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BRITISH CARPENTER: 
 
 ,Tm ■ : 
 
 O R, A 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 O N 
 
 CARPENTRY. 
 
 Containing the moft concife and authentick 
 
 RULES of that ART, 
 
 In a more 
 
 Ufeful and Extenfive Method, than has been 
 
 made Publick. 
 
 ‘ The Second Edition enlarged , with an Addition of 
 , Sixteen Copper-Plates. 
 
 By FRANCIS TRICE. 
 
 LONDON: Printed by C. A c k e r s in St. Jobns-Street ; 
 
 And Sold by the Author, in Mount-Street , near Grofvenor-Square ; aifo 
 by A. Bettesworth and C. H i t c h at the Red-Lion in Pater- 
 Nojier-Row j and T. A s t l e y at the Roj'e in St. Paul’s Church-Yard* 
 
 MDCCXXXV. 
 

TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 A LGERNON 
 
 Earl of Hertford, Baron Percy s &c. 
 
 My LORD, 
 
 OUR natural Inclination to encourage 
 Arts, makes me prefume to lay this 
 Treatife of Carpentry, at your 
 Lordfhip’s Feet ; hoping it not unworthy 
 your Patronage, lince it’s a Part belonging to Ar- 
 chitecture. As this Branch of Building has never 
 been ufefully treated of, I have endeavour’d to 
 
 A 2 explain 
 
Dedication. 
 
 explain it fo as to render it ufeful : Therefore nothing 
 more is wanting to recommend it to the World, and 
 fecure it from Malice and Envy, but the Protection 
 of fo Noble and Worthy a Patron. I am, with 
 the greateft RefpeCt, 
 
 My LORD , 
 
 Tour Lordjhift s 
 Mojl Obedient , 
 
 And Dutiful Servant , 
 
 Francis Price. 
 
HE Recommendation which I obtain d to 
 my firjl Labours , and the kind Reception it 
 thereby met with from the Tublick, caujed 
 me to go through this Subject again. 
 
 Having been importuned by many to add Some- 
 what more thereto , whenever a Second Edition Jfjould 
 be required 7 therefore to oblige fuch 0 as well as the 
 Tublick in general , I have ferioujly perufed the 
 firjl JmpreJJion , to which are herein added many Things 
 particularly ufeful ; and that the whole might be made 
 worthy its Recommendation ? no Tains has been fpared. 
 
 Note, 
 
 * 
 
It 
 
 To the Reader. 
 
 Note, As great Care has been taken to injert Juch 
 Things only as have been experienced ; therefore it may 
 he pre fumed I Jfjall give no Offence, by calling this Se- 
 cond Edition , The British Carpenter. 
 
 N. B. 1 have jo compiled the Additions , that 
 whoever purchafed the fir ft Imprejfion , may fiynthem 
 thereto without Injury . 
 
 INTRO- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 S all Buildings are compofed of three principal 
 Parts, viz. Strength, Ufe, and Beauty, therefore 
 Carpentry naturally comes in among the Effenti- 
 al Heads of Architecture. It is an Art that has 
 been taken Notice of by all the moft famous Archi- 
 tects \ therefore thefe and the like Circumftances , pro?npted me to 
 compile the ?nofl approv’d Methods of connecting Timber together , 
 for moft of the various Ufes in Buildiiigs^ with the Pules necefl 
 fary to be cbferved therein \ but when I confidered fuch a Trea- 
 tife might not give a fufficient V ariety , therefore it appeared ne - 
 ceffary to add feveral other 'Things appertaining to the Arty in 
 order to jnake the whole particularly ufeful, 
 
 I have ufed my utmofl Endeavours to render this Treatife not 
 only intelligible to Carpenters, but at the fa?ne Time to be of Ufe 
 to the mgenious Theorift in Building ; and have digefled it in fuch 
 a Manner as to need little or no Explanation , otherways than care- 
 fully infpeCling the Plates. 
 
 Neverthelejs it may not be improper^ in this Place , to mention 
 fome general Obfervations. There is a Moifure in all Tim- 
 ber ; therefore all Bearing-Timber ought to have a moderate 
 Camber , or Roundnefs : For 'till that Moifure is in fome fort 
 dry d out y the faid Titnber will fag with its own Weight \ and 
 that chiefly is the Reafon y Girders are truffed and ufed , as in its 
 Place will be Jhewn. But here obferve that Girders are beft 
 truffed when they are firfifawn out y for by their Drying and Shrink- 
 ing , it tightens the Truffes in them yet more. 
 
 Obferve alfo y that all Beams , or Ties , be cut y or forced in Fram- 
 ings to a Camber y or Roundnefs , fuch as an Inch in the Length of 
 
 eighteen 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 eighteen Feet ; and that principal Rafters he alfo cut , or forced 
 up to a Camber , or Roundnefs , before : fhe Reafon of this is , 
 all Frujfes , though ever fo well framed , by the Shrinking of the 
 ' Timber , eight of the Covering , w/// y#g*, fometimes 
 
 fo much as to offend the Rye of the Beholder \ fo that by this Pre- 
 paration your 'Trufs will ever appear well. 
 
 Alfo obferve , that all Cafe- Bays , either in Floors or Roofs , do not 
 exceed twelve Feet if poffible ; that is , do not let your Joifls in 
 Floors , Purloins in Roofs , &c. exceed twelve Feet in their 
 
 Length , or Bearing ; but rather let the Bearing be eight , cr 
 
 ten Feet ; which fhould be obfervd in forming a Plan. 
 
 Alfo in Bridging-Floors , do not place your Binding or Strong- 
 Joifls above three four or five Feet a-part \ and that your Bridgings 
 or Common-Joifls are not above ten or twelve Inches a-part , that 
 is , between one Joift and the other. 
 
 Here alfo obferve , never to make double Fenants or Fe?ions for 
 Bearing Ufes , fuch as Binding- Joifls, Common-Joifls or Purloins ; 
 for , in the firfl place , it weakens very much whatever you frame 
 it into ; and , in the fecond place, it is a Rarity to have a Draught 
 in both Fenons , that is, to draw your Joint clofe by the Pin ; for 
 the faid Pin, by pajflng through both Fenons, ( if there is a 
 D? - aught to each , J mufl bend fo much, that without the Pin be 
 as tough as IFire, it mufl needs break in driving, and confe- 
 quently do more hurt than good. 
 
 I hope thefe Obfervations will not be ill taken, my Meaning be- 
 ing to make fuch only as are of general Ufe. 
 
 N. B. All the Plates mark'd thus *, are to fhew, that at 
 my firfl compiling this Freatife, I intended no more than thofe 
 without the faid Mark ; but fiitce, receiving better Encourage- 
 ment than I could at firfl expeSl, I conceived it neceffary to joyn 
 thofe Plates to render the Whole complete. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 R E 3> 4> 5 
 
 A Ufeful Proportions in Geometry ^ _ rj j 
 
 7 B, Scarfing or Tabling of Timber together , w/Y/6 the Manner of t ruf- 
 fing Girders 6 
 
 C, Joggles or Butments for Trtffes, with a Method for the Bignefs of Mor- 
 tices or Tenons , for different Ufes y 
 
 C* D *, Neccfi'ary Cautions in framing Floors , with the different Methods to 
 be ufed therein 8 
 
 D, PopeS Method to form Hipt Roofs g 
 
 E, A Rule whereby to reduce Bevel Roofs to fqnare Workmanjhip io 
 
 E *, F *, Rules to find the Back of any Hip , or Rafter , &c. whatever , Jo the 
 Plan, and Roof be compofed of freight Lines ' 1 1 
 
 F, To lay a jquare Roof in Ledgment as framed 12 
 
 p* q 7 S [ a y a jy cve l Rof in Ledgment as framed 13 
 
 F * G ® G *, The Manner of preparing the Ceiling Floor of a Building , in 
 fuch a Manner as to embrace every Part with the Roof 14 
 
 G, Sections or Profiles of Roof, whofe Height or Pitch, is made agreed- 
 able to the Covering propofed to be ufed j g 
 
 H, Other S edl tons, whofe Pitch or Slope varies by another Method 16 
 
 F T ruffes for Roofs finite d to many Ufes , but chiefly for Theaters ly 
 
 T® R *, f ruffes for Roofs whofe Tye may be interrupted 1 8 
 
 K, Triples, whofe Tyes are interrupted, and are applicable for Saloons,, 
 Chapels, &c. 19 
 
 L, The Sections of Roofs, whofe Rafters are interrupted, (1. e. M. Roofs,) 
 alfo an Example of a Trufs extending beyond the Walls ' 20 
 
 M, T ruffes of Roofs fui table to Churches, Chapels, Uc. 21 
 
 M* N* 
 
 / 
 
The CONTENTS. 
 
 P 7 
 
 tlE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 M * X X T ’ruffes of a great Extent , compared with fome that were taken from 
 noted Buildings „ 22 
 
 N, Various Truffes fitted for Partitions, with the Manner of Timber Fronts 2? 
 N * O'* The Plan , Elevation or Briefs , and Sedion of a fiat Timber 
 
 Bridge 24 
 
 X * O * Trapes of 'Timber Bridges , /« form of an Arch 25 
 
 N * O * * X The Truffes of a moveable Timber Bridge , inform of an Arch 26 
 X* O****, The P articular s of a Timber Bridge performed with Piles 27 
 
 O, to frame a Neich or Dome, or fuch Roofs as are Circular 28 
 
 O * P * } The Sedion or Profile , with part of the Plan of a large Dome 29 
 
 O* P»* The Sedlion of the Dome of St. PaulX with part of its Plan 30 
 
 P, Particular Obfervations in Curvilineal Roofs, with the Method of backing 
 
 their Hips, See. 3 1 
 
 P*Qf, Trufl'es of Curvilineal Roofs of a great Extent 3 2 
 
 p* or*. The Formation of Spires or Steeples, with ujeful Remarks 33 
 
 p* q*** gj je t 0 t a i Form of Spires, with their particular Dependants 34 
 
 The Method and Rule of centering for Vaidts, with Groins 35, 
 
 R Other Methods, with a Rule to find the Curvilineal Face or Form thereof 36 
 R* S*, The Confirudion and Force of Arches, with Variety of Plans and 
 Sections of Groins 37 
 
 S, Examples for finding the Curvilineal Face of any Cove, Sphere, See. with 
 
 the Manner of Feneering a Neich, or riling it for Plaiftering 38 
 
 $* T*, Rules of Tracery, with filed Examples in many Cafes 39,40,41 
 
 T, The Plan of a Dogleg, and Open Newel Stair-cafe, with Obfervations con- 
 cerning the Formation thereof . 4 2 
 
 T * U *, Variety of Plans of Stair-cafes, with Remarks 43 
 
 V, The Rule to be obfirved, in forming a proper Ramp, and kneeling to the 
 Hand-rail of Stair-cafes , See. _ 44 
 
 U* W* Sections, or Profiles of fome of the foregoing Plans, Jhewing the Ufi 
 and Neceffity of their being deferibed _ 45 
 
 V/, A Rule for forming a Scrole, proper for the Plan of a twified Rail ^ 46 
 
 X, ’ An infallible Rule for accounting for, and fquaring any twified Rail what- 
 ever m . . 47 
 
 X* Y*, A Rule for humouring the Grain of the Wood, in a twified Rail, with 
 
 other Methods for fquaring the twified Part 48 
 
 Y, A Rule to find the Length of the Newel and Ballufiers that fland under the 
 
 Twift, without putting the Rail in its Pofition _ 49 
 
 Z, A Rule for fquaring a Rail that Ramps on a circular Plan, alfo a Method 
 ’ for making the Newel that funds under the Twifi, of the fame Length with 
 
 for making the Hew el that jh 
 the refi 5 ° 
 
 A Table of the Scantlings of Timber, proper tp be ufii in any Fabrick , great 
 or f mail, in all the Variety of Cafes 5 1 
 
 Remarks on. the faid Table, Jhewing its Ufi, See. 5 2 
 
 Plate. 
 
 / 
 

Plate A. 
 
 i 
 
 S none of the following Branches of Carpentry- 
 can be truly performed without fome Knowledge 
 of Geometry, I therefore begin with a few ufe- 
 ful Proportions, and fuch only as fcem necefiary 
 to render the understanding of this Treatife more 
 familiar. 
 
 Prop. A. To ereSi a Perpendicular on a Right Line given. 
 
 Let a, b, be the Line. At the Point c, place one Foot of your 
 Compares, with which, being opened at Pleafure, make the 
 two Touches e, and d. Open your Compares yet wider ; fet one 
 Foot in d, make the Sedion g; place one Foot in e, make the 
 Sedion f. Laftly, from the Point c, and through the Inter- 
 fedion of f, and g, draw the Line c, h ; which is perpendicu- 
 lar to the Line a, b, that was given. 
 
 Prop. B. To ereSi a Perpendicular at the \ Lnd of a Line. 
 
 Let a, b, be the Line, and f, a Point given ; take your Com- 
 pares, place one Foot in f, the other at Pleafure, as in h. Re- 
 move that Foot from f, to a Part of the Bafe it cuts, as in d. 
 Draw a Line through thofe two Points d, and h, long enough. 
 Laftly, with your Compaftes defcribe the Arch d, e, g, from the 
 Point h ; obferve where it cuts the Hope Line, as at c, and draw 
 the Line from the Point f, and through the Interfedion, as at c ; 
 which is perpendicular to the Bafe given. 
 
 Prop. C. To ereB a Perpendicular at the Lnd of a Line , ano- 
 ther TVay. 
 
 Let a, b, be the Line, and b, its Point given, or End. With 
 a five-foot Rod fet off from b, to d, four Feet, and from b, 
 toe, three Feet. Laftly, from d, to e, fet off five Feet. At the 
 Interfedion of e, and f, and to the Point b, draw the Line b, c; 
 which is perpendicular to the Line given. This is ufeful to every 
 one concern’d in Building ; and may be done by eight Feet, fix 
 Feet, and ten Feet; or by fixteen Feet, twelve Feet, and twenty 
 Feet, each being proved by what Geometricians call the Powers 
 
 B of 
 
2 
 
 Plate A. 
 
 of Numbers ; and is thus : Four Times four is fixteen, and three 
 Times three is nine, which added together makes twenty five; 
 and fo is five Times five, twenty Eve ; that is, the Squares of 
 the Bafe and Perpendicular, of all Right-angled Triangles, added 
 together, are equal to the Square of the Hypotheneufe. 
 
 Prop. D. An acute Angle being given, to take the fame. 
 
 Let a, b, be a Line given, and b, e, the Line that makes the 
 Angle. Then take from your Scale the Length of four Feet, and 
 place it on the Line a, b, at d, and on b, e, at c. Then take 
 the Diftance between thofe two Points d, c, which here fuppofe 
 two Feet eight Inches. This Method will take the Angle. 
 
 Prop. E. An obtufe- Angle being given, to take it. 
 
 Let a, b, be fome Line, and c, d, the Line making the Angle. 
 From c, place three Feet, as at e ; alfo from c, place three Feet, 
 as at f. Laftly, from e, to f, take the DiRance, which here is 
 Eve Feet Ex Inches. 
 
 Prop. F. 7 o defcribe an Oval to a Length given. 
 
 On a Line, as a, b, place the Length 1, m ; divide it into 
 three equal Parts ; with one, as c, d, make the two Circles ; their 
 Interfed.ions give the Place of the Curves Meeting, and alfo the 
 Centers, by which defcribe the Oval g, h, i, k. 
 
 Pro p. G. Tfo defcribe an Oval to a Length or Width given. 
 
 On a Line, as a, b, make two Equilateral Triangles, not ex- 
 ceeding the Width of the Oval, as c, d, e, and c, d, f, whofe 
 Sides continued give the Centers and Places of the Se&ions Meet- 
 ing, fo that you may defcribe an Oval to either the Length or 
 Width, as g, h, i, k. 
 
 Prop. FI. Lo defcribe an Oval to any Length or Width given. 
 
 On a Line, as a, b, limit your Length, as o, p ; alfo your 
 Width, as c, d. Take the Width c, d, in your Compaffes; place 
 one Foot in o, obferve how far it cuts on the Bafe, as at e ; 
 divide the DiRance from e, to p, into three equal Parts ; with two 
 of them, placed on each Side the Center f, make two Equilateral 
 Triangles, as g, e, i, and g, e, h ; whofe Sides being continued, 
 
 give 
 
P L A T E A. 3 
 
 give the Centers and Places of the Sections Meeting, by which 
 you defcribe the Oval k, 1 , m, n. This is of general Ufe; but 
 more particularly to Mafons, and Bricklayers, for in Arches thus 
 defcrib’d they have Occafion but for two Moulds. 
 
 Prop. I. To defcribe cm Oval to any Length and Width , by 
 another Method. 
 
 On fome Line, as a, b, limit the Length of your Oval, as 
 g, h; alfo limit your half Width ( or Height) d, c. Take half 
 the Length, as, g, d; in c, place one End of your Length; ob- 
 ferve where that Length g, d, cuts the Bafe, as in e, or f; drive 
 a Nail in each Point : Then with a String you may defcribe the 
 Oval defired. 
 
 Prop. K. To defcribe an Oval by the Meeting of Lines. 
 
 On fome Line, as a b, make a Circle the Length of your 
 Oval, as a, e, b ; alfo make a Circle the Width of your Oval, as 
 f, c, g; divide either into a Number of equal Parts, as here into 
 twenty ; lay a (freight Rule from the Center to each of thefe 
 Parts ; let it touch the Periphery of the other Circle, by which 
 it is divided into twenty Parts alfo. Draw Lines parallel to the 
 Bafe, from the Circle for the Width ; and alfo, Perpendiculars 
 from thofe Divifions on the Circle for the Length. The Meeting 
 of them forms a compleat Oval, as a, c, b. 
 
 Prop. L. To defcribe an Oval more particularly ufeful than 
 any of the foregoing Methods , with a Trammel. 
 
 Let a, b, reprelent the Length of an Ellipfis or Oval, and 
 d, c, half the Width or Height of the fame Ellipfis or Oval. 
 
 Let the Form of the Trammel be Fig. M. 
 
 Let p be the Rod of a Trammel, and * the Groove or Stock 
 of the fame : Take the Groove *, and fix the Middle thereof, 
 as a, b, on the Bafe Line given in L ; alfo obferve that the 
 Groove d, c, in *, be over the Line d, c, in L. Lnflly, having 
 two Pieces like the Head of a Gage to flip on +, and fallen 
 at Pleafure, the Bottom of which is made a Pin, the exadl* 
 Bignefs of the Groove in *, on f, let a, be a Pencil fix’d ; take 
 
 B 2 the 
 
the Half Width of your Oval in L, as c, d, and place the mov- 
 ing Head c, fi, to the fame Difiance, as a, c ; take alfo your 
 Half Length from L, as a, d ; which place from a, the Pencil 
 in f, to d, the other moving Head, as a, d ; each being fix’d, 
 move the R.od fi, in the Groove * : So will the Pencil a, form 
 the true Curve defired. An Ellipfis fo form’d, is agreeable to 
 a Circle in any Pofition : Such as Groins, or Angle Brackets, 
 without Tracing. 
 
 Prop. N. Part of a Circle being given , to form the Whole. 
 
 Let a, b, c, be Part of the Circle given. With your Compaffes 
 opened at Pleafure, place one Foot on the Curve given in d; de- 
 fcribe the Section e, f. Place one Foot, as in i; defcribe the Secti- 
 on g, h. Remove your Compaffes, place one Foot in 1, defcribe 
 the Section m, n; place one Foot in o, defcribe the Section p, q. 
 Laftly, through the Interfedions draw the Lines k, u, and r, p, that 
 meet in s ; it is the Center by which you may defcribe the Circle. 
 This feldom falls out to be ufed, but is in Fact the fame as bringing 
 three Points given, which are not in a right Line, into a Circle. 
 
 Prop. O. A Circle and Paiigent Line give?t y to kjiow its 
 Point of ContaB or Pouch. 
 
 Let a, b, c, be the Circle given, and d, e, the faid Tangent 
 Line. From the Center f, to any Part of the Tangent Line, 
 draw a Line at Pleafure ; on which Line form a Semi-Circle to 
 its Extent, and obferve where it paffes through both, as at g ; 
 for that is the Point of Contad or Touch. 
 
 Prop. P. Shewing Ijgw to increafe or decreafe a Scale to any 
 Proportion defired. 
 
 Let a, b, reprefent one Foot or ten Feet of a Scale by which 
 a Drawing has been perform’d : Let the fame Drawing be de- 
 manded to be contraded, fo as to contain one Fourth, or one 
 Half, or three Fourths of the fame Bignefs in its Superficies. If 
 three Fourths, divide the Line a, b, into four equal Parts, and 
 at 3 raife the Perpendicular c, d ; obferve where it paffes through 
 the Circle firfi made on the Line : So from a, to d, is a Scale of 
 
P L A T E A. ^ 
 
 one Foot, or ten Feet, which will be in the Proportion defired ; 
 and from d, to b, will be a Scale one fourth as big; that is, 
 your Drawing, when perform’d by either of thefe Scales, will 
 be in the Proportion propofed. 
 
 Prop. Ch To divide a Circle into fix equal Parts y or any 
 Nu?nber in Progrefiion generated by fix . 
 
 Let a, f, c, be the Circle given ; its Radius, or Semi-Diame- 
 ter, g c, or g d, will divide it into fix equal Parts, as d, a, e, 
 f, b, c ; by fubdividing each into two, you have it in twelve ; 
 if into three, eighteen ; if into four, then your Circle will be in 
 twenty four ; and fo on. 
 
 Prop. R. Ido divide a Circle into eight Parts y or any Num- 
 ber in Progrefiion generated by eight . 
 
 Let a, b, c, d, be a Circle given to be divided into eight equal 
 Parts. Firft draw the Diameter through the Center, as a, b; 
 at Right Angles draw the Diameter c, d, alfo through the Cen- 
 ter ; that divides the Circle into four equal Parts ; then by fub- 
 dividing each into two, your Circle is divided into eight equal 
 Parts, a, e, d, f, b, g, c, h ; by fubdividing each again into two, 
 you divide the Circle into fixteen equal Parts ; and if again into 
 two, then your Circle will be in thirty two equal Parts ; and 
 fo on. 
 
 i P ro p. S. 7*0 form an 0 SI agon within a Geometrical Square . 
 
 Let a, b, c, d, be the Square given. Draw the diagonal 
 Line a, c, alfo the Diagonal b, d ; place one Foot of your 
 Compares, or, if required, one End of a Rod, in a; make the 
 Section e, h, with half the Diagonal, and remove to b ; make 
 the Se&ion g, k; then remove to c; make the Se&ion m, i; re- 
 move to d ; make the Sediion f, 1. Laflly, draw Lines from f, 
 to g ; and from h, to i ; and from k, to 1 ; and from m, to e ; 
 fo is e, f, g, h, i, k, 1, m, the O&agon required. And this is 
 io ufeful, that every Artificer in Building ought to be acquaint- 
 ed with it. 
 
 Plate 
 
6 
 
 Plate B. 
 
 E C AU S E it is ufeful, I have fhewn the Manner of 
 Scarfing, or Piercing of Timber together. 
 
 In a, and b, are fhewn Joynts for Plates, Lintels, 
 or Timber for Tyes ; and if for Beams, add the 
 Bolts, as reprefented in the Figures. 
 
 Where more Strength is required, fee c, d, e, f ; which laid may 
 be done without wafting any of the Length of your Timber ; that 
 of d, is fuited for an extraordinary Ufe; for by its being in two 
 Thicknefies, it may be made as ftrong in a Manner as tho’ in one 
 Piece. I do not propofe to limit the Length of thefe Joynts, but 
 only to fhew their Form of being framed or fabled together. 
 
 In g, h, i, is fhewn the Manner of Trufting Girders that are to 
 bear above twenty four Feet. 
 
 Firft, cut out two Pieces of Timber, which together make the 
 Scantling propofed, with fo me good, dry, and ftrait-grain’d Englijh 
 Oak, of four Inches by three, or fix Inches by four, as the Nature 
 of the Thing fhall require. Let half into one Piece, as in g, at 1,. 
 m, n, as tight End-ways as it’s poftible to drive them in ; then cut 
 a Vacancy in the other Half, as h, which fhall alfo drive on that 
 of h, as tight End-ways at 1, and m, as it's poftible; laftly, bolt 
 them together, as is fhewn above, and they are fit for Ufe. 
 
 In i, is yet a ftronger Method, becaufe it divides the Bearing 
 into three equal Parts. 
 
 As before, let in the Pieces o, p, q, r ; and at the Foot of o, and 
 r, you may mortice through both Flitches, by which you may with 
 a Wedge, tighten the faid Girders, when the Building is cover’d in,, 
 which Conveniency is worthy of the ftritfteft Regard, and requires 
 to be well perform’d. 
 
 In k, is the Way propofed or taught by Leon Baptift Alberti. Take two 
 Pieces or Flitches, being well dryed, and turn the But-End of the one, to 
 the Top-End of the other without Truding at all, and bolt, or ferew them 
 toge her; the fhort Lines, at the Ends of the Trufs, reprefenc the Walls 
 to bear them when done. 
 
 In the lower Part of the Plate, is fhewn how Timber may be ufed, that 
 is not long enough, and muft be camber’d at w, x, yj taat is, each of the: 
 Pieces t, u, and s, as is fhewn by z, z. 
 
P/ale 15 . 
 
Plate C. 
 
 7 
 
 ONSIDERING how ufeful the Way of framing 
 Timber together may be, to fome of my Readers, 
 
 ,, „ j I hope this Plate may not be unfeafonably applyed, 
 fince none of the following Parts can be perform’d 
 without a juft Knowledge of it. 
 
 At A, is the Joynt of a principal Rafter, as d ; fram’d into the 
 Top of a King Poft, as c ; and is generally framed as F, G. 
 
 At B, is the Joynt of a Strut or Brace, as f, fram’d into the 
 Bottom of a King Poft, as e ; and may be framed as F, G : This 
 is when Timber is fcanty ; or elfe the beft Way is at C, becaufe a 
 fquare Joynt takes the full Force of the Weight; let b, be the 
 King Poft, and a, the Strut or Brace, and framed as F, G. 
 
 In D, is fhewn a different Manner, for Variety, and may be 
 framed as H, I ; becaufe then the Butment on the Side of the 
 Tenon may be cut, as the prick’d Line h ; tho’ the Joynt next 
 the Eye, be as appears at g. 
 
 In E, is fhewn a true Way to make a proper Joggle on a 
 King Poft, &c. Let a, b, reprefent the Top of a Beam, and c, 
 d, the Bignefs of a Brace, to be ufed; with c, d, form a Circle 
 as h, g, f; from the Point d, fet the Slope of the Brace, as d, e ; 
 alfo its Bignefs, as from i, to d, and from k, to e ; by P ro po- 
 sit ion O, find the Point of Touch, i; fo is i, 1, the Side of 
 the King Poft. 
 
 Let K *, reprefent a Beam, and I *, a principal Rafter : It is to 
 be framed as H I; for then the Butments give it a greater Strength. 
 
 In F, and G, is fhewn the Proportion a Tenon or Mortice 
 ought to bear to the Stuff to be made ufe of, for the aforefaid 
 Ufes, or for Partitions. 
 
 In H, and I, is the Proportion for the Tenon or Mortice for the 
 Ufe obferv’d above. 
 
 In K, and L, is fhewn the Proportion the Tenons and Mor- 
 tices of Floors ought to bear to the Depth of the Stuff to be 
 ufed ; and here it may not be amifs to obferve, that I do not in- 
 fill it ought to be exactly fo, but at the fame Time, the nearer 
 the better. C Plate 
 
8 
 
 Plate C *, D * 
 
 ONSIDERING Difficulties often arife, from 
 placing Timber different Ways, it is neceffary to 
 obferve how they are to lie, and alfo how they ffiall 
 be framed. 
 
 Therefore, here is the Plan of a Ploufe ; in which 
 is ffiewn, by the pricked Lines, the bed; Way of 
 placing your principal Timbers, fo as to lie firm, that is, not 
 to lay them over Doors or Windows, nor too near Chimneys, 
 and at the fame Time to have the Boards lie all one Way, which 
 is generally the Way that you have the bed Viftoe; asM*, N*, O *. 
 
 Becaufe I would not confufe the Plan, by fhewing the Man- 
 ner in which the Floors are to be framed, therefore obferve the 
 Floors of three Rooms ; as P *, Q*, R *. 
 
 That of Qjy is call’d Bridging Floors, as being framed with 
 a Binding, or firong Joifi, in every three or four Feet Diftance, 
 and flufh to the Bottom of the Girder ; fo that when the Houfe 
 is cover’d in, you pin down your Bridgings thereon, and flufh 
 with the Top of your Girder: And this is the beft Way of Car- 
 cafe Flooring. 
 
 That of P*, and R*, may as well be framed flufh to the Top 
 of the Girders in each, and have every third or fourth Joift the 
 Depth of the Girder, and thofe between more fhallow. 
 
 In T *, is fhewn the Manner of Bridging Floors ; a, and b, re- 
 prefenting the Ends of two binding Joifts, on which is the Bridg- 
 ing, d, c; and into thefe Binding Joifts, are fram’d the Cieling 
 Joifts, e, f, g. 
 
 In V *, is fhewn two deep Joifts of the other Floors, or com- 
 mon Way, as 1, m ; and alfo three fhallow ones, as n, o, p ; and 
 alfo the Cieling Joift, q. And becaufe thefe deep Joifts, as well 
 as Binding Joifts, are fo prepared as to put in the Cieling Joifts, 
 when the Houfe is cover’d in, obferve in S *, the fuppofed Side 
 of either, with the Mortices for the faid Cieling Joifts ; as h, a 
 Angle Mortice, and i, k, double, or Pully Mortices, (as they 
 are call’d. ) 
 
 Plate 
 
F.P//rc tsw et cte/cfv. 
 
 77 >» J'ai/fi 
 
FPrtre vie . fit de/vi . 
 
 Ternv '/cuf/t . 
 
Plate D. 
 
 9 
 
 IRECTLY after having (hewn how Timber is 
 to be framed together, it appear’d neceffary to ob- 
 ferve how Roofs are to be form’d, and in which I 
 have ufed, with a little Variation, what is faid to 
 be Mr. Pope s Method. 
 
 Let M, be a Plan to be inclofed with a Hipp’d 
 Roof. To find its Skirts ; firft, form fome Slope, or Pitch, as 
 at N, which pall he better clear'd in the following Plates. 
 
 Let a, b, c, d, be the Plan, which divide in two equal Parts, as 
 e, f ; draw that Line at pleafure, long enough ; fet the Diftance 
 of that middle Line, as from a, b, to g, h, which alfo draw long 
 enough, at pleafure \ again, fet the fame Diftance off*, as from 
 c, d, to i, k, and draw that Line alfo at pleafure ; this done, ap- 
 ply to N, where d, c, or c, c, each alike are the Length of the 
 Rafter, which fet off, as from e, to q ; and from h, to p ; and 
 from i, to o \ and from f, to n; and from k, tom; and from 
 g, to L ' 
 
 Apply to N, take the Length of the Hip a, c ; which is found 
 by taking the Bafe of the Hip in M, as a, t ; and fet it off in N, 
 as from a, to b ; which Length is the fame as was given by limit- 
 ing the Length of your Rafter on each prick’d Line ; fo that, 
 your Skirt is a, q, b; and b, p, o, c ; and c, n, d ; and d, m, 1, a. 
 
 To find the Back of the Hip. Make the Angle a, t, s, in M, 
 from a, b, c, in N ; draw the Line g, e ; place one Foot of your 
 Compaffes in r ; extend the other to the neareft Diftance, it 
 will touch the Hip a, s ; with that Diftance make a Se&ion ; 
 obferve where it cuts the Bafe, as in u ; fo that g, u, e, is the 
 Back of that Hip. 
 
 This is the Method given by Mr. Pope , for either Square or 
 Bevel Roofs, either above Pitch or under. 
 
IO 
 
 Plate E. 
 
 VERY Man may judge that Bevel Buildings ought 
 to be avoided if poffible; but as it frequently hap- 
 pens otherways, fee the Plan O, whofe Angles arc 
 unequal. 
 
 Let a, b, c, d, be the Angles of the Plan. Firft, take 
 the Middle of it, as e, f ; with that Diftance, draw from r, to e 
 and fquare to the End a, b, draw through the Line g, h ; alfc 
 place that Difiance, from s, to f, and fquare from one End, a: 
 before, draw through, at pleafure, the Line i, k. This beinc 
 done, fhew fome Pitch, or Slope, as in P, at h, r, g, which is the 
 Pitch, or Slope ; h, r, or g, r, being the Length of the Rafter 
 terminate the fame, as before. 
 
 Draw the Bafe of each Hip in the Plan O; as e, a,. and e, b 
 alfo f, c, and f, d ; which, being applyed to the Sedion P, fhew 
 the Length of each Hip : So that by this, or the foregoing Plate 
 deferibe the Skirts, a, 1, b; and b, m, n, d ; and d, o, c; anc 
 c, p, q, a. By Proportion B, draw the Line 1, r, e, being th< 
 Rafter and Beam, each being fquare; as alfo that of o, s, f. 
 
 Thus by laying your Beams fquare, you have little Troubh 
 more, than if your Building was fquare ; otherways than having 
 the Trouble to back each Hip feparately ; although here is onb 
 one fhewn, the Rule being faid to be general. 
 
 The Lines n, t, and t, f, u, and u, p, are only to fhew the 
 Trouble that attends laying the Beams bevel ; the large Circles arc 
 only to fhew the Hips equal in Length, one to its oppohte. 
 
 To back the Hips, obferve in the Plan O, a, e, q, is the Hi] 
 taken from P, as before ; draw the Line r, g, place one Foot o 
 the Compaffes in u, extend the other Foot to the neareft Diftance 
 it touches the Hip a, q, which fet on the Bafe, as at w ; fo tha 
 r, w, g, is the Back of that Hip ; and fo of the reft, refpedively 
 
 Plat 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
J^JY"£££ tsu/ . e£ de//sz 
 
 £W /A sefyff. 
 
Plate E * F % . 1 1 
 
 VERY Form of Bevel Roofs, may eafily be conceived by this Plate, 
 and left any Objections fhould be made to what I have hitherto laid on 
 this Head, I have therefore ftrictly confidered the Nature ofHipt Roofs 
 and their Dependents, and make no doubt of its meeting with a kind 
 Reception. 
 
 Admit the Plan QJ*, was required to be enclofed with a Hipt Roof ; 
 firft find the Middle of it, as f-, then draw the Bafes of your feveral Hips, as a, f; 
 b, f •, c, f •, d, f; and e, f, refolve on fome Pitch or Height, as in R *, at f, g ; to this 
 Sedlion brin" all the Bafes of your refpeclive Hips, as the Letters of Reference fhew; 
 this coves you the Length of each refpedlive Hip •, therefore from this Sedlion R *, 
 you deferibe the Skirts round the Plan QJ 6 , as a, b, g •, and b, c, g •, and c, d, g *, 
 and d, e, g ; and e, a, g ; which form the Roof required. 
 
 To find the Back of any Hip, do thus, draw a Line at pleafure, crofting the Bafe 
 of the Hip at right Angles ; as the Line h, i, which erodes the Bafe of the Hip c, f ; 
 obferve where it pafifes through the Sides of the Plan ; on the bafe Line of this Hip 
 raife its Se&ion, from R*, as c, g, f ; Laftly, place one Foot of your Compaftes in 
 the Interfedlion, as at y ; open the other Foot, till it touch the Hip c, g; at its near- 
 eft Diftance, draw a fmall Sedlion till itcrofs the Bafe as at k ; fo is h, k, k, i, the Back 
 of that Hip •, and is the mo ft ex aid, and eafiefi Method , that ever was delivered for this 
 Purpofe the fhadowed Part O, is the Sedlion of the fuppofed Timber the Hip is 
 fhaped out of, being cut off at right Angles with its Side and Back. What is faid of 
 this, explains the Hip a, f •, whofe Back is 1, m, n •, and its Sedlion P, is fhaped fo 
 as to have the Purlin come fquare againft it •, the Letters of Reference fhew the reft. 
 
 To find the Side Joint of a Purlin, (in cafe the Hip be not fhaped as above) fo 
 as to cut it by a Templet, fuppofing there be not room, or Occafion, to frame it 
 into the Hip i for Example, take any two of the Hips from the Plan Q as e, f •, and 
 a, f ; which to keep from Confufion is transfer’d as to S *, and admit the Plan of the 
 Purlin to be o, p ; firft raife the Sedlions of the Flips from R *, as e, f, g •, and a, f, g ; 
 as the Letters fhew •, then raife Perpendiculars at o, and p, to the Back of the Hips, 
 as o, q, and p, r ; Laftly, draw a Line from the Point q •, and at right Angles from 
 the Back of the Hip e, g ; (as it is fo near a Square •, or elfe it fhould be drawn from the 
 Back of a Rafter handing at right Angles with the Sides of the Plan ;) obferve 'where it 
 cuts the Bafe as ats •, draw alfo the Line s, t, parallel to the Purlin •, L.aftly, draw the 
 Line t, r •, from all which you take the Templet Qj in T*, in the following Manner. 
 Draw the Line u, w, in S*, at right Angles from the Side a, e, which transfer to T % 
 as u, w ; take from S * the Diftances, u, s, and u, t, and transfer them to T *; take 
 alfo the Diftancesx, o, and x, p, in S, and transfer them to T * ; take alfo the Dif- 
 tancess, g •, inS*, and transfer to T *, as s, o •, Laftly, take from S *, the Diftances, 
 t, r •, and transfer to T *, as t, p ; fo that Q, is the Templet to cut the Side, and the 
 Skirt e, a, g, is the Templet to cut the Back. I think any farther Explanation 
 needlefs, becaufe by a little ferious Infpedtion, the Reader may fee that all the Lines 
 neceflfary to be underftood in a Roof, are contained in this Plate. 
 
 That is, all the Parts of a Roof, may be cut by Templets, as thefe Lines and the Explanation of them 
 does diredl ; and although I have (hewn but one Example for the cutting of any Purlin that conies againft 
 a Hip, as explained in h, k, i, I hope it will be fufficient, becaufe the Method in 1, m, n, cuts off all 
 fuch Difficulties, and is equally as ftrong. 
 
 The Lines f, x, g, and f, y, g. and f, z, g, are only to fhew the Pofition of the fmall Rafters, viz. to 
 lie fquare from each refpeflive Side, by which means one may cut the Stuff out fquare, and avoid the 
 difficulty of cutting them bevel; which Caution may ferve as a Rule, in cafe the principal Timbers be con- 
 fined to lie bevel, or not at a right Angle from the Side. 
 
 Plate 
 
12 
 
 Plate F. 
 
 O R Variety fake here is reprefented a Floor, and 
 Roof, lying in Ledgement. 
 
 Every Man who frames Roofs, does BrB piece 
 his Plates, cock or dovetail down his Beams on 
 the faid Plates, and prepare Pieces on which his 
 Hips are to Band ; as appears in this Plan Q, as at Y, Z. 
 
 Then he frames his Principals, asR; and likewife his Hips, as 
 
 S, into the Pieces prepared for them to Band on : And although 
 all thefe refpe&ively are framed, for the generality, on the Floor, 
 and which in Practice is the beB Way, they are here placed by 
 themfelves, to avoid Confufion. 
 
 I hope the prick’d Lines are enough to fhew that the Skirts, 
 
 T, V, W,X, are laid out agreeable to the Plan Q_; and in which 
 are fhewn that one Purlin lies above the Strut, and the other 
 below it; for if all were to lie in a right Line, in the BrB Place, 
 it cuts the Stuff to Pieces, fo as to weaken it Bill more, and at 
 the fame Time, you loofe your Pinning. 
 
 Here is fhewn a Method to turn up your Hip moB exactly true 
 without Backing at all ; and is thus : Your Hips being BrB fram- 
 ed into the Pieces they are to Band on, take a broad Board, or 
 fmall Pannel ; lay it on the Place where your refpetBive Hip 
 Bands, and, there mortife it as if it was your Beam; cut off the 
 Corners of it ; fo as to make its Angles agreeable to your Plan, 
 whether fquare or bevel ; Laffly, when you come to turn up 
 your Hip in framing the Skirts, flip this Mould, as Y, upon the 
 Tenon at the Foot of your Hip, and there give it a Tack with a 
 Nail ; the Angles of that Board will turn up a Hip, as defired, 
 and is far preferable to any other Method whatever. 
 
 Plate 
 
Tornj Jculf* 
 
 -F/Yttf isu/. et de/vi. 
 

 
 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
Plate F* G* 13 
 
 O R general Ufe, I did make myfelf intelligible in 
 Plate E : My Meaning there being to ffiew how 
 to avoid abundance of Trouble if poffible : But be- 
 caufe fometimes Buildings mud be bevel, and Ne- 
 ceffity requires the Beams to be laid fo, to mifs fome 
 Chimney or Window ; therefore let A*, reprefent a bevel Plan, 
 and whofe Beams alfo lie bevel ; I doubt not but the pricked 
 Lines will fhew how much each principal Rafter mud lie bevel, 
 at the Time of Framing; and that is, judas much as Half the 
 Beam does, that the Rafter dands on ; the Skirts B *, C *, D% 
 E *, are the fame Way fhewn, as before. 
 
 The Method defcribed in Plate F, with being feparately 
 applied, will turn up each Hip, and alfo each principal Rafter. 
 
 I hope it will not be taken ill, my faying that a Man mud be 
 deprived of Senfe, who would run into this almod endlefs Trou- 
 ble, of cutting his Timbers all bevel, unlefs fome unavoidable 
 Necedity require it, fuch as above is obferved, but rather ufe the 
 Method, I propofed in Plate E. 
 
 The Sides with each principal Rafter, &c. and the pricked 
 Line at the Foot thereof, is the Bevel of each Skirt refpedively, 
 as by the Skirts lying in Ledgement may appear, if compared to 
 the Bevel of the Plan. 
 
 In this, and all other fuch Difficulties that mud be well un- 
 derdood before executed, I advife that a Model be cut out of a 
 Piece of Wood, by a large Scale ; or with dit Deal, form the 
 Skirts, as has been (hewn, and by putting them together, fo as to 
 form the Roof propofed, all Difficulties of this Nature may be 
 folv’d : And which indeed is the plained Way of Demondration. 
 I ffiall infert one Plate more, concerning the Form and Manner 
 of Roofs, and then proceed to their proper Declivities and 
 Sedions. 
 
 Plate 
 
I A. 
 
 Plate F # , G* G*. 
 
 O R general Rules, whereby to form and frame a Roof, 
 F |p there feems fufhcient Variety already in the foregoing 
 PliSi§p| Plates; but as the general Plan of a Building muft be 
 managed alter another Manner, than has been menti- 
 oned, this Plate may not be deem’d unneceffary. 
 
 Admit the Plan F *, were to be prepared for a Roof, either 
 with Hips, and Vallies ; or Hips only : The faid Plan is the fame 
 as in Plate C*, D *; thole Openings of G, and H, are over 
 the Staircafes ; (in cafe they cannot be lighted from the Sides, ) 
 they may be left to be finifh’d at Difcretion. 
 
 Let the firft Obfervation be the Chimney Funnels, as I, K, L, 
 M, N, O; then defcribe the Windows, and Doors; obferving to 
 place your Timbers fo, that they lie on the Piers; (and not too 
 near the faid Funnels,) and at the fame Time, obferve to con- 
 ned them fo together, as that they embrace every Part of the 
 faid Plan; and not be liable to be feparated by the Force and 
 Weight oi the Roof. I have reprefented the faid Timbers fo, 
 that the foregoing Paragraphs will explain the Particulars of 
 them. That of P, is a Partition of Timber, to difcharge the 
 Weight oi the Roof over the Salon. 
 
 Admit the upper Part of the Front, and R, a Pedement o- 
 ver the fmall Break, whole Fleight gives that of the blank Pe- 
 deftal, or Parapet S * ; and fuppole T, reprefented half the 
 Roof, as coming to a Point or Ridge, fo as to fpan the whole at 
 once; which was the good old Way, as we are fhewn by Serlio , 
 Palladio , See. or admit V, to reprefent the Roof, fo as to have a 
 Flat, or Skyelight over the Lobby F *, its Balluftrade being W ; 
 or we may fuppofe X, to reprefent the Roof, as fpanning the 
 whole at three Times, and which may pleafe fome, better than 
 either of the others. 
 
 Admit either of thefe were ufed ; if that of X, then the Vally and Hip 
 fhould be framed as Y, the Vally being fupported ; if as T, then the prin- 
 cipal Rafters Ihould be framed as Z, in order to bring part of the Weight 
 of the Roof, and Covering, on the partition Walls ; a farther Explanation 
 feems needlefs. 
 
 Plate 
 
■ ' 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 . 
 
 
Plate G. 
 
 RANTING that I have explain’d the Man- 
 ner of laying of Roofs in Ledgement, as far 
 as may be fhewn by mere Infpedtion, I pro- 
 pofe therefore to fhew the Manner of making 
 different Pitches or Slopes, agreeable to each 
 Kind of Covering in Ufe, as Lead, Pantiles, 
 and Plaintiles. 
 
 Take any Width, as in A, and to be covered with Lead ; di- 
 vide the Width, firft into two Parts ; and one of them, again, 
 into four, as i, 2, 3, 4; at 2, and with two of thefe Parts, de- 
 fcribe the Quarter-Circle, which gives a proper Pitch, or Slope 
 to be cover’d with Lead : And is call’d Pedement Pitch. 
 
 Again, take any Width, as in B, and to be covered with Pan- 
 tiles ; divide it, as before, into two Parts, and again one of them 
 into four, as 1, 2, 3, 4; with three Parts, as at 3, defcribe the 
 Quarter-Circle: Which gives a proper Pitch for the Ufe. 
 
 Alfo take any Width, as in C, and to be covered with Plain- 
 tiles ; divide it into two Parts ; with one make the Quarter- 
 Circle, as the prick’d Line fhews : Which gives a Pitch, or Slope 
 proper for the Ufe. 
 
 Thefe Truffes have been pradtifed with Succefs ; and therefore 
 better to begin with. 
 
 The fhort Lines under each Beam, reprefent the In-Side 
 of the Wall, fo that the Weight of the Trufs relies wholly 
 thereon. 
 
 D 
 
 Plate 
 
I 6 P L A T E H. 
 
 0 W necefTary thefe Sections of Roofs may be 
 thought, I cannot lay ; but they were introduced, 
 left the Methods made ufe of before, flrould not 
 give Variety enough. 
 
 And although it fhould be argued, there is not 
 a Neceftity for either, yet the Trufles in each 
 may be acceptable : And, I think, they need no Apology. 
 
 Take any Width, as D, which is to be covered with Pantiles; 
 divide it into fix Parts, as appears by the Draught; take four of 
 thefe Parts, and with them make two Sections, as the prick’d 
 Lines fhew ; the Interfedlion of thefe Lines gives the Height, or 
 Pitch of the Roof. 
 
 Take alfo any Width, as E, which is to be covered with 
 Slates; divide it into feven Parts ; take five of them, make the 
 two Sections ; their Meeting forms a complete Pitch, or Slope 
 for Slates, as appears by the Draught. 
 
 Take any Width, as in F, and to be covered with Plaintiles ; 
 divide it into eight equal Parts ; with fix of thofe Parts, make 
 the two Sections; their Meeting forms a Slope proper for Plain- 
 tiles, called true Pitch. And whereas the moft eminent Writers, 
 both Ancient and Modern, have taken notice of the Sections of 
 the Roofs of thofe Buildings they reprefented, therefore I chofe 
 to give a great Variety of Trufles, not only to gratify every one’s 
 Humor, but becaufe it demonftrates the Laws of Strength and 
 Weaknefs, and therefore necefTary to be known by every one, 
 and which chiefly prompted me to compile this Treatife.. 
 
 Plate 
 

Plate I. 
 
 17 
 
 BELIEVE thefe Truffes may be acceptable, 
 although they differ fo very little from thofe in 
 the laft, Plate H. The Strength of this or 
 any other Trufs may thus appear. 
 
 In G, the prick’d Pofts b, b, (or King-Pofts 
 b, b, ) being tyed to the Back of the Rafter, as 
 at a, a, with iron Straps, as appears in the 
 Draught, fo firm that it cannot yield ; if the Strutting-Beam c, 
 c, be drove in very tight, it takes all the Weight off from the 
 Rafters, as at a, a; and if fome extraordinary Weight be to hang 
 thereon, as the Machinery of a Theater, then it would be well 
 to cut the faid King-Pofts with a Joggle, by which means you 
 might put Braces, as reprefented by prick’d Lines, under each 
 Rafter, fo as to make this Trufs able to carry any Burthen what- 
 ever, at the Extent of fixty Feet, &*c. allowing the Trufs G, to 
 be fufficiently ftrong : I fay, this of H may be well adapted 
 to many Ufes ; as dividing the Floor, and Rafter, each into three 
 equal Bearings. If Occafton require it, you may cut the King- 
 Pofts with a Joggle, and make ufe of Braces underneath the 
 Rafters, as before. 
 
 Alfo this of I, by what was before faid, may be rendered a 
 complete good Trufs for almoft any Ufe, there being fo large an 
 Opening, as indeed is requifite in what was before obferved, 
 altho’ this allows of good Garrets, if ufed in a Dwelling-Houfe. 
 
 What is fhewn, and mentioned, in thefe three Plates, of 
 Roofs whofe Ties remain entire, may be fufficient. 
 
 All that I conceive neceffary to be faid further, is, that the 
 lefs in Number the Divilions or Pieces are, which compofe each 
 Trufs, the ftronger it is ; for even the Shrinking of the Wood 
 will let a well-framed Trufs fag, or droop, in Procefs of Time; 
 for which Reafon I cannot help recommending E?iglijh Oak, 
 particularly for King-Pofts. 
 
 D 2 
 
 Plate 
 
1 8 Plate I* K*. 
 
 Know there are feveral Sections of Roofs already 
 given by others; but as no other Book yet pub- 
 lifhed gives any tolerable Account of them, I make no 
 doubt of thefe giving Satisfaction to the Curious. 
 
 Thefe three Trufies may be ufeful where Lodging-Rooms are 
 wanted in the Roofs, if ufed in Dwelling-Houfes. And as their 
 Ties may be interrupted, or not, as Occafion fhall require, they 
 are therefore applicable to other Ufes, and feem to want no Ex- 
 planation otherways than this ; that of A, is well adapted to 
 fuch a Situation as would command a line Profpect, from the 
 Flat on Top of it; or might pleafe fuch as don’t love to fee a 
 high Roof ; that of B, is called a Kirb Roof, and is much in 
 Ufe, on account of its giving fo much Room withinfide ; that of 
 C, is an exceeding good Trufs for a Roof, if applied on aDwell- 
 ing-Houfe where Garrets are wanting ; or is fit to place on a 
 large Salon , Chapel , &c. It may with much fafety be converted 
 into a good Trufs for a Bridge, or a Roof with a Flat on Top of 
 it, if the prick’d Lines be obferved duly. 
 
 N. B. There is one Particular, that had like to have ef- 
 caped my Notice, concerning the placing of iron Straps on any 
 Trufs, thereby meaning to'help its Strength, which is by turn- 
 ing the End fquare, as thofe of d, f, and a; which may appear 
 more apparently in D ; this Method embraces the Timber in fuch 
 a Manner, as to make it like a Dovetail, which cannot draw from 
 its Place ; another Obfervation is, to bolt on your Straps with 
 fquare Bolts; for this Reafon, if you ufe a round Bolt, it muft 
 follow the Auger, and cannot be helped ; by this Helping the 
 Auger Hole, that is, taking off the Corners of the Wood, you 
 may draw a Strap exceeding clofe, and at the fame Time it em- 
 braces the Grain of the Wood, in a much firmer Manner than a 
 round Pin can polfibly do. 
 
 Plate 
 
/Aw*. /»/■ . /‘f (/e/tsi , 
 
 7imj /etc//. 
 
Plate K. 
 
 19 
 
 N O W I N G Variety to be mod: Entertaining, I have 
 introduced- four Trufies, vvhofe Tie or Beam is in- 
 terrupted, and may be fuited to fome Places, where 
 the others might not be fo well adapted. 
 
 Here alfo, as in Fig. K, it is propofed to demon- 
 ftrate the Strength of a Trufs, left the Mention before fhould not 
 be fufficient to make it evident they are really ftrong ; and tho’ 
 this fhould feem Tautology to fome of my Readers, it will not, 
 I am perfuaded, appear fo to all. 
 
 Firft, then, the Beam b, b, being tyed to the Back of each 
 Rafter, as at a, a, with an Iron Strap, in a firm Manner ; alfo 
 the King-Poft c, tyed to the Beam b, b, I doubt not but the 
 upper Part will be allowed ftrong, or firm ; if fo, let the Ham- 
 mer-Beams d, d, be well bolted to the Beam b, b, and the Bot- 
 tom e, e, be framed as other principal Rafters generally are; 
 I fay, if it be objected that there is too much Truft repofed on 
 the Iron-Work, may it not be asked, if any common Strap, at 
 the Bottom of a King-Poft, was ever known to break by con- 
 tinual Prefiure ? Witnefs the Straps in a Theater, to which is 
 fix’d a prodigious Weight. 
 
 If that be granted, another Obje<£fion may arife, in putting 
 them together, and which I fhall endeavour to anfwer. 
 
 Let the Trufs L, be required to be put together. Firft, enter 
 your King-Poft into the Beam ; put in your Braces ; then enter 
 the Top of your principal Rafters into the King-Poft, as at f ; fo 
 by bringing down its Bottom, you enter the Brace g, and Beam 
 h ; then enter your Hammer-Beam as at i ; pin all together, and 
 put on your Straps, and your Bolts through both Beams in a good 
 Manner. Then let one think what Force can part them. 
 
 What is Paid of this, may be faid of M, and N: Not that I 
 would propofe that either oi thefe fhould be ufed, without ma- 
 ture Advice. 
 
 Plate 
 
•20 Plat e L. 
 
 ESI it fhould be thought a Negled, I have here 
 ffiewn in two Examples,' how to contract the 
 Height of Roofs, which are call’d M Roofs, and 
 frequently made ufe of. 
 
 Let O, be a Trufs for a Roof. By the Figures 
 it appears that one third Part of its Height is 
 taken off, and yet the Trufs is made firm with very little Stuff 
 and Labour. On the Head of the Middle King-Poft is let in a 
 Gutter-Plate, which bears the Infide-Rafters, and is fo adapted 
 to Ufe, that you may fupport it at pleafure, between one Trufs 
 and the other. 
 
 In P, is fhewn another Trufs for M Roofs ; and by Infpe&ion 
 may appear to be but three fourths of the Height, it would be, 
 if the Rafters were continued. In this, the Gutter-Plate lies on 
 the Strutting-Beam, and over the Head of the King-Poll ; by 
 having thofe Braces under the principal Rafters, I cannot fay 
 you need the Braces fhewn by the prick’d Lines. 
 
 In Qj is fhewn a Roof whofe Span is beyond the Walls; fuch 
 as Covent-Ga?'den , and Ho rjley- Dow?i Churches, and which gives 
 a Kind of Shelter, therefore may not be mifapplied to other Ufes. 
 
 At the Foot of each Rafter is fuppofed an Iron Strap, that 
 not only fallens the Rafter and Beam together, but at the fame 
 Time paffes through a Binding-Beam, whofe Office is to bear 
 the fmall Rafters between one Trufs and the other ; under which, 
 and a-crofs the Main Beam of theTrufs, fuppofea flatBar of Iron, 
 fo that the Ends of the Straps have a Screw made on each ; then 
 confequently two Iron Nuts being fcrew’d on at the Bottom make 
 each Trufs exceedingly firm. I imagine there is no Difficulty in 
 the Execution. 
 
 I do not mean to give Offence, by defcribing this Trufs diffe- 
 rent to either of thofe before mentioned, each doing its Office ex- 
 cellently well. 
 
 Plate 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
Tomsjculp. 
 
 PJWce. tsu /. et de/isi 
 
P L A T E M. 2 1 
 
 ANY, perhaps, may be offended, to fee that I 
 fhould defcribe Roofs fuited to Churches, feeing 
 that fo many have been done of late Years. 
 
 However, as thefe differ in fome Refpedts from 
 what has been done, I hope they will be accept- 
 able to fome of my Readers. 
 
 In that of R, each Opening is an Ellipfis or 
 Oval, which has been approved on, by competent Judges of 
 the Art, to be beft adapted to fuch Ufes ; and for its Strength, 
 there feems to want little or no Apology. 
 
 In that of S, each Opening is an exad Semi-Circle, as it may 
 beft fall out to fuit the Windows; and, to my thinking, has not 
 fo great a Bearing on the Columns that fupport it, as fome that 
 have been executed have had. Thefe may be adapted well to 
 fpan feventy or eighty Foot without any Difficulty. 
 
 In that of T, the Middle Part is a Semi-Circle, and the Sides 
 are a Segment, or Part of a Circle ; but thefe may be varied at 
 pleafure. This Trufs feems fuited to fpan a greater Width than 
 either of the others. 
 
 It may befaid of thefe and the foregoing, without Oftentation, 
 that they have each a very juft Bearing, and are done with little 
 Stuff and Labour. And as Purlins, or Bridgings, do not concern 
 the Strength of the Trufs, therefore I have omitted them, with 
 this Caution : If Purlins are ufed, they ought to be agreeable in 
 Number to their Supports ; thus the Trufs R, requires to have 
 two Tire of Purlins, S, three, and T, tour, which if bridged 
 needs not be regarded. 
 
 As to the Scantlings of Timber, I fhall refer you to the In- 
 ipecftional Table, at the End of this Treatife, both for thefe and 
 the foregoing Truffes, as well as thofe in the Plates that follow. 
 
 Plate 
 
22 Plate M* N # . 
 
 ANY do not conceive what I mean, by inferting this 
 Plate in the hrB lmpreffion with To little Explanati- 
 on, which was done that J might not give Of- 
 fence ; therefore whoever takes amifs my inferting it, 
 and making Remarks on the Strength ol the Truffes, will, I am 
 perinaded, pardon me, on account of the NeceBity that appear- 
 ed for my fo doing ; having always had recourfe to Experience, 
 without which no Perfection can be attained to. As to my re- 
 prefenting but the Hall of each Trufs, ’twill make them the more 
 handy to compare to one another. 
 
 That ol U, was compofed from infpeCting duly the Roof W ; 
 which was BrB placed on the Building without the Parts thus * 
 marked, they having been fince put there to render the Trufs 
 capable of fupporting the Weight of the Covering. 
 
 That ol X, was compofed from infpe&ing the Roof Y ; whofe 
 Braces a, b, are placed the wrong Way ; therefore c, does the 
 intended Office of both ; tho’, I confefs, the Roof could not have 
 lagged lo much as it does, were it not for the Shrinking of the 
 Timber, which is already fufficiently mentioned in the foregoing 
 Paragraphs. 
 
 That of Z, was compofed from infpeding the Roof &, 
 whofe Timbers are fo ill placed, as to require almofl as many 
 Pieces of Iron marked thus as there are Pieces of Timber, or 
 it would fcarce Band ; indeed as it is, there lies a prodigious 
 Weight on the Columns, as at d ; and yet this Trufs has abun- 
 dance of Timber in it, which plainly ffiews that it is not the 
 abundance of Timber, that makes a Trufs Brong; therelore the 
 Art lies in connecting it together. 
 
 That of Z*, was compofed from infpedting the Roof &*, which has 
 no material Fault, otherways than a Mifapplication of the Braces e, f j efpe- 
 cially the latter, as may be leen by the Iron *. 
 
 N.B. The Ports g, g, have fomething very particular in their Ufe, which 
 perchance Infpe&ion of &c, may make clear. 
 
 Plate 
 
~~~ ■ >. S 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 ti 
 
 N<\. 
 
 Tl 
 
 / / 
 
 P/tUe . j\1* JV* 
 
 « 
 
 Ip^^W' 
 
 
 
 
 
 #>; : .4 
 
 $ 
 
 r 
 
 'J^ir | 
 
 I 
 
 T| 
 
 //\>i 
 
 
 \m 
 
 Y 
 
 v ~ ? 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 t 3 $^. 
 
 
 . i 
 
 
 w . . ."I s__ '-^s=e? 
 
 
Plate N. 23 
 
 OTWTTHST ANDING what has been faid of 
 
 E jl’pJ TrufTes in Roofs, thofe of Partitions vary from them in 
 gggg feme Parts, on account of their having Door-ways, 
 which interrupt their Tye or Support, as here in Halving 
 fome Timbers together, that is, Letting one into the other, half 
 the Thicknefs of each, fo that both the Sides are Even or 
 Flufh ; and which I would never advife, without Neceffity re- 
 quire it ; becaufe this Method weakens the 1 imber, and renders 
 it lefs capable of Support; although if ufed as a Tye, ’tis weak- 
 en’d but little. 
 
 In V, is fhewn a Partition, fuppofed to be between Rooms, in 
 which Door-ways are wanted, as towards each Wall. And here 
 the Inter-Ties, and King- Poll:, and prick’d Pods, muff be Hal- 
 ved together, but not the Braces, on no Terms, they being the 
 chief Support. 
 
 In U, is alfo a Partition between Rooms, having three Door- 
 ways, one in the Middle, and one to each Wall. This alfo muff 
 be Halved together; that is, the two King-Pods and Inter-Ties, 
 but the Braces are whole. 
 
 In W, and X, are fhewn two more Partitions, with Door- 
 ways in them. And this Method I approve ; becaufe if Neceffi- 
 ty require it, when the Building is fettled, you may raife the Par- 
 tition in the Middle with Shores, and by driving in frefh Struts 
 yet longer, as the prick’d Lines fhew, you may keep it to its pro- 
 per Height. 
 
 In Y, is a Partition fuppofed to bear a Gutter, (or Girders, on each Poft ;) 
 or may bear a Wall, by having Timber in Proportion to its Ufe. 
 
 In Z, is fhewn the Manner of a Timber Front, fuppofed to be open un- 
 derneath in Form of an Arcade. And for fuch Open Fronts, the Founda- 
 tion fhould be laid in Reverfed Arches, which will ftrengthen it very much; 
 by this means, the Ground bears between one Poft or Pillar, and the other, 
 as well as under the fame. 
 
 If on it you would have Brick-work, or even Stone, then fupport the 
 Breft-Summer, as is fhewn in & : Which manner of Framing renders it as 
 ftrong between the Pofts, or Pillars, as it is dire&ly on the fame. iAi:d this 
 feems iufficient to explain proper Bearings for Partitions. 
 
 E P L A T E 
 
•2\ PlateN* O*. 
 
 OT Only Partitions, but Bridges, require Timber to be 
 Halved together ; more efpecially fuch as extend a con- 
 fiderable Length. And becaufe thefe Timber- Bridges 
 have never been intelligibly explain’d, as to the Connection of 
 their Timbers, therefore, I hope, the following will be kindly re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Let A % be the Plan, fuppofed to extend any Length not ex- 
 ceeding one hundred Feet, nor twenty four Feet in Width; alfo 
 let B *, be the Side, or Upright of the fame ; and let C *, be the 
 SeCtion of the fame by a larger Scale. 
 
 Led every one fhould not conceive the Particulars by Infpe&i- 
 on, obferve iu A*', that a, a, a, are the Butment, or Support 
 to each Shore ; and let b, b, be the Tyiug-Beams, which are 
 Flalved into the Pods ; alfo let c, c, be the Bearing-Beams; and 
 let d, d, d, d, be the Binding- joiics, which are let into the Bear- 
 ing-Beams, [as [hewn i?i Plate C *, D *, at T * J ; alfo let e, 
 e, e, e, be the Plan ot the feveral King-Pods. 
 
 And in B *, obferve that f, f, is the Top of the Water, at its com- 
 mon Level, and let g, g, be the Butments, or Support to each Shore ; 
 alio let h, h, be the Tying-Beam, as Halved into the Pods; let i, i, 
 be the Plate for the Braces, 1, 1, to red on, which fupport the Pods 
 k, k; fo do the Braces m, m, difcharge the whole Weight; alfo 
 let n, n, be Struts to help the Strength, as by butting againd each 
 Brace ; let o, o, o, be the Top-Plate, or Rail, and p, p, a Plank 
 
 Weathered to throw the 'Water off. 
 
 N. B. The additional Beams , &c. &c. do add prodigioujly to its Strength. 
 
 And in C*, which is the Section by a larger Scale, let q, q, be the Polls, 
 and r, r, the Bearing-Beam, framed therein, and let s, s, be the Binding- 
 Joifts; alfo let t, t, be the Top-Rail, being wider than the reft to preferve 
 the Joynts the better ; and let u, u, be the faid Plank Weathered to throw 
 the Water oft yet better, as at w, w. It is neceflary to let the Tying-Beam 
 into the Polls, a fmall Matter, becaufe the Plank x, x, bears on it, as well 
 as on the Binding-Joifts ; let y, y, be Straps of Iron bolted thro’ the Polls, 
 in oider to ftrengthen the fame; the lower Bolt goes thro’ the faid Strap, 
 and comes under the Bearing-Beam, and which with the Joggle z, z, pre- 
 ferves a good Bearing for the Beam, which ought to be trufs’d, as Ihewn in 
 Plate B ; and Sc, Sc, is the Gravel, and Paving. 
 
 To preferve the Timber the better, let the Trufs B*, be boarded on 
 each Side. Plate 
 
V L A T E N* O**. 25 
 
 OT Only ever Rivers, but alfo over hollow Roads, 
 thefe Timber Bridges, in form of an Arch, may 
 be extreamly ufeful ; and tho’ they may be faid 
 to rife too high for the Paffage of Carriages, &*c. 
 thefe are fo made as to fuit with the various Uies 
 they may be applicable to ; the upper Part not 
 requiring fo quick an Afcent ; as the lower Part has, which affords 
 the greater Strength; the upper Part may be made as the prick’d 
 Lines fhew, and become a Help to the Paffage, fo that Cattle 
 may the eafier draw a heavy Load over. 
 
 There be many Parts of E?igland , as well as other Places, that 
 abound with hollow Roads, which interrupt Gentlemen from go- 
 ing with Pleafure to tranfadl their Affairs, & c. or even to do 
 what is neceffary to their refpedlive Eftates, or their Pleafures, 
 which might at a fmall Expence be accommodated by one of 
 thefe Timber Bridges; efpecially that of D *. And as thefe 
 Bridges are fo adapted, as to ferve either for Land or Water, 
 their Ufe becomes the more extenfive. 
 
 As to what relates to the Soundnefs of their Foundation, or 
 Springing, no Rule can be fixed, one being obliged to vary that 
 Part, as Occafion or Conveniency require; fuch as fometimes 
 to have Stone Butments ; at other times to have Piles drove down, 
 and affifled with brick or ftone Piers ; always obferving the Cir- 
 cumflances that naturally occur, from a ferious Survey of the 
 Place they are to be executed in. 
 
 That of D is fuited to a hollow Way, or River of thirty, or 
 forty Feet wide, and rifes one fixth of its Width. That of E is 
 fuited to a Place of fifty, or fixty Feet extent ; and rifes one 
 fourth of the Width ol the Place; that of F * is prepared to ex- 
 tend yet farther, and rifes one third of the Width of the Place ; 
 which Width I fuppofe to be feventy, or eighty Feet, and may 
 be executed without the leaft Difficulty ; that of G * is the Sec- 
 tion of either ; thus I think to have adapted them to all manner of 
 Places that may happen. 
 
 N. B. The foregoing Plate being fo fully explained, I think thefe can 
 want no more than what has been faid. E 2 Plate 
 
0.6 
 
 Plate N* O ***. 
 
 O Other Perfon having taken Notice of thefe Particulars, there- 
 fore I have inferted a Bridge that may be more acceptable than 
 
 P | z M the foregoing ones, becaufe it is adapted to publick and private 
 
 Ules, by being fo formed of fmall Parts, that it may be carried to 
 any affign’d Place, and there put together at a fhort Notice. 
 
 This Bridge H, I luppofe to confift of two principal Ribs, as i, k, made 
 thus, the Width of the Place is fpan’d at once by an Arch riling one fixth 
 Part of its Extent ; its Curve is divided into five Parts, which I purpofe to 
 be of good feafoned EngliJIj Oak Plank, of three Inches thick, and twelve 
 Broad, their Joynt or Meeting tends to the Center of the Arch; within this 
 Rib is another, cut out of Plank as before, of three Inches thick, and nine 
 broad ; in fuch fort as to break the Joynts of the other. In each of thefe 
 Ribs, are made four Mortices, of four Inches broad, and three high, and in 
 the Middle of the faid nine Inch Plank, ( thefe Mortices are beft fet out with 
 a Templet, on which the faid Mortices have been truly divided and adjufted ;) 
 Laftly, Put each principal Rib up in its Place, driving loofe Keys into fome 
 of the Mortices, to hold the faid two Thicknefies together ; while other Help 
 is ready to drive in the Joifts, which have a Shoulder Inward, and a Mor- 
 tice in them Outward; through which, Keys being drove, keeps the whole 
 together; on thefe Joifts, lay your Planks, Gravel, &c. fo is your Bridge 
 compleat, and fuitable to a River, &c. of thirty fix Feet wide. 
 
 In cafe the River, &c. be forty or fifty Feet wide, the Stuff fhould be larger, 
 and more particularly framed ; as is fhewn in part of the Plan enlarged as I; thefe 
 Planks ought to be four Inches thick, and fixteen wide ; and the inner ones that break 
 the Joynts, four Inches thick, and twelve broad ; in each of thefe are fix Mortices, 
 four of which are four Inches wide, and two high ; through thefe are drove Keys, 
 which keep the Ribs the better together ; the other two Mortices are fix Inches wide, 
 and four high ; into thefe are framed the Joifts, of fix Inches, by twelve ; the 
 Tennons of thefe Joifts are morticed to receive the Polls, which ferve as Keys ; as 
 is fhewn in the Section K, and the fmall Keys are fhewn as in L •, all which Infpe&i- 
 on will explain. That of M, is a Method whereby to make a good Butment in cafe 
 the Ground be notfolid; and is by driving two Piles perpendicularly, and two flope- 
 ing; the Heads of both being cut off fo as to be embraced by the Cill, or Refting- 
 Plate ; which will appear by the prick’d Lines drawn from the Plan I, and the Let- 
 ters of Reference. 
 
 All that I conceive neceffary to be faid farther is, that the Whole being performed 
 without Iron, it is therefore capable of being painted on every Part, by which means 
 the Timber may be pre' ved v for though in fome refpedls Iron is indilpenfably ne- 
 ceffary, yet if in fuch C ls where Things are, or may be often moved, the Iron will 
 ruft and fcale, fo as tint the Parts will become loofe, in procefs of Time ; which, as 
 I faid before, if made of found Timber will always keep tight and firm together. It 
 may not be amifs tc obferve, that whereas fome may imagine this Arch of Timber is 
 liable to give way, when a Weight comes on any particular Part, and rife where 
 there is no Weight, fuch Obje<5lors may be fatisfied that no Part can yi, Id, or give 
 way, till the faid fix Keys are broke fhort off at once, which no Weight can pofli- 
 bly do. 
 
 Plate 
 
FJjrux uiv . e£ tJe/z/i , 
 
 TfrmJjru/f. 
 
fL ATE N # , 27 
 
 OTWIT El STANDING the Pains I have taken to 
 defcribe TrufTes proper for Timber Bridges, the Me- 
 thod of driving down Piles, gives fo general a Satisfacti- 
 on, and is indeed efleem’d the fafefl: Kind of Bridge ; 
 therefore I have drawn an Example of one, not that it is lefs fub- 
 jedt to Cafualties, or lefs expeniive than thofe whofe Dependence 
 lies on a Trufs ; but becaufe Rivers of a large Extent may be ac- 
 commodated with one of thefe Bridges. At the fame Time it may 
 be obferved, that there is generally a Fear poffeiles the Spirits of 
 fome, who pafs over a truls’d Bridge, becaufe they cannot com- 
 prehend its Streugth. 
 
 This Bridge confifts of three Arches, each rifing one third of its Width, 
 as a, b, c; the Piles betwixt the Arches are together one twelfth Part of 
 the Opening, as c, d; the Bridge L, may extend one hundred Feet in Length, 
 and in Breadth twenty ; and in Confideration that Piles are raoft fubjed to 
 decay, at the Top, or common Level of the Water, therefore the outer 
 Piles have four Feet, or Supports, and thofe of the middle ones have three 
 Feet, or Supports, as may appear by infpeding the Elevation L; the half 
 of the Plan, as M; and the Sedion N ; from all which it appears that the 
 Piles betwixt each Arch, are in Number eleven ; of which five fupport the 
 great Beams d, d, &c. and three of them fupport each of the fmall Beams 
 e, e, &c. by which Means the whole is divided into nine equal Barings ; 
 that of O is half the Plan of the Beams, and the Joifts laid on them, as 
 was particularly clear’d in Plate N*, O *; thefe fmall Piles, or Braces, are 
 drove down firft, and cut off" fo as to receive the great ones ; which when 
 drove down, there is an Iron Bolt drove through them all, and is key’d, or 
 fcrew’d, by which means they are firmly connected together. 
 
 On the Top of the three fmall Piles, or Braces, that Hand within the 
 Arch, is laid a Beam, whofe End is reprefented as at a, c, d ; and which is 
 alfo bolted thro’ the large Piles, as appears by the Sedion ; on this Beam i, k, 
 in the Sedion, (lands the Braces that fupport the Beams e, e, &c. Any far- 
 ther Explanation feems needlefs, without it be the driving down the Brace- 
 ing Piies, as in P; firfic drive down the Pile, or Brace f, f, which being cue 
 fo as to come clofe to the great Pile, and which gives an Opportunity to 
 drive down that of g, g, which is alfo cut off as the prick’d Line (hews; 
 LaEly, The Pile h, h, is drove down betwixt both, and thefe (hould be 
 bolted or fcrew’d together, as before was obferved ; and this Method ad- 
 mits of no Objedion, otherways than being liable to be injur’d by a great 
 Froft, if executed where the Tide has an Influence; and even that may be 
 remedied by breaking the Ice, round about the Piles. 
 
 Plate 
 
Plat e O. 
 
 28 
 
 P what has hitherto been defcribed, nothing ap- 
 pears fo beautiful when done, as Domes, or Cir- 
 cular Roofs ; and, as far as I can perceive, Nothing 
 has appear’d fo difficult in doing. Therefore it 
 will be proper to fpeak fomething of them. 
 
 i x I C? 
 
 Let B, reprefent a Plan: In which let b, b, b, 
 be the Plate on the fuppofed Wall; and let c, c, c, be the Kirb, 
 on which (lands a Lanthorn, or Cupola; alfo let a, a, a, repre- 
 fent the principal Pvibs. 
 
 From the Plan B, make the Section A; in which the Kirb, or 
 Plate b, fhould be in two ThickneiTes ; as alfo that of c; by 
 which it is made Rronger: And indeed the principal Ribs would 
 be much better to be in two ThickneiTes. The beft Timber for 
 this Ufe is Englijh Csak, becaufe abundance of that naturally 
 grows crooked. As to the Curve or Sweep of this Dome A, it is 
 a Semi- Circle ; altho’ in that Point, every one may ufe his pleafure. 
 And in it are defcribed the Purlins d, e, from which Perpendiculars 
 are drop’d to the Plan B ; fo that f, is the Mould the lower Purlins 
 are to be cut out by, before they are fhaped or fquared for Ufe ; 
 and that of g, is the Mould for the upper Purlins. I rather fhew 
 it with Purlins, becaufe under this Head may be fhewn the Man- 
 ner of framing Circular Roofs in Form of a Cone. 
 
 To fhape or fquare thefe Purlins, obferve in A, as at d, and e, they are fo 
 fquared, that the Joynts of the fuppofed fmall Ribs are equal. Obferve, as 
 at e, the Corners of the Purlin, from which the Perpendiculars are let fall 
 to the Plan B. So that your Purlin being firft cut out to the Thicknefs re- 
 quired, as appears in e; and alfo to the Sweep f ; fo that k, is the Mould 
 for the Bottom, andl, the Mould for the Top ; by which, and the Lines from 
 the Cornets of the faid Purlin e, the fame may be truly fhaped or fquared. 
 
 N.B. This particular ought to be well digeffed, it being a principal Ob- 
 fervation in a Circular Roof. 
 
 And from the Purlin d, in the Section A, Perpendiculars are drop’d to the 
 Plan B. And in which it appears that h, is the Mould for the Top, and i, 
 the Mould for the Bottom; fo may this alfo be fquared, which completes the 
 Performance. As to other Particulars, due Infpedtion will explain them. If 
 any fhould fay, a Dome cannot be done.fo fafe without a Cavity as ufual, 
 let them view St. Stephen s JValbrook , Stocks- Market, built by that Great 
 Architect Sir Chrifiot>her IVren. Plate 
 
Jem- f '(,/>; 
 
 FF/n/ //// - <•/ iJr///t 
 
jPfa/S 0*jP+ 
 
 S'T'rice rsw e/ tYeY/st 
 
 Term 
 
Plate O* P*. 29 
 
 N Peru Ting the foregoing Dome, which has no Va- 
 cancy, and that of St. Paul ' s Dome, that has fo 
 great a one, I thought necedary to reprefent one at a 
 Medium, and which feems very concifely adapted to a 
 Temple, of eighty Feet Diameter, in the Clear; the 
 Walls I have reprefented one eighth Part of the Opening. 
 
 I fuppofe this a Temple landing clear from other Buildings, 
 fo that one may have a beautiful View of it ; as to its Performance, 
 ’twas diffidently explained in the foregoing Plate ; the Vacancy 
 gives a great Strength to it, and renders it more capable of bear- 
 ing the Cupola ; for by framing that Part of the Sedion C % as 
 at a, a, in the Manner reprefented in D *, it not only gives an Open- 
 ing for the Light to illuminate the In-dde, but gives a great 
 Strength to the Whole. 
 
 N. B. In all Roofs of a great Extent, the Wind is to be pre- 
 pared againd, as fiddly as the Weight of the Materials which 
 cover it, becaufe it has fo great a Force in Storms of Wind, and 
 Rain; that is, it ads with more Violence than the Materials do, 
 they being, (what we may call) a Heady Preffure. 
 
 The Plan D * may be obferved to conlift of two fquare Frames 
 of Timber, eroding each other, and halfed together, the Corners 
 of which, and the Interfedions prove a very good Tye, and at 
 the fame Time is of a redding Nature ; fo that it becomes the 
 chief Connection in the Dome. 
 
 I fuppofe this Dome, to conlift of fixteen principal Ribs ; 
 which is a Mean betwixt the foregoing one, which has but eight, 
 and that of St. Paul' s, that has thirty-two ; this alfo may be fram- 
 ed with Purlins, or may have Ribs let into thefe principal ones, 
 horizontally ; fo that the Boards that cover it, may Hand up- 
 right as it were ; aitho’ I don’t think that a material Point. If 
 the Plan were to be prepared for twelve principal Ribs, then 
 two equilateral Triangles, eroding each other, might better fuit 
 than to half two Squares together. 
 
 Plat e 
 
go Plate G # , P** 
 
 . Paul ' s Church (lands this Dome, a lading Mo- 
 ent of the extenfive Knowledge of Sir Chrifto- 
 JVren. 
 
 the Secfion of the Timber-work relates chiefly to 
 this Treatife, and which by mature Conflderation I find artfully 
 contrived, therefore it might feem Negligence not to oblige the 
 Publick with it ; I (hall not mention the Strength, &c. of the 
 Brick, and Stone, that form the other Parts of it, becaufe it 
 would fill a (mail Efiay to give a particular Account thereof. I 
 (Ball therefore give fome Explanation of thefe Parts, as defcribed 
 on the Plate. 
 
 That of E, is a Dome turned over with Bricks ; which were made 
 on purpofe, of two Feet in Length, which is Plaiflered and Painted in a 
 mod; beautiful Manner, by the late Sir yames Thornhill. 
 
 That of F, is a Cone of Bricks, being one Foot fix Inches in Thicknefs, 
 and is alfo Plaiflered, and Painted, and is feen through the Opening e, e. 
 
 That of G, is part of the Cupola, which is of Portland Stone, and is 
 tAventy one Feet Diameter, and near fixty four Feet high ; and chiefly fup- 
 ported by the faid Cone F ; though it is mutually aflifted by the Timber- 
 work H, H, both which are curioufly tyed together with Iron Cramps, 
 that are run with Lead into the Stones c, c, c, &c. and then bolted through 
 the Hammer Beams e, e, &c. fo that by the Stone being work’d into, and 
 with the Brick- work, it becomes like a Dovetail. Through this Section, 
 (that is, between the Timbers ) a Pair of Stairs leads to the Top of the 
 Dome, on a Balcony as d, d, from whence you have a mofl beautiful 
 Prolpedfl. 
 
 That of I, is half the Plan of the Ribs H, which are interrupted as at 
 a, a, a, &c. to give Light to the Windows in the Cone F, as at b, b, b; 
 there are thirty two Angle Truffles as at H, which form the Dome. 
 
 That of K, is half the Plan of the faid Cupola. 
 
 By this time I think nothing material has been neglected to be mention- 
 ed, except it be that this Dome has not Purlins in it, but is prepared with 
 fmall Ribs that lie horizontally j fo that the Boards that are nailed thereon, 
 ftand as it were upright. In fo large a Work, thefe faid Ribs have no oc- 
 caflon to be fhaped as fhewn in Plate O, but are placed fo as that their 
 Sides tend to the Center of the Dome, and which gives the Center for their 
 proper Sweep, or Curve. 
 
 Plate 
 


 
 
 
P LATE P. 
 
 3 1 
 
 ARTICULAR Obfervations on the Manner of 
 Covering Lanthorns, or Cupolas. 
 
 Let A, be a Plan, the upper Part of which is made 
 Half an Odtagon, by Proposition S. 
 
 It is obfervable, that a Circular Roof, as B, fhould 
 extend no farther than the Upright of its Support, and there made 
 fo as to carry off the Water ; whereas an O G, Roof, as C, may 
 extend to the Extremity of the Cornice, without Injury to its 
 Strength, or Offence to the Eye of the moft Curious. Alfo a hol- 
 low Roof, as D, may extend to the Extremity of the Cornice. 
 
 It appears to me, that the many Angles of a Cupola give it 
 Beauty ; therefore the Sweep E, is a regular Curve, the Bafe Line 
 1, k, being taken from the Angle of the O&agon in the Plan A, 
 as at 1, k. This Curve E, is divided into a Number of equal 
 Parts. In order to trace the common Rib F, from the faid an- 
 gular Rib E, obferve in A, the Bafe of the common Rib f, 1, 
 which is placed in F, as from 1, to f ; continue the Perpendicular 
 1, at pleafure ; take the Bafe 1, k, in E, on which are the Perpen- 
 diculars drop’d from the Curve, and obferve to place that Dif- 
 tance k, 1, in E, from f, in F, to any Part where it cuts the Perpen- 
 dicular 1, in F, as atm; from thofe Divihons raife Perpendicu- 
 lars. So by continuing Bafe Lines, from the Divifions in E, to 
 thefe Pependiculars in F, their Interfedlion, or Meeting, is a 
 Curve or Sweep exa&ly agreeable ; and which indeed may ferve 
 as a Standard Rule to trace any Moulding whatever. 
 
 To Back the faid angular Bracket D, obferve to defcribe the 
 Thicknefs of it on your Plan, as in A, at k ; which fhews how 
 much your Mould muft be fhifted, as may appear in D. This 
 alfo may be obferved to be a general Rule for the Backing of any 
 Bracket. 
 
 In G, is the angular Bracket of an O G, Roof, taken from the Plan A ; 
 as at 1, c. And H, is the common Rib, or Bracket 1, f, traced from G, 
 as above is fhewn. As alfo the Manner of Backing the Hip G, which mud 
 of courfe appear by Infpe&ion. 
 
 Plate 
 
Plate P* Q*. 
 
 ERCHANCE I may be accufed with Negled, if 
 I don’t give fome Account of curvilineal Roofs of a 
 great Extent, having given fome general Hints of 
 fmall ones in the foregoing Plate, therefore I have 
 inferted thefe three Sections, of them, to fhew how 
 firm they may be made. The chief Difficulty to Rruggle with, 
 is the Plan of the Roof ; which ought to be fo contriv’d, that 
 the Preffiire of the Truffes may not thruft out the Plates ; in or- 
 der to which, the beft way is, by halving two Triangles of Tim- 
 ber together, crofting each other ; or two Squares, and by bolt- 
 ing the Points of each, through the Plate, or Kirb; the Plan 
 being a Circle. Indeed Dovetailing them down, may be fuffi- 
 cient to prevent its flying out by the Preflure. 
 
 N, B. This may be better conceived by infpeding the Plates 
 G*P*, and P* QJ*. 
 
 That of I*, is prepared to bear a Balluftrade, fuch as may 
 fuit the middle Part of a Building ; if it rife above the reft, fo as 
 to command a Profped. 
 
 That of K* is fuited to a round Temple, &*c. and in Execution 
 will have the Appearance of a Dome; becaufe the hollow Part at 
 Bottom will not be perceiv’d, it being fo fmall ; at leaft if it be, 
 ’twill be no Defed; the Cupola on it may ferve for a Clock to 
 Hand in, as having the Advantage of being feen at a Diftance, 
 or it may ferve to illuminate the Infide ; each of thefe are prepar- 
 ed to be ffipported by Columns, as at a, a. 
 
 That of L* may ferve alfo to cover a round Temple, and by 
 its being hollow in itfelf, may give the more Variety, if it ftand 
 difengaged ; each of thefe, if ufed on a circular Plan, muft be 
 performed by the Rules laid down in Plate C; but if they were 
 to ftand on an Odagon, or any regular Polygon, then all Diffi- 
 culties of that kind would be avoided ; and to my thinking have 
 full as pleafing an Effed. 
 
 I think, by this time, enough has been faid of all Roofs whatever, 
 and hope to give no Offence by fo great a Variety. 
 
 Plate 
 

 7'ff7n*r % - 
 
Plate P* Q**. 33 
 
 B E R USING the many Examples I have given for the 
 Trufles of Roofs, (or Coverings in general,) I hope 
 ’twill not be unpleafing to fay fomewhat of Timber 
 Spires ; and as they have a pleafing Effed, I have pre- 
 fumed to lay down Rules whereby to fhape them; which were 
 founded on a ferious Perufal of fome of the mod celebrated ones 
 about Dotidon. 
 
 The firft Proportion, as A *, is thus: Take the Width, or Dia- 
 meter, of the intended Bafe of the Spire; the whole Height is 
 equal to four Diameters ; an Odagon is the bed Plan for a Tim- 
 ber Spire, for many Reafons ; and fince none of them are exe- 
 cuted without Weather-cocks, or Vanes, ( and which I am led to 
 think was the Caufe of ereSling them ) to find their proper Height, 
 with their Ornaments, do thus ; take one Side of an Odagon, 
 that may be defcribed on the Plan ; and make each Side equal 
 in Height to eight times that Breadth, as* does appear in the 
 Draught, by the Scale. The remaining is for the Height of the 
 Vane, or Weather-cock , with its Ornaments. The Length of 
 the faid Vane, is equal to two thirds of one Side of the Odagon 
 at Bottom, being divided into three Parts, one for its Point, or 
 Dart , and two for its Tail. 
 
 N. B. What is faid of this, explains thofe of B, and C, with a little due 
 Infpedion; thefe Spires anfwer the three fined: proportion’d Columns, viz. 
 that of A, has each Side equal in Height, to eight times the Side of an 
 Odagon, that may be defcribed on its Plan. That of B, is equal in Height 
 to nine. And that of C, is equal to ten. Which appears by the Draughts 
 of each. 
 
 The Timbers of the Plan D, are thus conneded together ; fird frame an 
 Odagon, with Timber, as a, b, c, d,e, f, g, h ; then halve two Squares toge- 
 ther, as i, k,l, m, n, o, p, q j and frame them into the laid Odagon. Ladly, 
 (Cock or) Dovetail down the Beams, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z, on which your 
 Hips or corner Pods Hand, and are framed into. So that by bolting thefe 
 Frames together, and working up betwixt them, with fuch Materials as 
 the Tower it (lands on is built with, it takes off the Objedion, that may 
 be made, concerning its Rocking, Shaking, or Heaving, as it may be term’d. 
 
 A ote, As to the Framing of the Sides, it admits of no great Variety ; 
 each Side becoming a Trufs, by its being a Triangle ; the other Parts that 
 occur, have been explain’d in the foregoing Plates. 
 
 F 2 
 
 P LATE 
 
3 4- P L A T E P # , 
 
 ERCHANCE Quotations from other Books, or 
 Remarks on Fabricks already eredled, might have giv- 
 en Satisfaction to fome of iny Readers ; however, as 
 this Subject has been drawn from Experience, I hope 
 it will be acceptable, and more to the Purpofe, than fuch a Pro- 
 duction would have been ; and as Spires are a material Part of 
 Carpentry, I am therefore induced to defcribe fomewhat more 
 Variety of them, ( as to the Tower that a Spire Bands on, I can- 
 not conceive it to be any other, than a kind of Pedeftal, ) there- 
 fore the Particulars of the Total Form, I (hall leave to In- 
 fpection. 
 
 Lamhorns, or large Openings, render a Spire weak, unlefs care be 
 taken in the Performance; therefore I choofe to explain that Particular, as 
 ufual. The Plan H, embraces the upper Part of the Tower F, as at a, b; 
 not but on Occafion the upright Part, whereon generally the Dial is placed, 
 may be of Timber. (And therefore capable of any Form, if done with 
 Brackets, which may be fix’d on the principal Timbers); the Ogee Roof, 
 by its Spreading, helps to embrace and ffrengthen the whole the better. The 
 Plan I, embraces the upper Part of the Tower G, as at c, d ; and as I 
 faid before, all Openings require Care, more particularly a Lanthorn; 
 therefore I have drawn the Parts at large ; K being the Plan on Top of 
 the Lanthorn, as at e, f; and as fo much was faid of the Connection of 
 the Timbers, &c. in the foregoing Plate, it needs not be repeated here ; 
 that of L, is the Lanthorn enlarged, and in which is fhewn, how the dia- 
 gonal Pieces, on which the Hips ftand, are embraced by the Frame g, h, 
 &c. being underneath the faid diagonal Pieces, and the Pieces i, k, &c. 
 lying on the faid diagonal Pieces, which being bolted or fcrew’d together, 
 prevent the Weight of the Materials, or the Force of the Wind, from fe- 
 parating them. 
 
 I make no doubt but due InfpeCtion will explain the Particulars; and 
 thus, I think to have compleatly furnifhed the Students in Architecture, 
 with many Examples of the moft firm Methods, of connecting Timbers to- 
 gether, in all the Variety of Cafes that may probably happen. 
 
 Plate 
 
Plate P* + * 
 
I 
 
 Plate Q. 35 
 
 U 1 T E fatisfied with what has been treated of, as to 
 the Roof or Cover ; I think it proper to fhew the 
 Nature of Centering for Vaults. 
 
 Let A, be a Plan of a Vault to be centered for 
 Groins. At a, b, c, d, are Piers, generally prepared 
 in and with the Foundation, which bear the Weight of the Brick- 
 work. Firft refolve on the Curve you would have ; as d, e, c, being 
 a Semi-Circle, which is fhewn by the Section B. Begin in A, at 
 d, e, c ; Center it through, as if it were a Common-Vault, and 
 Board it; which being done, to make your Groin, fet Centers, as 
 from a, to c, and from b, to d ; divide the Curve d, e, c, into four 
 equal Parts, as at g, and f ; fo is g, e, f, fmall Centers you will want 
 to nail on the Centers firft boarded, whofe Place or Plan is at h ; 
 thefe fmall Centers may be put in at pleafure, according to the 
 Bearing of your Boards, that is, as to the Diftance between each 
 Center. To make your Groin ftreight on its Bafe, at forne little 
 Height over the Centers, ftrain a Line from b, to c, or d, to a ; 
 from which drop Perpendiculars on your Boarding, firft fix’d at 
 as many Places as you pleafe, there drive in Nails, and bend a 
 ftreight Rod ’till it touch them all ; and then with a Pencil, or 
 Chalk, deferibe the Curve fo form’d, to which bring the Boards 
 to be nailed on thefe little Centers, and their Joints will form a 
 ftreight Groin. If this fhould be difapproved, in the next Plate 
 is a more accurate Method. 
 
 Let C, be a Plan of greater Extent, and which fuppofe to be fupported by two 
 Piers, as f, 1. 'I' he Section D, is compofed of entire Semi-Circles ; then confequent- 
 
 ly your Curves in the Scdtion E, will be Elliptical, as b, m, d, and may bedeferibed 
 with a Trammel, or traced (by Proposition Iv J as in F, may appear. What 
 was Paid of A, explains this at one View. 
 
 If thefe Pillars fhould be in the Way, view the Plan and Sedtions again. Firft, 
 form forne principal Curve, as in D, at a, g, h, b •, being an Ellipfis, fo chat the Cen- 
 ters will be a Gothick Sweep-, againft the Windows, as e, g, a, trace the Curve d, h, 
 b, in E, agreeable to e, g, a, in D, with which Center ir, as fhewn in A, and make 
 good your Groins to the Sides: Latlly, Make a flat Center, as at g, h, i, k, which 
 Flatnefs is fhewn in either of the Profiles or Sedtions D, or E, and fix it on your Cen- 
 ters before compleated, which, doubtlefs, due Infpedtion will make plain and herefc^y 
 you avoid the Pillars, and are equally as firm. 
 
 N. B. 1 he Caufe of thofe Centers againfl the Windows being a kind of Gothick 
 Arch, proceeds from their making Part of the whole Sweep, or Arch, which though- 
 ts does not add to its Beauty, it does to its Strength in a particular Manner. Plate 
 
Plate R. 
 
 36 
 
 EGARDING Variety, I have given here another 
 Method for Vaults, and which indeed may give more 
 plcafure to the Reader, as being a Curiolity never be- 
 fore publifh’d, and may appear more intelligible than 
 that in the foregoing Plate. 
 
 View the Plan G, and its Section H, which is compofed of 
 entire Semi-Circles, as b, f, e. See alfo the Section I, which is 
 an Ellipfis traced from b, f, e, in H : But for Ufe, nothing is more 
 true than the Trammel, as (hewn in Propositions L, M. 
 This, I fuppofe, is fo plain as to need no Explanation, otherways 
 than what was faid in the foregoing Plate, as on Fig. A. 
 
 See this Plan again, and alfo its Section I, from which is de- 
 fcrib’d the Curvi-lineal Face K, and alfo the Face of the Semi- 
 circular Arches, as L ; all being alike. And this is what I call a 
 more accurate Method for finding the Groin, fo as to be (freight 
 over its Bafe, and at the fame Time gives a ftandard Rule, where- 
 by to account for any Curve, or Face of a Cieling whatever. The 
 Curve in I, is divided regularly, tho’ feemingly into unequal 
 Parts, which being drawn to the Groin in the Plan G ; as appears 
 by the Figures 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ; and which are transferr’d 
 into L, at 1, 2, 3, &c. Alfo the Circle b, f, e, in H, is divided 
 into eighteen equal Parts; the Half, confequ end y, into 9; which 
 appears from b, to e, in L. This Method doubtlefs will be plain, 
 and therefore needs no farther Explanation. 
 
 That of K, belongs to the Section I, extended as it were ; and 
 that of L, belongs to one of the fmall Arches of H, alfo ttretch’d 
 out, they being all alike. 
 
 N. B. To find the Groin by a more common Method, do thus : 
 Ere<tt a Freight Piece of a Board, or the like, on the Corner of the 
 Pier the Groin fprings from ; and drive a Nail in the Point of the 
 Groin’s meeting, on which fatten one End of a Chalk-Line, drain- 
 ing it tight, ttide it down the Side of the faid Freight Piece, and 
 it will form the Groin, fo as to ftand Perpendicularly over its Bafe. 
 
 Plate 
 
A‘ * S* 
 
P I, A T E R S # . 
 
 37 
 
 Wc E V IE W I N G Serioufly fome Remarks, which I had 
 
 ||| made, concerning the Force of Arches; they feem’d 
 worthy of Obfervation, and will, I hope, be acceptable 
 to the Publick. 
 
 Admit the Opening L *, to be a Segment, or Part of a Circle 
 of a great Extent, as a, b, c ; and Necefiity fhould require the 
 fmall Opening M*, or N*, to be joined thereto, and arched o- 
 ver for a particular Ufe ; fuch as a Bridge, or Portal, &c. the pro- 
 per Sweep, or Curve for them, (according to the Laws of Strength,) 
 will be thus : Take the Height of the large one, as d, b; oblerve 
 how many times it may be contained in the Safe a, c, as here four 
 times and an half; therefore divide the Opening e, g, in N*, in- 
 to nine Parts, two of which is the due Height ; as e, f, g ; ( it 
 may be done by the arithmetical Rule of Proportiott.) This fmall 
 Arch will be more capable of refitting the Force of the great 
 one, if it be part of the fame Curve, as in M t, at o, r, q. 
 
 Obferve the fame Figure again; and admit the Opening L 
 to be a Semi-Circle, as a, h, c; then the Side Arch as N *, may be 
 a Semi-circle alfo, as e, i, g; obferving to place it on the fame 
 Bafe or Level. 
 
 There is abundance of Difference between what is above ob- 
 ferved, and centering for Brick-work, or ribbing for Plaittering ; 
 for in Brick-work efpecially, the Groin’s embracing feveral 
 Parts of the Plan, gives it Strength ; and its rifing to an equal 
 Height, gives it Beauty ; a Specimen of which, we may fee 
 in the alorefaid Figure, viz. admit the Opening L *, to be 
 a Semi-Circle, as a, h, c ; and the letter Opening N*, to be an 
 Ellipfis, agreeing with it, as e, k, g ; or again, admit the large 
 Opening L *, to be an Ellipfis, as a, m, b, n, c; and the letter 
 Opening M*, to be an Ellipfis, agreeing with it, as o, p, q; thefe 
 will neceffarily prove both Affertions. 
 
 I have deferib’d the Cellar Plan of a Dwelling-Houfe, as O, to fliew the 
 Variety of Groins, that may be required j which I have done with intent to 
 make the Knowledge thereof more plain. 
 
 The Plan of each Groin, is reprefented by prick’d Lines, whofe Sedtion 
 is P * ; the reft feems plain by Infpedtion, Plats 
 
3 8 Ft ATE S. 
 
 U P P O S E M, to be the Plan of a Cieling, as a, b, 
 c, d ; and in it, it is required to have a large Frame, 
 Gulochi, or Pannel, as g, h, i, k. 
 
 Firft, produce fomeone Side or End of the Room, 
 as N. Let it be required to defcribe the curvilineal 
 Face of the Cove. The Extent of the End of the 
 faid Room, is a, b, f, e ; and it is Coved one fourth of its Height, 
 as m, b. The faid Frame or Pannel being g, h ; the Quarter- 
 Circle m, g, is divided into eight equal Parts, which are tranf- , 
 ferred to P; fo that m, g, h, 1 , is the Face of O, as ftretch’d, or 
 extended out, on which any thing propofed to be delcrib’d there- 
 in, may be truly perform’d. 
 
 In is fhewn the Plan of a Nich, or Dome. If a Nich, 
 let it be demanded to be fineered with Walnut-tree, if a 
 
 Dome, let it be required to be cover’d with Boards or Lead. Di- 
 vide it into any Number of Parts, as here into nine ; which 
 transfer to S, as appears from k, to 1 . Defcribe the Section alfo, 
 as R, being a Quarter-Circle, which divide into any Number of 
 Parts-, as here into five, as is fhewn in the Figure from h, to i ; 
 which transfer in the Plan Q_, from a, to f ; Middle home one Di- 
 vifion, as from 4, to 5 ; then take thole Diftances from R, and 
 transfer them to S, as from f, to 5 ; fo that each Divifion is Halv- 
 ed, or Middled, as f, a ; f, a 5 &c. on thefe Lines place the Dif- 
 tances from Qj as at e, d, c, b, to 1, 2, 3, 4, in S ; and tlfefe will 
 form fuch Curves as fhall meet. 
 
 N. B. The more Parts it is divided into, the better and truer 
 it will be perform’d. 
 
 In T, is fhewn the Plan of an Elliptical Nich ; its Section is the 
 fame. In the Plan T, is fhewn the Thicknefs of the Ribs ( fup- 
 pofing it to be prepared for Plaiftering) as i, k, 1 , m, n. The 
 Manner of forming their feveral Curves, as U, W, X, Y, Z, is befc 
 done with a Trammel. Some of thefe Ribs muff be doping, fo 
 as to require the Mould to be fhifted, as has been before fhewn, 
 in Plate P. 
 
 Plate 
 

 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
Plate S # , T*. 39 
 
 UCH Things, as the ConflruCtion and Ufe of Lines, 
 are not conceiv’d by every one ; therefore becaufe I 
 would omit nothing that, I think, would prove ufeful, 
 I have inferted feveral more Examples of Tracery, the 
 Knowlege of which feems indifpenfably neceffary. 
 
 That of T, is a regular Semi-Circle, as a, b, c ; from which is 
 traced the Raking (or Rampant) oneU; that of W, is a regu- 
 lar Elliphs, as d, e, f ; from which is traced the Raking one 
 X; that of Y, is a regular Segment (or Part of a Circle,) as g, 
 h, i ; from which is traced the Raking one Z; the Manner where- 
 of being fo plain, a farther Explanation feems needlefs. 
 
 As to the particular Ufe of thefe kind of Arches, I mud: leave 
 to the Determination of the Curious, and have nothing farther to 
 fay on that Head, than that if Occafion require either of them to 
 be executed, there is no other true Way to defcribe them. 
 
 That of A*, is fuppofed to be the Mitre ‘Bracket of a Cove, 
 whofe Projection is b, c; and the Height thereof is a, b; the 
 Curve being a Segment, or Part of a Circle, let it be demanded 
 to trace a Curve from it, as B*, which fhall be agreeable there- 
 to, if applyed as a common Bracket, e, d, being its Height, as 
 before, and e, f, its Projection, Frft, divide the given Curve, be- 
 ing A*, into a Number of Parts, or if you make Points there- 
 on promifcuouily, ’tis equal. From thefe Divifions, or Points, 
 drop Perpendiculars to fome Freight Line, as that of a, c, ob- 
 ferving their Meeting with the faid Line a, c; and for Practice, 
 take off all thefe Diftances on a Lath, (or Rod), applying the pro- 
 per End thereof to the Projection of the common Bracket B *, 
 being f; obferving where the other End paffes through the Per- 
 pendicular Line e, d, as at g ; there raife Perpendiculars ( long 
 enough) from the faid Points, then draw the Line d, f. Laftly, 
 Transfer the Diftances, as from the Freight Line a, c, in A*, to 
 the Figures, to that of d, f, in B" ; which no doubt Inflection 
 will explain, more efpecially if the Letters and Figures be duly 
 obferved. 
 
 G 
 
 And 
 
Plate S # , T*. 
 
 And for Variety, view the Figure A*, again ; and admit it 
 were the Curve of a common Bracket, let it be demanded to 
 trace a Mitre, or Angle Bracket from it, as C * ; g, h, being its 
 Height as before, and h, i, its Projection, (as to the Method of 
 finding the Projecfure of either, no doubt but every one knows it) 
 take the Line, as a, c, in A*, which in Pra&ice (as was before 
 obferved,) 1 fuppofe to be on a Rod or Lath, with its Divifions, 
 or Points on it; and which transfer to C *, as g, k; then draw the 
 Line g, i; Laffly, from the faid Points on the Line g, k, draw 
 .Bafe Lines, oblerving their meeting the Line g, i ; at which re- 
 fpedive Places raife Perpendiculars, and transfer your feveral 
 -Heights from A*, as before, obferving to place each in its due 
 Pofition. And although the Abundance of Points fhould render 
 this Method fomewhat confufed, it may be evaded by making 
 but few Points, and driving Nails therein, round which a 
 {freight Lath being bent till it touch them all, the Curve may be 
 defcribed with a Pencil, 
 
 N. B. This may ferve as a general Pvide, for all fuch Curves 
 .as are not regular, or cannot be formed with a Trammel, 
 fuppofing either to be the given Curve. 
 
 That of D*, reprefents a common Bracket for a plaifter’d Cornice, whofe 
 Shape , the Plaifterer ought always to be confulted J'or, let it be required to 
 trace a Corner, or Angle Bracket from it, as E*; firff, draw bafe Lines 
 from the refpedfive Angles, a, b, c, d, to the Line t, r, as i, 2, 3, 4; and 
 alfo Perpendiculars to the Line r, s, as c, 6, 7, 8; and (becaufe an Ex- 
 ample for finding the Projedture of the Angle or Mitre Bracket, may be 
 required) obferve to make r, u, equal to r, s; fo is u, s, the Projedture 
 of the faid Angle or Mitre Braket ; and the Points will be w, x, y, z; fo 
 that by transfering this faid Line with its Points, as before, to E *, as alfo 
 thofe of the Height, as before, draw Perpendicular and Bafe Lines j as no 
 doubt Infpedtion fhews. Their Meeting gives the Shape of the Bracket as 
 defired, and this alfo may ferve as a flandard Rule, in any fuch Cafe. As 
 to fhifting this Mould (in Pradtice) fo as to give the faid Angle Bracket 
 its true Back, there feems to have been enough faid in Plate P. 
 
 Note , The principal Curve being formed on any plain Superficies, it may 
 betaken off on a Lath, as before was obferved j and by it the required Curve 
 may be defcribed on a Piece of Slit-Deal, &c. of a Width equal to what the 
 Arch riles from a ftreight Line, with an Allowance of Wood capable of 
 holding it together. 
 
 That 
 
pLilTE S # ? T # . 41 
 
 That of F* is a Plan, or Specimen of circular Groins, whofe Extent 
 is a b, c, d; an Example of which may be feen in St. Clements Danes , 
 in the Strand, and in ieveral other circular Buildings, and in my Opinion 
 ic is a Curiofity worthy of Regard. To find the Plan of thefe Groins do 
 thus: Divide from a, to d ; and from a, to b; into a like Number of Parts, 
 as into ten ; the Lines a, b, and d, c, being continued, meet in a Point 
 as or j being the Center of the Curves, a, d, and b, c, divide alfo from a, 
 to d, into ten Parts; which being drawn to the Center g, divides the 
 Line b, c, into the fame Number of Parts equally, fo that the Meeting of 
 thefe Lines, is the Plan of the Groins, as a, e, c, and b, c, d ; and their 
 Upright is H*, I *, K*, L*, each being traced from the Semi-Circle, a, b, 
 f, in G *, ( being the principal Curve;) as to the Method whereby it is 
 done, enough feems to have been faid of the foregoing Examples to ex- 
 plain it; the Letters of Reference (hews plainly what Part of the Plan 
 each Curve belongs to, which being bent agreeable thereto, will ftridtly 
 correfpond with each other. 
 
 N. B. If the principal Curve had been a Segment, ( or Part of a Cir- 
 cle,^ or an Eilipfis, the Method of Performing would have been the 
 fame. 
 
 This Plan would be difficult in Performance, if Required to be ribbed 
 with ‘Timber for Plaijlering ; but if to be centered for Brick-work, it would 
 be much eafier; becaufe the Centers might be placed as from the Line a, b, 
 to that of c, d ; as in a common Vault. The Curves of each Center would 
 be different on account of its being Taper, but the Height is equal; thefe 
 Centers fhould be boarded as others are, the Boards requiring to be ta- 
 per only. 
 
 To make the Groins fo as to hang over the Plan, the Sides a, b, e, and 
 c, d, e, mull not be centered as ufual ; but have Ribs agreeable to the Plan, 
 and placed horizontally, fo that the Boards would hand as it were up- 
 right; as in Domes, which was explained in the foregoing Plates, which 
 fliews the Method for finding the curvilineal Form of any Cieling. 
 
 N. B. The foregoing Plates mull be well underftood, in order to 
 defcribe on the Centers firft boarded, the accurate Curve of the Groin ; 
 which can be done by no other Method, than is there fhewn. 
 
 If this Plan were to be executed with Ribs of Timber for Plaiftering, 
 then the Groins mufl be performed by the Methods as will be hereafter in- 
 ferted, for the twilled Rails of Staircafes, on account of their Plan, not be- 
 ing a regular Curve. 
 
 G 2 
 
 Plate 
 
Plate T. 
 
 HINKING it may be agreeable to my Reader,. 
 I have chofe to explain fome principal Matters in 
 Stairs, fuch as their Form, the Kneeling, and Ramp 
 of their Rails, with a new and exadt Method to 
 fquare a twilled Rail, either for Stairs or other 
 Ufes ; which Point having never yet been fully- 
 clear’d, I hope it will be found ufeful. 
 
 Let A, be a Plan, or Opening for a Stair-cafe ; and b, c, d, be 
 Door- Ways, and e, a Window to light the fame. The firll 
 Thing to be conlidered, is the Height of the whole Story, or. 
 Floor ; then form fome Plan for the Landing the Steps, and the 
 Half-pace ; obferving that the Rife of each Step be not lefs than 
 five Inches, nor more than feven : And that the Tread, or 
 Breadth of the Step, be not lefs than nine Inches, nor more than 
 fourteen: Thefe are beft done on a Rod, dividing them exadllyj 
 This Height or Rife, and the Tread or Breadth of each Step, 
 is called a Pitch-Board ; which fhall be hereafter fhewn, with 
 its Ufe : The Length of each Step may be any thing above 
 
 three Feet, as the Place will allow. (Thefe are called Dog- 
 leg’d-Stairs . ) 
 
 In B, is fhewn an Open Newel Stair-cafe ; g, h, i, being a 
 Venetian Window to light the fame, and k, 1, m, n, f, Door- 
 Ways leading to, or from the faid Stairs. Thefe open newell’d 
 Stairs may be lighted from above, fuppoiing there is not a Con- 
 veniency for the Window, g, h, i. 
 
 It may be obferved, that Stairs ought to be defcribed, and ac- 
 counted for juftly, at the fame Time a Plan of a Building is 
 made, for want of which fometimes unpardonable Errors have 
 been committed : Such as having a little, blind Stair-cafe to a 
 large Houfe, or, on the other Hand, to have a large fpacious 
 Stair- cafe to a little one. 
 
 P a l a d i o fays, in placing of Stair-cafes , the litmofl Care ought t: be taken ; 
 it being a Difficulty to find a Place convenient for them , that will not at the 
 fame time prejudice the rejl of the Building . 
 
 
 P i A TJR 
 
Plate T 
 
State T* IS* 
 
HAT Pradice has been my Guide, may eafily ap- 
 pear by this Variety of Plans of Stairs, conformable 
 to what was obferved before. 
 
 Circular Stairs are never ufed for Beauty, but chief- 
 ly for Conveniency of going up in a little Room; they 
 admit of being better lighted from above, in cafe they are 
 placed in the Middle of a Building; and in their Formation 
 fhould have this ftrid Obfervation, viz. to be equal in their 
 Tread, or Breadth to the other Steps, at the Diftance of two 
 Feet from the Middle of the Rail, or nearly fo; the Reafon is, 
 in going up, or down, your Hand is generally on the Rail, 
 which is made for that Purpofe,^ fo that betwixt both your 
 Feet, will generally be this Diflance of two Foot, as was before 
 obferved, fo that the Stairs are thereby render’d eafy ; the Feet 
 feeling no Difference, for what is contracted on one Side, is 
 feldorn trod on, and very feldom on that Part that is extended r 
 unlefs two Perfons go up or down together, or pafs each other. 
 
 This Method is obferved in the Plans A, B, C, D, H ; but is va- 
 ried a little in the Plan F, on account of its being Oval, or Ellip- 
 tical; on which Curves the Steps are equally divided, on ac- 
 count of the Rail, and String-board, &c. as will be more plain- 
 ly fhewn in Plate U, W, by Sedions of each. Thofe of A, 
 and B, may be lighted from above. Thofe of C, D, F, may be 
 lighted by a Side Light, or as Occafion or Convenience re- 
 quire. 
 
 Thofe Plans of E, G, I, are proper where Midzanino’s are made ufe of, 
 efpecially that of E, on accouut of its coming up half the Height of the 
 Story, at the Half-pace ; as to that of G, I cannot highly commend, but 
 that indeed is not material, my Meaning being to give Variety only. 
 
 I beg leave to make one Obfervation, concerning the placing of Bujlo's, 
 or Vafes , in Niches by the Sides of Stairs, viz. by having fo many dif- 
 ferent Views of them, in afcending, and defcending, no Part of their Beau- 
 ty is loft. I therefore conclude, they mull neceflarily prove very entertain** 
 ing, and anfwer the End of their being fo placed. 
 
44 
 
 P I. A T E V. 
 
 N T O Tome, this Method may he known though not 
 pra&ifed. To find the proper Kneeling and Ramp of Rails. 
 
 In C, is reprefented a fhort Flight of four Steps, and 
 Part of a Half-Pace, on which are fhewn two 
 Ballufters on a Step; a, b, is the Rife or Height of one Step, 
 and b, c, is the Newel, generally two Feet four Inches and a 
 half high, and fometimes two Feet fix Inches high, &>c. and 
 c, d, is the Thicknefs of the Rail, the Kneeling o, is in the Mid- 
 dle of the firft Ballufter ; from e, to f, is alfo the Height of the 
 firft Step on the Half-Pace ; and f, g, the Height of the Newel, 
 agreeable to that of b, c, and g, h, is the Thicknefs of the Rail ; 
 from h, to i, is generally the fame as from o, to c, which Line 
 h, i, continue at pleafure; for on it is the Center for the Ramp. 
 With your Compaffes find the Center k, which touches the Back 
 of the Rail n, and the Point of the Ramp i; by Proposition O, 
 find the Point of Touch n; draw the Line k, n; defcribe the 
 Ramp, and alfo the turned Part of the Ballufters, as may be feen 
 by the prick’d Line. 
 
 Over this, is reprefented the Alteration that ought tobe made, if 
 you place three Ballu fters on a Step ; that is, that the Kneeling ought 
 to come to the Back- fide of the firft and laft Ballufters, as at p, 
 and q. If it be faid, the Method in Figure C, is not fully exprefs’d ; 
 to find the Height of the Ramp agreeble to the Kneeling, let Z, 
 be the Rail, the Bottom is continued as by the prick’d Line ap- 
 pears at u, and w ; take the Diftance u, t, and fet from w, to x; 
 from x, fet one Rife, or the Height of one Step, as at y ; and that 
 gives the Height of the Ramp, and is the fame as the Method in 
 Figure C, notwithftanding they differ in Appearance. 
 
 In D, is fhewn the Manner of Fluting Newels for Stairs, as* ; 
 and alfo Ballufters, as ff; the Newel having twelve Flutes, and 
 the Ballufters eight. If the Stuff be large, the Flutes may vary ; 
 thus the Newels to have fixteen Flutes, the Ballufters twelve ; and 
 in this Cafe, Proposition Qj and R, may be ufeful. 
 
 Plate 
 

Plate U* W # '. 45 
 
 N T O Workmen that have not had Experience, thefe 
 Profiles, or Sections of Stairs, are more immediately ne- 
 ceffary to be known, and defcribed, before executed ; 
 for there are many Difficulties which naturally occur, if 
 thefe Sections be negle&ed, therefore I hope they’ll not be ufelefs. 
 
 TheSe&ion F*, is taken from the Plan B, in Plate T, and 
 is the Meeting of the Steps and Rifers ; with that of the String- 
 boards. Which not only ffiews the Ufe of the Pitch-board, in 
 ftriking out the String-board, the Newels, and Rails ; but at the 
 fame Time, may be of Ufe in other Refpe&s ; ’till Practice has 
 made Things of this Nature more familiar. 
 
 The Section T *, is taken from the Plan D *, in Plate T*, 
 U*, and as before is the Meeting of the Steps and String-board. 
 In this Figure, as at b, c, d, e, is ffiewn the ill Appearance, created 
 by placing circular taper Steps, among (freight, or parallel ones ; 
 the Defetd confifts in the hidden Turn, at the Meeting of the 
 faid mix’d Steps, which caufes a very ill Appearance in the String- 
 bord, and Rail ; notwithh anding they may be humour’d a fmall 
 Matter. There alfo appears a Defed in its Strength, if executed 
 with Wood, though indeed if executed in Stone, ’tis not fo. 
 
 That of G *, is taken from the Plan C % in PlateT*, U *, 
 and as the Plan confifts of two Quarter-circles, on which the 
 Steps are equally divided, the Sedtion as at a^a, a, a, is a (freight 
 Line ; which, when bent agreeable to the Plan, becomes twifted, 
 and circular every way. 
 
 And as the Form of the twifted Part of the Rails, will be (hewn in the 
 following Plates ; there feems no Occafion to take Notice ofthem here, there- 
 fore in Lieu, I will endeavour to fhew a farther Ufe thefe Sedions may be of, 
 viz. the Sedion H *, is taken from the foregoing Plan C *, in Plate T *, 
 U *, and as I, K, L, M, reprefents the Walls thereof, in which are the Doors, 
 and the Profile of the Steps, &c. by defcribing two Stories of any odd Plan, 
 in this Manner, you not only difcover whether you can accommodate your 
 Doors, Windows, &c. but are always fure to be fatisfied concerning the Head- 
 way ; which is a material Point ; all which, as I faid before, will be greatly 
 afliftant to fuch as have not had Experience. 
 
 H 
 
 Plate 
 
/j_6 Plate W . 
 
 HATEVER may appear Difficult in this Method 
 of forming Scroles proper for the Plans of twill- 
 ed Rails, due Application will make eafy and ex- 
 peditious. 
 
 Firfl, Form a Scrole with Chalk, or a Pencil, a- 
 greeable to the Bignefs of the Place in which it is to (land ; next 
 refolve on the Bignefs of your Stuff to be ufed for your Rails, 
 and alfo your Mouldings on the Side thereof as in C. 
 Let d, be the Center of your chalked Scrole in D; on which 
 defcribe, with the Projection of your Mouldings from C, the 
 Email Circle d ; take from C, half the Bignefs of the Stuff, as 
 e, g, or e, f, which add to the fmall Circle, and form the Cir- 
 cle h, i, t; which is the Bignefs of the Eye of the Scrole: This 
 done, take the Diflance from i, to the In-fide of the Rail, as 
 the fuppofed chalked Scrole, which fuppofe k ; with it, make a 
 diminifhing Scale, by fetting that Diflance up, from t, to 1 ; 
 draw the Line k, 1 ; place one Foot of your Compaffes in k, de- 
 fcribe the Part of a Circle t, 8 ; which divide into eight equal 
 Parts, becaufe here your fuppofed chalk’d Scrole was to come into 
 its Eye, or Block, at one Revolution of a Circle. (Scroles may 
 be made to any Number of Revolutions deiired, by the fame 
 Rule) TVitnefs that above in Figure E. 
 
 Place one Foot'^jour Compaffes in d, defcribe the large Cir- 
 cle w, 1, 1, u ; whicl^lways divide into eight Parts, becaufe you 
 ftrike one eighth Part of a Circle every Time, till you come into 
 the Eye, or'-Blgck i, t, h ; from the faid Divihons on the large 
 Circle, draw Lines through, for on them your Sections meet, 
 which form the Scrole. It is obfervable in drawing your Secti- 
 ons, that they don’t end in the Line drawn through the great 
 Circle, only the Out-fide Scrole ; for thofe of the In-fide Scrole 
 end on a Line drawn to each refpeCtive Center. I fuppofe A, 
 and B, to be two Steps ; the reft I think cannot fail of being un- 
 derftood, by obferving the Letters and Figures, which fhew each 
 Part diftin&ly. 
 
 Plate 
 
V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . .. 
 
 • * ■ — - 
 
 o 
 
 
 — 
 
 . I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■' el 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .‘I 4 - ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 V t 
 
 
 
 
 
Plate X. 47 
 
 I N order to make the Squaring of a Twifled-Rail eafy, 
 
 fee the Plan F, which is the fame as that in the foregoing 
 
 Plate W, and by Proposition O, find the Point of Touch 
 b. B’rom thefe Curves a Mould mud be traced out, in order 
 to form a Sweep, which when applied on the Rake, is a- 
 greeable to this of a, b, c, d, as that of K. ( It is firfl 
 to be obferved that you will w r ant Wood extraordinary, both 
 on the Top of the Rail, as in L, at e, a and alfo under the 
 fame, as g, h. ) To find which obferve where your Sweep be- 
 crins, in the Plan F, as at a, c ; alfo obferve that o, and n, is the End of the twill- 
 ed Part. Therefore from a, to n, divide into a Number of equal Parts, fo as to 
 
 transfer them on fome Line, as in M, from a, to n ; alfo divide the In-fide of F, 
 
 as from c, to o, into equal Parts, fo as to transfer them on fome Line, as in N, 
 from c, to o •, take the Diflance e, a, in F i apply it to the Pitch-board, as from 
 g, to e ; take the Pitch-board I, with it place e, to c, in N •, draw the Line d, q, 
 and make the Point s •, divide from d, to.s, into eight equal Parts, alfo from d, to 
 o, into the fame Number ; draw the Lines which forms a Sweep, whofe Ufe fhall 
 be hereafter fhewn. 
 
 Likewile take the Pitch-board I, and apply e, to a, in M ; draw the Line e, p, 
 and make the Point r •, from e, to r, divide into eight equal Parts ; alfo from e, 
 to n, do likewife ; draw {freight Lines from each Divifion : That Curve fhews 
 how much Wood is wanting on the Back of the Rail, as*b, t, which deferibe in L, 
 from e, to a; and there deferibe the Bignefs of the Rail •, which fhews how much 
 Wood is wanting, as may be obferved by what was faid above. The other Parc 
 of the Twill is cutout of a parallel Piece, as O. Which Thicknefs extraordinary 
 is fhewn in L,, at e, a. 
 
 To fquare the twilled Part of the Rail, having fo much Wood extraordinary on 
 the Top and Bottom, obferve in F, from a, to e, and from c, to f, mufl be tra- 
 ced, as was above mentioned. Take a, e, in F, apply it to the Pitch-board I, it 
 fhews g, i, which Length place in K, from k, to i ; alfo take from F, the Dif- 
 tance b, d, apply it to the Pitch-board I, it fhews g, m, which Length place in 
 K, from 1, to m. This done, trace out the raking Mould K, agreeable to the 
 Plan F, by the Method before fhewn, in Plate P, which by Infpedlion, and 
 a little Practice will become eafy, and without which nothing is known truly. I 
 fay the Wood extraordinary being accounted for in L, both on the Top and the 
 Bottom of the Rail, obferve to place your Stroke f, in its true Place, that is, at 
 the Beginning of the twifled Part ; take the raking Mould K, fet i, to f, in L j 
 there flrike it by •, with the Angle of your Pitch-board deferibe the prick’d Line 
 f •, by the Side of the Rail, then apply the Mould K, to the Bottom •, fet i, to this 
 prick’d Line, and there deferibe by it, with your Pencil •, Laflly, Cut that Wood 
 away •, alfo cut the remaining Part of the Scrole out of the Block, as O *, then glue 
 thefe together, and bend both Moulds M, and N, round the Rail ; flrike them by 
 that, and cut the Wood away •, fo will the Back of your Rail be exadlly fquare, 
 and fit to work. 
 
 H 2 
 
 Plate 
 
48 Plate X # , Y # . 
 
 You are always to obferve this general Rule, 
 
 viz. to conceive each refpetftive Paragraph as it 
 occurs, before you begin another; the Neglect of 
 which, appears by fome who cannot conceive the 
 Particulars of the foregoing Plate, although I had 
 put it in fo clear a Light. 
 
 I have here defcribed three diftincft Methods of fquaring the 
 twifted Part of a Rail, which may be known, and the Rail 
 fquared, with more eafe than in the foregoing Plate. But when 
 done, they will not have that agreeable Turn, in their twifted 
 Part, as they would have, if done by the foregoing unerring Rule, 
 as may more clearly appear, by the following Explanation. 
 
 That of P *, is the raking Mould, taken from K, in P l a t e 
 X; (whofe Ufe and Application was therein clearly Jhewn ; ) 
 that of Qjk is the Pitch-board, taken from I, in Plate X; 
 which gives the Rake, or Declivity of the Rail. 
 
 In R *, is fhewn how to fquare a Rail, without bending a 
 Templet round the twifted Part thereof; and which is by being 
 guided by the Back ; ftrft defcribe the Bignefs of the Stuff to be 
 ufed, as a, b, h, i; which fhews how much Wood will be wanted 
 at Bottom ; fuppoftng S *, to be the Side of the Rail. And be- 
 caufe the Grain of the Wood fhould be agreeable to the falling of 
 the Twift, therefore conftder how many Thickneffes of Stuff will 
 make the Wood required to cut the Twift out of ; as here three. 
 Therefore as in S*, continue the Line a, b; place one Foot of 
 your Compaffes in a, make the Section, or Part of a Circle c, d ; 
 divide it into four Parts, as i, 2, 3, 4, becaufe the Rail S *, muft 
 be always reckoned as one ; this by Infpedtion fhews how the 
 Grain of the Wood is to be managed, as appears by the Shape of 
 the feveral Pieces, T *, U % W % which are better if cut fo by 
 the Pitch-board, before glew’d together. 
 
 In X *, is fhewn how to fquare the twifted Part, making the Bottom your Guide j 
 the Se&ion fhews how much Wood is wanted on the Back. 
 
 In Y *, is Ihewn how to fquare the twifted Part, making a Middle Line on the Back 
 your Guide •, the Section (hews the Wood wanting on the Back, and at the Bottom. 
 
 That of Z*, may be cut out of a parallel Piece, of the Thicknefs of the intended 
 Rail, which when it is glewed to the twifted Part, will want little or no humouring. 
 
 N. B . There is a Nicety in working the Mitre thereof, as k, 1, m. Plate 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plate Y. 49 
 
 O U are to obferve, the foregoing Plates mu ft be well 
 understood, and then, in this Plate, the Lengths of 
 the Newel, and Ballufters that ftand under the Twift 
 or Scrole are truly defcribed ; that is, their Length and 
 Bevels may be known before the Rail be put up in its Place ; and 
 that it may prove eafy, obferve, the Plan of the Twift or Scrole 
 is the fame as before, and fo are the two Steps P, and and the 
 Pitch-board R. 
 
 Firft, refolve on the Mgnefs of your Ballufters, as a, b, c, d, e, f ; 
 and alfo the Newel. Divide the faid Ballufters truly on a Line 
 drawn in the Middle of the Rail ; for then what is wide on one 
 Side, is narrower on the other. It is for that Reafon I chufe to 
 divide them on a middle Line. Defcribe the Plan of the Bal- 
 lufters, as p, q; r, s ; t, u ; u,w; x, y ; and z ; for there your 
 twifted Part ends ; from thence to the Eye is level. 
 
 Obferve where your Scrole begins, as at 1 ; and on fome Line, as above, 
 in Vj Firft, Make a Point at 1; then from your Plan take the Diftances 
 p, q; r, sj t, v; u, w; x, y ; and z: Which transfer, as above, obierving 
 to have regard to place truly each Diftance from 1, both Ways, as p, q ; 
 
 r, s j t, v ; u, w; x, yj and z. Obferve alfo, to take from the Plan the 
 
 Diftance from 1, to m, which apply to the Pitch-board R, as from h, to n, 
 which gives the Length h, o ; take this Pitch-board, and apply it on the 
 Line above, which by Infpedtion the Letters will fhewj this gives the Slope 
 of the Rail, as h, o, &. From o, to h, and from h, to y, form the Curve 
 by equal Divifions, and drawing ftreight Lines, as was before fhewn. 
 
 Laftly, Having the Lengths of your fix’d Ballufters, as a, b, defcribe the 
 Steps S, and T, with the Pitch-board. So that by continuing perpendicular 
 Lines, from the Points on the Line firft terminated, to the faid Curve, and 
 to the Steps, you have the accurate Lengths of the Ballufters, as a, b, c, 
 d, e, f, the Newel g, being the fame Length as f, becaufe at f, or z, the 
 twifted Part ends. 
 
 The Curve of the firft, or Curtail-Step P, is form’d by the fame Rule as 
 deliver’d for the Plan of the Rail. 
 
 It may not be amifs to obferve, particularly the Point of the Sweep, or 
 Curve’s Beginning, and being particular alfo in its Application, by which 
 this, and the foregoing, tho’ reprefented with but two Steps, is the fame in 
 Fail, as tho’ I had defcribed a whole Flight, to fhew its life. 
 
 Plate 
 
$o Plate Z. 
 
 ^^^^pEALOUS to promote what may be ufeful, in this 
 I ff] # Plate 1 have made eafy the Difficulty of Squaring a 
 a Rail that ramps on a Circular Bale. 
 
 Obferve, W, is the Plan of a Stair-cafe ; and at the 
 Landing is a Quarter-Circle: To make this eafy; in X, is three 
 Steps, defcribed by a larger Scale, and the fame Method as fhewn in 
 Plate V. Likewife in Y, is the Plan of the Rail. It was fhewn in 
 Plate X, how to trace out a Mould on the Rake, agreeable to 
 this Plan, or indeed any other. A confiderable Thicknefs of 
 Wood more than ufual is required on the Back of this Rail, as in 
 &, at p, b; which will appear more plain by infpedting Plate X : 
 As alio the Method to trace your Moulds that fhall bend round the 
 faid Rail. Let the Sides be fquared as was fhewi) in Plate X. 
 Obferve here in Figure X, the Line k, p, o ; take the Diftance k, 
 p, and place it on fome Line, at pleafure, as in Z; then divide 
 the outer Circle in Y, into a Number oi equal Parts, as into fix, 
 as from g, to h, which transfer to Z, as g, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, h. The 
 Point of the Ramo may be obferved to fall within the fifth Di- 
 vifion, as at s, fo that by the Interfedion of ffreight Lines, and 
 equal Diviiions, you deferibe the Sweep for the Ramp g, b, which 
 makes Z, the Mould to bend round the Out-iide of the faid Rail. 
 
 Obferve alfo in Y, from b, to f, divide it into fix equal Parts, which transfer to &, 
 as from e, to f ; ( and obferve again ) the Ramp falls within the fifth Divifion, as at 
 r. So divide the Diftance from e, to g, and from g, to b, into equal Parts, and by 
 drawing ftreight Lines, you have the Sweep b, e. From the Point b, to p, is the 
 Thicknefs you want to be added extraordinary on the Back of the Rail &, and which 
 is the Inner-Mould ; fo that by bending both thefe Moulds round the Rail, and by 
 drawing them with a Pencil, and cutting away the fuperfluous Wood you have an ex- 
 a£t fquare Back. There feems no Difficulty now left, unmentioned, to fquare 
 twifted Rails in any Form whatever. 
 
 Becaufe I have all along ftrove to give Variety, obferve M*; in which is fhewn 
 a Method to have your Newel under the Twill, the fame Length as the reft ; 
 by which means alfo the Rail twifts no farther than the firft Quarter, and confe- 
 quently the remaining Part may be cut out of a Plank, of the Thicknefs of your 
 Rail, without twilling at all. There feems no Explanation wanting to clear this 
 Point, but Infpedlion, and a good Conception of Plate X: In this of M *, 1, f, 
 is the Thicknefs of Wood extraordinary wanting on the Back of the Rail. 
 
 A 
 

 ■»**_* 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
Remarks on the Table. 
 
 5 2 
 
 LTHO’ this Table Teems To plain as to need no Expla- 
 nation, it may not be amifs to obferve Tome Particulars, 
 fiich as that all Binding or Strong- Joifts ought to be 
 half as thick again as Common- foids ; that is, if a 
 Common- Joift be given three Inches thick, a Binding- Joifl: 
 fhould be four Inches and a half thick, altho’ the fame Depth. 
 
 Obferve alfo, that if Conveniency do not allow of Pods in Par- 
 titions being fquarc, in fuch Cafes, multiply the Square of the 
 Side of the Pods, as here given, by itfelf: For Inftance, if it be 
 fix Inches fquare, then as fix Times fix is thirty fix, confequent- 
 ly to keep this Pod nearly to the fame Strength, find fome Num- 
 ber that fhall agree thereto; as fuppofe the Partition to be four 
 Inches thick, then let your Pod be nine Inches the other Way, 
 fo that nine Times four is thirty dx, being the fame as dx Times 
 dx ; fo that the Strength is nearly the fame, altho’ being equal 
 in its Squares is bed for the Strength. 
 
 Ports that go the Height of two or three Stories, need not hold this Pro- 
 portion, becaufe at every Floor it will meet with a Tye ; admit a Port was 
 required of thirty Feet High, and in this Height was three Stories; two of 
 ten Feet, and one of eight. Look for Port of Fir of ten Feet High, their 
 fcantling is 5 Inches fquare, i. e. 25 fquare Inches ; which double for the 
 two Stories. 
 
 And take alfo that of 8 Feet High, being 4 Inches fquare, i. e. 16 fquare 
 Inches, all which being added together make 64 fquare Inches ; fo that 
 fuch a Port would be 8 Inches fquare. On Occafion it may be lerten’d in 
 each Story at it rifes. 
 
 I do not inrtrt that the Scantlings of Timber ought to be exadtly as by 
 this Table is exprefs’d, but may be varied in fome Refpedrts, as the Work- 
 men fhall fee fit; the Reafon of its being inferted is in confideration of the 
 Scantlings of Timber, as formally fettled by A<rt of Parliament, and which 
 if compared will prove the Neceflity, and Ufe of this Table. 
 
 As to Plates on Walls, or Breft- Summers to fupport Walls, I do not find 
 they can come into any regular Proportion, as the reft do, therefore muft 
 be left to Difcretion. 
 
 And as I have herein defcribed a great Variety of the principal Things 
 requifite to be known by every Carpenter, I fhall conclude this Part with 
 my Wrthes that it may prove as ufeful as my earneft Endeavours have been 
 to make it fo. 
 
 0 
 
 The End of the Carpentry. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
A 
 
 SUP P L E M E N T 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Britifh Carpenter: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 PALLADI Os 
 
 Orders of Architecture, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 Ornaments of Doors and W indows, 
 
 Proportion’d and adjufted by Divisions on Scales; together 
 with the accurate Curves of their Mouldings, and their 
 Application to Use. 
 
 Defer ibed on Sixteen Copper-Plates. 
 
 By FRANCIS TRICE . 
 
 LONDON: Printed by C. A c k e r s in St. John s-Street j 
 
 And Sold by the Author, in Mount-Street , near Grofvenor- Square ; alfo 
 by A. Bettesworth and C. H i t c h at the Red-Lion in Pater - 
 Nojier-Row -y and T. A s t l e y at the Rofe in St. Paul's Church-Yard* 
 
 MDCCXXXV. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JL, 
 
 
 : ■- ) : . t - 
 
 ' • • - ■ t • 
 
 ... 2 . t> . ; - V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
HAVE herein prefented the Pubiick 
 
 with the live Orders of Architecture, 
 
 ♦ 
 
 according to that molt judicious Mailer 
 Andrea Palladio, together with the 
 Ornaments of Doors, Windows, &?c. 
 
 and their Application to Ufe, after a Method much 
 eafier in Practice than any Thing of the Kind; 
 which I have by many Perfons been importuned to 
 do, that thereby the Whole might be render’d of 
 general Ufe to the feveral Artificers in Building. 
 Altho’ it may not appear to every one, that 
 thefe are the Proportions of Palladio, I am ful- 
 ly convinc’d every competent Judge will foon 
 difcern it, (and every other Perfon that would be 
 fatisfy’d, may, by Obfervation and Compare, find it 
 to be fo ; ) therefore I lhall not trouble the Reader 
 with Quotations, to prove the Veracity thereof. 
 
 A 2 
 
 THE 
 

 T H E 
 
 N T E N T S. 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 
 The Proportions of the Tufcan Order explain d i 
 
 ) B, I he Proportions of the Dorick Order , &c. 2 
 
 C, The Proportions of the lonick Order , &c. 3 
 
 D, The Proportions of the atwient and modern lonick Capital 4 
 
 E, The Proportions of the Corinthian Order , &c. 5 
 
 F, The Proportions of the Corinthian Capital 6 
 
 G, The Proportions of the Compofite Order , &c. 7 
 
 H, The Compofite Capital , with the Inter columniatio?is of each 
 
 Order 8 
 
 I, The Proportions of the Ornaments of Doors, Windows, &c. Q 
 
 K, The proper Declivity or Pitch of Pediments , with their De- 
 pendants 1 o 
 
 L, The foregomg Proportio?is applyed to PraSlice in the Drefs of 
 
 Doors, Windows, and Chimney-pieces 1 1 
 
 M, The feveralP edefals of the forego'mg Orders , regulated , See. 1 2 
 
 N, The feveral Columns , and Capitals , of the foregoing Orders 
 
 regulated 1 3 
 
 O, The feveral Entablatures regulated , with the ConJlruElfon of 
 
 the Orders eiitire 14 
 
 P, The Application of the foregoing Proportions to Ufe , in the 
 
 Drefs of Doors, &fc. 1 5 
 
 Qj The Application of the aforefaid Orders to PraSlice , in adorn- 
 in? Arches 1 6 
 
 Plate 
 
P L A T E A. t 
 
 The 'Proportions of the Tuscan Order. 
 
 Column A, is feven of its Diameters in Height 
 ~ ' including its Bafe a, b, and Capital c, d ; each hav- 
 ing half the Diameter of the Column. The Enta- 
 blature B, is one fourth of the Length of the faid Co- 
 lumn; which being divided into twelve Parts, four is for the 
 Architrave d, e, three for the Freeze e, f, and five for the Cor- 
 nice f, g. The Plinth C, is one Diameter of the Column, as ap- 
 pears by the Scale. So that a Height being given for this 
 Order, divide it into thirty-nine equal Parts; four will be the 
 Diameter of the Column ; by which the other Parts are pro- 
 portion’d. 
 
 The Bafe a, b, projects one fixth Part of the Diameter of the Column 
 on each Side. The Shaft diminifhes one fourth Part of the Diameter be- 
 low ; for which diminishing, divide the Length of^the Shaft b, c, into three 
 Parts, leaving the lower Part perpendicular. On the faid third Part, i, k, 
 defcribe a Semi-Circle obferving where the Diminution paffes through it 
 as at 1 ; from i, to 1, divide into Parts at Pleafure, as here, into five; ob- 
 ferving to divide the upper two thirds of the Shaft, into the lame Num- 
 ber; drawing Bafe Lines from the one, and Perpendiculars from the other, 
 their Meeting gives an agreeable Curve for the Swelling of the Column. 
 
 Note, The Aftragal m, n, is reckon’d a Part of the Column. 
 
 The Projedture of the Capital e, d, is found by dividing the diminifhed 
 Part of the Shaft into five equal Parts, one of which is for the faid Projedture, 
 the Architrave d, e, projects one feventh of its Height, and the Cornice 
 f, g, projects equal to its Height. And that the particular Parts may ap- 
 pear the better, each is enlarged : D, being the Cornice, whofe Particulars 
 appear by Infpedtion. E, is the Architrave, enlarged agreeable to that of 
 the Cornice, as alfo the Capital F, and the Bafe G, whofe Projedture is 
 divided into four Parts, which fhews the Projection of the Plinth. That 
 of H, is the Impoft of the Arch, whofe Height is found by dividing the 
 Diameter of the Column into twelve Parts ; feven of which is the Height 
 thereof, and three is its Projedture. 
 
 By obferving the feveral Scales duly, there needs no farther Expla- 
 nation. 
 
 B 
 
 Plate 
 
2 
 
 Plate B. 
 
 The Proportions of the Dorick Order. 
 
 H E Column I, is eight Diameters high, including its 
 Bafe, o, p, and Capital q, r, each having half the 
 Diameter of the Column. The Entablature K, is two 
 fuch Parts as the Length of the Column contains 
 nine ; which is divided into fifteen Parts, four for the Archi- 
 trave r, s, fix for the Freeze s, t, and five for the Cornice t, u. 
 The Pedeflal L, contains two fuch Parts as the Length of the Co- 
 lumn does feven ; which being divided into feven Parts, one is 
 for the eaping o, w ; four for the Die w, x, and two for the Bafe, 
 and Plinth x, z, z ; which being divided into three Parts, one is 
 for the Bafe x, y, and two for the Plinth y, z, as appears by the 
 Scale. So that a Height being given for this Order, divide it in- 
 to one hundred and forty-five Parts, twelve will be the Dia- 
 meter of the Column ; (by which the other Parts are proportion’d.) 
 
 The Bafe o, p, projects one fixth Part of the Diameter of the Column, 
 on each Side, which gives the Breadth of the Die of the Pedeflal; and the 
 Breadth of the Die, or Trunk of the Pedeflal, being divided into five 
 Parts, one is for the Projedlure of the Caping o, w, and Bafe x, y. The 
 faid Column diminifhes one fixth Part of its Diameter at Bottom, the 
 Capital q, r, projects one fourth Part of the faid Diameter. The Archi- 
 trave r, s, projects one feventh of its Height, the Freeze s, t, is adorned 
 with Trighphs, and Metops; the Trigliphs being in Breadth, equal to 
 two thirds of their Height. And the Metops, or Space between is perfedt 
 fquare. The Cornice t, u, projects four fuch Parts as its Height contains 
 three. 
 
 And that the particular Parts may appear plain, they are enlarged. M, 
 being the Cornice, and N, part of its Sofeit, that of O, being the Freeze, 
 and P, the Architrave, alfo Q, is the Capital, and R, the Impofl of the 
 Arch ; its height being two thirds of the Diameter of the Column, includ- 
 ing its Aflragal, and its Projedlure is one fourth. S, is the Bafe of the Co- 
 lumn, 1’, the Caping of the Pedeflal, and U, the Bafe, or Mouldings thereof. 
 
 By obferving the feveral Scales duly, a farther Explanation is needlefs ; 
 without it be the Projedture of the feveral Mouldings, mofl of which come 
 under one Rule, viz. all Ogees, Quarter-rounds, and Hollows projedl with 
 their Lifts, equal to their naked Height; the faid Lifts projedting one fixth 
 Part of that naked Height, as may appear. The Cymas projedl equal to 
 their Height, and the Curves of each Member are thus ; all Hollows and 
 Rounds are deferibed by placing one Foot of the Compaffes on the Line that 
 feperates the Member from its Lift, and the Cymas and Ogees are form’d by 
 the Point of an equilateral Triangle, as may appear by Infpedlion. 
 
 • Plate 
 
/ 
 
 pirn 
 

 
 


 Eiia 
 
3 
 
 Plate C. 
 
 The ‘Proportions of the Ionick Order. 
 
 H E Column W, is nine Diameters in height including 
 its Bale a, b, and Capital c, d ; each being half the Dia- 
 meter of the Column, the Entablature X, is one fifth 
 of the Height of the Column, ( as may appear by the Scale,) which 
 Height is divided into twelve Parts ; of which, four is for the Ar- 
 chitrave d, e, three for the Freeze e, f, and five for the Cornice 
 f, g ; the Pedeftal Y, has three fuch Parts, as the Entablature 
 has two ; i. e. three tenths of the Height of the Column. Which 
 being divided into fifteen Parts, two is for the Caping a, h, nine 
 for the Die, or Trunk h, i, and four for the Bafe, and Plinth 
 i, k, which being again divided into three ; one is for the Bafe 
 i, 1, and two for the Plinth 1, k ; fo that a Height being given 
 for this Order, divide it into twenty-feven Parts ; two is for the 
 Diameter of the Column, by which the other Parts are pro- 
 portion’d. 
 
 The Bafe of the Column a, b, projedts one fixth Part of the Diameter 
 on each Side, which gives the Breadth of the Pedeftal; which being divided 
 into fix Parts, one is for the Projedture of the Caping a, h, and Bafe i, 1. This 
 Column alfo diminifhes one fixth Part of its Diameter. The Capital e, d, being 
 fomewhat more difficult to conceive, than the former; therefore I referve it 
 for the next Plate. The Architrave d, e, projects equal to that of the Freeze 
 e, f, which is found by making an equilateral Triangle, of the Middle 
 third Part ; fo that its Point is the Center for the Curve, which gives the 
 faid Projedture of the Architrave. The Cornice f, g, projects equal to its 
 Height. To find the Modilion, divide the diminifhed Part of the Column in- 
 to ten Parts; two fuch Parts, are for the Breadth of each Modilion ; three 
 for its Length, and four for the Space betwixt them. 
 
 And that the particular Parts may appear plain, I have enlarged them ; 
 as in Z, A*, B*, D *, E *, F *, fo that Infpedtion will explain the Par- 
 ticulars. That of C *, is the Import of the Arch, whofe Height (exclufive 
 of the Aftragal, ) is found, by dividing the Ffiameter of the Column into 
 three Parts; two of which is its Height, and one fourth of the faid Dia- 
 meter is its Projedture. 
 
 B 2 
 
 Plate 
 
4 Plate D. 
 
 The Proportions of the I o nick Capital. 
 
 HE Height m, n, (being half the Diameter of the Column,} 
 is divided into nineteen equal Parts ; of which, three is for 
 the Ogee, with its Lift ; one for the Lift or Rim of the Scrole ; 
 three for the Recefs; four for the Ovola ; and two for the 
 Aftragal, which is the Eye or Volute ; on which are defcribed 
 the thirteen Centers, by which the faid Scrole is formed. 
 The Projection of the faid Capital G, as n, o, is equal 
 to the Diameter of the Column below •, by limiting the ProjeCture of the 
 Ogee, drop a Perpendicular from the Foot thereof ; obferving where it 
 paflfes through the faid Aftragal, for that is the Center of the Volute j which 
 is enlarged as in H ; fo that the particular Centers, for forming the fpiral 
 Line or Scrole, may appear by InfpeCtion. And becaufe the faid Scrole is 
 fpiral, therefore betwixt the Centers that are marked i, 2, 3, 4, &c. di- 
 vide each, into four equal Parts, fo that the Part next to the faid marked 
 Centers, is the Centers for forming the faid Spiral, or diminifhing of the 
 Scrole. The other Parts InfpeCtion will explain. From this Elevation G, 
 the Plan I, is made, as the Letters and prick’d Lines (hew. 
 
 If this Column, or the following ones, be fluted, it has twenty-four 
 Flutes, which are thus made ; the two Diameters crofting each other at 
 right Angles, and the diagonal Lines, being drawn, divides the Plan into 
 eight equal Parts. So that by dividing each again into three, gives the 
 Centers for defcribing each Flute > the Lift betwixt each being one third of 
 the faid Flute. If the faid Column be fluted, then all the proper Parts 
 Ihould be carved, and the Pedeftal fhould be opened with a Pannel, whofe 
 extent is equal to the Diameter of the Column above ; not but on Occa- 
 fion, there may be Ornaments left fwelling beyond the Die of the Pede- 
 ftal, equal to the Bignefs of the Column as before. 
 
 Note, In this Cafe the adjoining Farts Jhould be inriche d in Proportion, 
 •which is eficemed an ejfential Part of Symmetry. 
 
 And in Confideration, that this ancient Capital, is not fo frequently ufed, 
 as the Modern one j therefore I have infened it as on the other half of 
 the faid Plan, as K, and in the other half of the Elevation, as L, which 
 is thus. Make a geometrical Square, equal to one Diameter, and one third 
 of the Column ; as r, s, t, u ; Laftly , Divide the Diameter of the Column 
 into eight Parts ; take feven thereof, and place on the diagonal Lines, as 
 from the Center u, to w, x, y, z, which being drawn Parallel to the Dia- 
 gonals, oblerve where it crofles the faid Square r, s, t, u, for that terminates 
 the Horns of the Abacus, whofe Curvature is formed by the Point of an 
 equilateral Triangle, being equal to the Points marked on the Sides of the 
 faid Square. The Flower in the Middle of each Face, is one fourth Part 
 of the Diameter of the Column. 
 
 Plate 
 
7 > /a/x IL 
 
Plate E. 
 
 The Proportions of the Corinthian Order. 
 
 H E Column M, including its Bale a, b, and Ca- 
 pital c, g, is nine Diameters and an half high ; of 
 which the faid Capital has one Diameter, and one 
 fixth Part for its Height; the Bafe being half a 
 Diameter as before. The Entablature N, is one fifth 
 Part of the Height of the Column. Which being divided into 
 twelve Parts, four is for the Architrave c, d, three for the Freeze 
 d, e, and five for the Cornice e, f. The Pedeftal O, is one fourth 
 Part of the Height of the Column, and is divided into eight e- 
 qual Parts ; of which, one is for the Caping a, g, five for the 
 Die, or Trunk g, h, and two for the Bafe and Plinth h, i, which 
 is again divided into three ; one is for the Bafe h, k, and two for 
 the Plinth k, i. So that a Height being 'given for this Order, 
 divide it into fixty-nine equal Parts ; five is the Diameter of the 
 Column, which proportions the reft as before. 
 
 The Bafe a, b, projects one fifth of the Diameter of the faid Column, 
 which gives the Breadth of the Die, of the Pedertal j which being divided 
 into fix Parts, one is for the Projedture of the Caping a, g, and Bafe h, k. This 
 Capital g, c, requires to be explained by itfelf, therefore will be inferred on 
 the next Plate. The Architrave c, d, projedts one fifth Part of its Height, the 
 Freeze d, e, is Perpendicular to the diminished Part of the Column, (which 
 is one fixth as before,) the Cornice e, f, projedts equal to its Height, which be- 
 ing divided intofeventeen Parts, five is for the Projedture of the Bed-moulding j. 
 feven for the Length of the Modilion ; and the other five for that of the 
 Cornice ; the Breadth of each Modilion is four fuch Parts ; and the Space 
 betwixt is eight. And to adjuft the Dentils, divide their Height into three 
 Parts, two of which is their Projedture, and Width, and one is for the 
 Space between each. 
 
 And that the particular Parts may appear plain, obferve, as in P, R, 
 S, U, W, each Part is enlarged. And if the Divifions or Scales, be duly 
 obferved, there needs no farther Explanation, otherways than that T, is 
 the Import of the Arch, whole Height is two thirds of the Diameter of the 
 Column ; exclufive of its Aftragal, the Projedture of the faid Import, is one 
 fourth of the Diameter of the Column. 
 
 Plats. 
 
6 P L A T E F. 
 
 The Proportions' of the Corinthian Capital. 
 
 O form this Capital, a geometrical Square muft be 
 made equal to one Diameter and an half of the Co- 
 lumn, as 1, m, n, o ; draw the diagonal Lines m, o, 
 
 1, n, and from the Center p, mark one Diameter of 
 the Column on the faid Diagonals, obferving where 
 it pafies through the Sides of the faid Square, which terminates the 
 Horns of the Abacus, fo that by making an equilateral Triangle 
 with the Part remaining, between the Points fo terminated, as 
 p, q, r ; its Point will be the Center for deferibing the Curvature 
 of the Abacus. So that from the half of the Plan as X, is made 
 the Elevation Y ; whofe Height is one Diameter, and one fixth 
 of the Column, and is divided into feven Parts ; of one is made 
 the Abacus s, t, and of the other, is made the Head of the 
 Scroles, s, u : So that the remaining five, is for the Leaves, as In- 
 fpeclion fhews. To find the Proje&ure of the faid Leaves, draw 
 a Line from the Extremity of the Abacus, to that of the Aftra- 
 gal of the Column, to which the Tip or Head of the Leaves 
 come. 
 
 As to the Pofttion of the Leaves, Perpendiculars are let fall from the Ele- 
 vation Y, to the Plan X ; as the prick’d Lines fhew. There are eight 
 Leaves in each of the firft and lecond Tire ; and between the latter are 
 Stalks, as is fhewn in the other Part of the Plan, as Z; from whence fpring 
 the upper Tire of Leaves, as alfo tire Scroles, each of which are in Number 
 fixteen, from the faid Plan X, Z ; the Particulars of the Elevation Y, are 
 fhaped, as Infpection will make appear; the Flower in the Middle of the 
 Abacus, is in Breadth and in Height, one fourth Part of the Diameter of 
 the Column; its Plan being a Portion of a Circle. As to the other Parti- 
 culars, due Infpedtion and Practice only will make them intelligible. The 
 Aftragal is reckoned as a Part of the Column, and is one twelfth of the 
 Diameter thereof in Height, its Projedtion being the fame. 
 
 The cutting in of the Leaves, fhould be no deeper than the Bottom of 
 the Flutes, fo that the Bell of the Capital, is equal to the folid Part of the 
 Column; the Lifts between the Flutes give the Bignefs of the Stalks of the 
 Leaves, by which a kind of fuppofitional Strength is preferved. Thefe 
 Leaves are cut varioufly, as fometimes with Olive, Parfley, or Acanthus; 
 but that the Carvers are moft expert at. 
 
 Plate 
 
 x 
 
F 
 
 . F. J’rzct cfc/esi . 
 
Plate G. 7 
 
 The “proportions of the Composite Order. 
 
 H E Column A, is ten Diameters high, including the 
 Bafe a, b, and Capital c, d, each being as in the Co- 
 rinthian Order. The Entablature B, is one fifth Part 
 of the Height of the Column, as may appear by the 
 Scale ; this Height is divided into twelve Parts, giving four to 
 the Architrave d, e, three to the Freeze e, f, and five to the Cor- 
 nice f, g. The Pedeftal C, is one third of the Height of the Co- 
 lumn, which being divided into feventeen Parts, two is for the 
 Caping a, h, eleven for the Die or naked h, i, and -four for the 
 Bafe and Plinth i, k, which being again divided into three 
 Parts, one is for the Bafe i, 1, and two for the Plinth 1, k ; fo 
 that any Height being given for this Order, divide it into forty- 
 fix eaual Parts : three of which is the Diameter of the Column : 
 
 l 1 
 
 From whence the other Parts are proportioned. 
 
 The Diameter of the Column being divided into five Parts, one is for 
 the ProjeCture of the Bafe on each Side; and which gives the Breadth of 
 the Die, or Trunk. The Breadth of the Pedeftal being divided into fix 
 Parts, one is for the ProjeCture of the Caping a, k, and Bafe i, 1. The Ca- 
 pital c, d, is one Diameter and one fixth in Height ; and projects three-fourths 
 of a Diameter, from the central Line ; but as this Capital requires an Expla- 
 nation by itfelf, as the foregoing Ionick and Corinthian Capitals, therefore I 
 fhall pafs over it, to the Architrave d, e, which projects equal to that of the 
 Freeze e, f, which is found as the Ionick Freeze was, viz. by making an 
 Equilateral Triangle of the middle Part, its Point being the Center thereof. 
 The Cornice f, g, projects equal to its Height. 
 
 The particular Parts are enlarged, as in D, E, F, G, H, I, K, each of 
 which 1 make no doubt but InfpeCtion will explain ; except it be the Cor- 
 nice, in which by drawing a Line from the extream Projection thereof, to 
 the Foot moll of the Projections are (hewn. From the central Line of 
 the Column, to the ProjeCture of the Modilion, as limitted by the faid 
 Line, divide into feven Parts, two of which are for the Length of the Mo- 
 dilion, two for the Space betwixt each, and two for the largeft Projection, 
 fo that this Modilion being a kind of Architrave, the firft Facia has one of 
 thefe Parts, and the fecond Facia has one and an half. 
 
 Plats 
 
8 
 
 Plate H. 
 
 The Proportions of the Composite Capital, together 
 with the Inter calumniation proper to each Order. 
 
 HIS Capital is in Height, one Diameter and one 
 fixth, or it is equal to the Height of the Archi- 
 trave and Freeze together, the Plan is the fame as 
 that of the Corinthian ; the Scale fhews the Height 
 of each diHincH; Part. This Capital is compofed of 
 the Ionick , and Corinthian Caps, as appears by the 
 Elevation L; the whole Height being divided into feven Parts, 
 the upper three are the Ionick Capital, differing in nothing but its 
 Plan, as will appear by Compare. The lower four Parts are for 
 the two Tire of Leaves, taken from the Corinthian Cap ; for which 
 Reafon ’tis call’d the Compojite Order. As to the Particulars, 
 it comes fo nearly alike to that of the Corinthiaii , that a farther 
 Explanation would be little elfe but Repetition. Therefore in 
 Lieu, I fhall mention the Intercolumniation proper to each 
 Order. (That is, the Space betwixt one Column and another if 
 ufed in Colonades.) 
 
 Paladio fays, we muft keep a due Proportion and Harmony between the 
 Intercolumniation, or Spaces, and the Columns. Becaufe if fmall Columns 
 be made with large Intercolumniations , it will very much leflen their 
 Gracefulnefs. And on the contrary, if large Columns have fmall Inter- 
 columniations, the too little Vacuity, will make them look without the 
 lead Grace. Therefore if the Spaces be three Diameters, the Thicknefs of 
 the Column mud be a feventh Part of its Altitude, as in the lufcan Order ; 
 which manner of placing Columns is called Areojlylos, as in M. But if the 
 Space be two Diameters, and two thirds, the Length of the Column fhould be 
 eight Diameters, as in the Dorick Order ; and this manner of placing Co- 
 lumns, is called DyaJIylos , as in N. If two and a Quarter, the Column muft 
 be nine Diameters in Length, as in the Ionick Order \ and this manner 
 is called Eujlylos , as in O. And if no more than two, the Columns mud be 
 nine Diameters and an half high, as in the Corinthian Order ; which man- 
 ner is called Syjiylos , as in P. And, lajily , If of one Diameter and an half, 
 the Length of the Column flioula be ten Diameters, as in the Compofite 
 Order ; and this manner of placing Columns is called Pycnojtylos , as in Q. 
 I have been thus free, fays He , in making my Obfervations, to the End that 
 they may ferve as Examples. Plate 
 
/r/ns /cm/* . 
 
pZGP | 1 / ■ ? 
 
Plate I. 
 
 9 
 
 The Proportions of the Ornaments of Doors, 
 
 Window s, &c. 
 
 HE Width of either being given, make its 
 Height equal to two Diameters ; or two 
 Diameters and a fixth Fart : Which, is e- 
 fteemed as the bed; Proportion. The faid 
 Width being made as the Ufe and Convenience 
 of the Place allows, (of which more will be 
 obferved in its due Place,) divide it into fix 
 equal Parts, one of which is for the Architrave as in R ; which 
 being divided into four equal Parts, three give the Height of the 
 FreezeS; and five fuch Parts give the Height of the Cornice 
 T ; all which is eafily conceived by the Scale, therefore to 
 my thinking can want no Explanation, otherways than due In- 
 
 Again, admit that of V, was an Architrave proportioned as 
 before. U, being the Freeze, and W, the Cornice, the Method 
 is as before, ( the Ornaments only varying ; ) thefe Members 
 will be eafily conceived, by duly infpedting the Scales ; and as to 
 the Curves of each Moulding, enough feems to have been fhewn 
 in the foregoing Plates. 
 
 N. B. The fir ft Face of the Architrave Jhould be as far from the Frame of 
 the Door , or Window , as the Breadth ofi the whole Architrave ; obj'erve alfio 
 that this Proportion is taken from the Width between one Architrave and the 
 other , as will be Jfoewn in its due Place. 
 
 Admit the Architrave X, were one fixth Part of the Opening ; which 
 being divided into four Parts, as before, the Freeze Y, has three fuch Parts, 
 and an half, as appears by the Scale ; and the Cornice Z, has five Parts 
 as in the other Examples. Each of thefe Cornices projedts equal to 
 their Height; and the Freeze in all being formed by an equilateral Tri- 
 angle, made with one third Part thereof, gives the Projection of the Ar- 
 chitrave ; whole Parts are ILewn diftindtly, by the Scales. 
 
 The Architrave A*, being one fixth Part of the Opening, is divided in- 
 to four Parts; of which, the Freeze B *, has three and one fourth; and 
 Cornice C*, has five fuch Parts. So that here are four Manners, of form- 
 ing the Ornaments of Doors and Wittdows according to Palladio. 
 
 c 
 
 Plate 
 
P L A T E K. 
 
 IO 
 
 The Proportions oj Pediments, and their De- 
 pendants. 
 
 O raiie the Pitch, or Slope, of a 
 with Grace and Beauty, fays Palla 
 
 1 TT7* 1,1 * • • ~ I T', 
 
 Pediment, 
 Palladio, divide 
 ^ 1C g* ven i nto nine equal Parts, two of 
 
 which will be its perpendicular Pleight, as in 
 D ; for, Jays He , if it rife one fourth of its 
 Width, it will be too High ; and if one fifth, 
 it will be too Low. Therefore the moft come- 
 ly Proportion, will be two ninths as before. 
 
 And in Confideration that no Pediment can be perform’d without two 
 kinds of Cornice, ( except it be knee’d at its Bottom or Springing, which 
 is reckoned a kind of Defedt, ) therefore to give each of the Cymas fuch 
 a Shape, or Curve, as (hall ftridtly agree in their Miter, do thus. De- 
 fcribe the Curve of the level Cornice F, as a, b, c, by two fuch Portions 
 of Circles, as that the Centers for forming each, may be on an Hori- 
 zontal, or level Line, drawn through the Middle of the faid Cyma; as * * 
 c, d ; being the Projedture thereof. Draw Lines from the Points of the 
 faid Cyma, agreeable to the Slope of the Pediment, which gives or termi- 
 nates the Bignefs of the raking Cornice or Cyma G; fo that by drawing a 
 Line through the Middle of the faid Member, on it are the Cen- 
 ters * *, by which the Curves e, f, g, are defcribed ; the Projedture g, h, 
 being as before. In Cafe a Break or Return be made in the Pediment, 
 then another kind of Cyma muft be formed, which (hall agree with the 
 two former, as H ; the Centers for forming each Curve, being on an ho- 
 rizontal Line drawn through the Middle of the Cyma, as before; i, k, 1, 
 is the Curve whofe Projedture as before is 1, m ; thefe three Kinds of Cor- 
 nice being thus formed, will agree with each other, without the Trouble of 
 Tracing. But if the given Curve, he not defcribed as before, then obferVe the 
 Method propofed in I ; by which the Curve of any raki?jg Moulding whatever , 
 may be truly defcribed. Admit the Cornice given were K; n, o, p, being its 
 Curve, and p, q, its Projedture ; by making Points on the faid Curve, draw 
 Lines from them, agreeable to the Slope of the Pediment, on which place 
 each refpedtive Projedture from K, to L, fo is r, s, t, its Curve, the Pro- 
 jedture being t, u, as before. And if a Break or Return be made as M, then 
 transfer the feveral Projedtures from K, obferving that the Points be on the 
 Lines drawn agreeable to the Rake of the Pediment, fo will w, x, y, be the 
 Curve, and y, z, the Projedture as before; which no doubt but InfpeCtion 
 explains. 
 
 Plate 
 
. _1 
 
 F. Free* tie in 
 
 
 I 
 
 
Plat e L. 
 
 i [ 
 
 The foregoing 'Proportions apply d to Practi c e. 
 
 ^SAVING mentioned the various Ornaments proper to 
 ll'M adorn Doors and Windows in the foregoing Plate, 
 '*** viz. the Architrave, Freeze and Cornice ; as alfo the 
 Pitch of Pediments, &>c. it remains to apply the fame 
 
 to Pa&ice. 
 
 That of M, is a Door or Window of two Diameters high ; and 
 that of 0,two Diameters and one fixth Part: The Architrave being 
 divided into three Parts, two is for the Breadth of the Pilafter, as 
 in P ; on thefe Piladers are placed the Truffes, Scroles, or Corbels, 
 as in Q_; whofe Shape is almoft at Pleafure; if either of thefe 
 are ufed as Frontifpieces of external Doors, the Pediment ought 
 not to be broken, or opened, and the Architrave fhould Band 
 on a Plinth, equal to two thirds thereof,’ or to the Height of the 
 Step, by which one afcends into the Houfe, &c. but if ufed in the 
 internal Part, the Architrave may come down to the Floor or 
 Pavement, and the Pediment may be opened as in R ; the Knee, 
 or Break of the Architrave is one fourth of the Width thereof, 
 its Length being equal to the whole Breadth of the Architrave, as 
 in R, or to one Diameter and an half as in T, or two Diameters 
 asinV; at Pleafure. In this Freeze, are placed Truffes, whofe 
 form is U, which brings the Pediment forward to receive the 
 Bufto ; as to the opening InfpeCtion will explain it. This Door is 
 two Diameters high, and that of S, is two Diameters and one fixth, 
 and has its Freeze contracted. The Pediment is opened to receive 
 a Shield, &c. and as to the other Particulars, (that is, the diftinCt 
 Members,) enough has been fhewn in the foregoing Plate. 
 
 Either of thefe may ferve as a Chimney-Piece, by changing the Propor- 
 tion of their Height only ; for inftance, admit the Height were equal to 
 its Width, as in O; or by defcribing an equilateral Triangle, whofe Sides 
 are equal to the Width, as in R ; or, lafily , By the Diagonal of a Square, as 
 in S ; all which have a pleafing Effect. The Pediment is proportion’d by 
 making a Quarter-Circle, as a, b, a, which being divided into eight Parts, 
 three are for the Parts of the Pediment on each Side, and two for the 
 Opening c, d, f that by drawing the Line c, e, or d, e, the Projecture of 
 the Scroles are terminated, the reft may appear by Infpedlion. 
 
 Plate 
 
12 P L A T F. M. 
 
 A Regular Proportion for the Jeveral Pedestals. 
 
 AV I N G delivered the Proportions of the fve 
 Orders , together with the Ornaments of Doors, 
 Windows, &c. according to Palladio; I hope 
 twill not difpleafe any , that I take the Liberty to 
 infert fuch Obfervations as naturally occur d from 
 going through fuch a Task. 
 
 Palladio proportions the Dorick Pedeftal, by making 
 its Die a perfect Square, as W, equal to the Breadth of the Plinth 
 of the Column, which Bignefs is found by dividing the Body, 
 or Diameter of the Column, into fix Parts, of which one is for 
 the Proje&ure of the faid Plinth on each Side, and by being di- 
 vided into four equal Parts, one is for the Caping, and two for 
 the Bafe and Plinth, which being divided into three, one is for 
 the Bafe, and two for the Plinth, as appears by the Scale. 
 
 N. B. "This is the fame Proportion as was before delivered. 
 
 The Ionick Pedeftal, is proportion’d by making its Die a Square 
 and one fixth, as X, which being divided into four Parts and an 
 half, i, e, nine Parts ; two is for the Caping, and four for the 
 Bafe and Plinth, as before. 
 
 The Compojite Pedeftal, is proportion’d by making its Die, a Square and 
 two ftxths, as Z, which being divided into ten Parts, two is for its Caping, 
 and four for the Bafe and Plinth, as before. 
 
 The Corinthian Pedeftal, is proportion’d by making its Die, a Square and 
 three lixths, asY, i,e, a Square and an half; (the Bignefs of which is found, 
 by dividing the Diameter of the Column into five Parts, one is for the 
 Projedure of the faid Plinth on each Side,) which being divided into eleven 
 Parts, two is for the Caping, and four for the Bafe and Plinth. 
 
 N. B. This is alfo the fame Proportion as was before deliver'd. 
 
 By this Method, the Pedeftals rife one above the other by a regular Pro- 
 portion, viz. The Dorick is two Diameters, and one third of the Column, 
 the Ionick is two Diameters and two thirds, the Compofite is three Diameters, 
 and the Corinthian is three Diameters and one third. As to the Propor- 
 tion of the fmall Members, ’twas fufficiently explained before, therefore 
 needs not be repeated. 
 
 Note , The Ionick and Compofite Plinths, are found by dividing the Diffe- 
 rence between that of the Dorick , and that of the Corinthian , into three 
 Parts, giving one to the Augmentation of each Plinth, 
 
 Plate 
 
V4 
 
 * 
 

 J 
 
Plate N. 
 
 *3 
 
 A Regular 'Proportion for the fever al Columns 
 
 and Capitals. 
 
 MAKE the Dorick and Corinthian my Standards, as be- 
 fore. The Dorick Column A, together with its Bafe and 
 Capital ; (each being half the Diameter of the Column, ) 
 is eight Diameters high. And the Corinthian Column D, to- 
 gether with its Bafe and Capital, is ten Diameters high. The 
 Bafe being half a Diameter in Height, and the Capital one 
 Diameter and one fixth ; fo that by dividing the Difference 
 betwixt the Height of thefe Columns fbeing two Diameters,) into three 
 equal Parts, one is given to the Augmentation of each Column : By which 
 Means the Ionick Column B, together with its Bafe and Capital, is eight 
 Diameters and two thirds high. And the Compojite Column C, including 
 its Bafe and Capital is nine Diameters and one .third in Height: So that 
 the Columns rife in Height, proportionable to one another. 
 
 Note , The Dorick Capital is half a Diameter high, and the Corinthian 
 Capital is one Diameter and one fixth. Therefore I divide the Difference 
 into three equal Parts, as above; giving one Part to the additional Height 
 of each Capital; all which the Scales fo plainly fhew, that a farther Ex- 
 planation is needlefs. The Ionick Capital is diverted by Feftoons of Drapery, 
 which go through its Volutes, and which, as Occafion fhall direct, may be 
 of Fruit, Flowers, &c. There are abundance of Examples of this kind of 
 Ionick Capital, to be found in the Productions of the Ancients, and alfo 
 in the Works of Sir Chrijlopher Wren ; particularly in the Front of St. Mag- 
 nus's Church, at the Foot of London Bridge. The Compojite Capital, is di- 
 verted by the Volutes of the Ionick , and Leaves of the Corinthian. And’ 
 of this kind of Capital, alfo abundance of Examples might be produced 
 in the Works of Sir Chrifiopher Wren. At the fame Time it is fo agree- 
 able to the Words of mo ft able Writers on this Subject, that it will need 
 no enforcing. 
 
 N.B. By making the Capitals in this Proportion, the Shafts of the Co- 
 lumns will be agreeable in Height to one another, fo that the whole rife3 
 progreffively, which Paint has not been regarded hitherto, although a very 
 material, one. 
 
 P LATE 
 
Plate O. 
 
 A Regular Proportion for the feveral Entabla- 
 tures 7 together with the Conftruclion of the Orders . 
 
 A V I N G adj ufted the feveral Pedeftals, Columns, and 
 
 Capitals, it remains that fomething Should be faid of the 
 Entablatures, which will be thus, viz. Palladio ob- 
 ferves in Words, that the Dorick Entablature E, fhould be 
 one fourth of the Height of the Column, (but does not 
 verify the fame by Example,) and the Corinthian O, one fifth ; 
 which I fhall other ways call , J 2 ths and ftjths, fo that the 
 Ionich Entablature H, is ftjths, and the Compofite L, r 4 ths, which may better 
 appear by infpedting the Plate; at which time may be obferved, that each 
 Entablature is two Diameters of the Column ; and for the particular Propor- 
 tion of the feveral Members, enough feems to have been lhewn in the fore- 
 going Examples j except it be in the Dorick Entablature E, (which was there 
 fhewn, at the Proportion of two ninths of the Height of the Column, ) 
 which was divided into fifteen Parts ; therefore as this is one fourth of the 
 Height of the Column, it muft be divided into fixteen Parts, of which fix 
 is for the Cornice, the other Parts are as before, except its Projedture. 
 
 That thefe Proportions are applicable to Ufe, may thus appear ; any 
 Height being given for an entire Dorick Order, divide it into thirty-feven 
 Parts; of which, feven is for the Pedeftal G, twenty-four for the Column F, 
 and fix for the Entablature E; fo that the Confinement being for any Part, 
 the fame Scale gives the Proportions. 
 
 Note , Three fuch Parts is the Diameter of the Column. 
 
 Admit a given Height was for the lonick Order entire, divide it into 
 forty equal Parts ; of which eight is for the Pedeftal K, twenty-fix for the 
 Column I, and fix for the Entablature H. 
 
 Again, Let any Height be given for the Compofite Order, divide it into 
 forty-three equal Parts; of which nine is for the Pedeftal N, twenty-eight 
 for the Column M, and fix for the Entablature L. 
 
 Lajily> Admit a Height were given for the Corinthian Order, divide it into 
 forty-fix equal Parts, ten are for the Height of the Pedeftal Q^, thirty for 
 the Height of the Column P, and fix for the Entablature O ; fo that if the 
 foregoing Method be thought tedious, this may fupply its Place, by being 
 more expeditious, as well as eafier to be conceived. 
 
 Note , The Particulars may be cafily conceived, by perufing the foregoing 
 Plates, and Paragraphs. 
 
 Plate 
 
• ' • < 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
Plate P. 
 
 *5 
 
 The foregoing Troportions apply’ d to Traclice in the 
 Decoration of Doors, &c. 
 
 j-j £ £) oor r is adorned in a plain Manner, with 
 
 \/sM IE?S _ T^-1 n _r:_ 1 A „ 131 * .U 
 
 ffci e TuJca?i Pilafters, which ftand on a Plinth, equal in 
 Sp Height to the Step by which one afcends into the Build- 
 ing. The Opening of the Door Frame is of two Dia- 
 meters in Height, fo that by determining how much of the faid 
 Frame fhall be feen, (viz. as much as will take the Projetfture of 
 the Bafe, and Capital of the Pilafters ;) which fhews the Height 
 of the Pilafters, as appears by Infpedion ; thefe Pilafters fhew 
 one fourth Part of their Diameter Outwards, and their whole 
 Breadth Inwards, as appears by the Plan S. 
 
 Note , By placing the Door Frame fo for within the Face ©f 
 the Wall, the Door is the better fheltered. 
 
 The Door T, is adorned in a more beautiful Manner, with 
 Ionick Pilafters, &>c. The Opening between the Ovola’s is of two 
 Diameters, which being divided into twenty Parts, one is for 
 the Part of the Door-cafe in Sight, which leaves the Opening of 
 the Door two Diameters and one ftxth ; the Ovola being one 
 twelfth of the aforefaid Opening, and the Margent round it one 
 ftxth, which terminates the Height of the Pilafters* 
 
 The Door V, is yet richer, being adorned with an Architrave, and Co- 
 rinthian Pilafters ; the Opening is as before, the Architrave being one fixth 
 thereof, and the Margent one twelfth, which terminates the Height of the 
 Pilafters, whofe Proportions have been fhewn before; on the Entablature, is 
 raifed a Pediment in two Manners, as is ealily feen by Infpedtion. The 
 Cyma is of the fame Bignefs in either of thefe Pediments, as at its Ends. 
 
 N.B. Pilafters ought never to be diminhhed in their Shafts as Columns 
 are, unlefs they ftand immediately behind Columns ; and then if fluted, 
 they have an ill Appearance, on account of the Flutes not being Perpen- 
 dicular, as in Columns. 
 
 The Arch U, is adorn’d with Tufcan Pilafters, the Height of the Open- 
 ing is one Diameter and three Quarters as appears; the Width being divid- 
 ed into four Parts, one is the Diameter of the Pilafter, by which the other 
 Parts are proportion’d, as Infpe&ion £hews> 
 
 Plate 
 
1 6 Plate Q. 
 
 The foregoing Proportions apply' d to Pr a ft ice in 
 Arches, adorn'd r with Columns or Pilasters. 
 
 HESE four Arches come under one Rule, if duly 
 obferved. The Height only varying according to each 
 Order; for Inflance, the Dorick Arch W, is of two 
 Diameters high, which if adorn’d with Columns, or 
 PilaHers Handing on a Plinth, the Width of the Opening 
 muff be divided into four Parts, (as in the Tufcan in the 
 foregoing Plate;) one is for the Height of the Plinth, and is 
 alfo the Diameter of the Column, and Length of the Key-Hone, 
 the Width being half its Height, if the Column Hand on a 
 PedeHal, the Opening muft be divided into fourteen Parts, and 
 three fuch Parts will be the Diameter of the Column; the other 
 Parts were fufficiently explain’d in Plate O. The PilaHer that 
 fupports the Arch, is half the Diameter of the Column in each, 
 as is alio the Architrave, whofe Mouldings may be fomewhat 
 plainer, than thofe of the Architrave of the Entablature. 
 
 The lonich Arch X, is two Diameters and one fixth in Height, 
 the other Parts being proportion’d by dividing as before. 
 
 The Compofite Arch Y, is two Diameters and two Hxths in 
 Pleight, the other Parts being proportion’d as before. 
 
 The Corinthian Arch Z ; is two Diameters and three Hxths, i. e. 
 two Diameters and an half in Height, the other Parts being as 
 before. 
 
 Note, If Pilafters are ufed in either of thefe Cafes, they muft projedl for- 
 ward one fourth Part of their Diameter, (or more at Pleafure, ) on account 
 of the Impoft of their Arch finishing againft them. And if Columns be ufed, 
 they muft project forward three fourths of their Diameter, (or three fourths 
 of their Circumference,) on account of the Projedfure of the Impoft. By 
 this Means the Column will appear free, and not encumbered or divided 
 by the Impoft of the Arch, as no doubt any Perfon may conceive. 
 
 N. B. I have endeavoured to compleat the Whole, in fuch a Manner, 
 as to make it of general Ufe to the feveral Artificers in Building, having all 
 along ufed my utmoft Care to keep up to the general Rules of Palladio. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
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