too (p Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/seriesofplansforOOwood_0 SERIES OF PLANS FOR COTTAGES OR HABITATIONS OF THE LABOURER, EITHER IN HUSBANDRY, OR THE MECHANIC ARTS, ADAPTED AS WELL TO TOWNS AS TO THE COUNTRY. ENGRAVED ON THIRTY PLATES, TO WHICH IS ADDED An Introduction, containing many useful Observations on this Class of Building; tending to the Comfort of the Poor and Advantage of the Builder: with Calculations of Eocpences. BY THE LATE Mr. J.WOOD, of Bath, Architect # A NEW EDITION, CORRECTED TO THE PRESENT TIME. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. TAYLOR, AT THE ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, No. 59, HIGH HOLBORN. 1806, PRINTED BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON. INTRODUCTION. Some time back when in company with fe- veral gentlemen of landed property, the con- verfation turned on the ruinous ftate of the cottages of this kingdom; it was obfcrvcd that thefe habitations of that ufeful and ne- cefTary rank of men, the labourers, were become for the moft part offenfive both to decency and humanity; that the ftate of them and how far they might be rendered more comfortable to the poor inhabitants, was a matter worthy the attention of every man of property not only in the country, but in large villages, in towns, and in cities. Reflecting on this converfation; recol- lecting that no architect had, as yet, thought it worth his while to offer to the publick any well conftructed plans for cottages; considering the regular gradation between the plan of the moft Ample hut and that of the moft fuperb palace; that a palace is nothing more than a cottage improved; and that the plan of the latter is the bafis as it were of plans for the former; prompted alfo by humanity to make my talent ufeful to the pooreft of my fellow citizens; I refolved on turning my thoughts towards an object of fuch importance to the publick as plans for cottages appeared to me to be. But in order to make myfelf mafter of the fubject, it was neceflary for me to feel as the cottager himfelf; for I have always held it as a maxim, and however quaint the thought may appear, yet it is altogether true, that no architect can form a convenient plan, unlefs he ideally places himfelf in the Situa- tion of the perfon for whom he defigns: I fay it was neceflary for me to feel as the cot- tager himfelf; and for that end to vifit him ; to enquire after the conveniencies he wanted, and into the inconveniencies he laboured under. I did fo; and the further I examined the wider was the field of ftudy that opened itfelf to my view. The neceflity there was of im- proving the dwellings of the poor labourer be- came continually more and more apparent. I found it neceflary not to confine myfelf to the habitations of the labourer in hufbandry only, but to confider thofe of the workmen and artificers in the cloathing and other manu- facturing counties. I began to be difpirited; to doubt my abilities; and to wifh that a man of greater eminence than myfelf had undertaken fo ufeful a work ; a work not unworthy the attention of the moft expe- rienced architect. However I determined to proceed, flattering myfelf, that although I should not produce a perfect work, yet, at the leaft, I fhould lead the way to fome greater improvement. The greateft part of the cottages that fell 4 INTRODUCTION. within my obfervation, I found to be fhat- tercd, dirty, inconvenient, milerablc hovels, fcarcely affording a fhelter for hearts of the foreft; much lefs were they proper habita- tions for the human fpecies; nay it is impof- fible to defcrihe the miferable condition of the poor cottager, of which I was too often the melancholy fpeclator. Of the better kind of thefe cottages the poor inhabitants complained, That they were wet and damp, from their being built again ft banks, or in low dreary fpots*; and from the floors of them being sunk, as it were, into the ground, having one ftep a down into them and fometimes two. That they were cold and cheerlefs, from the entrances not being fkreened; from the awkward fituation of the door, windows, and chimney; and from the thinnefs of the ex- ternal b walls. That they were inconvenient from their want of room; and from the fteepnefs, ftrait- nefs and bad c fituation of the flairs, where there was an upper floor. That they were unhealthy from the low- nefs and clofenefs of the rooms; from their facing moftly the north and weft; and from the chambers being crowded into the roof, where having nothing to defend them from the weather but the rafters and bare roof without ceiling, they were ftifling hot in the fummer, and freezing cold in the winter; the triangular fhape of the roof rendered them alfo incommodious; the dormer windows d be- ing continually out of repair, and the dormers leaky, added greatly to the dampnefs, un- healthinefs, and decay of the cottage. Now to obviate thefe complaints, and to remove thefe inconveniencies, I mail lay down the Seven following principles, on which all cottages mould be built. Firft* The cottage mould be Dry and healthy; this is effected by keeping the * This error is not confined to cottages only, but it is to be obferved in moff. honfes in the country; as well in thofc creeled years ago, as in thofe, ftrangc to fay it, built in modern times. b In my neighbourhood they build the external walls, both of cottages and houfes, with freeftone, barely fix inches thick ; and in the countries, where brick is made ufe of, and particularly where the brick is rather dear, I obferved they generally made the external walls nine inches, or one brick thick. In the firft cafe I have been often an eye witnefs of the rain driving, not only through the joints, but even the (lone itfelf; and in the winter, I have feen the infide of thefe walls covered with ice from the roof to the foundation. In the fecond cafe, the fame circum fiances attend the nine inch walls, as I was informed by the fevcral inhabitants. c The fituation of the flairs being generally at the fide of the chimney, I need not expatiate on the inconveniency thereby produced; and to the old, and infirm, the fteepnefs or ftraitnefs is very troublefome, and dangerous. J Dormer, or dormant windows are fuch as are commonly placed in the roof ; the rafter, on which the cheek or fide of the window reds, is called the dormant rafter; and it is eafily conceived, how difficult it muft be to make the joining betwixt the upright cheek and the tile, or other covering, fo clofe as to prevent leakage, which muft of courfe rot the dormant rafter, and bring on in a fliort fpace of time the decay of the roof. INTRODUCTION. 5 floor fixteen or eighteen inches e above the natural ground; by building it clear of banks, on an open fpot of ground, that has a decli- vity, or fall, from the building; by having the rooms not lefs than eight feet high, an height that will keep them airy and healthy; and by avoiding having chambers in the roof. Secondly, Warm, cheerful, and com- fortable. In order to attain thefe points the walls fhould be of a fufhcient thicknefs (if of flone, not lefs than Jixteen inches; if of brick, at leaft a brick and half;) to keep out the cold of the winter, and the exceffive heat of the fummer. The entrance mould be f fkreened, that the room, on opening the door, may not be expofed to the open air ; the rooms fliould receive the light from the eaft, or the s fouth, or from any point betwixt the eafl and the fouth; for if they rece e their light from the north, they will be cold and cheerlefs; if from the welt, they will be fo heated by the fummer s afternoon fun, as to become comfortlcfs to the poor labourer after an hard day's work; whereas on the contrary, receiving the light from the eall: or the fouth, they will be always warm and cheerful ; fo like the feelings of men in an higher fphere are thofe of the poor cottager, that if his habitation be warm, cheerful, and comfortable, he will return to it with glad- nefs, and abide in it with pleafure. Thirdly, Convenient, by having a porch, or flied, to fkreen the entrance and to hold the labourers tools; by having a fried to ferve as a pantry, and flore-place for fuel; by hav- ing a privy h for cleanlinefs and decency's fake; by a proper difpofition of the windows doors, and chimneys; by having the flairs, where there is an upper floor, not lefs than three feet wide; the rife, or height not more than eight inches, and the tread, or breadth not lefs than nine inches ; and laflly by pro- portioning the flze of the cottage to the fa- mily that is to inhabit it; there fhould be e For want of this precaution, I have always obferved, that in wet fummers, and throughout the whole winter, the walls fucked up (if I may be allowed the expreffion) the water, and are damp for at leaft a yard high; and this happens not only where the walls are thin, but even in buildings where they are thick. f This circumftance muft be particularly attended to, in thofe rooms where there is intended to be a bed. s At firft view this nicety may appear trifling, but on mature deliberation will prove of very material confequence. h This convenience will anfwer many good ends, but in nothing more than being an introduffion to cleanlinefs. In the account of the voyage to the South Sea, publifhed by Dr. Hawkfworth, fpeaking of the inhabitants of New Zealand is the following paffage. " In perfonal delicacy they were not equal to our friends at Otaheite, for the coldnefs of the climate " did not fo often invite them to bathe, but we faw among them one inffance of cleanlinefs, in which they excelled them, " and of which perhaps there is no example in any other Indian Nation ; every houfe or every clufter of three or four " houfes was furnifhed with a privy, fo that the ground was every where clean." What a reflection is this on the greatest part of the inhabitants of Britain to be exceeded in neatnefs in any one point by that barbarous race of people the New Zea- landers ? I could mention many large and opulent towns, particularly on the fea coafts, nay fome large cities, where there is fcarcely fuch a convenience in the whole place, for want of which, the ilreets are perfect jakes ; to the annoyance of both Inhabitants and Strangers. B 6 INTRODUCTION. one lodging room for the parents, another for the female, and a third for the male chil- dren ; it is melancholy to fee a man and his wife, and fometimes half a dozen children crowded together in the fame room, nay often in the lame bed; the horror is (till heightened, and the inconveniency increafed at the time when the woman is in child-bed, or in cafe of illnefs, or of death ; indeed whilft the children are young, under nine years of age, there is not that offence to decency if they fleep in the fame room with their parents, or if the boys and girls fleep together, but after that age they fhould be kept 1 apart. Fourthly^, Cottages fhould not be more than twelve feet wide in the clear k being the greateft width that it would be prudent to venture the rafters of the roof with the collar pieces 1 only, without danger of fpread- ing the walls; and by ufing collar pieces, there can be fifteen inches in height of the roof thrown into the upper chambers, which will render dormer windows m ufelefs. The collar pieces will ferve for ceiling joiffs; and the fmall portion of the roof, that is thrown into the room, will not create thofe inconve- niencies that attend rooms, which are totallv in the roof. Fifthly, Cottages fhould be always built in pairs; either at a little diffance the one from the other; or clofe adjoining fo as to appear as one building, that the inhabitants may be of affiffance to each other in cafe of ficknefs or any other accident. Sixthly, As a piece of Oeconomy, cot- tages mould be built ftrong, and with the belt of materials, and thefe materials well put together; the mortar muff be well tempered and mixt, and lime not fpared; hollow walls bring on decay, and harbour vermin; and bad fappy timber foon reduces the cottage to a ruinous ffate; although I would by no means 1 I am aware that the flatute of the 5th of Elizabeth, concerning the apprenticing poor children, and compelling adults lo go out to ferviee, will be here objected to me, but the objection foon vanifhes when we confider; frft, That it may be policy, in many cafes, to let the children live at home with their parents 'till they are grown up, particularly in the manu- facturing Countries ; where the trade of the Father will be more carefully taught the children, whole earnings often, nay generally, contribute to the better maintenance of the Family. Secondly, The power given to the parifh officers by that act is very much circumfcribed, and is confined merely to their own parifhes ; indeed they may, if they can find proper maf- ters in other parifhes, bind out their orphan poor, and the children of fuch poor as are willing to part with them; but this muft be done by the confent of the magiftrates, who mould be very careful how they take the burthen off from one parifh, and lay it on another. k Twelve feel is a width fufficient for a dwelling that is to be deemed a cottage; if it be wider, it approaches too near to what I would call a houfc for a fuperior tradefman ; befides, it would require longer and ftronger timbers, girders to the floors and roof, and confequently greatly enhance the expence ; a circumftance one would wifh in all buildings to avoid. 1 A collar piece, is that piece of wood which ties the rafters together at fome height above the wall plate, as is exprefTed in Fig. I. in the firft mifccllaneous plate, by the letter A. and is generally dove-tailed into the rafters. m Bccauie the room being fix feet ten inches high to the top of the wall plate, there will be fufheient height to make s. window in the fide wall under the plate. INTRODUCTION. 7 have thcfe cottages fine, yet I recommend regularity, which is beauty; regularity will render them ornaments to the country, in- ftead of their being as at prefent difagreeable objects. Seventhly, A piece of ground for a gar- den fliould be allotted to every cottage n pro- portionable to its fize; the cottage fliould be built in the vicinity of a fpring of water, a circumftance to be much attended to; and if there be no fpring, let there be a well. On the foregoing Seven principles I re- commend all cottages to be built; ° on them I have formed the following plans, which I divide into four clafTes or degrees. Fiijl, cottages with one room; Secondly, cottages with two rooms; Thirdly, cottages with three rooms; and Fourthly, cottages with four rooms, of each of which in order. But before I proceed, it will be proper to I inform the reader, that the following plans are calculated for the neighbourhood to the eajlward of Bath ; I fay to the eajiward, be- caufe a little wav either to the eaft, or to the weft, makes a fenfible difference in the ex- pence of the carriage of ftone. It is very remarkable, that if a line be drawn from north to fouth through the city of Bath, leaving the hot fprings to the eaft- ward, that all the ftone immediately to the eaft ward p of that line is a fine freeftone, and continues fuch for about four miles to the eaft, when it changes to a fhelly tile, which runs about fix miles further eaftward, and then be- comes a chalk in the Wiltfliire hills. Imme- diately on the weft of the above defcribed line, the ftone is hard, called the blue and white lyas; both will burn into lime, but the blue is the be ft. This lime is very ftrong, of a brown colour, (or what the workmen term ■ This will hold good in the country where ground is not of fo great a value, but in towns we mufl; be content with a fmall outlet behind. The advantage of a garden to cottages has been much infilled upon by all late writers on this fubjecl. 1 cannot more properly than in this place obferve, that near Dorchefter, in Dorfetfhire, there has been lately erected a row of four cottages for the accommodation of an adjoining Farm, in which there has not been the leaft attention paid either to the principles of found building, or to decency, or conveniency. The entrances are from the weft, and not fkreened ; the windows are to the fame point ; the cottages is feventeen feet and an half wide in the clear; and the whole triangular fpace of the roof occupied as a chamber. The confequence is, that the walls, which have not been built more than three years, are already conliderably fpread, and mufl; in a fhort time fall down; the poor inhabitants told me that they could fcarcely fupport the heat of thefe rooms in the fummer, and that they were quite frozen in the winter. The indecency of one chamber for a large Family, is here very ftriking ; and what adds to the fhamelefihefs of it, was the partitions between houfe and houfe being nothing more than thin, rough boards not jointed ; and yet the rent, paid for each cottage, is fifty two Jliiliings a year. It is a pity that gentlemen, who build cottages for the accommodation of their labourers, do not ftudy liability for their own fakes, and conveniency and decency for the fake of the inhabitants; for, believe me, the poor man wilhes for conveniency, but knows not how to remedy himfelf; and would be decent, was it. in his power. p If this line be continued northward forty miles, even to Gloucefter, the fame circumflance of having freeflone to the eaft will ftill attend it; and if continued fouthward about twenty miles, through Shepton-Mallet, 'twill be the fame alio except about two miles over Mendip, where the hard lime- ftone rock runs a few miles to the eaft to Vobfter, in the parilli of Mells, and is there loft. 8 INTRODUCTION. it, di(Js brown) and fcts or grows hard q undei water. This has ftone continues for eight miles weftward, and then changes into a gritty, thin-bedded, hard ftone, called pennant, with which the foot pavements of the ftreets r are laid; this pennant ftone runs four miles fur- ther weftward to the city of Briftol, and then becomes a very hard lime-ftone, which cafts white, but will not fet in water. Thus at Hath we have ftone for tile; a freeftone, per- haps the fineft in the kingdom; two kinds of lime-ftone; and an excellent ftone for paving, all within an eafy carriage of the city. The freeftone is fawed out with a com- mon hand-faw into what is called perpen- q/hlar, s that is, ftone of four, fix, eight or ten inches thick, and of fuch height and length as the rock will admit of; but gene- rally into, what is called, ten, twelve, or four- teen inch courfes, and the ftone from two feet and an half, to four feet and an half in length. A wall well built with fix inch aftilar is much ftrongcr than a brick wall of nine inches thick; but if fuch fix inch walls be the external ones of any dwelling, the rooms within, as I oblerved before, will be fultry hot in the fummer, and freezing cold in the winter; however, fuch thin aftilar makes moft excellent infide partitions. Now as there is fo great a difference in the building materials, within fo fhort a fpace as ten miles either to the caft or to the weft of one town, how much muft the materials of one country vary from thofe of another? We may therefore juftly conclude that the prices of building muft vary in every country; and yet I have found by experience, that the dif- ference on the whole is very little, throughout the kingdom, if the builder is content to make ufe of the local materials of the country where he builds. It has been obferved, that the eftimates for thefe cottages were made for the neigh- bourhood of Bath; I fhall therefore now pro- ceed to defcribe the method of building, and the materials made ufe of in that part of the country; and alfo to fhew the prices there given not only for materials, but for work- manftiip, both by the yard, and by the day: from which premifes, I fhall lay down fuch a mode of calculation, as will put it in the power of any perfon, with very little trouble, to afcertain the value of the fame kind of work in any other country. As there are feveral branches of the building buftnefs employed in the erection of an humble cot- tage, I will conftder and explain each fe- parately. s This lime with coal afhes, mix'd in the manner prefcribed by Mr. Loiiot, will make the hardeft cement I ever faw, as I have found by various experiments; it will hold water, refill froft, harden in a few hours in water, and will bear a very good polifh. r The coach or carriage ways are laid, or pitched with blue lyas, which wears very well, though it will not bear the froft. ' A provincial term; a corruption I imagine of perpendicular, as the ftone in this form is placed on the edge, and muft of courfe be fet very plumb, or perpendicular; and the edge or bed truly fquare with the upright furface. INTRODUCTION. 9 Masons' Work. The materials made ufe of in this branch are rough walling Jlone and afiilar. The foun- dation mail be two feet thick, and two feet high to the level of the floor of the room; the walls above that level to be twenty inches thick; the walls of the fheds to be built with four inch 1 afhlar; the quoins, the jaumbs and heads of the chimneys, doors and windows" to be of aflilar; as alfo the fills of the win- dows, the fummer-ftones w the tabling; the tuns, or that part of the chimney that rifes above the roof, mould be of the fame material. A waggon load of ftones, which at the quarry cofts one fliilling and four-pence, and the carriage of which will be five fiiillings, is fufflcient to build a perch of walling conMing of thirty cubical feet. Two rough mafons, x each of whofe wages are three fiiillings and fix-pence for the day, and one mafon's labourer at the daily wages of two fiiillings and four -pence, will build about four perch in a day, including the mix- ing of the mortar; thus the con: of one perch is two fiiillings and four-pence, but an allow- ance of one penny is to be made in every perch for the trouble of erecting and taking down the fcaffolds, which will make the value of a perch two fiiillings and five- pence. Twelve bufhels of lime at fix pence the bumel ; and one cart load of mortar dirt, or fand, at eightcen-pence the load (the whole making feven fiiillings and fix pence) will be fufficient for three perch and an half of work, that is, two fiiillings and two-pence the perch. Four* inch afhlar delivered on the fpot is worth three pence three farthings, and the workmanfhip in fetting the fame, and after- wards cleanfing it down, is one penny halfpenny for every foot fuperficial, to be meafured on one fide only; the mortar with which fuch afh- lar is fet, is lime and the fand of the freeftone, but the quantity is fo fmall, that the value of what is ufed in fetting an hundred feet of 1 In countries where there is no fuch afhlar, thofe walls muft be built as thin as poffible with the ftone of the country. And where bricks are made ufe of, a wall of the thicknefs of half a brick will anfwer the purpofe very well. u This will not increafe the expence ; becaufe the labour faved in hewing the quoins, jaumbs, &c. in the rough ftones, will amply pay for the extraordinary expence of the freefione, made ufe of in thofe feveral articles. w In the firft mifcellaneous plate, Fig. 2. A, is the fummer Jlone ; B, B, the barge flones; C, the tabling, the firft piece of which is worked in the folid of the fummer ftone, and fo becomes an abutment, as at D, and fupport to the reft of the tabling. The tabling is three inches thick, and nine inches broad; two inches project over the gable end, and as the barge Hones are four inches thick, there are three inches of it to project over the covering, which makes the neateft finifh that can be imagined. The inclined plane of the gable end is called the barge. In walls where barge flones are not made ufe of, their place is fupplied with a rafter, called the barge rafter; and this fupports the outward courfe of tile, called the barge courfe. x The mafon that fets the (lone is called a rough mafon; the man that works the freeflone is called a free ma/on; a mafon's labourer has always greater wages than a common labourer, as it requires fkill and practice to attend mafons. 10 INTRODUCTION. four inch afhlar, will icarcely amount to nine- pence. The price, therefore, of a perch of wall- in 15 delivered on the fpot . . . ) 2 cart loads of fand at 3 s. the load,") > 6 delivered on the fpot ... J I day a labourer mixing the mortar") * 7 6 } 2 3 at 3s J 5 days a bricklayer at 4 s. 6d. . . 12 6' 5 days a labourer at 3 s 15 12 9 9 In countries diftant from London, where labour and materials are cheaper, the price will of courfc be lefs ; for inftance, at Stock- port, in Chefhire, the price of a rod of brick work will be as follows. 1 The above price of ten findings and eleven pence for the perch is the coft that every mafier-bnildcr will be at, out of his own pocket, exclufivc of his own time, of the wear and tear of fcaffolding, intcrefl. of money, and a reafonable profit. INTRODUCTION. •.. . /. 6-. d. 4500 bricks at 35 s, the thousand . 7 17 6 30 bufliclsof lime at 6d. fhebulhel . 15 2 cart loads of land at 1 $. the load . 2 | day a man to mix the mortar at 2 s. 1 6 3 days a bricklayer at 3 s. the day . 15 () 5 days a labourer at ( 2s 10 10 1 It muft here again be obferved, that thefe prices are exclufive of materials for fcaffold- ing, and alfo of the reafonable profit that fhould be allowed to a mafter bricklayer. Ironmongery. I mention this article before the carpen- ters work, becaufe there are many articles of the ironmongery goods made ufe of in the carpenters branch, and eftimated with it; the following are the chief ; four, fix, eight, ten, twelve, and twenty-penny nails ; fix inch fpikes at two- pence a piece; eight, ten, and twelve- penny flooring brads-, three, four, and fix-penny clout neMs\ fix inch H-L lunges, at one flai- ling and two-pence the pair; ten inch fide hinges at two fillings and two -pence a pair; cafement fays at fix-pence the pair; cafement faflenings at four-pence the pair; flock locks at two fillings apiece, and cafement fquares at one filling the fet. Carpenters' Work. The wages of a carpenter are four fillings a day, the price of fir timber three fillings, and of elm two fillings and fix-pence the foot cubical; fir board, one inch thick, two pounds, and elm board of the fame thicknefs, one pound twelve fillings the hundred feet; that is, the former five-pence, the latter four-pence the foot. I muft obferve, that although fir is dearer than elm by the foot, yet it is cheaper to ufe the former, as there is fo much wafte, occafioned by the elm being in general what I lie workmen call very waney. Sawing is done by the hundred feet, from three fillings and fx -pence to four fillings the hundred; deal quarter four inches by three is worth three-pence the foot running. The roofs of cottages I advife to be framed with rafters two inches thick ;fx inches broad at the foot, B, (in fig. i. firfl mifcell. Plate) and five inches broad at the point, C; tied to- gether by the collar piece, A, five inches broad, and two thick; dove-tailed at each end, as at D, D, into the rafters; halved together at the point, C, there faftened with two tenpenny nails; and abutted with a bird's mouth, as at E, E, on the wall plate, into which they are to be nailed, at the foot, with a double ten- penny tail; the wall plate to be five inches broad and two thick. In order to keep the roof Heady, put a ridge piece of inch board fx inches broad, notched on the upper edge, about two inches deep, to receive and clip the rafters at the internal angle of the point, and let it be drove up to its place by a collar of inch board, fx inches broad, which fallen to the rafters with four tenpenny nails, as ex- prefTed by Fig. 3, in the fame plate, where A is the ridge piece, and B, B, the fmall collar; Fig. 4, represents the fame ridge piece, length- ways, with the notches as above defcribed. I 2 INTROD U CTIO N. ♦ The pitch of the roof to be as in Fig. 5, in the fame plate, iuppofe a triangle A B C to rcprefent the roof, where A C is the hori- zontal length of the bafe, or diftance from one foot of the rafter to the other, bifect the line AC at D; on the point D erect the perpendicular D E; divide A D, or C D, into four equal parts, then take three of thefe parts and let them off on the line D E to the point B; then will A B, or C B, be the length of the rafter, and be equal to five of fuch parts as A D is divided into, by the forty fevenfh proportion of the firft book of Euclid. For A D, the bafe, being four, its fquare will be fix teen ; and D B, the perpendicular, being three, its fquare, will be nine ; nine and fix- lecn make twenty -Jive, the fquare root of which is Jive, equal to the length of the rafter, or h ypothenufe A B. If workmen would well confider this pitch, it would fave a deal of timber, time, and wafte. And I can afTure them, from long experience, that it is fuffi- ciently fteep for any materials that are made ufe of in this kingdom for covering of buildings. Having mentioned above, that the rafters of the roof muft be abutted on the wall plate with a bird s -mouth, as at E E, referring to the firft Figure in the firft mifccllaneous plate, and as the fcale to which that figure is drawn is but fmall, and probably what I call a birds- month may not be fufficiently undcrftood, it is exprefTcd in a larger fcale by the fixth figure in the fame plate, where A is the wall plate; B the rafter; and cde the birds- mouth. I muft obferve alio, that the collar piece Is directed to be dove tailed at each end into the rafters; it muft be further directed to be kept in its place by four hold-fafts or ftay- hooks, fuch as are ufed by plumbers, of about the value of a penny each, driven through the rafters, and clinched, at the places marked with the black dots on the rafters in the firft figure-, thefe will keep the collar piece in its place, and prevent its ftarting, without de- stroying the operation of the dove-tail, which would certainly be the cafe if the ends of the collar piece were to be nailed to the rafters. Wherever the roof is hip'd there muft be an angular brace of quarter, dove-tailed into the wall plate, as at A A, Fig. 7; the mortice to be one inch deep, and the under-fhoulder half an inch, fo that the upper fide will be one inch and an half above the wall plate; then let the diagonal piece C B, fix inches broad and one and an half thick, be dove- tailed, at the end B, into the brace A A, its whole thicknefs deep, then will the upper fide be flufh with the upper fide of the brace, and its under fide at C, be flat on the wall plate. This diagonal piece is the abutment to the hip rafter. A fquare of fuch roof, including the wall plate, will contain thirteen feet of tim- ber; one hundred feet of fawing; and eight feet of inch board; it will alfo require forty tenpenny, and twelve twenty penny nails; and two men will frame and put up two fquares in a day and an half. The price INTRODUCTION. therefore of a fquare of fuch roofing will ftand thus, /. s. d. 1 3 feet of timber at 3 s. .... 1190 8 feet of board at 5 d. 3 4 100 feet of fa wing 3 6 Nails, &c \ 6 Labour 6 2 13 4 The flooring I advife to be thus, the joifts to be fix inches by four, and to lie from wall to wall the breadth of the building; two half joifts to be placed againft each end, and the re- maining fpace fo divided, as to be about three feet from middle to middle of the joifts, as defcribed by Fig. 8, in the firft mifcellaneous plate, where A A are the half joifts, B B the whole joifts, and C C the trimmers on each fide of the chimney; then the flooring boards to be one inch and a quarter thick, grooved and tongued, z and planed on both fides. The joifts alfo fliould be planed and tried up; thefe joifts will be worth fix-pence the foot for the fluff; and the planing, trying up, and lay- ing, two-pence the foot running; a fquare will require thirty-three fuch feet ; again, a man can plane, groove, tongue, and lay about half a fquare of flooring in a day, which amounts to eight fliillings the fquare; board, one i?ich and a quarter thick, is worth fix- pence the foot, and a fquare of flooring will require one hundred of tenpenny flooring brads ; under the ends of the joifts I would have a plate D of inch and quarter board, fix inches broad, laid into the wall, this will add about eight feet of board to every fquare. I advife alfo, that a plate of the fame fcantling, planed on the under fide only, be laid on the joifts and nailed down to them, and a fimiiyr plate laid along each end of the room ai: thf fame level, the one for the fides of the floor- ing boards to joint to; the other to receive the heading joints, this will increafe the price of the fquare about four fliillings. The price therefore of a fquare will ftand thus, /. s. do 33 feet of joifts, work included, 6d. 16 6 100 feet of flooring board at 7 d.*\ 6 2 18 4 work included J 8 feet of plate at 7 d. 4 8 The extraordinary expence of the-i ^ ^ plate above mentioned . . J 100 tenpenny brads 10 4 4 4 There is another method of making the naked floor, which is, to put a beam acrofs the room of eight inches fquare, and then the joifts to be of quarter, four inches by three, placed in the manner above defcribed ; in this cafe, if the bearing of the joifts be but five * Grooved and tongued. That is, on both edges of the board, exactly in the middle, is made a groove about three quar- ters of an inch deep, then a thin piece of wood, of an inch and a half broad, is put into the groove of one board, and the other is drove up to a clofe joint on it; Figure 9 in the firft mifcellaneous plate, reprefents the fection of two boards, the grooves A A on their edges, and the thin piece of board B called the tongue, all feparate ; and Figure 10 reprefents the fame when clofed. 14 INTRODUCTION. feet eight inches, the expence will exceed the above method a mere trifle; but if the bear- ing be greater, the fcantling of the joifts muft be increafed, or the joifts placed nearer toge- ther, whereby the expence will be confider- ably enhanced. The former method of floor- ing I have found by experience to be the beft ever yet put in praclice for fmall houfes, where the bearing of the joifts does not exceed twelve feet; it is attended with thefe peculiar advantages, there is no harbour for vermin; the joints of the flooring boards are fo fecured, that neither wet, nor duft, can fall from the upper to the lower floor; nor is there any occaflon for lath and plaifter. The partitions to be of boards 07ie inch and a quarter thick, grooved and tongued, and planed on both fides, in the fame manner as the floors, fo the price will be three pounds five Jliillings the fquare; that is, three pounds two Jliillings for board and work, and three Jliillings for nails and battens; this is to be underftood of fuch partitions as have no doors in them, for where there are doors, two Jliil- lings and fix-pence muft be allowed for each, to pay for extraordinary labour and time, that muft necefTarily be employed in framing and hanging them, and in making the latch and catch, or fuch other fattening as fhall be thought expedient. All doors, not in partitions, to be bat- tened doors, with frames of quarter; every door three feet wide, and fix feet four inches high, will take twenty-four feet of inch board, battens included, and eighty tenpenny nails; each frame will require twenty feet of quarter, and a man can make a well rabbetted door, its frame, hang, and put up the fame, in a day; fo that the price of a door ftands thus, /. s. d. 24 feet of inch board at 5 d. . . . 10 22 fect of quarter at 3 d 5 6 80 tenpenny nails , 8 Workmanfhip 4 6 A pair of fide hinges . . , . 1 6 1 2 2 The windows for the lower floor are to be three feet wide and four feet fx inches high; the frames of quarter; and the cafe- ments of inch and quarter board; the windows- of the upper floor three feet fquare. One of the larger windows will take twenty-two feet of quarter, one foot of board, and a man can make fuch frame, cafement, put up, hang the fame, and put on all the faftenings in a day, the price of the larger windows will then be, /. s. d. 22 feet of quarter at 3 d. .... 056 1 foot of board at 5 d. 5 Labour 046 1 fct of cafement fquarcs .... 010 1 pair of cafement flays .... 003 1 pair of fix inch H-L hinges at Is. 2d. 1 2 1 pair of cafement faftenings ... 002 1 feet of glazing at 9 d. the foot . 7 6 Painting 008 1 1 2 The fmaller windows requiring about five feet lefs of quarter, and about four fect lefs of glafs, will be worth fxteen Jliillings each. The flairs to be of inch board, and the INTRODUCTION. IS bearings of the fame; whether the ftairs be conftructed as in plate VII, or as in plate X, the expence will be the fame, both as to ma- terials and as to workmanfhip; but if con- tracted as in plate XVIII, the expence will be a trifle more, as I fhall explain in its proper place. The cottages being eight feet eight inches high, from floor to floor, there will in every flair cafe be required, twelve fleps and thir- teen rifers, in which will be ufed fix ty -four feet of board, eighteen feet of quarter, fifty tenpenny flooring brads, and one hundred of tenpenny nails; a man can work, fet up, and finifh fuch a flair cafe in two days and a half ; the price therefore of a flair cafe, will be as follows, /. t. d. 64t feet of board at 5 d 1 6* 8 1 8 feet of quarter at 3 d. . . . , 4 6 Nails 13 Workmanfhip 113 2 3 8 Although I cannot recommend Timber buildings, knowing them to be attended with many and great inconveniencies, particularly their being hot in fummer and cold in winter; their being too liable to fire, and their being continually in want of repairs; yet as fome Gentlemen may be deflrous of following the practice, I will give them the beft advice I can, and this is no way better to be done, than by fhewing the method of framing the front and end of the double cottage defcribed in plate io of this work. The fcantling of the timber neceflary for cottages of this fort is but fmall, the ftrength of the building de- pending more on the mechanical conft ruction, than on the fize and quantity of the materials. All timber buildings mull be fupported on a brick or flone foundation of about two feet high above the natural ground, on this foundation muft be laid the fill A A, in the firft figure of the fecond mifcellaneous plate, which reprefents the framing of the fouth fide of the above mentioned cottages; into the fill muft be tenoned the angular pofls B B, and all the other upright ftudsj the fill muft be fix inches broad and three thick, and as it will be difficult to procure timber long enough for the fill to be of one piece, let it be fcarfed or lengthened with a dove-tailed joint a ; the ftuds a a a, that form the jaumbs of the doors and windows, are to be fix inches broad and four thick, all the others only two inches thick; the braces b b b, to be alfo fx inches by four] the angular pofts, B, B, fhould be in one length from top to bottom, and fx inches fquare. The girder C C to be tenoned at each end, into the upright pofts w r ith a dove-tailed b tenon; and fcarfed with an in- a A dove-tailed joint. As exprefted by the 1 1th figure of the firft mifcellaneous plate, at the letter A. * A dove-tailed tenon, fee fig. 3, mifcellaneous plate 2, where A is the girder, B the upright angular poll:; at the end of the girder muft be made the dove-tail tenon abed, the mortice bopc muft be cut through the poft fo much longer, than the girder is high, that when the dove-tail is in its place, there will be an hole a d p o through the poft above the girder; into this hole muft be driven, tightly, the wedge C, which will always confine the tenon in its place, i6 INTRODUCTION. dented joint; this girder to be fx inches fquare, and its office is to fupport the floor of the chambers; the finds a a a, in the lower tier, are tenoned both into the fill, and into the under fide of the girder; the other ftuds only into the fill, as cutting fo many mortices in the girder would weaken it too much; but to fiipply the place of a mortice, let there, between every two ftuds, be tightly driven a piece of inch board and nailed to the under fide of the girder, as exprefTed by the dotted line; the fame mull be done both on the upper and lower fides of the braces as mor- tices to the fluds, that reft on thofe pieces; the office of the braces is not only to keep the framing {ready, and prevent its rocking from end to end, but alfo to admit fluff of almoft all lengths to be made ufe of; and and here I caution the builder always to place the braces leaning towards the middle of the work, and not to be guilty of that frequent error of placing them the contrary way, as I have fhewn by the dotted lines x x in the upper tier. The wall plate D D, which in thefe buildings is more properly the architrave, to be four Inches thick, fcarfed as the girder, and dove-tailed d its whole depth into the heads of the angular potts; the fluds a a a, in the fecond tier, arc to be tenoned both into the girder and into the architrave, but the others only into the girder, and fecurcd at top as thofe in the lower tier; the fecond figure of this plate reprefents the framing of the ends, and needs no further explanation, than that the timbers A A, and B B, are to be tenoned into the angular pofts with a dove-tailed tenon, and the timber C C, tenoned into the fame ports with a common tenon; this piece may be placed, either higher or lower, at the difcretion of the builder, as its ufe is chiefly to give an opportunity of ufing fhort rtuff. The roofs of thefe buildings differ from thofe of rtone or brick buildings, as their office is as much to keep the oppoflte fides of the building together, as to cover the cottages, and muft therefore be framed with principal rafters, as fig. 8, mifceL plate 2, where A is the girder, or fpan beam ; B B, the principal rafters; both girder and rafters are fx inches by four; the rafters to be abutted into the girder as at C, and halved together at the point; care must be taken that the toe of the rafter at b, be within the upright of the in- fide of the framing; into thefe rafters muft be framed purlines of fx by two, as at cc; and at the point, between each pair of prin- cipals, muft be a ridge piece of quarter four inches fquare, as at D, the upper fides of c An indented joint. This is the llrongeft and bed way of fcarfing I ever faw, or can think of, and is explained by the fourth and fifth figures of the fecond mifcellancous plate. Fig. 4 reprefents the pieces of timber cut into the proper fhape, but not joined ; the length a b muft be about two inches fhorter than c d; and g h as much fhorter than c f ; fo that when joined, as in Jrr. 5, there will be left the fquare hole B, through this hole muft be driven a double wedge, which will force the points a and h, into the angles c and f, and the beam w ill thereby become full as ftrong, as if it was in one piece. d Dove-tailed, &c. This is explained by fig. 6 and 7 in the second mifcellancous plate, where a a a a denote the head of the poll, with a proper dove-tail mortice and flioulder; and A, in fig. 7- is the dove-tail of the wall plates. INTRODUCTION, which must bevel with the rafter, but the under fides fquare the one to the other; thefe ridge pieces muft be fupported by a fmall collar o o; on thefe purlines and ridge piece lie and are nailed the fmall rafters of three inches fquare; the roofs muft be always hipped at the ends, and the wall plates tied at the corners with angular braces, as in Jig. 7, mijcel. plate I, the hip rafter ferving as a brace to keep the whole roof fteady; the oirders at the ends muft be calked down e into the wall plate with an hidden dove tail. The floors will differ from that in the eighth figvre oj the Jirjl mijcellaneous plate, in nothing but that the ends of the join's muft be calked down to the girder, as the girders of the roof are calked down to the wall plate; and left the ends of the joifts mould rife, it will be neceftary to faften them with a large ftaple drove over them into the girders ; but great care muft be taken not to let the ftaple pafs through the joift into the girder, as that would entirely deftroy the operation of the dove- tail, whofe office is manifeftly to keep the fides of the building from fpreading, both by thefe joifts of the floor, and by the gir- ders of the roof; from hence will appear the reafon of fcarfing the architrave and girder with an indented joint, bceaufe that method of fcarfing refifts the pull or thruft both lengthways and breadthways, whereas a dove- tail fearf, as in the fill, reftfts only the pull lengthways. Plaisterers' Work. There is fo little a quantity of this work required in building these cottages that it will not be worth the while of a Gentleman to provide the materials, every country plaif- terer having in general by him a fufficient quantity to perform the work at one Jliilling and Jour-pence the yard for ceilings, including laths and nails; and eight-pence a yard for plaiftering on walls. Tilers' Work. There is no branch in the building bufi- nefs, except the paviours, that admits of fo great a variety as this, but there is none of greater confequence,nor that requires a greater fkill in the workman, for which reafon, the workmanfhip is always by the great. The materials made ufe of in the neighbourhood of Bath, are either ftone tile, cornifii fate, pan- tile, or thatch; firft then of the Jlone tile, one waggon load will do a perch of work, con- fifting of two hundred and twenty-five feet, or two fquares and a quarter; at the quarry a load will coft twenty Jive fillings the car- riage fix fillings; the workmanfhip fifteen JJiillings, and the laths two JJiillings and fix- pence \ pins and nails three fallings \ and mor- e The method of calking with an hidden dove tail is thus: Let fig. 7, in mifcel. plate 2, be the wall plate; on the upper lkle of this make a dove-tail mortice about two inches deep, as at C, with the moulder a b c d ; on the under fide of the girder D, fig. 9, cut the dove-tail Pj let this dove-tail be driven down into the mortice C, and the operation of the whole will be readily feen. 18 INTROD tar three fiiilliugs, in all two pounds fourteen J hillings and fix pence the perch, or twenty- four /hillings the fquare. Of the cornifh Hate, fifteen hundred will do a perch, and at the fea-port will coft twenty /hillings the thoufand ; the carriage five fiiil- liugs the thoufand; the drelTing and laying on fifteen Jhillings the perch; the nails, laths, and mortar, the fame as the ftone tile, in all, two pounds thirteen /hillings and fix-pence the perch, or twenty -four full in gs the fquare. Of the pantiles one hundred and fixty will do a fquare; to the fame quantity, will be re- quired ten, ten feet pantile laths, and one hun- dred and twenty of fixpenny nails, the tiles are worth on the fpot eight fiiilliugs the hun- dred; and the laths three Jhillings the dozen; and three fallings for the fquare is the price of workmanfliip, fo that the price of a fquare will be eighteen fallings and fen-pe?ice. Thatch Is of two kinds, one with haulm, or ftraw that has not been thrafhed, but the fheaves of wheat firft combed with an iron toothed comb made for that purpofe, and cleared from all fhort ftraws, from weeds and grafs, and then the ears cut off with a (harp fickle; the other with ftraw that has been thrafhed. Of the firft kind, eight fheaves of haulm at twelve /hillings the dozen; one pound of rope yarn at fix-pence the pound; one hundred of four- penny nails; and one hundred of three feet laths at fxteen pence the hundred, will do a fquare; the workmanfhip of which will be UCTIO N. three fallings and fx -pence, making in the whole thirtee?i Jhillings and eight-pence. Of the fecond kind, a ton of ftraw will cover fix fquare; and ft raw is worth about forty-free fallings the ton ; fo that the ftraw, for a fquare, will coft J even fallings and fix- pence \ but in every other refpect the expence of covering with ftraw is the fame as covering with haulm. The firft kind of thatching has this advantage, that it will laft twenty-five or thirty years, whereas the fecond kind will re- quire renewing every twelve or fourteen years, and there is but fx-pence different in the price. The weekly wages of a thatcher and his boy are twenty fallings. In countries where brick is the building material, the tiles are burnt ones, commonly called plain tiles. To cover a fquare at a fix inch gauge, it will require fieven hundred and fixty tiles, at fifty fallings the thoufand ; one bundle of laths, at three fallings \ fix hundred threepenny nails, a peck of pins at one ful- ling ; two bufhels of lime at fx-pence the bufhel; and one bufhel of fand at three-pe?ice the bufhel ; one day's work for a bricklayer at three Jhillings and fix pence, and one day for his labourer at three f hillings \ fo the price of a fquare will ftand thus, I. s. d. 760 tiles at 5 s. the hundred ... 1 18 1 bundle of laths 3 6 600 of nails at 3 J. ...... 1 6 A peck of pins 10 2 bufhels of lime 10 1 bufhel of fand 3 labour 6 6 i2 11 9 INTROD Paviours 1 Work. Although this branch will admit of fo great a variety, 1 mall confine myfelf to the paving proper for cottages, the rag-tile is ge- nerally made ufe of, and is worth one fliil- li?ig and fix-pence the yard, materials and work included; there is a kind of plaifter floor much ufed in countries where lime and coal allies are in plenty, it is a very good floor, and may be made for ni?ie pence the yard; UCTION. 19 where brick is the material, thirty-two will pave a yard fquare, if laid flat ways, and forty- eight if placed on the edge, and will be worth four-pence per yard for laying, fo that if bricks are two pounds two fliillings the thoufand, a yard of paving flatways, will cofl about two fliillings and two-pence-, and three fliillings, if laid edgeways. Near the fea coafr. they pave with a fmall pebble, that makes very neat work, and may be done for one prilling the yard; flints alfo make no bad pavement, and is very cheap. A SERIES OF PLANS FOR COTTAGES, &c. CLASS THE FIRST, CONTAINING PLANS OF COTTAGES CONSISTING OF ONE ROOM, PLATE I. Number 1. is the moll fimple cottage of any, being nothing more than a room, B, twelve feet fquare, and /even feet and an half high to the under fide of the wall plate; with a porch, A, five feet long by three feet eight inches wide. The fituation of the bed is marked with an afterifk; the chimney is placed in the angle; and the flew of it brought round to the back, and carried up in a gable end; the cottage fronts the eaft, and receives its light from the fouth. Number 2. is the cottage, having one Hied, A, inftead of a porch; another {bed, C, for a pantry; and the conveniency, D; the width of thefe fheds is determined by the pitch or declivity of the roof of the cot- tage; under the eaves of which the roofs of the fheds finifh; and their width in this and in other plans, where the whole of the cottage is on the ground floor, is three feet eight incites in the clear; the entrances of thefe fheds are level with the ground, and out of them you afcend into the cottage by fteps made in the thicknefs of the wall; this cottage I fuppofe to front either the fouth or the eaft, and to receive its light from that point to which it fronts; the flew of the chim- ney of this as well as of the foregoing, is brought up in a gable end at the back fronts, and the roof in the front is to be hipped. Number 3. reprefents two of thefe cot- tages joined together; and I fuppofe them to receive their light from the fouth; the chim- neys arc placed back to back, from whence arifes, as well the great conveniency of hav- ing cupboards or fhelves on each fide of them, as the faving of materials. — The pantries c. c. mull in this cafe be placed behind. — Thefe cottages, with a piece of ground for a garden, would ferve a fingle perfon; or two women, or a man and his wife, with one or two children. I am well fatisfied that it would be ceco- nomy to build in mod parifhes a row or rows of thefe fmall cots. There are many poor perfons who very much want a dwelling at a PLANS FOR COTTAGES. ai low rent, and if the parifh would at a low rent render the induflrious labourer a warm, comfortable, and healthy habitation, it would be a means oftentimes to keep him from wanting other parochial relief. The poor pitiable widow alfo, with three or four fmall children, could flie live rent free, would be enabled, with a little other affirmance, to breed up her family; and the impotent poor, if pro- vided for in like manner, might live comfort- ably on a very fmall weekly allowance. Of this truth the Magistracy of the Borough of St. Ives, in Cornwall, were fo well con- vinced, that they have erected a building from a plan of mine, containing fixteen dwel- lings for their impotent poor; befidcs a very commodious apartment for a parifh officer to inhabit, whole bufinefs it is to infpect the conduct of the paupers, and to fee that the whole building be kept in clean and decent order; the plan of this building I mall give in the fourth plate, with a full description of the fame. The flone of Cornwall, with which they build, is either a kind of granite called the moor flone; or a very hard flone, called the iron flone; both fo hard as with the greater! difficulty to be wrought into fhape, and there- fore with it they cannot build walls lefs than two feet thick; both thefe kinds of flone, as is the cafe with all hard ftone, give, or are wet in moift weather; and therefore makes all habitations built with them unwholefome; on this confideration I recommended lining the walls with brick, and to build all the thin partitions with the fame materials; and though bricks were fo dear at this place, that to ufe them would increafe the expence of the build- ing full ten per cent, yet the committee, a firiking inftance of their humanity, adopted my recommendation, declaring *« they would " build habitations for their poor, fuch as " were fit for human creatures to dwell in, " and refcue them from the miferable huts 44 they were at preferit obliged to put up with." The expence of this building, agree- able to contract, was five hundred and fifty pounds. PLATE II. In this plate the length of the cottages is increafed to fixteen feet, the advantage of which is apparent from infpection. In num- bers i and 2, the eafl and well ends are gable ends, and the chimney is placed in the eafl end of each; although in number r, it is a matter of indifference whether it be in the eafl or weft end; this number alfo varies from the fame number in the firft plate, by having the addition of the pantry, C, and of the con- veniency, D. Number 3, is two of the cot- tages joined together. PLATE III. Number 1. is the plan and elevation of four adjoining cottages; each two, has a com- mon internal porch, A. and I fuppofe a fmall garden or outlet behind each; a row of fuch cottages is what I recommended in the de- fcription of the firfl plate, to be built in moil F PLANS FOR COTTAGES. parifhes, particularly in the manufacturing countries, for the accommodation of the in- duhVious poor, at a low rent. I muft here obferve, that wherever rows of cottages are to be built, be it in town or country, care muft be taken to have proper covered drains or fevvers to carry off the foil and filth ; there being nothing fo offenfive, not only to the public in general, but to the inhabitants them- felves, as that too common and almoft uni- verfal practice of throwing all the dirt and filth into the ftreet, or highway before the doors of the houfes. Number 2. is a row of dwellings, for the parochial impotent poor. Here A is a com- mon internal porch to the rooms D and B. The room D is for the dwelling of a pauper, that is not fo feeble, but can take care of him or herfelf; and the dwelling B, for a pauper that is able to take care of a more impotent one, that might be lodged for that purpofe by the parifh officers in the adjoining room C. Such an apartment as this would be very proper for a widow, with one or two children of her own, who might be entrufted by the parifh with two or three orphan poor children, to breed them up, till they were of an age, proper to be bound apprentices. For thefe cottages thereisnooccafion for the fhed behind to serve for pantries, lufficient for that pur- pofe are the fhelves on each fide the chim- nies. And as for the neceffaries, thev are placed at each end at E, in a fmall enclofure without a roof; nor will a garden or outlet be at all neceflary. PLATE IV. Figure 1. is the ground plan, and figure 2 r the upper floor of the building now erected at St. Ives, for the accommodation of the im- potent poor of that Borough ; it is fituate at the fouth weft corner of the town, at the foot of a hill that rifes pretty quick to the fouth- ward, it is bounded on the weft by a houfe and garden belonging to a perfon of the town* and on the fouth and eaft with ground be- longing to Mr. Stephens, of Tregenna. When I firft took a plan of the ground, the fouth weft corner, C, the north weft D, and the north eaft F, flood as they do at pre- fent ; but the fouth eaft corner was at H, which made the fpot of ground very awkward; on ap- plication to Mr. Stephens, he generoufly gave fo much ground as not only to make the eaft front E F, parallel to the weft front C D, and the fouth front C E fquare with, or at right angles to both, but alfo ground fufficient to make the area to the fouth. The building confifts of eight rooms, of twelve feet fquare on the ground floor, with the fame number of equal dimenfions on the upper floor; together with the apartment marked A, and the chamber B over it, for the habitation of a proper officer to fuperintend the paupers. G G, are two conveniencies, one for the men, and the other for the wo- men. About fixty yards up the hill, towards the fouth, rifes a large fpring of very fine water, the property of Mr. Stephens, who will permit the parifh to convey in pipes, as much PLANS FOR water from it, into a refcrvoir, or bafon, in the middle of the court, as will abundantly fupply the building. The earl front abutting on building ground, I could not enlighten any of the rooms from that point. The four ftair cafes communicate each of them to four rooms; the level of the court, is about two feet and a half above the road that leads from COTTAGES. 23 St. Ives to Penzance, and the floor of the lower rooms is fixteen inches above the level of the court; the flairs are of moor flone, and the landing place I, 1, I, I, in the upper floor, are all of the fame materials ; but the floors of the upper chambers are of deal, one inch and a half thick, grooved and tongued. CLASS THE SECOND, CONTAINING PLANS OF COTTAGES CONSISTING OF TWO ROOMS. This clafs of cottages will admit of two dif- ferent modes of diflribution, that is, both the rooms may be on the ground floor, or may be placed the one above the other; of each mode in order. PLATE V. Number 1. This cottage is twenty-one feet long in the clear, of which fpace the room, B, occupies twelve feet and fix inches; and the bed room, C, eight feet; the entrance is fkreened with a porch, A; and behind is the fhed, D. Number 2. is twenty five feet long in the clear, the room, B, and the bed room, C, are each ten feet wide; the porch A being on the infide, makes a very convenient recefs E for a bed, which in this fainple is thrown open to the bed room C, the moft proper fituation for a bed for fmall children; and behind is the fhed, D, for a pantry. Number 3. This cottage is twenty-nine feet long in the clear, the rooms B, and C, are both twelve feet fquare; the internal porch, A, occafions the recefs, E, as in number 2, but in this fample the recefs is thrown into the room, B, inftead of the bed room, C, for the fleeping place of an adult; the fhed, D, is here likewife added. Number 4. This is alfo twenty-nine feet long, but the rooms B and C, being only ten feet wide, makes the bed place, D, larger than in the preceding plans, and it mufl have a window, and of confequence the fhed be- hind cannot extend the whole leno-th of the U PLANS FOR building, but mu ft be in two parts, as E for a pantry, and F to contain the privy and a ftore place fur the fuel; the roofs of thefe fheds may be hipped. PLATE VI. Number 1. Reprefents a double cottage of this fecond clafs; I have chofen to adjoin two of the firft number in the laft plate a little enlarged, in order to give room for a bed in the room, A, and to fhew in the front how the porch, inftead of being placed on the plinth, as in the fample aforementioned, may ftand on the ground, and the afcent into the cottage to be by fteps in the thicknefs of the wall. It is very eafy to imagine the efFeel: of a double cottage of either of the three other examples. But a better method of building two cottages of this clafs is as, Number 2. Where I have made an in- ternal porch, as a common entrance to both cottages; this porch caufes a very convenient recefs, B, for a bed, as in numbers 2 and 3, in the laft plate. Thefe are all the varieties of difpofition that cottages confifting of two rooms both on the ground floor, will admit of. PLATE VII. Number 1. is nothing more than num- I): r 2, in the firft plate, with the addition of an upper floor, and of the ftairs; as the fitua- tion of the chimney and doors will not admit of a place for a bed in the lower room, this cottage will (bit only an artificer, with a wife, COTTAGES. or a wife and fmall child, who can afford to give a little more rent than the inhabitants of the preceding cottages, fuch as mafons, brick- layers, thatchers, plaifterers, and many others who earn fifteen to twenty fhilhngs per week; it will alfo fuit many artificers in feveral branches of the manufactories, who are obliged to do their work at home; and it will be very proper for a turnpike houfe, or for a gate- keeper to any Gentleman's park.] Number 2. By placing the chimney as in this example, a bed may be very conveniently placed in the lower room, which will render this cottage commodious to a much larger family than could poffibly inhabit the pre- ceding one. PLATE VIII. Here are two cottages adjoining of the example of No. 2, in the laft plate, but at- tended with the fmall inconvenience of leav- ing the pantry, B, lefs than in the fingle one, but this is remedied by lengthening the cot- tage only three feet fix inches, fo as to have the ftairs on the infide, as in PLATE IX. Thus by placing the ftairs on the infide we not only gain the advantage of having a large pantry, A, to the North, but of increaf- ing the entrance porch, B. On vifiting the holpital at Froxfield, in Wiltshire, fome time after the engraver had fent me a proof of this plate, I was both furprifed and pleafed to find the apartments of that ftructure to vary but PLANS FOR COTTAGES. ^5 a little from this defign, the difference was in having the rooms thirteen feet wide inftead of twelve, the external door from the court, a, C, having the partition that divides the flairs from the room, D, inclining, as reprefented by the dotted line a, b, fo as to give room for the opening of the outward door, and by the omiffion of the pantry behind. PLATE X. Although the plan of the cottage in the foregoing plate is very proper for the country, where there is plenty of ground, yet in towns and villages, where that may not be the cafe, it is but increasing the length of the building eighteen inches, and it will make an internal porch, and give room for the flairs in a dif- ferent form, and though there will not be convenient room for a bed below, yet this inconvenience is greatly compenfated by the recefs, A, in the chamber above; indeed by letting the flairs begin to rife from the porch, A, on the ground floor, there may be room for a bed below, as in the foregoing plan, but this is only admiflible in country villages, but not in large towns or cities, for reasons I fhall give in defcribing the following plates; a number of thefe cottages built in villages would be of great fervice, and though to pri- vate perfons they probably may not anfwer in regard to interest of money, yet if built at a parochial expence they would anfwer the purpofe of accommodating the induilrious labourer with a family at a fmall and eafy rent. PLATE XL Here I join four cottages together, and it is an eafy matter to imagine a continuation of them to any number; thefe are proper for large towns or cities, in two of thefe plans the flairs from the lower room, A, begin to rife at D, and will land at the chamber, C, above, which caufes the door, E, to be near the head of the bed; but in the other two the flairs from the room, B, begin to rife at F, which land at G, in the chamber, D, above, wdiereby the bed will be better fcreened, but the builder may take his choice of either me- thod. If thefe cottages are built in large towns or cities, by all means avoid letting the flairs begin to rife from the porch fo as to make room for a bed below r , in order to pre- vent any avaricious inhabitant taking an in- mate; an inconvenience felt by moll parifhes, though I mufl own there mould be fome care taken to provide for lingle perfons wanting lodgings; but more of this in defcribing the cottages of the third and fourth clafs. In thefe dwellings, if it can be done, let there be an outlet or fmall garden to admit of the pantry, C, the wafh place, B, the conveniency, P, which will keep the whole fweet and wholefome. Q 2U PLANS FOR COTTAGES. CLASS THE THIRD, CONTAINING PLANS OF COTTAGES CONSISTING OF THREE ROOMS. This clafs of cottages will admit of four dif- ferent modes of diftribution, ift. All the rooms on the ground floor; — adly. Two rooms below, and one above; — 3dly. One room below, and two above; — 4thly. The three rooms one above the other. The firft mode of diftribution will admit of no lefs than eleven variations. PLATE XII. This plate contains two varieties of the firft mode of diftribution. Number i . is thirty feet long in the clear, of which the two rooms, D and G, take ten feet each, and the room, F, nine feet. The entrance to this cottage is on the north fide at the porch, A, on one fide of which is the ftore place, B, and on the other fide the pan- try, E; from the porch, A, you afcend into the paflage, C, by two fteps in the thickneis of the wall. Number 2. is thirty-four feet fix inches long in the clear, of which the central room, B, takes twelve feet; the room, F, nine feet; the room, G, ten feet nine inches, and the remaining fpace is occupied by the wall and partition. The entrance is on the eaft by the pafTage, A; the floor of the pantry, C, is level with the floor of the room, B, and this pantry may be made of any width you pleafe. The roof is hipped into the roof of the main building, as fhewn in the north front, D is the ftore place. PLATE XIII. This plate alfo contains two other varie- ties of the firft mode of diftribution. The entrance of Number i. is from the fouth into the internal porch, A, which communicates to the rooms, B and C, each ten feet wide; from B, is the door not only into the pantry, E, but into the deeping room, D, which pro- jects about three feet and fix inches north- wards, and its roof hipped into the roof of the main building, as fhewn in the north front. This room is fuppofed to be a bed place for an adult, and the clofet, F, is adjoining to it. Into Number 2. you likewife enter from the fouth, A is an internal porch of a larger dimenfion than any of the preceding, and communicates to the bed room, D, and into the room, B; a ; is a recefs for fhelves. The PLANS FOR room, D, is ten feet wide, and the room, C, is of the fame dimenfion; E is the pantry, and F the ftore place, in the corner of which is intended a flew to go into the main ftack. PLATE XIV. Of the fame mode of diftribntion here are two more varieties. The room, B, in Number I. is fourteen feet and a half long, and the entrance fcreened by the porch, A; in the corner is a place for a bed. The bed room, C, is ten feet wide, and the room, D, eight feet; this room is placed behind, and lighted from the north, in order to ferve for a work-fhop, as well as a bed room, there being many branches, not only of the woollen, leather, cotton, and Manchefter manufactories, as well as feveral others, in which the workmen perform their work at home, and require a ftrong and fleady north light. Should this cottage be intended for a weaver, the back room mud be extended more to the northward. Number 2. differs from the former, in having the porch, A, on the infide; this re- duces the room, B, to ten feet wide, and forms the recefs, d, for a bed, which may be either thrown to the room, C, as in this plate, or to the room, B, as in Number 3 of the fifth plate. In both plans, E is the pantry, and F the ftore place. PALTE XV. Number 1 and 2 of this plate cannot be fo properly called varieties, as improvements COTTAGES. a7 on the two examples in the Ian 1 plate, viz. by enlarging the room, D, putting a fire place in it, and altering the fituation of the chimney in the bed room, C, by placing it further from the bed. In the north front, inftead of hipping the roof of the projecting room, it is carried up as a gable end. Number 3 is but a fimilar improvement of Number 2 in the thirteenth plate, the fouth front of which is the fame with this; and the fouth front of the two in the laft plate, are the fame with the correfponding ones in this plate. PLATE XVI. Number 1 . is two of the cottages given in Number 1, Plate 13, and joined together. I have only increafed the width of the bed place, D, and made the entrance into it from the room, C, as I fuppofe it to be the bed place of girls or of children who fhould be more immediately under the care of the mo- ther ; o, fhews where a flew may be placed to be drawn into the ftack. Number 2. is a plan for two adjoining cottages on an entirely different conflruclion from the foregoing, and I think more conve- nient. On this plan a regularity of Front can be preferved, which cannot be done in a flngle cottage. Here is an internal porch, A, that communicates to the chamber, D, and to the room, B, and makes the ufeful recefs, d. From B, you go into the chamber, C; the pantry, E, is conftruc1:ed as in No. 2, Plate 12, except in the recefs, g, where may be placed a flew. - 2 8 PLANS FOR PLATE XVII. Number i . is the only example I can give of this third clafs of cottages, according to the fecond mode of diftribution, that is, with two rooms below and one above, and it needs no further deicription, than that the entrance is at the fide at A, which leads to the room, B, adjoining to which is the chamber, D, and over B, is the chamber, E. C is the pantry. Number 2. This is alfo the only example of the third clafs of cottages according to the third mode of diftribution, but I am of opi- nion would prove the moft ufeful dwelling of any, as it admits conveniently of room for three beds. This cottage I make fixteen and a half feet long in the clear; A is the entrance porch, C the pantry, and B the dwelling room; the flairs are fix feet ten inches by fix feet, and being placed directly in the middle of the back Front, gives fufficient room to get up to the upper or chamber floor, and by making a ftep in the thicknefs of the wall above, there will be fufficient head room for the flairs to be covered with a fkeeling roof. The upper floor is divided into two rooms by a boarded partition. In the execution of this cottage and in the following ones of two rooms in the upper floor, and where the flairs are placed in the outftdc — and are intended to be covered with a fkeeling or fhed roof, great care muft be taken to obfervc the di- mcnfion of fix feet ten inches by fix feet, not only to give head room for the flairs, but to make a pier between the doors that lead COT PAGES. from the flairs into the chambers D. Although I here propofe to have the flairs covered with a fhed roof, I cannot but recommend the car- rying of the walls of the flairs to the level of the walls of the cottage, and then hipping the roof into that of the cottage; in this cafe there will be no occafion for the flep in the thicknefs of the wall, but the wall may be thinned as in No. 2. Plate 13. or as ex- prefTed by Fig. 3. in the miscellaneous Plate, Hill the flairs muft be fix feet ten inches by fix feet; but you muft begin with a winder, and land above in the fame manner. PLATE XVIII. In this plate two of the foregoing cot- tages are joined together, in which cafe the pantries C C, will be on each fide of the flairs. PLATE XIX. In this example of the two adjoining cot- tages of the third clafs, I omit the fhed at each end, and make the cottage nineteen feet long, inftead of fixteen and a half in the clear; here then will be an internal porch, A, which ad- mits of a recefs for a bed in the lower room, which will render the upper chambers larger; c the wafh place, m the flew, d the pantry It will be moft convenient to make that which has the fire place in it, larger than the other, for many obvious reafons, as flicwn in the plan. Care muft be taken to place the middle of the flairs to anfwer exactly with the partition above, to give room for the doors PLANS FOR into the chambers,, and the pier between them. PLATE XX, An example of a fingle cottage according to the fourth mode of diftribution, would be prepofterous in the elevation, fo that I only give an example of two fuch cottages adjoin- ing each other, fuited for the country. The plan explains itfelf, only I mull obferve that in the upper floor there are no fire places, nor are they wanted. The breaks in the party wall are to receive the flews of the chimneys below, in order to bring them regu- larly out above the roof. PLATE XXI. In cities and large towns I cannot but think that a row of fuch dwellings as are de- fcribed in this plate, would be of great fer- COTTAGES. 29 vice, if built at a parochial expence, to accom- modate fuch of their labouring workmen who are parifhioners, and can afford to give a mo- derate, though not an extravagant or large rent for their habitations. The entrance is by an internal porch, A, five feet nine inches deep by fix feet wide; the flairs, which are fix feet fquare, communicate diflincHy to both the upper chambers, in which the recefTes over the porch afford good room for a child's bed. It is very apparent that the approach to the flairs may be from the porch, A, inflead of being from the room, B, in which cafe this building would become three diflinct habita- tions; a circumflance to be avoided, in order to prevent an avaricious tenant taking in in- mates, and thereby defeat the end of accom- modating an induftrious workman. CLASS THE FOURTH, CONTAINING PLANS OF COTTAGES CONSISTING OF FOUR ROOMS. We are now come to the largefl flze cot- tages; there are only two methods of placing the rooms of this clafs, and that is either, firft, all the rooms on the ground floor; — or, fecondly, two rooms below and two above. PLATE XXII. Number 1 . is of the firft mode of diflri- bution. This cottage is forty-nine feet flx inches in the clear, the bed rooms, B and E, H qo PLANS FOR eleven feet each, and the bed room, C, nine feet; the clotted lines in this room fhew where a fcrcen or partition may be placed; H the pallage to the wafh place F, with the flew m, as alio to the pantry G, in which a is a recefs for a cupboard. Number 2. is of the fame extent in the clear as Number i. A an internal porch, D the dwelling room; C the bed room of thirteen feet fix inches; B a bed room for children or girls, in which they will be under the care of their mother; E a bed chamber fit for an adult; F is the pantry; H the wafh place, to which you descend by two fleps in the thicknefs of the wall; o the flew, g a flore place. PLATE XXIII. This cottage differs from any of the former, in having neither an external nor internal porch. It is thirty-one feet in the clear, where A may be either the dwelling room, or it may more properly be ufed as a work-fhop fuitable for fome occupations, hav- ing an immediate accefs to it from the ftreet ; in the former cafe F will be the pantry, and in the latter an appendage to the fhop; BCD are bed rooms, and E a paflage ; G a wafh place, with the flew o, which may be drawn into the main flack. PLATE XXIV. To this cottage is intended a garden be- hind; it is thirty feet fix inches in the clear; COTTAGES. the bed rooms, B and C, are eleven feet fix inches each; the bed room, D, to the north, muft be carried up as in plate 15; la paflage which communicates with the pantries F and H, and to the wafh place E, and the ftore place G. The dotted lines fhew where a fcreen or curtain may be placed to divide the dwelling room A, from the paflage, to render it warm. PLATE XXV. Each of thefe cottages are thirty-four feet in the clear; the bed room, C, ten feet; and the bed room, B, feven feet fix inches. F is the pantry, and E the wafh place. D is a large bed room, in which one or two Fe- males may lodge, and in that cafe b will be their conveniency, and a the conveniency for the males. PLATE XXVI. This is the fecond mode of diftribution of the fourth clafs. In Number 1. there is no chimney in the bed room, C, but a pier or break to carry the fire place in the room above. D D is a pantry and wafh place, where a a fhew the flews. The ftaircafe is placed in the back part, as in Plate 1 9, and muft be carried up in the fame manner, to give room for the doors to the bed rooms as well as the pier between them. Number 2. the internal porch A, forms a recefs for the flairc::fe, alfo a lcffer one for a cupboard; D the pantry, b the flew. The flairs land above the lobby PLANS FOR COTTAGES. 3i or paflage, E, which communicates to the bed rooms, L L. PLATE XXVII. Is the plan of two adjoining cottages, in which there are not any porches, c being ufed as the dwelling room or work fhop. This plan admits of three bed rooms; the flairs muft be carried in the fame manner as de- fcribed in the lan: plate, Number i. D is the pantry, and b a flew. PLATE XXVIII. Is the plan of two adjoining cottages, the fame as the example of the Angle cot- tages, Plate 26, Number 2, with the dif- ference of D being the pantry, and E the warn place. THE END. T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London. Mi Fee 11 a neons Plate. 1 Cottages with one Room < Vn/s M. C o ttag e s with two 11 o oms Plate, r. Cottages wilk two Rooms South Front Jforth fro/il Cottages Willi three Rooms Cla/s. 3. Cottages with three Rooms Plate. jcvzr. 2V? j AT? % Chamber f/oor Cfuvmter floor Ground floor around floor ^aam, Cla&. 3. Cottages Avith three Rooms /Vfife xvz/j r/ui/nher/7t>pr Cottaqjes with four Rooms fla£e. A ' a ss Ctd/r.4. Cottages with four Rooms Plate xyik Cottages with four Rooms .Plate . xx v. Cia/s.4. Cottages wMi four Rooms jPZate.jrjrw. CATALOGUE MODERN BOOKS ON A RCHITECTURE, THEORETICAL, PRACTICAL, and ORNAMENTAL; BOOKS ok PLANS and ELEVATIONS for COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, MANSIONS &c TEMPLES, BRIDGES. &c. Of ORNAMENTS for INTERNAL DECORATIONS, FOLIAGE for CARVERS & c ON PERSPECTIVE. BOOKS of Use for CARPENTERS, BRICKLAYERS, and WORKMEN ,» general, fcc. WHICH, WITH THE BEST ANC I E N'T iUTHORS. ARE CONSTANTLY ON SALE AT J. TAYLOR- s Architectural Library, No. 59, High Holborn, London. WHERE MAY BE HAD * WORKS op the most celebrated FRENCH ARCHITECTS and ENGINEERS. ^HE An J Athene; measured and delineated, by fame, F. R.S. and F. S. A. and NicboL, Revett. Painter, and Architects, ,:i three large Volumes Folio, Price 17/. , 7J . in Soar,!,. The third Volume may be had separate to complete Sets. Price 6/. 13'. in hoards— Tbu Wtrtanhmn it. Mala, engraved by !hebc,:A,r.,t : , cfritv.-,, totiKMK. rim,, 6c, -wilt Lcttcr.trc,,, K,mr,cal ant Dccripiivc. mm «m, b, a Reieanb of mnxWim, Labour and g„ae Exfcnce, ib, parrel tmmfla of Cream' Aecbt. tcclure, ma,:, of vebtcb no longer ex„t, and tbi Teaell o/ mm can it found tuff in tbu ll'ori. Contents, of the Work. *wir Portico at Atbcni, funic Temple en lb, Hani] Oetaron Tenure of MndnniCUi Cyrreilei, Lanlborn of Dtmodbenet, S:oa, or Portico at Athens, And a large lievj of tbe Acropolis. Temple of Mimrvct SBl* * §{«*—: ftrmn Of Baccbu,, Cboragie Menumeni of 1bra,y.lus, (sr. Propylra : And a large firw, and a Plan of lire Acrop.olii. Tempt* oj Theieus, Temp!* of fattier, Arcl, of Tbceut, iM ' . 'j W V Hadrian, Mont,,,,,,,, ,f Phlcfappu, , Temp!, of Corinlb, Bridge oj lie Hint,,, Odeum of Rrgilh, Ruin, at Salom.a, AnMMi,, on the „land oj D,to,, IS,.— Ala a lat a Map o] Greece— .V.ap of Antra— Plan of Atbin,, Sr. " J aVFoutth Vol. is m Preparation, which will cnlain all Ihe remain- ing Sculpture of the Tempi,! of M.netva at Alliens, with sundry Fragmenta Inund in Ihe Greek Islands: also Iheemire Details of Ihe Antiquities at Pola. in I.iria, ,,„m the Di left by Mr. Slim, t. Subscribers AW, ore reived. fb, An,„niBi,iU,n s ,of Rome, accurately measured and delineated, by Amm, Deepdm, with Explanation, in French and Eneliih : 'the Text traii-lated. and the Plates enclave,], by the late Mr. George Manhrlt A„h,tect, . vol,, impeml folio, svith ,j, Plate,, Price 5l. 1 ss. 6d. sewed ; or 61. 161. 6d. half bound. Plans, Elevations. Sections and View, of the Church of Batalba, in the Prtrtice of JSfh-emadura, In Portugal, with an History and Detcuption, by Father L u „ de Sou,a, with Reniaiks, to which is K » h "'- 1 ""«y Wscomit, uponthcl'tincipl.sof Gothic Arcnttcnure, bjr Jam, Murfby, Architect. Illustr..t.d with 17 t egant E .ius niinttd on Imperial Folio, and hot-pressed, Price 41. 141. 6d. hall-bound * / ?!Sf C "*!f f "!'•""•'"• '^"ed from the Parish Church of on large pipe, ^.L js' " *° '°' P ' V ' 8i ' ¥f. hom " S - •emir., Pirtpe.lime run, of the Exterior and Inteiior Parts of the Views of th. Collegiate Chapel of Sr. Geore,. at Windsor, on o vei v large Plates, in A. rati,,, , f. *„(, f„„ 4 ] „ ' ' B ^ma'S JtJSS^t inE " £,: "" , • "^""y ="»™ed in fbe Rudiment, 0, ~ An-in' Ae7b.i„iL.\ . - ■ „• ■ . of the Flic O ' ' 1 i Jl "ainine an Hiitoneal Account from AnMn,,*'- 1 '^'' 1 r-ropoition,, and Examples of each to the Bui] ' n - ■ f ,"' "" "" fr0| n ' ""'■™». «i«r, Stc. relative who wish t , 1 - Antients. Calailated for the Use of those teetuie- wui, ,"l'> Knowledge of Hie Science of Arclii Board,,' 1*. V'™""/ of Terms i illustrated svith ,1 Plates. £,iay, on Goth, Ar,b,t,ct, r ,, by the Rev. T. Warton, Rev. J. Bentham, Capt. Giose, and Rev. j. Millner. Illoitrated with ,a Plates of Or- nament,. eVc. selected (rum Ancient Building,, calculated loexhibit the vanou, Style, of different Period,. The second Edition, with a List of the Caihedi.ils ol England and their Dimensions. Octavo. 10s. 6d. Board,. 7b, Build,,', Price See* ; containing a corral Li,t of III P,i„, allowed by the mo,t eminent Surname in London „ ,be uveal Artilii,,, ,on„„„d in Building , including tbe Jeu,n, y mcii , Pn,„. A new Edition, corrected; by an Experienced Surveyor. Sewed, 3s. Gd. Bntannicu,, consisting of Plans and Elevations of modern Buildings, public the most celebrated Artlitt, J privale, erected in Great ngraved on 141 Plat Folio Vols. I nby original perial Sketches for Clip,,, I illai. Sec. with their Plans and appropriate Scenery, by 7ofoi Scan,; to wh,ch is adJeJ six De,i»ns f„r ire;. - , . and tmbtlltthng Ground,, with Explanations, by an Amaltur on sa Plate,, elegantly engraved in Aquatmta. Folio. .1. ias. od.iall bound. Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Buildings, executed in the Counties of Norjofl; Sutfoll, rtrkthrrt, lltttihrc, ll a, nvick,btre, Slnford b.r, Somtricibire, &c. by fobn Soane, Architect, on 47 Folio Plate, Plan,, Elevation,, and Sections, of Noblemen's and Gentlemen', House, St.,bl,,ig, Bridges public and pnvnte. Temple,, and other Garden BiiilJ.ua, executed in tl.e Cuoiies ot D-rln Durham, Middlesex. Northuinl.erl md, Nottingham, York, Essex! Wdts, Hertford, Surtolk, Salop, and Surrey; by fame, Paine Architect. Two Vols, with 176 very large Folio Plates, 01. 16,. 6d. halt bound. The Designs of /,,,-c. Jon,,, consisting of Plans and Elevation, for Public and Private Build, nr;s, including the Detail ot the intended Pal.ce at Whitehall s published by W. K,nl. with some additional Desijns. a Vols. Imperial Folio, 4I. 4s. in Sheets; or half bound, 4I. 14,. 6d. Plans, Elevations and Sections, of the Houie of Correttion for the County of Middlesex, erected in Cold Ball. Field,, London; together with the Particulars of the several Materials to be contracted for, and manner of using the same in the building, by Cbarle, Architect. Engraved on 5 j Plates, Imperial Folio. Half • 1. lis. 6d. Ele. . ind Section, of Hot-Houie, Green. ffuutl, an Aquarium, Coniervatoriei, eke. recently built in different Part, of En, .land fo, various Noblemen and Gentlemen, bv G. Tod, Sur- veyor and Hot-Hou.e ito.lde, , n.eU.dinr; a Hothouse and a or,en-Hou,e ,„ her Majesty', Ga. dens at Frogmore. on a, p|,,e, e.egantly coloured, with proper Description,. Folio il ,»< r.l in Board,. ' • • ■ Villa, Other Rural Building,, by Edmund Aihn, to the Dwellings of the pre. Quarto, Price ll. 111. (id. in Bond.. kson the prevailing Delecls of st.gation of the Style best adapted ". Chambers's Designs for Chinese Buildings, Sec. Half bound, il, us. fid. Chambers's Dissertation on Oriental Gardening, 410. 91. Insgo Jones's Designs, by Kent, i vols, folio. Lrwss's Designs hi Architecture, * Books, 4I. 41, Mitchell's Plans and Views of Buildings, Gs*r. Large Folio Boards, 31.31. Malton (James) Perspective, Quarto il. is. {food's Lectures on Perspective, with an Apparatus, il. 151. Paine' s Plans, Elevations, &c. of Noblemen's Seats, kc. folio a volt. Half bound, 61. id. 6d. The Architectural Antiquities of Athens, by Stuart, 3 vols, of Rome, Balbec, Palmyra, Porstum, Ionia, de la Grece, par Lt Roy. (tc tic. Richard son on tbe Five Orders, folk). Boards, il. 111. 6d. Nutshells' Pliht for Houses, octavo. Boards, ji. Newtons' Translation of Vitruvius, a vols, folio. Nicbolson'i Principles of Architecture, 3 vols. Svo. al. 141. fid. boards. A Treatise on Theatres, including some Experiments on Sound, by tt, Saunden, Architect, with Plates, 4to. boards, 10s. 6d. Smtatons Description of the Edystone Lighthouse, Plates, folio. Reports, by J Smeaton, Civil Engineer, 4to. Vol. I, Board), is.. Smcaton on Mills, Plates 71. Grafs Experienced Millwright. Folio, 44 Plates, si, as. Imison's Elements of Science and Art. 1 Vols, il, 51, Gregory's Treatise on Mechanics, 3 Vols. il. i6s. Hstttm's Course of Mathematics, a Vols, il, ft. Repertory of Arts, Ike. 16 Vols. Octavo. Papvmtb on the Dry Rot, 3s. Randall on the Dry Rot, js. Smart's Tables of Interest, Discount, Annuities'. &c. by Bmnd, Quarto ,«s. Perronet sur let Fonts, % Tom. Belsdor, I' Architecture Hydraulique, 4 Tom. Quarto. Nouvelle Arch. Hydraulique, par Prony, a Tom. Leupold Theatrum Macbinarum, 9 Parts, in 5 Vols. Folio, Psranesi's Workt, complete, -3 Vols, large Folio. Rafael's Ornaments of the Vatican, 3 Parts, Folio. Dictionaire d' Architecture, Civile, Mslttasre et Navale, par Rsiland, i Tom. Quarto, with 100 Plates, si, ixs. 6d. Plans, Coupes, et Elevasions des plus belles Maisom et dee Hotels, i Paris, tt dans tes Environs, avec des Ornamenls, Folio, no Plates. Durand Lecons a Architecture, S/jiarto. Durand Recuetl et Parallele des Edifices Ancient tt Modernes, avec M Texte hxslonque. §a very large folio Plates. Dr. Brook Taylor'i Method of Perspective made easy both in Theory and PrcQice ; in two Books: being an Attempt to make the Art of Perspective easy and familiar, to adapt it entirely to the Arts of Design, and to make it an entertaining Study to any Genrleman who shall choose so Polite an Amusement. By Joshua Kirby. Illus- trated with 3 j Copper-plates. The third Edition, with several Additions and Improvements. Elegantly printed on Imperial Paper. Half Bound, 1l.1n.6J. The Perspective of Architecture, a Work entirely new ; deduced Atom the Principles of Dr. Brook Taylor, and performed by two Rules of universal Application. Illustrated with 73 PLtes. Begun by Command of nil present Majesty when Prince of Wales. By Joshua, Kirby, Elegantly printedon Imperial Paper. )!• js. half bound. The Description and Use oj a new Instrument called the Architectonic Sec- tor, by which any Part of Architecture may be drawn with Facility and Exactness. By Joshua Kirby. Illustrated with 15 Plates ; elegantly primed on imperial Paper. Half bound, il. 16s. The two Frontispieces, by Hogarth, to Kirby's Perspective, may b» had separate, each 5s, Thirty Capitals of Columns, with six Frises, from the Antique. En- graved in Aquatinta by G. Richardson, on 18 Phtes. fto. 15s. Designs for Shop Fronts and Door Cases, on 1; Plates. 4to. 10s. fid. Designs for Monuments, including Grave-stones, Compartments, Wall- f ieces, and Tombs. Elegantly engraved on +0 quarto Plates. Half bound, 16s. Designs for Chimney-Pieces, with Mouldings and Bases at large on 14 quarto Plates, 10s. fid. Tbe Student's Instructor, in drawing and working the Five Orders of Architecture; fully explaining tlie best Methods of striking rcgular irid quirked Mouldings, for diuiin shing and glueing of Columns and Capitals, for finding the true Diameter of an Order to any given Height, for striking the Ionic Volute circular and elliptical, with finished LKamples, on a large Scale, of the Orders, their Planceers, Sec. and some Designs for Door Cases, by feier Ntcbihon, engraved on 13 Plates octavo. Cs. bound. The Carpenter's Nevs Guide, being a complete Book of Lines for Car- pentry and Joinery, treating fully on Practical Geometry, Soffits, Lines for Roofs and Domes, with a great Variety of Designs for Roofs, Trussed Girder*. Floors, Domes, Bridges, &c. Suir-casei and Hand-rails of various Constructions. Angle-Bar* for Shop Fronts, and Raking Mouldings with many other Things entirely new j the Whole founded on ti ue Geometrical Principles, the The- ory and Practice well explained and fully exemplified on jt Copper- plates; including some Practical Observations and Calculations on the Strength of Timber, by P. Nicholson, 410. 15s. The Carpenter and Joiner's Assistant, containing Practical Rules for making all Kinds of Joints, and various Methods of Hingcina them logether ; for hanging of Doois on strait or circular Plans ; for fir- dug C 3 ] ting up Windows and Shutters to answer various Purpose*, with Rulei for hanging them ; for the Construction of Floors, Partitions, Soffits, Groins, Arches for Masonry : for constructing Roofs in the best Manner from a given Quantitv of Timber ; Foe placing of Bond-Timbers ; with various Methods for adjusting Raking Pedi- ments, enlarging and diminishing of Mouldings, taking Dimensions for Joinery, and for setting out Shop Fronts ; with a new Scheme for constructing Stairs and Hand-rails, and for Stairs having a coni- ral Well- hole. Sec. tec. To which arc added, Examples of Vaiious Roofs executed, with the Scantlings from actual Measurements, with Rules for Mortices and Tenons, and for fixing lion Straps, Sfc- Also Extracts from M. Belidor, M. du Hamel, M. de Bulfon, Sec. on the Strength of Timber, with practical Observations. Illustra- ted with 79 Plates, and copious Explanations. By Ptter Nicholson. Quarto i3s. bound. The Carfrnter and Joiner's Hepositoryt or, a new System of Lines and Proportions for Doors. Windows, Chimneys, Cornices and Mould- ings, forfin'ishing of Rooms, ice. Sec. A great Variety of Stair-Cases, 011 a Plan entirely new, and easy to be understood. Circular-cir- cular Soffits, flewmg and winding in strait and Circular Walls, Groins, Angle Brackets, Circular and Elliptical Sky-lights, and the Method of squaring and preparing their Circular Bars, Shop Fi onts, Sec. By W. Pain, Joiner. Engraved 011 6 9 folio Coppei-plates. Bound, 16s. Pain's British PallaMo, or Builder's general Assistant ; demonstrating in the most easy and practical Method, all the principal Rules of Architecture, from the Ground Plan to the Ornamental Finish. Illustrated with several new and useful Designs of Houses, with their Plans, Elevations, and Sections. Also clear and ample Instructions annexed to each subject in Letter-press; with a List of Puces for Materials and Labour, and Labour only. This Work will be uni- versally useful to all Carpenters, Bricklayers, Masons, Joiners, Plas- terers, and otters concerned in the several Branches of Building, Sec The whole correctly en?raved on 41 folio Copper-plates, from the original Designs of William and James Pain. Bound, 16s. The Practical House Carpenter or Youth's Instructor : containing a great Variety of useful Designs in Carpentry and Architecture ; as Cen. tering for Groins, Niches, &c. Examples for Roofs, Sky-lights, tec. The Five Orders laid down by a New Scale. Mouldings, $c. at large, with their Enrichments. Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Houses for Town and Country, Lodges, Hot-houses, Green- houses, Stables, &c. Design for a Church, with Plan, Elevation, and two Sections i an Altai -piece, and Pulpit. Designs for Chimney- pieces, Shop Fronts, Door Cases. Section of a Dining-room and Library. Variety of Stair Cases, with many other important Articles and useful Embellishments, To which is added, a List of Prices for Materials and Labour, Labour only, and Day Prices. The whole illustrated and made perfectly easy by 148 quarto Copper-plates, with Explanations to each. By Willjam Pain. The sixth Edi- tion, with large Additions. iBs. bound. JV.B. This is PAIN'S last Work. T\e Pract.cal Builder, or Workman's General Assistant; showing the most approved and easy Methods for drawing and working the Whole or separate Pari of any Building; as, the Use of the Tra- tflcl for Groins, Angle brackets, Niches, &c. Semicircular Arches on Fleming Jambs, the preparing and making their Soffits ; Rules of Carpentry, to find the Length and Backing of strait and curved Hips, Trusses for Roofs, Domes, &c. Trussing of Girders, Sec- tions of Floors, Sec. The Proportion of the Five Orders in their general and particular Parts 1 Glueingof Columns ; Stair-cases, with their ramp and twisted Rails, fixing their Carnages, Newels, 8fC. Frontispieces, Chimney-pieces, Ceilings, Cornices, Architraves, ire. in the newest Taste ; with Plans and Elevations of Gentlemen's and Farm-houses, Barns, Sec. By W. Pain, Architect and Joiner. En- graved on 83 +ta Plates. Bound, us. A new Edition, with Im- provements, by the Author. The Carpenter's Pocket Directory: "containing the best Methods of framing Timbers of all Figures and Dimensions, with their several Parts ; as Floors, Roofs in Ledgements, their Length and Backings; Trussed Roofs, Spires, and Domes, Trussing Girders, Partitions, and Bridges, with Abutments; Centering for Arches, Vaults, Sec. cutting Stone Ceilings, Groins, &c. with their Moulds: Centres for drawing Gothic Arches, Ellipses, &c. With the Plan and Sections of a Barn. Engraved on 14 Plates, with Explanations. By W. Pain, Architect and Carpenter. Bound 55. The Builder's Complete Assistant or, a Library of Arts and Sciences, absolutely necessary to be understood by Builders and Workmen in general, viz. 1. Arithmetic, vulgar and decimal, in whole Num. bers and Fractions. *. Geometry, Lineal, Superficial and Solid. 3. Architecture, universal. 4. Mensuration. 5. Plain Trigono- metry. 6. Surveying of Land, Sec. 7. Mechanic Powers. 8. Hydrostatics. Illustrated by above Thirteen Hundred Examples ■it Lines, &:c. also Methods for raising heavy Bodies, by the Force of Lewis, Pulleys, Axes in Pcretrochio, Skrtws, and Wedges j as also Water, by the common Pump, Crane, &C. wherein the Pro- perties and Pressure of the Air on Water. &C. are explained. Exemplified on 77 large 4to Plates, by Batty Langlej. The fourth Edition, 1 Vols, royal Octavo. Bound 15s. Decorations for Parlt and Gardens; Designs for Gates, Garden Seats, Alcoves, Temples, Baths, Entrance Gates, Lodges, Facades, Prospect Towers, Cattle Sheds, Ruins, Bridges, Green-houses, ■ Also a Hot-house, and Hot-wall, with Plans and Scales; ngravedon 55 Plates, Octavo. 10s. 6d. sewed. Architecture consisting of Ph nples, Baths, ClttinM, Pavilions. (J her Buildings ; for decorating Pic , &c. Sec. by 'John Soane. Engraved Sec. Sec. neatly 1 Designs ri for Te ture, or Rural Amusem tor Huts, Hermitages, i Moresque Pavillions, &i irregular Stones, Elevations, and Sections udftn -Seats, Obelisks, isure-^reunds. Parks, on 3S Copper-plates, nt ; consisting of Plans, hineie, Gothic and Na- many of which may be nde Branches and Ro ng »| Designs, By W. Wright, Octavo. Sewed, r Furs ; proper for Garden Chairs, Summer House Hermitages, Cottages, ic. engraved on sj Plates, Octavo. Price 4 Designs fur Gates and Rails, suitable to Parks, Pleature-Grounc Balconies, Sec. Also some Designs for Trellis Work. On a Plates. By C. Mtddleton. Octavo, 6s. The Carpenter's Treasure: a Collection of Designs for Temples, with their Plans ; Gates, Doors, Raffs, and Bridges, in the Gothic Taste, with Centres at large for striking Gothic Curves and Mouldings, and some Specimens of Rails in the Chinese Taste, forming a complete System for Rural Decorations by sS. Waltis, Architect. 1 6 Plates, Octavo. Sewed, is. fid. Gothic Architecture improved, by Rules and Proportions in many grand Designs of Columns, Doars, Windows, Chhnney-Pieces, Arcades, Colonnades, Porticos, Umbrellas, Temples, Pavillions, Sec. with Plans, Elevations, and Profiles, geometrically exemplified. By B. & T. l.angtey. To which is added, an HUtOi ical Discourse on Gothic Architecture. On 64 Plates Quarto. Bound 15s. Outlines of Designs for Sb)f Frontt and Door Cases, with the Mouldings at large, and Enrichments to each Design. Engraved on »4 Plates. Quarto, 5s. Observations on Smoky Chimneys, their Causes 3nd Cure, with Con- siderations on Fuel and Stove;, illustrated with proper Figures, by B. Franklin, L. L. D. as. sewed. The Builder's Pocket Treasure, in which not only the Theory, but the Practical Parts of Architecture arc carefully explained, and cor- rectly eneraved on <5 Copper Plates, with [Tinted Explanations to each, by William Pain ; Octavo, Bound, 65. Langley's Builder's Dtrectcry, or Bench Mate ; being a Pocket Treasury of the Grecian, Roman, and Gothic Order) of Archi- tecture, made easy to the meanest Capacity, by near 50a Examples, engraved on 184 Copper Plates into. Bound, 4s, 6d. Langley's Builder's Jewel. Bound, 5s. Haivnry's Complete Measurer, a new Edition, much improved, 4s. Happus't Measurer. Tables ready cast. 3s. Plate Glass Book. 4s. The Joiner and Cabinet -maker's Darling; containing sixty different Designs for all Sorts of Frets, Friezes, &c. Sewed 3s. The Carpenter's Companion; containing 33 Designs for all Sorts of Chinese Railing and Gates. Octavo. Sewed, is. Tho Carpenter's Complete Guide to the whole System of Gothic Railing; containing 31 Designs, with Scales to tach. Octave Sewed, as. A Geometrical new t?/ the Fixe Orders of Columns in Architecture adjusted by aliquot Parts ; whereby the meanest Capacity, by Inspection, may delineate and work an entire Order, 01 any Part, of any Magnitude required. On a large Sheet, is. Elevation of the New Bridge at Black Friars, with the Plan of the Foundation and Superstructure. <>_■;'.. Baldwin; 11 Inches by 48 Inches, 5s. Plans, Elevations, and Sections of the Machines and Centering used in erecting Black Friars Bridge; drawn and engraved By R. Baldwin, Clerk of the Work ; on 7 large Plates, with Explanations. 10s. fid. or with the Elevations, 15s. Elevation of the Stone Bridge built over the Severn at Shrewsbury ; with the Plan of the Foundation and Superstructure, elegantly engraved by Hooker, ss. 6d. A Treatise on Building in Water. By G. Semple. Quarto, with attd by various Figures and Nine Copper Plates. Octavo, 7s. Boaids. By T. W. DEARN, Arciutec r. An Historical Survey of the Eccles'astial Antiquities of France, w'rh a View to illustrate the Rise and Piof;rebS of Gothic Architecture in Europe. By the late Rev. G. D. Whitti.scton, ot Cambridge. Elegantly printed in Quaito. With a Frontispiece of the F'acade of the Cathtdial Church at Rhcimes. ik 6s. Boards. ( i