BOOKBINDER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 MA N F A 
 
 MM 
 

 I 
 
 r 
 
COWIE'S 
 
 BOOKBINDER'S MANUAL: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A FULL DESCRIPTION OF 
 LEATHER AND VELLUM BINDING; 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR 
 
 GILDING OFPAPERAND BOOK-EDGES; 
 
 AND 
 
 NUMEROUS VALUABLE RECIPES 
 
 rou 
 
 SPRINKLING, COLOURING, & MARBLING ; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A SCALE OP BOOKBINDERS' CHARGES; 
 
 A LIST OF ALL THE 
 
 BOOK AND VELLUM BINDERS IN LONDON, 
 &c. &c. 
 
 SEVENTH AND NEW EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 WILLIAM STRANGE, Jun., 8, AMEN CORNER, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 Price 2s. 6d. 
 
G. COWIK, PRINTER, 
 NOUTHAMPTON IIOAD, 
 CLERKEXWKI.L. 
 
NOTICE FROiAI THE PROPRIETOR. 
 
 In presenting to the Public this new 
 edition of the " Bookbinder's Manual," the 
 Proprietor begs to state, that the whole 
 has been carefully examined, extended, 
 improved, and carried through the Press, 
 by an experienced practical Binder, whose 
 constant occupation, for a series of years, 
 in all the branches here described, has, per- 
 haps, rendered him the most competant 
 person to define, in a systematic and per- 
 spicuous manner, the various matters con- 
 nected with his callino;. The work has 
 already run through several editions, and 
 is consequently so well known and appre- 
 ciated, that but little need be urged in its 
 favour. It may, however, be noticed, 
 that whatever of novelty, in this im- 
 proving age, in the art of Binding, has 
 appeared worthy of insertion, has been 
 carefully collated and appended. On 
 mature consideration, it has been thought 
 advisable to preserve the general features 
 of the earlier editions, and even to retain 
 the original Preface, inasmuch as the 
 former apparently admits of no improve- 
 ment, and the latter leads to identity. 
 With these few prefatory remarks, the 
 
 A 2 
 
IV NOTICE FROM THE PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Proprietor feels the fullest confidence in 
 announcing this (the seventh) Edition as 
 surpassing its predecessors in extended in- 
 formation, and as justly claiming from the 
 practical Binder, the Amateur, and the 
 Public at large, the fullest patronage. 
 
 A great omission in the early editions 
 has been supplied in this, with consider- 
 able care and accuracy — viz. " A List of 
 all the Master Bookbinders in London," a 
 grand desideratum to the country, as 
 well as to the metropolitan, workman : 
 also, a List of such Principal Firms as 
 supply Articles especially required by the 
 Binder. To the present edition have also 
 been added various matters in a tabular 
 form, embracing — viz. Charges to the 
 Public and to the Trade; a Scale of the 
 various Mill Boards; Cost of Machine 
 Rolling ; Pay for Folding and Sewing ; 
 also, Average Prices for the General Arti- 
 cles used by the Binder. 
 
 Any additional information pertaining 
 to this work, either in the shape of a new 
 discovery, or change of residence of the 
 Masters, or of any of the Firms supplying 
 the Trade, forwarded to the Proprietor, will 
 be punctually attended to, and appear in 
 the unsold copies in the form of Addenda. 
 
(V) 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting to the Public the Book- 
 bindee's Manual, the author considers 
 that he has supplied a valuable deside- 
 ratum. It is not, however, to be supposed 
 that the experienced Binder will require 
 the directions here given ; though even 
 he will find some portions of the work, 
 and all of its Recipes, of infinite value : 
 but there are many connected with the 
 art whose knowledge is but superficial: 
 to these, its pages may be considered 
 highly important, as forming a regular 
 system, and containing all that is really 
 essential to enable them to execute their 
 work with neatness and elegance. 
 
 It was suggested, that a scale of Charges 
 TO THE Public would be of much utility 
 
XI PREFACE. 
 
 to the Binder : this has accordingly been 
 arranged, and may be referred to with 
 safety : it is formed from experience, and 
 on the fairest principles, and must always 
 be considered a handy reference for those 
 less experienced in the art. 
 
 As it has been the object of the author 
 to convey his instructions in plain and 
 perspicuous language, and to describe the 
 process as minutely as possible, it is hoped 
 the reader will look more for matter of 
 interest than elegance of diction. In 
 submitting his work to the Public, the 
 author trusts it will especially meet with 
 the candour and approbation of those 
 for whose instruction and improvement 
 it has been written. 
 
( vii ) 
 
 IMRODUCTION. 
 
 Previous to entering into a description of 
 the art of Binding, it may not be uninteresting 
 to throw together the few historical particulars 
 which have been collected on the subject. 
 When the art was first invented, it is impos- 
 sible to ascertain. Philatius, a learned Athe- 
 nian, was the first who pointed out the use of 
 a particular glue for fastening the leaves of a 
 book together — an invention which his coun- 
 trymen thought of such importance, that they 
 erected a statue to his memory. The most 
 ancient mode of bindino- consisted in glueino^ 
 the different leaves together, and attaching 
 them to cylinders of wood, round which they 
 were rolled: this is called Egyptian binding, 
 and continued to be practised long after the 
 age of Augustus. This method is still in use 
 in oriental countries, and Jewish synagogues, 
 where they continue even to this day to write 
 books of the law on slips of vellum sewed toge- 
 ther, so as to form one long page, on each 
 extremity of which, is a roller, furnished with 
 clasps of gold or silver. The invention of the 
 square form of binding, which is now uniforndy 
 practised in Europe, is attributed to one of 
 the kings of Perganuis, to whom also we owe 
 the invention of parchment. 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A visit to the Library of the Britisli Museum 
 would afford the highest gratification to every 
 binder at all curious in his art : he wili there 
 see the most costly and superb specimens of 
 former days — covers adorned with gold, with 
 silver, and with precious stones, combined 
 with the most chaste and costly designs, and a 
 display of labour and elegance equalling, if not 
 surpassing, any similar productions of the pre- 
 sent day. The moderns, nevertheless, excel in 
 neatness, variety of pattern, and in ornamental 
 edges, and have latterly displayed considerable 
 talent in expensive and variegated bindings. 
 Beautiful specimens, indeed, of tiie art may be 
 seen in the shops of the various respectable 
 booksellers of the metropolis. The covering 
 of boarded books has also become surprisingly 
 tasty : some years ago they were invariably 
 covered with blue paper : a paper-maker, how- 
 ever, eventually obtained a patent for the manu- 
 facture of paper coloured in the pulp, which was 
 so much admired by the public, that its use for 
 the same purpose soon became adopted through- 
 out the trade, and is now brought into general 
 consumption. 
 
THE 
 
 BOOKBINDEE'S MANUAL. 
 
 FORWARDING. 
 
 After the Binder has received the 
 work, and ascertained whether it is to be 
 boarded or bound, he commences with 
 
 FOLDING.* 
 
 The beauty of the book greatly depends 
 on this part of forwarding ; for unless the 
 sheets be folded perfectly even, it is im- 
 possible the margin of the book, when 
 cut, can be uniform in the different pages. 
 We must not omit to observe, that Num- 
 ber publications must invariably be re- 
 folded; and if there are plates attached, 
 
 * This is usually performed by females. For 
 Scale of Charges, vide Appendix. 
 
10 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 they should for the present be left out. 
 There is no great difficulty in folding the 
 sheets with accuracy, if care be taken to 
 place the folio of the one page on the 
 folio of the other: it should also be seen 
 that the foot of each page exactly corre- 
 spond, which may be done with merely 
 a glance of the eye. It is almost need- 
 less to observe, that the signature should 
 be always kept uppermost. In fact, fold- 
 ing is so remarkably simple, that no fur- 
 ther mention of it is necessary : we shall 
 therefore proceed to the next process, 
 whicli is that of 
 
 BEATING.* 
 
 Previous to describing this, it may be 
 observed, that the introduction of ma- 
 chinery within these few years has proved 
 exceedingly prejudicial to good binding; 
 for, generally speaking, works struck off 
 by these machines, will not stand suffi- 
 cient beating to bring the books to that 
 solidity which good binding requires : in- 
 
 * Beatinj^ is now generally superseded by a 
 comparatively new invention, termed the Rolling 
 Press. Vide Ari'ENDix. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 11 
 
 deed this kind of printing, and Number 
 publications in general, will take little 
 more than a good pressing, which, in 
 fact, is always sufficient for such works 
 as have been hot-pressed : the same may 
 also be observed of boarded books, which 
 should never be more than firmly 
 pressed previous to sewing. But such 
 books as are intended for the process of 
 beating, require a. large stone, Avith a 
 smooth surface, and a hammer (somewhat 
 in the shape of a bell), weighing from 
 twelve to fourteen pounds ; having these 
 in readiness, the books are beat in the 
 following manner : About a dozen sheets 
 (or sections) are held at a time between, and 
 near, the ends of the fingers and thumb of 
 the left hand, while with the right hand 
 the hammer is raised about a foot, and 
 must fall with rather more than its own 
 weight on the edges of the sections, 
 which should be continually moved round, 
 turned over, and changed, in order that 
 they may be equally beat. During this 
 process, the sections should be occasion- 
 ally examined, to ascertain whether they 
 have set ofi^; if such be the case, further 
 beating must be discontinued. If the 
 work have cuts, a leaf of tissue paper 
 
12 cowiii's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 should be placed between these and the 
 letter-press. The plates of extra books 
 should never be beat ; and cold-pressed 
 and recently printed works should be 
 beat only once round the folds on each 
 side; if the latter be extra work, and 
 more beating be really necessary, the 
 fore-edge must be cut open, and a piece 
 of tissue paper placed between each 
 page. The work is next to be collated, 
 and the plates (if any) to be placed 
 in their respective places ; it is then to be 
 taken to the standing-press, and divided 
 into an equal number of sections; these 
 are placed in different directions in the 
 press, in order that they may have an 
 equal pressing; but if there are several 
 books of the same thickness, they will 
 require no division, as each book can 
 then be arranged in the same way as if 
 divided into sections : the press should be 
 screwed down as tight as possible, and 
 after the book has remained in it a 
 proper time, it should be taken out; 
 when, if there are plates to it, they 
 should be pasted in, agreeably to the di- 
 rections usually accompanjdng the work. 
 If the book have in -sets, and these 
 have more margin at the head than the 
 
cowie's booivbinder's manual. 13 
 
 remainder of the sheet, the extra portion 
 should now be cut off with the shears, other- 
 wise the heads will not knock up straight. 
 The sections must be again examined, to 
 see that they follow each other, agreeably 
 to the signatures: the waste leaves are 
 then to be added at the beginning and 
 end ; the book is next placed between the 
 knuckles of the thumbs and ends of the 
 fingers, and in this position the head is 
 knocked on a level surface, to bring the 
 sections straight with each other. The 
 back is next levelled in the same way; 
 after which, one side of the book is laid 
 on a pressing-board, the size of the book 
 itself, beyond which the back must project 
 about an inch ; and on the uppermost side 
 another pressing-board must be laid, cor- 
 responding in position and size with the 
 one beneath. The two boards must now 
 be tightly nipt with the left hand, and the 
 book carefully lowered in the press, when, 
 being screwed tight, it is ready for 
 
 SAWING THE BACKS. 
 
 For this purpose a tenant saw is used, 
 and the marks should be made deep enough 
 
14 COWIE's BOOIvBINDEE'S ]VLAJ^UAL. 
 
 to allow the cord* to fall in level with the 
 back. It is usual first to make a saw- 
 mark at the head and foot of the book, 
 for what are termed the ketch- stitches^ and 
 from these the distances of the other saw- 
 marks are measured. For twelves, the 
 saw marks should be about an inch from 
 the head, and about an inch and a half 
 from the foot ; but for octavos the distance 
 should be greater, and for quartos and 
 folios it still increases. We shall here 
 state the number of bands the different 
 sized works should be sewn on, which, of 
 course, is a guide for sawing the back, 
 independent of the mark for the ketch- 
 stitch: o2mq, common, two bands: if 
 extra, three bands; half-sheet 18mo, four 
 bands, wide in the middle; half-sheet 
 12 mo, 8vo, and two-leave 4to, four 
 bands, wide in the middle; whole sheet 
 12mo, common, three bands; 8vo, extra, 
 four bands, equal distance ; royal 8vo five 
 bands, equal distance; whole sheet 4to, 
 
 * For twelves it sliould be ruther thicker than 
 twine, for octavos still thicker, and for quartos and 
 folios the size increases. If tlie work be in half- 
 sheets, the cord should be thinner than for whole 
 sheets. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 15 
 
 five bands; folio, five, six, and seven 
 bands. 
 
 The saw-marks being thus made, they 
 should be opened by working the folding- 
 stick backwards and forwards through 
 them ; the book is then ready for 
 
 SEWING.* 
 
 The bands are now arranged in the 
 sewing-press, agreeably to the saw-marks 
 (with the exception of the ketch-stitch) 
 in the back of the book, and screwed 
 tight : on one corner of the press is placed 
 a little paste, which is used as occasion 
 may require, for pasting the fly -leaves to 
 the sections,f and also such leaves as may 
 be torn; but, before commencing sewing, 
 it may be as well to observe, that the 
 thread must not be drawn too tight at the 
 head and foot, and that the back must be 
 kept equally swelled. The back of the 
 book being placed towards the person, and 
 the title-side uppermost, the fly-leaf is 
 
 * Usually the occupation of females. For Scale 
 of Charges, vide Appendix. 
 
 I These need be only parted, or may be sewn on, 
 as best suits the convenience of the binder. 
 
hi CoWIk's r.ooivHINDEU's MANUAL. 
 
 lirsl. sewn on iis follows: — Tlic iiccdlc is 
 first, j)ul. (lirouL^li the kclcli-stitcli inark 
 on llir rii;lit-liiiii(l side, uitli the riglit 
 li.'ind, :in(l j)nlU'(l (iii'oiii^li with llu^ loft 
 (IcMxini;' :il)oul) lonr inches of ihc (hi'cad 
 undi'Mwn llironL;li), :ind with the same 
 Icind put through the head side of the 
 band. licini:; drawn throni^h with the 
 right hand, it is now put (hroiigh, close 
 to llie l):ind, on I he olher side, and again 
 drawn (hrongli wilh the jelt. Willi the 
 same hand, (he needle is now |)nt through 
 close l(» the heatl side of (he next band, 
 and, being di'awn through with the right 
 hand, is passed (lirougli closo to the otiier 
 side of (he band, which is drawn tln'ough 
 b\' the lel'thand, by which it is |)ut through 
 the kelch-sliti'h niai'k; a, little paste is now 
 rubbed along tlu' vdixc of the lly-li\*if (but 
 on no other sections, uid(>ss torn ) ; the lirst 
 section ol'the work is then j)l;iced on (he 
 bands, reatly for sewing; the nei'dle is 
 lirst put through the ketch-stitch mark 
 with the ri:dit liinid, and drawn through 
 with the lelt, and by the same hand jnit 
 through close to the band on the si(K> next 
 the tail oi" the |)age: and, being drawn 
 through with the I'ight hand, with the lel't 
 the cornel' of the lop hall of the section 
 
(\)WiKS HOOlvHINDMU S MANl'AK 1/ 
 
 is i'oKKvl (l()\v"n;'^ tlio next, sot'tion is iIumi 
 (akon ii|), Mini tin' luiiul hciiii;" plnocil in (iir 
 Siiw-iu;irks, (lu> ucotlic is put, (lir(>u;i,ii on 
 that silk' 1 lu'hatid lU'xl ( lu' lifailot'tiu' l)(H)lv ; 
 it is tlu'u l)ri>ui;Iiti out on i\\o K'lY-haiul 
 side of tlu' haiul, and passed (lu*ou!j,li liic 
 section tiinu'd down on the rii;lit-iiand 
 side ol' tile hand, and bronn'iit out o\\ llie 
 ketcli-stiteli ni:ii'k ol" tiie saine section (the 
 end of tlie thread lel't, and the I'eniaiinlei- 
 in tile needle is now tied in a, knot); liie 
 other sections are proceeded witii in I he 
 same manner, sewinii; hackwai'ds and for- 
 wards, the thread hcini;" I'asli'ned thron_i»h 
 tlu' ketch-slilciies of I'acii precedini;' sec- 
 tion, and evci'v alternate one heini!; turned 
 down, and taken up, as above desi'i'ihed. 
 r>ut it nuist here he ohserveil, that, lunsie 
 books,! and (hose which t'eipiire IreipienI 
 
 * It irt Ix'Ucr, pci-liiips, to sew (lie lii'st mikI l:isl 
 scotiojis of ;i work outiroly tliroii;.!,!!, uiiil Uirii down 
 llu' third and iollowiiij^j. 
 
 I \['Un- iinlxmud iniisic liiis liccii Imi^- in nsc, il 
 I'lH'iini'ully Ix'coiucs torn iif tlio ItacU; wliiMi Iliis is 
 tlio case, it is niH'(!Ssary to cut an (-(inal portion iVoin 
 oarli U-af with a knifed and strai^^iit-od^c : altout 
 iiall' a dozon leaves must then he closely /r////)/ 
 loijjether, and th(^ book he sewn on raiscil haiuls, as 
 stawing the back would cut the stitches. 
 
18 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 opening, should be sewn over every band, 
 the above method being too slight for 
 works of this description. For still greater 
 strength, books are sometimes sewn on 
 more bands than already mentioned: 
 when this is the case, the additional 
 bands are not drawn through the covers, 
 but are cut oflf, after glueing, close to the 
 edges of tlie back. Having sewn the 
 book according to the strength required, 
 it is perhaps unnecessary to say, that a 
 number of the same size may be sewn at 
 one time in the press, until, in fact, it be 
 three parts full : the strings are then cut 
 at the top of the press, and unfastened at 
 the bottom : the books are now divided 
 from each other, and the bands cut apart, 
 allowing an end of about two inches on 
 either side : this being done, the next con- 
 sideration is 
 
 GLUEING THE BACKS. 
 
 This is done by holding the book in the 
 left hand, and drawing the brush up and 
 down with the right. If there be a num- 
 ber ready sewn, they should each be glued 
 separately, and placed one above another 
 to dry, with the fore-edge of the one to- 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 19 
 
 wards the back of the other : they should 
 not be dried by the fire, as that would 
 cause the folds to start, and deprive the 
 glue of its strength. The next thing 
 necessary, after the back is dry, is to 
 scrape and open the bands. If it be in- 
 tended merely to put the book in boards, 
 it is now ready for that purpose ; and we 
 shall proceed to describe the way in which 
 that is done. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 BOARDING. 
 
 The first thing requisite (the book being 
 forwarded as previously described) is, to 
 trim the foot and fore-edge pretty even 
 with the shears :* the back must then be 
 slightly ROUNDED, by gently tapping the 
 edges of the back with the hammer ; after 
 which, the back is to be slightly moistened, 
 which renders the glue rather more pliable 
 for the next process, which is that of 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 This is done by placing a thin bevel- 
 edged board on each side of the book, far 
 enough from the edges of the back to 
 allow the ledge to project for the board, 
 putting them nearer the back of smidler 
 than of larger books; for the boards of 
 the one being thinner than the other, the 
 ledge, of course, should be in proportion. 
 
 * Tliis is now generally done by what is termed 
 the triiiiiiiing knife, which affords greater expedi- 
 Hon and gives the books a neater appearance. 
 
cowie's bookbindee's manual. 21 
 
 In arranging these backing-boards, care 
 must be taken to place them straight with 
 the back, and at the same distance on the 
 one side as on the other. The two boards 
 must now be grasped iinnly with the 
 thumb and fingers of the left hand, and 
 the book lowered into the press, taking 
 care that both boards be equally pressed, 
 and that they be no^, in the slightest 
 degree, allowed to shift; the back is then 
 to be gently hammered up and down on 
 both sides, which produces a ledge for the 
 boards : it will then be necessary to ob- 
 serve that the back be perfectly smooth; 
 for any roughness, or knotty substance, 
 will show through the paper. The book 
 is now ready for 
 
 PUTTING ON THE BOARDS. 
 
 The sides intended to fall in the grooves 
 produced by backing, must now be cut 
 with the squaring-shears, or ploughed 
 square, and with the bodkin two holes 
 pricked in them for each band, the one 
 directly opposite the band itself, and the 
 other about an inch from it: the holes 
 intended for the bands should be near a 
 quarter of an inch from the edge of the 
 
22 cowik's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 board, and the others about half an inch : 
 the string's are now drawn throuj^h the 
 outer side of the boards, and passed 
 through the other hole to the outer side 
 again, when the ends are spread, and a 
 little paste rubbed on them : the board is 
 then rested on the press cheek (or a stone 
 placed upon the press) and the book, with 
 one board closed, held with the left hand, 
 while with the right the strings are ham- 
 mered flat on the knocking-down iron; 
 this board is next closed, and the strings 
 are flattened on the other cover. The 
 boards are then squared with the press- 
 shears, leaving rather more projection on 
 their fore-edge than at the head and foot. 
 It is now necessary to prepare for what is 
 termed 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 The dimensions of the open book are 
 taken in length and breadth, and about 
 half an inch should be allowed for turning 
 in all round : on the centre of this another 
 piece of paper must be pasted (termed the 
 lining), in order to strengthen the back, 
 and which should be cut wide enough to 
 extend on the covei^ about two inches: 
 
COWIE S BOOKBINDERS MANUAL. 23 
 
 the whole is noAV pasted, and very lightly 
 folded over : the paste-brush is next rub- 
 bed once or twice up and down the back 
 of the book; after which, the paper is 
 unfolded, and the book laid on the one 
 half (the fore-edge being towards the 
 individual), whilst the other half is care- 
 fully pulled over the back, and the cover 
 lying uppermost; the covers must now 
 be properly adjusted; that is, they must 
 have as much projection at the head as at 
 the foot, and vice versa : they should also 
 be pulled a little forward, to prevent their 
 (what is termed) riding on the back; if 
 this be not done, the book will never open 
 freely. The entire covering is now smoothed 
 with the hands : after which, the sides are 
 turned down, and then the heads, the 
 portion falling on the back being turned 
 in as follows : — The fore-edge of the book 
 is placed in a slanting position on the edge 
 of the work-board, while three fingers of 
 each hand, and the thumbs spread out 
 the covers, the fore-fingers being employed 
 in turning in the ends, which should fall 
 exactly even with the cover: while this 
 is being done, the individual must press 
 himself gently against the bottom of the 
 book, to prevent its slipping down. The 
 
24 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 book being aaain laid on its side, the fore- 
 edge and end-papers before turned down, 
 are now raised up again at the corners, 
 and with the thunib-nails worked one 
 against the other : the portion thus raised 
 up is cut off with a pair of scissors, and 
 the fore-edge part folded over the head 
 and foot ends : the join produced by this 
 fold should fall, as near as possible, in a 
 straijrht direction from the corner of the 
 cover to that of the book when shut. 
 The outer fly-leaf at each end is now cut 
 in the shape of a half-diamond, and pasted 
 down to the cover, and upon this the next 
 is pasted, and rubbed smooth with the 
 hands. This being done, the thumb-nail, 
 or the folding- stick, should be rubbed 
 round the edges of the covers, to smoothen 
 them. Tin plates, or pieces of glazed 
 board, as large, or larger than the book 
 itself, are now placed on the leaves pasted 
 down, and on the outer sides of the cover : 
 these latter must be put exactly even with 
 the covers towards the back, and just as 
 far must the book be now lowered in the 
 press,* and screwed tight, after which it 
 
 * If a i)res.sing-boar(l be placed on each side, and 
 I'ven with tlie. cover, it is of no consequence if it be 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 25 
 
 should be immediately taken out again. 
 The label should now be pasted on the 
 back, when the book may be considered 
 as finished. 
 
 Before leaving this subject, it may not 
 be out of place to observe, that some 
 boarded books have a paper on the backs 
 of a different colour from that on the 
 sides : this sometimes depends on the 
 fancy of the Binder, and sometimes on the 
 individual employing him. When books 
 are thus covered, the strip should be put 
 on before the side-papers, pre\'ious to 
 which it must be lined^ and should extend 
 about an inch on the covers of twelves, 
 but still farther as the books increase in 
 size : the strip should be put on first, the 
 covers adjusted, and the ends turned in : 
 the side-papers should fall on this about 
 half an inch, and the whole must be pro- 
 ceeded with as above described. Some 
 boarded books, instead of a different co- 
 
 lowered beyond the level of the back, as the cover- 
 gi'ooves, in this case, cannot be affected by the 
 cheeks of the press : by carefully attending; to this, 
 particularly in bound books, the edges of the back 
 will be found to project a little beyond the level of 
 the covers, which is always the case with well- 
 bound books. 
 
26 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 loured strip of paper, have their backs 
 strengthened by a piece of fine canvas, 
 which must be put on precisely as the 
 paper above-mentioned. There is another 
 method of boarding greatly superior : the 
 backs, instead of being sewn on bands, 
 are sewn on strips of parchment, and 
 the whole book is covered with canvas: 
 but it so nearly approaches Yellum Bind- 
 ing, that a reference to that process will 
 be sufficient. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 27 
 
 SHEEP BINDING. 
 
 Under this head are principally in- 
 cluded school-books, and such others as 
 require only inferior bindings; for sheep 
 is of much too indifferent a quality for 
 works of a superior description. With 
 this process we shall commence exactly 
 where we did with Boarding, with the 
 exception that, instead of backing, the 
 first thing now to be noticed is 
 
 CUTTING THE rORE-EDGE. 
 
 It will first be necessary to ascertain 
 whether the plough-knife cuts exactly 
 straight, that is, whether it cuts up or 
 down; and the general criterion of this 
 is, to reverse the plough, and place the 
 eye close to the screw-end of the knife, 
 when, if the point of it falls exactly even 
 with the level of the opposite cheek of the 
 plough, it may be considered to be pretty 
 correct ; but if, after all, it should be found 
 to cut up^ it may be remedied by placing 
 a small piece of paper between the knife 
 
28 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 and screw on the side next the point of 
 the knife; but if it cuts down^ by putting 
 a similar piece on the reverse side. The 
 book should now be opened in various 
 places, in order to find out the narrowest 
 pages: h-iving done tliis, the compasses 
 are extended from the edge of the back, 
 on the titk'-page side, to within a little of 
 the edge of the narrow leaf; the book is 
 now shut, and the compasses (being still 
 kept in the same position) are again placed 
 on the edge of the back, towards the head, 
 and extended on the outer leaf towards the 
 fore-edge, where this arm of the corn- 
 passes must make a visible dent : the same 
 thing is now done towards the foot, and 
 these two dent- are the guides for placing 
 one of the cutting-boards, which, when 
 used for this purpose, is called the runner: 
 these boards are placed in the following 
 manner: — The back-board (against which 
 the point of the knife cuts) is held in the 
 left hand, while with the right the book 
 is placed against it, the fore-edgj of which 
 must fall below the level of the board 
 about ail inch: the thumb and fingers 
 hold these two firmly together, and with 
 the right hand the edge of the runner is 
 placed exactly even with the dents made in 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 29 
 
 the fore-ecl<i;e : the thumb of the left hand is 
 now brought over this board also, and the 
 whole must be held steadily, and in this 
 position lowered into the press, the right 
 hand at the same time adjusting the screws 
 of the press, in such a way as to cause the 
 cheeks to nip it just sufficiently tight to 
 prevent its slipping : the left hand may now 
 be taken away, and both thumbs being 
 placed on each end of the runner, and the 
 fore-fingers on the back board, the whole 
 must be carefully worked down together, 
 until the runner becomes exactly even with 
 the cheek ot the press, which must now be 
 screwed up; but in doing this, it some- 
 times occurs that the side of the book 
 next the back-board will, in a trifling 
 degree, rise : when this is found to be the 
 case, the right hand must be put under 
 the press, and that side of the book must 
 be gently pulled down. The press must 
 now be screwed up rather tight, and the 
 fore-edge ploughed, taking care that the 
 knife always cuts from^ never towards^ 
 the individual : the fore-edge should next 
 be rubbed smooth Avith a portion of the 
 shavings thus cut off, when the book may 
 be taken out, and is ready for the next 
 operation, Avhich is that of 
 
30 cowie's bookbinder's jvianual. 
 
 EOUNDING. 
 
 This process principally consists in form- 
 ing a neat hollow down the fore-edge of 
 the book, corresponding with the round- 
 ness of the back ; though, for school-books, 
 consisting of only about half-a-dozen 
 sheets, this is never attended to ; but su- 
 superior. and thicker books, although only 
 in sheep bindings, should invariably be 
 rounded. Previous to doing this, the 
 press must be reversed, otherwise the 
 groove in which the plough works will be 
 found a considerable obstruction : having 
 done this, the binder begins as follows : — 
 The book is laid on the press, and the 
 edge of the back gently tapt with the 
 hammer, the fingers being placed near 
 where the hammer falls, and the thumb 
 in the centre of the fore-edge: as the 
 hammer strikes, the thumb should press 
 firmly, and the fingers at the same time 
 gently pull towards it: the book should 
 now be proceeded with in the same way 
 on the other side, and should thus be 
 alternately changed, until the hollow be 
 formed. The two sides of the fore-edge 
 must then l)e placed even with each other, 
 and nipt tight with the left-hand thumb 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 31 
 
 and fingers, and while in this position, the 
 back part of the book must be lowered in 
 the press about three inches, and screwed 
 tight, where it should remain two or three 
 minutes; and, when taken out, the fore- 
 edge will be found to retain the hollow 
 thus formed. It is now necessary to pro- 
 ceed to 
 
 CUTTING THE HEAD AND FOOT. 
 
 The Head must be ploughed before the 
 foot, and the boards placed precisely in 
 the same way as for the fore-edge, the 
 back-board being put about an inch above 
 the level of the head, and the runner 
 just so far from it as will allow of a 
 sufficient portion being cut off to bring 
 the margin about equal to that of the 
 fore-edge: this last board should be ar- 
 ranged as straight with the head as the 
 eye will permit.* In putting the book in 
 
 * Beginners sometimes use a square: the reverse 
 side to the title-page is laid uppermost, and one 
 portion of the square placed along the back, the 
 other falling along the head; while in this position, 
 a dent is made near the back, and another near the 
 fore-edge, which serves as a guide for the runner. 
 
32 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 the press, the' individual ploughing must 
 take care to place the fore-edge towards 
 him : and in screwing the book tight, the 
 side next the back-board may probably 
 rise; if so, this must be remedied in the 
 same way as mentioned for the fore-edge. 
 The method of arraiio;ino- the boards, 
 lowering the book, and cutting, is pre- 
 cisely the same as before described. We 
 shall now, therefore, presuming the head 
 to be cut, give directions for 
 
 Cutting the Foot. — It may first be ob- 
 served, that more margin should always 
 be left at the foot than at the head : the 
 depth of the former should be about one- 
 lialf greater than that of the latter, which 
 can easily be managed, as books almost 
 invariably have a deeper margin at the 
 foot than at the head; but before corn- 
 passing, the leaves should be looked 
 througli, to be certain that the book will 
 really alloAV of such additional margin : 
 having ascertained this, the title-page side 
 of the book should be laid uppermost, 
 and one arm of the compasses placed 
 exactly on the edge of the head on the 
 fore-edge side, and the other arm extended 
 to the loot, when two or three leaves must 
 )je opened, in order that the pages them- 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual 33 
 
 selves may be a guide for regulating the 
 distance for extending the compasses: 
 having thus set them, the leaves are again 
 shut, and a dent made with this arm of 
 the compasses on the outer fly-leaf: the 
 same thing is next done towards the back : 
 the back-board is then placed as already 
 mentioned, and the runner even with the 
 compass-holes: the book is next lowered 
 into the press with the left-hand, the fore- 
 edge being placed towards the individual, 
 and the book is ploughed. Four or five 
 books may be cut by this method at a 
 time, by knocking them up perfectly even 
 with the one compassed, and always 
 placing this last next the runner. The 
 books are now ready for another process, 
 which we shall defer describing until we 
 have made some remarks on a sort of 
 bindino; which we thouo-ht would be better 
 suited to this place than any other, inas- 
 much as it could not properly be described 
 until after we had spoken of cutting^ and 
 yet ought to precede the covering with 
 leather — we allude to 
 
 Pamphlets, Catalogues, &c. — These 
 kind of books have seldom any other than 
 paper coverings : they are sewn and glued 
 in the same way as bound books; and 
 
 c 
 
34 coavie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 when dry, the bands are cut off nearly 
 close to the backs: these short ends are 
 then spread out, and the outer- side of the 
 second fly-leaf is pasted, when the outer- 
 leaf must be rubbed pretty smooth upon 
 it; the same thing is next done on the 
 other side the book: the opened strings 
 are now to be pasted down, after which 
 the paper for covering is lined in the 
 centre, pasted, and put on, in the same 
 way as that for boarded books, the lining 
 and the two fly-leaves being generally 
 considered a sufficient substance for the 
 covers : however, should these require to 
 be stouter, the outer-leaf is pasted, and a 
 piece of paper (free from knots), or very 
 thin pasteboard, is put upon it, which 
 should be placed over the strings, and 
 even with the back : the outer cover being 
 put on, plates of tin, or pieces of glaze- 
 board, are placed within and outside the 
 covers, and tlie book is screwed tight in 
 the press, where it should not remain more 
 than a minute : it ynW then be necessary 
 to plougli it, precisely in the way we have 
 described above ; but care must be taken 
 that the covers be perfectly dry first, 
 otherwise tliey will be found to shrink 
 below the level of the book : this rule 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 35 
 
 must be observed with all books that are 
 cut what is termed fiush^ that is, not 
 having projecting covers. It will be as 
 well also in this place to say something of 
 Primers, &c. — As these kind of books 
 generally fall into the hands of children, 
 the backs are usually made stronger, and 
 the covers stouter than those of Pam- 
 phlets. After the book is sewn, glued, 
 and dry, the bands are cut off nearly 
 close to the back, as above-mentioned, 
 and the fly-leaves pasted, on which a 
 piece of thin pasteboard is placed (veiy 
 near the edge of the back), and smoothed 
 with the hands : a strip of red sheep, 
 according to the size of the back, is then 
 pared on each side : for this purpose the 
 binder has a small slab, or other stone, 
 and a knife like those used by shoe- 
 makers: the strip must next be pasted 
 with thick paste, after which the back is 
 to be again glued, and the leather worked 
 tight over it, which should extend on 
 each pasteboard about half an inch : the 
 paper intended for the outside is next 
 pasted, and laid on just near enough the 
 back to cover the join of the strip to the 
 board; it is then rubbed smooth, after 
 
 c 2 
 
36 cowie's bookbinder's maotjal. 
 
 which the book is screwed tight in the 
 press, and when dry^ may be cut. 
 
 The edges of the books we have just 
 named, and all such as are cut flusli^ are 
 sometimes coloured, though very rarely, 
 as they are generally sold at too cheap a 
 rate to allow of this additional expense, 
 which always immediately follows that of 
 cutting, and is termed 
 
 SPRINKLING. 
 
 Law-books are never subjected to this 
 process, but remain precisely in the same 
 state as when cut: it is, however, just 
 the reverse with all other books with pro- 
 jecting covers, which are proceeded with 
 as follows : — If there be several already 
 ploughed, and intended to be sprinkled 
 with the same colour, they are placed on 
 the ground, or .work-board, side by side, 
 with their fore-edges uppermost : the 
 liquid* now being prepared, a small brush 
 is dipt into it; but before using it on the 
 books, the grosser portion of the liquid 
 should be knocked from the brush, other- 
 
 * For various mixtures for Sprinkling, see the 
 
 APFliNDIX. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 37 
 
 wise it would fall on them in blotches : 
 the books are then sprinkled by holding 
 any kind of stick, or the press -pin in the 
 left hand, while the hair of the brush is 
 gently tapt on it with the right, directly 
 over the books, the hands continually 
 moving, so that every leaf may be equally 
 sprinkled: the books are now placed in 
 the same way on their tails, and when the 
 heads are sprinkled, the tails are placed 
 uppermost, and proceeded mth in the 
 same way. There is also another method, 
 which is termed 
 
 CoLOUEiNG. — For this process the books 
 are differently arranged from those for 
 sprinkling: half a dozen, or more, must 
 be placed one above another, on the right- 
 hand cheek of the press, their fore-edges 
 perfectly even with each other, and also 
 the press-cheek itself: a board must be 
 laid on the top one. The liquid now 
 being in readiness, a piece of sponge is 
 dipt into it: and while the left-hand 
 presses firmly on the board, the right 
 must be employed in rubbing this sponge 
 several times up and down the fore-edges : 
 the heads must next be proceeded with 
 in the same manner, and afterwards the 
 tails : they will speedily dry. The better 
 
38 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 way, perliaps, for colouring, is to screw 
 the books tight in the press; for if the 
 paper be of a spongy texture, the colour 
 is apt to soak into it. In respect to the 
 colours most suitable for sprinkling and 
 colouring, we shall leave that to the dis- 
 cretion of the binder. 
 
 The book having been sprinkled or 
 coloured, may now be considered ready 
 for I 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 We have so fully entered into the way 
 by which this is done in our description 
 of Boarding, that nothing farther need 
 be said in this place on the subject. It 
 must, however, be observed, that the 
 l)ack should be rubbed with thick paste, 
 which must afterwards be wiped off with 
 paper shavings ; when the book is ready 
 for 
 
 PUTTING ON THE BOARDS. 
 
 What has been already said on this 
 subject is sufficient : it nevertheless may 
 l)e as well to mention, that more neatness 
 is usually observed in cutting the boards, 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 39 
 
 and in spreading and flattening the string 
 of bound than of boarded books, the 
 latter being intended, at some after-period, 
 for re-binding, which is never, or very 
 rarely, the case with the former. We 
 shall now proceed to 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 As we have hitherto confined ourselves 
 to sheep-binding, we shall at present only 
 speak of that leather. Previously to 
 covering with sheep, whether red or pale, 
 it should always be dipt in water, and 
 slightly stretched with the hands. As 
 the skins are very irregular, care should 
 be taken to cut them to the best advaji- 
 tage. If there are many books of the 
 same size to cover, a paste-board pattern 
 is usually made, about half an inch larger 
 in circumference than the book itself, 
 which will allow for turning in : this 
 being laid on the skin, enables the binder 
 to cut it with the requisite accuracy. It is 
 next necessary to pare the leather care- 
 fully round ; after which it is to be pasted, 
 and lightly folded over, in which position 
 it should lie a few minutes, so that the 
 paste may slightly soak into it. The next 
 
40 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 thing is to glue the back afresh, and as 
 the glue sets, the leather should be put 
 on : the method of doing this is the same 
 as covering a boarded book; but the 
 leather must be worked on tightly with 
 the fingers in all directions; the covers 
 are next adjusted, the edges turned down, 
 and the ends tucked in, as for boarding : 
 and in again turning up the fold of the 
 corners (as before mentioned) after cutting 
 them, the head and foot corners must be 
 neatly turned under the fore-edge fold on 
 the cover, which should be done with 
 the thumb-nail. The edges of the covers 
 should then be rubbed smooth with a 
 folding-stick, which must next be used 
 for setting the head, in other words, making 
 it smooth and neat; and when dry, it 
 will be found to retain the form thus 
 given to it. If it be intended to sprinkle 
 or marble the leather,* it should be done 
 now. The book is then ready for Finish- 
 
 %• 
 
 * For various Recipes for Sprinkling and Mar- 
 bling of Leather, see the Appendix. 
 
COWIE's BOOIvEINDER'S MiU^UAL. 41 
 
 FORWARDING IN BOARDS. 
 
 The beauty of a book materially de- 
 pends upon good forwarding ; for unless 
 the greatest care and accuracy accompany 
 the workman throughout this branch of 
 binding, the finisher's labour and taste 
 will be nearly useless. This method of 
 forwarding is always adopted for books 
 of a superior description, and sometimes 
 even school-books, when they run to any 
 considerable thickness, and where superior 
 neatness is required. 
 
 We now presume the book to be in 
 the same state of forwardness as when 
 we commenced our description of Board- 
 ing^ and shall first say something of 
 
 END-PAPEES, COLOURED LININGS, &C. 
 
 All half-bound books should have 
 double papers, and the two outside leaves 
 are to be pasted together, but need not 
 be Hned,* unless to pattern or order. 
 
 * This is done by folding the sheet (if it be 
 marbled paper) with the plain side outwards: one 
 
42 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 Half-extras, and other superior work, 
 should be lined with the best marbled or 
 coloured papers: and 32mos, 12mos, and 
 8vos, must have their linings put on the 
 second leaf, and the outside one left fly- 
 ing, so that it may be torn out at the 
 pasting down. Quartos and folios must 
 have the fly-leaves pasted to the linings, 
 which makes the joints stronger for large 
 and heavy books. The above directions 
 being attended to, the book is next to be 
 ROUNDED, by gently tapping the edges of 
 the back on each side; after which, it 
 may be considered ready for 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 As we have already fully detailed this 
 process, there is but little to add in this 
 place ; however, it may here be remarked, 
 that great care must be taken in backing 
 extra books: they must be strictly exa- 
 mined, to see that the slant of one side 
 
 side of it being pasted, it is laid between the fly- 
 leaves, into tlie fold of which it is closely worked ; 
 the other fold is next pasted, and the next fly-leaf 
 rubbed smooth upon it : having done the same thing 
 on the other side of tlie book, the superfluous por- 
 tion is cut oft" with the shears. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 43 
 
 of the back exactly correspond with the 
 other, and that it be perfectly regular 
 and even : for unless a good back be made 
 to a book, it can never be well finished. 
 After backing, the book should be put 
 between flat boards, and screwed in the 
 laying press: the back should then be 
 raked with a pair of compasses, or an 
 iron rake, and thin paste rubbed on it 
 with paper shavings: the reverse end of 
 the backing hammer is next to be rubbed 
 up and down, when the shavings should 
 be again applied, to wipe off the super- 
 fluous paste. 
 
 SQUARING THE BOARDS.* 
 
 For extra bindings the boards should 
 be lined, and are usually ploughed ; but 
 as this greatly injures good knives, an 
 old one should be kept for the purpose; 
 or, in ploughing them, the knife ought to 
 cut towards, instead oi from the indivi- 
 dual. The requisite dimensions of the 
 boards are obtained by extending the 
 compasses from the groove produced by 
 
 * If it be wished to square the boards by scale, 
 correct dimensions will be found in the first page 
 of the Appendix. 
 
44 cowie's bookbinder's jianual. 
 
 backing to the edge of the narrowest 
 leaves in the book, and to the same 
 dimensions are marked and ploughed the 
 back and fore-edge of the boards; they 
 are now stabbed, and the strings drawn 
 through and flattened. The drawing-in 
 holes of octavos should be about half an 
 inch from the edge of the board, and the 
 other hole about an inch ; but as a greater 
 projection is required for the boards of 
 larger books, the holes should be pricked 
 still forwarder, to allow them to shift 
 more easily. If there are several books 
 of the same size to bind, of course a 
 number of boards may be cut at one 
 time, for each book must correspond in 
 length and breadth. Having properly 
 adjusted the boards, which should not be 
 put on too tightly, it is necessary to pre- 
 pare for 
 
 CUTTING* THE FORE-EDGE.f 
 
 Previous to cutting, the back must be 
 
 * In cutting folios, quartos, and all heavy books, 
 it is, perhaps, preferable to tie a thin cord round 
 them, within the boards, about two inches from the 
 grooves, as by this means they are more manage- 
 able, and may be cut with greater accuracy. 
 
 t Many binders cut the head and tail first. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's jianual. 45 
 
 examined, to see that it has not been 
 displaced by the standing press: if any 
 defect be observed, it must be remedied 
 by the backing-hammer; after which, 
 with a bodkin, or one arm of the com- 
 passes, a line must be drawn do\vn the 
 book itself, on the title-page side, the fore- 
 edge of the board serving for the guide; 
 this being done, the fore-edge is proceeded 
 with in the following manner : Trindles* 
 are placed between the boards and the 
 back of the book, near the head and tail, 
 both ends resting on the two boards. 
 The book itself is next held on each side 
 with the open hands, and the back is 
 knocked on the cheeks of the press, which, 
 by means of the trindles, again brings it 
 to a perfect level : while in this position 
 (the back and extended boards resting 
 on the press-cheek) the back-board is 
 arranged mth the left-hand, and the run- 
 ner with the right, placing it as much 
 below the compass-hne on the fore-edge, 
 as the square of the boards tire intended 
 to project: the boards are then pressed 
 tight between the thumb and fingers of 
 
 * Trindles are thin bevel-edged pieces of wood, 
 or iron, about the width of the back. 
 
46 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 the left hand, and the back examined to 
 see whether it be correct and even ; if so, 
 the trindles may be taken out, and the 
 book carefully lowered into the press: 
 when ploughed, the book will again fall 
 into its former position, and a groove cor- 
 responding to it will be thus formed in 
 the fore-edge. It is now necessary to 
 prepare for 
 
 CUTTING THE HEAD AND TAIL. 
 
 The boards are first knocked up straight 
 with the head, and must be carefully kept 
 in the ledge produced by backing; the 
 square may now be used as previously 
 mentioned, although practice renders this 
 unnecessary, and the same rule must be 
 observed for the margin ; the back board 
 and runner are next placed as we have 
 already described, and the boards and 
 book are ploughed together: the boards 
 are now slipt below the head as much 
 again as it is intended they shall project 
 (which should be somewhat less than the 
 fore-edge) ; they are then compassed as 
 before described, and are cut in the same 
 way as the head Avas : the boards now 
 being equally divided, there will be found 
 
COWIE's bookbinder's aiANUAL. 47 
 
 a sufficient projection for both ends: a 
 trifling piece should now be taken off the 
 inner corners of the boards, to give the 
 head and tail, when the book is covered, 
 a neater appearance : the book is then 
 ready for 
 
 SPRINKLING, MAEBLING, &C. 
 
 In regard to Sprinkling^ we have nothing 
 to add to what has been already said 
 on the subject, with the exception that 
 extra books are usually sprinkled with 
 more care and neatness: we may, how- 
 ever, observe, that all books containing 
 plates, should, when sprinkled, be screwed 
 tight in the press ; for plate-paper is 
 generally of so spongy a texture, as to 
 render the colours likely to penetrate 
 beyond the surface. — The edges of extra 
 books are now more generally marbled 
 than sprinkled ; and if they have marbled 
 linings, the edges should correspond in 
 pattern: for this process, the books are 
 usually sent to the marbler's: but those 
 who wish to marble their own bindings, 
 will find the method clearly explained in 
 the Appendix. — Gilding of the Edges may, 
 in London, be considered nearly a distinct 
 
48 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 branch ; but a full description of the 
 process will be found immediately after 
 Vellum Binding. Gilt edges require 
 much care ; and, to preserve them unin- 
 jured, before further proceeding with the 
 book, the entire fore-edge, and head and 
 tail, should be enveloped in paper. After 
 Sprinkling, Marbling, or Gilding the edges, 
 the books are ready for 
 
 HEAD-BANDING. 
 
 Head-bands are placed at the head and 
 tail of all extra books, and also those of 
 inferior bindings, when they exceed in 
 thickness common spellings. Worked 
 head-bands are used for the former, and 
 should consist of silk; and stuck-on head- 
 bands for the latter, which are made of 
 small pieces of striped linen of various 
 colours. These two sorts of head-bands 
 are so very differently formed, that we 
 shall describe them separately, beginning 
 with 
 
 Worked Head-Bands. — These head- 
 bands are sometimes worked on small 
 strips of thick vellum, which give them 
 a square rather than a round form ; but 
 more frequently on paper, rounded and 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual 49 
 
 prepared as follows : — A piece of thread, 
 or very thin twine, is placed on a slightly- 
 pasted piece of paper, which must be 
 narrow or wide, according to the required 
 size of the band; this should be first 
 rolled round with the fingers, and after- 
 wards with a small piece of flat board, 
 upon a level surface, and must be occa- 
 sionally moistened; this will speedily 
 bring it to a round hard substance, when, 
 after drying by the fire, it may be con- 
 sidered as ready for the purpose intended.* 
 These head-bands should be made of 
 various degrees of stoutness, to suit small 
 or laro;e books : havinof a number in readi- 
 ness, care must be taken to select them 
 of the proper size for the book about to 
 be head-banded; the criterion is, that 
 they do not stand so high as the boards 
 project, by the difterence of tmce the 
 thickness of the leather the book is to be 
 covered with, allowing also for the silk 
 to be worked round it ; however, without 
 any kind of measurement, the eye will be 
 a sufficient guide for this. Two pieces 
 should now be cut off, exceeding in 
 
 * They can be purchased in London ready pre- 
 pared, at from 6d. to 2s. the hundred. 
 
 D 
 
50 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 length the width of the back by about an 
 inch. The silk for these head-bands 
 should be rather stout, and well twisted : 
 sometimes two different colours are 
 worked together, consisting of two 
 threads of the one, and four of the other, 
 or an equal number of each; but it is 
 now more generally the custom to use but 
 one colour, when, of course, the threads 
 must alwaysbe equal : the colours employed 
 for this purpose, depend upon the fancy of 
 the binder — green, pink, yellow, red, 
 blue, or any other colour may be used. 
 A long needle is now requisite; and if 
 the band is to be worked with one,* two, 
 or three threads over each other, a single, 
 double, or trel)le thread should be drawn 
 through it, which must be of sufficient 
 length for the entire head-band: if two 
 different coloured silks are to be used, 
 they must be tied together, that portion 
 on which the needle is placed being longer 
 than the other, and we shall presume it is 
 intended to form the head-band with this 
 latter. Having, therefore, the needle and 
 
 * The head-bands of half extra books should be 
 worked with a single thread, extra with a double 
 thread, and super-extra with a treble thread. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 51 
 
 silk in readiness, the book, if quarto or 
 folio, or any heavy work, should be very 
 slightly screwed in the press,* with the 
 back uppermost, and the end on which 
 the head-band is to be placed considerably 
 elevated: the needle must now be run 
 through the midle of the second section 
 on the left-hand side, just below the ketch- 
 stitch, and drawn out far enough to bring 
 the knot in the join of the two threads 
 close to the centre of the section; the 
 needle is again put through the same 
 place, and the thread drawn nearly close; 
 the head-band is now placed under the 
 loop thus formed, and the end to which 
 the needle is attached, is pulled tight 
 with the left hand, and the other end is 
 brought over with the right, and passed 
 under and over the head-band, when that 
 is held tight with the left hand; the other, 
 end is now put over that, and also under 
 and over the head-band: they are thus 
 worked alternately over each other, as far 
 as about the middle section of the book, 
 through which the needle is again passed 
 below the ketch- stitch, and brought over 
 
 * Books from 32mo. to 8vo. may be head-banded 
 between the knees. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 cowie's bookbinder's manual, 
 
 the head-band, when the working is pro- 
 ceeded with as before, as far as the last 
 section but one; the needle is passed 
 through this section and over the head- 
 band twice, and finally fastened on the 
 back : the ends of the head-band are now 
 cut oiF nearly close to the silk at either 
 end, but this must be done in a peculiar 
 manner : the edge of the knife must be 
 held towards the silk, so that when cut, 
 the head-bands at each end should form 
 a small notch; by this means, they are 
 more readily turned up, which is requi- 
 site, to prevent the silk slipping off The 
 part produced by working one thread 
 over the other, is called the braiding; 
 this is considered the principal beauty of 
 the head-band, and should therefore be 
 formed with great neatness, being per- 
 fectly regular throughout, which may 
 easily be managed, by pulling each thread, 
 when working, with an equal degree of 
 tightness; this braiding should be nicely 
 smoothed with a thick folding- stick, and 
 made perfectly flat. The other end of 
 the book is next placed uppermost, and 
 proceeded with in the same way. The 
 head-bands being now finished, the glue- 
 brush should be drawn along them, on 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 53 
 
 the back of the book, as this will tend 
 to bind them on more tightly; but the 
 brush should not touch the top of them. 
 — We shall now proceed to a description 
 of the 
 
 Stuck-on Head-bands. — These are 
 formed more readily than the preceding, 
 but they do not possess equal beauty, 
 having no braiding, and are consequently 
 not used for extra binding: they are 
 formed by cutting a piece of linen about 
 an inch deep, and the length equal to the 
 width of the back : one side should now be 
 pasted, and a piece of well tAvisted string, 
 or a portion of the band above-mentioned, 
 laid in one4hird of its width ; it is next 
 folded over, and pressed close up to the 
 head-band : each end of the back of the 
 book is now glued, and the linen laid 
 upon it, the head-bands themselves being 
 placed flat on the leaves. 
 
 HOLLOW BACK. 
 
 This method has come into general use 
 for almost all books of a tolerably good 
 thickness, and may be considered a great 
 improvement on close backs, the leather 
 being less likely to crack, and the book 
 
54 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 opening with more freedom. The hollow 
 back is generally formed by cutting a strip 
 of paper twice the width of the back, and 
 the exact length ; this must be folded in 
 half. The back now being fresh glued, 
 one half of the fold should be placed 
 upon it, and the other folded over it, 
 when it will be ready for (what are gene- 
 rally adopted) 
 
 STUCK-ON BANDS. 
 
 These are formed by placing strips of 
 stout leather across the back, narrow or 
 wide, and at such distances from each 
 other, as may suit the fancy of the binder : 
 they should be firmly bound on by glue, 
 and when this has properly set, should be 
 neatly pared down at each end, but not 
 on the sides: these ,may be considered a 
 great improvement upon the old method 
 of sewing upon what may be termed 
 raised bands, which is generally to be 
 seen on the backs of old books, that is, 
 instead of the bands falling in the saw- 
 marks level with the back, they were 
 raised above it. The binder's next con- 
 sideration is that of 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 55 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 The observations made on sheep-hindirig 
 equally apply here, with the exception 
 that more care and neatness are required. 
 
 In covering extra books, the leather 
 must be nicely pared ; and the fold of the 
 leather at the corners should be made to 
 fall exactly even with each corner of the 
 fore edge : in tucking the ends in, enough 
 must be again drawn out to cover the 
 head-bands. The head must now be 
 neatly set Avith the folding- stick, pressing 
 it rather inwards where the boards have 
 been cut away, and flattening the leather 
 nicely over the top of the head-bands: 
 the form thus given it in its damp state, 
 it will retain when dry. If the covers 
 are intended to be sprinkled or marbled,* 
 this should be done before the book be 
 further proceeded with. 
 
 Most leathers require damping before 
 covering; of course all leathers, where 
 the grain and gloss would be affected 
 by moisture, are an exception. The grain 
 of morocco will be considerably thrown 
 up by using glue, instead of paste, for 
 
 * Vide Appendix. 
 
56 cowie's booivbinder's manual. 
 
 covering : the glue should be put thinly 
 on one of the boards, and the leather laid 
 carefully on it ; the book should then be 
 turned over, the board slightly glued, and 
 the leather carefully drawn over that also : 
 the portion intended to fold over the inner 
 sides of the boards may be pasted, and 
 worked down as other leathers, it being 
 of less consequence to preserve the beauty 
 of the grain here, than on the outer cover- 
 ing. Kussia leather should be immerged 
 twenty minutes in lukewarm water, and 
 beat and rubbed well on the cheeks of the 
 press, and be l.eft in paste an hour, before 
 covering. 
 
 HALF BINDING. 
 
 In half-bound books the leather should 
 be of a proportionably greater width 
 from the edge of the Imck for larger than 
 smaller books : the corners should be cut 
 of an oblong shape; and both back and 
 corners must be neatly pared : the corners 
 are to be put on first, and the strip on 
 the back afterwards, in the same way as 
 for whole binding. The marble paper must 
 be cut with a straight edge, and laid on 
 the intended distance from the back: it 
 
cowie's booivBinder's manual. 57 
 
 should now be folded back at the corners, 
 which back-fold must be cut off: it is 
 then to be pasted and laid on the side of 
 the board, taking care to allow an equal 
 distance from the edge of the back and the 
 centre of the corner. The book, either 
 whole or half-bound, may now be consi- 
 dered as entirely out of the Forwarder's 
 hands, and ready for the Finisher. 
 
58 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 FINISHING. 
 
 We have now come to that part of 
 binding where much is left to the taste 
 of the workman. The various patterns 
 which have been invented from time to 
 time are ahnost innumerable; and on the 
 judicious use of these entirely depends 
 the external beauty of the book. In this 
 branch of binding, it is requisite, in the 
 first place, to wash the cover over with 
 
 SIZE OR GLUE-WATER.* 
 
 This is used to prevent the glaire from 
 sinking into the covers. In appl3ang it, 
 the boards should be held in the lelt hand, 
 ■svith the covers extended over the thumb 
 and fingers ; a sponge must then be dipt 
 in the size-water, and the entire cover 
 slightly rubbed over with it : the book is 
 
 * Some use paste and water mixed together to 
 about the consistency of thick milk. If size or 
 glue-water be used for common calf it should be 
 rather stronger, and for liussia stronger still. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 59 
 
 now to be placed end uppermost, until 
 dry, or sideways on the edge of a table, 
 or something similar, allowing one board 
 to hang down. Care must be taken not 
 to rub the size-water on the side-papers 
 of half bound books, but it must be ap- 
 plied to the leather at the corners. When 
 the cover is dry, the back must be pre- 
 pared for filleting, by 
 
 MARKING THE BANDS. 
 
 The back is first to be divided with a 
 pair of compasses, into three, four, or 
 five parts, according to fancy, and the 
 line of these divisions should fall, as near 
 as possible, on the bands, allowing more 
 space next the foot: the divisions being 
 thus equally taken, a folding-stick is to 
 be rubbed across the back, to make a 
 more sure guide for the fillet : a line must 
 also be made with it near the head, and, 
 generally, two at the foot. If it be in- 
 tended to put on a lettering-piece (which 
 is not required for fancy-coloured lea- 
 thers), it should now be done: this must 
 be pared so thin, as scarcely to be percep- 
 tible on the back, and cut so as to fit in 
 exactly between the second and third 
 
60 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 bands from the head. The covers are 
 now ready for 
 
 GLAIRING.* 
 
 It may here be observed, that it is 
 always essential to keep good glaire, 
 otherwise it will be impossible to give the 
 gold a proper lustre ; the glaire is to be 
 rubbed over the entire cover, in the same 
 way as the paste-water, and must tho- 
 roughly dry before each fresh application. 
 Morocco and roan only require but once 
 
 * Glaire can be bought ready prepared, in Lon- 
 don, at the shops of nearly all the vendors of mill- 
 board, at Is. Sd. per quart; but as it may not 
 always be convenient to procure this, we will give 
 dii'ections for preparing it for immediate use on a 
 small scale: Make a hole in the shell of an egg, 
 and let the glaire run into a cup: cut the end of a 
 quill into cross slits, about an inch in length, and 
 bend the slip pieces out horizontally: place these in 
 the glaire, and work backwards and forwards the 
 feather part of the quill between the palms of the 
 hands : this will produce a froth, the whole of 
 which, after standing a few hours, must be skimmed 
 off, when it may be considered as fit for use: a little 
 salt tlirown into it, tends to preserve and clear it. 
 All books, whether gilt or otherwise, must be 
 glaired; but the paper covering the sides of half- 
 bound books should be sized. 
 
COWIE's bookbinder's MANmVL. 61 
 
 glairing, sheep twice, and (if the paste- 
 water has been used) calf three times; 
 but if the cover has been sized, twice will 
 be suf&cient. Russia leather, previous to 
 finishino;, should be washed over once with 
 serum of bullock's blood, which will give 
 it a gloss, and prepare it better for the 
 next process, that of 
 
 FILLETING. 
 
 Several books of the same dimensions, 
 if the backs be tolerably flat (as is usually 
 the case with school-books), may be 
 filleted at the same time. A piece of 
 wood, commonly called a filleting board, 
 or T, should be screwed tight in the cut- 
 ting press; it must fall below the level 
 of the backs of the books, which should 
 be ranged side by side against it, care 
 being taken to place them exactly even 
 one with the other. The cushion being 
 now in readiness, a leaf of the book con- 
 taining the gold must be gently opened* 
 
 * Handling the gold requires considerable care: 
 the least air, or even slightly breathing on it, will 
 frequently prove the loss of the entire leaf. 
 
62 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 at the end, where it must be lightly struck 
 with the knife; this will produce sufficient 
 air to raise the gold, so as to admit the 
 knife under it, by which it should be care- 
 fully conveyed to the cushion : it must 
 next be cut into pieces, a little longer 
 and wider than the face of the fillet, or 
 roll, intended for covering the bands. The 
 fillet is now to be put to the fire, until it 
 has received a moderate heat :* the face of 
 the fillet must then be rubbed with an 
 oiled rag, and rolled over each separate 
 strip of gold, until covered. Holding the 
 fillet in the right hand, and the left on 
 the books, the fillet should be firmly 
 pressed over the marked bands till the 
 whole are filleted; after which, if it is 
 not to be lettered, the impressions should 
 be cleared with a piece of flannel. 
 
 * All tools used for finishing, must be previously 
 heated ; but new ones require a greater heat than 
 those which have been a considerable time in use : 
 practice is the only sure guide : some idea, how- 
 ever, may be formed of tlie correct heat, by applying 
 to the tool a piece of damp sponge, when, if it pro- 
 duces a slight hissing sound, it will, in most in- 
 stances, be Ibund a tolerably foir criterion. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 63 
 
 LETTERING. 
 
 On preparing the leather for the gold, it 
 is first necessary to enclose some tallow* 
 in a piece of linen rag, which should 
 be rubbed over the lettering -piece until 
 slightly greased ; for if too much be 
 rubbed on, it will materially affect the 
 brilliancy of the gold: a leaf of the gold 
 must now be conveyed to the cushion; 
 and a sufficient portion cut from it to 
 cover the lettering-piece, on which it must 
 be placed by a piece of cotton-wool, which 
 will cause the gold to adhere to it by first 
 rubbino; it on the cheek: with the same 
 piece of wool the gold must afterwards 
 be slightly pressed, to bind it more firmly 
 to the leather. The book must now be 
 put in the laying-press, with the head 
 more elevated than the foot. The brass 
 lettersf must then be moderately heated 
 
 * Some finishers use palm oil, which perhaps is 
 better : this also should be enclosed in a linen rag, 
 and kept in a cool place ; others use sweet oil. 
 
 •]• Metal types are an excellent substitute for these; 
 but in lettering with them, the entire word must 
 he adjusted in a stamping-frame, it being nearly- 
 impossible to use them separately : more expedi- 
 tion is also necessary, as metal will not retain the 
 
64 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 (either in sand or before the fire), and 
 each rubbed, before lettering, on a piece 
 of rough calf ; they should then be lightly 
 pressed on the lettering-piece, one after 
 the other, ranging them perfectly straight ; 
 but this requires some little practice : the 
 best guide for beginners is, to mark a 
 straight line where the letters are to fall, 
 previously to putting on the gold, which 
 is now to be rubbed off as before-men- 
 tioned. 
 
 GILT BACK. 
 
 The backs of such books as are in- 
 tended to be ornamented with various 
 tools, are usually entirely covered with 
 gold:* this must be cut in strips the 
 
 requisite heat near so long as brass. Some heat metal 
 types in boiling water : but this is objectionable, 
 inasmuch as there will always be a partial steam 
 arise from the letters thus heated, which is likely 
 to deaden the gold : heating them before the fire is 
 preferable, taking care not to put them too close, 
 or they are likely to melt. 
 
 * During hot weatlier it will be advisable not to 
 cover more than about twelve volumes at one time, 
 and in very cold weather not more than eight : 
 when in mild weather twenty may be covered 
 before finishintr. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 65 
 
 width of the back, and placed on in the 
 same way as for lettering, joining one 
 piece to another, until the back be covered. 
 The book must now be put in the laying- 
 press, nearly level with the back, perfectly 
 even, and screwed moderately tight : the 
 fillet is then to be put over the bands, on 
 either side of which any light pallet may 
 be used : any tool, emblematic of the sub- 
 ject, or that best accords with the dimen- 
 sions of the back, is next to be used, 
 beojinnino; at the head of the book, and 
 making each impression (if only one tool 
 be used) centrical between the bands : the 
 tool must bear equally every way, by 
 working it a little backward and forward, 
 and to the right and left : the tool must 
 not be too long dwelt upon; and the 
 larger it is, the heavier must be the im- 
 pression, bearing scarcely at all on ex- 
 tremely small ones. The book is then 
 to be lettered, and the gold to be rubbed 
 off, as previously stated. 
 
 POLISHING. 
 
 The book having been gilt in the pre- 
 ceding way, is now to be polished.* On 
 
 * The polishing iron must not be used on grained 
 
 E 
 
66 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 every portion of tlie leather, and the side- 
 papers of half-bound books, the polishing 
 iron must be applied: it is first to be 
 heated, and cleared on rough calf; but 
 care must be taken that it be not too hot, 
 or it will turn the glaire white, and de- 
 face the marbling. Before applying the 
 iron, the cover should be rubbed over 
 with a clean oil rag, when the edges are 
 first to be polished, then the backs, arid 
 lastly, the sides or boards, passing the 
 iron quickly over the whole, and not 
 alloAving it in the least to rest on any 
 part of the leather or paper. 
 
 The book being brought to a good 
 polish, is now ready (if it suit the taste 
 of the binder) for 
 
 BLIND TOOLING. 
 
 This makes a pretty contrast to the 
 gold, and should not be done until the 
 book is polished, otherwise the polishing- 
 iron Avill, in some degree, counteract the 
 intended effect. The tools must be heated, 
 cleared on rough calf, and applied in the 
 
 leathers ; instead of this, they must be rubbed well 
 with a piece of rough calf. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 67 
 
 same way, as if intended for using on the 
 gold. The next thing to be done, is 
 
 BURNISHING THE EDGES. 
 
 The book, or books, must be placed 
 between boards, and screwed tight in the 
 cutting-press; then with a dog's tooth, or 
 agate, the fore-edge, and head and tail, 
 must be briskly rubbed backwards and 
 forwards, until brought to a fine polish, 
 after which are to be pasted down the 
 
 END-PAPERS. 
 
 For extra books, and particularly such 
 as have coloured or marbled linings, con- 
 siderable neatness is required in pasting 
 them down. Each board should be thrown 
 back, and the paper worked in perfectly 
 smooth and even at the joints of the 
 boards; the paper should be allowed to 
 dry with the boards thrown back, or the 
 joint will never be well formed: a bad 
 joint will, on re-opening the boards, after 
 closing them, partly draw back the leaves 
 of the book with them, and this will 
 always be the case, unless the above di- 
 rections be attended to. The next thing 
 
 to be considered, is 
 
 E 2 
 
68 cowie's booi^inder's manual. 
 
 TAPPING DOWN THE CORNERS. 
 
 There is usually a roughness left on 
 the inner side of each corner of the boards, 
 partly produced by turning the leather 
 in, and partly by the polishing-iron passing 
 along the edges; this is to be remedied 
 by tapping them down with the backing 
 hammer, which, however, must be used 
 very gently, or, in lieu of this, polished 
 plates of tin are to be placed between the 
 linings, and the same outside, as far back 
 as the joints of the boards, or graining 
 boards are to be used, as the case may 
 require, and the books to be screwed 
 tight in the standing-press; when, after 
 remaining a proper time, and being taken 
 out, the cover should be rubbed over with 
 u, piece of rough calf, which will greatly 
 add to its beauty. The book may now 
 be considered as entirely finished. . 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual 69 
 
 VELLUM BINDING. 
 
 Under this head are comprised Memo- 
 randum and Account Books of every de- 
 scription ; and though these are sometimes 
 covered with rough calf, and other leather, 
 and are by no means limited to vellum 
 coverings, it is nevertheless generally de- 
 nominated Yellum Binding. We shall 
 describe this process in regular order, and 
 under distinct heads, beginning first with 
 
 FOLDING. 
 
 There is less trouble here than in printed 
 books ; and it is only necessary to observe, 
 that foolscap books must contain six sheets 
 in a fold ; but above that size, only four, 
 unless the paper be thin, when the fold 
 may contain six. The sheets, being thus 
 arranged, must be knocked up even, and 
 taken up to the standing-press, when, after 
 remaining a short time, they are ready for 
 
 SEWING. 
 
 All end-papers to Account Books should 
 
70 cowie's bookbindek's manual. 
 
 consist of sheets from outside quires; and 
 large books, such as fohos and quartos, 
 should have double end-papers; but for 
 octavos, &c., single ones will be sufficient. 
 These books must be sewn on slips of 
 strong vellum; but small ones may be 
 se-vvn on parchment, though vellum is al- 
 ways preferable ; the slips should be about 
 an inch wide, and two inches and a half 
 longer than the width of the back. Fools- 
 cap must be sewn on three slips ; but for 
 books above that size, the number must 
 be increased; perhaps the best criterion 
 for the number will be, by observing, that 
 the slips may be about two inches apart, 
 and at equal distances. About an inch 
 of one end of each slip should be bent, so 
 as to form a sort of foot : the fly-leaf sec- 
 tion should now be placed on its side, and 
 the bent portion of each slip placed under 
 it : the sewing is then to be proceeded with 
 in the same way as for printed books, with 
 the exception that, greater strength being 
 required for vellum books, they must be 
 sewn through each fold, and with waxed 
 thread. After the sewing is completed, 
 the first ruled leaf at each end is to be 
 pasted to the waste-paper : after thorough- 
 ly drying, the back is to be glued in the 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 71 
 
 usual way. When the back is dry, the 
 next thing required is 
 
 CUTTING THE FOKE-EDGE. 
 
 The directions given at page 27, equally 
 apply here. We must, however, observe, 
 that the cutting of the fore-edge is usually 
 regulated by a pattern kept for the pur- 
 pose ; the head and tail is cut by measure- 
 ment of inches;* but in respect to ruled 
 books, considerable care is required not to 
 plough off too much of the portion allowed 
 for the pence and fractional parts. The 
 next thing to be considered is 
 
 ROUNDING. 
 
 There is a slight variation between 
 printed and stationery books in respect to 
 rounding ; the fore-edge of the latter must 
 form a deeper hollow, and consequently a 
 rounder back; but the process is precisely 
 the same as described at page 30, especial 
 care being taken not to start the folds, 
 which may be avoided by using the ham- 
 mer, and working the fingers, in a gentle 
 and regular way. The book is then to be 
 taken to the standing-press; after being 
 
 * See the Appendix. 
 
72 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 well screwed down, it may be taken out. 
 The next thing to be done is 
 
 CUTTING THE HEAD AND FOOT. 
 
 The observations made at pages 31 and 
 32 apply equally to cutting the head and 
 foot of stationery books; the same may 
 be said of what has been mentioned at 
 page 47 of the next process, that of 
 
 MARBLING. 
 
 As previously observed, such books as 
 are intended for marbling are usually sent 
 to the marbler's, to be done agreeably 
 either to pattern or fancy ; but for those 
 who have not this convenience (which 
 must be the case with many country 
 binders) we have given full directions in 
 the Appendix. The book is afterwards 
 ready for 
 
 HEAD-BANDING. 
 
 The head-bands must be worked on 
 slips of vellum in the same way as de- 
 scribed at page 48, so as to form a deep 
 narrow, rather than a round band. The 
 back should then be lined, between each 
 slip of vellum, with strong canvas and 
 glue, when it is to remain until dry. A 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 73 
 
 slip of millboard must next be prepared, 
 to form the 
 
 HOLLOW BACK. 
 
 The millboard is to be cut about a quar- 
 ter of an inch wider than the back of the 
 book ; it is then to be glued on both sides ; 
 it should remain in this state about ten 
 minutes; it is then to be laid on a sheet 
 of paper; and a smooth roller* (the di- 
 mensions of the back of the book) is to be 
 placed upon it: the whole is now to be 
 worked backwards and forwards on the 
 roller, which will give the millboard a 
 half-circular shape : in this state it must 
 be placed near the fire, until it becomes 
 quite hard, or literally baked. Now, if 
 the roller was the proper dimensions, and 
 the slip correctly cut in width, it will be 
 found exactly to correspond with the back 
 of the book : a piece of canvas must now 
 be cut sufficiently large to extend half the 
 
 * For this purpose different sized rollers should 
 be used; and a proper one being chosen for the size 
 of the back, the millboard may be used so as to ex- 
 actly meet round it; when proceeded with as above 
 described, it may be slightly screwed in the press, 
 and cut on the opposite side to the join of the 
 board: by this means two hollow backs are made at 
 one time. 
 
74 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 width of the board on one side of the book, 
 to the same distance on the other side; 
 this is to be glued on the boards, and over 
 the back, wliich will materially strengthen 
 the book, and hold the hollow back hrmly 
 on. It will now be necessary to cut, 
 and paste on 
 
 THE BOARDS. 
 
 These must be cut with the plough- 
 knife, and the squares ought to be rather 
 larger in proportion than for printed 
 books. For the binding we are- describ- 
 ing, it is better to paste two thin boards 
 together, leaving about one half side of 
 the boards unpasted : they are then to be 
 put into the press for about five minutes; 
 and when taken out, the part left open is 
 to be pasted, and the ends of the vellum 
 on which the book is sewn to be slipt in 
 the opening : the boards at the same time 
 are to be properly adjusted, and must be 
 distant from the back a quarter of an 
 inch: the book must then have another 
 pressing, after which it will be ready for 
 
 COVERING. 
 
 If the book be covered with calf, or 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 75 
 
 any other leather, it inust be neatly pared 
 all round, and pasted ; and after remaining 
 about ten minutes, it may be put on in 
 the usual way, which will form a neat 
 groove at the join of the boards: while 
 in this state, it is to be well pressed. 
 Calf covering should, when dry, be 
 dressed with pumice-stone, and brushed 
 well with a clothes' -brush. If the book 
 is to be covered with vellum or parchment^ 
 the cover must be hned with cartridge or 
 strong white paper, and put between 
 paste-boards. The cover should be put 
 on dry, and well rubbed with a folding- 
 stick in the joints next the back: the 
 boards are then to be pasted, and the 
 cover pressed on them, when the book 
 should be put into the standing-press: 
 after it is supposed to be dry, it should 
 be taken out, and the remaining part of 
 the cover pasted, when, after soaking a 
 little, it should be turned over, and the 
 corners cut as neat as possible, when the 
 book should again be put into the stand- 
 ing-press; and, after being taken ou.t^ the 
 cover must be washed with a sponge and 
 paste-water. 
 
 Single Russia Bands For additional 
 
 strength to the book, bands of Kussia 
 
76 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 leather are sometimes drawn over the 
 back, and worked on the boards, with 
 vellum thongs. The back may be divided 
 into seven equal parts, three of which 
 should be occupied with the bands, viz. 
 the centre, and half the first and second 
 from each end : the thongs may be worked 
 on in a diamond shape, or in any other 
 fanciful way the binder may please. 
 When the ends of the papers are pasted 
 down, tins must be put in before placing 
 the book in the standing-press, to prevent 
 any impression from the vellum thongs 
 appearing on the leaves of the book. 
 
 Double Russia Bands. — For these, 
 the back should be divided into five parts, 
 one band occupying the centre portion, 
 and reaching half-way on the boards : the 
 other two bands are to be placed at each 
 extremity of the back, and the entire 
 depth of the boards, and worked on as 
 above described. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 77 
 
 FINISHING. 
 
 The lettering-piece is to be pared, put 
 on, and gilt, as already described ; but the 
 roll for rough calf^ is required to be made 
 red hot, or it will not make sufficient, nor 
 so lasting an impression, as when only 
 moderately heated : of course the roll 
 must be passed quickly over, not being 
 allowed to rest for a moment on any part 
 of the leather. For blind-tooling the 
 covers, the tools should be sufficiently hot 
 to leave a clear and rather dark impres- 
 sion. — Previous to gilding vellum^ the 
 cover must be once glaired, and after 
 being perfectly dry, the portion intended 
 for the gold must be rubbed over with 
 the oil-rag. The heat of the roll, or any 
 other tool that may be used for vellum, 
 must be about equal to those used for 
 finishing printed books. The roU must 
 be worked firm and strong, to make a 
 good impression. The end-papers are 
 now to be pasted down, and the inner 
 corners of each board to be gently tapped 
 with the hammer, when the book may be 
 considered as entirely finished. 
 
78 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 COLOURS FOR BOOK-EDGES. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 Boil equal portions of logwood and 
 French berries in rain water; and, to 
 give a darker shade to the colour, a little 
 copperas may be added : when cool, it 
 should be strained and bottled- 
 
 PURPLE. 
 
 Boil one ounce of powdered alum, four 
 ounces of logwood chips, and a small piece 
 of copperas, in a pint and a half of soft 
 water, until reduced to a pint, when the 
 liquid must be strained. 
 
 For immediate use, an excellent purple 
 may be obtained from strong potash water 
 and Brazil dust : if it sliould remain long 
 unused, it will change to a brown. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 79 
 
 RED. 
 
 Mix together four ounces of Brazil 
 dust, and one ounce of powdered alum : 
 boil them in half a pint of vinegar, and 
 the same quantity of water, till reduced 
 to half a pint : then strain it through a 
 fine cotton cloth. 
 
 If, in addition to this liquid, the edges 
 be sprinkled with brown and purple, it 
 will form a pretty appearance. 
 
 BLUE. 
 
 Dissolve one ounce of finely powdered 
 indigo in the same quantity of double oil 
 of vitriol, into which throw a half a tea 
 spoonful of spirit of salts. 
 
 This liquid should be kept in an open 
 vessel, and remain at least a week before 
 using: after reducing it with water, it 
 will be found an excellent sprinkle. 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 Boil one ounce of French berries^ and 
 a small quantity of alum, in half a pint 
 of soft water for half an hour. 
 
 This liquid should be strained through 
 a piece of fine flannel, and should have a 
 
80 cowie's booicbinder's manual. 
 
 small portion of the liquid blue added to 
 it : it should then be put in a bottle, and 
 well corked up. 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 To one ounce of Brazil dust add half 
 an ounce of French berries, bruised, and 
 a small piece of alum; boil them in half 
 a pint of soft "water; strain the colour 
 and bottle it for use. 
 
 This colour will have a pretty effect on 
 the edges, if mixed with any others the 
 fancy may point out. 
 
 GOLD SPRINKLE. 
 
 Put into a marble mortar half a book 
 of gold leaf, and a quarter of an ounce 
 of honey; work them well together, until 
 they become very fine ; add to this, and 
 mix well together, a quarter of a pint of 
 very Clearwater, which, when it has cleared, 
 pour off, and add more, until the honey 
 is extracted, and nothing but the gold 
 remains. Then mix half a grain of cor- 
 rosive sublimate witli half a tea-spoonful 
 of spirits of wine, and when dissolved, 
 put the same, together with a small quan- 
 
cowie's bookbinder's rlvnual. 81 
 
 tity of thick gum water to the gold, and 
 the liquid may be bottled for use. 
 
 Previous to using the gold liquid, the 
 bottle must be well shaken : if sprinkled 
 in large or small spots over a green, 
 purple, or blue ground, it will have a 
 pretty effect: after sprinkling, the book 
 should be enveloped in paper, to preserve 
 the gold from being soiled. 
 
 FANCY COLOURING. 
 
 Mix whiting and water to a thick con- 
 sistency; then, having screwed the book 
 tight in the press, throw the mixture on 
 the edges with a small brush, either in 
 spots or streaks: when nearly dry, spot 
 the edges with green, blue, and Brazil 
 red; when quite dry, shake off the 
 whiting, and brush the edge with a very 
 soft brush. If a sprinkle of dark blue be 
 thrown on immediately after the whiting, 
 it will produce a beautiful shaded edge. 
 
 FANCY MARBLING. 
 
 Let the book be screwed tight in the 
 press, and place on the edge rice or pearl 
 barley in a regular manner; then sprinkle 
 
 F 
 
82 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 the edge with any dark colour, till the 
 white paper be covered, when the rice 
 may be shaken off. Various colours may 
 be used for this purpose; and, previous 
 to using the rice, the fore-edge may be 
 coloured with yellow or red. 
 
 The preceding recipes, though tedious 
 in preparation, are so excellent in them- 
 selves, that we thought it better not to 
 omit them : they are, however, now gener- 
 ally superseded by mixtures of a more 
 simple character, and which may, if re- 
 quired, be prepared for use in a few 
 minutes. They consist of the following, 
 which, if not already in powder, should 
 be bruised till brought to that state, and 
 then mixed with paste-water, into Avhich 
 must be thrown a few drops of sweet oil : 
 
 1. Spirit blue* (diluted Avith water). 
 
 2. Brown umber. 
 
 3. King's yellow. 
 
 4. Dutch pink (a yellow). 
 
 5. Spanish brown. 
 
 6. Yennilion. 
 
 * This can be purchased at any respectable sta- 
 tioner's, in small bottles. 
 
COWIE's bookbinder's aiiVNUAL. 83 
 
 MARBLING, &c. OF LEATHER. 
 
 The following four liquids are essential 
 for several of the sprinkles and marbles 
 hereafter to be described : — 
 
 Brown. — Dissolve a quarter of a pound 
 of the best potash in a pint of rain water ; 
 when clear, it may be bottled for use. 
 
 Black. — Boil a quarter of a pound of 
 copperas in a quart of soft water; when 
 properly settled, it may be put into a bot- 
 tle for use. 
 
 Vinegar Black. — Steep iron fihngs in 
 vinegar, or stale beer, for about twenty 
 hours; let them boil quickly on the fire, 
 after which, when thoroughly settled, the 
 liquid may be bottled for use. 
 
 Vitriol Water. — Mix two ounces of the 
 best oil of vitriol with six ounces of water, 
 and bottle it for use. 
 
 DARK SPRINKLE. 
 
 With a sponge and weak potash water 
 wash the cover of the book, and place it, 
 
 F 2 
 
84 cowie's bookbindek's manual. 
 
 immediately afterwards, between wands, 
 with the boards extended, and sprinkle it 
 very dark and fine with the copperas 
 water. 
 
 In addition to the above dark sprinkle, 
 a sprinkle of the brown liquid and vitriol 
 water will considerably improve the 
 beauty of the cover. 
 
 RED SPOTS. 
 
 Mix, in a bottle, half a table spoonful of 
 spirits of salts, one ounce of the best 
 double aquafortis, a quarter of an ounce 
 of green tin, and two ounces of rain 
 water. The whole should remain about 
 twenty hours previous to using. In ad- 
 dition to this mixture, a portion of aqua 
 regia will be necessary. 
 
 Let the cover of the book be first 
 blacked with copperas water, and, when 
 dry, give it a coat of Brazil red: then 
 mix together a portion of aqua regia and 
 dry Brazil, and, when thoroughly settled, 
 place the book between wands, and spot 
 the cover over with the red liquid. When 
 perfectly dry, the cover must be washed 
 with a sponge and Avater. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 85 
 
 YELLOW SPOTS. 
 
 First black the cover of the book, and, 
 when perfectly dry, place it between 
 wands : then mix a portion of aqua regia 
 and turmeric together, and when tho- 
 roughly settled, throw on large or small 
 yellow spots, as may suit the fancy. 
 
 RED AND YELLOW SPOTS. 
 
 First black the cover, then place the 
 book between the wands, throw on the 
 yellow spots, and, when quite dry, throw 
 on small spots of the liquid red. Wash 
 the cover with a piece of clean sponge 
 and water : and take care not to mix 
 more colours with the spirits than are 
 absolutely wanted. 
 
 COMMON MARBLE. 
 
 Let the cover be first washed over with 
 weak potash water, after which, it must 
 have one coat of glaire; when perfectly 
 dry, place the book between the wands, 
 and mth a brush, or a bunch of quills, 
 throw on water in all directions, and im- 
 
86 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 mediately after (while the water is yet 
 running on the covers), with other 
 brushes sprinkle with copperas water and 
 brown : after the marble has remained a 
 few minutes, wash it with a clean sponge 
 and water. 
 
 SPONGE MARBLE. 
 
 This is performed in the same way as 
 the above method, with the exception 
 that, instead of using brushes, the liquids 
 are to be applied with pieces of sponge, 
 which are to be daljbed on the cover in 
 various directions, applying first the 
 water, then immediately upon it the cop- 
 peras water, and lastly the brown: when 
 dry,* wash the cover with a clean sponge 
 and water. 
 
 TREE MARBLE. 
 
 A marble may be formed somewhat to 
 resemble a tree, by first washing and 
 glairing the cover, and then bending the 
 boards on each side, so as to form them 
 
 * In all the recipes for marbling, mind that the 
 colours have sufficient time to dry, as they are then 
 likely to have their full effect, and show their 
 brif'litness to more advantage. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 87 
 
 into a slight semicircle. Sprinkle witli 
 water, copperas water, brown, and wash 
 the cover (as directed iov common marble), 
 and it will be found that the bend in the 
 boards has caused the liquids to run in a 
 suitable direction for producing the in- 
 tended effect. 
 
 ANOTHER MARBLE. 
 
 Wash the cover with rather strong 
 potash water, and glaire it; when dry, 
 place the book between wands, throw on 
 water, vinegar black, and lastly a fine 
 sprinkle of vitriol water, which will be a 
 great improvement to the marble. 
 
 TRANSPARENT MARBLE. 
 
 Place the book between the wands, 
 marble the boards with a tree on each 
 centre, and put on each board an oval, 
 made of a thin piece of paper, and bind 
 it to the boards with pieces of lead. 
 Black the cover on the outer parts of the 
 ^ ovals, and when thoroughly dry, go over 
 the same with strong basil water: then 
 throw on red spots, and when dry, take 
 off the ovals; wash the portion of the 
 cover where the red spots are with a piece 
 
88 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 of clean sponge and water. If the inside 
 of the ovals be coloured with the follow- 
 ing liquid, it will have a very pleasing 
 effect : — Mix together spirits of wine and 
 powdered turmeric, in the proportion of 
 half an ounce of the former to half a 
 table spoonful of the latter ; put the liquid 
 into a bottle, shake it well, and let it 
 settle before using. — Give the ovals two 
 coats of the liquid, with a camel's hair- 
 brush ; and when done, cork the bottle up 
 tight, to prevent evaporation. 
 
 PURPLE MARBLE. 
 
 When the book is covered, and per- 
 fectly dry, rub the cover over with strong 
 hot purple liquid (prepared as previously 
 directed), two or three times. When 
 dry, glaire the cover, and put the book 
 between wands ; with quills throw on 
 water, and sprinkle it with strong vitriol 
 water, which will produce bright red 
 veins. After the colours are dry, they 
 must be washed with a sponge and water. 
 
 RICE MARBLE. 
 
 With spirits of wine and turmeric 
 (prepared as before mentioned) colour 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 89 
 
 the cover, put the book between wands, 
 and throw on rice in a regular way, ac- 
 cording to fancy : then throw on a neat 
 sprinkle of copperas water, till the cover 
 be nearly black; when dry, sprinkle the 
 cover with red liquid (already described), 
 or potash water, before the rice is thrown 
 oif. 
 
 EGYPTIAN MAKBLE. 
 
 Previous to covering the book, colour 
 the leather with Scott's liquid blue,* and 
 iminerge it in water, to extract the spirit : 
 after remaining in the water about half 
 an hour, take it out, and place it between 
 pieces of bro^vn paper, till nearly dry: 
 then cover the book, and place it a small 
 distance from the fire, till thoroughly dry, 
 lAieii it must be glaired. Place the book 
 between wands, and throw on it potash 
 water, with a bunch of quills, and lastly, 
 a very fine sprinkle of the vinegcir black. 
 When the book is nearly dry, it must be 
 washed with a sponge and water. 
 
 STONE MARBLE. 
 
 Glaire the cover in the usual way, and 
 * To be purchased at any colour shop. 
 
90 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 when thoroughly dry, put the book into 
 the cutting-press, with the boards some- 
 what sloping, so that the colours may run 
 gently do^^^Q. With a brush, throw on 
 copperas water rather freely, and dip a 
 piece of sponge into some strong potash 
 water, and press it out on different parts 
 of the back, so that the colours may run 
 gently down each side; where the brown 
 has left a vacancy, vitriol water should 
 be applied in the same manner. After 
 the colours are perfectly dry, wash the 
 cover with a clean sponge and water. 
 
 GREEN MARBLE. 
 
 In addition to the preceding marble, 
 use Scott's liquid blue in the same manner 
 as the other colours, and previous to 
 finishing the marble with vitriol water. 
 
 WAINSCOT MARBLE. 
 
 Colour the cover with the strong brown 
 liquid already mentioned, and glaire it; 
 then place the book between wands, with 
 the boards flat and even. Throw on 
 water till every part of the boards be 
 covered : then take a sufficient portion of 
 copperas water in the brush, and dash it 
 
COWIE'S bookbinder's IkLAJNUAL. 91 
 
 freely on the boards ; do the same with 
 potash water ; and finally, throw on a 
 bold sprinkle of vitriol water. — This is a 
 beautiful marble, if done with attention 
 and care. 
 
 ANOTHER MARBLE. 
 
 First black the cover with copperas 
 water, and when dry, give it two coats of 
 strong Brazil water. Mix Avhiting and 
 water to rather a thick consistency, and 
 throw it on the cover in spots or streaks, 
 and let it remain till dry ; then give the 
 cover a bold sprinkle of the liquid red 
 already mentioned. 
 
 CHINESE MARBLE. 
 
 First colour the cover with a dark 
 brown, and 'then place the book between 
 wands; use whiting and water as above 
 directed, and let it remain till dry. 
 Sprinkle the cover with liquid blue, after 
 which, throw on large spots of the liquid 
 red. When the colours are perfectly dry, 
 wash ofP the whiting. 
 
 RED MARBLE, 
 
 Previous to covering the book, the 
 
92 COWIE's BOOKBrNTDER's MANUAL. 
 
 cover must be immerged for near three 
 quarters of an hour in weak lime water, 
 and afterwards dried between sheets of 
 brown paper. Then, mix half an ounce 
 of Brazil dust, half a tea spoonful of pow- 
 dered cochineal, a small piece of alum, 
 and a quarter of a pint of the best vine- 
 gar : boil these on a slow fire, till the 
 whole produce a bright red. While this 
 liquid is hot, colour the cover two or 
 three times over, and then immerge it in 
 water, in which a piece of alum has been 
 previously dissolved. Now draw the 
 cover on, and let it be perfectly dry ; then 
 glaire it, and put the book between wands ; 
 throw on potash water with quills, and 
 sprinkle it with vinegar black. If a few 
 drops of aqua regia be added to the liquid 
 previous to covering the cover, it will 
 give it a much brighter and more perma- 
 nent red. 
 
 JAPAN MARBLE. 
 
 Give the cover one coat of potash 
 water, two of Brazil wash, and glaire it : 
 then place the book between wands in 
 such a position that the boards slope a 
 little : dash on copperas water ; then hav- 
 ing a piece of sponge full of the red 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 93 
 
 liquid in readiness, press out on the back 
 and on different parts large drops, which 
 should run down on each board, and will 
 by this means produce a fine shaded red. 
 After the cover is perfectly dry, it should 
 be washed over two or three times with 
 Brazil wash, which will give the colour a 
 brighter appearance. 
 
 COLOUES FOR LEATHEE. 
 
 It sometimes occurs, that books which 
 are marbled on the sides, have their backs 
 of one entire colour : Avhen such is the case, 
 previous to marbling, &c., a piece of thin 
 paste-board must be placed on the back, 
 to prevent any of the colours affecting it. 
 The following liquids will be found to 
 answer every purpose for colouring : — 
 
 Brown. — A quarter of a pound of pot- 
 ash dissolved in a pint of rain water; 
 when settled, bottle it for use. 
 
 Blue. — Colour first with copperas water, 
 and afterwards give two coats of liquid 
 blue. 
 
 Green. — Colour twice with Scott's liquid 
 blue, and when dry, wash the leather three 
 or four times with a clean sponge and 
 water. 
 
94 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 Purple. — Rub on some strong purple 
 liquid (already described) near the fire, 
 three or four times at least, and when 
 dry, wash well with clear water. 
 
 Lead colour. — Colour well with cop- 
 peras water, or copperas and potash water 
 mixed. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 95 
 
 MARBLING PAPER, &c. 
 
 WATER MARBLING. 
 
 There are several sorts of marbled 
 paper; but the principal difference lies in 
 the forms in which the colours are laid 
 on the ground, some being disposed in 
 whirls or circumvolutions, some in jagged 
 lengths, and others only in spots of a 
 roundish or oval figure. The general 
 method of managing each kind is, never- 
 theless, the same. The peculiar apparatus 
 necessary for this purpose, is, a trough 
 for the floating of the colours, a quill and 
 comb for disposing them in the figure 
 usually chosen, and a burnishing- stone 
 for polishing the paper. The trough may 
 be of any kind of wood, and must be some- 
 what larger than the sheets of paper, for 
 marbling of which it is to be em]3loyed ; 
 but the sides of it should only rise about 
 two inches above the bottom. The comb 
 may also be of wood, and about five 
 inches in length, but should have brass 
 
9G cowie's booivbinder's manual. 
 
 teeth, whicli may be about two inches long, 
 and placed at about a quarter of an inch 
 distance from each other. 
 
 Tlie burnisliing-stone may be of jasper 
 or agate; but as those stones are very 
 dear ■when of sufficient largeness, marble 
 or glass may be used, provided their sur- 
 face be polished to a greater degree of 
 smoothness. These implements being pre- 
 pared, make a solution of gumtraga- 
 canth, or, as it is commonly called, gum- 
 drcKjon^ by putting a sufficient proportion 
 of the gum (whicli should be white, and 
 clear from all foulness) into clean water, 
 and let it remain there a day or two, 
 frequently breaking the lunq)s, and stirring 
 it till the whole appear dissolved, and 
 equally mixed with the Avater: the con- 
 sistence of the solution should be nearly 
 tliat of strong gum water used in miniature 
 painting; if it appear thicker, add water 
 to it; if thinner, more of the gum. AVhen 
 the solution is thus brought to a due state, 
 pass it through a linen cloth, and then 
 put it into the trough, when it will be 
 ready to receive the colours : these are as 
 follow : — For lied^ carmine, lake, rose pink, 
 and vermilion; but i\\Q, two last are too 
 hard and glaring, unless they be mixed 
 
co^ylK^s HOOKiuNnKu's i\rA\rAL. 07 
 
 with rose pink, or lake, to brini^ them to a 
 softer cast; and, with ros|H'ct to tlie car- 
 mine and hike, they are too (h'ar for com- 
 mon purposes — fm' IW/o/r, kin_i;-'s yellow, 
 or Dutch pink and yelhnv ochn- may be 
 employed — for 7)V;/<', Prussian blue and 
 verditer may be used — for Green^ verdi- 
 gris, a mixture of Dutch ])ink and Prus- 
 sian blue or verditer, in diHerent propor- 
 tions — for Oran<j(\ orange lake, or a 
 mixture of vermillion, or red lead, witli 
 Dutch pink — tor /*ur/)/(\ rose pink and 
 Prussian blue — for White^ flake white — 
 for lUdck, lamp black — for Brown^ black 
 and yellow. Having these colours in 
 readiness, grind them on a marble slab 
 with spirit of wine, till they are vei-y 
 fine; and at the time of using them, add 
 a little fish gall, or in default of it, the 
 gall of a beast, by grinding them over 
 again with it. The proper proportion of 
 the gall must be found by trying them ; 
 for there must be just so much as will 
 suflt'er the spots of colour, when sprinkled 
 on the solution of the gum tragacantli, 
 to join together, Avithout intermixing or 
 running into each other. When every- 
 thing is thus prepared, pour into the 
 trough the solution of the gum traga- 
 
98 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 canth; then, having the colours intended 
 to be used in separate pots, with a pencil 
 or brush appropriated to each, sprinkle 
 them on the surface of the solution (be- 
 ginning with the darkest colours first) by 
 shaking the pencil or brush charged with 
 the particular colour over it, till the sur- 
 face be wholly covered ; when the marble 
 is proposed to be of a simple form, nothing 
 more is necessary; but where whirls or 
 snail-shell figures are wanted, they must 
 be made by means of a quill, which must 
 be put among the spots to turn them 
 about, till the effect be produced : jagged 
 lengths (or what is termed comb-marble) 
 must be made by means of the comb 
 above described, which must be passed 
 throuo:h the colours from one end of the 
 trouo-li to the other, and will srive them 
 that appearance; but, if they be desired 
 to be pointed both ways, the comb must 
 be again passed through the trough in a 
 contrary direction; or, if some of the 
 whirls or snail-shell figures be required 
 to be added, they may yet be made by 
 means before directed : indeed, by a little 
 contrivance, numerous forms may be 
 given to the colours. The paper should 
 be previously prepared for receiving the 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 99 
 
 colours, by dipping it over night in water, 
 and laying the sheets on each other with 
 a weight over them. The whole being 
 thus ready, hold the paper by two corners, 
 and lay it in the most gentle and even 
 manner on the solution covered with the 
 colours, and softly press it with the hand, 
 that it may bear everywhere on the solu- 
 tion : after which, raise it, and take it off 
 with the same care, and then hang it 
 to dry across a proper card, subtended 
 near at hand for that purpose; and in 
 that state let it continue till it be perfectly 
 dry. It then remains only to give the 
 paper a proper polish ; in order to which, 
 first rub it with a little soap, and then 
 smooth it with glass polishers, such as are 
 used for linen, and called calender-glasses : 
 after which, again rub it with a burnisher 
 of jasper or agate ; or, in default of these, 
 with glass ground to the highest polish ; 
 for on the perfect polish of the paper 
 depends, in a great measure, its beauty 
 and value. Gold or silver powders may 
 be used, where desired, along with the 
 colour, and require only the same treat- 
 ment as them, except that they must be first 
 tempered with gum-water. In marbling 
 book-edges, tie the books tight between 
 
 G 2 
 
100 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 cutting-boards: having done this, only 
 dip the edges in, on the top of the water 
 and colours, very lightly; which done, 
 take them off, and the plain impression 
 of the colours in mixture will be upon 
 the leaves, along the head and tail, as well 
 as the fore-edge, in like manner. If some 
 clear water be dashed upon the edges im- 
 mediately after marbling, it will give the 
 colours a clearer appearance, and, what is 
 termed set them : nor need the superfluous 
 colours in the tub be wasted; for they 
 may be again intermixed, and a sheet of 
 paper dipped in as before described, Avhich, 
 though imperfect in some parts, will serve 
 for common purposes. 
 
 SOAP MARBLING. 
 
 The discovery of this method of mar- 
 bling is of a much more recent date than 
 the preceding, and the process is exceed- 
 ingly simple; it will be found to answer 
 every purpose equally well with water 
 marble, and has been successfully used for 
 the edges of stationery books. Precisely the 
 same apparatus, in every respect, as used 
 for water marbling, is required for this pro- 
 cess: the only difference between the two 
 
cowie's bookbinder's jianual. 101 
 
 metliods consists in preparing the colours, 
 and in throwing them on the surface of 
 hard clear water instead of a solution of 
 gum-dragon. The colours, instead of 
 being ground with gall and spirit of wine, 
 must now be ground with water, arid 
 brown and white soap. Any colours of 
 a light substance, and those already men- 
 tioned, are as well suited to this marble 
 as the preceding, but care must be taken 
 to grind the ground-colour, that is, the 
 colour thrown on first, with brown soap, 
 and that used for the veins with white 
 soap, observing always to throw on the 
 dark colours first. For instance, if Prus- 
 sian blue be intended for a ground-colour, 
 it must be ground with broivn soap and 
 water, on a marble slab, until it contain 
 a consistency sufficiently pliable to be 
 thrown on with a pencil or brush. If 
 king's yelloAV be ground with tvhite soap, 
 in the same way as the preceding, and 
 thrown over the body of Prussian blue, 
 the former will run into veins, while the 
 latter will form a sort of ground ; and the 
 same may be observed of all colours, 
 provided the one be ground with brown 
 soap, and the other with white ; we will, 
 however, state a few particular colours : 
 
102 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 — If green be intended for a ground- 
 colour, it must also be ground with brown 
 soap, and may be united with king's 
 yellow, ground with white soap, which 
 will cause it to run into veins. Lake may 
 nlso be used for a ground-colour, ground 
 with brown soap, and Prussian blue ground 
 with white soap. Brown umber (ground 
 •v^nth brown soap) will also form a good 
 ground-colour, and flake white, ground 
 with white soap, the veins. 
 
 VEIN MARBLING. 
 
 The following, though not generally 
 adopted, will be found an excellent method 
 of forming a beautiful veined marble upon 
 paper: — Make a middling thick size, or 
 paste, of flour and water, to which add a 
 little powdered alum, and tlien boil it in the 
 same manner as paste. Put some of the 
 size, when cool, into several pots, and mix 
 with it any of the colours (ground with 
 water) already mentioned. Then, with 
 brushes (having one for each pot) spread 
 a quantity of the colours selected, very 
 even, on a flat piece of marble, or other 
 smooth stone, or on a smooth board, or a 
 table, according to the length and width 
 
COWIE'S bookbinder's MAKL'AL. 103 
 
 of the sheet of paper. On the coloured 
 size thus spread, lay a strong plate of 
 glass, or one of tin or copper, or a thin 
 piece of board, pressing the plate (of 
 whatever sort) gently with the hand on 
 every part. Raise the plate, by lifting 
 up one end, and it will be found veined 
 in every direction, by the adhesiveness of 
 the size ; immediately lay the yjlate thus 
 prepared on the paper, and with the hand 
 again gently press on every part of the 
 plate, which will vein or marble the paper 
 with the same fi<>;ures as were on the 
 sized plate. If the plate of glass (which 
 is preferable, but exceptionable on account 
 of its brittleness) be not pressed too hard, 
 a second impression, with a beautiful sort 
 of smaller sized veins, may be had from 
 the first colouring; and thus for as many 
 different colours as are desired on the 
 surface, there needs only a repetition of 
 the size containing them. A neat tor- 
 toise-shell appearance, and a great variety 
 of expressive figures, may be produced 
 this way, as also by various actions of the 
 fingers upon the plate, before the size loses 
 its moisture, and likewise by many times 
 gently folding the paper. 
 
104 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 SPLASH PAPEE. 
 
 The paper intended for this purpose, 
 previous to applying the colours, must be 
 sprinkled with alum water, in the propor- 
 tion of a quarter of a pound of the one, 
 dissolved in one quart of the other. The 
 paper must then be placed between boards, 
 and screwed tight in the standing press, 
 or heavy weights laid on the upper board, 
 in order that the paper may be equalized 
 in dampness; it should remain in this 
 state about six hours. The colours in- 
 tended for the sprinkle are to be steeped 
 twelve hours in their respective quantities 
 of vinegar and water, into which is to be 
 thrown a small quantity of bruised alum ; 
 it is then to be boiled over a slow fire, 
 and afterwards strained through a piece 
 of fine flannel, or cotton cloth, till quite 
 pure. The following colours being pre- 
 pared as above described, will be ready 
 for throwing on the paper. 
 
 Yellow. — A quarter of a pound of 
 bruised French berries, half a pint of 
 vinegar, and the same quantity of water. 
 
 Dark red — A quarter of a pound of 
 lirazil dust, half a pint of vinegar, and 
 the same quantity of water. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 105 
 
 Bright red. — In addition to the pre- 
 ceding, add, previous to colouring, a few 
 drops of aqua regia. 
 
 Qreen. — A quarter of a pound of 
 bruised French l^erries, one ounce of liquid 
 blue, half a pint of vinegar, and the same 
 quantity of water. 
 
 Purple. — A pound of logwood chip, 
 with a pint of vinegar, and the same 
 quantity of water. 
 
 Brown. — j\lix together half an ounce 
 of Brazil dust with one ounce of strong 
 potash water; this, however, is not to be 
 boiled, but should remain till the colour 
 change from a purple to a light brown. 
 
 We should not enter into a description 
 of the various splashes, but leave them 
 to the fancy of the binder. Good taste 
 and a little practice, will enable him to 
 form patterns of some beauty and in con- 
 siderable variety. We must here observe,, 
 that the light colours should be thrown 
 on first; and that the paper, after splash- 
 ing, is to be burnished in precisely the 
 same way as marbled paper. We will 
 give two splashes out of the number that 
 they may be formed from the colours 
 above given : — 
 
106 cowie's booiojinder's manual. 
 
 PURPLE SPLASH. 
 
 Small stones must be placed at a little 
 distance from each other, and tlie sheet 
 of paper laid upon them; then with a 
 brush the purple liquid should be throAvn 
 on in large or small splashes, as may best 
 suit the fancy. 
 
 TORTOISE-SHELL. 
 
 Black ink should first be splashed on 
 the paper, then red, and finally yellow 
 spots where the paper is white. 
 
coavie's bookbinder's manual. 107 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES. 
 
 GILDING PAPER, &C. 
 
 It will first be requisite to prepare the 
 gold size; this is made by adcfing the 
 white of an egg to double the quantity of 
 water, and a tablespoonful of bullock's 
 blood, which must be taken from the top 
 after it has settled a little : they must be 
 well beat together for near an hour, and 
 the whole must stand two days before 
 using. The paper should be well pressed, 
 and after being cut, made very smooth 
 with a piece of tempered spring, called 
 clock-spring, about four inches long, and 
 from two to two-and-a-half inches wide, 
 rounded at each end, or a steel scraper. 
 The gilding boards are now to be put 
 even on each side of the paper, and to be 
 lowered into the cutting-press, level with 
 the cheeks, and to be screwed as tight as 
 possible, then to be sponged over with 
 yellow ochre, and the size mixed together, 
 and must afterwards be rubbed with 
 paper shavings, until quite dry, when it 
 
108 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 must be well burnished with the tooth. 
 The gold leaf is now to be cut into strips, 
 after which, a piece of paper, previously 
 rubbed on the forehead, should be laid 
 gently on the gold, which will adhere to 
 the paper, and in the same way more 
 must be added, until there be sufficient 
 to cover the entire edge. With a camel's 
 hairbrush the edge must now be thickly 
 covered with the size, and immediately 
 after the paper and gold must be held 
 with the fingers of each hand, and laid 
 gently on the edge. When the whole is 
 covered, the press may be a little raised 
 at one end, which will allow the size to 
 run from under the gold. The gold 
 should be dried gradually, and if possible, 
 in the sun ; the edges, when perfectly dry, 
 are ready for burnishing ; but to ascertain 
 this, the gold should be breathed on, and 
 if it immediately become bright, it may 
 be burnished with safety; for this pur- 
 pose a dog's tooth, or agate stone, should 
 be used ; the latter, however, is preferable. 
 
 TO BLACK COVERS. 
 
 Steep iron filings in vinegar for twenty- 
 four hours, give it a quick boil on the 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 109 
 
 fire, and, when settled, strain it. Having 
 this in readiness, sponge the covers well 
 with chamber-lye and potash water ; black 
 them over once with copperas, and then 
 rub the vinegar (prepared as above di- 
 rected) once over. 
 
 TO COLOUR VELLUM GREEN. 
 
 Dissolve half an ounce of verdio;ris in 
 half an ounce of the best white wine vine- 
 gar, pour the mixture into a bottle, and 
 place it near a fire for four or five days, 
 shaking the bottle half a dozen times each 
 day. Wash the vellum over with rather 
 weak potash water, and colour it over 
 three or four times with the green 
 liquid. 
 
 RED INK. 
 
 Mix together a quarter of a pound of 
 Brazil dust, a quarter of an ounce of 
 cochineal, a small piece of lump sugar, 
 and two quarts of vinegar : let these steep 
 ten hours, and afterwards boil them on a 
 slow fire, till of a good red colour. When 
 settled, strain the ink through a piece of 
 fine cotton, and bottle it for use. 
 
110 cowie's bookbindek's manual. 
 
 BLUE INK. 
 
 A good blue ink may be obtained by 
 diffusing Prussian blue or indigo through 
 strong gum-water. The common Avater- 
 colour cakes, diffused also in gum-water, 
 will produce a tolerably good blue for 
 common purposes: but D^'er's blue, di- 
 luted with water, is preferable to either. 
 
 SLATE PAPER. 
 
 Boil water and glue to a tolerably good 
 consistency ; while on the fire, throw lamp 
 black and finely -powdered emery into it. 
 Then, with a fine brush, give the paper 
 two coats of the liquid. 
 
 PASTE. 
 
 Mix flour and water, in the proportion 
 of a quarter of a pound of the one to a 
 quart of the other; stir this well together, 
 and throw into it a piece of alum, about 
 the size of a nut : let it boil a short time, 
 and, when cold, it will be fit for use. This 
 proportion will produce a thick paste for 
 leather; but, when used for paper, it must 
 be diluted Avith water, which should also 
 be poured on the paste unused, as that 
 Avill tend to preserve it. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. Ill 
 
 A SCALE OF DIMENSIONS FOR CUTTING BOOKS 
 IN VELLUM BINDING. 
 
 [N.B. — In this Table the Depth of the Book i3 given, 
 and not the width, as that is usually regulated by 
 pattern ; in all cases leaving (in ruled books) sufficient 
 margin for the pence and fractional parts.] 
 
 SIZE OF B00K8. 
 
 Length 
 in Indies. 
 
 Broad Octavos.— Foolscap . 
 
 Demy 
 
 iledium 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 Oblong Octavos. — Foolscap . 
 
 Demy 
 
 ."Medium 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 Broad Quartos. — Foolscap 
 
 Demy 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal 
 
 Super Royal . 
 Long Quartos. — Foolscap 
 
 Demy .... 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 Oblong Quartos. — Foolscap 
 
 Demy .... 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 Broad Folios. — Foolscap 
 
 Demy .... 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 
 Imperial 
 LoxCr Folios. — Foolscap 
 
 Demy 
 
 Medinn\ 
 
 Royal and Super Royal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 5 
 
 t; 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 123- 
 124 
 IH 
 164 
 184 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 124 
 
 U4 
 
 164 
 
 204 
 15^ 
 
 isi- 
 
 20 
 22 
 
112 cowie's booicbinder's manual. . 
 
 a table of trade charges 
 
 C ■- 
 
 Clotta. 
 
 Plain. 
 
 Bound in 
 cloth, let- 
 tered on 
 back. 
 
 I Half bound 
 Calf, fil- 
 leted and 
 I lettered on 
 back 
 
 Gilt. 
 
 Half bound 
 
 Calf, 
 gilt back. 
 
 Plain. 
 
 Half bound 
 
 Calf, 
 marbled 
 edges. 
 
 cut. 
 
 Half bound 
 Calf e.xtra, 
 marbled 
 edges, ele- 
 gant gilt 
 back. 
 
 Columns 
 
 48mo, 32mo, 
 and 24mo .. 
 
 s. d. 
 10 
 
 18mo 
 
 11 
 
 s. d. 
 1 
 
 5. cl. 
 1 3 
 
 s. d. 
 1 3 
 
 s. d. 
 1 5 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 4 
 
 )2n]0 
 
 11 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 Royal 12mo 
 
 1 
 
 I 5 
 
 1 11 
 
 Demy 8vo 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 Royal 8 vo ... 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 Imperial 8vo 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 3 
 
 Demy 4to .. 
 
 1 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 6 
 
 Royal 4to .. 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 9 
 
 Demy folio 
 
 2 7 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 6 4 9 
 
 5 3 
 
 Medium fol. 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 3 
 
 Royal folio 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 
 
 * Competition has entirely set aside the Binders' Price 
 Book: it is now useless ; and to quote from that, were only 
 to mislead. Tlie above prices may be looked upon as a 
 fair average: they were handed to us in a printed form, and 
 
COWIE S BOOKBINDEK S MANUAL. 
 THE VARIOUS BINDINGS* 
 
 113 
 
 ^in. 
 
 Gilt. 
 
 Plain. 
 
 Cilt. 
 
 Sxtra. 
 
 Plain. Cilt. 
 
 1 
 
 If bound 
 "nrkey 
 lorocco 
 jarbled 
 ;es, gold 
 eon side. 
 
 Half bound 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Morocco 
 
 marbled 
 
 edges, gold 
 
 line on side 
 
 and gilt 
 
 back. 
 
 Whole 
 
 bound 
 
 Calf, neat. 
 
 Whole 
 
 bound 
 
 Calf, gilt 
 
 back. 
 
 ■\Miole 
 bound 
 
 Calf, mar- 
 bled edges, 
 
 gilt back. 
 
 Whole 
 
 bound 
 
 Morocco, 
 
 plain, gilt 
 
 edges. 
 
 Whole 
 bound 
 Morocco, 
 best man- 
 ner, ele- 
 gantly gilt. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 S.0 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 s. d. 
 1 5 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1 7 
 
 s. d. 
 1 8 
 
 s. d. 
 2 1 
 
 s. d. 
 2 5 
 
 s. d. 
 3 I 
 
 s. d. 
 4 6 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 7 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 9 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 2 7 
 
 3 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 8 
 
 5 9 8 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 8 
 
 7 3 9 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 2 
 
 8 3 11 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 3 
 
 .5 9 
 
 9 9 1 14 9 
 
 4 6 
 
 6 1 6 
 
 7 9 
 
 8 6 
 
 13 3 1 17 9 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 7 
 
 9 11 
 
 14 9 
 
 20 9 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 3 
 
 11 11 
 
 17 3 j 23 9 
 
 8 3 
 
 9 3 
 
 11 
 
 12 3 
 
 15 J 
 
 18 3 i 29 9 
 
 ! those adopted by a highly respectable house in the trade : 
 ;ry binder, of course, is free to amend them, either by addition, 
 reduction; but w6 feel satisfied that the variation, either 
 y, will be trifling. 
 
114 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 CHARGE FOR MACHINE ROLLING. 
 
 Deschiptiow of Work. 
 
 About ■ 
 
 500 Pages, 
 
 or upwards.* 
 
 From about 
 
 600 Patjes 
 
 and upwards,* 
 
 48mo .... 
 
 I'i. per vol.f 
 
 Id. per vol.f 
 
 32mo 
 
 hd. „ 
 
 Id. „ 
 
 24mo .... 
 
 \d. „ 
 
 \d. 
 
 18mo 
 
 ¥■ 
 
 Id. 
 
 12mo .... 
 
 ¥■ „ 
 
 \d. „ 
 
 Royal 12mo 
 
 hd. „ 
 
 \d. 
 
 Demy 8 to 
 
 U- „ 
 
 Hd. „ 
 
 Royal 8vo 
 
 Id. „ 
 
 Hd. „ 
 
 Imperial Svo . 
 
 Hd. „ 
 
 Hd. .„ 
 
 Demy 4to . 
 
 Hd. „ 
 
 2d. „ 
 
 Royal 4to 
 
 2d. „ 
 
 3d. 
 
 Demy folio . 
 
 3d. „ 
 
 4rf. 
 
 Medium folio . 
 
 3d. 
 
 4r/. 
 
 Royal folio . 
 
 4d. ,, 
 
 5d. 
 
 * Up to, perhaps, 500 or 600 pages may be looked upon 
 as tlie ordinary standard for the first eharge; and 000, and 
 upwards, as constituting the second: the exact quantity 
 has never been, nor can easily be, defined. 
 
 f The charges here given are for single volumes; but on 
 a dozen and upwards there is usually a deduction of from 
 25 to 30 per cent. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 115 
 
 CHARGES FOR FOLDING, SEWING, AND 
 STITCHING. 
 
 Denomination of Work. 
 
 Folding 
 per 100.* 
 
 Sewing 
 per 100.* 
 
 Eigbteens 
 
 _ 
 
 lUf 
 
 Id. 
 
 Twelves 
 
 - 
 
 Ilc/.t 
 
 2d. 
 
 Octavo - 
 
 - 
 
 \d.x 
 
 U.\\ 
 
 Quarto 
 
 - 
 
 id.x 
 
 M.\\ 
 
 Folio 
 
 - 
 
 Id. 
 
 Zd. 
 
 
 Stitching, 2d. per 
 
 100.* 
 
 
 * This work is performed upon what is termed the give. 
 and take system ; that is, 50 are cliarged one-half ; but all 
 under that number are either counted onwards with works 
 of a similar description, or lost to the party employed : 
 whilst, on the other hand, the number between 50 and 100 
 is considered as completing the latter quantity. 
 
 t When cut up, 2rf. % If extra, \\d. || If extra. 3ti. 
 
 H 2 
 
116 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 CHARGES TO THE PUBLIC FOR 
 . VARIOUS BINDINGS. 
 
 It is not intended, in the following 
 List, to enter into the minute charges of 
 bindings of every description; but care 
 has been taken to form them upon a prin- 
 ciple of protection to the Binder, and of 
 fairness to the pubhc: great accuracy, 
 however, in such intricate calculations 
 must be considered as nearly impossible; 
 for it not unfrequently occurs, that the 
 Binder cannot fix the precise charge until 
 he has ascertained the labour and expense 
 by the completion of the volume. 
 
 Indeed, to the eye of a common ob- 
 server, there may be no difference between 
 a volume which has occupied five days in 
 finishing, and one that has occupied only 
 so many hours. The charge of a volume 
 of the same binding also depends upon 
 the number of sheets ; for a book consist- 
 ing of twenty sheets, must evidently con- 
 sume more leather, and in several ways 
 be more expensive than one consisting of 
 only ten ; nevertheless, we will endeavour 
 to form a sort of average for the greater 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 117 
 
 variety of bindings, making the calcula- 
 tions on sheets, and presuming each 
 respective volume to contain about the 
 following proportions ; 
 
 24mo ... 
 18mo ... 
 12mo ... 
 
 8vo ... 
 Royal 8vo 
 Demy 4to. 
 Demy Folio 
 
 Books published in numbers are gene- 
 rally charged more for, according to the 
 trouble, as they are generally very badly 
 folded in the first place, and most com- 
 monly much ill-used before they are sent 
 to bind. • 
 
 360] 
 
 3ages 
 
 350 
 
 do. 
 
 450 
 
 do. 
 
 500 
 
 do. 
 
 600 
 
 do. 
 
 700 
 
 do. 
 
 800 
 
 do. 
 
118 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 MOROCCO.* 
 Note. — A fillet is a line of ffold thus 
 
 if 
 
 it is more than one line it is called a two-lined 
 fillet, 8sc. 
 
 
 Singlet 
 Lines. 
 
 Gilt back.$ 
 
 Rolled 
 border and 
 gilt back.§ 
 
 Demy 32mo 
 18njo 
 12mo 
 
 8vo .... 
 4to . .• . . 
 Folio 
 
 £ s. d. 
 5 3 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 10 
 12 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 5 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 6 
 12 8 
 
 1 7 6 
 2^ 8 
 
 £ s. d. 
 6 3 
 
 6 10 
 
 8 2 
 
 13 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 13 
 
 * Morocco Books always have gilt edges. 
 
 t Morocco single lines to have neat coloured paper 
 
 lining, silk head-band ; to have a line of gold across the 
 back, round the sides, edges of boards, and insides. 
 
 % Same as lines in every respect, except the back, which 
 is to be ornamented. 
 
 § The sides to be oraamentcd with gold ; in other re- 
 spects as before. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 When done in the same way as Morocco, is the 
 same price. Marbled edges, instead of gilt edges. 
 is the only difference. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's ihanual. 119 
 
 CALF. 
 
 Note. — Super Extra is not put down here, as it 
 must be charged according to the quantity of 
 work. 
 
 Half-calf to be finished the same as whole-calf at 
 the back, whether lettered or gilt. 
 
 Whole-sheep the same as half-calf. 
 
 Half-Russia the same as whole-calf. 
 
 
 Calf 
 
 lettered* 
 
 Calf 
 giltt 
 
 Calf half 
 extra.J 
 
 Calf 
 extra.§ 
 
 Half calf 
 lettered. 
 
 Half calf 
 gilt. 
 
 32mo . . 
 
 £ s.d. 
 1 9 
 
 £ s. d. 
 2 
 
 £ s. d. 
 2 6 
 
 £ s. d. 
 3 2 
 
 £ s.d. 
 1 5 
 
 £ s.d. 
 1 8 
 
 l8mo . . 
 
 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 12mo . . 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 1 
 
 8to . . . 
 
 3 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 10 
 
 5 8 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 8 
 
 4to . . . 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Folio . . . 
 
 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 1 3 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 11 
 
 13 6 
 
 * To hare sprinkled edges, cotton headband, lettered 
 with lines of gold across the back, and rolled in gold round 
 the edges of the board. 
 
 f Same as preceding in every respect except the back, 
 which is to be ornamented with gold. 
 
 X To have gilt back, band, marble leaves, and line of 
 gold round sides. 
 
 § The same, and rolled insides. 
 
 ROAN. 
 
 Note. — We have not put down any distinct 
 charges for Roan, as it is usually about the same 
 as calf lettered. 
 
120 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 SHEEP 
 
 Is seldom used, except for School Books, and when 
 it is, it is usually Sheep lettered, which is the 
 same as half-calf lettered. 
 
 BOARDS. 
 
 
 Common.* 
 
 Extra.t 
 
 Canvas 
 Backs. 
 
 AVhole 
 
 Canvas. 
 
 Demy 32mo . 
 18mo . 
 12mo . 
 Sto . 
 4to . 
 Folio . 
 
 s. d. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 1 6 
 4 
 
 s. d. 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 5 6 
 
 s. d. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 4 
 6 
 
 s. d. 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 I 2 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 8 
 
 * Common boards usually have blue paper sides. 
 
 f Extra boards are better done throughout, and are 
 most commonly covered in drab coloured paper, back and 
 sides. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 121 
 
 A SCALE OF DIMENSIONS FOE CUTTING IN 
 BOARDS. 
 
 [N.B. — The Dimensions given in this Table may be con- 
 sidered a general standard for the squares of all Boards, 
 from Eighteens to Folio, the book itself being cut 
 something under.] 
 
 SIZE OF WORK. 
 
 Length 
 
 Breadth 
 
 in inches. 
 
 in inches. 
 
 .5 
 
 3* 
 
 5f 
 
 34 
 
 H 
 
 3| 
 
 H 
 
 4| 
 
 H 
 
 "f 
 
 4^ 
 
 71 
 
 41 
 
 6| 
 
 4 
 
 74 
 
 41 
 
 7| 
 
 4f 
 
 8i 
 
 H 
 
 8| 
 
 5f 
 
 9| 
 
 5f 
 
 10 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 64 
 
 H 
 
 7i 
 
 91 
 
 7f 
 
 lot 
 
 84 
 
 11 
 
 8| 
 
 Uf 
 
 H 
 
 i2i 
 
 n 
 
 144 
 
 94 
 
 154 
 
 01 
 
 17i 
 
 104 
 
 174 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 111 
 
 Eighteens. — Crown 
 
 Demy . 
 
 Medium . 
 
 Royal . 
 Twelves. — Demy 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal 
 Octavos. — Foolscap 
 
 Crown 
 
 Copy , 
 
 Demy 
 
 Medium 
 
 Royal 
 
 Super Royal 
 Quartos. — Foolscap 
 
 Crown 
 
 Copy 
 
 Demy . 
 
 Medium . 
 
 Royal . 
 Folios. — Foolscap 
 
 Crown . 
 
 Copy 
 
 Demy . 
 
 Medium . 
 
 Royal . 
 
122 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 table of weight and size of papers. 
 
 Wkiting, Drawing, and Printing Papers. 
 
 [yote. — ^This Table applies more to the Vender than the Manvfadurer ; 
 but as both are occasionally combined, we have thought it advisable to 
 give it a place in this work. — From time to time the Duty on Paper has 
 undergone a considerable change; it is now unifonn, and has been fixed 
 at three-halfpence per pound.] 
 
 R stands;for Ream 
 
 -B for Bundle. 
 
 
 
 Names of Papers. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Dimens 
 
 ons. 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 
 Atlas Double - - - 
 
 236 R 
 
 55 by 
 
 3H 
 
 Atlas - - - - 
 
 98 R 
 
 26i „ 
 
 34 
 
 Inferior 
 
 96 R 
 
 26j „ 
 
 34 
 
 Small - 
 
 
 25 „ 
 
 31 
 
 Columbier . _ - 
 
 100 R 
 
 93^ „ 
 
 341 
 
 Copy Writing 
 
 17 R 
 
 16 „ 
 
 20i 
 
 Crown Single - - - 
 
 30 B 
 
 15 „ 
 
 20 
 
 Double 
 
 48 B 
 
 20 „ 
 
 30 
 
 Double Inferior - 
 
 46 B 
 
 20 „ 
 
 30 
 
 Tissue 
 
 10 B 
 
 15 „ 
 
 20 
 
 Cartridge Square 
 
 60 R 
 
 24i „ 
 
 25J 
 
 Cartridge . - - 
 
 56 R 
 
 21 „ 
 
 26 
 
 Cartridge - - - . 
 
 50 R 
 
 19^ „ 
 
 24 
 
 Copy Plate - 
 
 25 R 
 
 16 „ 
 
 20^ 
 
 Crown Plate 
 
 22 R 
 
 15 „ 
 
 20 
 
 Demy Single - 
 
 41 B 
 
 17^ „ 
 
 22 
 
 Inferior - 
 
 36 B 
 
 i7i ., 
 
 22 
 
 Plate - 
 
 30 R 
 
 17 „ 
 
 22 
 
 Plate 
 
 26 R 
 
 15^ „ 
 
 20 
 
 Short - 
 
 25 R 
 
 14 „ 
 
 20j 
 
 Tissue 
 
 14 B 
 
 17i „ 
 
 22 
 
 Writing 
 
 24 R 
 
 15^ „ 
 
 20 
 
 Double Large - 
 
 120 B 
 
 28 „ 
 
 40 
 
 Double 
 
 100 B 
 
 26 „ 
 
 38 J 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 123 
 
 TABLE OP WEIGHT, ETC. 
 Writing, Drawing, and Printing Papers — continued. 
 
 Names of Papers. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 
 Eagle Grand 
 
 120 R 
 
 26|by 
 
 40 
 
 Elephant 
 
 40 R 
 
 23 „ 
 
 28 
 
 Common 
 
 38 R 
 
 23 „ 
 
 28 
 
 Fan Large . - - 
 
 19 R 
 
 231 „ 
 
 20i 
 
 Small 
 
 8 R 
 
 22i „ 
 
 13A 
 
 Foolscap 
 
 15 R 
 
 13i „ 
 
 16i 
 
 Imperial Writing 
 
 80 R 
 
 22 „ 
 
 30i 
 30j 
 
 Plate 
 
 80 R 
 
 22 „ 
 
 Littress - - .. - 
 
 17 R 
 
 m „ 
 
 17i 
 
 Medium Writing - 
 
 34 R 
 
 17i „ 
 
 221 
 
 Printing 
 
 44 B 
 
 18 „ 
 
 23 
 
 Post, Thick Large - 
 
 21 R 
 
 16i „ 
 
 21 
 
 Thin Large 
 
 16 R 
 
 16^ „ 
 
 21 
 
 Thick - 
 
 19 R 
 
 15i „ 
 
 191 
 
 Thin - - - - 
 
 13 R 
 
 15i „ 
 
 191 
 
 Extra Thin - 
 
 8 R 
 
 15i „ 
 
 191 
 
 Small 
 
 10 R 
 
 13i „ 
 
 161 
 
 Pott, Fine 
 
 10 R 
 
 12^ „ 
 
 15i 
 
 Second ... 
 
 9 R 
 
 12i „ 
 
 IH 
 
 Double - - - 
 
 36 B 
 
 17 „ 
 
 251 
 
 Royal Writing - - - 
 
 45 R 
 
 i^4 » 
 
 24 
 
 Plate - 
 
 46 R 
 
 I9I 
 ^■'4 »» 
 
 24 
 
 Inferior - - - 
 
 50 B 
 
 19i „ 
 
 24 
 
 Long - 
 
 45 R 
 
 27i „ 
 
 18 
 
 Super Writing - - - 
 
 54 R 
 
 19i „ 
 
 271 
 
 Printing 
 
 56 B 
 
 19i,, 
 
 24 
 
 Coloured and Whitei 
 
 ) Brown P 
 
 APERS. 
 
 
 Blue Demy - _ _ 
 
 36 B 
 
 17^ by 
 
 22 
 
 Blotting - . - 
 
 36 B 
 
 17i „ 
 
 22 
 
 Crown Single 
 
 28 B 
 
 15 „ 
 
 20 
 
 Blue Double Crown 
 
 46 B 
 
 20 „ 
 
 30 
 
 Royal 
 
 50 B 
 
 m „ 
 
 241 
 
 Couples - - - - 
 
 20 B 
 
 512 „ 
 I 9 „ 
 
 10) 
 7H 
 
124 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 TABLE OF WEIGHT, ETC. 
 Coloured and Whited Bkown Papers — continued. 
 
 Names of Papers. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Double 2 Pound 
 
 36 B 
 
 24 by 16 1 
 
 2 Pound Single - 
 
 18 B 
 
 16 
 
 , 11 
 
 Lumber Hand - - - 
 
 38 B 
 
 23 
 
 , 18 
 
 Middle Hand 
 
 32 B 
 
 22 
 
 , 16 
 
 Middle Hand Double 
 
 60 B 
 
 33 
 
 , 21 
 
 Purple Elephant 
 
 
 23 
 
 , 28 
 
 Purple Koyal 
 
 26 R 
 
 191 
 
 , 24i 
 
 Royal Hand Thick 
 
 
 24 
 
 . 19| 
 
 Hand - 
 
 45 B 
 
 24 
 
 Small Hand - 
 
 24 B 
 
 19| 
 
 , 16 
 
 Hand Double - 
 
 48 B 
 
 32 
 
 , 20 
 
 Sugar Blue - . - 
 
 150 R 
 
 2H 
 
 , 33 
 
 Smaller Size - 
 
 112 R 
 
 18f 
 
 , 27 
 
 Demy Size 
 
 70 R 
 
 l/i 
 
 , 22 
 
 Crown Size 
 
 50 R 
 
 15 
 
 , 20 
 
 WKArriNG I 
 
 'apees. 
 
 
 
 Bag Cap - - - - 
 
 50 R 
 
 23i by 19 
 
 Four Pound - - - 
 
 40 R 
 
 20 
 
 , 16 1 
 
 Double Four Pound - 
 
 80 R 
 
 33 
 
 , 5.0 ! 
 
 Pound and Half Pound; 
 Couples - - - i 
 
 24 R 
 
 n 
 
 , 10) ' 
 
 Havin Cap . - - 
 
 56 R 
 
 24 
 
 , 20 
 
 Imperial Cap 
 
 90 R 
 
 9 
 
 , 22 
 
 Kentish Cap - - - 
 
 36 R 
 
 21 
 
 , 18 
 
 Small Cap 
 
 16 R 
 
 20 
 
 , 15 
 
 Small 2 Pound Brown 
 
 30 B 
 
 16 
 
 , 11 
 
cowie's bookbindee's manual. 125 
 
 tables of dimensions, weight, etc., of 
 millboard, 
 
 WITH ITS APPLICABILITT TO VARIOUS BIKDING8. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Prices, Numbering, and Dimensions of Millboard, 
 with the Quantity contained in a Hundred 
 Weight. 
 
 [The X and xx adjoined to the figures in the second column, express the 
 mark of boards of various substances ; thus, a double cross eightpenny 
 is rather thicker than a single cross eightpenny.] 
 
 NAMES OF BOAEDS. 
 
 Marked in 
 Chalk. 
 
 Quantity 
 in a cwt. 
 
 Breadth 
 
 POT. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 FOOLSCAP. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 CROWN. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 F.C. 
 
 xx8 
 
 X 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 X 
 
 x8 
 xxS 
 
 2.57"! 
 201 ] 
 179 [ 
 127 [ 
 100 I 
 SOJ 
 
 254 
 
 207 
 151 
 123 
 
 97 
 
 70j 
 
 224" 
 173 
 148 
 104 
 
 77 
 57 
 
 17J 
 
 \Sh 
 
 20} 
 
 14i 
 
 16J 
 
126 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 TABLE I. — continued. 
 
 NAMES OF BOARDS. 
 
 Marked in 
 Chalk. 
 
 Quantity 
 in a cwt 
 
 Length 
 
 in 
 inches. 
 
 SHORT. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 common 
 
 M. 
 
 — thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE. 
 
 Sixpenn}' . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 conmion 
 
 tliick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SMALL HALF ROTAL, 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 L. 
 
 x8 
 xx8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE HALF ROYAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 S.H.R. 7 
 
 8 
 
 x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 L.ILR. 7 
 
 8 
 
 x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 233 
 
 183 
 
 131 
 
 95 
 
 72 
 
 52 
 
 197"] 
 181 I 
 139 } 
 
 84 
 70j 
 
 186^ 
 
 147 
 
 108 
 
 84 
 
 62 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 20! 
 
 '2l\ 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 127 
 
 TABLE 1. — continued. 
 
 NAMES OF BOARDS. 
 
 Marked in 
 Chalk. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Lengtli 
 in 
 
 Breadth 
 
 111 a cwt. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 122^ 
 
 
 
 97 1 
 
 
 
 70^ 
 
 25| 
 
 19£- 
 
 58 1 
 
 
 
 38J 
 
 
 
 ISl"] 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 > 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114") 
 
 
 
 54 ( 
 33 (■ 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 243 
 
 
 
 36^ 
 
 
 
 30 [• 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 
 20 3 
 
 
 
 12 to 2 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 SMALL ROYAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE ROYAL. 
 
 Sevenpeuny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 • common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 ATLAS. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Eightpenny, common 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE ATLAS. 
 
 Eightpenny com. 
 
 or rort Folios 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 DOUBLE ELEPHANT 
 
 or Large Boards 
 
 1 
 
 S.E. 
 
 x8 
 xx8 
 
 L.R. 
 
 x8 
 xx8 
 
 P. F. x8 
 
 xx8 
 
 X 
 
 Blank 
 
128 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 TABLE 11. 
 
 The various Prices and Substances of Millboard, 
 as suitable to various sorts of Vellum Binding. 
 
 POT. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 common 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 thick 
 
 CROWN. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SHORT. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 ' thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 FOOLSCAP. 
 
 2 qr. half-bound, and 16 to 20 
 slieet 4to. boards or forrel. 
 
 2 qr. vellum, or 1 qr. 4to. 
 
 3 qr. vellum or forrel, or 1 \ qr 4to. 
 
 4 and 5 qr. vellum, .5 qr. forrel, or 
 2 qr. and upwards 4to. 
 
 6 qr. vellum, 6 and 7 qr. forrel. 
 8 to 10 qr. Russia bands, or rough 
 calf. 
 
 DEMT. 
 
 Thin 8vo. bazil. 
 
 20 sheets 4to., thin Svo. bazil, 
 and file prints. 
 
 1 qr. 4to. forrel, 12 sheets Svo. 
 and file prints. 
 
 2 qr. vellum, 3 qr. forrel, 2 qr. 
 and upwards 4to. 
 
 3 and 4 qr. vellum, 4 and 5 qr. 
 forrel. 
 
 5, 6, and 7 qr. vellum, C and 7 qr. 
 for. or sup. royals, rough calf. 
 
 FOOLSCAP. 
 
 1 6 sheets 4to. 
 
 2 qr. forrel, and 20 sheets 4to. 
 
 2 qr. vel. 3 qr. for. and 1 qr. 4to, 
 
 3 qr. vel. 4 qr. for. and 1 i- qr. 4tO. 
 
 4 and 5 qr. vel. 5 and 6 qr. for. 
 6 qr. and upwards, vel. or for. 
 (This board cuts out two broad and one 
 
 lonff folio, also 3 pair 4to. or 3 long 
 folio. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's jlvnual. 129 
 
 TABLK II. — continued. 
 
 NAMES OF BOABDS. 
 
 I MIDDLE. 
 
 I Sixpenny . . ) 
 i Sevenpenny . .^ 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick . 
 
 SUITABLE FOE \ ELLtIM BINDING. 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SMALL HALF ROTAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny . . ) 
 y, thin .5 
 common 
 thick 
 
 Eightpenny, 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE HALF KOTAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny . . ) 
 Eightpenny, thin . J 
 common 
 
 — thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SMALL ROYAL. 
 
 Eightpenny, common 
 
 LARGE ROYAL. 
 
 { Eightpenny, common 
 
 ATLAS. 
 
 Eightpenny, thick 
 Tenpenny 
 
 MliDHM. 
 
 To Une a thiu board, medium or 
 
 imperial. 
 8vo. forrel or bazil. 
 
 1 qr. 4to. vellum or forrel. 
 
 2 and 3 qr. vel. 3 and 4 qr. for. 
 5 and 6 qr. vellum, 6 and 7 qr. 
 
 forrel. — Imperial 4 qr. 
 
 ROYAL. 
 
 To line a thin board, and for 
 alphabets. 
 
 2 qr. vellum or forrel. 
 
 3 and 4 qr. vellum, 4 and 5 qr. 
 forrel. 
 
 5 and 6 qr. vellum, 6 and 7 qr. 
 forrel. 
 
 SUPER ROYAL. 
 
 To line a thin board, and for 
 alphabets. 
 
 2 qr. vellum or forrel. 
 
 3 and 4 qr. vellum, 4 and 5 qr. 
 forrel. 
 
 5 and 6 qr. vellum, 6 and 7 qj. 
 forrel. 
 
 For the same purpose, when cut 
 in two, as Small Half Royal. 
 
 For the same purpose, when cut 
 in two, as Large Half RoyaL 
 
 IMPERIAL. 
 
 4 and 5 qr. > without being 
 8 and 10 qr. j lined. 
 
130 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 The various Prices and Substances of Millboard, 
 as suitable to various Sorts o/*Leatheu Binding. 
 
 NAMES OF BOARDS. 
 
 Eightpenny, thick 
 Tenpenny 
 
 FOOLSCAP. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SHORT. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpennj' 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick . 
 
 Tenpermy 
 
 MIDDLE. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 
 • UITABLE FOB LIATHEK BINDING. 
 
 POT. 
 
 > Small law folios. 
 
 FOOLSCAP. 
 
 ^ 8vos. in boards. 
 
 8vos. 
 8vos. thick. 
 
 > 4tos. and folios. 
 
 CROWN. 
 
 Spelling books, &c. 
 12mos. small common prayers, 
 &c. 
 
 > Svos. minion bibles, &c. 
 
 4tos. and folio music. 
 Folios. 
 
 COPT. 
 
 [ 12rao. boards. 
 
 12mos. 
 
 Svos. 
 
 Svos. and 4tos. 
 
 4tos. and folios. 
 
 Spellings, &c. 
 
 Testaments and thin 12mos. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 131 
 
 TABLE III. — continued. 
 
 \ NAJfES OF BOASDS. 
 
 SDITADLE FOIl LEATHER BINDING. 
 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 common 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 thick 
 
 LARGE. 
 
 Sixpenny . 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SMALL HALF ROYAL 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 LARGE HALF ROYAL 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 tliick 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 SMALL ROYAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 common 
 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenuj'^ 
 
 LARGE ROYAL. 
 
 Sevenpenny 
 Eightpenny, thin 
 
 12mos. 
 
 8vos. 
 
 8vo. dictionaries and thin 4tos. 
 
 4tos. and folios. 
 
 MEDIUM. 
 
 \ 12mos. thin, and demys in 
 
 ^ hoards. 
 
 12mos. 
 
 8vos. and thin 4tos. 
 
 Thick Svos. and 4tos. 
 
 4tos. and folios. 
 
 } Small paper. 
 
 I 
 J 
 
 ROYAL. 
 
 > 8vos. in boards. 
 8vos. and boarded 4tos. 
 
 4tos. and folios. 
 
 ROYAL. 
 
 Small paper, and 8vo. in boards. 
 ^ Small paper, portfolios, &o. 
 
 ROYAL. 
 
 f- 8vo. in boards. 
 
 I 2 
 
132 cowie's bookbindee's manual. 
 
 TABLE III. — continued. 
 
 NAMES OF BOARDS. 
 
 fiTTITABLE FOR LEATHER RINDING. 
 
 Tenpennj- 
 
 common 
 thick 
 
 ATLAS. 
 
 Eightpenny, common 
 thick 
 
 Tenpenuy 
 
 LARGK ATLAS. 
 
 Eightpenny, common 
 
 or Portfolios . 
 thick 
 
 ROTAL. 
 
 PortfoHos, &c. 
 
 Tenpenny 
 
 DOUBLE ELEPHANT, 
 
 or Large Boards. 
 
 > Atlas and portfolios. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 133 
 
 A LIST OF BOOKBINDERS, VELLUM BINDERS, BOOKBINDERS 
 TOOL MAKERS, BOOK CLASP MAKERS, BOOK AND CARD 
 EDGE GILDERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OR DEALERS IN 
 MILLED BOARDS, ETC. 
 
 BOOKBINDERS. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, 14, Little Tower Street. 
 
 Adlard, John, 35, Villiers Street, Strand. 
 
 Agg, James, 116, Fleet Street. 
 
 Aitken, Charles, 4, York Buildings, Adelphi. 
 
 Aked, Joseph, 1, Palsgrave Place, Strand. 
 
 Allen, Edward, 12, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden. 
 
 Allsworth, William, 19, High Street, Lambeth. 
 
 Angell, F. W., 20, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane. 
 
 Anscombe, Russell Street, Chelsea. 
 
 Armitage, 36, Threadneedle Street. 
 
 Arnott, 39, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctor's Commons. 
 
 Astle & Co., 80, Coleman Street. 
 
 Aston, 1 \ , Craven Buildings, Drury Lane. 
 
 Axon, 16, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Baker, 15, Bath Street, Newgate Street, 
 
 Ball, 20. Little Carter Lane. 
 
 Balls, 66, Albany Street, Regent's Park, 
 
 Barford, 27, Poland Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Barratt, 21, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 Batchelor & Martin, 107, St. Martin's Lane. 
 
 Bateman, 36, Tottenham Street, Fitzroy Sqnare. 
 
 Batchelor, 112, Fetter Lane. 
 
 Baxter, 49, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Beadon, 41, Gloucester Street, Queen's Square. 
 
 Bell, 21, Lawrence Pountney Lane. 
 
 Bevan, 5, Chapel Place South. 
 
 Blumfield, 22, Well Street, Cripplegate. 
 
 Bolster, 12, Dyer's Buildings, Holborn. 
 
 Bone, 76, Fleet Street. 
 
 Bulck, 7, Litchfield Street, Soho. 
 
 Bullwinckle, 5, CuUum Street. 
 
 Burn, 37, Kirby Street, and 35, Hatton Garden, 
 
 Bush, 15, Jewry Street, Aldgate, 
 
134 COWIE^S BOOICBINDER's MAlfUAL. 
 
 Camp, 13, John Street, Spafields. 
 
 Carpenter, 4, Wardrobe Terrace. 
 
 Carr, 30, Holywell Lane, Shoreditch. 
 
 Catniur, 98, Bethnal Green Koad. 
 
 Catmur, 3, Cherry Tree Court, Aldersgate Street. 
 
 Chubb, 5, Dean Street, Fetter Lane. 
 
 Clarke, 25, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street. 
 
 Clarke, 61, Frith Street, Soho. 
 
 Clyde, 9, Newman Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Cole, 3, Keen's Row, Walworth Road. 
 
 Collier, 72, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Cook, 84, Gray's Inn Lane. 
 
 Cox, 15, St. Swithin's Lane. 
 
 Crawford, 18, Peerless Row, City Road. 
 
 Crawford, 16, Peerless Row, City Road. 
 
 Crisp & Son, 54, Newman Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Curtis, 28, Milton Street, Cripplegate. 
 
 Dalton, 14a, Bear Yard, Lincoln's Lun Fields. 
 
 Davis & Co. 104, Sloane Street, 
 
 Davis, 13, Great Mitchell Street. 
 
 Davis, 17, Gresse Street. Tottenham Court Road. 
 
 Davison, 11, Jewin Crescent, Cripplegate. 
 
 De Knock, 37, Spring Street, Paddington. 
 
 Donkin, 17, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street. 
 
 DriscoU, 12 & 13, St. Clement's Lane. 
 
 Dunn, 14, Chandos Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Edgeler, 7, Houghton Street, Glare Market. 
 
 Eedy, 37, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Eeles & Son, 22, Cursitor Street. 
 
 Eglcton, 90.i, llolborn Hill. 
 
 Egleton, 17, Queen Street, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Ellison, 17. Ave Maria Lane. 
 
 Embery, 19, New Street, Clothfair, Smithfield. 
 
 Evans, 64, Berwick Street. 
 
 Ewing, 38, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctor's Commons. 
 
 Ewins, 10, Lambeth Hill, Upper Thames Street. 
 
 Fellowes, 4, Amen Corner, Paternoster Row. 
 Field, 15, Frances Street, Newington High Street. 
 Field, 15, Cross Street, Hatton Garden. 
 Finch, 8, Pearson Street, Kingsland Roid. 
 Fisher, 19, Hanway Street, Oxford Street. 
 Flude, 2, Postern Row, Tower Hill. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 135 
 
 Ford, 69, Wood Street, Cheapside. 
 Eraser, 90, Long Acre. 
 Furber, 19, Woburn Buildings. 
 
 Gale, 16, Goswell Road. 
 
 Gardner, 45, Paddington Street. 
 
 Gibbs, 8, Great Newport Street, Long Acre. 
 
 Gibson, la. Duke's Road, Pancras New Road. 
 
 Glaisher, 23, Nassau Street, Middlesex Hospital. 
 
 Goodwin, 15, Slioe Lane. 
 
 Gosnel, 20, Rathbone Place, Oxford Street. 
 
 Gyde, 7 1, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Halesworth, 27, Bread Street Hill. 
 
 Hallewell, 65, Newman Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Hammond, 2, Lant Street, Borough. 
 
 Harding, 23, East Street, Red Lion Square. 
 
 Hargreaves, 21, Warwick Lane, City. 
 
 Hatchard, 24, New Street, Brompton. 
 
 Hatton, 24, Great New Street, Fetter Lane. 
 
 Havell, 4, Hind Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Hayday, 31, Little Queen Street. 
 
 Hodge, 34, Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 Holland, 5, Bull and Mouth Street 
 
 Holmes, 1, New Ian Buildings. 
 
 Hood, 25, Red Lion Square, Holborn. 
 
 Howe, 7, Upper Marylebone Street, Portland Place. 
 
 Hunt, 24, Cullura Street, Fenchurch Street. 
 
 Hunter, 178, High Holborn. 
 
 Huntsman, 10, Duke Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Hutchings, I, Poplar Row, New Kent Road. 
 
 Inman, 12, Essex Place, Mare Street, Hackney. 
 Isacke, 1, Parker Street, Westminster. 
 Isacke, 18, Sherborne Lane, City. 
 
 Jackson, 42, Great Chart Street, Hoxton. 
 James, 15, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden. 
 Jeffries, 5, Angel Court, Snow Hill. 
 Johnson, 13, Leicester Street, Regent Street. 
 Jones, 7 , Chiswell Street, Finsbury Square. 
 
 Kelly, 7, Water Street, Arundel Street. 
 Kelly, 15, Gower Place, Euston Square. 
 Key, 7, Oxford Arms Passage, Warwick Lane. 
 
136 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 Keynton, 8, Regent Street, City Road. 
 
 Kimpton, 53, Wardour Street, Soho. 
 
 King, 32, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Kitcat, 50, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Knapp, 10, Green Street, Church Street, Blacklriars. 
 
 Knibb, 30, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Lacey, 25, Little Wild Strret, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 Lanibol, 17, Clothfair, Sniitlifield. 
 
 Land, 2, West Street, Walworth Road. 
 
 Larkin, 40, Newman Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Leighton. Son, & Ilodge, Shoe Lane. 
 
 Lewer, 33, Lower Ranelagh Street, Pimlico. 
 
 Lewis & Sons, 9, Gough Square, Fleet Street. 
 
 Lewis, 54, South Molton Street. 
 
 Lewis, 35, Duke Street, St. James's Square. 
 
 Liddon, 2, Knowles Court, Doctor's Commons. 
 
 Linden, 11, Easton Street, Spafields. 
 
 Lock. 4, Borough Road. 
 
 Lorimer, 20, Bedford Square East. 
 
 Low, 1, Gray's Inn Passage, Red Lion Street, Holborn. 
 
 McCullock, 11, Temple Street, Wliitefriars. 
 
 McFarlane, 10, Old Bailey. 
 
 McMurray, 2, Lillypot Lane, Noble Street. 
 
 Maceficld, 26, Myrtle Street, Hoxton Old Town. 
 
 Macefield, 72, Myddelton Street. 
 
 Macomie, 6. Percy Street, Tottenham Court Road. 
 
 Martin, 1. Prujean Square. Old Bailey. 
 
 Martin, 7, Princes Street, Barbican. 
 
 Martin, 14, Fetter Lane, Fleet Street. 
 
 Masters, 12, Dyers' Buildings, llolborn. 
 
 Matthews, 53, Paternoster Row. 
 
 Matthews, 1, Melbourne Place, Cambridge Road. 
 
 Morehen, 5, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Napper, 13, Everett Street, Brunswick Square. 
 Nevett, 1, Johnson's Court, Fleet Street. 
 Norman, 6, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden. 
 Nutt, 12, Craven Buildings, Drury Lane. 
 
 Oldfield, 74, Red Lion Street, Holborn. 
 Orton, 1, Little St. Mary Axe. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 137 
 
 Palmer & Son, 313, Strand, 
 
 Palmer, 13, Princess Street, Lisson Grove. 
 
 Palmer, 5, Great Chesterfield Street, Marylebone. 
 
 Pasmore, 17, Manor Place, Walworth Koad. 
 
 Payne, 31, Tabernacle Walk, Finsbury. 
 
 Peck, 52, Hoxton Square. 
 
 Peck, 8, Warwick Square, City. 
 
 Perraton, 4, King's Head Court, Holborn Hill. 
 
 Pierson, 23, Great Winchester Street. 
 
 Phillips, 104, High Holborn. 
 
 Phillips, 12, Plumber Street, City Road. 
 
 Pittard, 15, Little New Street, Shoe Lane. 
 
 Polwarth, 8, Queen's Row, Pimlico. 
 
 Pooke, 14, Fisher Street, Red Lion Square. 
 
 Pool, 26, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Potter, 16, Warwick Place, Kiugsland. 
 
 Potter, 60, Tabernacle Walk, Finsbury. 
 
 Power, 26, Newcastle Street, Strand. 
 
 Pownceby, 277, Whitechapel Road. 
 
 Price, 21, Chiswell Street, Finsbury. 
 
 Price, 65, Old Broad Street, City. 
 
 Proudfoot, 73, George Street, Euston Square. 
 
 Pullen, John and Samuel, 55, Redcross Street, City. 
 
 Pymm, 32, Villiers Street, Strand. 
 
 Pymm, 14, Upper Crown Street, Westminster. 
 
 Raines, 24, Great Ormond Street. 
 Ravenscroft, 4, Upper James Street, Golden Square. 
 Ray, 43, Duke Street, St. James's. 
 
 Remnant, Edmonds & Co., 8 to 12, Lo veil's Court, Pater- 
 noster Row. 
 Reynolds, 6, Eldon Street, Finsbury. 
 Richards, 21, Old Change. 
 Richardson, 14, St. Swithin's Lane. 
 Richmond, 53, Skinner Street, Snow Hill. 
 Ridsdale, 28, Worship Street, Finsbury Square. 
 Riley, 118, Dorset Street, Salisbury Square. 
 Riley, 90, Queen Street, Cbeapside. 
 Riley, 18, Warwick Square, Newgate Street. 
 Riviere, 28, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 Robertson, 18, Roll's Buildings, Fetter Lane. 
 Round, 129, Fetter Lane. 
 
 Rowbothara, 70, Castle Street East, Oxford Street. 
 Rumfitt, 33, Castle Street, Leicester Square. 
 Russell, 3, St. James's Street, Clerkenwell. 
 Rutter, 23, King David Lane. 
 
138 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 Sanders, 2, Ivy Lane, Newgate Street. 
 
 Sapsford, 17, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Saw, 37, Vere Street, Clare Market. 
 
 Searle & Sizer, 19, Frith Street, Soho. 
 
 Serjeant, 11, Staining Lane. 
 
 Shaw, 22, Old Boswcll Court, Carey Street. 
 
 Simmons, 23, Goswell Terrace. 
 
 Simmons, 19, Middle Street, Clothfair. 
 
 Simpson, 2.5, Bread Street Hill. 
 
 Slate, 103, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Smith, 5, Ivy Lane, Newgate Street. 
 
 Smith, 24, Duke Street, West Sraithfield. 
 
 Smith, 12, Bridgehouse Place, Newington. 
 
 Smith, 45, Hart Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Smith, 52, Long Acre. 
 
 "Smith, 15, St. John's Lane, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Soul, 26, Tabernacle Walk, Finsbury. 
 
 Souter, 11, Bell's Buildings, Salisbury Square. 
 
 Spencer, 16, Bridgewater Square, Barbican. 
 
 Stagg, 37, Devonshire Street, Queen's Square. 
 
 Stanley, 1 1 , Carburton Street, Portland Road. 
 
 Stannard, 3, Fen ton Street, Commercial Road East. 
 
 Strahan, 32, Castle Street East, Oxford Street. 
 
 Straker, 35, Monkwell Street. 
 
 Stratford, 9, Hampstead Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 
 Suttley, 4, Cross Street, Bermondsey New Town. 
 
 Symmons, 13, Wine Office Court. 
 
 Tarrant, 190^, High Holborn. 
 Taylor, 9, Huggin Lane. Wood Street. 
 Tepper, 46, Southampton Buildings. 
 Tesseyinan, 5, Broad Court, Bow Street. 
 Thorburn, 2, Pleydcll Street, Fleet Street. 
 Thorburn, 3, Clement's Inn, Strand. 
 Thorn, 45 & 59, Basinghall Street. 
 Trender, 23, Wells Street, Cripplegatc. 
 Trickett, 37, Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road 
 Tucker, 7, Little Warner Street, Clerkenwell. 
 Tuckett, 20, Little Russell Street, Bloomsbury. 
 Turner, 4, Bond Court, Walbrook. 
 
 Upfold, 43, Buttesland Street, Hoxton. 
 
 Wallwork, 42, Great Marlborough Street. 
 Warwick, 19, Rolls Buildings. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 139 
 
 Watkins, 8, Paradise Row, Gravel Lane. 
 Watson, 13, Ryder's Court, Leicester Square. 
 Weemys & Co., I, Long Lane, Smithfield. 
 West, 2, St. James's Walk, Clerkenwell. 
 West, 52, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Westley & Co., Friar Street, Doctor's Commons. 
 Westley, Playhouse Yard, Blackfriars. 
 Westley, 8, Warwick Square, Newgate Street. 
 Whiting, 7, Oxford Arms Passage, Newgate Street. 
 Williams, 1, Belvidere Place, Cambridge Road. 
 Williams, Duchy Place, 137, Strand. 
 Willington, 4, Princes Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 Wilson, W. & H., 19, Foley Place, Portland Place. 
 Wilson, 33, Ray Street, Clerkenwell. 
 Wilson, 5, Gloucester Terrace, Cambridge Road. 
 Wilton, .5. Symond's Inn, and 6, Bream's Buildings, Chan- 
 cery Lane. 
 Wingrove, 44, Commercial Road Lambeth. 
 Wolter, 52, Drury Lane. 
 Wood, 2, Fountain Place, City Road. 
 Woolnough, 6, Bateman's Row, Shoreditch. 
 Woolnough, 7, Upper James Street, Golden Square. 
 Worthington, 3, Mayfield Place, Kensington. 
 Wright, 14 & 15, Noel Street, Soho. 
 
 Zaehnsdorf, 90, Drury Lane, Holborn. 
 
 VELLUM BINDERS. 
 
 Anderson, 4, St. Benet's Place. 
 
 Carter, 28, London Wall. 
 
 Cope, 85, St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross. 
 
 Dunn, 14, Chandos S'reet, Covent Garden. 
 
 Fordham, 5, Banner Street, St. Luke's. 
 
 Hall, 1, Old Fish Street Hill. 
 
 Hare, 4, Little St. Thomas Apostle. 
 
 Hood, R. & H., 12, Bartholomew Close. 
 
 Howell, 1, West Street, Smithfield. 
 
 Jackson, 15, Peter's Hill, St. Paul's. 
 
 Leighton, Jane & Son, 3, Harp Alley, Farringdon Street. 
 
 Lightup, 18, Minories. 
 
 Olley, 38, Gracechurch Street. 
 
 Paxon, 7, Skinner Street, Snowhill. 
 
140 cowie's bookbinder's manual. 
 
 Penny, 11, Old Bailey. 
 
 Phelps, G. H. & Co., 27, Martin's Lane, City. 
 
 Pilsworth, Barking Churchyard. 
 
 Rich, 21, Old Fish Street, Doctor's Commons. 
 
 Shaw, 13a, Serle's Place, Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 Winn, 10, Sun Street, Bishopsgate, 
 
 BOOKBINDERS' PRESS MAKERS. 
 
 DaflPorn, John & Son, 22, Great Mitchell Street. 
 
 Hampson, 47, Old Bailey. 
 
 Jarrett, 45, Lee Street, Kingsland Eoad. 
 
 BOOKBINDERS' TOOL CUTTERS & 
 ENGRAVERS. 
 
 Balle, Surrey, and Ball, 8, St. Dunstan's Court. 
 
 Beard, 20, Exraouth Street. 
 
 Catlin, 63, Chandos Street, Co vent Garden. 
 
 Edwards, 66, Old Bailey. 
 
 Francis, 10, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Francis, 29, Tysoe Street, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Harley, 5, Raquet Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Iloare, 25a, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Hubbard & Dawe, 6, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Hughes & Kimber, 107, Shoe Lane. 
 
 Johns, 36, Charles Street, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Knights, 11. Shoe Lane, Fleet Street. 
 
 Knights, 3, Broadway, Ludgate Hill. 
 
 Morris, King, and Gooding, 35, Ludgate Street. 
 
 Royle, 20, Ivy Lane, Newgate Street. 
 
 Sharwood, S. & T., 120, Aldersgate Street. 
 
 Staples, 30, Castle Street, Holborn. 
 
 Timbury, C. & Son, 44, Paternoster Row. 
 
 Timbury, 104, Fetter Lane. 
 
 BOOKBINDERS' CLOTH MAKERS. 
 
 Atkinson, Lamb's Passage, Chiswell Street. 
 Cussons, T. & Co., 51, Bunhill Row. 
 FiUdle, 53, Great Queen Street. 
 Healey i; Co., 9, Queenhithe. 
 
 BOOKBINDERS' LEATHER-SELLER. 
 
 Ford, 69, Wood Street, Cheapside. 
 
cowie's bookbinder's manual. 141 
 
 BOOKBINDERS' PLOUGH KNIFE 
 MAKER. 
 
 Allen, 27, Great St. Andrew Street, Seven Dials. 
 
 BOOK AND CARD EDGE GILDERS 
 AND MARBLERS. 
 
 Bartholomew, 2 1 , Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Bullwinckle, 5, Cullum Street. 
 
 Corfield, 44, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden. 
 
 DoUman, 29, Charles Street, Hatton Garden. 
 
 Grew, 19, Well Street, Cripplegate. 
 
 Hall, 7, "Warwick Square, City. 
 
 Hariey, 5, Raquet Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Linden, 1 1 , Easton Street, Spafields. 
 
 Page, 1, Little St. Thomas Apostle. 
 
 Preston, 28, Maiden Lane, Co vent Garden. 
 
 BOOK EDGE LOCK AND CLASP 
 MAKERS. 
 
 Biddle, 11, Queen Street, City. 
 
 Brockwell, 153, Fleet Street. 
 
 Burket, 22, Bridgewater Square. 
 
 Burtt, T. & Sons. 45. Nortliampton Street, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Dace, 1 26a, St. John Street, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Dickens, 7, New Street, Cloth Fair. 
 
 Dowries, 4, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Ford, 6, Monkwell Street, Cripplegate. 
 
 Guy, 4, Harp Alley, Shoe Lane. 
 
 Pike, 8, Oxford Arms Passage, Warwick Lane. 
 
 Powell, 4, Wardrobe Place, Addle Hill. 
 
 Tonkinsou, 2^, St. James's Walk. 
 
 MILLBOARD MAKERS. 
 
 Compere & Tipper, 5, Little St. Thomas Apostle. 
 Eadie, 53, Great Queea Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 Healey, Timothy, & Co. 9, Queenhithe. 
 Wilson, Richard, & Co., 26 & 27, St. Martin's Court. 
 
 ROTARY PRESS MAKER. 
 
 J. G. Sherwin, 5, Cumberland Street, Curtain Road, Shore - 
 ditch. 
 
Just Published, Price One Shilling and Sixpence, 
 
 PRINTED UNIFORM WITH 
 
 COWIE'S PRINTERS' MANUAL, BOOKBINDER'S 
 MANUAL, ETC. 
 
 COWIE'S NATIONAL SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 SHORT HAND: 
 
 BEING AN IMPROVEMENT ON 
 
 TAYLOR'S AND CARPENTER'S 
 POPULAR SYSTEMS, 
 
 EQUALLY ADAPTED TO 
 
 THE SENATE, THE BAR, THE SCHOOL, 
 
 OR 
 
 SELF- INSTRUCTION; 
 
 WITH EASy AND 
 
 SYSTEMATIC RULES FOR MIDDLE VOWELS ; 
 
 THE WHOLE EXEMPLIFIED DT 
 
 SEVERAL NEAT ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 W. STRANGE, Jun., 8, AMEN CORNER, 
 
 PATKRNOSTER ROW. 
 
Third Edition, price One Shilling, 
 
 COWIE'S 
 
 JOB MASTER PRINTERS' 
 PRICE BOOK, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A FAIR AND COMPREHENSIVE 
 
 SCALE OF CHARGES 
 
 TO THE PUBLIC 
 
 FOR 
 
 BROADSIDES, CARDS, PAMPHLETS, 
 
 AND 
 
 JOBS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION; 
 
 TO WHICH ARE APPENDED 
 
 GOPIOUS DIRECTIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 WORKING IN GOLD AND OTHER COLOURS, 
 
 AND THE MANUFACTURING OF 
 
 COMPOSITION BALLS OR ROLLERS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 W. STRANGE, Jun., 8, AMEN CORNER, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
NOW READY, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, 
 
 The Sighth and New Sdition^ 
 
 Price 2s. Gd., free by post, 6d. extra, 
 
 COWIE'S 
 
 PPtlNTERS' POCKET BOOK 
 
 AND IKEANUAIi, 
 
 CONTAINING THE 
 
 COMPOSITORS' AND PRESSMEN'S 
 
 NEW SCALE OF PRICES, 
 
 THE NEWSMEN'S SCALE, 
 NUMEROUS VALUABLE TABLES, 
 
 ALL THE SCHEMES OF IMPOSITION, 
 
 CHARACTERS PECULIAR TO ANCIENT RECORDS; THE HEBREW, 
 GREEK AND SAXON ALPHABETS, WITH PLANS OP THE CASES; 
 MATHEMATICAL, ALGEBRAICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ASTRONOMI- 
 CAL SIGNS; TO ■\VIIICH ARE ADDED 
 
 DONATIONS TO PRINTERS, 
 
 AND MODE OF APPLICATION FOR THE SAME; 
 
 WITH AN ESSAY ON PUNCTUATION, 
 AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTER; 
 
 ALSO, A CORRECT 
 
 LIST OF THE PRINTIM OFFICES IK lOlON 
 
 AND ITS VICINITY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 W. STRANGE, Jun., 8, AMEN CORNER, 
 
 PATBRNOSTER HOW. 
 
6a- 5(';.')C,i 
 
GETTY CEMTER LIBRARY 
 
 3 3125 00141 3604 
 
 \^ n 
 
 1. ^ " 
 
'Il'^mm