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TANIS 
 
 PAET I., 1883-4. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. M. FLINDEES PETEIB. 
 
 SECOND MEMOIR OF 
 
 THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY OBDEB OF THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 MESSRS. TRliBNER & CO., 67 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.C. 
 1889. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 SECT. PAGE 
 
 Peeface ... . . . vii 
 
 Inteoductiok ..... 1 
 
 1. The Place.1 
 
 2. The People ..... 2 
 
 3. The Work.3 
 
 Chap. I.^—San before the Bmpibe. 
 
 4. Poundation of San .... 4 
 
 5. Blocks of Pepi ..... 4 
 
 6. Amenemhat I. . . . . .4 
 
 7. IJsertesen I. '. . . . .6 
 
 8. Amenemhat II. . . . .5 
 
 9. Usertesen II. . . . . .6 
 
 10. Usertesen III. ..... 6 
 
 11. Various Monuments of Twelfth Dynasty 6 
 
 12. Sehakhotep III. .... 8 
 
 13. Mermashau ..... 8 
 
 14. Various Monuments of Thirteenth and 
 
 Fourteenth Dynasties . . 9 
 
 15. Sphinxes of Thirteenth Dynasty . 10 
 
 16. Hyksos Monuments . . . .10 
 
 Chap. II.—San under the Empire. 
 
 17. Pavement and Collossi of approach . 12 
 
 18. Pylon ...... 12 
 
 19. Hall of Columns ' ’ . .14 
 
 20. Sphinxes and Obelisks . . .15 
 
 21. Early Statues . . . . .15 
 
 22. In Front of the Sanctuary . . .16 
 
 23. The Sanctuary . . . . .17 
 
 24. Around the Sanctuary . . .18 
 
 25. The East end . . . . .19 
 
 26. The General Area . . . .19 
 
 27. Sketch of the History of the Area •. 20 
 
 28. The great Colossus . . . .22 
 
 29. Other Colossi . . . . .24 
 
 30. Statues of Ramessu II . . .25 
 
 31. Obelisks and Pillars . . . .25 
 
 Chap. III.—Greek and Roman Tanis, and 
 
 Distribution of Finds. 
 
 SECT. PAGE 
 
 32. Tell-el-Yehudiyeh . . . .27 
 
 33. Tell-el-Maskhuta . . . .28 
 
 34. Pisebkhanu at San _ . . . .28 
 
 35. TellFarun . '. . . .28 
 
 36. Tell Sueilin.29 
 
 37. House of Thirtieth Dynasty, San . 29 
 
 38. Chapel of Ptolemy II., San . . 31 
 
 39. Tablet of Ptolemy II., San . . 31 
 
 40. Ptolemaic Temple, San . . .32 
 
 41. Ptolemaic Houses . . . .32 
 
 42. Ptolemaic Jewellery . . . .33 
 
 43. Late Ptolemaic Houses . . .34 
 
 44. Roman Houses ..... 35 
 
 46. Roman Tombs . . . . .36 
 
 46. Miscellaneous Objects . . .38 
 
 Chap. IV.—Bakakhuiu, the Lawyer of San. 
 
 47. Period of Bakakhuiu . . . .41 
 
 48. The House ... . . 41 
 
 49. Statuette and Papyri . . .42 
 
 60. Figures of Deities, &o. . . .42 
 
 61. Furniture and Bronze Work . . 43 
 
 52. Signs of an Amateur . . .44 
 
 53. Alabaster and Granite Vessels . . 45 
 
 54. Blue glazed Pottery . . . .45 
 
 55. Glass ...... 46 
 
 66. Pottery ...... 46 
 
 57. Adjoining House, No. 44. . . .46 
 
 68. Marble Term . . . . .47 
 
 59. Bronze and Iron Work . . .47 
 
 60. Glass Zodiac . . . . .48 
 
 61. Glass Lens, &c. . . . .49 
 
 Chap. V.—Measurements and Tables. 
 
 62. Levellings . . . . .50 
 
 63. Shafts.51 
 
 64. Weights ... ... 52 
 
 65. Deities of San . . . . .64 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 The present work is half taken up with an account of the monuments of San, 
 which had been nearly all discovered by Mariette, but of which no connected 
 or detailed account has hitherto been written. Such a publication of the 
 remains of a city which was only inferior to the other capitals—Thebes and 
 Memphis—in the splendour of its sculptures, needs no comment. The other 
 half of the account is occupied with the results of the various excavations 
 which I carried on, and which yielded us much information on the age of 
 many classes of objects, besides furnishing the British Museum with several 
 antiquities of types unknown before. 
 
 In laying this memoir before the subscribers, I have endeavoured to hit the 
 mean between the lavish style of Government publications, such as seems to 
 have become associated with work in Egypt, and on the other hand the 
 unpleasantly rough manner which sometimes appears in foreign works. If 
 anything more elaborate is wished for in the matter of plates, the only reply 
 must be that the money which would be thus spent is really wanted for actual 
 work ; the only reason that I regret the need of doing these plates myself 
 is that it is impossible, with the many other matters that must be attended 
 to, to issue more than a moiety of the inscriptions of San this season. 
 
 The photographs taken during the season 1883-4 are now all in England; 
 some of the most important are reproduced in this volume, and many were 
 exhibited at the General Meeting at the Royal Institution. Subscribers wishing 
 to see the series are requested to communicate with Mr. Murray, 113, Penton- 
 ville Road, London, N., from whom a set can be obtained for inspection. 
 Copies of any of them may be had at cost price from him. 
 
 I am sorry that nearly a year should have elapsed between the writing 
 and publication of this volume, partly due to my absence at Naukratis ; but 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 viii 
 
 I have thereby had the benefit of the kind revision of the text by Miss A. B. 
 Edwards and Mr. Poole, and of M. Naville’s careful verification of the plates ot 
 inscriptions from the monuments themselves. In thanking my friends, I must 
 also say how much indebted the present exploration is to the goodwill and 
 co-operation of Professor Maspero. 
 
 W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. 
 
 Bromley, Kent, 
 
 August 3, 1885. 
 
TANIS. 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 1, Beyond the civilized regions of modern 
 Egypt, past even the country palm-groves, where 
 a stranger is rarely seen, there stretches out to 
 the Mediterranean a desolation of mud and swamp, 
 impassable in winter, and only dried into an 
 impalpable salt dust by the heat of midsummer. 
 To tell land from water, to say where the mud 
 ends and the lakes begin, requires a long expe¬ 
 rience; the flat expanse, as level as the sea, 
 covered with slowly drying salt pools, may be 
 crossed for miles, with only the dreary changes 
 , of dust, black mud, water, and black mud again, 
 which it is impossible to define as more land 
 than water or more water than land. The only 
 objects which break the flatness of the barren 
 horizon are the low mounds of the cities of the 
 dead; these alone remain to show that this 
 region was once a living land, whose people 
 prospered on the earth. 
 
 The reddened top of the highest of these 
 mounds may be seen rising out of the flickering 
 haze on the horizon, some hours before it is 
 reached; that is the great city of San, the 
 capital of Lower Egypt. And when the traveller 
 has climbed the crackling heaps of potsherds 
 which cover its mouldering houses, he sees 
 around him towns whose modern names are not 
 in books, and whose ancient history is still 
 buried in their ruins. Tell Ginn, Tell Dibgu, 
 Tell Sueihn, Tell Earun, Tell Gemayemi, Tell 
 Khatanah, all these have their past on a still 
 unopened page in history; a past of which we 
 
 may see the sphinxes and sarcophagi, the houses 
 and tombs, scarcely hidden in the dust. 
 
 • San, Tanis, T’aan, Zoan, these forms of the 
 name have each a history of a different age and 
 a different race. The miserable Arab huts of 
 San first meet the eye ; huts which belong to 
 a people whose very nature is nomadic, who have 
 no notions of town life,—or civilization, in the 
 literal sense,—whose dark and miserable mud 
 rooms are huddled together without any plan or 
 order, in the most unhealthy flat, with on the 
 one side a muddy stream into which they throw 
 their dead buffaloes, and from which they drink, 
 and on the other a swamp Ml of rotting graves 
 and filth. But the high mounds which rise 
 behind this sickening mass of dead fish and 
 live babies, fowls and flies, are the remains of the 
 Roman and Greek Tanis, a city well built and 
 well ordered, whose inhabitants show no small 
 taste in their native pottery and their imported 
 marbles, their statuettes, their delicate glass 
 mosaics, and their fine metal work. And it is 
 of this city that we know most at present, as 
 during the long and flourishing dominion of the 
 Western Powers, which gave Egypt new life and 
 new vigour, the successive generations built again 
 and again on the ruins left by their forefathers ; 
 thus the mounds at last rose some forty feet 
 higher than they had been when the Assyrians 
 and Ethiopians had stricken the place at the 
 close of its older history. 
 
 T’aan, the city of Sheshonk, of Pisebkhanu, of 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 TAJfIS. 
 
 the usurping Si-amen, and of the magnificent 
 egotist Ramessu II., is still unknown to us ; and 
 we can only yet imagine wdiat interest may await 
 us when we reach the dwellings of the people 
 who lived around the splendid temple which lies 
 in the midst of the mounds. This temple, a 
 thousand feet from end to end, stood up above 
 the surrounding houses ; and over its long flat 
 roof towered up the colossal statue of the second 
 founder of the city, the great Ramessu, head, 
 shoulders, and body even, above everything else, 
 with stony eyes gazing across the vast plain. 
 This temple was worthy of the capital of Lower 
 Egypt, replete with noble statues of the older 
 kings, of the most magnificent work, and domi¬ 
 nated in every part by the royal splendour of the 
 Smiter of Nations, the Strong Bull, the Destroyer 
 of His Enemies, Ramessu, Beloved of Amon. 
 
 But beneath the capital of Ramessu there must 
 lie the older town, the town of the bearded 
 Hyksos, the fishy people, the worshippers of 
 Sutekh, who honoured and adorned the early 
 temple; and yet, beneath that again, the town 
 of Amenemhat and Usertesen, of the great kings 
 who first established this as their capital, to hold 
 in check the pushing Semitic invaders; the kings 
 who one by one, as they mounted the throne of 
 the two lands, added their statues to the figures 
 of the Great Gods in the temple—statues of 
 colossal size, carved in the hardest rocks, with 
 severe simplicity, and yet the most brilliant 
 finish. And even before them some town existed 
 here,—Zoan, built seven years after Hebron,— 
 of which no trace is now visible. This large sand 
 island in the midst of the mud, by the side of 
 the river, doubtless had a settlement on it of 
 either the invaders or the defenders from the first 
 days when the Semitic tribes began to take their 
 footing in Egypt, and to press on its rich and 
 well-cultivated plains, which formed so tempting 
 a prey. 
 
 2. To examine this district, and to excavate 
 at San, I went down by boat from Fakus on the 
 
 4tli of February, 1884, and lived at San, in tent 
 or house, until the 23rd of June; only leaving 
 for two short trips to neighbouring Tells during 
 that time. Communication with the outer world 
 was kept up by sending a man forty miles—to 
 Fakus and back—every week, and only once did 
 any European come down to that out of the way 
 place while I was there. 
 
 For the first fortnight I lived in a tent, close 
 by the village of San ; but afterwards I moved up 
 to a room that I had built on the top of the 
 mounds, some sixty feet above the river level; 
 and, gradually completing my house there, I had 
 at last a little block of buildings of a defensible 
 form, with only one outer door, and comprising 
 six rooms around a courtyard; the rooms being 
 about six by eight feet each, and four of them 
 serving for me and the stores and finds, while the 
 other two housed my overseers. From my room 
 I could see the temple through the open doors, 
 so as to watch the workers, with a telescope, 
 when I needed to be up in the house. No 
 difficulty was found in getting labourers ; within 
 a week of reaching San, I had over fifty, men, 
 girls and boys, and the numbers varied up to 
 180. During the harvest, of course, they had to 
 work in their fields, and I had but thirty children 
 left; but usually there was a party of new hands 
 waiting to be taken on every morning. The 
 difficulty was to avoid overstocking ; as, in that 
 case, so little attention could be given to each 
 that they would not feel kept in hand, and would 
 deteriorate, and become .laz 3 ^ The engagement 
 of each man, allotting the work to him, keep¬ 
 ing account of his time, and paying him, was 
 attended to by myself; thus there was no 
 opening for native favouritism, bakhshish, or 
 oheatery. The only duty of my Arab overseers 
 was to watch the men, see that they kept to 
 work, obseiwe what w'as found, and make any 
 little changes needed from hour to hour ; but I 
 saw every labourer at least twice, and often four 
 times, a day. Thus I knew every one about the 
 place, and kept up a friendly intercourse with 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 3 
 
 them all, so that the smallest children were not 
 afraid ; while at the same time I held to neces¬ 
 sary discipline, by means of dismissal for a longer 
 or shorter time. So much did they dread losing 
 work, that once dismissing the w'hole of the gang 
 for half a day because they persistently came late, 
 completely cured them; I never had a man late 
 after that. A fair amount of work was got out 
 of them; a man ordinarily cutting, in good 
 ground, about 2i)0 cubic feet, or seven and a half 
 cubic yards, a day for his wages of 6d.; and three 
 or four children, at fifteen or twenty pence a day, 
 will carry this quantity about twenty yards in 
 baskets on their heads. This cutting or this 
 carrying is about equal to three quarters of a 
 day of an English labourer with spade and wheel¬ 
 barrow ; BO that a gang of a man and children, 
 costing about two shillings a day, will do as 
 much as an English labourer in a day and a 
 half. Besides this, bakhshish was given for 
 everything that was found; and though this did 
 not amount to 5 per cent, on the wages, yet it 
 ensured things being brought in to me, and was 
 a good stimulus to the workers. It is advisable 
 always to let them work in their own way, while 
 allowing them to use such English tools as may 
 be available. I found that chisel-ended crowbars 
 were in constant request to pick up hard earth, 
 and pickaxes were often wanted ; while, in shift¬ 
 ing loose sand and dust, spades could easily be 
 got into use. The workers were always split up 
 into small gangs, usually a man and two children, 
 and hardly ever more than three men and six or 
 eight boys and girls together. Thus the w'ork 
 went on slowly in a large number of places at 
 once, so that it did not require such continuous 
 attention as if it were rapidly finished ; and each 
 man’s work could be checked. Trenches were 
 mostly dug in levels about four feet apart, so 
 that the position of any objects found could be 
 readily known. 
 
 3. The genei'al system of work was not by 
 clearing out the whole of a square area down to 
 
 some fixed level, as that plan uses a large 
 amount of labour, and, what is worse, encumbers 
 the ground with a quantity of waste. On the 
 contrary, narrow trenches were dug, and deep 
 shafts sunk, so as to test the largest amount 
 of ground in the time. On each side of the 
 temple trenches were cut at intervals, reaching 
 down to the original sandy island, from ten to 
 twenty-six feet deep, and running for some way 
 on either side. (See Plan, where all my excava¬ 
 tions are shaded in.) In this way, we found a 
 large part of the original limestone pavement of 
 the temple on the north-east and south-east 
 corners, a quantity of pieces of a highly decorated 
 chapel (of the twenty-second dynasty ?) on the 
 north of the middle of the temple, and a large 
 well, with staircase, of Ptolemaic or Roman age. 
 It was also determined that there are no other 
 buildings by the side of the temple, and that the 
 remainder of the temple area was probably an 
 open enclosure. Outside the temple area also 
 pits were sunk to fifteen and twenty feet deep, 
 in the valley leading up to the temple (showing 
 the pavement of the road); and in other parts 
 of the mounds, disclosing tombs, a large well, and 
 various other remains. The other class of work 
 was clearing out houses, of w'hich the rooms 
 were generally visible on the surface, having 
 been filled up with dust and potsherds. Here 
 the greatest care was needed, and the best men 
 were always put to this work; it was much 
 coveted by them, as they thus obtained more 
 bakhshish by finding objects. Some labour was 
 also spent on the detailed work of clearing out 
 the sand between the stones in the temple, so as 
 to examine all sides of them ; and' also in shift¬ 
 ing the fallen blocks of the great pylon, so as to 
 reach the outside of its wall, and examine the 
 stones. 
 
 In other sites near San a little work was done, 
 but as it was only exploratory, and we hope 
 in future seasons to carry it out further, details of 
 that had better be published all together in the 
 future. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 SAN BEFOEE THE EMPIEE. 
 
 4. The earliest knowledge of San that we at 
 present have, is in the well-known statement in 
 the Book of Numbers (xiii. 22), that Hebron was 
 built seven years later than Zoan. This coupling 
 of it with a Palestinian city shows that the build¬ 
 ing must refer to a settlement by Shemites, and 
 not by Egyptians ; and, considering the age of 
 Hebron, it probably refers to the settlement before 
 the eleventh dynasty. At the time of its settlement 
 it was a saddle-shaped sandy island or “ gezireh ” 
 in the midst of the delta mud ; it lay beside the 
 river, and the sea may then have reached up to it. 
 The highest parts were on each side of the 
 present temple, north and south of it, and rose 
 some thirty or forty feet above the plain; this 
 being the highest islet for many miles around. 
 In the hollow between these dunes was a sandy 
 plain, in which the temple of the twelfth dy¬ 
 nasty stood, and which was probably the site of 
 the earliest settlement. The temple of the first 
 town being a sacred site, later temples would 
 occupy it again, and as they spread in size and 
 magnificence, they most likely obliterated the 
 traces of the primitive town. Hence we can 
 hardly expect to find much of any town before 
 the twelfth dynasty, by which time the temple 
 was of considerable size. 
 
 5. Among the ruins of the temple of San are, 
 however, two blocks bearing inscriptions of Merira- 
 Pepi; one known since the time of Burton (Plan, 
 113, inscription No. 2), while the other I observed 
 this year (Plan, 96, inscr. No. 1). It does not 
 seem to be quite certain that these belong to the 
 well-known Pepi of the sixth dynasty, as it is 
 possible another king in the eighth dynasty may 
 have adopted the throne name, and employed the 
 variant of the personal name which is here used; 
 since there was another king Pepi-Sneb in that 
 later period. But this is, on the whole, unlikely, 
 and we may accept these blocks as havin*^ 
 
 belonged to a building of Pepi, in the sixth 
 dynasty. The titles also are the same as in 
 the lower line of the horizontal inscription in 
 the pyramid of Pepi. This, however, does not 
 at all prove that there was a building of that 
 age at San; and two circumstances render it 
 more probable that these blocks (which have 
 been reworked in later times) were brought down 
 from ruins rather than from a quarry in Upper 
 Egypt, and that their first use was before, and 
 not after, their long journey to the coast. In 
 the first place, Pepi is here called “ son of 
 Hathor, the lady of Ant,” the modern Dendera. 
 Now this variant is not at all usual; it nowhere 
 occurs in the pyramid of Pepi (at Memphis, 
 between Dendera and San), and the only instance 
 of it that I can localize is an alabaster lid (see 
 plate xii., fig. 1) which Prof. Sayce obtained at 
 Keneh, just opposite the town named on it. This 
 renders it more likely that this inscription 
 belonged to Dendera or its neighbourhood, than 
 to the far-distant San. Another point is that 
 the quality of the granite is peculiar; it is very 
 hard and unalterable, with green nuclei in it, and 
 there is scarcely any other block of the same 
 quality. If there had been a temple here, built 
 by Pepi, the granite would probably be alike 
 throughout, and there would be many pieces of 
 the same nature, though re-used. Hence it seems 
 that, until some more decisive proof of Pepi’s 
 work here can be obtained, it is most likely that 
 the ruthless appropriator of obelisks and statues, 
 Ramessu II., did not object to having a few 
 convenient blocks looted from a ruined temple 
 at Dendera, of which the founder had been then 
 dead one or two thousand years. 
 
 6. The first piece of work as yet known to 
 belong to San is the red granite colossus of 
 Amenemhat I., the first king of the twelfth 
 dynasty (Plan, 103). This is broken in three 
 pieces, the head (pi. xiii. 1), chest, and throne. 
 The granite is of a dull brick-red, and somewhat 
 badly weathered on the feet, though the head 
 is perfect. On the back Amenemhat is named 
 
CHAP. I.-SAN BEPOEE THE EMPIEE. 
 
 5 
 
 as beloved of Ptah (inscrip. 8 a), and a remark¬ 
 able group surrounds the so-called “ banner ”* of 
 the king. The greater part of the lower inscrip¬ 
 tion has been hammered out by Merenptah I., 
 in order to substitute a barren repetition of his 
 own name in the rudest style, only the small 
 strip of old titles being left in the middle. On 
 the side of the throne (3 b) Merenptah has made 
 a similar defacement, but the old group of the 
 upper and lower Niles here appears perhaps for 
 the first time ; though the stems of the lotus 
 and papyrus are shown twisted around the sam 
 on the throne of Khafra, in the fourth dynasty. 
 On the front of the throne are two strips of 
 inscription (3 o, 3 d), which show Amenemhat as 
 beloved of Ptah of the Southern Eampart, (Mem¬ 
 phis) and Ptah Sokar. Along the base of the 
 throne is dn added inscription of Merenptah; the 
 other side I did not see, as the statue is lying on it. 
 
 It seems certain that Amenemhat I. built a 
 temple here, as his statue was doubtless placed 
 in some large building, and there are many frag¬ 
 ments of columns of red granite which appear to 
 belong to him. They have been re-used in the 
 colonnade in front of the sanctuary as late as 
 Siamen, but are evidently of far earlier work. In 
 the first place, they are clustered lotus columns, 
 like those of Beni Hasan, a fact which almost 
 assigns them to the twelfth dynasty; then they are 
 polished far more brilliantly than any work after 
 that period, and the delicacy with which the lines 
 of the leaves around each stem are shown is of 
 
 * This form of title is usually called a banner ; but it is 
 really a false door, the insorijjtiou being the king’s name on 
 the panel over the door, and the so-called fringe representing 
 the panelling on either side of the doorway. The earliest 
 examples are a pot-Ud of Senefru in Bulak, on which is dis¬ 
 tinctly a false door with the drum, the stripes of panelhug, 
 the architrave, and panel above it; and the tablet of Senefru 
 at Wady Maghara, where it is far more like panelling than a 
 fringe. On the tablet of Menkaura at Wady Maghara the 
 details of the stripes of panelling are shown unmistakeably, 
 like the false doors of the early tombs. Even though the 
 form became conventionally uniform, we stiU find a variation 
 appearing as late as Ramessu II. at San (on the side of the 
 triad inscrip. 43 a), which is certainly a doorway rather than 
 any sort of fringe. 
 
 the finest style; while, finally, the colour of the 
 granite is of the same dull vermilion brick-red 
 as the statue of Amenemhat I. It is impossible to 
 assign them to the Eamesside, or any late period. 
 
 7. The next king, Usertesen I., added his 
 statue to the magnificent temple of his pre¬ 
 decessor (Plan, 101); but instead of red granite 
 it is in black granite, and of the highest possible 
 finish and brilliancy. The inscriptions are cut 
 most delicately, and the polish in the hollows 
 of all the hieroglyphics is as fine as on the 
 general surface. On the top and front of the 
 throne are two lines running down each side 
 (4 0, d), and the sides of the throne were orna¬ 
 mented with the same figures as the statue of 
 Amenemhat (4 b). On the back is an inscrip¬ 
 tion of Merenptah (4 a) in better style than is 
 usual for him ; the engraver was perhaps shamed 
 into good work by the magnificence of the statue 
 he was defacing; but on the shoulder is ham¬ 
 mered in on the glass-like surface the car¬ 
 touche of Merenptah. The statue itself has 
 been broken at the chest; and the body is much 
 flaked, and the head bruised (pi. xiii. 2). The 
 fellow statue is now in Berlin. 
 
 8. To Amenemhat II., the successor of User¬ 
 tesen, may be ascribed another colossus in black 
 granite (Plan, 97). This is almost equal in finish 
 to the last statue, and it is far more remarkable, 
 having no back pilaster to the figure, which is 
 wrought all round (pi. xiii. 3). It is the only 
 Egyptian statue without a back support, so far 
 as I know. The head is lost, and the torso 
 is broken from the throne. The sides of the 
 throne bore the old group of the two Niles, 
 holding the lotus and papyrus twisted on the 
 sam (pi. xiii. 4J; and the front a strip of inscription, 
 of which only a part remains (inscrip. 5 a, b, c). 
 Merenptah I. has appropriated the back and 
 lower part of the throne, and has hacked in 
 a monstrous cartouche on the chest of the torso. 
 Though no trace of the king’s name remains, 
 it is certain that this statue must belong to the 
 
6 
 
 TAKIS. 
 
 twelfth dynasty; and as it is more similar to 
 the statue of Usertesen I. than to any other, 
 we shall probably be right in attributing this— 
 the finest Egyptian statue known in some 
 respects—to Amenemhat II. 
 
 9. The colossus of the next king, Usertesen II., 
 was in yellow quartzite sandstone, of very fine 
 grain, and free from sand-holes or pebbles. The 
 chest remains, and two small fragments of the 
 throne, but no other pieces have come to light. 
 On one of these pieces is part of the head-dress 
 of the figure of the Lower Nile (6 a), showing 
 that the usual group was placed on the side of 
 the throne, and on the adjacent front (6 b) is a 
 fragment of the side of the cartouche, showing 
 
 just the edges of the characters Ea-kha-a. 
 
 This proves that the statue belonged to User- 
 lesen II., of the twelfth, or Noferhotep or Sebak- 
 hotep III., of the thirteenth dynasty. Prom the 
 style, the fulness of the trunk, and the decora¬ 
 tion, it is to be assigned to the twelfth dynasty, 
 and therefore to Usertesen II. Noferhotep is the 
 only other claimant, as there were besides this a 
 pair of granite colossi of Sebakhotep III. at San. 
 
 The statue of Nofert, the wife of Usertesen II., 
 carved in black granite, is now at Bulak. It 
 represents the queen, with a massive wig descend¬ 
 ing on each side of the face, and ending in a 
 point curled round just above the breast. The 
 eyes were inlaid. Her husband’s throne name— 
 Ba-kha-kheper —occurs on a pectoral plate on the 
 chest, flanked by two vultures, each on the mih, 
 and with the two sacred eyes above. The inscrip¬ 
 tion is on either side of the front of the throne, 
 descending beside the feet. The titles are the 
 same as on the broken statue (inscrip. 11); they 
 will be given in full in the inscriptions published 
 next season. Beside this there is a bust of a 
 similar statue also at Bulak. 
 
 10, There is a part of an architrave of User¬ 
 tesen III. (who succeeded Usertesen II.) executed 
 in pinkish granite (inscrip. 7) ; and it is remark¬ 
 able that he is called “ beloved of Osiris,” which 
 seems opposed to the worship of Sutekh at 
 
 San. Osiris is only met with on one other 
 monument of this place, Ptah being the most 
 usual deity here, beaide Har and Anup, in the 
 early times. The other mention of Osiris is on 
 the base of a seated colossus in close fine grey 
 granite (Plan, 87). The upper line in insorip. 
 8 A, on the top of the base, is of the twelfth 
 dynasty, by the work of it; the lower line (8 a) 
 is part of Merenptah’s inscription, which is 
 carried round the side (8 b). Merenptah has 
 also hammered out the name of the original 
 owner in the ancient inscription, and has roughly 
 substituted his own. This statue is of the twelfth 
 dynasty, as appears by the work, and must belong 
 to Usertesen III. or Amenemhat III. or IV.; and 
 from the mention of Osiris, as on the architrave 
 of the first of these kings, it seems most likely 
 that this statue was of Usertesen III. 
 
 11. Besides these attributable statues, there is 
 a fragment of the foot of a statue in grey granite 
 (Plan, 279), by the side of which is the end of an 
 inscription (10 a), and on the front of which is 
 an inscription (10 b) of the nineteenth dynasty. 
 This might belong to some of the previous 
 statues. There is also (in the sanctuary) a 
 defaced head in the same material, which pro¬ 
 bably belonged to some statue of the twelfth 
 dynasty. A block of similar grey granite (Plan, 
 96) bears the fragment of inscription (9) in large 
 figures; it appears to have been part of a larger 
 object out up. There are two seated female 
 statues here in black granite, probably belonging 
 to the earlier part of the twelfth dynasty; they 
 are princesses, and perhaps daughters of User¬ 
 tesen II., as there is also a statue of his wife in the 
 same material. One of these statues has a hand 
 on the knee, and the other hand has been across 
 the breast (Plan, 85), while on the front of the 
 throne are the beginnings of inscriptions (12) ; 
 this statue is broken off just below the knees, 
 and across the body. The surface is smooth, 
 representing plain drapery, and is well polished. 
 The other princess (Plan, 99) has both hands 
 resting on the knees, but otherwise appears to 
 
CHAP. I.—SAH BEFORE THE EMPIRE. 
 
 7 
 
 have originally been similar to the previous statue. 
 On the front of the throne (pi. xiv. 1) are lines of 
 inscription (11), but, unhappily, the lower part 
 is lost, so that the name is unknown. Bamessn II. 
 afterwards took this statue, and had all the 
 dress -worked up into a ribbed pattern of folds, 
 leaving parts of the old smooth surface at a 
 higher level, just in the hollows under the arms. 
 The hair -was also worked into w’avy tresses, 
 parts of the old surface remaining also here. 
 The face appears to be untouched, judging by 
 its style and high finish. There has been 
 a metal head-dress, probably a Bamesside addi¬ 
 tion, and the tabular drill-holes for affixing this 
 may be seen along the eyebrows, out into the 
 black granite, besides a large drill-hole in the 
 top of the head. The outer part of the balls of 
 the thumbs -svere cut aw’ay toward the wrists, 
 apparently being considered too massive and 
 hea\'y for Bamesside style, though they are ren¬ 
 dered wholly unnatural by the alteration. Finally, 
 a long inscription adopting the statue was cut on 
 the back and both sides. The cutting is in the 
 bold, coarse style general in the Bamesside period, 
 quite unlike the delicate and highly polished 
 hieroglyphics of the twelfth dynasty on the front 
 of the throne. To try and unify the whole 
 thing, and ignore the theft, the titles of the 
 old princess were repeated on the sides by 
 Bamessu II. as part of his mother’s insfeiption. 
 The body has been broken from the throne, and 
 the base of the throne is lost, otherwise this 
 curious example of misappropriation is in good 
 condition. 
 
 Another monument of the same period, also 
 appropriated by Bamessu II., is a red granite 
 obelisk (Plan, 261). The original engraving of 
 this was only on the upper part of one side (shown 
 in inscrip. 13), but Bamessu added his names in 
 two columns below that, and on all the other 
 sides of this obelisk (see inscrip. 60): it will also 
 be seen that he erased the names of the older 
 king to substitute his own, and the trace of the 
 older cartouche is visible on the upper part 
 
 between the two hawks, just below the shorter 
 cartouche of Ba-user-ma, sotep-en-ra. Judging 
 from the fact that the bee is also cut over an 
 erasure, it seems as if the first name had had a 
 different title, perhaps “ nuternofer,” or “ Sutekh 
 nuter nofer;” if so, the obelisk would belong to 
 the thirteenth or a later dynasty. The represen¬ 
 tation of Nishem, however, is not very common; 
 but this occurs also on the gateway of Amenem- 
 hat I. at Esbet Helmy Pasha. Again, the style 
 of the work is very good, and more like the 
 twelfth than later periods. The adoration of 
 Horus, Lord of the countries, is interesting, and 
 seems to point to a conqueror in the twelfth 
 rather than to the limited sovereignty of the later 
 dynasties. The representation of hawks as regular 
 supporters of the royal shield is not often seen. 
 Altogether tliis is a curious monument, and makes 
 us regret the insatiable egotism of its usurper. 
 
 To the twelfth dynasty also must be attributed 
 the two great red granite sphinxes ; one remain¬ 
 ing at San (Plan, 51), broken in several pieces, 
 and without the face, and the fellow, which is 
 no-w the most striking object in the gallery of 
 the Lou-vre. These sphinxes have passed through 
 many appropriations, but they were executed in 
 the twelfth dynasty, to judge by the fineness of 
 the work, and the treatment of the details. On 
 the chest of the sphinx in the Louvre may be 
 seen traces of the so-called banner of a king, with 
 a hawk above it. A fragment of the end of a 
 sickle may be also distinguished on it, and this 
 shows that it must be attributed to Amenemhat II. 
 or Usertesen II. In the inscription (14 n) is 
 shown the trace of the end of the standard, and 
 of the lines of hair appearing in the midst of the 
 later cartouche. The next name is that of the 
 Hyksos Apepi (see-De Bouge, Notice des Monu¬ 
 ments . . au Musee du Louvre, p. 22), of which 
 I could only see the inscription (14 f) on the 
 right side of the base; there is also an erased 
 Hyksos inscription, beginning with “ Sutekh,” on 
 the right shoulder. After this Merenptah appro¬ 
 priated it, cutting out the earlier names with his 
 
8 
 
 TAHIS. 
 
 usual brutality, and placing Hs cartouches on the 
 right shoulder (14 o). Finally, Sheshonk T. the 
 great Shishak—occupied the left shoulder ■with 
 his cartouches (14 e), and cut a long inscription 
 all round the base (14 a, 14 b). The tip of the 
 nose has been broken off and mended anciently, 
 as there is a drill-hole in the surface ■where the 
 piece has been affixed. The sphinx at San is 
 more damaged, but there is evidence of its equal 
 antiquity in the titles of an erased name by the 
 left hind paw (16 a) ; these are cut ■with much 
 fineness, and can hardly be attributed to a later 
 time than the thirteenth dynasty, and yet they 
 are on a defaced surface, showing that some 
 earlier name has been erased. This seems to 
 show that appropriation began as early as the 
 thirteenth dynasty. After that Merenptah of 
 course appropriated it with an inscription (15 b) 
 on the left shoulder (so that both sphinxes 
 showed his inscription to the spectator on 
 approaching the temple), and Siamen followed 
 his example by adding an inscription of his own 
 by the side of it. It is curious to see how a 
 good piece of old work would exercise an in¬ 
 fluence on later sculptors, and how the kings 
 whose work is but rude if standing alone, have 
 their names executed with almost the fineness of 
 the earher styles when the engraver had the early 
 work alongside of his o-wn. Sheshonk I. appro¬ 
 priated the base of this sphinx like the other, 
 and perhaps also the right shoulder, but that 
 part is now destroyed. One paw of this sphinx 
 was taken by Mariette to the Bulak Museum. 
 
 There is also a smaller sphinx in red granite, 
 very much ■weathered, and without any inscrip¬ 
 tion visible. The fore-paws are broken off, and 
 Me beside it, in the temple, near the sandstone 
 shrines. From the work, it seems not improbable 
 that this belongs also to the twelfth dynasty. 
 
 12. Turning now to the dark period after the 
 twelfth dynasty, the first monuments that we find 
 are two statues of Sebakhotep III. of the thirteenth 
 dynasty; one in the Louvre, the other still at San 
 (Plan, 102). That in the Louvre is stated by 
 
 De Eouge in the Notice Sommaire (1879, p. 37), 
 to be from Tell Basta, or from Thebes; but in the 
 Notice des Monuments (1880, p. 16), to be most 
 probably from San. Considering that it is an exact 
 duplicate of that now at San, and that there is 
 similarly a pair of statues of Mermashau, it 
 seems most likely to have come from here. The 
 inscription on the San statue is the more perfect, 
 and the statue is only broken across the body, 
 but is otherwise in good condition. It shows 
 well the style of that period, both in the thinness 
 and elegance of the figure, and in the hieroglyphs, 
 which have not a flat bottom, but are out deeper 
 just round the outline. The granite is peculiar 
 in colour, being a brown-pink. These are the 
 only early statues of San which have not been 
 appropriated or marked by any later king, 
 
 A granite statue of Mentuhotep, son of Sebak¬ 
 hotep IV., is said by Brugsch Bey to have been 
 found at San (histoire) ; and a statue of Sebak¬ 
 hotep VI., unknown before, is said by Mariette to 
 have been found here (Rev. Arch., 1862); these 
 figures were reburied by their discoverer, to pre¬ 
 serve them. 
 
 13. The next monument is an obelisk of Prince 
 Nehesi (inscr. 19 a ; Plan, 198), who is probably 
 connected with the king Nehesi-ra of the Turin 
 papyrus (first on fragment 97, No. 278, Konigsb.). 
 This, though partially above ground, has not 
 been Witiced or published before, and it is 
 interes^ag, as gmng the name of a district, 
 Ro-ahtu, of which Set is called lord. By the 
 side of this block, on the south side of the sanc¬ 
 tuary, is the top of an obelisk, perhaps the same 
 as Nehesi’s (Plan, 197), ■noth part of a figure of 
 Khem, and an inscription (19 e) ; and in the same 
 neighbourhood are three fragments of obehsks of 
 the same style and the same whitish granite 
 (Plan, 208, 217; 19 b, o, d), which may all belong 
 to the obelisk of Nehesi. 
 
 Next after this come the pair of seated statues 
 of Mermashau (Plan, 86, 98) ; these are the 
 largest of the early statues at San, being over 
 12 feet high, and are executed in black granite 
 
CHAP. I.-SAN BEPOEE THE EMPIEE. 
 
 9 
 
 (inserip. 17 b). What the exact historic position 
 of Mermashau is, does not seem certain. Mariette 
 supposed him to he a Hyksos king, from his 
 name, read by Brugsch as Mer-shos-u, or Chief 
 of the Shos, a name similar to Hak-shos-u, or 
 Hyksos. But the face is not at all like that of 
 the Hyksos figures, and is closely like that of 
 Sebakhotep. If, therefore, this reading had 
 been correct, it would rather seem to refer 
 to his being the suzerain of the Shasu before 
 they conquered Egypt. Lieblein identifies him 
 with the first king of frag. 78 Turin Papyrus (260 
 Konigsb.), solely from the Masha there legible, 
 since merely the lea is left in the cartouche. 
 This would place him just before Sebakhotep III., 
 but it seems scarcely likely from the style, -which 
 is different, and rather inferior. There is an¬ 
 other king of the Turin Papyrus to whom this 
 may be referred, Ba smen . , the last of 
 
 frag. 101. On the whole, this latter may be the 
 more likely, from two small considerations ; first, 
 Apepi 'inscribed this alone of all the statues, 
 and hence it may probably be the last statue 
 before his time; and secondly, it is of grey 
 granite, more alike to the Hyksos figures than to 
 any other work at San. On the right shoulder 
 of each of the statues Apepi has inscribed his 
 cartouches and titles ; nuter nofer Ra-ua-a-ak-taui 
 (or ahtaui or qenen) si ra Apapa, ta ankh, mcri 
 sutekh (insor. 17 o) (PI. xiii. 6). On the side and 
 back of each statue, Eamessu has added his name 
 and titles, copying and modifying the old group of 
 the two Niles with the lotus and papyrus, and 
 introducing also Neshem and Uati; on the lower 
 inscription of the side, we find the name of Sutekh 
 spelled full length. 
 
 14. A fragment of the feet of a similar statue 
 is lying in front of the pylon; it has had an 
 inscription, now'entirely out out, by the side 
 of the feet, as is shown by the hollow and by 
 the inoompletion of the bo-ws beneath the feet. 
 A E'amesside inscription appears on the front. 
 
 At Bulak there is also a statue of the 
 
 thirteenth or fourteenth dynasty, appropriated by 
 Eamessu II., brought by Mariette from San. 
 
 An obelisk of a king unknown in the lists, Aa- 
 a-ark-ra, was found during Mariette’s excavations, 
 and carefully re-buried, so that I did not light 
 upon it in clearing the stones this year. A copy 
 of the inscription, as shown in Mon. Div. pi. 103, 
 is given here in inserip. 20 A, B, c, D. It appears 
 to commemorate the king, and his mother Per....; 
 and the formula, mennu-f en, is the same as occurs 
 on the obelisk of Nehesi. 
 
 Among the lesser obelisks in the temple are 
 two. (Plan, 117, 136) which are palimpsests, Ea¬ 
 messu II. having erased the older inscription, in 
 order to appropriate them. I have copied what 
 figures I could see in slanting sunlight, and from 
 these copies and photographs the inscriptions 21 a 
 and 21 B are here given. The palimpsest can 
 only be traced clearly on just the top of two sides 
 of one obelisk ; but there are the signs of erasures 
 in the irregular surfaces of the rest of this and 
 the fellow obelisk. The Eamesside inscription, 
 though of course by far the plainest, is here only 
 outlined, while the older inscription is entered in 
 full as far as it can be traced. There appears to 
 have been a deep hole in the middle of the top 
 of each face of the two obelisks, but it can hardly 
 be the ra of a cartouche, as it comes too close 
 to part of a banner name on 21 b; perhaps it 
 was for affixing some metal work. On 21 a 
 there was a group of a king offering to a 
 god ; and on 21 B we can see fragments of in¬ 
 scription mentioning Ea, and Tennu, probably 
 from the title of Turn. Once again we must 
 execrate the destructions of the nineteenth dynasty. 
 Seeing that tw'o obelisks have been certainly re¬ 
 worked, we may thus understand how some of the 
 other obelisks of San (Plan, 163, 167, 168), in¬ 
 scribed by Eamessu II., come to have their pecu¬ 
 liar shape. They are rounded on the faces of the 
 pyramidion, and their extreme apices have been 
 in separate pieces, fastened on with groove and 
 tongue. Now this device is -wholly unnecessary, 
 in order to get a foot or two more length, since 
 
 0 
 
10 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 these are all small obelisks, under twenty feet, 
 while there are many other obelisks here all in 
 one piece of forty to fifty feet in length. The 
 explanation seems to- be that these are old 
 obelisks, like that of Prince Nehesi, and with 
 designs like the old obelisk (inscrip. 13) ; and 
 that these, having been damaged, and the points 
 broken, were re-cut by Eamessu II. ; adding a 
 new point dovetailed on, rather than cut the 
 whole end down ; and curving the pyramidal face 
 in order to swallow some of the side, and so 
 make a triangle large enough for the Eamesside 
 scenes of offerings, which took up more room 
 than the older designs. 
 
 Amongst the chaos of blocks in the sanctuary 
 are two very remarkable pieces, apparently parts 
 of two false doors of red granite. The larger 
 door (Plan, 180; inscr. 22) has just a fragment 
 of the edge of the inscription on its centre panel 
 remaining, and from the style of the work and 
 the separation of the pet and tarn, it would seem 
 more likely to belong to the twelfth than to any 
 later dynasty. But the other fragment (Plan, 183; 
 inscr. 23) is more important. It is part of a 
 regular sepulchral false door, and therefore sug¬ 
 gests that it belonged to a royal tomb at San; 
 if so, some early kings buried at San have been 
 disinterred, and their sepulchres destroyed. On 
 the defaced drum can be seen traces of the upper 
 and under lines of a cartouche, and two t’s, which 
 probably belonged to the regular royal title. 
 Another fragment (Plan, 152 ; inscr. 24) of the 
 end of an early inscription (the block of which 
 was reversed and used by Eamessu II.) seems as 
 if it had belonged to a very large scene enclosed 
 in the pet and tam. 
 
 15. A pair of sphinxes may be here described, 
 the original age of which is somewhat uncertain. 
 One is now in the Louvre, the central object in 
 the gallery, at the end next to the staircase ; and 
 the other is in the garden of the Bulak Museum, 
 with a plaster imitation facing it. These spinxes 
 have the hair dressed in quite a different way to 
 that on the great pair of sphinxes of the twelfth. 
 
 or the smaller sphinxes of the Hyksos dynasty. 
 Instead of a close mass of short locks, it is repre¬ 
 sented by parallel lines, running in curves, like 
 the sea-shading round the coast in maps; and 
 there is a long pointed and curved lap of hair 
 on the shoulders. These are certainly older than 
 Eamessu II., since his name is over an erasure; 
 and De Eouge compares the style of that in the 
 Louvre to the statue of Sebakhotep III. They 
 are very different from the larger sphinxes, both 
 originally, and in their later history; and the 
 pointed look of hair is like that on a sphinx 
 which I discovered last year at Tell Khatanah. 
 It is, however, remarkable that there is no Hyksos 
 inscription erased from the shoulder, no Hyksos 
 inscription on the base, and the chest inscription 
 (which is erased) has not had a large hawk over it, 
 as on the great sphinx. Eamessu II. appropriated 
 these sphinxesby cutting his names over the erasure 
 on theohest(25c),butthe erasure is not deep, and 
 hence the original inscription must have been but 
 lightly cut. He also put his names and a long 
 inscription around the base (25 a, 25 b), in-which 
 he is said to be “like his father Ptah,’’ and 
 “ beloved of Set.” Afterwards Merenptah placed 
 his names on the right shoulder (25 d). These 
 inscriptions are from the Louvre sphinx. This 
 closes the pre-Hyksos monuments known to belong 
 to San. 
 
 16. The monuments of the Hyksos are among 
 the most curious in Egypt; and it is to San 
 that we owe the greater number of those brought 
 to light. They are all distinguished by an entirely 
 different type of face to any that can be found on 
 other Egyptian monuments, a type which cannot 
 be attributed to, any other known period; and it 
 is therefore all the more certain that they belong 
 to the foreign race whose names they" bear. 
 Another peculiarity is that they are without ex¬ 
 ception executed in black or dark grey granite ; 
 no monument of this type is known in other 
 material. Such cannot be said of any other 
 epoch, and this alone may serve as a useful test 
 of the originahty of any supposed Hyksos monu- 
 
 
CHAP. I.—SAN BBPOSE THE EMPIEE. 
 
 11 
 
 ment. The cause of this is not hard to see ; ] 
 they were a race who only held the Delta, and 
 occasionally more or less of middle Egypt. They 
 had no command of the red granite quarries of 
 Assuan, which were retained by the crippled 
 power of the native rulers; and hence the black 
 granite was the only hard material accessible to 
 them. Whether it came from Sinai, or from 
 the Hammamat district is not certain. Signor 
 Lanzone assured me that he had seen the quarries 
 of black granite in the Wady Hammamat; but it 
 seems more probable that the Hyksos would 
 obtain their stone from a district over which they 
 had more control in Sinai. 
 
 The most peculiar monument of this people is 
 the group of two men, with bushy jilaited hair and 
 long beards ; they stand with a tray of offerings in 
 front of them, on which lie fishes, with papyrus 
 plants hanging around. The details are beauti¬ 
 fully w’orked, the flowers and buds being most 
 dehcately wrought. Pisebkhanu afterwards ap¬ 
 propriated this monument, which came from the 
 southern side of the axis of the temple, and is 
 now in Bulak. A similar group existed on the 
 northern side, and fragments of it remain 
 there. The other Hyksos remains of Tanis are 
 the black granite sphinxes. These have been 
 often described, and further details are hardly 
 needed. They have the flat, massive, muscular, 
 lowering face, with short whiskers and beard 
 around it, the lips being shaven; and the hair 
 is in a mat of thick short locks descending over 
 the whole chest, a style copied from the great 
 sphinxes of the twelth dynasty. There are at 
 Bulak parts of two sphinxes, one nearly complete, 
 and of the other only the fore-part. These have 
 erased Hyksos inscriptions on the right shoulders, 
 inscriptions of Merenptah also on the shoulders; 
 an inscription of Eamessu on the front of the base, 
 and of Merenptah on the side of the base; and 
 an inscription of Pisebkhanu on the chests of both. 
 At San, in a group (PL xiii. 5) on the north side of 
 the axis of the temple, there remains the fore-part 
 of a sphinx, with erased Hyksos inscription on the 
 
 shoulder (Plan, 72); inscription of Eamessu II. 
 on the front of the base (28 b), and on the left 
 side (28 e) ; names of Merenptah on the right 
 shoulder (28 n) and on the left (28 e) ; while on 
 the chest Pisebkhanu out his name and titles in 
 very good style (28 c). The fore-part of a second 
 (Plan, 71) has inscriptions on the shoulders and 
 chest almost the same as on the last (29 a and 
 29 b), and on the left side of the base the inscrip¬ 
 tion 29 0 . Part of a base of the fore-quarters 
 of a third (Plan, 74) has on the front the same 
 inscription as 28 b, but reversed, and on the left 
 side 80 b, while the chest is the same as 28 c. 
 The hind-quarters of a fourth sphinx, or of the 
 third previous (Plan, 73), has the inscription 31 a. 
 On the south side of the axis is another group of 
 sphinxes ; a front and back, apparently belonging 
 together (Plan. 60), have the inscription 26 a on 
 the side and back, and 26 b on the chest; show¬ 
 ing that it was first inscribed by Eamessu II., 
 next by his son Merenptah (who with filial dis¬ 
 respect has partly erased his father’s name, and 
 left the work unfinished), and finally by Piseb¬ 
 khanu. Of the other sphinx here there are several 
 pieces (Plan, 61), which seem to belong together ; 
 the inscriptions are, on the hind-quarters, 27 c on 
 the side, and 27 B on the back; and on the fore¬ 
 quarters, 27 A on the base, 27 n on the right 
 shoulder, 27 b on the left, 27 e on the chest, and 
 27 a on the remainder of the right shoulder. 
 
 There are but few Hyksos monuments found 
 elsewhere than at San. At Ismailiyeh are some 
 sphinxes found at Tell Maskhuta, during the 
 canal workings; these are of Hyksos work, in 
 the same dark grey granite, and of the same style, 
 as at San. One of these is perfect; but it has 
 not only been appropriated by Eamessu II., but 
 the head has been re-cut, and a Eamesside head 
 of very good style, but too small for the body, 
 has been carved out of the old massive Hyksos 
 head: also the bushy wig and matted hair on the 
 chest, so typical of the hated race, has been care¬ 
 fully removed, leaving only a slightly rougher 
 surface. The sphinxes found with this have been 
 0 2 
 
12 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 similarly appropriated in later times, but are as 
 mucli broken up as those at San. The other 
 Hyksos monuments that are known, are a table 
 of offerings, found in Cairo, consecrated by Apepa; 
 this probably came from Memphis. The upper 
 part of a colossus of the Hyksos type found at 
 Ivom Faris, near Medinet el Faium; a similar 
 figure found on the Esquiline hill at Eome; and 
 a monument found at Tell Mokdam, ■which has 
 been ascribed to Salatis. 
 
 It is to be noticed that the Hyksos inscriptions 
 are always in a line down the right shoulder, 
 never on the left; and on the great sphinx in 
 the Louvre the Hyksos name is on the right 
 side of the base. This honouring of the right 
 shoulder in this Semitic people, is analogous to 
 the particular offering of the right shoulder con¬ 
 tinually enjoined in the Jewish law (Ex. xxix. 22; 
 Lev. vii. 32, 33; viii. 26, 20; ix. 21; Numb, xviii. 
 18). The Egyptians missed this idea, and in¬ 
 scribed either side indifferently, showing no pre¬ 
 ference for the left, which was their side of honour. 
 
 The arrangement of the temple before Ramessu 
 II. cannot even be guessed, as he made such an 
 entire remodelling of the place, that the older 
 work can only be described in isolated pieces, as 
 in the preceding pages. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE, T,AAN. 
 
 17. Ha-ving now arrived at the Ramesside 
 period, it becomes possible to give some con¬ 
 nected outline of the architectural arrangements 
 of the great temple, leaving aside for the present 
 all detailed description of the monuments. Of 
 the eighteenth dynasty there is no trace at San, 
 a fact ■ndiicli is supposed by some persons to point 
 to the continuance of the Hyksos here until 
 the conquests of Ramessu II. 
 
 The entrance to the temple was from the west, 
 the side on -which the river flows at about half a 
 mile distant; and it does not appear that the 
 
 course of the river has changed, at least since 
 Roman times, judging by the position of the 
 mounds. As far as 430 feet in front of the pylon 
 I found a rough pavement of small blocks of 
 stone, five feet below the present surface, or 
 about sixteen feet above low Nile level. A hun¬ 
 dred feet nearer the temple the pavement was 
 again found; and at a hundred feet nearer still, 
 or about 230 feet in front of the pylon, the pave¬ 
 ment was found once more "with remains of two red 
 granite colossi of Ramessu II. On the south side of 
 the axis lies one statue (Plan, 1), broken .off at 
 the knees, from which it is eleven feet long, in a 
 standing position, holding a long staff at the right 
 side, much like the usual statues of Ramessu’s son 
 Merenptah: while on the north side is a block 
 of the base of a figure (Plan, 2), and a leg lying 
 near it proves that there must have been a 
 second statue in this position. It does not seem 
 likely that Sheshonk III., in his rebuilding of the 
 place, would have re-erected a pair of colossi of 
 Ramessu, and still less likely that they would be 
 set out in this position, so far in front of the 
 pylon; and that they originally stood here is 
 shown by the parts of two separate statues being 
 found together, on opposite sides of the axis. It 
 is therefore probable that Ramessu II. himself 
 placed these colossi here (perhaps in the end of 
 his reign, as the style is more like Merenptah’s), 
 and that these were the advance guard of the 
 temple precincts, from which some wall or avenue 
 led up to the pylon. Beneath the statues and 
 this pavement there lies over the sand nine and a 
 half feet of made soil, with a line of large drain 
 pipes, running down towards the river, below the 
 roadway. This drain is formed of a number of 
 cylindrical jars, their ends are cut out, and they 
 are placed one in the other, so that there are 
 three thicknesses in some parts. Nearer the river 
 no drain was found, and the sand was not reached, 
 the water-level standing at eleven and twelve feet 
 below the pavement : how deep the made soil 
 extends is therefore unknown hei'e. 
 
 18. At about thirty-eight feet in front of 
 
CHAP. II.—SAH UA’DEB THE EMPIEB. 
 
 13 
 
 the pylon is the foundation of a limestone 
 wall (Plan, 6); this is three courses high, and 
 seems to have belonged to a structure now 
 destroyed. It may be either the foundation of 
 the pylon of Eamessu, or some work in front of 
 the pylon of Sheshonk, or the foundation for one 
 of the colossi of E,amessu ; on the whole it seems 
 most likely to be a fragment of the pylon of 
 Eamessu, the more so as two limestone slabs 
 near it are of that period. There is no other 
 trace visible that can be attributed to what we 
 may be sure was a grand piece of work, the pylon 
 placed by Eamessu IL before the great temple; 
 though we can guess its magnificence by com¬ 
 paring the granite colossi (Plan, 7, 9) which 
 stood before it, with those of the Theban pylons. 
 These colossi when perfect were monoliths 
 twenty-two feet high, representing the king 
 standing in the conventional attitude.* They 
 doubtless were placed in front of the pylon of 
 Eamessu, and were set up again in a slightly 
 different position before the pylon of Sheshonk. 
 
 What causes led to the entire removal of the 
 pylon of Eamessu II. we cannot now say ; certain 
 it is that, except the few blocks of limestone 
 mentioned above, there does not remain a frag¬ 
 ment of the work, as the very foundation stones 
 of the present pylon are the ruins of far different 
 works of Eamessu, utilized by Sheshonk III. Most 
 probably the first pylon was built of limestone; 
 and during the troubled times between the fall of 
 the Eamessides and the rise of the Bubastites 
 it had been destroyed for the sake of building 
 materials, and removed to other places.! 
 
 * The reason for the left leg being always advanced may 
 perhaps be found in the fact that Egyptians always read 
 from right to left, unless symmetry required a reversal; 
 thus the left legs, as being the further legs, of all the figures 
 of bas-reliefs require to be advanced, and hence the left leg 
 forward might become the traditional attitude, even apart 
 from the left being the side of honour. 
 
 f To this day San is the quarry of all the neighbourhood; 
 every time stone is wanted for a mosque, or tomb, or a house, 
 the Arabs wander over the ruins, hammer in hand ; and 
 thus all fragments of statues and every block of cleavable 
 
 Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the pylon 
 stood the great colossus of the second founder of 
 the city, Eamessu II.; where it was placed can 
 only be guessed by the position of the fragments ; 
 but as no pieces of it are found in the hall or 
 the temple, and sixteen blocks at least can be 
 identified as having been cut from it for the con¬ 
 struction of the later pylon, it seems certain that 
 it was near the entrance. How a single statue 
 of such immense size could be placed, without 
 destroying the symmetry of the buildings, is not 
 clear; the colossi of Amenhotep III. at Thebes 
 are a pair, as are those at the pylons of Karnak ; 
 the colossus of Eamessu at the Eamesseum was 
 seated, and did not therefore present the same 
 difficulty, as it was placed in a court of the 
 building and thus would form a centre of itself, 
 and turn the axis of arrangement round to the 
 side rather than the ends of the court. But here 
 we have to deal with a statue between eighty and 
 a hundred feet high, which had only a very thin 
 pedestal included in the block, and would require 
 a built pedestal in addition beneath it. How 
 this could be disposed of in the arrangement of a 
 building which does not seem to have exceeded 
 half this height J: is not settled by any existing 
 oases; the statue must have stood up with its 
 whole body above the surrounding buildings, 
 defying all attempts at symmetry; for no one, 
 I suppose, will risk the theory of there having 
 been a pair of such figures. A Eoman would 
 doubtless have put such a statue on the top of 
 the pylon; but we cannot suppose an Egyptian 
 placing it either thus, or in the middle of the 
 roadway. Perhaps it had a separate enclosure in 
 a court on one side of the pylon ; and if the lime¬ 
 stone foundation mentioned before were part of 
 the Eamesside pylon, then the inner side of it 
 may have been a hundred feet from the beginning 
 
 stone is carried off "by tlie "boat-load. This explains how in 
 all the Delta temples nothing but granite is now to be found. 
 
 J The monolithic columns of the hall are 36 feet high, and 
 with the architraves would not have been as high as the 
 obelisks, the tallest of which is 49 feet. 
 
14 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 of the hall, thus leaving room for a court fairly 
 proportionate to the statue. (For the details of 
 the colossus, see § 28.) 
 
 The present pylon, as 1 have said, was entirely 
 built by Sheshonk III. (pi. xv. 1); and the account 
 of the sculptures will be given further on in 
 chronological order (in the second memoir), 
 but we may here note its construction. It 
 appears to have been built largely out of the frag¬ 
 ments of the colossus of Ramessu, supplemented 
 with various other blocks appropriated from the 
 earlier buildings, such as an architrave, a sand¬ 
 stone obelisk, and a large historical stele. The 
 heap of fallen blocks lies so much to the southern 
 side, that during some weeks I was cutting through 
 the ponderous ruins so as to ascertain their 
 nature. All the blocks I found to lie on the 
 surface of the ground, or what was the surface in 
 early Arab times, and beneath them is a bed of 
 accumulated mud and dust, derived from the 
 disintegration of the great wall, such as has also 
 covered nearly all the temple area. No outer 
 sides of the walls of the pylon are to be found, 
 and hence the present granite walls of the passage 
 were either backed with limestone, or else they 
 cased over the ends of the mud-brick enclosure 
 wall of the temple. In either case it was the de¬ 
 struction of the backing of the granite, by plun¬ 
 derers, or by weather, that exposed the granite 
 faces of the passage to ruin; and it was probably 
 as late as Arab times that the walls finally fell 
 into their present dilapidation. The pavement" 
 of the pylon, which stretches out about twenty- 
 seven feet in front of it, is composed of earlier 
 blocks, including pieces of the great granite 
 colossus, propped up with the stones of Ra¬ 
 messu II.; thus the whole of the Ramessida 
 pylon must have been stripped away before 
 Sheshonk III. The present pavement is twenty- 
 three feet above low Nile, or seven feet above 
 the limestone pavement nearer the river. 
 
 19. Beyond the pylon, from about fifty to a 
 hundred and fifty feet further in, stood an avenue of 
 
 columns, of which but few remain. These were 
 monoliths, the shaft and capital being all in one 
 piece. They were original works of Ramessu II.; 
 and some later king has begun to appropriate 
 them by cutting out the mes-s-su from the second 
 cartouche. As no later king had the name Ra-user- 
 ma sotep-en-ra excepting Sheshonk III., it was pro¬ 
 bably that king who altered these columns ; if so, 
 the Ra in the second cartouche would need to be 
 altered to Bast. In the plan may be seen one 
 perfect column (39), a base (41), and the column 
 belonging to it (42) with the capital broken off, 
 and half of another column (43), of which the 
 capital is also attached. The whole monoliths 
 were thirty-five and a half, and thirty-six, feet 
 high, and the bases three feet one inch high. 
 At the end of this hall stood a pair of obelisks 
 (43, 47) the bases of which (45, 46) are lying 
 not far from their original places. The cele¬ 
 brated trilingual decree of San was found at the 
 spot marked (48). It had been known to a 
 Maltese dealer for some time before the visit 
 of Lepsius, and offered by description to more 
 than one person: he had moved it and left 
 it partly uncovered, and it is said that he sat 
 on it and refused to move until paid to do 
 BO by Lepsius; also that Lepsius was intending 
 to move it, and the government hearing of this 
 sent down a party of soldiers to seize it. How¬ 
 ever these things may be, I only repeat what 
 I was told, as Herodotus says. Finding the 
 tablet at this spot does not at all show that 
 Ptolemy III. placed it there; especially as the 
 level of it is at the stratum of the Roman period, 
 and not a trace of other monuments was found 
 in the trenches that I cut on each side of the spot. 
 It seems probable that this tablet was placed in the 
 Ptolemaic temple, of which I found the pavement 
 and a large inscribed block outside the great wall 
 of the older temple on the south. It is certain 
 that considerable works were carried on in later 
 times at San about the site of the tablet, as the 
 great well and staircase (Plan, 40) show us, and the 
 tablet was probably carried off from the temple for 
 
CHAP. II,—SAN UNDEE THE EMPIEE. 
 
 15 
 
 the same reason that the greater part of the temple 
 itself was removed, being made of that unhappily 
 convertible material, limestone. Beyond this part 
 there seems to have been a blank space for about 
 a hundred and fifty feet, in which no monuments 
 have been found, although partly cleared by 
 Mariette, and trenched through, down to the 
 sand, by myself. 
 
 20. The next objects that were placed across 
 the temple were the two colossal sphinxes, origin¬ 
 ally of the twelfth dynasty (§ 11), and appro¬ 
 priated by the Hyksos (southern one. Plan, 51). 
 Eamessu did not deface them further, but placed 
 them as guardians at the entrance of the tem¬ 
 ple proper, facing each other, with their sides 
 toward the hall and pylon. Then Merenptah 
 cut his cartouches on the sides (inscripts. 14 e, 
 15 b), facing the pylon; thus placing the name 
 on the right shoulder of one, and on the left 
 shoulder of the other. Siamen added his name 
 by the side of Merenptah’s on the southern 
 sphinx (incript. 15 b), and finally Sheshonk I. 
 appropriated the bases of both the sphinxes 
 (inscripts. 14 a, 14 b, 15 c). Where the other two 
 sphinxes of less colossal si^e were placed (§ 15) 
 is not apparent, as both have been removed from 
 San ; most likely they were near the larger pair. 
 
 These sphinxes flanked the way to an avenue of 
 obelisks, four pairs of which stood within a length 
 of a hundred and fifty feet. Of the first pair only 
 one remains, on the northern side (Plan 49, 
 base 60); and between this and the second pair 
 stood two sandstone colossi of Eamessu II., of 
 which inscribed fragments only remain of the 
 southern (54), while but a block or two of sand¬ 
 stone suggest that a northern companion to it 
 existed here. The second pair of obelisks have 
 fared badly, the northern (67)—which was oblong 
 in plan—is much broken, and the southern (58) 
 lies in two parts, the larger portion having had 
 one face entirely cut away, and a row of holes 
 made in the side for some later structural purpose. 
 Between the second and third pair of obelisks 
 stood another pair of sandstone colossi twenty- 
 
 seven and a half feet high (68, 69), including a 
 base of two feet; while near these, on either side, 
 lay the black Hyksos sphinxes, now heaped to¬ 
 gether by some later destroyer, without any 
 semblance of their original order (60, 61, 
 
 71—74). Some other small monuments stood 
 in this neighbourhood; a large hand protecting 
 a king, probably Eamessu II., carved in red 
 granite (67); a sphinx in red granite (64); a 
 half-kneeling figure (of Eamessu II. ?) (75); and 
 perhaps also here the gray granite statue of 
 Merenptah (70), and a grey granite kneeling 
 statue of Eamessu III., which lies near that. 
 Between the third pair of obelisks (59, 76) and 
 the fourth pair (62, 77) stood, on either side, a 
 shrine out in a single block of quartzite Ba,ndstone 
 nine feet long.* Of the southern shrine only the 
 upper part of the back remains (63), but the 
 northern one (80) is nearly perfect. For some 
 distance, about the middle of the avenue, are many 
 blocks of a pavement of basalt; these perhaps 
 belonged to the old temple ; they came from Abu 
 Zabel apparently, like the Great Pyramid basalt. 
 
 21. Beyond this avenue of obelisks and monu¬ 
 ments the great historical series of royal statues 
 stood in a line across the temple. That they 
 were not arranged in chronological order is 
 certain, since Sebakhotep III. comes between 
 Amenemhat I. and Usertesen I.; and all that we 
 can do is to give their roll of names :— ■Tioelftli 
 Dynasty. —Amenemhatl. (Plan, 103); Usertesen I. 
 (101); Amenemhat II. (97); Usertesen II. (84) ; 
 Nofert, his wife, (Bulak); two princesses, his 
 daughters (?) (85, 99) ; Usertesen III. (?) (87). 
 Thirteenth Dynasty. —Sebakhotep III., two colossi 
 (102 and Louvre); Mentuhotep, son of Sebakhotep 
 III.; Sebakhotep VI.; an unknown king (Bulak); 
 and Murmashau, two colossi (86 and 98). Fif¬ 
 teen statues in all were thus placed by ^Eamessu 
 II., of which he appropriated one for himself and 
 one for his mother, and to which he added four of 
 
 * This seems to be the “ chapel resembling a sarcophagus ’* 
 of a “granulous kind of alabaster,” mentioned in the rather 
 . confused account in BiBdecker’s Egypt (p. 444). 
 
16 
 
 TAXIS. 
 
 himself (81, 82 and two at Bulak), besides a group 
 of the youthful,king protected by a deity, of which 
 only the king’s head remains. These statues were 
 placed facing towards the entrance; this is shown 
 by the northern statue of Murmashau having the 
 added inscription of Ramessu II. on its own left 
 side, and the southern statue having the inscrip¬ 
 tion on its own right side, i. e. on the two sides 
 seen on going up the middle of the temple> 
 leaving the two outer sides plain. These sta¬ 
 tues have all been overthrown, by doubtless the 
 same causes as all the rest of the monuments 
 here, obelisks, colossi, and others. The covet¬ 
 ousness of builders has always placed a pre¬ 
 mium on limestone, which has led to its being 
 abstracted from beneath every monument in the 
 place; and though we cannot doubt that all the 
 temple had a fine limestone pavement, such as we 
 now may see buried under eight or ten feet of 
 earth at the eastern end, yet every stone in this 
 part has been broken away and carried off, leaving 
 only a mass of chips, which were removed by 
 Mariette, and now lie in heaps on either side of 
 the excavation. 
 
 22. Beyond these statues stood two early 
 obelisks from which Ramessu II. had erased the 
 original inscriptions (117, 136), and which in 
 turn had been broken up and used for building 
 material by later despoilers: they were over 
 thirty-two feet high, judging by the more perfect 
 one. About this region must have existed many 
 structures, principally of limestone, now entirely 
 destroyed. We see the traces of these in the 
 many blocks of granite, left strewing the ground 
 on both sides, and in the door-lintel of Siamen 
 (138). There also existed courts here of Ra¬ 
 messu II., as is shown not only by the numerous 
 blocks with his name, but by the jamb of a small 
 pylon (134), about eight feet high, with figures 
 of Ptah and Mut; and by lintels of doorways 
 bearing his name (147, 128, 129, 130). In 
 these courts probably were placed the two altars 
 of offerings which remain at 106 and 115. Also 
 
 to the north of this, at the place where two 
 trenches join together in one wide clearance (see 
 plan) many fragments of a chamber, with a 
 starred roof and painted with red and blue, were 
 found. No name occurred with them, but, from 
 the style, they seemed to be between the twentieth 
 and twenty-sixth dynasties; and a piece of the 
 top edge of a granite shrine was also found there, 
 w'hich seemed to be of about the time of the 
 twenty-sixth or a later dynasty. Probably this 
 chamber was built under the twenty-second or 
 twenty-fifth dynasty, both of which have left other 
 remains here. Seti II. also did some work, as 
 one block (141) bears his names; and Tahraka 
 added one large stela (the lower part of which was 
 discovered by Mariette and translated byDe Rouge, 
 the upper being discovered this year), and ap¬ 
 parently a second inscription on a cut-up column 
 of Ramessu II. 
 
 From this region on towards the sanctuary there 
 lie the ruins of a great wall ; only the inscribed 
 blocks are shown in the plan, and there are many 
 others beside these along the line from block 145 
 to 162. Granite alone is left here (beside one 
 block of sandstone, 143), and all the blocks are 
 utterly confused, owing apparently to having 
 been overturned in the course of removing the 
 limestone, which formed part of the wall. As 
 this wall is but fifteen feet south of the axis of 
 the temple, it would seem probable that there was 
 a similar wall (but built nearly all of limestone) 
 at the same distance noi’th of the axis, forming a 
 passage, thirty feet wide, up to the sanctuary. 
 Perhaps the fragments of obelisks, etc., 129. to 
 136, may be remains of this wall, as those blocks 
 have been re-used. The block of sandstone or 
 quartzite (143) is important, as it seems to show 
 two rebuildings after Ramessu II. The quality 
 of the stone is that used by Ramessu, and not 
 like that of the twelfth dynasty, and the style of 
 a figure on it is Ramesside; but after it had served 
 its original purpose this stone was placed as a 
 threshold, much worn, and deeply grooved by a 
 sliding body, probably a door running on metal 
 
CHAP. II.—SAN UNDBIt THE EJIPIEE. 
 
 17 
 
 bosses; after that it was re-nsed again for building 
 purposes, as is shown by a scrap of mortar in 
 a hollow of the stone. The use of this block for 
 a threshold we may attribute to Siamen, but the 
 later use of it in building most probably is due to 
 Pisebkhanu, as there is no trace of the twenty- 
 second dynasty in the temple itself. 
 
 In front of the sanctuary stood two pairs of 
 obelisks (163, 167, w pair ; 168, one of e pair), 
 which had apparently belonged to the old king¬ 
 dom and were re-worked by Eamessu II. (§ 14). 
 These have been broken up, and very probably 
 used for building material. 
 
 23. The front of the sanctuary was, in the 
 time of Siamen and his successors, covered with 
 a colonnade ; and though that appears to have 
 been erected from ruins, yet as the columns are 
 as old as Eamessu II., and some even of the 
 twelfth dynasty, it seems probable that there 
 always was a colonnade in front of the sanctuary. 
 
 Of the twelfth dynasty there remain the 
 grouped lotus columns of which the fragments 
 are marked on the Plan (181, 184, 185, 223, 
 224, 213 and 216), the finest of these (181) 
 still retains its original polish. The Karnes- 
 side columns are eii'oular, and surrounded with 
 groups of figures, representing Eamessu and 
 the gods ; the fragments of these are marked on 
 the Plan (176, 231, 232, 199, 203, 204, 205, 
 206). But no bases remain of any earlier date 
 than Siamen, and hence it seems likely that the 
 older colonnade had been destroyed (perhaps 
 for the sake of some limestone in its construction) 
 at the same time as the pylon of Eamessu. 
 
 The bases of Siamen (186, 187), which bear 
 his name and titles around them, are made out of 
 earlier Kamesside works, as on the under side of 
 the northern base is part of an inscription of 
 Eamessu II. offering to Shu; and from the size 
 of it and thickness of the block, it seems as if 
 this had originally been part of the wall of the 
 sanctuary. Another base (192), probably to be 
 assigned to Siamen, is made out of the base of 
 
 an obelisk, as is shown by the groove on it, which 
 always occurs on the bases of obelisks (see 50, 
 56, 78, 79, 175, 273, 277). This colonnade 
 seems as if it had been partly in ruins again in the 
 time of Pisebkhanu, or later, as there are two or 
 more unfinished blocks of comice, left with the 
 lugs for lifting them still on the faces. 236 
 shows these lugs on the sloping edge; and 166 is 
 a corner piece, with similar lugs on the sloping 
 edges, which meet. These blocks are forty-four 
 and forty-nine and a half inches thick. That 
 these pieces of cornice are later than Siamen, is 
 shown by an inscription of Siamen on the under 
 side (which was originally the upper side) of 236, 
 which is needlessly cut into by the crab-holes for 
 lifting the block : we must therefore attribute this 
 second rebuilding more probably to Pisebkhanu (as 
 he largely decorated the temple), rather than to the 
 pylon-builder, Sheshonk III., whose name is not 
 found on any other remains here. The corner of 
 the cornice lying close to the axis of the temple 
 is remarkable, and, combined with the extra size 
 of the two bases on each side of the entrance 
 (186, 187), suggests that the colonnade was 
 broken, and did not extend across the passage, 
 but only in front of the dead-wall of the sanctuary. 
 
 Of the sanctuary itself the remains are so 
 scattered that it would be impossible to restore it 
 with certainty. It was probably about forty feet 
 square, and the individual blocks show that the 
 wall was of one piece to a height of 11 feet 
 9 inches (No. 169), and varied from 25 to 46 
 inches in thickness; the widths of the blocks are 
 9 feet 3 inches (No. 169) to a broken edge, and 
 more clearly 6 feet 2 inches up to half the scene 
 on 213, giving 12 feet 6 inches for the whole 
 width. Probably the widths varied according to 
 circumstances, but about twelve feet would be 
 fairly suitable to the height of nearly the same 
 amount. This would give a weight of over twenty 
 tons for each block. Some of the blocks (as 
 213) show a projecting top on the inner side ; 
 that block is 39 inches thick, but at 37 inches 
 below the top the thickness increases to 47 inches. 
 
 1) 
 
IS 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 The outsiiie of the walls of the sanctuary were 
 covered with representations of Bamessu II. 
 offering to various gods, of whom Ptah and Ba 
 can be still seen. These figures were about life 
 size, varying from 65 to 77 inches high. Of the 
 inside of the sanctuary we know no details, and 
 can only say that it was adorned by Siamen 
 with plates of gold bearing his name (Bulak), 
 and a bronze sphinx with his name inlaid in gold 
 (Louvre); and by Pisebkhanu with blue pottery 
 tablets, and small tablets made of a paste of 
 granite powder mixed with clay (?), bearing his 
 cartouche (Bulak and Brit. Museum). 
 
 24. Around the sanctuary many monuments 
 appear to have been grouped ; though their 
 original emplacement by Bamessu II. is rendered 
 doubtful by the fact that they have been nearly 
 all re-used again in later times, probably by 
 Siamen and Pisebkhanu. Of the great historical 
 stel® there remain, 1st, the upper part of the stele 
 of 400 years (now buried); 2nd, the largest stele 
 (161), which was 16 feet 10 inches high, 11 feet 
 6 inches wide, and 3 feet thick, weighing about 
 38 tons, and which is now broken in two pieces ; 
 3rd, a stele (214) which was 71X 24 inches, 
 now broken in two pieces; 4th, a stele (196) 
 which was 72 x about 24, and 122 high, now in 
 three pieces, besides one missing; 5th, a stele (215) 
 which is over 50 wide, over 17^ thick, and of which 
 only the bottom remains; 6th, a stele (190) 
 which is 17|- thick, only the bottom remaining ; 
 7th, a stele (242), of which (243) is probably the 
 base, 60 wide and 21 thick; 8th, a stele (8) in the 
 pylon, unbroken, but the face nearly all weathered 
 away, 112 high, 70 wide, and about 28 thick; 
 and, besides these, there remain fragments scat¬ 
 tered in the sanctuary which may belong to other 
 stelae. What renders the recovery of these monu¬ 
 ments hopeless, is the fact that many of them, in¬ 
 cluding the larger ones, have scaled off so much 
 by weathering that the inscriptions are gone, and 
 only rough outlines of the figures on the upper- 
 parts can be seen. The great stele is entirely 
 
 weathered on both sides, only just the names of 
 the gods on the top of the lower side remaining 
 legible. Besides this there is proof positive that 
 many of them, perhaps all, were cut up for build¬ 
 ing purposes in later times; the broken and 
 shifted state of the parts, the holes cut in them, 
 
 • the mortar sticking in the inscriptions, all show 
 that Siamen or Pisebldianu used up these great 
 monuments—and not without some reason, con¬ 
 sidering how much decomposed and how illegible 
 many of them were at the time. The celebrated 
 “ tablet of 400 years,” called so from its being 
 dated 400 years after the era of Nubti, was 
 carefully reburied by its discoverers, and hence I 
 did not light upon it in working, as I did not 
 search the clean sand for monuments which would 
 only be there if recently hidden. Not having seen 
 it, I cannot judge whether any of the portions of 
 stelse in the sanctuary belong to it; but from the 
 many pieces of which we cannot find the corre¬ 
 sponding parts, it does not seem at all likely that we 
 should be able to recover all the fragments of any 
 monument after it had been broken up for building 
 materials, as these have been. Besides the series 
 of stel®, there are two pillars (244, 248-9), which 
 have been covered with inscriptions, and do not 
 seem as if intended for a structural purpose, but are 
 rather types of a monument intermediate between 
 a column and an obelisk. That they did not 
 support any roof seems probable from their height: 
 (244) is 203 inches long and 41 square (or 10 
 cubits X 2 cubits); and the two pieces of the other 
 pillar (248-249) are 242 inches in total length. As 
 no other pillars of this height or size remain, and 
 even these two are different in height, they pro¬ 
 bably were not part of the structure of the sanc¬ 
 tuary. The larger pillar (248-9) has a double 
 row of inscription down each face, which was 
 originally cut by Bamessu II.; after being much 
 weathered, it was used for building in later 
 times, as may be seen by the mortar in the 
 cartouches. The other pillar (244) has an in¬ 
 teresting series of 16 scenes on it of Bamessu 
 offering to various gods, of whom Ptah, Khnum, 
 
CHAP. II.-SAN XIXDEE THE EJIPIEE. 
 
 19 
 
 Ea, Sntekh, Har, Shu, Seb, and Sutekh of Upper 
 Egypt, may be still seen. 
 
 There is an unusually small obelisk on the 
 north of the sanctuary (241), which was apparently 
 an original work of Eamessn; it is only 15 inches 
 wide. At (176) is a base of an obelisk, with 
 inscriptions of Siamen added on the sides. There 
 are several large ai'chitrave blocks lying here 
 (240, 247, 200, 194, &c.); these perhaps belonged 
 to the roofing or to the colonnade of the sanctuary. 
 The re-worked obelisk of Ramessu II. (261) seems 
 by its place as if it was one of a pair of small 
 obelisks at the back of the sanctuarjf. 
 
 26. There do not seem to be any remains 
 between the group of blocks just behind the 
 sanctuary, and the pair of obelisks at the east end. 
 At (269) is the head and chest of a figure of 
 Eamessu II. in red granite; and at (279) a fragment 
 of the base of a statue in black granite, with 
 traces of an inscription of the twelfth dynasty 
 by the side of the feet, and of a Eamesside in¬ 
 scription on the front, but this has doubtless 
 been removed from the line of early statues. 
 The base of the southern obelisk (277) has 
 apparently not been moved, or but slightly so ; 
 while the base of the northern (273) is somewhat 
 tipped over. On cutting into the accumulated 
 earth the original limestone pavement of the temple 
 was found on both sides ; on the north side (274) 
 it is made of earlier blocks, as one stone bears the 
 signs ta ankh on il; and on the south side the pave¬ 
 ment was found in the corner of the ■ enclosure, 
 with apparently the base of a wall of limestone 
 around it, marked on the Plan by a black line. 
 
 26. The general history of the whole area has 
 still to be worked out. No early remains were 
 found in the excavations of 1884, which are 
 marked on the Plan. At the end of the temple 
 axis I had a tunnel cut into the wall of crude 
 bricks. This wall is about 80 feet thick, so by a 
 tunnel 40 feet long the centre of it was reached. 
 It proved to be entirely built by Pisebkhanu, every 
 brick bearing his cartouche stamped upon it. The 
 
 highest part of the w'all (at the south-east corner) 
 is still 25 feet high, although it has been much 
 ruined and washed down by the rains, so that all 
 the temple area is filled with its mud. If we grant 
 that it originally averaged 45 feet high, 70 feet 
 thick, and 3400 feet in length—an estimate rather 
 under than over the truth—there must have been 
 over twenty millions of these large bricks stamped 
 by Pisebkhanu; the bricks varying from 16’6 to 
 18’0 long, 8'4 to 8'7 wide, and 6 0 to 6T thick. 
 The temple does not seem to have had any 
 great enclosure in Eamesside times, as the wall 
 of Pisebkhanu appears to be a work de novo. 
 But this great wall certainly went around the 
 outline marked on the Plan, as the stamped bricks 
 were found at the north gate, at the north-east 
 corner, at the east wall, at the south-east corner, 
 at the excavation by the house (j), and near the 
 south-west corner. Part of the wall had, how¬ 
 ever, been ruined within a few centuries of 
 its being built, as all the north side, except 
 a few ' courses at the base, is built of rather 
 smaller bricks, inferior in quality, and without 
 any stamp upon them. As there is no sign 
 of Ptolemaic or later alteration to the temple, this 
 rebuilding must belong to some intermediate king, 
 and it seems most likely to be attributable to 
 Sheshonk III., who built the great pylon. Why 
 the wall was so curiously irregular in shape 
 it is hard to say. The end wall is scrupu¬ 
 lously square with the axis of the temple (the 
 error being within the variations of the work, 
 certainly not 10' of angle), and the beginning of 
 the north and south walls from the east wall is prac¬ 
 tically parallel to the axis; but the reasons for 
 placing the north wall so much further from the 
 temple than the south wall, and for running the 
 south wall askew can be only conjectured. In the 
 north-east corner there is a pavement under about 
 18 feet of earth, even below the level of the base 
 of the wall, in which I found a block re-worked with 
 part of the cartouches of Sheshonk I., II., or III. 
 This shows that the pavement is of a later time, 
 and if Pisebkhanu extended his wallas far as this in 
 
 D 2 
 
20 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 order to take in tliis corner, some earlier building 
 must have existed here. The south wall may 
 have been built askew either in order to include 
 some area at the south-west corner, or else to bring 
 the wall of the west front to an equality on each 
 side of the pylon. 
 
 All over the area, from the temple to the north 
 gate, there is scarcely any earth on the top of the 
 original sand island; the long trench cut there 
 only going two or three feet deep, though I had 
 it out well into the sand. On the east of this, as 
 stated, there is eighteen feet of mud. over a pave¬ 
 ment, and the sand drops therefore about twenty 
 feet down to that point, falling very sharply at a 
 few feet west ofMariette’s excavation (l). If this 
 sinking has not been excavated, and there seems 
 no reason for supposing so, then this must have 
 been a steep sand dune originaliy. The sand 
 also falls away, but more gradually, tow'ards the 
 west; and at e, where an old house gave a good 
 opportunity of making a deep hole, we cut down 
 to the level of the original sand foundation, over 
 which lies about fifteen feet of mud at this point. 
 The Roman stratum, marked by pieces of red- 
 baked bricks, which appear to be characteristic 
 of late Roman times, is at about four feet down 
 in all this region north of the hall of columns. 
 At D some houses adjacent to, but separate from, 
 the great w’all, were cleared, and others at b, 
 while at A two walls were uncovered; but in no 
 case was anything of interest found, beyond a few 
 clay seals, in a chamber at n. Between b and c 
 are quantities of chips of lapis lazuli, and other 
 stones, and about b the ground is thick with 
 scraps of copper slag: evidently workmen’s rub¬ 
 bish was thrown away in this district. 
 
 At H there is a group of houses built in the 
 first century, as a coin of Agrippina the younger was 
 found in one of them; but nothing of value was 
 found beyond some fragments of glass and pottery, 
 and a figure of Bes, the worth of which consists 
 in their being dated by the coin. On this 
 northern side of the temple, however, one good 
 house was found, on the inside of the west wall. 
 
 at M. This house had been burnt, and hence 
 many objects were found in the ruins. This is 
 described in Chap. III. as house No. 15. 
 
 Next we should note the remarkable well, num¬ 
 bered (40) in the Plan. This well has a long stair¬ 
 case descending to it, and is very carefully built 
 of limestone. It will be more fully described in 
 the subsequent publication. 
 
 On the south side of the temple, a little way 
 south of column (39), a deep pit sunk down to the 
 sand island shows that nearly all the accumula¬ 
 tion in this part has taken place since Greek 
 times. At fourteen and a half feet down I picked 
 out Greek pottery from the strata, at only three 
 feet above the clean sand of the island. The 
 houses at k and J appear to be of Ptolemaic age, 
 and to have been built after the temple was 
 deserted. 
 
 27. We will finish this chapter by a sketch of 
 the history of the temple area, so far as it can 
 now be distinguished. 
 
 We have already outlined the structures of 
 the great Ramessu, of the new dynasty which 
 rose in this city and adorned it as their capital, 
 and of the Bubastites, who carried out their 
 works here on a largeness of scale, and with a 
 ruthlessness of appropriation, worthy of the ego¬ 
 tists of the empire. But our knowledge of all 
 the constructions here can never be anything but 
 an incomplete guess-work, after the greater part 
 of the walls, and in some cases the whole of 
 them, have been carried away, leaving behind 
 them nothing but mounds of chips. Two cen¬ 
 turies, however, after Sheshonk III. had built the 
 great granite pylon out of the destroyed colossus 
 and architraves of Ramessu II., the temple must 
 still have possessed some dignity, and have had 
 some care bestowed upon it, as we find , that 
 Tahraka—or Tirhaka—the Ethiopian left here a 
 granite stele. The lower gart of this stele (nine¬ 
 teen lines) had been already published by Be 
 Rouge,* but the upper part (seven lines), which I 
 
 * See Etudes sur des monuments du regne de Tahraka^ 
 
CHAP. II.—SAH UNDEE THE EMPIRE. 
 
 21 
 
 copied and photographed, is still unpublished, 
 and will appear in the continuation of the chrono¬ 
 logical series of inscriptions in the next memoir. 
 To Tahraka may most probably be attributed the 
 building, of which the pavement remains, in the 
 north-east corner of the temple area (between p 
 and g). Prom the presence of parts of cartouches 
 of a Sheshonk upon the stones, we know that this 
 work must have been constructed when the works 
 of the twenty-second dynasty (800 b.o.) had 
 already fallen into desuetude, and were being 
 destroyed for building material. At the same 
 time, from the pavement having several feet of 
 mud accumulated upon it, below the foundations 
 of a house which was already old in the thirtieth 
 dynasty, it is certain that we must date it some 
 centuries before .360 b.c. Thus the date of 
 Tahraka (or say 670 b.o.) seems about the most 
 likely period for this erection, of which at present 
 we only know a portion of the pavement. 
 
 It shows, at all events, that a considerable 
 time after 800 b.o., and probably as late as 
 600 B.O., the great wall was in fair condition, 
 and had not become washed down to any serious 
 extent into the temple area by the rains. This 
 is, however, the last gleam of honour of the great 
 temple that we can trace, and it appears to have 
 gone finally to ruin when Sais became, under the 
 ascendancy of Psamtik, the capital of the Delta; 
 though perhaps its death-blow was given by the 
 Assyrian conquest and pillage in the latter part 
 of the reign of Tahraka. During the next two 
 centuries the rains streamed over the walls around 
 the deserted temple, and foot after foot of miid 
 was scoured off them and deposited on the sandy 
 area within the great enclosure of Pisebkhanu. 
 The city shows no signs of importance, and only 
 one fragment of this age, a disc of pottery of 
 Psamtik II., has been found here, and that 
 outside of the temple. It was a garrison-town, 
 whose lands were the hereditary property of the 
 
 Melanges d'ArcJieolotjie Egyptienne et Assyrien, vol. i. p. 21. 
 1872. 
 
 military caste (Herod, ii. 166); and it is not 
 until the revival of the native sovereignty in the 
 Delta, under the twenty-ninth dynasty, that we 
 can begin to see any fresh life in the formerly 
 sacred enclosure of the old temple. 
 
 About this time houses were built on the plain 
 of mud, within the mouldering walls of black 
 brick which surrounded it. Some of the obelisks 
 were still standing; the pylon was injured, but 
 yet the walls rose high on each side of the 
 entrance, which was blocked with fallen masses; 
 and the colossi lay half-buried in the heaps of 
 stone chips. The great wall, however, offered 
 too valuable a shelter to be neglected, and so, 
 cutting away the rotten and crumbling surface of 
 it, but yet not trusting to it, for fear of the 
 streams of rain that ran off its wide and sloping 
 top, the houses were built close by it in the 
 north-east corner, where its protection from the 
 biting winds that swept over the plain was most 
 to be valued. 
 
 Under the thirtieth dynasty there appears some 
 activity, Nekht-nebf, Nektanebo II., came here ; 
 and here, besieged by the Persian power, he was 
 rescued by his Greek mercenaries. To his age 
 may most probably be attributed the three 
 sphinxes which I have found, carved in limestone, 
 and evidently belonging to this period: while to 
 the revival of Egyptian art, strongly influenced 
 by Greek feeling, under the care of this king, we 
 may also ascribe the beautiful sets of porcelain 
 figures found in the ruins of the house g. ■ 
 
 During the Macedonian age other houses grew 
 up within the precincts, as at the western side 
 of the north gate; and as the dynasty of the 
 Ptolemies gave more peace than the country had 
 enjoyed for a long period, fresh houses were built 
 against the wall in many parts, both inside it, as 
 at D, p, and k, and also against the outside. 
 Toward the end of this dynasty, as the area filled 
 up more, with accumulations of mud washed off 
 the ruined walls, and the walls were thus lowered, 
 houses were built at last on the top of the wall, 
 which afforded a firm and uniform foundation, as 
 
22 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 may be seen to the north of the pylon. While 
 later still, in the first century of the Eoman 
 dominion, houses Tvere set in the open space of 
 the area (h), as by that time probably the walls 
 had become too far worn doTO to yield much 
 shelter, and their bases too much encumbered to 
 give any foundation. About this time the large 
 ■well (40) was constructed, to supply these houses 
 without recourse to the Nile. The southern side 
 of the pylon was still standing, although the 
 northern had fallen some time earlier; and under 
 the scanty shelter from the northern wind yielded 
 by the wall of granite, some huts of Eoman age 
 were built. Still, in the decline of Egypt, and 
 until the Arab conquest, some of the monuments 
 remained in their places; two or three obehsks 
 and a solitary column stood until their story was 
 no longer intelligible to the degenerate descen¬ 
 dants of the men who had erected them in 
 magnificence and power. 
 
 28. It now remains for us to describe the 
 monuments of the Empire and later periods found 
 in the temple area, and of which the inscriptions 
 are published in this memoir. 
 
 Of the great standing colossus in red granite 
 no original inscription can be certainly quoted, 
 although several inscribed blocks in the pylon 
 most probably belonged to it, judging by the size 
 of the hieroglyphics. As this is not certain, how¬ 
 ever, these will appear among the miscellaneous 
 inscriptions. On the base of the foot-block there 
 is a hollow of the form shown in inscription 
 No. 32 (Plate V.). This hollow is slight and 
 rough-cut, exactly like the cartouches on the 
 bases of the obelisks of Eamessu II.; it "was 
 apparently the sotep in the throne name of 
 Eamessu, inscribed on the base of the colossus, 
 and its position on the base well agrees with 
 this. Of the figure of the colossus I observed 
 many portions in the ruins of the pylon. The 
 most important block for restoring the dimensions 
 is that with the toes of the right foot (PL xiv. 4). 
 They have been cut off square at the ends, and 
 
 flattened up at the sides, but their breadths are 
 well defined. They are as follows, across the 
 forking of the toes, together with the similar 
 measures of one of the pair of granite colossi in 
 front of the pylon, and the measures of an 
 English foot:— 
 
 Widtli of 
 
 Great 
 
 Pair of 
 
 Modern 
 
 ColllSSUB. 
 
 Colussi. 
 
 foot. 
 
 
 Indies. 
 
 Indies. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Great toe 
 
 14-7 
 
 5-0 
 
 1-2 
 
 Second toe . . . 
 
 12-5 
 
 3-0 
 
 •8 
 
 Tliird toe ... 
 
 10-4 
 
 20 
 
 ■7 
 
 Fourth toe . , 
 
 11-2 
 
 ( 5-9 
 
 •7 
 
 Fifth toe. . . . 
 
 8-4 
 
 
 •6 
 
 Whole foot . . . 
 
 57-2 
 
 15-9 
 
 4-0 
 
 Figure alone 
 
 (900) 
 
 221- 
 
 69-5 
 
 Taking these scales of proportion, the figure 
 alone of the colossus would be 796 inches by the 
 pair of colossi, or 993 by the modern proportions. 
 As the feet of the pair of colossi are broad beyond 
 all natural proportion (being equivalent to a foot 
 five inches wide on an ordinary man), we shall 
 not perhaps be far wrong in taking the mean of 
 the Wo results, and saying that the figure alone 
 was 900 inches, or 75 feet, high; or, allowing it 
 to be somewhere between 70 to 80 feet. To this 
 we must add the height of the crown; this in the 
 pair of colossi is estimated at 42 inches beyond 
 the top of the head, and -would proportionately be 
 174 inches high, or 14-|- feet. To this again must 
 be added the base of the figure, which was thinner 
 than the usual scale, being only 27 inches thick. 
 Thus the whole block appears to have been about 
 1100 inches, or say 92 feet high. This was, so 
 far as is known, the largest statue ever executed. 
 
 Was it a monolith? will be asked. We can 
 only judge by parallels, as it has now been out 
 in pieces. There is the obelisk of Hatasu, 108 
 feet high, at Karnak, and there is the seated 
 
CHAP. II.—SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE. 
 
 23 
 
 colossus of Eamessu II., weighing over 800 tons, 
 at the Eamesseum ; these are works of much the 
 same magnitude. While, on the other hand, no 
 example is known of a composite statue in Eg 3 'p- 
 tian work, except where introduced as an archi¬ 
 tectural element, and built in small blocks, with 
 a column. Thus, vast as the size appears, there 
 is no sufficient reason to suppose that it was not 
 carved in one block of stone. 
 
 That the foot was no isolated freak of work, is 
 shown by the sizes of other parts which can be 
 identified. From the centre of the upper curve 
 of the ear to the highest ridge of the lobe is 
 5 inches. This on the pair of colossi is 1 to If 
 inches, which would made the great colossus four 
 or five times the height, or between a foot less 
 and 17 feet more than the height already deduced, 
 92 feet. Another indication is the largest car¬ 
 touche on the stones built into the pylon ; this is 
 36 inches wide, while cartouches on the pair of 
 colossi are 8 J wide; thus suggesting a scale of 
 four and a quarter times the size, or just the 92 
 feet above stated. 
 
 The back pilaster was unusually slight for a 
 figure of such size, just as the base was thinner 
 than would be proportionate. This shows thatthe 
 sculptors were running as close to their material 
 limits as they could venture. As the figure alone 
 was thirteen times the height of an ordinary man, 
 its weight, if there were no additions, would be 
 440 tons; but to this must be added the bulk of 
 clothing around the thighs, the slab joining the 
 legs, the juncture of the arms to the body, the 
 base, the back pilaster, and the crown, all of 
 which, on a modest 'computation, would equal the 
 weight of the figure itself; and when we also 
 consider the general breadth and heaviness of 
 Egyptian forms, and the various filled-up angles, 
 etc., we can hardly write the whole weight as 
 under 900 tons. 
 
 "We will now give a brief catalogue of the 
 various fragments, stating the dimensions in 
 inches :—(1) Part of the side of the crown, the 
 ear, and back pilaster (Plan, 3-5); 50 high, 
 
 58 wide, and 46'5,from back to front; the centre 
 of the ear is 26 from the front of the pilaster, 
 which is 16‘5 thick; the pilaster does not project 
 on either side of the crown, so that the block was 
 built in easily in later times, only deeding the ear 
 to be out flat. This lies on the east face of the 
 south side of the pylon. (2) A piece between the 
 middle part of the upper right arm and the chest; 
 the angle at which the two surfaces join the inter¬ 
 mediate flat space, shows what this is by comparison 
 with other colossi; block 56 long. (3) Part of 
 a curved surface, between the pilaster and back 
 of the shoulder (?), 31x14. (4) Piece of 
 
 a curved surface, between arms and body (?), 
 15x55. (5) Part of the shoulder (?), 37x42. 
 
 (6) Part of the back pilaster, and of the left 
 thigh, covered with ribbed dress (proving that 
 the colossus was standing), with part of the rise 
 towards the mass held in the left hand (Plan, 12); 
 the ribs of the clothing are 2 to 2^ inches wide, 
 which is proportionate to those on life-size 
 statues; the block is 47 X 39 X 61, and shows the 
 slightness of the black pilaster, which is but 10 
 to 12 wide, and does not project beyond the side 
 of the figure, part of w'hich has been out away to 
 make it flush with the edge of the pilaster for 
 building. The back of the pilaster has been turned 
 outwards in using it for building, and bears the car- 
 touches and bust of Sheshonk III. receiving the 
 aiiWt to his lips from some deity. (7) Part of the 
 slab joining the legs (Plan, 37), with a trace of the 
 back edge of the dress shown; block, 90 X 49 X 28. 
 (8) Part of same slab (?), polished face, slightly 
 curved, 30x21. (9) Large block, with a scrap 
 
 of old polish on it, flat, 7 X 12. (10) Block with 
 
 a polished face, 26 X10, slightly curved. (11) 
 Part of outer side of left lower leg (Plan, 32), 
 73x47x22. (12) Part of leg and instep, 
 
 46 X 38 X 23 : the half-width of the leg 24 back 
 to front, and 19 side to side. This gives the 
 proportion of 14 and 18 times the natural size 
 respectively, thus even exceeding the previous 
 estimates; but the ankles are always thick and 
 clumsy in Egyptian work, as in the modern 
 
2-1 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 fellah. (13) Part of the ankle-bone, built into 
 the pavement of the pylon. (14) The upper part 
 of the foot (Plan, 23), a block 64 wide, 60 long, 
 and 27 to 36 thick. (16) The toes of the right 
 foot (Plan, 24) as already described. Most pro¬ 
 bably a great part of the blocks of the pylon are 
 cut out of the statue, as the majority of such 
 pieces would not have outside surfaces left on 
 them, by which they could be identified. Certainly 
 the blocks of the pavement in front of the pylon 
 are curved away on the lower side, in a manner 
 which suggests that they also are fragments of 
 the colossus. 
 
 Thus we have here recovered some notion of 
 what must have been the glory of the capital of 
 the Delta, towering above all the surrounding 
 buildings, a figure seen for miles across the 
 plains, as the sign of the power and magnifi¬ 
 cence of the great Ramessu ; a colossus unsur¬ 
 passed by any monolith of previous or later times. 
 
 29. The next most important figures were two 
 that stood on either side in front of the pylon 
 (Plan, 7 and 9) ; at least, in the arrangement of 
 Sheshonk III., and most probably also in the origi¬ 
 nal plan of Ramessu II. These collossi were cut 
 in red granite, and measured 221 inches high for 
 the figure, 42 more for the crown, and 45 for the 
 pedestal; in all 308 inches, or 25f feet. They 
 were inscribed down each side, on the back of the 
 pilaster, and around the base. So far as these 
 inscriptions remained legible and accessible, they 
 are given in Nos. 32 and 33. These colossi are 
 now weathered and broken ; the northern one is 
 in three parts, and the southern in four. The 
 northern figure has on the inner side of the slab 
 between the legs one of the sons of Ramessu, 
 and on the outer side one of his wives, but the 
 inscriptions are gone. The southern statue has 
 also a female figure on the outer side, but the inner 
 side is buried, and to cut away the earth would 
 ensure the block falling over. The fragments of 
 inscriptions seen on the base are only the usual 
 titles. 
 
 A more interesting set of colossi are the two 
 pairs in the temple, carved in sandstone. They 
 are of the usual stumpy school of Silsileh, but the 
 inscriptions are of value. The southern figure of 
 the eastern pair (Plan, 68) is the most complete ; 
 the lower legs, the thighs, the body, and head, 
 and the upper part of the crown, are the several 
 parts which would fit with scarcely any loss. On 
 the chest is the beautifully arranged pectoral plate 
 (86 b) ; on the right shoulder the cartouche (35 a); 
 on the belt the unusual name of the monument, 
 Ra messu ur menmi, given in (36 o;) on the base the 
 end of an inscription (35 f); on the outer side of 
 the slab connecting the legs the inscription (35 e), 
 accompanying a figure of Bataanta (Konigsbuch), 
 or Bant-anta (Wiedemann), his beloved daughter, 
 who accompanies him at Abu Simbel, Silsileh, 
 and Karnak; and on the inner side of this slab 
 the inscription 35 n, with the figure of his other- 
 daughter Amenmerit apparently. 
 
 The northern statue of the eastern pair (Plan, 
 69) is more injured, and the head is lost ; it has 
 on the belt the inscription 36 a, with the less 
 usual name Ea user ma meri ma. If this be 
 an error, it is noticeable that the only other 
 mistake I have seen was also on sandstone, the 
 reversal of the su on the obelisk built into, the 
 pylon, but in that case the error was corrected. 
 On the back of the statue is the inscription 36 c; 
 and on the slab, between the legs, on the inner 
 side, the inscription 86 b and the figure of his 
 wife Maatnoferu, daughter of the chief of the 
 Khita. 
 
 Of the southern statue of the western pair only 
 fragments remain (Plan, 54); on these is the 
 pectoral plate 37 a ; the cartouche on the shoulder, 
 37 B ; and the broken inscription 37 c, with a 
 figure of his daughter Bant-anta, like that on 
 the southern statue of the eastern pair. The 
 northern statue of the west pair is entirely 
 destroyed, only a few shapeless pieces of stone 
 remaining. 
 
 These colossi were all of one size and work, 
 and from the most complete we may see that 
 
OHAP. II.—SAN UNDEB THE EMPIRE. 
 
 2.J 
 
 they were 239 inches high in the figure, with 
 26 inches of base, and about 62 inches of crown ; 
 327 inches, or 27:^ feet, over all. 
 
 80. There are also some lesser statues of 
 Eamessu II. One is in grey granite, with very 
 large crystals of felspar (Plan, 81); the head is 
 lost, and the legs are broken; on the back is the 
 inscription 38a, and on the girdle the name 
 38 B. The figure is 82 inches high to the 
 shoulder, standing. 
 
 Another original statue of Eamessu was a 
 seated figure, in black granite (Plan, 82). On 
 the back is the inscription 39 a ; a fragment of 
 the cartouches, 39 b, on the side; and on the 
 girdle the cartouche 39 o. This figure is much 
 broken; the top of the head, the chest, and the 
 body to the knees, being all separate. Another 
 statue was standing ; but only the base and right 
 foot of that remains, bearing the inscriptions 40. 
 
 The most remarkable statue is one in grey 
 granite, of fine quality and work (Plan, 75); it 
 represents a figure kneeling, with one knee for-' 
 ward, and the other leg stretched out behind (PI. 
 xiv. 3): probably it originally held an altar in front. 
 Though no cartouche remains (the only inscrip¬ 
 tion being that around the base, 41 a, c, d), we 
 shall not be far wrong in attributing it to 
 Eamessu II.; the heavy sandals and the style 
 of the work show that it does not belong to the 
 earlier ages, while the execution fell off so rapidly 
 in Merenptah’s and the later statues, that it 
 can hardly be dated after Eamessu II. Osor- 
 kon II. has added his cartouche upon the 
 shoulder, 41 b. 
 
 A bust of a red granite statue, in a very 
 weathered state, is lying at the eastern end of the 
 temple (Plan, 269). It belongs to Eamessu II. 
 apparently by the fragment of inscription. No. 41. 
 
 There is a curious group also in a very 
 weathered condition, representing a king in front 
 of a hawk, which folds its wings over him on either 
 side in protection (Plan, 67). This is broken in 
 two, and no trace of inscription can be seen. 
 
 Another piece without inscription is the fine head 
 of Eamessu II., in pink granite, well polished 
 (Plan, 83). This formed part of a group of a 
 deity protecting the young Eamessu, as a hand 
 of large size remains behind the head (pi. xiv. 2). 
 
 At San, as at Tell el Maskhuta, and other places, 
 there was a great triad carved in a single block of 
 granite (Plan, 10). The three gods are, however, 
 standing at San, and not seated, as in the triad at 
 Tell el Maskhuta (Pithom), and that from there now 
 at Ismailiyeh. The block measures 12 ft. 6 in. 
 high, 7 ft. 7 in. wide, and averages with the 
 figures 3 ft. 1 in. thick; so that it weighs about 
 22 tons. Unhappily the heads of the figures are 
 injured, and the block has tipped forward, and 
 rests on other stones, so that it could scarcely be 
 safely dug out in the front. The inscription on 
 the outer (west) edge is 43 a, and on the back 
 43 B; the other edge is close to the pylon wall, 
 and the base is buried. It was placed by Sheshonk 
 III. with its face to the north, in a line with the 
 south side of the entrance of the pylon; but this 
 can hardly have been its original place, as the 
 inscription, being all round, seems to show that 
 it was free-standing, and not with one edge 
 against a wall. 
 
 31. The obelisks of San are all broken, some 
 into many pieces. The first pair met with are 
 those at the end of the hall of columns (Plan, 
 42, 47). The inscriptions on these are given 
 in Nos. 44, 45; the north obelisk was the last 
 one left standing at San, and does not appear to 
 have been overthrown until the middle ages, as 
 the Eoman stratum is far beneath it. The next pair 
 of obelisks that remains (passing over the single 
 one (49) in Plan, which we shall notice presently) 
 are (67, 58) in Plan, the inscriptions of which are 
 given in Nos. 46, 47. One of these, the part of 
 (58) lying across the axis, has been cut up in later 
 times ; all one side is faced away, a row of holes, 
 apparently to key in rods of wood or metal, has 
 been made along that side, and another, and 
 mortar is in the hollows of the hieroglyphs. The 
 
 E 
 
■26 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 next pair, marked (59, 76) in Plan, have the in¬ 
 scriptions 48, 49, 'with a scene of Eamessu ofl'ering 
 white bread to Amon-Ka, remaining on the base 
 of one side. The single obelisk (49 in Plan), 
 the fellow to which has entirely disappeared, is 
 one of the finest, and best preserved; and the 
 buried side, on which it rests, is the most 
 weathered side. It lies on a deep mass of lime¬ 
 stone chips, derived from the destruction of the 
 buildings which surrounded it. The last pair of 
 great obehsks in the temple are (62 and 77) in 
 Plan, which bear the inscriptions 51 and 62. A 
 very curious point about the southern obelisk, is 
 that there are traces of an erased inscription 
 of Eamessu II. upon it; portions of a cartouche 
 
 [Ra . sotep . . ra) can be traced, and also 
 
 of the personal name in the lines of the messu. 
 This is not merely a trial outlining afterwards 
 abandoned, but a deeply-cut inscription which 
 has been wholly cleared away. It shows that 
 the Eamesside rage for alteration even extended 
 to works only just finished. With regard to all 
 these obelisks, we may note that (49) in Plan had 
 no metal cap, being plain to the end ; neither had 
 No. (67). No. (58) has a sunk surface all over 
 the top, '65 in. below the rest of the pyramidion, 
 and extending downward until the pyramidion is 
 25 inches wide; this was doubtless to fit on a 
 cap of metal flush with the general surface. It 
 is singular that this evidence of a cap should 
 remain, while the fellow obelisk (57) is quite 
 smooth to much nearer the apex. Nos. (77, 59) 
 and (62) are all smooth on the apex, and (76) is 
 broken away. On the bases of all these obelisks 
 there is, very slightly cut, unpolished, the car¬ 
 touches of Eamessu II., each with nub beneath, 
 but without titles above them. Some of the 
 obelisks have had pieces of sheet iron put under 
 one side of the base ; these still stick to them as 
 masses of rust. This was doubtless done to 
 remedy any want of level or squareness in the 
 base of the obelisk; and by shifting the iron 
 more or less toward the centre the amount of 
 remedy could be adjusted. Strange to say, I could 
 
 not find any trace of iron on the base-blocks of 
 these obelisks; possibly some other metal or 
 softer material was put between the obelisk and 
 the block, to prevent the weight scaling the granite 
 if the obelisk rested on one edge. These pieces 
 of iron may be seen on obelisks No. 49 Plan 
 (two pieces) and No. 59 (three pieces about 
 3 inches across). At the eastern end of the 
 temple are two obelisks (271, 276 Plan) without 
 any scenes at the lower end; the inscriptions 
 are Nos. 53 and 54. 
 
 Of smaller obelisks there have been a pair 
 (117, 136 Plan) cut out of older obelisks by 
 Eamessu II. Some subsequent king in turn has 
 utilized these, cutting away the edges of them to 
 fit in later building. The traces of the old inscrip¬ 
 tion are given already (21a, 21b inscript.), and 
 the Eamesside inscription is given in inscripts. 
 55 (117 Plan) and 59 (136 Plan). Pieces of an 
 obelisk of sandstone, the only one known at 
 San, I found in the core of the pylon wall (27 
 Plan). The inscription is No. 56 : it is curious for 
 an error of the sculptor, who has reversed the su 
 and afterwards turned it right. The portions of 
 Eamesside obelisks, which were probably cut out 
 of older obelisks, judging by their appearance, are 
 found at 168 Plan (inscript. 57), 167 Plan (inscript. 
 58), and 163 Plan (inscript. 60); these all 
 have curved pyramidions and dovetailed apices. 
 Anotherearly obelisk, stolen by Eamessu II., is seen 
 at 261 Plan; the original inscription of this is 
 given in inscript. 13, and the Eamesside in inscript. 
 61. This has been re-used again at a later time, 
 as is shown by the erasure of one side, and the 
 dovetails out in the stone. It is of fine-grained 
 dark red granite, one of the most beautiful j)ieoes 
 in the place. A small obelisk of Eamessu II. 
 lies at 241 in Plan, the inscription of it is given 
 inscript. 62 ; it is in dark red granite with a good 
 deal of black. Two sides of the base of an obelisk 
 (79 Plan) bear inscriptions 63a, 63b ; most of the 
 bases are so much weathered that scarcely any- 
 tliing remains legible. The peculiar grooves are 
 found on the upper sides of the bases in every 
 
CHAP. III.—G-EEEK AND EOMAN TANIS, AND DISTEIBUTION OE FINDS. 
 
 27 
 
 case; see 45, 46, 60, 66, 78, 79, 175, 273 and 
 277 in Plan. 
 
 Besides the obelisks, there are two pillars bear¬ 
 ing inscriptions. The most important (244 Plan) 
 has sixteen groups on it of Eamessu offering to 
 various deities (inscript. 64a, 64b, 64o, 64d). The 
 varied head-dresses of the king are noticeable ; 
 they are marked in the copies here. This pillar is 
 drawn too elongated in plate xi., in order to put in 
 all the inscriptions ; it is really 203 inches long, 
 and 40x41 square, or 10 cubits by 2. The 
 other pillar is also much weathered, and only a 
 small part of all the inscriptions can be read 
 (No. 66); it is marked 248, 249 in Plan, and the 
 total length was 242 inches, or 12 cubits. 
 
 This concludes the account of the monuments 
 of which the inscriptions are published this year. 
 It is hoped in the continuation of this memoir to 
 publish the remainder of the inscriptions of San, 
 which have already been entirely copied. The time 
 required to produce these plates, renders it more 
 suitable to divide them in two memoirs; especially 
 as it is very unlikely that such a large mass will 
 be waiting for publication in any other season. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 GREEK AND HOMAN TANIS, 
 
 AND DISTEIBUTION OF FINDS. 
 
 32. We have now described the monuments of 
 the great temple of San, and followed its history, 
 as late as it can be traced. We have also noted 
 all the particulars of the individual remains of 
 which the inscriptions are here published; and 
 we hope to complete the publication of all the 
 other inscriptions in a similar manner. It now 
 remains for us to give the detailed catalogue 
 of the various small objects found, noting to 
 what Museum they have been voted by the 
 subscribers. In doing this, the finds of several 
 objects together will first be taken, stating them 
 in chronological order; secondly, the miscel¬ 
 laneous small objects which were found separately 
 will be grouped according to the Museums to 
 
 which they have been presented, with back refer¬ 
 ences to previous articles given to the same 
 Museum. Thus there will be a chronological 
 catalogue of the groups of things that belong 
 together; and also a catalogue arranged by the 
 Museums in which each thing may now be found. 
 We shall necessarily include in the catalogue the 
 objects from other sites than San, which have 
 been collected and presented. Of some objects 
 the dimensions are stated in inches, always in the 
 largest direction. 
 
 The earliest antiquities collected were a quan¬ 
 tity of inlaying tiles and other fragments at 
 Tel-el-Yehudiyeh, mainly from the palace of 
 Eamessu III. These objects are so fully repre¬ 
 sented at the British Museum that not many were 
 required there. Those selected for the British 
 Museum are (1, 2) two pieces of broad coloured 
 tile, yellow and blue, palace of Eamessu III.; 
 (3) pottery whistle in form of bird’s head, same 
 site but perhaps later; (4) part of large grey 
 granite bowl, date unknown; (6) pieces of cru¬ 
 cible, with copper slag in it—this is of rough red- 
 brown pottery; (6—20) flint flakes and core, flakes 
 partly worked, two pieces of flint saw much 
 worn, probably late, Eoman ?; (21) hammer of 
 fossil wood, usual spheroidal type, but material 
 unusual, Eoman ?; (22) handle of amphora, 
 inscribed BPOMAl ; (23) part of figure of Venus 
 in rude brown pottery; (24) base of a vase in 
 black pottery, with ornament of incised dots in 
 lines, Eoman ? ; (25—32) draughtsmen made of 
 broken pottery, ground around the edges to a 
 circular form, some pierced; (33—40) various 
 cups, &c. of red and brown pottery, late. (The 
 bulk of the fragments from the palace of Ea¬ 
 messu III. were sent to Liverpool, 100 pieces in 
 all, of rosettes, pieces of figures and drapery in 
 glazed tile and alabaster, small pieces of glass 
 for inlaying, &c. To Bristol, 8 rosette tiles and 
 pieces, pieces of red glass for inlaying, and 5 
 alabaster vessels and pieces. To Charterhouse 
 School, 7 pieces of tile. To Boston, 11 pieces of 
 alabaster, rosettes, &c. In all, 172 specimens.) 
 
 E 2 
 
TANIS. 
 
 33. As old, and probably older, is the bronze 
 window-lattice, of which I found a quantity of 
 pieces in the earth which had been dug out of the 
 large chambers at Tel-el-Maskhutah in the year 
 previous to my visit. No window-lattice has 
 been preserved to us from ancient Egypt before, 
 and hence this is not only of interest from the 
 place where it was found, but is also an object new 
 to our collections; a quantity of the bronze nails 
 were also recovered. Unhappily, it has been all 
 broken in small pieces by the workmen in digging, 
 though it was apparently found as large complete 
 sheets of lattice. The form seems to have been imi¬ 
 tated from a wooden lattice like that in use in Egypt 
 in the present time (see bottom left-hand object in 
 frontispiece); the model was first cut, and then 
 moulds for casting the bi'onze were taken from it. 
 The shape was apparently in long horizontal 
 strips, as much top and bottom edge, but scarcely 
 any side edge, was found. These strips were 
 probably placed over openings between the top of 
 the wall and the eaves of the roof, as the early 
 mastabas and temples are thus lighted by long 
 horizontal slits, and such a position would be best 
 for ventilation and keeping out sunlight. (Of the 
 fragments found, 35 go to the British Museum, 
 and a piece of the charred beam of the roof; 7 to 
 Boston; and others to Bristol, Bolton, Geneva, 
 York, Liverpool, and the Charterhouse School.) 
 
 Besides these, I found in the earth thrown out in 
 a superficial excavation at Tell-el-Maskhutah a 
 large number of fragments of a wall scene repre¬ 
 senting a divinity, and two figures of Nekht-har- 
 hebi; of these the face of one is perfect (see 
 pi. xii. 7), and there is a portion of the body and 
 foot of the same figure ; of the other figure of the 
 king there is the crown of Lower Egypt, parts of 
 the arm and knee, and part of the cartouche; while 
 of the figure of a god, there are the two arms and 
 fragments of the body and a knee. There are also 
 a quantity of fragments of a representation of a 
 table of offerings, inscriptions, &c., in all 69 pieces. 
 These are set in a slab all together, in the British 
 Museum. Besides these, the British Museum has 
 
 from here a curious slab of limestone, much 
 weathered, with the regular carving of a false 
 door on it, so common in the tombs of the old 
 kingdom. Now no sculptures before those of 
 Eamessu II. have hitherto been found here; but 
 this suggests that there were earlier remains 
 here, with tombs. A fragment of brilliantly 
 polished black granite probably belonged to a 
 fine figure of Ptah, of wliich I saw pieces lying 
 about; and a piece of sandstone or quartzite 
 which belonged to some large work of Eamessu II., 
 and bears an ibis and part of a cartouche. Some 
 samples of late glass and pottery, a piece of very 
 hard white inlaying (a silicate of lime, or else 
 magnesite ?), and a coin, complete what I brought 
 from Tell-el-Maskhutah, and are all in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 34. In clearing out the sand between the stones 
 in the sanctuary at San, several pieces of the blue 
 or green glazed tablets of Pisebkhanu were found, 
 and one entire tablet. These tablets are formed 
 of sand coated with a poor glaze, and they have 
 cracked up very much in the process of baking, so 
 much so that the makers daubed in a blue paste 
 into the cracks to hide them. The tablets are 
 5f in. long, inscribed with the name of Piseb¬ 
 khanu in black. (The perfect tablet goes to the 
 British Museum, and pieces to Bristol, Liver¬ 
 pool, and Boston.) Also a piece of a small 
 tablet (in British Museum) with the prenomen 
 of Pisebkhanu was found; it is made of granite 
 powder cemented together, but not apparently 
 burnt. This curious material realizes at last 
 the many dreams of Egyptian granite being 
 a “fictitious stone.” Specimens of these, and 
 other varieties of tablets, were found by Mariette 
 in clearing the temple, and are now in Bulak. 
 
 35. In some exploratory diggings at Tell Farun 
 I found a few things, and I also purchased some 
 there. Bristol receives 5 scarabs, in hardstone, 
 li. li, 3 of half inch; Isis, Nebhat, Tahuti, Neit, 
 I in., a Tat and square, all of lapis lazuli ; eye 
 in brown haematite, head-rest in a silicate orys- 
 
CHAP. III.—GEBBK AND BOMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP BINDS. 
 
 29 
 
 talized in a matrix of haematite ; scarab, with Ma 
 and ape ; scarab, with Ea (blue glaze, on fawn- 
 coloured base) ; papyrus sceptre in white beryl; 
 scarab, oat, and ring in green pottery; Tat, green 
 pottery, 4 inches long; pottery sacred eyes, IJ, 
 IJin. ; plaque of green pottery, oblong, Ifin. long 
 (these are found in various places, object un¬ 
 known) ; 7 beads, &o. ; 4 coins, Greek and 
 Eoman; bronze nail. All these objects (except¬ 
 ing the coins) I should refer to about the twenty- 
 eighth dynasty by their appearance, but the scarabs 
 may be older. Bolton receives two stone scarabs 
 If in. and ^ in.; Nebhat and Tahuti, lapis lazuli; 
 double ring of green pottery, with winged Isis (?) 
 on the bezils. 
 
 36. In the course of similar diggings at Tell 
 Sueilin, near San, a quantity of sacred eyes and 
 other small objects were found, which I should 
 attribute to the twenty-sixth dynasty, and perhaps 
 on to the Greek period. A few things I also 
 purchased there. Of these the British Museum 
 takes a large green eye, one of the finest known, 
 but cracked, 3f in.; another eye in blue pottery, 
 pierced pattern, with three other eyes in the border, 
 and figures of a goddess. If in. long; 12 various 
 eyes; a quadruple eye; 7 eyes on square plaques, 
 with the names or figures of deities on the 
 reverse (see pi. xii.), Sekhet (No. 16), Uati 
 (No. 16), Hathor (17), Bark of Ea (18), 
 Nebhat (19), Neit (21), and Ea (22); square 
 of bright hard blue paste, ^ in. ; cat seated 
 with kitten between fore-paws, blue porcelain 
 1 inch high, good work; head of Hathor and 
 snakes in blue paste; Ptah, Isis and Horus, 
 and cat, green pottery, small; an unknown bronze 
 object, apparently intended to fasten on a wooden 
 staff, forking into two rods at the end, connected 
 by a cross bar; it is not broken off at either end, 
 and the only supposition is that it is the end of a 
 ta?n sceptre, forking at the base, and with a junction 
 piece of the casting not cut away; it is 6f in. long. 
 Of other things from Sueilin, Bristol has 4 scarabs, 
 (no/er in a border of circles (early?), hunting 
 
 scene, kheper and ur»us serpent, and palm branch, 
 late) ; Horus, Horus and serpents, Isis, Shu, 
 hawk, libation bucket, ring with eye on it, 28 
 sacred eyes, and draughtsman, all in blue or green 
 pottery; 3 cowries, silver ring, and several chips 
 of silver merely chopped off a mass, all found 
 with the ring; Anup, cat and ear-ring in bronze, 
 and a lot of beads;—52 objects in all. To Bolton, 
 11 sacred eyes and a lot of beads. To Geneva, 
 10 sacred eyes. To York, 20 eyes, rosette, 
 head of Hathor, cowries, beads, &c. To Liver¬ 
 pool, 20 sacred eyes, and cat. To Charterhouse 
 School, 5 eyes. To Boston, 26 sacred eyes, 2 
 cowries, 6 beads, scarab, tablet of Mut, Nebhat, 
 and Hathor, broken; Bes; pendant; head of 
 Hathor. Besides these, a quantity are left in 
 reserve. The greater part of these sacred eyes 
 were found buried together within a few square 
 yards, at about tliree feet below the surface ; they 
 were scattered through the sand irregularly, and 
 seem to have been placed for a general sanctifica¬ 
 tion of the ground, as were the bronzes of Osiris 
 found buried in the Typhonic sand beneath 
 temples. Miscellaneous burials had been made 
 in the sand above the eyes. Many of these eyes 
 are of a very fine make, well glazed, hard, not 
 porous, and of dark blue, green, and black 
 colouring. 
 
 ■ 37. The next find in point of date was at San, 
 in house No. 20, marked a in Plan. This house 
 was built against the inside of the temple-wall. 
 Within it, scattered about, were several objects, 
 most of which had been burnt. The fire, how¬ 
 ever, seemed not to have been general in the 
 house, and to have occurred when it was deserted, 
 as the reddening was only in one layer, and that 
 above the floor-level, on a slope. It seems as if 
 the house had been ruined, and partly filled up, 
 and then that a quantity of things were all brought 
 to it and burnt there. This suggests that these 
 things were looted from some adjacent place ; but 
 if so, it is strange that four silver figures should 
 have been left behind. By some finger-bones and 
 
30 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 a tooth found, it looks as if a tomb had been 
 rifled, and the contents brought here to sort over; 
 after which, all that was not wanted was burnt, 
 having been knocked about, and partly broken. 
 The date of this find I should attribute to about the 
 thirtieth dynasty. The style of the figures is very 
 fine, better than anything except the twenty-sixth 
 or thirtieth dynasty; the light blue colour and 
 work preventing our putting it to the earlier times, 
 and the excellence of it showing that it is not 
 Ptolemaic. Also no Ptolemaic coins were found 
 here, and the papyri were all demotic. As a piece 
 of Greek black pottery was found with it, this 
 brings it below the twenty-sixth dynasty; and 
 altogether, I think we can hardly err in dating it 
 to the artistic revival under Nekht-neb-f. Tanis 
 was certainly important under his reign, as he 
 resided there, and was besieged in the town. 
 The style of the sacred eyes also, which are the 
 roughest things found here, borders on the Ptole¬ 
 maic work. This find is numbered 20, on all 
 objects or labels belonging to it. 
 
 To begin with metal, four silver figures were 
 found (see pi. xii.), two of Bes (No. 43), one of 
 Horns (No. 41), and one of Hathor? (No. 42). 
 Boston takes one Bes and Horus. Such images 
 are very rare ; no silver of Bes was known at 
 Bulak, and there are no such figures in the 
 Louvre. Fragments of gold foil were found, 
 apparently from some plated object. In bronze, 
 six capitals, probably of some shrine, were ob¬ 
 tained (see pi. xii., No. 50) : two go to Boston. 
 Charred wood was in these when dug up. A 
 corner of a frame, socketed to hold wooden bars, 
 a piece of furniture, with late Egyptian moulding; 
 cast bronze, 2 in. high. A small base of apillar( ?), 
 armlet, thick bronze, 2f in. diam.; 6 nails, IJto 
 5| in. long. Bronze arrow head, ring, handle with 
 staples, 4 staples, cat f high, and various pieces. 
 A large figure of Bes in bronze was kept at Bulak. 
 Iron knives were also found; (one long one and two 
 shorter go to Boston, others to British Museum). 
 An iron spear-head, a broad iron ring, or circular 
 band, perhaps an anklet, and 3 iron nails. A 
 
 piece of lead, object unknown. Of pottery there 
 were many figures of fine work, executed in a sort 
 of stoneware, very hard all through, and not 
 thickly glazed on the surface. These figures are 
 Tahuti, 6^ in. high (broken and burnt anciently); 
 Isis and Horus, a charming piece, 4^ in. high; 
 Horus, Tahuti, Harpekroti, Khnum, Shu, and 
 Crocodile, a set in. high ; a monkey of this set 
 is kept at Bulak; the Harpekroti is particularly 
 good: scarab, in. long, with legs beneath; 
 lion, li in.; 6 urseus serpents. If in. high : 
 (two kept at Bulak, and two for British Museum;) 
 papyrus sceptre, li in.; Taur and Tahuti, If in.; 
 crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, in. Bull, 
 ram, rabbit, Khnum, Shu, Taur, and papyrus 
 sceptre (broken), in. high, a set in bright green 
 pottery; lion and monkey, kept at Bulak). Shu 
 and pig, f in. each; 8 eyes, f in. to 1 in.; Taur, 
 white crumbling pottery, eyes and ursei; bowl in 
 green hard pottery, 3|- in. diam.; plaque of green 
 pottery. If in. : jar of green pottery, with very 
 narrow neck, and handle broken off, 4J in. high ; 
 pair of kohl-pots, a funerary imitation; a clay 
 figure ofTaur holding girdle-tie,broken, 2 in.high. 
 In stone there is a Taur in hsematite; a larger Taur 
 inhffimatite (kept atBulak); part ofIsisandHorus 
 in syenite; part of a bowl in black shale (?); 
 3 figures in limestone : these belong to a class 
 rather rudely out, painted a brilliant red, and 
 often of gross types; such are found in early 
 Ptolemaic sites, and are an additional reason for 
 placing this house in the thirtieth dynasty. Als o 
 a little square box, and minute tablet in limestone. 
 In alabaster, a kohl-pot, 2^ in. high, with charred 
 remains inside it, and bronze kohl stick, 4f in. long. 
 In glass, a part of a circular tray of orange- 
 coloured glass. If in. diam. ; a cast piece of light 
 green glass (aqua-marine) with facets cast, the 
 mould being from a out gem; a small blue glass 
 bead; part of an obsidian vase, turned inside and 
 out; a drill core in alabaster ; a scrap of Phoe¬ 
 nician glass ; clay impression of a seal belonging 
 to a priest of Anup ; some resin ; two seeds cut 
 up as beads ; 6 pieces of ivory objects, a box (?) 
 
CHAP. III.—GEEEK AND EOMAN TANIS, AND DISTBIBHTION OF FINDS. 
 
 31 
 
 and a little papyrus sceptre of wood with ivory 
 head; a scrap of black lustrous Greek pottery 
 and a piece of fine bright red pottery ; four finger- 
 bones, and a human tooth. All the above objects 
 go to Boston, unless otherwise stated. 
 
 Besides these, a few duplicates from this house 
 go to the British Museum. The silver Bes, and 
 Hathor (?); two of the bronze capitals; two iron 
 knives; pieces of green pottery bowls; two 
 serpents ; 4 pottery eyes; 3 bronze staples; from 
 the objects mentioned above. Besides these, also 
 the .following: Isis and Horus, 3 in. high in pot¬ 
 tery; head of Tahuti; Horus from a group; scarab, 
 with legs, IJ in. long; Taur; crocodile; all in 
 pottery; and a seated ape, in unburnt clay, 
 2i in. high, like the Taur in clay sent to Boston. 
 Another bronze capital goes to Liverpool, and 
 another—the sixth—to Bolton, besides one kept 
 at Bulak. There were also many papyri, and 
 pieces of a writing-case with the reeds, all burnt, 
 found here. 
 
 38. Next the finds of Ptolemaic period must be 
 described. The principal objects have not yet 
 been brought to England, so that their dis¬ 
 tribution cannot be yet staed, but a brief out¬ 
 line may be here given. In the mound of ruins on 
 the north side of the western roadway to the temple 
 at San a small shrine or chapel of Ptolemy II. 
 and Arsinoe II. was found. This consisted of a 
 chamber built of crude brick, in the west wall of 
 which was a recess. At the back of the recess was a 
 stele in limestone (SJ ft. high, 20 in. wide, 10 in. 
 thick), representing Ptolemy and Arsinoe in long 
 Greek dress, adoring Khem, Uati, and Har, the 
 triad of San at that time (see pi. xv. 3.) ; above the 
 group was the hut, and columns of inscription de¬ 
 noting the several figures. This whole scene was 
 gilt, but the gilding was entirely lost in a few weeks 
 after its discovery by the efflorescence of salt. 
 Below this scene the tablet was painted with a 
 fringe pattern of red and blue stripes. On each side 
 of the recess was a sphinx (see pi. xv. no. 4.) n 
 limestone, placed with one side against the wall; 
 
 the sphinxes facing towards each other. These 
 sphinxes had evidently been taken from some 
 earlier building. In the first place, they lay with 
 the tail-side, which should be outward, placed to 
 the wall; the reason of this plainly being that 
 they were damaged on that side and not on the 
 other, which was placed outward in their later 
 position. These sphinxes are 29 in. long, and 
 18 in. high. They are of late style, like the 
 sphinxes of the Serapeum, or that found by the 
 great sphinx of Gizeh by Caviglia. Most likely 
 they belong to some work erected here by Nekht- 
 neb-f, of whom there is a very similar sphinx in 
 the Louvre, and who resided at San, as I have 
 before remarked. Another sphinx, like these, but 
 headless, was found not far from here, as will be 
 mentioned further on. 
 
 In front of this shrine there lay on the ground 
 a group of other tablets, and a figure of a king. 
 This statue probably represents Ptolemy II. in 
 Egyptian dress; it is of late and clumsy workman¬ 
 ship (see pi. XV. no. 6.), and was anciently broken 
 in two parts. It is 22 inches high. The finest 
 of the small tablets is one representing Ptolemy 
 and Arsinoe in Egyptian dress, facing each 
 other : he appears to hold a thunderbolt. This 
 tablet is 14x17 inches. A larger tablet, 
 of very rude work, represents a king, probably 
 Ptolemy II., and Arsinoe, standing before Khem, 
 Horus, and Uati. This has no inscription. 
 There are also two small tablets of Hapi, 
 uninscribed; a small tablet of a deceased per¬ 
 son before Osiris, with a demotic inscription 
 below, which seems to have been partly ground 
 out; two crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, 
 which had been taken from some other figures, to 
 which they were originally fixed by pegs ; all 
 these were of limestone. Also part of a foot of 
 a Greek statue in marble, which had likewise been 
 fixed into a figure by a peg, was found with the 
 above. 
 
 39. Another tablet, similar to the largest, was 
 found just on the water-shed at the south end of the 
 
32 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 valley that runs southward from the pylon (pi. xv. 
 2). It was standing on end; near it was a head¬ 
 less sphinx, like those found with the large tablet; 
 hut no more trace of sculpture or stone was found 
 in making a wide clearance around that spot. 
 Except a part of a very rude figure of Taur in li me- 
 stone, which must have been about 22 in. high, 
 the tablet represents Ptolemy II., in Egyptian 
 dress, offering land to Khem and Arsinoe on one 
 side of the scene ; and another figure of Ptolemy 
 offering to Har and Uati on the other side. The 
 hut is nearly weathered away, and the whole 
 tablet is not so clean, is rather smaller, and is in 
 worse condition than the large tablet just described, 
 which is perfect. 
 
 40. The above were the finest remains of 
 Ptolemaic age ; but an important discovery was 
 that of the site of the Ptolemaic temple, to 
 which I was guided by seeing slag of burnt lime¬ 
 stone lying on the ground. In the valley, beyond 
 the south side of Pisebkhanu’s great wall, I sank 
 several pits; and one of these, about south of 
 the sanctuary, came down upon a large block of 
 limestone, which bore an inscription and figures of 
 a king, of Isis, and of Horus, on one side. That 
 the king is a Ptolemy, and probably early, is all 
 that I could make out, as the cartouches are much 
 weathered. This block rested on some rubbish 
 just over a pavement of limestone blocks, and all 
 the stuff over it for a depth of some feet consisted 
 mainly of chips of limestone. Though I exca¬ 
 vated for about 20 feet in three directions from 
 it, I found no more blocks, except a square 
 block of red granite unsculptured. That this 
 is the site of the Ptolemaic temple can hardly be 
 doubted, as the pavement proves that some im¬ 
 portant building stood here; the block shows that 
 it was Ptolemaic, and no Ptolemaic temple is 
 known elsewhere at San. 
 
 At some 150 feet or so to the east of this, another 
 pit was sunk, which came down in the thick¬ 
 ness of a wall of crude brick. Though hard to 
 cut, such is excellent ground for shaft-sinking, as 
 
 it is so firm that it can be cut vertically. This 
 wall ended at just the level of the pavement 
 (within 4 inches, which is as close as I levelled 
 it), and hence it seems to be the peribolus wall 
 of the temple. If s6, the temple area extended 
 for 50 or 100 yards. This must be further exa¬ 
 mined in future. I may also say that below this 
 Ptolemaic brick wall there was 3 feet of mud, and 
 below that 8 feet depth of an older wall, resting 
 on the sand island or gezireh, just as the wall of 
 Pisebkhanu does. 
 
 41. A house, which seems to belong to the 
 early Ptolemaic times, was cleared out at the east 
 end of the north Wall of the temple (Find No. 24). 
 It was built upon some accumulated mud, against 
 the inside of the great wall (f in Plan). The 
 best thing found there was an unfinished kneeling 
 statue in limestone, holding a table of offerings; it 
 has part of the flat side of the block with the 
 canon lines remaining on one side ; and the other 
 side is almost completed, the toes being worked 
 in detail. This is now at Bulak. Near it 
 was found a foot in limestone, with sculptor’s 
 lines on the base; this never belonged to a 
 statue, but was a sculptor’s trial piece, like the 
 fine set of figures found by Mariette at San. A 
 scarab and wings in red pottery was made by 
 merely impressing a carving on the clay, and then 
 modelling legs to the scarab. A small piece of 
 orange-coloured glass has the anhh and ka com¬ 
 bined on it in relief; such is unusual. Of blue 
 and green pottery many small articles were found, 
 2 lions, 3 eyes, head of Mentu-Ea (almost like 
 figures of Eoman age), a cat, Nefertum, and 
 Ptah. Also a bit of an eye and another scarab 
 in blue glass. A couple of Ptolemaic coins show 
 the age of the house, and it is what would be 
 expected from the objects; the style of the kneel¬ 
 ing figure belongs to Ptolemaic or earlier times ; 
 the flat polished sacred eyes, in one piece of 
 coloured glass, are found always in the Ptolemaic 
 period; and the earlier suggestion of the statue 
 is balanced by the late style of the head of Mentu. 
 
CHAP. Ill,—GREEK AKD ROMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP FINDS 
 
 (All these objects except the statue are in the 
 British Museum). Another house, of apparently 
 the same age, is built similarly against the inside 
 of the great wall, but on the south side of the 
 temple (see Plan k). These houses being built 
 in the old temple area in Ptolemaic times, exactly 
 agrees with the discovery of the Ptolemaic temple 
 outside of that area, -which -would be then half 
 filled -with mud, and left unattended to. This 
 house seems also to have belonged to a craftsman, 
 who was a painter rather than a sculptor (Find 
 No. 25). Three pieces of designing tablets were 
 found here ; slabs of limestone, ruled in squares, 
 and one of them much worn. These were doubt¬ 
 less for drawing designs by free hand, to be after¬ 
 wards transferred square for square to the painting 
 in progress. Two of the colours were found that 
 were used: a slab of schist having red ochre ground 
 upon it, and a piece of a pot having blue silicate 
 of copper in it. Two scraps of fritted copper sili¬ 
 cate were also found. Some scraps of flat glass 
 have traces of gilding on them, and show a Greek 
 wave-border. Part of an eye in flat orange glass 
 was found; and another sacred eye, of very un¬ 
 usual style, with the eye, &o., inlaid in red, blue, 
 and white glass, cut to shape, and fitting in a 
 green glass basis. Several rude blue shahti were 
 found, all broken but one; also a convex disc of 
 green pottery with three holes in the edge—this is 
 a common form, and seems as if to sew on to 
 mummy cloth. A good crocodile in green pottery 
 was with these; it has remarkably long ears. A 
 PJiodian jar-handle inscribed M YZAIo ... is of 
 the usual light-brown ware. Some Ptolemaic 
 coins fix the age of this house. (All these objects 
 go to the British Museum, except a piece of the 
 squared slab to York, and another piece and also a 
 shahti to Bristol.) 
 
 42. The long ridge of mounds running north 
 and south, on the west side of the temple en¬ 
 closure, seems to be all of Greek age on the 
 upper part. The Ptolemaic chapel was found 
 there on the northern part of the ridge, and on 
 
 the southern part, on which my house stood, the 
 Ptolemaic houses could be traced all over it. Some 
 of these I cleared, but only one of them was of 
 value. I had cleared out the upper room, and the 
 cellar of the house was just being finished, when 
 in one corner ajar was found, with a stone on the 
 top of it. Within the jar was a large mass of 
 silver chain, -n'eighing seventeen and a half ounces; 
 it had been a flexible wire chain apparently, but 
 now was set into a single mass by the chlorination 
 of the silver; it was thick in the middle, and 
 thinned to about half the size toward the ends. 
 With it was a necklet of silver beads, composed of 
 globules soldered together, in an hexagonal pile 
 of double thiclmess (see pi. xii. 27, 28), and some 
 flat hexagonal beads which were probably strung 
 between these (fig. 2(i). Also a gold ring with 
 two serpents’ heads (pi. xii. 29), weighing about 
 ninety grains; it is made of sheet gold beaten up 
 for the body of the serpent, convex outside and 
 concave inside, and the turns of the coil are just 
 touched together with gold solder : the heads are 
 chased with a graver. In the same jar was a 
 necklace of stone beads, onyx, garnet, agate, green 
 turquoise, lapis lazuli, and coral, in all twenty- 
 one inches long. The garnets are of the finest 
 colour and transparency, and the onyxes are very 
 good ; coral is scarcely known in ancient jewellery. 
 Besides these objects (which all go to the British 
 Museum, except the large silver chain nowat Bulak) 
 a few small things were found in the house (Find 
 54); namely, a bronze kohl-stick six inches long; 
 a bronze weight of the usual Egyptian form, but 
 filled with lead—the lead has now oxidized, burst 
 the bronze, and mainly dissolved away as chloride 
 and carbonate; a part of an iron nail; a lid of a 
 small vase in blue pottery, now faded ; and four 
 Ptolemaic coins;—all now in the British Museum. 
 This completes the catalogue of this house. From 
 the jewellery being hidden thus in the cellar, and 
 never having been removed, it seems as if the 
 mistress of the house had fled in great haste, not 
 having had time to bury her treasure, yet not daring 
 to carry it with her for fear of being robbed. She 
 
 p 
 
34 , 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 never returned to fetch it, for the house was not 
 burnt, but gradually fell to decay, standing deso¬ 
 late, with the pot of jewellery in the corner of the 
 empty cellar slowly being buried in the dust and 
 mud swept in by the weather. 
 
 43. About the Ptolemaic period, judging by 
 the style of the objects, are the remains found in 
 the north end of the long low Tell adjoining San 
 on the south side. There are many remains of 
 houses, and in Eoman times the place was used 
 for a cemetery. A little north of the cemetery 
 district a few things were found (Find 66):—a 
 pendant of black flint, roughly ground and pierced; 
 a scarabseoid with a conventional lotus twist, 
 which may be earlier; several little figures, two 
 Ptahs, two apes, four eyes, a ram, two Basts, two 
 Muts, a little pendant scarab, a lot of beads—all 
 of green pottery, rather rudely made ; also a 
 pointed flat piece of bone, much polished on the 
 edge from use. All these are in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 A house of late Ptolemaic period was cleared, 
 on the south side of the eastern gap in the moimds. 
 A very good small bronze of Ptah, gilt, was found 
 there, one and three-quarter inches high; also a 
 square eye plaque with name of Uati, very thick 
 and coarse; a flat blue glass eye polished ; some 
 bone pins, a bronze ring, a handle of bronze wire, 
 a Ptolemaic coin, &o. (Find 23.) 
 
 Another small lot of things of about the same 
 age was obtained in sinking a pit on the south¬ 
 west of the pylon. Here we found a very good 
 terra-cotta figure (five and a half inches high) of 
 Harpokrates holding a cornucopise, and seated on 
 a swan. The flgm-e is an inqpression from a fine 
 mould, and has been touched up by hand on the 
 face with good effect. Near it was a piece of an 
 iron sickle, a small burnisher of syenite, and a 
 quantity of small Ptolemaic coins. (Find 32.) 
 
 An important house, that belongs to the end of 
 the Ptolemaic times, was cleared a short way north 
 of the pylon; and much pottery was obtained 
 from a neighbouring house of the same age, but 
 
 that remains to be brought over. In this house, 
 marked m on the Plan, everything had been burnt. 
 The whole of the finds brought over are in the 
 British Museum, but two large figures of Bes in 
 terra-cotta and pieces of an ivory sun-dial will 
 come with the rest of the pottery. In bronze 
 there was found a small bucket-handle; a 
 figure of Osiris If in. high; an ornament IJ in. 
 diam.; an earring of the usual Greek bull’s-head 
 pattern, very rare in bronze (pi. xii. 45); a bronze 
 hand in. long, and several Ptolemaic coins; 
 a piece of a gold earring with a dolphin’s head 
 was also found. In iron a lock-plate 3^x3 ins.; 
 and some nails. In glass, a piece of glass mosaic 
 with the tarn in white on dark blue ground (pi. xii. 
 44), and another piece of the same; an inlaid 
 mosaic eye in glass, the cheek part being inlaid 
 with stripes of squares of different mosaic patterns, 
 all fitted into a green glass frame, with strips of 
 white glass between the stripes—though much 
 burnt and broken, it is a fine piece; a piece of a 
 glass bowl, ground and polished inside and outside, 
 with a pattern of vine spray laid on in gold foil in 
 the middle of the glass, two pieces of glass having 
 been fused together with the foil pattern between 
 them; a sacred eye in dark blue glass, plain, 
 polished; a small blue glass phallus, broken; a 
 small yellow glass head, usually known as Phoe¬ 
 nician glass; three pieces of inlaid glass dumps : 
 these varieties of glass are important, as showing 
 the age of different styles and forms. In green 
 pottery, a little plaque of Horus holding snakes 
 and standing on crocodiles. In burnt clay, two 
 seals (pi. xii. 13, 14). A scarab (pi. xii. 51) 
 inscribed “ priest of Tahuti.” And a pin-head (?) 
 and ring of bone. Prom finding quantities of 
 Ptolemaic coins here, and in the next house, but 
 no Eoman, and from the style of the things, 
 later in development (iron lock-plate, glass mo¬ 
 saic, &c.) than in other Ptolemaic houses, as 
 well as from the head on the seal (14), this house 
 is probably of the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty. 
 (Find 15.) 
 
 Another small find, which is probably Ptolemaic, 
 
CHAP. III.—GBEEfC AHD EOJIAH TANIS, AND DISTEIBUTION OP PINDS. 
 
 35 
 
 was made in the north end of the mound on which 
 my house was built, on the southern side of the 
 road approaching the temple. A set of bronze 
 weights was found there 5, 2, and 1 hat; also 
 an agate ring; a blue porcelain Tahuti; a blue 
 glass bead; and a scarab (pi. xii. 9). It is very 
 rare to get a set of weights all in one place. This 
 lot is in the British Museum. 
 
 44. Of the Koman period there is a large 
 number of houses, but in general the objects are 
 not so good as in the Ptolemaic houses. The 
 earliest Eomanhouses appear to be the group in the 
 temple area (Plan, h) ; but these produced nothing 
 except a coin of Agrippina the younger struck at 
 Alexandria, and with that a figure of Bes in blue 
 pottery, and a piece of a blue cup. These are 
 useful as dated specimens of this ware. 
 
 Another site of early Eoman age is on the west 
 mounds, between the high Ptolemaic mound on 
 which my house stands and the river. In the 
 south-west mounds some digging brought to 
 light a very fine terra-cotta of Europa on the 
 bull: the head is lost, but the pose and swing of 
 the work is of the best. (This is now at Bulak.) 
 Along with this was found the breasts of a figure 
 of Bes, of fine work, in blue porcelain; a head of 
 Ptah, with the scarab on the top in terra-cotta; an 
 undraped female figure in terra-cotta; a cup, 21 in. 
 diameter, of thin bronze; small figures of a 
 hawk and of Horus in bronze, part of a ring, 
 and a large brass Alexandrian imperial coin ; a 
 scarab inscribed “Shu, son of Ea ” (pi. xii. 62); 
 and two small beads of polished rook crystal and 
 camelian. A large quantity of pottery was also 
 found here, which remains to be brought.(Find 64.) 
 
 The great find of mid-Eoman period, the house 
 of Bak-akhuiu, we will leave aside at present, with 
 the next house to that, as they require a fuller 
 notice than in a mere list. 
 
 On the top of the high mound on the southern 
 side of the gap east of the temple are many 
 Eoman houses. In one of these a large quantity 
 of pottery was found, and with it some small 
 
 objects now in the British Museum. The best 
 thing here was the upper part (2f ins. high) of a 
 marble statuette of Venus (Frontispiece, 6); below 
 the waist it was broken anciently, and within late 
 years the Arabs in digging had broken off the 
 head, one arm, and the other hand; but the style 
 of the work makes even the remaining fragment 
 of value. The attitude has been with the head 
 leaning to one side, the right arm raised high, 
 and the left bent upward from the elbow, the 
 hands holding the locks of hair, which fell down 
 and touched the shoulders ; the grace of the atti¬ 
 tude, the delicate fulness of the contours, the 
 folds of the skin, owing to the body being bent to 
 one side, and the finish of the whole work, show 
 it to have been of the best G-rffico-Eoman style. 
 Withitwere found the following objects inbone,— 
 a turned disc (for inlaying in a box ?), a turned 
 cylinder (from a piece of furniture ?), and a hair-pin 
 with ahead carved at the end; also a disc of turned 
 wood; in glass, a piece of the bottom of abowl with a 
 ring foot to it, ornamented with a ground-out scroll 
 on the inside; and a small dump of pale purple 
 glass, stamped with a device now indistinguish¬ 
 able. In glazed pottery, was found a curious pen¬ 
 dant (2|-in. long) of Bast; on the upper part of it 
 the lion’s head of Bast, on the stem a standing 
 figure of Bast in relief, and at the bottom the 
 aegis of Bast; also a disc of green pottery, with 
 three small holes in the edge for stitching on; a 
 single and a quadruple sacred eye; and a draughts¬ 
 man. In bronze, three Ptolemaic and early 
 Eoman coins. This find (No. 22) is interesting 
 as showing contemporaneous objects. 
 
 At Tell Atrib (Athribis, Benha) there still 
 remains a large mound of refuse thrown away 
 during the second century a.d., though a vast 
 amount has been removed from this site. In this 
 mound I found several objects near together, and 
 from indications I dated it as about the time of Corn- 
 modus. This dating is confirmed by my finding 
 afterwards, at San, pottery exactly similar (both 
 red and glazed), in a house (Bakakhuiu’s), which 
 is quite independently dated in the end of the 
 
 F 2 
 
36 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 reign of Aurelius, or within a few years of the 
 period I had assigned to the Benha mound. The 
 objects thus dated are, in blue glazed pottery a 
 flat bowl, 6f in. diameter, somewhat broken on the 
 edge in two places, but otherwise in fine condi¬ 
 tion ; twelve pieces of different patterns of bowls ; 
 and partof a head of Bes. There are two pieces of 
 a rare glazed pottery., which at first sight would 
 be called Arabic, but one has the true dark 
 Eoman blue glaze in the inside, and I found them 
 in the mound; the ground colour is an olivy 
 white, with patterns in light chocolate brown 
 impressed on it. In red and brown pottery there 
 were quantities of ribbed amphorsB, cups with 
 re-curved edges, of which I brought three, and 
 lamp-handles, one with conventional vine-leaf, 
 another crescent-shaped, and another in two 
 lobes. A female head in pottery, with the hair 
 arranged in a broad roll around the face, gives 
 the best clue to the age of the mound, as it is most 
 like the style of the age of Aurelius. Of glass many 
 fragments were found: the bottom of a glass 
 bowl with ring-base, very clear and white, and 
 another piece also of very fine quality, both abso¬ 
 lutely unaltered by burial; a piece of a glass bowl 
 with engraved vine spray and grapes on it; a 
 piece of a conoidal glass bowl, of the form of the 
 magnificent amber-coloured specimens in the 
 British Museum; a piece of very thin glass flask, 
 with a thin thread of opaque yellow glass wound 
 round it; and three other fragments. All of 
 these are valuable as dated examples. Beside 
 this mound a few objects of unfixed age were 
 found, as a bronze spear-head, 6J in. long, and 
 some pieces - of Eoman pottery and glass, in¬ 
 cluding one ostracon. 
 
 Of late Roman age, at San, there was a small 
 house built against the east side of the house of 
 Bakakhniu : there I found pieces of a life-size 
 statue in hard limestone, much broken up, 
 (still left at San ); while I brought away a jar 
 stopper of plaster stamped with the Christian 
 monogram, two varieties of coarse cloth, part of 
 a wooden comb, with wide and close teeth on 
 
 opposite sides, exactly such as is made now in 
 Egypt, a little scrap of silver chain, and an 
 oblong mass of lead, perhaps a weight, but too 
 much carbonated and dissolved for determination. 
 (All now in the British Museum.) 
 
 45. The tombs of Eoman period at San, pro- 
 bablyof the secondand third centuries, have yielded 
 some goodobjects. In the plain on the south side of 
 the high mounds, between them and the avenue 
 of large blocks, a few graves were found just 
 below the surface. In one of these, with merely 
 a board above her, but a foot from the surface, 
 was a woman who had been buried in the rich 
 attire she had worn during her life. Her body 
 was swathed in several garments ornamented with 
 woven patterns, and also a large quantity of 
 outer wrappers of good quality (Find 63). In 
 all twenty-one varieties of material and pattern 
 were brought over, besides pieces of cord, of felt 
 or loose wool, and of the long hair of the mummy: 
 the skull will also come to England. On the 
 body were found three hollow gold rings; two 
 apparently earrings, with a circle of balls around 
 one part of the ring; a new type, and therefore 
 kept at Bulak: also a nose-ring, which was plain ; 
 pieces of a very small iron knife, and a long 
 necklace of glass beads. The woven patterns, 
 can hardly be suitably described without draw¬ 
 ings ; suffice to say that the varieties are as 
 follow:—(1) borders of red with white pattern, 
 edged with purple and black; (2) white pattern 
 in red, leaf design, large surfaces (a whole 
 garment ?); (3) white on red, circular groups 
 with edging, sewn on the base; (4) white on 
 scarlet, a broad strip with birds, vis-d-vis; (5, 6) 
 two varieties of white on dark blue ground; 
 
 (7) white and green on red ground, leaf pattern; 
 
 (8) white, yellow, and blue on red ground; (9) 
 circular group, for sewing on, of red, green, and 
 white, with blue, yellow and red border; (10) very 
 fine stuff, yellow, red, and white, on the ground, 
 square design with birds and plants; (11,12) also 
 two forms of borders of the same with plants; 
 
CHAP. III.—aEEEK AND EOMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP FINDS. 
 
 37 
 
 (13) violet and black, pattern of separate leaves; 
 
 (14) orange and green needlework on very coarse 
 canvas; (15) yellow open stuff with white bands, 
 and ball fringe plaited; (16) brown open stuff 
 with white stripes and plaited border; (17) brown 
 open stuff with black stripes ; (18) crimson open 
 stuff, like crape, with pink border and plaited 
 edge; (19) same in scarlet; (20) canvas with 
 blue stripe for outer wrappers; (21) open net¬ 
 work. (A.11 these varieties go to the British 
 Museum, and sets less complete to Bolton, Boston, 
 Liverpool, Bristol, York, and Charterhouse.) 
 
 Beside this grave others were found near it. 
 Inthese werea pair of bronze armlets If, in. diam., 
 a twisted bronze necklet H in. diam., and a pair of 
 ivory armlets (?) sent to Bristol. Bronze bracelet, 
 trusted, 2j in. diam., with hook and eye; two ivory 
 armlets (?) ; a set of eight ivory hair-pins, three 
 with carved heads; and a kohl-pot made out of 
 a broken sistrum handle, which, from the orna¬ 
 ment and colour, seems to belong to the thirtieth 
 dynasty; (sent to Liverpool). A long wooden pin, 
 and some balls of white substance, were kept at 
 Bulak. 
 
 In the long low Tell on the south of San many 
 graves of Roman age were found. Most of these 
 were without ornaments ; but one rich grave had 
 been looted in ancient times, and the mummy 
 and gilt case broken up, leaving only the glass 
 mosaics and inlaying of the oofBn. These mosaics 
 comprised two pairs of wings, in blue, light blue, 
 red, and yellow ; the larger pair and the smaller 
 —about half the size—are identical in every 
 particular, and both wings of each pair are 
 alike. This proves that the mosaic was first 
 built up on a large scale, and not very long in 
 the grain of it, perhaps 4 or 6 inches long and 
 about 4x1 inch section; then this was fused, 
 and while soft was pulled out lengthwise, thus 
 reducing the section of the pattern, while in¬ 
 creasing the length available for cutting up; in 
 this way some hundreds of inlaying jiieces could 
 be made from one block of mosaic. Beside these 
 wings were pieces of mosaic chequer, green, yellow, 
 
 black, and white; pieces of blue, with a line of 
 white florets with red centres; pieces of opaque 
 red, with yellow and black flowers in a row, and 
 as if threaded; pieces of black and yellow alter¬ 
 nate ; and pieces of yellow, blue, and other 
 colours without patterns. The inlaid glass eyes 
 of this coffin were also found. I passed all the 
 dust of this grave through my own hands, so 
 as to secure all the pieces. This set is in the 
 British Museum, and a few duplicate pieces at 
 Bristol and Liverpool. 
 
 In another grave of this cemetery were found 
 two gold-foil eyes for laying on the eyes of the 
 mummy, and a tongue piece, together with a 
 small boss with a hook behind it. As no second 
 could be found, though all the earth was sifted, 
 this may be a nose-jewel. This set is in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 In other graves were found other gold-foil 
 ornaments; of these an eye and tongue piece go 
 to Boston, another eye and tongue to York, and 
 an eye and a rude figure of a flying hawk to 
 Liverpool. 
 
 A quantity of amulets of very late style were 
 found, cut in black limestone, white limestone, 
 and alabaster; the forms were scarabs, hearts, 
 girdle-ties, eyes, plumes, fingers, and other types. 
 Of these, Bristol has a set of 16, York 10, and 
 Edinburgh 5. 
 
 An amber necklace, about 22 inches long, was 
 also found in a grave here; one-third of it—the 
 smaller beads only-—were kept at Bulak, as amber 
 was almost or quite unknown in Egypt before. 
 With this was also kept a small bone figure of 
 Venus, found in the same grave. 
 
 This low mound is not more than 3 to 12 feet 
 high, above a flat sandy strip on which it lies. 
 Near the bottom of the accumulations two pieces 
 of early Greek pottery were found, one a very thick 
 globular jug of hard light brown ware, with con¬ 
 centric circles in red. Prom this it seems as if 
 this spit of sand outside of the city had been the 
 Greek quarter in early times ; and when abandoned 
 after the Ptolemaic amalgamation, its heap of dust 
 
38 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 and rubbish was used as a cemetery in the Koman 
 period. 
 
 46. Having now described the principal finds, 
 it remains to give a catalogue of the miscellaneous 
 objects. In so doing they will be arranged accord¬ 
 ing to the Museums to which they have been 
 distributed,; noting the larger finds already de¬ 
 scribed, which go to these same Museums. 
 
 The British Museum has the whole house of 
 Bakakhuiu (No 35), excepting duplicates, which 
 will be described in the next chapter; also a 
 selection of the more important things from the 
 adjacent house (No. 44), which will be catalogued 
 along with Bakakhuiu’s; 13 weights, the details 
 of which will be given with the list of levels at 
 San, &o.; and the following finds, which have 
 been already described, in this order: Tell el 
 Yahudiyeh; Tell el Maskhutah; Pisebkhanu’s 
 tablets ; part of Sueilin objects; finds 20, 24, 26, 
 64, 66, 23, 32,15; three weights, &c.; house north 
 of sanctuary, 64, 22; Benha, outside of, 36, 63; 
 glass mosaics, gold eyes, &c.; and amber necklace. 
 Besides these, the following isolated objects : piece 
 of a small measure (?) in green pottery; fish¬ 
 hook, bronze, 2 in. long; blue pottery disc of 
 Psamtik II. (pi. xii. 25), found on the surface 
 just S.W. of the wall; amulet of Ptah, double, 
 in the style of those found at Marathus; carnelian 
 bead, oblong, rich colour; sacred eye in trans¬ 
 lucent obsidian, very fine; seal in fonn of a seated 
 animal (pi. xii. 32) with inscription on base—this 
 was found on the southern burial Tell; sling-stones 
 of limestone, 2 in. long; bronze earring with mock 
 pearl of glass ; circular bronze buckle, with tongue 
 in shape of goose’s head (pi. xii. 47) ; bone pins, 
 about 4 inches long, sharply pointed at one end, 
 and roughly cut at the other; of these many thou¬ 
 sands were found in theN.W. mounds (Ptolemaic), 
 and these were found all in a lot in the middle 
 of the Ptolemaic avenue of blocks; the most 
 likely conjecture is that they were set in a board, 
 upright, for carding flax; pieces of the polished 
 surface of the great colossus of Eamessu II. ; 
 
 five ostraca; four chipped flints. Of glass, the 
 following pieces were selected: yellow ring; 5 
 pieces of bangles, one with inlaid pieces of different 
 glass; coloured dumps, 4 ; facetted cast bead of 
 opaque blue; cut bead of red glass; oval piece 
 of white, plano-convex, polished; piece of imita¬ 
 tion alabaster; pieces of opaque inlaid patterns, 2; 
 triangular cut bead; white ring ; opaque red bead ; 
 blue oval imitation lazuli for setting ; eye in clear 
 light blue ; varied beads, 9; and strips for in¬ 
 laying, 16.- Of pottery, there is a plano-convex 
 knob of blue stoneware; bust of a girl with arms 
 raised above the head, dressed in light olive with 
 large dark brown spots, and with dark brown 
 hair, found on the east side of the mounds in a 
 burnt Roman house; a rosette of five knobs in 
 blue pottery, Roman, top of E. mounds; a square 
 plaque eye with name of Isis on reverse (pi. xii. 
 20); bust of Bes nursing a small Bes, in green 
 pottery with brown spots; piece of a fine blue- 
 green bowl, ornamented with leaves; and a piece 
 of a throne of a statuette of the thirtieth dynasty, 
 with the old sam and intertwined lotus and 
 papyrus on the side, a case of the copying in the 
 renascence. Of scarabs, grass green on white 
 schist, “ Ahotepu” (pi. xii. 8) ; white schist, hawk 
 and emblems (pi. xii. 4); brown glaze, man with 
 branches ; browny-white “ Har nefer Uati ” (pi. xii. 
 49); loop ornament; triple scarab in greyish 
 green on grey schist (pi. xii. 3); a domed stamp 
 with a hand, light brown, (pi. xii. 53. Coin of 
 Tanite Nome of Hadrian : reverse TAN I AIA eagle. 
 Coin of Anastasius (?),a single nummium : reverse 
 A, unpublished. Examples of working in stone;— 
 a piece of alabaster with saw marks, and a piece 
 of alabaster with the outsides of large tubular 
 drill-holes, both from Tell el Yahudiyeh, from 
 whence other pieces of alabaster with tubular 
 drill-holes are in the British Museum. Piece of 
 green porphyry, Roman age, top of E. mound, 
 San, with saw marks on the back, showing very 
 deep scores cut by the jewelled saw teeth on the 
 side of the cut. Small tubular drill-core in lapis 
 lazuli. Piece of grey granite from the enclosure 
 
CHAP. HI.—GEEBK AND EOMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP BINDS. 
 
 39 
 
 at the west end of the avenue of great blocks, of 
 Ptolemaic age; at San; this piece is apparently 
 part of the toe of an eagle, it is highly polished 
 and grooved across; the grooves were made by 
 picking to begin with, and then by graving 
 them out smooth with a jewel point. That they 
 were not ground out is proved by the way in 
 which, as the cutting point came to the end of 
 the groove, it slipped out under the strong pres¬ 
 sure applied to it, and went skidding over the 
 polished surface, so that what should be a smooth 
 polished face where the grooves end, is scored 
 all over with scratches: the fineness of these 
 scratches, not yJ-j- inch wide, show what a very 
 hard jewel point, far harder than quartz, must 
 have been used; since a point that suifered any 
 appreciable wear would have blunted down and 
 made a broad score. This shows, therefore, that 
 the system of hand-graving on statues with 
 jewelled tools (such as I observed on the statue 
 of Khafra in Bulak, “ Pyramids of Gizeh,” p. 177), 
 was continued down to Greek times; just as the 
 use of jewelled saws, found to be general in the 
 pyramid times, continued till the Eoman age, as 
 is shown by the piece of green porphyry above 
 mentioned. Some natural products were picked 
 up at San:—a large piece of laminated orpiment ; 
 several pieces of native sulphur (native sulphur 
 I have also brought from Gebel Maryam, near 
 Lake Timsah, found in situ)-, some pieces of an 
 olive-green silicate; pieces of beryl, rook crystal, 
 haematite, marble, chalcedony, and a silicate of 
 copper (?) associated with quartz and pyrites. 
 Some artificial blue silicate of copper frit was 
 also brought. This completes the list of objects 
 for the British Museum. 
 
 For the Boston Pine Arts Museum, in the United 
 States, the series of objects of the thirtieth dynasty, 
 described as find 20, have been appropriated; 
 and also the following:—bronze Horns, inlaid 
 gold eyes, 5^ in. high; sacred eye in red glass, 
 flat, polished; 6 sacred eyes from San; samples of 
 beads from finds 35 and 44, and several small 
 objects already mentioned. 
 
 To the Bristol Museum the set of objects from 
 Tell Farun, described; in bronze, a kohl-stick; 
 Horns 3| in. high; sistrum head; bell; arrow¬ 
 heads, 5; earring with blue glass bead; a weight of 
 1 kat, found with blue figure of Taur, of Ptolemaic 
 age; staples for handles, 5; Horus, gilt; look of 
 hair from a Horus; rings, 3; head of Horus; 
 cow’s ear; vine-leaf; pieces of chain; bezil of a 
 ring; feathers of a head-dress ; flail of Osiris; 
 nails, 6; a disc and horns in gold, pendant; 
 pieces of gold foil; a piece of silver, found with 
 a rough sacred eye in the camp at the end of the 
 south Tell. In glazed pottery, figure of Bast, 
 very good; draughtsmen, 2 ; eye with brown lines 
 on it; eyes, various, 13; cat; sistrum head; 
 oblong plaque and a large bead; broken figures 
 from find 35, to show the style of that age; head 
 of Horus; legis of Horus from a ring; eegides 
 of Bast, from rmgs, 3; crocodile; Bast; Anubis; 
 Shu, 2; Nebhat; cowrie; serpent; scarab ; 
 Horns; Nefertum, head; Bes; headofBes; eye 
 and Bes, 2; eye-plaque; quadruple eye; rings, 2 ; 
 and bunch of grapes. In red or brown pottery :—■ 
 boy’s head; moulds for eye, image, and bead; two 
 seated figures, very rude; piece of amphora 
 handle, noA . . .; pieces of labels for tying to a 
 jar (?), one plain, the other incised with Greek, 
 but broken. In glass:—green hexagonal bead ; 
 eye, opaque green, rough bottle. If in. high, found 
 in the southern cemetery; strip of mosaic rosette 
 pattern, lavender and yellow on white ground; 
 square of mosaic, J inch; eye, and edgings of two 
 eyes, from a coffin; beads, various; red gla'ss 
 inlay, 3; eye; imitation onyx bead, dark blue and 
 white; bead (find 35), green, hexagon; draughts¬ 
 man; frame for a sacred eye inlaid in mosaic, 
 green ; fragments of various coloured glass, 28. 
 Of stone:—large agate bead; beads of crystal, 
 garnet, agate, amber, &c., 33; various stone 
 beads; head of Isis from a statuette, fine work, 
 glazed green; a marble pendant; a little model 
 amphora; eye in syenite; eye in obsidian, 
 polished; small muller; unusually small basalt 
 basin for grinding ; an emery whetstone. Iron 
 
40 
 
 TAXIS. 
 
 key and nails, &c., from find 44. Iron knives, 2. 
 Bone pins, 2, from top of E. mound; pieces of 
 bone bracelets; pieces of turned bone and wood. 
 Burnt clothing. Scarabs 10, including one of 
 Amenbotep III., and one in blue glass. 
 
 To Bolton are sent various objects already 
 mentioned; and also, in bronze, a mirror OJ in. 
 diameter; Horus, in.; Taur ; cat; serpent; 
 Isis and Horus, 4^ in.; horns and disc from a 
 large Isis; a capital (from find 20); ring with 
 bezil; crook of Osiris inlaid with red paste; a 
 handle; and nails, 5. In glazed pottery, a 
 cartouche-shaped stand with two hollows for ink 
 cups; part of a cup with a spout, a couchant lion 
 on the brim; part of a small oblong dish ; Bes, 
 fine blue, 2J in.; Shu ; Ptah; Bast, a good upper 
 part; Isis and Horus, good upper part; Nefertum, 
 3 in.; Anubis; Taur ; Horus and serpents ; 
 Tahuti; eye and Bes; crocodiles, 2; ram; hawk; 
 ^gis of Bast, 2; flower pendants, 3 ; snake; papy¬ 
 rus sceptre, cowrie; eyes, 6; draughtsman; beads, 
 (find 44); terra-cotta head of a boy; limestone 
 tablet, with Horus incised, 2f in. Beads various, 
 garnets, agate, glass, pottery. Pieces of bone 
 fittings (find 85). Bone pins, 3. 
 
 The Liverpool Museum is already so rich, that 
 the ordinary small objects are not needed there, 
 hence the following objects are such as are not so 
 generally met with. Besides the things already 
 noted, there was presented in bronze, a lump of nine 
 pins, two inches long (pi. xii. 6); needle, 1-j inches 
 long, perfect, found by me on the surface south of 
 the temple; square buckle (pi. xii. 43); part of a 
 vase-handle, with a head; nails, 6; pieces of chain, 
 3; oast dumps, unknown use; coin of Tanite nome 
 struck under Hadrian; rock crystal cover of an 
 eye, finely polished; plaster model of a Ptolemaic 
 brass coin, cast from a mould taken from a worn 
 coin, use unknown, but a similar model exists in 
 the British Museum ; a glass bead and part of a 
 dish, together with six glazed figures of gods, and 
 pieces of bone fittings from find 35, to show the 
 work of that age. In glazed pottery, Kgis of Bast 
 from a ring, 2 ; head of Bes (?), a bestial-human 
 
 face with prick ears; hawk; crocodile; frog; 
 Bast crowned, upper part, good; sistrum-head; 
 head of Bast, a flat piece moulded on both sides, 
 fine work; plaques, 2; head of Bast on lotus; 
 eyes, 10; beads (find 44); and various beads in 
 stone, glass, and pottery. In terra-cotta, four 
 heads; part of a decorated bust; moulds for a 
 bead and a snake. Schist plaque, two figures, 
 scarabs of Ea-men-kheper, and Amenhotep III. 
 Pieces of lapis lazuli inlaying. Whetstone. 
 
 To the Museum at York, the greater part of 
 find 44, described in the next chapter. Besides 
 that, in bronze, arrow-points, 4; Isis and Horus; 
 and Osiris from Sueilin. In glazed pottery, 
 Ptah, 3 ; Horus and serpents; Tahuti; Shu, 2 ; 
 Bes, 2; crocodile; hawk; flower pendants; eyes, 8; 
 draughtsman. Terra-cotta female head, good. 
 Glass bottle, broken. Whetstone. Mould for 
 making eyes. Ten scarabs, various. 
 
 To the Charterhouse School Museum, Godai¬ 
 ming, objects already mentioned; bronze Isis and 
 Horus; arrow heads, 2; glazed pottery eyes from 
 San, 6; eyes from Sueilin, 5; Nefertum, Anubis, 
 Shu, Bast, Mut on lotus, Bes, ram, pig, crown, 
 papyrus, and draughtsman. 
 
 To Edinburgh Museum, some late amulets 
 already mentioned, and twenty scarabs, as follows: 
 King and lion, (Assyrianesque) (pi. xii. 34), in dark 
 lavender glaze, found in the rubbish taken by 
 Mariette out of the sanctuary. Amenhotep III. 
 in fine blue glaze (xii. 35). Eamessu in blue- 
 green paste, “Ka-mesneb”(xii.31). TahutmesIII. 
 (pi. xii. 11), with two animals probably intended 
 for Sutekh, as “ nofer ” accompanies them, one 
 overcoming a captive, also a hippopotamus below. 
 Amenemhat 1. in fawn-coloured schist (xii. 1). 
 Sebakhotep in yellow-white glaze (xii. 2). Queen 
 Nofertari (xii. 24), a small double scarab. Sheshonk 
 IV. (xii. 23); scarabs with “ Ea kheper ” are not 
 uncommon, the style is late, and I have seen a 
 plaque of Bubastite work, with a king before Bast, 
 “Ea kheper” twice in cartouches in the field, 
 and “ Sheshonk ” on the reverse. “ Ea men 
 kheper” and two urffii; “Ea men kheper” and 
 
CHAP. IT.—BAKAKHUITJ, THE LAWYEE OP SAN. 
 
 41 
 
 a sphinx (square); “ Priest of the temple of 
 Har em khuti ” ; and others, with patterns, but 
 uninsoribed. 
 
 To Geneva, some pieces of the lattice of Pithoin, 
 ten eyes from Sueilin, and a small bronze of 
 Khem, have been allotted. 
 
 To Sheffield Museum, four iron knives, a nail, 
 and an iron hook, together with seven bronze 
 nails of varying patterns, have been sent. 
 
 Besides the objects thus divided, there remain a 
 quantity of small pottery figures, &c., for future 
 distribution. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYEE OE SAN. 
 
 47. Ontheeastem sideof the great temple of San, 
 a road leads out between the high mounds of houses 
 which encircle it. This road must have been 
 protected from building operations in the pros¬ 
 perous times of the city, or it would have certainly 
 been encroached on, consideringhowthe mounds on 
 every side run out into what are now long hillocks 
 of ruins: and it is to be expected that the main 
 entrances to the city would be protected by law. 
 Projecting from the base of the mounds is, however, 
 a row of large houses, which would seem from their 
 thus occupying part of the roadway to have belonged 
 to important persons, who could follow their own 
 wishes in selecting a valuable site. Two of these 
 houses have now been cleared, and have proved 
 by their contents the wealth of their owners. 
 
 The more important house (find 36) is that of 
 Bakakhuiu, who appears by his documents to have 
 been a lawyer. From the style of several objects, 
 particularly from an impression of a seal (pi. xii. 
 12), I concluded at the time of discovery that the 
 house belonged to the first or second century a.d., 
 and as far as the papyri have been examined, the 
 latest thing among them is the mention of a 
 private person named Hadrian. Now we know 
 that the emperor Hadrian visited Egyjit in the 
 year 130 a.d., and it is at that time that children 
 would most probably be called after him. This 
 
 document therefore belongs to the latter half of the 
 second century. Here another historical point 
 comes in to help us. The house appears to have 
 been looted before it was burnt; no precious metals, 
 excepta small silver spatula, were found, andyet the 
 bronzes were all left behind, and even the portrait 
 statuette, which there is every reason to believe is 
 that of the master. Another evidence of the 
 same sacking is curiously supplied by the cellar 
 stairs: they had been on one side half choked up 
 by amphorae which could not be got into the 
 crowded and disordered cellar, and across the 
 available half of the staircase was left a basket of 
 papyri just as it had been pulled out of the cup¬ 
 board which opened on to the stairs. The looter, 
 after plundering the upper part of the house, had 
 run down into the cellar, dragged out one of the pile 
 of baskets of waste paper which were put away in 
 the cupboard, and, seeing nothing of value, left 
 it on the stairs when he ran out. Then the house 
 was set on fire, everything fell down in a confused 
 mass, and was buried in the dust of the reddened 
 and burnt walls. This burning probably hap¬ 
 pened at the time of the Bucolic Revolt in 
 174 a.d. ; during the disturbances of this revolt, 
 and during the war in which Avidius Cassius sup¬ 
 pressed it, there was doubtless a great destruction 
 of property; and as this date so well agrees with 
 what is shown from other sources, we can hardly 
 refuse to accept it. The coins found in the house 
 are Ptolemaic, and an imperial Alexandrian of the 
 first century. 
 
 48. This house stood over a large under¬ 
 ground cellar without windows, which was reached 
 by a staircase from the ground-floor rooms. 
 These steps descended first toward the north, 
 then stopping at a flat landing another flight 
 descended to the south, on the east side of the 
 upper flight. This lower flight had a cupboard 
 opening on to it, which was formed in the wall 
 beneath the upper flight. In this cupboard the 
 waste papyri were stowed in baskets along with 
 other rubbish, as brown jars, and apiece of bronze 
 
 G 
 
43 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 ornament. Above this cellar there were on the 
 ground-floor two or tliree rooms, in one of which 
 was a large recess in the wall, for placing valuables 
 or ornaments in; and above these rooms there 
 was an upper floor, or perhaps two floors, now 
 entirely destroyed ; for though no part remains of 
 the walls of those upper rooms, yet the amount of 
 burnt dust, lying in the cellar and ground floor, 
 mingled with antiquities, proves that there were 
 one or two upper stories. 
 
 49. In the cellar was found the portrait statuette 
 of “ Bakakhuiu (the servant of light), son of his 
 mother Ta-ankh (possessing life),” as he is called 
 on the pedestal (Frontispiece, no. 7), according to 
 the reading of M. Bevillout. This figure is carved 
 in limestone, and though burnt with the house it 
 is not injured, except that the head has been 
 cracked off when found. The height is twenty-one 
 inches, with the pedestal. That this is the portrait 
 of the owner of the house is scarcely to be doubted ; 
 it represents a private person, and would therefore 
 not be kept like a divine or imperial statue; and 
 it is not an ancestral figure, since there are no 
 titles, such as makhem, implying a deceased 
 person. Again, it is but very seldom that any 
 private statuettes of Greek or Boman times are 
 found, and such a figure shows therefore wealth 
 and taste on the part of the person who had his 
 portrait thus executed; and as we shall see below, 
 there are several indications in this house of a love 
 for ornament and for dabbling in the fine arts on 
 the part of the owner. 
 
 Of the papyri found, but little has been yet 
 read. There were about a hundred and fifty saved 
 from this house; they appear to have been all waste 
 papers, roughly shoved into six plaited baskets, 
 without any care or order. They are of all kinds— 
 hieroglyphic andhieratio, with vignettes and rubrics, 
 fine uncial Greek, demotic memoranda, receipts, 
 and legal papers of various sorts; some rolls, 
 some documents of a few columns, some mere 
 scraps of a few lines. The rolls have been flat¬ 
 tened and crushed by the other papers, the folded 
 
 slips have been twisted across, and the whole has 
 served as a nest for mice, who have brought in 
 almonds and hazel nuts, the broken shells of 
 which I found amid the documents. Unhappily 
 most of the basketfuls had been burnt to white 
 ash in the conflagration of the house; but about a 
 quarter of the whole bulk remains, reduced to 
 black tinder, but still legible. The greater part 
 of tins, however, is made up of fragments of 
 larger rolls, and nearly all the papyri have 
 suffered more or less by cracking to pieces at the 
 folds. Bad as is the condition of these remains, 
 yet it is far better than if they had not been burnt, 
 as in the neighbouring house some unburnt 
 examples were found which have so completely 
 rotted from damp that they fall to powder with 
 the gentlest handling. We cannot hope to obtain 
 better papyri than these thoroughly-burnt ex¬ 
 amples from such a wet district as San. That 
 these papyri are of various ages is shown by the 
 names that have been already observed—Hadrian, 
 the Emperor Titus, and on a demotic papyrus one 
 of the Ptolemies. Under the skilful management 
 of the Manuscript Department of the British 
 Museum, in which these documents at present 
 are, we may hope for many further details when 
 they have been completely examined. 
 
 60. Of figures of deities several were found. 
 An alabaster statuette of Tahuti, 14 inches high : 
 this seems to have had an inlet beak of different 
 material, very probably of silver. As such figures 
 were unknown at Bulak, this is now in that 
 Museum. A terra-cotta of Venus (Frontispiece, 
 11) was also found ; this is 9 in. high, and is of 
 better work than most of such figures : it had 
 some gilding on the anklets when dug up. A 
 bronze Isis and Horus (4J in. high), and a rough 
 small Osiris, show that such figures belong to 
 this late time. There was also a limestone 
 tablet of Horus standing on the crocodiles, with 
 serpents in his hands; this was about 7 inches 
 high, and inscribed on the back and sides, but it 
 is broken up and burnt. A set of figures of various 
 
CHAP. IT.—BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OP SAN. 
 
 43 
 
 gods was found in blue glazed pottery, rough, 
 and without detail; they are of interest as show¬ 
 ing the style of this age, and what gods were 
 worshipped here at the time; they include Ptah- 
 Sokar, Har, Nefertum (one with a lion between the 
 legs), Kbnum, Khem, Mentu, Bes, Bast, Isis and 
 Taur, the figures varying from 2 to 4 inches high; 
 thirty-one in all were found. A complete set are 
 in the British Museum, but some, which were 
 duplicates, have gone to other Museums. A small 
 figure of Har-ur holding a club, f in. high, in blue 
 glaze with yellow points. This style is found at 
 Erment, and, already known as of Eoman age, 
 is shown by this piece to be of the second century. 
 A large brown pottery vase (13 in. high) has a 
 figure of Bes roughly but forcibly modelled on it: 
 tliis is now at Bulak. 
 
 Of other figures, the most remarkable was the 
 square tablet of limestone bearing a seated Gr®oo- 
 Asiatic sphinx (Frontispiece, 8) : the turretted 
 crowns seems to mark it as representing the 
 genius of the city of Tunis. A gem with a very 
 similar head-dress was found at San (pi. xii. 11) 
 by Mr. Greville Chester. The fulness of the 
 face is like the relief on the late Ptolemaic and 
 Koman temples; but the style of the figure, the 
 curved wing, and the pillar in front of it, is 
 distinctly Syrian, and recalls Asiatic work rather 
 than Egyptian. There are, however, two points 
 wliich plainly mark it as of Greek inspiration, 
 the figure being seated, and being a female. No 
 Egyptian sphinx, nor Assyrian copy, is female 
 (except in the rare cases of directly representing 
 a queen); and the seated and winged female sphinx 
 is purely a Greek idea, so well known on the Chian 
 coins, the name of which was apphed by the 
 Greeks to the very different class of Egyptian 
 monsters. This proves that though so different to 
 Egyptian work, this is nevertheless not an early 
 piece nor a copy of such, but clearly of Syro- 
 Greek origin; and it shows how much Syrian in¬ 
 fluence there was on that border of Egypt, as is 
 also shown by Syria and Egypt joining in revolt 
 under Avidius Cassius at that time. 
 
 Other animal figures are two lions in blue 
 glazed ware (1 inch high), crocodile, hawk, bull 
 and serpent, of the same style, as the above set of 
 deities; also in blue glaze of large size (about 
 4 inches) three dogs of different varieties (Frontis¬ 
 piece, 3 and 4). A limestone stamp, with a figure 
 of a bird on it, the hennu, rather roughly cut 
 (Frontispiece, 6); this is of value as confirming 
 the surmise of M. Maspero (“ Guide au Musee de 
 Boulaq,” p. 289), that these hennu moulds were 
 for cakes and not for pottery figures, as on either 
 side of the bird is an upright triangle, the hiero¬ 
 glyph of bread for offerings. The impression of a 
 seal in clay was found with the papyri, having 
 evidently been placed on the fastening of a docu¬ 
 ment. The style of it (pi. xii. 12) is most like 
 work of the first century. The eagle’s head recalls 
 earlier engraving, such as the coins of Elis; but 
 the row of heads below is clearly of the Julian or 
 Augustan period, like the heads on coins of the 
 Pompeys, of Caius and Lucius, and other such 
 groups of the imperial family. The style is clearly 
 before that of the family of Severus, on whose coins 
 a row of heads again appears. The gem from 
 which this impression came (and another impres¬ 
 sion now at Bulak) may be attributed probably to 
 the reign of Augustus; and the employment of it 
 in the second century would be very likely. A 
 small bronze representing cupid running, bearing 
 a thyrsus, was also found, 4i in high. 
 
 61. Turning next to remains of furniture, the 
 woodwork has almost entirely disappeared in the 
 fire, leaving only the bronze fittings and orna¬ 
 ments. The best of these are four feet and 
 corner ornaments of a stand; the feet are in the 
 form of Bes, with arms a-kimbo, ending below in 
 a griffin’s foot, something between an animal’s 
 paw and an eagle’s foot; these are massive bronze 
 castings, about 4 inches high; the top comers 
 are heads of Alexandria (?) dressed in the ele¬ 
 phant’s skin, with the tusks on either side, and 
 the trunk projecting above the forehead. There 
 are also three handles of a box, in the form of 
 
 G 2 
 
44 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 lion’s heads, bearing a loose ring in the mouth. 
 Also two wreathed faces of cupid (?), probably from 
 a box or stand. One foot of a circular stand is in 
 the shape of a lion’s paw, finely worked, with thetop 
 ending in a conventional spread ornament; a larger 
 foot of the same work was found in the N.W. 
 mounds, which are Ptolemaic. Several pieces of 
 bone inlaying from boxes were found, all with the 
 usual guilloche pattern so general in Eoman work; 
 and also several tubular pieces of bone with holes 
 in the sides ; these when found had charcoal in 
 them, showing that they were legs or bars of 
 stands, made up of short pieces of bone fastened 
 on to a wooden rod. A bronze leaf ornament, a 
 Boman copy of the Greek pattern, had been 
 attached to some iron object, as there was rust 
 around the stem : it was lying in the cupboard 
 under the stairs, among the baskets of papyri. 
 Two bronze vase handles, 6 in. high, are orna¬ 
 mented with faces on the lower ends ; there are 
 also two bronze swinging handles from small 
 buckets; part of a large bronze handle, 16 in. 
 long; a small bronze cup, or hollow boss, 2^ in. 
 diameter; a bronze wall-hook ; and about thirty 
 fragments of bronze handles, nails, &c. A bronze 
 vase, 6^ in. high, with a wide neck, out-turned 
 rim, and no handle, has suffered by being crushed 
 on the lower part in the fire. M. Maspero informed 
 me that such vessels were used for boiling : how 
 they would be laid hold of when hot, having no 
 handle, is not easy to see. Broken pieces of tw'o 
 other bronze vessels were also found. A bronze 
 lamp, 15 in. high, with a long handle ending in 
 a goose’s head (Frontispiece, 1), was found lying 
 in the corner of the landing, half-way down the 
 cellar stairs; probably kept there for lighting the 
 way down to the cellar. The body of it is of a 
 curious form, the spout was wide, as in some 
 terra-cotta lamps, the top is a lid fitting on tight 
 to the body, with a ring on the top, and it has 
 three legs to stand on the ground when not 
 required to be carried or hung up. A small 
 bronze bell, f in. high, was also found; a crenel¬ 
 lated bell, 2 in. across; and a tubular bronze case. 
 
 with a sliding cap, 3J in. long and ^ in. diam., for 
 needles or for some small roll of writing; it has 
 not yet been opened. Also a bronze stylus and 
 various fragments of ornaments and vessels. 
 
 Of iron, several things were found; two keys, a 
 couple of cramps, a pickhead, some knives, some 
 hooks, and a large quantity of nails from the 
 woodwork of the house and the furniture. 
 
 62. Some of the small objects show the per¬ 
 sonal taste of the owner. Besides the artistic work 
 of many of the things mentioned above, such as 
 the ornaments of the furniture, the bronze lamp, 
 the tablet of the sphinx, &c., Bakakhuiu seems to 
 have been an amateur in such work himself. 
 Two fine burnishers, one of rock crystal (pi. xii. 
 39) two inches long, and set in a bronze socket 
 fitting on a wooden handle, and the other of white 
 flint (pi. xii. 40), similarly mounted, are both of 
 far too expensive a make for a common workman’s 
 tools, they remind one rather of the fancy tools of 
 modern dabblers in the fine arts. That they 
 were not used merely for smoothing papyri is 
 shown by the extent to which the rock crystal 
 burnisher has been worn and roughened. Another 
 very characteristic sign of an amateur is on a small 
 cup of polished grey syenite, 2-1 in. across : this 
 has been used for mixing paint in, just as a fine 
 piece of old china is used to grind water-colours 
 in by some amateur of the present day; besides, 
 the colour has been wastefully slopped over the out¬ 
 side in a very unworkmanlike manner. The paint 
 used looks like red lead by the tint, and there are 
 also marks of yellow paint and apparently of oil 
 on the outside of the cup. A basalt mnller used for 
 grinding red paint is of foreign type, with a bent 
 top by which to hold it more firmly; this form 
 ending in a thum, seems to have been introduced 
 from Asia Minor, as such grinders are found at 
 Smyrna. A large limestone palette was also 
 found, having eleven recesses in it; these tablets 
 are usually found as funereal models in tombs, 
 but as this was discovered in a house it is doubt¬ 
 less an article for actual use. It is so much 
 
■ CHAP. IT.— BAKAKHUIir, THE LAWYER OP SAN. 
 
 45 
 
 burnt, that I have not yet removed it from San. 
 Besides this, a long paint-holder of wood, with 
 the usual recess for the reeds, and three hollows 
 for the colours, shows that fine painting, probably 
 on papyri, was' also practised here. Various 
 fragments of burnt wooden objects were also 
 found. A small silver spatula, IJ, in. long, is 
 the only fragment of precious metal left in the 
 house by the looters. There is also a small 
 pierced garnet bead of fine colour; and a part of 
 a tessera of bone found here is inscribed . . . 
 
 niw . . . 
 
 63. Turning now to stone objects, there are 
 many examples of alabaster. A vase with cylin¬ 
 drical neck, 5^ inches high ; a libation bowl, 
 with long groove spout on one of four projections 
 around it, 6 J inches diam. Another bowl, 6^ inches 
 across and 4^ inches high. Two alabaster vessels 
 rather shallower than their diameter, are 6^ and 
 3| inches across; and two alabaster mortars 
 are 3^ and 2^ inches diameter, the lesser one is 
 finely made and was used for grinding kohl. 
 Another curious object is a circular piece, 2 in. 
 diameter, and about f in. thick, turned slightly 
 concave on one side, more so on the other, and 
 with a deep groove around the edge; it is turned 
 thin until it is quite translucent. This seems^ to 
 have been a stand for a small round-bottomed 
 vessel, such as the Phoenician glass vases. In 
 soapstone there is a piece of a cup 2^ in. dia¬ 
 meter. In limestone, a pine-cone ornament, and 
 a piece incised with a branching pattern, and a 
 hexagonal rosette. Of brown basalt there is a set of 
 three mortars, 7, 5^, and4 inches diameter, all well 
 wrought, with two lugs on the outside of each. 
 No pestles were found with these, and the basalt 
 muller above mentioned was evidently for grind¬ 
 ing on a flat surface. Of granite, a large bowl 
 was found, 16 inches diameter, weighing about 
 80 lbs.; also two flat grinding bowls 13 inches 
 diameter, and not so thick ; a deep black granite 
 mortar, 9^ inches diameter (broken) ; a circular 
 piece of granite, which may be a grinder or weight, 
 
 a black granite weight, mentioned in the list of 
 weights in the last chapter, along with the bronze 
 weight also found in this house. A number of 
 various rubbers and hammers of different hard 
 stones were also found, and a piece of emery 
 whetstone. Many pieces of tesser® of white 
 marble, blue, red and yellow glass, and other mate¬ 
 rials belonged also to this house, and show that 
 some mosaic existed here, probably on the floor 
 of an upper room. 
 
 64. Of blue glazed pottery there was a great 
 quantity in this house; the largest object being a 
 blue jar 10 inches high, which is veryfragile. This I 
 found in the corner of the cellar, full of burnt wheat. 
 Many bowls were found, ornamented with leaves 
 and patterns on the outside ; but they were un¬ 
 happily all so far destroyed by the fire, and the 
 burial in the damp soil, that I could not, even with 
 the utmost care, remove one whole. An oblong 
 tray found here is very unusual, but it is so 
 tender that it falls to pieces with its own weight; 
 it has four dividing ribs in it joining up to a 
 central circular cup, which makes the fifth sub¬ 
 division. A blue glazed inkstand (2^ in. diam.) 
 is also unusual; it is closed on the top, excepting 
 two holes; one in the centre, from which a tube 
 projects down in the inside, and the other hole in 
 the edge of the top. The use of this seems to 
 have been much like modem well-inkstands ; the 
 hole in the middle being for dipping the pen in, and 
 the hole at the edge for washing out the bottle ; 
 this would be plugged up when in ordinary use, 
 so that the ink could not spill if upset: of course 
 no trace of ink remains, as, being carbon ink, it 
 would burn away in the fire. Another piece of 
 blue glazed ware is a very thick cup, or small 
 bowl, 3| in. across, the hollow being not half the 
 outside width j it had two lions on the brim, 
 opposite to one another, but one was lost in the 
 fire, and the other has slipped by the melting of 
 the glaze. A piece of another bowl, not parti¬ 
 cularly thick, and with a spout, was also found at 
 San, with a lion on the brim; in each case the 
 
46 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 lion is lying doivn, with the face turned sideways 
 towards the hollow of the bowl. The dogs 
 in blue glaze have been mentioned above, and 
 many other similar cups, bowls, and figures were 
 found, which it was impossible to remove, as they 
 fell to pieces on being touched, and were indeed 
 already in powder. 
 
 55. Of glass a large quantity of fragments were 
 found, but all so much broken and injured by 
 falls, fire, and excavation, that scarcely any 
 pieces could be preserved. One long-necked 
 flask in light-green glass is, however, nearly 
 whole; and a curious little globular vase of 
 colourless glass, 1 inch in diameter, is almost 
 complete. A few pieces of the clear white glass 
 vessels, with threads of milky glass wound around 
 them, were brought away, as well as pieces of 
 saucers of opaque red glass, ground and polished. 
 Part of the cheek of a sacred eye was also found, 
 formed of a green glass base, with a chequer 
 mosaic 'pattern in black, white, and red, fused on 
 to it; the whole was afterwards ground and polished 
 in a curve, and it is a good piece of work. 
 
 56. Of pottery a large quantity was found, but 
 the account of it is necessarily deferred. About 
 ten large amphorsB up to 3 feet high were found, 
 mainly in the cellar; one of them is very fine, 
 about 27 inches diameter and 3 feet high, 
 full body, small short neck, and peg at the base 
 ending in a knob, by which to lift the jar in 
 emptying it. This is smooth brown pottery; but 
 the other amphor® are all of the usual Eomano- 
 Egyptian type, long neck with two handles at 
 top, body tapering to a point at the base, a ring 
 a little above the base, and the whole surface 
 ribbed. Such jars are found in the mound at 
 Benha, in which I found other things similar to 
 thosein this house, and which, quite independently, 
 I fixed at just the same age within a few years. 
 Various smaller articles, about fifty in number, as 
 jugs, cups, plates, (fee., were found, and will be 
 added to the collection from this house. Two 
 small pottery lamps were found, and two deco¬ 
 
 rated handles of the flat pointed form, from large 
 lamps, one with a vine-leaf on it, the other with 
 a bust, from a very rounded mould; a dog 
 (Frontispiece, 2 ); also portions of two terra-cotta 
 figures, and a head of a child, SJ in. high. 
 
 A piece of moulding in plaster was preserved, 
 as also several shells of edible molluscs, a 
 large piece of mother-of-pearl, and a sample of 
 the many gallons, I may say bushels, of burnt 
 wheat which was found in the ruins : much of 
 this had apparently fallen from the upper 
 floors, but the large blue glazed jar, which was 
 put away in the furthest corner of the cellar, 
 was full of wheat when I cut it out of the earth. 
 Except some articles specially noted, the above 
 objects are all placed together as one series in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 Such is an outline of the hundreds of articles 
 found in excavating this single house; a find 
 which is invaluable to us, as showing contempo¬ 
 raneous examples of bronze work, figures of 
 deities, glazed ware, pottery, &c., at a period of 
 which we can probably fix the close within a 
 single year. The possessions of Bakakhuiu give 
 a key whereby to settle the age of a large part of 
 the Eoman remains so abundantly found over 
 the whole of Egypt. 
 
 57. Next to this, some yards to the east and 
 beside the same roadway, is another house, which 
 from its neighbourhood, from its having been 
 similarly looted and burnt, and from the exact 
 similarity of its pottery and other remains, we 
 cannot doubt was destroyed in the same confla¬ 
 gration. As it has yielded many fresh objects, 
 it is of great interest, as supplementing the finds 
 in the house above described. The owner of this 
 house (which is numbered as find 44) seems to 
 have been not a native, but a Eoman. In the 
 house of Bakakhuiu nothing from Greece or 
 Italy was found; the only foreign influence was 
 Syrian, and the papyri were nearly all demotic, 
 only a small proportion being in Greek, such as 
 would naturally accrue in course of business. In 
 
47 
 
 CHAP. IT.—BAKHAKHUIU, THE LAWfEE OP SAN. 
 
 house 44, on the contrary, the most striking 
 objects, as we shall see, have been imported, 
 probably from Magna Grsecia, and (so far as 
 observation at the time went) half or nearly half 
 of the papyri were in Greek, including fragments 
 of some beautiful uncial rolls. It appears then 
 that while Bakakhuiu was a native lawyer, per¬ 
 haps employed in the civil service, his neighbour 
 was a wealthy Roman official, a man of taste 
 and refinement, who came from Italy to the 
 administration of Tanis. 
 
 58. As several of the remains were similar to 
 those of Bakakhuiu’s, it was not thought desirable 
 to keep them all together. The greater number of 
 them, therefore, have been presented to the York 
 Museum; except only such things as were particu¬ 
 larly required for the British Museum, to which 
 (B. M.) is noted in the following account. The 
 largest object found was a term, carved in white 
 marble; it is a square prismatic block about two 
 feet high, with a female head upon it, and 
 half-way down the front a trace of the usual 
 attachment having been cemented on. A photo¬ 
 graph of this head is given in pi. xv. 6, 
 but the expression varies much in different 
 aspects; and though not elaborately finished, 
 being merely done in the style of decorative work, 
 and about half life-size, the delicacy of the 
 feeling stamps it as of the best class of Graeco- 
 Roman work. The full-face is noble and some¬ 
 what severe, while the three-quarter view brings 
 out a slight and graceful smile. Both the mate¬ 
 rial and the style are entirely foreign, and it is to 
 Southern Italy that we must look for the source of 
 this work of art. This will appear in the British 
 Museum. Two pieces of thoroughly Romano- 
 Egyptian work were found here, a couchant bull, 
 and a kawk in limestone, about 4 inches high; 
 the bull was required for the Bulak Museum, 
 the hawk is in the British Museum. A seal is 
 also in limestone, bearing the deities Ma and 
 Ra (?) facing, with the hut over them. A lime¬ 
 stone saucer, 3^ in. diam., has a rope border 
 around it. 
 
 69. Many bronze objects were found here. 
 Beneath a burnt beam, which had fallen from the 
 roof, lay a bronze pan, inches across, with 
 three hooks on its rim; and by its side was 
 an iron staple, with the wood still sticking to it, 
 and a stout bronze ring through it. This was 
 the ring from which the pan was hung in the 
 middle of the room, but though I carefully looked 
 for them no chains could be found; the pan was 
 therefore hung by three cords from the ring, and 
 it was probably used for holding a lamp (B. M.). 
 Another unusual bronze object was a kohl-pot, 
 cylindrical. If in. high, across, with a hinging 
 lid, perforated in the middle to pass the kohl- 
 stick through. Inside was a lump of burnt 
 antimony sulphide, and some charcoal from the 
 organic matter mixed with the kohl. A pair of 
 broad bronze tweezers, in. long, is another 
 toilet article. Other detached bronze objects 
 were a cup If in. across, pieces of a bronze 
 dish, two pieces that may be small figures, 
 much corroded, a Ptolemaic coin found below 
 the house, and a large Alexandrian coin of 
 Vespasian, which was found in the ruins; as 
 this last is much worn, it corroborates the age 
 of these things being in the latter part of the 
 second century. Of bronze pieces belonging to 
 furniture a large quantity occurred here ; a bronze 
 handle 3| in. across (B. M.), and two others ot 
 24 and 4f in.; a piece of very thin bronze foil, 
 pressed into a form of a moulding, and filled with 
 rosin to preserve its shape* (B. M.); many angle 
 pieces from the corners of boxes, apparently a 
 covering around all the edges, nailed on with 
 bronze nails; a piece of bronze plate, still fastened 
 to the burnt wood with iron nails; a lock plate, 
 perfect, and several pieces of others, and a bolt 
 of a look; a bronze key of a form not apparently 
 known before (B. M.) (pi. xii. 46), and another 
 key (?) of the type in general Pitt Rivers’ work 
 
 * This system was used ty the Assyrians, hut I do not 
 know of its being hitherto found in Egypt nor in classical 
 remains. 
 
43 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 on Locks, 41 B. and 42 B. And of bronze nails 
 a large quantity, some short, with very thin flat 
 heads, for nailing locks, &o., on to boxes; others 
 thick, and of the usual form. 
 
 Many iron nails also were found; one has a 
 large hemi-spherical head of bronze, 1 inch 
 across; another is riveted over a bronze washer. 
 Some pieces of iron knives are like those of 
 Bakakhuiu; and also in iron there is the handle of 
 a chisel; a key 3 in. long (B. M.) ; a smaller key; 
 a sickle 5|in. long (B. M.) (Frontispiece, 9), and 
 the end of another; a staple with a head beyond 
 the eye, in order that the blows of the hammer 
 should not beat the eye out of shape (B. M.); a 
 staple and hook; a cramp, 6|- in. long ; and a 
 hook-catch for a box, 2f in. long, with the nail 
 on which it turned (B. M.).. 
 
 60. The glass objects from this house are the 
 most important pieces of glass found at San, and 
 they appear to be Roman rather than Egyptian. 
 The greatest novelty, to our knowledge of ancient 
 work, is the glass, zodiac, which is drawn on a 
 sheet of clear greenish glass, 1.3 inches square, 
 its thickness being about inch, but variable. 
 This has had first a border-line of gilding ^ inch 
 from the edge ; within this two circles of gilding, 
 11'6 and 11'2 diameter. The space inside the 
 inner circle is divided into twelve compartments 
 by radial lines, the compartments about H inches 
 across and 2^ inches along. In these compart¬ 
 ments are heads emblematic of the months, 
 painted in red ochre on the glass. The top com¬ 
 partment in the circle (for a line through the 
 centres of the compartments is square with the 
 edges of the glass) has a full-face female bust 
 draped, slightly looking to the left; this is for 
 the month to which Aries belongs, March, the 
 opening of the Roman year. Next to this (going 
 round in the order of a clock face) is a youthful 
 head and shoulders, full face, with short horns 
 budding on the top of the head, the head being 
 bent somewhat to the lower side; this is for 
 April, Taurus. In the next compartment are two 
 
 busts, side by side, the faces slightly turned 
 tow'ard each other, above their heads two stars of 
 gold foil: these are Gemini. The base line of 
 this group is on the side of the compartment, as 
 are the five following ones around the circle. Next 
 to this is a female bust slightly turned inward to 
 the left; around the hair are four short legs of a 
 crab on either side, and two large claws rising 
 above the head : this is Cancer. Next a youthful 
 bust, also slightly turned to the left, with bushy 
 hair, intended for Leo. Next a female bust, the 
 face slightly to the left, thin featured, and draped 
 around the shoulders, representing Virgo. Next 
 another female bust, with fuller face, and sprightly, 
 but without any distinctive sign; this must be 
 Libra by the sequence. Next a female bust again, 
 also turning slightly to the left, with four scor¬ 
 pion’s legs on either side of the head, and two 
 long claws rising above the head, representing 
 Scorpio. The compartment for Sagittarius is 
 two-thirds broken away, and the remaining frag¬ 
 ment appears unintelligible. Next comes a side- 
 face head of an old man with short beard, looking 
 to the left, with a semicircle from side to side 
 enclosing the head above; this semicircle is broad 
 at the back of the head and tapers to a point in 
 front; it may be intended for a goat’s horn, as the 
 sign is Capricornus: here the base of the figure 
 is toward the centre of the circle again. The 
 next compartment has lost most of the colouring, 
 and the subject is not intelligible; it must be 
 intended for Aquarius. Lastly, a side-face turned 
 to the right, but much injured, is shown for Pisces. 
 Thus ten of the twelve emblematic heads of the 
 months can be traced, and seven of them are in 
 fairly clear condition. 
 
 Within this circle of heads are two gold-foil 
 circles, 8’1 and 7-7 inches diameter. Within 
 the inner circle are twelve compartments, corre¬ 
 sponding to those containing the heads of the 
 months. These compartments contained the 
 signs of the months, laid on in gold foil: but, 
 unhappily, they are nearly all lost. Aries is 
 perfect, the ram running to the left, looking back. 
 
CHAP. IV.—BAKHAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OE SAN. 
 
 49 
 
 with a hoop apparently around the body, represent¬ 
 ing the colure. Nexttothafcwemayperhaps discern 
 the horns and fore-part of Taurus remaining. 
 Except perhaps some of the legs of Cancer, nothing 
 hut unintelligible scraps of gilding remain until we 
 reach Capricornus : there is here the goat to the 
 left, with a dolphin’s tail arching up into the sky, 
 just as on modern globes. Aquarius is not intel¬ 
 ligible, although much of the gilding remains, and 
 Pisces is entirely lost. Thus there remain but 
 two of the twelve signs. 
 
 Within these are two more circles of gilding, 
 5-1 and 4'6 inches diameter. The central object 
 of gold foil and paint is too much injured for any 
 immediate understanding of it; perhaps from 
 analogy of other decorations it may be interpreted 
 in future. In the corners of the square, outside 
 the outer circle, there have been devices of gold foil; 
 these are now lost, except that above Taurus, 
 which is however unintelligible. Stars marked by 
 small squares of gold foil are scattered about the 
 corner objects. 
 
 Such was the design of this unique piece of 
 work. But it has suffered injury in every way. 
 First it was dashed down, and broken into about 
 two hundred pieces. Then many of these were 
 so heated in the burning of the house as to lose 
 their shape, some bending at right angles, others 
 melting into lumps. After that it lay buried in 
 damp earth, which loosened all the gilding, and 
 made nearly all of it come off so soon as the glass 
 was lifted up. Next, the surface of the glass is so 
 much decomposed that it scales off very readily. 
 Lastly, it was dug up bit by bit by the Arabs who 
 were clearing the house. I came on the ground 
 in time to clear one corner myself, and lift it 
 piece by piece, and of this part there are only two 
 or three small scraps missing; but I so despaired 
 of ever putting it together, or indeed of making 
 out any connected subject, that the heap of earth 
 already moved was left unsearched. This fol¬ 
 lowing season I have recovered a dozen more 
 pieces, which will go far toward completing 
 it. I have succeeded in placing 140 pieces 
 
 in position; and there remain 21 small chips 
 unfixed. The pieces I have fastened with varnish 
 on a sheet of glass, rather wider than the 
 original square. This will be found in the British 
 Museum, and, so far as I can gather, it is the only 
 Roman zodiac found in Egypt, the only series of 
 the emblematic heads of the months, and almost 
 the only example of painting on glass in ancient 
 times. 
 
 61. Another glass object, nearly as rare, is a 
 plano-convex lens, two and a half inches across, and 
 half an inch thick (section in pi. xii. 30.). Some 
 lenses have been found at Pompeii in an engraver’s 
 shop, and I have heard that one was found in 
 Egypt, but yet this is such an unusual object 
 that we may note the reasons for believing it to 
 be a lens. It is of remarkably clear and colour¬ 
 less glass; it has been highly polished on both 
 sides ; and on the middle of the convex face a 
 small patch is worn rough by rubbing about. 
 Now the only other use it can have been applied 
 to is for setting as a boss in a breast-plate, or 
 some such ornament; but if so it would probably 
 be coloured to imitate garnet or emerald, and 
 the wear would be diffused over the face, and 
 not all in one spot as on this. The surface 
 is now all decomposed by the damp earth, 
 and though retaining its polish it is translucent 
 milky white, and liable to scale off. (B.M.) 
 A piece of another lens was also found in this 
 house. 
 
 Other smaller objects in glass are a stamped 
 piece of a delicate opaque lavender colour, im¬ 
 pressed with a lotus flower, and slightly iridescent, 
 (kept at Bulak); part of a moulded glass cup with 
 a fluted pattern on it; pieces of ribbed glass 
 vessels ; a piece of green glass tube IJ in. 
 long, i in. across outside, with a hole .IX- in. 
 wide (B.M.); four green glass balls f in. 
 diameter (1 in B.M.), probably for some game ; 
 the body of a green glass flask, the neck broken 
 off; a quantity of glass beads, spherical, with a 
 few broad flutings around each: pottery beads 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 of the same pattern accompanied them, and such 
 are commonly found with Roman remains in 
 different countries. Some very small light-green 
 pottery beads, flat, 'with rihhed edge, and cross 
 lines on the sides, probably a very debased form 
 of sacred eye, were found with the last. These 
 varieties of beads are given, as dated examples, to 
 York, British Museum, Bolton, Liverpool, and 
 Boston. 
 
 A small rude green pottery Anuhis, j in. high, 
 shows that such were used in this period. In red 
 and brown pottery a large quantity of vases, jugs, 
 cups, etc. were found, which will be described 
 in future ; a lamp with Egypto-Greek alpha on the 
 bottom (B.M.), a rough head with globular cheeks 
 and eyes (B.M.), and a little hemisphere of brown 
 pottery | in. across, were removed. Two bone 
 pins, 4| and 6 in. long, and rather thick in pro¬ 
 portion, were found, both broken, but one with 
 the lower part of a carved figure; also five pieces 
 of bone boxes, which had sliding lids. Finally, 
 we may note a piece of emery 3 in. across, used 
 for sharpening ; a syenite pebble, of which several 
 were found at San, possibly used for polishers; 
 and a burnt hazel-nut. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MEAStTEEMENTS AND TABLES. 
 
 In this chapter are placed together some state¬ 
 ments of details which are only of value to the 
 student, but which should be published. 
 
 At San a chain of levelling was carried up from 
 the low Nile level, in the middle of June, to the top 
 of the highest mound, the long distances being 
 most carefully levelled by theodolite, together with 
 the whole of the temple; but the measurement up 
 the mound, which is of less consequence, being done 
 by naked eye reading to the level horizon. Some 
 other parts were approximately connected with this 
 levelling also by reference to the horizon; and 
 indeed in the Delta, by a slight allowance for dip, 
 such a method is fairly correct. 
 
 The following are the levels observed, stating 
 
 them in inches above low Nile :— 
 
 Top of Slieikh’s tomb , . 98 F. 10 in. = 1186 
 
 Highest point of mounds ..... 1141 
 Highest remaining point of great wall . . 625 
 
 Pavement of temple, south-east comer . . 324 
 
 Pavement of temple, north side .... 330 
 
 Pavement of temple. Stamen's .... 347 
 
 Pavement of pylon, granite . . * . 277 
 
 Pavement of approach to pylon .... 217 
 
 Door-siU of great well ..... 151 
 Lowest step felt in well, under mud . . — 24 
 
 Ground by pit nearest village . . . ,214 
 
 Bank of river ....... 98 
 
 High Nile.about 90 
 
 Low Nile ........ 0 
 
 The above are the most important. Next we 
 will take the levels of the great wall, in which it 
 should be stated that there are two white bands 
 of mortar, four courses apaif, traceable in every 
 exposed portion of the wall. These bands were 
 doubtless continuous all round, and show us what 
 was roughly reckoned as a level. 
 
 Limestone jiavemeiit in south-east corner . 
 
 . 324 
 
 Top of back line of stone, foundation of -wall 
 
 . 346 
 ^330 
 .) 315 
 (.297 
 
 Lower steps of foundation .... 
 
 Base of great wall there .... 
 
 . 350 
 
 (Standing on sand, into which the limestone 
 
 is sunk.) 
 
 Top of great wall there .... 
 
 . 625 
 
 Upper white line in wall:— 
 
 At south side. 
 
 . 424 
 
 At end of south wall .... 
 
 . 416 
 
 At middle of east wall 
 
 . 410 
 
 At north-east corner .... 
 
 . 420 
 
 Lower white line : — 
 
 At north-east corner .... 
 
 . 396 
 
 At north gate ..... 
 
 . 461 
 
 (Ground rises a good deal to north gate.) 
 
 Next, the levels in the temple itself:— 
 
 Pavement of pylon. 
 
 . 277 
 
 Second joint of stone . 
 
 . 401 
 
 Third joint of stone .... 
 
 . 434 
 
 Top of stones. 
 
 . 486 
 
 (These are most useful points for levelling 
 
 with, by 
 
 reference to the horizon.) 
 
 Bottom of trench cut between hall and temple 
 
 . 268 
 
 Ground by great sphinx (Plan 51) 
 
 . 258 
 
 On the top of the Hyksos sphinxes (Plan 71) 
 
 . 246 
 
CHAP. V.—MEASUREMENTS AND TABLES. 
 
 51 
 
 Highest point of base of obelisk (Plan 79) . 300 
 
 Block near statue (Plan 103) . . ■ 311 
 
 Block near statue (Plan 102) . . . 324 
 
 Usertesen I. (Plan 101) .... 331 
 
 South Murmasbau (Plan 98) . . . 330 
 
 North Murmashau (Plan 86) . . . . 313 
 
 Top of stone of Merenptah, built in by Siamen 
 
 (Plan 226). 319 
 
 Top of granite base of Siamen (Plan 187) . 394 
 
 Siamen’s pavement ..... 347 
 Pavement in trench (Plan 274) . . . 330 
 
 Highest of block (Plan 275) .... 273 
 
 Next, the levels of the sand below the remains, 
 as far as known:— 
 
 In the temple near (113) the sand rises to . 300 
 
 In pit a little ■west of (167), clean sand 
 
 found down to .... . 140 
 
 In north-west mounds, sand at . . 177 ± 10 
 
 At north-east corner ..... 289 
 
 In pit to the south of temple wall . . 212 
 
 At base of great wall on south-east . . 350 
 
 (Some way south and north of temple it rises 500 or 
 600. Western pits, in line of approach to temple, go down 
 to mud : no sand above water level, say 50 or 60.) 
 
 The stone well in the plain some way south of 
 the pylon, which is of Greek age, stands thus 
 (within 10 inches):— 
 
 Ground on surface ..... 516 
 
 Top of well wall.281 
 
 Top of door in well ..... 101 
 
 Top of doorway in square shaft . . • 156 
 
 Water now about.10 
 
 Thus agreeing with the water-level in the other 
 well already stated, and showing a rise of water 
 level to 79 in. above river in a distance of a few 
 hundred yards. 
 
 The shafts sunk in the north-western Ptolemaic 
 mounds showed nothing but brick walls and ruins 
 of walls; their levels are (within 10 inches);— 
 
 Ground by northern hole .... 537 
 
 Sand in bottom of hole . . • ■ HI 
 
 Ground by southern hole .... 501 
 
 Bottom, still in mud. 
 
 Shaft behind my house in the south-western 
 mounds is roughly about 550 in. on surface, and 
 going down 32 feet it reaches about 166, or 
 below the base of the opposite north-western 
 mounds. The house is about 735 level. 
 
 The levels of the shaft sunk south of the east 
 
 end of the temple, in the plain near the Ptolemaic 
 temple, are (within 8 inches) :•—■ 
 
 Ground at surface ..... 524 
 
 Broken stones.512 to 500 
 
 Dust. 500 to 452 
 
 Mud. 452 to 440 
 
 Brick wall. 440 to 344 
 
 Mud. 344 to 308 
 
 Brick wall down to sand . . . 308 to 212 
 
 Ptolemaic pavement, about .... 340 
 
 Surface by that pavement .... 485 
 
 Lowest point of eastern gap in mounds . . 554 
 
 Lowest point of southern gap in mounds . 549 
 
 Lowest point of western gap in mounds . . 214 
 
 (at first pit, but slopes down to Nile). 
 
 Leaving absolute levels, we will turn to some 
 details of the depths of shafts. In the north¬ 
 western mound (as above) the shafts were 30 feet 
 and 26 feet deep, though begun where the mound 
 was low; in the ground at the foot of the mound, 
 near the pylon, a pit went down to water-level in 
 made soil entirely, with Eoman brick pavement 
 near the surface. In the pits in the approach to 
 the temple we always went down to either sand or 
 water; these pits, beginning with that in which 
 the statue lies, are 16^ feet deep to sand, next hut 
 one 18 feet to water, next 17 feet to water, next 
 141 feet to water, and last one 14 feet to water, 
 the differences depending on the slope of the 
 ground. In the south-western mound behind my 
 house, and about 15 feet lower, a shaft was sunk 
 32 feet deep. The shaft to the southern well is 
 19L feet to the top of the well, or 37 feet to the 
 water. The shaft near the Ptolemaic temple is 
 26 feet deep to the sand. A shaft in the south¬ 
 western corner of the temple enclosure goes 17| 
 feet to sand, but Greek pottery is found at 14^ 
 feet deep. The trenches north of the hall of 
 columns are 10 to 24 feet deep ; this great depth 
 being just beside the stone staircase down to the 
 well, where the sand dips down very much, as if 
 there had been an old well or excavation in earlier 
 times. A shaft between the temple and the 
 northern gate is in dust for 5 feet, and then goes 
 to 17 feet deep in undisturbed clean sand; this 
 was cut in order to really see that the sand did 
 not cover anything else, hut was, as I supposed, 
 washed sand, which is far firmer and larger grain 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 than wind-blown sand. Mariette’s great hole in 
 the north-eastern corner is 18 feet deep, and my 
 pits on the east of it are 18 to 20 feet deep. The 
 pit by the great wall there is 12 feet deep to sand, 
 but was carried down to 18 feet to see if anything 
 underlay it. The pit a little north of the group 
 of houses (H) on Plan goes to 18 feet, showing 
 broken up pavement at the bottom. Most of the 
 cuttings made go to 10 or 16 feet deep; and these 
 depths will show that more has been done than 
 merely scratching the surface. In the valley 
 running south of the pylon pits were cut to 15 feet, 
 finding late Eoman brick at 12 feet; to 24 feet, 
 finding Eoman or Greek pottery at bottom; and 
 a little more to the east, a pit 23 feet deep, yielded 
 at 19 feet, a piece of painted pottery, which may 
 perhaps go back to the twenty-first dynasty. In the 
 avenue of granite blocks of Ptolemaic age, in the 
 plain nearly half a mile south of the temple, I sunk 
 several pits; one goes 16feet to wet sandymud, from 
 
 3 to 6 feet being through much pottery of perhaps 
 the Saitic period; another pit went to 12 feet, 
 through black mud to the water; another 111 feet 
 to the water, all black mud. The brick enclosure 
 by that avenue is filled with sand, though made in 
 a region of black mud; the walls are 12^ feet 
 high, and the sand filled into the space is mixed 
 in parts with chips and earth. Fuller details of 
 this place must be worked out for the plans of it 
 which will appear in future. 
 
 The following are the weights found at San. 
 Besides stating their present weight, I have care¬ 
 fully estimated their original weight: this is done 
 by picking a minute hole through the patina until 
 the metal is reached, and measuring the thickness 
 of the scale; thus knowing its volume, its specific 
 gravity, and its chemical formula, the gain by 
 oxygen, carbonic acid, &c. can be allowed for; 
 and account must also be taken of the loss by 
 solution from lead weights. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Grains 
 
 Note. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Original. 
 
 Multiple of Unit. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 727-6 
 
 716 
 
 5 kats . . 
 
 . 143-2 
 
 \ All found together. 
 
 » 
 
 288-7 
 
 287-3 
 
 2 kats . . 
 
 . 143-6 
 
 [ Ptolemaic. 
 
 5J 
 
 149-6 
 
 147-7 
 
 1 kat . . 
 
 . 147-7 
 
 ) Mean kat 144-4. 
 
 
 145-6 
 
 144‘4 
 
 1 kat . . 
 
 . 144-4 
 
 Ptolemaic. 
 
 « 
 
 141-5 
 
 139-2 
 
 1 kat . . 
 
 . 139-2 
 
 Barrel, Assyrian type. 
 
 
 14-3 
 
 14-3 
 
 To kat . . 
 
 . 143- 
 
 Cube. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 6296-6 
 
 6297- 
 
 50 shekels 1 . 
 
 . 125-9 
 
 Pind 35, 2nd century. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 241-4 
 
 241-0 
 
 2 shekels . 
 
 . 120-5 
 
 Bent sheet. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 129-3 
 
 126-4 
 
 1 shekel 
 
 . 126-4 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > Egyptian domed type. 
 
 
 63-0 
 
 62-1 
 
 ^ shekel 
 
 . 124-2 
 
 j 
 
 
 13-1 
 
 12-6 
 
 shekel 1 . 
 
 . 13-1 
 
 Disc. 
 
 Limestone. 
 
 4156-3 
 
 4158- 
 
 50 sigli . . 
 
 . 83-2 
 
 Domed type. 
 
 )> 
 
 334-9 
 
 340- 
 
 4 sigli . . 
 
 . 84-0 
 
 » }» 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 87-9 
 
 80-9 
 
 1 siglos. . 
 
 . 80-9 
 
 Square sheet. 
 
 .. 
 
 95-6 
 
 86-0 
 
 1 siglos . . 
 
 . 86 0 
 
 „ Find 35, 2nd cent. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 85-7 
 
 84-0 
 
 1 siglos . 
 
 . 84-0 
 
 Bent sheet. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 25-2 
 
 21-9 
 
 1 siglos . . 
 
 . 87-6 
 
 Cube, Ptolemaic, find 54. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 192-8 
 
 197-0 
 
 Tridrachm . 
 
 . 65-7 
 
 Square, 6 = 9 dioboli 1 
 
 5 > 
 
 62-8 
 
 66-0 
 
 Attic drachm 
 
 . 66-0 
 
 Bent sheet. 
 
CHAP. V.—MEASUEEMENTS AHD TABLES. 
 
 53 
 
 All tlie above weights are attributed to their 
 respective standards solely by trial, as there are 
 no distinguishing marks on any of them. The 
 hat weights show that the standard at San in 
 Ptolemaic times was neither the light kat of 140 
 nor the heavy kat of 148 grains, but was about the 
 mean value of 145. The barrel-shaped kat being 
 light, 139, suggests that the lighter kat may be 
 a Syrian variety. Unhappily, we know so little 
 of the ages and localities of individual weights 
 in general, that the history of varieties has yet to 
 be worked out. Among the shekel weights, I 
 rather doubt the granite of 50 and the bronze of 
 .jj-, as such multiples are not regular; but yet I do 
 not see to what other system these can be attri¬ 
 buted. There is an unexpectedly large number of 
 weights of the Assyrian and Persian silver standard, 
 none of which can be otherwise attributed, and the 
 repeated occurrence of which strongly support this 
 series. The mean of these gives a siglos of 84-5 
 with a mean variation of '9 ; and this is equivalent 
 to a shekel of 126-7 with mean variation 1-4, 
 exactly agreeing with, the Assyrian standard, but 
 rather less than the Persian. The last two weights 
 seem to be most probably of the Attic standard. 
 
 otherwise they could only be the usual nomisma 
 or solidus, and that was not common till Byzantine 
 and Christian times (most of such weights having 
 a cross, and the solidus not indeed being intro¬ 
 duced until Constantine), whereas there is but little 
 as late as that at San, the great bulk of remains 
 being Ptolemaic and pre-Christian. It is promis¬ 
 ing for the future study of weights to have obtained 
 no less than nineteen in one season; this was the 
 result of always giving the men what was, in their 
 eyes, a large value for them, telling them what to 
 look for, and encouraging their search. 
 
 The distribution of worship of the different gods 
 at San is of interest; and in the following table 
 there is stated the number of occurrences of the 
 name or figure of each deity in different ages, not 
 counting the necessary figures in the cartouches 
 of the kings. 
 
 In this list the amulets are of all ages from 
 perhaps the twenty-sixth dynasty to Eoman times, 
 but those distinguished as Eoman are of the second 
 century. These do not account for all the amu¬ 
 lets found, but only for the better examples; the 
 list, however, gives a fair representation of them. 
 
54 
 
 TANIS. 
 
 
 12fcli 
 
 Dynasty. 
 
 13th and 14th 
 Dynasties. 
 
 19tii and 20th 
 Dynasties. 
 
 2lBtand 22nd 
 Dynasties. 
 
 Ptolemaic. 
 
 Amulets. 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Seb . 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ptali . 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ptah Sebt res 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ptah Sokar. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Ka . 
 
 3 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Kheper-Ra. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mentu-Ra . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Aten . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Har em Kliuti 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turn . 
 
 ? 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nefertum . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Shu . 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Khnnm . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Ma . 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Harur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Osiris. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Isis . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Isis and Horns ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Horns. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Horns and serpents 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Set . 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hekhat (Nephtliys) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 Annp (Anubis) ... 
 
 . 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Tahuti (Thoth) ... 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Mnt (Maut) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 iS'eit (Neith) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Hat-hor (Atbor) ... 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Bast,(Pasbt) Sekbet 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 ' 2 
 
 Kbem (or Min) ... 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Amen-Ra . 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Hobs . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Taur (Tboneris) ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 Bes . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 Hapi (Nilus) 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 Nesbem . 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Uati (Buto). 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
INDEX TO EEONTISPIECE 
 
 1. Bronze lamp found on stairs of Find 35, San (Bakakhniu’s). 
 
 2. Terra-cotta dog. Same liouse. 
 
 3. Blue pottery dog, long mane. Same house. 
 
 4. Blue pottery dog, seated. Same house. 
 
 5. Stone stamp for pressing cakes. Same house. 
 
 6. Torso of Venus, in white marble. Find 22. 
 
 7. Statuette of Bakakhuiu, limestone. 170 AD. Find 35. 
 
 8. Tablet of seated sphinx, limestone. Find 35. 
 
 9. Iron sickle. Find 44. 
 
 10. Bronze lattice and nails from Tell-el-Maskhuta. 
 
 11. Terra-Cotta Venus. Find 35. 
 
INDEX TO PLATE XII. 
 
 (ALL FBOM SAN, UNLESS STATED.) 
 
 1. Scarab of Amenembat I. 
 
 2. Scarab of Sebakbotep. 
 
 3. Scarab, triple, early date. 
 
 4. Scarab, bawk and emblems. 
 
 5. Lid of alabaster vase inscribed with the 
 same titles of Pepi as on the block at San (pi. i. 2); 
 in Prof. Sayce’s possession, obtained at Keneh, 
 1884. 
 
 6. Group of nine bronze pins. 
 
 7. Head of Nekha-har-hebi in white limestone, 
 gilt; from a wall at Tell-el-Maskhuta. 
 
 8. Scarab, “ Abotepu, neb.” 
 
 9. Scarab, double reading, “ Ea user ma” 
 (Eamessu II.) and “ Ka men kheper ” (Ta- 
 butmes III.). Such double readings occur on 
 others. 
 
 10. Seal in rich red garnet, to be compared 
 with the sphinx tablet (in frontispiece); in Mr. 
 Greville Chester’s possession, from San, 1880. 
 
 11. Scarab, Tahutmes III., with Set (?), 
 Set overcoming a captive, and a hippopotamus. 
 
 12. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 35. 
 
 13. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 15. 
 
 14. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 15. 
 Sacred eye plaques with reverses: 
 
 15. Sekhet from Sueilin. 
 
 16. Uati from N. Sueilin. 
 
 17. Hathor from N. Sueilin. 
 
 18. Bark of Ea from S. Sueilin. 
 
 19. Nebhat from Sueilin. 
 
 20. Isis from San. 
 
 21. Neit from N. Sueilin. 
 
 22. Ea from N. Sueihn. 
 
 23. Scarab of Sesonk IV. (?) 
 
 24. Scarab of Queen Nofertari. 
 
 25. Blue pottery disc of Psamtik II. 
 
 26 "N 
 
 ■ ) Silver beads from Ptolemaic jewellery, in 
 
 27- find 54. 
 
 28.1 
 
 29. Gold ring, same find. 
 
 30. Section of glass lens, second century a.d. 
 
 31. Scarab of Eamessu. 
 
 32. Stamp or seal from south Tell. 
 
 33. Scarab from Ptolemaic N.-W. mound. 
 
 34. Scarab of king and lion, Assyrian style (?). 
 
 35. Scarab of Amenhotep III. 
 
 36. Scarab, “ ma nofer neb.” 
 
 37. Scarab, Amenhotep III. 
 
 38. Scarab, Amenhotep III. 
 
 39. Eook crystal burnisher in bronze handle. 
 
 40. Flint burnisher, similar, both in find 35. 
 
 41. Silver Horus (?), thirtieth dynasty, fine 29. 
 
 42. Silver Hathor (?), thirtieth dynasty, find 20. 
 
 43. Silver Bes, thirtieth dynasty, find 20. 
 
 44. User, white glass in blue, mosaic, find 16. 
 
 45. Bronze earring, find 15. 
 
 46. Bronze key, new form, find 44. 
 
 47. Circular buckle, with goose-head tongue. 
 
 48. Square buckle. 
 
 49. Scarab, Horus and Uati. 
 
 50. Bronze capital, one of seven of find 20, 
 thirtieth dynasty. 
 
 51. Scarab, “ Priest of Tahuti,” find 15. 
 
 52. Scarab, “ Shu, son of Ea,” find 64. 
 
 53. Hemispherical seal with hand. 
 
INDEX 
 
 [All objects of wbich. tbe age is known, are entered here. Page numbers are repeated for repeated references.] 
 
 Aa-a-ark-ra, obelisk of ... 
 Agrippma, younger, coin of 
 Alabaster bowls, &c. 
 Alexandria, head of 
 
 Amber necklace . 
 
 Amenemhat I., statue ... 
 Amenhemat II., statue ... 
 
 Amenmerit . 
 
 Ampboree . 
 
 Amphora handles, stamped 
 
 Amulets, late. 
 
 Apepi, name of . 
 
 Armlets, bronze . 
 
 Arrowhead, bronze 
 Arsinoe II., tablets of ... 
 
 Artist’s house .. 
 
 Athribis. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . ... 9 
 
 , ... 35 
 
 . ... 45 
 
 . ... 43 
 
 . ... 37 
 
 . ... 4 
 
 . ... 5 
 
 . ... 24 
 
 . 36, 46 
 
 27, 33, 39 
 . ... 37 
 
 . ... 7, 9 
 
 . 30, 37 
 
 . ... 30 
 
 . 31,32 
 
 . ... 33 
 
 . ... 35 
 
 Back of statue, wrought... 
 Bakakhuiu, house of 
 Banners, so called, origin of 
 
 Bant-anta . 
 
 Basalt pavement . 
 
 Beads . 
 
 Bell, bronze . 
 
 Benna . 
 
 Bennu moulds . 
 
 Bes: bronze. 
 
 terra-cotta . 
 
 Blue-glazed pottery 
 
 ... 5 
 
 41—46 
 ... 5 
 
 ... 24 
 ... 15 
 
 ... 49 
 ... 44 
 ... 35 
 
 ... 43 
 ... 30 
 ... 44 
 36, 45 
 
 Bolton Museum . 
 
 Bone objects . 
 
 Boston Pine Arts Museum 
 
 27 
 
 . 28, 29,. 31, 37, 40, 50 
 
 . 35, 44, 50 
 
 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 50 
 
 Bread stamps ... 
 
 Bricks . 
 
 Bristol Museum 
 British Museum 
 
 Buckles . 
 
 Bucolic Kevolt 
 
 27, 28, 29 
 
 . 43 
 
 . 19 
 
 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39 
 
 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 50 
 
 . 38, 40 
 
 . 41 
 
 Bulak Museum 
 
 31, 33, 36, 37, 42, 47 
 
 Bull couchant . 
 
 Burnishers . 
 
 Capitals, bronze . 
 
 Charterhouse School Museum 
 
 Chocolate-coloured porcelain. 
 
 Clay figures . 
 
 Clay impressions of seals . 
 
 Coin : of Tanite nome . 
 
 of Anastasius . 
 
 cast of. 
 
 Colonnade : first at San . 
 
 history of . 
 
 Colossi: in front of entrance. 
 
 pylon. 
 
 in temple . 
 
 Colossus, great, of Bamessu II. 
 
 Coloured clothes . 
 
 Colours, found . 
 
 Comb, found. 
 
 Coral, found. 
 
 Corn burnt . 
 
 Crocodile, figures of . 
 
 Cupid, figures of . 
 
 Designing tablet . 
 
 Dogs in pottery . 
 
 Drain, made with jars. 
 
 Earring : bull’s head type . 
 
 dolphin’s head . 
 
 Edinburgh Museum . 
 
 Emery .. . 
 
 Europa terra-cotta. 
 
 Excavating . 
 
 Excavations . 
 
 Eye, sacred : buried in sand. 
 
 coarse and thick 
 
 mosaic glass . 
 
 polished glass, flat ... 
 plac[ues with names ... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 47 
 
 . 44 
 
 . 30 
 
 27, 28, 29, 37, 40 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 30 
 
 30, 34, 43 
 
 . 38, 40 
 
 . 38 
 
 . 40 
 
 . 5 
 
 . 17 
 
 . 12 
 
 . 13, 24 
 
 15, 24, 25 
 ... 13,22—24 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 33, 34 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 33 
 
 . 46 
 
 30,33,43 
 . 43, 44 
 
 . 33 
 
 . 46 
 
 . 12 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 40 
 
 . 50 
 
 . 35 
 
 . 2 
 
 . 51 
 
 . 29 
 
 . 35 
 
 . 33, 34 
 
 32, 33,34 
 . 29, 38 
 
 I 
 
58 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 False door: origin ofbanner” ... 
 
 in sanctuary . ' 
 
 Flint pendant . 
 
 Frame, bronze . 
 
 Furniture, remains of . 
 
 Geneva Museum . 
 
 Gilding in thickness of glass 
 
 Glass: balls . 
 
 blue . 
 
 colourless . 
 
 dumps. . 
 
 engraved . 
 
 gilded. 
 
 green, light. 
 
 lavender . 
 
 lenses. 
 
 mosaic. 
 
 orange. 
 
 tube . 
 
 vessels . 
 
 yellow. 
 
 zodiac . 
 
 Gods of San . 
 
 Gold foil ornaments . 
 
 Gold ring . 
 
 Granite powder tablets. 
 
 Granite, working of . 
 
 Great colossus of Ramessu II., 
 
 Greek pottery . 
 
 Greek pottery, early . 
 
 Grinding bowls . 
 
 Hematite figures . 
 
 Hall of columns . 
 
 Hand, bronze. 
 
 Hapi, tablets of . 
 
 Harpokrates terra-cotta. 
 
 Hawk protecting a king . 
 
 Horus on crocodiles . 
 
 Houses : built in temple area 
 of age of Nekht-nebf 
 
 of Bakakhuiu . 
 
 Hyksos : monuments in black granite 
 
 group of two men. 
 
 sphinxes. 
 
 monuments at Tell Maskhuta 
 other monuments. 
 
 Inkstand . 
 
 Iron: chisel handle 
 cramps 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 5 
 
 . 10 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 30 
 
 ... 43, 47 
 
 21, 29, 40 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 49 
 
 ... 30, 34 
 
 . 36 
 
 ... 34,49 
 
 . 36 
 
 ?.. 33,34 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 49 
 
 . 49 
 
 33, 34, 37 
 
 30, 32, 33 
 
 . 49 
 
 ... 46,49 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 48 
 
 . 54 
 
 . 37 
 
 . 33 
 
 . 18 
 
 . 39 
 
 13, 22—24 
 ... 20, 30 
 
 . 37 
 
 . 45 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 14 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 31 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 25 
 
 ... 34,42 
 
 ... 20,21 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 41 
 
 . 10 
 
 . 11 
 
 ... 11, 15 
 
 . 11 
 
 . 12 
 
 .. 45 
 .. 48 
 
 44, 48 
 
 I ron : hook catch. 
 
 keys . 
 
 knives . 
 
 lock-plate . 
 
 nails . 
 
 pick head . 
 
 ring . 
 
 sickle. 
 
 spear head. 
 
 staples . 
 
 wedging of obelisks 
 Ivory objects {see Bone) 
 Ivory sundial . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 48 
 
 . 44, 48 
 
 . 34, 44, 48 
 
 . 34 
 
 ... 30,33, 34,44, 48 
 
 . 44 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 34, 48 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 48 
 
 . 26 
 
 . 30 
 
 . 34 
 
 Jar stopper . 
 
 Jewelled tools, use of 
 Jewellery . 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 33 
 
 Keys . 
 
 Knives .. 
 
 Kohl jar. 
 
 Kohl jars, joined 
 Kohl stick 
 
 . 44, 48 
 
 30, 44, 47 
 
 . 30, 47 
 
 . ... 38 
 
 . 30, 33 
 
 Labels, terra-cotta ... 
 
 Lamp, bronze. 
 
 Lamp-handles 
 
 Lattice . 
 
 Lead . 
 
 Left side honoured 
 
 Lens, glass . 
 
 Levelling. 
 
 Lion’s head handles 
 Lion on brim of cup 
 Liverpool Museum 
 Lotus, stamp on glass 
 
 . 39 
 
 . 44 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 28 
 
 . 20 
 
 . 12, 13 
 
 . 49 
 
 .50, 51 
 
 . 43 
 
 . 45 
 
 27, 28, 29, 31, 37, 50 
 . 49 
 
 Ma-at-noferu. 
 
 Macedonian houses . 
 
 Marble term . 
 
 Mentuhotep, son of Sebakhotep III. 
 
 Merenptah : defacement by, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7,8,10,11,11, 
 
 statues of. 
 
 Mermashau, statues of. 
 
 Minerals found . 
 
 Monkeys, figures of . 
 
 Mosaic tesserge {see Glass) . •. 
 
 Mounds around San . 
 
 Muller, basalt. 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 ... 47 
 
 .. 8 
 11, 15 
 .. 15 
 
 ... 8 
 .. 39 
 .. 30 
 .. 45 
 
 .. 1 
 ... 44 
 
 Nails, iron 
 
 30 
 
INDEX. 
 
 59 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Necklaces . 
 
 
 . 33, 36 
 
 Nehesi, obelisk of. 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 Nekht-har-hebi, sculptures of 
 
 
 . 28 
 
 Neklit-nebf . 
 
 
 . 21, 31 
 
 Niles, group of two . 
 
 
 . 5 
 
 Nishem. 
 
 
 .7, 9 
 
 Nofert, wife of Userteseu II., statue ... 
 
 . 6 
 
 Nofert, daugliters of (?) 
 
 
 . 6 
 
 Obelisks: of middle kingdom. 
 
 
 .7, 8, 9, 9 
 
 avenue of . 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 of haH of columns... 
 
 
 . 14, 25 
 
 small . 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 caps of. 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 Obsidian, piece of vase. 
 
 
 . 30 
 
 Osiris ; at San. 
 
 
 . 6 
 
 figures of . 
 
 
 . 34,42 
 
 Paint . 
 
 
 . 33, 44 
 
 Painted chamber, fragments of 
 
 
 . 16 
 
 Painted limestone figures 
 
 
 . 30 
 
 Painted glass zodiac . 
 
 
 . 48 
 
 Painter’s tablet . 
 
 
 . 33, 44 
 
 Palettes. 
 
 
 . 33, 44 
 
 Pan for lamp. 
 
 
 . 47 
 
 Papyri . 
 
 
 ... 30, 41, 42, 46 
 
 Patterned clothes . 
 
 
 . 36 
 
 Pavement: in front of pylon 
 
 
 . 12 
 
 of basalt . 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 levels. 
 
 
 . 60 
 
 Pegs for carding flax (?). 
 
 
 . 38 
 
 Pepi, blocks of, at San. 
 
 
 . 4 
 
 Phcenician glass . 
 
 
 . 30, 34 
 
 Photographs . 
 
 
 . vii 
 
 Pillars, decorated . 
 
 
 . 18, 27 
 
 Pins, bronze . • • * ..; 
 
 
 . 40 
 
 Pisebkhanu . 
 
 
 . 17, 18 
 
 inscriptions of 
 
 
 . 11,11 
 
 tablets of . 
 
 
 . 28 
 
 wall of. 
 
 
 . 19 
 
 Plaster moulding . 
 
 
 . 46 
 
 Porcelain statuettes . 
 
 
 .30, 32, 42 
 
 Porcelain, blue glazed. 
 
 
 .36, 46, 50 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 
 .36, 46, 50 
 
 Ptolemy IT., shrine and tablets 
 
 
 . 31, 32 
 
 Ptolemy HI. 
 
 
 . 14 
 
 Ptolemaic temple, site . 
 
 
 . 32 
 
 Psamtik II. 
 
 
 . 21, 38 
 
 Pylon foundation of Eamesside 
 
 
 . 13 
 
 Pylon, construction by Sheshonk HI. ... 
 
 . 14 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Rainessu II.j defacement by, 6, 7 
 
 9, 9, 9, 10, 11,11, 11 
 
 
 16, 16 
 
 statues of . 
 
 .12, 15, 22—25 
 
 stel» of . 
 
 . 18 
 
 obelisks of. 
 
 . 25—27 
 
 pillars of . 
 
 . ... 27 
 
 statue of mother of ... 
 
 . 6 
 
 Ramessu III.: statue . 
 
 . 15 
 
 tiles of . 
 
 . 27 
 
 Resin. 
 
 . 30 
 
 Resin, backing of metal. 
 
 .. 47 
 
 Reworking : on obelisks. 
 
 .9, 15, 16, 25 
 
 by Ramessu of his own 
 
 obelisks . 26 
 
 of Hyksos sphinxes ... 
 
 . 11 
 
 of statue for mother of Ramessu . 7 
 
 Right shoulder honoured by Hyksos 
 
 . 12 
 
 Ring; bronze. 
 
 . 30 
 
 iron . 
 
 . 30 
 
 agate . 
 
 . 35 
 
 RoaMu district . 
 
 . 8 
 
 Rock crystal burnisher. 
 
 . 44 
 
 Ruining of pylon . 
 
 . 14 
 
 San: foundation . 
 
 . 4 
 
 earliest buildings. 
 
 . 5 
 
 statues of middle kingdom ... 
 
 . 4—11 
 
 arrangement of temple. 
 
 . 12—19 
 
 history of decay . 
 
 . 20—22 
 
 great wall . 
 
 . 19 
 
 a garrison town . 
 
 . 21 
 
 monuments of Empire. 
 
 . 22 
 
 a quarry for Arabs. 
 
 . 13 
 
 Sanctuary . 
 
 . 17, 28 
 
 Sand island of San. 
 
 .4, 20, 51 
 
 Scarabs . 
 
 ... 34, 35, 38, 39, 40 
 
 Seal impressions . 
 
 . 30, 34, 43 
 
 Seal of limestone . 
 
 . 47 
 
 Sebakhotep HI., statues . 
 
 . 8 
 
 Sebakhotep VI., statue. 
 
 . 8 
 
 Set. 
 
 . 8 
 
 Seti II. 
 
 . 16 
 
 Shabti . 
 
 . 33 
 
 Sheffield Museum. 
 
 . 43 
 
 Sheshonk L, inscription. 
 
 . 8 
 
 Sheshonk IH. 
 
 . 14, 19 
 
 Shrines, monolithic . 
 
 . 15 
 
 Siamen inscriptions . 
 
 . 8 
 
 Silver : statuettes. 
 
 . 30 
 
 spatula . 
 
 . 45 
 
 necklaces . 
 
 . 33 
 
 Sling stones . 
 
 . 38 
 
 I 2 
 
60 
 
 INDSX. 
 
 Spear tiead, iron . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 30 
 
 Sphinxes. 
 
 .. 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 31 
 
 Sphinx, Grseco-Asiatic . 
 
 . 43 
 
 Staples^ bronze . 
 
 . 30 
 
 Statues: of middle kingdom. 
 
 .4—11, 15 
 
 arrangement of . 
 
 . 15, 16 
 
 (see Colossi) 
 
 Statuette, unfinished . 
 
 . 32 
 
 Statuette of Bakakhuiu. 
 
 . 42 
 
 Stelffi, series of . 
 
 . 18 
 
 Sundial, ivory. 
 
 . 34 
 
 Tablet of San. 
 
 . 14 
 
 Tablets of glazed pottery . 
 
 . 28 
 
 Tablets of Ptolemy IT. and Arsinoe 
 
 . 31 
 
 Tahraka, stele of . 
 
 .. 16, 20, 21 
 
 Tahuti, alabaster statue of . 
 
 . 42 
 
 Tanis: genius of . 
 
 . 43 
 
 coins of. 
 
 . 38, 40 
 
 (see San) 
 
 Tell Farun . 
 
 . 28 
 
 Tell el Maskhuta : lattice of. 
 
 . 28 
 
 monuments ... 
 
 . 11, 28 
 
 Tell Sueilin .■. 
 
 . 29 
 
 Tell el Yehudiyeh, finds of . 
 
 . 27 
 
 Temple of San, arrangement of 
 
 ... . 12—19 
 
 Term, marble. 
 
 . 47 
 
 Tesserse . 
 
 . 45 
 
 Tiles, glazed, Tell el Yehudiyeh ... 
 
 . 27 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tombs . 
 
 . 36 
 
 Triad of San . 
 
 . 25, 31 
 
 Trilingual tablet . 
 
 . 14 
 
 Tweezers. 
 
 . 47 
 
 Usertesen I., statue . 
 
 . 5 
 
 Usertesen II., statue . 
 
 . 6 
 
 Usertesen III., architrave . 
 
 . 6 
 
 Vase, bronze. 
 
 . 44 
 
 Venus: statuette, marble 
 
 . 35 
 
 bone figure . 
 
 . 37 
 
 terra-cotta. 
 
 . 42 
 
 Wall, great . 
 
 . 19, 50 
 
 Weights : list of . 
 
 . 52 
 
 a set of . 
 
 . 35 
 
 filled with lead 
 
 . 33 
 
 Wells . 
 
 . 20 
 
 Window lattice . 
 
 . 28 
 
 Wings, glass mosaic . 
 
 . 37 
 
 Working at San . 
 
 . 2 
 
 Workmanship in stone. 
 
 . 38 
 
 Woven patterns . 
 
 . 36 
 
 Writing cases. 
 
 . 31, 45 
 
 York Museum . 
 
 . 28, 29, 33, 37, 40, 50 
 
 Zodiac, glass. 
 
 . 48 
 
LETTERS AND WORDS TRANSLITERATED IN THIS VOLUME 
 
 A __ 
 
 AO O' 
 
 Aulih 
 
 Bast 
 
 
 F 
 
 Hdtep ^ 
 Hut 
 
 A'a □ 
 Kh ^ 
 Klia Q 
 Kli eper j 
 Ma ^ 
 Maliheru 
 Masha 0 
 
 Men ," 11 1 1 1, 
 Memtu 
 Meri '!^(](] 
 
 J/.. (li 
 
 N 
 
 AlWVW 
 
 Neh 
 
 Nefer J 
 Nitb C'wf^ 
 Hider 
 Pet 
 Q 
 
 Ra O 
 Res ^ 
 
 . p 
 
 Sam Y 
 
 Sotep £> _. 
 
 Su ^ 
 
 Sutehli 
 
 Ta 
 
 Tam ^ 
 
 Taui 
 U (B 
 Ua (•r-iS- 
 Mr 
 
 Katj Egyptian standard of 
 weight. 
 
 Slidbti, Funereal images. 
 

THE NUMBERING OF THE PLANS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 As it is necessary to enable a reader to find any given stone readily on the Plan, the numbering 
 of the blocks must be in sequence as they lie on the ground : and as it is necessary to arrange 
 the inscriptions in chronological order, the numbering of the inscriptions must be in sequence 
 as they are here printed. Hence nearly every block has two numbers, one on the Plan, the 
 other in the inscriptions, The plates of inscriptions have the inscription number at the top 
 right-hand corner of each inscription; fragments of the same monument bearing the same 
 number, accompanied by a letter (39a, 39b, &c.) ; also below each inscription is the number 
 of the monument on the Plan, so that its position can be readily found. The numbers on 
 the Plan begin at the west-end, or entrance, and go to the east-end, running in lines from 
 side to side, in whatever way the blocks could be most nearly strung in sequence. The 
 same number is repeated to the fragments of the same object, so that blocks belonging one 
 to another can be easily observed. The numbering is continuous in the two Plans, the second 
 Plan being a larger scale drawing of part of the first, in which only the most important stones 
 were entered. As it may be needful to refer from the Plan to the inscriptions, the following 
 are the numbers on the Plan, followed by the number of the inscription. A list comprising 
 all the blocks will be given when the remainder of the inscriptions are published. 
 
 Plan. 
 
 Inscrip. 
 
 Plan. 
 
 Inscrip. 
 
 Plan. 
 
 Inscrip. 
 
 Plan. 
 
 Inscrip. 
 
 7 
 
 33 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 95 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 68 
 
 35 
 
 96 
 
 1 
 
 183 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 69 
 
 36 
 
 97 
 
 5 
 
 197 
 
 19e 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 71 
 
 29 
 
 98 
 
 17 
 
 198 
 
 19a 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 99 
 
 11 
 
 208 
 
 19b 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 73 
 
 31 
 
 101 
 
 4 
 
 217 
 
 19c 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 74 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 16 
 
 241 
 
 62 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 41 
 
 103 
 
 3 
 
 244 
 
 64 
 
 SI 
 
 . 15 
 
 76 
 
 48 
 
 113 
 
 2 
 
 248,249 
 
 65 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 77 
 
 51 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 
 155 
 
 261 13 
 
 , 61 
 
 67 
 
 46 
 
 79 
 
 63 
 
 136 
 
 59 
 
 269 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 47 
 
 81 
 
 38 
 
 152 
 
 24 
 
 271 
 
 53 
 
 69 
 
 49 
 
 82 
 
 39 
 
 163 
 
 60 
 
 276 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 26 
 
 86 
 
 17 
 
 167 
 
 58 
 
 279 
 
 10 
 
 61 
 
 27 
 
 87 
 
 8 
 
 168 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 At the top left-hand corner of each plate the proportion is stated which the drawings 
 bear to the monuments; these proportions are approximate, but every object on a plate 
 is reduced to the same scale. 
 

 SAN, VI-XIIDYN AST Y 
 
SAN. 
 
 i;l^ 
 
 Xll DYNl/VSTY. 
 
 n 
 
i;lQ 
 
 SAN. XllinYNA.STV 
 
AA_N. XII-XIX DYNASTY 
 
 ]>La.-^ / IJ. 
 
 
 
 • - 
 
 o« 
 
 
 IS2 
 
 V n L, 0 u- V r . 
 
 V 
 
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 IX. 
 
 
 I 
 
 a. 
 
 La-st jscLLr of o/re-Uski 
 
 N 0 Y- tk- 0 b t- L u s k . 
 
 m yrLuicLliL. of ~re.- yn.jo Le,. 
 
 S 0 LL. 10 i c L L- £ k 
 
 W M.F P. 
 
ilii _ £>AN. RAMES5U II. _M 
 
 W m. r- ?. 
 
4. THRONE OF AMENEMHAT II. 
 
 slack Granite.. 
 
 3. TORSO OF AMENEMHAT II. 
 
 Blac^ Granite. 
 
 HEAD OF AMENEMHAT 
 Red G/"anite. 
 
 HEAD OF USERTESEN 
 Black Granite. 
 
 5. HYKSOS SPHINXES. 
 
 Grey Granite. 
 
 PL. XIII. 
 
 6. ARM OF MURMASHAU, 
 
 WITH NAME OF APEP) THE HVKSOS. 
 Grey iGyenite. 
 
 SAN. XII-XIV DYNASTY. 
 
1 
 
 [ 
 
 i. MOTHER OF RAMESSU II. 
 
 A reujcrked statue, front insorc/tionXJI. Dyn., SideJUC Dyn. 
 
 2 . 
 
 HEAD OF RAMESSU II. 
 Fram. a yreujO in red jrrainite. 
 
 SAN. XIX DYNASTY. 
 
 P L. X IV. 
 
 4. TOES OF GREAT COLOSSUS OF RAMESSU M. 
 
 Red Granite. 
 
 ACROSS THE SANCTUARY. 
 LooKiny JVort/i- 
 
 l£W DOWN THE WHOLE TEMPLE TO THE PYLON. 
 Loahinj West. 
 
 KNEELING STATU E 
 Grey 
 
 OF RAMESSU 
 Granite. 
 
2. PTOLEMY II offering LANDS TO THE DEITIES OF TANIS. 
 
 £j tmeste ne. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE OF THE PYLON. 
 Rsd Cramte. 
 
 3. PTOLEMY 11. AND ARSINOE II ADORING THE TRIAD OF TANIS. 
 
 ZjintestfffT-s yiii. 
 
 5. STATUETTE OF PTOLEMY ll(?) AND TABLETS. 
 
 FOUND WITH TABLET No3 AND SPHINXES. 
 
 SAN. XXii DYNASTY-ROMAN PERIOD. 
 
 ONE OF THE SPHINXES FLANKING TABLET No. 3 
 IjimsstoHe. 
 
 PL. XV. 
 
 HEAD ON A TERM. 
 White Marlfie. 
 
GREAT TEM RLE OF S A N , 
 ENLARGEMENT OF PART OF PREVIOUS PLAN. 
 
 SCALE-rW 
 
6 
 
 GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
 
 3 3125 00837 0351 
 

 
 ■ 
 
 EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND 
 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 [. The Store-City of Pitkom and the Route of the Exodus. 
 By Edouard Naville. With Thirteen Plates, Two Maps, and a New 
 Autotype Plate of the Store-cellars of Pithom. Third Edition. 
 1888. 25^. 
 
 II. -Tanis. Part I. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With 
 
 Nineteen Plates and Plans, Second Edition. 1S88. 25f. 
 
 III. Naukratis. Part I. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. 
 
 With Chapters hy Cecil Smith, Ernest A. Gardner, and Barclay 
 V. Head. With Forty-six Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 
 
 IV. Tanis. Part II., Nebesheh {Am) and Defenneh 
 {Tahpanhes). By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by 
 A. S. Murray and F. Ll. Griffith. With Fifty-one Plates and 
 Plans. r888. 
 
 V. Goshen, and the Shrine of Saft-el-Henneh. By Edouard 
 
 Naville. With Eleven Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 
 
 VI. Naukratis. Part II. By Ernest A. Gardner. With 
 an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith. With Forty-five Plates and Plans. 
 1S89. 
 
 IN PREPARATION, 
 
 VII. The City of Onias and the Mound of the Jew. By 
 Edouard Naville. With Numerous Plates and Plans. 
 
 V\\\. Dubastis. By Edouard Naville. With Numerous Ptotes 
 and Plans. 
 
 ffimi. ffiicerjirtaiotiit tor America. 
 
 Hon. J. RUSSELL LOWELL, D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 ^FictA^rfOtTltiit anh ?hon. CrraOurcr for ^iincrtrn. 
 
 Rev. W. C. WINSLOW, Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., &c., Boston, Mass.