AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Peruvian Mummies 
 
 By CHARLES W. MEAD 
 
 Department of Ethnology 
 
 GUIDE LEAFLET NO. 24 
 
 MARCH, 1907 
 
 \ 
 
-Ari;»' 
 
Peruvian Mummies 
 
 AND WHAT THEY TEACH 
 
 A GUIDE TO EXHIBITS IN THE PERUVIAN HALL 
 
 By CHARLES W. MEAD 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY 
 
 NO. 24 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN MUSEUn OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 EDMUND OTIS HOVEY, EDITOR 
 
 New York. Published by the fluseum. .'larch, 1907 
 
NORTH 
 
 PERUVIAN HALL NO. 302. 
 Gallery Floor, West Wing. 
 
 PRESENT LOCATION OF THE OBJECTS DESCRIBED IN THIS 
 
 LEAFLET. 
 
 CASE 
 
 ]Muiiiiny bundles . . U 27 
 
 Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . U 27 
 
 Prayer sticks ........... R 4-5 
 
 Mummified animals . . . . . . . . . U 27 
 
 Tre])hined skulls . . . . . . . . . . LT 26 
 
 Skull Collection U 26 
 
 Implements of war and the chase . . . . . . . U 21 
 
 (Jold and silver objects ......... A 
 
 Baskets, mats and nets ........ R 17-18 
 
 Cloths U 1 
 
 ISIaterials and implements used in weaving ..... B 
 
 Quipus, or Record Fringes . . . . . . . .Rl,2 
 
 Coca leaves and outfit for chewing . . . . . . R 11 
 
 Pottery U 9, 10, 11, 12 and D, E, F 
 
 Chicha jars . . . . .On toj) of U 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 27 
 
 Collection from the West Indies . . . . . . . U 2 
 
 ^Musical Instruments . . . . . . . . . U 25 
 
 "U" refers to the upright cases; "R," to the railing cases. 
 
 4 
 
PERUVIAN MUMMIES AND WHAT THEY TEACH. 
 
 By Ciimu.ks \V. .Mkvd, 
 
 Depart mini oj Etlitiologij. 
 
 VS(\\\\'V Peru, the hiiid of the lueiis, euniprised not 
 only the re^iion incliuleil within the present Republic 
 of Peru, but also the greater part of Ecuador, Bolivia 
 and Chile and was about equal to that portion of the 
 United States Iviny; east of the Rockv Mountains. The 
 Incas proper were a powerful tribe of warlike people 
 inhal)itini>; the (>Teat central plateau, from which dominating position 
 they extended their conquest in all directions. They developed a 
 much higher order of civilization than was foiuid in other parts of the 
 continent by the early European explorers, and the empire under their 
 sway included many tribes speaking difi'erent dialects. 
 
 The historv of the Ancient Peruvians must to a large de{):ree be read 
 in their graves, since they left no written records and the Spanish con- 
 queror destroved many of their cities and suppressed their customs. 
 Like many other peoples the Peruvians bestowed nuuli tender care on 
 their dead, carefully preparing them for burial and placing with them 
 in the ground many objects which were dear to thciu in life. Methods 
 of burial are so intimatelv connected with the reli":ioiis and 
 
 other customs of a people that in the absence of other Importance 
 
 „ . „ . , , , of the 
 
 sources of mtormntion a study ot graves or tombs may be Burials 
 
 expected to lead to important results. Fortunately foi- the 
 archa'ologist, climatic conditions in some parts of Peru ai-c such that 
 "burials" have been well pi'cserved. The region west of the Peru- 
 vian Cordillera, a narrow strip idong the coast, is in the main a desert. 
 the only fertile spots being the narrow valleys of the small rivei-s flow- 
 ing dow'n to the Pacific' 'I'he tombs and graves are usually found 
 on elevated ])laces outside of the valleys where the extreme drvness of 
 the air combines wiili tiie nitrons character of the ^and, into which 
 moisture has seldom found its way. to ih-siccate and prescixc the bodies 
 of the dead thus nnnnmifying them nalnralb. The same factors have 
 
 'The \isit()r is rclericil to tlic wWvi iiia|) dI Soiiili Aiiicrii'a on tlu' Ktt as lu' 
 enters the hall tor a dear exposition of the topographic features of the rt'gioii. 
 
8 AMERICAX MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 
 
 caused the clothing and objects pUiced with the dead to l)e preserved for 
 many centuries. 
 
 As a rule the bodies were })repare(l for burial by placing them in a 
 
 sitting position with the knees drawn up and the head and hands resting 
 
 U{)on them, as is shown in the right-hand figure on page 0. Sometimes, 
 
 however, as appears from burials in the Chira Valley, in 
 
 for Burial '''^ extreme northwest of Peru, the body was extended at 
 
 full length. A few of the extended bodies have been found 
 
 in other ]>arts of the country, and two examples of this form from Surco, 
 
 Peru, are in the collection. After the body was placed in position, it 
 
 was enveloped in wra})})ings of various kinds. Sometimes the V)ody was 
 
 covered with fine cotton cloth, over which were placed finely woven 
 
 blankets or ponchos of the wool of the vicuna or the alpaca, with 
 
 designs in various colors. 
 
 The body and its wrappings were bountl together by a net-work of 
 stout cord of vegetable fibre; by a piece of strong cloth sewed together 
 in the form of a closed sack, or in some localities bv a casing; of woven 
 rushes. The "mummy bundle" was surmounted by the so-called 
 "false head," which was sewed to its upper surface. The significance 
 of this practice is unknown. These false heads, many of which are 
 present in the collection, were made of cloth and filled with different 
 vegetable substances. The face was represented in various ways: 
 sometimes by a mask of wood or clay, but often the eyes, nose 
 Bundles ^"^^ mouth were made of wood, shell, gold or silver and fast- 
 ened directly to the cloth by means of thread. To the out- 
 side of the mummy bundle were often attached several of the prayer 
 sticks or sepulchral tablets which are frequently found in considerable 
 nmnbers in the sand about the grave. These are either in the form 
 of a cross wound with variously colored yarns, or a framework of spht 
 reeds, covered with cloth upon which rude designs are painted. Favor- 
 ite animals were sometimes buried with the dead as is shown by the 
 mununified bodies of a dog and a parrot in the collection. 
 
 The manner of interment of the mummy bundle and its accompani- 
 ments differed in various localities. Tn the coast region many of the 
 Huacas "T'lumies are found in little vaults, or "huacas," of adobes or 
 flat .stones roofed with sticks or canes, overlaid with mats or a 
 layer of rushes, which prevented the earth covering from filling the 
 grave. These vaults usuallv contain from one to four Ixxlics. 
 
> 
 
 Q 
 O 
 CQ 
 
 Q 
 UJ 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 QC 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 o3 
 
 < •t' 
 
 0) 
 
 a, 
 o 
 O 
 
mi:. ID, i'i:i{rri.\.\ miwimii-.s n 
 
 Burials in stone towers or "cliulpas" seem to liave heeii coiifiiied 
 
 chiefly to the Avinara Indians of the ( 'allao, the <;reat j)lateau of the 
 
 Andes wliieh ineludes the basin of Lake 'l^itieaea and lies l)et\veen the two 
 
 maritime conhlleras and the eastern ranjje, out of which rise the lofty 
 
 volcanic peaks of Illiniaiii and Sorata. In i)lan these chulj)as are either 
 
 circular or rectangular and ai-e sj)oken of as round or s(|uare towers. 
 
 A round biuMal tower is shown on j)a<!;e 2. Dr. von Tschudi found 
 
 chulpas in the Department of Juuin, which may have been built by 
 
 Aymara mitimaes, or translated colonies. Describing the burial towers 
 
 near Palca, E. G. Sender savs: ^ " Priniarilv these chulpas _, , 
 
 1 " . . • ' Chulpas 
 
 consisted of a cist, or excavation, in the ground about foni- 
 feet deep and three feet in diameter, walled uj) with rough stones. A 
 rude arch of converging and overla])ping stones, filled in or cemented 
 together with clay, was raised over this cist, with an opening barely 
 large enough to admit the bodv of a man, on a level with the surface 
 of the ground, tow'ards the east. ()\er this hollow cone was raised a 
 solid mass of clay and stones, wdiich, in the ])articular c-hulpa I am now 
 describing as a type of the whole, was 1(5 feet high, rectangular in 
 plan, 7i feet face by 6 feet on the sides. I'he surface had been rough- 
 cast with clay, and over this was a layer of finer and more tenacious 
 clay or stucco, presenting a smooth and even surface." 
 
 One of the most remarkal)le s])ecimens that tlie Deparlmcnt of 
 h^.thnoloo'V has acciuircd is a naturallv mnmnn'ficcl bodv which was 
 found in an old copj)er mine at Chu(|uicamata, l'i'o\incc of Antofagasta, 
 Chile, and which is illustrated on page 10. The condition of the body 
 shows that the imfortunate nn'nei' was caught by a cave-in of the roof 
 and j)ardy crushed. The mummification seems to have been pi'oduced 
 in part bv the action of copper salts and not to liaxc liccii allogcliici' a 
 
 desiccation due to the di'vness of the region. The skin has 
 
 ,,,,,'., • £. 1 11 Natural 
 
 not collapsed on the l)ones, as ui the nnunimes tound usually Mummv 
 
 in the re<£ion, but the Ixxlv and liml)s ni'eserve ncai"l\' their 
 natural form and pri»|)()rli()iis, except for tlie crushnig ahcadx men- 
 tioned. No analysis has ycl bccii made of the tissues, so dial il is loo 
 early to hazard an\' supposition as to the chemical changes which they 
 have under<»'one. Mines mi diis neii'hborhood liaxc been worked for 
 an unknown lengili of tune upon a peiiihai' ileposit of alaeamile, a 
 
 ' Sciuier's I'ciu, p. '_'l.'i. 
 
12 
 
 JMKRICAX MUSKi'M dUWE LEAFLETS 
 
 Weapons and 
 Implements 
 
 hydrous chloride of copper, which is much prized on account of its 
 easy reduction. The age of tlie nuuumy is unknown, but it is sup- 
 posed to he pre-(\)hunbian. 
 
 The story told by the objects found with the Peruvian dead is in part 
 the storv of ancient Peruvian life. The ol)iects in the 
 I'cruvian collection in the hall, most of which have 
 come from graves and mummy bun- 
 dles, have been arranged so as to tell 
 part of this story. For example we 
 find with the bodies of men slings for 
 throwing stones, stone-headed clu))s 
 and l)olas (rounded stones joined l)y 
 cords), showing the weapons and im- 
 plements of war and the chase. With 
 the mummy bundle of the woman have 
 been found work-baskets, filled with 
 threads and yarns of various colors, 
 needles of thorn and copper, the im- 
 plements used in weaving, such as 
 spindles and shuttles, or the stones 
 used in smoothing and polishing the 
 outside of pottery vessels. Woman's 
 work in ancient Peru is indicated by 
 the presence or absence of oljjects 
 familiar to us of the present day. 
 Corn, beans and other foods were 
 usually placed beside the body in the 
 grave, together with vessels used in 
 eating and drinking. These objects 
 indicate not alone the belief of the 
 EAR OF CORN. FOUND WITH A MUMMY peoplc iu afuturc workl and the ne- 
 cessity of sustaining the s])irit in its 
 journey thereto, but they also show that the people were well advanced 
 in agriculture, and we are enabled to determine the kinds of ])lants 
 cultivated and in many cases even the methods by which they were pre- 
 pared for use. 
 
 Furthermore the ol)jects found in the graves prove that in the working 
 of copper, silver and gold the ancient Peruvians take high rank, and 
 
CUP OF BEATEN GOLD AND STRING OF GOLD BEADS 
 
 13 
 
mi:. in, /'/•.'/iTiv.i.v mcmmif.s 15- 
 
 sliow that the peoplt' knew how to ('xph)it and treat the ores oceiirrini!; 
 in their hiiitl. Among copper iinjileiiients there may l)e seen 
 in the collection a great variety of spear points, clulvheads, _ 
 digging and jjlanting implements, knives and axes. Tweez- 
 ers are among the most familiar oi)jects from the graves, and are often 
 found suspended from the neck of a iniuuiny by means of a cord. 
 
 Some of the most notable of the gold objects are a ctij) beaten from 
 a single piece, and ornamented in repousse-work; human and animal 
 figures, both solid and hollow, and beads and j:)ins. The illustration 
 on page 13 shows the gold cup and a string of large gold beads. In 
 silver there are cups and vessels which, like the gold cup, are beaten 
 
 from single pieces and are often ornamented with human 
 
 , f. Ill- o'l • Gold and 
 
 or animal ngures and other designs. Silver tweezers in silver 
 
 many fanciful forms, pins and a variety of ornaments have 
 been found in and with the mummy bundles. These objects prove 
 that the makers were familiar with the processes of casting in moulds, 
 beating and soldering. Many of the hollow figurines were made in three 
 or more pieces and the parts soldered together. 
 
 Another remarkable class of objects is to be found on the right as 
 one enters the hall. Here are many garments and pieces of cloth which 
 were found wrapped around the dead or deposited in the graves. A 
 glance at this part of the collection will .show the ancient Peruvians 
 had great skill in the art of weaving. Upon closer examination it will 
 appear that they were familiar with most of the weaves known lo modern 
 people, from the finest gobelins to the coarsest cotton cloth. Many of 
 the specimens cannot be excelled at the present time. The looms used 
 were of the simplest description, consisting of two cro.ss- 
 sticks, one at the top, and the other at the bottom. The ^ 
 warp threads were stretched from one to the other, while 
 the woof or filling was passed over and inidci- these by a shuttle. So 
 the weaving of these most perfect fabrics may be said (o haxc Itccu by 
 hantl. In this i"cs])ect they may stand in contrast to the modern 
 machine methods. In addition to the excellence of wca\c Peruvian 
 cloth is imicjue in decoration. The designs ar(> woven in and con- 
 sist of geometric figiu'es and conN-entionalized r('j)re.sen(alions of men. 
 pumas, jaguars and various kinds of birds and (ish. Some of the forms 
 are illustrated on page Hi. .V part of llic dccoraiixc elfect is (hic to 
 the regular repetition of die same design in dill'erent colors. 
 
16 
 
 IMFJilCAX Ml'SECM ('.VIDE LEAFLETS 
 
 That the Peruvian shoiihl also take high rank as a potter will be 
 gathered from even a superficial study of the collection of all forms of 
 potterv at the west end of the hall, since many of the vessels show real 
 beauty of outline and form and excellence in their painted decoration. 
 These qualities seem the more remarkable when we consider that the 
 
 fn<ryf^ 
 
 PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH MUMMIES 
 
 makers had no knowledge of the potter's wheel and wtTc unac(|uainted 
 p with the art of glazing. Some of the vessels were shaped by 
 
 iiaiid, but others show that they were formed ])y means of 
 moulds. The body was moulded in two parts which were joined by 
 being pre.ssed together. Spout or handle, if desired, was then attached, 
 and all irregularities in the junctures remedied by scraping and rub- 
 
POTTERY WATER-JAR WITH CORN DECORATION 
 
 17 
 
MKAI). I'KHnuy Mr MM IKS 
 
 19 
 
 binf»;. Moulds were often used in inakinn- nian\- of die animal lieatls 
 and human figures that adorn these vessels. The decoration Avas put 
 on \\itli paint, and, after firing, the vessels were polished \>\' rul)l)ing 
 with a smooth pebble. 
 
 In the absence of an aboriginal written languat>e in Peru and on 
 account of the nieagreness of the descriptions left by the first Europeans 
 who visited the country, it is fortunate for the student of Peruvian archje- 
 ■ology that the potter often represented by the shape of his vessel or in its 
 
 POTTERY VESSEL WITH PAINTED DECORATION 
 
 decoration forms and customs which were familiar to him in his evciy- 
 ■day life. 
 
 Representations of the human figure arc connuon. Some of these 
 show the manner of wearing the poncho and other articles of clothing. 
 Some have in the lobe of the ear the large cylindrical car-oi-nameiUs 
 which led the Spaniards to nickname these j)eople "()i'e- 
 jones" — big ears. It would be im])ra('ticable, however, to 
 
 Human 
 figures 
 
 mention here more than a few of the subjects depicted. ( )n 
 
 one vessel a man piu'sues and kills a deer with a spear; on anothei- a 
 
 hunter is returm'n<r \\ith the bo(l\- of a deei- thrown across his shoni- 
 
20 AMKlilC.lX Mi SEC M cl'lDE LEAFLETS 
 
 ders. Some jars show tlie manner of ('atcliini>; fish In- means of hook 
 and Hue, while others portray men and women carrying water jars and 
 other hnrdens by means of a strap passing around the forehead. Here 
 we see a man with liis favorite l)ird, evidently of the parrot family, 
 perched upon his shoulder; there a dance in progress, with several of 
 the figures playing upon nuisical instruments. 
 
 These potters were very fond of moulding their clay into animal 
 forms, and they have left us more or less truthful representations of 
 many of the species familiar to them. Their favorite models appear to 
 have l)een the puma, jaguar, monkey, llama, Guinea-pig, 
 figures lizards, birds of the parrot family, the king vulture and a 
 number of shells and vegetable forms. A complete list would 
 include most of the animal and many of the vegetable forms of Peru. 
 
 Everywhere, except in the most elevated parts of the country, maize 
 
 was not only the staple food of the people, but also was the source of 
 
 their favorite intoxicating beverage, — chicha; hence it was but natural 
 
 that they should so often represent the grain on their vessels. This 
 
 was very simplv and perfectlv accomplished. A mould was 
 Chicha , „ "^ ^ ' , ,' , • i • , ,. , t 
 
 made from an ear oi corn and dried m the sun or hred. Into 
 
 this clay \vas pressed; which on ])eing removed would be a facsimile of 
 the ear. This was joined to the jar while both were still in a plastic- 
 condition, after which the whole was fired and polished. A corn jar 
 is represented in the illustration on page 17. 
 
 Although this guide relates chiefly to burials, it may not be out of 
 
 place to call attention to some peculiarities of Peruvian skulls. The 
 
 skulls of all races are of great scientific value, but those of Peru are of 
 
 particular interest, because many of them bear the marks of surgical or 
 
 sacrificial operations. The Museum collection of Peruvian 
 
 , .. skulls is so extensive that only a representative series is on 
 
 exhibition. This contains many examples show^ing tre- 
 phining, artificial deformation and pathological conditions, together 
 with several normal Peruvian skulls for ])m'poses of comparison. 
 
 In Peru, where stones from slings and wooden clubs with heads of 
 stone and copper were the common oft"ensi\-e weapons, complex fractures 
 of the skull with depression of its bony plates must have been common. 
 There seems no reason to (loul)t that trephining was resorted to as a 
 means of relief in such fractures, and that sometimes cures w'ere effected 
 by this treatment. It is also prol)able that the o])eration in many 
 
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 o: 
 (3 
 
 > 
 
 D 
 UJ 
 
 a 
 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 CE 
 
 Q 
 UJ 
 
 X 
 a. 
 
 UJ 
 
MEAD, PERUVIAN MUMMfFS 23 
 
 cases was a part of some religious ceremonial, since some of the tre- 
 phined skulls in the collection show distinct orientation of the wound 
 and j)resent no indication of lesion. Implements of copper and bronze 
 and knives of stone and obsidian must have been employed in the opera- 
 tion, which was performed with skill. 
 
 Artificial deformation of the head was extensively practised in ancient 
 Peru and w^as accomplished by means of ligatures ai)plied in infancy. 
 The form taken by the head was determined by the manner in which 
 these bindings were applietl. The pathological skulls show tiie ravages 
 of disease in the bones of the cranium. 
 
 THE QUIPU. 
 
 The Quipu is a fringe consisting of a main cord w'ith other cords 
 of various colors hanging from it. In the fringe knots of different kinds 
 were tied. The ancient Peruvians, having no written language, made 
 use of the (juipu to keep their accounts and ])ossibly to record historic 
 incidents. By the color of the cord, the kind of knot, the distance of 
 the knots from the main cord and from each other, many facts could 
 he recorded and preserved. The maker of a cjuipu had a system which 
 was to a great extent arbitrary, and which had to be explained when the 
 (piipu was ])laced in the keeping of another. 
 
 COCA CHEWL\(;. 
 
 The coca ])Iant {KrtjiJn-o.vijloii coca. Lam.) grows wild in tlic moun- 
 tainous regions of Pern and Bolivia and was cultivated before the ('on- 
 (piest, as it is to-day, in districts from 2,()()() to r),()()() feet above the sea. 
 It is valued for its stimulating narcotic ])roperties, and the j)resent 
 Indians will often carry heavy burdens for several days without food, 
 if furnished with a plentiful ^np|)ly of coca. The leaves are gathered 
 and dried in the sun and then chewed mixed with nnslacketl lime in 
 the same way the betel is used by the Kast Indians. A bag of coca 
 teaves is almost always found witli a nnninny. The leaves of this plant, 
 together with the cloth bags in which they were carried and llic gonid 
 flasks containing lime may be seen in tiie collection 
 
 n. 
 
24 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 
 
 INIISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS. 
 
 This gallerv' contains many exhibits, some of them very important, 
 of which no special mention has been made, since it is believed that the 
 case labels and the guide leaflets attached to the cases will furnish 
 the desired information to the student and visitor. Among these may 
 be mentioned the collection from the West Indies, the musical instru- 
 ments of the Incas, the case containing a great variety of animal forms 
 in ])ottery; collections of feather-work from Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay 
 and Brazil, and the collection from Columbia consisting of many objects 
 in pottery, stone and shell. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 The followiny; books will be found useful to those who w^ish to 
 study South American Archaeology and they may be consulted on ap- 
 plication to the librarian of the Museum. 
 
 Vega, Garcilasso de la. The Royal Commentaries of Peru. Ed. 
 
 Rycaut, Lcjudon, 1688. 
 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de. Chronicle of Peru, Part I. (Hakluyt Society.) 
 
 London, 1864. 
 Andagoya, Pascual de. Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias 
 
 Davila. (Hakluyt Society.) London, 1865. 
 Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Peru. London, 1847. 
 Herndon and Gibbon. Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon. 
 
 Washington, 1853. 
 Frezier, IVIoNSiEUR. A Voyage to the South Sea and iVlong the Coast 
 
 of Chili and Peru. Ivondon, 1717. 
 WiivMi'EK, Edward. Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. 
 
 New York, 1892. 
 Hutchinson, Thomas, Jr. Two Years in Peru, with Explorations of its 
 
 Antifjuities. London, 1873. 
 Squier, E. G. Incidents of Travels and Explorati(Mis in the L;ind of tlie 
 
 Incas. New Y(jrk, 1877. 
 Wiener, Charles. Perou et Bolivic Paris, 1880. 
 Reiss and Stuebel. The Necropolis of Ancon. Ed. Keane, New York, 
 
 1887. 
 B/ESsler, Arthur. Ancient Peruvian Art. New York, 1903. 
 Stuebel and Uhle. Die Ruinenstiltte von Tiahuanaco. Breslau, 1892. 
 Holmes, William H. Textile Art in its Relation to the Development of 
 
 Form and Ornament. Annual H('])()rt liureau Amer. Ethnology, 
 
 1884-85. 
 Stuebel, Reiss and Koppel. Siidamerikanische Volker. (Alte Zeit.) 
 
 Berlin,y889. 
 
The American Huseum Journal 
 
 Edmuxd Otis Hovey, Editor 
 
 Frank M. Chapman, ] 
 
 Louis P. Ghatacap. i Advisory Board 
 
 William K. Grkgoky, J 
 
 .Sulj.sciiption, One Dollar per year. Fifteen Cents per copy 
 
 A subscription to the Journal is included in the membership fees of all classes of 
 
 Members of the Museum. 
 
 Subscriptions should be addressed to the American ^Museum Journal, 
 
 30 Bolyston St., Cambridge, ^lass., or 77th St., and 
 
 Central Park West, New York City. 
 
 The Guide Leaflet Series 
 
 of the 
 
 ajsiericax museum of natural history 
 
 Issued as supplements to The American Museum Journal 
 P'or Sale at the Museum 
 
 No 1. THE BIRD ROCK GROUP. By Frank M. Chapman. Associate Curator 
 
 of .Maiiiiiialniry and ( )niitholoffy. Oftober, 1!)(H. Price. 10 cetits. 
 No. 2. THE SAGINAW VALLEY COLLECTION. \W Hahlan I. Smith, 
 
 As>i>taiit ( 'iiratoi- ot Ariliaiildtjy. 1 Icccmber, 1901. Price, 10 cents. 
 No 3. THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., 
 
 Assistant Curatdr of X'crlcbratc Paladiitology. JanuarJ^ I'.IO'J. Out 
 
 of print. 
 No. 4. THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By Louis P. (Ihatacap, A. M.. 
 
 Curator ol .Mincialo^y. lv\>.. I'.IOL'. Rev. cditiun. May, 1904. Price, 
 
 10 rents. 
 No. 5. NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS I'.y J. A. Ai.ikn, Ph.D.. Curator 
 
 of Mammalogy and ( »rnii lioiogy. Mar. 190-J. Per. (</., Feb.. 1904. 
 
 10 cents. 
 
 T^ 
 
No. 6. THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. By 
 
 (iEuKUE 11. Pki'I'KU, As.-i.staut. in Anthropology. Apr., 1".J02. Price. 
 10 cenl:<. 
 No. 7. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By 
 
 \ViLLi.\M Be; TE.NMLLLEH, Curator of Entomology. .May. 1902. Price, 
 1 r) nuts;. 
 
 No. 8. THE SEQUOIA. A Historical Review of Biological Science. By George 
 
 H. SHEinvooi), A.M., .\s.sistant Curator. Nov., 1902. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 9. THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., A.-^so- 
 
 ciate Curator of X'ertebrate rahoontology. Jan., 1903. Second edition, 
 
 May. 1905. Price. 10 cents. 
 No. 10 THE HAWK-MOTHS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By 
 
 William Beuten.mClleh, Curator of Entomology. Feb., 190.^. Price, 
 
 10 cents. 
 No. 11. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. By Charles W. 
 
 Mead, As.sistant in Archa'ology. .hily, 190.'1 Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 12. THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Matthew, 
 
 Ph.D.. Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palteontology. Oct., 1903. 
 
 Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 13. A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL 
 
 HISTORY. .January. 1904. Price, 1.5 ceni.'i. 
 No. 14. BIRDS' NESTS AND EGGS. By Frank M. Chapman, Associate Curator 
 
 of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Apr., 1904. Reprinted, Feb., 1905. 
 
 Price. 10 cents. 
 No. 15. PRIMITIVE ART. .July, 1904. Price. \r, rents. 
 No. 16. THE INSECT-GALLS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By 
 
 William Beutenmuller, Curator of Entomology. Oct., 1904. Price, 
 
 1.5 ceiits. 
 
 Reprinted from The Ameripan Mt'settm .Iotm^xal. 
 No. 17. THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES, MARSUPIALS, AND SMALL MAMMALS 
 
 IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. By W. 
 
 D. Matthew, Ph.D., As.sociate Curator of Verteln'ate Paheontology. 
 
 .Tan., 190.5. Price. 1.5 cents. 
 No. 18. THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS. By W. D. 
 
 Matthew, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 
 
 Apr.. 1905. Out nj print. 
 No. 19. THE REPTILES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Ray- 
 mond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zoological Park. 
 
 .Inly, 1905. Price. 15 rr/(/.s-. 
 No. 20. THE BATRACHIANS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By 
 
 1!avm(iM) L. Drr.\L\H.s, Curator of Hejitiles, New York Zoological Park. 
 
 October, 190.5. Price, 1.5 cents. 
 No. 21. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MOLLUSK. l^y B. E. DAHL(iREx. D.M.D. 
 
 .Ian., P.KIC. Pnci , 10 ,; nis. 
 No. 22. THE BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Frank M. 
 
 Chapman, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. April- 
 
 .Tuly, 1900. Prirr. 15 cents. 
 No. 23. THE SPONGE ALCOVE. By Roy W. Mixer, Assistant Curator of 
 
 Invertebrate Zoology. Oct. 1900. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 Published as a Separate Series. 
 No. 24. PERUVIAN MUMMIES. By Charles W. Mead, Department of 
 
 Ethnology. March, 1907. Price, 10 cents.