Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/modernenglishcouOObrow PRE-REFORMATION CHURCHES IN fife att& t§e So tfyians. Vol. I— FI FES H I RE. BY J. RUSSELL WALKER, Architect, Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and Lellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Ye Abbeys and ye arches, how few and far between. The remnants of your glory in all their pride are seen ; A thousand fanes are fallen, and the bat and the owl repose, Where once the people knelt them, and the high Te Deum rose. EDINBURGH: 6 7, NORTH HANOVER STREET. MDCCCLXXXVIII, TO JOSEPH ANDERSON, Esquire, LL.D., Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland , AND Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh , This Work is respectfully dedicated, in admiration of the great services he has rendered in connection with the study of Archaeology in Scotland, as evinced in these able works — “ Scotland in Early Christian Times,” “ Scotland in Pagan Times,” and many other valuable papers ; and as a humble testimony of the great advantages the Author has derived from his advice and friendship. IFrefatorg Mote. object in this Work has not been to make a number of drawings of special bits of Church Architecture that would, when collated, form a book likely to be popular, — but, I trust, the more valuable useful one of placing on record, in a systematic and exhaustive manner, the minor ecclesiastical antiquities of the country. I say minor antiquities, because it formed no part of my intention to include the Cathedral and Abbey Churches, which now, at all events, receive a fair share of attention and care. The great majority of the larger Church remains have also been carefully drawn by professional Architects, and brought before the public in various books and papers. The smaller Parish Churches, of less repute, but surely of equal interest to the nation, have, however, had scant justice bestowed upon them ; they have been even more barbarously treated than the Cathedrals and Abbeys in times past, and are now sorely impaired by neglect, reckless attempts to adapt them to modern taste and convenience, and wanton mischief. My drawings, which it will be observed are all drawn to scale, have been made from time to time as business permitted, and, although in all cases revised and corrected by myself, a number of the drawings have been made by different assistants, — this necessarily accounts for the inequality of the workmanship. Should my readers consider I have done a little towards rescuing from oblivion those small, and in many cases scanty remains, of our interesting Pre-Reformation Churches, I will feel content and grateful. My best thanks are due to my friend, Dr Joseph Anderson, for his kindness in reading the proof-sheets, and for his valuable advice at all times ; and to the following, amongst others, of my office staff' : — Mr John Dali, Mr Alexander H. Crawford, Mr Peter Whitecross, and Mr R. Robertson. To Messrs Mould 8c Tod, who have photo-lithographed the plates and printed the work, I also desire to express my great indebtedness, and warm appreciation of their workmanship. , ■ - ■ i JM Contents. Abdie, . Church of S. Macgidrin or Adrian. Abercrombie, . . Church of S . Aberdour, . Church of S. Fillan. Abernethy, . Church of S. Bridget. Burntisland, Kirkton of, Church of S. Adamnan ? S. Serf. Carnock, . . Church of S . Crail, . Church of S. Maelrubha ? S. Mary Creich, . Church of S. Devenic. Cupar, Church of S. Michael. Dairsie, . . Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Dalgety, Church of S. Bridget. Dunmore, Chapel. Dysart, . Church of S. Serf. Forgan, . Church of S. Fillan. Inchcolm Island, . Cell or Chapel. S. Columba. Inverkeithing, Church of S. Peter. Kilconquhar, . Church of S. Monan. Kirkcaldy, Church of S. Patrick. Leuchars, Church of S. Athernase. Markinch, Church of S. S. Modrust and John May Island, . Church of S. Adrian. Monimail, Church of S . Rossyth, Church of S . St Andrews, . . Church of the Holy Trinity. Do. Church of S. Feonard. Do. Church of S. Mary on the Hill. Do. . Church of S. Regulus. Do. Church of S. Salvator. St Monance, . . Church of S. Monance. Ecclesiastical Foundations in Fifeshire. Ecclesiastical Foundations in Kinross-shire. PRE-REFORMATION CHURCHES IN Bife and the Irothians. ABDIE, FIFESH1RE. £0urc0 of QHaCjjtfctin or Eittan. RIOR to the Reformation this Church belonged to the Abbey of Lindores. It stands close to the western margin of the Loch of Lindores, and was consecrated by David de Bernhame, Bishop 0 of St Andrews, in 1242. It was last used nth November 1827. Very little of the original structure remains, the western portion having been rebuilt at different periods to suit the convenience of the congregation. The east end of the chancel is square, and has three lights in it, the centre one being the largest ; the treatment throughout has been simple but pleasing. The priests’ door is intact on the south side, there is a simple splay round the jamb and arch, and a hood moulding which has also formed a string course under the windows. The Church has evidently been divided into bays marked internally by stone corbels (see sketch of one on Plate 1), and exter- nally by buttresses, and in the centre of each bay there has been a small lancet. There has apparently been no difference in the width of chancel and nave. The chancel measures 17 feet 6 inches in width. The skew and footstone of the east gable are noticeable for the width and treatment. Standing inside against the north wall of the chancel there is the fine slab of 14th century date and female recumbent effigy ; the shields on the slab have, I think, always been plain (see Plate 4). The Denmiln Aisle, built in 1661 by Sir Robert Balfour, is plain and bald, and contains some plain slabs with Latin inscriptions to some members of that family. The Castle, standing close to the road leading to Newburgh, and now in ruins, was the seat of the Balfours from 1452 to 1710, and two celebrated men of the name were born in it, viz., Sir James Balfour (1603-57), herald, annalist, and antiquary, and his brother Sir Andrew (1630-94), physician, and founder of the first botanical garden in Edinburgh. The bell was recast in Alexander Balfour’s time, and bears the following inscription : — “ Joannes Burgerhuys me fecit 1671. Soli Deo Gloria , Mr Alexander Balfour there of the parish of Ebde.” In the churchyard, which surrounds the old church, there are one or two interesting monuments to local worthies. i. -^ -Chiirck of S t tllmujidvui »r B flbriie, . fif ealiire . cons. l£42v ■ini' /spf ' ’ nt l ntifflJ^Wuu Unr. -• ij|P±WMt msm -4 One Bcivj ftouth. Si icn\— ~ rrlbdAo. „ Fifftaj-iive. irons., 12.42; Church of S r lllacgicifitt ot* Adrian — flbdie ♦ Tifeshire^^ 4— 4) O) JS Z J g= M <5 _r * r g .o a> T3 ja ^1 OS » ^ _C o ,r JJL. JU d W sS y> 3 ABERCROMBIE, F 1 F E S H I R E. £ Snivel} of ^ BERCROMBIE, now S. Monance, a coast parish of S.E. Fife, containing the hamlet of Abercrombie and the fishing village and burgh of barony of S. Monance. Balcaskie Park extends over the N.E. corner of the parish, and in it stand the scanty remains of the church of Abercrombie. It is now fully two centuries since the church was in use, and it is now used as the burial place of the Anstruthers of Balcaskie. Very little remains of the side walls ; the inside measurements are 41 feet 6 inches in length, by 18 feet 10 inches wide. There has evidently been a stoup inside at the south door, and an aumbry in the east wall at the south side of the altar. Abercrombie, which has included the barony of S. Monance since 1646, is in the presbytery of St Andrews and synod of Fife. ROSSYTH, FIFESHIRE. £i>urd} of MONG the privileges conferred on the Monastery of S. Colm’s Inch was the church of Rossive or Rosyth, with the whole land in that town, which Richard, Bishop of Dunkeld, of blessed memory, bestowed in perpetual almsgift. The remains of the church are very scanty, the east gable and a portion of the north wall being the only portions existing. The east gable is lighted by two windows with pointed heads of good type, the rear vault being also pointed. There is an aumbry in the north wall for the service of the altar, and a recess for a holy water stoup on the east side of the north door inside. The remains seem of 13th century date. ABERDOUR, FIFESHIRE. of BERDOUR (Gael, abhir-dur, “ confluence of the stream,”) is a Parish of south-west Fife, now in the Presbytery of Dunfermline and Synod of Fife ; it anciently belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm, its western half having been granted by Alan de Mortimer for leave of burial in the Abbey Church. The bargain, runs the story, was curiously broken, for “ carrying his corpse in a coffin of lead by barge in the night-time, some wicked monks did throw the same in a great deep betwixt the land and the monastery, which to this day, by neighbouring fishermen and others, is called Mortimer s Deep." The Parish was formed in 1640 by disjunction from Beath and Dalgety, and includes the island of Inchcolm. The Church was consecrated in 1178. As will be seen by Plate 1, it consists of chancel, nave with south aisle, and south-west porch. The chancel, which is of distinct Norman character, measures 20 feet 9 inches by 13 feet 2 inches inside. The south wall is pierced with two small narrow round- headed lights, chamfered round the outside edges, with very narrow ingoings and deep internal splay ; the sill is deeper than the jambs. The east wall is pierced by a single window of the same character, and the north wall has a similar one, in the sloping internal sill of which has been formed an aumbrye of late date — 1670. The chancel arch is simple but boldly expressed, and is composed of two plain orders, square edged, and with a simple hood facing the nave. Mr J. S. Muir says that the jamb shafts are “ semi-cylindrical.” I am inclined to think they were square originally, like the arch, and afterwards rounded away, — both caps and bases, which are of very simple character, are square. In the north wall of the nave, at the east end, there is a window of similar character to those in the chancel, and a blocked round headed door towards the west end. Mr Muir is of opinion that the two-light window in the west gable is, like the heavy square bell-cot, of “ ante- Reformation date.” I am certainly of opinion that the window is of ante-Reformation date, but I think the bell- cot and part of the gable is of post-Reformation date. The window is exactly in the centre of the original west wall, and the bell-cot is placed on the apex of the post-Reformation addition to the gable taking the roof covering nave and south aisle. A glance at the west gable and the chancel gable externally, shews clearly the raglets of the original roofs, and proves conclusively that the chancel and nave were originally roofed on the same line, and I am rather inclined to think the nave was first lengthened by ten feet or so about the end of the 14th century, and the window then introduced, and the south aisle and south-west porch added at a still later date ; the roof of the aisle would at first, I conjecture, simply be a lean-to against the nave wall, and sometime after the Reformation the whole building was apparently overhauled, the roofs taken off and a new nave roof covering also the south aisle put on ; this, of course, caused the alteration of ridge centre ; the door to the west gallery and other square headed lights would likely be introduced, and slapped as in the case of the south wall of the chancel, at this time, possibly the date on the aumbrye in the chancel — 1670, points to the time when the last alteration — made to suit post-Reformation purposes — took place. The nave piers are cylindrical, with meagre caps and bases, the arches are semi-circular, with plain chamfers on each edge, and there is no hood on either side. The south-west porch is pretty entire, but roofless like the rest of the building, the door has a broad chamfer on the edge and a pointed head without a hood ; the inner door has been square headed but is now blocked, on the east side of it there is a small mutilated niche which has evidently been the covert of a Benatura. Inserted in the south wall of the aisle is a monument to the Reverend Robert Blair (1583-1666), chaplain to Charles I. ; he was banished from St Andrews by Archbishop Sharp, and died at Meikle Couston in the parish of Aberdour. Church, of S* FiLlan. = =• = tlberdour* circct 1178 PLan Ctberd-our ♦ circa. 117ft ft outlx~E Lft Vatioii. ‘ — Churrk of S* Filial i — = = tlbevdour = = circa I17fl^ PI- cm Section of Rave Qrcli stone of the same within the twelve courses of gray sandstone, near the gate, in which the iron jougs are fixed. It has been conjectured by many writers that the twelve lowest courses belong to an earlier tower than the upper portion built with the buff freestone ; if that is the case, then the door must have been enlarged at the same time and the new stone used for the purpose, and the large stone inserted which holds the jougs. Tradition states that the stone from which the tower is built was obtained from a quarry near the Lomond Hills, but tradition does not state whether it was the buff freestone or the gray stone which was got there. There is no known quarry near Abernethy from which either could have come. I think it is a fact worth pointing out that the chapel of S. Regulus in S. Andrews is built out of a remarkably durable gray sand- stone, as are the first twelve courses of the Abernethy tower. It is not known what quarry supplied the stone for S. Regulus, although Grierson, in his “ Delineations of S. Andrews,” supposes it came from Nydie Hill. It is not known where the gray sandstone of the Abernethy tower came from either. I would suggest that the stone to supply both came from the same quarry, and that this quarry was situated about midway, or so, between S. Andrews and Abernethy. The height of the tower, as measured by me, is 73 feet 3 inches from the roadway. Gordon, in his “ Itinerarium Septentrionale,” makes it 75 feet, and Brash made it 72 feet. The difference, I take it, is due to the wear and making up of the roadway at different periods. The diameter at the door level is 15 feet 3 inches, and at the level of the window openings 14 feet. The door has converging jambs and a semi-circular head externally in one large stone only the depth of the reveal, the inner portion being covered by a ring of six stones of irregular sizes, and with no keystone. In the second storey, facing the south, there is a small angular headed opening cut out of one stone. In the third storey, facing west, there is a semi-circular headed opening whose sides slightly converge. In the fourth storey, facing east, a similar opening. The fifth, or top storey, is lighted by four windows facing the cardinal points ; they are semi-circular headed, revealed externally with nook shafts. It has been thought that these windows, which have distinct Norman features, are insertions. I must say I cannot see any reason for supposing so. The church bell, of which I give a drawing, is hung in the top storey. The storeys are marked internally by string-courses averaging from 10 inches to 12 inches in depth, several of them being chamfered on the under side. —Round ToWer — Secl’ion Exterior EleVhlion of Door Vlcu v of Door Sell fiketck of Window- a t 6 % o / l y * locale of Feel' ■ ~Romul To Wer = = Cib e me Hiy — ' ■ 1 ■ ■ ' H ar t±i 1 /^ ft cole |or Bell frkel'cL of foul'll Face BURNTISLAND, KIRKTON OF, FI F ESH I RE. £l)urc$ of Jtbamnan ? HE hamlet of Kirkton stands a quarter of a mile to the north of Burntisland, and the small and unpretending Church is surrounded by a churchyard still in use. The plan consists of a nave 35 feet piT 6 inches long by 1 5 feet wide, internally, and a chancel 24 feet 4 inches long by 13 feet wide, inside. The distinction between nave and chancel externally is fully developed. The details are few and simple, and although the pointed arch prevails throughout, it is difficult to say to what date it belongs. On the whole, I am inclined to think with Mr J. S. Muir, that it has been rebuilt on the original site of the church which was dedicated, in 1243, by Bishop David de Bernhame, towards “ the commencement of the 15th century — when church architecture began to revive under the favourable encouragement of James the First.” The walls of the chancel are nearly entire. There is the usual priests’ door in the south wall, and two narrow lancets with wide internal splays. There are no windows in the north or east walls. The chancel arch and gable are perfect ; the arch is pointed and of one order the whole thickness of the wall, and springs from a plain impost bevelled on the under side, and partially returned on each side ; the simple splayed base returns to the wall. There is a lancet in the west gable, the wide internal splays are saved over by a lintel stone ; there is a small opening on each side of it piercing the wall, what purpose they served I cannot think, they are too high up in the wall to serve as leper windows. The north wall has a door in the usual position, but no windows, and in the south wall there is also a door, immediately opposite the north door ; the greater portion of this wall is down to the ground, and there seems to have been a modern aisle and small vestry in use after the Reformation. Church, of S* Odamnaru KirKton » Burntisland ♦ C A R N 0 C K, FIFESHIRE. ARNOCK Parish is on the S. W. border of Fife, the village being three and a quarter miles W. N. W. of Dunfermline. John Row, the celebrated ecclesiastical historian, was minister from 1592 to 1646. Originally the parish only contained the estates of Carnock, Blair, and Easter and Wester Camps, but was enlarged in 1650 by annexations from Dunfermline. The old Church, forming the subject of illustration, is the one John Row ministered in. Although small — measuring only 42 feet by 17 feet 6 inches, inside — it possesses all the marked features of the Parish Church of the times. The small windows in the east gable, deeply splayed internally ; the aumbry on the north side of the east gable, seemingly an insertion of a later date ; the original narrow lancets in the north wall, and those opposite in the south wall, increased in size to allow of more light after the dawn of the Reformation ; the extension westwards, and the additions to the south-west, are all thoroughly characteristic. There is no architectural detail worthy of particular notice. C cuTt? o c [$, • i JSieQle |-ot* jSeefciore Ihro.PotVh. GRAIL, FIFESHIRE. RAIL is a royal burgh on the eastern coast of Fifeshire, near the East Neuk. The name is derived from caev, a fortified place, and ail, a corner. So early as the ninth century, Crail was a place of considerable trade and importance, having a large trade with the Netherlands in salted fish. In June 1310, a charter was granted by King Robert Bruce confirming various privileges granted to the burgesses and community by former Kings. From an early period Crail was connected ecclesiastically with the Cistercian Priory of Jdaddington. The Reverend Charles Rogers, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot., says — “ This structure was reared in the reign of David II., and probably by Sir William Dichington of Ardross, an ingenious architect. In 1517 it was, on the petition and endowment of Sir William Myreton, with the consent of Janet, Prioress of Haddington, erected into a Collegiate Church, with a provost, sacristan, ten prebendaries and a chorister. Besides the high altar, which was richly endowed, there were in the church altarages dedicated to the Virgin Mary, S. Catherine, S. Michael, S. James, S. John the Baptist, S. Stephen, S. John the Evangelist, and S. Nicholas.” In June 1559, John Knox preached in the Kirk of Crail, and commenced his crusade against Rome. As a result of his denunciation, the Collegiate Church of Crail was formally disjoined from the “ Abbey and Monastery of Haddington.” The three several instruments of foundation, and the royal charter of confirmation and mortification sanctioned by Parliament, and dated the 24th November 1526, are still preserved in the Burgh archives of Crail, and the royal charter bears, amongst others, the seals and signatures of Arch- bishop Gavin Dunbar of Glasgow ; Bishop George Crichton of Dunkeld ; Bishop Gavin Dunbar of Aberdeen ; James, Earl of Moray ; James, Earl of Douglass ; and the Earl of Arran. A further charter of confirmation was granted on the 29th June 1530. As will be seen on Plate 1, the nave is 73 feet long by 26 feet 4 inches wide, from centre to centre of the pillars, and the north and south aisles each 10 feet 9 inches wide. The west tower is 14 feet 6 inches square inside, and has a projecting stair on the north side of it square in plan. The fine transi- tional arch, opening into the nave, is at present built up, but might at very trifling expense be cleared, and the tower made into the principal entrance. The chancel responds are Norman, or very early Transitional in type, as also the arch ; the chancel has been shortened, and in a great measure rebuilt ; there is no feature about it of any interest. The nave piers are circular, with caps and bases of simple and early character, they are set about 12 feet 3 inches apart from centre to centre ; the pointed arches are equilateral and of a simple section, see Plate 5. The clerestory windows are single narrow lancets, with deeply splayed jambs inside, contracting to more usual dimensions at the springing of the arch. The hideous modern roof spans nave and aisles, so that these windows are of no use. It would cost a comparatively small sum to restore the church to its former appearance, and so converted, it would form one of the most beautiful churches in the “ Kingdom of Fife.” Externally, the west tower is very simple, but very good in its treatment, and is finished with the usual parapet and short octagonal spire ; it is an excellent example of the tower and spire of the Scottish small town church, and might be studied to advantage when new ones are required. It has, to my mind, a wonderful charm in its sweet and grave simplicity. It measures 63 feet from the ground to the top of the parapet. The bell, as will be seen from Plate 6, is a fine one. The dedication cross, shewn on Plate 3, is on the west elevation of the south aisle, near the window. The south-west porch, and other Pre-Reformation features, were destroyed during the alterations of 1828. In the churchyard, the remains of a recumbent male effigy, of apparently 15th century date, has been set upright in the niche of an 1 8th century classic monument ; whether it belongs to the same family or not I do not know, but it has no connection whatever with the monument it has been attached to. A small Gothic chapel formerly stood at the east end of the town, near the sea beach, the remains of which can still be traced, and there was another dedicated to St Rufus, belonging to the castle, which was built by David II. < 4 ? ^r^V> Note. In various works the Church at Crail is dedicated to S. Macrubha, and some of the Plates are so headed. I find, however, that the correct spelling of the saints name is Maelrubha. i I I Cl -k £ i u 0) * w 2 15 VI — . o *W . •— » 0 % jy !- 3 <1 V .L A .x \ # 's \ A It A h .^1 V % > \ \ f > A/ 'l a* \ b 'V A r i i r w I I TX~p -■ Magong Markg jSfouFh. ELeVaKon z. xhurcli t»f- ^jy[Jj?hcieL_ , ====C l ‘u j3at»>>Fif e. ==s north EleVaLLrtrt. ,10 ,5 ,o JO ji £_ I So a 4 P_ i 5 o. j^cale of FeetT December 1S8S-. Weftb EleVgUorv . Eaftb EleVaitort. ffiTcile of~ t^eeh . Dc«mbir III*. Q7T91 r nmq -gjic[ g- f — JjrnggH - Church of- MichaeL — Cfu^ar-Fif e. = txj % EZ T=r m ISzS y^r~i e^\ 7n.frnryr ttt~ i 1 TT l • : tt~ :hlt ZE TTT FT jv.T 'T !;,I rg W i — r i — r~T ~ JZ" “tt: - r~r TT ITT TTT - Ill Tran$ver$e j SectionE Loncji ludlnaL £>ecttotiL . V> | 4 Q jgfcale of- FeeLa. December 1889. December IH&21. CROMBIE, FIFESHIRE. C^urcj) of ^ ROMBIE was an ancient parish in the S.W. extremity of Fife, now incorporated with Torryburn. The ruins of Crombie church occupy a commanding site overlooking the Firth of Forth. The plan is still entire, and measures 45 feet in length and 14 feet wide, inside. The east gable has been lighted by two narrow lancets, like the gable at Rossyth, but of somewhat later character. There is a small aumbry in the east gable, south side. The memorial slab is to Philip, Laird of Kippo, “ Mediciner,” who died in 1640, aged 71. Several broken slabs are built into the walls. DAI RSI E, FI FES HI RE. £0urc0 of t$e (gCeeeei (XKtrgtn (TlUrp. HAVE thought it well to include this curious little church of the Pjy Hth century in my collection, although, strictly speaking, it is not a Pre-Reformation church. It was erected in 1621 by Archbishop pC V Spottiswoode, the historian and court favourite. The neighbouring castle was rebuilt by him, and also the bridge across the Eden. The church is principally interesting as representing the vast project of “ covering Scotland with such church edifices and services as England has retained ; and though the structural part of the project went no further than the building of the church of Dairsie, and the doctrinal part was overwhelmed in wild com- motions, it is impossible to look without interest on this quiet little memorial of so brilliant a failure, nestled in a clump of woodland stretching down to the gentle waters of the Eden.” The Archbishop’s biographer says, the main object he had in view was “ the restoring the ancient discipline, and bringing that Church (the Church of Scotland), to some degrees of uniformity with her sister church of England, which, had we on both sides been worthy of, might have proved a wall of brass to both nations ; ” and in this spirit “ he built and adorned, upon his own charges, the church of Dairsie after the decent English • form ; which, if the boisterous hand of a mad Reformation had not disordered, is, at this time, one of the beautifullest little pieces of church work that is left to that unhappy country.” The last allusion refers to the meeting which was held in 1641 to apppoint a Committee to search for superstitious monuments in the several Presbyteries, when “ Mr Patrick Scougall reported that there were sundry crosses in their Kirk of Dairsie which, by some, were not thought to be superstitious,” and he asked that a special commission be sent to examine and report. “ They assembled on 2nd November, and reported that they found that, at the entrance of certain desks or pews, and over the great west door, ‘ there are crosier staffes, in some part alone, and in others as aditament and cognisance of the last pretended bishop’s arms, not being any sign or cognisance, ordinary and common in the arms of that name or family, but merely a sign of his degree hierarchical, according to the manner and form used among the Roman hierarchists and others following them,’ and therefore the minister and session are to ‘ take order with,’ ” — that is, it may be presumed, remove them. “ Further, they find superstitious a glorious partition wall, with a degree (step) ascending thereto, dividing the body of the Kirk fra the quire (as it is ordinarlie called in Papistry, and among them that follow Papists), and because this particular is not specially named in the commission, and a great part of it is the building and ornaments of some desks ; and above the great door of this quire, so called, the arms of Scotland and England quartered, with divers crosses about and beside them, are set up, whereupon the Kirk has not particularly determined ; therefore that part of superstition, or what is superstition in it, the brethren convened referred, and returned back to the Provinciall next following.” The Assembly directed the “ glorious partition wall of timber ” to be shortened to the height to which part of it served for the enclosure of pews. In plan the building is a simple oblong, 70 feet long by nearly 25 feet wide, and without any division or marking between the chancel and nave. Inside, at the south-west corner, there is a circular stair leading to the belfry. Originally the roof externally was flat, like the ceiling inside. The church is divided into four bays externally by boldly projecting buttresses, and in the centre of each bay there is a large three light window, the curtaining arch being pointed, and the lights, which stop below the springing of the arch, are trefoil headed ; the arch of each window is filled in with three cinquefoiled openings unmoulded, and cut through the flat stone like a pattern in pasteboard. The east end is filled in with two similar windows. The west door is of distinct classic type, and more like a secular door of the period than ecclesiastical. Indeed, all the mouldings are more classic than Gothic in type. The belfry is curiously corbelled out from the wall on the south and west sides, and is rather picturesque, but possessed of little architectural character. The interior is bald, and destitute of a single feature worth notice. OTiuvcU FORGAN, FIFESHIRE. £0urt$ of jjftffan. HE parish was anciently called St Fillans, from the church being dedicated to that Saint. The church is beautifully situated in a sequestered spot, about 2 \ miles from Newport, and prior to the ^§p Reformation it belonged to the Priory of St Andrews. The building has been of the plainest possible description, and possesses no feature of interest. It is an oblong of 67 feet 4 inches, by 19 feet 5 inches inside, with a modern aisle or transept about the middle of the north side. There is a door, blocked, in the south wall near the west end, and another in the same wall at the east end ; the jamb is a little peculiar. There appears to have been no windows in the north side, and only one in the east gable. The slab shewn lies in the chancel, close to the door in the south side, and is in memory of Mrs Catherine Trail, spouse of William Ramsay, it bears the date of 1578. a= c!fu*i‘ck of $ 1 * Fill ait ^yppc p Qit - Fifesh-ire ^ Morons MoFU im PI rection PoSl between Eorcjan Sr Leuchors. West ftoulh. . Ci pound PI a it . East. § MonUlnitj ' j Sflnb in Chancier I JO |6 ,0 II I I I □ I I I T~ JO ,20 =t 4V _J bo i i 1 1 1 I" i t h SJcale for* Plott . _ i f- - ~— 7>cole for f>lab. Decembrr I88‘J. INGHCOLM ISLAND, FIFESHIRE. Ceff or £0apef. <5. fcofumBa. HE late Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., first described this interesting early cell in his admirable paper read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, published in the Proceedings of the Society , vol. ii, p. 489, and also in A rchceological Essays by the late Sir James Y. Simpson, edited by John Stuart, LL.D., vol. i, p. 67. Shortly after Sir James Y. Simpson described it, the Earl of Moray, who is proprietor, had the ceil cleaned out and repaired, the necessary plans having been prepared by Mr Brash of Cork, the well-known architect and antiquary, who was an intimate friend of Sir James Y. Simpson. Some slight differences in plan and in the sizes will be observed between the plan published in Sir James Y. Simpson’s paper and the plan and sizes as shewn by me, but in all the main features they agree, and the description of the cell by Sir James is so full and complete that I think it altogether unnecessary for me to enter into a long account of it. The eminent archaeologist, Dr Petrie, the well-known author of “ The Round Towers and Ancient Architecture of Ireland,” added copious and valuable notes to Simpson’s paper. Joseph Anderson, LL.D., also gives a clear and concise description of the cell in his valuable work, “ Scotland in Early Christian Times,” and I have thought it well to reproduce his remarks here. He says — writing of the single chambered primitive church — “ There are but two varieties, — those built with lime, and those that have reached the utterly simple character of construction that consists in the placing of stone upon stone without any binding material to keep them together. One of the best examples of the first variety is almost at our own doors. In the Island of Inchcolm, beside the ruins of the well- known monastery founded by Alexander I., is an earlier building, stone-roofed, and of small size and rude construction. It has been most minutely described by Sir James Simpson, who first saw the significance of its peculiar features. It is irregular in form, on the ground plan approximately rectangular internally, and measuring 16 feet in length along the centre of the floor, and 6 feet 3 inches across the east end, and 4 feet 9 inches at the west end. 1 he walls are about 3 feet thick, so that its external length is about 22 feet. 1 he original doorway is in the south wall, near the west end. It is 5 feet high, and 4 feet wide, with slightly inclining jambs. It is arched externally by a radiating arch, roughly constructed, but internally the arch is changed into the older form, which is constructed by overlapping stones on the horizontal principle. There is only one window, placed in the east end, 23 inches in height and 10 inches in breadth, splaying inwardly to a width of 2 feet 3 inches. The roof of the building is vaulted with stones placed in the form of a radiating arch, somewhat pointed at the apex, and the centring stones roughly wedge-shaped. The space between the upper surface of the vaulting and the stone roof is filled in with small stones and a grouting of lime. In this are bedded the oblong- squared stones which form the roof. Such are the simple features of the Scotic structure to whose existence on the island the larger monastery in the European style of architecture, which has over-shadowed it for seven centuries, owes its origin. In Bower’s Continuation of Fordun, it is recorded that when King Alexander was storm-stayed for three days on the island in the year 1123, he shared the hospitality of a hermit who then lived upon it, and who, belonging to the service of S. Columba, devoted himself to his duties at a certain little chapel there, content with such poor food as the milk of one cow, and the shell and small sea fishes he could collect. It adds to the interest of this testimony that these words were written by Abbot Bower in the monastery of Inchcolm, which was erected by the King in fulfilment of a vow made in the hermit’s chapel.” Inchcolm is in Aberdour parish. ora lory all luck CoUn 1NVERKEITHING, FIFESHIRE. £0utcf$ of (p^er. ^NVERKEITHING is ast town and parish of S.W. Fife. The 1 | original parish church, dedicated to S. Peter, was bequeathed in 1139 t0 Dunfermline Abbe y b y Waldeve, son of Gospatric. The church pT was burned in 1825, and reconstructed in 1826. The middle-pointed western tower is all that remains of the original church. It is square and of three stages, and terminates in a modern wooden polygonal spire, rising within a plain parapet resting on heavy corbels arranged at regular intervals. Two long buttresses, with chamfered angles and plain sloping heads, finishing rather higher than the commencement of the first stage, are placed at the angles. At the south-east corner there is a belfry turret, appear- ing externally as a bold semi-octagonal projection divided into two stages, and finished off in a steep pyramidal stone capping, whose point reaches within two feet of the corbel course. The belfry stage contains a pointed window with somewhat curious tracery in the head, and the second and lower stages have each a small lancet-headed light. The lower stage has a large modern door in the western face. The belfry turret is entered from the outside by a square headed door, and small square headed openings light the stair. The bell is a good one, and is dated 1641. The font is a fine and perfect example of middle-pointed date. The bowl was discovered in 1807, when the lower part of the tower was turned into an entrance porch. It had evidently been buried there to save it from destruction. The pedestal, or shaft, had been lying about the outside of the church without attracting any attention up till the time the bowl was unearthed, when their connection became plain. It was then re-erected, in its complete state, inside the new porch, where it remained for some years, but was afterwards removed to a spot near the pulpit, where it now stands, and is regularly used for public baptisms. The bowl is hexagonal, and carries at each angle an embattled cylindrical shaft terminating in a corbel head. Each of the panelled faces is filled in with an angel holding a blazoned shield. The orifice is spherical, and has a bottom drain. Idle pedestal is formed of five filleted rolls, alternating with a small triangular-shaped member between ; each roll has a foliated cap and heavily moulded base. So far as can be made out, the following appear to be the arms on th respective shields : — 1. Quarterly, ist and 4th, three bay? leaves — Foulis of Colintoun ? 2nd and 3rd, saltire and chief, wavy — Bruce of Balcaskie. 2. A fess chequy between three crescents — Stewart. 3. A fess between three crescents — Melville of Glenbervie. 4. Per pale, dexter side, a lion rampant within a double tressure — Lyon of Glammis ; and sinister side of bars, wavy — Drummond. 5. Lion rampant within a double tressure — Lyon of Glammis. 6. An eagle displayed, surmounted by a bend with three crescents — Ramsay of Dunoun. The dimensions are as follows : — Feet. Inches. Total height, .... 4 I Over bowl, . 3 2 Diameter of orifice, 2 O Depth of orifice, . 1 O Church of ST. PeTei? - Church of ST. Peter v >» >> « t4l.Tj.4m i Churc h oft Pefter. InVerkei fthin o . Bapfenial Foul 1 . Pjcm == j£cq|e : ot* KILCONQUHAR, FIFESHIRE. £0urcl5 of (Hlonan. IpILCONQUHAR is a coast parish in the East Neuk of Fife, and once included the barony of S. Monance and the parish of Elie. The church and churchyard are finely situated on the north side of Kilconquhar Loch, a very beautiful fresh water lake. As will be seen, very little remains of the old church, which was consecrated in 1243 and dedicated to S. Monan. The existing remains point to the 15th century as the likely period of erection. ji « d jj O tf o —J "S £ h 0 54-. V E Of 2 *— .-4 J± (ft V «V* CL «*» e en .s o e .b t b « r -fH >o «± 44 r< & 2 — J KIRKCALDY, FIFESHIRE. £0urc0 of (pafrtcfi. I^IRKCALDY is said to have been an ancient place of worship belonging to the Culdees, whence the name Kilculda, the cell or place of worship of the Culdees, afterwards corrupted into Kirkcaldy. Prior to the Reformation, the greater portion of the parish of Abbotshall belonged to the parish of Kirkcaldy, but about 1650 a new parish, now called Abbotshall, was erected, and the parish of Kirkcaldy now consists of the burgh of that name, and the burgh acres and common land. In 1334 David II. mortified the burgh to the Monastery of Dunfermline, in whose possession it remained until 1450, and was then conveyed to the bailies and community by the commendator and convent. Little is known about Kirkcaldy when it was disjoined from the Lordship of Dunfermline. According to the legendary origin, the town was founded as early as the 6th century by St Columba, who is said to have built here one of his 300 churches. The west tower is all that remains of the Pre-Reformation church, and is of late second pointed date. It is divided into two stages by a slight string- course. There is a long single lancet on each cardinal face in the upper stage, with a segmental rear arch. In the south-west corner there is a circular turn- pike stair, starting from what has evidently been a first floor at a height of 20 feet from the ground floor ; it is lighted by square headed slits in the south wall. The tower has the usual corbelled parapet, and has a hideous modern erection on top as a belfry ; the bell is rather a nice one (see Plate 2). I he grave slabs on Plate 2 are in memory of a mariner and his wife, and are apparently of 17th century date. ftoivtR bvlevlitloii . - // ' f ■ ' ■ » I . ' • . Inscription and Ornament' round Bell One quart er real SiXe LEUCHARS, FIFESHIRE. of 3U§tTnatst. <£>&\utt* 1244. LL that is now left of this beautiful and characteristic specimen of Norman art is the chancel and semi-circular apse. The church at Dalmeny is the most complete Norman example left us, but Leuchars has been a much nobler edifice, and when we think of the wholesale destruction that has overtaken our antiquities— alike secular and ecclesi- astical — we cannot but feel thankful that such a charming piece of work is still left us. If as much of the beautiful church at Tynninghame, which is nearly similar in plan but somewhat later in date, had been spared, it would have been no small happiness to lovers of art, — indeed, Europe might be ransacked, without success, for examples, on the same scale, to match them. The chancel inside measures 19 feet long by 17 feet 8 inches wide, and the apse 11 feet 7 inches by 12 feet 9 inches, the thickness of the chancel and apse arches being each 3 feet. The chancel arch, opening into the modern nave, is 9 feet wide, and the apse arch 8 feet 9 inches wide. As will be seen from the Plates, there is a great variety of ornamental detail of the usual Romanesque character used throughout the work. The chancel is lighted by two narrow round headed lights in the upper stage of the south wall, and by a similar single light in the north wall. The apse has three lights, one facing east, one north-east, and the third south-east. All the windows are widely splayed within, and in the inner wall face there are nook shafts, with bases and capitals, carrying arches ornamented in various ways. The apse is vaulted in stone, and has vaulting ribs, moulded, and springing from capitalled shafts, and grotesque corbel heads for bases resting on the lozenge covered trigonal string-course which runs round the apse. The chancel and apse arches are very beautiful, and of fine proportion. Externally, the building presents a considerable amount and variety of decorative detail. The walls of the chancel are divided into two stages by a broad trigonal string-course, with a continuous leaf-shaped ornament on the centre portion. The under stage is filled in with an intersecting arcade, forming an arcade of five divisions ; the arches are formed of an outer fillet and single hollow and roll, and spring from coupled cylindrical bearing shafts, with double escalloped capitals with a heavy abacus over ; the bases are of the usual type, and have a square plinth below embracing both shafts, and resting on a heavy moulded upper base course running round both chancel and apse. The upper stage is divided into an arcade of five, the centres being placed without any regard to those below ; the arch molds are heavy, and consist of a series of rolls and hollows, the outer hollow being filled in with the cable moulding set between two small sharp-edged triangular members ; the abacus is plain and bevelled on the under side ; the capitals are similar to those in the lower arcade, but the shafts are not coupled, but form nook shafts separated from each other by a narrow built pier. Above this arcade there is a bold table-course, supported by large corbels carved into various figures representing ram heads, bears, and other grotesque figures usually found in buildings of this period. In a somewhat similar manner the apse is divided into two stages ; the lower arcade has coupled shafts, with caps and bases the same as the chancel, but supported by single arches only, decorated with the chevron ornament ; the upper arcade is in every way similar to the corresponding arcade in the chancel, except that the arches are decorated with the billet moulding on the outer ring, and a chevron on the inner ring. The corbel table is of the same character as that on the chancel. The apse is disfigured, and the whole proportions much injured, by a late 17th century bell-tower built on the top of the vaulting, — in itself it is squat and ungainly, but the softening hand of time has helped to improve its appearance. The chancel (see Plate 12), contains a slab in memory of Sir William Bruce of Earlshall, companion of Claverhouse, and his wife Dame Agnes Lyndesay, — she died in 1635, Sir William in 1584. On the same Plate is shewn a slab, also in the chancel, to the memory of Robert Carnegie of Kinnaird, Knight, one of the Senators in Ordinary, who died in the Castle of Leuchars on the 5th of June 1565, aged 55 years. Leuchars is frequently mentioned in the Registry of the Priory of St Andrews under the various names of Lochris, Locres, Lochiresch, Lucris, &c. It is mentioned in a confirmatory bill by Pope Gregory to the Priory of St Andrews in 1187. Billings, in his “ Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities,” says — “ It is interesting to find this specimen of pure Norman architecture connected with a family name as purely indicative of one of those Norman adventurers, whose names disappeared from the territorial records of a large part of Scotland after the war of independence, and who, before that event, seem to have nearly partitioned the Kingdom between them. It appears that a Nesius de Quincy had, in the days of William the Lion, conferred the church of Leuchars on the Priory, but that his nephew had attempted to resume the patronage, by presenting as the clerk a certain Simon de Quincy, and the Abbots of Arbroath, Lindores, and Cupar were appointed to inquire into and settle the dispute so arising.” Leuchars is best known to the world in later times as having been the first parochial charge of Alexander Henderson, one of the boldest champions of Presbyterianism ; he is supposed to have entered on his charge about 1611. He was presented by the obnoxious Archbishop Gladstanes. Church of S* Cltkerncise ■= — _r north. . J t « 3 St V 8 . O r* "Z 3 CJ .3 -»• ee c« "V5. 3 a c South EleVotLon. . Leuelians , FifesliLpe* fHiureh. of (ltheraase Cliureli of Qtliepuase Loni* Voultiiuf Shaft'S Church of S L Cither* ucise = -Leuc liars , Fife shire . Plan, wf ll|)|»et« fire ode . Church o£ S* (It hern use . =LeuehaPS , Fi.£c shire . .Scale of Tee t . Slobs in CbaiiceL Scale of Feel MARKINCH, FIFESHIRE. of ^§. £»>. (Tftoimtef anb Jpb' QSapftef. EFORE the Reformation this Church belonged to the Priory of St Andrews. The tower is all that belongs to the original church, and is particularly interesting on account of its being one of the five specimens of pure Norman towers of which mainland Scotland can boast ; and these, be it observed, are all located at no great distance from the Markinch example, viz., at Dunning, Muthill, Dunblane and St Andrews. The Markinch specimen is an excellent and nearly perfect one of four unequal stages. The only original entrance has been by a small segmental-headed door on the north side, raised about a foot or so above the ground ; the door leads into a turnpike stair in the north-west corner. Each stage is marked externally by a string course, the two lower ones are orna- mented with the common lozenge shaped pattern seen in Norman work, the upper string course is plain and deeply splayed on the under side. The upper stage sets back above the string course, and is therefore narrower on each face than those below, which stand plumb above each other. The second and third stages have each had a small semi-circular headed light in the west side, very deeply splayed within ; they are now built up. The staircase is lighted by small pear shaped slits, with wide internal splays. The upper or belfry stage is pierced on each cardinal face by a window of two narrow lights, with small semi-circular arches resting on a central shaft, and shafted imposts flush with the external wall, the caps and abacus are of the ordinary Norman type. Although the lights appear singly externally, they are enclosed internally by a containing arch (see Plate 2), a peculiarity which does not appear in any of the other examples. The upper portion of the top stage has evidently been rebuilt at a later period, and has a dome- vaulted roof. Mr J. S. Muir says that “ topping it there was originally a low pyramidal stone capping, surmounted by a rod and weathercock, but in 1807 this characteristic feature was removed by a coarse architect to make way for a clumsy lump of masonry which could have been better employed in feeding the starved affair now occupying the site of the original church.” The Parish is now in the Presbytery of St Andrews and Synod of Fife. Near the garden entrance to Balbirnie stands an old weather worn cross about seven feet high, with faint traces of carving on it. The men of Markinch are said to have been warmly attached to the Covenanting cause, in defence of which they spent “ lives, lands and gear.” ■"" =* * i^ani^T>VM== tn.|Of ^H^njpoJV^cJ jo T|D«4TI\|3 OcHibvr UM Church. of S » « Motlmfil uft %Johri — — Murk l rich. . Fi-Cesh-lce cUort loohin.tr II orl~h.. MAY ISLAND. £ !) u t - c !} of it b f t a n. HE Isle of May is an extra-parochial island of Fife, and contains the ruins of a 13th century chapel dedicated to S. Adrian, who, with 6006 other Hungarians, is said to have been killed by the Danes about 870, and buried here. Wm. F. Skene identifies S. Monan, one of S. Adrian’s followers, with Moinenn, Bishop of Clonfert in the 6th century, whose relics were probably brought from Ireland to Fife by a body of clerics and laymen expelled by the Danes. David I. founded a monastery here before the middle of the 12th century, and granted it to the Benedictine Abbey of Reading, in Berkshire, on condition that they should place and maintain twelve priests therein to say mass for himself and his predecessors and successors. In 1318 all the rights to the Priory of May were transferred to the canons of S. Andrews, when a Priory at Pittenweem seems to have been substituted for that on the island. The chapel, however, appears still to have been main- tained out of reverence for S. Adrian and other saints buried here, and great numbers of pilgrims annually visited and worshipped at the shrine. James IV. was a frequent visitor, and is said to have been here, a fortnight before the fatal field of Flodden. The monastery was situated in a hollow near the south-east end of the island, and its chapel was dedicated to All Saints, with altars to S. Ethernan and S. Mary V. The following extract, from a description of S. Adrian’s chapel by Mr T. S. Muir, very well describes it : — “ This solitary fragment, which seemingly has been a chapel, stands nearly due north and south by compass, and measures internally within a few inches of 32 feet in length. From the character of the two windows in the west wall, I should infer that the building is of thirteenth century date. Their tops are cut out of one stone, obtusely pointed, the inner or rear openings arched semi- circularly as in Norman work, and splayed enormously. There is a tall window, as I presume it was, with a round head in the south end, set square in the wall, and another, likewise fashioned, wanting the head, raised in the north end. The only aperture in the east side of the chapel is a ragged gap near its southern extremity, which must have been a doorway. Extending eastward of this, and in a line with the south elevation of the building, there is the foundation of a thick wall, traceable for rather more than forty feet ; so that it is evident the doorway in question did not open on the outside, but was an interior communication between the chapel and some larger building, forming in all likelihood the main structure of the ccenobium. “ Since its erection the existing fragment has been subjected to several innovations, though fortunately without being much injured by them. There are — (i) a large press or locker in the upper part of the west wall, by the insertion of which the rear arch of the window nearest the north end has been mutilated ; (2) an oven formed in the bottom of the south window ; (3) a circular tower, pierced near to its base with oillets or shot-holes, partly embrac- ing the south-west corner of the chapel ; and (4), a low narrow rectangular building (greatly reduced), showing traces of a vaulted roof running along the entire breadth of the chapel at the north end. The oven is quite a modern interpolation, but the locker, tower, and northern appendage are of some age, and have evidently been contrived for defensive purposes.” Since Mr Muir described it, the chapel has been carefully cleared of all rubbish and the walls pointed. The stone coffin is probably of 13th century date. According to a baseless tradition of modern date, the fragment of a similar coffin, now in the tower of the church of Anstruther Wester, formed part of this coffin in S. Adrian’s chapel, and floated across to Anstruther. The font is a much mutilated but interesting bowl, evidently of early date. The bowl has been square, with a circular orifice and bottom drain ; the holes for fixing the lid are still fairly perfect. It lies within the ruined chapel of S. Adrian. The dimensions are — Feet. Inches. Diameter of bowl, . . 2 4 Depth of bowl, ... 1 8 Diameter of orifice, . . 1 2 Depth of orifice, 1 2 giccrtp MONIMAIL, FIFESHIRE. C#utc$ of ONIMAIL is a central Parish of Fifeshire, and one of the largest in the shire. The lands of Monimail anciently belonged to the Archbishop of St Andrews, who had a castle here. The keep, known as Melville Tower, still remains standing to the north of Melville House ; some of the outer walls of the castle are close up to the boundary wall of the churchyard. The castle was originally built by Bishop William Lamberton, who died in June 1328, and appears to have been enlarged and improved by Cardinal Beaton, — several heads, with a cardinal’s cap, are cut on the parapet of the keep. Archbishop Hamilton resided at the castle during a severe illness, when he is said to have been attended and cured by a famous Italian physician named Cardan. About a mile from the site of the old church is a strong spring of pure water known by the name of Cardan’s Well (now corrupted into Carseiwell), so called, says tradition, because it was by the use of this water that the physician cured the Archbishop. A belief long prevailed as to the medicinal properties of this spring well and it used to be visited by many patients, but now its reputation is gone and its situation almost forgotten. It is a question whether the name Cardan belongs to an early saint of that name, or to the physician above referred to. The village of Letham is the largest in the parish, and also belonged to the Archbishops of St Andrews. The Church of Monimail was originally a mensal church belonging to the Archbishops of St Andrews, and was finally abandoned for a new building, a short distance to the east, about 1796. The original churchyard, however, where many generations of the hamlet sleep, is still in use, and the interior of the old church is appropriated for burial purposes. Little remains of the church — the most of the nave has been taken down, but the walls of the chancel are intact up to a height of five feet or so. The width of the chancel is 18 feet, a very common size. A south aisle would seem to have been added, probably at the Reformation. On the north side stands the Leven and Melville burial vault. It was originally open to the church, and was doubtless seated and used by the family, the vault being below. Here rest the mortal remains of several of the family, including the deeply lamented Alexander, Viscount Balgonie. In the floor, over the vault, there is an inscribed slab bearing a shield quartered with the arms of Melville of Raith and Douglas of Lochleven, with the initials D. M. near the top and M. D. near the base, probably for David Melville and Margaret Douglas. Captain David Melville of Newmill, son of Sir John Melville of Raith, and brother of Sir James Melville of Halhill, Queen Mary’s Ambassador to the English Court, and Sir Andrew Melville of Garvock, Queen Mary’s Master of the Household, is probably the person commemorated. The inscription is not easily translated, being slightly defective and ungrammatical, but in substance it seems to be somewhat as follows : — “ Here Melville lies buried in a narrow grave now covered by the turf. [He was] married to a wife of the Douglas family. The illustrious house of Raith mourns him taken from them by death, but he rejoices in the company of saints in Heaven. [He died] in the year of his age 57- I 594-” In the north wall of the chancel there is an arched recess which may have been an Easter sepulchure, but more probably the covert of an effigy. At the east side of the arch there is a small aumbry or tabernacle, with two shields above ; the coroneted one, charged with the lion rampant, seems to be an old form of the Melville arms. The small sanctus bell now calls the village children in Letham to school. The larger church bell was taken down when the church was abandoned, and is said to have had an inscription on it bearing that it had been used from the time of Robert the Bruce. Church of jSfi 1 =^ MotiiiT2 all := Collection Plate., — rSVciion. —Church of Collection Plaice. =» ^ JS'/m inches. — Section, St ANDREWS, FIFESHIRE. £0u«0 of t$i Crtntfy. mms church, generally known as the Town Church, was originally built in 1112 by Bishop Turgot, and subsequently dedicated to the Holy Trinity by Bishop Bernhame. In Pre- Reformation times it had thirty altarages, each served by a separate priest and fifteen choristers. The style of the building was mainly First Pointed. At the end of last century — the church being found to be too small for the congrega- tion — extensive alterations, of the usual hideous character of the period, were carried out. The groined roofs over the side aisles were removed, and the outer walls raised nearly to the height of the original clerestory walls ; pro- vision was thus obtained for galleries and accommodation for 2500 people. Fortunately the tower remains to give us some idea of the character of the whole. It is of the usual bare unbuttressed Scottish type, with a square out- jutting turret containing a circular newel stair within. The tower measures 23 feet from east to west, and 19 feet 6 inches from north to south, over the walls. The stair turret is lighted by small square headed lights, and is carried up the full height of the tower, with the parapet, which is set on the usual large corbels, returned round it, and a small octagonal turret and spirelet covers the access from the stair to the roof. The tower itself is finished with the usual octagonal spire, of somewhat stunted proportion, and has a small gabled light on each cardinal face. A small ogee headed door, with a segmental rear arch, gives access to the inside of the spire from the parapet. There has apparently been a floor here, and also at various stages below in the tower, as the corbels for carrying the beams shew. The belfry stage on the west front is lighted by a couple of pointed windows, with trefoil heads within the arch ; the hood moulding is of simple type, and terminates in heads. In the north elevation, where the stair turret projects, the light is placed to the one side, and it consists of a rather large pointed light, divided into two by a mullion. The belfry stage is marked horizontally by a projecting string-course. Two circular headed lights on the west face give the tower an appearance of being divided into four unequal stages, but there are no other string-courses or intakes to mark them. It is this well-known peculiarity in Scottish church towers that gives them the appearance of great height, although none of them reach any great altitude. This example measures 74 feet from the base to the top of the parapet. At the ground level on the north side there is a curious opening 12 feet 6 inches high and 1 foot 9 inches wide ; it serves the purpose of a door, but I am rather doubtful about this being the original use or intention ; the arched head, in one stone, is singularly rude and strange looking. Viewed in perspective, the tower looks very well and picturesque. Internally, the south and east faces are carried by moulded circular arches, the angle pillar, which is in line with the others separating the nave from the north aisle, being increased in size to bear the weight ; the east arch, for the same reason, has its crown and finish at a lower level than the south arch. Part of the oak stalls remain, and are rather interesting, as are also the offertory plate and communion cups. There is a large, but poor, monument to Archbishop Sharpe ; it was made in Holland. 1 — Church of the Ho l y Thnit v. —SI 7 Andrews.— Jun« ISttfr- — YV N — — s Church of [he Ho j v Trinit y ” 31' Andrews o ~r \ I; 11 F~}m^ y ™ 1T ?l, I ,.=Tf 1 T •-I ' ' : l. • -UsS j T l , 1 t 1 I T 1 --?l * 1 r : ^= ps ifi i- i : f j i i shlifels iipr Sl-TT v_ -_-f| - j || 1 ^%-!U 1 ■ TtT^i T ih ! 1 '1 1 1 ^z^ni ..lit I s i i§ t i i r | fiii It r r n ’i ~i f 1 I T I i I i nr 1 |ss==3ls=r t r, •' i -i . ' ii i $ 1 '■■!■. ' ■! ■: -I ■III j| 1 1 \ 1 : 1 1 1 i ill I | Si -1 ■ 1 ._ |j *T~T ,XJ 1 1 1 f| 1 r~ i i g i i i i i 3i r i i ■ l-; TT~I^- 1 llferac 1 .1,1, ill 1 L r 1 i- 1 1 I 1 1 "XM I I •. U IL K aa 3*3 T~ l'ii'ii^gsi!ii i 77 1 -"-i3 -- - - 1 !' I I. P TTT-TT' - 1 1 1 .,T ' ITT TT 1 T T l'!l' l J!!i]ira l '. ! l!i?= f 1 5=S[--^r ; --U^-^P fir i * r -1 ~y . ;. 'i 1 vs/s/ss 2eE_TETi ■- ,T.. T ! unlillK^. pi , 1 , r )-Ud Hl=^£^ •"1 T i ~ i i — r A J . 1 rrrrr J r __J T~| I 1 1 h— IT • , T 1^X1 ^gjfSfc i ' □ •~t --t it • i ; [ i : , i I 'V ! i ,i ;r fTT T ' 11 1 ^ I ... , J. . i _ . =.^.v:iiiiitt“i.'.Viiirii.^: . ■ V. : -iK=- y -i-- l 1 T nn tliul in; 1 !' rr North Elevation West Elevation. £ Scale of TaaE June 188 b 3 s Section lo oking Soul'll. June I <1 SO. /Scale of Feef . Church of the Ho l y Trin ity.— = St. Andrews — Seclion St ANDREWS, FIFESHIRE. £0urc(5 of fieonarO. P J^HIS is the church, or chapel rather, erected in connection with S. M Leonard’s College, which was founded by John Hepburn, Prior of ^ S. Andrews, in 1512, during the episcopate of Alexander Stewart, A.D. 1509-1513. Stewart was a natural son of James IV., and was killed with the King at the unfortunate battle of Flodden Field on the 9th September 1513. Prior John Hepburn endowed the new college with the tithes of the parish of S. Leonards, and with other funds. The college being purely a monastic foundation, the Prior and conventual chapter were its patrons, and supplied it with teachers chosen by themselves. Lyon, in his history of S. Andrews says — “ It was originally designed for the education of twenty-four poor students ; (the inscription on the original seal of the college runs thus : S. Come , Cottegii pauperum Saudi Leonardi ,) but it soon acquired so much repute that many of the sons of the nobility and gentry of Scotland repaired to it. The students, among other accomplishments, were carefully instructed in sacred music , and became so celebrated for their skill in that art that many of them were employed throughout Scotland, after the Reformation, in teaching it.” The chapel is in many ways interesting, and clearly shews, in the character of its architectural details, the late date of its erection. It measures 80 feet 2 inches long, by 20 feet 6 inches in width, inside, and there is no feature marking the chancel from the nave. There has been a west door, and one about the middle of the nave in the south side. An apartment, with arched stone roof, on the north side, may have been a sacristy ; there is a door from it into the chancel, and it also communicates with a narrow arched passage in the thickness of the east wall which extends the full width of the building. Behind the altar two loops communicate with the passage. The mural monu- ments and slabs shew the approach of another style of architecture. The mural monument in the north side near the altar, marked B on plan, is to Robert Wilky, who was twenty-one years principal of the college, and enriched it with various gifts and bursaries. He died in 1611. The inscription says of him — A ream ab occidente ccdibus clausit , ab orient e auxit , test ament 0 4200 mercas pauperibus alendis legavit. The celebrated George Buchanan was for some years principal, having been presented by Queen Mary in 1566. At the era of the Reformation, S. Leonard’s College, though a monastic institution, was distinguished for its opposition to Popery ; so that, to have “ drunk of S. Leonard’s Well ” became a proverbial phrase for having imbibed the reformed opinions. 4. — Church of ST. Leonard — — fi>T. Andrews — Transverse Section looltih ^ East West Elevation. ‘tX H /Y* O i Jpg% l 1 , 1,1 ft ■ihU^^CUtJ'jL u i i .-bzrzbteJ South Elevation West South. Ground Plan ».©• s • £ Scale of reel. June 1866 . Church of ST. ^Leonard Church of ST. Eeonard ST. Andrews.- — rMlw / jpp. J — 'l ik- t . — ; rM^ri m h r \ - r - -VkfS xml JH? Inf 1 nnn ={§§ v^iaffiy'T'ittitTTiypiiffwfflin i itift iiiimiiw MWHHtfiiantnnni'tBW Btrin immimr lataHjniWRgrtunroflPH-^.^^ wmmj. Aim sifcY, M<&VEREL 1 M TSCIMYIRO ' [^ .;!■-- lii. 1 1 1 1 1 ij=£=;^=T^. — iii!liih!n*i.* j ' -' - • - -- : ||j|5j-Tf elMII — * — -r . | ~ rj . j j; | . : [ * 1 ! 1 1*! ! j r— 7 rn i 1 ! 1 1 \ ‘ '■ in’; i : l i i ! ! ''■■ _- , 1 ; 1" Q | 6 _ 7 , 7 . ^ |L2 i!s: | !)l! I- Sliili'lilliilii’iilllilliilf _.- l! ■ ! i== jliiVi i l!l ! ^Ai'iiii;7!!iiAf n^iM! : j : | /,.— - Mm l",. -: [PlCTjg^ L jSj^g^ggji^': i , ■ - m . m ■ m : ; .- . ■ . uqjJ4Mjg3g -I l 1 7 ) : '|. , l l i’ ) l ,!l ! | Elevation of Monument A. on Plan June 1886 St ANDREWS, FIFESH1RE. £0urc$ of QUarg on f(5e JEntt HE foundations of this early church were cleared in i860 ; before this £|p short nave being due east and west. Very little of the transepts remain. The style of the building has evidently been early 13th century Gothic. This was the church of the provostry of Kirkheugh, or the Pvceposituva Sanctce Marice de Rupe. Martine says (writing about 1683), that the manse of the provost of Kirkheugh was still standing “ on a little height above the shore of S. Andrews, now in no good repair,” and that “ a little north from it were to be seen the ruins of old buildings, which were the chapel itself.” Grierson, in his “ Delineations of S. Andrews,” published about 1830, states that part of the old gable, with the door entire, was still standing in 1801, and only then fell. This church is supposed to have taken the place of a very old chapel, known as the church of S. Mary on the Rock, which is said to have stood on the Lady’s Craig, a reef near the pier. Martine says of it — “ As to the Culdees at S. Andrews, there goes a tradition in this place that the Culdees of old, at least Regulus and his companions, had a cell dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, about a bow-flight east of the shore of S. Andrews, a little without the end of the pier (now within the sea), upon a rock called at this day our Lady’s Craig ; the rock is well known, and seen every day at low water ; and upon the sea’s encroaching, they built another house at, or near the place, where the house of the Kirkheugh now stands, called Sta. Maria de Rupe, with St Rule’s chapel.” The slab within the chancel is evidently of pretty early date, and is care- fully protected by an iron railing ; would I could say as much for other and finer slabs in the neighbourhood and elsewhere. |)\ time all traces of it had been lost. The chancel measures 47 feet in ^ length, by 20 feet wide, inside, and inclines to the north of east, the S^eole for* jSf lobs St ANDREWS, FIFESHIRE. £0urc# of (Regufua* ^HIS beautiful and interesting church, like the Abernethy Round Fj\ Tower, is well known, and has been often described. The question as to whether the tower is a central or western one has always been an open one, and I presume always will. Even the late Sir Gilbert Scott, one of the most accomplished architects of recent times, was undecided, although in the main he favoured the opinion that it is a western tower. On the other hand, Mr T. S. Muir — by no means a poor authority — has no hesitation in deciding it to be a central tower. For my own part I must say, with all diffidence, I cannot see anything about the plan of the chapel to lead me to think it a central tower, and I think it is a western tower, and had originally a lofty western porch. Sir Gilbert Scott is equally undecided as to the date of erection ; he imagines it to be anterior to the introduction of Norman architecture into England, and remarks that it stands side by side with the cathedral, just as the church of S. Cormac does with the cathedral at Cashel, and also that the capitals of the shafts closely resemble those of S. Pantaleon at Cologne, which are of the ioth century. Dr Joseph Anderson, in “ Scotland in Early Christian Times,” quotes Scott’s remarks, and points out that Cormac’s chapel was built in the 12th century — “ so that the date assignable to S. Regulus, whether by conjecture or by the analogy of probabilities, would be somewhere within the limits of these three centuries.” He then goes on to say — “ Whatever may be its precise date, S. Regulus belongs to the most advanced type of chancelled churches, consisting of nave, chancel, and apse ; and though it is the only example of this advanced type which is of unassigned date in Scotland, its typical form links it on with the group of twelfth century churches.” Dr John Stuart unhesitatingly ascribes its erection to Bishop Robert, between 1127 and 1144, on what authority I know not, but I am entirely at one with him as to the likely date. I make the height of the tower from base to parapet 109 feet 10 inches. The drawings otherwise, I hope, clearly shew and explain this fine specimen of early art. I may mention that all the beds and joints of the stones were carefully put in on the drawings on the spot. On Plate 4 I shew drawings of the chapter seal, of date 1204 and 1214. I am greatly indebted to Canon Greenwell of Durham for sending me these seals, for examination, which are attached to very valuable church documents. =£- Qndrewgj= beetle of “Feet. K.iriL EievSTToTl ■ Weftl Elev ation.. Ml , jSfcttle of VeelTT /iLf^us h 1865. ..or-rtoi 3 EtevaLLoTr. Iio /£> go r rlxiiEX 1^0 r?o. ,5o. j£>ccilc» of Feel J1WIS. 4. t- lmreh of- F» r * ~Rp- Plan ai- ft. y+y Plun at Cl . — 1 ° -= &cale of Feclr. Church of SS ftah ator —Church of j£»fc SalVahiv — f>t QndreW^. ^= Debailft of Biftho'p Kennedy^ TTlont — Jia^ixCaja. — oF Jamb. - — Clrch TIlouM — (5a^e. 1 / — -'Pier & Jamb .- (jicale.) Church of ftnlVhhir — St QndrcvVs — Detail of Piscina. ? — Tabemacle. — CaWino' in fflcVahonr = Clrch TllouLd. • • Jamb of Piscina <- .4'__X -i L 4 . ^ — ^ Cjhurcih of f>t Salvator = Petal L of- fafrp 1 J <> cjh am f'er OefcnL of Itlui lfail tpl ou jCIWatiois ^Waie of ~rx4^i Piar?, of Pulpit'. C|Uuvci; of fit f li z drew ft . = =• j^tde €CLeVairioji/ op PulpitT. JtffUe oj I' 1 rt 1 16 1 1 3 r -i y \* __ i 3 1 ‘ba:i i i 1 i i— . i 1 — < — — dtoiirch of* Sf ^alyat'Qi ~~ 5t QiicLreWs. i - ='Oet‘ciil?> of PulmlT -*> —xl ore — orr^Jaty feT i'ivr.i i Lai* K irlr or' "fetdpiC in>:adui : tf 5/4 1»ut-_b,ave same tnolctma ~£^XI Octal L of ftandoLa^ft Uftfail ot ^IjQ joL" CVmucc to FulpiE rrF~ in. foe h.l cxtit ion, (Full St MONANCE, anciently Abercrombie, FIFESHIRE. of QUonattee. HIS fine specimen of middle pointed Gothic stands close to the sea, at the mouth of the Dreel burn, and surrounded by the churchyard. Mr W. F. Skene, in his “ Celtic Scotland,” identifies the patron saint Monanus with Moinenn, Bishop of Clonfert, who died in 571, d holds that his relics were brought from Ireland to Fife about the year 845, and deposited in a church built to his honour. According to the legend of St Adrian, however, Monannus was born in Pannonia, a province of Hungary, preached the Gospel at Abercrombie, and was enshrined there after his martyrdom. Another historian identifies Monennius with St Ninian of Whithorn, who is called Nynias by Bede, and is identified by the Irish antiquaries with their Monennius. This theory would seem to be confirmed by the fact that some writers, in alluding to the miraculous cure of King David, and to the church which he founded, call its patron St Ninian. David II. is said to have founded the present church in or about 1362, as a thanks offering, he having been freed from a barbed arrow received at the battle of Neville’s Cross in 1346, while praying before the tomb of St Monan. Another writer, Dr Rogers, states in the “ Register of the Collegiate Church of Crail ” that the Church of St Monan’s was erected at the cost of David II., to denote his gratitude to God for being preserved in a storm which overtook him and his Queen, Margaret of Logie, when crossing the firth to visit William de Dischington at Ardross, and also states that this William was the architect of the Castle of Ardross, of the Church of St Monan’s, and probably of the Church at Crail. The Chamberlain’s Rolls contain various entries, dating from 1362 to 1370, of payments made to Sir William de Dysschyntoun, Knyt, Sheriff of Fife, for the erection of the building, and in the year 1369, Adam the Carpenter received £6, 13s. 4d. in part payment of his services and labour in the work. James III. bestowed the Church upon the Dominicans or Black Friars at the solicitation of Friar John Muir. It was partly destroyed by the English in 1544, and was renovated in 1772 and 1828. It now serves as the Parish Church, and is seated for 528 worshippers. Muir, in his “ Parochial and Collegiate Churches of Scotland,” says — “The restorations, alterations, and additions that were then made (in 1828), although anything but correct either in style or material, on the whole manifest really so much of a friendly and well-intentioned regard for the preservation of the ancient character of the structure, as cannot but agreeably surprise any one who, while wandering through the rural districts of Scotland, has marked the sad treatment which the old devotional temples in general have received at the hands of incompetent architects and their employers.” I quite agree with him. It is uncertain whether a nave, or part of one, ever existed ; the west elevation has mostly been rebuilt, and shews no trace of building west of the tower. As the church stands, it comprises a chancel of four bays, measuring 50 feet 8 inches in length, and 22 feet 9 inches in width. South transept, 17 feet 9 inches long and 18 feet wide ; north transept, 17 feet 6 inches long and 18 feet wide, and tower at the intersection, 21 feet 3 inches east and west, by 16 feet north and south, inside ; the total length inside being 71 feet 8 inches from east to west, and 66 feet 6 inches across the transept from north to south. The south wall of the chancel has a large pointed window in each bay, the three eastmost having four lights, and the other three lights, the heads are filled in with looped and cusped tracery, the jambs are splayed, and are composed of two shallow rolls and a hollow ; the north wall has two similar windows, one in the east bay and one in the west ; a modern building, fitted up as a vestry, occupies nearly the whole of the two centre bays. The only original door is in the north side, the jambs are splayed, but the arch is moulded, the mouldings dying out at the springing of the arch. The east end, which is square, has two windows, each of two lights, with an external buttress running up between them, and high up, just above the buttress, there is a small light with a segmental arch, and the whole space filled in with loop tracery. In the centre of the north wall of the north transept, there is a window of three lights ; the south wall of the south transept is divided by a centre buttress, and on each side of it there is a small window of two lights, — they seem to be the oldest feature in the building, and are rather peculiar, — each is formed of two narrow lights with lancet heads, without cusping, springing from the chamfered monial, the spandrel above is filled in with an elongated quatrefoil, the whole window head being cut out of one stone, and set within a deeply splayed, round headed containing arch. Close to the east end of the south wall of the chancel there is a piscina, or aumbry, with moulded jambs and arch cusped inside, — there is no drain and no shelf ; to the west of it, in the same wall, there is a sedilia for three persons, a large outer roll is carried round the edge of the recess, and a smaller one next it branches off fully half way up, and forms the leading moulding in the traceried head, which is divided into three ogee cusped canopied compartments, the spandrel spaces above being filled in with elongated trefoils cusped ; the seat at present is fully four feet above the floor, — the floor was lowered about two feet in 1828. The roof is vaulted with shields bearing heraldic devices at the intersection of the ribs. Within the tower the transept arches are double, the inner ones, carrying the tower walls, spring away from the east and west walls without any shafting ; the capitals to all the shafts throughout are simply moulded, as are the bases, which have a heavy sloping base on a semi-octagonal plinth. The tower has rather a squat stunted appearance, but this is partly, if not altogether, due to the pitch of the chancel roof, which is higher than usual ; the tower has a heavy moulded parapet, and a low octagonal spire springs from it, having small lights on each cardinal face. Muir states the orientation as being east by north. I give two views of the Church, one by Adam de Cardonnel, and one by R. Nasmyth drawn in 1807. Both shew the transepts unroofed, and a large western door, but no signs of a nave, or part of one. TloH’h Church of S* fflmtcmce = FH.gesh.ive r= * finance Fneti Church of S* tHoTicmce °~JE!ii eshTire -.~° r — .vp - , . . I . I . ■ 1 I -^JL ^.-TTT-r^d -vg^F .Jblmreh of S* If lcm mice £t£ e ftliii- e — — to c nLft \tf i^zj i iTr jj i I — I- — -■ I - T ' - ~ — • — p y ^ , ' chnrcii of sr nioimme Fifesliire 1 1884. Church of S* IHmmnee Window Most? <;nhlp H jJ--.p=r.T^rru 1. ~~ — ~ ~ ' — — : i — — 1 W* i*| l>T%«-£ 5 ? T o J ? ** x j t v CKurcIi of S* niommcc Sccvle. fr'eet hcule fUr W InflOWS- ft HU U-VCh. (Bccfeetaeftcaf Jxmntoftone tn ^tfeePttre. ABBOTSHALL. — Created a parish about 1674. It received its name from a hall or pleasaunce of the Abbots of -Dunfermline, which stood west of the church. Chapel. — There was anciently a chapel here, hence the name. ABDIE. — Consecrated 1242, dedicated to S. Macgidrin or Adrian. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to Lindores Abbey. ABERDOUR. — Consecrated 1178, dedicated to S. Fillan. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm. Nunnery , founded 1474, dedicated to S. Martha. Hospital , founded 1487, dedicated to S. S. Mary V. and Peter Ap. Beaupre, now corrupted into Bowprie. Mention is made of a chapel here as early as the year 1320. The place was, at that time, known as the Grange of Beaupre. ABERNETHY, partly in Fifeshire, dedicated to S. Bridget V. Abs. At Abernethy, according to the Pictish chronicle, Nectan Morbet, third of the shadowy line of early Pictish Kings, founded a church here in honour of S. Bridget of Kildare about 462, — a legend inconsistent with the known date of her death (525). “ Under the influence of Columba’s teaching, Gartnaidh, ‘ supreme King of the Tay,’ founded or refounded here a church for Columban monks, dedicated, like its alleged pre- decessor, to S. Bridget, some time between 584 and 596. In 717 the Columban monks were doubtless expelled from Abernethy by Nectan III. for nonconformity to Rome; but in 865 we find it once more occupied by Irish clergy, as in that year it seems to have been visited and reorganised by Cellach, Abbot both of Iona and of the mother church of Kildare. From that year too, on to 908, Abernethy was at once the episcopal and the royal capital of the whole Pictish kingdom, Constantin, son of Kenneth Mac Alpin, having translated the whole bishopric hither from Dunkeld. Three bishops held the see, whose transference to S. Andrews under Constantin, King of Alban, stripped 11 Abernethy of much of its former importance, the single epoch in its after-history being the homage paid at it in 1072 to the Conqueror by Malcolm Ceannmor, who came and made peace with King William, and gave hostages and became his man ; and the King went home with all his forces.” Culdees are first heard of at Abernethy during the reign of Eadgar (1097- 1107), but it does not appear how long they had been introduced. They were holding the possessions of the ancient nunnery between 1189 and 1199, but the church and its pertinents had been granted by William the Lyon to Arbroath Abbey, to whose monks the lay Abbot of Abernethy now conveyed his abbatical rights, while retain- ing his lands, becoming thus a secular baron and founder of the house of Abernethy. A dispute in the succeeding century between Arbroath and these Culdees was decided by the Bishop of Dunblane against the latter, who in 1272 were converted into a priory of Canons Regular of S. Augustine. Chapel. — Mentioned by Adam King as existing in his day. ANSTRUTHER, Wester. — Consecrated 1243. ANSTRUTHER, Easter. — The parish church of Easter Anstruther was built 1634-44. AUCHTERDERRAN. — Founded 1093, dedicated to S. Serf Ab. The ancient church of Auchterderran was given by Fothad, last Bishop of Alban, to God, S. Serf, and the hermit Culdees of Lochleven. AUCHTERMUCHTY. — Consecrated 1245, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Lindores. AUCHTERTOOL. — The church belonged to the Bishop of Dunkeld. BALLINGRY. — The present church was built in 1831. BALMERINO. — The present church, built in 1811, succeeded one built at Kirkton in 1595, when the Abbey Church was disused. Abbey. — Founded in 1227, dedicated to S. S. Mary V. and Edward C. A Cistercian Abbey founded by Ermengarda, widow of William the Lyon ; she was buried before the high altar in 1233. Mains. — Chapel here, dedicated to S. Alus or Ayle. Naughton. — Chapel here, dedicated to S. John. Seamylnes. — Chapel here, dedicated to S. Thomas C. BEAI H. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm. The “ Kirk ” was the first place of meeting that the Protestant Lords Ill of Scotland had for the Covenant and Reformation, it fell into disuse about 1640, and was rebuilt by Mr Alexander Colville of Blair, who was mightily stirred by beholding from his own window the piping and dancing of the poor people on the Sabbath, their revelling and debauch- ing, drinking, excess and riot, — the younger men playing at football, falling out and wounding one another, and the older sort playing at games and the works of their several callings. BURNTISLAND. — Dedicated to S. Adamnan ? Kirkton. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. Serf Ab. Burntisland belonged anciently to Dunfermline Abbey, and was exchanged by James V. in 1541 for some lands in the neighbourhood, that he might erect it into a royal burgh. The parish was originally called Wester Kinghorn. CAMERON. — Disjoined from S. Andrews parish in 1645. CARNBEE. — The parish church was erected in 1793. CARNOCK. — The church belonged to the ministry of Scotland Well. CERES.— Dedicated to S. Cyr or Quiricus M. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Provostry of Kirkheugh. COLLESSIE— Consecrated 1243. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Lindores. CRAIL.— Dedicated to S. Maelrubha H. Held until 1517 by the Cistercian Nunnery of Haddington. The prioress and Sir William Myreton then made it collegiate for a provost, ten prebendaries, a sacrist and choiisters. Just before the Reformation it belonged to S. Salvators College, S. Andrews. Castle. — Chapel dedicated to S. Rufus. Priory. — Dedicated to S. Rufus ; site now known as the I rioi \\ alls. Kilwinning Farm. — Chapel, dedicated to S. Monan. CREICH. — Dedicated to S. Devenic. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Lindores. CULTS, formerly Quylt. — Consecrated in 1243. Prior to the Refoimation it belonged to S. Salvator’s College, S. Andrews. CUPAR.— Dedicated to S. Mary V. Tarvit.— Dedicated to S. Michael Arch. The parishes of Cupar and Tarvit were united in 1618. The original parish church of Cupar stood three furlongs N.W. of the town, but within the old walls, on a rising ground IV near Springfield House ; became a ruin in the early part of the 15th century, and was completely obliterated in 1759. Its successor, in Kirkgate Street, built in 1415, was a Gothic structure of some preten- sion, measuring 133 feet in length by 54 feet in width ; it, too, fell into decay, and was taken down in 1785, with the exception of the tower and part of the north aisle, which still stand. Tarvit parish church, on the south side of the Eden, crowned a small conical eminence — S. Michael’s Hill — now mostly covered with a plantation sheltering the N.E. entrance to Tarvit House. After the parishes were united, Cupar parish church took the name of S. Michael, according to some authorities. Dominican Priory. — Dedicated to S. Mary V. Founded by one of the Earls of Fife, and annexed to S. Andrews by James V. Kilmaron. — There was anciently a chapel here. DAI RSI E. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. Mary V. The present church was “ built and adorned after the decent English fashion ” by Arch- bishop Spottiswoode in 1621. It belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. DALGETY. — Dedicated to S. Bridget V. Abs. The church dates from the 1 2th century. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm. Fordell. — Probably dedicated to S. Thereota ? now corrupted into S. Cereot. The present chapel was built about 1633. DUNBOG. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Arbroath. Dunbog House is built on the site of a Preceptory of the Monks of Balmerino, said, but not on good authority, to have been built by Cardinal Bethune. Dunmore. — The ruins of a small interesting chapel still remain. DUNFERMLINE. Abbey. — Dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Founded in 1072 by Malcolm Ceannmor. It was endowed both by that King and his sons, Ethelred and Eadgor, and was completed and further endowed by Alexander I. in 1 1 15. It was remodelled in 1124, as a Benedictine Abbey, by David I., who placed in it an Abbot and twelve brethren brought from Canterbury. Almshouse and Chapel , dedicated to S. Catherine V. M. V Queensferry, N. — Dedicated to S. James Ap. In 1323 this chapel was given to the Abbey of Dunfermline by William, Bishop of S. Andrews. Garvock. — Dedicated to S. John the Evan. DU NINO. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to S. Salvator’s College, S. Andrews. Nunnery . — An ancient nunnery stood on the highest ground in the parish, whence its ruins were removed in 1815. DYSART. — Consecrated 1245, dedicated to S. Serf or Servanus Ab. Priory of Black Friars, dedicated to S. Denis P. M., or M. Bp. ELIE, down to 1639, was part of the parish of Kilconquhar, when it was created a parish by Sir William Scott of Ardross. FALKLAND, anciently Kilgour. — Kilgour, 2J miles W. by N. of Falkland, was the site of the ancient parish church. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews, and was granted to it by the Earl of Fife in 1318. FERRY-PORT-ON-CRAIG. — Constituted in 1606, was formerly part of Leuchars parish. FLISK. — Consecrated 1242, dedicated to S. Adrian. Flisk was one of the eight rectories in Fife at the Reformation, all the others being vicarages. FORGAN. — Consecrated 1124, dedicated to S. Fillan. Before the Reforma- tion it belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. INVERKEITHING.— Dedicated to S. Peter Ap. It was bequeathed in 1139 to Dunfermline Abbey by Waldeve, son of Gospatrick. Rosyth, an ancient parish, now annexed to Inverkeithing. The church belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm. KEMBACK. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to S. Salvator’s College, S. Andrews. KENNOWAY Dedicated to S. Cainnichi or Kenneth. It belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. KING’S KETTLE.— Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. S. John the Evan., and Ethernascus. The parish was anciently known as Lathrisk, and down to about 1636 the church stood on the lands of Lathrisk. It belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. Clatto. — There was a chapel here. Chapel Kater. — There was a chapel here. VI KILCONQUHAR. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. Monan. KILMANY. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to S. Salvator’s College, S. Andrews. KILRENNY. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. Irenaeus or Ninian Bp. * KINGHORN. — Dedicated to S. Leonard C. H. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Dunfermline. Inchiceith. — Dedicated to S. Adamnan. KINGLASSIE. — Dedicated to S. Glasciannus. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Dunfermline. KINGSBARNS. — The lands belonged to Crail parish until 1631, when it was constituted a separate parish. The church was built in 1631. KIRKCALDY. — Consecrated 1244, dedicated to S. Patrick Britius or Brisse, B. C. LARGO. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Cistercian Nunnery of North Berwick. LESLIE, anciently called Fithkil. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Inchcolm. Chapel. — Dedicated to S. Mary V. LEUCHARS. — Consecrated 1244, dedicated to S. Athernase. The “ Ecclesia de Lochres ” is mentioned in a confirmatory bull by Pope Gregory, in the year 1187, of certain ecclesiastical temporalities bestowed on the Priory of S. Andrews. In the days of William the Lion, Nesius de Quincy conferred the church of Leuchars upon the Priory. Chapel. — Dedicated to S. Bennet, stood on the site of the parish school. Easter Tron. — There was a chapel here. Airdit. — There was a chapel here. LOGIE. — Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Abbey of Balmerino. MARKINCH. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. S. John the Baptist and Modrust. There was a Culdee cell here. The church, previous to the Reformation, belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. Balbirnie. — Dedicated to S. Brandan. Kirkforthar. — There was a chapel here. MAY, ISLAND OF. — An extra-parochial parish, claimed by Crail and by Anstruther ; dedicated to S. Adrian. S. Adrian is said to have been Vll killed here, about 870, by the Danes. David I. founded a monastery here before the middle of the 12th century, and granted it to the Benedictine Abbey of Reading, in Berkshire, on condition that they should place and maintain twelve priests therein, to say mass for himself and his predecessors and successors. In 1318 all the rights to the Priory of May were transferred to the canons of S. Andrews, when a Priory at Pittenweem seems to have been substituted for that on the island. MON I MAIL. — Prior to the Reformation it was a mensal church of the Archbishops of S. Andrews. The adjoining palace, of which there are some remains, was originally built by Bishop William Lamberton, who died in 1328. It was enlarged and improved by Cardinal Beaton, and was the residence of Archbishop Hamilton during a severe illness, < when he was attended and cured by the famous physician Cardan. MOONZIE. — Consecrated 1245. The church and teinds of the parish of Moonzie were gifted by Bishop Malvoisin to a religious fraternity at Scotland Well, in Kinross-shire. About 1564 Moonzie was conjoined with Cupar, but only for a few years, when it was again made a separate parish. NEWBURGH. — Dedicated to S. Catherine. The parish was disjoined from Abdie in 1632. NEWBURN, anciently Drumeldrie. — The Culdees are said to have had a church here ; King Malcolm granted them the lands of Balchrystie. PITTENWEEM. — The parish church is partly a structure of the first half of the 17th century. The parish became independent about 1588. The church was probably dedicated to S. Lilian. There are a well and cave associated with the saint’s name. Priory. — Dedicated to S. Mary V., dates from about 1 1 14, and was founded for Canons Regular, and belonged to the Priory of S. Andrews. S. ANDREWS. — Dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The parish church was first built in 1112 by Bishop Turgot, and subsequently dedicated by Bishop David de Bernhame. Cathedral . — Dedicated to S. Andrew Ap. The building was begun by Bishop Arnold (1159-1162) in 1159, but was not finished till the time of Bishop Lamberton (1297-1328) in 1318, the work having been carried on by eleven successive bishops. Vlll Church. — Dedicated to S. Regulus. It probably occupies the site of the older Culdee Cell. The probable date of the existing building is 1144. College Church. — S. Salvator. Founded by Bishop James Kennedy in 1456 for a provost and prebendaries. It was dedicated to the honour of God, of our "Saviour, and the Virgin Mary, and was named S. Salvator’s College. College Chapel. — Dedicated to S. Leonard. Culdee Chapel. — Dedicated to S. Mary V. Known as the chapel of “ S. Mary on the Rock,” possibly the first erected by the Culdees ; it stood on the Lady’s Craig, a reef of rock behind the pier. Chapel of the King of Scotland on the Hill. — Dedicated to S. Mary V. Stood on the Kirk Heugh, immediately west of the harbour ; the foundations were cleared in i860. Augustinian Priory or Monastery. — Founded by Bishop Robert (1126- 1158) in 1144 ; stood to the south of the Cathedral, now extinct. Dominican Monastery. — Founded in 1274 by Bishop Wishart (1273-1279), and was governed by a Prior who was not subject to the Episcopal control. The ruin of the north transept still stands in South Street, in front of the Madras College. Ob servant ine or Grey friars Monastery. — Stood north of the West Port, at the west end of Market Street. It was founded about 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, and it was completed in 1478 by Bishop Grahame (1466-1478). It was governed by a warden. S. MONANCE, anciently Abercrombie. — Dedicated to S. Monan. Mr W. F. Skene identifies Monanus with Moinenn, Bishop of Clonfert (d. 571), and holds that his relics were brought from Ireland about 845, and deposited in a church erected to his honour. David II. founded the present church at S. Monance about 1362, and a century later James III. bestowed it on the Dominican Monastery of S. Andrews. The ruins remain of the church of Abercrombie. SALINE. — Was “ ane common Kirk of Dunkeld.” SCOONIE. — Consecrated 1243, dedicated to S. Memma. STRATHMIGLO. — Dedicated to S. Martin. Prior to the Reformation it belonged to the Bishops of Dunkeld. Gateside. — Dedicated to S. Mary V. IX TORRYBURN AND CROMBIE. — The ruins of a chapel remain at Crombie. WEMYSS. — Dedicated to S. Cuthbert. It belonged to Trinity College, Edinburgh. Chapel Garden. — There was a chapel here. Methilhill. — There was a chapel here. &cdm