, he was acquitted after 
 a process of unheard-of duration, reaching through many years : but ruined 
 by the costs. Partially compensated by the India House he retired to the an¬ 
 cestral home which, according to his early resolve, he had taken care to secure. 
 Here for years he lived a tranquil, happy life in the midst of books, which 
 he loved, and of endeavours to improve English cultivation from his expe¬ 
 rience in India. 
 
 [By J. Bacon, R.A.] 
 
206 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 452. Charles James Fox. Statesman. 
 
 [Bom 1748. Died 1806. Aged 58.] 
 
 This great orator and popular statesman, like his rival William Pitt, was 
 trained from his youth for political life. He was the son of Henry, first Lord 
 Holland, and received his education at Westminster, Eton, and Oxford. His 
 acquaintance with ancient and modern literature was extensive, his taste 
 highly cultivated, and his literary ability great. Had he not been a 
 politician, he might have won high distinction as a scholar ; or, had he not 
 been constitutionally indolent, have reflected lustre upon his public deeds 
 by labours in more classic fields. There was a difference of ten years in 
 the ages of Pitt and Fox; Pitt being the younger man. Both were 
 second sons : both had been sedulously prepared for the great arena by 
 their ambitious fathers. Pitt began his work as a Reformer, but quickly 
 turned aside into the ranks of the Tories. Fox, starting into life under 
 the wing of his Tory parent, spoke and voted against Wilkes; but quickly 
 repenting of his act, threw himself into the arms of the Whigs. And then 
 the battle between the two rare combatants was well fought out unto the 
 end—Pitt dying in harness in 1806, Fox following him the very same year. 
 Fox was a Liberal, as the name was in his time understood by the great 
 Whig families—an aristocrat with popular ideas, sympathizing with progress, 
 but holding fast to the pillar of the constitution, every stone of which he 
 jealously upheld. On every great subject he stood opposed to Pitt; he 
 inveighed bitterly against the war with France, as he had formerly steadily' 
 opposed the rupture with the American Colonies. He was a speaker of 
 extraordinary power; his oratory being bold, argumentative, impassioned, 
 and unpremeditated. His followers were attached to his person, and in 
 private life he was beloved, for he had an affectionate and noble nature, 
 clouded by sad weaknesses. He was a desperate gamester, and a lover of 
 pleasure to excess. At St. Ann’s Hill, withdrawn from the heat of conflict 
 and dissipation, to his quiet and beloved garden—to his friends and his 
 books, he was more faithful to himself, and to the good gifts of Providence 
 within him. 
 
 [By I. Nollekens, R.A.] 
 
 453. John Philpot Curran . Lawyer. 
 
 [Born near Cork, 1750. Died in London, 1817. Aged 67.] 
 
 Of very humble parentage. Obtaining a sizarship, he received his educa¬ 
 tion at Trinity College, Dublin, free of expense. He went to London, and 
 entered himself as student at one of the Inns of Court. Called to the bar 
 in 1775. His brilliant qualities soon brought him into notice. He was 
 employed to defend various persons charged with political offences, and his 
 eloquence, his wit, his withering sarcasm, and touching pathos, carried all 
 before them. In 1784, he obtained a silk gown, and took his seat in the 
 Irish House of Commons as member for Doneraile. When the Whigs came 
 into office in 1806, he was made Master of the Rolls in Ireland. This office 
 he held until 1814, when he resigned it and secured a pension of 3000/. a-year. 
 He then visited England, and took up his residence in London, where he 
 died. He was a popular advocate, and a most successful debater. His 
 personal appearance was as deficient in grace as his intellectual powers were 
 splendid. His country, which loved him when living, lamented him when 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND HEROES. 
 
 207 
 
 dead, and perpetuated her love and her grief hy the erection of a public 
 monument to his memory. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1841. Executed for his monument in St. Patrick’s 
 Cathedral, Dublin.] 
 
 454. Lord Eldon. High Chancellor of England. 
 
 [Born 1751. Died 1838. Aged 87.] 
 
 A great lawyer. His legal learning, it is said, has never been surpassed, 
 if it has been equalled. For many years of his long life he sat on the 
 judgment seat, and in the councils of his Sovereign. But the fame of 
 Eldon as a politician has not survived him. He was narrow-minded and 
 narrow-hearted. Lord Brougham has summed up his political faith when he 
 says, “he was alike the determined enemy of all who would either invade 
 the institution, or extirpate the abuse.” He worshipped things as they 
 were. Whatever existed—whether a rotten borough, a sanguinary enact¬ 
 ment, or an unjust civil disability—to the mind of Lord Eldon it formed 
 part of the “British Constitution,” and that Constitution had in his eye a 
 sanctity, like religion. No argument was admitted against this iron and 
 immovable belief. Hence, though all men respected his sincerity, all 
 enlightened men pitied his bigotry, and felt it as a public relief 
 when he departed in his ripe old age. He was the last great 
 man of the remorselessly obstructive school to which he belonged. 
 As Lord Chancellor, his decisions have obtained great respect, but he 
 was generally so long in arriving at them, and hesitation and doubt 
 formed so marked a characteristic of his judicial character, that the pecu¬ 
 niary losses and human misery for which he became responsible were 
 considerable. Lord Eldon was of humble origin, and his chances of pro¬ 
 motion seemed in early life so remote, that he was actually at the minute of 
 quitting London in despair when he received the brief that took him on to 
 fortune. 
 
 [By Chantrey.] 
 
 455. Horatio Nelson. Lord High Admiral. 
 
 [Born at Burnham-Thorpe, in Norfolk, 1758. Died at Trafalgar, 1805. Aged 47.] 
 
 The most famous of sea-captains, and the darling of his country. He 
 fought the sea-half of the world’s greatest war. England has a just 
 pride in her Wellington, whose memory she honours. Towards Nelson she 
 looks with a tenderer recollection, and her heart moves when she thinks of 
 his services and renown. As Captain in 1794, he conducted a siege at Calvi, 
 and lost an eye. In 1797, crying to his men “Westminster Abbey or 
 glorious victory,” he captured the San Jose and San Nicolas, at the battle 
 of St. Vincent. In the same year he lost his right arm at Teneriffe, and 
 twelve months afterwards he received a wound in his head at the glorious 
 victory of the Nile. There was in truth very little left of the man— 
 yet all of the hero—when, in 1805, a cruel shot at the battle of Trafalgar, 
 killed him in the very hour of triumph to his fleet, of delivery to his 
 country. His death was felt in England as a personal, as well as national 
 calamity, and was mourned by the whole people as by one man. Gentle as 
 a woman; brave as a lion ; devoted to his country ; fighting her battles with 
 a passionate ardour that consumed and obliterated all personal considera¬ 
 tions ; loyal; pious ;—these are some of the qualities that combined to form 
 the character of Horatio Nelson. He was always insignificant in person ; 
 
208 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 and after his slender frame had been battered about by the enemy, his 
 appearance in the honoured uniform which his services had won, was most 
 singular and striking ; for he looked like a skeleton clothed in cumbrous 
 magnificence. Yet the influence of this reduced, war-beaten figure was 
 electrical. All who came within its atmosphere partook of its own nature. 
 The followers of Nelson could and did achieve miracles, because they had 
 unbounded faith in the power of their chief—in his heroism, resolution, and 
 determination at all times to win. Nelson was beloved by his sailors. He 
 lies buried in St. Paul’s. 
 
 456 . William Pitt. Statesman. 
 
 [Born at Hayes, in Kent, 1759. Died 1806. Aged 47.] 
 
 It has been well said that the life of William Pitt, the second and 
 favourite son of the magnificent Earl of Chatham, had neither springtime 
 nor autumn. It knew neither the fresh delights of boyhood, nor the tranquil 
 happiness of age. His father had trained him from his very childhood, like 
 an athlete, for the feverish arena of politics. Before he was twenty-one, 
 he stood a gladiator armed ; and from that age until his comparatively 
 early death he knew no rest. He was twenty-four—a period at which our 
 English youth are quitting college, and looking around them for a profession 
 —when he became Prime Minister of England. For seventeen years, in the 
 midst of broil and battle, of discontent at home and warfare abroad, this 
 great man held the place which his eagle ambition had chosen for its eyrie 
 on the rock, defying opposition by his commanding eloquence, by the fertility 
 and grandeur of his resources, by his singular financial ability, and by his 
 unquenchable energy. In 1801, he descended from his lofty seat in order to 
 make way for a Minister of peace ; but in 1804, all hope of peace being 
 blasted, he was again summoned to direct the councils of the nation, 
 and again he exercised all his varied powers for the development and 
 consummation of the policy, which, right or wrong, he deemed essential to 
 the safety of England, and to the tranquillity and freedom of the world. 
 Two years after his return to office, he fell a victim to his life-long labours 
 and to an hereditary gout, nourished by intemperate habits. It is somewhat 
 curious that Pitt, the cherished head of the aristocratic and Tory party, 
 had expressed himself in favour of nearly all the principles which the 
 liberals of subsequent times have struggled, not fruitlessly, to uphold. 
 He was friendly to Church Reform, to Financial Reform, to Parliamentary 
 Reform, and to the removal of disabilities on account of religious belief. 
 He died at the same age as Lord Nelson ; and as to Lord Nelson, so to 
 him, a public funeral was decreed. The sum of forty thousand pounds 
 also was voted to pay his debts. Whatever had been the faults of Pitt, 
 he was not avaricious. He had made no money by tbe State, for he 
 had ever been the most unostentatious of men. The character of his 
 eloquence was unlike that of his father. It was logical, dignified, equable : 
 now rising into indignant invective, and now taking the shape of the keenest 
 and most cutting sarcasm ; but always self-possessed. It did not burst 
 in torrent from an overflowing fount of wrath and passion like the submerging 
 oratory of Chatham. The form of Pitt was gaunt, his countenance harsh, 
 and his action ungraceful. He was, in many respects, one of the greatest 
 Ministers our country has ever seen. His rapid comprehension was well 
 described by his tutor, who said that he seemed to him to justify the doctrine 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND SOLDIERS. 
 
 209 
 
 of Plato, that the act of learning is reminiscence only, and not acquisition. 
 He was the favourite of the nation : Fox of a party. 
 
 [By J. Nollekens, R.A.] 
 
 457 . General Jackson. President of the United States. 
 
 Born, in South. Carolina, U.S., 1767. Died at Nashville, in Tennessee, 1845. Aged 78.] 
 The son of an Irish emigrant. He was originally destined for the Church : 
 but he quitted school to take part in the War of Independence. The war 
 over, he adopted the law as a profession, and became judge in Tennessee, as 
 well as Major-General of the Forces of the same state. In 1815, as Major- 
 General of the United States, he gained a decisive victory over the English 
 at New Orleans. In 1821, appointed Governor of Florida, and the next year 
 elected member of the Senate for the state of Tennessee. Elected President 
 of the United States in 1828 and again 1832 ; so that he was at the head of 
 the American government for the space of eight years. An ardent democratic 
 chief throughout life. His presidency was distinguished by the development 
 of democratic tendencies, of the spirit of territorial extension, and by the 
 marked encouragement of the slave-holding interest. He successfully opposed 
 Congress in the matter of the United States Bank, regarding it as a monopoly 
 in the State injurious to the general interests of the people. Jackson was 
 a man of Roman virtues, a true patriot, and of uncompromising integrity, 
 simple, and austere. Straightforward and blunt as a soldier. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 458 . Henry William Paget, Marquis of Anglesey. English 
 
 Field Marshal. 
 
 [Bom 1768. Died 1854. Aged 86.] 
 
 A distinguished, brave, and gallant military commander. In 1793, 
 served in Flanders. Later, won honour in Spain, especially by the skill with 
 which he covered General Moore’s retreat. At Waterloo, where he com¬ 
 manded the whole British cavalry, he lost a leg. He was member of the 
 government under Canning, and in 1828—a memorable epoch—Lord-Lieu¬ 
 tenant of Ireland. Again held this appointment under Lord Grey, in 1831. 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1846. Executed for W. H. Curran, Esq.] 
 
 459 . Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Soldier and Statesman. 
 
 [Born in Ireland, 1769. Died at Walmer Castle, 1852. Aged 83,] 
 
 The third son of the Earl of Mornington, and of Anna, daughter of Viscount 
 Dungannon. Received his early education at Eton—then studied at the 
 military school of Angers, in France ; and in 1787, entered an infantry 
 regiment as Ensign. Later became by purchase Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 33rd, and in that regiment took part in Holland in the campaign of 1794. 
 His first great military exploit was at the beginning of the century, 
 in India, where his brother was Governor-General, and where, fighting 
 in the war against the Mahrattas, he annihilated at Assaye an army 
 of 60,000 men, with only 12,000 troops. From this period until his defeat 
 of the French army, and the overthrow of Napoleon on the field of 
 Waterloo (1815), his career was a series of triumphs. Many comparisons 
 have been made between Napoleon and Wellington ; all are unnecessary, and 
 from the purpose. There is no resemblance whatever in the two characters. 
 If it is contended that Napoleon was the greatest military hero of his time, 
 it is sufficient for the admirers of Wellington to state, that after the English 
 
 p 
 
210 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 captain had beaten, one upon another, the great Marshals of Napoleon, he 
 conquered Buonaparte himself, and put an end for ever to his splendid 
 authority and terrible misrule. Madame de Stael has said, speaking of 
 Wellington, that “Never was so great a man made out of such small 
 materials.” Another writer has remarked, that in him “common sense 
 amounted to genius.” A third tells us that he accomplished everything by 
 that system of self-subjugation which made every wish, desire, aim, and 
 object of life subordinate to a paramount and an ever-present sense of duty. 
 We may gather a notion of the true character of Wellington from such 
 criticism. There was nothing brilliant and overpowering in his genius ; but 
 he commanded respect, and won greatness by the wisdom of his combinations, 
 the steadiness of his will, the simplicity of his aim, and the pertinacity of 
 his course—his mind being once made up as to the direction to be taken. 
 Wellington had boundless influence over his men, because he had irresistible 
 power over himself. He knew better than any other great captain what 
 not to do : and having resolved upon the propriety of inaction, no considera¬ 
 tion, no amount of obloquy, blame, or reproach, could incite him into 
 action. When he undertook command in Portugal, it was his conviction that 
 the enemy were to be finally defeated by a passive policy on his part at starting. 
 For months, against general opinion, he persisted in that policy ; and after 
 it had succeeded beyond all expectation, once a-foot, he advanced resolutely 
 with his troops, scoured Portugal and Spain, drove the French before him, 
 followed them into France, and never slackened until he had caught Napoleon, 
 and chained him to the rock of St. Helena. Into the field of politics 
 Wellington brought the same policy to play. He knew when to act on the 
 defensive, how long he might defend with safety, when it was prudent to 
 retreat or capitulate upon honourable conditions. The life of Wellington, 
 from his boyhood until his death, is an instructive lesson for his countrymen. 
 His daily habits, as we all know, were of the simplest; and his business¬ 
 like activity was the most remarkable characteristic of his old age. In 
 manners Wellington was soldierly and rough, but he was fond of children. 
 He had few intimate male friends, but he has left behind him a correspondence 
 that shows the delight he took in opening his mind freely, on the most 
 delicate questions of State policy, to more than one of the gentler sex. A 
 great contemporary poet, a friend and warm admirer of Wellington, has said 
 that this illustrious, and in many respects perfect man, had one infirmity 
 that brought him down to the level of us all—“he could be angry.” 
 
 [By Henry Weigall. This was the last bust for which the Duke sat. It was 
 modelled in four sittings, the dates of which were August 6, 9, 11, and 
 November 18, 1851.] 
 
 459a. Aether, Duke oe Wellington. Soldier and Statesman. 
 
 [Colossal Bust presented by the sculptor, H. Ross.] 
 
 460. John Quincy Adams. President of the United States. 
 
 [Born at Boston, U.S., 1769. Died 1848. Aged 79.] 
 
 Educated in Europe. At a tender age, private secretary to the 
 American Minister at St. Petersburgh. In 1794, appointed by Washington, 
 Ambassador to the Hague. In 1809, Ambassador to the Court of Russia. 
 Subsequently Ambassador in London. In 1825, President of the United 
 States. His administration worthy of his life, which was pure, disinterested, 
 and strictly honest. Upon his death in 1848, he left a reputation for integrity, 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND SOLDIERS. 
 
 211 
 
 independence, and manly straightforwardness, second only to that of Wash¬ 
 ington. His habits to the last simple and unostentatious, and his industry 
 remarkable. His exterior was cold, but fire glowed within, for his nature 
 was as earnest as his oratory was fierce. He had a tenacious memory, great 
 knowledge, and the faculty of speaking forcibly, clearly, and to the purpose. 
 One of the worthies of the Great Republic. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 461 . Lord Monteagle. English Peer. 
 
 [Born 1790. Still living.] 
 
 Comptroller-general of the receipt and issue of Her Majesty’s Exchequer. 
 Before he was raised to the peerage, Lord Monteagle, as Mr. Spring Rice, 
 sat in the House of Commons, and filled various offices of State—amongst 
 others, that of Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 [By Macdonald, of Rome.] 
 
 462 . William Huskisson. Statesman and Financier. 
 
 [Bom in Worcestershire, 1770. Accidentally killed, 1830. Aged 60.] 
 
 A distinguished statesman, whose commercial views, early in the present 
 century, were considerably in advance of those of the political party to which 
 he was attached, and who strongly advocated the principle of the measures 
 carried at a later period by Sir Robert Peel. He served under Pitt, and 
 afterwards was President of the Board of Trade. He was accidentally killed 
 by a train, at the opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Railway. 
 
 [For account of this statue, the original of which, is at Liverpool, see Handbook 
 of Modern Sculpture, No. 29.] 
 
 463 . John Singleton Copley, Baron Lyndhurst. Ex-Chancellor 
 
 of England. 
 
 [Bom in Boston, U. S., 1772. Still living.] 
 
 The son of a celebrated painter. After having studied at Cambridge, 
 where he took high mathematical honours, he was called to the bar, in 1804. 
 In 1826, Master of the Rolls ; in 1827, Lord Chancellor. Has held this 
 last high office at three distinct periods of his life. Lord Lyndhurst is 
 remarked for the extraordinary lucidity and quickness of his understanding. 
 His mind has the utmost facility in grasping the most intricate and involved 
 points of any case submitted to it; and his facility of exposition is as 
 perfect as his perception is acute. Hence, though not the greatest of the 
 lawyers who have dignified the woolsack, he has always been the most agree¬ 
 able and popular of Lord Chancellors. He is eloquent without labour, and 
 convincing without vehemence—in many respects a master of oratory. In 
 his eighty-third year, his polished intellect has lost none of its lustre. It 
 has all the vigour, in debate, which it possessed half a century ago. Lord 
 Lyndhurst at first took side with the Liberal party in politics, but he soon 
 became a follower of Sir Robert Peel, and with that Minister he remained 
 to the last. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 464 . Lord Ashburton. English Peer. 
 
 [Born 1774. Died 1848. Aged 74.] 
 
 The head of the great mercantile house of Baring. As Ambassador to 
 
 p 2 
 
212 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 America during the government of Sir Robert Peel, Lord Ashburton con¬ 
 cluded the treaty between England and the United States which settled the 
 much-vexed “Oregon question.” His marriage with an American lady 
 attached an interest to his person in America, and his high character gave him 
 weight and authority at home. 
 
 [By Macdonald, of Rome.] 
 
 465. Daniel O’Connell. Orator and Lawyer. 
 
 [Born at Cahir, in Ireland, 1175. Died at Genoa, 1847. Aged 72.] 
 
 The great Irish agitator. A man of extraordinarily powerful talents and 
 influence. His oratory, especially adapted to sway the hearts of an Irish 
 multitude, obtained for him a rule throughout Ireland that has never been 
 equalled. Thousands upon thousands of his fellow-countrymen were content 
 to he governed by his will for good or for evil. The unprecedented oppor¬ 
 tunity was used by Daniel O’Connell, less for the advantage and happiness of 
 his afflicted country, than for his own selfish ends. When the wrongs of 
 Ireland clamoured loudly for redress, O’Connell was an agitator with a 
 righteous cause sustaining his great eloquence. When those wrongs were in 
 course of remedy—were remedied—he was still an agitator, hut unsustained 
 by any cause save that of his own pecuniary necessities. It is lamentable 
 to think how much good might have been effected by the energies of 
 O’Connell, and to what deplorable straits his policy had reduced Ireland 
 before death took him from it. Had it been as much to his personal and 
 pecuniary interest to render his country contented, peaceful, prosperous, as 
 to keep her in a ferment of discontent, discord, and semi-rehellion, O’Connell 
 would have proved one of the greatest benefactors of his kind. As it was, 
 he left behind him a name, which is not uttered with opprobrium—simply 
 because it is already nearly forgotten. The associations connected with his 
 memory have nothing in common with the new epoch of tranquillity, order, 
 and steady industry, upon which Ireland has entered. O’Connell was not 
 so eloquent in the House of Commons as out of it. He was born for the 
 multitude. His power of invective, his faculty of humour, his facility of 
 illustration, his familiar tones, his burly form, his winning voice, were all 
 elements that go to make up the successful demagogue. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 466. Joseph Hume. Political Reformer. 
 
 [Bom at Montrose, 1777. Still living.] 
 
 Has sat in the House of Commons for upwards of forty years. Was 
 educated for the medical profession, and is member of the Colleges of Surgeons 
 of Edinburgh and London. Acted in India as Persian interpreter to the 
 army, during the Mahratta war, from 1802 to 1807. Joseph Hume is a 
 consistent Reformer, and by his steadiness, earnestness, and faithful adherence 
 to the principles of his life, has secured the respect and good-will of all 
 political parties. When he entered parliament, his views were considered 
 extreme and theoretical. Many of those views have been gradually adopted 
 by the leading statesmen of the time, and there is every probability that 
 Mr. Hume will outlive all his grievances. He is a rigid economist, and a 
 thoroughly honest politician. 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND LAWYERS. 
 
 213 
 
 467. Henry, Lord Brougham. Lawyer, Statesman, Educator. 
 
 [Bom 1779. Still living.] 
 
 A name that will he identified for ever with the advances in civilisa¬ 
 tion made in this country, during the first half of the present century. 
 For the great reforms effected in our criminal law, for the impetus 
 which has been given to education among all classes, we are chiefly indebted 
 to the influence of Lord Brougham, and to the indomitable exertion of his 
 strong, practical, energetic, and versatile mind. He has been Lord High 
 Chancellor of England ; but his legal attainments constitute his very smallest 
 title to respect. He is a great orator, a man of science worthy of taking rank 
 with scientific men, a metaphysician, an historian, an essayist. He has 
 addressed himself to every branch of knowledge, and is distinguished in all. 
 Before he was elevated to the peerage he was one of the foremost men in Eng¬ 
 land, honoured for his resolute and fiery opposition to abuses of every 
 kind, and beloved for his eager anxiety to remove the shackles from the 
 negro, and every disability from the limbs of his fellow-creatures nearer 
 home. Social elevation has not added to the popularity of Lord Brougham, 
 for the ermine has in part withdrawn the idol from the people. All his 
 magnificent qualities are depressed and dwarfed beneath his coronet. His 
 eloquence is not so overpowering nor so thrilling, his sympathies for the 
 classes below him are apparently deadened, his respect for his “ order” pro¬ 
 portionately increased. He has ceased to be “the first man” out of 
 doors, without becoming the first lord within. If he has not survived his 
 reputation he has manifestly damaged it. Yet for his former permanent 
 and vital services to his country, his name shall be held by Englishmen in 
 lasting, grateful, and affectionate remembrance. 
 
 [By Deer.] 
 
 467a. Henry, Lord Brougham. Lawyer, Statesman, Educator. 
 
 [An admirable seated portrait statue, by E. G. Papworth, Sen., which will be 
 found at the South end of the Nave. Presented by the sculptor.] 
 
 468. Martin Yan Buren. Ex-President of the United States. 
 
 [Born 1782. Still living.] 
 
 A lawyer, and an active politician in the democratic interest. From 
 1812 until 1820, a member of the United States Senate, during which time 
 a keen supporter of the war with England, and, for a short period, 
 Attorney-General. In 1828, Governor of the State of New York—then 
 Secretary of State in the cabinet of General Jackson. Yice President in 
 1832, and during General Jackson’s second term of office. In 1836, elected 
 President by a large majority. The principal measure of his administration 
 was the re-establishment of the independent treasury. In 1840, again 
 nominated for the Presidency, but defeated by General Harrison, the Whig 
 candidate. Since the close of his presidential term in 1841, Mr. Yan Buren 
 has lived in retirement. His popularity was not so great at the close as at 
 the beginning of his political life. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 469. John Caldwell Calhoun. American Statesman. 
 
 [Bom at Abbeville, in South Carolina, U.S. 1782. Died at Washington, 1850. Aged 68.] 
 
 Of Irish descent. Educated at Yale College, and studied law at Lichfield, 
 
214 
 
 POETEAIT GALLEEY. 
 
 in Connecticut. In 1807, admitted to the Bar. In 1811, elected to Congress. 
 Secretary of War in 1817 ; and from 1825 to 1882, Vice-President of the 
 United States. He asserted that the American constitution was a mere 
 federal treaty, from the conditions of which an individual State might at any 
 time withdraw itself, if the inhabitants of the State so desired. This 
 dangerous principle was combated by Webster, and—luckily for the Union 
 —with success. Calhoun had great eloquence, and rapid powers of gene¬ 
 ralisation. He was inflexible in integrity, firm of purpose, energetic, labo¬ 
 rious, and endowed with a high sense of honour ; devoted to his country, 
 with an inextinguishable love of liberty. A moderate democrat, never¬ 
 theless, and a free-trader. In person he was tall and lank; his face 
 indicated great firmness of character and determination. His manner of 
 speaking and of gesticulation was remarkable. He would walk constantly 
 up and down during his discourse, his right arm moving all the while regu¬ 
 larly backwards and forwards, like the pendulum of a clock. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 469 . * Daniel Webster. American Statesman and Orator. 
 
 [Born in New Hampshire, U.S., 1782. Died 1852. Aged 70.] 
 
 Descended from one of those pilgrim-fathers of New England, who emigrated 
 jn 1636. A lawyer. In 1813, took his seat in Congress for New Hamp¬ 
 shire, war then raging with England. He advocated the war with fervid 
 eloquence. In politics a “Whig,” a term corresponding to our “ Conserva¬ 
 tive.” An avowed opponent of the Democratic party, but a still stronger 
 friend to the true interests of his country, and, like our own Sir Eobert 
 Peel, preferring these to a dogged and an injurious persistance in his own 
 preconceived political views. Hence, though no friend to slavery, Webster 
 carried on no bitter crusade against it ; and hence his conciliatory policy 
 which, in dealing with the unhappy institution, maintained, through 
 difficulty and danger, the political Union that contributes so largely to the 
 strength and greatness of the American people. The oratory of Webster was 
 of a high order : the most classical that America has yet displayed. It was 
 powerful, argumentative, and as remarkable for passion, as for logical 
 acumen. He was also a scholar, with a refined taste, and deeply attached to 
 the literature of the old country. In person he was thick-set and burly. 
 The countenance indicated force, without delicacy of taste and perception : 
 but in this respect the countenance of Daniel Webster belied his mind. His 
 death, at the close of a vehement career, was serene and happy. 
 
 [By Hiram Powers.] 
 
 470 . Sir Frederick Pollock. Chief Baron of the Exchequer. 
 
 [Born in London 1783. Still living.] 
 
 Educated at Cambridge, where he obtained high mathematical distinction. 
 Has been Attorney General. 
 
 [By W. Bebnes.] 
 
 470 .* Sir Henry Pottinger. Diplomatist. 
 
 [Still living.] 
 
 Went to India as Cadet in 1804, and became Major-General in the East 
 India Company’s service. During his long sojourn in India he fulfilled 
 many appointments. In 1841, selected by the Government to proceed to 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND LAWYERS. 
 
 215 
 
 China as Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary for the adjustment of 
 the differences then existing between the two empires. Amongst his other 
 rewards for his success in this mission, he received from the House of 
 Commons a pension of 1500Z. a-year. Afterwards Governor of the Cape of 
 Good Hope : now Governor of Madras. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 471 . Heney John Temple, Yiscotjnt Palmebston. Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1784. Still living. ] 
 
 A Minister under many governments. Secretary-at-War from 1809 until 
 1828. Foreign Secretary, witha slight interval of repose, froml830 untill841. 
 Again Foreign Secretary in 1846. At the present moment, Home Secretary 
 in the administration of Lord Aberdeen. A statesman of vast knowledge 
 and acquirements ; of sterling business habits ; quick and decided in 
 action. An admirable debater, with a facile, ready, but not lofty eloquence. 
 The upholder of constitutional government wherever his name and position 
 have acquired influence in the world. Friendly to efforts made abroad for 
 the recovery of liberty, he has been held in terror by those who would still 
 keep liberty in chains. Of all living Ministers, Lord Palmerston is the most 
 personally popular. He has served with many parties, and yet is no party 
 man. The Whigs do not love him ; the Conservatives cannot claim him ; 
 the Radicals own him not. Yet the eye of England glances involuntarily 
 towards him as one with qualities to be exercised on great occasions, in the 
 interests of his country. We cannot enumerate his followers ; but his 
 admirers are countless. He has many practical virtues that constitute a 
 bond, uniting him to Englishmen, and make him an object of interest in 
 the national mind. He is bold, outspoken, courageous, patriotic; genial in 
 temper, and unaffected in intercourse. He has infinite “pluck.” When he 
 strikes, he hits straight and effectually. In self-defence his “parry” is 
 inimitable, and always successful. 
 
 [Executed in 1846 by Christopher Moore.] 
 
 472 . Sib Robeet Peel. Statesman. 
 
 [Born near Bury, in Lancashire, 1788. Died in London, 1850. Aged 62.] 
 
 The House of Commons was to Peel—what it had been to Pitt, his 
 illustrious predecessor—his world of thought and action. Pitt was 20 when 
 he took his seat in Parliament by the influence of Sir James Lowther. 
 Sir Robert was 21 when he was returned for Cashel, by the influence of his 
 father. Both lived, and, so to speak, died on that grand stage. If Pitt is 
 to be recognised as the boldest and bravest Minister that ever conducted a 
 country through the perils and disasters of a protracted war, Peel must be 
 regarded as the most courageous statesman that ever dared to guide a busy 
 nation through the peculiar dangers that environ a period of long peace. Pitt 
 set up a principle of action as his guiding star, and steered his course by its 
 light, against the bitterest opposition and the most vehement remonstrance, 
 and died, still proclaiming the safety of his chosen path. Peel, in a later 
 age, and under different circumstances, sacrificed, year after year, his strong 
 convictions, in order to direct within safe channels the popular current which 
 in spite of all his efforts to resist it, flowed on until it threatened to destroy 
 and drown all obstacles—good or evil—that opposed its progress. Had Pitt 
 lived in the days of Peel, his sagacity would have compelled the same 
 
216 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 policy. Tlie proof of Peel’s sound wisdom was emphatically witnessed when 
 he ceased to be Minister in 1846, but continued, until his cruel and untimely 
 end, to exercise the greatest influence of all living men, over the destinies of 
 his country. More potent than even the Prime Minister who had unseated 
 him, was Sir Robert Peel, from 1846 until 1850. Many are the claims of 
 Peel upon our gratitude. He reformed our criminal code ; he advanced the 
 cause of religious freedom ; he repealed the corn laws. His attainments as 
 a scholar were great, and he was a warm encourager. of literature and 
 art. His secret charities to men of genius—revealed since his death—- 
 declare the goodness of his heart. It is said that he had few friends in public 
 life. It may be difficult for a politician to enjoy this luxury. In the bosom 
 of his own family he was beloved. 
 
 [This fine colossal statue, which will be found at the south-west angle of the 
 great Transept and Nave, is by Baron Marochetti. It is executed in bronze.] 
 
 473 . Sir Michael O’Lochlen. Lawyer. 
 
 [Born 1789. Died 1842. Aged 53.] 
 
 A judge in Ireland, of high legal attainments, great practical knowledge, 
 and unwearied industry. The first Roman Catholic created law officer of the 
 Crown, and raised to the bench, since the Revolution of 1688. A member of 
 the Church of Rome, he owed his promotion to the Liberal party. Appointed 
 Attorney-General 1835, Baron of the Exchequer 1836, and Master of the 
 Rolls 1837. He was earnest in his endeavours to promote the ends of justice, 
 courteous in manners, and kind in disposition. All parties esteemed and 
 admired him for his judicial conduct, and, after his decease, Lord Lyndhurst, 
 a political opponent, paid a just and feeling tribute to his memory. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore, for the Incorporated Law Society of Dublin.] 
 
 474 . Lord John Russell. Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1792. Still living.] 
 
 The third son of the sixth Duke of Bedford. Has served many offices of 
 state, amongst others that of Prime Minister of England. The recognised 
 leader of the Whig party, and the representative of the school of Charles James 
 Fox. The author of a work on the Constitution of England, of a tragedy, 
 and of other books. The editor, also, of the Memoirs of Thomas Moore, the 
 poet. Lord John Russell is considered one of our first constitutional states¬ 
 men. His course is not always so distinctly marked as to be obvious and 
 intelligible to every looker-on. Now he is too liberal for Conservatives, now 
 too conservative for Liberals; to-day he offends the lovers of religious toleration 
 by his legislation against spiritual freedom ; to-morrow he will distress 
 bigotry by his zeal for religious independence. Yet Lord John is a man of 
 mark and influence : and when he suffers his soul to be kindled into warmth, 
 the sympathies of men rally involuntarily around him. The prominent 
 feature in the character of this distinguished statesman, is the supreme absence 
 of self-mistrust, be the matter in hand what it may. 
 
 475 . David Salomons. Alderman. 
 
 [Born in London, 1797. Still living.] 
 
 The first Hebrew gentleman who has held civic appointment, and sat as 
 member of parliament, though but for a day, in the House of Commons. 
 Was elected sheriff of London in 1835, and alderman of Aldgate-ward in 
 
ENGLISH STATESMEN AND LAWYERS. 
 
 217 
 
 1836 ; but could not take bis seat in consequence of tbe existing state of tbe 
 law, which practically excluded Jews. In the year 1844, elected alderman 
 of the ward of Portsoken, hut the election again annulled. The law having 
 been altered by Sir Robert Peel’s government in 1847, elected without oppo¬ 
 sition, in that year, alderman of Cordwainers’ ward. In 1851, returned to 
 parliament for the borough of Greenwich. Taking his seat, he maintained 
 his right to remain there ; but he was ordered to withdraw, the law of the 
 land forbidding his presence until he could take the necessary oaths. 
 The claims of the Jews to equal rights with their fellow citizens are 
 identified with the name of David Salomons, as they have been maintained 
 chiefly by his untiring exertions. 
 
 [From the marble by Edward Davis.] 
 
 476 . Sir William Follett. Lawyer. 
 
 [Bom in Devonshire, 1798. Died in London, 1845. Aged 46.] 
 
 The most celebrated advocate of his time. Remarkable for the lucidity 
 of his intellect, for his extensive and accurate legal knowledge, for his acute 
 discrimination, his intuitive sagacity, and for his power of rapidly trans¬ 
 ferring his whole attention to anything that might be brought before it. 
 His reasoning faculties were of the highest order, and his memory was 
 singularly quick and retentive. His manner calm, dignified, and graceful, 
 and his temper serene and unruffled. His labours at the bar were excessive, 
 and prosecuted in the midst of pain and sickness. He died comparatively 
 early, worn out by disease and work. He had served Her Majesty as 
 Solicitor-General, and, had he lived, would inevitably have taken the highest 
 position open to his profession. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 477 . The EaBl of Derby. Statesman. 
 
 [Bom 1799. Still living.] 
 
 Has been Chief Secretary for Ireland, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 
 and Prime Minister. Has served with the Whigs under Lord Grey, and 
 with the Conservatives under Sir Robert Peel. Since the death of Sir 
 Robert, has headed the extreme Tory party. Lord Derby is one of the 
 readiest, most eloquent, clever, and fluent speakers in the House of Lords. 
 When in the House of Commons, he was styled by Mr. Disraeli ‘ ‘ The Prince 
 Rupert of Debate.” As a lieutenant, he was brilliant, fierce, and irre¬ 
 sistible in assault. As a leader, he did not discover the comprehensive 
 grasp, the knowledge, and administrative skill of his illustrious predecessor 
 and chief, Sir Robert Peel. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1839. Executed for Lord Skelmersdale.] 
 
 478 . G-eorge William Frederick Yilliers, Earl of Clarendon. 
 
 Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1800. Still living.] 
 
 A Minister who has honourably and usefully served his country in many 
 capacities. Has been Envoy Extraordinary at Madrid, President of the Board 
 of Trade, and, during a stormy period of incipient rebellion, Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland. At present, Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 
 An excellent man of business, and a consistent Liberal in politics. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
218 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 479. Sidney Herbert. Statesman. 
 
 [Born 1810. Still living.] 
 
 Half brother of the Earl of Pembroke. Was educated at Oxford. Entered 
 Parliament in 1832. Has been ever since a follower of the policy identified 
 with the name of Sir Robert Peel. From 1841 to 1845, Secretary to the 
 Admiralty. In 1845, appointed Secretary at War. Retired from office with. 
 Sir Robert Peel in 1846, but became again Secretary at War, in Lord Aber¬ 
 deen’s administration, 1853. Mr. Herbert has acquired a well deserved 
 reputation for his benevolent exertions on behalf of the unemployed indus¬ 
 trious classes of both sexes. 
 
 [By Macdonald of Rome.] 
 
 480. Lord Canning. English Peer. 
 
 [Born 1812. Still living.] 
 
 The only surviving son of George Canning, Prime Minister of England. 
 Has been Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ; and for a short time, 
 in 1846, was Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests. He was Chairman 
 of the Council of Juries in the Great Exhibition of 1851. 
 
 [By Macdonald.] 
 
 480.* William Hulme Hooper. Naval Officer. 
 
 [Born in London, 1826. Died there 1854. Aged 27.] 
 
 One of the intrepid Arctic explorers, whose spirit of enterprise has impelled 
 them to invade the ocean, in his sternest and most terrific domain, through 
 hope to solve the mystery hanging over the fate of Sir John Franklin. 
 Lieutenant Hooper commanded the second cutter in the remarkable voyage 
 of the boats of Her Majesty’s ship “Plover” from Icy Cape to Cape 
 Bathurst. Lost for three days and nights in an Arctic snow storm, 
 quartered two long and lonely winters away from his ship in log-huts with 
 a few of his men, under every privation, he brought home the fastened 
 malady of the lungs which so early cut short his ardent career. 
 
 [This bust is by David Dunbar.] 
 
 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 481. Cardinal Wolsey. Minister of State. 
 
 [Born at Ipswich, 1471. Died at Leicester, 1530. . Aged 59.] 
 
 A butcher’s son, with an inordinate appetence for place, power, and money. 
 A magnificent pluralist, whose insatiable desire for wealth was redeemed 
 only by the noble uses to which he applied a portion of his worldly goods. 
 His revenues almost equalled those of the crown, and many of his acts 
 were princely, as became the rival of a king. Wolsey founded several 
 lectures at Oxford, built Christ Church in that University, and erected 
 Hampton Court, which, in his splendid generosity, he presented to 
 Henry VIII. He owed his first advancement to Henry VII., who sent 
 him on an embassy to the Emperor of Germany, and afterwards made him 
 Dean of Lincoln. His rise was, thenceforwards rapid. He became, under 
 
ENGLISH PRELATES AND DIVINES. 
 
 219 
 
 Henry VIII., Cardinal, Lord Chancellor, and Pope’s Legate. His fall was 
 headlong. Offending the king by refusing to sanction his divorce, he was 
 disgraced in an hour, and compelled to disgorge his enormous acquisitions. 
 He was arrested at York, but, falling sick on his way to London, died at 
 Leicester. Much of Wolsey’s wealth was, no doubt, ill-gotten ; his ambition 
 knew no bounds ; his insolence was intolerable;—but he had in many 
 respects a grand and royal mind, and the benefits conferred by him upon 
 learning are never to be omitted in a history of his remarkable life. 
 
 [Presented by Mr. John Archbutt, London.] 
 
 482. Charles James Blomfield. Bishop of London. 
 
 [Born 1786. Still living.] 
 
 Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was Fellow. Bishop 
 of Chester, 1824—of London, 1828. Distinguished for his classical attain¬ 
 ments, and before his elevation to the bench, known as the accomplished 
 editor of the tragedies of iEschylus. As a churchman, Charles James 
 Blomfield has endeavoured to take a middle and conciliatory course, not¬ 
 withstanding his decided bent towards the high church party. It is no 
 reproach to the Bishop of London to say that he has occasionally stumbled, 
 upon a difficult and slippery path. 
 
 [By W. Behnes.] 
 
 482a. Charles James Blomeield. Bishop of London. 
 
 [By Henry Weigall.] 
 
 483. Father Theobald Mathew. Temperance Reformer. 
 
 [Bom at Thomastown, in Ireland, 1790. Still living.] 
 
 A modern crusader, who has drawn his spiritual sword against one of 
 the deadliest foes to religion, civilisation, and human happiness. An 
 apostle who carries glad tidings to every hearth, irrespectively of the altar 
 raised there for divine worship. A proselytiser who converts Romanist 
 and Protestant, with equal advantage and safety to both. He was educated 
 at Maynooth ; is a Romish priest; and his whole life has been spent in an 
 anxious and a humane endeavour to release mankind from the self-imposed 
 yoke of Drunkenness. He is the founder of the “total abstinence” prin¬ 
 ciple, in virtue of which self-denying ordinance “pledged” men abstain 
 from any use whatever of intoxicating liquors. The success of the good 
 and courageous man has been equal to his deserts : both are inestimable. 
 Under his teaching the most hardened drunkards have become abstemious, 
 and the most reckless and improvident have been won to self-respect and 
 virtuous conduct. No preacher in the olden or the modern time has sur¬ 
 passed his earnestness or his labour. Hundreds of thousands have taken 
 the pledge from his hands in Ireland, in this country, and in the United 
 States. If some of the number have been unfaithful to their plighted 
 word, the weakness of humanity will explain the defection. That thou¬ 
 sands are the better, the wiser, the happier, and the purer for his labours, 
 is beyond all doubt. A few patriots like Father Mathew, would have 
 changed the face of nature in Ireland years ago. His work, now, is pro¬ 
 ductive of hourly good. The man who only checks the growth of Drunk¬ 
 enness is a benefactor of his kind. He who extinguishes the vice in a 
 hundred thousand beasts, is one of the mightiest of human conquerors. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1845.] 
 
220 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 484. Cardinal Wiseman. Chief of the Romish Church in England. 
 
 [Born at Seville, in Spain, 1802. Still living.] 
 
 Came to England in 1808. Educated at the English college in Rome, 
 where he took his degree of D.D. in 1824. Consecrated Bishop of Melipo- 
 tamus in 1840, and made Yicar Apostolic of the London district in 1849. 
 Created Cardinal, 1850. Cardinal Wiseman is a man of vast learning and 
 eminent ability. His lectures on the Connexion between Science and 
 Revealed Religion constitute a noble and masterly vindication of the cause 
 which the lectures are intended to maintain, and are full of the happiest 
 illustration. The style of Cardinal Wiseman is. forcible, logical, and elo¬ 
 quent ; and it is said that he writes with equal ease the language of nearly 
 all the European nations. He is the seventh English Cardinal since the 
 Reformation. 
 
 [By Christopher Moore. 1850.] 
 
 KINGS AND QUEENS. 
 
 485. Edward III. King of England. 
 
 [Born 1313. Died 1377. Aged 64.] 
 
 An accomplished monarch, brave, and for his time enlightened. In his 
 day, and by his act, the power of the Commons rose, and the pretensions of 
 the Barons were reduced ; several constitutional acts found their way to 
 the statute book, and greater security was given by law to property and 
 person. Glorious battles were fought in France ; the field of Cressy was 
 won, and Calais surrendered in 1346. Edward, Prince of Wales, surnamed 
 the Black Prince, was the worthy son of this redoubtable sire. Following 
 in the steps of his father, he won, in 1355, the battle of Poitiers, took the 
 French king and his son prisoners, and brought them to London. In this 
 reign, Queen’s College, Oxford, and Clare Hall, Pembroke Hall, Trinity 
 Hall, and Caius, all colleges at Cambridge, were founded. Windsor Castle 
 also was built by Edward III., William of Wykeham, afterwards Bishop 
 of Winchester, and Chancellor of England, and the founder of Winchester 
 College, being “Clerk of the works.” Under Edward III., the first toll 
 was levied for mending the highways ; the highway concerned being the road 
 between St. Giles’s and Temple Bar. Upon the whole, a grand time for 
 England. 
 
 [From the Effigy.] 
 
 486. Eleanora of Castile. Surnamed The Faithful. First 
 
 Queen of Edward I., of England. 
 
 [Born in Castile, 1243. Died at Grantham, 1290. Aged 47.] 
 
 A queen who has been described as “a loving mother to our nation, the 
 column and pillar of the whole realm,”—godly, modest, merciful. The 
 united influence of loveliness, virtue, and sweet temper, inspired in the 
 heart of her renowned lord an attachment as deep as it was true. She was 
 the mother of the first Prince of Wales. When, in 1269, her husband took 
 up the Cross, Eleanora resolved to share the dangers of his Syrian campaign. 
 
ENGLISH MONARCHS. 
 
 221 
 
 Her ladies of the Court endeavouring to dissuade her from the journey, she 
 replied, “Nothing ought to part those whom God has joined ; and the way 
 to heaven is as near, if not nearer, from Syria, as from England or my 
 native Spain.” She was a patroness of literature and art, and civilisation 
 advanced under the auspices of her well-regulated Court. Taken ill at 
 Grantham, whilst her husband was in Scotland, she expired there. Edward 
 followed her body thence to Westminster in the bitterest grief, and on the 
 spot marked by the close of every stage, vowed to erect a cross in memory of 
 his chere reine. The crosses of Northampton and Waltham still remain, 
 models of architectural beauty. Charing Cross was the last resting-place 
 before the body was carried into Westminster Abbey. 
 
 [From the Effigy.] 
 
 487. Hekry YII. King of England. 
 
 [Born 1456. Died 1509. Aged 53.] 
 
 A monarch whose greatest vice was avarice. He was inordinately fond of 
 money. He had 14,0002. a-year allowed him by his first Parliament for his 
 Household expenses, and 20002. a-year for his wardrobe ; yet he left behind 
 him a sum equivalent to 16,000,000Z. at the present day. With no worse 
 quality than avarice, he had no quality that can be called great. He was 
 brave, politic, attentive to business, reserved, suspicious. His chief merit 
 consisted in closing the civil wars, and securing peace and order in the country. 
 He died at Richmond, and was buried in the magnificent chapel at West¬ 
 minster, erected by himself. He also built “The Great Harry,” the first 
 ship in the English Navy, ships before this time having been hired or pressed 
 from merchants. It cost 14,0002. The King seems to have had remorse 
 for his rapacity on his death-bed. He issued a general pardon for all offences, 
 released all debtors, himself paying the debts of many ; converted the Palace 
 of the Savoy into an hospital; built several religious houses ; and ordered 
 restitution to be made to all men whom he had wronged by his extortions. 
 It is unnecessary to state that his successor being his son, Henry VIII., not 
 the slightest effect followed from the “restitution” clause. 
 
 488. Elizabeth. Queen of England. 
 
 [Born 1533. Died 1603. Aged 70.] 
 
 A mighty sovereign, and the last of our absolute monarchs. Her rule 
 despotic, but grand, and wholly in the interests of her country. A true 
 Englishwoman, ambitious of England’s glory, and capable of inspiring her 
 servants by her example, with unbounded zeal, patriotism, and heroism. As 
 a woman, the picture less fascinating. Too selfish to be amiable, she was 
 vain, imperious, violent. She had favourites, but none whom she would raise 
 to the throne, for she hugged power with a passionate embrace, which no 
 generous sentiment could unfasten, and no tender consideration induce her 
 to divide. She stood above law, and she knew it. A man sharing her 
 throne might have been less fortunate. Her successor proved so ; and the 
 son of that successor, trying the perilous ascent, lost his head in the 
 attempt. Wondrous was the reign of Elizabeth in its effects upon the 
 civilisation of the world. It produced Bacon in philosophy, Shakspeare 
 and Spenser in poetry, Gresham in commerce. Drake and Raleigh also 
 belong to this time. It was the era of the re-establishment of Protestantism, 
 and of the rescue, on the sea, of spiritual liberty from the threatened on¬ 
 slaught of Spain. Undoubtedly Elizabeth was surrounded by great men, but 
 
222 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 her masculine spirit sat at the helm, and directed, for nearly fifty years, the 
 course of the State vessel. Her vigilance was sleepless, her ability unbounded, 
 her sagacity penetrating and quick ; yet she had a love of finery that was 
 frivolous, and to the last laboured under the impression that she was beau¬ 
 tiful. The spirit of maritime discovery was now alive in England, and 
 commerce flourished. When dying, Elizabeth was asked by Cecil who should 
 succeed her. She answered, “No rascal. My seat has been the seat of 
 kings. Who should succeed me but a king ? ” 
 
 [From the Effigy.] 
 
 489. Edward YI. King of England. 
 
 [Bom 1537. Died 1553. Aged 16.] 
 
 The son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, who died two days after the 
 birth of her child. Edward was ten years old at the time of his accession 
 to the throne. Before his character could be permanently formed he died, 
 yet his form stands out in English history illuminated with intelligence, 
 gentleness, and wisdom. He was fond of books, diligent in business, a 
 lover of justice. He kept a diary, which still exists. Therein he noted 
 down the characters of the good men by whom he was surrounded, how they 
 lived, and what example they offered for his pious imitation. Well 
 acquainted with foreign matters, and with the history and geography of his 
 own country ; zealous for knowledge, and ambitious of governing well. In 
 this reign the first journal of the proceedings of the House of Commons was 
 kept; the Common Prayer Book was established by Act of Parliament; 
 Sternhold translated the psalms into English metre ; and the king gave his 
 palace at Bridewell for the lodging of poor travellers, and for the correction 
 of vagabonds. Christ’s hospital, for the education of youth, and the 
 hospitals of St. Bartholomew and St. Thomas, for the reception of the sick, 
 were also founded by him. His concern, Alfred-like—and so young !—for 
 exalting the character, by the instruction, of his people, was shown in the 
 foundation of numerous free schools throughout the kingdom, which still 
 bear and endear his name. Edward was very handsome. He died of com 
 sumption, brought on by an attack of small-pox and measles. 
 
 [Presented by Mr. John Archbutt, London.] 
 
 490. Mary Stuart. Queen of Scots. 
 
 [Born, 1542. Died, 1587. Aged 45.] 
 
 A queen whose calamities fill our eyes with tears, so that we can hardly 
 see the frailties of the woman. Her loveliness, her learning, her misfortunes, 
 her wit, and fascinating manners, have attached to her memory an interest 
 and affection which even the deeply-founded suspicion of her crimes cannot 
 efface. Various judgments have been pronounced upon her conduct. But 
 one report has come down to us of her perfect beauty of countenance, her 
 winning manners, and her elegance of form. Grave historians speak with 
 admiration of her jet black hair, her exquisite complexion, her delicate 
 white arm and hand, her stature that rose to a majestic height. Her 
 treatment of Darnley, brutal though he was, and her marriage with Bothwell 
 after Darnley’s assassination, are blots that still cling to her character. 
 But even these offences would seem more than expiated by her eighteen 
 years’ imprisonment, and her unwarranted execution, that foulest stain upon 
 the reign of our own Elizabeth. Mary Stuart was violent in her attach- 
 
ENGLISH MONARCHS. 
 
 223 
 
 merits, vivacious, indiscreet, fond of flattery, and conscious of tlie power of 
 her charms. It is said that her heart was warm and unsuspicious. It may 
 be questioned whether she was always sincere. One of her recent biographers 
 in France has styled her the “eternal enigma of history,” “the most 
 problematical of all historical personages.” Disastrous as was her own 
 story, the fate of her immediate descendants was even worse. A curse was 
 upon the line. Yet her lineage flourishes now. It is found in England, 
 Prussia, Denmark, and Hanover; in Spain, Portugal, Austria, Naples, 
 Sardinia, and Modena. 
 
 [From the Effigy.] 
 
 490 / Charles the First. King of England. 
 
 [Bom 1600. Beheaded 30th January, 1649. Aged 49.] 
 
 Grandson of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, whose misfortunes and drear 
 fate he inherited, if he did not invite. A monarch whose exaggerated 
 notions of prerogative, whose obstinacy, wilfulness, untruthfulness, and 
 double-dealing, justified the resistance of a people awakened to a sense of 
 their rights, and roused to the vindication of their liberties; yet a man 
 whose sorrows, whose dignified bearing in misfortune, whose private virtues, 
 love of literature and art, and gentle demeanour, render him an object of 
 the deepest commiseration, and the most plaintive interest. His death was 
 deliberate murder; and there is too much reason to fear that they who 
 thought least of defending liberty, were the most thirsty of his blood. Yet 
 some palliation for the guilt is found in the circumstance that in the public 
 dealings of Charles with his Parliament his plighted word was not worth 
 the paper upon which it was given. Irresolute and double-minded, he had 
 never kept faith with his people. It was the misfortune of Charles to be 
 born at a period when the conflicting elements of Royalty and Democracy 
 were seething into tumult. Had he lived a little earlier, or a little later he 
 would not have lost his head upon the block. A little earlier, the “divinity 
 that doth hedge a king ” would have shielded him in England from the 
 sacrilege. A little later, he would have been hunted from English soil, as 
 his son was. The catastrophe of his unhappy reign can never be 
 re-enacted. His blood purchased that security. Never had the character 
 of Englishmen, in many respects, looked so fair to the world as during the 
 civil wars of Charles the First. The true-hearted loyal gentlemen who, 
 knowing by experience the character of their master, yet clung to his cause 
 and to his person until the last extremity, counting all sacrifice as delightful 
 service, were not surpassed by the professed knights of chivalry. The 
 devoted Republicans, who for the sake of man’s rights and God’s blessing 
 seized arms for the first time in their lives, and became great Generals and 
 Admirals—the glory of their country, and the terror of the world—take 
 rank in the estimation of history, side by side with her most splendid 
 heroes. We receive from them our cherished charters, and the liberty 
 which finds no harm even when Europe is in conflagration. Terrible indeed 
 must have been the state of the atmosphere in 1649, when the thunderbolt 
 fell that struck down Charles, but purified the air for ever afterwards. 
 
 [The statue of Charles the First, which is in the South Transept, is from the 
 bronze equestrian statue by Hubert le Sceur, which was erected at ChariDg 
 Cross in the year 1674. It had been cast in 1633, near the church in Covent 
 Garden, but never placed : and during the wars it was sold by Parliament to 
 a brazier “ living at the Dial, near Holbom Conduit,” with strict orders that 
 
224 
 
 PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 he should break it up. The brazier concealed the statue and horse under¬ 
 ground until after the Restoration. Le Sueur was a Frenchman, and pupil 
 of John of Bologna. He arrived in England about 1630, and died here. 
 The pedestal is by Grinling Gibbons, who was born about the middle of the 
 17th century ] 
 
 491. James II. King of England. 
 
 [Born in England, 1633. Died in France, 1701. Aged 68.] 
 
 The second son of Charles I., whose fate he challenged by his obstinacy, 
 wilfulness, and double dealing. He was a Roman Catholic, and in the blind 
 defence and advocacy of his faith against the Constitution and laws of the 
 country he governed, he perilled his crown which he lost, and his life which 
 he ignominiously saved. He was not without good qualities. He was per¬ 
 sonally brave—not unmindful of the services of friends, and he exhibited de¬ 
 votion in the maintenance of the religious cause which he believed it his 
 paramount duty to uphold. But he was bigotted, cruel, and wrongheaded. 
 He could not be trusted whenever he was acting in the interests of the Pope. 
 Louis XIY. in vain remonstrated with his royal cousin of England. James II. 
 was too sincere a zealot to listen to reason. Louis Quatorze was too fine a gentle¬ 
 man, and too practised a courtier, to he betrayed into fanaticism. When James 
 went a fugitive and an exile to France, Louis received him with a magni¬ 
 ficence worthy of a triumphal progress. 
 
 [From the well-known statue by Grinling Gibbons ii\ Privy Gardens, Whitehall. 
 Represented in the costume of a Roman Emperor, according to the taste of 
 the day.] 
 
 492. George III. King of England. 
 
 [Bom 1738. Died 1820. Aged 82.] 
 
 The grandfather of her Majesty Queen Victoria. He reigned during sixty 
 years, although during the last ten, he could take no part in public affairs. A 
 king with many good qualities of heart and head, hut obstinate, self-willed 
 and not always sincere in his dealings with his Ministers. He is styled 
 “ The father of his people and his honest desire to secure their well-being 
 and happiness, according to his own ideas of government, entitled him to 
 the enviable distinction. In private life, George III. offered an admirable 
 example for imitation to his subjects. But his wilful persistence in the 
 maintenance of what he conceived his Royal prerogative, plunged England 
 into war with America, and caused the premature loss to the country of that 
 magnificent British colony. 
 
 [By John Bacon, R.A., when the King was 30 years old.] 
 
 493. George IY. King of England. 
 
 [Bom 1762. Died 1830. Aged 68.] 
 
 In 1811, during the lifetime of his father, this prince was appointed 
 Regent: and in 1820, upon the death of George III., he succeeded to the 
 throne. The reign of this monarch is rendered memorable, by the scandalous 
 proceedings instituted against Queen Caroline, and by the passing of the Act 
 in 1829, which tolerated the Roman Catholic religion in the United Kingdom, 
 George IV. was considered the first gentleman in Europe whilst he lived. 
 Since his departure, history has pronounced him heartless, sensual, self- 
 absorbed, and negligent of the true interests of his subjects, though not 
 without some kingly qualities. 
 
ENGLISH MONARCHS. 
 
 225 
 
 494. William IY. King of England. 
 
 [Born 1765. Died 1837. Aged 72.] 
 
 The third son of George III., and uncle of Queen Victoria. He succeeded 
 his brother George IY. in 1830. His reign is remarkable as that in which 
 the Reform Bill passed, changing the constitution of England by widening its 
 basis. This King was before his marriage the father of several children, 
 since ennobled, the mother being Mrs. Jordan, one of the most fascinating 
 actresses and kind-hearted women of her time. 
 
 494a. William IY. King of England. 
 
 [Medallion by Chantrey, modelled for the coinage.] 
 
 495. The Duke oe Cambridge. Prince of England. 
 
 [Bom 1774. Died 1850. Aged 76.] 
 
 Youngest son of King George III., and one of the most popular princes of 
 his family. He was for many years Viceroy of Hanover, where he endeared 
 himself to the people. An amiable and innoeent man. 
 
 496. Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Whom God Preserve ! 
 
 [Born May 24th, 1819.] 
 
 497. His Royal Highness Prince Albert. Consort of Queen 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 [Born August 26th, 1819.] 
 
 [Modelled from the life, by Emil Wolf.] 
 
 497a. His Royal Highness Prince Albert. Consort of Queen 
 Victoria. 
 
 To whom the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, a development of the original 
 Palace in Hyde Park, is indebted for its existence. 
 
 [By J. E. Jones.] 
 
 Q 
 

INDEX TO THE PORTRAIT GALLERY. 
 
 No. Page 
 
 460 Adams, John Quincy, President of the United States . .210 
 
 113 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, Roman General . . . . 49 
 
 96 Agrippina (the Elder) . . . . . . .44 
 
 97 Agrippina (the Younger) . . . . . . . 44 
 
 497 Albert, H.R.H., Prince Consort of Queen Victoria . . 225 
 
 124 Alcibiades, Athenian General . . . . . . 25 
 
 22 Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia .... 24 
 
 386 Alexandra, Empress of Russia . . . . . . 168 
 
 180 Alfieri, Vittorio, Poet . . . . . . .73 
 
 152 Allegri, Antonio. (See Corregio.) 
 
 134 Angelico da Fiesole (Fra), Painter.57 
 
 458 Anglesey, Marquis of, English Field Marshal . . . 209 
 
 307* Anne of Austria, Queen of France.130 
 
 52 Annius Verus, Roman Prince . . . . . .35 
 
 79 Antinous, Bithynian Youth . . . . 41 
 
 17 Antisthenes, Philosopher . . . . . . . 21 
 
 47 Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor ..... 34 
 10 Aratus, Astronomer . * . . . . . . 18 
 
 2 Archilochus, Greek Poet . . . . . . .14 
 
 176 Ariosto, Luigi, Poet ........ 71 
 
 8 ? Aristides, Athenian Patriot . . . . . .17 
 
 239 Arnauld, Antoine, Theologian and Controversialist . . . 99 
 
 464 Ashburton, Lord, English Peer.211 
 
 26 Aspasia.26 
 
 340 Auerbach, Berthold, Poet and Novelist . . . .149 
 
 278 Augereau, Pierre Francois Charles, Marshal of France . . 117 
 
 35 Augustus, Roman Emperor ...... 29 
 
 51 TElius Verus, Adopted Emperor . . . . . . 35 
 
 8 iEschines, Greek Orator . . . . . * .17 
 
 6 iEschylus, Tragic Poet . . . . . . . . 15 
 
 3 iEsop, Writer of Fables.15 
 
 420 Bacon, Francis, Chancellor of England.188 
 
 190 Bandineri, Giovanni Medici, Italian Soldier . . . 77 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 No. 
 
 431 
 
 128 
 
 142 
 257 
 321 
 261 
 160 
 274 
 252* 
 
 354 
 281 
 356 
 
 11 
 
 482 
 
 360 
 224 
 
 355 
 295 
 368 
 138 
 443 
 
 467 
 181 
 107 
 112 
 245 
 
 361 
 311 
 
 143 
 
 468 
 450 
 
 10 * 
 
 404 
 
 418 
 
 Baily, Francis, Astronomer ..... 
 
 Balbinus, Decimus Coelius, Roman Statesman and Empei 
 Bartolomeo, Fra, Painter ...... 
 
 Bayard, Pierre de Terrail, Seignenr de, Warrior 
 Beethoven, Ludwig Van, Musical Composer 
 Belloy, Pierre Laurent Buirette de. Dramatist. 
 
 Berettini, Pietro di Cortona, or Pietro, Painter 
 Berthier, Pierre Alexandre, Marshal of France 
 Berthollet, Claude Louis, Chemist . . 
 
 Berzelius, Jan Jacob, Chemist .... 
 
 Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Marshal of France 
 Beuth, Peter Kaspar Wilhelm, Member of the Council 
 State, in Prussia . 
 
 Bias, Greek Philosopher ..... 
 Blomfield, Charles James, Bishop of London 
 Blucher, Gebhardt Lebrecht Von, Prussian Field Marsha 
 Boileau, Nicolas, Poet and Satirist 
 Boisseree, Sulpitz Von, Architect and Archaeologist. 
 Bossuet, Jacques Beninge, Prelate of France 
 Boyen, Hermann Von, Prussian Minister at War 
 Bramante, Francesco Lazzari, Architect, Painter, Poet 
 Brassey, Thomas, Railway Contractor.... 
 Brougham, Henry, Lord, Lawyer, Statesman, Educator 
 Brunelleschi, Sculptor and Architect .... 
 Brutus, Lucius Junius, Roman Consul . 
 
 Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman General 
 Buffon, Georges Louis Le Clerc, Comte de, Naturalist 
 Bulow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Prussian General 
 Buonaparte, Napoleon (See Napoleon) 
 
 Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, Sculptor, Painter, Architect 
 Buren, Martin Van, Ex-President of the United States 
 Burke, Edmund, Orator, Writer, Statesman 
 Burns, Robert, Poet .... 
 
 Butler, Fanny, Actress 
 Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, Poet 
 
 of 
 
 Page 
 
 194 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 109 
 140 
 
 110 
 66 
 
 115 
 
 105 
 
 156 
 
 118 
 
 156 
 
 19 
 
 219 
 
 158 
 
 94 
 
 156 
 
 123 
 
 160 
 
 58 
 
 199 
 
 213 
 
 56 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 102 
 
 158 
 
 60 
 
 213 
 
 203 
 
 182 
 
 176 
 
 187 
 
 156 Cagliari, Paolo. (See Veronese) 
 
 40 Caligula, Roman Emperor . . . . 32 
 
 469 Calhoun, John Caldwell, American Statesman . . .213 
 
 495 Cambridge, Duke of, Prince of England . . . . . 225 
 
 287 Cambronne, Pierre Jacques, French General . . .120 
 
 415 Campbell, Thomas, Poet.185 
 
 480 Canning, Lord, English Peer . . . . . .218 
 
 168 Canova, Antonio, Sculptor . . . . . . . 68 
 
 60 Caracalla, Roman Emperor . . . . . .37 
 
 158 Caracci, Annibale, Painter ....... 65 
 
 155 Caravaggio, Polidoro Caldare da, Painter .... 64 
 
 184 Caro, Annibale, Writer . . . . . . . 75 
 
 70 Carinus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor . . .39 
 
 439 Carlyle, Thomas, Writer ....... 198 
 
 357 Carus, Karl Gustav, Physician and Anatomist . . . 157 
 
INDEX. 
 
 229 
 
 No. Page 
 
 110 Cato, Marcus Porcius, Roman General . . . . . 47 
 
 111 Caesar, Julius, Roman Dictator . . . . . .48 
 
 898 Chantrey, Francis, Sculptor . . . . . . . 174 
 
 254 Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Chemist . . . . .106 
 
 296* Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Emperor of the West . 124 
 
 490* Charles I., King of England ...... 223 
 
 195 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia . . . . . . 79 
 
 300 Charles Y., Emperor of Germany and King of Spain . . 126 
 
 303 Charles IX., King of France.127 
 
 449 Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, Statesman . . . 203 
 
 406 Chaucer, Geoffrey, Father of English Poetry . . . . 178 
 
 232 Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, Dramatist . . 96 
 
 421 Chetham, Humphrey, ‘ ‘ Dealer in Manchester Commodities ” 189 
 
 120 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman Orator . . . .51 
 
 167 Cimarosa, Domenico, Musical Composer. . . . . 67 
 
 208** Clairon, Mdlle., French Tragic Actress .... 87 
 
 478 Clarendon, George William Frederick, Earl of, Statesman . 217 
 
 38 Claudius I., Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, 
 
 Roman Emperor . . . . . . . .31 
 
 194 Clement XIII., Pope. (See Rezzonico.) 
 
 117 Clodius Albinus, Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius, Roman 
 
 General . . . . . . . . 50 
 
 261 Colbert, Edouard, Minister of State . . . . .112 
 
 267* Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Statesman and Financier . . . 113 
 
 188 Coleoni, Bartolomeo, Soldier of Fortune . . . .76 
 
 260 Coligny, Gaspard de, Marshal and Admiral . . . . 110 
 
 279**Collard, Pierre Paul Rogei', Statesman and Philosopher . 117 
 
 182 Columbus, Christopher, the Discoverer of the New World. . 74 
 
 56 Commodus, Lucius Aurelius, Roman Emperor . . .36 
 
 268 Conde, Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince de, and Warrior . . 113 
 
 250* Condorcet, Marin-Jean-Antoine Nicolas Caretat, Marquis de, 
 
 Mathematician and Philosopher . . . . .104 
 
 73 Constantius Chlorus, Flavius Valerius, Roman Emperor . . 40 
 
 116 Corbulo, Cneius Domitius, Roman General . . . .50 
 
 161 Corelli, Arcangelo, Violinist and Composer . . . . 66 
 
 218 Corneille, Pierre, Dramatist . . . . . .91 
 
 222 Corneille, Thomas, Dramatist . . . . . . 93 
 
 326 Cornelius, Peter, Painter . . . . . . .142 
 
 152 Correggio, or Antonio Allegri, Painter . . . . . 64 
 
 160 Cortona, Pietro di, Painter. (See Berettini.) 
 
 206 Coysevox, Antoine, Sculptor . . . . . ,86 
 
 445 Creasy, Edward Shepherd, Historical Writer . . . . 201 
 
 228 Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, Dramatist . . -. . 95 
 
 101 Crispina, Roman Empress . . . . . . . 45 
 
 402 Cruikshank, George, Caricaturist . . . . .176 
 
 453 Curran, John Philpot, Lawyer . . . . . . 206 
 
 256 Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert, Naturalist 107 
 
 269 D’Aguesseau, Henri Francois, Chancellor of France . . 114 
 
 256* D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, Mathematician and Philosopher . 107 
 
 291* D’Amboise, Georges, Cardinal and Minister of State . .121 
 
230 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 No. 
 
 208* Dangeville, Marie-Anne-Botol, French Comic Actress . . 
 
 279* Dannon, Pierre Claude Francois, Statesman and Writer 
 
 173 Dante Alighieri, Poet. 
 
 247* Darcet, Jean, Chemist and Physician ..... 
 
 443* Dargan, William, Railway Contractor ..... 
 
 405* Darling, Grace, Lighthouse-keeper’s Daughter 
 405**Darling, William, Lighthouse-keeper . . . . . 
 
 209 David, Jacques Louis, Painter . . ... 
 
 288 Davoust, (Prince D’Eckmuhl,) Louis Nicolas, Marshal of 
 France ......... 
 
 63 Decius, Caius Messius Quintus Trajanus, Roman Emperor 
 438 De La Beche, Sir Henry Thomas, Geologist 
 19 Demosthenes, Greek Orator ....... 
 
 252 Denon, Dominique, Egyptian Traveller .... 
 
 477 Derby, Earl of, Statesman. 
 
 283 Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, French General . 
 
 238 Descartes, Rene, Mathematician and Metaphysician 
 229 Destouches, Philippe Nericault, Dramatist .... 
 333* Devrient, Edward, Player . . . . . . . 
 
 217 Diane de Poitiers . . . . . . . . 
 
 72 Diocletian, Caius Valerius Aurelius, Roman Emperor . . 
 
 18 Diogenes, Philosopher . . . 
 
 442 Disraeli, Benjamin, Writer and Politician .... 
 159 Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, called, Painter . . . 
 
 44 Domitian, Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman Emperor 
 94 Domna Julia (Pia Felix Augusta), Roman Empress . 
 
 133 Donatello, Donato di Niccolo, di Betto Bardi, Sculptor . • 
 
 215 D’Orsay, Comte. 
 
 114 Drusus, Nero Claudius, Roman General . 
 
 235 Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse . . . 
 
 227 Dufresny, Charles Riviere, Dramatist..... 
 248 Duhamel, Jean Pierre, Man of Science . . . . . 
 
 272 Dumouriez, Charles Francois, French General 
 265 Duquesne, Abraham, Vice-Admiral of France 
 
 Page 
 
 87 
 117 
 
 69 
 
 103 
 
 200 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 88 
 
 120 
 
 38 
 
 198 
 22 
 
 105 
 
 217 
 
 119 
 
 99 
 
 96 
 
 145 
 
 91 
 
 40 
 
 22 
 
 199 
 66 
 33 
 43 
 57 
 90 
 50 
 98 
 95 
 
 103 
 
 115 
 
 111 
 
 485 Edward III., King of England ...... 220 
 
 489 Edward VI., King of England.222 
 
 65 Elagabalus. ( See Heliogabalus.) 
 
 454 Eldon, Lord, High Chancellor of England . . . .207 
 
 486 Eleanora of Castile, first Queen of Edward I. of England . . 220 
 
 488 Elizabeth, Queen of England . . . . . .221 
 
 20 Epicurus, Philosopher . . . . . . . . 23 
 
 5 Epimenides, Poet and Prophet of Crete . . . .15 
 
 192 Eugene, Francois Eugene of Savoy, called Prince, Military 
 
 Commander . . . . . . . . .77 
 
 312** Eugenie Marie Guzman, Empress of the French . . . 134 
 
 9 Euripides, Greek Poet.17 
 
 434 Fairbairn, William, Millwright and Engineer . 
 436 Faraday, Michael, Natural Philosopher 
 105 Faustina, Junior, Annia Faustina 
 
 196 
 
 196 
 
 45 
 
INDEX. 
 
 231 
 
 No. Page 
 
 203 Felibien, Andre, Sieur des Avaux et de Javercy, Writer on Art 85 
 290 Fenelon, Francois de Salignac, de Lamotte, Archbishop and 
 
 Writer . . . . . . . . . . 123 
 
 349 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, Philosopher and Metaphysician . 154 
 
 394 Flaxman, John, Sculptor . . . . . . .172 
 
 258 Foix, Gaston de, Warrior . . . . . 109 
 
 476 Follett, Sir William, Lawyer.217 
 
 447 Forbes, Edward, Naturalist . . . . . . . 201 
 
 452 Fox, Charles James, Statesman.206 
 
 286 Foy, Maximilien Sebastien, French General . . . . 120 
 
 299 Francis I., King of France.125 
 
 387 Francis Joseph, reigning Emperor of Austria, and King of 
 
 Hungary .......... 168 
 
 343* Frank, Johann Peter, Physician.151 
 
 424 Franklin, Benjamin, Statesman and Philosopher . . . 191 
 
 376 Frederic II., surnamed the Great, King of Prussia . . 164 
 
 377 Frederic Louis Henry, Prince of Prussia. . . . . 164 
 
 374 Frederic William, Elector of Brandenburg .... 163 
 
 375 Frederic William I., King of Prussia . . . 164 
 
 379 Frederic William III., King of Prussia .... 165 
 
 884 Frederic William IV., Reigning King of Prussia . . .167 
 
 391 Fuseli, or Fuessli, Henry, Painter.171 
 
 39 Galba, Seryius Sulpieius, Roman Emperor . . . .31 
 
 185 Galileo Galilei, Philosopher.75 
 
 66 Gallienus, Publius Lieinius Valerianus, Roman Emperor . 39 
 
 145 Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, called, Painter . . . . 62 
 
 390 Garrick, David, Player and Dramatist . . . .170 
 
 328 Gartner, Friedrich, Architect . . . . . . 144 
 
 189 Gattamelata, Stefano, Warrior . . . . . .77 
 
 181 Gavazzi, Alessandro, Monk and Orator . . . . . 73 
 
 256***Gay-Lussac, French Chemist ...... 108 
 
 492 George III., King of England.224 
 
 493 George IV., King of England.224 
 
 212 Gerard, Francois, Painter . . . . . . . 89 
 
 115 Germanicus Caesar, Roman General . . . . .50 
 
 61 Geta, Publius Septimius, Roman Emperor . . . . 37 
 
 132 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Sculptor . . . . . .57 
 
 140 Ghirlandaio, Domenico, Painter . . . . . . 59 
 
 400 Gibson, John, Sculptor.175 
 
 211 Girodet-Trioson, Painter . . . . . 88 
 
 154 Giulio Romano, Giulio Pippi di Giannuzzi, Architect and 
 
 Painter ......... 64 
 
 327 Gluck, Christoph, Musician . . . . . . 143 
 
 366 Gneisenau, Augustus Count Herdart de, Field Marshal . 160 
 
 337 Goethe, Jobann Wolfgang von, Poet ..... 147 
 
 179 Goldoni, Carlo, Poet . . . . . . 72 
 
 410 Goldsmith, Oliver, Poet and Man of Letters . . . 181 
 
 55 Gordianus Africanus, Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor . 36 
 
 62 Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor . . 37 
 
 67 Gordianus III., Pius, Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor . . 39 
 
232 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 No. Page 
 
 196 Goujon, Jean, Sculptor ....... 83 
 
 172 Grisi, Giulia, Italian Singer . . . . . . . 69 
 
 2L3 Gros, Antoine Jean, Painter . . . . . .89 
 
 214 Guerin, Pierre Narcisse, Painter . . . . . . 89 
 
 135 Guidi, Tommaso. (See Masaccio) 
 
 341 Gutenburg, Johann, Inventor of Printing . . . .149 
 
 358 Gutkow Karl, Journalist and Dramatist. . . . . 157 
 
 46 Hadrian, Publius iElius Hadrianus, Soman Emperor . . 33 
 
 346 Hahnemann, Samuel, Physician and Founder of Homoeopathy 152 
 332 Halbig, Johann, Sculptor . . . . . . . 145 
 
 446 Haliburton, Judge, Lawyer, and Writer .... 201 
 
 314 Handel, George Friedrich, Musical Composer . . . 136 
 
 451* Hastings, Warren, Statesman . . . . . .205 
 
 316 Haydn, Franz Joseph, Musical Composer .... 138 
 
 65 Heliogabalus, Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman Emperor . 38 
 
 302 Henry II., King of France . . . . . .127 
 
 304 Henry in., King of France . . . . . 127 
 
 305 Henry IV., King of France.128 
 
 487 Henry VII., King of England.221 
 
 479 Herbert, Sidney, Statesman . . . . . .218 
 
 89 Herennius, Roman Emperor . . . . 42 
 
 352 Hermann, Gottfried, Philologist and Critic . . .155 
 
 435 Herschell, Sir John, Astronomer ...... 196 
 
 14 Hippocrates, Physician . . . . . ... 20 
 
 280 Hoche, Lazare, French General . . . . . . 118 
 
 1 Homer, Great Epic Poet of Greece . . . . .13 
 
 480* Hooper, William Hulme, Naval Officer . . . 218 
 
 119 Hortensius, Quintus, Roman Orator . . . . .51 
 
 74 Hostilianus, Roman Emperor . . . . . . 41 
 
 350 Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, Physician . . . .154 
 
 351 Humboldt, Alexander Von, Naturalist and Traveller . . 154 
 
 367 Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Baron Von, Statesman and Phi¬ 
 lologist . . ... . . . . • 160 
 
 466 Hume, Joseph, Political Reformer . . . • • 212 
 
 427 Hunter, John, Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist . . 193 
 
 462 Huskisson, William, Statesman and Financier . . . 211 
 
 15 Isocrates, Rhetorician . . . . • • .20 
 
 457 Jackson, General, President of the United States . . . 209 
 
 344 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrieh, Philosopher and Poet . . 151 
 
 491 James II., King of England.224 
 
 430 Jeffrey, Francis, Critic and Essayist . . • .194 
 
 419 Jerrold, Douglas, Writer . . . ' . . . 188 
 
 425 Johnson, Samuel, Writer and Moralist . . • .191 
 
 388 Jones, Inigo, Architect . . • • • 169 
 
 282 Joubert, Barthelemi Catharine, French General . . 118 
 
 95 Julia, Daughter of Augustus.43 
 
 71 Julian the Apostate—Flavius Claudius Julianus, Roman 
 
 Emperor ..49 
 
INDEX. 
 
 233 
 
 No. Page 
 
 253 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, Botanist . . . 106 
 
 342 Kant, Immanuel, Metaphysician . . . . .150 
 
 271 Kellermann, Francois Christophe, Marshal of France . . 114 
 
 397 Kemble, Charles, Player . . . . . .174 
 
 275 Kleber, Jean Baptiste, French General . . . 115 
 
 325 Klenze, Leo Yon, Architect . . . . . .142 
 
 334 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, Epic and Lyric Poet . . 145 
 
 256** Laborde, Alexander Louis Joseph, Marquis de, Soldier, Tra¬ 
 veller, and Educator . . . . . . .107 
 
 255 Lacepede, Bernard Germain Etienne, Naturalist . . .106 
 
 277 Lafayette, Marie Paul Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, French 
 
 General . . . . . . . . .116 
 
 220 La Fontaine, Jean de, Poet.92 
 
 249 Lagrange, Joseph Louis, Astronomer . . . . .104 
 
 284 Lannes, Jean, Marshal of France . . . . 119 
 
 253* Laplace, Pierre Simon, Astronomer . . . . .106 
 
 290 La Salle, Antoine Charles Louis Collinet de, General of Cavalry 121 
 273 La Tour D’Auvergne-Corret, Theophile Malode, Warrior . 115 
 
 396 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, Painter . . . . . 173 
 
 202 Lebrun, Charles, Painter ....... 85 
 
 276 Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, Marshal of France . . . . 116 
 
 383 Leopold I., King of the Belgians ..... 166 
 
 230 Le Sage, Alain Rene, Novelist . . . . 96 
 
 262 Lesdiguieres, Francis de Bonne, Due de, Constable of France 110 
 
 335 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, Man of Letters . . .146 
 
 259 L’Hopital, Michel de, Chancellor of France . . . . 109 
 
 246 Linne, or Linnaeus, Charles, Botanist . . . . .102 
 
 93 Livia, Drusilla, Roman Empress . . . . . . 43 
 
 122* Livy—Titus Liyius, Roman Historian . . . .53 
 
 422 Locke, John, Philosopher . . . . . 189 
 
 482 London, Bishop of. (See Blomfield.) 
 
 381 Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia, Queen of Prussia . . 165 
 
 383* Louise Marie, Queen of the Belgians . . . . .167 
 
 297 Louis XI., King of France.125 
 
 298 Louis XII., King of France.125 
 
 307 Louis XIII., King of France ....... 129 
 
 308 Louis XIV., King of France ...... 130 
 
 309 Louis XV., King of France ....... 131 
 
 312* Louis Napoleon. (See Napoleon.) 
 
 312 Louis Philippe, King of France ...... 133 
 
 380 Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia . . . 165 
 
 382 Ludwig I., ex-King of Bavaria.166 
 
 205 Lully, Jean Baptiste de, Violinist and Musical Composer . . 86 
 
 371 Luther, Martin, the Great Reformer . . . . .162 
 
 30 Lycurgus, Lawgiver . . . . . . . . 28 
 
 463 Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron, Ex-Chancellor of 
 
 England.211 
 
 204 Mabillon, Jean, Antiquary ...... 85 
 
 183 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Political Writer and Historian . . 74 
 
234 INDEX. 
 
 No. Page 
 
 429 Mackintosh, Sir James, Historian and Metaphysician . . 194 
 
 401 Macready, William Charles, Player . . . 175 
 
 57 Macrinus, Marcus Opilius, Roman Emperor . . .36 
 
 76 Magnus Decentius . . . . . . . .41 
 
 171 Malibran, Maria Felicitas, Actress . . . 69 
 
 102 Mamma, Julia, Roman Empress ..... 45 
 
 207 Mansart, Jules Hardouin, Architect . . . . . 86 
 
 448 Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, Lord Chief Justice . 202 
 
 136 Mantegna, Andrea, Painter and Engraver . . 58 
 
 369 Manteuffel, Otto-Feodor Freiherr von, Prussian Minister . 161 
 
 151 Marcantonio Raimondi, Engraver . . . 64 
 
 286 Marceau, Francois Severin Desgraviers, French General . 120 
 
 163 Marcello, Benedetto, Writer and Musician . . . . 67 
 
 108 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman General ... 47 
 
 48 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor . . 34 
 
 53 Marcus Galerius Antoninus, Roman Prince . . .35 
 
 310 Marie Antoinette, Josephine Jeanne, Queen of France . . 131 
 
 104 Mariniana ...... ... 45 
 
 490 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. . . . . . . 222 
 
 135 Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, Painter . . . . .57 
 
 279 Massena, Andre, Marshal of France . . . . . 117 
 
 100 Matidia.. 45 
 
 483 Mathew, Father Theobald, Temperance Reformer . . . 219 
 
 59 Maximinus, Caius Julius Yerus, Roman Emperor . . 37 
 
 378 Maximilian Joseph I., King of Bavaria . . 165 
 
 68 Maximus, Caius Julius Yerus, Roman Prince ... 39 
 
 293 Mazarin, Cardinal, Minister of France.122 
 
 91 Mmsa, Julia, Roman Empress . . . . .42 
 
 187 Medici, Cosmode, Merchant and Statesman . . . . 76 
 
 190 Medici, Giovanni. (See Bandineri) . . . . .77 
 
 306 Medici, Marie de, Queen of France . . . 128 
 
 372 Melancthon, Philip, German Divine and Reformer . . 162 
 
 32 Menander, Comic Poet . . . . . . . 28 
 
 331 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, Musician . . . .144 
 
 315* Mengs, Anthony Raphael, Painter.137 
 
 178 Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura, Poet . . . .72 
 
 20a Metrodorus, Greek Philosopher . . . . 23 
 
 143 Michael Angelo. (See Buonarotti.) 
 
 199 Mignard, Pierre, Painter . . . . - .84 
 
 25 Miltiades, Athenian General.26 
 
 408 Milton, John, Poet ..180 
 
 191 Mirandola, Francesco Pico della.77 
 
 221 Moliere, Dramatist.93 
 
 251* Monge, Gaspar, Geometrician . . . . . 105 
 
 236 Montaigne, Michel de, Essayist.98 
 
 461 Monteagle, Lord, English Peer . . . . . . 211 
 
 234* Montenoy, Charles Palissot de. (See Palissot.) 
 
 251 Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne, Aeronaut and Inventor of 
 
 Balloons.105 
 
 416 Moore, Thomas, Poet ........ 186 
 
 317 Mozart, Johann Wolfgang, Musical Composer . . . 138 
 
INDEX. 
 
 235 
 
 No. 
 
 399 Mulready, William, Painter 
 
 Page 
 
 175 
 
 149 Nani, Giovanni di. (See Udine.) 
 
 311 Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of France . 
 
 312 Napoleon, Louis, Emperor of France .... 
 455 Nelson, Horatio, Lord Higli Admiral .... 
 
 36 Nero, Claudius Caesar Drusus, Roman Emperor 
 42 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Roman Emperor . 
 
 423 Newton, Sir Isaac, Astronomer and Philosopher 
 
 285 Ney, Michel, Marshal of France .... 
 
 385 Nicholas Paulovitch, Reigning Emperor of all the Russias 
 
 256****Nodier, Charles, Writer. 
 
 365 Nollendorf, Friedrich Hinrich von, Prussian Field-Marshal 
 
 392 Northcote, James, Painter. 
 
 200 Notre, Andre le, Architect and Gardener 
 34 Numa Pompilius, Second King of Rome 
 
 132 
 
 132 
 
 207 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 190 
 
 119 
 
 167 
 
 108 
 
 160 
 
 171 
 
 84 
 
 29 
 
 465 O’Connell, Daniel, Orator and Lawyer .... 
 
 473 O’Lochlen, Sir Michael, Lawyer ..... 
 
 347 Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias, Astronomer 
 130 Orcagna, or Orgagna, Andrea di Cione, Painter, Sculptor 
 Architect ........ 
 
 441 Owen, Richard, Naturalist ...... 
 
 212 
 
 216 
 
 153 
 
 56 
 
 199 
 
 321* Paer, Ferdinando, Musical Composer . . . . .141 
 
 170 Paganini, Niccolo, Violinist . . . . . . . 69 
 
 165 Paisiello, Giovanni, Musical Composer .... 67 
 
 157 Palestrina, Di. (See Pierluigi.) 
 
 234* Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, Dramatist . . . . 98 
 
 155 Palladio, Andrea, Architect . . . . . .65 
 
 471 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount, Statesman . . 215 
 
 294 Pascal, Blaise, Theologian and Philospher . . . .122 
 
 472 Peel, Sir Robert, Statesman.215 
 
 264 Peiresc, Claude Fabri de, Patron of Science .... Ill 
 210 Percier, Charles, Architect . . . . . . . 88 
 
 29 Periander, “ Tyrant ” of Corinth.28 
 
 27 Pericles, Athenian Statesman . . . . . . 27 
 
 291 Perier, Casimir, Statesmen . . . . . .121 
 
 250 Perouse, Jean Frangois Galaup de la, Navigator . . . 104 
 
 49 Pertinax, Publius Helvius, Roman Emperor ... 34 
 
 139 Perugino, Pietro, or Pietro Vanucci della Pieve, Painter . . 58 
 
 343 Pestalozzi, Heinrich, Educator.151 
 
 174 Petrarca, Francesco, Poet . . . . . . . 70 
 
 69 Philip (the Younger), Marcus Julius Philippus II., Roman 
 
 Prince.39 
 
 296* Philip III., King of France ....... 124 
 
 23 Phocion, Athenian Statesman and General . . . .25 
 
 157 Pierluigi, Giovanni, surnamed Palestrina, Musical Composer . 65 
 
 7 ? Pindar, Greek Poet.16 
 
 164 Piranesi, Giambatista, Engraver . . . . . . 67 
 
 231 Piron, Alexis, Poet.96 
 
236 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 No. 
 
 129 
 
 Pisano, Niccola, Sculptor and Architect . 
 
 
 Page 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 Pisistratus, “ Tyrant” of Athens 
 
 Pitt, William, Statesman ..... 
 
 
 27 
 
 456 
 
 
 208 
 
 16 
 
 Plato, Greek Philosopher . . . . • 
 
 Plotina, Pompeia, Roman Empress. 
 
 
 21 
 
 99 
 
 
 44 
 
 470 
 
 Pollock, Sir Frederick, Chief Baron of the Exchequer 
 
 
 214 
 
 409 
 
 Pope, Alexander, Poet ...... 
 
 
 180 
 
 106 
 
 Poppsea, Sabina, Roman Empress 
 
 Posidippus, Comic Poet . . . . . 
 
 
 46 
 
 31 
 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 Posidonius, Greek Philosopher .... 
 Pottinger, Sir Henry, Diplomatist . 
 
 
 29 
 
 470* 
 
 
 214 
 
 198 
 
 Poussin, Nicolas, Painter ..... 
 
 
 83 
 
 58 
 
 Pupienus — Marcus Claudius Pupienus Maximus, 
 
 Roman 
 
 
 
 Emperor. 
 
 
 36 
 
 223 
 
 Quinault, Philippe, Poet . . . . . 
 
 
 94 
 
 216 
 
 Rachel, Madlle. Felix. Tragic Actress 
 
 
 91 
 
 225 
 
 Racine, Jean, Dramatist ..... 
 
 
 94 
 
 370 
 
 Radetzky, Count Joseph, Austrian General . 
 
 
 161 
 
 146 
 
 Raffaelle, Sanzio, Painter .... 
 
 Rauch, Christian, Sculptor . . 
 
 
 62 
 
 323 
 
 
 141 
 
 244 
 
 Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, Chemist and Naturalist 
 
 101 
 
 226 
 
 Regnard, Jean Francois, Dramatist 
 
 
 95 
 
 194 
 
 Rezzonico, Carlo, afterwards Clement XIII., Pope 
 
 
 78 
 
 292 
 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, Minister of France . 
 
 
 121 
 
 411 
 
 Rogers, Samuel, Poet ...... 
 
 
 183 
 
 242 
 
 Rollin, Charles, Historian .... 
 
 
 101 
 
 219 
 
 Rotrou, Jean de, Dramatist .... 
 
 
 92 
 
 243 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, Lyric Poet 
 
 
 101 
 
 247 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Philosopher and Writer . 
 Rubens, Peter Paul, Painter .... 
 
 
 102 
 
 313 
 
 
 136 
 
 474 
 
 Russell, Lord John, Statesman .... 
 
 
 216 
 
 92 
 
 Sabina, Roman Empress ..... 
 
 
 43 
 
 255* 
 
 Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, Baron de, Orientalist 
 Salomons, David, Alderman .... 
 
 
 106 
 
 475 
 
 
 216 
 
 103 
 
 Salonina, Cornelia, Roman Empress 
 
 
 45 
 
 175 
 
 Sanazzaro, Giacomo, Poet .... 
 
 Sanmicheli, Michele, Architect .... 
 
 
 70 
 
 147 
 
 
 63 
 
 150 
 
 Sarto, Andrea del, Painter .... 
 
 
 63 
 
 405 
 
 Sartoris, Adelaide, Vocalist .... 
 
 
 176 
 
 270 
 
 Saxe, Maurice Comte de, Marshal of France 
 
 
 114 
 
 109 
 
 Scipio, Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman 
 
 General 
 
 47 
 
 319 
 
 Schadow, Johann Gottfried, Sculptor . 
 
 
 139 
 
 363 
 
 Scharnhorst, Gebhardt David, General 
 
 
 159 
 
 353 
 
 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, Metaphysician 
 
 155 
 
 338 
 
 Schiller, Christoph von, Poet .... 
 
 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, Architect and Painter 
 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernest Daniel, Theologian 
 
 
 148 
 
 324 
 
 
 142 
 
 373 
 
 
 163 
 
 329 
 
 Schnorr, Julius, Painter ..... 
 
 
 144 
 
INDEX. 
 
 237 
 
 No. Page 
 
 330 Schwanthaler, Ludovic, Sculptor . . . . .144 
 
 333 Schwind, Moritz von, Painter . . . . . . 145 
 
 413 Scott, Sir Walter, Poet and Novelist ..... 184 
 
 148 . Sebastiano del Piombo (Fra), Painter . . . . . 63 
 
 234 Sedaine, Micbel Jean, Dramatist . . . . .97 
 
 122 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Philosopher . . . . . 53 
 
 64 Sever us, Alexander Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor . . 38 
 
 54 Severus, Lucius Septimius, Roman Emperor . . . . 35 
 
 407 Shakspeare, William, Poet . . . . . .178 
 
 137 Signorelli, Luca, Painter . . . . . 58 
 
 440 Skey, Frederick Carpenter, Surgeon . . . . .198 
 
 426 Smith, Adam, Philosopher and Political Economist . . . 192 
 
 393 Smith, John Raphael . . . . . . .172 
 
 13 Socrates, Philosopher . . . . . . . . 19 
 
 436* Somerville, Mary, Mathematician and Astronomer . . 197 
 
 7 Sophocles, Tragic Poet . . . . . . . . 16 
 
 208 Soufflot, Jacques Germain, Architect ..... 87 
 
 414 Southey, Robert, Poet Laureate . . . . . . 185 
 
 169 Spontini, Gasparo, Musician . . . . . .68 
 
 362 Stein, Karl, Baron Yon, Prussian Minister of State . . . 159 
 
 433 Stevenson, George, Engineer . . . . . .195 
 
 395 Stothard, Thomas, Painter . . . . . . . 173 
 
 201 Sueur, Eustache le, Painter . . . . . .84 
 
 263 Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Due de, Minister of State . . 110 
 
 177 Tasso, Torquato, Poet ....... 71 
 
 419* Taylor, Henry, Poet . . . . . . . . 188 
 
 118 Terence—Publius Terentius, Latin Comic Poet ... 51 
 
 345 Thaer, Albrecht, Physician and Agriculturist . . . . 152 
 
 320 Thorwaldsen, Albrecht Bartholomaus, Sculptor . . .139 
 
 237 Thou, Jacques Auguste de, Minister of State and Historian 99 
 
 12 Thucydides, Greek Historian . . . . . . 19 
 
 37 Tiberius, Claudius Nero Caesar, Roman Emperor . . .30 
 
 322 Tieck, Christian Friedrich, Sculptor . . . . . 141 
 
 339 Tieck, Ludwig, Author.149 
 
 145 Tisio, Benvenuto. {See Garofalo) 
 
 144 Titian, Tiziano Yecellio, Painter . . . . .61 
 
 43 Titus, Flavius Sabinus Yespasianus, Roman Emperor . . 32 
 
 241 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, Botanist . . . .100 
 
 45 Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, Roman Emperor . . 33 
 
 266 Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Yicomte de, Marshal 
 
 of France . . . , . . . . .112 
 
 149 Udine, Giovanni da, Painter. . . . . . . 63 
 
 301 Yalentino, Carlota d’Avesne, Duchess of 
 98 Yaleria Messalina, Roman Empress 
 139 Yanucci della Pievo, Pietro. {See Perugino.) 
 150 Yannucchi, Andrea. {See Sarto.) 
 
 240 Yauban, Sebastien le Prestre de, Engineer . 
 194* Yentura, Padre, Italian Priest 
 
 127 
 
 44 
 
 100 
 
 79 
 
238 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 No. 
 
 207* 
 
 403 
 
 156 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 50 
 39* 
 
 496 
 
 141 
 
 121 
 
 41 
 
 233 
 
 75 
 
 197 
 
 Vemet, Claude Joseph, Painter ...... 
 
 Yernon, Robert, Pdtron of Art . . . . . . 
 
 Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, called, Painter .... 
 
 Verus, iElius. {See iElius.). . . . ... 
 
 Verus, Annius. {See Annius.) ...... 
 
 Verus, Lucius Aurelius, Roman Emperor . . . . 
 
 Vespasian—Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianius, Roman 
 Emperor . . . . . . 
 
 Victoria, Queen of England . . . . . . . 
 
 Vinci, Leonardo da, Painter ...... 
 
 Virgil—Publius Virgilius Maro, Latin Poet . . . . 
 
 Vitellius, Aulus, Roman Emperor ..... 
 
 Voltaire, Fran$ois Marie Arouet de, Historian, Poet, and Wit 
 Volusianus, Caius Vibius, Roman Emperor . . . . 
 
 Vouet, Simon, Painter ....... 
 
 Page 
 
 87 
 
 176 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 225 
 
 59 
 
 52 
 
 32 
 97 
 41 
 83 
 
 444 Warren, Samuel, Lawyer and Writer . . . . . 201 
 
 364 Wartenburg, Yorck Count von, Prussian Field-Marshal . 159 
 
 451 Washington, George, First President of the United States . 204 
 
 428 Watt, James, Improver of the Steam Engine . . . . 193 
 
 469* Webster, Daniel, American Statesman and Orator . . 214 
 
 459 Wellington, Arthur, Duke of, Soldier and Statesman . . 209 
 437 Whewell, William, Philosopher . . . . . .197 
 
 336 Wieland, Christoph, Poet.147 
 
 494 William IV., King of England ...... 225 
 
 417 Wilson, John, Poet and Professor . . . . . . 186 
 
 315 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, Antiquary . . . .137 
 
 484 Wiseman, Cardinal, Chief of the Romish Church in England . 220 
 
 348 Wolf, Friedrich Augustus, Philologist .... 153 
 
 481 Wolsey, Cardinal, Minister of State.218 
 
 410 Wordsworth, William, Poet . . . . . .183 
 
 389 Wren, Sir Christopher, Architect and Mathematician . . 169 
 
 193 Ximenez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardinal and Regent of Spain 78 
 
 432 Yarrell, William, Naturalist.195 
 
 159 Zampieri, Domenico. {See Domenichino.) 
 
 318 Zelter, Karl Friedrich, Musician . . . . . . 139 
 
 21 Zeno, Founder of the Stoic Philosophy .... 23 
 
 359 Ziethen, Hans Joachim von, Prussian General . . . 157 
 
 166 Zingarelli, Niccolo, Musician . . . . • -67 
 
 BRADBURT AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEPRIARS. 
 
Since this Handbook was sent to press some of the 
 objects mentioned have received a new position ; but the 
 nv/mbers upon the objects correspond with the numbers 
 in the book. 
 
 June 2nd , 1854. 
 

 
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