THE NTIQUITIES OF CYPRUS IIISCUVEREII (^rtucipallj) on tfjc sitts of tljt niicifiit ©olaot aiiti $tialiuiii) BY GENERAL LUIGI PALMA DI CESNOLA, U.S. Consul^^.Laruaiui. ) !ix!il!>i;'>! hy Messrs. Ri>nin a>iil !-rttaiiif>t(' Great Ruasdl Str-c/. Lo'uUn, and Rue Vii iftiJir, Ptiiis i. PIIOTOGRAIMII- D IJ Y S T K I* H E N 'i' 1 1 (i Ai 1' S (_) K. A„J prinU by th^ f,ri,uwm Ahi/u'!yj-, //.i...-, 1-KOM A SELECTION MADE UV C, T, NEWTON, M.A„ KEEPEK OF UKEEK AM) KOMAN ANTIQUITIES AT THE li K I T I S II MUSEUM. • ^ aautlj an Introtmction bp SIDNEY COLVIN, M.A., Irlkn,/ Trill. Call. Ciiiiii. LONDON: VV. A. MANSELL AND CO.. 2. PEKCY S T R IrE T. VV. i873. THE INTIQUITIES OF CYPRUS DISCOVERED (^3rtnttpallji on tijc sites of tljt ancunt (iolgoi aiiti Baltum) GENERAL LUIGI PALMA DI CESNOLA, [/.S\ Consul nl Larnaka. (Exhibited by Messrs. RoUin and Feuardent, 61, Great Russell Street. London, and Rue Vivienne, Paris.) PHOTOGRAPHED BY STEPHEN THOMPSON. AiiH f;i'' 'i inn between Greek and Asiatic, Cyprus is the centii' ; ■■ i m. There were other important seats of early iiiici' .n ik' .u iu — there was Crete, there was Klindo.^. tlnMv v^-.v^ ''n-^. llirvc was Tarsus, there was Thera, tlin'e was ( 'yllicra, ;n whicli the Phceniciang, busy carriers as they weie, would have brought their own civilization, and that of the great continental empires with whicb they traded, ijito contact witli the receptive facidties of men of tlie Hellenic race. There were all the harbour towns of the Hellenic world proper, to whicli the Phu.*nicians pushed their coasting enterprise. But Cyprus, the rich island lying not far south of the coast of Cilicia, and not far west of the coast of Syria — within sight of Libanus in clear weather, and within a day's sail of Tyre — would be the main central meeting-point of races. There the Phoenician traders from Sidon and Tyre woidd early beach their galleys; there they would .set out their wares for sale; there they would colonize and establisl> a sfnrtiiig- point for more adventurous voyuui'^ yet. TIjiihcr ^\-nukl import their gods, their arts, theii' la.sLiiJiis, and pre.iiciilly thdse also of the other great sources and destinations of their com- merce, the mainland empires of Egypt and Assyria. And so, in truth, we have a hundred mtnesses to the fact of Cyprus being largely and early Phcenicianized, The period of the first landings of Phcenicians in Cyprus (the name of which is pro- ba,bly identical with the CapMor of the Old Testament and the Xe/a of the Egyptian hierogly]ihics} cannot be even approxi- mately ascertained. But all tradition agrees that they were the firat to clear the island of the forests with ^vhicll it was covered, and to turn to account the minesof copper and ample other natural riches with which it abounded. Hiram, wlio was king of Tyre in the time of Solomon, received tribute from the Tyrian colony of Citium, the modern Larnaka, on the southern coast of Cyprus. We know from Josephus and other sources that this town of Citium was the oldest of the Phcenician culnnius in the island. And the inhabitants of Citinm, according tn tlu' ui'Dltii] opinion of scholars, are to l)e I'ecoguized in tlie R'illli,i, mentioned in Genesis, and elsewhere in the Old Testament, as anion"' (he leadin" Mediterranean populations. The two other principal Phcenician colonies wer-e Paphos and Amathus. Citium continued to be their most important commercial station (e^ijropioc) ; but Paphos, I from being presently the great seat of the worship of Aphrodite, ■ caUK' tu !jc religious capital of the island (which was c.'^}ii i i,dly - lo that goddess), and indeed one of the most impLii iiiuL ik ligiiai^ centres of all the ancient world. The Paphian j Aphrodite, as she was known iir classical times, was a deity I whose attributes and rites were compounded of elements partly Phcenician and Babylonian, jiartly it is probable Phrygian, and partly Greek. The introduction of her worship into Cyprus is associated, in the fii'st instance, with the mythical name of Cinyras. Cinyias is said to have been the founder of Paphos ; and generally his name stands as an embodiment of the Phcenician immigration, and the civilination which followed in it'; triiin. lie i-i tlie great and patron hero of the island. The ruling faiuily "f rajihos, in whom the functions of priests and king.-- wrrc united, were called the Cinyradfe, as being his sup- posed descendants; and in the course of time, and the progress of niytliulogy, the discovery of copper-working, and of all the other industries of the island, comes to be attributed to this single personality of Cinyras. The Pha-nician immigration, then,, witli its mythic leader Ciny- ras, had found the island in possession of a primitive race, if not of more primitive races than one, whom scholars have supposed aldn to those half bai'baric offshoots of the Hellenic stock iiiliiibiting districts of Asia Jlinor near the island, the Lycian and I'lirygian. That supposition seems to he strengthened l>y recent linguistic researches. The Phcenicians, it presently appeared, were not destined to remain sole settlers among this population, nor sole masters of the seaborrt of Cyprus. At tlie time which we are accustomed to speak of as that of the Trojan war — that is, at the time when emigrants of the Dorian and Ionian families sailed eastward from the main- land of Greece, and fought for ground to settle on up and down the coasts of Asia Minor— at this time, certain of such emigi'ants found their way further south and further east than Asia Minor, and landed at various points upon the coast of Cyprus. That is what we must understand when we hear from Homer, and other writers. ho\\' \'arious heroes of the Trojan war visited Cyprus or lirought settlers there after the fall of Troy, Thus Teiicer is said to have brought settlers to Cyprus from Salami,?, Akamas from Athens, Praxander from Lacediemon, and other leaders from ArgoHs and Achaia. Certain it i,s that the Greek settlements in Cyprus at this uncertain time— the heroic period — were very numerous, especially on the northern and eastern coasts of the island, and that the most important of them was Salamis near the modern Pamagusta. Salamis was so called probably in remembrance of the island off Attica, from which the colonists had started ; and was associated with tlie name of Teucer as its founder. The Phi eniciana, who cared less for political power than for commercial opportunities, do not seem to have opposed these Greek settlements in any way. From the date when the settleiiii'iits Inok jilace, there continued to exist in the island two ruling races — one the Phienician, and the other the Greek, They were centred in different cities, but exercised a conaider- able modifying intiueuce on each other, even if they did not actually mix. The Greeks in Cyprus became less Greek than they continued to be in most of their colonies. They absorbed new elements, and radiated new ideas. They took up the re- ligious ideas of their neighbours, or adapted to them those primitive ones which they had brought from Greece, And thus arose that famous mixed woi-ship. of Aphrodite with [ 2 ] Adnuis, of wliicb we liave spoken as being the great institution of the island. The Greeks also made the Phroiiician stories of Cinyras their own, and turned Cinyras iato a Greek hero. The cities, both Greek and Phcenician, which bad thus become the centres of a new and mixed civilization, were ruled over by tyrants or kin<;9, and each city by degrees obtained the mastery over a zone of the surrounding country with its native population. The Greek cities, of which seven are generally quoted as the most famous, seem to have obtained more of this political and territorial power thun the Pha^nician, In Papboa, as we have seen, and perhaps ako in some of the Greek cities too, the privileges of kingship and of priesthood were combined, and were hereditary in the same family. Each city seems to have boon substantially independent ; but all of thera, and the whole islniul together, were at various times in their history subject to one or another of tlie great powers of the adjacent mainlands. In early days we know that Citium and tlie other Phtenician cities paid tribute to Tyre ; but whether that sign of subjection was extended to the suhsequent Greek settlements we do not know. Then, recent researches have shown that, if the ideuuty of Cyprus and Kefa can he regarded as established, there nnist have been a very early conciuest of Cyprus by Egypt, since the people of Kefa are represented, on a well-known fresco at Thebes, as sending tribute to Thothraes III., who ruled about the fifteenth century before Christ. Mauetbo, on the othei' hand, distinctly assigns the conquest of Egypt by the Egyptian fleet to a date about two ceaturies later— the begiuning of the nineteenth dynasty. After that, Cyprus must have passed with other Phcenician dependencies under the empire of Assyria ; inacriptioua having been found wdiich represent it as paying triljute to Sargon, king of Assyria, in the eighth century B.C. A century and a half later, Aniasis, king of Egypt, in his policy of strengthening his empire against the growing power of Persia, annexed Cypriis as air all-important maritime position, and established close communications between it and his colony of Greek allies at Naucratis. Then, upon the enterprise of Cambyses against Egypt, Cyprus went over, and bccamsj part of the great new Persian empire. It.s cities joined valiantly in the Ionic revolt against Persia a few years later; but their attempt failed, chiefly owing to the treachery of some of the kings ; and the island fell back under the rule of Darius. After the double overthrow of the Persian invaders of Greece under Darius and Xerxes, Cyprus was the scene of some of the most brilliant exploits of Cimon against the last remains of theii maritime power in the Meditermnean. But, as the cities of Cypma liad not, like other cities of the Hellenic race, shaken oiT the tyrannical form of government, so neither did they, in the filth century, share the true Hellenic spirit during the age of Hellenic glory following upon the overtlirow of the I'ersians. Pericles left thera out of his league. They remained, so to speak, semi-provincial and Oriental. It was not until towards the close of the Peloponnesian war that Evagoras, a leader of genius, and hnbued witli the IleUenie spirit, exercised, as t}Tant of Sidarais, an almost supreme power in the island, and did much to draw it out of the circle of Asiatic and into that of Greek influences. But after the peace of Antalcidas, Evagoras has to succumb, though on honouralile terms, before the whole power of Persia; and Cyprus is again a parcel of the Persian empire, until that in its turn goes down before Alexander. The above outline of the liistory of Cyprus is enough to indicate the ]iaraurount importance which the island must have had in the development of Hellenic ideas, arts, and forms of worship. The Dorian and Ionian colonists of the heroic times will have brought witli them to Cyprus no developed art of their own. They will have brought religious ideas and forms of worship, such as behjuged to tlie primitive pliase of the Hellenic mind, but very difll-renL from tliose which belong to the Hellenic mind which we know in Lilei' ul^cm, as developed and modified by .contact with other races. In Cyprus— in many other places, but in Cyprus, perhaps, more notably than anywhere — the Greek will have encountered the suggestive civilization of the Asiatic and the Egyptian worlds. Eor evidences of the early and fertilizing influx of Phcenician, and through the Phoenicians of Egyptian and Assy- rian ideas and influences upon the Hellenic mind, as well as for the subsequent perpetuation and embodiment of ideas in which these elements continued in fusion as they continued nowhere else, there was likely, therefore, to he no place like Cyprus. Get, if got they were to be, a suHicieut number of ancient monuments from Cyprus, and therein you must have the best visible and tangible testimonies in aid of that obscure literary testimony which scholarship has so laboriously sought foi', and sifted, and pored and conjectured over — you must have the best clue to the primitive modes and forms in wdiich Semitic and Egyptian ideas and arts and types of worship, as conveyed and modified through the Phoenician channels of communication, penetrated and im- pregnated the receptive faculties of tlie Greek. Now such monuments, in any bulk, were long wanting. They are wanting no longer. One of the hrst discoveries which set archaeologists looking this way w-as that o( an inscribed pillar at Larnaka, the ancient Citium, carrying thi- name uf .Sargon, and thus cimfirming those cuneiform texts by which Cyprus was represented as tributary to that monarch. This was found in 1846 ; and not long afterwards archLeological explorations began. Dr. Eoss went to Cyprus from Germany, and M. Waddington from Paris, Diggings were undertaken by Count de Vogiid ; anil presently by Mr. Lang and General di Cesnola, respectively British and American consids in the island, Tlie sites of several of the ajir-imt cities were identified, and among them those of tlir aiii i(.iil. Idalium near the modern Dali, and of the ancient (.lulgns (more properly Golgoi, or Golgion) near the modern Athieno. These were both Greek cities — Golgoi said to have been a colony from Sicyon, and, after Paphos and Amathus, tlie chief seat of the worship of Aphrodite in the island. Neither Golgoi nor Idalium wore cities important enough to be counted among the ten chief places of the island ; but both of them were very sacred to Aphrodite, and they are coupled together, as favourite haunts of the goddess, in a famous line of Theocritus* which Catullust has imitated. Excavations at Golgoi and Idalium, then, have been the prin- I cipal, altliough not the only, sources of Cyprian antiipiities ; a temple, with a burying -ground adjacent, having been uncovered at both places. The cliai-acteristic yield of the diggings, besides glass vessels often in a beautiful state of oxydization and iride- scence, iias been a particular kind of flctUe vase, different from the ordinary Greek or Etruscan, and cai-rying generally plain patterns of lines, waves, and circles, or else elementary birds and animals, in brown on a ground of light earth-colour; and next, statues and statuettes, or fragments of them, executed not in marble, hut in a calcareous stone common in the island, in various phases of a peculiar and mixed style ranging appa- rently over widely different dates. Some of tlie fruits of Count de VogUij's, Mr. Lang's, and General di Clesnola's labours had been some time since secured for Berlin and the Louvre; and the British Museum has recently become possessed of some valuable sculptures, and especially valuable inscriptions and coins, of Mr. Lang's finding. But latterly all previous discoveries of these things in Cy]Drus have been thrown into the shade by the American excavator. Where 1 others had found one fragment, he has found tons of fragments. He has ransacked the ancient necropolis of Idalium ; he has struck upon a temple full of statues at Golgoi, which Couut de Vogi'ie had narrowly missed, most likely a temple of Aphrodite — Cyprls, the goddess of the island— lie has struck upon and ransacked that. The result is an immense and surprising col- lection of statues and statuettes and heads and fragments of them, in the calcareous stone of which we have spoken, archaic t Uuffiiuc rogia Golgus qumquB Idalium fi'oudoBuni [ ] vases, oxydized vessels of glass, idols and votive images and toys and ornaments and lamps in painted ten'acotta, spear and javelin heads, funereal bandeaux in thin gold, cups and bowls in clay and hronze, and other .objects such as the people of tlie ancient world \rerc accustomed either to dedicate in their temples, or to bury with them in their tombs. It is that collection of which t!u' present series of photographs represents specimens. Let it I'l' niM.'i^iMnd lh;it the minor ob- jects of the collection, va.- -. ■ m-otti, liunps, spear- heads, and implements, caun' thi; ljurying-place of Idalium ; the statues aud statiietttj^i, in civlcarenus stone, exclusively from Uic teuiple at Golgoi. We have arranged the photograplis accordiny to a rough classification of the objects which they represent. We follow that order of arrangement in pointing out some of the more obvious questions of archi^jological interest, which suggest themselves in connection with the objects.* But the subject is too obscure and too new at present for anything which is said to have much more than a hypo- thetical and snggesti\'e \-alue. First, our selection docs not include any of the very numerous implements in bronze and copper, lamps in terracotta, or vessels in "lass, whicli are the common furniture of the Cyprian tombs. What is curious is tliat these three classes of objects, vases, glass vessels, and terracotta duUs. are not found together in the same tombs. Each tomb contains only one of these classes, and according to its contents is respectively said by the population of to-day to contain Ti6ilpia (large vases), yaXkiKo. (glass), or to be the tomb of poor folks (ittwxoi)- We begin (Ph I. to IV.) with tlie vases. The vases most commonly found in Cyprus belong to a class which have been known to arclncologists as the Phcenician, or sometimes the Corinthian vases, and which are found at several of the most ancient Greek, Phcenician, and Greco-Phoauician stations both on the mainland aud in the Archipelago. Tlieir peculiarity is to cany patterns in brown on a ground of drab ; and their forma are not only coai-ser, but of diiferent types, from those of the ordinary Greek and Etruscan ceramic ware. Many vases ci' this material have simple linear and geometrical patterns inily; others hnear aud geometrical patterns interspersed with fliiwi'r ornanipnts and rough figures of animals in an Asiatic spiiii : ill I Ml - iiLiuu are moulded bodily inio rimuii ligures of ani- mals ..r lai.U . mIIlui-s are of auomaluu-. ainl faii- ilul form. Plates I. to ly. represent specimens of all these kinds, ^umc very archaic, and some probably much later. It has been contended by a dis- tinguished German scholar, Dr. Conze, that the Idnd represented on Plate I. ought not to be called Phcenician, He argues that those vases of which the decoration is purely linear and geometrical (aud of wliich General Ccsnohi's collection contains many magnificent specimens) are the work of the I'elasgic, or at any rate of a primitive Aryan race ; and lli;it the advent of the first Asiatic colonists is shown by the introduction of the fictile wai'e bearing flower forms and rude animals. Since, how- ever, the two varieties of the ware are reported to have been found in the panie tombs, this argument seems to fall to the qrnuml. Aud as more than one of the vases in question cany Pliivniciim inf^criptions, it is certain that the Phcenicians dealt in if thev did not manufacture tliera. Indeed, one of the chief problems which these discoveries will help to solve, in relation not only to pottery, but to statuary and other arts, is the old aud dillicult problem to what extent the Phcenicians have to be considered as original artists them- selves, and nut merely the carriers of the arts of others. Scarcely any pottery of the ordinary Greek or Etruscan types, it may be added, have been found in Cyprus. We come to the next use of burnt rluy— its use ffn- making rude images, Plates V. and VI. reprr-cut misrellancous choice of small terracotta images. The little il-ures in chariots or on ■ llio sciile of tlio oLjacts is given \>y Iho photogri.pli of a fool rule, wHlIi appuHTS in uaoli plate. hor,seback ar-e modelled with the finger and thumb in the solid clay, and rudely painted. They may represent a Homeric or pra)-IIomeric art, the most ancient of all tint Ims r'une down to us from the Greek M'orld; or they nuty I- .ni; n ■Motesepic old fashion perpetuated for ])laytliing.s, Tlu v ;nv I. .mid chiefly in the poorest tomhs, and in (he oldest part of the temple at Bali. The rudimeutary i;i i>ii-<|ues in female shape, on the same plates, are probably votive images of a i>rinutive Aphrodite— the Babylonian Mylitta, or Phicuician Asfarte, in her popular form. Tbey are generally not modelled by pinching, like the last, but east in moulds in the ordinary way. Such may have been the figure of Aphrodite (a span long) which a writer quoted by Atheuieus describes as having been bought at Paphos by a mer- chant of Naucratis, and as having proved a safeguard against shipwreck. It is singular that, though the temples opened at Golgoi and Idalium must abnost positively have been temples of Aphrodite, no certain representations of the goddess seem to have been found among the carvings, except these primitive and grotesque miniature ones. The second figure iinm thu ui^ht, at the bottom of Plate V.. has been thi phroditus, or bearded \ enus. ot tl The two dog-headeu ii dit to look like the Hernia- V 11 1 J Ml 1 J T.'..!!-: stone on Plate r ■! I ' !. ■! .^ iiiiois.or similar I. 'I I ■■ ri'in'eseniing two 111 lull ■■■il 1.11 a liase the Erreater [ 111 ggests .! band wiili prnuitive work iu . and on the other, with a well- VII. suggest some connection wn forms. The following lions recumbent back to back. ; part of whieli is occupied bv tlie a double comparison, on mo ui Greece like the lions of Mycen< known Egyptian type which is found actually represented oa Cyprian coins of about the fifth and sixth centuries B.C. We now come to the most important class of remains — the statues and statuettes of human figures carved in calcareous stone. The-se come, one and all, from the temple discovered by General di Cesnola nt Golgoi. Besides the foundations, there were hardly any architeetui'al portions of that temple to be found; whence it has been conjectured that it may have been built of wood. General di Cesnola found, however, the remains of pedestals arranged both along the inside walls, and back to hack in two rows clown llie middle. On the.se pedestals will have stood the statues of which the temple was full. As to subject, the statues divided themselves broadly into (1) figures of priests or kings, and (2) figures of the god llerakles. As to size, tlie}- vary from the colossal to the miniature; and many of the miniature figures or statuettes are repetitions of the same motive that we find close beside them on the larger scale. As to style, they exhibit a progress which it is imiiossible to trace with any exactness or certainty, tluaigh some of its miun phases are^ obvious enough. We bave pul first the figures which seem those of kings or priests, and wbieh would probably be portraits dedicated, in Oriental fashion, by the personages i-epresented themselves. With reference to the question of priest or king, it is perhaps not unfair, in tlic absence of evidence, to surmise that, as at Paphos so at C^olgos— the third, if not the second, greatest seat of the Aphrodite wor.?hip in Cyprus— the two functions may have been united, and the city have been ruled by a family of hereditary priest-kings. Plates IX. to XIII. evidently show the influence of Egyptian models in their style. Plate IX. is Ibc ma^t purely Egyptian and presumably the most ancient of (hem all ; the rest show varia- tions both in type ami costume— sonietiiing peculiar, experi- mental, and tending to emancipation and the display of a local spirit, beneath the rigid canons of Egyptian prescription. Every point of their costume, every detail of their conception and representation, has far-reaching points of interest in its likeness to or cbfference from the points and details of similar matters in "eiiuine Egyptian work. For instance, the girdles in Plates X, and XI. are those conimouly worn by Egyptian Kings. The Ii"ure in Plate XI. wears the^a/icti or head-dress known as the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. In the repre- [ i seutations of the bead, however, the Egyptian chaiacter has in this case entirely flown. No. XII. is singular as shoM'iiig a thoroughly foreign manner in the application aud combination ol' details originally EgyiJtian. "Are these," asks Jlr. Ntiwton, "dedicated dniing the time wlien the island was subjected tn Aniasis, or are any of them memorials of that earlier subjection uf Cyprus which, as may he inferred from Egj'ptian monuments, had taken place as eai-ly as the reign of Thothnies III,, or even earlier?" Seeing that the movement of Amasis had for its tendency at least as much to Helleiiize Egypt In Eg> ptirmize Hellas ; see- ing also tliat by the date of that mnvi/mcut a Hellenic art, more original and mova freely developed than this, was already grow- ing up elsewhere ; and seeing that tiie Assyrian intluonces, wliich are to be traced as well as Egyptian ones in the art of Cyprus, must of course have been introduced before the downfall of t!ie Assyrian empire, and therefore long before the time of Amasis — seeing all this, does not the earlier date, that of the conquest ascribed to Thothmes III., or to the beginning of the nineteenth dynasty, become tbe probable one for such a wave of Egyptian influence as these sculptures attest ? Plates XIV. XV. XVI. and the right hand figure of plate XIX. are the examples that seem most plainly to show a wave of Assyrian influence passing over the art of tlie island. Still, beneath this too there is tlie peculiar, cxperimeul.al, ami hical something of which we have spoken. It is not only the ]ieculiiir cast of features, the receding forehead, the liigli choek-liunes and sunken clieeks, the thick protruding nose, cliin, and lips, which constitute a type apart. That, travellers say, is the type of tlic Cypriot population to tiiis liour. It is the beginning of experi- ment and emancipation, the immobile and abstract hieratic types passing into new pliases, the Egyptian and Asiatic becoming Greek It seems to be Greek art dawning under our eyes. There is a point in tlie progress of the style wliere these sculp- tures closely ri"'semhle examples of the most archaic Greek ■work found in mllier places — a point where archaic Greek aud Etruscan and this are almost indistinguisliable — with the set unmeaning smile of tlie mumli, and the more or less rigid attachment of the arms ii> I h^ limiy, according to the traditional helplessness of the art \><-\nic iln; innovations of Daedalus. M. Lonijirrier (Jmi nxil A-siAi/i'ji'r. 1858) and Mi\ Newton* {Jcadoiii/, Dvr. LMh, lST2j liavf pointed out the veiy singular similarity that exists, in more point.^ than one, between this Cyprian statuary and Etruscan statuary found at Curvetri. The left hand figure on plate XVII, seems to lnj ll typical example of an archaic or hieratic style, deliberately kept up for religious purposes in a eompamtivcly late period when it would naturally have Iieeu obsolete. The dove on the wrist of the figure points iji this case, as in others, to the priesthood of Venus. Plate XVIII. represents by far the largest and mo,st important head of the whole collection, and seems again to show the Assyrian influence in tlie head-dress and CLinventioual treatment of the heard. General di I'esnola calculate.-! the height of the body to which it must have belonged as forty feet. It must thus have been the dominant statue, whomsoever representing or by whomsoever dedicated, of the temple. After two plates of miscellaneous archaic li,L;ure?=, wn come to the figures of Ilerakles. Some of tlif^e are ii.ilu^^s.il, some small, and all of nearly the same type — an c.^trLiuely archaic type scarce!}- appruxiniate to even the earliest Greek types on the vases. Notice the rigid conventional and semi- Egyptian treatment of tlie lion's skin, liead, and claws, the quiver and club, Tlie advcnlurii of tlii^ ca(il<- nf ( li'i'V(aii'~ is ilia! ma.- ff the labours of llei'ald./s wliich sn/m, tu hin,'. Imihi.I hi v. air wiili these arliss, l'la!e Will, -la.w inn.!, i ■! ii-nres of the three- *l<).\Ii.i. 1 . Xi ■! tci'. laL'l !M L- I, '. "nsh JIuBoiuu, I cannot 1jiit c\pn i[iy [lL:iukh. Ill il.i-. jihif , , 1 ., i , ,, m, ;. a> ..—ijlanco in the prepara- tion of lilt pri_siLiit akutch. 1 bodied monster, executi'd in various sizes; and plate XXIV, is a singularly .';ih] iti'd rclirf from the pedestal of the largest of them, in whii.h llfi'akles, in ihu upper stage, is seen shooting the dog Orthros with his arrows; while on the lower stage, apparently, Eurytion is tryiug to protect his master's herd. We have placed next two pieces that seem concerned with the temple service or rites of Aphrodite. There is a player (twice over, pis. XIIL and XX^'.) on the double pipes, with his •jioffiiia, or leather monthstrap; there is a man caftying the leather c^(^^-ti^, or wine-skin ; there is (pi. XXVI.) a clever little figure of a priestess of Aphrodite lifting her skirts as she dances in an elaborate dres.'i. Tln. li I'iilluws a si.-rii.'s uf lieail.^, wonderfully well preserved, but parted inan their trunk-. I'lalus XXVIII.-XXXI. inclusive are prineii*ally examples of the i.onvi'ii(iunal or liieratie C\ prian style which we have already jinintfd mit, based apparently upon Assyrian precedent, only with a varieiv ami expi iiim.ntal tendency in the convention which yun do not liiul in it- prulo- type. It will be observed that the artists, t]n.'UL;li \ \\<-y ri'Liularly treat hair and beard in au abstract or scheinaiic \^ay, hardly ever use the same kind of abstraction or mode of selicmatism twice, but show a curions and inexhaustible versatility in inventing now patterns for the expression of hair in stone. At Plate XXXII. we have reached another and freer style- The Daedalian influence has made itself felt in Cyprus at last. The hieratic principles are shaken off, or at k ast other principles are introduced alongside of tliem, and lliu ryiniau artist sets himself, as the Hellenic arti.st proper has lung begun to do, to represent nature as she is. These heads belong to a large num- ber executed in a free or Ilelleni^ing style, It is reasonable to suppose that Evagoras would have been the great promoter of this innovation in the arts of his country, and that the ex- amples of free style which we have may range from his time down to that of the Pomau Phupire. The two fragments on Plate XXXIII. are pretty good work. The fragment of a kneel- ing archer of the next plate is better stilh No. XXXV. only looks good at lirst siL^lit. Py this time we have reached Iboman days, and the -in-idar -kcteh in relief on Plate XXXVI. must be very late Kunian indei.'d. But the real intei'cst of the collection lies, as we have seen, in its oldest portions. Though there are examples that run down through all ages from possibly the most primitive till t!ie Eoman, there are norre that rival the Greek work of the central states and noblest ages. Cireek art, having germinated here and at other such poi]its of contact with the East, attained its full flower at Athens and elsewhere. The Hellenic genius, once fertilized from the East, developed itself at home. The art of Cyprtrs, by the days of the Hellenic culmination in the hands of Phidias and his contemporaries and afterward-^, i- t ither that of an imitative and tliird-rate provincial school, or that of an archaic and traditional school ; and it shows the two .scirools working side by side. Eor tlie old priestly types and ,senii- Asiatic conceptions evidently perpetuated themselves in Cyprus, in spite of any Hellenizing dynast, long after they had been ennobled or grown out of elsewhere. .So probably did the old fa.-liiuns of \asc moulding and decorating, and the making of Sn that it i- iinpo.isible to be sure of the actual comparative age of some of these objects, however old and primitive they look. Of the vast autiipiity of the types to which many of the objects belong, however, there can be no doubt whatever. Thun.' can be no doubt, as we liope to have in some degree 1 Ir evident, of the high consequence of these discoveries fur tlie seienee of aiiiii|uily and the knowledge of Greek reli- gion and ari. ami Hn' IViiitfirl .study which they offer to the student of hi-ti.] \ .nal ,.]■■ hajology. SIDNEY COLVIN. LIST OF PLATES. [. Archaic Viisoa, of the kind liiiowu :is Pha^uiuian or Curiutliiaii. II in. > Aruliaic Vasus, of variuus grotesque and fuuuifiil forms. IV, } V, I lludu Figures iu terrauutta ; iiicliidhiy; !.'r(i(esi|ue Jiidei s :iiid Cliariuteers, and itnayes yf Apliroiiite VI. ( (Mylittd or Astai-te) aud l[erLi-i;ii>tiii.>.liti..s , h VII. liiide dog-headed Images, resenililuig tho l'.:j;yiiti;Lti Aiml.iiti. VIII. Ureco-Egyptiau aruhitcutura] fragment : two lions reuuinheiit above a wirn'ud iduhe. IX. 1 Dedicatory Statuea of KingK or Trietits, sliowiug the influence uf an Egyptian style. XII, J XIII, Figm-e of a Flnte-player in the ministry of the Temple (o-7roj'SaiiA..;f ?), also tiiiowiiig the influence of an Egyptiiin style. XIV. ] XV. 1- Dedicatory Statues of Kings or Priests, showing the influence of an Assyrian style. XVI. j XVII. Two dedicatory Figures : tho right-hand figure like the htat ; the left-liand showing a hieratic style kept up iu a period of freer art. XVIII. (Joloaaal head in the Assyrian style. XIX. 1 Miscelliineon.s niilMi.' nr i .sen do-archaic Figures; the left-hand Figure on PI. XX. reniarkiihle XX, J for IL I'lirvLjiaii i-lj ifnctor of costume, XXI. Two colossal figurL;, : left-hand, au arch^o Figtu-e of Herakles, with the lion's skm, club, aud quiver ; on the right-hand, a priest of Aphrodite. XXII. .\rchaic Figures of Hei-akles, of various sizes. XXIII. Figures of Heryones, of various ai/es. XXIV, Fragment nf a Las-ioliQf fn-mi the pedestal of a .Statue ol' Heruklea, showing tlie lifting of the Cattle of Ceryones by Herakles. XXV. Three small Figures of Temple Ministei-a; aud one small votive Figure (ij of a Mother aud Child. XXVI. A small Figure of a Dancing Priestess of Aphrodite (1) in two views; the pedestal supported by heads, XXVII. 1 XXVIII. ... XXIX I Archaic Heads, luuud without trunks, represenling Kings or Prie.'ita, iiud showing in 'xXX i various degrees the traces of an Egyptian, and As,syrian, and an original manner. XXXI. J XXXII. Three Heads, in a free style, aud belonging to the later period of Hellenic art. XXXIll. Two fragmentary Female Figures, in a free style. XXXiV. A fragment of a Kneeling Archer (Apollo 1) in a free stylo. XXXV. l''ignre of a Priest, late style, XXXVI. iludc bas-relief, apparently connected with the worship of Delphi, late stylo. 'I 1 :i2 1 BRITISH MUSEUM PHOTOGRAPHS, ruLISHF.R RV niRMISSION OK THE TRUSTEES OF THE KKlllSII MUSEUM. MK T -Sl-RIKS OF NKARLY i.ooo I'LAiKS, i.-.io INlUl-:S, RKPKKSE NTINC AliOUT 5,000 OUJECTS. AND DIVIDED INTO SEVEN PARTS, IS NOW READY. Each PliOlograph is sold separately at 2,-, Unmoiinkd. Part I.— PRE-iriSTORlC & ETHNOGRAPHICAL SERIE3 vJ^NKlr'^ A^ti^^^^^^^ of the llriiuih anJ McJ'^tvil An- liijiiiiiM EtIuKiKMpiiy. IS7 PUici, |.fice Mmii.ic.1, 3,'6mc1.: ot, comyltls Sui Ln Twi Ponfollc (K"'.ii). ^'5 '"■ W. ir—EGYPTIAN SERIES - SSC'.rl^tSr'K.^'. 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CHALD/EAN ACCOUNT OF THE DELUGE, FROM TERKA COTTA TAHLETS F0UN1> AT NINEVEH. AND, NOW IN THE UUlTltJII MUSEUM. Two riioto[jra])hs, in wr.inmr, wilh Tnwslalioii and Texi hy Obokgk. Smith, of the Oriental DciarlmL-nt, fJritiih Museum Prk-f IS. 6(^., compute. LONDON: W. A. MAN.Sl-LL AND CO., I'KKCY STRICET, RATHIJONK PLACK. W.