UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION VOL. XI No. I LISTS OF PERSONAL NAMES FROM THE TEMPLE SCHOOL OF NIPPUR A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES BY EDWARD CHIERA PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 1916 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/listsofpersonaln01chie UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION Vol. XI No. I LISTS OF PERSONAL NAMES FROM THE TEMPLE SCHOOL OF NIPPUR A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES BY EDWARD CHIERA PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 1916 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS 7 PREFACE 11 INTRODUCTION 13 Survey of the Field 13 Provenance of the Documents 16 Age of the Documents 17 Names of the Scribes 18 Colophons 19 Division of the Lines 20 The Use of the So-called Determinative . . . 21 The Scribal Errors 22 THE SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 24 Reconstruction 24 Scribal Glosses and Translations 27 The Grouping of the Names 29 Relation of the Names in Each Group 31 Relation of the Groups to One Another 33 Purpose of the Syllabary 35 The Variants 35 The Names of the Gods 38 (5) 6 CONTENTS PAGE THE SCHOOL TEXTS 41 I. The Typical School Exercises 41 IE The Round Tablets 45 III. The Model Texts 46 IV. The Irregular Texts 47 TRANSLITERATIONS AND TRANSLATIONS 49 Eirst Tablet of the Syllabary 49 Additional E'ragments of the First Tablet of the Syllabary 71 Second Tablet of the Syllabary 71 Other Fragments of the Second Tablet 78 Fragments Which May Belong to Either of the Two Tablets 79 DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLETS 80 DUPLICATES NOT PUBLISHED 86 NUMBERS OF THE CATALOGUE OF THE BABY- LONIAN SECTION 88 AUTOGRAPH PLATES PL I-XXXIII PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTIONS. ,P 1 . XXXIY-XXXVII BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS AJSL ADD BA BAD BB BC BE BL BM Br CB CBS CPN CT DP DSG 1 DSGr DTA GT GTD JA JAOS American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. C. H. W. Johns: Assyrian Deeds and Documents (3 vols.). Beitrage { ur Assyriologie. G. A. Barton: Sumerian Business and Administrative Docu- ments from the Earliest Times to the Dynasty of Agade (UMBS, Vol. IX, No. 1), Philadelphia, 1915. A. Ungnad : Bahylonische Brief e aus der Zeit der Hammurapi- Dynastie (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek), Leipzig, 1914. C. Bezold: Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyun- jik Collection in the British Museum (5 vols.). Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A. A. Ungnad: Babylonian Letters of the Hammurapi Period (UMBS, Vol. VII), Philadelphia, 1915. British Museum. R. E. Brunnow: A Classified List of Cuneiform Ideographs, Leyden, 1887. C. E. Keyser: Cuneiform Bullae of the Third Millennium B. C. (Bab. Records in the Library of J. P. Morgan, Pt. Ill), New York, 1914. Catalogue of the Babylonian Section. All tablets here quoted belong to the First Dynasty of Babylon and will be published by me in Vol. VIII, No. 2, of the present Series. A. T. Clay: Personal Names of the Cassite Period (Yale Or. Series, Vol. 1 ), New Haven, 1912. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets inthe British Museum. Allotte de la Fuie: Documents Presargoniques, 1908-12. F. Delitzsch: Sumerisches Glossar, Leipzig, 1914. F. Delitzsch: Sumerische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1914. A. T. Clay: Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur (UMBS, Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2), Philadelphia, 1913. A. Poebel: Grammatical Texts (UMBS, Vol. VI, No. 1), Philadelphia, 1914. H. de Genouillac: Tablettes de Drehem, Paris, 191 1 . Journal Asiatique. Journal of the American Oriental Society. ( 7 ) UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Jast row, Rel. |RAS HAV HGT HLC HPN HT In In I In II In 111 In IV LAD LBD LC LTD MA HIVB Man MAP MDP Nic OBTR OLZ PB M. Jastrow, Jr.: Die Religion Babyloniens nnd Assyriens ( 2 vols.), Leipzig, 1905-12. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Hilprecht Anniversary Volume, 1909. A. Poebel: Historical and Grammatical Texts (UMBS, Vol. V), Philadelphia, 1914. G. A. Barton: Haverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Tablets, or Documents from the Temple Archives of Telloh (3 parts), Philadelphia, 1905-14. E. Huber: Die Personennamen in den Keilschrifturkunden aus der Zeit der Konige von Ur und Nisin (Assyr. Biblio- thek, Vol. XXI), Leipzig, 1907. A. Poebel: Historical Texts (UMBS, Vol. IV, No. 1), Phila- delphia, 1914. Inventaire des Tablettes de Tello Conservees au Mus'ee Imperial Ottoman (Mission Fran^aise de Chaldee). Divided: F. Thureau-Dangin: Textes de /’ Epoque d' Agade, Paris, 1910. H. de Genouillac: Textes de f Epoque d’ Agade et de l’ Epoque d’ Ur, Paris, 1911. H. de Genouillac: Textes de f Epoque d’ Ur, Paris, 1912. L. Delaporte: Textes de /’ Epoque d’ Ur, Paris, 1912. E. Chiera: Legal and Administrative Documents from N ippur, chiefly from the Dynasties of I sin and Larsa (UMBS, Vol. VIII, No. 1), Philadelphia, 1914. A. Poebel: Babylonian Legal and Business Documents from the Time of the First Dynasty of Babylon, chiefly from Nippur (BE, Vol. VI, Pt. 2), Philadelphia, 1907. F. Thureau-Dangin: Letlres et Contracts de l’ Epoque de la Premiere Dynastie Babylonienne, Paris, 1910. S. Langdon: Tablets from the Archives of Drehem, Paris, 1911. W. Muss Arnold: A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language, Berlin, 1905. Obelisque de Manistusu, published by Scheil in MDP, Vol. II. B. Meissner: Beitrdge { um Altbabylonisches Privatrecht (Assyr. Biblothek, Vol. XI), Leipzig, 1893. Delegation en Perse. Memoires. M. V. Nikolskji: The Most Ancient Documents of the Chal- dean Epoc (in Russian), Petrograd, 1908. R. J. Lau: Old Babylonian Temple Records, New York, 1906. Orientalistische Liter atur-Zeitung. A. Deimel: Pantheon Babylonicum (Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici), Romae, 1914. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 9 Pt. I I, \ Pt. Ill/ PS BA IR,I 1 R, IIIRl IVR, VR/ RA RPN RT RTCh RTllh SAD SAI SAK ST 1 ST 11 TC TD TRU TSA UMBS VS ZA The two following parts of the present volume. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology . H. Rawlison: The Cuneiform Inscriptions of IVestern Asia (Vol. I-V). Revue d' Assyriologie et d’Archeologie Orientate. H. Ranke: Early Babylonian Personal hi ames, from the Pub- lished Tablets of the so-called Hammurabi Dynasty (BE, Series D, Vol. Ill), Philadelphia, 1905. Recueil de Travaux Relatifs a 1 ’ Assyriologie et a l’ Archeologie Orientate. F. Thureau-Dangin: Recueil de Tablettes Chaldeennes, Paris, 1903. G. Reisner: Tempelurkunden aus Telloh (Mitt, aus den Orient. Sammlungen, Heft XVI), Berlin, 1901. D. W. Myhrman: Sumerian Administrative Documents from the Second Dynasty of Ur (BE, Vol. Ill, Pt. I), Philadel- phia, 1910. B. Meissner: Seltene Assyrische Ideogramme, Leipzig, 1909. F. Thureau-Dangin: Die Sumerischen und Akkadischen Konigsinschriften, Leipzig, 1907. M. I. Hussey: Sumerian Tablets in the Harvard Semitic Museum, chiefly from the Reigns of Lugalanda and Uruka- gina of Lagash (Harvard Sem. Series, Vol. Ill), Cam- bridge, 1912. M. 1 . Hussey: Sumerian Tablets in the Harvard Semitic Museum from the Time of the Dynasty of Ur (Harvard Sem. Series, Vol. IV), Cambridge, 1915. L. Legrain: Tablettes de Comptabilite, etc., de I'Epoque de la Dynastie d’Agade (Memoires de la Mission Archeologique de la Susiane, Vol. XIV), Paris, 1913. H. de Genouillac: La Trouvaille de Drehem, Paris, 191 1. L. Legrain: Les Temps des Rois d’Ur (Bibl. de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Vol. 99), Paris, 1912. H. de Genouillac: Tablettes Sumeriennes Archaiques, Paris, 1909. Univ. of Pennsylvania. The Museum. Publications of the Babylonian Section (Present Series). Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der Koniglichen Museen \u Berlin. Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie. PREFACE The tablets which are published in this volume have been collected by me out of all the classified and unclassified material forming part of the collections of the University Museum which are now available to students. When I was planning my work, it was my intention to publish all the tablets in a single volume. It became soon apparent, however, that the number of texts was too large for a single book, and that it was necessary to divide it. Fortunately, there was no uncertainty as to how the work was to be divided, since the texts themselves naturally fall together into three distinct groups: (i) The Syllabary of Personal Names, which is here presented and the special characteristics of which are discussed in Chapter II. (2) The Lists of Akkadian Personal Names (Pt. II), to which has been added a long list of Amoritic, or West-Semitic, names. (3) The Lists of Sumerian Personal Names (Pt. Ill), which will also contain in appendix six tablets from Yokha, partly written in Akkadian. Both groups of lists will be discussed in detail in the intro- ductory chapters of Pts. II and III. Complete dictionaries of Nominal and Verbal Elements, both Akkadian and Sumerian, will be found in Pts. II and III respectively. The latter part will also embody an alphabetical list of all names found in the volume. A general idea of the contents of the following two parts may be gathered from the lists which have been published in this book, since they were written either on the obverse or on the reverse tablets which rightly belonged there. For 12 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Akkadian names cf. 19, 20, 22, 38, 47; for Sumerian names, 3, 26, 53, 60. It is a pleasant duty for me to thank Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr., to whom this volume has been dedicated, for having read the present part in manuscript, and having offered to me many valuable suggestions. I am also indebted to my former teacher, Prof. A. T. Clay, for having permitted me to include in this volume about twenty tablets which had been assigned to him for publication. These will appear in Pts. 1 1 and III. Lastly, I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. G. B. Gordon, the Director of the Museum, for his help in the preparation of this work. But for him, this volume could never have appeared in its present complete form. Edward Chiera. Philadelphia, January 1, 1916. INTRODUCTION Survey of the Field Within the last few years great emphasis has been placed on the study of Semitic personal names. Their contribution to the knowledge of the Semitic languages, and especially to a proper understanding of the prevailing religious ideas and beliefs, has been well pointed out by several scholars. 1 As a result of this study in the Assyro-Babylonian field, have appeared several important works, in which the names of the different historical periods have been collected, translated and commented. In the Sumerian field, we are fortunate in having the standard work of Huber: Die Personennamen in den Keilschrift- urkunden aus der Zeit der Konige von Ur und Nisin (Leipzig, 1905), and a very important dissertation by A. Poebel: Die Sumerischen Personennamen %ur Zeit der Dynastie von Larsam und der ersten Dynastie von Babylon (Breslau, 1910) which, probably because of its small size, does not appear to have received all the attention it properly deserves. For the period of the First Dynasty, we are chiefly indebted to H. Ranke, who first published a dissertation on Die Per- sonennamen in den Urkunden der Hammurabi- Dynastie (Munich, 1902), and afterwards enlarged it into a volume called Early Babylonian Personal Names, from the Published Tablets of the 1 Cf. especially the important work of C. H. W. Johns on The Religions Significance of Semitic Proper Names (The Bohlen Lectures for 1910, Cambridge, 1912), which deals especially with Babylonian and Assyrian personal names; the Introductions to the works of Ranke and Huber, and an article of G. A. Barton: Religious Conceptions Underlying Sumerian Proper Names, in the AJSL, XXXIV (1915), pp. 316-20. ( 13 ) 14 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION so-called Hammurabi-Dynasty (BE, Series D, Vol. Ill, Philadel- phia, 1905). My former teacher, Prof. A. T. Clay, with his volume Personal Names from Cuneiform Inscriptions of the Cassite Period (Yale Oriental Series, Vol. I, New Haven, 1912), has admirably covered a period which had hitherto been neglected. Coming to more recent periods, it is only necessary to mention the well-known work of K. L. Tallqvist: Neubaby- lonisches Namenbuch pit den Geschdftsurkunden aus der Zeit des Samassumukin bis Xerxes (Helsingfors, 1905), and another volume of the same author: Assyrian Personal Names (Leipzig, 19 ' d)- 1 In a more restricted field, we have also other important contributions. In the year 1897 M. V. Scheil published an article entitled: Listes Onomastiques Redigees d'apres les Textes de Sargani, et de la Deuxieme Dynastie d’Ur (ZA, 12, pp. 331- 47). He collected there about five hundred names, written in the original cuneiform characters, and accompanied them with an introduction, dealing with the importance of the study of the personal names. J. Hoschander wrote a very important dissertation on Die Personennamen auf dem Obelisk des Manis- tnsu, of which the first part only has unfortunately been pub- lished in ZA, 20 (1907), pp. 246ft'. P. Dhorme in two articles: Les plus Anciens Noms de Per sonnes d Lagash (ZA, 22, pp. 284-316) and Les Noms Propres Babyloniens a YEpoque de Sargon V Ancien et de N ardm-Sin (BA, 6, Heft 3 [1907]), collects and translates a large number of names. Lastly, A. Ungnad, in Die Eigennamen der Dilbater Urkunden (BA, 6, Heft 5 [1909]), presents a very good study of old Babylonian personal names. 1 Owing to the present conditions, it has been impossible for me to obtain a copy of this work. This will explain why the book has not been quoted in the body of the volume. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 15 In addition to these, the editors of Cuneiform Documents, especially in the case of letters or business documents, have generally added a list of all the personal names contained in them. This commendable practice, besides rendering much quicker and simpler the work of collecting such names, is also a tribute paid to the importance of their study. A great amount of ingenuity and erudition has thus already been devoted to this special field; this book, however, does not need an apology for its existence. Up to the present, the scholars who have been working on the personal names have been obliged to gather them out of the existing literature, and especially from the letters and the business documents. Such work was subject to a very great handicap. As we all know, in the original texts proper names are mixed, without regard to language or meaning. We are not surprised to find on the same tablet names written in Akkadian, Sumerian, or even in foreign languages. While in most of the cases there is no difficulty in dividing the Sumerian from the Akkadian names, and the Akkadian from the Amoritic, still in many instances such classification is difficult, and sometimes impossible. The documents published in this volume will permit us to make a further step in the study of personal names, since they give us such names as had already been classified by the old Baby- lonian scribes. The scheme of classification differs, but in every tablet we find either lists or groups of names of the same language. 1 What an advantage this is, can only be determined after a careful study of all the names.. But Pt. 1 of this volume carries us even a step further: besides giving us groups of names of the same language, it also classifies together names which are related to each other in meaning or formation. 2 1 Cf. discussion on p. 32. 2 Cf. discussion on p. 3 1 f. 16 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Provenance of the Documents All the tablets here published 1 belong to the Temple School of Nippur. We have here, therefore, the work of the pupils of a school which had been attached to an old Babylonian temple. Such texts are well known, since the library of Assurbanipal contained a good number of them; they did not, however, reach us in their originals, but through late copies of Assyrian scribes. It is therefore a privilege to be permitted to study closely the work and the methods of such schools. The results of this study are very interesting, and to them a special chapter has been devoted (Ch. III). But the class of school texts is by no means exhausted with the lists of personal names: besides them students have copied, and therefore have unconsciously preserved for us, much very valuable material. The Museum of the University of Pennsyl- vania is fortunate in possessing a very large number of lists of trees and wooden instruments, plants, stones, vessels, names of gods, officials, etc. All of these lists are Sumerian, and some of them contain also the Akkadian equivalent of the names : 2 besides these lists, students copied models of legal documents , 3 syllabaries, historical and grammatical texts , 4 mathematical and metrological tablets , 5 and much more of a miscellaneous character . 6 The chief interest of the students was not in what they copied, but in the practice which they derived therefrom, and it consequently happens that in many school exercises the 1 With the exception of the Yokha tablets (Pt. Ill, 51-57), for which cf. below, pp. 1 7 and 44. 2 Cf. Poebel, HGT, Nos. 133-4, 144-5-6-7, 152, etc. 3 Two specimens published by me, LAD, 101-2. 4 Many of them are to be found in HGT. 5 Cf. Hilprecht, BE, Series A, Vol. XX, Pt. I. 6 Cf. description given by Hilprecht, BE, Series D, Vol. V, Pt. I, p. 14 ff. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 17 obverse contains very different material than that of the reverse. When such was the case, in the documents edited in this volume, only one of the faces of the tablet has been published. 1 While being aware that it would have been very interesting to have the documents in their entirety, still it seemed to me more advisable to reserve such parts which did not properly belong in this volume for future publication in their proper place. Otherwise it would have been necessary either to republish them, or to cause great inconvenience to the reader by continuously referring to different volumes. A good illustration of the little importance which was attached by the Babylonian scribes to the subject matter of their exercises is furnished by Pt. I, 63, which changes its subject three times. The obverse begins with a list of woods: then two horizontal lines mark the change, and we find a list of mixed personal names: u-bar-ru-um, ku-ri-tum, lii-nibru ki , d ninni- ma-an-si, is-ta-a-a ; on the reverse is inscribed a section of the Syllabary of Personal Names. 2 The six tablets which do not come from Nippur (Pt. Ill, 51-7) have been selected from the results of an excavation of Dr. Peters at Yokha. 3 They are of very great importance, because they prove to us the existence of another temple school, which was as old as that of Nippur, and produced texts very similar to those excavated there. 4 Age of the Documents School texts being always left undated, there are only two means of ascertaining the probable age of the tablets: 1 Cf. Description of the Tablets, on p. 80 ff. 2 Col. I, Nos. 51-52, Col. II, Nos. 74-82 of the list given on pp. 53-7. 3 Cf. Peters: Nippur, Vol. 11 , pp. 283 ff. 4 Cf. description on p. 44. 18 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION (1) The form of the characters and (2) the religious ideas and names of deities occurring in the personal names. Of these two, the palaeographical argument is the more reliable and, on the strength of it, we can confidently assign the great bulk of the tablets to a period corresponding to the beginning of the First Dynasty of Babylon or, since at that time Nippur was under the sway of the I sin rulers, to the second part of the Dynasty of Isin. 1 Some of the texts (cf. Pt. 1 , 7) could very well be placed even towards the end of the First Dynasty, but we must remember that no documents from Nippur have reached us for the period which lies between the 29th year of Samsu-iluna and the Cassite invasion. 2 Our terminus a quo must therefore be the former date, while a few of the texts (Pt. II, 62; Pt. Ill, 42, and the Yokha tablets) can confidently be placed as far back as the Sargonic Period. It is important to remark that the Sumerian lists are not any older than those written in Akkadian; in fact, we find Akkadian names in some of the oldest tablets (Pt. II, 62), and also in the Yokha documents (Pt. Ill, 52, 55, 56). Names of the Scribes Besides omitting the date formulae, these tablets also fail to record the names of the scribes who have redacted them or, to be more accurate, of the pupils who have copied them. Two documents, however, have been signed by their authors: Pt. II, 64, containing names beginning with nu-ur, has on the left edge a personal name which has been partly erased, and of which the beginning d nin-IB~. ... is still readable. Pt. II, 67, Obv. contains a list of names of different formations, which closes 1 Cf. LAD, p. 23 ff. 2 Cf. LAD, p. 25; HT, p. 67. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 19 with the usual two horizontal lines, after which follows the name i-din-is-tar . That this Idin-Istar is the name of the scribe is proved, not only by the fact that the list of names had already been closed by the two lines, but also from the character of the names contained in the list: they are generally long and not of common occurrence. Colophons What can be called a real colophon was to be found at the end of both tablets of Pt. I. Unfortunately part of it has been destroyed and what remains of it in No. 2, Col. VI (bottom), are the signs: [ d ELT]EG-gag-sal No. 3, Col. Ill (bottom), has only gag-sal; in a list of Sumerian names (published in Pt. II, No. 18) we find d ELTEG~. . . . The colophon has been restored from an unpublished tablet (CBS 6482), which is also a school text and contains lexicographical material and mathematical exercises. It reads: d ELTEG ( Br . 4445) -gag-sal. It is remarkable that this colophon occurs also in two other Nippur texts of very different character: the so-called Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood and the Fall of Man, published by Langdon in Vol. X, Pt. I, of the present series, and in Historical and Religious Texts, p. 18, of the same author. 1 In both texts the first part of the line containing the colophon is destroyed. In the Akkadian lists we find no colophons, but this is probably due to the fact that we have not yet recovered the tablets containing the complete texts, and that the pupils may have omitted the colophons in their copies. In any case, Pt. II, No. 67, bears a scribal note which is unfortunately destroyed; what is readable is: a-di pa-ni Reference given in Langdon’s Sumerian Epic, p. 85, note 1. 20 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Instead of having a colophon, the Yokha tablets close with a sign which was probably used to identify the texts from which the subject matter was copied. Such signs are: LA (Pt. Ill, 51 and 55); USUM (Pt. Ill, 58). A similar mode of identifica- tion is also used in a Nippur text of an archaic period (Pt. II, 62). The sign is there KA+SE-E. Division of the Lines In preparing a tablet for inscription, the scribe would generally begin with marking out the columns by means of long, perpendicular strokes, and then determine in advance the number of lines which each column was to contain. In order to make certain that each column would embody just the apportioned number of lines, these were marked out in advance, by means of perpendicular wedges. It so happened, however, that, when the name to be copied was unusually long, the line would be too small to contain it. Instead of overcrowding, the scribes resorted to one of two expedients: they either mutilated the name by writing only as much of it as the line would hold, 1 or they continued it in the line immediately below. Both procedures have been followed, and in both cases some confusion resulted. In the present part, we find two or three instances of names which have thus been divided between two lines, each one pre- ceded by a perpendicular wedge, so that, to all appearances, each name is to be regarded as two: ti-i{-kar- d da-gan (No. 21 of list on p. 51); e-il-gir-kalam-ma (No. 403), and perhaps also u-fia-kid-ikribu{-bu)-sa (31-32. Cf. note 8 on p. 51). Tablet CBS, 6390 (not published, but cf. photograph on PI. 37), is also characteristic in this respect. In writing Col. II, 1 Cf. references below, p. 22. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 21 the scribe had been obliged to spread two names over four lines, which had already been marked out by a wedge. In order to warn the reader that these four lines contained only two names, he drew two other perpendicular wedges, so long as to embrace two lines each. The new ones did not obliterate the preceding four, so that each name is preceded by three perpendicular wedges. The Use of the So-called Determinative (m) The use of a perpendicular wedge, to distinguish the per- sonal names, is generally adopted in the school texts from Nippur. But the practice is not followed with any degree of regularity. In many texts it has been omitted (Pt. II, 2 Obv., 29, 41, 59, 60, 62, 63; Pt. Ill, 14, 15, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51-57). While there is generally no reason to be discovered for such an omission, it is important to remark: (1) That such wedge always precedes the names of the Syllabary, and that it is always omitted (2) in conjunction with Sumerian names begin- ning with nr - 1 and (3) in the older texts, such as the Yokha and Pt. II, 62. Some tablets clearly betray the uncertainty under which the scribes labored in redacting their texts. In Pt. II, 21, the wedge is omitted in Col. I, and regularly used in all other columns; in Pt. II, 20 Obv., Col. II, its use is discontinued abruptly, to be resumed again in the following columns; in Pt. II, 23 Obv., the wedge, which had been added by the teacher to his model, 2 is omitted by the pupil. 'The only exception is to be found in Pt. Ill, 25, Col. V, but this can be easily explained by the fact that the tablet contains, besides those composed with ur-, also names beginning with lu and lugal. Since the wedge had already been placed before these, it happened also to be retained with the other names. 2 Cf. below, p. 41 ff. 22 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION The Scribal Errors The imperfect writing of a large number of the tablets here published would make a complete list of all scribal errors both long and useless. We must keep in mind the fact that many of these tablets are pupil’s exercises, and that these pupils sometimes showed very little ability in writing. Among the duplicates not published, there is a large tablet which is so badly written that even though 1 had a clear knowledge of its contents through other tablets, still very great difficulty was experienced in dividing the names between the several columns. 1 Even among the tablets here published, there are some which contain scribal errors in nearly every line. (Cf. Pt. I, 45 Rev., 60 Rev., 61 Rev., using the key to the transliterations, which is given under “Description of Tablets,’’ on p. 80 ff). I have therefore decided to call attention to the most important of them in footnotes to my transliteration of the names (p. 4c) ff), and to give here only a brief classification ot all scribal errors with reference to their chief sources: 1 . Errors of omission. (a) Accidental omission of signs: i-[tur!]-anum (No. 94 of list on p. s8); a-U-~a-[ni!]-in (Pt. II, 49, 2); a-l'i-e- l ri!]~ia-am (Pt. II, 50, I, 6); [se!\-li-li (No. 90 of the list on p. 57). ( b ) Wilful omission of the last signs, due to bad spacing in the lines (Cf. above, p. 20) : a-hi-sa-gi-[is!] (No. 430); a-li-ii-im-[di!], a-li-ne-me-[di!\, a-l'i-ne-me-[ki!) (Pt. II, 56, Col. Ill, 11 . 13-17); a-U-tu-kul-[ti ! ] (Pt. II, 56, 1, 14); on the same principle we have to explain the various forms in which the same name has been 1 Cf. CBS, 6657, in list of duplicates on p. 87. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 23 transcribed: ma-an-nu-um-ma, ma-an-nu-um-ma-hi r, ma-an-nu-um-ma-hir-su, ma-nu-um-ma-hir-su-nu (No. 72). (c) Accidental omission of lines: d nanna-gu-gal (Pt. I, 22, Rev. II; No. 75): U-MA-NA (Pt. I, 45 Rev. I; No. 406): in one instance the line has been afterwards added: tab-i-li (Pt. I, 61 Rev. I, 10; No. 49). Confusion of signs: (a) Due to imperfect writing of single signs: i-l'i-ub-ti (Pt. I, 1 Rev. IV, 6) and i-li-ta?-ti (Pt. I, 61, Col. II, 2) for i-U-ga-ti (No. 65); lugal-e-a, lugal-sa-lim and lugal-me-Jam (Pt. I, 60, Col. II, 17-8, Col. Ill, 1) for lii-e-a, lu-sa-lim, lu-me-lam (Nos. 106, 108-9); a-lt-a- ri-u-a, a-U-a-ri-u-sa (Pt. I, 23, Col. V. 3, and Pt. I, 2, Col. V. 9-10) for a-lt-a-hu-u-a, a-U-a-hu-u-sa (Nos. 332-3), and many other instances in which the signs di and ki, ku, lu, ma and ba, bi and ga, etc., have been confused. (b) Due to superimposition of signs: Cp. i-sur-anum,-\-e-a and-M/A/ in Pt. I, 1 Rev. Ill, 2-4 (Nos. 40-2): and also i-tur-anum,+e-a,-\- d IM in Pt. I, 60, Rev. II, 5-7 (Nos. 94-6). 24 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION THE SYLLABARY OL PERSONAL NAMES The texts which are published in this part of the volume are unique in many respects. While tablets containing lists of personal names have already been published, 1 no text has as yet appeared in which the personal names are arranged in homo- geneous groups of three. The advantages which this special arrangement of the names offers for the study of their character, composition and meaning are so many and varied, that I do not hesitate in declaring this part to be the most important of the whole volume. Reconstruction In its present form the Syllabary, as reconstructed from its many fragments, is not complete. While there is good hope that the remaining parts will some day be found, it is gratifying to realize that the parts lacking cannot have been very extensive. The different fragments of school exercises and school models which are here published will probably go back to two original tablets of large size, which were inscribed on both sides. That such was the case is to be deduced from the fact that most of the texts begin with either the name d ninni-ur (No.i) or ba-a . . . . (No. 400). In my opinion, this proves that the two names above mentioned marked the beginning of each of the two tablets; in copying an inscription, the students would be expected to start with the opening lines of each tablet, and 1 Cf. description in Pts. II and III. Of the tablets of this volume, only the upper part of text 9 had already been published by Poebel in HOT, No. 154. To that another fragment has been joined by me. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 25 stop wherever they pleased. This will explain why we have so many texts representing the first parts of each tablet, and a steadily diminishing number as we proceed further, until we reach a point where the Syllabary is represented by only a single text and, when this fails, is entirely interrupted. But these two tablets, the existence of which is here assumed, are not equally represented. In fact, of one of them we have twice as many texts as of the other, and all the duplicates which have not been included because superfluous (cf. description on p. 86 f.) belong entirely to this one tablet. We may therefore assume that the tablet of which we have more texts is the first one. Against such an order of succession of the two tablets, two facts seem to militate: Text 49 has some other lines preceding d ninni-ur, which is assumed to be the first name of the tablet. But these lines are badly destroyed and unreadable and, since we know that students cared little for what they copied, and that at times one tablet will contain material of very different kind 1 , too much stress must not be laid on this. The other difficulty is found in the name - d ma-mi-tum (No. 387), which immediately precedes the colophon in the first tablet (cf. No. 2, VI, and 3, III). This name does not belong to the preceding group, which is complete in all its three elements, and would seem to mark the beginning of a new group, thus serving the purpose of a colophon. But apart from the fact that a double colophon would be useless, it is certain that the second tablet did not begin with a name ending in ... .- d ma-mi- tiim. To presuppose, on the strength of this clue only, the existence of another tablet, to be placed between the first and the second, would involve building too much on a slender foundation. 1 Cf. p. 17 and Obverse of No. 63. 26 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION As to the length of the Syllabary, we can form a pretty exact estimate, on the basis of the texts which we now possess. Some of them contained, in their complete form, either the whole of the first or of the second tablet. Such are Nos. 2, 3, 4 for tablet one, and 37, 46, 62 for tablet two. Nos. 3, 46 and 62 are so fragmentary that they are useless for our purposes. The first available text for tablet one is therefore No. 2. That it was originally complete, we can determine from the colophon at the end of Col. VI, and from the blank space follow- ing it. Assuming, as very probable, that Col. 1 began with the name d ninni-ur, which is the first in all tablets, we find that we have 20 names missing before we reach the traces of ti-i{-kar- d da-gan, which is the 21st in the Syllabary. We have 15 lines of inscription in Col. I, which, added to the 20 destroyed, gives us 35; after this there is another gap of 29 names (Nos. 35 to 64), which must be divided between the end of Col. I and the beginning of Col. II. But Col. II must have started at the same height as Col. I, so that we know that 22 of the 29 names belong to Col. II. The remaining 7 are just what we lack to complete Col. 1 , which will therefore have contained originally 35 + 7 = 42 names. I he shape of the tablet is proof for the asser- tion that it originally contained four columns on each side. Assuming all these eight columns to have embraced approxi- mately the same number of names as Col. I, we reach a total of 336 names for the whole tablet. From this total a few units may have to be subtracted to cover the number of names spread over two lines, and the space left in blank at the bottom of Col. VI. An analogous treatment of text 4 gives the same result. Col. I has 14 names preserved, plus 16 missing, i. e. 30 names for the first and probably for every column. The tablet had EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 27 originally five columns on the obverse and six on the reverse, totaling 330 names. From this we must subtract 15 names, representing the unwritten part of Col. VI, which had been inscribed just up to the point where the tablet has been broken. From this double testimony, we can safely affirm that tablet one contained approximately 315 names. For tablet two the only available text is No. 37. Col. I of this tablet has 28 names destroyed, and 9 preserved, i. e. 37 in all. The tablet was so divided as to contain five columns on each side, but Col. VI has been left without inscription. The probable total of names will therefore be 37x9 = 333, from which is to be subtracted whatever number of lines may have been left in blank at the bottom of Col. V. The total reached is so near that of tablet one that we can confidently affirm the two tablets to have been of the same size. An analogous procedure has been followed in determining the length of the gaps in the body of the Syllabary. Scribal Glosses and Translations The most remarkable text of the whole Syllabary is No. 7, which differs from the others in the following aspects: (1) The names are arranged in groups of thirty to a column, this number being marked at the bottom of each column, and a blank space being left, as soon as the required number is reached. (2) Many of the Sumerian names are accompanied by their Akkadian translation, and even by glosses stating their correct pronunciation. For instance, in the group a-{i{d)-da, a- d nanna, a-lu-bad (347-9), the value a for the first sign has been given in gloss; same also for the sign bad in a-lu-bad (349) and ku in ama-kii-KA L (284). 28 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION (3) In some places a number of names are omitted, and the scribe has glossed: so many “ hi-pu-u ,” i. e. destroyed. This last feature makes it impossible to utilize this text in any estimate of the probable length the original tablet from which it has been copied. The totals of each column only mark the number of the names which have been actually copied, irrespective of those which may have been omitted. Much more important for us is the translation of the Sumerian names, and this has been discussed in the chapter on Transliterations and Translations on p. 56 ff. It is, however, necessary to lay stress on the fact that these translations are generally very free. Where three names of similar meaning follow each other, only the first is translated and the others are glossed sa-a-na, i. e. a second way of expressing it. E. g., 293, en-sibir-ra-su-du — be-lum sa si-bi-ir-ra su-uk-lu-lum; 294, en-sibir-ra-tum-ma = sa-a-na; 295 , en-an-na-tum-ma = sa-a-na; 350, lugal-gaba-ri-nu-tu(gu) = sar-rum sa ma-hi-ra la [i-s]u-u; 351, [lugal]-im-ri-a = sa-[a-na\. In some cases the translation is incomplete: 296, ma-a-ge-es-ge-li(l) = as-sum-ia li(-ib-lut) ; 297, ma-a-ge-es-ge-sag = li (-lib) ; 298, ma-a-ge-es-ga-ma-ti (, l) = li (- ib - hit). In one case the translation is wrong: 74, d nanna-^a-e- me-en does not mean: “sin lu-u a-na-ku’’ but “sin lu-u at-ta’’ (cf. note 1 on p. 56). The glosses hi-pu-u, indicating the breaks in the original text, raise another problem. Parallel texts to this do not show any gaps, and include the names which the scribe here describes as destroyed. Moreover, they are the work of pupils, whom we may not expect to be as skilled in deciphering an old text as the scribe who has so beautifully copied this tablet. Are we to suppose that the original text was no longer accessible to this scribe, and that he had to content himself with a poor or damaged student’s copy? EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 29 In any case, the number of lines given for the gaps do not always correspond with the results obtained from the other texts. In Col. I we find 130 registered as “destroyed” between nu-ur-i-ti-su (48) and d nanna-{a-e-me-en (74). In fact, only 24 names are missing, and they are all represented in the other tablets. The other glosses are right. Still in Col. I, after d nanna-gu-gal (75) six names are described as “destroyed,” and these are Nos. 76-81 ; in Col. 1 1 , the nine destroyed are 1 1 3-1 2 1 . In Col. IV the gloss 1 hi-bi stands in place of e-M A-SU-a, which probably was badly written, or incomprehensible to the scribe. In Col. II, 12, we must restore the unusual gloss: [/ mi-g]ir hi-bi “One name beginning with mi-gir is destroyed,” and even this would not be right, because two names (338 and 340) are there missing. Judging from all these variants, I believe that the text which the scribe of No. 7 had before him was on the whole as good as that which the students had used. If the scribe omitted here some of the names, this was probably due to an error of judgment: he wanted his copy to include only such names as were well written and therefore absolutely correct. The students, on the other hand, who cared very little for the possible errors of their copies, unconsciously adopted the best method, and copied everything which they saw on their model. This will also explain why, in some of the passages omitted by text 7, the other copies abound in errors and doubtful readings. The Grouping of the Names The most striking feature of this Syllabary is that the names are arranged in groups of three. While sometimes the order of the names in each group may vary somewhat (Nos. 74-5 are in different order in 6, III and 10, I; same of 360-1 30 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION in 4, V; the groups 439-441 and 486-8 change position in the several texts), the number of the names will always be the same. Exceptionally, we may find an apparently regular group of three to contain really two names: in the group 31, ii-pa-kid; 32, ikribu(-bu)-sa; 33, ikribi-is-tar, the first two names are probably to be united into one (cf. note 8 on p. 51). Still more remarkable is the case in which we have four names for a single group, in 7, 1 1 , 3-6. There are also so many variants and errors in this group, that it is necessary to discuss it in detail; placing the several texts side by side we have: 6, IV; 8, II 7- I* 60, 11-111 106. lu-e-a 107. 108. lu-sa-lim 109. lu-me-ldm lii-e-a lu-da-ri lu-sa-lim lu-i-mi-ti lugal-e-a lugal-sa-lim lugal-me-ldm This group, besides the irregularity as to the number of the names, presents also difficulties in their translation. There seems to be no doubt that the variant lugal- in No. 60 is to be disregarded and considered a scribal error for lit. From the variant of No. 7 we can also safely conclude that the original text wrote these names as follows: lu-e-a, lu-sa-lim and lu-me- ldm. The similarity of the signs lit and lugal will explain the error of No. 60. But text 7 gives four names in place of the original three of the Syllabary. Of these, lu-i-mi-ti certainly corresponds to lu-me-lam, 1 and lu-sa-lim is a different phonetic writing for lu-sa-lim. But the scribe encountered a difficulty in the name lu-e-a, and added to it lu-da-ri, as his interpretation. 1 M e-lam =melammu, “terrible, fearful splendor,” which is also used in the sense of “fear, terror” (cf. MA HIVB, p. 550b). We can therefore suppose me-lam to be equal to imitu, “terror, fright” (cf. imtu in MA HWB). If this be right, imiti in this name will not mean "my right hand” but “my terror.” EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 31 But, apart from what the scribe of No. 7 may have thought about these names, how shall we explain them? Are they to be read in Akkadian or Sumerian? In deciding this question, we must bear in mind that, in all other instances, the three names of each group constantly belong to the same language. As a Sumerian name, lu-me-lam would be perfectly regular and intelligible. Lii-e-a and lii-sa-lim, however, would present a wrong spelling. Lii-e-a cannot be “The man of the god Ea,” because the element e-a is always used in Akkadian names. We should expect a-wi-il-e-a or a-wil-e-a, which would correspond to the Sumerian lu- d en-ki d Lii-sa-lim would be meaningless in Sumerian, and present a bad spelling in Akkadian, if the name is to be transliterated (as generally assumed) awil-sa-lim. To consider lii as the personal name of some god would be of very little use, because it would leave unexplained both the name lii-e-a and the reason why the Akkadian lii-sa-lim should be placed in the same group with the Sumerian lu-me-lam. We must therefore fall back upon the interpretation sug- gested by No. 7 and consider these three names as Akkadian. Lii-e-a corresponds to lu-da-ri. Here lii is used phonetically for lii and is equal to lu-u; e-a, for UD-DU-a must correspond to darn “to be lasting, be eternal.” 1 2 Lii-sa-lim is equal to lu-sa-lim, and lii-me-lam to lu-i-mi-ii. All the three names are abbre- viated either in the first element or in the last. Relation of the Names in Each Group The three names of each group will always stand in some relation to one another. This relation may be of different kind, 1 Cf. PPN, p. 3 1, and below, p. 37 f. 2 The sign e would be used phonetically for e' ( = UD-DU), which means asu “to go out,” situ “the marching out,” and which could also have the similar meanings of satu “eternity,” and dam “to be lasting, to be eternal.” 32 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION but will always be present, thus offering the great advantage of permitting to explain one name by means of the other two. (1) The three names may begin with the same word, as happens in most of the cases. This word may either be: (a) A noun, as in 46, nu-ur-i-li; 47, nu-ur-i-U-a; 48, nu-ur-i-li-su; 34, nig-dug-ga-ni; 35, mg- d ba-u; 36, ni(g)-ga- d nanna; or ( b ) The name of a god, as in 1 10 , d sin-re u; 1 1 1, d sin-ri-me-ni; 1 12, d sin- ri-{u-su; \, d ninni-ur; 2, d ninni-dug; 3, d ninni-ur-sag; (c) A verbal element, as in 119 , ib-ni-anum; 1 20, ib-ni-e-a; 1 2 1 , lb-ni- d lM; 281, i-bi-ik- d da-gan; 282, i-bi-ik-e-a; 283, i-bi-ik-'is-lar , etc. (2) The three names may end with the same element or sound: 275, cir-wi-um; 276, ar-wi-tnm; 277, ar-na-ab-tum; 533, a-{iim; 534, a-ma-fum; 535, hu-un-^um; 326, e-ki-bi; 327, uru- ki-bi; 328, sal-ki-bi, etc. (3) The three names of each group may be equal in meaning, i. e. they may contain the same general idea expressed in different form. This is very well brought out by text 7, which, after having translated one name, simply glosses the other two “ sa-a-na .” (Cf. above, p. 28.) Cf. also 937, [a-ha-n\u-ta; 938, [a-ba-a]r-si; 939, \a-ha\-nir-si; 569, mes-ki-ag-an-[na?], 570, mes-ki-ag-nun-na; 571, mes-an-ni-pa(d)-da; 341, sir?-bur?~ la?- ki ki-dug; 342, uri ki -ki-dug; 343, sir-bu r-la-ki-aiag-ga. The three names may also be abbreviated in the second element, and only contain the name of a temple, /. e. 403, e-gir-kalam-ma; 404, e-sag-il-i; 405, e-lii-bi-nu-sub-bu; etc., or that of a god, e. g. 606, en-IB; 607, en-{ii?; 608, en-I\AL; 284, ama-ku-KAL; 28s, arna-SU-CA L-BI ; 286, ama-A-TU , etc. Besides these special relations, (4) All groups will always contain names belonging to the same language. This may be either Akkadian, Sumerian, Amoritic, or possibly also some unknown foreign language. It is unnecessary to point out the EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 33 Akkadian and Sumerian names which, in equal proportion, con- stitute the bulk of the Syllabary. Among the Amoritic names we may tentatively class the groups beginning with: 7, ir-BAR- anum(?); 16, di-ma?-ik; 19, ti-i{-gi; 64, i-U-pu-ti; 67, di-wi- ir-mu-ti; 91, mu-tum-el; 189, i-lt-am-ra-an-ni; 201, i-sar- ; 275, ar-wi-um; 278, ik-bi-el; 281, i-bi-ik- d da-gan; 31 1, tu-li- id- d samsi(-si); 329, nu-ur- d da-gan; 353, a-{um; 365, KUR-ku; 572, si-it-ti; 575, ha-al-lum; 640, a-ra-ab- . . . . ; 643, pu?-un?~ .... In the present state of our knowledge of Sumerian, it is difficult to decide if some of the names, which are written in the Sumerian phonetic style, may not in reality be foreign. The remarkable variants which some of them present seem to indi- cate that their correct pronunciation had not yet been fixed. Compare the following, which are probably names of gods: 356, ba-ga-ai (var. ga-e-ga-ag); 357, ka-ga(r)-gu-na (var. ga-e- ga-ag-gu-na) ; 358, ka-ma-ni-ii; 415, KA-KA-ga-ab-KAL; 416, KA-KA-LA L?-bi; 417, KA-mu-[r]i?-a (var. KA-mn-ri-ga). Relation of the Groups to One Another While it is comparatively easy to determine the relation- ship which binds together the three names of each group, it is impossible to get a clear idea of the principle which governs the succession of the different groups. Negatively we can point out that: (1) The groups are not arranged according to the form of the first sign with which they begin, since we find many names beginning with the same sign, and separated by long intervals: e. g. KAL in 10 f., 245 f., 612 f . ; E, 22 f., 403 f., 412 f.; SU, 52 f., 384 f., 539 f., etc. (2) The groups are not arranged according to the phonetic value of their first sign. Cf. nu-ur-..., 46 f., 329 f., 442 f.; 34 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION /-//-. . . , 64 f., 189 f., 566 f. ; lugal-. . 818 f., 928 f.; e, 22 f., 403 f., 412 f., etc. (3) The groups are not related to one another through the meaning of their names. A glance through the Syllabary will be sufficient to establish this point. (4) The groups are not arranged according to the language to which the names belong. No definite order is to be discovered in the continuous change from Sumerian to Semitic. (5) In text 23, V, 6-8, the group 359-61 is placed in a different setting. It is to be noted, however, that in some few instances the succession of the groups seems to have been influenced: (1) By the similarity of meaning, as in the group 94-6, i-tur-anum, i-tur-e-a, i-tur- d l M , with 97-9, li-tur, li-tur-ru, li-tur- ru-ni? ; the group ending with sir-bur-la-ki-a^ag-ga (343) is followed by another beginning with amar-ki-a^ag-ga; names composed with ama “mother” (284 f.) are immediately followed by others composed with ad-da “father” (287 f.). (2) By the similarity of sound: (278-80) ik-bi-anum, ik-bi- l urn , ik-bi-ir-ra is followed by (281-3) i-bi-ik- d da-gan;i-bi-ik-e-a; i-bi-ik-is-tar ; ( 1 1 6-8) i-tul-anum, -e-a, - d IM is followed by ib-ni-anum, -e-a, - d I M . (3) By the similarity of construction: (122-4) u-bar-ru-um, u-bar-ru-ni, u-bar- d sin and (125-7) tas-me-tum, tas-me-a-ni, tas- me-is-tar. (4) By the language. While, as has been stated, no definite order is followed in the succession of the groups belonging to different languages, nevertheless groups of Sumerian and Semitic names generally follow one another. In some instances, as many as eight of them form an unbroken succession, but the Amoritic names are not distinguished from the Akkadian. Cf. Nos. 107-133; 284-300; 341-364; 400-423. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 35 Purpose of the Syllabary From the construction of the Syllabary it is possible to form an idea as to its purpose. The relations of the groups which have just been pointed out cannot be explained on any other ground than of being due to association of ideas. The redactor of the Syllabary endeavored to present, in a com- paratively brief compass, samples of all the different name formations with which he was acquainted, and wrote them down in the order in which they occurred to him. It is unlikely that the names were copied from other lists. While several of them recur again in the lists of Pts. II and III, they generally are not found in the same sequence . 1 Both the Syllabary and the lists thus represent the priestly effort to classify and bring into order the mass of different names which we find in existence in old Babylonian times. We may even go further and suppose that such compositions as these may have been actually used as a guide in giving names to children, thus serving the purpose for which the calendar of saints of the Catholic Church is now employed. Since, however, some of the texts go back to a very old period , 2 we would be obliged to relegate to the distant past the time in which the father was left entirely free to name his child in accordance to his special feelings and circumstances. The Variants Our texts abound in variants but, since these are all given in the transliterations of the names, it is not necessary to present them again in a complete table. They may, however, be thus classified : Exception is made by the groups: 350-2=Pt. Ill 263-5; 937~9~Pt- II 1008-10, and probably 76-8= Pt. Ill 206-8. 2 Cf. above, p. 17 f. 36 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION (1) Those which are probably due to incorrect writing of the names, and may therefore be considered as scribal errors: e. g. 90, h-Ii, for se-li-li; 1 02, dur-an-ki, for me-dur-an-ki ; 366, KUR-’i-TUR, for KUR-i-i. Cf. also Nos. 30, 106-8-9, 338, 433 . 434 - 439 - (2) Those in which a part of the name is more or less arbitrarily changed, and therefore cannot be considered as real variants : (a) The name of the god is changed: 362. du(g)-ga- d a-md-md, for du(g)-ga- d ba-u. 442. nu-ur-la-ir, for nu-ur-ku-bi. Cf. also Nos. 437, 441 . (b) The nominal or verbal element is changed: 44. lu-lu-dan-ni, for Hu-lu-ba-ni . 487. d I M-na-wi-ir, d I M-tappum, d I M-ma-lik, for d I M-na-da. 488. d I M-ha-{i-ir, for d I M-na-si. Cf. also Nos. 292. (3) Those in which the names appear in a more complete form in some texts than in others: 72. Cf. ma-an-nu-um-ma-hir-su and its many other variants. 294. en-sibir-ra-tum-ma and en-sibir-a^ag-tum-ma. Some of the gods are written with or without the determin- ative for deity: Cf. d lit-lu, d EN-T I-DI , d a-ba, etc., in Nos. 43-5, 52, 280, 331, 443. (4) Those resulting from different phonetic writing of the signs. If the phonetic character of the Sumerian language had not already been well established, these names could be used for that purpose. But, in any case, they will serve to prove Poebel’s contention (in PPN), that the Sumerian names ought EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 37 to be read and pronounced in Sumerian. Moreover, the theory that Sumerian names are translations from the Akkadian, and that the persons who bore them were Semites, 1 is also to be abandoned. While in some few cases the names of one language may have been translated into the other, 2 the great majority of both the Akkadian and Sumerian names are independent in origin. The variants in question may be divided into: (a) Phonetic variants in Sumerian names of gods and temples : 356. ga-e-ga-ag and ka-ga-a{. 357. ga-e-ga-ag-gu-na, tor ka-ga(r)-gu-na. 404. e-sag-il-i, e-sag-tl-e, and e-sag-il-il?-i. Cf. also Nos. 22, 136, 236-8, 287-9, 4°3- 4°5> 4 17. (b) Phonetic variants in the other elements of Sumerian names : 233. i-ku-un-[DA R], and e-ku-un-DAR. 234. i-si-im-[DA R\ and e-si-in-DAR. 235. e-MA-SU-a, and e-ku-mu-[a ?]. 296-8. ma-a-ge-es-, and ma-ge-es-. Cf. also Nos. 25-6, 74, 289, 295. (c) Phonetic variants in the Akkadian and Amoritic names: 124. u-bar- d sin, and u-bar-ru~ d sin. 1 29. d aba-ri-me-it, and d a-ba-ri-mi-it. Cf. also Nos. 33, 69, 1 16, 279, 333, 365, 573, and 67-9. di-PI-ir- and di-BI-ir-. 275. ar-pu-um, ar-mit-e-nm, ar-wi-um. 276. ar-mi-tum, and ar-wi-tum. The last two names quoted are especially interesting because they show that the phonetic value of the letters m, p and b was 1 Cf. Huber, HPN, p. 2-3; against this, Thureau-Dangin, ZA 20 p. 246 fT. 2 For Sumerian names translated into Akkadian, cf. note 10 on p. 58 and note 1 on p. 76. 38 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION very similar to that of the letter w, and that we shall have to correct accordingly the transliteration of many names. For instance, all those beginning with a-PIL-, which have been transliterated a-pil or a-bil and translated “son of,” are probably to be read a-wil and will correspond to the many other names written a-wi( = PI)-il “the man of ,..“ 1 In old Babylonian, the word for “son” is not aplu, but mam. The Names of the Gods In the Syllabary there is no great variety in the names of gods. In some few groups no special gods are mentioned, and the names end in -i-U, -i-U-a, -i-U-su. (Cf. din- (4-6), ddn- (10-12), nu-ur- (46-48), tab- (49-51.) In all these instances it is clear that, in the Syllabary at least, i-U does not mean “my god,’’ but “of god,” since i-U-a is clearly “my god.” This fact has to be taken in account in the translation of such names. Another large group is composed with -AN, -e-a, - d lM. Cf. i-snr- (40-2), i-tur- (94-6), i-tul- ( 1 1 6—8), ib-ni- (1 19-21), i{-kur- (965-7.) In all these names, it is evident that the sign AN stands for annm, and not Hum, since it is accompanied by the names of two other gods. In the Introduction to the Akkadian lists of Pt. II, I shall endeavor to prove that the sign AN is to be read anum also when it appears as the first element of the name. But here another problem presents itself. The three gods Anu, Ea, IM naturally remind us of the triad Anu, Enlil, Ea. 2 Why is it that Enlil, the patron god of Nippur, should be entirely ignored in a composition redacted in a priestly school, which was located under the very shadow of his famous temple? In the three groups which present variants in the 1 Cf. Ranke RPN. p. 220, note 1. 2 Cf. Jastrow, Rel. I, 102. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 39 third name, one has AK (No. 9), the significance of which is uncertain to me, since the first element of the name is doubtful: a second has be-U (No. 15), which may either refer to any god or be a phonetic rendering of the sign ‘IM, and the third d sin (No. 63). Enlil is mentioned only twice in the Syllabary in the name a-mur- d en-lil (No. 368), which is followed by a-mur-be-li (the third name of the group is missing), and nabi- 1 en-lil (No. 82), followed by - d sin, -i-l'i-su. A simple way of solving the difficulty could be found in the equation d IM = d en-lil. The ideograph d lM is already employed for the names of so many deities, that it would not be surprising if it should also turn out to be used for Enlil. Moreover, the attributes of all the deities which are represented by the ideo- graph d IM, are absolutely identical with those of Enlil, who is the god of the storm and atmospheric conditions. This identi- fication, however, must, for the time being, remain as doubtful. What is certain, is that the triad Anu, Ea and 1 M is a Semitic counterpart of the Sumerian Ana, Enlil and Enki. Another interesting group is (381-3) ta-din-is-tar , ta-din- a-ba, ta-din-nu-nu. Since the first two names are those of feminine deities, we are led to infer that nu-nu represents also a goddess. In the documents, names composed with nu-nu are generally masculine. 1 In a last class, we have the groups (281-3) i-bi-ik- d da-gan , -e-a, -is-tar; (329-31) nu-ur- d da-gan, -is-tar, - d ga-ga; (311-12) [ 1 tu-li-id -. . .], tu-li-id- d samsi{-si), -ga-ga. The first group is un- doubtedly Amoritic. Instead of Anu, Ea and IM we find three Amoritic deities. Dagan and Istar had already been pointed out by Ranke 2 as being the only two gods which have 1 Cf. RPN, p. 205 and note 6. 2 Ibid., p. 27. 40 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION been found in Amoritic names. Ea is also discovered in the list of Amoritic names (Ft. II, No. i Col. X, 1-3), where we find: na-ap-li-{i-el, na-ap-li-^i-e-a, na-ap-li-{i-'is-tar . The group nu-ur- d da-gan, -is-tar, -ga-ga justifies us in regard- ing Gaga, 1 as well as Samas, associated with the latter in Nos. 31 1-2, as two other representatives of the West-Semitic pantheon; it is especially interesting to note that Samas is here regarded as a feminine deity. 1 On the different ways of writing this name, cf. note 2 on p. 67. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 41 THE SCHOOL TEXTS The school texts, whatever may be their contents (cf. above, p. 1 6 ), present to us so many peculiar characteristics, to be found in no other class of Babylonian tablets, that they well deserve a special study. Their special features clearly divide them in four different groups : 1. The Typical School Exercises; II. The Round Tablets ; III. The Model Texts; IV. The Irreg- ular Texts. I. The Typical School Exercises This is the most interesting group of school texts. The tablets of this class are large and, since the interest in them was only temporary, they are not baked. 1 The documents are therefore badly weathered and always fragmentary. In all the three parts of this volume, there is not a single text of this kind which has reached us in good condition: if it were not for the many duplicates and for the help of the model texts, the task of editing them would have been an impossible one. As I have mentioned, the texts of this group are written on large, unbaked tablets. But one single tablet is never the work of only one person: we have often two, and generally three different authors. Strange as this may seem, it becomes very clear upon a closer study of the documents. In this group, the obverse of the tablet is always divided into two columns, of which the first is the work of the teacher. 2 1 The only baked text of this group is Pt. 1, No. 20. 2 In Pt. I, 33 (the obverse has not been published), and Pt. II, 67, the teacher’s model is written on the right side of the obverse. 42 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION The characters are large and beautifully formed, clearly indicat- ing a person well acquainted with the art of writing, and who takes great pains to make his work perfect in every detail. Immediately opposite to this column, we have the work of the pupil who, not as yet able to write without having a model immediately by the side, endeavors to reproduce as well as he can what has been written by the teacher on the first column of the tablet (cf. Pt. I, i Obv.; 45 Obv.; Pt. II, 23 Obv.). In fact, we have in these old Babylonian tablets the exact counterpart of the modern writing book, in which the left page is printed with the calligraphic model, and that on the right is left in blank, to be filled by the pupil. As in modern times, these copies are far from being perfect. The poor scribbling would be well nigh unreadable, if a becoming modesty had not suggested to the student to immediately destroy his own work. In most of the tablets of this class, this column has been either cut off (cf. below, p. 43), or has been so thoroughly erased, by pressing the stylus upwards and downwards on the writing, that often all we can see of the pupil’s work are a few wedges here and there (cf. Pt. I, 20; Pt. II, 23), or simply a difference of level in the tablet, caused by excessive scraping (Pt. I, 6, 60, 63, etc,). The difference is at times so great, as to suggest that possibly the column may have been used by more than one student, or several times by the same student, the inscription being care- fully erased as soon as completed. 1 The reverse of the tablet is always divided into four columns 2 and inscribed by another pupil who, being more advanced, knows how to write without having the model immediately by the side, as the one who had attempted to copy the obverse. His work, though still imperfect, both in accuracy and writing, 1 On tablets being used over and over again, cf. below, p. 45. 2 With the exception of Pt. I, No. 45 Rev., which has three columns. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 43 is almost readable and, with the help of duplicates, would permit us to gather a more or less exact knowledge of the contents of the tablet; unfortunately also in the case of the reverse, the pupils, or their teachers, have decided that their work was not worthy of being preserved, so that it was often destroyed not through erasure, but by cutting off from the tablet as much as was possible, without destroying the teacher’s model in the first column of the obverse (cf. Pt. 1 , 19, 58, 59; Pt. 1 1 1 , 27, 50). This has not been done in every case, but of a number of tablets we have only one half, this being constantly the left part, and always containing the teacher’s model and about two columns of the reverse. That this mutilation was wilful and not accidental, is clearly shown by the deep incisions which were made with the stylus on the tablet, so as to produce an even break. The part thus cut off was not preserved: not a single text, containing only part of the reverse and still showing the marks of the stylus, has reached us. Since, as we have seen, the reverse of these tablets is the work of different persons than those who inscribed the obverse, we need not be surprised to find that the two faces of every tablet become more or less independent from each other. So in some texts the columns of the reverse run from left to right, instead of from right to left (cf. Pt. I, 20 and 47); this makes it difficult to decide, where the content does not help us, what the order of the columns is on the reverse. It is impossible even to rely on the shape of the tablets, since Pt. I, 22, has the obverse convex and the reverse perfectly flat. 1 This independ- 1 This may he explained on the supposition that the second column of the obverse (the pupil’s exercise) may have been inscribed after the reverse had already been completed. Or possibly we may find here a proof of the fact that the pupil’s column on the obverse was used more than once (cf. above, p. 42). 44 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION ence of the two faces of the tablet is also illustrated by Pt. Ill, 46, which, instead of turning on the lower edge, turns on the right edge, like a leaf in a book. The above discussed group of school texts is the most numerous; to it belong: Pt. I, Nos. 1, 6, 19, 20, 22, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 47, so, 52, 53. 5 8, 59, 60, 61, 63, and several other fragments of which too little is preserved for a clear classification. I think it unnecessary to give the references for Pts. 1 1 and 1 1 1 since texts of this kind can be easily recognized. Special mention in this group is deserved by the Yokha tablets, published in Pt. Ill, Nos. 51-57 (cf. above, p. 17). They are beautifully inscribed and perfectly preserved. It is very interesting to observe that, though differing in some respects from the Nippur school texts, they still agree in the general characteristics with the other tablets of this group, and are therefore to be classed with them. Of all seven, the only portion which has been preserved for us is the first column of the obverse, containing the teacher’s model. The rest has in every case been cut off with a sharp instrument, probably a knife. After being thus mutilated, the tablets have been thoroughly baked, thus showing that the teacher’s model was to be kept for further use by the students. And it was well worth preserving. While in all the Nippur texts the teacher’s work is very carefully and regularly written, in these Yokha models the copy has been made so neat and perfect, in every little detail, that it is no exaggeration to say that these tablets are real works of art. In contrast with the Nippur texts, the reverse is not inscribed. Only in one tablet (Pt. Ill, 51), the reverse has been used for copying an account, which is also very beautifully made. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 45 II. The Round Tablets Another characteristic group of school texts is that of the round tablets. In the documents here published the obverse is flat and the reverse always convex, but in tablets of an earlier period both sides of the tablet are flat. The obverse generally contains four lines of inscription, of which the first two are written by the teacher, and the other two by the student; lines i and 3, 2 and 4, will therefore be equal in their contents. It may be noted here that the pupil’s work is generally very good, and in some cases so perfect as to make it impossible to distinguish the difference in handwriting; tablets which show such difference are Pt. 1 1 , 41 ; Pt. 1 1 1 , 34, 48. In one tablet (Pt. II, 41), the work of the teacher is placed not above that of the student, but on the left of the tablet: the pupil’s exercise being written immediately by its side, as was the case with the obverse of the texts discussed in the preceding group. Another document (Pt. II, 58) has only one line of writing, and it is difficult to decide whether some other inscrip- tion was to be added to it, and for some reason has been omitted, or whether the text was made to remain in this condition for a memorandum, or for some other practical purpose. But the most striking characteristic of this group of tablets lies in the fact that we find here the nearest approach to a “palimpsest” to be discovered in the Babylonian and Assyrian literature. Applying the term palimsest to clay tablets, we must be prepared to enlarge somewhat the meaning of the word, but the fact remains that the tablets in question were used over and over again, for different inscriptions. In making the tablets, the soft clay was rolled into a ball, which was afterwards flattened against a level surface. On the flattened side the inscription was made. In some instances the 46 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION scribe, after having completed his exercise, instead of throwing it away, would use the clay for another tablet. He would roll it again into another ball, and flatten it a second time. The result was that the first inscription was not completely effaced and appeared again, in a more or less distorted form, either on the obverse or on the reverse of the new tablet (cf. Pt. II, 66; Pt. Ill, 14). In this group of texts, the reverse is not inscribed. The only exception is offered by Pt. II, 66, which also differs from the others in having two lines of inscription on the obverse, and four in the reverse: the two sides are the work of different pupils and in neither one do we find the teacher’s model. Texts of this group are: Pt. I, 18; Pt. 11,41, 58, 66; Pt. Ill, 2, 14, is, 32, 34, 41, 4s, 48, 49. Notice the predominance of Sumerian texts (Pt. Ill); and the fact that the Syllabary (Pt. I) is not represented at all, the only tablet of this kind which has been published there (Pt. I, 18) having been included simply for reference. III. The Model Texts The designation of this group of documents as “model texts,’’ would seem to offer some ground for objection, because we have seen that, in both of the above discussed groups of school texts, part of the tablet was written by the teacher and was to be used just for a model. I am, however, restricting the meaning of the expression “model texts’’ so as to include only that class of tablets from which even the teacher’s models were copied. In other words, the original document which furnished the text for the school exercises. I have not called them “the original texts’’ because they, too, are copies of other tablets which in some instances must have been even older than those which are here published. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 47 These model texts, of which unfortunately we have not very many, are easily to be distinguished from the school exercises above discussed, because they always possess all of these special characteristics: (i) The tablets are well inscribed, with charac- ters well spaced and uniform, since otherwise they could and would not be used as models. (2) They are always baked, being especially designated for continuous reference. (3) Each tablet deals with the same subject on both the obverse and the reverse; 1 the columns are therefore to be numbered in the proper way, i. e. those of the reverse will always run from right to left. (4) The tablets are generally large, having been made of the size required to contain the complete inscription. Texts of this class are naturally very valuable, and it is only to be regretted that they are not as numerous as we might desire. In Pt. I cf. Nos. 2, 4, 7, 37, 46, 62. IV. The Irregular Texts In this last group I have put together those tablets the chief characteristic of which is that they depart from the other school texts and follow the accepted rules of tablet making. They are written throughout by the same person; the tablets turn regularly on the lower edge, and the columns of the reverse are always in proper rotation. Some of these tablets are remarkably similar to the model texts, but they differ from them by not being baked (Pt. I, 41, etc.); in some instances they are shown to be exercises by the fact that they do not include the whole text, but only a portion of it (Pt. I, 5; Pt. II, 35; Pt. Ill, 44, 46, etc.); the 1 There is no exception to this rule in the documents published in this volume; note, how- ever, that HGT No. 142 (cf. GT, p. 57) contains both a list of phrases composed with the word “te” and paradigms of the Sumerian verb. 48 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION pupil’s work is also betrayed by the poor handwriting (Pt. II, 34), or by the bad way in which the columns are divided (Pt. I, 5). Lastly, some other school exercises are easily to be recog- nized as such, because they contain the same portion of text repeated over and over again (Pt. Ill, 31, 33). In closing, it will not be superfluous to remind the reader that the classification of school texts which is given above, has been based, not only upon the documents published in the three parts ot this volume, but also on the study of a large number of other school texts, now in the University Museum, which have been assigned to me for future publication. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 49 TRANSLITERATIONS AND TRANSLATIONS 1 First Tablet of the Syllabary 2 1. d ninni-ur , 3 “Ninni is fertile,” 4. I. i J 47. I. 3! 56, 1. Also in HLC; HPN ( d in- nanna-ur), etc. 2. d ninni-dug, ‘‘Ninni is perfect” (var. d ninni-sag, 56, 2), 4, I, 2; 47, I, 4. Also in HPN ( d innanna-ka) ; In. II, 720, 923, IV; BM 103403, I, 15 (in CT 32, 36). Cf. nin-dug, in Pt. Ill, and lugal-dug, TC 19, Obv. 3. d ninni-ur-sag, ‘‘Ninni is a war- rior,” 4, I, 3; (6, I, 3); 47, I, 5; (56, 3)- Cf. Ingal-nr-sag, ST II. 4. din-i-li (Abbrev.), ‘‘The choice of god,” 4 5 4, I, 4; (6, I, 4); (20, I, 1); (47, I, 6). Cf. di-in-ili-Iu-mur and di-in- d samas-lu-mur, in CPN. 5. din-i-U-a (Abbrev.), ‘‘The choice of my god,” 4,1,5; (6, 1 , 5) ; 20, I, 2; (47, I, 7). 6. din-i-li-su (Abbrev.), ‘‘The choice of his god,” 4, I, 6; (6, 1,6); 20, I, 3. 7. ir-BAR-anum , 3 4, I, 7; 6, I, 7; (14, I, 1); 20, I, 4. 8. ir-BAR-e-a, 4, I, 8; 5, I, 1; (6, I, 8); (14, I, 2); 20, I, 5- 1 In rendering the Sumerian names, 1 have adopted the transliteration of signs given by Delitzsch in his Sutnerisches Glossar, (p. XXV f. and 289 f.). To do so, I have been prompted by the desire of avoiding, in as far as possible, the inevitable confusion which arises out of the use of many different systems of transliteration. In the few cases in which, for any reason, I have been obliged either to change or to supplement Delitzsch’s renderings, I have called attention to the fact in footnotes. In my quotations from the different books, I have also been obliged to change somewhat the transliterations, as it was absolutely necessary to have all signs rendered in a uniform way. Whenever this change would have rendered difficult to find a name, especially in books in which the names are given in alphabetical order, either the original trans- literation has been added in parentheses ( ) or the quotation is made to refer directly to the original text. In referring to the tablets of this volume, 1 have included in parentheses ( ) those quotations in which the names are badly destroyed or otherwise unreadable. Wherever any questions arise as to the correctness of my transliterations, the references not included in parentheses should therefore be the first to be compared. 2 Cf. discussion on p. 24. 3 Cf. Huber, HPN, p. 113, note 5. 4 “Choice, or decision in favor of;’’ cf. MA HBIV, p. 259. 5 The three names are Akkadian or Amoritic, because No. 8 is composed with e-a. 50 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION 9. ir-BAR-AK , x 4, I, 9; 5, I, 2; (6, 1,9); (14, 1, 3); 20, I, 6. 10. dan-i-li (Abbrev.), “The might of god,” 4, 1, 10; 5, I, 3; (6, 1, 10); (14, I, 4); (cf. Nos. 245-7 and 612). Also In, II 779, 815; LC. Cf. dan-i-li, Man, A, 14, 4; da-an-i-li, SAD 11,3; da-an- anum, VS VIII 101, 18; dan-an- 1 amurru and dan-an- d nergal, in CPN. 11. dan-i-li-a (Abbrev.), “The might of my god," 4, I, 11; 5, 1,4; (6, I, 11); (20, 1,8). 12. dan-i-li-lu (Abbrev.), “The might of his god,” 1 Rev. I, 3:4, I. 12:5, I.5; 6, 1,12; (20, 1 , 9). Cf. dan-ili-su, VS VIII, 17, 2. 13. ri-is-anum (Abbrev.), “First is Ann ,“ 2 1 Rev. I, 4; 4, I, 13; 5, I, 6; 6, I, 13; (20, I, 10). Also in RPN, and cf. ri-es-ilu-rabu, ri-is- e-ri-ib-su, ri-is-na-pa-ah-su, ri-is(-es) arab u-lu-li(-hi), ri- sat-i-na-se-ri-tim, in CPN. 14. ri-is-e-a (Abbrev.), “First is Ea,” 1 Rev. I, 5; 4, I, 14; 5, 1,7; 6, I, 14; 20, I, ii. Cf. ri-is- d samas, RPN. 15. ri-is-be-li (Abbrev.), “First is my lord,” 1 Rev. I, 6; 5, I, 8; (6, I, 15). Also TD 60 Obv. 7. 16. di-ma?-ik (Abbrev.), 3 5, I, 9; 6, I, 16; 44, 1; (51, I, 1). 17. i-^a-ri-ik (Abbrev.), “He has scattered,” 5, I, 10; 6, I, 17; 44, 2 ; 51, 1, 2. 4 18. be-lt-a-ri-ik, “My lord has 6, I, 18; 44, 3; (51, 1, 3). Also SA, 1 (in RA, 9, p. 57). Cf. be-U-a-rt( = ER)-ik, GTD 5504 Obv. I, 20 and TRU 1 81, 3; i-{u-a-ri-ik in GTD. 19. U-i{-gi (Abbrev.), 5 6 “The storm- ing one” (var. ti-gi s 6, 1, 19; ti-gi, 44, 4), 20, II, 1; 42 Rev. II, 1 ; (51, I, 4). 20. ti-i{-kar (Abbrev.), “Exalted ....,” 6, I, 20; 20, II, 2; (26 Rev. 1 ) ; (42 Rev. 11,2); (44, 5); (51, I, 5). Cf. ti-i{-kar- d samas, VS VII, 17, 16 ( = 26, 20); VS VIII 27, 23; 30, 10; te-i{-kar- d samas, VS VIII, 33,' 5; VATh 705, 5 (in OLZ 9, 204); ti-i{-ga-ru-um, VS XIII 59 Rev. 1; 94 Rev. ' 5 - ‘On the sign AK cf. p. 38. 2 Ungnad’s rendering of ri-is as “servant of" (Dilbat, p. 128) appears doubtful in view of the fact that, in the names above quoted, ri-is clearly refers to the second element of the name. Cf. also d Samas-ri-is VS XIII 33 Obv. 3. 3 The sign ma appears as KU in some of the text. This name is generally badly written and uncertain. The three names of this group are p'robably Amoritic. 4 Duplicate CBS 6380 has i-ia-ik (scribal error). 6 The group is Amoritic. 6 The two variants might be scribal errors. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 51 21. 1 i-[iz\-kar- d da-gan, “Exalted is Dagan,” 2, I, 1-2 ; L 6, 1, 21-22; 1 20, II, 3; 2 26 Rev. 2; 2 42 Rev. II, 3 ; 3 51,1,6. Occurs also in a list of Amoritic names, to be pub- lished in Pt. II, No. 252. 22. e-pad-e (Abbrev.), “E-pad (var. e-pad, 42 Rev. II, 4 ) 4 5 6 2,1,3; (omitted in 6, I); 20, II, 4; (26, Rev. 3); (51, 1,7). 23. e-IGI + E-e b (Abbrev.), “E-u(g) ....,” 1 Rev. 1 1, 1 ; 2, I, 4; (omitted in 6, 1); 20, II, 5 ; (26 Rev. 4); (42, II, 5). Cf. also e-gi-dag-e (written e-lGl-DAG-e) in TD 59 Obv. 15. 24. e-e-ba-ab-du, “The temple is made beautiful,” 1 Rev. II, 2; 2, I, 5; (omitted in 6, I) ; 20, 11,6; 26 Rev. 5. Cf. e-e, In. II, 4596, 5818; e-e-a-na-ag, TSA 47 Obv. IV, 3; an-ni-ba-ab-du, LAD, LBD, etc.; an-ni-ba-du, ur- ri-ba-ab-du, ur-ri-ba-du in RTiih. 0 25. a-[ur] (var. a-?, 2, I, 6; kal?-ur, 1 Rev. IE3) (Abbrev.), 6, I, 23; 26 Rev. 6. 26. sag-ur (var. sag-?, 2, I, 7) (Abbrev.), 1 Rev. II, 4; 6, I, 24; 20, 1 1, 8; 26 Rev. 7. 27. ba-{ur (Abbrev.), 1 Rev. II, 5; 2, I, 8; 6, I, 25; 20, II, 9. 28. i-lu-{u (Abbrev.), “His divinity . . .,” 1 Rev. IE5; (2, I, 9); 6, I, 26; 20, II, 10; 29, I, 1). 29. i-lu-{u-ma (Abbrev.), “His di- vinity truly ” (var. i-lu-{u-nu, 1 Rev. II, 7), 2, 1, 10; (6, I, 27); (14, II, 1); 20, II, 1 1 ; 29, 1,2. 30. i-lu-iu-na-da, “His divinity is exalted” (var. i-lu-{u-ma- na-da, 29, I, 3; i-lu-ma- na-da, 20, II, 1 2) ; 7 (1 Rev. II, 8); 2, I, 1 1 ; (6, I, 28); (14. II- 2). 31. u-pa-kid (Abbrev.), “He has appointed...,” 8 (1 Rev. II, 1 The name is spread over two lines, separated by an horizontal line, and both preceded by a perpendicular wedge. Cf. discussion on p. 20. 2 Only ti-i{-kar has been copied. Cf. p. 20. 3 The tablet has only ti-i(- d da-gan? (scribal error). 4 This and the following are names of temples. Cf. e-pa(d)-da in SA 1 7133. The vowel e following them simply indicates that both names are subjects of sentences which here have been left incomplete. Cf. No. 404. 5 The sign IG1 + E has the phonetic value of u (SAI 7052, 7062) and itg (cf. DSG 1 .). 6 The phonetic value du for the sign UL is given by the name lugal-an-ni-ba-dn, written with the common sign du. Cf. Dehporte, in In. IV, 7421. • 7 Probably a scribal error for preceding. 8 This name is probably to be completed by the addition of the following two. In this Syllabary, the three names of each group are always related to each other in some way (cf. above, p. 3 1 f). Should we have to separate this name from the following, there would be no discoverable relationship in the group. Moreover, this would not be the only instance in which one name is spread over two lines (cf. above, note 1). By uniting the two names we would have: “He has appointed her offerings” (i. e. the offer- ing of Ishtar). This would give us the same name in two forms, and the group would con- sequently contain two names instead of three. 52 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM— BABYLONIAN SECTION 9); 2, I, 12; 4, II, i ; (14, II. 3); (29. I, 4); ( 3 1 > I. 0 - 32. ikribu(-bu)-sa (Abbrev.), “Her offerings,” 1 (1 Rev. II, 10); 2, I, 13; 4. N, 2; (5, II. 1); (6, II, 1); (9, 1); 18, 2-4; (29, 1, 5); (31, I, 2). 33. ikribi-i s-tar (Abbrev.), “The of- fering of Ishtar" (var. ikribi- (-bi)-i s-tar, 4, 1 1, 3), 2, I, 14; 5, 11,2; (6, 11,2); (9, 2) ; (20, 111, 1); (31, I, 3). Also VS IX 30, 4. Cf. GAZ - d sin, BB, RPN and GAZ- XXX, LC. 34. nig-du{g)-ga-ni, “His appointed one,” 2 (2, I, 15); 4, 11,4; 5, II, 3; (6, II, 3); (9, 3); (20, HI, 2); (31, I, 4); (49. •- 0- 35. nig- d ba-u, “The possession of Bau,” 4, II, 5 ; (5, II, 4) ; (6, 11,4); 9, 4; (20, III, 3); 31, 1, 5); 49, I, 2. Also TD 2 4 0bv. 4; HPN; In. II, 886; 931 ; IV, 7684; ST II. Cf. ni{g)-ga- d ba-ii, which al- so occurs, but is much rarer. HLC, HPN, and especially ST II. 36. ni(g)-ga- d nanna, “The posses- sion of Nanna,” 4, II, 6; (5, II, 5); (6, II. 5); (9, 5); (20, III, 4); (3., I, 6); 49, I, 3. Also LAD, RPN. Cf. Nig- d nanna, VS VI II, 6, Left Edge. 37. sa-lim-a-bi, “Perfect is Abi,” 3 4, IL7; (5, 11,6); (6, 11,6); (9, 6); 49, I, 4- 38. sa-lim-a-bi, “Perfect is Ahi,” 4, 11,8; 5, III, 1; (6, 11,7); (9, 7); (21, I, 1); 49, I, 5; 51, 11, 1; cf. sa-lim-a- bu-um, BM 103398, I, 14 (in CT 32, 19). 39. sa-lim-a-li, “Perfect is Ali” (var. sa-lim-a-lim, 55, I, 1; sa- lim-a-lim-a-lt-im, 4 49, I, 6; sa-lim-ni-a-ti, 1 Rev. Ill, 1; 9, 8; sa-lim-N I-A-AS 4, II, 9); 5. HI, 2 ; 5 (6, II, 8); (21, I, 2); 51, II, 2: (53, L 1). 40. i-sur-anum , 6 “Anu has pro- tected,” 1 Rev. Ill, 2; 4, II, 10; 5, III, 3; 6, II, 9; (9, 9); (19, I, 1); (21, I, 3); (49, 1, 7); 5 1 > II. 3; (53- I. 2); 55- I- 2. 41. i-sur-e-a, “Ea has protected,” 1 Rev. Ill, 3; 4- H, 11; 3, IIL4; 6, II, 10; (9, 10); (19, I, 2); 49, 1,8; 51, IL4; (53. I- 3 ): 55- I. 3- 42. i-sur- d IM, “IM has protected,” 1 Rev. Ill, 4; 4, II, 12; 5, II I, 5; 6, II, 1 1 ; (19, I, 1 Cf. TNB p. 320; SAI 3278; HR 31, 24e (Br. 4724). 2 Nig-du(g)-ga = adannu. 3 These names might also be translated “Safe is my father, safe is my brother,” but the elements abi, abi, are probably personifications, and do not refer to parental relations. The subject will be discussed in connection with the lists of Pt. II. 4 The scribe had first written a-lim, when he decided to write the name in full. 6 Cf. Warad-N I-A-AS in Pt. II No. 1474. 6 1 -}itr for is-sur. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 53 3); 5 i> ii, 5; (53. 1. 4); 55 - I, 4- 43. d lu-lu-dan, "Lulu is powerful” (var. lu-lu- kAr dan , 1 2 7, I, 1; lu-lu-dan, 5, 111, 6), 1 Rev. Ill, 5; 4, II, 13; (6, II, 12); (19, I, 4); (49, II, 2); (51, II, 6); (53, I, 5); 55, I, 5; (61, I, 1). 44. d lu-lu-ba-ni, "Lulu is creator” (var. lu-lu-ba-ni, 1 Rev. Ill, 6; 5, III, 7; lu-lu-dan-ni, "Lulu is my strength,” 7, I, 2), (4, II, 14); (6, IL 13); (19, I, 5); 25 Rev. I, 1; (53, I, 6); 61, I, 2. Cf. lu-lu-ba-ni, GTD and lii-lu- se-me, VS VIII 8, 25. 45. d lu-lu-eris, "Lulu has planted” (var. lu-lu-eris, 5, III, 8; 7, I, 3), 1 Rev. Ill, 7; ( 6 , II, 14); (>9, 6 ); 25 Rev. I, 2; (61, I, 3). 46. nu-ur-i-li (Abbrev.), "The light of god,” 1 Rev. Ill, 8; 5, III, 9; (6, II, 15); 7, I, 4; 22, I, 1; 25 Rev. I, 3; (49, II, 1), (61, I, 4) and cf. Nos. 326-8. Also in RPN, TD, GTD, HPN, In. II 812, etc. Cf. nur-e-a- sarru, nuri-su-unammir , nur- li-mur in CPN and nu-n-t-l't, In. IV, 78224 47. nu-ur-i-li-a (Abbrev.), "The light of my god,” 1 Rev. Ill, 9; (5, III, 10); (6, II, 16); 7, I, 5; (19, I, 8); 22, I, 2; (25 Rev. I, 4); (49, II, 2); (61, I, 5). 48. nu-ur-i-lt-su (Abbrev.), "The light of his god,” 1 Rev. III, io; (6, II, 17); 7, I, 6; 3 (19, I, 9); 22, I, 3; (25 Rev. I, 5); (49, H,3); (61, L 6). Also in CPN, RPN, BB, PSBA 21 p. 1 59. 49. tab-i-li (Abbrev.), 4 1 Rev. Ill, 1 1 ; (6, II, 18); (19, I, 10); 22, I, 4; 25 Rev. I, 6; (29, II, 1); (49, 11,4); (61, I, 7). Also In. II 623; BM 103403, Col. Ill, 13 (in CT 32, 37), etc. Cf. tab- sili-ili, tab-sili- d marduk, tab- sari - 1 amurru, tab - sari-' 1 la- mas, tab-rigim-su, tab-tu- kulti-su, in CPN. 30. tab-i-li-a (Abbrev.), 1 Rev. Ill, 12; 6, II, 19; (19, I, 11); 22, I, 3 ; 25 Rev. I, 7; (29, II, 2); (49.11,5): (6i,L8). 51. tab-i-H-su (Abbr.), 6, II, 20; (19, I, 12); (22, I, 6); 1 The gloss kur refers to d lu-lu, hut not to the pronunciation of the name. Cf. CT 25, 1 1, 32 and Br. 10729 and correct the readings d NU, d MAS. 2 Cf. Ungnad, Dilbat, p. 107, note 5. 3 Tablet No. 7 Col. 1 has the gloss: 130 hi-pu-u "destroyed.” This does not correspond with the Syllabary, as restored from the other texts, because only twenty-four names should be missing. Cf. discussion at p. 28 f. 4 The reading tab is well attested by the many instances in which the spelling is td-ab in RPN and CPN. These three names are abbreviated, and should be completed as “Good is the pro- tection of god, good is the help of god, etc.” 54 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION (25 Rev. 1 , 8 ); (28, 1 ) ; (29, II, 3); (61, I, 9); 1 (63 Rev. I, 1). 52. SU-EN-T I-DI , “The gift of Entidi” (var. SU- d EN-T[I- Dl }, 28, 2), 6, 1 1 , 21 ; (19, I. 13); (22, I, 7); (29, II, 4); (61 , I, 10) ; (63 Rev. 1,2); and cf. Nos. 384-6. 53. SU-dingir-ra , 2 “The gift of god,’ 6, 1 1, 22; (22, 1,8); (28, 3); 61, I, 11. 54. SU- d lugal, “The gift of Lugal,’’ 6, 11,23; (28,4); (47, II, 1); (53, II, 1); (61, I, 12). Also in RTCh 372, I, 5; AO 3317 (in RA V, p. 97). 55. KI-IB-ZI, 6, II, 24; (21, II, 1); 28, 5 ; 47, 11,2; 53, II, 2 ; 3 4 (61, I, 13). 56. DI-IB-DI, 6, II, 23; 21, 11,2; 28, 6; (31, II, 1); 47, II, 3; 53 - 11 - 3 - 37. DI-DA-NIp 6,11.26; 21,11,3; (28, 7); (31, II, 2); 47, 11. 4 ; 5 53, 11.4; (55. 11. 0. 58. A-KU-DI , 6 (6, IE27); 21,11,4; (31, II, 3); (47, II, 5); 53, II, 5; (55, 11,2); (57, 1). 59. A-KU-DI-MA, 5, IV, 1; (19, II, 1); 21, II, 5; (31, II, 4); (47, II, 6); 53, II, 6; 55, II. 3 ! ( 57 . 2). 60. A-KU-ZU-NU, (1 Rev. IV, 1); 3, IV, 2; (6, III, 1); 19, II, 2; 31, II, 5; (55, II, 4); 57 . 3 - 7 61. i-din-anum, “Anu has given,” 1 Rev. IV, 2; 5, IV, 3; 6, 111,2; 19, II, 3; 31, 11 , 6 ; 57, 4. Also in LBD, RPN, ST II, etc. 8 62. i-din-e-a, “Ea has given,” 1 Rev. IV, 3; 5, IV, 4; 6, IIE3; 19, II, 4; 31, II, 7; (57, 5). Also RPN. Cf. i-din-e-a, BL. 63. i-din-sin , 9 “Sin has given,” 1 Rev. IV, 4; (2, II, 1); 5, IV, 5 ; 6, 1 1 1 , 4; 19, 1 1 , 5 ; 31, II, 8; 57, 6. Also in LBD, CPN, RPN, etc. 64. i-li-pu-ti (Abbrev.), “My god, (protect?) my person!” 10 1 Rev. IV, 5 ; (2,11,2); 5, IV, 6; (6, III, 5); 19, 11 , 6; 31, IE9; (61, II, 1). Cf. also sa-lim-pu-ti, BB. 1 First overlooked, and then added between the lines. 2 Another transliteration could be: $U- d RA ‘‘The gift of RA.” Cf. discussion in Pt. III. 3 Written di-ib-p (scribal error). 4 The three names are Sumerian. The sign DI may have a phonetic value ending in d; • cf. lugal-DI-da-ge = be-el di-ni in IV R 2, 3c (Br. 9526) and also Br. 9522, 9528. 5 Written hi-da-ni (scribal error). 6 A-KU is probably the name of a god; cf. d A-KU = d Sin in CT 19, 19, 2, 51 and CT 25, 49 Rev. 6. Cf. also PB 61 and d A-KU-ra-bi, VS VI 1 1 14, 40, A-KU-i-lum, Man. C 14, 14, D 14, 1 1. DI, DI-MA might be read silirn, silim-ma. 7 Badly written, but probably same as the others. 8 T ransliterated : i-din-ilum. 9 d Sin takes here the place of the usual d IM. Cf. discussion on p. 39. 10 Literally : ‘‘My face, my front.” The group is probably Amoritic. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 55 65. \-li-ga-ti (Abbrev.). “My god, (take?) my hand!” 1 Rev. IV, 6; 1 (2, II, 3); 5, IV, 7; (6, III, 6); 19, II, 7; 61, II, 3- 2 Cf. bel-, nabu-, d samas-SU -sabat, bel-SU- sabbatanni, d samas-SU -su- sabat in TNB; cf. also RPN, p. 228, note 4. 66. i-li-a-ti, “I have found my god,” 3 4 1 Rev. IV, 7; (2, II, 4); 5, IV, -8; 6, III, 7; 19, II, 8; (25 Rev. II, 1); (61, II, 3). Cf. a-gu-u-a-ti. No. 166. 67. di-wi-ir-a-bi (Abbrev.) 2, II, 5, (var. di-bi-ir-a-bid 1 Rev. IV, 8; 5, IV, 9; (6, III, 8); (8, I, 1); 19, 1 1, 9; (25 Rev. 11,2); 61,11,4.). 68. di-wi-ir-a-bi (Abbrev.) 2, II, 6 (var. di-bi-ir-a-hi, 1 Rev. IV, 9; 5, IV, 10; (6, III, 9); (8, I, 2); 19, II, 10; 22, 1 1, 1 ; (25 Rev. II, 3); 61, II, 5). 69. di-wi-ir-mu-ti (Abbrev.) 2, II, 7 (var. di-bi-ir-a-mu-ti, 1 Rev. IV, 10; 5, IV, 11; (6, III, 10); (8, I, 3); 19, 1 1, 1 1 ; 22, 1 1, 2; 25 Rev. II, 4; 61, II, 6). 70. ma-hir (Abbrev.), (1 Rev. IV 11); 2, II, 8; (8, I, 4); (19, II, 12); (22, II, 3); (25 Rev. II, 5); (60, I, 1); 61, II, 7. 71. ma-ma-hir (Abbrev.), 5 6 2, II, 9; (6, III, 12); (8, I, 5); (19, 1 1, 13); 22, 11,4; 23 Rev. 11,6; (60, 1,2); 61 , 11,8. Cf. ma-ma-nu-um {?) , CB. 72. ma-an-nu-um-ma-hir-su, ‘‘Who is equal to him? ( = to god)” (var. ma-an-nu-um-ma, 10, I, 1 (?); 22, II, 5; ma-an- nu-nm-ma-hir, 25 Rev. II, 7; (60, I, 3); ma-nu-um-ma- hir-su-nu, 2, II, 10), (6, III, 13); 8, I, 6; (19, II, 14); (61, II, 9). Also in LBD, CBS 1243. Cf. ma-an-nu- um-ma-hi-ir-su, RPN, BB; ma-nu-um-hir-su, LBD; ma- nu-um , CB; ma-a-nu-(u)- um, RPN; fern, ma-an-na- tum, BB; and No. 350; ma-an-na-su, CBS 1271. 73. d nanna-men-gen, % “Verily, I am Nanna,” 2, II, 1 1, (8, 1,7); (10, I, 2); (19, II, 13); (22, II, 6); (25 Rev. II, 8); 60, I, 4. Also 7 in LAD, 5, 21, LBD, DTA, II; LC. 1 Written i-li-ub-ti (scribal error). 2 Instead of the sign ga, we find traces of one which might be ta or sa. Probably a scribal error. 3 From atii? (Cf. Ungnad, Dilbat, p. 123.) 4 The names are, in all probability, Amoritic. 6 An abbreviation of the name which follows, and to be restored: ma-an-nu-um-ma-hir . 6 Written ME-DU. The sign DU “gen ’’ — anaku, cf. Br. 4871. On the phonetic value of the sign DU cf. also the EM E-SAL me, me-en (Br. 4868-9). Very important is the equation mc-e-gen= anaku, in SAI 7946. 7 Always written ME-DU. 56 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Cf. d en-lil-me-DU , d nin-IB- me-DU in LBD. 74. d nanna-ia-e-me-en (translated: sin lu-u a-na-ku, 7, I, 7) (var. we. An interesting instance of the value w for the letter in. 6 Feminine of ar-wi-um. Here, too, we have the interesting interchange of in and -x. The names are probably Amoritic. 7 Written without determinative? 8 This must be the title of a goddess. Cf. the other two names of the group. 9 In 7, 1 1 , 5 the sign ku is glossed ku. 10 Written [ ama]-DI-ka! (scribal error). EDW. CHIERA A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 65 285. ama-SO-GAL-BI (Abbrev.). 1 (3 Rev. I, 15): 7, V, 6; 23, IV, 8. 2 286. ama-A-TU 3 (Abbrev.), (3 Rev. I, 16); 7, V, 7; (23, IV, 9). Cf. ama-tu, HPN. 287. ad-da-kal-la 4 “Adda is strong” (var. a-ad-da-kal-la, 1 Obv. I, 1), 1 Obv. II, 1 (?); 3 Rev. 1 , 17; 7, V, 8; (23, IV, 10). Also in SAD, GTD, TD. 288. ad-da-dug-ga, “Adda is good” (var. a-ad-da-dug-ga, 1 Obv. I, 2), 1 Obv. II, 2 (?); 3 Rev. I, 18; 7, V, 9. Also in LAD, LBD. 289. ad-da-gi-na “Adda if true” (var. ad-da-ge-na, 1 Obv. II, 3 (?); 3 Rev. I, 19; a-ad-da-gi-na, 1 Obv. I, 3), 7, V, 10. 290. d utu-KAM , “Utu plants,” 1 Obv. I, 4 (also II, 4); (3 Rev. I, 20); 7, V, 11. Also HPN, In. IV 7428. 291. d utu-dug, “Utu is good,” 1 Obv. I, 5 (also II, 5); 7, V, 12. Also in GTD 5550 Obv. I. 292. d utu-sar (var. d utu-DUN , 7, V, 13), 1 Obv. I, 6 (also II, 6). 293. en-sibir-ra-su-dii (translated: be-lum sa si-bi-ir-ra su-uk-lu- lum, 7, V, 14), “The lord who is made perfect by the tiara” (var. en-sibir- su-dii, 1 Obv. I, 7; also II, 7); 7, V, 14. Cf. lugal- sibir-{a-gin-su-du. No. 8 18. 5 6 294. en-sibir-ra-tum-ma (glossed: sa- a-naf 7, V, 15), “The lord who brings the (brilliant) tiara” (var. en-sibir-a^ag- tum-ma, 1 Obv. I, 8 (also II, 8); (12, 1)), 7, V, 15. 295. en-an-na-tum-ma (glossed: sa- a-na, 7, V, 16), (var. en-men- [tum-ma\, 12, 2). 7, V, 16. Also in HPN. Cf. en-an- na-tum, SAK. 1 d ama-$U-GA L-BI = d gu-la, CT 25,4,2 (PB 227; Br. 5465; SAI 3766). Cf. also dingir- S 0 -&AL-BI in 1 1 1 R 67, 66a (Br. 13043) who is the ulug d gu-la-ge, CT 24, 36.46 (PB 3157). 2 Written ama-SU-AN-[BI] (very probably a scribal error). 3 Probably to be pronounced amedu, or emedu. Amcd e ~ me ~ du ) TU—ilitti btti, VR 29, 69g (Br. 5460); ama-A-T U (a ~ ma ~ e ~ du ) = i[litti biti]?, HR 32, 52c (SAI 3772). 4 Adda “Father” is an appellative of some god. The writing a-ad-da for ad-da is here irregular. While S b 93 gives both the values ad and a-ad for the sign AD, in the Nippur school texts the form a-ad-da is used exclusively in connection with Akkadian names. This proves that a-ad-da was already used as the proper name of a god, probably rf IM. In Pt. II, 25 we have a list of Akkadian names composed with a-ad; but before finishing the list the scribe decided for a better spelling and contined with a-ad-da. Cf. a-ad-a-bi in HPN. 5 Du = kalalu, su-du=suklulu (Br. 9142, 7221). Notice the interchange of du and dit. Gts sibir = sibirru (Br. 8849) and sirritu (Br. 8848, SAI 6605); s ‘^sibir-su-du = makaddu (Br. 8852); in the variant of No. 295 men=agu "crown, tiara.” 6 1 . e. Another (form of the preceding name). 66 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION 296. ma-a-ge-es-ge-ti(l ) (translated: as-sum-ia li -, 1 7, V, 17), “May he live for my sake” 2 (var. ma-ge-es-ge-ti(l), 12, 3), 7, V, 17. Cf. as-su-mi-ia-li-ib-lu- ut, CBS 419. 297. ma-a-ge-es-ge-sa(g) (glossed : li- 7, V, 1 8) , “May he be prosperous for my sake" (var. ma-ge-es- , 12, 4), 7, V, 18. 298. ma-a-ge-es-ga-ma-ti(l ) (glossed: li-, 7 , V, 19), “May he live for me for my sake" (var. ma-ge- . . . . , 12, 5), 7, V, 19. 299. nin-sa(g)-ga, “The compas- sionate lady,” 7, V, 20. Also in LAD; ST I 23, Obv. VII, 3. 300. nin-iu{d)-da , “The child bear- ing lady,” 3 4 7, V, 21. 4 311. tu-li-id-^samsi^si) 5 7, VI, 1. 312. tu-li-id-ga-ga , 6 7, VI, 2. 313 -am?-i-li, 7, VI 3. 314 -di? (translated: a-wi- lum), 7, VI, 4. 313 (translated: a-wi-li rdbi), 7, VI, 5. 316 a, 7, VI, 6. ( . . . hi-pu-u 7, VI , 7)- 7 322. . . .-li?-bur?-an?-[ni?], 4, IV, 1. 323. uru-silim, “The city of peace,” 8 4, IV, 2 ; 6 Obv. 1 . 324. uru-silim-mu, “The city of my peace,” (2, V, 1 ) ; 4, IV, 3 ; 6 Obv. 2. 323. uru-silim- gal, “The city of great peace,” (2, V, 2); 4, IV, 4; 6 Obv. 3. 326. e-ki-bi (Abbrev.), 9 2, V, 3: 4, IV, 5 ; 6 Obv. 4. Also GTD, 5340 Rev. 5: 5573 Rev. 2: HPN; In. IV 7438. Cf. e-ki, In. II 908, 2892; Nic.; CB, etc.; ki-bi, Nic.; e-gi-bi VS I X 199, 15: e-gi-ba, TNB; e-ki-bi- gi, DP 112, XIII; LC; e-ki-bi-ge, TSA ; ST I. 1 The sign li- ... in the translation simply shows the verb to be in the praecative. The three verbs are probably to be completed; li-ib-lnt, li-tib, li-ib-lut. 2 These three names are translated in GT, p. 43. It is interesting to note that they are remarkably similar to the invocations of the old Babylonian letters. Cf. as-sum-mi-i-a li-ba-al- li-du-ka, BL 27, 7-8; as-sum-ia da-ri-is u-mi-im li-ba-al-li-du-ka, ibid. 3, 6-7; cf. also 2, 5-6; 4, 5-6; 1 1, 5-7; 16, 5, etc. 3 Cf. d ama-tu-ud-da = belit i-li, CT 24, 13.34 (PB 230). 4 A gap, probably no longer than two or five names. 6 The two names are Amoritic. Cf. p. 39. Notice that d Samsi is a feminine deity. 6 On the goddess Gaga, cf. No. 331 and note. 7 A gap, which is probably very small. 8 To be connected, in meaning at least, with uru-sa-lim, u-ru-sa-lim, “Jerusalem”?. 9 The first sign is, in all probability, e. In both texts 2 and 4 this seems to have been written over an erasure, and appears like ka = babu. No. 6 has e-DI-bi, certainly a scribal error. In VR 44, 39c the name d en-lil-nibru ki -ki-bi- ge is translated: d En-lil ni-ib-bu-ru ana as-n-su te-u, “Enlil. restore Nippur to its place!”. EDW. CHIERA — -A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 67 327. um-ki-bi (Abbrev.), “(God, re- store) the city to its place!’’ 2, V, 4; 4, IV, 6; (6 Obv. 5). Also in HLC; HPN ; In. II 686, 750, 752, etc. 328. sa?-ki-bi l (Abbrev.), “From its place. ...,’’ 2, V, 5 ; 4, IV, 7; (6 Obv. 6). 329. nu-ur- d da-gan, “The light of Dagan,’’ 2, V, 6; (4, IV, 8) : 6 Obv. 7. Also in TD. 330. nu-ur-is-tar, “The light of Ishtar,” 2, V, 7; (4, IV, 9); 6 Obv. 8; 23, V, 1 . Also in RPN ; TD; BB; GTD. 331. nu-ur- d ga-ga , 2 “The light of Kaka” (var. nu-ur-ga-ga, 4, IV, 10; nu-ur- d ka-ka, 6 Obv. 9) , 2, V, 8; 23, V, 2. Cf. Nos. 46-48 and CPN, p. 168. 332. a-li-a-hu-u-a, “Ali is my brother,” 3 2, V, 9 1 ; (4, IV, 1 1); 6 Obv. 10; (7, VI, 8); 23. V, 3d 333. a-lt-a-hu-sa, “Ali is her brother” (var. a-lt-a-hu-u-sa , 4 2, V, 10), 4, IV, 12; 6 Obv. 1 1 ; (7, VI, 9); 23, V, 4. Also in LBD. Cf. a-lt-a-hu-ni AO 4670 (in RA 8, p. 78); a-lt-a-hu, Man. A 10, 25 - 334. a-li-a-bu-sa, “Ali is her father,” 2, V, 1 1 ; (4, IV, 13); 6 Obv. 12; (7, VI, 10); 23, V, 5. Cf. a-li-a-bi (fern.) RPN, SAD. 335. nin-gar-gal (Abbrev.), 5 2, V, 12; (4, IV, 14). 6 336. nin-tu(r)-tu(r ) (Abbrev.), 7 2, V, 13; 4, IV, 1 5 - 8 Also in HLC. Cf. nin-tur, DP 112, VII; Nic. 6 Obv. VII, 7 - 337. nin-ki-ma-sa(g) (Abbrev.), 8 2, V, 14; (4, IV, 16). 6 'The first sign might be TE-\-GUN U =u-ru “subtum” (cf. DSG 1 , p. 50). 2 The goddess d GA-GA (glossed ka-ka) has been identified with Ninkarrak (CT 25, 3, 55.) and with Nin-subur (CT 24, 20.21); cf. also PB 424. Her name is written: (1) d ga-ga (cf. above). (2) ga-ga, in iu-li-id-ga-ga, No. 312; SU-ga-ga, TD 60, Rev. 8; ga-ga-da-nu-um, PSBA 33, pi. 47, No. 30, 19. CBS 1243; (fern.) ga-ga-da-ni-tum, CPN p. 168; BA-sa-ga-ga, ST 1 , 65 Rev. 4. (3) d ka-ak-ka, in i-din- d ka-ak-ka, LC. (4) ka-ak-ka in i-din-ka-ak-ka, RA 4, pi. 32. (5) d ka-ka, above and PB [642. 3 Discussion of the element a-ll will be given in Pt. II, in connection with the lists com- pounded with it. 4 In texts 2 and 23 the sign RI is written instead of HU. This is remarkable, since in No. 2 the error occurs twice. 5 Or, nin-dur-gal? This, and the following two, are names of goddesses. 6 This whole group has been omitted in 7, VI and 23, V. In the latter text we have in its place: geme-sa(g)-ga, geme-ka(l)-la and geme-seg which, in the other texts, correspond to Nos. 360, 359 and 361. 7 Cf. nin-tu(r)-tu(r)-ri=belit ilani (CT 24, 25.81a; PB 2743). 8 Cf. d ki-sa(g) = dam-bi-sal ( i . e. d I D) (PB 1762, 1535). 68 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION 338. mi-gir-an-ni, “Be favorable to me!” 1 (var. mi-gir-AN , 7, VI, II), 2 2, V, 15; 23, V, 9 - 339. mi-gir- , 2, V, 16. Cf. mi-gir- d en-lil, LBD, 23, 8. 19. 20. 340. mi-gir- , 2, V, 17. 341. sir?-bur?-la? kt -ki-dug 3 4 (transl. a-lum ta-bu), “Shirpurla is a good place,” 7, VI, 14. 342. nri kl -ki-dug, “Ur is a good place,” 2, V, 18; (3 Rev. II, 1); 7, VI, 15. Cf. uri kl -ki-dug, GTD 4690 Obv. 3; uri k, -ki-dug-mu, TRU 338, 5; uru-ki-dug, In. II 89c. 343. sir-bur-la-ki-a^ag-ga (transl. a-lum el-lum, 7, VI, 16), “Shirpurla is a pure place” (var. ur[i- 2, V, 19; a{ag- 3 Rev. II, 2), 7, VI, 16. 344. amar-ki-a^ag-ga (transl. a-ram d MAR?-TU, i 7, VI, 17), “The wild goat of the pure place,” 5 (3 Rev. II, 3); 7, VI, 17. Cf. amar-ki, TSA 44, 1 , 5 ; lugal-amar-a^ag, CB. 345. amar- da-mu (transl. bur-da- mu, 7, VI, 18), “The wild goat of Damu,” (3 Rev. II, 4); 7, VI, 18. Also in SAD 96, 28. 346. amar^'suba 6 (transl. bur-sin, 7, VI, 19), “The wild goat of Sin,” 3 Rev. 11,5; 7, VI, 19. Also in BAD. Cf. amar- suba, TD; In. I 1206; ST II; amar-suba, GTD 5498 Rev. I, 5319 Obv.; RTCh 332, II, 2; TSA (written: bur-ninni-{d) . 347. d-^i{d)-da 7 (Abbrev.) (transl. a d samas, a-hu-lap ki-nim, 7, VI, 20), “The woe of the 1 If we consider an-ni as the pronominal suffix of the first pers. sing., mi-gir is a verbal form from maga.ru, but we should expect mu-gur-an-ni (Ip.) or im-gur-an-ni (Prt.). If mi-gir be considered a noun or an adjective, the an-ni probably means “Anu,” or “of Anu.” The follow- ing two names could then be completed: mi-gir -e-a, mi-gir A-I M . The lecture mi-gir-ilu-ni is probably to be discarded. 2 7, VI, 12 has here . . . hi-bi. The traces preceding the word hi-bi cannot be those of the numeral, which would be here expected. The line is probably to be restored: 1 mi-gir hi-bi, i.e. one of the names beginning with mi-gir is destroyed. 3 The identification of the name Shirpurla is rendered more probable by the gloss a-lum which also recurs in 7, VI, 15. 4 ‘The wild goat of Amurru?”. The sign MAR is not regularly inscribed: it might be ba?-as-tu. 6 In VR 51, 53* the king is called amar-silam (Br. 2672) -a^ag-ga-dm = sar-ru bu-ur lit-ti elliti(-ti), which Delitzsch translates "Glanzendes Wildkuh-Junges, d. i. herrlicher junger Wildstier” (DSG 1 , p. 260). 6 Written amar-ZA-USLAN -\-GUNU. For the reading suba cf. Thureau-Dangin, In. I, p. 13, note 1, and SAI 9017, 9018. 7 In this and in the following two names the sign A is glossed a. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 69 true one . ..., 1 2 (3 Rev. 11,6); 7, VI, 20. Also in HLC, HPN, In. II 782, 857, 910. Cf. a-hu-la-ap- d samas, CBS 98. 348. a- d nanna (Hyp.) (transl. a sin, a-hu-lap-sin, 7, VI, 21), “The woe of Nanna..,” (3 Rev. II, 7); 7, VI, 21. 349. a-lu-bad 2 (Abbrev.) (transl. a-hu-lap we-di-im, a-hu-lap mi-ti-im , 3 4 5 6 7 7, VI, 22), “The woe of the dead one (3 Rev. II, 8); 7, VI, 22. 350. lugal-gaba-ri-nu-tu(gu ) (transl. sar-rum sa ma-hi-ra la [i}~ su-u, 7, VI, 23), “The king who has no rival,” (3 Rev 1 1, 9); 7, VI, 23. Also in LAD. 351. [lugal]-im-ri-a (glossed: sa- [a-na\p 7, VI, 24), (3 Rev. II, 10); 7, VI, 24. Cf. lugal-im-ru-a, In. IV 7279 and ST II. 352. lugal-an-[nif 3 Rev. II, 11. 353. EZEN-a-..., 3 Rev. II, 12. 354. EZEN-a-dug-[ga?], 3 Rev. II, 13- 355. EZEN-su-d[u?], 3 Rev. II, 14. 356. ka-ga-af (var. ga-e-ga-ag, 3 Rev. II, 1 5), 4, V, 1 . 357. ka-ga{f)-gu-na 7 (var. ga-e-ga- ag-gu-na, 3 Rev. II, 16), 4, V, 2. 358. ka-ma-ni-{i , 8 3 Rev. II, 17; 4, V, 3. Also ST I, GTD 5496 Obv. 12; TSA; Nic., etc. Cf. ka-ma-an-ni-{i , SA 211 (in RA 9, p. 62), CB; and ka-ma-ni-{i, DP 141, I, 142 IV, pass. 359. geme-ka(l)-la, “The strong Woman,” 3 Rev. II, 19; 4, V, 4; 23, V, 7. 9 Also in LAD 94, IV, 14. 360. geme-sa(g)-ga, “The compas- sionate Woman,” 3 Rev. II, >8; 4- V, 6; 10 23, V, 6. 9 1 A=ah, an exclamation of sorrow and distress. A-hu-lap is used as a noun, and means probably "Woe, lament.” Cf. a = ndku "Howl, lament” (Br. 3981, 11348), and a-a = naku (SA 1 4753) and probably nesn (CT 18 43, 39b, SAI 1091 1). Cf. also DSG 1 . under a.B and note ibid. p. 2. 2 The sign glossed bad is very similar to SA, but may be another one. 3 IVe-di-im and mi-ti-im must have the same meaning, since both of them correspond to the same ideograph. Cf. discussion in Pt. II (glossary). 4 The gloss is to be restored according to 7, V, 15-16. But for this, the name could very well have been translated "The king of the storming wind.” Here it will probably mean "The king who goes by himself.” 5 Restored according to Pt. Ill No. 265. 6 A name of a god; cf. the two names following. Remark in the variant the interchange of the letters k and g. On this cf. also the word se-ir-ka-an-dug in DSG 1 , p. 263. 7 I am assuming the value ga for the sign GAR, in order to bring the variants in accord. Cf. following note. 8 To be read ka-ma-ni-p or ga-ma-ni-p, and not enim-ma-ni-p. This is deduced from the preceding names. There is a god d ka-ma-ni-p, II 1 R 68, 3 1 h (Br. 705) and CT 24, 7, 21.24. (SAI 99), ZA 10, 298, 51 (PB 1645). In CT 24, 7, 23 d [KA]-... . ,-na might be identified with ka-ga{r)-gu-na, since he is the brother of d ka-ma-ni-p . 9 In different setting. 10 In this text No. 361 precedes 360. 70 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Also in ST 1 23, Obv. VI 1 , 14; DP 129, VI. Cf. geme- sa(g), Nic. 1 Rev. Ill, 11; 6 Rev. V, 3; lu geme-sa(g)-ga, DP 157, VI 1 1 . 361. geme-sega, “The favorable Woman,” 1 3 Rev. 11 , 20; 4, V, 5 ; 2 23, V, 8. 3 4 * 362. dit(g)-ga- d ba-u (Abbrev.), “The command of Bau” (var. du(g)-ga- d a-ma-ma, 42 Obv. 1 ), 3 Rev. 1 1 , 2 1 ; 4, V, 7. Also in HPN; In. II, 830. Cf. dug-ga, SA 187 (in RA 9, p. 61); dug-ga-ana, AO 3322 Obv. 1 1 (in RA, 5, 82). 363. dn(g)-ga-' l sarad 3 Rev. II, 23P 4, V, 8; 6 (42 Obv. 2). 364. du(g)-ga-^i{d)-da , 7 8 “The stand- ing command,” 3 Rev. II, 22; 4, V, 9; 42 Obv. 3. Also GTD 5504 Rev. 11 , 1; HPN; TRU; In. II, 940,4130; IV, 7523; ST II. 365. KUR-kn (var. [KUR}-ku, 3 Rev. II, 24), 4, V, 10; 42 Obv. 4. 366. KUR-’i-i (var. KUR-’i-TUR * 4, V, 1 1), 3 Rev. II, 25. 367. KUR-bu-ium, 4, V, 12. Cf. KUR-bi, RA, 3, p. 134, 5. 368. a-mur- d en-lil, “Look, O En- lil !” 9 10 4, V, 13. Cf. a-mur- d sin, TD. 369. a-mur-be-lt, “Look, O my lord!” 4, V, 14. Also Bu. 91-5-9, 858 1 . 21 (in CT, 8, 3 ')- 10 375 -ma ? , 2, VI, 1 . 376 -gal, 2, VI, 2. 377 -an-na, 2, VI, 3. 378 -ka?(sag?), 2, VI, 4. 379 -lu?-sa, 2, VI, 5. 380 -a?-hu-um, 2, VI, 6. 381. [i a]- din -is -tar, “Ishtar has given,” 2, VI, 7. 382. [t]a-din-a-ba, “Aba has given,” 11 12 2, VI, 8. 383. ta-din-nu-nu, “Nunu has given,” 2, VI, 9. Cf. ta- ad-di-in-nu-nu, RPN (fern.); ta-di-in-nu-nu, BL. 384. SU-nu-nu, n 2, VI, 10. Also I Sega ( = A-AN), a different writing for se-ga. 3 In this text No. 361 precedes 360. 3 In different setting. 4 d LAGAB + IGI-GUNU has the phonetic value d \ sara . Cf. A. T. Clay: Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection, p. 87 No. in. 6 In text 3 it appears written like du(g)-ga d NIN. 6 Placed before du(g)-ga-^i(d)-da. 7 Cf. the EM E-SAL u-mu-un dug-ga {i{d)-da VAT 1338 Col. II, 40 (VS II, 5), and also No. 342 where ii{d)-da is translated d iamal. 8 Probably there is no variant here. Either this is a scribal error, or the reading of text 3. 9 Another possible translation is “I look upon Enlil.” Cf. Nos. 85-87. 10 A gap, which may be of only two names. II Cf. d a-ba K 4349 Q, 9 (in CT 24, 46). Notice that Aba is a feminine deity, and cf. Nos. 129-130. 12 For gimil-nunu? . But here the phonetic value is probably su, as shown by KU-nu-nu in TC. On the other hand, it is to be remarked that there may be a similarity in meaning with the names of the preceding group. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 71 Bu. 88-5-12, 681 1 . 18 (in CT IV, 45). Cf. Nos. 52-54 and KU-nu-nu TC 6 Obv. 11,3. 385. SU-ki-nu-um, 2, VI, 11. 386. . . ,-ki-ir- d ma-ma , 1 2, VI, 12. 387 - d ma-mi-tum, 2, VI, 13; (3 Rev. Ill, 1). Colophon: d EL T EG-^ag-sal . 2 Additional Fragments of the First Tablet of the Syllaba ry 391 . NE- ,24, 1,2. 392. NE- ,24, I, 3. 393. UN?-?- , 24, I, 4. 394 -ri, 61 Obv. 2. 3 395 -la-li-ri-ik, 61 Obv. 3. 396. [p]a-al-ha-am-ri-ig-mi, 61 Obv. 4. 397. isib-sig , 4 61 Obv. 5. 398. isib-sig-gan, 61 Obv. 6. 399. isib- d nidaba , 5 6 “The libation priest of Nidaba,” 61 Obv. 7. Also RTllh 156, 1 , 6 ; B1191- 5-9, 589, 1 . 10 (in CT 1, 1) HPN ( = me+). Second Tablet of the Syllabary 400. ba[a-. . ./ 33, I, 1. Cf. ba-a-a, HLC; ba-a-da, In. II 945; HPN; ba-a-ga, HPN; ba-a- mu, TRU 385, 6; HPN. 401. ba-a-[sa{g)-ga?}, (33, 1,2); 45 Rev. I, 2. Also in HLC; HPN has only ba-sag-ga. 402. ba-a-sa(g)-ga-mu, (33, I, 3); 45 Rev. I, 3; 50, 1. 403. e-gir-kalam-ma, (Abbrev.) (var. e-ga-erem-kalam-ma, (33, I, 4); 45, Rev. I, 4-5. “The temple which is the way of the land;” var.: “The tem- ple which is the food (milk) of the people of the land,” 50, 2; 54, I, 2. 404. e-sag-il-'il?-i (Abbrev.), “The temple of the lofty head” (var. e-sag-il-i, 50, 3; e-sag- il-e, 54, I, 3), 33, I, 5; 45 Rev. I, 6. Cf. sag-il- 1 To be restored su-ki-ir -? . This seems to be required, so as to bring into relation the three names. 2 Concerning the colophon, cf. p. 19. 3 Section 394-9 belongs probably to the first tablet, because the reverse of No. 61 contains names belonging to it. Note, however, that in text 25 the obverse belongs to the second tablet, and the reverse to the first. 4 For isib, cf. following note. The value sig is given by the next name. 6 M E- d nidaba = i-si-ib ni-da-ba-kn, 82-8-16 I Obv. 28 (Br. 10389). 6 Is ba-a the name of a god? Cf. ba=belum, in Reisner, Hymns, 62, 17. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION ma-an-st, BL, and names beginning with e-sag-ila in RPN, p. 21 2, and e-sag-ili in CPN, p. 148. 405. e-lu-bi-nu-sub-bu (Abbrev.), “The temple which man does not tear down” (var. [e-lu]-bi-nu-sub-bi, 54, 1, 4; e-lu-bi-nu-tu(gu) , 1 2 3 4 * 45 Rev. v I, 7). 33> I. 6; 50. 4- 406. U-MA-NA , 2 33, 1 , 7; (omitted in 45 Rev. 1 ); (50, 5); (54, 1 , 5). Cf. U-MA-NI, SAD "7. 39- 407. U-MA-DU-DU, 33, I, 8; 45 Rev. I, 8; (50, 6); 54, 1 , 6. 3 408. U-NE-TI, (32, !, 1); 33, I, 9; 45 Rev. 1 , 9; (50, 7); (54. 1. 7)- 409. mn-gi-a, 32, 1, 2; 33, I, io; 4 43 Rev. 1 , 10; 50, 8; (54, P 8). 410. mu-m-ia, 32, 1, 3; 33, 1, 11; 45 Rev. 1 ,ii; 50, 9. 41 1. mu-gig-sa (var. mu-KAR?-sa, 33, 1 , 12), 32, I, 4; 45 Rev. 1, 12. 412. e-lii-lag-ldg (Abbrev.), “The temple which gives light to man,” 32, I, 5; 33, I, 13; 45 Rev. 1 , 13; (62 Obv. I). 413. e-lu-ti(T)-ti(l ) (Abbrev.), “The temple which gives abundant life to man,” 32, 1, 6; (33, 1 , 14); 45 Rev. I, 14; 62 Obv. 2. Cf. nin-lu-ti(l)- ti(l), DP mi, IV; Nic. 6 Rev. IV, 13; ST 1 ; HPN; TSA ; nin-lugal-ti(l)-ii(l), RT llh 162, II,2o; dun-gi-li- ST 11 . 414. e-lu-ti(l ) (Abbrev.), “The tem- ple which gives life to man,” 32, 1 , 7; 45 Rev. I, 15; 62 Obv. 3. Also in LAD; LBD; HPN ( e-gdl-til ); ST II; In. 11 , 938; IV, 7307. Cf. e-lii, In. IV, 7369. 415. K A-E?-GA-A B-K A L, b 32, I, 8; 45 Rev. I, 16; 62 Obv. 4. 416. KA-KA-LA L?-BI , 32, 1,9:45 Rev. 1 , 17; 62 Obv. 5. 417. KA-MU-[R]I?-A (var. KA- MU-RI-GA, 45 Rev. I, 18), (32, I, 10); 62 Obv. 5. 418. d ba-u-nin-seg, “Bau is a com- passionate lady,” 32, 1, 1 1 ; 45 Rev. I, 19. Also in ST II, 47 Obv. 13; HLC; HPN; In. II, 923. 419. d ba-u-ur-mu, “Bau is my abun- dance,” 6 32, I, 12; (45 Rev. 1 , 20). Also in ST I, 21 1 The name is so very badly written that it is even uncertain if this is a real variant. 2 These three names are probably abbreviated, and only the verbal element is recorded. The sign U (to be read sa) is the verbal prefix of the middle form, while ma and ne are the pronominal infixes of the first pers. sing, and the third pers. pi. Cf. GT, p. 87 fF. 3 The scribe probably wrote by mistake U-MA-DU, since there is not enough space in the line for the complete name. 4 There might be here a variant: the double sign I M? The text is badly preserved. 6 Probably names of gods, phonetically written. 6 Better than “Bau gives abundance.’’ In personal names of this and of an earlier period, the verb nadanu would be expressed by ma-an-si and, in any case, we should expect some verbal prefix. EDW. CHI ERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 73 Rev. V, 1 1 ; ST II; Nic. (fern.); TSA; In. II, 6 1 8. Cf. d en-ki-ur-mu and d nin- gir-su-ur-mu, Nic. 420. d ba-u- , (32, I, 13); 45 Rev. II, 1. 421. e^en-{i(d)-an-na, 45 Rev. II, 2. 422. d EN-UM- d ninni , 1 45 Rev. 11,3- a. EN-UM- d IM, GTD 5514 Obv. 14; EN-UM-i-lt, GTD 5498 Obv. II, 6; LTD 48, 7. 2 423. d en-du-mus-an-na , 3 “Endu is the life of heaven,” 45 Rev. 1L 4- 424. im-bi-KAL, 45 Rev. II, 5. Cf. in-bi-i-li-su, in-bi-ir-si- tim, in-bu-um, in-bu-sa in RPN;. im-bu-u-a, im-bu-uk- ki and names in inbi(u ) in CPN. 425. im-bi-tum?-ma, 45 Rev. II, 6. 426. . . . -si? , 45 Rev. II, 7. 427. d nin-I B-ba-ni, “Ninib is crea- tor,” 45 Rev. 11,8. 428. d nin-I B-si?-du, ‘‘Ninib is a protecting god,” 45 Rev. II. 9- 429. d nin-I B-en-nam, ‘‘Ninib, be merciful to me!” 45 Rev. II, 10. 4 430. a-hi-sa-gt-is , 5 “Ahi kills,” 37, I, 2 ; 6 45 Rev. II, 11. Also in LAD; LBD. Cf. a-hi-sa- gi-is, LC; VS VIII 3, 14. 431. a-hi-Ii-bur-ra, “May Ahi make me powerful!” 37, I, 3; 45 Rev. II, 12. 7 Cf. a-hi-li- bu-ra, LC; a-hi-li-bu-ra-am (fern.) in CT 6, 25b (quoted in LC). 432. a-hi-ta-bu-um, “Ahi is good,” 37, I, 4; 45 Rev. II, 13. 433. nam-nam-tar-ri (Abbrev.) (var. nam-nam-tar-um, 45 Rev. II, 14), 8 “The fixing of the fates?” 37, I, 5. Cf. nam- tar-ri, BAD 5, II, 3; III, 4; 6, 1 1 , 1 1 ; 8, 1 1, 4; 109, I, 3; nam-fi-tar-ra, HPN; lugal- nam-tar-ri, H LC ; SA D ; dam- nam-tar-ri, In. IV, 7242. 434. nam-mag-ga (Abbrev.), “The greatness ...” (var. nam- mag-AB ?, 37, I, 6; nam- mag-{u?-ab? , 33, II, 1), 45 Rev. II, 15. Cf. nam-mag, 1 The name is not necessarily complete: we may have here another instance of the liberty which the pupils took in abbreviating long names. In the form d EN-UM - d ninni-an-tia, “Ennum is the goddess of heaven;” this would be in good relation with the other two names of the group. 2 To be read EN-UM and not belum(-um), or b el-um. EN-UM-'i-li, “Ennum is god,” may prove that EN-UM was used as the personal name of a deity. 3 Cf. d en-du, CT 24, 3.37 and d en-du, CT 24, 3.31; 21, 63 (PB, 933). 4 Traces of characters, in 37, I, 1 may point to a variant. 6 This is probably a translation of ses-ki-lu(l)-la. Cf. note 10 on page 58. 6 Written a-hi-sa-gi (scribal error). 7 Written a-hi-lil-RA-ra (scribal error). 8 Sic! We should have expected ri instead of UM in the last sign. Is this a scribal error? Cf. d nam-tar and d nam-tar-ru (Br. 2110, 2117). 74 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION HLC; In. I, 1228; ST 1 ; nam-mag-ni, In. I, 1 105 ;nam- mag-ga-ni, In. 1 1 , 619; nam- mag- d ba-u, In. II, 618. 435. nam-tar-ib-gu-U L, (32, II, 1); (33, 11,2); 37, I, 7; 1 45 Rev. II, 16; (54, II, 1). Also in HPN ; ST II, 14 Obv. II, 7; 49 Rev. I, 7. Cf. nam-tar-ib-gu, In. II, 917. 436. arad-mu, 2 “The servant of Mu,” 32, II, 2; 33, II, 3; 37, I, 8; 45 Rev. II, 17; (54, II, 2). Also in LBD; HPN {uni-); TRU, etc. 437. arad-egi, 3 “The servant of ‘The Princess’ ” (var. arad-dam, 32, II, 3; 37, I, 9), 33, II, 4; 45 Rev. II, 18; (54, II, 3). Cf. arad-dam in HLC; HPN; In. II, 878, IV, 7608. 438. arad-lugal, “The servant of ‘The King,’” 4 32, II, 4; 33, II, 5; 45 Rev. Ill, 1; ( 54 . II- 4 )- 439. li-bur-an-ni 5 (var. li-bur-ra{!)- ni, 33, II, 6), 32, II, 7; 45 Rev. Ill, 2 ; (54, II, 5). 440. Ii-bur-PA , 6 32, II, 5; 33, II, 7; 43 Rev. Ill, 3 ; (54, II, 6). 441 . li-bur-KU-A L-T A? (var. li-bur- gis-bU?-mes?-ga? 7 45 Rev. IIL4; li-bur-ra-lu, 32,11,6), 33 - 11 , 8 . 442. nu-ur-ku-bi, 8 9 10 “The light of Kubi” (var. nu-ur-la-ir, 32, II, 8), 33, II, 9; 45 Rev. III, 5. Cf. Nos. 46-8. 443. nu-ur-a-ba, “The light of Aba” (var. [nu-ur]- d a-ba, 33, II, 10), 32, II, 9; 45 Rev. 111 , 6 . Cf. nu-ur- d a-ba- in LBD. 444. nu-ur-su-nu, “Their light,” 32, II, 10; (33, II, 11); 45 Rev. III, 7 - 445. d -{i-mu (?), 32, II, 1 1 ; (33, II, 12) ; 45 Rev. Ill, 8. 446 ? 33 - II- 1 3 - 45 1 . d nin- 45 Rev. Ill, 14. 452. d nin-{i?- 45 Rev. Ill, >5- 453. d ma-{i-eris{-is), w 45 Rev. Ill, 16. 454. nin?-su-ge-ge, 45 Rev. Ill, 17. Also in RTCh. 399 Obv. II, 35; TSA; ST 11 . Cf. nin- 1 It appears written as nam-tar-ib-ge'me. The last wedge is probably the first of the sign UL, left incomplete. 2 Probably the name of a god, and not “My servant.” Cf. note 6. 3 Written SAL-KU. Cf. d SAL-KU (SAI 8411) and PB, 2837-40. 4 Cf. d LUGAL, PB 1353 ff. 5 In texts 32, 33, 45 the order of these three names is not the same. 6 d PA =~ d Nergal sa su-u-ki, CT 24, 41.74: CT 25, 8.1 1 b; d PA — d Nabil sa Dilmun, CT 25, 35 Obv. 2 1 ; 36 Obv. 20. Cf. also PB 2 1 59, 2 160, 2941-3, 3 1 14. 7 One would think of Gilgamesh, but the text is so badly written that this most interesting variant remains wholly uncertain. 8 Ku-bi (for ku-bi) is, in all probability, a Sumerian loan word. Cf. d KU, SAI 7499 and d KU-bu, 1 1 1 R 66 Obv. 13b (Br. 13457). In Akkadian names cf. ku-bu(um), ku-bi, LC p. 63, RPN p. 2 16 and note 4. It is doubtful whether la-ir may be another variant of the name ku-bi. 9 Four lines destroyed. Cf. 45, III. 10 Is the sign MA a scribal error for nin? EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 75 su( = KU)-ge-ge, ST I; DP have been made like water,” 5 116, 11 ; 117, 11 ; In. IV, (37, n. 3); 38. 1 1. 2; ( 4 '. 7274; nin-su-gi-gi, Nic. 16 I. 5 )- Obv. 11 , 9; en-su-gi-gi, DP 486. d lM-ba-ni, “ 1 M is creator,” 132, 1. 16, 1 ; 37, 11,4; 38, 1 II. 3; 455 - nin-si{g)-ga-kalama} 45, 111, (41, I, 6). 18. 487. d IM-na-da, “1M is lofty” (var. 2 d I M-na-wi-ir, 16, 2; d IM- 466. d na-bi?-um?-[ba-n\i? , “Nabium * 5 - "2" po d IM-ma- is creator,” 38 Rev. 1 , 2. lik, 41, I, 7), 37, I I. 5 - 467. a-na-lii , 3 38 Rev. 1,3. 488. d IM-na-si, “IM is exalted” 468. a-na-lu-suku, 38 Rev. I, 4. (var. [ d I M]-ha-{i-ir , 41 , 1,8), 469. [a-na\-lu-ku? , 38 Rev. 1,5. (16, 3); 37, 11, 6; 38. 11 , 4 - 1 C\ 00 *1- {a-di, 16, 4; 37, 11 I. 7 ; ( 4 '- 480. . . . -se?-um, 32, 111, 1 . I, 9). 481 . . . . ,-ta?-se?-um, 32, 111, 2; 490. 1 a-ra-la , 37, 11, 8. ( 4 >. I, 0- 491. 1 a-an-da-la , 37, 1 1, 9 482. mu-us?-mu-na-nu-um (Hyp.) 7 (var -bu-um, 41, 1 , 528. gir- 37. HI - 2. 2), 32, 111 , 3. 529. gir-a- . . . , 37, III, 3- Cf. 483. a-dim 1 (Abbrev.), ‘‘Like water gir-a-N E-KU, Nic. 1 Obv. . . .,” 32, IIL4; (37- H, 1); III, 18; 6 Obv. 1 :v, 7 (4'. 1 3)- 530. SES?-KA , 8 37, 111 . 4; (4', 484. a-dim-ba-an-ag-es, “They have 11 , 1 ) ; 46, 1 , 1 . been made like water,” 32, 53 1 • a-BAR-KA , 9 37, III 1, 5; (4', 111, 5; (37, 11 , 2); 38, 11, 1; 11,2); 46, 1,2. (41. I- 4 )- 532. a-BAR-NU-GIRF, 37, 11 I, 6; 483. a-dim-lii-ba-an-ag-es, “Men (41, 11 , 3); 46, 1 , 3- 1 Phonetic writing for si{g)-gar? Cf. nin- ■si(g)-gar, H PN, and d nin-si{g)-gar-an-, na, PB 1 2704. 2 A calculation with text 32 as a basis, gives hardly more than nine lines missing for two gaps (cf. above, p. 26 f). 3 The three names are Sumerian. Otherwise, instead of lit we should have expected a-wi-U (cf. PPN, p. 25). A-na = minu (Br. 11434). Cf. a-na-gu-UL, a-na-gu-gu, a-na-ti, in HPN. 4 In 32, 1 1 1 , 4 there is an erasure between the signs a and dim. It is probably the sign dim which had been written out of place. 5 A recollection of a flood story? Ba-an-ag-es is the Indicative, with passive meaning, of the theme ba-LAL. (Cf. GT, p. 86 ff.) 6 Written tab-ba. In this text the order of the last two names of the group is changed. 7 Probably thirty-two names are missing. 8 The sign KA might also be read SAG. but, since in the following line the last sign is prob- ably KA, and the two names belong to the same group, the latter reading seems established. 9 A-BAR-KA=a-hu-. . ., is-bu- . ., ku-pa-. . na-ha-. . . in CT 18, 49. 8-1 ib (SA 1 8773-6). 76 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION 533. a-iam (Hyp.), 37. HI, T> (41, II, 4); (46, I, 4). 534. a-ma-{um (Hyp.), (41, II, 5); 46, I. 5. 535. hu-um-ium (Hvp.) 41, II, 6; 46, I, 6. 536. sar-ru-um-anum, “Anu is king,” 1 41, 11,7; 46, 1,7. Cf. sar-ru-um-i-lt, SAD; TD; HPN; TRU 313, 2; sa-ru-um-i-li, In. II, 645 pass.] sa-ar-i-li , In. IV, 7833. 537- sar-ru-um- -e-a, ‘‘Ea is king,” 41 , II, 8; (46, 1 1, 8) . Cf. e-a-sar-i m-um, RF >N. vn p° sar-ru-um- -ba-ni, “T he king is creator, ” 41, II . 9; (46, 1.9). 539- SU-a-ba,- ‘‘Aba has gi iven?” 41, II, IO; 46, I, 3 10. 565. ba?- . , 46, II, 1 . 566. i-[li}---.. . . . . , 46, I 1, 2. 567. i-li- . . . , 46, 1 1 - 3- 568. i-li- . . . , (23 Obv. I ); 46 , II, 4. 569. mes-ki-ag-an-[na?}, ‘‘The hero, the beloved of heaven?” 1 2 3 4 25 Obv. 2; 46, II, 5. 570. mes-ki-ag-nun-na, “Hero, the beloved of the highest,” 25 Obv. 3; 46, II, 6. Also in HT, pp. 89, 1 28. 5 571. mes-an-ni-pd(d)-da, “Hero, called by Anu,” 25 Obv. 4; 46, 11,7. Alsoin HT, pp. 89, 127. 372. si-it-ti, 25 Obv. 5; 46, 11,8. 573. si-mi-in-ni (var. si-im-mi-in-ni, 46, II. 9), 25 Obv. 6. Cf. se-im-mi-i, BE XV 6, 6 and 188, IV, 23 (CPN). 374. si-mu , 6 25 Obv. 7; 46, II, 10. 575. ba-al-lum (Hyp.), 7 8 9 10 46, II, 11. Cf. ha-al-lu(um ) in RPN. 576. ha-al-el, 46, II, 12. 577. ha-la-mu 6 46, II, 13. Cf. ba- la-tum, VS XIII, 9 Obv. 3. 578. d Ha-gi?-i-li? ‘‘Hagi is my god.” 46, II, 14. 10 604 [ d en-l\il?, 46, III, 1 . 603 -Asm, 46, 111,2. 1 These three names would appear to be translations of the Sumerian lugal-ana, lugal-e-a and lugal-im-du-a (cf. TD under sar-ru-um-ba-ni) . This would explain the variants i-li of No. 536 and also the fact that in No. 538 sar-ru-um is used as the name of a god. 2 Some sign might be missing between a and ba. 3 It is impossible to estimate exactly the length of the gap. 4 Other restorations: dingir-ra or d The name is probably incomplete. The value mes is given in S b 120 (Br. 5952). 6 This is the name of a king of the first Kingdom of Ur, and is the son of M cs-an-ni-pa (d)-da. The fact that two names of this group are historical is probably due to recollections and not to mere coihcidence. 6 Cannot be read litn-mu or igi-mu, because of the two preceding names. 7 The three names are probably Amoritic, notwithstanding the fact that ga-la-mu might be good Sumerian: “My portion.” 8 There is an erasure between the signs la and mu. 9 Cf. d ka-gi, II R 60, 29a, and cf. note 6 on p. 69. 10 A gap, the exact length of which it is impossible to estimate with certainty. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 77 606. en-IB (Abbrev.), 1 46, III, 3. 607. en-{u? (Abbrev.), 46, III, 4. 608. en-KAL, (Abbrev.), 46, III, 5. 609. inim- d nanna (Abbrev.), “The word of Nanna,’’ 46, III, 6. Also in LAD, LBD. 610. inim- d ninni? (Abbrev.), “The word of Ninni,” 46, III, 7. Also in In. 1 1, 855 ; LAD; SAD 1 10, IX, 6; HPN (Ka- d Innanna) . 61 1. inim- d en-[lil ?\ 2 (Abbrev.), 46, 111,8. RPN (Awat-Bel). 612. KAL?-. ... , 3 4 46, IIL9. 638. um-mi-[tabat?}, 5 46, IV, 2. 639. um-mi-ta-[ba-at?], “ ‘The Mother’ is good,” 46, IV, 3. 640. a-ra-ab- . . . . , 6 46, IV, 4. Cf. ar-ra-bu, ar-ra-a-bu, ar-ra-bi, and (fem.) a-ra-bu-tum in CPN ; ar-ra-bi-, TNB. 641. a-ra-ab-?- ,46, IV, 5. 642. ha-ab-ru?- . . . ., 46, IV, 6. 643. pu?-un?~ ,46, IV, 7. 669. uru-UN?- , 46, V, 3. 670. uru-UN? -da?- 46, V, 4. 671. d nergal?-ib?-ni ? , “Nergal? has created?”, 46, V, 5. 672. d nergal?-a-bi, “Nergal? is my father,” 46, V, 6. 673. d nergal?-M E?- . . . . , 7 8 9 46, V, 7. 674 46, V, 8. 673 -mu, 46, V, 9. 726. geme- d a- . . . . , 41, 111, 1. Cf. geme-a-{i-sar-ra, HLC, II pi. 66, 28, I, 10. 727. geme-a-su?- . . , “ The maid servant of Ashu . . ,” 41, III, 2. 728. da-da-a? , 41, III, 3. Also in HPN; TNB. Cf. da-da, In. 11,4587^^55.; da-da-a-a, In. II, 4589; (fem.) da-da- tum, RPN. 729. da-da-PI-[N E\, <] 41, III, 4. Also in LAD 8 Rev. 9. Cf. da-da-wa-kar, VS VIII, 4, 42; RPN. 730. da-da-ga-m[a-ti(l)\, “May Dada give me life!” 41, III, 5. Also in BM 19740, V, 126 (in CT 3, 33); HPN; TRU 9. 5- 73 1 . ud-ul-lu-u? 10 11 4i,III,6. Also in LBD. But cf. u-du-lu in HPN. 1 Three names of gods: cf. d en-zu, d en-kal (PB 943, 950) and also d I B and d nin-I B. 2 Or, d EN-[ZU] = “Sin”?. 3 Cf. Nos. 10-2, 245-7. 4 A gap, the exact length of which it is impossible to estimate with certainty. 6 Cf. note 7 on p. 63. 6 All the three names are probably Amoritic. 7 The name is to be read in Akkadian. 8 It is not certain whether the section 726-731 is to be placed here or in one of the preceding gaps. 9 Or, da-da-wa-kar? But the next name is probably Sumerian, and we expect here a name of the same language. Cf. d DA-DA, CT 24, 24.69 and PB 678. 10 The sign UL is written over an erasure. 11 The section 752-9 might be placed further towards the end of the tablet. 78 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION 752 -ga?]-ma-ti(l), 41, IV, 1. 815. 753 -AN-nn, 41, IV, 2. 754 -AN-ge, 41, IV, 3. 816. 755 -AN-KAB?, 41, IV, 4. 756 -AN-GA-TA, 41, IV, 5. 817. 757 -SA-GA-TA, 41, IV, 6. 758 -£«, 4>- IV, 7 . 759 41, IV, 8. 1 780. a- d . . . . , 27 Obv. I. Cp. No. 818. 00. 781. a-lugal- . ... 27 Obv. 2; 1 2 37, V, 2. Cf. No. 349. 782. a-gn-. . ., 27 Obv. 3; 37, V, 3. 819. Cf. a-gu-gu, HPN. 783. la-te-ni?, 27 Obv. 4; 37, V, 4. 3 784. KA?-a?~ 37, V, 5. 4 820. 814. {i?- ,62 Rev. Il,i. Other Fragments of the 900 [-a-ga]-DE, 54, IV, 1. 901. se?-ga?-a-ga-DE, 54, IV, 2. 902 -a-ga-DE, 54, IV, 3. 929. 7 928. lugal-usumgal 8 “ ‘The King’ is 930. the only great one,” 45 Obv. 931. 1. Also in TD 91 (Seal); 932. d gu-silim-dum-ki, 5 6 7 8 ‘‘Gu-silim is my favor,” 62 Rev. II, 2. J gu-silim-mu-da-mi-ik, ‘‘Gu-si- lim is favorable, ”62 Rev. 11,3- d gu-sili m-m u-tab-bil, ‘‘Gu-silim leads,” 62 Rev. II, 4. Cf. d Amurru-mu-tab-li , d Nusku- mu-tab-li, mu-tab-bil-ilu and ilu-mu-tab-bil in CPN. ]ugal-sibir-{a-g'in-su-du, ‘‘The king adorned with a tiara of lapis-lazuli,” 62 Rev. II, 5. Cf. Nos. 293-4. lugal- d im-gig-bal-lul, 62 Rev. 11 , 6 . Cf. lugal-im , In. II, 2932; lugal- d im-gig su (writ- ten: lugal- d im-mi-hu) , HPN. lugal-A]N?-bal-e, 62 Rev. II, 7. Second Tablet HLC (gal-usum)] HPN and ibid., p. 130, note 3, etc. lugal-ni-te-ni, “ ‘The King’ is the only high one,” 45 Obv. 2. lugal-BAR? , 45 Obv. 3. -gu?-{a-na-a, 43 Obv. 4. -pu?-lum, 45 Obv. 5. 1 If the preceding sections are in proper place, the gap is here very small. 2 A-lugal?-. . .The text is damaged. 3 LU-DI?-. . . Very uncertain. 4 Calculating on the basis of text 37, there are no more than twenty-nine names missing to the end of the tablet. Of these, seven we find in section 814-820, and twelve are lacking between 820 and the end (cf. p. 27). The gap is therefore of about ten names. 5 On ** gu-silim (written: KA-DI), cf. HR 48, 46e and PB 568. 6 Text 62 has probably no more than twelve lines missing. 7 The next section is a part of the second tablet, if we may rely on the fact that its reverse contains names belonging to it. 8 Written lugal-gal-usum. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 79 933 -mn-um, 1 43 Obv. 6. 934 ~i i-nu-u-a , 45 Obv. 7. 935 -HUL-BE,- 45 Obv. 8. 936 -um- -um, 45 Obv. 9 - 937. [ a-ha-(am)-n\u-ta , 3 “We have found a brother,” 45 Obv. 10. Also in RPN; LC; PSBA 33, pi. 44, No. 20,20; CB. 938. [a-ha-(am)-a]r-si, “1 got a brother,” 45 Obv. 11. Also in RPN, CB. Cf. a-ha-am- ir-su, RPN. 939. [a-ha-(am)]-nir-si , “We got a brother,” 43 Obv. 12. Also in LAD; RPN; 4 BB. Cf. a-ha-am-ni-er-si, RPN. Fragments Which May Belong to Either of the Two Tablets 1022 965. if-kur-anum, “Anu has called,” 11, 1. IO23 966. i 1 1 ‘Ea has called,” 1 1 , 2. Also in RPN; CPN. IO24 967. i{-kur- d I M , “Im has called,” 11, 3- IO25 968. AB?-ZU?-NA-UG-GA ?, 6 11,4. 969. . . ,-AB-na- 11, 5 . IO5I. 970. . . ,-bi-de-? . . . , 11,6. IO52 IO53 991. HI - , 13. 1 - 992. HI-n?-. . . . . ., 13-2. IO79. 993. HI-n-. . . . ■ 13. 3 - IO80. 994 - ur-ki- . . . , 6 > 3 , 4 - I08l . 995. ur-ki-. . . , I 3 > 5 - 1082. 996. ur-ki- , 13, 6. geme-nanna, “The maid ser- vant of Nanna,” 15,1. ge'me- d u[tu\, “The maid ser- vant of Utu,” 1 5, 2. ge'me- d ma-[ma?}, “The maid servant of Mama?,” 15, 3. su-mu- , 13,4. mu-ru ? . . . . , 40, 2. mu-ru- , 40, 3. si-in-KU?- , 40, 4. . . -bur-SIG- 43, 2. ki-dg-UR, 43, 3. UR-UR, 43, 4. GUR-UR, 43, 5. 1 The first element of the names of this group is still preserved in the pupil's copy, but it is too badly written to be legible. 2 The name is Akkadian. To be read si-ib-bat ? 3 The restoration of the first element of these names is made nearly certain by the nature of the second element. These names also recur in the same order in the lists of Pt. II, Nos. 1008-10. In the names of this group, a-bu probably refers to the blood relative. In nearly all other names, a-bu, a-bi, a-bu, a-bi, etc., are appellatives of gods. Cf. discussion in Pt. II. 4 Under a-ba-am-kal-lim. Cf. Ungnad, Dilbat, p. 123. 6 The sign iig is that for BAD. 6 Ur-KI?-. . . Cf. No. 996. 80 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLETS 1 Text I 3 4 5 6 / Plate 1-2 3 4 5 5 6-7 8-9 CBS 5945. Portion of unbaked tablet. Three pieces joined together. Meas. 96X129X36. Contents: Obv. Col. 1 : 287-294; Col. 11 : (same as Col. 1 ); Rev. Col. I: 10-15; Col. II: 23-32; Col. Ill: 39-50; Col. IV: 60-70. IV Exp. 6388. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 102X87X38. Con- tents: Col. 1 : 21-34; Col. II: 63-76; Col. Ill: 114-116; Col. IV: 271-275; Col. V: 325-342; Col. VI: 375-387. IV Exp. 14120. Portion of a baked tablet. Rev. badly preserved. Meas. 131X95X41. Contents: Obv. given in Pt. Ill, Cols. 1 and 11 : 1165-79; Rev. Col. 1 : 271-290; Col. 11 : 342-366; Col. Ill: 387. IV Exp. 6442. Upper left corner of large baked tablet. Well preserved. Meas. 63 X 56X27. Contents: Col. 1 : 1-14; Col. II: 31-44; Col. Ill destroyed; Col. IV: 322-337; Col. V: 356-369. IV Exp. 6383. Lower portion of unbaked tablet. Meas. 51X62X21. Contents: Col. I: 8-17; Col. II: 32-37; Col. Ill: 38-47; Col. IV: 59-69; Col. V: 85-96. IV Exp. 1 3573 + 1 3578+ '3586+ 1 3604+ 1 3622+1 3630+ 1 3639+ 13641 + 13648+13674. Many fragments joined together. Unbaked. Meas. 158X115X32. Contents: Obv. 323-334; Rev. Col. 1 : 4-30; Col. II: 32-58; Col. Ill: 60-85; Col. IV: 86-1 1 1. IV Exp. 1783 + 12609. Two fragments of well-baked tablet joined together. Upper part also published in E 1 GT No. 154. Meas. 1 1 3 X 1 1 1 X28. Contents: Col. 1 : 43-92; 1 Measurements are given in millimeters, length X width X thickness. Whenever tablets or fragments vary in size, the largest measurement is given. CBS = Number of the Catalogue of the Babylonian Section. The expression “Obv. not inscribed” is to be understood: “The extant part of the Obverse is not inscribed.” The numbers refer to the Transliterations and Translations given on pp. 49-79. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 81 Text Plate CBS Col. 11 : 103-13 1 ; Col. Ill: 198-200; Col. IV: 233-244; Col. V: 280-300; Col. VI: 311-6, 332-4, 338, 341-5 1 . 11 Exp. 8 8 5925 - Fragment of half-baked tablet. Meas. 53X49X21. Contents: Obv. Col. 1 : 67-74; Col. 11 : 102-106. Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 9 8 6477. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 5 1 X49X24. Obv. not inscribed. Rev. 32-41. IV Exp. IO 8 5955 - Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 41 X62 X2 1 . Obv. List of names with determinative “kul” (not pub- lished). Rev. Col. 1 : 72-75; Col. 11 : 93-96. IV Exp. 1 1 9 2141. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 65 X54X29. Obv. not inscribed. Rev. Col. 1 : 965-970. I Exp. 12 10 6396. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 57X47X36. Con- tents: Obv. 294-298; Rev. not published (cf. below. List of Duplicates). IV Exp. >3 IO 59 66. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 47X35 X 1 1 +. Con- tents: Obv. 991-996; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. •4 10 5923. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 45 X36X20. Con- tents: Rev. destroyed; Obv. Col. 1 : 7-10; Col. 11 : 29-31. IV Exp. 15 IO 5994 - Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 48X 53 X23. Con- tents: Obv. 1022-1025; Rev. Sumerian Primer (not published). IV Exp. 16 IO 5847. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 48X 59X20. Con- tents: Obv. 486-489; Rev. Sumerian Primer (not published). IV Exp. 17 IO 5904. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 75X63X31. Con- tents: Obv. 281-284; Rev. Syllabary (not published). IV Exp. 18 IO 9782. Round Tablet, copied from plaster cast. Original in the Imperial Ottoman Museum. Meas. Diam. 72; Thick. 7. Contents: Obv. cf. No. 32; Rev. not inscribed. 11 Exp. 19 I I — I 2 00 O Portion of baked tablet. Several pieces joined together. Meas. 162X65X45. Contents: Obv. to be given in Pt. II Nos. 869-86. Rev. Col. I: 40-52; Col. 11 : 59-76; 11 Exp. 82 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Text Plate CBS 20 13 5814+6445+6446. Three fragments of baked tablet joined together. Obv. of only one fragment (5814) is preserved. Meas. 115X95X35. Contents: Obv. to be given in Pt. 11 Nos. 1029-36; Rev. Col. 1 : 4-14; Col. II: 19-30; Col. Ill: 33-36. IV Exp. 2 1 13 5843. Fragmentof half-baked tablet. Meas. 41 X77X22. Con- tents: Obv. not inscribed; Rev. Col. 1 : 38-40; Col. II: 55-59; Col. Ill destroyed. IV Exp. 22 >4 0 T* 00 Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 80X65 X30. Con. tents: Obv. to be given in Pt. 11 Nos. 763-8; Rev. Col. 1 : 46-53; Col. II: 68-77. IV Exp. 23 >4 6457- Portion of baked tablet. Meas. 63 X 58X30. Contents: Col. I destroyed; Col. 11 : 197-209; Col. Ill: 235-250; Col. IV: 278-287; Col. V: 330-338; Col. VI destroyed. IV Exp. 24 '5 5906. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 72 X57X30. Con- tents: Obv. 275-279; Rev. Col. 1 : 391-393; Col. 11 destroyed. IV Exp. 2? O 59 1 5 - Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 72X70X35. Con- tents: Obv. 568-574; Rev. Col. 1 : 44-51; Col. II: 66-75. IV Exp. 26 16 5840. Left upper corner of unbaked tablet. Crumbling. Meas. 54X53X24. Contents: Obv. to be given in Pt. Ill No. 13 ff; Rev. 20-26. IV Exp. 2? 16 5973 - Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 53X52X26. Con- tents: Obv. 780-783; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 28 16 1 2667. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 58X46X31 . Con- tents: Obv. 51-57; Rev. destroyed. 11 Exp. 29 16 DO ^1 0° Fragment of half-baked tablet. Meas. 70X68X30+. Contents: Obv. Col. 1 : 28-31; Col. II: 49-52; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 30 16 xn CO vp Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 60X44X32. Obv. List of names with determinative “gis” (not pub- lished). Rev. 83-89. IV Exp. 3' >7 5935 - Fragmentof unbaked tablet. Meas. 73X85X28. Con- tents: Obv. destroyed; Rev. Col. I: 31-36; Col. II: 56-64; Col. Ill: 85-89. IV Exp. 32 '7 5922. Portion of unbaked tablet. Meas. 1 12 X 109X36. Con- tents: Obv. not inscribed; Rev. Col. 1 : 408-420; Col. II: 435-445; Col. Ill: 480-485. IV Exp. i8 18 >9 ■9 20 20 20 20 21 2 I 2 I 2 I EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 83 CBS 6391. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 80X63 X32. Obv. not published: it contained personal names, but badly preserved; contrary to the usual practice, it was written on the right side of the tablet. Rev. Col. I: 400-413; Col. 11 : 434-446; IV Exp. 3849. Lower left corner of unbaked tablet. Meas. 78X81X7. Contents: Obv. destroyed; Rev. Col. I: 83-94; Col. 11 : 116-124. IV Exp. 5871. Fragment of half-baked tablet. Meas. 66X70X36. Con- tents: Obv. 189-196; Rev. Syllabary (not published). IV Exp. 6656. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 85 X64X40. Con- tents: Obv. List of names with determinative “kus” (not published); Rev. Col. I: 124-139; Col. 1 1 : 160-167. IV Exp. 5889. Fragment of a baked tablet. Meas. 86X 54X30. Con- tents: Col. 1 : 429-437; Col. 11 : 483-491; Col. Ill: 528-533; Col. IV destroyed; Col. V: 780-784. IV Exp. 5832. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 42 X66X28. Con- tents: Obv. to be given in Pt. 11 Nos. 1308-12; Rev. Col. I: 466-469; Col. 11 : 484-488. IV Exp. 6655. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 32X47X11. Con- tents: Obv. destroyed; Rev. Col. I: 231-235; Col. II: 273-280; Col. Ill destroyed. IV Exp. 5912. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 33X30X12 + . Contents: Obv. 105 1 — 1053 ; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 3845. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 52 X64X36. Con- tents: Col. I: 481-489; Col. 11 : 530-539; Col. Ill: 726-731; Col. IV: 752-759. IV Exp. 5989. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 52 X60X20. Con- tents: Obv. 362-365; Rev. Col. I destroyed; Col. 1 1 : 19-22. IV Exp. 5985. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 58X70X38. Con- tents: Obv. 1079-1082; Rev. List of names with determinative “ gis” (not published). IV Exp. 5876. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 55 X66X23. Con- tents: Obv. 16-20; Rev. Sumerian Primer (not published). IV Exp. 84 Text 45 46 47 48 40 5° 5' 52 53 54 55 56 57 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION Plate 22-23 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 28 28 28 28 29 CBS 5933. Unbaked tablet. Fragmentary. Meas. 138X111X33. Contents: Obv. 928-939; Rev. Col. 1: 400-419; Col. 11: 420-437; Col. Ill: 438-455. IV Exp. Cf. Photograph on PI. 34-5. 10065 + 11075. Portion of baked tablet. Meas. 80X112X31. Contents: Col. 1: 530-539; Col. 11: 565-578; Col. Ill: 604-612; Col. IV: 638-643: Col. V: 669-675. 11 Exp. 5813. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 72 X68X2 1 . Con- tents: Obv. to be given in Pt. II Nos. 461-2, 430-3. Rev. Col. I: 1-5; Col. 11: 55-59. IV Exp. 5981. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 55 X47X22. Con- tents: Obv. 120-124; Rev. Fist of phrases composed with “gar” (not published). IV Exp. 6374. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 56X44X36. Con- tents: Obv. Lexicographical material (not published). Rev. Col. I: 34-41; Col. II: 46-50. IV Exp. 6657. Unbaked tablet. Very fragmentary. Meas. 141 X 111X32. Contents: Obv. 402-410; Rev. contained personal names, but so badly written as to be unread- able. IV Exp. 5830. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 58x85 X30. Con- tents: Obv. not inscribed; Rev. Col. I: 16-22; Col. 1 1 : 38-43. IV Exp. 6401. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 61X45X28. Con- tents: Obv. 164-168; Rev. Col. 1: 128-130; Col. II: 193-199. IV Exp. 5851. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 62X59X32. Con- tents: Obv. to be given in Pt. Ill No. 9 ff. Rev. Col. 1: 39-44; Col. II: 54-59. IV Exp. 5818. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 64X67X33. Con- tents: Col. I: 403-408; Col. II: 435-440; Col. Ill destroyed; Col. IV: 900-902. IV Exp. 5970. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 46X50X26 + . Contents: Obv. Col. I: 39-43; Col. 11: 57-60. Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 5850. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 3 1 X47X20. Con- tents: Obv. destroyed; Rev. 1-3. IV Exp. 5964. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 65X51 X31. Con- tents: Obv. destroyed; Rev. 58-63. IV Exp. F.DW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 85 Text 58 59 60 61 62 63 Plate CBS 29 5888. Portion of unbaked tablet. Meas. 149X56X46. Con- tents: Obv. 230-238; Rev. Sumerian Primer (not published). Cf. Photograph on PI. 36. IV Exp. 29 5861. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 98X57X26. Con- tents: Obv. 130-136; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 30-31 13566+13581 + 13598+13640+13649+13675. Unbaked tablet. Fragmentary. Meas. 146X 1 1 5 X32. Contents: Obv. to be given in Pt. Ill Nos. 542-53. Rev. Col. I: 70-87; Col. 11 : 90-108; Col. Ill: 109-125; Col. IV: 128-139. IV Exp 32 5936. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 112X67X33. Contents: Obv. 394-397; Rev. Col. 1 : 43-54; Col. 11 : 64-72. IV Exp. 33 3925. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 44X44X30. Con- tents: Obv. 412-417; Rev. Col. 1 destroyed; Col. II: 814-820. IV Exp. 33 5811. Fragment of baked tablet. Meas. 92X68X24. Con- tents: Obv. cf. p. 17; Rev. Col. I: 51-52; Col. 11 : 74-82. IV Exp. 86 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION DUPLICATES NOT PUBLISHED 1 CBS 3959. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 42 X22 X 1 3. Contents: Obv. List of names with determinative “kus ” ; Rev. 27-31. I Exp. 5809. Fragment of half-baked tablet. Meas. 80X48X3 1 . Contents: Obv. mostly destroyed: contained mixed personal names; Rev. Col. I: 4-16; Col. II: 38-48. IV Exp. 5845. Small fragment of a large unbaked tablet. Meas. 35 X 33 X 1 2. Con- tents: Obv. 11-15; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 5883. Unbaked tablet. Badly weathered. Meas. 1 1 3 X 58X35. Contents: Obv. Lexicographical material. Rev. Col. 1 : 100-1 13; Col. 11 destroyed. iV Exp. 5916. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 58X56X24 + . Contents: Obv. Col. 1 : 49-54; Col. II: 72-78; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 5956. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 52 X 58X34 + . Contents: Obv. Col. L: 33-37: Col. IF: 53-55. Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 5963. Lower part of unbaked tablet. Meas. 80 X 105 X 30. Contents: Obv. Sumerian primer; Rev. Col. I: 61-64; Cols. II and 111 marked out but not inscribed. IV Exp. 5965. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 72X69X25. Contents: Obv. not inscribed; Rev. (originally of three or four columns) Col. F: 1-9; Cols. I F-I I F destroyed. IV Exp. 5967. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Badly preserved. Meas. 41 X30X20 + . Contents: Obv. 60-64; Lev. destroyed. IV Exp. 5975. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 52 X 5 1 X26. Contents: Obv. Col. I: 2-6; Col. II destroyed. Rev. List of temples. 6380. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 64 X 53 X 24. Contents: Obv. Lexicographical material. Rev. Col. I: 12-19; Cols. 1 1 — I V destroyed. IV Exp. 6387. Fragment of a large, unbaked tablet. Meas. 79X66 X 32. Contents: Obv. 1-6; Rev. Syllabary. IV Exp. 1 1 have not published those texts which offer no variants, and which cannot be used in solving the many difficulties presented by the published texts. Most of these tablets are not well preserved or very badly written. Note that only the First Tablet of the Syllabary is repre- sented in these duplicates. For the Second Tablet, the scarcity of texts has obliged me to publish them all irrespective of their condition. EDW. CHIERA — A SYLLABARY OF PERSONAL NAMES 87 CBS 6389. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 82 X44X22 + . Contents: Obv. 63-68; Rev. destroyed. IV Exp. 6390. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 73 X62 X27. Contents: Obv. (first two columns destroyed) Col. F: 45-53; Col. IF: 63-65; Rev. not inscribed. IV Exp. Cf. Photograph on PI. 37. 6396. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 57X47X36. Contents: Obv. published, No. 12, PI. 10; Rev. Col. 1 : 36-37; Col. 11 : 54-58. IV Exp. 6444. Fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 48X47X2 1 . Contents: Obv. List of names with determinative “kus”; Rev. 85-90. IV Exp. 6657. Unbaked tablet. Very fragmentary. Meas. 141 X 11 1 X32. Con- tents: Obv. published, No. 52, PI. 26; Rev. Col. 1 : 1-10; Col. 11 : 16-28; Col. Ill: 30-42; Col. IV: 48-58. The tablet is so badly written that even the division of the columns is uncertain. IV Exp. 1 1070. Fragment of an unbaked tablet. Meas. 74X60X30. Contents: Obv. not inscribed. Rev. Col. I: 1-7; Col. II: 16-18. II Exp. 12682. Small fragment of unbaked tablet. Meas. 50X 1 5 X 16+. Contents: Obv. 349-355; Rev. destroyed. II Exp. CBS 1 783 2I 4 I 3^45 3849 3925 3959 5809 5810 581 ! 5813 5814 5818 5830 5832 5839 5840 5843 5845 5847 58?0 5851 5861 5871 5876 5878 5883 5888 5889 3904 5906 5912 59'5 59i6 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM — BABYLONIAN SECTION IMBERS OF THE CATALOGUE OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION Text or Page 7 1 1 41 34 62 p. 86 p. 86 19 63 47 20 54 5' 38 30 26 2 1 p. 86 16 56 53 59 35 44 20 p. 86 58 37 ■7 24 40 25 p. 86 CBS 5922 5923 592 5 5933 5935 5936 5945 5948 595 5 5956 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5970 5973 5975 5981 5985 5989 5994 6374 6380 6383 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6396 6401 6442 Text or Page 32 •4 8 45 3' 61 1 22 10 p. 86 p. 86 57 p. 86 13 p. 86 55 43 42 •5 49 p. 86 5 p. 86 2 p. 87 p. 87 33 12 and p. 87 52 4 CBS 6444 6445 + 6446 + 6457 6477 6653 6656 6657 9782 IO065 + 1 IO7O I IO75 + 12609 + 12667 12682 13566 + '3573+ | 13578+ 13581 + 13586+ 13598 + 13604+ 13622 + 13630+ ; 13639 + 13640 + 13641 + 13648 + 13649 + 1 3674+ 13675 + 14120 Text or Page p. 87 ( 20 ) ( 20 ) 23 9 39 36 26 and p. 87 18 46 p. 87 (46) (7) 28 p. 87 60 6 ( 6 ) (60) ( 6 ) (60) ( 6 ) ( 6 ) ( 6 ) ( 6 ) (60) ( 6 ) ( 6 ) (60) (6) (60) 3 AUTOGRAPH PLATES BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE I 1 OBVERSE Col . 1 Col. 2 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE II REVERSE Col. 3 Coi. 2 CNJ Ld co X uJ > CD O BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI CO BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE V 4 5 OBVERSE Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col . 6 Col. 5 Col. 4 OBVERSE Col . 1 Col. 2 BABYL. PU3. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE VI 6 OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE VII 6 Col. 4 REVERSE Col. 3 Coi. 2 Col . 1 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE VIII 7 Col. 1 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI 7 PLATE IX REVERSE Col. 6 Col. 5 Col. 4 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI 12 13 14 PLATE X OBVERSE OBVERSE OBVERSE OBVERSE OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XI BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XII 19 REVERSE Col. 2 Coi t BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XIV 22 OBVERSE Coi 2 REVERSE 23 OBVERSE REVERSE Coi 2 Col 3 10 Coi. 5 I BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XV 24 OBVERSE ' REVERSE REVERSE Col. 2 Col 1 PLATE XVI BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI 26 OBVERSE 27 OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XVII 31 REVERSE REVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XVIII 33 REVERSE Col. 2 Col. 1 REVERSE Col. 1 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XIX 35 OBVERSE 5 5 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI X X BABYL PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXI BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXII 45 OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXI 1 1 45 REVERSE Col . 3 Col. 2 Col. 1 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI 46 PLATE XXIV OBVERSE COL. 6 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXV 47 OBVERSE 48 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXVI 50 OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXVII 51 OBVERSE REVERSE Coi . 2 Col. 1 PLATE XXVIII BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI 53 54 OBVERSE OBVERSE Col . 1 Cot. 2 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXIX 57 REVERSE babyl. pub. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI plate XXX 60 OBVERSE BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXI 60 REVERSE Col. 4 Col. 3 Coi . 2 Col. 1 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXII 10 BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. Xi PLATE XXXIII OBVERSE 62 REVERSE 63 OBVERSE Coi. 2 REVERSE Col . i PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTIONS BABYL, PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXIV. 45 OBVERSE OF A SCHOOL* EXERCISE SHOWING THE TEACHER'S MODEL AND THE ATTEMPT OF A PUPIL TO COPY IT BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXV 45 REVERSE OF THE PRECEDING WHICH IS THE WORK OF ANOTHER PUPIL BABYL PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXVI lu X L- o z 5 o x LlJ < w LU X L- Ll O LU O Q LU W h LU X O I- ? X LU H 03 ^ H LU LU Q < (fl z o I- < h r ~ Z CL LU O Q ~ 00 in Ll O L0 o tr LU X LU _J 0 o x u U) < Ll o LU if) IX LU > CO 0 _j LU Q O 2 L0 ir LU X o < LU 0 LU 1— > QC LU LU X if) H LU QC >- CL _l Z z 0 LU LU X m 0 — If) I < £ X BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XI PLATE XXXVII. REVERSE OF A SCHOOL EXERCISE WITH IRREGULAR DIVISION OF THE LINES CBS 6390