S B noU'KI.L. 
 
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 BIRMINCHAM. 
 
J* 
 
PUG IN S 
 
 Bv a y © iyi s Trim s pod^u^, a»<swts 
 
 L O JV J) O JV; 
 
 HENRY &. BOHN, VORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN 
 
A SERIES 
 
 OF 
 
 ORNAMENTAL TIMBER GABLES, 
 
 FROM EXISTING EXAMPLES 
 
 IN" 
 
 ENGLAND AND FRANCE, 
 
 OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 DRAWN ON STONE BY B. FERREY, 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 
 
 A. PUG IN, Architect; 
 
 WITH 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LETTER-PRESS, BY E. J. WILLSON, Architect, F.S.A. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 M.DCCC.LIV. 
 
LIST OF PLATES OF TIMBER GABLES. 
 
 Title. 
 
 Dormer-window of Ford' 
 
 s Hospital, Coventry. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 Fronts of Bond's and Ford's Hospitals, &c. do. 
 
 II. 
 
 Gable in Bond's Hospital, do. 
 
 III. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Ditto in Ford's Hospital, and Ornaments in Bond's 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 X. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Ditto in Wells Street, 
 
 do. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Ditto in Bayley Lane, 
 
 do. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Ditto in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Ditto, &c. in ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Ditto in Hay Lane, and Bracket in Bayley Lane, do. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Ditto in Butcher's Eow, 
 
 do. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Ditto in Leicester Hospital, "Warwick. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Ditto at New Brentford, Middlesex. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Ditto at Bochester. 
 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Ditto at Eltham Palace, Kent. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 D itto ditto, 
 
 do. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Ditto at Abbeville, France. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Ditto, ditto, do. 
 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Ditto, ditto, do. 
 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Ditto, ditto, do. 
 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Ditto, ditto, do. 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2014 
 
 https://archive.org/details/seriesofornament00pugi_1 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It seems remarkable, that whilst so many elaborate works have been published 
 on the architecture of the Middle Ages, but little attention has been given to 
 edifices constructed of timber and plaster ; since many examples of this mode 
 of building- may justly claim our admiration, both for the ingenuity of their con- 
 struction, and the richness and beauty of their decorations. 
 
 Before the great fire in 1660, the citizens of London almost universally 
 dwelt in houses of this description. Most of those which escaped destruction 
 at that period have since been pulled down and rebuilt ; whilst those that remain 
 exhibit scarcely any traces of their proper ornaments :* but it would be as 
 unfair to estimate their original appearance from the decayed and mutilated 
 skeletons we now behold, as it would be to judg*e of the personal beauty of the 
 past generation from the decrepit and wrinkled survivors with whom we are 
 acquainted. The preference of timber-work instead of masonry, in the con- 
 struction of houses, is apt to excite our surprise ; but circumstances peculiar to 
 former times were thought sufficient to justify the choice. This was particu- 
 larly the case in towns which were circumscribed by walls and gates, as those 
 places which enjoyed commercial prosperity were crowded with inhabitants, so 
 that every contrivance was used to gain as much internal room as possible. 
 On this account houses framed of timber were found the most convenient, as 
 the thinness of their sides, and the successive projections of the upper stories 
 beyond the lines of the ground floors made such houses much more capacious 
 than those built with walls of brick or stone. Some curious examples of this 
 sort of fabric are found in the city of Coventr} r , from which most of the follow- 
 ing subjects have been selected. The roofs of these old-fashioned dwellings 
 
 * "Smith's Antient Topography of London," 4to. 1810, contains some very clever plates of 
 these old town-houses. The best subjects are of a mixed style, enriched with grotesque carvings, 
 and details of Italian architecture. 
 
6 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were commonly raised in hig-h and narrow ridges, divided by gutters of lead, 
 with the ends turned towards the streets. Hence the gables became very pro- 
 minent, and were often enriched with bold and elaborate carving 1 . From the 
 decay of their materials, or the caprice of the possessors, few specimens remain 
 complete ; and the finials or pinnacles which crowned the points of the g-ables 
 have generally perished, excepting some of a later and inferior style. The 
 forms of these houses were extremely irregular, varying in heig'ht and projection 
 according to the taste of the builders, or their means of expenditure. Those of 
 wealthy persons often included a court surrounded by a spacious hall and other 
 rooms and chambers, with a gateway towards the street in front. The irregular 
 outlines of these buildings gave to our old streets a picturesque effect unknown 
 amidst the tame uniformity of our modern fabrics ; but, in general, they were 
 narrow, crooked, and badly paved. The construction of houses framed of 
 timber and plaster was not confined to towns ; for so late as the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth the greater part of country mansions was of a similar fabric. We are 
 told by William Harrison, a clergyman who assisted the historian Holingshed 
 with an account of the manner of building and furniture in Britain, published 
 in 1577, that u The auncicnt manors and houses of our gentlemen are yet, and 
 for the most parte of stronge tymber. Howbeit, such as be lately buylded are 
 commonly either of bricke or harde stone, their rowmes large and stately, and 
 houses of office farder distant from their lodgings." The solidity and strength of 
 some of these timber fabrics have preserved them to the present time ; and the 
 halls of Ockwell, or Ockholt, in Berks ;* those of Little Milton, Lambsbury, &c. 
 in Lancashire • Bagihy, Bramhal, and Moreton, &c. in Cheshire ; with many 
 others, more or less perfect, still exhibit interesting specimens of the style of the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which deserve a more complete illustration 
 than they have yet received.f 
 
 The imitation of this sort of building in recent times has been generally 
 confined to small villas, or lodges attached to parks. Some fashionable watering- 
 places have also been embellished by picturesque cottages, decorated in this 
 style. But, unfortunately, the slightness of the fabrics, and poverty of their 
 ornaments, or the extravagance of their pretensions, in many instances, have 
 
 * See " Lysons' Magna Britannia," 4to. vol. i. 
 
 t " Dr. Plot's History of Staffordshire," folio, 1686, contains some good plates of timber houses 
 in that county. See also " Atkyns's History of Gloucestershire," and the prints engraved by 
 Burghers, Kip, and Samuel and Nathaniel Buck ; also " Ormerod's Cheshire," and the Topographical 
 Works of the Bev. T. D. Whitaker, who has given a valuable dissertation on old domestic archi- 
 tecture in his " History of Whalley, in Lancashire." 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 made them quite contemptible. The mere outlines of tracery cut in their 
 deal boards, painted of some gaudy colour, bear no true resemblance to an 
 antient work carved in massy planks of oak, relieved with proper mouldings. 
 And a roof covered with smooth blue slate can never correspond with gables 
 decorated in the style of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. To make such 
 imitative fabrics satisfactory, the materials should correspond with those used 
 in antient examples; and the style of construction and ornament ought to 
 be faithfully worked, even to the smallest details ; otherwise nothing will be 
 produced but caricatures, rather than copies of these interesting pieces of 
 antiquity. 
 
DESCRIPTION" OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate I. — In this plate the fronts of three building's in the city of Coventry 
 are represented, all of nearly the same date, the early part of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 No. 1. The first is a small dwelling- of a neat, cottage-like character : the 
 gable is of good design, and retains its original ornaments, with the exception of 
 the pinnacle on the top which is entirely wanting'. The windows were probably 
 adorned with tracery, in a similar style to the other examples, though they are 
 now plain ; and the door-case and other parts seem also to have been stripped of 
 their proper mouldings. 
 
 No. 2. Is an elevation of part of the front of Bond's Hospital, from whence 
 several of the succeeding- plates are also taken; particularly Plate IV., which 
 gives the small gable in this front, and Plate VI., which shows the large one 
 adjoining to it. 
 
 SoniJ'S hospital was founded a.d. 150G, by Thomas Bond, citizen of 
 Coventry, who had filled the office of mayor in the year 1497. He endowed it 
 for the maintenance of a priest, ten poor men, and one woman. The chaplain 
 was to preach and celebrate divine service before the brethren, and to pray for 
 the souls of the founder and his family, and of all the faithful departed. This 
 institution was dissolved as a chauntry in 1547 ; but the corporation of the city 
 shortly afterwards procured its restoration from the young king, Edward VI . 
 and it has ever since continued to exist under their patronage, and has been 
 considerably increased. About fifty years subsequent to Mr. Bond's foundation, 
 a free-school for the instruction and support of poor boys was established by 
 the city in some adjoining buildings, which school has since been enlarged by 
 the benefactions of different persons. The whole of this institution is usually 
 called Bablakc Hospital from the name of a more antient religious foundation, 
 to which the church of St. John was attached. 
 
 The buildings surround a court, the north side being formed by the apart- 
 ments of Bond's Hospital, from which the subjects of several of the following- 
 plates have been selected. 
 
 u 
 
10 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF TlTE PLATES. 
 
 No. 3. JfflriJ'fif ^05'pl'tal was founded by Mr. William Ford, citizen of 
 Coventry in the year 1529, for the support of five poor men and one woman. 
 This institution was afterwards so much improved by other charitable persons, 
 that the number of its inmates has been increased to twenty-one. This is 
 commonly denominated Grey Friars' Hospital, from its being- situate close 
 to the ruined convent of the Franciscans or Grey Friars. The building's of this 
 hospital enclose a narrow court into which the habitations of the brethren 
 enter ; and the whole has been well preserved considering" the length of time 
 which has elapsed since the foundation. 
 
 This charitable foundation fortunately escaped the rapacious hands that 
 seized on such an immense mass of the patrimony of the poor a few years 
 afterwards. The desig'n of this front is very nearlv regular, and presents an 
 interesting' specimen of domestic architecture, without the least pretensions to 
 grandeur, but sufficiently decorated with proper ornaments to relieve it from 
 the appearance of meanness. The windows of the above two hospitals are well 
 deserving- of notice, for the variety and elegance of carved work which adorns 
 them. The mullions are of much lio-hter substance than those of windows 
 formed with stone, and the mouldings are proportionably smaller. The principal 
 divisions are adorned with little buttresses, and the lights are decorated with 
 perforated tracery, of various patterns, similar to the screens in the churches of 
 the same age. Those in the chambers project forward, so as to allow of the 
 placing one light on each side, by which the inhabitants might look out towards 
 the right or left hand. The bottom of these windows was flat on the inside, 
 and was set at a proper height from the floor for persons within the rooms to 
 rest their arms upon it ; the Avindows in the houses of rich people being formerly 
 furnished with cushions for this pupose. In the construction of these buildings 
 each story was framed separately, and afterwards taken to pieces, and put 
 together again on the proper site. The walls, if they may be so termed, were 
 made up of studs framed in parallel lines, and grooved on the edges, the inter- 
 mediate spaces being filled with plaster, forming altogether a solid mass about 
 four or five inches in thickness. Many houses of great size were framed in this 
 manner, before bricks became cheap and common, and oak timber grew scarce, 
 for the inhabitants, not only of towns, but for the residence of knights and 
 esquires on their own estates ; and many such mansions may yet be found, 
 especially in Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, and Warwickshire, though very 
 few now remain in perfect preservation. 
 
 Plate II. — This belongs to a dormer-window in Bond's Hospital ; it 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 11 
 
 resembles that shewn in Plate VII. in the general style ; and, like it, has lost 
 the upper end of the pinnacle. The lower part of this ornament is shewn 
 separately on an enlarged scale. 
 
 Plate III. — Is taken from another dormer-window of Bond's Hospital. 
 The two little shields on the tie-beam are sculptured with the armorial bearing's 
 of the founder. The pinnacle is totally g'one. 
 
 Plate IV. — The small g'able here represented is attached to another of 
 much larger size, in front of Bond's Hospital, as is shewn in Plate I. The 
 tracery is of an elegant pattern, but does not unite well with that of the larger 
 gable, which is very different. The top of the pinnacle is wanting. 
 
 Plate V.— The gable here shewn belongs to a window of Bond's Hospital, 
 and exhibits another variety of sculpture. 
 
 Plate VI. — This gable belongs to Bond's Hospital, at Coventry, and adjoins 
 to the smaller one represented in Plate IV. The tracery is of a neat pattern, 
 though not so elaborate as that on the smaller gable. There is no pinnacle on 
 the top, and perhaps never was. The tie-beams are enriched with foliage, and 
 three of the massy studs which form the front of the gable are embellished with 
 slender pinnacles. 
 
 Plate VII No. 1. This gable is situated on the west side of the court of 
 
 Ford's Hospital. The top of the pinnacle has perished, which destroys the 
 termination of the whole desigm, complete in other respects. The section of 
 mouldings, on the right hand, shews the form of the cornice that connects the 
 different parts of the court. 
 
 No. 2. These two details are parts of Bond's Hospital. 
 
 Plate VIII. — This belongs to the central window in the chamber-story of 
 Ford's Hospital. It resembles the preceding examples from Bond's Hospital, 
 and is very richly carved. The pinnacle has been cut off both at the top and 
 bottom, to the great injury of the general effect ; the other parts remain perfect. 
 
 Plate IX. — Displays another gable from the same hospital, of similar style 
 to the preceding, but enriched with different patterns of sculpture. It faces the 
 interior of the court, and the returns of the cornices are shewn on each side of 
 the gable. 
 
12 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate X. — Is a most elaborate specimen of enriched style, selected from 
 Ford's Hospital, where it covers a projecting- window of the upper story. It 
 is to be lamented that so prominent a feature as the central pinnacle should be 
 mutilated, the other parts being- of most elegant design. 
 
 Plate XI.— Represents a g-able in front of a house in Wells Street, which 
 retains much of its ancient style uninjured. The whole of this work is deserving- 
 of attention, for the neatness of the ornaments, to which nothing is wanting but 
 the pinnacle that originally terminated the apex. 
 
 Plate XII. — Gable in Wells Street. The tracery that decorates this gable 
 is very delicately carved and perforated, the lower points being- guarded by 
 continued fillets. A singularity is observable in the turning- of the little arches 
 of the tracery, to accommodate them to the oblong quatrefoils which are inserted 
 in the middle of each larger arch. A section of the upper part has been placed 
 on the left hand of the elevation. 
 
 Plate XIII. — This gable belong-s to a house in Wells Street. The tracery 
 on the sides is of similar pattern to that shewn in Plate XIV. 
 
 Plate XIV, — From a house in Bayley Lane. This example is of a 
 plainer character than the preceding- ones, but is neatly desig-ned, in the 
 style prevalent about the middle of the sixteenth century. The pinnacle is 
 entirely taken away. 
 
 Plate XV. — From another house in Bayley Lane, is a neat example of 
 enrichment, without much boldness. From the remains of the pinnacle, it 
 seems to have been erected about the time of Queen Elizabeth, when a different 
 style of ornament began to prevail. 
 
 Plate XVI. — Shews another example of the same date and style as the 
 preceding- one ; with ornaments more decidedly borrowed from Italian archi- 
 tecture. It is also taken from a house in Bayley Lane. 
 
 Plate XVII. The tracery on this gable bears a considerable resemblance 
 to that shewn in Plate XII. , but has had a pinnacle in the centre, which 
 is quite lost, whilst the gable in Wells Street seems never to have had 
 such an ornament. The gable in Bayley Lane has been removed from the 
 corner of St. Mary's Hall, and in putting- it up after the removal, the rig-ht 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 13 
 
 position of the tracery was unluckily reversed, so that the two lower points 
 are now joined together at the top; but the design is here restored to its 
 original form. 
 
 Plate XVIII. — No. 1, The tracery on the sides of this gable is of similar 
 pattern to the examples shewn in Plates XIII. and XIV., with slight 
 variations. The pinnacle is modern, and of a mean style, unsuitable to the 
 sides. 
 
 No. 2. Displays some rich tracery carved on a story-post which originally 
 belonged to the buildings adjoining* to St. Mary's Hall, part of which were 
 removed in order to give a better view of the hall and its oriel-window. 
 That venerable edifice appears to have been erected in the reign of Henry VI., 
 and this fragment is probably of the same date. Both subjects of this plate 
 are now in Bay ley Lane, Coventry. 
 
 Plate XIX. — No. 1. The gable here represented belongs to a house m 
 Hay Lane, Coventry. It is beautifully designed, and retains the cusps of the 
 tracery entire. The rest of the front is not worthy of particular notice. 
 
 No. 2. Represents one side of a bracket supporting the projecting corner of 
 a house in Bayley Lane. It is sculptured in relief with considerable taste. 
 
 Plate XX. — The tracery that ranges along the sides of this gable is 
 designed with much taste ; and the manner in which it unites with that on the 
 adjoining* one is particularly to be admired. It is taken from a house in 
 Butcher's Row. This, with all the preceding examples, has been taken from 
 buildings at Coventry. 
 
 Plate XXI. — A very elegant example of perforated tracery is here 
 given, from a gable in the hospital at Warwick, founded by Robert Dudley, 
 Earl of Leicester, the celebrated favourite of Queen Elizabeth. But the style of 
 ornament evidently belongs to an earlier period, and this part of the building is 
 perhaps a remnant of the Gild of St. George, a religious institution dissolved in 
 1547, which antiently occupied the site of Leicester's Hospital. 
 
 Plate XXII. — Gable at New Brentford, Middlesex. The fret-work on 
 the sides of this gable is very elegant, and belongs to the last period of the 
 Gothic or pointed styles, as practised in the latter part of the fifteenth and the 
 earlier years of the sixteenth century. 
 
14 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate XXII I. — This specimen belongs to the same period as the preceding- 
 one. The pattern of the ornamental work is similar to some already described, 
 and is of a very good style. 
 
 Plate XXIV. — Gable at Eltham Palace, Kent. This subject is taken from 
 part of the royal palace at Eltham, now mostly in ruins, and converted into a 
 farm-stead. Only a small portion of the ancient lodgings is now remaining, 
 which stands near the great hall, and seems to be a part of the buildings erected 
 by Edward IV. or Henry VII.* It has three gables in front, joined together, 
 and edged with fretted tracery of nearly the same patterns. The pendent in 
 the centre was probably carried up into a pinnacle above the ridge of the roof, 
 though nothing of this is now seen. The projection of the roof over the front is 
 very bold, as is here shewn in the section. 
 
 Plate XXV.— Gable at Eltham Palace, Kent. This gable is joined to the 
 one shewn in the preceding plate, as well as to another of similar style. 
 
 Plate XXVI. — Gable of a house at Abbeville, France. In the ornaments 
 of this building there is a mixture of styles, similar to what is observable 
 in English buildings of the age of Queen Elizabeth. The introduction of 
 .Roman or Italian architecture into France took place in the early part of 
 the sixteenth century, and appears to have been adopted more speedily there 
 than was done in this country. The houses of the French towns were gener- 
 ally constructed of timber, and a great proportion of dwellings of this descrip- 
 tion still exists. This building, undoubtedly, was erected in the sixteenth 
 century. The images represent different saints. 
 
 Plate XXVII. — This is another gable from a house at Abbeville, carved 
 with a diversity of ornaments, but of similar style to the preceding one. In 
 this building the studs and braces of the framing are left uncovered, whilst in 
 that shewn in the former plate the plain frame-work is entirely ceiled over with 
 plaster ; a fashion seen in England in the later class of timber houses. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. — Gable at Abbeville. In this o-able the mixture of Italian 
 ornaments is not so plainly observable as in those already given from the same 
 town ) yet it appears to be of the same date as that in Plate XXVI., from 
 
 * See the " Examples of Gothic Architecture," First Series, by the late A. Pugin, Architect. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 15 
 
 the similarity of the tracery running- on the sides of the roof. This appears to 
 be formed of two slender branches bending* over each other alternately, in 
 waving' lines, and studded at regular intervals with buds or short thorns. In 
 the former example, the spaces formed between the branches are filled with 
 flowers ; in this they are pierced and left open. Four small statues are carved 
 on the timbers, of which that in the point of the gable wears the mitre and other 
 insignia of the episcopal order. 
 
 Plate XXIX. — Gable at Abbeville. The scroll, and other ornaments, that 
 are carved in this front, are decidedly of Italian style, resembling those shewn in 
 Plates XXVII. and XXX.; and considerable taste has been displayed in their 
 application. The windows of this, and the other subjects taken at Abbeville, are 
 of mean forms, unsuitable to the rich ornaments that surround them. 
 
 Plate XXX. — This building* is situated in the same town, and exhibits 
 another specimen of the mixed style ; the scrolls and other ornaments being- 
 borrowed from Italian architecture, but applied to structures of very different 
 character. The top point is finished by a crest of metal, forming a sort of g-ar- 
 land ; and on the central post are two figures of saints carved in wood. The 
 profile of these ornaments is given in the section. 
 
 Title. — This plate is taken from Ford's Hospital, at Coventry, and repre- 
 sents one of the chamber- windows with the gable of the little roof that covers 
 its projection. The pinnacle has unfortunately been cut off, both at the top 
 and bottom. The lower end undoubtedly finished with a pendent ornament 
 somewhat similar to that shewn in Plate II. How the upper part terminated 
 cannot be exactly ascertained, as all the gables have lost this ornament. It is 
 probable, however, that a carved figure of some animal [as a lion or bear] 
 holding a banner, was set on the top of each pinnacle ; or they might be finished 
 with a little embattled canopy and a crocketed finial.* 
 
 * The collegiate church of St. George, in "Windsor Castle, was originally surmounted with many 
 such figures, though they have fallen to decay, and been removed from the pinnacles. Some ex- 
 amples are yet remaining at Hampton Court, and other buildings of the same date. — See " Pugin's 
 Specimens of Gothic Architecture," vol. ii. PI. I. and II. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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