EX BiBLIOTHECA FRANCES A. YATES Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/lyragrcaspecimenOOdona SPECIMENS OF THE GEEEK LYRIO POETS, FROM CALLINUS TO SOUTSOS, EDITED, WIWH CEITICAL NOTES, AND A BIOGEAPHICAL INTKODUCTION, BY JAMES DONALDSON, M.A., GBEEK TUTOR TO THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. EDINBURGH: SUTHERLAND AND KNOX. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. M.DCCC.LIV. BALLANTYNE, PRINTER, EDINBURGH. PREFACE. The purpose of the following work is to give speci- mens of the Lyric Poets of Greece, from the earliest down to the present times. In making the selection of the pieces, I have been guided by various con- siderations. In the case of the more ancient poets, except Pindar, I have given almost all the larger fragments which were intelligible, and which could be read in a school or college without much expla- nation ; but I have made no expurgations, and con- sequently have omitted several pieces, which had something objectionable in them, such as the best of Tyrtseus's warlike addresses. Where there were large materials to select from, I have sometimes chosen a poem because of its beauty ; sometimes because of its historical interest ; sometimes because it is representative of a large class of poems ; and sometimes because it is the best, or most conveni- ent, specimen of the poet which could be obtained. I have not confined myself to any definition of the term lyric. In the present day those poems are- called lyric which express the subjective mainly; and as 1 think people may use any word they Hke, iv PREFACE. provided they clearly define its meaning, there can be no objection to this definition. Another idea of lyric poetry, which prevails very widely amongst those who have not strictly defined the term, is, that it is that kind of poetry which is set to music. The contents of this work correspond more nearly to such an idea, there being only a few poems in it which were not sung ; but still I do not profess to have kept to any definition, but to have selected from those poets from which I thought most people would have expected selections in such a book. In editing the lyrics of Ancient Greece, I have been indebted principally to Gaisford, Schneidewin, and Bergk. I have sometimes examined older editions; but almost invariably found that all readings of any consequence were contained in the more recent. The Neo-Hellenic poems I have taken from Miiller's edition of Fauriel's Ballads, Firmenich, Kind, and the Νέος Παρνασσός of Chantzeris. Most of the principles which I have followed in editing, it is unnecessary to mention, as they will be seen by a glance at the text. In regard to dialect, however, I have to state that I have followed the manuscripts, even when my opinion was adverse to them, except in a very few insigni- ficant cases. I think it almost impossible now to determine how much of Doric, ^Eohc, or other dialects ought to be restored to Melie poems. The general statements of Suidas or grammarians afford no help here, as we may see by a modern PREFACE. V illustration. Every one has heard it asserted that Burns wrote his poems in the Scottish language ; yet, if an Ahrens of a far distant future age, find- ing such statements, were to dress up all the poems of Burns in the dialect of that age, he would fall into a great mistake. Or again, if he were to meet with such a sentence as, " Thou minds me o' de- parted joys," were to infer that the second person singular present indicative active in Scottish always ended in s, and amend the corrupt passages accord- ing to this inference, he would make a rare edition of our national bard. Exactly in the same way have editors frequently dealt with Greek poems, introducing stiff unalterable laws, where there was a beautiful diversity, and determining matters which are now indeterminable. One example of restoration, however, the reader will find. I have attempted, with the help of Ahrens, Bergk, several other scholars, and the grammarians, to give Alcseus and Sappho in a genuine ^olic dress. In reference to the metrical arrangement of the Meiic Poets, I have felt great difficulty. As part of the duty of an editor, I have read over very care- fully Gaisford's Hephsestion, Hermann on Metres, Boeckh's celebrated Dissertation DeMetris Pindari, and some ancient remarks on music ; but I confess that, as yet, this region seems to me full of diffi- culties and insoluble problems. Boeckh, I think, has m.ost clearly proved that the lines ought never to end in the middle of a word ; and where I have divided words, it was because the verse would have Yl PREFACE. been too long at any rate for one printed line, and so would have in some way to be extended to another. But Boeckh has not distinctly brought out the rhythm, and made it such that it is always pleasing to the ear. I allow that there are many passages which flow with grace or grandeur ; but there are also many that come harshly and un- harmoniously. Then the application suggested by Boeckh of the Pindaric measures to all the remains of the Melic Poets, is a point which may be very safely doubted. And, moreover, we should have to take into consideration the influence of spoken accents on the musical ones. These no doubt had an influence, as we may infer from the fact of which Quinctilian informs us, that the Ro- mans were fond of introducing Greek names into their verse, because these frequently had the accent on the last syllable. These and many other things might be mentioned, which render this subject perplexing to us. Boeckh too has, in my opinion, been too rigid in demanding exact uniformity in the strophes and antistrophes. Surely, in such a poem, liberties must have been allowed and taken, far greater than those which modern editors per- mit in their editions ; and the MSS. seem to me to bear me out in this supposition.* As to accents, my impression is that it is really unnecessary for us to trouble ourselves Avith them The reader will find some excellent remarks on Englisli versifi- cation, in Mr Dallas's Poetics, where, pp. 186, 187, there are a few observations on the division of words and the arrangement of lines in English poetry, Avhich are suggestive of what may have been the practice in Greek. PREFACE. Vll in poetry. If we could read according to them, of course they might be retained with some show of reason ; but in poetry that is impossible. I should make the same assertion of the Jilolic accents, which are identical with the Latin ; for even in Virgil the musical is different from the spoken accent, as is demonstrated in Erasmus's celebrated dialogue of The Lion and the Bear, and in Professor Blackie's Rhythmical Declamation of the Ancients. Accents should be retained only where they mark a difference ; and in Melic poetry they might be used to indicate where the Editor thought the musical accent ought to be laid. Even in prose I should be inclined to discard them, unless from elementary books, because, to those who do not pronounce according to them thej^ are useless; and to those who do, they prevent self- dependence, and thus render more difficult the acquisition of an accurate pronunciation. The Notes are principally occupied in defending the changes made in the text, or in proposing new readings or explanations. Perhaps I have been too bold in departing from recent editions ; but un- consciously one gets so fond of his own attempts that he fails to see their weak side. At the same time, I have often restored the reading of MSS. which recent editors have changed; and endeav- oured to bring out what I conceived to be their true sense. In the Biographical Notices, ί have been in- debted principally to Bernhardy, and to Colonel Mure and Mr Phihp Smith. Colonel Mure's work Vlll PIIEFACE. is masterly; and Philip Smith's articles in Dr Smith's Dictionary, I deem the best on Greek sub- jects in the ivhole publication. The plan I took was, to read Bernhardy and examine all the sources indicated by him, in the best editions of the works I could get, to form my opinion, and then peruse Mure, Smith, Bode, Miiller, and others. I was at a loss how to condense sufficiently for my purpose ; and, instead of giving all the different opinions which have been formed on a subject, I have stated the result of my own inquiries, with the principal authorities both for and ao-ainst me. The student should therefore be warned that throughout the whole of the Biographical Notices, he is not to accept any of my statements because they are in print, nor is he to fancy because he sees an author referred to at the end of a statement, that the author is all on my side ; but he must go to the source, and judge the evidence for himself. What I aim at is, not to make converts to any particular views, but to stir up manly, independent, and fear- less research. In conclusion, I have to return thanks to Pro- fessor Blackie for his valuable assistance, and for allowing me the free use of his collection of modern Greek books; also to Mr Giallias, of Corfu, who has suggested to me some of those translations in which I differ from Kind and other Neo-Helienic writers. Univeksity op Edinburgh, itli February 1854. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE LTEIC POETS. 1. Greek writers affirm that there existed a series of Hellenic poets before the time of Homer. The principal of these were Orpheus, Amphion, Pam- phos, Musseus, Eumolpus, Philammon, Linus, Olen, Olympus, and Phemonoe. Several of them are said to have belonged to Thrace, others to Boeotia or Attica, while Olen and Olympus were born on the western coast of Asia Minor, — the former in Lycia, the latter in Phrygia. Orpheus, according to the common account, was a son of the nymph CaUiope and of Oeagrus. It is well known how he drew the woods after him ; how he charmed the infernal Powers, and brought his wife Eurydice up to the confines of earth ; how he helped the Argonauts through the greatest diffi- culties with his lyre; and how, ultimately, he perished by a cruel death, when his head, severed from his body, floated from the Hebrus, through the ^gean Sea down to Lesbos. (The " Argonau- tica" contains most of the stories related of him. See also Pausan. ix. 30, 5.) Amphion was a son of Zeus, and received his χ BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES lyre from Hermes. Of him it is related that he raised the walls of Thebes by his melodious strains. (Apollod. lib. iii. 5, 5, and Horn. Odyss. xi. 260.) Pamphos, Mus^eus, and Eumolpus had their resi- dence in Attica, and were highly honoured as priests. The LycomidaG and Eumolpidse were said in after ages to have some of their genuine pro- ductions in their possession. Eumolpus gave his name to the celebrated family of the Eumolpidae, who were respected and honoured as the directors of the Eleusinian mysteries. (Paus. i. 38, 3, & 22, 7 ; Apollod. iii. 15, 4.) Philammon is said to have instituted musical con- tests at Delphi, or, according to another account, to have been the second to engage in the contest, Chrysothemis of Crete being the first. His son Thamyris was also a competitor in these contests. He is mentioned by Homer (Iliad, ii. 595), where a story is told of him to which Milton alludes. Linus was the inventor of many kinds of music ; he was killed in early youth, and dirges were sung over his grave. His name appears to be purely mythical, signifying a dirge, and he himself is one of a number of young men, such as Adonis, Bormus, Maneros, whose premature deaths were celebrated in many countries. (Apollod. i. 3, 2 ; see also Athen. xiv. pp. 619, 620.) The name of Bacis is also mythical, being de- rived from βάζω, and all kinds of ancient oracles are attributed to the poet. His oracular sayings in hexameter are quoted by Herodotus and Pausanias. (Herod, viii. 20 ; ix. 43 ; Paus. iv. 27, 2, &c.) Phemonoe is the reputed inventor of the hex- ameter verse, and several poems, ascribed to her, are quoted by ancient writers. (Paus. x. 5, 4; Procl. Chrest. Gaisf. p. 337.) Olen and Olympus were both celebrated as musicians who used the flute. The word Olen is by some scholars supposed to mean flute, and the OF THE LYRIC POETS. XI invention of that instrument is attributed sometimes to Olen and sometimes to Olympus. (Herod, iv. 33 ff. ; Paus. v. 7, 4 ; Suidas on Olympus ; Apol- lod. i. 4, 2.) J 1 » 1 2. There can be no hesitation in affirming that by far the greater part of what is told us with regard to these poets is purely mythical. The later Greeks explained the wonderful accounts which were cur- rent according to their fashion of interpretino* traditions. They removed the difficulty which the marchmg of forests caused them, by supposing that, as in the fulfilment of the witch's prophecy in Macbeth, people holding branches in their hands, went forth to meet the minstrel and listen to his strams.* They explained the feat of Amphion by a similar sort of juggle. But such explanations stand on no foundation, and are contrary to the principles of sound criticism. The question still remains whether there is any truth in these traditions. It IS not at all unlikely that Amphion and Thamyris, and some other poets who are mentioned by Homer, were real personages. It would be very marvellous if a poet, in the age in which the Homeric poems are generally believed to have been written, should construct his ballads out of purely fictitious matter, and it surely is not improbable that he would mention the names of real bards who preceded him or were his contemporaries. Of Amphion, however, Homer does not assert that he wrote hymns or poems of any kind. With reo-ard to those not mentioned in Homer, it is scarcely , * It is more probable that the Orphic story arose from a Orosaie interpretation of poetic expressions/ similar ίο the ioZAfZt which occur m Alexander Smith's Life-Drama ^^^"^^^g Ji^es " Songs heard in heaven by the breathless stars."— P. 45 · or, " As nightingale embower'd in vernal leaves Pants out her gladness, the hixurious night, Ihe moon and stars all hanging on her song, She pour d her soul in music When she ceased, Λ -i^ woods and breezes silent stood AS It all ear to catch her voice again."— Ρ 4β xii BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES possible to come to even a probable conclusion. The names of Linus, Bacis, Musseus, have a mythi- cal appearance, while in respect to the rest, except Orpheus, there is no evidence worth anything that can substantiate their existence. But from the narratives regarding these poets which were com- mon in later times, it may be inferred with some degree of probabihty, that there existed in Boeotia, at a very early period, several poets who united in them the functions of priest and poet, and who composed hymns in honour of various gods, to be usecl in the celebration of religious rites or mys- teries. That they were not, however, long anterior to the time of Homer, may be inferred from the nature of the productions ascribed to them, and from the circumstance that Homer makes no refer- ence to the most celebrated of them. 3. A difficulty in dealing with the history of these poets arises from the circumstance that many of them are called Thracians. It is altogether im- probable that the country, called Thrace in later times, is meant ; for other traditions, and the subse- quent character of the Thracians, forbid this sup- position. Some scholars have fixed on the country round Olympus as the home of these bards, for most of the occurrences narrated of Orpheus are connected with Pieria or some town of Thessaly. On the other hand, the idea that Thracians inhabited this district, spoke the Greek language, and became priests and bards to the Hellenes, is altogether un- likely ; for they differed from the Greeks in lan- guage, character, and intellectual capacity. A district on the confines of Boeotia and Phocis has likewise been regarded as the Thrace meant, also with a good show of reason. Thucydides ex- pressly mentions a Thrace in Phocis (ii. 29) ; Thamyris, according to Pausanias (iv. 33, 4), was born in the neighbourhood of Parnassus; Boeotia OF THE LYBIC POETS. χϋί is mentioned as the birthplace of Amphion, and his name is connected with Thebes (ApoUod. iii. 5, 6) ; these and hke circumstances identify Boeotia with the country of these ante-Homeric poets. The word Thrace is simply a form of the ad- jective τραχύς, and indicated the character of the region to which it was given as a name ; and it is not altogether improbable that there may have been two or three Thraces or rough regions : one in Thessaly and one in Phocis — both of them haunts of early poets,* 4. Of all these poets, the one that demands most attention is Orpheus. His name occupied a very prominent position in Greek literature. He is first mentioned by Ibycus (fr. 9), who calls him "the renowned ; " then by Pindar (Pyth. iv. 177) ; and ^schylus (Agam. 1598 Hermann) ; and is frequently referred to by Euripides. Plato quotes him oftener than once without expressing a doubt in regard to the genuineness of his works ; and it is evident that the general opinion of the Greeks was in favour of his existence, and of the genuineness of at least some of his poems. Aristotle, however, accord- ing to Cicero (De. Nat. Deor. i. 38), denied that Orpheus ever existed ; but the mode in which Cicero introduces the statement does not warrant our laying too much stress on the assertion. Frequently coupled with Orpheus is Mussbus (see Plato, Polit. ii. 364), one of whose genuine poems Pausanias believed to be extant in his time. Herodotus (vii. 6) informs us that Onomacritus was banished from Athens for interpolating the poems of Musseus with verses of his own ; but, not- withstanding this care, the general opinion of the best critics among the Greeks was, that most of the poems current under the names of Orpheus or * It is almost needless to remark that poets are passionately fond of rough or mountainous regions ; our Lake Poets being a notable instance. Β xiv BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES Musseus, were the fabrications of Onomacritus, Cercops, or some one else of the same age. And certainly there are now no genuine remains of them, except perhaps one or two lines quoted by Plato, 5. The works attributed to Orpheus are Argo- nautica, Lithica, and Hymns. The Argonautica, as the name implies, has for its subject the Argo- nautic expedition, and contains some good lines, with plenty of doggrel. There is no reason for regarding it as a forgery ; for the writer may have put his ideas into the mouth of Orpheus, just as Bunsen makes Hippolytus defend himself. The Lithica gives an account of the virtues of stones, and perhaps is superior to the Argonautica in merit, though the subject is not very poetical. The date of these poems has been much disputed, (see Hermann's discussion of the matter in his edition of the Orphica) ; but there can be little doubt that the Orphic hymns, which alone properly belong to our department, were of very late origin, and are the productions of philosophers of the Alexandrian or INeo-Platonic school. (Taylor's Essay, Introductory to his Translation of the Or- phic Hymns, is worth reading to those who think that the Neo-Platonic Philosophy had elements of depth and grandeur about it, or to those who wish to tempt the abysses of Orphic theology.) Some scholars used to attribute the " Hero and Leander," which bears the name of Musseus, to the ancient bard ; but critics are now agreed that the poem is the work of a Musseus, a grammarian of the fourth or fifth century of the Christian era. It is decidedly the best poem of the period ; with more natural touches in it than one would have expected in such a hollow age, though not free from rhetoric and grand words. Poems based on it are numerous. The most notable in our own language are by Leigh Hunt and Hood. In th^ OF THE LYRIC POETS. XV version of the latter we have a strong Saxon and truly poetic mind treating an eastern story in a genuine northern style. 6. The Homeric poems shew that the age, of which they give a picture, had plenty of lyrics. The only metre that was then known, if our evi- dence allows us to pronounce an opinion at all, was the hexameter, and consequently all poems and songs were written in this measure. Mention is made of the hnus (II. xviii. 570), p88ans (II. i. 473, &c.), the hymenseus (II. xviii. 492-495), and the threnus (II. xxiv. 720-722). In some cases we have specimens of the songs, and that of Demodocus (Odyss. viii. 266 ff.) is one of the richest and raci- est of popular ballads, and most characteristic of the Homeric age ; though fastidious critics, and men enamoured of an ideal rather than the real Homer, reject it. (See Miiller on the different kinds of songs mentioned in Homer, ch. iii. p. 16 of his His- tory of Greek Literature.) 7. The Homeric hymns belong to a much later date than the Homeric poems. Perhaps one, viz., that to Aphrodite, the best of the whole of them, may have been as early as either the Ihad or Odyssey, but all the rest have internal marks which bring them down near to the age of Peisistratus, some of them perhaps later than that. (See Mure on the Hymns, in his History of Greek Literature.) 8. The lyric poets of Greece have been divided into three classes, — the Elegiac, the Iambic, and the Melic, according to the metres which they used. The function of the elegy was to express mournful sentiments ; * that of the iambic was satire ; while mehc measures were adapted for all the pubhc and private occasions on which songs were sung. While there was thus a clear distinc- * I have here expressed the general opinion in regard to the elegy. My own view of the matter is opposed to the common theory. xvi BIOaRAPHICAL NOTICES tion between the objects of the different kinds of poetry, we find that the distinction was sometimes forgotten ; the elegy was used for warhke exhor- tations, the expression of convivial joys, or other such purposes ; and the iambus, though far more rarely, was employed in serious poetry. The melic answers more exactly to the common definition of lyric poetry, and was more especially connected with music, though all kinds were sung to musical accompaniments, with the exception of portions of gnomic poetry. (Procl. Chrest. in Gaisf. Heph. pp. 376, 379.) A knowledge of the history of Greek music is thus necessary, in some measure, to a comprehension of the history of Greek lyric poetry. Of Greek music there were three styles — the Dorian, Phrygian, and Lydian. (See Boeckh's dissertation on the metres of Pindar in vol. i. of his edition of that poet.) The principal of the early musicians were Olympus (different from the mythi- cal), Terpander, Thaletas, and Sacadas. The im- provements came from Asia Minor, and in Greece were fostered by the Spartans. ELEGIAC POETS. 9. Callinus of Ephesus. Nothing is known of his history. He was contemporary with Archilo- chus. Some, on insufficient evidence, regard him as older than that poet. Of the poem attributed to him, probably only the first four lines are his. About 700 B.C. 10. Tyrtseus, son of Archimbrotus. (Bernhardy writes the name Archembrotus, according to the analogy of such words.) The common version of his history is, that he was a native of Aphidnae, that he was a lame schoolmaster, and that, owing to an oracle, he was sent by the Athenians to help the Lacedaemonians in the second Messenian war. The whole of this story has been rejected by many OP THE LYRIC POETS. XVU modern scholars, and it has been maintained that Tyrtseus was born and brought up a Spartan. But we have the express evidence of Plato (LL. i. 629), that he was an Athenian. The other parts of the story are generally said to be much later, occur- ring first in Pausanias (iv. 15, 3). This assertion may be doubted, for the most probable inference, from Strabo viii. p. 362, is, that they were related by Callisthenes and Philochorus. Strabo rejected the prevalent account, but on what seems to us in- sufficient grounds. The external evidence in favour of the tradition is good; there is nothing in the poems opposed to it; and the inferences drawn from the strangeness and unlikelihood of the events are not worth a straw, as truth is often much stranger than fiction. Tyrtseus wrote an elegiac poem called Eunomia, various υττοθηκαι, and war- songs. (Two articles in Suidas.) Date rather un- certain; 680-660 B.C. See Grote's discussion of the date in his History. 11. Mimnermus, (Mimermnus, Suid.), called Ligystiades (see Bernhardy Grundr. ii. p. 349, and AcyvaaraSy^ in Solon fr. 22), an elegiac poet and flute-player, was probably a native of Colophon (Strabo, xiv. p. 643 ; Procl. Chrest. in Gaisf. Heph. p. 379). The only circumstance of his life that is known is his love of a female flute-player, i^anno, whose name he put as a title to a collection of his elegies. In this affair he had some rivals ; but the want of evidence permits us only to guess that he was successful in his suit (Ath. xiii. p. 597 ; Her- mesianax in Ath. xiii. p. 598). He was contem- porary with Solon, and was in all probability an acquaintance of the lawgiver (Solon, fr. 22). In his poems we have the first instances of the plain- tive turn of the elegy, though he also uses it in describing scenes of war and warriors. About 630 B.C. 12. Solon, son of Euphorion or Execestides, Β 2 xviii BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES (probably two names of the same person), whose hfe belongs to the history of his country, was a native of Athens. He wrote elegiac and iambic poetry. Plato says that he commenced an epic called the Atlantis; but this statement, as well as the mythical world which was to be the subject of it, are doubtless fictions of Plato's wondrous imagina- tion (Plato, Timseus, p. 21 ; Critias, p. 108). He lived to a good old age, always learning, as he says himself, γηράσκω δ' αΙά πολλά 8ώασκόα€νος. (Lives in Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius ; Suidas ; Herod, i., &c.) 634-554 b.c. 13. Most of those styled wise men also gave their thoughts a poetical form, and verses are attributed to Periander of Corinth (Suid.), Chilon of Lacedsemon (Diog. i. 68), Bias of Priene (Diog. i. 85), Pittacus of Mitylene (Diog. i. 79), and Cleobulus of Lindus (Diog. i. 93). It may be mentioned here, that Cleobulina, the daughter of Cleobulus, was famous for her poetic riddles — a kind of ^amusement of which the Greek ladies were particularly fond, and into which true poetry may sometimes be thrown, as any one may know who will read the riddles of Mackworth Praed. 14. Phocylides of Miletus, a gnomic poet, of whose history nothing is known. Suidas asserts that he was a contemporary of Theognis (Suid. in voc). A poem of two hundred and seventeen lines, containing precepts on all points of morality, has come down under his name ; but it has been uni- versally rejected as spurious. It was most probably the production of an Alexandrian Jew. Some have incorrectly attributed the hues to one Naumachius, who is the author of verses styled ^γαμικά wapay- tyekfjuara, and who is also involved in complete obscurity. Others, as Bode, have regarded them as the production of a Christian of the third or fourth century. OP THE LYRIC POETS. XIX 15. Theognis. Both the date and birtlieplace of this poet have been disputed ; but there seems no good reason for doubting that he was born in Megara, the capital of Megaris. Suidas indeed asserts that the SiciHan Megara was his native place, but this is a mistake (Harpocration in voc, and V. 783 of Theognis's Poems), arising from the circumstance that he was honoured with the citizen- ship of that town (Plato, LL. p. 630 ; see also the scholiast on this passage of Plato's, p. 511 in Tauch- nitz's edit, of the Laws). He belonged to an aris- tocratic family, and in the troubles which befell the aristocratic party, was expelled along with the rest, and travelled in Eubsea, Sicily, and else- where. All that we know of the history of Theognis is contained in his own verses, most of which relating to himself are given in the Extracts. In reading these, it is necessary to remember that the terms καΧοί, αηαθοί, and ίσθΧοί, are used to designate the aristocrats ; κακοί and SeiXol, the democrats, or people of low birth. The poems of Theognis have come down to us in a state of utter confusion, arranged according to no principle, and mixed up with one another, and with extracts from other poets. An attempt has been made by Welcker to separate the genuine from the spurious, and to arrange the epigrams ; not without considerable success. Some of the verses are addressed to Cyrnus, others to Polypaides; and it has been supposed that these are the same persons, Polypaides being the patronymic, and meaning " Son of Polypais." Welcker is of a contrary opinion. 548 or 544 b.c. (For the pohtical history of Megara at this time, with which it is necessary to be acquainted in order to understand the historical notices in Theognis, see Aristot. Pol. v. 4, 5 ; Plut. Qusest. Gr. 18 ; Grote's History of Greece, voI. iii. p. 60, &c.) XX BIOaRAPHICAL NOTICES 16. in the period usually styled the Attic, elegiac writers were common; the elegiac measure being now used in the epigram, which had been brought into fashion by Simonides. Most of those, how- ever, of whom we have any epigrammatic remains, were more distinguished in other fields of literature, or in the history of their country. Among such may be named iEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Ion of Chios, Critias the tyrant, Plato, Aristotle, and TlmcydideSo Two elegiac lines are also attributed to Socrates, and he is said to have turned the fables of JEsop into verse, and written a hymn to Apollo. (Plato, Pha^d. 60, D.) 17. Of the other elegiac poets of the Attic period little is known. Dionysius the Brazen {ΧαΧκονς), Evenus of Pares, and Crates the Theban, are the principal of them. Dionysius flourished about 449 B.C. (Plut. Nic. v.), and was an orator as well as an elegiac poet. He sometimes began his elegies with a pentameter. (Athen. xiii. p. 602 ; see also Ath. xv. p. 669.) There seem to have been two Parian poets of the name of Evenus, but it was the younger one who was most famous (Harpocr. in voc). He is mentioned by Plato (Phsedr. pp. 60, 267; Apol. Socr. p. 20). He seems to have been a philosopher as well as a poet. Crates was also a philosopher, a cynic, and is more noted for his peculiar mode of life than for his poetry. His smaller poems were called TraijvLa. See, for a long account of him, Diogenes Laertius, vi. 85-93, 96-98. About 328 b.c. 18. In the Alexandrine era the cultivators of the epigram were exceedingly numerous, and many of their compositions have been preserved to us in the Greek Anthology. Callimachus and Eratosthenes (Suid.) were among the most successful, and the epigrams of Theocritus are also good. There were also Philetas of Cos, who lived in the time of Alex- OF THE LYRIC POETS. xxi ander the Great and Ptolemy the First (Suidas : see also ^lian, Var. Hist. ix. 14), Hermesianax of Colophon, a friend of Philetas (Schol. Nic. Ther. 3) ; Alexander the JEtolian, also a contemporary of Philetas; and Parthenius of Bithynia, who was among the last of the Alexandrine epigrammatists, living in the time of the Roman Emperor Augustus. There was also an elegiac poet of the name of Phanocles, but his date is unknown ; the only hint with regard to it being a statement of Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom, vi. p. 750), that he imitated a saying of Demosthenes. Most of these writers were likewise grammarians. 19. Callimachus was the son of Battus and Mes- atme, and belonged to the noble Cyrenean family of the Battiadse. He taught for a time in Eleusis, a suburb of Alexandria, whence he was called by Ptolemy Philadelphus to the museum. He died in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes. The exact time when he flourished is disputed ; perhaps it may he stated at 260 B.C. Callimachus was very celebrated in his day as a writer both of prose and poetry. According to Suidas he wrote about eight hundred books ; many of his scholars are among the most illustrious of the Alexandrians, and his poems were imitated by the Latin poets, such as Catullus and Propertius. His remains consist of six hymns, of which one is not properly so called; a considerable number of epi- grams; and numerous fragments. None of them are worth much; the hymns are laboured, very learned, rather heavy, and with very few gleams of poetry. 20. In the Alexandrine age collections of epigrams began to be formed ; and sometimes extracts from the lyric poets were included in them. These col- lections were generally called Anthologies (Ανθόλο- ryiai), or Garlands {Χτεφανοι). Among the earliest who devoted themselves to this kind of work were xxii BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES Polemon (199 b.c), several of whose books have been noticed by ancient writers (Athen. x. pp. 436, 442; xiii. p. 574, &c.), Alcetas (Athen. xiii. p. 591), a,nd Philochorus (Suid. s. v.) But these confined themselves to the collection of par- ticular classes of epigrams. Meleager was the first who made a general selection. He was fol- lowed by Philip of Thessalonica, Diogenianus, and one who does not deserve to be mentioned. Then came the κύκλος of Agathias, which was made up of the epigrams of his contemporaries and friends. In the ninth or tenth century (the date is uncertain), Constantinus Cephalas formed a new Anthology, drawing his materials principally from Meleager, Philip, and Agathias, but, at the same time, culling from the works of the early poets. Of this collec- tion there is but one manuscript, called the Vatican, of which no notice was taken, until Salmasius saw its value, and which has not been properly edited until recent times. The Anthology known to our early scholars was that of Maximus Planudes, who was a monk of the fourteenth century. It was formed from the work of Cephalas; but many epigrams, especially those thtit the monk deemed immoral, were suppressed ; and a few were added. Of the Planudean Anthology there are several manuscripts; and it has been frequently edited. (See Jacobs's Prolegomena, vol. vi. of Anthologia Grseca, or Philip Smith's Article on Planudes, in Dr Smith's Diction, of Biogr. and Myth.) 21. The Greek Anthology contains very few pieces of genuine poetry ; but it is interesting, as giving us, in some measure, a picture of the customs and morahty of polished society between the com- mencement of the Christian era and the sixth cen- tury. The serious part of the world at that time was earnestly striving to work out for itself a phi- losophy which should clear up the aims of Hfe, and the destiny of man, and shew Christianity either to OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXill be true or false ; and, accordingly, the best minds were in death struggles with Gnostic schemes and Neo-Platonic philosophy, or were actively engaged in spreading the Christian rehgion. Those who betook themselves to poetry were, for the most part, literary pedants (grammarians, γραμματικοί) who practised verse-making much in the way that it is practised in EngHsh schools, or dry lawyers (σχρΧαστίκοί) who employed some of their leisure hours in framing poetic trifles. There was no in- spiration ; for inspiration is an impossibility in men who, like most of the epigram writers, addicted themselves to low vices, and gloried in debasing passions. Many of the epigrams, however, are certainly neat in expression, and bring out the one idea which they are intended to convey with consider- able cleverness, though sometimes with abundance of conceits. We have also to remember that the epigram, like our sonnet, aiforded room only for a particular kind of poetry. This is especially the case with epigrams on tombs, or epitaphs (see Wordsworth's Essay on Epitaphs, at the end of the " Excursion," or in the " Friend ") ; and some of these, viewed in connexion with the purpose for which they were written, particularly the Christian ones, are touching and beautiful. 22. Of the collectors of epigrams, Meleager and Agathias are especially worthy of notice, as having also been themselves writers of good verses. Meleager, the son of Eucrates, was born at Gadara (Strabo, xvi. p. 1101; Meleager, Epigg. 126 and 127 in Brunck), and seems to have been a contem- porary of Menippus, and a cynic. (See Strabo, as above, and compare Ath. iv. p. 157, with Ath. xi. p. 502.) He died in the island of Cos. (Scolion, in Vat. Cod., quoted by Jacobs, Proll. p. xxxviii.) His poetry has often been highly praised ; and cer- tainly some of his verses are among the best in the Anthology. Flourished about 60 b.c. XXIV BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 23. Agathias was a native of Myrina, a town of -iEolic Asia, and was the son of Memnonius, a rhetorician, and Pericleia (Hist. Prooem, pp. 8, 9 ; Anth. Pal. vii. 552). His mother died at Constan- tinople when he was three years old. (Anth. Pal. loc. cit.) He studied at Alexandria; and in 554 A. D. (Hist. ii. 16) returned to Constantinople, where he followed the profession of a lawyer, and gained the friendship of the celebrated men of his day, such as Paulus Silentiarius, and Macedonius the ex-consul. His poetical works were Daphniaca, or, a collection of love-songs, written in youth ; and his κύκλος. (Suidas, Life in Niebuhr's edition of Agathias's Libri Quinque Historiarum in Corp. Script. Byzant.) Born 537 a.d. The date of his death is uncertain; but Niebuhr shews that it is probable he died before 582 a.d. 24. The majority of the writers of the Antho- logy are unknown individuals ; and with regard to others, what is known is unimportant and scanty. Mnasalcas of Sicyon, and Leonid as of Tarentum, were among the earliest and best. Alcaeus, the Messenian, is supposed to have flourished at 200 B. C. Antipater of Sidon (Cic. De Orat. iii. 50), and Philodemus, were contemporaries of Cicero, the former being rather older. Antipater of Thes- salonica, and Crinagoras of Mitylene, hved in the time of Augustus and Tiberius ; Lucillius under Nero; and Marcus Argentarius probably under Trajan. In the beginning of the fifth century lived Palladas, who has furnished a good number of sen- tentious epigrams. He was a grammarian, and very poor. Then come Agathias and his friends, who have been mentioned already. (Notices of all the writers of the Anthology, at the end of vol. xiii. of Jacobs's Greek Anthology.) OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXV BUCOLIC POETS. 25. If the name of Bucolic exactly described the works of the Bucolic poets, these would have had no connexion with lyric poetry. Bernhardy has correctly placed the Idyls among the productions of the comic poetry of the Dorians. But the re- mains of Theocritus and Bion contain many poems not bucolic ; and not one of the verses of Moschus has any reference to pastoral life. Theocritus was the son of Praxagoras and Phil- inna, though some writers, drawing an unwar- ranted inference from his first Idyl, made him the son of Simichus. (Epig. in p. 52 of this volume; Suidas ; and Θεόκριτου <γ6νος, generally placed at the beginning of his poems.) He flourished about 280 B.C. The best of his poems is undoubtedly the ΆΒωνίάζονσαο, in which he portrays the character of women to the life. Of Bion almost nothing is known but what Moschus has told us in his Έττί- τάφίοζ Βίωνος. He was a native of Smyrna, wan- dered to Sicily, and died a violent death. His date is uncertain ; but it is inferred from Suidas (s. v. Μόσχος) that he was a contemporary of Theocritus. Moschus was a grammarian, and an acquaintance of the great critic Aristarchus. He was an ardent admirer and imitator of Bion. (Suidas.) IAMBIC POETS. 26. Archilochus of Pares, son of Telesicles and Enipo. His mother was a slave. He emigrated from Pares to Thasos, and, according to some, was the leader of the colony. After that, he seems to have wandered about in various places, but ulti- mately returned to Pares, where he was killed in a battle with the Naxians. The Greeks regarded him as next to Homer in point of merit, and some c XXVI BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES even thought him equal.* Plato, in referring to one of the fables of the poet, speaks of the fox του σοφωτάτου ^Αρ'χΟκ.ο'χου (Plat. Polit. ii. p. 365). The invention of various forms of poetry is attri- buted to him ; and he seems to have attempted all kinds of subjects, though the bent of his genius was decidedly satirical. His attacks on Lycambes and his daughters were very severe. The story, how- ever, that the daughters hanged themselves in con- sequence of them, is mentioned by no writer earlier than Horace, and in him it is implied, not stated. (See Epp. i. 19, 25.) The life, character, and poetry of Archilochus resemble, in very many points, those of our own Byron. (^Han, Var. Hist, x. 13. For his death, see Suidas, and for the character of his poems, Quinct. x. 1, 59.) About 700 B.C. 27. Simonides, of Amorgos, or the lambographer, was a native of Samos, and son of Crines. He led a colony to Amorgos, where he founded three cities. Till very lately he has been confounded with Sim- onides of Ceos, and his poems mixed up with those of his more celebrated namesake. He wrote princi- pally in Iambics. (Suidas in voc. ; also the latter part of the article under Simmias ought to be transferred to this Simonides.) 693 B.C. ; or per- haps 660 B.C. 28. Hipponax, of Ephesus, was the son of Pythes and Protis. He was expelled from his native place by the tyrants Athenagoras and Comas, and then took up his abode in Clazomenge. Here he acquired fame by his attacks on Bupalis and Athenisjf two sculptors who offended the poet by making busts of him ; for he was ugly and small, though strong. He invented the choliambus and the parody, and wrote other kinds of poetry also. * In the Edinburgh Sculpture Gallery there is a cast of the bust ia which the heads of Homer and Archilochus are placed together, t Bernhardy calls this man Anthermus. OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXVll With him is frequently mentioned another Iambic poet, Ananius, of whom almost nothing is known. The date of Hipponax is variously given by ancient writers ; but it may be placed at about the latter half of the sixth century. (Suidas. For his appear- ance, Ath. xii. p. 552, and iElian, Y. H. x. 6. For date, Plin. xxxvi. 4, 2.) 29. There are several Iambic poets of whom almost nothing is known, and of whose poems we have only a few fragments. Among these, the most note-worthy are : — Diphilus (Schol. Find. 01. x. 83), who was older than Eupolis, as is inferred from Schol. Aristoph. Clouds, 96. JEschrion, of Samos, who was an intimate friend of Aristotle, if the notice in Suidas refers to the Iambic poet from whom Athenseus quotes. Called Samian in Ath. viii. 335. (Tzetz. Chil. viii. 406.) Phoenix, of Colophon. This Iambic poet flourished about 309 b.c. (Paus. i. 9, 8). Three interesting Chohambic fragments of his have come down to us. Parmenon, of Byzantium ; Hermias, of Curion ; and Critias, of Chios, probably belonged to the Alexandrine age ; as did Herodes, whom some have maintained to be a contemporary of Hipponax, on the authority of a verse of that poet. But the reading was incorrect. (Plin. Epp. iv. 3.) MELIO POETS. 30. The various parts of a melic poem are verse, system, and strophe. Similar to the strophe were the anti-strophe and epode. (Heph. Gaisf. pp. 129-132, and for the parts of the tragic choruses, see an interpolated chapter (ch. xii.) in Aristotle's Poetics.) 31. The principal varieties of melic poetry were : the Paean, the Dithyramb, Hyporchem, Parthenia, χχνϋί BIOGRAPHICAL NOTTOES Encomia, Epinicia, Paroenia, Scolia, Erotica, Epi- thalamia, Threnes, and Embateria. (Definitions of them in Procl. Chrest. Gaisf. p. 381 ; in Bernhardy, Grundriss, part second, p. 447 ; in Mure, vol. iii. book iii. ch. ii ; in Bode, and others.) 32. Alcman was probably a native of Sardes (Anth. Pal. vii. 19), though Suidas says he was a Laconian from Messoa. His father's name was either Damas or Titarus. He was at first a slave, but was eman- cipated by his master. (Heraclit. Pont. Politt. ii.) He was invited to Sparta (iElian, Var. Hist. xii. 50), and there spent most of his days, jovial and singing jovial songs, and in old age died of morbus pedicu- laris (Arist. H. A. v. 31). Flourished between 670 and 630 b.c. 33. AlcaBus of Mitylene seems to have been born of a noble family, and along with his brother Anti- menidas, took a prominent part in the disputes which disturbed his native state. He used his pen and all his influence against Melanchrus, Myrsilus, and others, who aimed at the tyranny ; but it is probable he was actuated by a desire to acquire chief power for himself (Strabo, xiii. p. 617). He fought under Pittacus against Phrynon, an Athenian general, and in one of the engagements he threw η way his arms (Strabo, xiii. p. 600; Herodot. v. 95). When Pittacus was elected sesymnete by the Mitylenean people, Alcaeus and his brother fled, and the poet poured forth his wit and his sarcasm against the new ruler (Strabo, i. 33 ; Aristot. Politt. iii. 10 ; Alcas. fr. 37). They afterwards attempted to deprive Pittacus of his power by force, but failed (Arist. loc. cit.) Pittacus nevertheless pardoned the poet (Diog. Laert. i. 7 6), and it is probable that he spent the rest of his days in peace. The sub- jects of Alcseus's muse are very varied; warlike, erotic, symposiac ; but his most successful efforts were his ^τασοωτίκά, poems that had reference to the civil broils of his native place. Horace has OP THE LYRIC POETS. XXIX many imitations of the poems of Alcseus. For their character, see Dionys. Hal. vett. script, cens. 2, 8 ; Quinctil. Inst. Orr. x. 1, 63, and the subjects of them in Hor. Carm. i. 32. About 611 b.c. 34. Sappho was the daughter of Scamandrony- mus (Herodot. ii. 135) and Kleis (Suidas), and was born in Mitylene or Eresus. She was of noble family (inferred from Athen. x. 425). Her time seems to have been occupied in the management of an estabHshment for young ladies,* whom she taught all polite accomphshments, and several of whom are addressed in her poems. The writers of the middle comedy,| who made Sappho a stock character, gave rise to the story that she fell in love with a young man called Phaon, and that the un- fortunate damsel, being rejected, threw herself over the Leucadian rock (Strabo, x. p. 425). Phaon is doubtless a mythical character (see Jihan, xii. 18), and the story of the Leucadian rock is, in Sappho's case, a fabrication, though some did perhaps throw themselves from it to cool their love, or drown it and themselves (Strabo, x. 425). The same writers found lovers for her in Archil ochus and Hipponax ; and Hermesianax, an elegiac poet, also gave her Anacreon for a suitor. A husband and a daughter were also bestowed on her (Suidas). Her character has been justly vindicated by modern scholars (Welcker, especially) from the aspersions of the comic writers. The ancients spoke in the highest terms of her poetry, and Plato in an epigram (19 Bergk) calls her the tenth muse (see Strabo, xiii. * The term " young lady " is rather an anachronism, the " lady " being altogether unknown in ancient times, according to the preval- ent opinion, but it very nearly conveys the idea intended. In an ar- ticle in the Edinburgh or Quarterly Review (I think by the Bishop of London), it was maintained that there was only one lady in anti- quity, namely, Clytsemnestra ! f In the play of " Masks and Faces," there is an apposite instance of the mixture of historical and imaginary characters ; and those who know it, will easily see how worthless is any argument resting on dramatic evidence. c 2 XXX BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES p. 617). The few remains of her that have reached us are exquisite, reveahng a warm heart and glow- ing imagination. She was acquainted with the poet Alcseus, to whom she addressed the following lines : — at δ' ηχ^ς βσΧων 'ίμ^ρον η κάλων, και. μη τι Ρ^ίπην γλωσσ βκύκα κάκυν, αιδω? Κ€ νυν σ ουκ ηχ^ν όππάτ , αλλ' eXeyes πβρί τώ δικαίως. (I regard the epistle in the Heroides of Ovid as evidence of no worth in the history of Sappho.) About 600 B.C. 35. Before Sappho, there was a poetess of the name of Megalostrata (Athen. xiii. p. 600) ; and two of Sappho's own scholars are known to have written poems ; Damophila (Philostr. Vit. Apoll. i. 30) and Erinna. Erinna was a native of Telos, wrote a beautiful hexameter poem called " The Spindle," and died at the age of nineteen (Suidas, Anth. Pal. ix. 190). Eusebius brings Erinna down to about 350 b.c, and hence some have supposed the existence of two Erinnas; but Eusebius was probably led by wrong evidence to alter the com- mon date (Eustath. ad II. ii. 711 ; Euseb. ap. Hieron. ad 01. 106). 36. Stesichorus was born either in Metaurus, to which his parents belonged, or in Himera, whither they removed. His original name was Tisias, and his father's was most probably Euphemus, though five names are given, and among them Hesiod (Suid.). He hved to the age of eighty-five (Lu- cian Macr. 26), died at Catana and was buried there (Suid. ad ττάντα οκτώ). The story of his blindness on account of his attacks on Helen, and the recovery of his sight on recantation, is well known (Pausan. iii. 19, 11, fr. 2, in this Selec- tion; Plat. Phsedr. p. 243). He joined epic sub- jects to lyric measures, as Southey has done in OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXXl his Thalaba and Curse of Kehama, but in this style of poetry he had been preceded by Xanthus, from whom he borrowed (Athen. xii. p. 513). He was the first, as far as we know, who related love tales in verse. He introduced the epode. Born about 635 B.C., died about 554 b.c. 37. Ibycus was the son of Phytius, and was born in Rhegium. He went to the court of Polycrates ; but nothing is known of his history, except the manner of his death. In some desert place near Corinth he was attacked by robbers, and slain. The poet had called on a flock of cranes which hap- pened to fly over, to be his avengers, and the story goes that they really were so ; for one of the mur- derers, who had gone to Corinth, observing a flock of cranes in the air, exclaimed, " Lo ! here are the avengers of Ibycus." The exclamation was heard, and the murderers were apprehended and punished. The truth of this story has been disputed, because, in an epigram (Anth. Pal. vii. 714) it is stated that he was buried at Rhegium. Though this unknown authority is insuflicient of itself to condemn the tale, and though there is nothing absurd or unworthy of credit in it, yet it cannot be said to rest on good evidence, as the first mention made of it occurs in Antipater Sidonius (Anth. Pal. vii. 745). The poems of Ibycus were principally erotic. Some have tried to shew that he also attempted heroic subjects in lyric measures, like Stesichorus, but they have not been successful (Suidas). Schiller has a beautiful poem on the Cranes of Ibycus, in which, according to one form of the tale, he supposes the cranes to pass over the theatre. Flourished 540 B.C. His date is not altogether certain. Suidas placed him a little earher than the date here given. 38. Anacreon was a native of Teos, from which place, while yet young, he emigrated, in 540 B.C., to Abdera (Strabo, xiv. p. 644.) The real name of his father is generally thought to have been χχχϋ BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES Scythiniis. It cannot have been long after his ar- rival in Abdera when he was invited to the court of Poly crates of Samos, where he remained for some time. (Strabo, xiv. p. 638, and Herodot. iii. 121.) From this place he removed to Athens, in 522 B.C., at the entreaty of Hipparchus (Pseud.- Plato, Hipparchus, p. 228 ; iElian, V. H. viii. 2), and there met Simonides and most of the cele- brated poets of the age. It is not certain where he died ; but some have supposed, from an epi- gram of Simonides (116, Bergk), that he was buried in Teos. The sentence, however, admits of another construction, though, if it did certainly state that he was buried in Teos, the authority would be good, since the objection urged by some, that such epigrammatic inscriptions are not to be depended on, cannot be sustained. He died at the age of eighty-five (Luc. Macr. 26). After his death, honours were paid to his memory by the Athenians and Teians ; and the epigrams in his praise are very numerous. Anacreon wrote hymns, love-songs, drinking-songs, iambics, and epigrams. The poems which used to be published under the name of Anacreon, now receive their proper title of Anacreontics, and were undoubtedly written by Λ^ersifiers of a late age. A few may have been writ- ten before the Christian era, but the most may be safely placed in the fourth or fifth century after Christ, and some of them were probably much later than that. Almost all of them contain some idea taken from Anacreon, which is expanded according to the taste of the writer. 39. Simonides, the son of Leoprepes, was born in luhs, a town in the island of Ceos, in 556 B.C. (This date is inferred from one of his epigrams — 148. Bergk.) He went to Athens at the invitation of Hipparchus (Pseud. - Plato, Hipparch. p. 228; ^lian, V. H. viii. 2), and was an especial favourite OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXX iii with the literary tyrant. Some time after the death of Hippias, he left Athens for Thessaly, where he made songs for the Thessalian princes, the Aleuads, and the Scopads. (Theocritus, xvi. 34 and ff. ; Cic. Orat. ii. 36.) He returned again to Athens, and lived there for a long time, on intimate terms with Themistocles and Pausanias (Pint. Them, v; Cic. Fin. ii. 32 ; ^lian, V.^ H. ix.^ 41), and com- posed epigrams on the heroic warriors who fought in the many famous battles which then took place. He was also successful in an epigrammatic contest with ^schylus (Anon. Biog. of Jischylus in Schiitz, vol. iii. p. 4). He gained no less than fifty-six prizes (Epig. 147 Bergk). When he was more than eighty years old, he removed to Syracuse, and was highly honoured by Hiero. (See Xenophon's Hiero ; Cic. De Nat. D. i. 22 ; Athen. xiv. 656 ; and SchoL Pind. Olymp. ii. 29.) He died in Sy- racuse, in 467 B.C. (Suid.) Simonides was perhaps the most popular of all the Greek lyric poets; and the stories which are told of his wise sayings, and of the care vfhich the gods exercised over him, are very numerous. He is said, however, to have been somewhat fond of money (Aristoph. Pax 698 ; Plat. Rep. ii, p. 489 ; Arist. Ph. ii. 6) ; and for golden rewards he praised princes, contrary to truth (Plato, Protag. p. 346). Some, in recent times, have tried to defend him. Of the various remains left, we have encomia, epinicia, threni, hyporchems, elegies, and epigrams. One of his fragments, that on Danae, is exquisitely beautiful. John Sterling wrote an article on him (Sterling's Remains^ by Hare). (Several articles in Suidas, s. v.) 40. Pindar is the only lyric poet whose remains embrace a considerable number of complete poems. He is generally called a Theban, and may have been born in Thebes, though it is more probable that Cynoscephalse, in the Theban district, was-^his native s xxxiv BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES town. His father's name is variously given, bnt Daiphantiis seems the correct one ; and his mother was called Cleidice. His genius for poetry was early discovered ; and he was sent to Athens, where he received instructions from Lasus of Hermione. On his return to Thebes, which took place before he reached his twentieth year, he received valuable help from the poetesses Mvrtis and Corinna, espe- cially the latter (Plut. Glor. Ath. p. 348; fr. 1 of Pin- dar's hymns). With these he also contended (Corinna fr. given in Selection) ; but Corinna vanquished him — a victory which Pausanias thought owing to her using the iEolic dialect, and to the beauty of her person (Pans. ix. 22, 3). He appears now to have made Thebes his home, but to have visited the fes- tivals frequently. He was highly honoured by Alexander of Macedon, Arcesilas of Cyrene, and Hiero of Syracuse. At the court of Hiero he lived for a few years, but probably did not like the place, owing to his contempt of the mean practices of Simonides, and the calumnies raised against him by his rival, Bacchylides. Various states of Greece, among these Athens and Rhodes, paid him high honours ; and statues were erected to him, and rich rewards bestowed on him. He died a natural death, at the age of eighty, probably in Argos. Pindar was married, perhaps twice, and had a son, Daiphantus, and two daughters, Protomache and Eumetis. His poems were anciently arranged into hymns, pseans, dithyrambs, parthenia, hyporchems, en- comia, thrones, scolia, and epinicia (see Hor. Carm. lib. iv., c. ii. 10 seqq.) The Epinicia formed four bocks, the whole of which we possess, except a few leaves of the Isthmia. They shew a genuine poet, of great fervour, truthful and sincere in all his sayings, and deeply rehgious. Indeed, it is this last feature of the poems that shines out above all the rest; and accordingly his treatment of the OF THE LYRIC POETS. XXXV myths is peculiarly interesting to the student of mythology. (See Ott. Miiller's Remarks in his Prolegomena zu einer wissen. Mythol. p. 87.) Born 522 B.C., and died 442. The authorities for the life of Pindar are some prose and poetical lives, one by Thomas Magister, and the others probably by late writers. They are prefixed to Boeckh's edition of the Scolia, and may be found in Donaldson's Pindar. Another life has recently been edited, first by Tafel, and then in the most recent editions of Pindar ; and also in Wester- mann's Vit. Script. Grsec. Minores. 41. The poetesses Corinna and Myrtis have been mentioned already in the account of Pindar. Several fragments remain of the poems of Corinna. She was the daughter of Achelodorus and Procra- tia, and is said to have gained five victories in poetic contests. She wrote epigrams and melic poetry in the Boeotian dialect. (Suidas ; also iEUan, V. H. xiii. 24, whose story, however, is regarded as false.) About 510 B.C. flourished Telesilla, of Argos, who was as much celebrated for her valour as for her poetry (Plut. De Virt. Mul. p. 245 ; Pausan. ii. 20, 8). The story, however, told by these writers of her expelling the Spartans has been justly called in question ; for the evidence in favour of it is late, and the silence of Herodotus in a particular account of the Spartan expedition is extraordinary, if he had heard of Telesilla's exploits (Herod, vi. 76-83), She wrote hymns to different gods, but little is known of her poetry. (Art. in Suidas.) About 450 B.C. flourished another poetess, Prax- illa, of Sicyon, who was famed for her scolia. Nothing is known of her history. In addition to scolia, she wrote hymns and dithyrambs. (Prov. Coisl. 248 ; Heph. p. 22.) Here may be mentioned also another poetess, Melinno, of whom likewise nothing is known. She is the writer of the Ode to Rome, commonly attri- XXXVl BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES buted to Erinna. Schneidewin conjectures that she was a native of Locri Epizephyrii, and that the Ode to Rome was written in the year of the city 469, on the occasion of the Romans getting possession of Locri, which was then held by the soldiers of Pyrrhus. (Liv. ix. 16 ; see also Anth. Pal. vi. 353.) This date is evidently too early, 42. Timocreon, of Rhodes, is called an epic, a comic, and a melic poet. The last is the proper designation. He was an athlete, and engaged in the pentathlon, and was notorious as an extraor- dinary eater. (Epigr. by Simonides, p. 84 of this Selection ; Ath. x. pp. 415, 416.) He wrote poems against Themistocles, and was a bitter antagonist of Simonides, At one time of his life he is supposed to have joined the Persians (Athen. loc. cit., and fr. 3 of his poems.) Some have inferred from the epigram of Simonides that Timocreon died before that poet ; but the inference is unfair ; comp. Burns's epigram on Captain Grose. The remark of Ath- enseus that the epigram was on his tomb, must be regarded as a careless mistake. He wrote iambics, scoha, and epigrams. (Suidas ; Plut. Them, xxi ; Schol. Aristoph. Acharn. 532.) 43. Bacchylides was the nephew of Simonides (Strabo, x. p. 486), and a native of luhs. His father's name is variously given as Medon (Suid.), Meilon (Epigr. in Boeckh's Scholl. Pind. p. 8, or Donaldson's Pind. p. xlix.), and Meidylus (Et. Mag. p. 582, 20). He was at the court of Hiero along with his uncle, and was there a rival of Pindar (iElian, V. H. iv. 15 ; Scholl. to Pind. 01. ii. 87, Pyth. ii, 53). He travelled also in Peloponnesus (Plut. de. Exil. p. 606). Of his death we know nothing. He wrote epinicia, hymns, paeans, dithyrambs, wine and love-songs, hyporchems, and epigrams. Flourish'ed about 47 0 B.C. 44. Several poets, especially in the Attic age, OF THE LYBIC POETS. xxxvii devoted themselves to the dithyramb. Among the earliest of them were Cydias, Lamprocles, and per- haps Licymnius ; but of the history of these poets we are almost entirely ignorant. Of Lasus of Her- mione, and of Pratinas, two of the most distin- guished dithyrambic poets, more is known. The former was the instructor of Pindar, and founded dithyrambic contests. The latter is celebrated as the originator of satyr plays, and in his time stood next to Jilschylus as a tragedian. 45. Diagoras, of Melos, son of Teleclydes or Teleclytus, was a melic poet, but is more celebrated as a philosopher. He was termed Atheist by the Greeks, but this word as used by them meant nothing more than that he was antagonistic to the received religion — a sense in which it was also applied to the Christians. He was condemned by the Athenians for impiety, left Athens, and died in Corinth. Some writers have tried to find political causes for the persecution to which he was subjected; without good reason, for there can be no doubt that the Athenians were above all Greeks the most bigoted, as they were the most superstitious or religious, and that they would be most ready to persecute one who, like Diagoras or Socrates, sought to change the prevalent creed. (See Mure's Hist, of Gr. Lit. vol. iv. p. 520.) His poems were paeans, encomia, and perhaps dithyrambs. (Suidas ; Scholl. on Arist. Frogs, 323, Birds, 1073). 411 B.C. is the date of his accusation. 46. Melanippides. Suidas mentions two of the name of Melanippides, and there really may have been two, though, owing to Suidas's careless prac- tice of multiplying individuals of the same name, no dependence can be placed on his statements. Mel- anippides, called the younger by Suidas, lived for a time at the court of Perdiccas, and there died. He was among the first to introduce those changes into the music of Greece which were lashed by xxxviii BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES Aristophanes, and men of a severer scliool, as worthless and licentious innovations. (Suidas; see also Xen. Mem. i. 4, 3.) Flourished about 420 b.c, or perhaps a little earlier. 47. Philoxenus, of Cythera, was the son of Eulytides, and a disciple of Melanippides. He was born in 435 B.C. His history is confounded with that of another Philoxenus, a Leucadian, and a parasite, who was contemporary. It may be affirmed, however, with certainty, that he was in his early days a slave ; that he left his native place, and lived for some time in Sicily with Diony- sius the tyrant ; and that, displeasing his patron, he was thrown into prison, from which he was no sooner released than he bade farewell to the island. His death may have taken place in Ephesus, as Suidas asserts ; but this point is disputed. He died at the age of fifty-five (Mar. Par. Ep. 70). He was one of the best of dithyrambic poets (see Antiphanes in Ath. xiv. p. 643). The names of the pieces of which we have fragments are, the Deipnon and the Cyclops. He wrote epigrams also. (Suid. s. V. and φίλοξένου γραμμάτων.) 48. Timotheus, of Miletus, the son of Thersander, as a dithyrambic poet and composer of music, attained a celebrity as great, if not greater, than that of Philoxenus. Little is known of his life. He was born in 446 B.C., and died in 357 b.c. (Mar. Par. Ep. 77). He was an intimate friend of Euri- pides. At som,e time of his life he visited Sparta (Pausan. iii. 12, 8), and died in Macedonia, accord- ing to Stephanus of Byzantium, y. Μίλητος. He wrote dithyrambs, hymns, piBans, and various other forms of lyric poetry. He also added an eleventh string to the lyre. (Pans. 1. c. ; Suidas ; Alex. Mtol in Macrob. Saturn, v. 22, or fr. 2 in Schneidewin.) 49. Telestes and Polyidus were contemporaries of Philoxenus and Timotheus, and were nearly OF THE LYRIC POETS. xxxix equally famous in ditliyrambic poetry (Diod. xiv. 46). Telestes belonged to Selinus. The name of his poems are, Argo, Asclepius, and a hymenssus. (Suidas.) Of the poetry of Polyidus no fragment has come down to us. One of his scholars once conquered Timotheus. (Athen. viii. p. 352.) 50. It may be remarked here that what is called the tragedy of the Greeks had a strong lyric element in it, and that some of the first lyrics of the Greeks are to be found in their dramas. Those of Euripides, especially, abound in exquisite songs, which, like some in the "Duenna" of Sheridan, or the " Beggar's Opera" of Gay, among us, became popu- lar, and were sung on festive occasions. This remark is equally true of the comic poets ; and some of the lyrics of Aristophanes, who, like our own Hood, had a vast depth of seriousness at the bottom of his jokes, are exquisite, full of vivacity, and sometimes, as in the choral ode on ancient manners in the Clouds, rising to the grandest poetry. (On this subject see Prof. Blackie's Essay on Greek Tragedy, in the first vol. of his translation of ^schylus.) 51. After the Attic age, melic poetry was little cultivated. Almost the only note- worthy melic efforts are the hymns of Dionysius and Mesomedes, given in this Selection. It is not certain which of the numerous persons of the name of Dionysius mentioned in ancient writers is the author of the hymn. Jacobs supposes him to be of Hahcarnas- sus, and that he lived in the reign of Hadrian ; while Fabricius attributed it to a Dionysius of An- tioch, who belonged to the fourth century after the Christian era. Mesomedes was a Cretan, and a freedman of the Emperor Hadrian (Suidas). CHRISTIAN POETS. 52. St Paul makes mention not only of psalms, but of hymns and odes (Eph. v. 19 ; Col. iii. 16) ; so xl BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES that in his time the Christians had begun to pour forth their feelings in songs of their own. Anti- phonal singing is mentioned in the celebrated letter of Pliny (Epp. x. 97) ; and writers after him that refer to the service of the Church, allude to this part of the worship. The first specimen of a Greek Christian hymn, as far as I know, is the psalm of the Naassenes or Nahasenes, given in the recently found book of Hippolytus, p. 122. It is written, as the editor Emmanuel Miller remarks, in logaoedic anapsestics ; but it is in such a corrupt state, and so httle is known of the doctrines of the sect, that not much sense can be made out of it. Perhaps there was never much sense in it. The next specimens we have, are attributed to Clemens Alexandrinus, and are given in this Selec- tion. Several Christian poems are also pubhshed in the Anthology ; and a whole book is devoted to the epigrams of the celebrated Gregory, of Nazi- anzum, who was also the author of the Χρίστος ττάσχων, a famous tragedy, mentioned by Milton in his Preface to Samson Agonistes. The principal hymn writers to the Christian Church were Synesius and Cosmas. Synesius, of Cyrene, flourished in the commencement of the fifth century, and Cosmas in the eighth century. The hymns of Cosmas, the whole of which have not yet been published, are not written in metre ; and this seems to have been the case with almost all the hymns of the ancient Greek Church. In the ser- vices of the present Greek Church, hymns are still used, but they are not metrical. A kind of rhythm is often distinguishable in them, sometimes very clearly, as in the specimen headed οίκοζ, in this Selection, OP THE LYRIC POETS. xli NEO-HBLLENIC POETS. 53. The first Neo-Hellenic poet of whom we know anything, is Theodorus Prodromus. who, in the twelfth century, wrote verses both in ancient and modern Greek. One of his ancient Greek odes is given in p. 98 of this Selection. Korais in his "Ατακτα, has pubHshed a specimen of his Neo- Hellenic poems ; but the opinion of him which we form from this production, is not high. In 1627, Nicolaos Drimiticos wrote his " Fair Shepherdess ; " a poem of considerable power, with passages here and there beautiful and touching. In 1824, Fauriel made his celebrated collection of the Modern Greek ballads. Like other popular poems, most of them were written while the facts which they narrate excited the interest of the people, that is, immediately on their taking place. They relate, for the most part, to the Klephts, who lived in independence on their native hills, success- fully resisting every effort of the infidel Turks to subdue them, and ultimately coming forth to give the most effective aid to the late Greek revolution. In recent times, the lyric poetry of the Greeks has flowed out in copious streams — perhaps far too copious. At the head we must place the patriot Khigas, a noble man, animated by an in- tense love of freedom. Then there is Athanasios Christopoulos, who, in Anacreontics, charmed the ladies, and wrote pretty love and drinking songs. In still more recent times, we have two poetic brothers of the name of Soutsos, who have sung many good songs. In Greece, I believe, these moF are now not thought much of; partly on account of their political opinions, and partly because their self-conceit is intolerable. Amongst Neo-Hellenic lyric poets, Professor Bangavis deserves particular mention. He is a D 2 χΐίϊ BIO&RAPHICAL NOTICES, ETC. man of thorougli scholarship ; but has frequently chosen the popular dialect as the vehicle of his poetic feehngs. There are also Calvos, and Salo- mes, and a numerous host of young lyrists ; but whether they are to produce poems worthy of a place beside those of Pindar and Simonides, time alone can tell. THE GREEK LYRIC POETS. PAET L ELEGIAC POETS. KAAAINOr. 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ΕΙς "Τττνον, ^'Ύττνε, άναξ μακάρων πάντων, Θνητών τ ανθρώπων, seal πάντων ζώων, οπόσα τρέφει ευρεία 'χθών. πάντων yap κρατεεις μουνος, καΐ πασι προςεργτ), σώματα Πεσμένων εν άγαΚκεντοισι πεόΎ]σίν, Χυσιμεριμνε, κόπων ηΕεΐαν εγων άνάπαυσυν, 5 καΐ πάσης Χύπης ίερον παραμύθίον ερΒων fcal θανάτου μεΧετην επάγεις, ψύχρας Βιασώζων αύτοκασί^νητος yap εφυς Λήθης Θανάτου τε. αλλά, μάκαρ, Χίτομαί σε κεκραμενον ηΒύν Ικάνειν, σώζοντ εύμενεως μύστας θείοισιν eV epyoLς, 10 0ΡΦΕΥ2. 127 2. Εΐζ Ούρανόν. Ovpave ιτα'^^βνετωρ, κόσμιου μίροζ alev aretpk, 7Γρ€σβν^ίν€θλ\ άρχη ττάντων, ττάντων Τ6 τβλευτή' κοσμόττατερ, σφαφη^ον €λίσσ6μ€νο<; ττερί ηαίαν, οΐκ€ θεών μακάρων, ρόμβου Ζίναισιν οΒεύων, ουράνιος χθόνιος re φύΧαξ ττάντων ττβριβληθείς- 6V στερνοισιν εχων φύσεως αττλητον ανάγκην, κυανόχρως, άΜμαστε, τταναίοΧος, αΙόλομορφε, τταν^ερκες, Κρονότεκνε, μάκαρ, ττανυττερτατε 8αΐμον, κλϋθ' εττάηων ζωην οσίην μύστΎ) νεοφάντχ). 3. Ε 69 ΙίττόΧλωνα. "ΕΧθε, μάκαρ Παιαν Τιτυοκτόνε, Φοίβε Αυκωρευ, ΜεμφΙτ\ άφ^αότιμος, Ιηΐος, ολβίο^ώτα. χρυσόλύρη, σττερμεΐος, άρότριε, Πύθιε, Τιταν, Γρύνειε, ^μινθεΰ, Πυθοκτόνε, ΑεΧφικε, μάντι, ά^ριε, φωςφόρε Ζαιμον, εράσμιε, κύΒιμε κοΰρε' Μουσω^ετη, χοροττοιός, εκηβόΧε, τοξοβελεμνε, Βρά^χιε και ΑιΒυμεΰ, εκάερ^ος. Λοξία, αηνε' Δύ]ΚΙ άναξ ττανΒερκες εχων φαεσίμβροτον ομμα, χρυσοκόμη, καθαρας φημας χρησμούς τ άναφαίνων κΧΰθί μευ ευχόμενου Χαών ύττερ εΰφρονι θυμω. τόνΒε σύ ^ΑτΓο σιμά να αίσθανθη, την υτταρξιν ν άΧλάξτ]. του ύψηΧοΰ ηΧιακου το ιταηωμβνον τεΐ'χος ΈΐυΧΧο<γίσμ€νη έθεσα τας χεΐρας μου έττάνω, 10 ΤΙροςεγρυσα ακίνητος, μην άκουσθη 6 ηχος Της αρμονίας των σφαιρών να ττίτττη άττο τ' ανω. Τα κύματα έκύτταζα ττου στεΧΧεί eva τ άΧΧο, Θ 6 να περάσουν, έ'λεγα, ωκεανό μεyάXo, ΚαΙ 6^ άσττασθουν την άνθηραν ώραίαν τταραΧίαν 15 Της ΙταΧίας, οττοϋ ζη είς μα^ευμενας χώρας Εκείνος οςτις μ έδειξε του βίου την ττορείαν, ΚαΙ άττεράσαμεν όμου τας τταώίκάς μας ώρας. ^Εκστατική υττέΧαβα, άττο την ήρεμίαν. Της σοφωτάτης μηχανής μην εφθασεν ή τταυσις. 20 ΤΙΧην του ττεΧω^ους τακτική καΐ σι^αΧέα θραυσις Του κόσμου μ άνεκάΧεσε ττάΧιν την άρμονίαν. {ΈΧενη Ποιήτρια Ιωνίας.) ΠΟΙΗΜΑΤΑ ΔΙΑΦ0Ρί2Ν. 173 Ό ύτΓβρ ττατρβος μα'χόμενος στρατιώτης. 1. Ααμιτρός 7Γ0Τ6 φωςφόρος των νυκτών ^Εφώτίζβ σκηνας τας ^ΕΧληνίΒας, ^Εκ6Ϊ ττλησίον την Χό^^γΎΐν του κρατών, Έτρα^ωΒοϋσβν 6 νέος ΠβΧοττίΒας, " ^Ω, Ζέφυροι τβρττνοί ! ττβτατ βύθύς, 5 Μηνύσατ' eh την φίΧην μου ^EXkdha, Δια την Βόξαν σου, Πατρίς, Φρουρώ εδώ βίς την κοιλάΒα." 2. Τηρβΐ την Χάμψίν του ίγθρίκοΰ Ίτυρος, ΚαΙ σίωττα '? τον τόττον του θεμένος, Ή νύκτα 'χρόνος 6 "ΕΧΚην ζωηρός, ΚαΙ Tpa^cphel \ την \6<γχ7}ν στη ρ lj μένος, ^Ω, Ζέφυροι τερττνοί ! ιτετατ €ύθύς, Μηνύσατ βίς την φίΧην μου Έλλαδα, Αία την Βόξαν σου. Πατρίς, Φρουρώ ε'δω βίς την κοίλάΒα. 3. "Ό ηλίος τον ΤΓολβμον Κίνα, Αΰρίον 6LV ημέρα της άνΒρβίας' Άν άίΓοθάνω \ της Xoyyrjv μου σίμα, 'ΤτΓβρ ττατρΙΒος καΐ της βλβυθβρίας, Πβτατβ Ίτάλίν, ώ Ζέφυροι τβρττνοί, ΕΙττέτ βίς την φίΧην μου ^ΕΧΧάΒα, Αία την Βόξαν σου Πατρίς, Απέθανα βίς την κοίΧάΒα''' (Κοκκίνάκης.) NOTES. Callinos, p. 3. 8. oKKore, Bach. 13. Brunck put ή'ν instead of d, because he thought et with the conjunctive a solecism, but recent editors have followed the readings of the codd, : and el with the conj. occurs frequently, not only in the Elegiac but in other poets, and sometimes in prose. Jelf, 854, 1. Later writ- ers, on the other hand, join ην with the indicat., as in Agathias, Hist. p. 217, 12, and with the opt. Hist. p. 32. 2., Niebuhr's edit. Comp. also the use of eVei and €πψ in Mimnermus, fr. 1, v. 5 ; fr. 2, v. 9 ; and see "Winer. Gram- matik d. K. Sprachidioms, Funf. Aufl. p. 340, where all re- ferences required will be found. 17. " But him" (that is, the person who does not avoid the fight) " both great and small lament." This use of ολίγος is rare. It occurs in Homer. It is the only meaning of the comparative όλίζων which is common in Alexandrine writers, and of νπόΚίζωρ, which is Homeric. TYRTiEUS, p. 4. I. The πόλις here is Sparta. From this passage it has been wrongly inferred that Tyrtseus was a Spartan. II. 7. For the ας in Βημότας, see Jelf, 82, 5. Another in- stance of as short in the acc. plur. of first declension occurs in fr. 5. of Tyrt,, — δέσποτας οΙμώζοντ€ς, at the beginning of a hexameter. 8. The sense of this line has been much disputed. Per- T 176 NOTES. haps the best interpretation is that of Miiller (in his Dori- ans) and Schneidewin, who take it to mean, — answering with straight-forward rhetrae ; that is, saying yes or no, either approving or disapproving of the decrees of the kings or senate. But in this way the meaning of evOvs is strange, and, if it occurs at all, very unusual. I have therefore al- tered the common pointing, and join πρεσ. yep. with αρχειν, and 8ημότας άν. with μνθβϊσθαι, and make the sense, — that the common people, who are now opposing just decrees, should, &c. The άντί in άνταπομβίβομ^νους has, according to this plan, its usual force, as in avTiXeyeiv. The only ob- jection to this is, that Plutarch stops at άνταττομ^φομίνονς. Plutarch, however, quoted as much as he required for his purpose ; and he either may not have cared to insert the rest, or he may have forgotten. See Plut. Lyc. vi. II. For re Schneidewin has δε. I should hke rfi, "in this way." III. 4. Bergk and some others write is regularly in Tyrtseus, even where the codd. have ei?, and γίνομαι for γίγνομαι. 9 & 10. These verses have been amended in various ways ; but not successfully. As they stand, they have a sense, but certainly not a good one. 16. For av Walckenaer v^rote ή'ν, which has been generally adopted. But au is nearly as common as ήν, as the reader will see from my text which represents the MSS. in this point. 17. Bergk and others think that there is something corrupt, and have proposed various emendations. But a change is unnecessary here. " The piercing of the back of a man fleeing is a grievous thing, a great calamity" — is good sense ; and also good Greek, for the τό is frequently omitted. See Jelf, 678, 3, d., obs. 1. 25. I have written ομβριμος here and elsewhere, because it is found in some MSS. ; and, being the strangest form, is most likely correct. So in MS. of Babrius we have άμβλη- χρός, Fab. 36, 7 ; and άμβληχρώ8ης in Fab. 93, 5. In the latter fable it seems wrong. Liddel and Scott assert that ομβριμος is a mistake of transcribers. This is not without probability, since modern Greek has no such letter as our b, so that if the person dictating were to pronounce β in οβριμο9 like our h, the copyist would very probably write it μβ, or μπ. But that μβ or μπ was at an early period representative of one sound, I infer from a pas- sage in an apocryphal gospel (Thomas's, ch. vi. in Jones's Canon, vol. ii. p. 190,) where the Hebrew letter beth is written μη^θ ; and it is just possible that even άμβληχρώ- NOTES. 177 8ης in the fable is correct, and the α to be taken short, though there are apparently three consonants after it, there being in reality only two, equivalent to our bl. IV. 6. μάλων, G. M. Schmidt, for μaλ\ou. μάλων μάλλον, Hesychius. In a note in Alberti's edition, Heinsius doubts whether μάλλον is not a mistake for μαλλόν, and refers to Theocritus xi, 10, without good reason. See also the pas- sage from Choeroboscus in Lobeck. Path. Gr. Serm. Ele- ment, p. 469. Jelf has omitted μάλλον and μάλλον, acc. sing, of μαλλός, in his list of words distinguisbed by accent. 10. This line is written in the text as in other editions ; but I am very much inclined to change the pointing, to place a colon after άλκψ, and remove the dashes, making the sense, " I should not praise a man for any excellence but that of impetuous courage : for a man does not be- come either useful or celebrated in a time of war, unless," &c. This will seem the more probable, if it is remembered that these words were intended to rouse the Spartans to fight. There is thus a kind of anacoluthon in the con- struction, but none in the sense, as πλην θ. ά. expresses the el μη that would be expected. 19. δ' eneaiv, Hermann, for 8e πεσύν.' 27. I have written τόι^δ' for τον δ'. 39. Thiersch suggested that the four following lines should be read in this order, — 41, 42, 39, 40. V. 3. Perhaps λαίας=λαίβας=άσπίδο9. See Hesychius, λαίβα, and Ahrens de Dial. Doric, p. 49. 4. πάλλοντες, Thiersch, for βάλλοντες. MiMNERMUS, p. 7. I. 1. Eecent editors, χρυσετ^ϊ, pronounced as two syllables^ as in Homer. 4. ανθε' άβί, Schneider, for ανβεα el. 6. κακόν, Hermann, for καλόν. Comp. fr. 5. v. 3. & v. 7. II. 2. Brunck wrote αψ instead of an//>' ; and Schnei- dewin and Bergk have followed him. I have restored the reading of the codd. The word expresses only one part of the simile intended ; the other part, that the leaves as speedily fade as they bloom, is rightly left to the reader's own conception. See Foster's article on Coleridge's Friend in his Contributions to the Eclectic. 178 NOTES. lb. avy^s, Schneidew., for ανγη. φύλλα is the nom. under- stood to av^eTai. 9. παραμ€ίΛΐτεαι, Bergk, for τταραμζί-^ζται. 10. reOvavai, 0. Schneider, δη reOvdvaiy codd. 16. One cod. διδοΐ· the rest δίδω. III. 8. I have wiitten reXea for ββλ^α. Schneider pro- posed ββλ^σιν, and πυκνά for πικρά. πυκνά would suit TeXea, "companies," admirably. IV. 1. πόνον ελλαχ^ν. was proposed by Hermann. 7. νπόπτ^ρος, Heyne, for υπόπτ^ρον. See ^schylus Prom, 135 (Hermann's edit.) 9. iV άληθοον in codd. ol θοόν commonly, δη θοόν^ Bergk and Meineke. 11. ίτ^ρων. Various emendations have been proposed of this passage : perhaps it should be ίπιβησ^ται hv — then he will mount his own chariot. Solon, p. 9. I. These first eight lines were part of the celebrated poem called Salamis, which Solon recited in the Agora, in order to rouse up his fellow-citizens to take possession of Salamis. See Plut, Solon. II. 14. τα θβμβθλα δίκης. Bergk. 18. η. Most codd. have η ; and perhaps we should so read the passage, changing ήλυθ€ in the previous line to ηλασε, 22. φίλαις, Bergk, for φίλοις or φίλους. 26. στυγνά, Bergk, for ζυγά. There is no need of a change, however, as the first syllable of ζυγά may be long, by arsis. 28. Schaefer thinks that in this fine έθέλουσιν is an in- stance of personification. It seems to me that it is a very clear case of the auxiliary use of θίλω. See instances in Liddel and Scott on ίθίλω. Perhaps we should read ίπέχζιν instead of eV 'ixeiv ; though there are undoubted instances of the eVi before the ουκ. 30. Most codd. d ye τις φ. ; one has ei ye τις fj. The text is due to H. Wolf. Perhaps the correct reading is that of Bergk,— ei και τις φ^ύγων iv μυχω fj θαλάμου. III. 1. Korais conjectured άπαρκύ, which perhaps is the right reading ; or απαρκύ is to lae taken in the sense of άπαρκύ. NOTES. 179 / ΙΥ. Solon addressed these words to the Athenians on hearing that Peisistratus had become tyrant. VI. 11. For Τ4/Αώσ6ί/ Ahrens proposed /Μετίωσιζ/. Perhaps it should be y άμώσιν. The proper meaning of άμάω is, to cut down, as Donaldson (Cratyl. p. 294) has shewn ; but without doubt it frequently implies a collecting together the results of the cutting down. Here both ideas seem to be combined. 15. aV, δ. τ., "but ends in being very grievous." 31. I have adopted the common reading instead of that of the codd., αντίκ ά., only I have placed the comma at πάντως and not at avris. Probably the right reading is αντοί άνάρ- σια ; and then αυτοί in v. 30 would be changed into αντίκα. 35. αντίκ, Bergk, for avns. 42. The common reading is πάντως and πολλά, πάντως is an emendation of Gesner's for the πάντων of all the codd. πλείστα occurs in two codd. The superlative as well as the comparative is sometimes followed by the genitive ; J elf, 502, 3. Bergk proposed κεκτησθαι instead of κτησασθαι ; but there is no need of a change. 48. Bergk unnecessarily puts a colon at \aTpevei, the change from the singular of the noun to the plural of the relative being quite common. 52. Μονσβων, Brunck, for Μονσάων. I take πάρα to be for πάρ€στι. The poet grows lively in his account of the dif- ferent modes of gaining a livelihood ; and accordingly says, "here comes another who has been taught the gifts." Schneidewin proposes apa, Bergk πβρι. 60 ft*. This is now a standard passage with the advocates of animal magnetism. 69. Most codd. have καλώς ; two have κακώς. The con- trast requires κακώς. 70. ζκλυσιν αφροσύνης, " good fortune, which releases him from his folly." The idea that a man becomes, or at least that he is to be reckoned, σοφός, when he gets plenty of money, and is successful, was common in ancient times, and has not yet completely disappeared. Pindar expresses the idea exactly in Pyth. ii. 56, which I construe with Boeckh and Bergk. Boeckh paraphrases it thus : — Sum- mum arbitror sapientiee ut opibus preeditus felix perdures, neque acerbas fortunse vicissitudines experiare ; " Not. Grit, in 1. See also Pyth. viii. 74, and Simonides of Ceos, fr. 8. V. 7. Solon, however, does not give his own opinion here (see Solon, fr. 16), but merely states a fact. It is curious to notice the different meanings of wise and foolish, good and had, in different states of society, and at different pe- riods. See the Prolegomena to Welcker's Theognis ; and 180 NOTES. the discussions of the point in Grote's History of Greece, and Donaldson's Cratylus ; and add to these the curious circumstance, that in some parts of Scotland, by a wise man is meant a stout, well-made, healthy man ; and by a silly person, a weak, unhealthy creature. VII. Person and Francke have expressed doubts as to this being a poem of Solon. 3. TiKearj., Schaefer. 5. ert, Bergk, for eVt. 5. " To τριτάτΎ] supply ββδο/χάδι," Schaefer. 9. ώριοι/, nom. sing, neut., supply eVrt. 16. The reading which we find in Philo and Ambrosius is worthy of notice. Instead of σωμά re και δνναμις, they have γλωσσά re κα\ σοφίη. μαλακώτ€ρα would then be taken in a good sense ; and the meaning would be, — " he still possesses power ; but his language and his wisdom are milder than one would have expected from a man of so great reputation and virtue ; " πρός, in comparison with. 17. reXeVi/., Schaefer. VIII. 4. The opoi were tablets stuck up on the lands in- timating that they were mortgaged. Harpocr. 139. 20, Bek- ker ; quoted by Schneidewin. See Plut. Solon, ch. xv. 11. Brunck changed ^ουλβίην into δονλίην, and he has been followed by aU editors. But there is no reason to doubt the law laid down by Hephaestion (pp. 5, 7.) that a long vowel or a diphthong may become short, if followed by another vowel. Indeed, if the latter vowel be long, it is generally difficult in pronunciation to give the full time to the preceding long vowel or diphthong. But, in spite of Hephaestion, both Hermann and Person (Hecuba, 1090) have maintained that the long vowel cannot become short ; and Porson actually changed the ζωης, quoted by Hephaes- tion as an instance of the shortening of a long vowel, into ζόης. Neither Hermann nor Porson give a reason for their opinion, both deeming it unnecessary. Their error, for error it certainly is, arises from the idea that there was an indis- soluble connexion between the sign ω and a long sound o, and that the letters of the Greeks answered as regularly for one, and only one sound, as the signs of Pitman's Phono- graphy. But the idea is false. The Greeks were, in some respects, the most lawless of speakers — likely enough, were very inexact in their principles of pronunciation, — and in this especial point, we have express and incontrovertible evidence that they were no phonotypists, but, as the mo- dern Greeks say anthropos, though they write it άνθρωπος, so the ancient Greeks could say zoes, though they wrote it NOTES. 181 ζωης. The instances of the shortening of the diphthong and long vowel in the Greek poets are numerous ; so numer- ous indeed, that even Hermann and Porson were forced to allow the shortening of the diphthong in some cases, though the latter was inclined to carry out his phonographic prin- ciples, and write noe7s for jrote'is. Hephaestion quotes as in- stances, παλαιών in a verse of Sotades. ληθαωυ in Anacreon (v. 4 of fr. I. of this Selection), Άρχ€λάώος in Parthenius, Πτ^- veXaoLo in Homer, θε'ίη in Rhintho, άΒοΐάστως in Anacreon, &c. This same bovkeios occurs with the second syllable short in ^schyl. Pers. 51., and Sept. Theb. 304, where the editors have changed the reading of the MSS. We have τοκψς in Pers. 582, iinreios in Pind. Olymp. i. 101, Pyth. vi. 50, Nem. ix. 9, πατρώος in Pind. Nem. ix. 14, and Eur. Hec. v. 80, and μάτρώζς in Pind. Isth. v. 62, though here Boeckh seems right in changing it into μάτρως. These instances could be mul- tiplied indefinitely. In all cases then, in which I have the authority of MSS. on my side, I have introduced into my text the diphthong or long vowel which previous editors had shortened. For Boeckh's opinion, comp. Not. Grit, on Pind. Olymp. xiii. 81, p. 424, and on Nem. ix. 14, p. 549. 12. Bergk changed ήδη deanoras into ήβη δεσποτών, the lat- ter word being supported by one codex ; quite unnecessarily. The idea is, — " Such was the terror which the masters of the slaves used to inspire into them, that even after their freedom, they trembled at the sight of them." The truth of this fact is attested by those who have witnessed in Jamaica what Solon saw in Athens. In his second edi- tion, Bergk proposes eiXiy. elXea- δεσμοί. Hesychius. 13. Bergk changed κράτει into κράτη, which is supported by one cod. ; unnecessarily, — " These things I did by virtue of the authority which was given me {κράτεΐ) ; uniting har- moniously both violence and justice." 21. Korais takes ττΐαρ as an adjective — "fat milk," — as it is often taken in the Odyss. εξαφεομαι governs two accu- satives, and this is evidently the construction here, — " be- fore he take the cream ofi' the milk." 26. For ovveK Bergk reads εΐνεκ . So Donaldson (New Cratylus, p. 452, second edition) thinks that wherever etVe/ca occurs as a conjunction, οϋνεκα ought to be read ; and where οϋνεκα occurs as a preposition, it should be changed to είνεκα. Bat the passages which would have to be changed, are far too numerous to admit alteration in this way. The authority of MSS. must be submitted to in such a matter, since language is exceedingly arbitrary. We have, in our own language, some analogous cases, though perhaps the analogy is not perfectly complete. Our word because is for bi/ cause ; and the right construction of the 182 NOTES. word is,~by cause of his having done, in which form it occurs even in Greek : αΙτία τον τον Ζαράταν άρηκύναι, κ. τ. λ., " because Zaratas (Zoroaster) had said " (Hippolytus (Cai- ns X) against Heresies, p. 8 in Miller's). But we now com- monly say, hy cause he did it, — a sentence as ungrammatical or unphilosophical as eiVe/ca with an indicative after it. Ih. For άρχην and κυκ€νμ€νος Lobeck proposed opyfj and κνκλ€νμ€νος. Perhaps άρχψ should be merely changed into αρ8ην, as Ahrens proposes ; and ev in the next line into avj though this is not absolutely necessary. Phocylides, p. 16. I. Comp. the poem of Simonides of Amorgos^, nepl γυναι- κών. II. These lines have been imitated in Anth. Pal. xii. 27, and parodied by Porson, whose verses are given in Bur- gess's Greek Anthology, p. vii. Pref. I'he motto of Wilson's Noctes Ambrosianse is suggested by some lines of Phocy- lides. Xenophanes, p. 16. I. 2. άμφιτιθζΐ, Dindorf, for άμφιτιθ^ίς. If the reading be not as Bergk suggests, στ€φάνονς oXkos, 6 δ', aXkos μίν has to be supplied to the άμφιτιθ^Ι. Schneidewin quotes as a similar instance, Pind. Nem. viii. 37. aWore in the same way is sometimes to be supplied, as in Eurip. Hec. 28, in his reference to which Porson quotes Soph. Trach. v. 11. 5. This verse is given in various ways in the codd., and numerous emendations have been proposed. Three codd.. read aXXos δ' οίνος earlv έτοιμος, and three omit φησί ττρο- δώσ^ίν. Hermann, Schneidewin, and Bergk (1st. edit.), omit the aXkos, and read ohos δ', Schneidewin translating προδώσβίν, defecturum esse. But Bergk, in his second ed.i- tion, has oXXos δ' οίνος έτοιμος, perceiving that there is an allusion to another kind of wine besides that in the κρατηρ. I am certain that the sense of Bergk's last is correct, though I am not sure of the exact reading. Athenseus, xi. p. 464, quotes a passage from Aristotle, in which he mentions jugs, 'PobiaKat χντρίδζς, which were thought to make the wine less intoxicating (προδώσειι/) ; and these were made of earth (μζίλ. iv κ^ράμοις), mixed with myrrh, crocus, and other sweet-smelling flowers {ανθβος οσδ.). Xenophanes plainly alludes to this ; but the reading may either be, άλλος δ' eanv eV οίνος, or as in text, or cOO\.os δ' eariv έτοιμος. In NOTES. 183 this latter case, κρατηρ would be supplied, and then we might suppose an inscription on it to the effect that it would not betray. On the other hand, /xetX. eV. κ. would not be so appropriate to κρατηρ as to ohos. It is curious to notice that similar earthenware jugs are just now com- ing into fashion ; but whether for the same useful proper- ties that made the χυτρίΒες so much valued, I do not know. 11. av TO, Karsten, for αυτό. άν=άνά. 16. I have adopted Bergk's punctuation ; still the sense of ταυτ. — νβρις is not plain. 20. Hermann and Donaldson deny that the verb etjut, in the sense of to exist, can be omitted. This is true as a general rule, and it is what philosophy would lead us to expect ; yet as all those who use language are not philoso- phers, it occasionally happens that language goes against philosophy : and so we do certainly find in Greek writers the omission of the €ΐμί as a substantive verb. This is one instance ; there is another in Theognis, 252, in a note on which Schneidewin refers also to Theogn. 859, 864 ; Ho- mer, II. 0. 376. In the present verse codd. have ώ σημνη- μοσννη. The text is from Schneidewin. II. 10. I take the clause ταντα χ. with Schneidewin as the apodosis on which depend all the protases beginning with el, — " he would receive all these honours, not being so worthy of them, as I with my wisdom am.' Theognis, p. 18. 6. Most codd. read βα^ινψ, which was commonly changed into padiv^s. The φοίνιξ is sometimes fem. ; and accord- ingly Bergk restored the reading of codd. See Herodot. 1, 193, cited by Bergk. 8. Bergk takes άττ^ιρ^σίη in the sense of κυκλοτ^ρψ, as in 8aKTvkios απείρων. Perhaps, however, the adjective is used adverbially. 25. τίολνπαΐδη, Elmsley, for ΤΙολυπαί^η. 66, Only one cod. reads Trjsd'-noKeos, the rest, τψ d'-noKiVj and one codex has βίσω in the margin instead of εξω. Per- haps the correct reading is, ωδ' &st ελαφοι τηνδ' e. π. — " but other people have thus portioned out among them- selves this city, like stags, and are now the good." The only difficulty is the &st ελαφοί, which would have to be taken in the sense of coward-like : comp. the sentence in Arnold's Fourth Lecture (Introductory Lectures on Mo- dern History, p. 160), concluding with, — " cowardly because 184 NOTES. they are undisciplined, and cruel because they are cow- ardly." See also ApoUonius, Homeric Lexicon, under ay po- re pas. In favour of the reading of the cod. opt. may be cited, Aristot. Polit. v. 4, 5, where is mentioned the cir- cumstance of the people (^ημος) living in the country, owing to the smallness of cities. 261. I have changed eVet τταρα into ^πύπον. Various emendations have been proposed. The lines seem to state that Theognis had been in love with a girl whom her pa- rents betrothed to another person. On Theognis going to see her, he finds her sitting with her parents ; but refuses to drink wine, proposing water as the proper drink for him. She goes to fetch it, when Theognis takes the opportimity of embracing her. The next four lines may well enough be supposed to be the words spoken by the girl. Comp., for a similar instance of a lover's refusal to drink wine, Drimytikos's Fair Shepherdess, v. 124, — " κρασί πίνω,'" he says. 184. "And every one wishes that those which are of noble breed," &c., as v. 189, — eK κακόν and άγαθον ; " the noble one marries one of the lower orders," &c. 344. The codd. read δοίην δ', δοίην τ δοίη τ. Turnebus |)roposed δοίης, which has been adopted by Bergk, Schnei- aewin, and others. I think that Theognis expresses a very determined resolution in these verses, — "May I die" (al- most equivalent to an oath, and somewhat like .our slang phrase—" hang me") " if I dont find for myself ; and give woes for woes ; for this is but just." 349, This sentence is ambiguous, but the meaning un- doubtedly is, — " May it be mine to drink their black blood." Not certainly a very pleasant draught, but one peculiarly agreeable to the tastes of the inhabitants of the regions below. See Eurip. Hecub. 536. And perhaps here Theog- nis means to hint that he is now almost a shade, but that, in whatever state he be, he will be heartily glad to see his enemies utterly ruined. It is the earth generally that drinks up the black blood. Mschyl. Suppl. 961. Spenser (Faery Queen, Book i. Canto iii.),— " The thirsty land dronke up his life." The passages quoted by Welcker, II. xxii. 346, iv. 35, xxiv. 212, may be examined ; but I take it that they are more pecuharly characteristic of the Homeric age and Homeric tastes. 669. Perhaps γιν. is to be taken as the nom. plur. neut. — " Those that know me," — with sarcastic effect ; just as we frequently use the word creature to express a man who has scarcely a soul in him. For something like this, see Je]f, 382, 1. 675 οΓ, Bekker, for oi δ', who placed a comma after NOTES. 185 σωζίται, and a period at epdovaiv. I have altered the point- ing, and taking ola as expressive of astonishment, a mode in which it is frequently used. 487. But you are always chattering that foolish word, Pour out, pour out." 489. φίλοτ., Jelf, 497. πρόκ€ΐται, I take here to mean, — "is pledged comp. προπιι/βΐϊ/. 761. Brunck changed this line into φόρμιγξ δ' αν — ■ αυλός. But the ι of the dative is often elided, as seems to be now almost universally allowed. The sense is, — "Let the sacred song sound out by the help of the phormynx and flute." 765. δδ' elvai. Inf. for imp.—" Thus let it be." See Jelf, 671, b., and Boeckh, Not. Crit. Olymp. xiii. 110. Bergk proposes ωδ' ζ'ίη κ€Ρ αμ€ΐνον ; and Schneidewin, with the common reading, put a colon at αμ^ινον instead of at ehai. 99. I have adopted the reading of an unknown scholar, instead of ληγοιμεν. This use of the optative for the im- perative does occur, though rather uncommon. 327, The sense, according to Welcker is, — "Men bear with sins, because they accompany human nature ; but the gods are sure to punish them." Bergk changes δ' ουκ into δ' ovv. Perhaps the correct reading is, — θρητοϊσιν, Κύρν, ol δ'. 382. οδόν. Some codd. read όδό$·. See Jelf, 824, i. 1. 894. Κυψ^λώών, Hermann. Perhaps κυψβΧίσαν. 425. A very common sentiment with the Greeks ; see Bacchyl. fr. 2. in this Selection, QEdip. Col. 1225, Ecclesias- tes iv. 3, Crates, fr. 2. in this S. 715. ταχ€ων or ταχειών, Codd. ; ταχέων, vulgo. Critias, p. 27. 9. Perhaps the reading should be, eira ττόται τούτων. 12. Most codd. λησις. 16. Perhaps ασμ^να πάντας ayeiv. Bergk proposed πάν- ras ayeiv. Plato, p. 28. I. These lines were addressed to a brass frog dedicated to the nymphs. For similar instances of the useful ser- vices of frogs, see Park's Travels, vol. i., ch. xiv., pp. 270 and 276 in the edition of London, 1816. 186 NOTES. Crates, p. 29. I, Comp. Solon, fr. 12. II. This epigram occurs in Stobaeus, and is there attribu- ted to Crates, where, however, one cod. gives it to Poseidip- pus. It occurs also in the Anthology with the inscription, ΙΙοσζώίππον, ol 8e Τίλάτωνος του κωμικού. The text in the Anth. corresponds exactly to the verses of Metrodorus ; that of Stob. which I have followed, is slightly difierent. Metrodorus, p. 30. Metrodorus was much later than either Crates or Posei- dippus, SiMMIAS, p. 31. 3. All codd. but one read podov. Brunck adopted podov as the more rare construction, ^άλλω sometimes taking a cognate accusative. Hesych., θάλλονσα, αυξάνουσα. Alex, ^tolus, p. 32. 5, Some take Assesus to be a city in the Milesian terri- tory ; some, to be a king. 11. ω eVi, Legrande, for ω evi ; perhaps it should be, ωτινι since osns in Alexandrine writers, as in Neo-HeUenic, is used for the relative. 12. λίθόλευστον %ρων. — A love that merits stoning to death. ΧιθοΚ^υστος is used in the sense of deserving to be stoned, in Callimach. Epig. 42, 5, where, however, it is ap- plied to a person. For the use of such a word with a noun, not expressive of a person, comp. Pind. Pyth. xi. 58, εύωνυ- μον χάριν — honour consisting in a good name,"— and Jelf, 435, a. obs. ερων is a heteroclite accus. of €ρω?, and occurs not un- frequently in the later poets. This attic form of the word €ρως, and of similar words, such as γελως, is used in Neo- Hellenic. 15. iv Φοβίον — " in sedibus Phoebii" — Schneidewin. See Jelf, 436, a. δ. b. Mnasalcas, p. 34. Supposed to be inscribed on the shield of Cleitus. NOTES. 187 Leonidas, p. 35. III. In Cod. Vat. the author is simply called Leonidas. Brunck was, in all probabilitjj quite right in assigning it to Leonidas of Alexandria. Antipater, of Sidon, p. 36. I. Jacobs calls this an " elegans carmen." Such as it is, it is a specimen of the love-poems which are the staple of the Anthology. III. 1. άμ€τρητου intimates, as Jacobs remarks, the im- mense number of Stesichorus's poems. Suidas reads, άμβτ- ρητον. 3, Πυθαγόρου or Τίνθαγόρεω in MSS. Philodemus, p. 38. 5. φνγόντα — "proficiscentem ; nihil amplius ;" Jacobs ; who, however, quotes no instances of a hke use of φεΰγω. There may have been some propriety in the expression, though unknown to us ; or φβνγω may imply merely a rapid motion, as in Find. Pyth. ix. 121. Meleager, p. 38. III. Meleager at first gives a description of Eros, as if he were a slave who had run off from him ; and then finds him in Zenophila's eyes. Comp. the extract from Moschus. 9. The idea is, that Eros places his nets at the entrance of the den in which he hides ; so that they who attempt to catch him, will be sure to be entrapped. IV. 2. Brunck's text has here, rt Xiyet and KpeKeis tl which I have altered, supposing that Meleager wishes to give an idea of the confusion into which he is thrown ; and, accordingly, as is usual, puts two or three interrogatories. Perhaps the emendation of Schneider, who converts the reading of the Vat. Cod. Xiyiav (the rt is there omitted) into λίαν, is correct. V. Professor Wilson compares this with Burns's " 0 love will venture in," and justly gives the preference to the Scot- tish poem. U 188 NOTES. ΥΠ. 5. Various conjectures have been hazarded on this and the following verse. The reading of the text, which very nearly agrees with the Vat. Cod., seems the most pro- bable ; only €κ has to be taken adverbially, in the sense of " after this." ev is quite common as an adverb. Might it not be better to read thus : — ηωος δ' ολολνγμος aveKpaye- ννκθ" σίγαν τ els yoepbv, κ. τ. λ. — " changed night and silence." The passage would then be an instance of the strange usage by which a thing is placed for the absence of it. See Soph. Ajax, v. 674, where a blast of wind lulls the ocean to sleep ; and Schaefer's note on the verse ; also Pind. Isth. ii. 40, and commentators, Meleager here imitates Erinna, p. 74. Antipater, of Thessalonica, p, 41. Of the poetesses mentioned here, Anyte and Nossis have had many of their epigrams preserved in the Anthology. For an enumeration of the poetesses, and a good account of some of them, see the Scottish Educational Journal for December 1853. 3. Μοφω is the reading of the Cod. Vat., and probably is correct. Crinagoras, p. 41. II. The common title of this is, — To an Eros pound. 1. σνσφίγγων. Something wrong in this word. Huet thought the idea was, — squeezing the tendons of the hands in efforts to get free ; pressing them against the chains. But this interpretation seems forced. Jacobs proposed, στ€ναζ€ vvv σφιγχθβ^ς χ^ροϊν. Perhaps the right reading is, σ. συ σφιγκτών χ. τ., — "Do you also groan over the ten- dons of your squeezed hands." LuciLLius, p. 4%, I. Attributed to Lucian in Cod. Vat. III. Attributed to Lucian in Cod. Vat., but believed to be LuciUius's by Walckenaer and others. NOTES. 189 IV. 4. Jacobs says that the τα Upa mean the sacred books of astrology. V. In Vat, Cod. attributed to Lucian. Brunck assigns it to Nicarchus. Philip, p. 44. I. Jacobs adduces parallels from the Latin poets. Comp. also the following verses, which are sometimes, though wrongly, given as part of the song, " Waly, waly : " — " When cockle shells turn siller bells, And mussels grow on ilka tree. When frost and snaw shall warm us a', Then will my love turn true to me." IV. Brunck changed the last two verses to make them pentameter ; but there is no good reason for doing so. Agathias, p. 47. IL The truth of this story has been doubted by many modern scholars. For Paches, see Thucyd. iii. 28. Theocritus, p. 50. A scholiast remarks on this Idyl, that some things in it are taken from Stesichorus's first Epithalamium of Helen. 3. μeya χρήμα. Comp. Idyl XV. 83, 145. 8. πβριπλ€κτω. Reading doubtful. Banks compares Gray's Progress of Poetry, — " Glance their many-twinkling feet," — and Byron's " Muse of the many-twinkling feet." 24. The word νεολαία, which occurs also in ^schylus, and seems to be a Doric word, is now very common in Greece for " young people." The Tract Society Modern Greek Hymn Book is styled, " Ή veapa λνρα dia τήν veoka'iav''' 27. The reading of MSS. here is πότνια νύξ are. Words- worth proposes ποτ tlv νυξ, — prss te, 0 Nox. The a being pronounced weakly, the emendation I propose would sound exactly as the reading of the MSS. ; and the term πότνιορ is applicable both to the morning and Helen. The ως, which one would expect to introduce the comparison, is omitted, as in v. 29. Wordsworth quotes as instances of this, Theocr. Id. xv. 88, Aristoph. Plut. v. 295, and refers to Koen. ad. Greg. Cor. cxliii., and Schaefer on Bos. EUips. v. 190 NOTES. ως. The omission is not uncommon in our popular poetry, as in the valentine verses : — " The rose is red, the violet's blue, The honey's sweet, and so are you," For the sentiment, compare the song in Meyerbeer's Opera of the Huguenots : — " Plus blanche que la blanche hermine, Plus pure qu'un jour de printemps, Un ange, une vierge divine," 29. I have adopted an emendation which I find in Ah- rens's edition. The common reading is, πιεφα //εγάλ' ατ'. See Ahr. de Dial. Doric, p. 142, note. Epig. 1. This epigr. is generally supposed not to belong to Theocritus. BiON, p. 52. 4. In transcribing this poem of Bion from Gaisford for the printer, I wrote κνανόστολβ in obedience to the laws of accentuation. I find Ahrens accents in the same way ; but most editions have κυανοστόλβ. The law is, that when an adjective and noun are joined together, the accent is pro- paroxytone ; when an adjective or noun and verb, if the verb is passive, it is proparoxytone ; if active, paroxytone. Here the word is evidently a compound of an adjective and substantive ; and μβλανοστολος is proparoxytone. At the same time I doubt whether I am correct ; for, on asking Mr Gialhas how he pronounced the words κνανοστολος (which means, in Mod. Greek, blue-robed) and μζλανοστολος, he at once gave me κυανοστόλος and μβλανόστολος. I should at once yield to the authority of tradition, if I were sure that it was tradition ; but educated Greeks have become so fond of bringing back the old, that κυανοαττόλος, accent and all, may have been taken from the editions of Bion. 69. " Bare leafage is not a good couch for Adonis." I have adopted an emendation in Ahrens, but changed the pointing, Ahrens putting a comma at Άδώνώι. Archilochus, p. 57. I. 2. €VT09, weapon. This word has to be addea to J elf's list of words, differing only in accent. It was Brunck that gave this reading instead of ivros. II. 2. 01/ Se was formerly changed into ovre, unnecessarily. NOTES. 191 See Boeckh, Not. Grit, in Find. Pyth. v. 54, and Jelf, 775, 2,d. 4. eKkvaev ol8. one cod. Most of them have etcXaaev vdaXeovs. Gaisford read, eKkaaev μν3ολέονς. I should be incHned to restore the whole passage thus, if the changes were not too bold : — οϋτ€ TLv άστων αεμφομαΐ' ονθ* άλίη τ. ο. π : τοίχον9 γαρ. κ. κ. ττ. θ. eKkaaev ούδ' άλαονς. κ. τ. λ. άλίη to be pronounced a dissyllable. Bergk changed μ^μ- φόμβνοί into μελπόμενος. III. It is Gharon that the poet makes utter these lines. IV. 5. χρημτ], Abresch, for χρη μη. χρημη- xpeia, σπάνις ; Suidas. v. 1. For άπωμοτον see Find'. Olymp. xiii. 83, in a note on which, Donaldson quotes this passage. 4. υγρόν, Walckenaer, for λνγρόν. Hermann, De Metris, p. 118. brings forward two or three instances of a spondee in the third foot ; but they have been easily corrected. 5. I have retained the reading of the codd., but placed a colon after άπιστα, understanding the substantive verb eariv, according to a previous note. I take the meaning to be, — Henceforth there is nothing that we may not believe, whether it be a report of gods or men ; of mundane or supra-mundane things ; nay, even men may expect to see the most extraordinary wonders with their own eyes. We might change the words into €κ τον τα πιστά, as in Find. Olym. xiv. 5, though thus it, as well as other passages that might be quoted, would be at variance with a law authori- tatively laid down by Donaldson (Cratylus, p. 484, second ed.), and adopted by the reviewer of Kerchever Arnold's books in Fraser's Magazine. Thiersch, Miiller, and Bergk changed the passage into — €K του καπιστα πίστα κάπ. 8. ηχ€€ντα, Meineke. 9, - The reading of codd. is, δ' ή8ν ην ορος, which I have changed into text. Hermann changed rjv into Bergk reads δ' ηλύγων ορος ; and multitudes of other emendations have been proposed. u2 192 NOTES. VL 2. Two codd. άνα δε ey ; iva^ev, Gesner. The text is exactly what the reading of Gesner would suggest to a modern Greek, e being frequently pronounced as at. 3. Commonly ev doKotcnv. IValckenaer proposed eVSoK. evdoKOL' evedpai, Hesych. 7. Some codd. have ρυθμός, of which ρνσμός is an old form. VII. 4. ροικός occurs instead of ραιβός, in one of the au- thors who quote these lines. 2b. €πινώμασιν, Bergk, Ionic for εττινοημασιν. SiMONIDES, OF AMORGOS, p. 59. 2. Schneidewin has ταπρώτα in one word. Wolf distin- guished ταπρώτα, imprimis, and τα πρώτα, res primse : and Boeckh, following him, in his edition of Pindar wrote rd- παν, τόλοιπόν, &c ; Boeckh, Pref. to Pind. p. xxxvii. This mode of writing, however, is incorrect. See Lobeck, Path. Grsec. Serm. Elem., Part i. p. 579. 12. λιτ. The codd. have λιτοργόν, which Gesner changed into λιτονργόν=κακοΰρΎον, Hesych. Perhaps λίταργον is the right reading. 20. avovf). I take this word to mean, a peculiar sharp chatter or shrill screech, and, consequently, very expres- sive here. It occurs also in ^Eschyl. Eumen. 331, where Hermann translates it, tales mortalihus. There I should take αύονη, as here, — a shriek so wild and unearthly that no mortal could accompany it with the phormynx. 22. π7]ρόν, one codd. ; the others, ττονηρόν. The sense in which πηρός must be taken here is unusual. Babrius, when he gives the same idea, has πηρός φρίνας ; Fab. 10, v. 14. Perhaps the right reading is πηλόν. 25, κωυ8\ ην, Bergk. 28. την μεν, — " the one day." την δ', in v. 32, the other day. 42. I have changed δε into re, and πόντος into πόντου. I think the allusion is to the swell of the sea when it rushes up and rages against the land ; and to its subsequent retreat and calmness. Perhaps αΚλοίην should be changed into αΙόλην, as O. Schneider suggests. The emendations pro- posed of this verse are numerous ; and some, as Schneide- win, suspect it, and inclose it in brackets. 45. Two codd. have eaTep^ev. There seems to be some- thing wrong in these lines. Perhaps a colon should be placed at πονησατο, and the next line be read thus NOTES. 193 αρεστά τρωκτα θ'. For τρωκτά, see Philoxenus, fr. 3, v. 21, Bergk. 56. For this form, αθυστα, comp. άτίμαστος in Mimner- mus, i. 10 ; and see Boeckh, Not. Crit. in Find. 01. vi. 54. 57. xaLTeeaa, Meineke. 58. nepLT. Various attempts at emendation ; such as, vrapeKvpenei, περιτρζμζί. 62. It is difficult to see the connexion of this verse with the preceding ; and, accordingly. Mure omits it in a trans- lation of these hnes. My first attempt at emendation gave me — ΐζοιτ αν, ayyea δ' av^pa Ttoul τημελΕίν, which would make better sense ; hut besides that the changes are great, we should have to presume Simonides ignorant of the Porsonian pause. I now propose, — · ιζοιτ civ, ayyea δ' avrparreiv €ίη φίλον. The only change I have made in the sound is inserting an η between two ee sounds, and expelling a i. A knowledge of the investigations into the pronunciation of the ancient Greeks is essentially necessary to an understanding of the errors of transcribers. The most useful manual, giving a view of the main results, is Prof. Blackie's Essay on the Pronunciation of Greek, where the literature of the sub- ject is also noticed ; and of the books mentioned, I think Liscov decidedly the best and most useful, Seyfiarth being too prolix and ponderous. 76. αυτόκωλος, Bergk changed into ανόκωλος. 98. τω, form of τινί. 100. πελβται, codd. correctly. Some would change it into πάλλεται (phonographically), and others into ττίλναται. 110. Schneidewin thinks that κ€χ. γ. a. is an instance of aposiopesis, and supposes that λωβάται, or some such word, is to be supplied by the mind, translating the words, nam oscitante marito . Perhaps eVrt is understood , comp. Theocr. Id. xv. 5, 90 ; and then the sentence would mean, — " Whoever of them seems to be most temperate, she is just the woman who is most outrageous ; for she belongs to a gaping husband." The last clause would be para- phrased in our slang thus, — "for the man who would be caught by such outward appearances is sure to be a goose, and, consequently, his wife will have her own way." Com- pare χην and κεχηνώζ. 117. The poem is evidently incomplete, there being no- thing to correspond to the tovs μ^ν. 194 NOTES. II. 17. I have placed a colon at θνησκονσιρ instead of a comma, and a comma at ζώ€ΐν instead of a colon ; and I have changed oi δ' into οί'δ'. Bergk changed eur av into oi δε, and in the next line read eV ay. 24. Bmnck remarks that exovres here is used for oWes, Meineke proposed eSovre?. HiPPONAX, p. 64. I. 1. ΚνΚλψίξ. codd., which Welcker changed into text. There are several instances of the iambus at the end of the choliambic in MSS. 5. rovT. T. The sense of these words is not known. 6. rau χλαΐναν, codd. The editors are all inclined to ex- pel the rav ; but it is not unlikely that Hipponax varied his dialect by a mixture of Doric, for comic purposes, just as Alex. Soutsos introduces the vulgar into his Neo-Hel- lenic ; or Punch, all kinds of cockneyisms and provincial- isms into his English poems. There are other traces of Doric in Hipponax, — φώδε$·, e. g. in fr. 56. 7. ρηγρνται is the conjunctive ; Jelf, 273, 3, obs. 3. III. 1. ρυδ. _ ρύβ^ην, Bergk. 6. χόρτος^ signifying the food of a man, is evidently a slang word, as may be inferred from the authors who use it in this sense. Besides this passage, it occurs in the τταίγνια of Crates, fr. i. v. 3., and in the Cyclops of Euripi- des, V. 507. So γιορτάζω may have come to signify, to sati- ate (of men)," in the common dialect, and thus found its way into the New Test. (Mark viii. 8, &c.) and modern Greek. In the N. T. it is applied not only to men but also to birds (Eev. xix. 21). In Attic writers, χορτάζω is sometimes ap- plied to men, but with a sarcastic efiect, as in Plato, Re- public, ii. 586. V. This is a parody. Perhaps the proper reading is, — Ένρυμβ^οντι δί' ατηι/ π., which would make the order of con- struction rather involved ; but all the better for the parody. — " Tell me the wide-ruler, I beseech you, on account of a plague that is like to swallow the sea, how," &c. The verses seem to be a prayer of Poseidon that some glutton who was eating too many fishes, and thus swallowing the ocean, should meet his just fate beside the unpastured sea. The glutton is evidently a poet, and, consequently, under the guardianship of the Muse ; hence Poseidon prays to her. Bergk proposed παντοχάρυβ8ίρ. NOTES. 195 Ph(ENIx, p. 65. I. Welcker, in his Prolegomena to Theognis, p. xxiii., re- marks that iaffKoL and αγαθοί are to be taken here in the sense of nobihty — jjeople of wealth and influence. The passage is an imitation of the Crow-Song, or κορωνισμα. 3. ημαιθον, — " a half obolus ; with the people of Cyzicus, a double obolus. Hesych. ; also in Phoenix of Colophon." Jacobitz and Seller's Lexicon, omitted in Liddel and Scott. 4. Give something of those things which, των for ων, and in gen. by attraction. 17. των γεω. Something wrong. 20. hovv, Naeke, from δ' ουν. μ^τα^ουν, in Theognis, 104. II. 7. μυθίητης, Lobeck, for ov μη θυητψ or ov μυθηητης. Lob. takes it in the sense of an orator or leader of the people. 8. " άμίθ. inteUige λαόν ex progresso λεωλογεΐι/ ; " Schnei- dewin. 1 2. " Ninus urbs intelligenda, non rex : " Schneidewin. Perhaps, however, the clause οκον Ν. is in apposition with ρησις. He left behind him the proverbial saying, — " where Ninus now is." The comma could then be placed after eVrt. To κα\ might be given the signification of as — a force which it has both in ancient and modern Greek. 15. άλλα, Meineke, for αλλα. Herodes, p. 67. II. 3. 6υκ€Κ.=ό ineKeLva. Alcman, p. 68. II. The story supposed to be alluded to here is, that the male of the halcyon, when it grows old and weak, is carried along on the wings of the females. 1. ίμ€ρόφωνοι has been proposed for ίξρόφωνοί, but the latter is more appropriate ; and Upos sometimes has the i long, as in Bion, Id. i. 22, 29, 73 ; Rhianus in Pal. Anth. xii. 142, &c. Perhaps it should be ίαρόφωνοι. 3. avBos, perhaps apBeU. III. This fragment has been greatly praised by critics, 196 NOTES. such as Mure in his Hist, of Greek Lit. ; and Euskin in his Modern Painters. The idea of hills, &c., sleeping, must be very readily suggested in Greece ; for the poets, both an- cient and modern, often have the figure. Leon. Tar. 3 ; Theocr. Id. ii. 38 ; Dionys. Hymn, p. 97 of this Selection ; Call, in Apoll. 18 ; Panagiotis Soutsos in Kind's Neu-Grie- chische Anthologie, p. 102 ; Eangaves, ib. p. 108. Comp. Wordsworth's sonnet composed on Westminster Bridge. IV. πολνφανο£=πολύφωνος. Bergk proposes πόλύφοινος= ΤΓολύθοινος. Algous, p. 69. 1. 1. 7Γαίσα=τΓασα. "Aprj — " in Martis honorem," — Schnei- dewin. 2. κατταν=κατα ταν=καθ' ων. Ib. κατ[π€ρθ€ν=καθύ7Γερ6€ν. 3. naaaakoLs is the acc. plur. governed by κρίηττοισιν^ κρνπτονσιν. 6. στταθΊ is, in Neo-Hellenic, the common word for a sword. ^ 7. νπα. I have followed the law laid down by gramma- rians, that no J5olic word had the aspirate. Ahrens thinks that there were exceptions, and arranges these exceptions under a law, I have also placed the tenuis, instead of the aspirate, in words compounded or elided, though the law stated by the grammarians does not oblige me to do so, and I may be wrong in it. Modern Greek agrees with yEolic in rejecting the aspirate in pronunciation, yet it has such words as άφησαν, — " having left," — and it still retains the aspirate in wanting. II. This description of a storm was meant for an allego- rical description of the troubles of the Mitylensean state. 1, άσννίτψ is the infin, of άσυνβτημι. Ahrens translates the passage, — " (Vides) etiam ventorum seditionem insa- nire." 3. 6ν=άνά ; and so in fr. v., όμμβνομβν for άναμίνομ^ν. 6. 7rep=wepL. 9. γό\αΐ(Τί—χαΚωσι. 10. " Nova unda priorem deinceps sequitur." Ahrens. III. IV. Βυκχι, VOC. of Ένκχις='Βάκχος. βπιτρβπην and μζθνσ- θην, infinitives for €πιτρ€π£ΐν and μζθυσθψαι. NOTES. 197 V. 1. ^άκτ. αμ. Mr W. R Hamilton, in Mure's Hist, of Gr. Lit. vol. iii. p. 268, suggests that this passage means, — " The finger will serve for daylight." This, however, can- not be the idea, for both Alcaeus and the writer of the epigram in Anth. Pal. xii, 50, where the words δάκτυλος άώε occur, wish to begin drinking, not in the dusk but in the daytime. The usual interpretation, " a day soon pas- ses away" — literally, " is only a finger's breadth" — makes good enough sense. For the application of measures of length to time, comp. Matth. vi. 27, and Mimnermus, fr. 2., both quoted by Jacobs on the epigram of Asclepiades. 2. In the ποϊκίλαις of this verse, and in the κόϊλαι of fr. i., one of the divided syllables must be lengthened. I should be inclined to make the second syllable long ; the foot here being the usual double iambus ; and in the other case the antispast. Editors have different kinds of phonographical contrivances in such cases ; the attempts being made on the first syllable. Perhaps here the right reading is Troiei κάλαις, — " then make them beautiful," or, written phono- graphically, πόβι. Sappho, p. 71. I. 3. άνίαισι is the reading of codd., which Blomfield changed into 6v., its ^olic form. 6. αυδωρ, gen. of αύ8ώ=ανδη. Comp. ηχη and ηχώ, Ψάπφα and Ψαπφώ, and even εβλθωρ and ββλδώ, as Schneidewin has amended the passage in Ibycus, fr. 16, Bergk. lb. πηλυι= τηλόσβ. Bergk gave it for πόλν or πόλλυ. 7. λίποισα, Aldus, for λιποΰσα. 8. ^νθε, Blomf., for ^λθβ. 9. υτταδ. Blomfield resolves all double consonants, and so writes this word νποσδίύκσασα. 10. Trepi has to be taken in the sense of υπ€ρ ; so, ireppo- χος=υπ€ροχος, fr. 93. II. 8ίν€ντ€ς, pres. part, of δίνημί=διν€ω, proposed by Ah- rens in his De Dial. ^ol. In the supplement to his Oe Dial. Doric, he would now read blwovres^ which is not so good. Here it may be mentioned once for all, that verbs in αω end in αιμι in ^olic, and have their present participle in ais ; verbs in end in ημι, and have their present par- ticiple in fis ; and verbs in οω end in ωμι (sometimes in οιμι), and have the present participle in ois ; as γελάω, ye- \αιμι, yeXais ; φωνέω, φώνημι, φών€ΐ9 ; ελευ^βρόω, ζΧ^νθύρωμί^ iXevOepois. 10. 11. 12. This passage is corrupt, and the emendations of it are innumerable. 198 NOTES. 18. 19. These lines have»been amended in various ways. I have adopted in the text an emendation proposed by Ah- rens, — ^σάΚην is for άσάΧην, the inf. of άσάλημι~~ϊο be care- less of, to disregard, — and Ahrens compares the construc- tion here with νβρίζ^ιν e'is τινα. The codd. vary in their readings, but the best nearly agree in δ' ηντ€ π€ΐθωμαι (some have και or βαι instead of μαι) σαγην€σσαν, from which I should be inclined to read, — τίνα Βηυτ€ πΰθω ; τταίσα y alvet σαν φίλότατα. tls σ δ.— " Whom then am I to persuade ? for every one of the young maidens speaks highly of your friendship." Of course the object of Sappho's affection will then be a woman — a cir- cumstance which the whole tenor of Sappho's poetry, as well as other parts of this ode would lead us to infer. Bergk thinks that a woman is meant. I find no trace in Sappho of an affection for men ; there being some doubtful pas- sages in which τΐαΐς occurs, but whenever there is an adj. aiSxed to the παΙς, it is fem. ; and therefore it is likely to be the same in the other cases. She seems to me to have got up her establishment of young ladies in order to rival the male sex in their lawful or Dorian paiderastianism. Indeed, Sappho probably played a part similar to Tenny- son's Princess, only that she remained constant to her purpose, though her scholars did not. 20. Ψάττφα or Ψάπφω was the Lesbian and proper name of the poetess. lb. αδ. is the 3d pers. sing. pres. indicat. act. The insertion of the η is still retained in the language of the common people of Greece, who say, for instance, ςπάτψ for inaret. 24. βθελοίς, codd. ; iOeXoiaav, Blomfield ; iOeXoiaa, Bergk* II. 5. Old editions read yeXa'is, which Greek grammars (even Jelf) give as an infinitive. But Neue has conclusively shewn that there is no such form of the infinitive, the pas- sage on which the belief was founded being corrupt and easily amended. See Ahr. de Dial. Mo\. p. 143, note. 7. βροχεως, Mol., for βραχεως. 8. €'ίκ€ί=ίκω=ηκω. 9. καμ=κατά, SO in 13, κακχ, for καταχ., or in Alcseus, καδ de, for Kara δε. 13. 'ίδρως was fem. in jEolic. See Cramer. Anecd. i. 208, 13, quoted by Bergk, whom I follow in this reading. III. 2. weBex^is, iEohc for μ^τεχ^ις \ πώά being ^oHc for μετά ; βρόμων, MoUg for ρόδων. NOTES. 199 IV. Compare Catullus Ixii., the most beautiful of all his poems, probably a translation from Sappho ; also Ixi., and the very fine Epithalamion of Spenser. 1. 'ί-^οι^ΰψοί. The first two lines, omitting the Ύμψαιον, make a hexameter. 6. ϋσ8ω=οζω. Erinna, p. 73. Π. 3. Perhaps rciSe rot, — " they who see, will announce." Stesichorus, p. 74. I. 3. άφίκοιθ', Blomfield. Anacreon, p. 75. I. Boeckh brings this forward as an example of the Ly- di^n style. VI. 2. μζθνσον is fut. part, of μ^θύσκω, — *' The cup that is to intoxicate and stupify me tells me what I must be- come." In the text the accent is placed as in MiUer, but it should be as it is given here. Miller evidently regards it as the adjective. I have taken these lines from Hippolytus, but doubt their genuineness. Perhaps there is an allusion to the idea of a future state propounded by Musseus. See Plato, Poht. ii. p. 363. IX. I have followed Gaisford in the arrangement of these lines : Hephaestion, p. 261 ; the remarks of Hephaestion himself on the metre in p. 33. Bergk and Schneidewin put two of his lines into one. If that arrangement were adopted, I should foUow Bergk in introducing a σ' before άμψί in V. 8. X. 2. πepιφ. See Plutarch, Life of Pericles, ch. 27. 3. καλ. is an apposition with ββρβίμιον. In the days of Anacreon it was the poor people who tight-laced themselves and assumed the waspish form. See Bergk, in his Anac- reon, p. 115. SiMONIDES, p. 79. I. 3. προ -γόνων. Ilgen conjectured προ γόωϊ/ ; and in 4, oiicroy, Hermann, for otros. X 200 NOTES. 6. Comp. Soph. Ajax, 714 ; and on the co;nnexion be- tween άμαυρόω and μαραίνω, see Donaldson's Cratylus, first ed. p. 293. The sentiment is common in Neo-Hellenic poets. 7. Commonly a period is placed at άγαθων. Bergk al- tered the punctuation and inserted δ' after άντρων. II. These lines refer to the following riddle of Cleobu- lus : — Χα\κ4η παρββνος dpi, Μιδου δ' eVt σηματι κα,μαΐ' fST αν νδωρ re perj καΐ devdpea μακρά τίθηλτ], ψΧιός τ άνιων λάμπτ] λαμπρά re σίΚηνη, κώ. ποταμοί ye ρεωσιν, άνακλνζτ] δε θάλασσα, αντον TTjde μενονσα πολνκλαντω eVl τνμβω άyyeλeω παριονσι, Μίδας οτι Trjde τεθαπται. III. See Plato, Protag. 339. In this poem, as well as in most of the fragments, the dialect of the MSS. is changed by the editors. The text contains the MSS. readings ; the following being the changes in this piece :— 6. eVXoV. 9. άμάχανος. 10. πράξαις. 16. ονασίπολιν. 17. μωμάσομαι. 19. άλιθίων. 26. νμμιν. 19. Α period is generally placed at yeveθλa, and άπ(ίρων is by enallage apphed to it. For somewhat similar cases, see Pind. Olymp. xi. 6 ; Pyth. vi. 5 ; also Jelf, 440. I have removed the period ; but perhaps instead of τοι should be written μοι, though this is not absolutely necessary. The sense is, — The births of the countless follies (or fools) that are in this world are all good to me, provided no baseness be mixed with them. The sentiment is nearly the same as in vv. 26, 27. ηλίθιος is what misses or wanders from the mark ; then what is not aimed at a mark (comp. ^schyl. Agam. 351) ; pointless, objectless, aimless ; a thing that has no aim, ^. e., absurd ; a man that has no aim, i. e., a fool. 21. TO μη. y. δ, — ^that which cannot take place. The πα- νάμωμον άνδρα, also governed by the διζημ€νος, — is the im- possibility. IV. 3. The commencement of this line is evidently cor- rupt. Schneidewin conjectured dyvav δε μίν θεάν. VII. This fragment refers to Danae who was sent in a chest over the sea. 1. It is worthy of notice that the word which Lucian uses, in describing the flood of Deucalion, for the vessel in which that hero sailed on the water, is λάρναξ. The word NOTES. 201 seems to be equivalent to the arl· of Genesis, from wliich book Lucian in all probability borrowed his description. Luc. de Dea Syria. 12. 6. Commonly this passage is found thus, — ou δ' avrais ('γαλαθηνωδζ'ι θ^ίκνοωσσης. Athenseus gives it, σύ δ' avre els γαλαθηνω δ' ητορι κνωσσβις, which I have followed, only separating the letters differently, and adopting a hint from the common text at ητορι. Instead of iOeis, re6ds or ra- 6eis may be given. I would not change Χάθην into λάθαν, the diversity having rather a pleasant effect. The sense is, — " And thou my child, again sent into forgetfulness by my song, sleepest." The ya has its proper force here, — into forgetfulness at least ; perhaps into pleasant dreams. The emendations have been numerous ; and among them may be noticed Professor Wilson's (Christopher North) γαλη- ναίω for γαλαθηνω. This would be the only place in which the dative of ητορ occurs, and there is no gen. of it at all. 8. ταθζίς, Schneidewin, for τάι/δ' els or τάδβ ds. I am in- clined with a few former editors to omit it altogether. 10. βαθ. Perseus was three or four years old when he went on this strange voyage ; Schol. Apoll. Eh. iv. 1094, cited by Schneidewin in his edition of Simonides. 16. νπ€χω ovas is a compound verbal expression, and governs the gen, like any other verb of hearing. Comp. Soph. (Edip. Col. 223, 584 ; and see also, v. 277. See Jelf, 360. 22. diKav. Mehlhorn, for BUas' with the sense, — "for the sake of my child." IX. 2. Schneidewin changed άπρακτοι into απρηκτοι, in accordance with a hint of Boeckh's, who suggested (Not. Crit. in Pind. Isth. vii. 7) that απρηκτον might mean inutile, and απρακτον, quod perfici non potest, just as πονησαι sig- nified to labour, i. e., to be sorely distressed, and ττονάσαι, to perform a thing hy labour. Ahrens has justly rejected the distinction between πονησαι and πονασαι (De Dial. Doric, p. 148) as too fine ; and in the case of άπρακτος, the usage of the word is most distinctly against Boeckh. In Pindar, απρηκτος occurs only once, and in the sense of useless ; in Simonides of Amorgos, fr. 1, v. 7, it means, what cannot he accomplished ; in fr. 7, v. 20, it means, unmanageable. In Theognis, 461, 1031, it has also the sense of, ivhat cannot he accomplished, άπρακτος, on the other hand, signifies useless, in Simonides of Ceos. fr. 8 ; and here the sense is plainly, unmanageable. These instances shew that the dis- tinction is not only too fine but unsound. XII. 4, μιν, Bergk, Hermann, and Meineke, changed into 202 NOTES. μην. μιν, liowever, is used for the neut. as well as mascu- line and fern., and is quite good here. XIII. On the Spartans who fell at Thermopylae. XIV. On the same. XV. 1. The ωραι ίΒ the Dionysiac season ; or the period at which the Dionysiac festival alluded to was held. This use of ωραι occurs sometimes in Pindar ; Olymp. iv. 1 ; Isth. ii. 23. 6. The cod. has '4θηκαν· kclvovs, which Bergk changed into θηκαν KiKvppevs. I have changed the θήκαν into eOev for '4θζσαν, just as in ep. 133 and 135, Simonides has avedev for aveOeaau. Perhaps e^ez/ro, kclvovs may be the correct read- ing. This epigram is rather difficult in some points. Schnei- dewin and Bergk have a comma at eOeipav, and a colon at θηκαν. Schneidewin takes the meaning to be, that though the Acamantid tribe had often rejoiced at the Dionysiac festivals, yet it was only now that for the first time their dancers (so he translated aoidoi- Choreutee Bacchici) were successful in the contests ; and he thinks that Simonides is very happy in the dehcate way in which he alludes to the previous unsuccessfulness of the Acamantid tribe. Such a meaning seems to me altogether forced. I have, therefore, made the first four hues a general introduction in which the liberahty of the Acamantid tribe is praised. χορ. φ. Άκα/Λ., perhaps it might be better to take as cho- ruses appointed at the expense of the tribe which con- tended with each other ; and άοώών as poets. We should thus have the statement here, that there were contests of choregies among some of the tribes separately, as weU as the contests between the different tribes. As we know so little of these matters, 1 see nothing to hinder the suppo- sition, and perhaps in the inscription on the monument of Lysicrates (called also the Lantern of Demosthenes), of which there is a drawing in Dr Smith's Dictionary of Gr. and Eom. Geogr. p. 291, we have the supposition confirmed. This, as it is now generally read, goes thus, — Ανσικρατης Αν(ηθ€ΐ8ον KiKvvvevs €χορηΎ€ΐ Ακαμαντίς παώων euiKa, which is translated, — " Lysicrates of Cicynna, son of Lysitheides, led the chorus, when the boys of the tribe of Acamas con- quered." In the first part of M. le Eoy's " Les Ruines des plus beaux Monuments de la Grece," the inscription is given nearly as above, with a translation in which Lysitheides, instead of his son, is made to belong to the deme Cicynna. In the second part of the same work (Plate xxv), there is a NOTES. 203 drawing of the monument, which I take to be as near an imitation of the original as the artist could make it, and there the reading suggested is h χορηγαις, though the let- ters are partly indistinct — the effects of fire, as I learn from Vamvas. The translation then would be, — "Lysicrates, in the choregies of the sons of Acamas, conquered," — ex- actly similar to this passage. At the same time I know there are serious objections to this view. Stuart again and again accuses Le Roy of inaccuracy. The gen. ττα/δωι/ joined with νικώ, which suggested to me the new translation, is common in the agonistic inscriptions given in the first volume of Boeckh, the more easily explained dative occur- ring only in a few ; and the inscription, as commonly given, agrees in form with many other inscriptions of a similar nature. Besides, there seems to be no mention of a doubt about its correctness, though Stuart in one place has €χο- ρηγηι, and in another, ^χορηγεί. The value of the emenda- tion which I propose, does not depend upon the correct- ness of this guess. The monument also gives support to Bergk's conjecture of KiKiwevs. There is an interesting monograph referred to above on this Lysicratean monu- ment by N. Vamvas, Professor in the Othonian University of Athens. XVI. This is an extempore effusion, on snow being mixed with the wine of others, and not with the poet's. 1. Codd. have την, which perhaps should be retained. It refers to the snow. 2. Walckenaer changed this ώκύς into 6^vs — a change which appears to me similar to Bentley's emendation of secret into sacred in Parad. Lost, i. ; on which see De Quin- cey's Autobiogr. vol. i. p. 80. No doubt 6^vs appears more appropriate at the first blush than ώκνς, but ώκνς may have been more appropriate to the particular snow-storm referred to. Besides, as a general epithet, ώκνς is true of Boreas ; see Tyrtaeus, viii. v. 4. ώκνς may also have had the meaning of sharp, for, though there are no clear instances of such a usage of it, the ideas of swiftness and sharpness are so nearly related to each other, that the word signifying the one generally comes to signify the other. So όξΰς in Greek : and ταχνς I find in the grammarians occasionally instead of o^vs, for the acute accent. We have a similar instance iu our own language. The Scotch word snell signifies keen, piercing ; but the German form of the same word, schnell, means quick. The Scotch word snell is applied to winter by Captain Charles Gray (Wood's Songs of Scotland, vol. ii. p. Ill), whose verses have often been very foolishly sub- stituted, in the Wood edition, for our genuine national songs. 204 NOTES. 3. €θάφθη, Porson, for ξκάμφθη. Perhaps Εκάρφθη. XVII. For an explauation of tliis enigmatic epigram, see Athen. x. 456. XVIIL XIX. These two epigrams are placed among the dubious remains of Simonides, and are omitted by Schnei- dewin. Pindar, p. 85. 6. Most MSS. have οττί. One has oVt, and by another hand is added to this, as if it were a gloss, οττω^, καθώς. Boeckh proposed οττιν. 15. π. — "things done justly and contrary to justice." 32. « The day, the child of the sun." 43. Thero was descended from Thersander ; hence the reference to him. 56. suggested by Boeckh for ei. Donaldson seems to have made the same conjecture, and adopts it into his text. 68. Pythagorean doctrine developed in the Phsedrus of Plato. 71. νάσο£, acc. plur. 87. γαρ., dual for plur., the allusion to Bacchylides and Simonides being far-fetched. TiMOCREON, p. 89. I. 6. I have adopted Ahrens's conjecture of σκυβ. for dp- yvplotac σκυβαΧικοΊσι. σκυβαΧισκίοισι is from σκνβαΚίσκιον^ a diminutive from σκνβαλον. These diminutives have a sarcastic force, in which way they are used frequently by Hipponax. Diminutives also occur frequently in Epictetus and M. Antoninus, such as bo^apiov, Λΐ^νχάριον, evidently with a sarcastic force. In modern Greek, these diminu- tives have become very common with the same meaning as the words from which they are formed, as τταώίον (παίδι) and παώάρων {τναώάρι) for τταίί, ομμάτιον {ομμάτι, μάτι) for ομμα, an eye. apyvpLOis is the dat. of the adj. apyvpios, a Doric and also an ^olic form. III. A scolion. NOTES. 205 CORINNA, p. 90. μίμφομη=μίμφομαι κη=καί. φονσ=φνσ·α. Praxilla, p. 90. I. From a hymn. Adonis speaks. There was a proverb appUed to fools, — ^Η\ίθιώτ€ροί τον ΙΙραξίΧλης Άδώι^ίδοί. II. A scohon. Bacchylides, p. 90. I. κάλων, as Schneidewin remarks, refers to the glory gained in the games. This sense it has frequently in Pindar. III. aWeaOai, Schneidewin, for Wea6e ; unnecessarily, as it was not uncommon to address princes in the middle of an ode. See Simonides of Ceos, fr. 8, v. 18, where that poet addresses the Scopads. Arion, p. 93. I do not think this hymn the production of Arion, but of a much later poet. See Miiller's Hist, of Gr. Lit. p. 205, note. A beautiful rifacimento of the story of Arion is given in Novalis's Henry of Ofterdingen. 15. I have written φορ^υντ^ς for xopevovres. Keiske wrote 6χ€νοντ€5, Brunck oxeovres, Bergk oxevvres, Ariphron, p. 93. 10. χ. 6. And all things bloom like the spring of the Graces. Aristotle, p. 94. I. 8. μαΚακ. Jacobs translates this word, soft-eyed. Per- haps the right reading is μαλακ€υνητοιο, — soft-couched sleep. Various emendations have been proposed. 206 NOTES. II. Attributed hj some to ^schylus. Melinno, p. 95. 3. ναίης. Ahrens rejects this form of the second person sing., but there seems to be no good reason for doing so. 6. I have changed the common reading βασΐλ^ον into text, according to the statements of grammarians, though in opposition to Ahrens ; but even Ahrens allows that later ^olic omitted the subscript iota ; De Dial. ^Eol. p. 100. 9. a8evyXa=(evykrj. 1 9. " Like that of Demeter.'* Mesomedes, p. 96. I. 12. Synesius and Suidas read /cpareTs ; and perhaps this is the correct reading ; κρατούσα in the 14 v. would then be changed into μ€τρουσα. 13. After κάτω the MSS. have οφρυζ/, which must be ex- cluded both for sense and metre. 19. ae is supplied by Mehlhorn. 21. The reading of the MSS. here is Νε/χεσεω^ άφαφζΐς κα\ Ύαρτάρον, which I have altered into text. DiONYSius, p. 97. 13. I have preferred the reading of one cod. ττολυδ^ρκ/α to the common one noXvKepdea. The idea seems to be, that he rolls round a fountain of light to many eyes. For such a use of noXvdepKea, see note on Alexander JEtolus. 17. Mehlhorn proposes ανακτι ; but σοι may either have arisen from carelessness of grammatical forms, or it may be Joined with αειδωτ/, as Elmsley and Hermann have taken it. Perhaps the right reading is av ακρα. The idea of climb- ing is frequently applied to the sun, and consequently may be applied to stars ; though, as the stars were really re- garded as a heavenly chorus, moving up and down was quite natural to them. " Phωbus' fiery carre In hast was climbing up the easterne MU; " — Spenser's Faery Queen, I. Canto 2, V. 1 ; and hence the πρώοντβς άκροι ν^ηΚων ορέων were fa- vourites with Apollo ; Hom. Hym?a to the Delian Apollo, 144, 145. 22. oipLovj nocturnum. Meineke. NOTES. 207 Anacreontics, p. 98. II. 10. I have adopted the reading in GelUus, in prefer- ence to the common one, — Ti Πλειάδωι/ fteXet μοι ; Tc yap καΧον Βοώτεω ; III. Attributed in the Planudean Anth. to Julian of Egypt. Comp. Smith's Life Drama, p. 186, where Walter says of Violet, — "In cup of sin I did dissolve fhee, fhou most precious pearl, Then drank thee up." IV. Contrast Shelley's " The mountains mingle with the rivers" with this frigid affair. VI. 3. €π€στι παντί, Stephanus, and so later editors. Per- haps τΐαντΊ is correct. I have retained the reading of cod., but placed a period at πάντη instead of at άωτον, as is usu- ally done. 4. λαχών, cod. ; \αχ6ντ, Steph. μίν of course is to be sup- plied here — a not unusual omission ; and the idea seems to be, — ^uniting an ardent pursuit of wisdom with skill in music, I will, &c. 10. άνψω, Bergk. 10. In cod. ηχθη with ηχη above it ; the latter of which I have adopted and changed into the text. 14. λαλεων, cod. ; λαλε'ω δ', vulgo. The usual point is a period at τρίττονς re. I have retained the reading of the cod., altered the pointing, and make λαλεωι/ agree with μονσα. See, for such cases, Jelf, 379. 16. %στι κούρα, Steph. ; cod. ear ακονςς ; and in margin €VT άκουσας, which I have changed into text, βρως is the substantive to σαόφρων. 17. ίκττύφζνγς and αμβιψ^, Steph. The reading of cod. in text ; but marks of quotation and pointing my own. 19. Instead of eV ηχύ of cod. perhaps eV ηχβΐ should be read. 36. Sentence ungrammatical. " Homines docti φυ-^ωμ^ν,^"* which is the sense. I suppose the writer of this as the writers of most of the Anacreontics, not to be very careful of grammar or metre. I have accordingly retained λάλέων in V. 14, and φνγόντ€ς in v. 36 ; and also have retained in the preceding Anacreontic, v. 11, idekovTL and μοΊ, instead of the emendations commonly adopted, iOeXovra and μ€. I believe these writers would make the oi of μοι short. In- 208 NOTES. deed, the examples adduced by Casaubon and Salmasius, shew that oi was sometimes short ; Bentley, I think, fail- ing to do away with their force. See note by Bentley on Callim. in J ovem, v. 87, in Blomfield's Callimachus. Several additions could be made to the list. Pratinas, p. 103. I have followed Bergk in the restoration of these dithy- rambic fragments. 13. Φρνναίον. I have retained here the common reading, thinking that φρνν. might perhaps mean a peculiar grace, which Phrynis had introduced into his music. From all that I can ascertain, I see no reason to prevent us believ- ing Pratinas to have lived till the time of Phrynis. Bergk has Φρύγ* aoidov ποικίλου προαχ€οντα. Homeric, p. 100. I. 10. Perhaps Ώμό8αμόν & o? should be written Ώ/^οδά- μανθυς in one word ; the name Omodamanthus being simi- lar in formation to Rhadamanthus, who, according to Paus. viii. 53, 2, was a son of Hephaestos. The nominative would then be instead of the vocat. : Jelf, 479, L πόριζζ also would be read instead of text. II. Some have π€ΐθ€ πυραιθουσαν, one aelXai πνραιθονσαν. Various conjectures. The reading in text suggested by Ilgen's conjecture TrepBepev, inf. for imperative, πυρ is regarded as an interpolation of some idle hand. 11. 3. ανταί. See note on Call. Hymn to Apoll. 6. 6. I have adopted the emendation of Boissonade. In MSS. the line stands, κυρκαίη δ' alel κατα bopivov epnot {epneo, one cod.) μάζα. 12. This line is incorrigibly corrupt. Boissonade omitted it, with evident advantage to the sense. SCOLIA, p. 108. Solon. — This is generally attributed to Solon ; but pro- bably it merely contains a sentiment uttered by Solon. For this and the next three scolia, see Miiller, History of Greek Literature, p. 189. SiMONiDES. — By some attributed to Epicharmus. NOTES. 209 Callistratus. — Perhaps the order of the verses should be, 2. 1. 4. 3. Hermann pointed out the metre. Anonymous. — Most of these scoHa are given by Athen- seus ; and as they are there arranged on a principle which Mure has pointed out, they should be read in the order of Athenaeus. In this selection the sequence of the scolia could not be shewn, as several of them had to be omitted. 1. Leipsydrium is the name of a place, νπο την Ώάρνηθον, at which there was a fight. See Herodot, v. 62. 7. Would that it were possible dividing the breast and looking into mind to see what sort each one is. 8. The meaning of this scolion I take to be, — that one should consider weU before engaging on a long business ; because, when he comes to the actual performance of the work, he will have quite enough to do with the business pressing on him. 12. The various transformations which the fancy of lovers would lead them to, are worth looking at. Comp. Plato, Epigr. 1 ; Anacreontic 22 (20) ; Suhote song in Leake's Eesearches, vol. i., which I have seen attributed to Christo- poulos ; Shakspere, Eomeo and JuUet, Act ii. sc. ii. ; Coleridge, Lines on an Autumnal Evening ; Tennyson, song in the Miller's Daughter, p. 89 of Poems ; 'song of Burns, " 0 were my love yon lilac fair ; " and Scottish ballad in Buchan, given also in Hogg's and Motherwell's edition of Burns, in a note on the above song of his. Many others might be added to these. Popular Songs, p. 114. HI. Song of Elean women to Dionysius the bull-footed. "Αλιον, Elean, as in Pindar. IV. An Ithyphallic song. V. A song sung by the Phallus-bearers. VL A song of the Laconians in dancing. VII. See Athen., xiv., p. 629. VIII. A game of girls. χίΚ^ι is a mere sound from χ€λώνη. PoUux, ix. 125. IX. Game of Spartans. See Plut. Lycurg., c. 21. 210 NOTES. Χ. Song of Sicilian slieplierds. XI. Attributed sometimes to Alcseus. Sung by women working with the millstone. XrV. Sung by Rhodian boys. There is no reason to ex- pect that the quantities would be strictly attended to in such a poem ; and, accordingly, with Ahrens, I admit what is seldom or never found elsewhere. The as of κάλάς and &pas is short, as in Doric, κ is a contraction for και, as in Odyss., γ. 255, the scolion of Cal- listratus, and in Neo-Hellenic poetry. Comp. Chelidonisma of modern Greeks: the κορώνισμα in Phoenix of Colophon, and the Eiresione in p. 107. 11. τόν inserted by Hermann. Ahrens inserts drj. 13. Perhaps άμίν for el μίν, and then a mark of interro- gation would be placed after δώσβί$·. If taken as in text, Kokays e^ei is to be understood. See Francke. Horn. Carm. Minor, p. 199, where references are given. 17. av Βη perhaps should be αλλ' el; ΑΝΔ being easily taken for ΑΛΛ. αλλά was frequently changed into ανά in this way ; Boeckh, Not. Grit, in Olymp. xiii. 109. The και of this line has been inserted by Dindorf. Perhaps the correct reading is αλλ' el φ€ρτ]σθά τι, μβγ άδύ rt φβροις. As for the τί being long, see Popular Song, 8. vv. 1. 3. 19. yepovres 1 take here, and in the previous song, to be old men who are beggars, and the import of this last verse to be identical with a song sung by Scottish boys on the evening before New Year's Day : — Rise up goodwife and shak' your feathers, Dinna think that we are beggars ; We're but bairns come to play, Rise up and gie's our hogmanay. There is an English version of this song at the end of Mary Hewitt's Pictorial Calendar of the Seasons ; but the Hnes are different. XV. Ithyphallic in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes ; 01. cxviii. 2. 9. Perhaps σeμvόv τι φαίνεθ" is the right reading, as Mehl- horn proposes. 11. For this use of ω^πβρ here, comp. Simonid. Amorg. fr. 6, V. 37, and Soph. Electr. 532. 19. The Athenians would probably pronounce Χίθινον and the άληθινον of άληθινον in the same way ; and would NOTES. 211 thus make a hit. The pronunciation which Dionysius of HaUcarnassus gives in his book, nepi σννθ€σ€ως ονομάτων, I take to be the rhetorical pronunciation, and not that of the people ; just as, now-a-days, some elocutionists, and those trained by them, pronounce nature, creature, in a way quite dififerent from the common mode. See Prof. Blackie on the Pronunciation of Greek, pp. 24, 30, and the evidence in Liscov. 25. Αιτωλοί/ is in apposition to σφίγγα, viz., "the iEtohan, who, like the ancient sphinx, sits on a rock and bears off." Cleanthes, p. 121. He was leader of the Stoics after Zeno, and flourished 263 B.C. An excellent translation of this hymn is given in Newman's Soul, fourth edition, p. 73. 4. See Acts xvii. 28. 13. The codd. have here, μ€γά\ων μικροισι ; and perhaps this is correct : " Mixing with the small lights of the great beings, viz., the stars." The awkwardness of the expres- sion might be allowed in a philosophical poem. As it stands in the text, the larger lights are the sun and moon ; the smaller, the stars. 30. " Hastening things exactly the opposite to take place." Sturz quotes several instances of this use of σπεύδω. Merzdorf points differently, and makes the infini- tive to depend upon όρμωσι. Callimachus, p. 122. 6. αυτοί is generally taken here in the meaning of αυτό- ματοι. 8. is has to be supplied to μολπψ. 12. I have chosen κυθαριν, the reading of the MSS., in preference to κίθαριν, because it is likely that Calhmachus would prefer old, or old looking forms of words. 13. €χ€ΐν is inf. for imperative. 14. Blomfield proposed reXeaeiv, to make it correspond with the other futures ; but TeXeeiv itself is an Ionic future. Jelf, 203, 1. 16. τ6Ϊχο? is nom. and /xeXXet is to be supplied ; Blomf. Perhaps the line should be changed into πόλιν ου KepeeaBai, or πόλιν οϋτβ KepelaOai. 36. Blomf. translates : " Not so much as a httle down has ever grown upon his cheeks," Τ 212 NOTES. 47, ζ^υγίτώας, Blomf., wlio brings forward similar words, such as χωρίης, άσττώίτης, όττλίτης, όρίτης, ττοιμνίτης. 50. €7ημη\ά8€ς, codd., which has been variously amended. Blomf. writes em μηκάδβς, making em part of the verb devoLVTo, and quoting instances of the preposition thus placed after the verb. 52. οϊ€ς, some codd. Perhaps this should be retained. We have awexes as a dactyl in 59. 65, This sentence, as it stands, must be translated : "And Phoebus, as a crow (in the shape of a crow), guided the people." I can find no authority for this story. Bentley proposed οίκιστηρι, which is liable to serious objections. 70. I have adopted the pointing of Blomfield in this passage. The sense is, " I wiU call him Carneios ; for this, is the custom of my country — this is the name that Sparta gives him ; Sparta is," &c. 103, I have placed the colon after evQv, instead of after βελοί, as is usually done, and suppose the next clause also to be part of the people's cry. Perhaps the last clause should likewise be included in the cry, when aeibrj (which Bentley takes as second person singular pres. ind. pass, celebraris, comp. Hymn in Del, v, 275), would have to be changed into aeiSe, and to δ' into τοδ'. The following verses would then refer to this advice of the people. Comp. Homeric Hymn to the Pythian ApoUo, v. 359, (517,) 105. ονχ, 6σα, Dawes, for ούδ' δσα. Perhaps it should be ov τόσα. So in v. 36, probably ov τόσσον for ούδ' οσσον. 109. For the μέλισσαι see Pind. Pyth. iv. 60 ; Porphyry De Antr. Nymph, as quoted in Blomfield, in loc, where the μελισσαι are expressly called priestesses of Demeter. Clemens Alexandrinus, p. 12&. I. A translation of this hymn is appended to Dr Ben- nett's Congregational Lecture. 3. νηπίων, some codd. 4. Perhaps μαλακών instead of βασιλικών. 31. I have altered the common pointing here, which puts a period at άveπάφωv, and translate, " Guide, Ο holy king, children safely along the footsteps of Christ." The third syllable of άν€πάφων is to be regarded long, probably be- cause the accent is there. Several instances of this force of the accent occur in the Anacreontics and later Greek poets. II. 15. el τω β\ two MSS. Perhaps ev ω τόποι γη or yrjs, " while places'of the earth." NOTES. 213 22. I have altered the accent given to τταρασχβ {πάρασ-χβ μοι) according to the law which forbids the placing of the accent beyond the accented syllable of the preposition. I suspect, however, that this is an exception. See the ac- centual verses, p. 135, vv. 22, 30, where either παρασχύ or πάρασχβ must be the reading. Synesius, p. 132. These hymns are taken from the edition of Petavius. Paris, 1633. 1. I have changed σμνρνη of the edition of Petavius, into σμνρνη and τάφος into τάφω. Symeon, p. 130. This hjTun has been extracted from a Horologion of the Greek Church, published at Venice 1841 ; brought over by Professor Blackie for the library of the Edinburgh Univer- sity. See a list of these books in Prof. Blackie's Lecture on the Living Language of the Greeks, and its utility to the classical scholar : Sutherland and Knox, 1853. A note by the editor in the Horologion states, that this hymn was attributed to J ohn of Damascus, in some of the earlier editions, and that it was placed among his works in the edition of them published in Paris, 1712, Vol. i. 691. He maintains that John of Damascus did not write in the measure of this hymn, and that the author is, without doubt, Symeon, who flourished about 1030, a.d., and was president of the monastery of St Mamas, in Constantinople. See Melet. Eccl. Hist. Book i. ch. 8, 3, which is in the Edinburgh University library. The rhythm is accentual. The capitals are placed here, where they are found in the Horologion. 96. οίκτίρμον, ^'0 thou merciful one." This word is omitted in Jelf 's list of words similar in spelling, but dif- ferent in accent. COSMAS. Taken from Galland's Bibliotheca Patrum, Vol. xiii. μζγάλτ} τρίττ], " For the third great feast day." 3. οπως en. κ. τ. λ. The Latin translation in Galland has here, " ut ne premiorum tempus emtioniimpendentes." Per- haps the reading should be, eV αθλων^ μη μ€θ€ντ€$, " In order 214 NOTES. that, not having let go the proper time for trading, on ac- count of our prizes we may sing." 6. The order of the Greek here is strange, but the mean- ing plain. " To thy disciples, thou, the good one, didst say, Watch ; for at the hour which ye know not, I the Lord will come." Είρμός. This is merely a name given to a Greek hymn, and τροττάριον is a part. So oIkos is a part of a large ode. These oIkol are generally made such as that the first com- mences with the first letter of the alphabet, and the second with the second ; and sometimes they are so numerous as to go over all the letters. The ode from which this οίκος is taken contains six of them, of which this is the third ; hence it begins with y. Neo-Hellenic Lyrics, p. 146. I have thought it unnecessary to notice here the various Neo-Hellenic grammatical forms, as I have already given them in a Modern Greek Grammar, published by Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh. 1. One of the oldest ballads. 2. irfipav, they have taken ; from Ιπαίρω^ in N"eo-H. παίρνω, to take, to take away, from which comes also πάρουν in v. 9. την πάλιν is Constantinople ; Sophia, a church in it. 3. σημαντρον, a small bell used in churches ; καμπάνα, a large bell used in steeples. 4. παππάς, a priest ; the force of the κα\ is, that there was a priest to each bell. ^ι-άκος=8ιάκονοζ. 5. σιμά. να, as soon as. ^βγονν from ζκβαίνω. ayia, the holy things— sacraments. In the next clause, there is an allusion to the actual presence of Christ in the bread and wine. 10. άμο\ννω=μοΧύνω. 11. Αίσποινα, the Virgin Mary. 12. σώπα, Doric form of σιώπα. 13. χρόνος, a year. In reading, it is sometimes necessary to contract two vowels into one, as in ancient Greek. Thus σοφιάν in second Hne is to be pronounced sophyan, two syllables, καΐ also, when the at is elided, is pronounced κι. II. Diakos, formerly a Klepht, took part in the v^rar of Independence, and in April 1821, fell near Thermopyl^. See Perraevos's Άπομνημον€νματα, vol. i. p. 53, and Tricou- pis's Greek Revolution, vol. i. p. 264. NOTES. 215 1. μαυρΙλΧα^ a black spot, a black cloud, from [xavpos, black, μαύρος is also used to signify a horse, whatever its colour, as in Ballad 9, p. 153. πλακώΐ'ω {ττλάξ), to press down, to surprise, fall upon suddenly. καλιακουΒα, a raven. 2. Αφ. is John the Χφεντης ; \φ€ντης signifies a young naan, tall, well-formed, and bold — a Klepht or Palikar. It seems also to have signified a volunteer in the Turkish marine. 5. άγροικβω, to hear, to know, to understand, πολύ r. κ., he was greatly troubled. 6. 'ψηΧην for υψηλην. σηκώνω, to hft up, to raise, τον ττρωτον is the first of the Palikars, and next to the captain. 7. μάσ€, collect, imper. from μαζωνω=μάζ(ύ=άμάζω, from, αμα, to bring together ; and I think the verb μαζώνω, and the adv. μαζι (or μαζτ]), are connected with the same word, and not with the Italian amassare, as Korais supposed. 8. μπαρούτη, powder. βόλων, ball. φούχτα, a hand. χούφτα is another form of the word, μβ ταΙς φ., in hand- fuls, in large quantities. 9. γλίγωρα (I suppose from ολίγος and ωρα), quickly. 10. ταμπούρια, piles of stones behind which the Greeks were wont to fight. An account of their mode of fighting is given in Cochrane's " Wanderings in Greece." μ€τ€ρίζιον, an intrenchment. 11. σπαθί, a sword, τουφέκια, guns ; touphaiks, in Byron. 12. φθάνω, in Neo-Hellenic, as in N. T., and in later Greek writers, has the signification of, to arrive at, to come. 15. λόγγοί, a forest ; hence Mesalonghi, — " in the midst of the forest." 16. φωτιά, a fire ; but used as we do the word fire in mar- tial language, — " under the enemy's fire." ' 17. νομάτους for ονομάτονς, individuals, persons, ονόματα is used in the same way in N. T., Acts, i. 15 ; Eev. iii. 4 ; xi. 13. 18. κομμάτων, a fragment. 20. /χτΓουλ., higher officers among the Turks. 21. σπάζω, to fly in pieces. 24. δρόμος, way, a street. 26. τσαμί, a mosque ; from which άτζαμης, one that does not go to mosque, an ignorant person. 28. μονρτάται, infidel dogs, term of reproach, χάνω (from χαόω, according to Scarlatos), to destroy, to lose ; χάνομαι, to perish or be lost. 30. μαχμ., a Turkish coin. 32. οσον να, until. 34. πονγγιόν, a purse=500 piastres, δίνω or δίθω=δίδω/χ{. 35. χαλάω, to destroy, kiU. Y 2 216 NOTES. 36. σβύνω=σβ€νρυμι, as in Ν. Τ. χύνω=χ€ω. ντεβλίτι ; king- dom. 37. σουβλί, stake, spit ; hence σουβλίζω, to impale. I think Tricoupis is right in deriving it from οβελός. 38. ολόρθος, straight up, upright. χα/Αογβλάω, to smile at. 41. καπετάν or καπετάνος, captain. 42. Ka-\pOvv from καίω, for καυσουν. ΠΙ. 1. σάββατον, Saturday, κυριακη, Sunday. Βευτερα, Monday. 2. TO ταχύ, in the morning, σώνω (σώζω), to save, to cease, to be done, κρασί or κρασίον (literally, mixture), wine ; so κράμα is used for wine in Justin's Apology, quoted in p. 12 of Daniel's Codex Liturg. Vol. iv. 3. πάγω, to go, ^υπά-γω. Another form of the verb is πηγαίνω. 4. ξεύρω, I know. 5. στρατουλα, dim. from στράτα (via strata), a small street, a bye-path, μονοπάτι, a solitary path, a bye-path. 6. ρημοκκλησάκι, from έρημος and εκκλησία, a soHtary small chapel. 7. εξαδέλφια, belonging to cousins. 8. ξέχωρα, separated from others, apart, μηνα, like μη in New Testament, asks a question. 15. μόν, μόνε=μόνον, Only, but. 17. περπατέω, ^Eolic form ; for περιπατεω. φεγγάρι, the moon. 20. ημερονύκτι, a day and a night. 21. λαβώνω, to wound. 22. τζακίζω, to break. 23. εχθρόσκυλος, a hateful dog ; from σκυ\ίον (dim. σκυλά- KLov), a dog. ατι, a swift horse. 24. γιαταγάνι. Yataghan is now an English word. 26. αδειάζω, to be free, to let free, to discharge, to fire. 27. εξαπλώνω, to unfold, to stretch down, κυττάζω, to see, to survey curiously ; from κύπτω ; comp. παρακύπτω in 1 Pet. i. 12. IV. μαλόνω {άμϊλλάω), to contend. 2. ρίχνω (ρίπτω), to cast down, to send down. 4. γυρίζω (γύρος), to turn round, also to return. 5. /3pe, a familiar mode of accosting, with somewhat of contempt in it. Korais derives it from μωρε. 6. ξακουσμένος=εξ., heard of, renowned. 7. με χ., enjoy me. Κονιαργιά. The inhabitants of Iconium originally, but employed to signify wicked and cruel Turks in general ; so κονιάροι, &c. NOTES. 217 11. Ύ^ρολυμπος, old Olympus. 13. ραχούλα, elevated ground, a small hill, a rock ; dim. from ράχη=ράχις. βρύσι {βρνω), a fountain. 14. yiardKLov (from διατάσσω), a rendezvous. 15. πβρνώ (ττεράω), to pass away. Kind lias nepv, which he translates, " to return ;" but neither παίρνω nor π€ρνώ has this meaning, " While the spring is passing away." 16. This line is ungrammatical, the verb γβμίζω actually governing the nominative, " The mountains are filled with klephts, and the quarters (Xi^epia) of the klephts with slaves." This construction of γ€μίζω still prevails in the vulgar dialect. 17. xp., golden-feathered, with golden, plumage. 19. κρούω, to beat ; (of the sun) to shine, κρους^κρού€ΐς. 20. ζζσταίνω, ζ€στάνω, ζ^στάζω, to make warm. νυχο- TTobapov, nails of the toes, from ννχίθΡ=ονυξ, claw. V. Τσοπάνης or τζομπάνης, a shepherd. The Charos is a form of old Charon, who has kept his place firmly in the superstitions of the Greeks. 2. ποχ is for όπου e^et ; so in v. 25, ποχω is for όπον €χω. αντάρα, a storm, dim. άνταρονΧα, 3. ροβολάω, to go down, ίρροβολαγε is the imperf. Kind says the γ is the ^olic digamma, without good reason, though it is certainly similar. 4. φεσι, the red cap with blue tassels, worn by Albanians, Turks, and other nations, γιαμπά, from άμπάς, a cloak. στριμμβνον, from στρίφω or στρηφω=στρ€φω. The meaning of the expression here is, that the shepherd throws his cloak upon his shoulders, perhaps with the sleeves hanging over in front, the rest behind, in a careless manner. 5. βιγλίζω (vigilo) to watch. 6. καρτ€ρω, to wait for. 7. κολωζ τον, well to him, welcome. 9. σπίτι (hospitium) a house. 10. ^\rωμί (ψωμάς) bread. 13. yia, merely an interjection here, παλβψομε from πολώνω. σ€=€ΐς, in. 16. πιασθ, with middle force, they took hold of each other. avyi], morning, κοντά, near. This word, as far as I know, d oes not occur in ancient Greek ; but I find it in the name of a place, Κοντοπορία, or. Short-cut ; Dr Smith's Diet, of Geog., p. 201. γίώμα=γ€νμα, dinner, dinner-time, mid-day. 19. αδρανεί/, from δράσσω, a for e being quite common in augment. Indeed, the Neo-H. is fond of α ; hence such forms as προςκυνας for προςκυνεϊς, μήτρας for μζτρύς, &C. 20. βο-γψζω and βογγάω, to moan. 21. αφσζ=αφησε, leave me. 218 NOTES. 22. σεργιανίζω, to go out a walk. 24, και χ, and it does not become her to be a widow. 26. ακονρος, unchpped. κά8ι (cadus) the vessel in which the cheese is made. VI. ίΚάφι, αΚάφιον^ and άΧαφίνα are all the same as eXa- φος. It is almost needless to remark, that this poem is aliegoricaL 5. ζερβά, on its left side. 6. γάργαρος, clear, limpid, pepov, water. This word must have been a very old one, as we find it in the name 'Νηρεύζ. 11. κάμνω, to make (as in Homer), to do. " I have passed twelve years." 12. απόχτησα, I obtained; from από and κτάομαι. This neglect of the force of από is rather strange. It is very un- usual in Hellenic, but occurs not unfrequently in Hellenis- tic, as άφυπνόω, to fall asleep, Luke viii. 23 ; άφομοιώ, Heb. vii. 3, also in Plutarch ; άπεχω, to have, to obtain, in Matt, vi. 5, 16, Philem. 15. 14. ρίχνω, used absolutely, to fire, σκοτόνω or σκοτώνω, to MU, a meaning which reminds one of the Homeric, " κατα δ' οφθαλμών κεχυτ αχλυ'ί," and similar expressions. VII. 5. σα'ίτενω (sagitta) to shoot an arrow, to throw a dart. 6. μάννα, mother. 9. Κώστας, contraction for Constantinus. προβάΧΧω, to propose ; here, neut., to advance. ΧαγκάΒι, a meadow, a valley. 10. παιγνίΒίον, a plaything, a musical instrument. 12. πεθ€ρά=π€νθ€ρά. 14. κοννιάτος, brother-in-law. 1 5. κΧωτζιά, a kick. 16. βρίσκ€ί=€υρίσκ€ί. 7Γρωτο/ίάσΓορ?;?, master ; here, of the builders of the tomb, μνημούρι, a tomb. 17. va ζήσης, by your life ; Tre is for etTre. 21. φθιάζω and φθιάνω, to make ready, to prepare, same as φτιάζω. Korais derives the words from ευθύς ; ευθειάζω. VIII. Goethe thought the description of Charon in this song would be a capital subject for a painting. 1. βουρκώνω, to cover with dust or filth. Miiller trans- lates here, — ^,"Why do the mountains stand in mourn- times used as the ancients used αγε. άττ' εμπροστά, in front. mg I »e IS some- NOTES. 219 6. ηαώότΓονλον (dim.), a child, σέλλα (sella), a saddle, άραδιάω, to arrange. 8. κον€νω, to halt at a pla.ce for the night, χωρίον, a village. 9. λιθαρίζω, to throw stones. 10. λουλούδι, dim. λουλουδάκι, a flower. 13. ανδρόγυνα, husbands and wives. IX. 5. σηκ, rise, from σηκω=σηκωνω. άφύντψ (hence %&&Ώ.βΛ)^αυθ€ντψ, master ; an ancient meaning. 6. συντρ., our company ; a Hellenic word. 7. βμπορώ, I am able. 10. άργυροπβταλον, silver shoe of a horse. 13. άρματα, arms. 14. The gen. is strangely used here, — "that you may bring them to my own people ;" and so in 16. 15. μαντνλι (mantile), a handkerchief, or such like. X. The song of Demus ; not by Demus, but about him. 1. μάτια^ομμάτια, eyes, άμορφα, for εϋμορφα. 2. Ύραμμενα, Miiller translates, painted ; but the true meaning seems to be, black, as though covered over with ink. φρύδια is for 6φρύδια=6φρύς. 10. βιλαβτιον, a district or province. XI. 1. ^βΎηκαν=€κβηκαν=€^€βησαν. αλογοί', a horse, Comp. Constit. Apostol. Lib. ii, c. 57 ; and in Daniel, Cod. Lit. vol. iv. p. 16. κλ€φταις is nom. pi. κατζίκι, a goat ; κατζικάκιον, a kid. πάν€, they go. καϋμίνοζ-, oh, wretched mortal that I am ! lit. burnt, but now used as an interjection expres- sive of misery. So βάί is an interjection of misery. 2. καρδάρα, a vessel in which the milk is put ; a quarter measure, probably connected with quartus. πηζω or πηγω^ πη-γνυμι. φλογέρα, a flute. Hesychius gives the meaning of φώτιγξ· φλόγιος αυλός. Scarlatos has a note on this word, remarking that the ancients were ignorant of the various kinds of wind instruments now used in Greece ; or if they were not, they did not distinguish them. " We," he says, " are forced to name them, not only φλαούτης (flute), and κλαρινεττα (clarionet), which come from Europeans, but ζουρνάς, μησκάλι, &c., which are peculiar to Asiatics." φλ. is an Asiatic instrument. 3. λαγιαρνί, bell-wether, ασημένιο, silver (adj.) 4. κα\ νά, κ. τ. λ., — " Would that some one would." e^ap- ματώνω, to disarm. 5. παναγία, the all-holy, ^, e., the virgin, παιδεύω, to chas- tise, to punish, as in New T. va ψ.. Kind translates, — " I will roast a lamb until it falls from the spit ;' " but I be- lieve the right translation is, " I will roast a lamb [so large] 220 NOTES. that it shall fall from the spit." ayiopylov, of St George. χορτάσω, I will sate myself. ξεφαντώνω, to feast, nom. sing. pres. part. XII. πνρ.^ ζθ. Kind says he does not understand the exact meaning of these words, and gives a rather strange translation. The words evidently mean, " laid the founda- tion of its tower." The nest of the swallow is very like a tower ; comp. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, who speaks of the σκψο- πηγία της χίλιδόνος. 4. φλζβάρης, February. 6. τνουλίον, dim. πουλάκων, a bird, 7. κλωσσω, to brood, to hatch. 8. κοπάΒίον, a herd. 11. παγωτη, frost. 12. λάσπη pos, muddy. 13. πρίτζ, an interjection, march forward! XIII. 1. άγώριον, an unmarried young man ; probably connected with κόρος, dialectic forms of which are κούρος and κώρος. XIV. In Macedonia and Thessaly, when the country is much in need of rain, children form processions and go through the villages, headed by one of their number with a garland όη its head. This child is called nepnepovva. 4. καματ€ρη, good for work. 5. μπάρα, a pool. 7. κούτσουρο, a vine-stock. καλάθ'*=κάλαθος. The mean- ing is : May each vine-stock produce a basket- fuU of grapes ! 8. τα-γάριον, a sack or bag. 9. ytb. νά, in order that, σκάζω, to burst (with anger or vexation), αλευράς, the miller, from akevpov, like λίταρας from ψάρι. 10. ακριβά, dear, because he does not sell dearly ; be- cause his prices are not high. XV. Ναννάρισμα, luUaby ; said to be derived from a con- traction of Ιωάννης, expressive of affection, like the Scotch Johnikie, Jockie. 1. " Do take it (the child) from me. I will place three watching places for him : three watching places will there ' be, and three watchers in them." βίγλαι = vigilse. 3. βάλλω is simply, I put, as it is often used in the New Testament. 4. Kvp for κύριος, and equivalent to our Mr. 5. βασίλζύω signifies, when apphed to the sun, to set, 7. The mother of Boreas speaks to him. 9. αυγερινός, the morning star. 12. κούζ/ί α cunse. NOTES. 221 Neo-Hellenic Poems. Khigas. — I. βονρνο9, a Homeric word, means now a war- song. This song was translated by Byron. 2. κόκκαλον, a bone. ίπταΚοφον is Constantinople. 3. ξύπνησαν, awake, from ^ξυπνω, to awake. 4. TravToreivos, an adjective formed from πάντοτ€, and per- haps should be written παντοτινός, unceasing, everlasting. ξξακονστός, celebrated ; occurs in Hellenic, but not exactly in the same sense. 4. βουτώ, to dip, plunge, dive, Π. 3. σπηλίά=σπηλαιον, ' 4. σκλαβιά, slavery. 5. άφίνω=άφίημι, 10. στοχάζομαι (in a sense slightly different froni the ancient), to think, to consider. ψένω, fr-om £\//'€ω=€·ψ·ω, to boil, to roast. 16. καθρέπτης, a mirror. 21. eXa (imperative of ίλαννω), and eXare=eX^e, eX^ere. 23. προκομμένος, instructed. 24. ορισμός, a command. ^πονμ=εΙπονμεν=€ΐπώμ€ν. 33. πλανβθώ, for πλανηθώ, from πλανάω. 34. τάξιμον, VOW, solemn promise. 51. οφικιάλος (official), an officer. 54 φούντα, tassel. 56. σφαλιστά, secured ; from ασφαλίζω. 57. καπλάνιον, a tiger. 58. ξεφτεριον, a vulture ; seems to come from εκ and πτερόν, the bird that plucks the wing off others. 62. χαμός, destruction ; from χάνω. 65. άσδεριον, dragon, drake, kite. 69. άρμά8α, army, or navy. 76. αστροπελέκι, thunder, or hghtning. 80. τόπιον, cannon. 91. γλυτώνω (from εκλΰω), to free. Christopoulos. — I. 10, "And even into the eternal re- gions below the earth thou," &c. 17. καταντώ, to happen, to become ; nearly the same as γίγνομαι. 18. θλί\ΐΑη=θλί\Ιλΐς ; so in next, λεξαις=λεζ€ΐς. 11. j3apeXXa,barrel. 4. τουκάκου, in vain. 13. πρασινίζω (from the ancient πράσινος)^ to become green. 17. καλαμάρι, ink-bottle. 222 NOTES. 18. κανάτα, cup, brimmer. κονΒυλι, pen. κροντήρι, a large vessel, a wine cooler. Scarlatos gives this as an English word; but it evidently comes from e/c and ρβω, just as κρουνός. 20. γαβάθα, a goblet. Scarlatos again calls this an English word, as if every drinking name belonged to them, κανάτα is a two-pint measure, γαβάθα, a large vessel from which the seller draws his wine. 24 τύλος is the bung-hole of the cask. Tantalides. 2. €βΎάζτ)ς=€βγάνω=€κβάΧλω. 3. τρ^Κλαίνομαι. I become mad. πρωτεινός or πρωτι- νός, belonging to the former times, an ancient, old-fashioned. άλ\άζω=άλ\άσσω, to change. 4. βασιΚΐΐα, kingdoms. Ypsilanti. — 4. φωλιά, a nest, φωλεός, in New Testa- ment, is used for a fox's burrow. 13. βγλυκοζονσα, (from γλυκύς and ^άω), I lived happily. 16. τΐουρνο κα\ βρά8υ, early and late. 19. γ^ράκι^ίβραξ. 22. καταρημάζω (βρημος), to make desolate. 24. ταίρι, friends ; from έταΊρος. 25, κουρασμένος, wearied. A translation of this very touching poem will be found in the North British Review for November 1853. Alex. Soutsos. — This song is taken from his "Εξόριστος, a novel. 1. ολοΐνα, continually, always. K' iv ω γύρω, "and while around me I observe nature mourning." 2. The first two lines seem to be suggested by Byron, Childe Harold, Canto iii. 22. 3. τΓβθάνι), from άποθάνω^άποθνήσκω. Last line ; " Was I loved 1 That is enough for me." Comp. Schiller's "Ich habe gelebt und geliebet." Eangavis. — 1. βράχος, a rock, precipice. π€φτω=πίπτω. ξεσπαθόνω, to draw the sword. 4. βοΐζω, to buzz, whizz, τρομάρα, fear. 5. τραγουΒβω or τραγωδεω, to sing; hence τραγούδι, a song. Perdicaris.— λβιβάδί, a meadow. 7. λησμονάω, to forget. 12. ττροςπαΘβω, to endeavour, attempt. Helena. — ηρεμία is sometimes written ερημιά. 9. ηλιακόν, a balcony. NOTES. 223 GENERAL EEMARK. Throughout the whole of these notes, I have been much indebted to two works by Enghsh scholars, — the Lexicon of Liddel and Scott, and the Grammar of Jelf. The Lexi- con the student will find contains all the pecuhar words and forms not mentioned in my notes ; for the writers have thoroughly studied the Lyric poets. This can be said of no other English Greek Lexicon that I know ; and, in- deed, Liddel and Scott have produced a work honourable to Enghsh scholarship, and accurate to a wonderful degree ; so much so, that, while it would be easy to point out hun- dreds of mistakes in other books of a similar nature, I know only of one or two in this (on άπαρενθυμητως, Μ. Anton, and οΙκόσιτος in Babrius), and these very pardon- able. I have referred to Jelf s first-rate Grammar rather than to the Persons or Walckenaers who originally discussed the points of syntax alluded to. This saves space, and is really as profitable. Bergk's edition of the Lyric poets is the one to which my references are made. EREATA IN NOTES. In p. 180, in vii. 3 and 17, destroy the period after reXearj, In p. 185, in v. 425, the passage from Ecclesiastes should be sepa- rated from the Grreek verses. In p. 186, in v. 15 of Alexander, read Phobii. In the note on Grinagoras, p. 188, χ^ρων must be written, or the adjective placed in the dual. In note on v. 58 of Simonides, p. 193, correct the accent on Trepi- Tpep,eL. In the scolion 7, p. 209, insert " the" before mind," FINIS. BALLANTYNE, PRINTER, EDINBURGH. GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE iliiill 3 3125 01421 3165