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CATHEDRA!* ANTIQUITIES. 
 
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THE 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE METROPOLITIC AL CHURCH 
 
 OF 
 
 CANTERBURY; 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 A SERIES OF ENGRAVINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 VIEWS, ELEVATIONS, PLANS, AND DETAILS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THAT EDIFICE: 
 
 WITH 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL ANECDOTES OF THE ARCHBISHOPS, ETC. 
 
 BY JOHN BRIXTON, F.S.A. 
 
 ETC. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 M. A. N ATT A LI, 19, SOUTHAMPTON -STREET, COVENT-GARDEN. 
 
 1836. 
 
MARCH A NT, PRINTER, J NG RAM-COURT, FENCHURCn-STREET. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 There is not an edifice in England, excepting Westminster Abbey Church, 
 that has attracted more of public attention, or been more fully illustrated 
 by the author and artist, than the Cathedral of Canterbury. By the list of 
 books and prints, at the end of this volume, we shall find evidence to jus- 
 tify this remark. Though aware of the fact, I thought it right and expe- 
 dient to introduce the metropolitan church of Canterbury into my series of 
 cathedrals ; for I was also aware that many of its architectural features had 
 never been published. The sections and elevations of its towers, nave, 
 choir, transepts, and crypts have not been previously offered to the public ; 
 and these are indispensably necessary to display its construction, and ex- 
 emplify its history. Without sections and strict geometrical elevations we 
 can never attain correct information as to the curvature and proportions of 
 arches — the true contour of columns, capitals, and bases — with the relative 
 projections and recesses of various other members in our antient buildings. 
 With these we are furnished with satisfactory data, either for practical imi- 
 tation or for antiquarian inference. Had this species of illustration been 
 adopted by a Hollar, a Loggan, or a Vertue, and had writers on Christian 
 architecture in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries made themselves ac- 
 quainted with the same subject, much irrelevant dissertation and trifling con- 
 troversy would have been avoided. But the majority of mankind, in all ages, 
 and on all subjects, prefer the pretty to the useful ; and seek rather to amuse 
 the fancy than inform the mind. Hence picturesque views, and artificial 
 effects of light and shadow, of black and white, have been repeatedly and 
 continually published and republished in our antiquarian embellishments*. 
 By a natural progress of taste and science, for these improve with age and 
 must last for ever, we are at length commencing and adopting a right 
 course; and I am persuaded that, in a very short time, we shall be fully 
 and explicitly informed of every thing respecting our national antiquities 
 in general, and more especially that of architecture. Zealous in this 
 cause myself, I am anxious to awaken the same zeal in others; habitually 
 fastidious, I also wish to encourage the same spirit in my readers and 
 friends; for by the union and exertion of zeal and fastidiousness, we 
 shall be able to advance rapidly and correctly in our search after truth. 
 The history and the science of Christian architecture are intimately con- 
 
 * In " the Chronological Illustration of the Christian Architecture of England," I have 
 given nearly the whole of the eighty prints, belonging to the volume, in a light and rather slight 
 style of execution, and mostly in elevation and section, for the purpose of showing the forms 
 and proportions of the various architectural members with precision and accuracy. This 
 volume is intended to embrace a comprehensive review and illustration of the Christian Archi- 
 tecture of England. 
 
 b 
 
ii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 nected with our cathedrals; and by illustrating the last truly and fully, 
 we shall best exemplify the others. 
 
 Having developed the histories, and illustrated the architecture of the 
 cathedrals of Salisbury, Norwich, Winchester, York, Lichfield, Oxford, 
 and Canterbury, it is my intention to pursue the same delighting but ardu- 
 ous task with unabated zeal ; but with increased knowledge of the subject, 
 and even greater care and caution than hitherto. In other cathedrals, I do 
 not think it will be necessary to give so many engravings as in those 
 of the former, and consequently the prices of each and all will be reduced. 
 The drawings for Wells and Peterborough are nearly all prepared; and 
 it is my intention to proceed with the former immediately. 
 
 The style and manner in which Canterbury Cathedral has been com- 
 pleted I hope will convince my friends and subscribers that I am solicitous 
 to preserve their confidence, and secure their approbation. Most of the 
 plates, in the volume, have been carefully drawn, and successfully engraved : 
 and will therefore reflect credit on the respective artists. The subjects 
 will be found interesting; and more particularly those of the plans and 
 sections. To the professional gentlemen, who furnished me with draw- 
 ings for these, I am under considerable obligations: — for they devoted 
 much time and skill in obtaining correct sketches and measurements of 
 the various parts of this complex and spacious edifice. To Messrs. Cresy 
 and Taylor, who had previously appropriated two years assiduous atten- 
 tion to, and delineation of the classical temples of Greece and Italy, and 
 the " Gothic" cathedrals of Normandy and France, such a task seemed 
 easy and amusing. They have just completed their elaborate and scien- 
 tific work on "The Architectural Antiquities of Rome," 2 vols, folio, and 
 thereby rendered an essential service to the professional architect and to 
 the antiquary. 
 
 To the very Reverend the Dean of Canterbury, to the Reverend 
 George Moore, and to other members of the chapter I feel obliged and 
 grateful for ready access to all parts of the church, and for many acts of 
 personal civility. 
 
 To Mr. Le Keux I am also under considerable obligations for the im- 
 provements he has made to the drawings submitted to his execution ; for 
 every subject has been materially benefited by his skilful needle and 
 buriue. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 The reader is requested to make the following corrections, in addition to any others he may 
 detect. 
 
 Page 15, line 1, omit the paragraph beginning with "The" and ending with "place." 
 
 22, — 11), for Langton read Langham. 
 
 54, — 12, for Lens read Sens. 
 
 ■ 61, — 5, for Eudbert read Eadbert. 
 
TO 
 
 JESSE WATTS RUSSELL, ESQ. 
 
 OF 
 
 I LAM HALL, DERBYSHIRE. 
 
 DEAR SIR, 
 
 Having long experienced your kind and generous Patronage in 
 the approval and encouragement of my Literary Works, I embrace 
 this opportunity of inscribing the present Volume to you. When at 
 College, you had the good taste and good sense to cultivate an ac- 
 quaintance with the Antiquities of your native country ; to study the 
 Fine Arts, and to seek pleasure and information from the exhaustless 
 treasures of polite Literature. These will all contribute to render 
 your progress through life cheerful and intellectual, — a solace and 
 pleasure to your friends, and highly beneficial to that young family, 
 which by your own and your amiable Lady's paternal care and 
 example, it is hoped will secure honour to themselves, and reflect it 
 on their Parents. 
 
 Accept my sincere and warm thanks for the protection you have 
 afforded to my literary progeny, and believe me, it will be both a 
 pride and pleasure to render any future work entitled to a continuation 
 of the same liberal and discriminating patronage. 
 
 I remain, djar Sir, 
 
 Your obliged Servant, 
 
 J. BRITTON. 
 
 November 13, 1821. 
 
HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF CANTERBURY, OR DUROVERNUM : — 
 
 VARIOUS NAMES OF THE PLACE: ITS IMPORTANCE: INTRODUCTION 
 
 OF CHRISTIANITY: FOUNDATION OF A CHURCH: ST. AUGUSTINE: 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE SEE : — STORY OF ST. LAURENCE AND KING 
 
 EADBALD : PRIMACY OF THE ARCHBISHOPS FULLY ESTABLISHED : 
 
 DIOCESS FIRST DIVIDED INTO PARISHES: THE POPe's INTERFERENCE 
 
 IN ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS RESISTED : CONTROVERSY WITH THE 
 
 ARCHBISHOP OF YORK CONCERNING THE BEARING OF THE CROSS : 
 
 JOHN WICKLIFFE : DISSOLUTION OF THE PRIORY. 
 
 The history of Canterbury Cathedral is intimately connected with the 
 ecclesiastical annals of the island. Whether regarded locally or generally, 
 as connected with its own precincts and ancient kingdom of Kent, or with 
 the progress and influence of Christianity over the nation, we shall find 
 it replete with interesting and important considerations. The original 
 establishment of a new religion, and of a code of faith involving the moral 
 destinies of the human race, and the future salvation of millions of our 
 fellow creatures, cannot fail to awaken the most latent sympathies and 
 the most powerful emotions in the human heart. The ardent mind endea- 
 vours to penetrate the gloom of distant ages, in the hopes of descrying 
 
6 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 truth. It seeks to ascertain the causes, motives, actions, and influence 
 of those intrepid and daring reformers who encountered perils, and even 
 death, in advocating a new system, and disseminating new doctrines. 
 Anterior to the introduction of the Christian tenets in Britain, which 
 appealed to the sensibility, reason, virtue, and interest of mankind, all is 
 dark and doubtful; and from the fluctuating state of society, from foreign 
 and domestic wars, from the stubbornness of old customs and habits, and 
 from the natural tendency of prejudices, we find it extremely difficult, nay, 
 almost impossible to attain a knowledge of the real state of man, and 
 the true state of the nation, for some centuries after the Christian advent. 
 It is true that many learned and acute writers have exerted themselves to 
 elucidate the early annals of our country ; but, from the want of authentic 
 materials, they have not afforded that satisfaction which is required. In 
 adverting to the ancient history of Canterbury, we shall meet with some 
 doubts and difficulties in our progress. Our object and end, on the present 
 occasion, will be to adopt the probable and positive, and reject the irrational 
 and false. It will also be our direct province to elucidate the history of 
 the cathedral, and incidentally allude to such subjects as are directly or 
 intimately connected with it. 
 
 Canterbury claims a high antiquity among the cities of Britain, and is 
 preeminently distinguished in the annals of the kingdom, with which its 
 ecclesiastical history is closely connected. Its origin however is unknown ; 
 and we shall not contend for the veracity or probability of those accounts 
 which refer its foundation or establishment to Rudhu-dibras or Lud-hu- 
 dibras, king of the Britons, who is said to have lived nearly 900 years 
 before the commencement of the Christian era. 1 Indeed, there cannot be 
 a doubt but it was a settlement of the aboriginal inhabitants, antecedent 
 to the arrival of Julius Caesar. Of this the various names by which it has 
 
 1 Geoffry of Monmouth, in his " Chronicon sive Historia Brittonum," ascribes the foundation 
 of the city to the abovementioned king ; but the marvellous tales of this author rather entitle 
 him to a place in the list of fabulists than to rank amongst authentic historians. Holinshed 
 also inserts the same story in his " Chronicles of England," i. 446. ed. 1807. He calls th& 
 king Lud-hurdibras. See Higden's " Polichronicon," p. 198. 213. 
 
ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 7 
 
 been designated appear a sufficient indication. It was known to the 
 Britons by the appellation of Caer-ceint, or " the City of Kent," and the 
 word Durovernum or Dorobernia, by which the Romans distinguished it, 
 is evidently derived from the British name Durwhern." The advantages 
 offered by a pleasant valley abounding with springs, and watered by a 
 river which branched into various streams and thus formed several islands, 
 at the same time enriching the soil, were not likely to be long overlooked. 
 We have therefore reason to believe that the " city of the Kentishmen' 
 was of some importance at a very early period. Numerous discoveries 
 and vestigia, both civil and military, conclusively prove its occupation as 
 a Roman station. 3 The Saxons, in the idiom of their own language, 
 denominated the city, Cantwara-byrig and Cantwara-wic, a name of the 
 same signification with that by which it was known to the Britons. When 
 the Roman Durovernum became disused, the Saxon word was latinized 
 into Cantuaria ; and, in the improvement of the English language, became 
 finally settled into Canterbury. During the Anglo-Saxon domination in 
 Britain this city was the capital of the Kentish kingdom. 4 It is repre- 
 sented as "a famous city," "the metropolis of Kent;" and before the end 
 
 1 Nennius, who wrote in the ninth century, calls it by the above name ; and Mark the 
 Anchorite, who lived in the tenth century, places Cair-ceint in his list of the principal cities of 
 Britain. — Gunn's " Historia Brittonum," p. 46. In the Itinerary of Antoninus it is called 
 Durovernum. There is some difference among antiquaries in their etymological solutions of this 
 word, but all are agreed in deriving- it from the British lang-uage. Camden, in his " Britannia," 
 Gough's ed. i. 215, derives it from Durvjhern, which is said to signify "a rapid stream" or 
 " river." Leland, from Dur-avona, " the river water." Lambard, from Dnr-ar-gucrne, "the water 
 near the fen or marsh ;" and Pennant, from Dwr-aber, " the mouth of the water." A charter 
 granted by Kenulph, King- of Mercia, in 810, says of Canterbury, " In civitate famosa, qufe anti- 
 quo vocabulo Dorovernia dicitur." Carta antiqua, ap. Somners' " Antiquities of Canterbury," p. 1. 
 Battely's ed. 1708. 
 
 3 The remains of the Roman roads, leading from this city to Portus Rutipensis, Portus Dubris, 
 and Portus Lemanis are still perceptible in many places. Numerous coins, various vessels, and 
 pieces of pottery have been dug up here ; fragments of buildings, arches, altars, and tesselated 
 pavements have been also discovered, and numerous Roman bricks have been found incorporated in 
 the city walls. See Beauties of England and Wales, viii. 753. 
 
 4 " Caput Imperii " — Florileg-us ad an. 596. " Metropolim Ang-lia.' Cantuariam." — Henry of 
 Huntingdon, lib. yi. sub an. 1011. " Cantiopolis." — Richard of Cirencester. See Madox's Firma 
 Burgi, p. 2. 
 
8 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 of the sixth century it was encompassed with a wall, and the monastery of 
 St. Augustine was erected, " sub orientali muro civitatis." 5 
 
 Having - given an account of the introduction and establishment of 
 Christianity in Britain in the " History, &c. of Winchester Cathedral," 
 and detailed many {'acts relating to its progress and influence in the north 
 of Britain in my " History and Antiquities of York Cathedral," it will be 
 unnecessary to repeat in this place what has been detailed in those works. 
 In the former volume will be found an inquiry into the identity and probable 
 history of King Lucius, who is said to have been the first person to found 
 a church at Canterbury, and to embrace and practise the Christian doctrines. 
 The accounts left us concerning him are so obscured by fable and intermixed 
 with legend that little credence can be attached to the allegations of those 
 writers who ascribe to him the erection or foundation of several churches and 
 archbishopricks. 
 
 W hoever was the actual founder of the first church in Canterbury, or 
 the first person who taught the principles of Christianity in that place, 
 it will be as impossible to determine as it will be useless to inquire. It is 
 sufficiently attested by the writings of Bede and other authorities, that 
 two churches were built here by those Romans who had been converted 
 to a belief in the Saviour of the World. 6 These structures were standing 
 at the time of Augustine's mission into Britain, which took place in the 
 year 596. 
 
 Previous to his arrival there was a conQreo-ation settled in Canter- 
 bury, under the care of Luidhard, chaplain to Bertha, Queen of Kent. 7 " 
 If is not therefore to Augustine that the entire honour of converting the 
 
 5 Somncr's " Antiquities of Canterbury," ut sup. 4. 
 
 fi Bodes " Ecclesiastical History," translation, 1723, 8vo. lib. i. c. 25. In c. 26 he says, 
 " Whilst as yet the Romans inhabited Britain." Stephen Birchington de vit. S 1 '. Augustini, ap. 
 " Anglia Sacra," vol. i. p. I. Tlios. Rudborne, Hist. Win t. ibid. 251. 
 
 ■ This princess was daughter of Cherebert, King of France. On her marriage with Ethelbert 
 she stipulati d for the free exercise of her religion, and brought over with her the above bishop 
 and several other ecclesiastics, who performed their devotions in one of the Roman churches. 
 These proceedings tended much to abate the prejudices existing against Christianity, and were 
 favourable harbingers to Augustine and his associates. Bede's Ecclcs. Hist. I., i. c. 25, ut sup. 
 Henrv's History of Great Britain, vol. iii. 190. ed. 1800. 
 
INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY. 9 
 
 inhabitants of Britain can be awarded, notwithstanding the august title of 
 " Apostle" which was bestowed on him by the infatuated monkish writers 
 of old. 
 
 The story of Augustine's mission which Somner designates as " trite 
 and vulgar," and " needs no repetition," is however too intimately con- 
 nected with the history of this see to be passed over without some notice. 
 St. Gregory, who was then pope, prompted by his zeal for the propagation 
 of Christianity, and compassionating the state of the Anglo-Saxons, who 
 were without the pale of the Gospel dispensation, resolved to attempt their 
 conversion, and for this purpose sent Augustine, with forty other monks, 
 into Britain. These landed in the Isle of Thanet, and a messenger having 
 informed King Ethelbert of their arrival and object, that prince received 
 them favourably, and assigned to them a residence in Canterbury, " the 
 metropolis of all his dominions." He is described to have given up his 
 palace for their use, and bestowed on them one of the two churches above- 
 mentioned. Ethelbert was soon converted to the new faith, and subse- 
 quently manifested his piety and zeal by extending the privileges of the 
 monks, and securing to them their possessions in perpetuity by a 
 charter. 8 The Pope addressed an epistle to him, and accompanied it 
 with presents. When the pall was transmitted to Augustine, he was 
 directed to ordain twelve bishops in his own province, and to send one to 
 York. At the same time the church at Canterbury was made metropo- 
 litan, and Pope Gregory decreed it to be paramount to all others in the 
 kingdom ; " for where the Christian faith was first received, there also 
 should be a primacy of dignity." 9 
 
 Boniface the Fifth, in a communication to Justus, the fifth in succession 
 from Augustine, writes, "We will and command you, that the metropolical 
 
 8 Somner's " Antiquities of Canterbury," ed. 1703. 82. Steph. Birch, and Tho. Rudborne, 
 ut sup. They had liberty " freely to preach, and build, or repair churches in all places." 
 Bede's Eccles. Hist, ut sup. 1. I.e. 26. 
 
 9 Battely ap. Somner, ut sup. 37 & 82. To the Roman pontiff much more praise is due than 
 to his missionaries ; for he evinced a comprehensive, liberal, and truly Christian mind, as may be 
 inferred from his instructions to Augustine, and judicious answers to the questions of that puncti- 
 lious and uncharitable monk. 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 see of all Britain be ever hereafter in the city of Canterbury : and we 
 make a perpetual and unchangeable decree, that all provinces of this 
 kingdom of England be for ever subject to the metropolical church of that 
 place." 10 
 
 The king, with the authority of the court of Rome, enjoined the clergy 
 to continue in their monastic mode of life ; hence this establishment became 
 what was called a " cathedral monastery," where the bishop was nominally 
 and de jure, abbot ; but the duties attached to the office were performed 
 by a subordinate person presiding more immediately over the monks, who 
 were cathedral canons. Previous to the time of Archbishop Wilfrid, how- 
 ever, a period of more than two hundred years, the archbishop appears to 
 have lived in common with his monks, and personally superintended the 
 affairs of the community. This monastery was governed by the rules of 
 St. Benedict, and was the first settlement of that order in Britain. 
 Augustine's progress and success in the work of conversion was rapid and 
 astonishing; 11 for it is related that the Saxons became as anxious to em- 
 brace the new religion, as they had formerly been to persecute its pro- 
 fessors. The instructions given by the Pope to Augustine contain some 
 curious facts relating to the existing and previous state of religion in 
 Britain : " The temples of the idols (says his holiness) ought not to be 
 destroyed, but the idols within them to be destroyed ; let holy water be 
 made and sprinkled in the said temples, let altars be erected, and relicks 
 placed." He proceeds to urge the necessity of converting those edifices from 
 the " worship of devils" to that of the true God. 
 
 The see, founded under circumstances so propitious, rapidly acquired 
 possessions, and as its wealth increased, its influence became extended. 
 The veneration inspired by an institution so august and imposing was 
 enhanced by the preaching, sanctity, and benevolence of its members. Nu- 
 merous grants and donations of lands, manors, and churches, afford a con- 
 vincing proof of the zeal and enthusiasm which the doctrines and precepts 
 
 10 Malmsbury " de Gentis Pontif." 1. i. p. 208. 
 
 11 He is described to have baptised no fewer than ten thousand persons in one day ! Gervas, 
 col. 1632, ap. Henry's " History of Britain," ut sup. 192. 
 
ST. LAWRENCE AND KING EADBALD. 
 
 11 
 
 of Christ had inspired. The registers of Christ Church exhibit upwards 
 of fifty donations made within two hundred years after the time of St. 
 Augustine. 12 
 
 On the death of Ethelbert, and at the succession of Eadbald, his pagan 
 son, Christianity, which had been established with much trouble but with 
 apparent stability, was threatened with total ruin. 13 The three sons of Sebert, 
 King of the East Saxons, who were pagans, and the King of Kent who had 
 apostatised, became the avowed enemies of the Christians ; and infidelity 
 gained strength from their influence. 
 
 The Bishops of London and Rochester, who had been appointed by 
 Augustine, abandoned their charge and left the country ; and Lawrence, 
 the successor of Augustine, was prepared to follow their example ; but a real 
 or pretended miracle opportunely occurred to prevent his design. 
 
 The story is thus related : — The night before his departure, having slept in 
 the church, St. Peter, "the most blessed prince of the apostles," appeared, 
 and after upbraiding him for his intention of deserting his flock, and forget- 
 ting the sufferings of the apostles, terminated his harangue by inflicting a 
 severe castigation on the prelate. Next morning Lawrence went to King 
 Eadbald, and exposing his lacerated shoulders, told his majesty in what 
 extraordinary manner the stripes had been inflicted. The king gave full cre- 
 dence to the relation, returned to the faith he had deserted, and afforded that 
 protection to religion so necessary to its prosperity. 14 
 
 This happy change in the affairs of the church induced Mellitus, Bishop 
 of London, to return ; but not being able to regain possession of the see 
 which he had left, he repaired to Canterbury, at the invitation of Ead- 
 bald, where he became successor to Lawrence. The most memorable 
 act of Mellitus was the subduing a fire, which threatened the destruction 
 of the church, by the efficacy of his prayers ! Honorius, the fifth arch- 
 bishop, divided his diocess into various bishoprics, and is said by Godwin 
 to have been the first to subdivide the province into parishes ; but the latter 
 
 i 2 Somner, ut sup. ap. 36. Battely, ib. 5. 
 
 « Ibid. 65. Hasted's " History of the City of Canterbury," &c. fol. 1799. p. 285. 
 14 Godwin's "Catalogue of the Bishops of England," 1615, p. 50. 
 
 B 2 
 
12 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 assertion is disproved by Selden. At this time the Pelagian controversy 
 engrossed the attention of the clergy. 
 
 Honorius died in 653, and his pious successor Trithona, or Deus-dedit, 
 was the first native of Britain who filled the see. The court of Rome, 
 always anxious to increase its power and extend its authority, found a fa- 
 vourable opportunity, on the death of Wighard, for the personal election of 
 an archbishop by the pope. Vitalian accordingly nominated Adrian, an 
 abbot of Thiridanum, and Andrew, a monk, neither of whom would accept 
 the dignity. Theodore, a Grecian, was therefore appointed at the intercession 
 of the same Adrian, but the pope, apprehensive that he might introduce 
 the customs of the Greek church, sent the abbot with him as a spy or 
 monitor. 
 
 In virtue of the legantine power with which he was invested, he 
 extended his authority over the whole body of the clergy, and was the 
 first prelate who fully exercised his archiepiscopal powers to bring all the 
 British churches to uniformity of discipline and worship. 15 He instituted 
 schools, and established new sees in diocesses which were too extensive for 
 the government of one bishop, and is the first who divided the country 
 into parishes, and made a regular provision for the parochial clergy. 16 To 
 encourage the erection of churches, he obtained a grant from the different 
 kings of the. heptarchy, to vest the right of patronage in their founders. 
 Battely conjectures that archdeacons were first introduced into the church 
 by Theodore, and adduces several reasons in support of his opinion. In 
 the celebrated dispute with Wilfrid, the archbishop maintained " that all 
 controversies should be settled in the provinces where they arose, and that 
 the authority of the metropolitans should be final and unappealable/' 
 Innet tells us, " he changed the whole face of the Saxon church, and did 
 more towards enlarging the authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury 
 and the Bishops of Rome than all his predecessors had done since the 
 
 15 " Cui omnis Anglorum Ecclesia manus dare consentiret." Bede, b. iv. c. 2. 
 
 16 The nomination and settling of parishes must have taken place posterior to 673, for in a 
 council held by Theodore in that year, the word parochia signified the district or diocess of a bishop. 
 Innet's " Origines Anglicanae," i. 78. 
 
STATE OF THE CHURCH FROM 760 TO 831. 
 
 13 
 
 coming of Austin." In his time there were four councils held, in the second 
 of which Mercia was divided into five bishoprics. 17 Brithwend his successor 
 was equally tenacious of his rights and privileges, and firmly opposed papal 
 usurpation. 
 
 Cuthbert, the eleventh archbishop, procured license from the Pope and 
 King Eadbert to appropriate the church for the sepulture of the arch- 
 bishops and royal family, and also to attach cemeteries to those places of 
 worship built within the walls of cities. 18 Dying in 760, he was buried 
 privately, to evade any opposition that might be made by the monks of 
 St. Augustine's, who claimed the privilege and honour of having the custody 
 of the archbishops' bodies. 
 
 Bregwin, who succeeded Cuthbert, was interred with similar secrecy ; 
 but on this occasion the monks were determined to assert their right ; and, 
 in pursuance of their resolution, Lambrith the abbot came with an armed 
 force to Christ Church, with the intention of carrying off the bodies, but 
 not succeeding in this attempt, he appealed to Rome. To terminate the 
 dispute, Lambrith was elected archbishop, which produced a reconciliation 
 between the contending monasteries. In this prelate's time, Offa, King 
 of Mercia, created an archbishopric at Lichfield, by which the province 
 of Canterbury was considerably reduced ; but Athelard, successor to Lam- 
 brith, procured the restoration of those lands which had been taken out 
 of the diocess. In 803 a council was called at Cloveshoo, where the 
 decree of the Pope for restoring the see to all its ancient rights and dig- 
 nities was confirmed, and everlasting damnation was denounced against all 
 who should hereafter attempt to tear the coat of Christ, i. e. to divide the 
 province of Canterbury. 19 Wilfrid was also a considerable benefactor to 
 the cathedral, recovering and securing to it many possessions, and bestow- 
 ing on it many valuable donations. 20 The institution of deans is supposed 
 to have taken place near this epoch, Ceolnoth being the first whose name 
 is to be found on record. 
 
 About this time the plague or some other pestilential disease raged in 
 
 17 <« Origines Anglicanae," i. 73. 18 Battely, ut sup. 133. 
 
 10 Spelman's Concil. i. 324. ap. Henry's History of Brit. iii. 240. 20 Battely, ut sup. 67. 
 
14 CANTERBURY" CATHEDRAL. 
 
 the city, and only five of the ecclesiastics survived its ravages. When 
 Ceolnoth was elected in 830, there was such a scarcity of monks that he 
 was under the necessity of employing secular canons to officiate in the 
 cathedral. The calamities of the clergy were increased by the repeated 
 invasio'ns, wars, and cruelties of the Danes, which kept the country in a 
 state of alarm, and the bishops in daily peril. Plegmund was consecrated 
 in 891. He presided in several councils, and encouraged the building of 
 churches, but no alteration in the see appears to have taken place during 
 his government ; nor in that of Athelm and Wulf helm, his immediate succes- 
 sors. Archbishop Odo, who was consecrated in 941, endeavoured to render 
 the church independent of all control. For this purpose he promulgated, 
 in 943, his famous pastoral letter, since called the " Constitutions of Odo," 
 in which he arrogantly and presumptuously says, " I strictly command 
 and charge that no man presume to lay any tax on the possessions of the 
 clergy, who are the sons of God. I command the king, the princes, and 
 all in authority to obey, with great humility, the archbishop and bishops, 
 for they have the keys of the kingdom of heaven." 21 Besides these consti- 
 tutions, several ecclesiastical canons were enacted about this time, tending 
 to increase the influence and independence of the clergy, and the devo- 
 tion and subjection of the people. From these canons it appears that 
 paganism was not yet completely eradicated ; for it was decreed that 
 those who continued to use pagan rites and ceremonies should be excom- 
 municated. 
 
 The celebrated Dunstan exerted his utmost influence for the aggran- 
 disement of the Benedictine order. No sooner had he attained the 
 archiepiscopal chair, than he employed all his influence to enforce the 
 celibacy of the clergy, and he was almost equally zealous in degrading 
 the seculars ; but his ambition, tyranny, and arrogance at last drew the 
 royal displeasure on himself and the monks of his order, who were expelled 
 from several monasteries, and replaced by seculars. The government was 
 however too weak to resist the influence which the monks had acquired, 
 
 21 Spelman Concilia, 1. i. p. 416. 
 
BURNING AND REPAIRING OF THE CHURCH. 15 
 
 and they were again reinstated. In 1011 the Danes, whose descents in 
 England were accompanied with circumstances of the most shocking cruelty, 
 landed at Sandwich, and laid siege to Canterbury, which they set fire to 
 and carried by assault. The monks, with their venerable archbishop, 
 Elphege, retired to the cathedral ; but motives of humanity prompted him 
 to come forth, and endeavour, by his intercession, to stop the indiscrimi- 
 nate carnage which the ferocious invaders were perpetrating in the city- 
 His intreaties had no effect on the implacable barbarians, who gagged, 
 bound, and forced him back to the church, that he might there witness the 
 murder of his spiritual assistants, while the lead, melting from the roof, 
 which had now caught fire, increased the horror of the scene and the tor- 
 ments of the devoted ecclesiastics. The bishop, after a tedious confine- 
 ment, was at last barbarously murdered. Livingus, his successor, found 
 the cathedral nearly destroyed, and the ecclesiastics either murdered or 
 dispersed, which so affected him that he retired until the accession of King- 
 Canute, when he returned, and commenced the repair of the church. This 
 work was completed by Agelnoth, who was assisted by the munificence of 
 Canute, who granted to the monks the entire revenues of the port of 
 Sandwich, and, as a proof of his devotion, took the gold crown from his 
 head, and placed it on the high altar. 23 Stigand, who was archbishop at 
 the Norman invasion, by his firmness preserved many of the ancient pri- 
 vileges of the people of Kent. Lanfranc made many regulations for the 
 government of the Benedictines, and procured the restoration of twenty- 
 five manors belonging to this see. He also rebuilt a great part of the cathe- 
 dral, and promoted the erection of other sacred edifices. Previous to this 
 epoch, the head of this convent had been styled Dean, but it was now 
 
 32 Gough's Camden's Brit. i. 211, where a full account of this transaction is given from the 
 chronicle of Ditmar of Merspurg, a contemporary writer. 
 
 23 Somner says that the port of Sandwich was only restored to the monks of this cathedral, it 
 having been originally granted to them by Ethelred ; but no allusion to a previous grant is to 
 be found in Canute's charter, in the Customal of Sandwich, published in Boys's " Collections for 
 a History" of that Borough. 
 
I 
 
 16 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 changed to that of Prior. The revenues of the church, which had been 
 previously divided between the archbishop and convent in common, were 
 now ordered to be divided into equal parts between the prelate and the 
 monks. After his death, which happened in 1089, William Rufus kept the 
 archbishopric in his own possession for some years, and applied its reve- 
 nues to his own purposes. In a severe sickness he nominated Anselm to the 
 see, but recovering from his indisposition he demanded one thousand pounds 
 from Anselm as a consideration for the see, and exacted a certain sum 
 annually from him. These impositions compelled the prelate at last to quit 
 the kingdom, when the king seized the whole temporalities, and appropriated 
 the revenues to his own use. Henry the First recalled Anselm, who, intent 
 on increasing the power and influence of his see, prevailed on the king to 
 give up the right of investiture to the archbishops of Canterbury. 24 He 
 exerted himself much to render his church magnificent, and the service 
 pompous ; for in those days an imposing and splendid ceremonial was 
 most effectual for attracting the people to religion, and producing liberality 
 to the clergy. 
 
 Ralph was elected in 1114, a prelate who was extremely jealous of the 
 prerogatives of his church, and would never allow the king to put on his 
 own crown, as that ceremony was a peculiar right of the archbishops on 
 all occasions. 25 His successor William Corboil was invested by the Pope 
 with the title of " apostolic legate throughout England." 
 
 Thomas Becket's name has been rendered famous by his bold attempts 
 to support papal authority, and strenuous exertions to render the church 
 superior to all civil judicature. To check the ambition of the clergy, and 
 protect the prerogatives of the crown, the " Constitutions of Clarendon" 
 were drawn up and signed by the lay and spiritual lords, although the 
 latter had previously refused their assent unless the words " saving the 
 rights and privileges of God and the church" were added. The murder 
 
 2i " This was the first shock to the authority of the English church, and opened the way to 
 all the ensuing usurpations."— Innet's " Origin. Angl." ii. 491. 
 
 25 Collier's " Ecclesiastical History of England," vol. i. p. 315. fol. 1708. 
 
DEVOTION TO BECKET I BISHOPS AND MONKS. 
 
 17 
 
 of the archbishop at length put an end to those disputes and contro- 
 versies, which were but ill calculated to advance religion. This prelate 
 was more profitable to the Cathedral after his death than he had been 
 during his life, for being canonized as a saint, and many pretended 
 miracles having been wrought by his relics, his tomb became one of the most 
 prolific sources of revenue the church had ever possessed. After his death, 
 the interior was suffered to remain in dirt and filth, and the performance of 
 divine service was suspended for a whole year, as a penance for the crime 
 of his death taking place there. 26 Considerable dissensions ensued in 
 electing a successor to Becket, and still greater in the election of Bald- 
 win. 27 But an end was put to all these differences between the bishops 
 and monks, by Pope Innocent III. in 1206, deciding in favour of the 
 latter, and excluding the former from all share in the election of a me- 
 tropolitan. Baldwin endeavoured to abridge the power of the monks, who 
 had made strong opposition to his election ; and with this view procured a 
 bull from the Pope, and also the king's assent for establishing a college of 
 seculars at Hackington, near Canterbury. The monks, aware of the con- 
 sequences, appealed to Rome, and made so strong an opposition to the 
 undertaking, that the archbishop was obliged to relinquish his design. 28 
 On the death of Hubert Walter, the monks were much at variance among 
 themselves respecting the appointment of a successor, but at last Pope 
 Innocent III. compelled them to elect Cardinal Langton, who, being at 
 Viterbo, was there consecrated by his Holiness on the 17th of June, 1207. 
 This proceeding was highly resented by King John, who wrote to the 
 Pope complaining of it as an " encroachment on his prerogative," and stat- 
 
 26 In commemoration of the translation of Becket's body to his shrine in 1220, fifty years after 
 his death, a jubilee was observed every fiftieth year. " At the fifth celebration of this solemnity, 
 in 1420, the concourse of people is said to have been one hundred thousand, all of whom were 
 well entertained fifteen days, the time this jubilee lasted." Todd's " Catalogue of Christ 
 Church Library," 110. See Battely's Appendix, part i. 
 
 2 ? Occasioned by the controversy between the monks and bishops. Battely, ut sup. 48. 
 
 28 Pope Celestine sent a bull to the Bishop of Bath and Wells, after the death of Baldwin, 
 ordering the chapel at Hackington to be demolished, which was immediately done by the monks, 
 without waiting for the king's permission. Gervas. Chron. x. Script, col. 1572. ap. Innet's 
 Origin. Angl. ii. 355. 
 
 C 
 
18 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 ing that " if the satisfaction he demanded was denied, he would break off 
 all communication with Rome." The king was ultimately compelled, how- 
 ever, to bend to the plenitude of ecclesiastical power, but not before all 
 the censures of the church had been employed against him, and he was 
 obliged to sign an instrument, engaging " to obey the Pope in all things.'' 
 These distractions were terminated by the death of John, in 1216. Can- 
 terbury had now become celebrated as a place of frequent pilgrimages. 
 The extraordinary character, life, death, and canonization of Becket gave 
 to the cathedral a notoriety which it had never before possessed ; and 
 it became the interest of the ecclesiastics to keep alive the veneration 
 inspired by the miraculous property which was said to belong to the relics 
 of the martyr. In the time of Langton a solemn translation of the remains 
 of St. Thomas, from the crypt into a costly shrine in the Chapel of the 
 Holy Trinity, took place with a pomp and splendour so expensive, that a 
 debt was entailed on the cathedral, which required the prudent exertions of 
 several succeeding prelates to liquidate. 29 We thus see the court of Rome 
 gradually gaining an ascendancy over the British church, and influencing the 
 ecclesiastical affairs of the kingdom, notwithstanding the opposition made to 
 papal authority both by the kings and the archbishops. On the accession of 
 Edmund of Abingdon to this see, he found the oppressions and exactions of 
 the court of Rome so flagrant and unjust, that he left it and retired to France. 
 On the death of Boniface, the monks of Christ Church elected their 
 
 2 9 Nearly all our chroniclers and historians bear testimony of the extravagance, parade, and 
 ostentation of the monks of Christ Church on this occasion. It is a curious fact, as related by 
 Lord Lyttleton, in his Life, &c. of Henry II. from the ledger books of Christ Church, that 
 during one year there were no oblations made at Christ's altar, and only £4. Is. 8c?. at that of 
 the Virgin Mary ; whilst the amount at Becket's was £954. 6s. 3d. In another place his lordship 
 writes, " One is ashamed to repeat all the shocking absurdities, which the zealots of those times 
 were not ashamed to ascribe to the power and wisdom of God, operating, as they pretended, to 
 the honour of this prelate." Not even the vulgar, but even the most exalted were willing dupes : 
 the Archbishop of Sens, in a letter to the Pope, " told his holiness very gravely, that the wax 
 lights, which were placed about the corpse of Becket, before his interment, happening to go out 
 in the night, he rose up and lighted them again himself ; and that after his obsequies were per- 
 formed by the monks, as he lay on his bier, he lifted up his right hand, and gave his benediction 
 to all the assembly then present." — History of Henry II. vol iv. book v. p. 379. 
 
CONTENTIONS BETWEEN THE POPE, AND KING, AND THE BISHOPS. 19 
 
 sub-prior William de Chillenden, but the Pope declared him unworthy of 
 the dignity, and nominated Richard Kilwardby, whom the monks were 
 obliged to admit. Edward the First, coming to the crown shortly after- 
 wards, assembled a council at Westminster, and, before restoring the arch- 
 bishop's temporalities, protested that such restitution was of his " mere 
 grace and favour, and not of any right," as the Pope had rejected William 
 de Chillenden " contrary to his prerogative, to the laws of the realm, and 
 to the liberties of the English church." This protestation had no effect on 
 the Pope, as he afterwards refused to confirm Robert Burnell, who had 
 been elected as Kilwardby's successor on the recommendation of the king, 
 and appointed John Peckham in his stead. 
 
 Heavy and unjust exactions were sometimes made by the Roman pon- 
 tiff on the clergy, and this prelate's elevation was not gratuitous, for the 
 Pope charged him four thousand marks for the favour conferred, and King 
 Edward I. demanded two thousand more for sowing the church lands, 
 and for the crops then growing upon them. Peckham was also obliged to 
 expend two thousand more in repairing his houses and castles, which he 
 found dilapidated ; and the expenses of his enthronization feast amounted 
 to an additional two thousand. 30 The archbishop, on his election, found the 
 " rents and profits pillaged and wasted ;" and it is not therefore astonishing 
 that he should consider the Pope's demand, accompanied with a threat of 
 excommunication, as " horrible to the eye, and dreadful to the ear," 31 par- 
 ticularly, as he had written to him requesting the restoration of five thou- 
 sand marks, which had been alienated by his predecessor. On the 14th 
 of August, 1289, the king, then residing in St. Augustine's monastery, 
 invited the archbishop to dine with him, who accordingly went, and had his 
 cross borne before him. The monks of that house, jealous of their own 
 liberties and privileges, refused to allow the bishop to make an entry in that 
 manner. He was therefore stopped at the gate, and required to make a 
 written acknowledgment that he came by the special invitation of the 
 
 30 The pompous, irrational, and pantomimic ceremonies of the archbishop's enthronization, 
 are detailed in Archdeacon Battely's volume. 
 
 31 " horribilis in aspectu, & auditu terribilis." — Parker's " Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi," 
 
 by Drake, 291. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 king, and that his public entry should not afterwards prejudice the rights 
 of the convent. The archbishop, however, refused to comply, and the king 
 immediately commanded him to leave the place. Though he obeyed this 
 mandate, he subsequently opposed the monarch by passing some resolu- 
 tions at a council, which were intended to uphold the rights and privileges 
 of the church against the personal will of the king. Incensed at this pro- 
 cedure, the monarch assembled a parliament the same year, and, among 
 other proceedings, abrogated all the resolutions of the archbishop's council. 
 Regardless of these acts, the prelate summoned another convocation, and 
 wrote a spirited letter to the king, in defence of his own authority. 
 
 Edward the First extorted certain subsidies from the clergy, which were 
 thought unjust and oppressive, to counteract which both in spirit and practice, 
 Archbishop Winchelsea procured a bull from the Pope, inhibiting any fur- 
 ther exactions, without license from the holy see. Provoked at this pro- 
 ceeding, and regardless of the pontiff and the priests, he immediately seized 
 on much of the property of the latter. Our prelate and his see jointly 
 suffered in this contest, for the former was suspended and the temporalities 
 of the latter were seized and appropriated by the king. Edward II. how- 
 ever reinstated the one, and refunded the other ; and the archbishop 
 speedily assembled councils, wherein many decrees were passed for the 
 'government and security of the church. 
 
 In the time of Simon Mepham there was a controversy between the 
 monks of St. Augustine's and the archbishop about certain pieces of land. 
 The Pope being appealed to, decided the case in favour of the monks, and 
 the archbishop was amerced in the sum of £ 12 10. 32 Having gone on a 
 metropolitical visitation to the see of Exeter, John Graundson, then 
 bishop, met him with an armed force, and effectually opposed his entrance 
 to that city. 
 
 The Pope having gradually assumed the right of nominating to vacant 
 sees, and excluding all interference on the part of the king, Edward the 
 Third wrote to his holiness, complaining of so unjust an extension of his 
 
 32 Godwin calls it but £700, p. 131. The prelate did not however pay it, but was declared 
 contumacious, and died under a sentence of excommunication. 
 
RIVALRY OF YORK AND CANTERBURY. 
 
 21 
 
 authority. The Pope seemed to concede a little, but between him and 
 the king, the monks of Christ Church appear to have been deprived of any 
 influence in the election of their archbishop; for having nominated Thomas 
 Bradwardin, the Pope, at the intercession of the king, arbitrarily super- 
 seded their choice by the appointment of John Ufford, or de Offord. This 
 prelate did not long survive his elevation, and the second election of Brad- 
 wardin was confirmed. Papal influence had by this time become much 
 lessened, but the holy see was still tenacious of maintaining at least the 
 appearance of authority over the British church. The monks, with the 
 king's approbation, elected Simon Islip, but the Pope, not having been 
 consulted on the occasion, refused to consecrate him ; yet conscious of the 
 impotency of pontifical power in England, although he rejected the election 
 of Islip, and proceeded " ex plenetudine potestatis," to fill up the vacant 
 see, he thought it prudent to make his choice coincide with that of the monks ? 
 and therefore issued his bulls of confirmation. 
 
 Islip was a strict disciplinarian, and sternly enforced the observance of 
 the ecclesiastical laws. Synwel, then Bishop of Lincoln, finding the austerity 
 of the archbishop unpleasant, procured from the court of Rome an exemption 
 from his jurisdiction, but the archbishop prevailed on the Pope to revoke this 
 privilege. 
 
 The controversy concerning the right of the Archbishop of York to bear his 
 cross in the province of Canterbury being revived about this time, was finally 
 settled by the decision of the king, who ordained, that " the Archbishoppe of 
 Yorke should beare his crosse in the others province, yeelding all preeminence 
 otherwise unto Canterbury, but that in token of subjection, every archbishoppe 
 at his entrance should offer an image of golde to the value of £40, at the 
 shrine of St. Thomas, the same to be sent by some knight or doctor of the 
 law, within the space of two monethes after his inthronization." 33 Archbishop 
 Islip lived extremely economical, and took every means of aggrandizing his 
 cathedral. 31 
 
 33 Godwin's Cat. of Bishops, 141. 
 
 34 He sold his right to twenty-six deer from the forest of Arundel, which had been formerly 
 granted to Archbishop Boniface, for two hundred and forty marks. At his death he bequeathed one 
 thousand sheep to the convent, to be kept as a perpetual stock. Ibid. 142. Battely, 73. 
 
I 
 
 22 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 In the time of Simon Langham, who next filled the see for about two years, 
 the papal power received a shock which it never afterwards recovered. The 
 archbishop was bigoted in favour of monks, and ejected the secular clergy 
 from Canterbury College, in order to settle regulars in their place. One of 
 those who were thus displaced was the celebrated John Wickliffe, who de- 
 claimed aainst the oppressions of prelacy, and vehemently inveighed against 
 monkish institutions. About the same time, Pope Urban the Vllth, thinking, 
 from the successes of Edward the Hid in France, that a favourable opportu- 
 nity had arrived for demanding the tribute which King John had come 
 under an obligation for himself and his successors to pay to the holy see, 
 very haughtily required payment, and appointed commissioners to enforce 
 obedience, if the king should prove refractory. But after some days delibera- 
 tion in parliament it was resolved, instead of conceding to the demand, 
 that "if the Pope should, by any means whatever, attempt to support his 
 unjust pretensions, the whole nation would unite with all its power to oppose 
 him." From this time the papal power declined, and the English church 
 gradually became emancipated from the degrading subjection to an over- 
 bearing hierarchy. On the death of William Wittlesey, the monks elected 
 Cardinal Langham, 35 who had formerly presided over them ; but the king 
 was so displeased with their choice, that he threatened to banish them from 
 the kingdom : and the Pope, finding his power insufficient for their pro- 
 tection, refused to confirm the election, and translated Simon Sudbury from 
 London. 
 
 William Courtney was a zealous defender of episcopal rights, and threatened 
 the city of Canterbury with an interdict, for interfering with ecclesiastical 
 affairs, and also prosecuted the bailiffs of Romney for a similar offence. In his 
 visitations he met with considerable opposition, especially from the Bishops of 
 Exeter and Salisbury, whom he severely censured for so doing. This severity 
 put an end to all future opposition to metropolitical visits. 
 
 In 1411, Archbishop Arundel, intending to visit the University of Oxford, 
 was opposed. 30 This occasioned a litigation in the Court of Chancery, 
 where it was decreed, " that the whole university, and all orders, persons, 
 
 35 Godwin supposes the cardinal here mentioned was called Adam Easton, p. 146.. 
 
 36 Hasted's Hist. Cant. 334. 
 
DISSOLUTION OF THE PRIORY. 
 
 23 
 
 and faculties in it, should be fully subject to the visitation of the archbishop, 
 and his successors," &c. and " on any interruption to it, their liberties should 
 be seized into the king's hand ;" " and for every such offence, the Chancellor 
 of the University, or other officers, should pay to the king £1000. During 
 the government of this prelate the king decreed, that "no bishop should 
 thenceforth be translated to another see against his will and consent." 
 
 Religion underwent a very considerable revolution during the turbulent 
 reign of Henry VIII. ; and the part that Archbishop Cranmer acted in those 
 unsettled times is amply developed in English history. He was a zealous 
 and constant friend to the Reformation, to which his life was ultimately 
 sacrificed. Gilpin has written an admirable and interesting " Memoir of 
 Cranmer." 
 
 In this reign commenced those transactions which led to the dissolution 
 of the priory, an event, says Battely, which " was not wholly and entirely 
 executed at one blow, but by degrees." The first act was the abrogation 
 of such festivals as happened in harvest time, i. e, from July 1st to Sep- 
 tember the 29th, among which was that of the translation of St. Thomas. 
 This took place in 1536 ; and in 1538, the feast of St. Thomas was spe- 
 cially prohibited, and the service for his festival abolished, when, instead 
 of fasting, as had been the custom formerly, Archbishop Cranmer " gave a 
 fair president of disowning all regard to this feast," by " supping upon flesh 
 in his parlour." In 1539 a proclamation was issued, in which Becket was 
 declared to have been a traitor to his prince, and ought not to be esteemed a 
 saint. His images and pictures were ordered to be removed from all churches, 
 his name erased from all books, and the service appropriated to him for ever 
 disused, under the pain of his majesty's indignation, and imprisonment at the 
 king's pleasure. 
 
 A commission, dated at Westminster, 31 Hen. VIII. was directed to the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, &c. for the dissolution of Christ Church Priory, 
 empowering nine, or any three of those to whom the commission was di- 
 rected, to draw up a surrender in form, which being signed and sealed by 
 the prior and convent, the commissioners were to take possession of the 
 monastery, make an inventory of all the goods, chattels, and other pro- 
 perty, and carry all the jewels, plate, and money to the master of the jewel 
 
 \ 
 
24 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 house at the Tower of London. These instructions were acted upon immedi- 
 ately, and the ecclesiastics were discharged on certain pensions. 
 
 The profligacy and immorality which were said to prevail in these societies 
 was the ostensible pretext for their dissolution. This charge does not appear 
 to have been proved against the monks of Christ Church, nor was it proved 
 that this house merited the appellation of " a little Sodom," which the 
 Bishop of Sarum bestowed on it. The riches which these establishments 
 had accumulated proved an irresistible temptation to the avaricious Henry, 
 and the state of society enabled him to carry his measures into effect. The 
 age of superstitious darkness had partly passed, and people had acquired 
 juster ideas of morality than to believe that sin could be computed for by 
 riches, or that salvation was ensured either by liberality to the clergy, or 
 the observance of ceremonies. 
 
 The Pope cited Cardinal Pole, who had been appointed successor to Cran- 
 mer, to answer such charges as might be preferred against him ; but the queen 
 strenuously supporting the archbishop, his holiness saw that the most prudent 
 course was to drop the prosecution, which he accordingly did, declaring that 
 the cardinal had been falsely accused. 
 
 Matthew Parker was promoted to the see of Canterbury by Queen Eli- 
 zabeth. He strictly adhered to the discipline of the church, and in con- 
 sequence incurred the displeasure of the government and the puritans; but 
 he was too firm to be frightened from what he conceived to be his duty. The 
 civil commotions continued to distract the country, and Archbishop Laud 
 fell a victim to the fanaticism of the times, on a charge of endeavouring 
 to subvert the laws, the rights of parliament, and the Protestant religion. 
 From this time the church establishment was completely abrogated, but 
 at the restoration, the ancient system was restored, and William Juxon 
 was promoted to Canterbury. Having thus pointed out a few leading facts 
 respecting the history of the see, its progress through numerous struggles 
 with monarchical and pontifical tyranny, and its serene settlement in 
 Protestant doctrines and establishments, it will be our duty, in the next 
 chapter, to investigate the history, and explain the peculiarities of the cathedral 
 church. 
 
25 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE CATHEDRAL : — ITS FOUNDATION, SUCCESSIVE 
 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS, AND PRESENT CONDITION. 
 
 It is generally agreed, that, as early as the third century, an edifice' 
 appropriated to Christian worship, had been reared in Canterbury by the 
 christianized Romans. Of the legend of Lucius, the converted British 
 prince, to whom the building of certain early churches is by some ascribed, 
 I have already expressed my doubts. 1 The title of the British apostles, 
 Fugatius and Damianus, to this honour, is equally problematical. 2 All 
 this, however, as well as the supposed destruction of the church in the 
 Diocletian persecution, and its rebuilding in the fourth century, are mere 
 conjectures. 3 We know nothing positive of any ecclesiastical fabric at Can- 
 terbury previous to the arrival of St. Augustine ; arid the repeated destruc- 
 tions to which the churches were subjected have not left any architectural 
 members of early British or Roman workmanship for our guide or inference. 
 
 St. Augustine, on his arrival in Britain, a. d. 597, is said to have founded 
 two churches in Canterbury, one of which, dedicated to St. Martin, was ac- 
 tually used as a place of Christian worship, under the patronage of Bertha, 
 the queen of Ethelbert. 4 This church, of which Liudhard was bishop, 
 
 1 History, &c. of Winchester Cathedral, p. 12 — 14. Lingard, solicitous for the fame of Lucius, 
 quotes as authorities for the conversion of the Britons, in the second century, Tert. cont. Jud. 
 p. 189; et Origen, Horn. vi. in Luc. and Horn. vi. in Ezech. — Antiq. Ang. Sax. Church, p. 3. 
 
 2 Nennius, p. 108, edit. Bert. — Ang. Sac. ii. p. 667. 
 
 3 Battely's Somner, ii. p. 2 — 4. 
 
 * " In civitate Dorobernioe, quae modo Cantuaria dicitur, B. Augustinus, ecclesiam reperiens 
 antiquo Romanorum fidelium opere factam." " Fuerunt enim in eadem ecclesia monachi in- 
 
 D 
 
2C 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 was, by order of the queen, transferred to the Missionaries, who were so 
 successful that, as the legend goes, the king and ten thousand people were 
 baptized in one day ! 5 St. Martin's Church was accordingly found too small 
 for the accommodation of the converts, and the king liberally gave up his 
 palace to be appropriated to public assemblies for their use. 
 
 Whether this palace was on the site of the present cathedral, or whether 
 it was only adjacent to one of the Roman churches which Augustine repaired, 
 we have not sufficient evidence to determine. If we are to trust Bede, 6 
 St. Augustine dedicated to our " blessed Saviour" the church which he 
 found standing in the " east part" of Canterbury ; but this must evidently 
 have been the Church of St. Martin, and not Christ Church, which is nearly 
 in the midst of the city. If, again, we follow the old documents published 
 by Somner, 7 we have no less than two statements; one of which says, 
 that Christ Church was founded by Lucius, 8 and another, that Ethelberts 
 palace was converted into the cathedral. 9 The Adesham MS. still more 
 explicitly says that the church of Canterbury was founded on the site of the 
 palace. 10 
 
 This consecrated place, then, or repaired church, St. Augustine, after 
 being ordained a bishop, dedicated, as the register informs us, to Christ 
 
 habitantes, sed in numero pauci." — Thom. Rud. Hist, Wint. in Ang. Sac. i. 251. Bertha was 
 buried at Rome, according to Montfaucon ; who saw in the Church of St. Ambrogio this inscrip- 
 tion ; Hie Bertce Regince ossa. Diar. Ital. ii. 30. 
 
 5 Gervas. Col. 1632. ut supr. p. 10. 
 
 6 Bede, Hist. Eccles. c. i. 1. 33. 
 
 " Somner, Append. No. xxvii. c. Edit. Battely. 
 
 8 Fundatio Ecclesiae Christi Cantuariae ab antiquis temporibus jacta fuit per Lucium Britan- 
 norum Regem, Christi primum professorem. — Sed institutio monastic* vitae in eadem ecclesia 
 Christi Cantuarias fuit a tempore Beati Augustini Prothodoctoris Angliae, sicut ait Beda, in 
 libro primo Eccles. Hist, gentis Anglorum. c. 33. (ut supr.) 
 
 9 iEthelbertus Rex, anno regni sui xxxv. ad fidem Christi per sanctum Augustinum conversus, 
 statim palatium suum eidem Augustino & successoribus suis infra civitatem Doroberniam per- 
 petue dedit, ut ibi sedem metropolitanam in sevum haberent. An. Dom. 597. Donat. Eccles. 
 Cant. Somner, App. No. xxxvi. 
 
 10 In quo (videlicet palatio), fundata est Ecclesia Cantuariensis & in nomine Sancti Salvatoris 
 dedicata. Somner, App. No. 36. 
 
EARLY CHARTERS, ETC. 
 
 27 
 
 our blessed Saviour ; on which account it still receives the name of Christ's 
 Church. 11 
 
 Respecting these early records and charters, however, it may be proper 
 to remark, that they are all of very doubtful authority, having for the most 
 part been either forged or interpolated by the monks for interested pur- 
 poses. 12 
 
 For the space of a hundred and thirty or forty years after the death of 
 Augustine, there seems to have been nothing recorded concerning the additions 
 or repairs of the original fabric, though there is no doubt that these 
 must have been considerable, from its having been left unfinished by 
 Augustine, and continuing to be the metropolitical church of England. 13 
 In 743 Cuthbert, the eleventh bishop in succession from Augustine, obtained 
 a license to have the archbishops interred in the cathedral, in preference 
 to St. Augustine's abbey ; and, for this purpose, he had a chapel erected 
 near the east end of Christ Church, which he dedicated to St. John the 
 Baptist, and consecrated for the sepulture of himself and all future prelates 
 of the see. 14 
 
 When Odo was promoted to the archbishopric in 941, he found the roof 
 of the church in a very ruinous condition ; the walls of unequal heights, 
 from decayed portions of them having fallen ; and the rafters loosened and 
 
 11 Regist. Cant. A. Brompton, col. 733, and Kilbume, p. 58. 
 
 1C The charters already quoted, Somner thinks, were drawn up from Bede's history by 
 persons who did not understand it ; and Spelman and Casaubon agree with this writer, and with 
 the Saxon Chronicle, " that Canterbury had no written charters nor muniments before 694 — 
 731." Hasted, p. 288. Both Eadmer and Gervase say, that in the three conflagrations which 
 the church sustained, almost all its ancient records and privileges had perished. Eadm. Hist. 
 Nov. i. 9 ; and Gervas. Col. 1292—1310. 
 
 13 It is worthy of remark, that, during this period, the revenues of the church were, if we are 
 to trust the charters, much increased by donations of manors, &c. more than fifty of which are 
 recorded. Somner's App. No. 36; and Dugd. Monast. i. 18. About the year 669, Benedict 
 Biscopius accompanied Theodore from Rome, and brought with him several glaziers, painters, 
 and stone masons, who, we may suppose, would be partly employed by Theodore in repairing 
 his cathedral. Vit. Sanct. 298. Bede 1. iv. c. 18. 
 
 14 For this he is highly commended by Gervase, Col. 1641 ; and most virulently abused by 
 Thorn, Col. 1773, for his treachery, as he calls it, to the mother church of St. Augustine. 
 Decern Script. 
 
 D 2 
 
28 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 ready to fall. 15 Anxious to repair these dilapidations, the good archbishop 
 caused the decayed roof to be taken down entirely, the ruined portions of 
 the walls to be rebuilt, and the new roof of the church covered with lead. 16 
 In this work Osbern informs us, that Odo spent three years, during which 
 time it was, by the influence of his prayers, miraculously protected not only 
 from tempests, but even from rain ; for though it rained abundantly in the 
 adjacent country, not a drop fell during those three years within the walls 
 of Canterbury! 17 We learn from the same authority, that the church was 
 the most capacious then known ; and Battely is inclined to believe that 
 it was the original fabric built by the believing Romans, and repaired by 
 Augustine. 18 Odo died probably in 958, and was buried, says Osbern, in 
 his own cathedral, on the south side of Christ's altar, in a tomb built of a 
 pyramidal form. 19 
 
 The next remarkable era in the history of the cathedral was in 1011, 
 seventy-three years after it had been repaired by Odo, a minute account of 
 which is given by Eadmer, or, as he chooses to call himself, Osbern. After 
 the invaders had taken the city, they set fire to the church by piling up 
 wooden vessels against its walls for the purpose of consuming the roof, and 
 melting the lead. This is said to have run down on the heads of the 
 monks ; and such of them as attempted to escape were either forced back into 
 the fire, or put to the sword. 20 
 
 15 Osbern (Eadmer), in Vit. Odon. Ang. Sacr. ii. 83. 
 
 16 Osbern, ut supr. Mr. Dallaway remarks, that this was a very early application of lead 
 for the purpose of roofing. Wild's Canterbury Cathedral, p. 2. 
 
 17 In tiibus annis nec tamen intra ambitum solius ecclesiae sed nec intra muros totius civitatis 
 imber aliquando descenderet ; cum videres omnia civitatis pomaria aquis infundi. Osbern, in 
 Vit. Odon. William of Malmesbury expresses his doubts of this miracle — Nisi quod dicam 
 incredibile videatur, says he, nec pluviae stillicidium loci madefecerit ambitum. De Gest. 
 Pont. i. p. 201. ed. Franc. 
 
 18 Antiq. Canter, ii. 6. 
 
 1 9 Bishop Godwin, in his " Catalogue of the Bishops," mistakes this tomb for Archbishop 
 Mepham's. — Hasted. 292. This tomb was celebrated for the miracle of the Holy Spirit, in 
 form of a dove, appearing during mass, and resting over the remains of the " venerable Odo." 
 — Osbernus de Vita Odonis Ang. Sac. part ii. p. 86. 
 
 20 Wharton's Angl. Sacr. ii. 136. See p. 15, above. 
 
lan franc's church. 29 
 
 According to Battely, p. 6, " the old walls of the church seem to have been 
 made of stone and brick, after the Roman manner of building-, and the 
 inside of it to have been plain, without any large stalls, or seats of wood." 
 
 From this period to the time of Canute, the church remained in the 
 roofless and dilapidated condition in which it was left by the conflagration. 
 When this celebrated monarch found leisure from his wars, he caused the 
 churches which had suffered injury from Danish hostility to be repaired, 
 and, amongst others, that of Canterbury ; to which he presented, in 1023, 
 his gold crown, and restored to it the port of Sandwich, with its liberties, 
 as already stated. 21 His munificence to this cathedral is ascribed, by some, 
 to the respect which he had for Agelnoth, who had presided as archbishop 
 for eighteen years." • 
 
 The church was again consumed by fire a few years previous to the 
 accession of Lanfranc to the see, in 1073; but of this we have no perfect 
 account. 23 Eadmer, however, who mentions this conflagration, has given us 
 the following curious notices of the old building. 2 * 
 
 It appears to have consisted only of a body, in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram, with ailes (alee), and a tower on each side near the western end, 
 under which were the north and south entrances, or porches. Near the 
 wall, at the east end of the church, was an altar of unhewn stone, ce- 
 mented with mortar, which had been erected by Archbishop Odo for the 
 reception of the body of Wilfrid, Archbishop of York. Westward from 
 this was another altar, dedicated to Christ our Saviour, where divine ser- 
 vice was daily celebrated. Farther westward was a flight of steps leading 
 down to the choir and nave, which were both upon the same level : there 
 was, at the bottom of the steps, a passage into the undercroft, which 
 extended beneath the eastern part of the church. This crypt was con- 
 
 ei Battely's Antiquities, ii. 7. 
 
 22 Matthew of Westminster says, that Canute was induced to this by the persuasion of Queen 
 Emma ; and also, which is more probable, by his wish to conciliate the English. Somner, i. 85. 
 
 « Battely, pt. ii. p. 7.— Hasted's Canter. 113. 
 
 -* Eadmer, ap. Gerv. Dorob. de Combust. & Repar. Dorob. Eccl. inter x. Script, col. 1291. 
 
30 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 structed with a lofty arched or vaulted roof (fornix), in imitation of the 
 Confessionary in St. Peter's Church at Rome. Separated from the west 
 end of the undercroft by a strong stone wall, was the tomb of St. Dunstan, 
 over which was a large and lofty monument of a pyramidal form, and at 
 the head of it an altar for the matin service. The chorus psallentium, or 
 choir, was between the steps or passage in the undercroft and the nave ; 
 and, to prevent the singers from being disturbed by the crowds in the 
 church, was separated from these parts by " a fair and decent partition." 
 About the middle of the length of the nave, on each side without the walls, 
 were two towers, beneath which were entrances into the nave. At the 
 south door, or hostium, was an altar dedicated to St. Gregory, and in it 
 a law court was held for hearing secular pleas and controversies. 25 Be- 
 neath the north tower was the altar of St. Martin, and a passage com- 
 municating with the monastery : here also were the cloisters for the novices. 
 On the west a flight of steps, " as from its structure there was no other 
 approach," led up to a chapel or oratory, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, in 
 which was also the altar of the Virgin, containing the head of St. Astro- 
 burta ; and against the west wall the pontifical chair of the archbishop, 
 described to have been " a fair piece of work, made of large stones, 
 cemented together with mortar." This description corresponds with the 
 present old stone chair now placed in Becket's crown. 
 
 Lanfranc was astonished at the ruinous condition of Christ's Church, 
 and " almost despaired of seeing that and the monastery re-edified." This 
 work, however, he began with great spirit, and, in the space of seven years, 
 nearly completed it, " in a new and more magnificent manner and form 
 of structure than had hardly in any place before been made use of in this 
 
 25 This proves, according to Selden ( Pref. x. Script.), the great antiquity of the church or 
 chapel where such courts have been held. We know, however, very little concerning this court. 
 Eadmer says, " Quod hostium in antiquorum legibus regum suo nomine sapius exprimitur. In 
 quibus etiam omnes querelas totius regni, quae hundredis vel comitatibus uno vel pluribus, vel certe 
 in curia regis non possent legaliter diffiniri, finem inibi sicut in curia regis summi, sortiri debere 
 discernitur." He adds, " Forenses lites & secularia placita exercebantur, &c." — Eadmer, apud 
 Gervas. de Comb. & Rep. Eccles. Cant, inter, x. Script, col. 1292. 
 
LANFRANC's WORK. 31 
 
 kingdom, which made it a precedent and pattern for succeeding structures of 
 the same kind." 
 
 By mistaking the words of Eadmer, it has been doubted whether Lan- 
 franc rebuilt the whole, or only a part of the church ; but, by collating 
 the passage with what has been said by Gervase and Radulf, there can be 
 no doubt that he " overturned from the foundation what was old, and nearly 
 perfected the new edifice." Eadmer indeed says, that his reason for giving 
 a particular description of the old building, was, to authenticate the ancient 
 writings concerning it, as the " old things have passed away, and all that 
 now exists is new.'"- 6 Yet Mr. Dallaway thinks that Lanfranc only repaired it 
 from the ground upwards. Gostling 27 and Ledwich 28 examined minutely 
 the more ancient parts of the remaining structure, and they found, that 
 not only the walls of the choir were crooked, and marked with innova- 
 tions, like the patchings of different architects, but that the undercroft 
 was to be considered as an " Iseum, or chapel of Isis, or an early imita- 
 tion of Roman models." It is worthy of remark, that some of the existing 
 ornaments are very similar to those observed by Dr. Thos. Shaw 29 among 
 the ruins of Carthage. Gostling thinks the undercroft to be coeval with 
 that of Grymbald at Oxford, which he considers to be of the ninth cen- 
 tury. 30 He also thinks, and Mr. Denne agrees with him, that the girdle, 
 as he terms it, or range of small pillars with fantastic shafts and capitals, 
 on the outside of the south wall, with the plain columns supporting intersec- 
 ting arches, were prior to the age of Lanfranc, though made use of by him 
 when he repaired the church. Mr. Denne supposes these to have been the 
 work of Odo. 31 
 
 26 The passages are subjoined : " yEdificavit et curiam (Palace) sibi ecclesiam praeterea, quam 
 spacio septem annorum a fundamentis, ferme totam perfectam reddidit." — Ead. (ed. Selden) 
 p. 7, 8. " Veterem ecclesiam combustam inveniens funditus evertit." — " Incendii reliquias nova 
 omnia constructurus evertit funditus." — " Omnia innovans a fundamentis Vetera evertit." Gervas. 
 Dorobern. Col. 1291 — 1654. Decern Script. 
 
 *7 Walks round Canterbury, p. 78. 28 Archaeologia, viii. 
 
 2 9 Travels, &c. in Barbary, &c. fol. 1738. 
 
 30 See " The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain," where are views, with a plan, &c. 
 and a history and description of that crypt. 31 Archaeologia, x. 46. 
 
32 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Lanfranc then, according to Eadmer, in the compass of seven years, 
 rebuilt the whole church, from the foundation, together with the palace 
 and monastery, the wall encompassing the court, and all the offices be- 
 longing to the monastery within that enclosure. It has been doubted 
 whether it was possible for him to have executed so large a work in so 
 short a period, but we know too little of his means and resources to make 
 such an inference, in contradiction to the express testimony of his precentor 
 Eadmer. 
 
 Of the state of Lanfranc's church, we have a detailed and singularly 
 precise account, by Gervase the monk. 32 From this we learn, that in the 
 midst of the church was a tower, like a centre in the midst of a circum- 
 ference, supported by very large pillars, and having a gilt cherub on a 
 pinnacle, whence it was called the Angel Steeple. 33 Westward from the 
 tower, but in some measure separated from it by the pulpit, was the nave 
 or hall of the church, supported on each side by eight pillars, terminating 
 at the west end by two lofty towers with gilt pinnacles. In the middle 
 of the centre tower was the altar of the holy cross. Above the pulpit, 
 and placed across the church, was a beam, which sustained a great cross 
 between two cherubs, and the images of St. Mary and St. John the 
 apostle. In the north aile was an oratory, and an altar of St. Mary. The 
 great centre tower had a transept, called wings, both on the north and 
 south side of it, and in the centre of each was a strong pillar, which received 
 the arch springing in three parts from the wall. 34 The south transept . had 
 an organ placed above the arch, and beneath it a portico stretching to- 
 wards the east, through which was an entrance to the east part of the 
 church. Between this portico and the choir was a space divided into 
 
 32 Gervas. Dorob. de combust. & repar. Dorob. eccles. inter x. Script, apud Twysden, ed. 1652. 
 - 35 Somner, by mistake, gives the name of Angel Steeple to what is called Arundel Steeple, 
 for the obituary of the church says expressly that the high tower, called the Angel Steeple, stands 
 in the middle of the church. — " In medio ecclesiae, viz. inter chorum & navem ecclesiae." — Angl. 
 Sacr. i. 147. 
 
 31 " Fornicem a parietibus prodeuntem, in tribus sui partibus suscipiebat." — Gervas. loc. 
 citat. 
 
ARCHBISHOP LANFRANC". 
 
 — CHOIR OF CONRAD. 
 
 33 
 
 two, by a descent of a few steps into the undercroft, and an ascent of 
 many steps into the upper part of the church, namely, the choir and its 
 side ailes. The north transept had likewise two porticos, containing its 
 altars of St. Blaise and St. Benedict, and the sepulchres of Archbishops 
 William, Ralph, and Egelnoth, and also of Wulf helm, Athelm, and Chelnoth: 
 in this part the portico was highly ornamented. Between the divided 
 space and the portico was a solid wall, before which was the gate of the 
 cloister. The pillar which stood in the middle of this transept, and the 
 arch resting on it 33 , were afterwards destroyed to give more ample space 
 for the altar of St. Thomas the Martyr. Steps ascended from this transept 
 to the tower, and from the tower to the choir; but from the tower to the 
 transept there was a descent by the new gate (hostium) ; and likewise from 
 the tower to the nave was a descent by two doors (valvas). Besides re- 
 building the cathedral in this unusual style of magnificence, Lanfranc fur- 
 nished it with ornaments and rich vestments, and dedicated it to the Holy 
 Trinity, and not as it had before been, to the Blessed Saviour. 
 
 Lanfranc died in 1089, and after an interval of four years, the see was 
 bestowed on Anselm. This prelate was involved in difficulties and em- 
 barrassments in the beginning of his primacy, in consequence of his suc- 
 cessive disputes with his sovereigns, William Rufus and Henry I. On his 
 reconciliation with the latter, in 1106, he employed himself in improving 
 and adding to the splendour of his cathedral; and he is said to have 
 expended nearly the whole of his revenues in rebuilding and adorning the 
 choir. The superintendence of this undertaking he entrusted to priors 
 Ernulph and his successor, Conrad 36 . The former of these demolished, 
 and afterwards began rebuilding the part of the church between the east 
 end and the great tower, in such a style of splendour that, according to 
 William of Malmsbury, it surpassed every other choir in England; particu- 
 larly in the transparency of its glass windows, the beauty of its marble 
 pavements, and the curious paintings of the roof 37 . Ernulph, in 1107, 
 
 15 " Fornix ei innitens." — Gervas. loc. citat. ' 6 Eadmer. Hist. Novor. 2G, 35, 108. 
 
 37 De Gest. Pontif. i. 234. 
 
 E 
 
34 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 was succeeded by Conrad, who completed this part of the building in 
 1114, with so much magnificence that it was denominated the glorious 
 choir of Conrad™. This edifice is described by Gervase 39 , with an 
 exordium to the following effect. — " Since, therefore, the choir of Conrad, 
 gloriously finished in our time, has been miserably destroyed by fire, in 
 order that the memory of so great a man, and so noble a work, might not 
 perish, we shall proceed to describe it, though in a style simple and un- 
 adorned." The monk then proceeds to describe this new choir with much 
 precision, as follows: — 
 
 On passing from the great central tower, the eastern pillars of the choir 
 were seen jutting out from a solid wall, like semipillars or pilasters. It 
 was supported by eighteen pillars, nine on each side, in a direct line, and 
 at equal distances ; and beyond these were six other pillars extended, in 
 the form of a semicircle. Arches were thrown both from the ninth pillar 
 on each side, and from pillar to pillar, as well round the circular parts as 
 over those in a direct line ; and on these arches was reared a solid wall, in 
 which were several small and obscure windows. On this wall was erected 
 an ambulatory, called the irijorium, and an upper range of windows. 
 The roof extended over this inner wall, and was finely painted, to repre- 
 sent heaven or the firmament. 
 
 At the bases of the pillars surrounding the choir and presbytery was a 
 wall, or rather a concatenation of marble slabs 40 , which divided the choir 
 from the side ailes, and enclosed the former with the presbytery, the high 
 altar, and the altars of St. Alphage and St. Dunstan. Beyond the eastern 
 bending of it, and behind the high altar, was the patriarchal chair, made 
 of one stone, in which the archbishops were wont to sit on their festivals, 
 during the intervals of mass, till the consecration of the elements, and then 
 
 38 Considering that the choir had been but very recently erected by Lanfranc, it seems rather 
 singular that Ansehu should have destroyed and reedified it. But the historians of the church 
 attest the fact. It is probable that his object was to enlarge the church as well as to make it 
 more magnificent. 
 
 'f Apud Decern Script, ut supra. 
 
 40 Gostling says that this wall is not of marble, but of stone, and about eight feet high. 
 
TRANSEPTS : ALTARS, ETC. 
 
 35 
 
 they descended by eight steps to Christ's altar. Between the choir and the 
 presbytery were three steps. At the eastern corners of the altar were two 
 pillars of wood, embellished with gold and silver, and supporting a huge 
 beam, which rested on the top of the capitals : on this beam was placed a 
 glory, or gilt image of our Lord ( Majeslas Dei), with images of St. Dun- 
 stan and St. Alphage on each side, and also seven shrines, adorned with 
 gold and silver, containing many relics. Between the columns stood a 
 golden cross, in the centre of which were sixty crystals set in a circle. 
 The crypt was of equal length and breadth with the choir. 
 
 In the outer wall of the church, beginning from Lanfranc's transept to 
 the upper transept, were three windows and five pillars, corresponding 
 with those of the choir, and arching from them. From these five pillars 
 began the north transept, which extended to the breadth of two arches. 
 From the fifth and seventh of these pillars the side walls of the transept 
 proceeded northward, forming two arched porticos or spaces in the wall. 
 The wall towards the east from the northern transept had a great window 
 opposite to the altar, near which was the high tower of St. Andrew, and 
 under it the crypt of the Holy Innocents. On the south side the wall con- 
 tinued likewise from Lanfranc's transept and the centre of St. Michael's 
 chapel, and in the same order reached to the upper south transept, which 
 had likewise two porticos. In the south part was the altar of St. Gregory, 
 where lay the Archbishops Bregwin and Plegmund ; under which, in the 
 crypt, was the altar of St. Owen, Archbishop of Rouen. In the other 
 portico was the altar of St. John the Evangelist, where lay the prelates 
 Ethelgar and Eluric; and in the crypt underneath was the altar of 
 Paulinus, where was buried Syricius, the archbishop; before the altar of 
 St. Owen was the altar of St. Katharine. From this transept the wall con- 
 tinued to a window collateral with the high altar and enlightening it, cor- 
 responding to the other side. There was also a building on this side, called 
 St. Anselm's tower. From these two towers the walls formed a sweep 
 to the chapel of the Holy Trinity, which was a continuation of the build- 
 ing. In this was an altar to the Holy Trinity, where Becket said mass the 
 day of his consecration, and afterwards frequented both before and after 
 his exile. At this altar lay St. Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury; and St. 
 
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Wilfrid, Archbishop of York. On the south side, Archbishop Lanfranc ; 
 and on the north, Archbishop Theobald. In the crypt were two altars. On 
 the south side, St. Augustine's ; on the north, St. John Baptist's. Near 
 the south wall lay Archbishop Ethelred ; and on the north, Eadsine. In 
 the middle of the chapel was a pillar which supported the roof, and from 
 it arches were thrown all around 41 . 
 
 We are told by Archbishop Parker that the cathedral was again in 
 flames, and fell by fire in 1130; but as this event is not mentioned by 
 Gervase, who expressly wrote on the " Conflagrations" of the church, and 
 enumerates three memorable events of this nature, nor by any of the old 
 historians; and, as the archbishop adds, that it was rebuilt by William 
 Corboil, and dedicated in a style of great magnificence in the presence of 
 the king, the queen, and the king of Scotland, on the 4th of May, the same 
 year, it may be concluded that the fire was only very partial 42 . 
 
 Of the state of the cathedral at this period, a very curious representation 
 is preserved in a drawing by Edwyn, who appears to have been a monk of 
 Canterbury in the time of King Stephen 43 . This drawing Dr. Milles 
 
 41 Gervas. de combust, et repar. Dorob. Eccles. Decern Script. Edit. Twysden. 1G52. 
 
 42 After mentioning a destructive fire which happened in London, in 1130, Archbishop Parker 
 adds, " Eodemque anno Ecclesia Christi Cantuaria? simili flagravit incendio atque concidit, 
 quam Gulielmus (Corboil) iterum extruxit, et splendido ac magnifico apparatu dedicavit, Rege, 
 Regina, ac Davide Scotorum Rege, et utriusque regni proceribus praesentibus." De Antiq. 
 Britan. Eccles. Hanov. 1605. p. 126. Ex Archivis. 
 
 The notice which Gervase takes of the dedication of the cathedral by Archbishop Corboil 
 plainly shows that he had only repaired it. " Ecclesiam Cautuarias a Lanfranco fundatam et 
 consummalam, sed per Anselmum auctam, cum honore et munificentia dedicavit." Decern 
 Script, col. 1664. 
 
 The seal of the See was renewed on this occasion. The inscription on it was, " Sigillum 
 Ecclesia? Christi Cantuaria? primae Sedis Britannia; ;" and on the reverse, " Ego sum Via, Veri- 
 tas, et Vita." 
 
 43 This delineation is preserved in a curious triple Latin Psalter of St. Jerome, transcribed by 
 the monk Edwyn or Eadwin, and deposited among the MSS. of Trin. Coll. Library, Cam- 
 bridge. An illuminated portrait of this literary monk is also prefixed to the Psalter. See " An 
 Account of two Ancient Drawings" with Engravings, iii Vetusta Monumenta, vol. ii. pi. 15, 16. 
 See also list at the end of this volume. 
 
REPAIRS AND ADDITIONS TO THE CHURCH. 
 
 37 
 
 concludes was made between the years 1130 and 1174. It displays the 
 north side of the cathedral with two towers at the west end — one at the 
 centre called the angel steeple, two near the east end, two cloisters, and 
 various monastic buildings and appendages. 
 
 In 1174 the church again suffered by fire: when the whole choir, from 
 the angel steeple to the east end, together with the chapel of the Virgin, 
 and several offices belonging to the monastery are said to have been 
 destroyed. The angel steeple, the nave, and the western transepts were 
 uninjured. Of this fire a particular account is given by Gervase, who wit- 
 nessed it. Some houses near the old gate of the monastery, says he, taking 
 fire, the wind carried the sparks to the top of the cathedral and set fire to 
 the timber of the roof. The accident was not discovered till the flames 
 had made a passage through the roof by melting the lead. The burning 
 roof fell down into the choir, where the stalls of the monks beiug inflamed 
 increased the conflagration. To renovate the edifice, both French and 
 English architects were consulted; and the plan of William of Sens 
 (Seiwncnsis) being most approved, he was intrusted with the work. He 
 began the new parts in 1175, and in four years successively completed four 
 pillars and three bays of vaulting to each aile of the choir; three bays 
 of the large vaulting over the choir from the great tower towards the 
 transept, besides carrying up the walls over the pillars, and forming the 
 upper windows of that part; and also the large bay of vaulting where the 
 east transept crosses the choir. 
 
 This bold undertaking excited, as Gervase says, much admiration and 
 praise; but the improvements of this enterprising architect were unfortu- 
 nately interrupted in 1178, by his falling from a scaffold fifty feet high. 
 He continued to give instructions from his bed to the workmen ; but ill 
 health obliged him at last to retire to France. William Anglus, or the 
 Englishman, was employed to succeed him, and he proceeded to raise the 
 vault to the north and south parts of the transept, and completed the east 
 end of the choir, Trinity chapel, and the round tower, called Becket's 
 crown, from its foundation. In 1220, the chapel and altar, which had been 
 consecrated to the Holy Trinity, were dedicated to St. Thomas the Martyr, 
 whose relics were removed thither. 
 
38 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Such are the curious and interesting particulars furnished by two early 
 writers; and these are the more valuable from being recorded by persons 
 resident on the spot, and contemporary with the events described : they 
 are also very valuable to the architectural antiquary, from their minuteness 
 and technicality. 
 
 Subsequent to this period we do not meet with any notice of reparations 
 or additions till 1304, when Henry de Estria repaired the whole choir, con- 
 structed three new doors and a pulpit, also the admirable organ-screen, 
 and two new gables in the chapter-house ; the expenses of which are said 
 to have amounted to upwards of £800. 
 
 Archbishop Sudbury, who came to the see in 1376, rebuilt the transept 
 north and south of the tower from the foundations ; and also, it is con- 
 jectured, the chapel of St. Michael on the east side of the south wing 44 . 
 The nave, cloisters, and part of the chapter-house 45 are ascribed to 
 Thomas Chillenden, who was prior from 1391 to 1411, assisted by Arch- 
 bishops Courtney and Arundel. The former of these prelates, in whose 
 time the building of the nave was begun, contributed towards it 1000 
 marks; and prevailed on Richard II. to bestow £1000. more for the same 
 purpose. He also gave by will £200. and upwards to be expended by his 
 executors in building a part of the cloister adjoining the nave. Archbishop 
 Arundel is recorded to have given 1000 marks towards the erection of the 
 nave which was finished in his time 46 . 
 
 The chantry of Henry IV. was erected about 1412, but by what archi- 
 tect is not recorded. About forty years afterwards, Prior Goldstone, the 
 first of that name, at the expense of Archbishop Chichely, built the south- 
 west tower and porch, and the Virgin Chapel on the east of the Martyrdom. 
 Prior Goldstone, the second of the name, assisted by Archbishop Morton, 
 
 44 Battely ascribes the work to Sudbury, but without any authority. II. 22. 
 
 45 As Henry de Estria repaired the chapter-house in 1304, it must have been erected previous 
 to that date. The style in which it is built is that which prevailed from 1250 to 1280. The 
 name of Chillenden is on the stoue work of the great western window, which was probably con- 
 structed by him. The arms of Archbishops Courtney and Arundel are also in some parts of the 
 stone work. 
 
 46 Angl. Sacr. v. i. p. 61, 02. 
 
RUINOUS STATE OF THE CHURCH, ETC. 
 
 39 
 
 built the centre tower, called Bell Harry steeple, about 1515, and desig- 
 nated their names in hieroglyphics or rebuses on the walls ; by three gilded 
 stones, for Goldstone ; and the letters Mor and a tun, for Morton. 
 
 Notwithstanding the circumstantial details here given of the history 
 of this edifice, we find no record of the building of the north-west tower, 
 nor of the towers on the west wall of the eastern transept, the tower in the 
 chapel of St. Andrew, the lower part of the chapter-house, and the octan- 
 gular building, or baptistery, at the northern end of the eastern transept. 
 The dates of these respective members of the fabric can therefore only be 
 conjectured, or inferred from the peculiar styles of each; but these 
 evidences may now be generally relied on. 
 
 Many alterations and restorations have been made at subsequent periods: 
 but few of these minor works are recorded. During the last two or three 
 years some useful and judicious improvements have been making, by taking 
 away many of the iron railings which surrounded and were inserted in the 
 monuments, and by cleaning and repairing those monuments. 
 
 The following statement, drawn up in 1662 by a person belonging to the 
 church after the Restoration, taken from a manuscript in the cathedral 
 library, presents a deplorable account of the dilapidations which the church 
 and archiepiscopal see suffered during the Rebellion. 
 
 " By the king's favour and goodness we were put in a capacity for doing 
 that good whereof we are here about to give the world an account, and to 
 stop the black and slanderous mouths of our professed enemies, after many 
 years of adversity and suffering. We shall first recount the sad, forlorn, 
 and languishing condition of our church at our return. It looked more like 
 a ruined monastery than a church, so little had the fury of the late re- 
 formers left remaining of it but the bare walls and roof. 
 
 " The windows (famous both for strength and beauty) were generally bat- 
 tered and broken down ; the whole roof, with that of the steeples, the chap- 
 ter-house and cloister, extremely impaired and ruined both in timber-work 
 and lead ; water tables, pipes, and much other lead cut off, and with the 
 leaded cistern of one conduit purloined ; the choir stripped and robbed of 
 her fair and goodly hangings; the organ and organ-loft, communion table, 
 
40 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 and the best and chiefest of her furniture, with the rail before it, and the 
 screen of tabernacle-work richly overlaid with gold behind it, goodly monu- 
 ments shamefully abused, defaced, and rifled of brasses, iron grates, and 
 bars ; the common dortor, affording good housing for many members of the 
 church, with the dean's private chapel, and fair library nbove it quite de- 
 molished ; books, &c. sold; houses ruined, stables also, and pulled down; 
 common seal, registers and other books, records and evidences seized and 
 distracted, many irrecoverably lost, others repurchased at great price ; 
 goodly oaks set to sale; generally what was money-worth made prize of 
 and embezzled; the goodly cathedral made a den of thieves. 
 
 " For materials and workmen (beside £100. yearly for ever, as per statute,) 
 £4148. 2s. lOd. 
 
 " Set out £1000. more to carry on the work, for organ, communion 
 table, with plate, and other necessary utensils and ornaments. 
 
 " Total of what we have expended, and, by decree of chapter, are 
 obliged to expend upon our church and other pious and public uses since 
 the Restoration, is upwards of £10,000." 
 
 I 
 
mm. ss& 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE FORM, ARRANGEMENT, AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE 
 CHURCH: — OF ITS EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR BEAUTIES AND DEFECTS: — 
 REMARKS ON ITS STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE, AND ON THE VARIOUS 
 PORTIONS OF THE EDIFICE; WITH REFERENCES TO THE ACCOMPANYING 
 PRINTS. 
 
 From the earliest annals of the Christian Church, in Britain, to the pre- 
 sent time, Canterbury has been pre-eminent in history and influence. Its 
 cathedral has also participated in that eminence and that influence : for it 
 was the system of the old catholic prelates to augment their powers and 
 riches by an ostentatious display of wealth. Hence churches were not 
 only progressively enlarged in size, but progressively augmented in decora- 
 tion and every species of enrichment. Every succeeding age, and almost 
 every succeeding prelate and abbot, seemed to regard it as necessary or 
 politic to make some addition, or add some new adornment to his church. 
 We find this exemplified in the history of the cathedral now under notice; 
 and we also find that some very extensive as well as expensive re-edifica- 
 tions were made in the fabric, without any apparent reason, and certainly 
 without any ostensible cause. (See p. 31, 33. ante.) It is true that this edi- 
 fice was often consumed or greatly injured by fire, and it appears that each 
 new erection was raised in a style, and on a scale to surpass its predecessor. 
 This laudable practice of the ecclesiastical architects was calculated to 
 stimulate and bring into action all the energies of genius. It is a singular 
 and, at the same time, a lamentable fact, that there was no talent either 
 
 F 
 
42 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 required or exercised in the country, but in architectural works. Except- 
 ing in this art, we hear of nothing truly mental in the early annals of the 
 nation. Savage warfare — unnatural and irrational superstition — bondage 
 of the many and tyranny of the few characterise the remainder of the 
 people. It is really delightful to contemplate architecture as a beautiful, 
 elegant, and dignified art, standing alone in this gloomy desert, to watch 
 its progressive advancement in variety and gracefulness, and to see it 
 attract, by its magic influence, the sister arts of painting and sculpture 
 within its vortex. We may also infer that many of the sciences were 
 necessarily cultivated as essential aids to architecture, and were in various 
 ways and at different times called on to support and adorn their legitimate 
 parent. Architecture, therefore, is not only entitled to our admiration, 
 but to our gratitude. In infancy it was a crude science ; in maturity it 
 was, and is, an elegant art. The cathedral now under review warrants 
 these remarks; and at once exemplifies the powers, capabilities, varieties, 
 and merits of Christian architecture. This, like genuine Christianity, is 
 genial, tolerant, expansive, and appeals both to the heart and fancy of 
 man. That heart, indeed, must be flinty, and fancy phlegmatic, which can 
 be unmoved by the present Cathedral of Canterbury. It is an edifice of 
 great extent and amplitude ; considerable variety and intricacy ; in some 
 parts grand and imposing, and in many others curious, beautiful, and in- 
 teresting. Considered in its historical relations, as well as to its architec- 
 tural characteristics, it naturally awakens associations and expectations of 
 varied and imperious interest. In the fabric itself, and in its constructive 
 history, we expect to find much to excite, as well as to gratify curiosity ; 
 we look for satisfactory data to illustrate Gothic or Christian architec- 
 ture: at this place, and in this very fabric, we expect to find some unques- 
 tionable examples of Anglo-Saxonic, Anglo-Normanic, and all the pro- 
 gressive styles and varieties of ecclesiastical building; if we fail in finding 
 all that may be wished, we shall still meet with much to gratify and reward 
 our researches. 
 
 By the aid of the accompanying prints, and a few descriptive remarks to 
 
CHRIST CHURCH GATE. 
 
 43 
 
 each, I hope to furnish the reader, whether he may be personally ac- 
 quainted with the building or not, with a satisfactory account of the 
 exterior and interior characteristics of the whole. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral is placed in a flat level part of the country, and 
 has therefore no picturesque advantages from situation. It is seated near 
 the north-eastern extremity of the city, and was formerly surrounded by a 
 lofty embattled wall, which is said to have been raised by Lanfranc, and 
 which enclosed the whole precincts of the church. These walls extended 
 about three-quarters of a mile, and were provided with fortified gate- 
 houses. The cathedral precincts were occupied by three courts, respec- 
 tively denominated the court of the church, the court of the convent, and 
 the court of the archbishop. Parts of the walls remain, and two of the 
 gatehouses are also left to show their sizes, forms, and destinations. That 
 to the south-west, denominated Christ Church Gate, which Somner calls 
 "a goodly, strong, and beautiful structure, and of excellent, artifice," was built 
 by Prior Goldstone in 1517, as an inscription on it formerly showed. This 
 inscription was on a string-course or cornice, on the south front, and ex- 
 tended the whole width of the building; it was " Hoc opus construction est 
 An. Dom. millesimo quingentessimo decimo septimo." This gatehouse con- 
 sists of three stories or divisions in height; the lowest being occupied by 
 the gateway or passage, having a carriage archway and a lateral doorway. 
 Over this is a floor of chambers, and above that another floor, with win- 
 dows in each front, surmounted by an embattled parapet. The whole 
 southern exterior of this building is covered with tracery, panels, niches, 
 canopies, shields of arms 1 , among which are the arms of the see, and 
 those of Archbishop Juxon, with various sculpture. The doors are also 
 charged with carvings. At the extremities are two octagonal towers, 
 which formerly rose above the other parts of the building. In the centre 
 
 1 Among the armorial bearings are those of the See impaling Warham ; again impaling 
 Becket, and on a third shield, impaling Morton. On different shields are the cognizances of 
 Henry VII. and the arms of some of the nobility of his time. 
 
44 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 is a bold canopied niche, which is said to have been occupied by a statue 
 of our Saviour. On each side are two other empty niches. 
 
 The other principal Gatehouse to the cathedral precincts is on the north 
 of the church, and at the north-west angle of the green court. It is a 
 large massive pile, with a spacious circular archway for carriages, and a 
 small lateral doorway for foot passengers. In Edwyn's drawing it is 
 called Porta-Curia, and was the principal entrance to the priory court 
 and its surrounding buildings. The architectural ornaments and mould- 
 ings of the arches resemble those of Anselm's Tower on the south of the 
 cathedral. This building is generally referred to Lanfranc's time. 
 
 On the north of this gateway are, or lately were, some very curious and 
 interesting remains of antient architecture, belonging to the old monastery. 
 A staircase, supposed an unique example, with open decorated arches on 
 each side, is certainly, says Carter, " a great curiosity, and presents an 
 air of much grandeur." This artist has fortunately preserved a plan, 
 elevation, and details of it, in his work on " The Antient Architecture of 
 England." Modern improvements, as they are termed, or rather indiscreet 
 alterations, I fear, have tended to obliterate, or destroy many of the fine 
 architectural features of these old and venerable buildings. 
 
 We now proceed to examine and describe the exterior features of the 
 cathedral, the chief parts of which are delineated in Plates 1. III. IV. 
 V. VI. VII. XIX. and XXII. 
 
 The south and west sides of this edifice are easily approached and 
 examined by the visitor; but the north side and east end are mostly 
 bounded by private gardens, obscured by houses, and shut out from public 
 approach by walled enclosures. We cannot help regretting this circum- 
 stance, for the present fabric, as well as all the great churches of the 
 country, should be placed in open areas, not only for the purpose of being- 
 minutely and fully examined by the curious stranger, but to protect their 
 walls and foundations from injury. Externally Canterbury Cathedral 
 presents great diversity of form, character, and appendages. At the west 
 end are two towers of disproportionate sizes, heights, forms, ages, and 
 
WESTERN TOWERS. 
 
 4"> 
 
 features; between which is a central division with a porch and doorway at 
 the bottom, a large window above, and a window of a singular form, almost 
 square with rounded ends, in the pediment. The north-it ester n Toivcr 
 diminishes towards the upper story ; it has merely flat pilaster sort of 
 buttresses, and is constructed with small squared stones. The walls are 
 thick, the openings little and narrow, and the windows have semicircular 
 heads, with scarcely any ornament. It is singular that this tower was not 
 pulled down when the nave and the south-west tower were rebuilt : some 
 authors attribute this building to Lanfranc, but I must refer it to an earlier 
 date. It has long borne the name of the Arundel Steeple, because that 
 prelate caused an octagonal spire to be raised ou it, and placed five bells 
 within its walls. At the south west angle of the west front is another 
 Tower, bearing the name of Chichele, from having been commenced by that 
 prelate. Unlike the building just noticed, this has* bold graduated but- 
 tresses at each angle, adorned with niches, pediments, &c, and its upper 
 three stories are perforated by two windows in each face: crowning the 
 whole is an open embattled parapet, with a clustered octangular pinnacle 
 at each corner, and four other smaller pinnacles rising from the middles of 
 the sides. At the southern base of this tower, and uniting with its but- 
 tresses, is the beautiful entrance porch, which, with the tower, appears to have 
 been finished by Prior Goldstone. The exterior surface of this porch is 
 adorned with niches, pedestals, canopies, tracery, and sculpture; and its 
 vaulted roof is nearly covered with groined ribs, and shields with armorial 
 bearings. The parts here described are represented in Plate I., showing 
 the plan of the whole, and Plates III. and VI. 
 
 The southern side of the church presents various and diversified fea- 
 tures, forms, and styles. It is of great length and height, and is divided 
 into several dissimilar parts. Between the western and centre tower is 
 the nave and its aile, with eight lofty windows to the latter; and the same 
 number, in the clere-story, to the former. Between these windows are 
 bold, strong buttresses to the aile, connected with flying buttresses to the 
 upper story of the nave. Each of these buttresses is divided into three; 
 tiers or stages, and is crowned witli a pinnacle. One of these buttresses 
 
46 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 &c. is shown in PI. III. and ethers in PI. VII. Projecting, at right 
 angles, from this aile is the south wing of the western transept; which 
 has one large window on the west side, ranging and corresponding with 
 those of the aile; also a larger window to the south, of eight dayes, with 
 transoms and much tracery, in the arch. The pediment is adorned with 
 paneling and tracery mullions. At the south-west angle is a newel stair- 
 case, surmounted by a very rich octangular pinnacled turret. At the 
 junction of this transept with the nave and choir is the great central tower, 
 which is distinguished for magnitude of form and decorated finishing. At 
 each corner is a sort of octagonal tower, the angles of which are finished 
 with squared mouldings or pilasters crowned with pinnacles. Between 
 these eight pinnacles rises an octagonal turret, finished by a spire pinnacle. 
 The sides of the tower are occupied by two deeply recessed windows 
 in each story, divided by a pilaster, and each pair again separated by 
 mouldings, panels, &c. The forms, proportions, &c. of this part of the 
 building, both externally and internally, are shown in Plates IV. and VII. ; 
 and the exterior of the south transept is also delineated in the latter plate. 
 Branching from this transept eastward is an extraneous building, having a 
 monumental chapel, dedicated to St. Michael, on the ground-floor, and 
 an apartment over. It is rather singular that this building does not 
 range in right lines with the transept or aile of the choir. (See Plan, 
 PI. I.) North of this chapel we are presented with an elevation of the 
 aile of the choir, with the clere-story above, St. Ansel m's tower, and the 
 south wing of the eastern transept; all of which are in the circular style, 
 and generally regarded as the work of Lanfranc and his immediate suc- 
 cessors. Beneath the aile windows is a series of blank, semicircular, 
 and intersecting arches, springing from sculptured capitals, and these 
 resting on columns. This architectural dressing abounds with various 
 eccentric ornaments. Some of the shafts are circular, some octagonal, 
 some plain, others adorned with spiral and zigzag mouldings, foliage, &c. : 
 the capitals are charged with human figures, beasts, birds, foliage, &c. ; 
 and the arch-mouldings have hollows, torusses, billets, &c. See Plate 
 XXII. b. d. See also Plate I. By the plan it will be seen that there are 
 
CATHIE 3J R_AXj AN TI^HTITIE 
 
 >awn"b7 t>."s,ttermole. Engraved try J. Le K<vux. 
 
 SAEJTIEIEJWJ&S' (5 ATM IE ED IE. AIL ®M"PIS(S3]C, 
 
 VIEW OF THE WESTEHIT TOTOKS. 
 TO THE REV? GEORGE D' OYLY. X>. B T.R.S. DOMESTIC CHAPLAIN TO TH£ ARCHBISHOP OF CAXTTEKBURT Uc.ta.kc. 
 
 This Hate is inscrib-cd by the 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
 I Zjru&tn, fiiAtu/uxt by Long numb C'J'alcmostcr Row.Jtov' 1.1822. 
 Printed ty Hajnwd. 
 
ivvtl "fcrv G CattTmole .SrUuris 1/Lrtery Jt?e,e>f Gmeerbwy Gahedml. Ingravod "by J.Le 
 
PARTS OF ST ANSEtiM3 TOWBK.fcc: 
 
 ZauLm. Published Jlaviut*?:. by Lawman tc C' faumesttr fan. 
 
I 
 
JPX, .XIX. 
 
TRINITY CHAPEL: — BECKEt's CROWN. 
 
 47 
 
 two semicircular bays on the east side of this transept, and also two others 
 on the opposite transept. A view of part of this transept, and an elevation 
 of the western side of it, with St. Anselm's tower, are shown in Plates V. 
 and VII. The upper story of the same tower is represented more at large 
 in Plate XXII. a. and c. The decorations of this member are numerous 
 and capricious. Almost every stone is sculptured into some figure, whilst 
 the archivolt mouldings, pateras, and string-courses are covered with 
 numerous zigzag and other ornaments. One of these arches, cut in a 
 single stone, is of the pointed form. East of the transept already named 
 is the lower part of another staircase tower, and a chapel, projecting from 
 the main walls, having a semicircular end towards the east, and disposed 
 in a line converging towards the centre, or altar end. The exterior wall 
 of this chapel, as well as its attached tower, have been very much altered, 
 as a large window has been formed in the wall towards the south-east, in 
 the place of a small one. A view from this chapel, showing the form and 
 style of its arch-mouldings, columns, &c. constitutes Plate IX. Eastward 
 of this chapel we meet with a distinct and peculiar style of architecture, 
 in the whole of the Trinity Chapel, t. t., u. u. in Plate I., and in Beckefs 
 Croivn, w. An elevation of two divisions, externally, of this chapel are shown 
 in Plate XIX. b. ; and in this the architectural antiquary will remark the 
 semicircular and pointed arches, of the same age and with the same dress- 
 ings. The buttresses and pinnacles of this elevation are peculiar, and 
 deserving attention. The architrave of the double pointed window 
 springs from a sort of pilaster buttress, which rises from the base of the 
 building. Each buttress is terminated by a peculiar finish, having a 
 pedimental coping with a bird as a finial. The same style and character 
 prevail all round the Trinity Chapel externally; and the curious and 
 unique building, called Beckers Croivn, at the extreme east end of the 
 edifice, presents corresponding forms and details. Externally it has a 
 heavy, dull effect, but its interior is fine and impressive. 
 
 The north side of the cathedral, in general arrangement and members, 
 very nearly resembles the south ; but the whole cannot be seen. Some 
 old buildings modernized, and new buildings, without any architectural 
 
48 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 features, are raised on the ground close to, or very near the whole of 
 this side, from the principal transept to the east end. Some old monastic 
 buildings, formerly the priory, are very curious and interesting; and have 
 been adapted for dwelling houses for the dean and prebendaries. At- 
 tached to the north wall of the Trinity chapel, and between two of its 
 buttresses, is the chantry chapel for Henry IV. and his queen. On the 
 buttresses of this side are several inscriptions, probably of workmen 
 employed in the building 2 . Connected with the same side of the Trinity 
 chapel is an old building called the Treasury, of the same age as Anselm's 
 tower already described. It is built partly of flint, and partly of squared 
 stones, and its exterior wall is adorned with two tiers of ornamented 
 arcades, with flat buttresses and string-courses. It is raised on arches 
 and columns. Attached to this building are several other parts of another 
 monastic edifice. Although the exterior of this noble cathedral may be 
 regarded as very curious and interesting to the architectural antiquary, 
 and really presents many singularities of form, disposition and enrich- 
 ment, it is not calculated to produce such an impressive effect on the 
 stranger as a few other English cathedrals. As already remarked, its 
 north elevation is almost wholly obscured from view; and its south, west, 
 and east sides can only be seen partially, from disadvantageous stations. 
 From the south-west the most extended view is obtained ; but this merely 
 embraces a part of the church : it is necessary to move to several stations, 
 at different distances, to inspect the whole of the south side. Still from 
 the circumstance of its having two towers at the west end, one in the 
 centre, of large and lofty character, two others combined with its eastern 
 transept — from the variety of lines and forms in having two transepts and 
 projecting chapels — and from the singularity of the circular tower at the 
 east end, and diversity of styles, forms, and characteristics in its many 
 members, Canterbury Cathedral cannot fail to arrest the attention of 
 every inquisitive stranger, and arouse more than common emotions in 
 the minds of the architectural antiquary. 
 
 5 See Gough's " Sepulchral Monuments," vol. ii. pi. xv. p. 232. 
 
NAVE AND AILES. 
 
 40 
 
 The interior indeed will be found much more impressive and interesting 
 than the exterior. This consists of a nave and ailes, a short transept with 
 two chapels, a choir and ailes elevated above the level of the nave by a 
 flight of steps; another transept of larger dimensions than the former, 
 with two semicircular recesses on the east side of each, and two square 
 towers to the west; a presbytery, east of these, with steps to the altar and 
 ailes continued ; two chapels on the north and south sides of the altar, 
 flights of steps behind the altar to the Trinity Chapel, which has ailes, and 
 a circular building at the east end, called Becket's Crown. On the north 
 of these buildings is a cloister and a chapter-house; also a small octan- 
 gular building called the baptistry. Between the latter and the cloister is 
 a long passage with old semicircular arches, connecting the cathedral with 
 some very ancient buildings to the north. 
 
 On entering the church, from the south porch, the stranger is imme- 
 diately impressed with the loftiness, narrowness, solidity of piers and 
 arches, and uniform beauty and harmony of the Nave and its ailes. On 
 each side of the nave is a series of nine clustered columns or piers, sus- 
 taining the wall of the triforium, which is closed except by a few small 
 openings. Over these is a row of clerestory windows. The ailes are lofty 
 and narrow, and the windows partake of the same character; but the 
 whole is marked by solidity and strength. The arrangement of the tracery 
 of the roofs of the nave and ailes is indicated in the ground plan, Plate I. 
 by which the relative widths of the openings, and solid parts may be 
 readily perceived. The plan of one of the piers is shown at n. It will be 
 seen that the piers under the western towers, as well as those beneath the 
 central tower, are much larger than the others. The lower parts of the two 
 western towers are open to the nave and to the ailes; and the vaulting of 
 both is adorned by elaborate tracery, with circular openings in the middle. 
 The whole western end of the nave is occupied by a large handsome win- 
 dow divided into seven upright bays, by six mullions; and again divided 
 horizontally into six compartments, or series of openings with cinquefoil 
 heads. This window is filled with painted glass, representing full length 
 figures of saints, apostles, sovereigns, armorial bearings, &c. Plate III. 
 
 G 
 
50 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 shows the whole arrangement, forms, and dressings of the interior of h e 
 west end, as well as elevations of the eastern faces of the two towers, the 
 buttresses, and part of the south porch. This is made to join and form part 
 of two buttresses. By the scale and figured measurements the heights and 
 widths may be readily seen. This plate and Plate IV. display the eleva- 
 tion of the piers of the nave, and those under the great tower. The latter 
 plate also represents the narrow and lofty form of the arch of the north 
 aile, a section of the triforium above, an elevation of half an open screen 
 that extends across the nave, and another across the north aile. Beyond 
 this screen and on the top of a flight of steps is shown the organ screen, sus- 
 taining that instrument, above which is a section of the vaulted roof with 
 its ribs, and over that the high pitched roof. This leads the eye to an ele- 
 vation of half, and section of the other half of the tower, which has already 
 been noticed. On the north or left of this is an elevation of the western 
 face of the north transept, and part of the great window of the chapter- 
 house. Beneath is a section of five divisions of the eastern walk of the 
 cloister, with the entrance doorway to the martyrdom. The east side of 
 the interior of the south transept is shown by section, which displays its two 
 divisions with arches, windows, the ascent to the aile of the choir, and a 
 further flight of steps to the Trinity Chapel. The lower arch on the right 
 opens to the chapel of St. Michael. A view of the clustered columns of the 
 nave with the arches, the steps to the choir and its north aile, with the 
 screens across the nave and north aile, constitute Plate XVI. The screens or 
 braces across the nave and ailes, already named, appear to have been con- 
 structed by Prior Goldstone, to strengthen the piers. On the south screen 
 is an inscription of non nobis, SfC. with the letters T. P. and a shield charged 
 with three stones for Thomas Goldstone, prior. The four arches of the 
 tower are lofty, light, and elegant; and the columnar piers on which they 
 rest manifest strength and durability. Above the arches are panels in the 
 spandrils, a row of blank windows, communicating to a gallery in the wall ; 
 and above this tier is a series of eight lofty windows, two in each face, form- 
 ing a lanthorn to the tower. From the angles and centre spring numerous 
 ribs, forming a fine display of fan-tracery, with a circular opening in the 
 
j. , - _ _ - Eritfrawd rjyH.Wnkles. 
 
 VIEWFROM H . ATI,T. OF NAVE I.OOKIWO S.E. 
 
 JtfMA.lOK RHODE >'.Syf ^4A? sfDM/KKf? IrPslTJiON OJ-'^NTJOl/SUiTjIN WORKS. 
 This Plat e is in scribed "by the Arpmen) 
 
 JjinAvi I'uJ'tis/u-^ NovriSlt. byjscnftnuuilr Ci ' J'aUrrwftw Row. 
 
ORGAN SCREEN. 51 
 
 centre. This opening is about six feet in diameter, and was formed for the 
 purpose of admitting bells, and building materials to be raised to, or lowered 
 from the upper part of the tower. A flight of several steps leads from the 
 nave to the choir and its north aile ; and another series communicates 
 from the wing of the south transept to the south aile of the choir. On the 
 right of the latter is a descent to the crypt, whilst another approach to the 
 same is by steps in the north transept. These numerous and various 
 flights of stairs, as well as the different levels of the nave and transepts, 
 with the choir and crypt, constitute peculiar and very picturesque features 
 in the edifice now under notice. In looking up these steps from the nave, 
 and down from them into either transept, or up the nave, or obliquely through 
 the retiring arches, many interesting and beautiful views are obtained. At 
 the top of the steps is the elegant and highly enriched royal Screen or 
 organ gallery ; which may be designated royal, not only from its splendid 
 style of sculpture and enrichment, but on account of its kingly statues 3 . 
 According to Battely this screen as well as the steps to it were raised by 
 Prior Henry de Estria, who presided forty seven years over his monks ; and 
 expended on this work alone £839. Among the many splendid organ 
 screens of this country there are few excelling that of Canterbury. It is 
 a fine specimen in design, and beautiful in execution. Its western face 
 presents an arched doorway in the centre, with a series of three niches on 
 each side, having a pedestal, canopy, and statue to every niche. These 
 features are all represented in Plate XXI. and the doorway in Plate XX. 
 The effect of this opening, with its many mouldings and ornaments, is 
 striking and beautiful. It consists of a series of receding arches, some 
 rising from columns, and others being continuations of mouldings from the 
 floor. The inner arch is considerably reduced in height by a screen, 
 covered with tracery and niches, which rest on an arch richly adorned with 
 sculpture. This appears to have been an afterthought, or contrivance, 
 merely to reduce the size of the door ; and, though it may be considered an 
 
 * This organ was originally erected for the commemoration of Handel in Westminster Abbey 
 Church, and afterwards removed to its present station. 
 
« 
 
 52 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 ingenious and rather pleasing design, if the filling up had been absolutely 
 necessary, yet it now breaks in and injures the beauty of the doorway. The 
 two upper pedestals and canopies, in the deep hollows over the arch, cannot 
 be regarded as examples of good design; for to place statues in such 
 positions, apparently falling on the spectator, must create rather fear than 
 pleasure 4 . In the other features of this doorway, and particularly its elegant 
 spandrils, there is much to admire, and therefore worthy of imitation. In 
 the canopies over the royal statues there is a beautiful combination of acute 
 and tapering pediments, pinnacles, and mullions, with a rich mass of crockets 
 and finials. The six statues are distinguished for their graceful forms, 
 good proportions, and fine style of drapery. It will be seen, by the print, 
 that the sculptor has varied this drapery with more than common taste. 
 Each diners from the others, and each is disposed in easy, graceful, sim- 
 ple folds. The heads and hands are all varied without any appearance of 
 exaggeration. One of these statues supports the model of a church in his 
 left hand ; and has been supposed to represent " King Ethelstan, the 
 founder of the church ;" but I should rather consider it to be meant for the 
 monarch who reigned when the screen was built, viz. Edward II. The 
 other statues are commonly understood to represent John, Henry III. 
 Edwards I. and III. and Richard II. By the crowns and costumes they 
 are evidently meant for monarchs; but it is not so easy to identify them. 
 Three of them are represented with beards, but the others with smooth 
 chins. Mr. Carter, in his "Antient Sculpture and Painting," has given 
 rough and slight etchings of these statues; but certainly from as rough 
 and slight sketches. His accompanying short account is merely an extract 
 from Gosling's " Walk." 
 
 In turning away from the organ screen the spectator takes a fresh glance 
 at the nave, with its fine western window; looks up with admiration at the 
 lanthorn, scrutinizes the buttress-screens between the arches, and then 
 turns his eyes to left and right, to descry the characteristics of the south 
 
 4 It is said that these niches were formerly occupied by twelve silver statues of the apostles; 
 whilst the centre niche, over the doorway, was graced with a statue of the Virgin Mary. 
 
becket's martyrdom 
 
 — DEANS CHAPEL. 
 
 53 
 
 and north transept. The former of these has been already noticed, and 
 the latter may be said to resemble it in general forms and detail ; with the 
 exception of some varieties in its monuments, open screen to the virgin 
 chapel, entrance to the crypt, and doorway to the cloisters. This transept 
 is the memorable scene of Becket's martyrdom 5 ; and is therefore viewed 
 with strong emotions of indignation and sympathy by the priors catholic, 
 whilst the protestant contemplates it with mixed sensations of sorrow and 
 commiseration for the bigotry, superstition, and savage ferocity of his 
 forefathers. The architectural antiquary will have other and more pleas- 
 ing sensations in examining the beauties and even wonders of the archi- 
 tecture around him ; — in viewing the splendid and highly wrought mo- 
 nument of Archbishop Wareham, see Plate VIII. with his sepulchral effigy, 
 see Plate XXIV; — the interesting monument of Archbishop Peckham 
 with its wood effigy, see Plate XVIII. ; and the very beautiful open screen 
 between the transept and Virgin Chapel, shown in Plate VIII. ; and a 
 compartment of it more at large, Plate XXVI. Behind this screen is the 
 very elegant and curious Chapel, popularly called the Deans, because some 
 of the Deans have sepulture within it, or the Virgin Mary Chapel, because 
 dedicated to the holy Virgin. This apartment has two windows on the 
 north and one to the east, all of which are very fine, and abundantly 
 adorned with sculpture round their exterior mouldings. At the east end 
 was an altar, now destroyed ; but some very elegant pedestals and tracery 
 still remain to show the original style in which the chapel was finished. 
 
 5 In this spot was raised a wooden altar, in which was preserved the point of a sword, said 
 to have been the instrument of Becket's death. A small piece of the pavement, on which the 
 brains of the prelate fell, was carried to Rome as a sacred relic: and some larger stones, 
 sprinkled with his blood, were conveyed to Peterborough, and made into an altar by Prior Bene- 
 dict when he was abbot of that monastery. 
 
 The large windows in the north and south ends of this transept are divided into several bays, 
 and charged with stained glass. According to the Rev. R. Culmer, one of the preachers in the 
 cathedral at the commencement of the civil wars, the north window was at that time filled with 
 very fine and interesting paintings: the greater part of which he contributed to demolish, — to 
 batter to pieces, and thus destroy this " idolatrous window," yet " many thousand pounds," he 
 says, " had been offered for it by outlandish priests." 
 
• r >4 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The fan tracery of its roof is also a proof of its original character. From 
 shameful dilapidations, and the introductions of several tasteless monu- 
 ments, this sacred building- has been greatly injured. Among these defor- 
 mities I cannot omit to notice and reprobate the design and effect of an 
 altar-tomb, the side and ends of which are covered by a mass of sculptured 
 representations of human bones. 
 
 The Choir, with its ailes, are dissimilar in style, character, and forms to 
 any other part of the church; and from the authenticated particulars of 
 the time of erection are peculiarly interesting to the architectural antiquary. 
 From the evidence of Gervase, as already detailed, we are fully informed 
 of the enlargements and improvements made by the "glorious" Conrad; 
 and we shall perceive by the plan and plates, that many of the parts built 
 by William of Sens are still remaining to gratify and instruct us. The 
 choir, properly speaking, extends from the organ screen to the eastern tran- 
 sept, and is bounded on the north and south by a series of six columns 
 with screens between. These, with their capitals and bases, are peculiar to 
 Canterbury; and manifest an originality of design in the architect. I cannot 
 ascertain that they resemble any of the ecclesiastical specimens on the 
 continent. The sculptured ornaments of the capitals have a general appear- 
 ance to those of the Corinthian order; but the columns are of the same 
 diameter at the base and at the top. These columns are alternately cir- 
 cular and octagonal. Two of the capitals to the circular columns are de- 
 lineated with the forms and ornaments of the architrave mouldings, Plate 
 XXV. 7 and 8 ; whilst fig. 5 shows one of the original octagonal shafts 
 surrounded by eight slender pillars of purbeck marble, and surmounted by 
 additional columns and mouldings. This is the style and character of the 
 four clustered columns at the junction of the eastern transept with the 
 choir : and these additional members constitute, perhaps, the earliest exam- 
 ples of detached clustered columns. Elevations of them are shown in Plates 
 XI. and V. as well as a column of the choir. The capitals and bases, Nos. 
 1, 2, 3, and of Plate XXV. are from the south wing of the east transept, 
 and evidently variations of the same style; 4 is from the aile of the choir, 
 and 6 from the nave. Over the range of arches of the choir is a triforium, 
 
In-awn TjvG.CaUermole. MrUtftir /{istsrv kc.tf rmUsrhirv farhntral .Engraved ~bv J. La Keux 
 
CATHEMHAX. aktiototies. 
 
 , . r:L.xvm. 
 
 VIEW OT N.'ATLJE OTF CHOIK WITH MOH™ OF CBUCHEtE Src. 
 X0 GEORGE BOXESO? PATRON Sc ADMIRER OF ANTIQUARIAN PUBLICATIONS tec. 
 This Hate is nri scribe aTiy-tKe 
 
 Zoiui0n.,7>ubl*j7Le<l /lecri.itzs.by Zongman JL- C? TaUrrwsterXow. 
 
 Touted Cox Ic Cf 
 
PRESBYTERY : — CHOIRS '. — TREASURY. 
 
 55 
 
 consisting of a series of arches with clustered columns; and over them is 
 the clerestory. East of the choir to the altar is the presbytery ; which cor- 
 responds very nearly in style of columns, arches, &c. with the choir. The 
 forms and ornaments of the whole of the north side of this are displayed, 
 Plate XL, and a view of the upper part of the south side constitutes Plate 
 XVII. From what has been already stated, (p. 40.) we may conclude 
 that most of the fittings up, or furniture, of the choir is of the time of 
 Charles the Second ; when a large sum of money was expended to replace 
 some of the objects that had been destroyed and sold during the civil wars. 
 We cannot therefore expect any appropriate or tasteful designs here. 
 Indeed the stalls and seats are mostly plain wainscot; and the altar screen is 
 designed in imitation of the Corinthian style of architecture. The greatest 
 beauty of this screen is a glazed opening near the centre, through which a 
 fine perspective view is obtained of the Trinity Chapel, &c. The wings 
 of the eastern transept, as well as the ailes of the choir, display several 
 interesting features of antient architecture : and I feel little hesitation in 
 referring the side walls and arcades of the latter, as well as the lower parts 
 of the transept, to Lanfranc's time. A section of the eastern side of the 
 north wing is shown in Plate V. with its crypt beneath, a semicircular arch 
 to the aile, and two pointed arches to semicircular chantries. Above these 
 are three rows or tiers of arches, windows, &c. ; in which the pointed, 
 semicircular, elongated, and flattened arches are variously and capriciously 
 combined. The north end of the north wing is shown in elevation, in 
 Plate XI. h. 
 
 Proceeding from the wing, already noticed, towards the east end, we 
 come to the Audit Room, see Plan, 34, the Vestry, x. and the Treasury, z., 
 all projecting from the north wall of the aile. The two latter are strong 
 vaulted rooms, calculated and probably intended to preserve the rich 
 vestments, gold and silver vessels, relics, and other valuable articles 
 belonging to the high and other altars of the church. Various charters 
 and other muniments are still deposited in large cope chests, &c. in the 
 treasury. The audit room is modern, having been built in 1720. The 
 
56 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 vestry was formerly the chapel of St. Andreiv, and corresponds nearly in 
 form and situation with the chapel of St. Anselm on the opposite side of 
 the altar. 
 
 At the eastern extremity of the ailes just noticed, as well as behind the high 
 altar, are three flights of steps leading to the Trinity Chapel, which, as 
 already narrated, was built by William the Englishman, A. D. 1173, &c. 
 This is a very fine and interesting part of the building. Its style of archi- 
 tecture has the united characteristics of the latest circular, with its solidity, 
 solemnity, and stability, and the first pointed, with its more light, lofty, and 
 tapering forms. Perhaps there is not a building in England or on the con- 
 tinent to be compared with the one under notice. Its crypt and columns, 
 with the vaulting and floor; the columns above, with their superincumbent 
 arches, some semicircular, some pointed ; the style of the triforium and 
 clerestory; also the side walls, windows, ailes, vaulting, roofing, buttresses, 
 &c. separately constitute so many fine features of Christian architecture, 
 and collectively exhibit a masterly and novel design, calculated to delight 
 and gratify both the architect and antiquary. The form and arrangement 
 of this chapel, as generally called, are displayed in the ground plan, 
 Plate I. ; the interior view, looking east, is represented in Plate X. which 
 shows the semicircular eastern end, the painted windows in the upper 
 story, the converging groins of the roof, the bold and deep triforium, and 
 the double columns, which separate the centre from the ailes. It also 
 indicates the curious tesselated or Mosaic pavement, and the monument 
 of Edward the Black Prince, with three others. An elevation of the north 
 side of this chapel, Plate XI. shows its connexion with the circular aile 
 at the east end, and junction of that with Becket's Crown; also its com- 
 bination with the presbytery by two flights of several steps, a section of 
 the floor and vaulting, between the crypt and chapel, and the roof above all. 
 The true forms and relative proportions of three arches of the chapel, 
 with the triforium and clerestory arches and windows above, as well 
 as of the arches of the crypt, are here delineated. In the midst of the 
 Trinity chapel was formerly placed a gorgeous and sumptuous shrine and 
 
 ft 
 
Drawn Catlermole. 
 
 Jingraved by J Lambert 
 
 TO JOHN COLES ESQ. OF VlXifOVTH^IV^DJr/JdSH k r^TROy OF ANTIQWHU4X TtrBL[C.1TlCT?$r. 
 This Plate is inscribed with sentiments of esteem bv the. ,,_„,.„ 
 
 ZcnderuftiHijked. Juiui,iSz2, by lens/man. k CfJ'au—ntysrer Jiow. 
 
becket's shrine. 57 
 
 chantry raised to the memory of " St. Thomas the martyr;" and here pil- 
 grims and devotees of all nations and conditions were wont to resort, to 
 offer up prayers and present oblations. From what has been already 
 stated, p. 17 and 18, we learn that the monks of Christ Church converted 
 Becket's murder into a source of vast revenue, and extended popularity. 
 It is no wonder that the shrine and chapel were adorned with splendour, 
 pomp, and parade ; nor can we wonder much, considering the customs and 
 superstition of the age, that " Canterbury pilgrimages" were frequent and 
 numerous. The paving stones around the shrine are said to have been evi- 
 dences of the frequency of devotional kneeling, by being nearly worn through. 
 The immense value and ostentatious splendour of Becket's Shrine are thus 
 described by Erasmus, who saw it shortly after the dissolution. In a 
 chest or case of wood was " a coffin of gold, together with inestimable 
 riches, gold being the meanest thing to be seen there; it shone all over, 
 and sparkled and glittered with jewels of the most rare and precious kinds, 
 and of an extraordinary size, some of them being larger than a goose's 
 egg;" most of them were the gifts of monarchs. Stow, in his " Annals of 
 Henry VIII." more circumstantially describes it, by saying, " it was 
 bnilded a man's height, all of stone ; then upwards of timber, plain ; within 
 the which was a chest of yron, containing the bones of Thomas Becket, 
 scull and all, with the wounde of his death, and the peece cut out of his 
 scull layde in the same wounde. These bones (by the commandment of 
 the Lord Cromwell) were then and there brent. The timber work of this 
 shrine on the outside was covered with plates of gold; damaskd with gold 
 weir, which grounde of gold was again covered with jewels of golde, as 
 rings ten or twelve cramptd with golde wyre into the sayde grounde of 
 gold, many of those ringes having stones in them ; broaches, images, 
 angels, pretious stones, and great orient pearles. The spoile of which 
 shrine in golde and pretious stones tilled two greet chests, such as six or 
 seaven strong men could doe no more than convey one of them at once 
 out of the church 6 ." 
 
 6 " Annals of Henry Vllt." 
 
 H 
 
58 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 We need only recount a few illustrious pilgrimages to exemplify these 
 remarks. In 1177 Philip, Earl of Flanders, visited Canterbury with a 
 numerous retinue, and was met by King Henry II. Next came William, 
 Archbishop of Rheims, with a train of followers; Louis the Seventh, King 
 of France, visited the shrine in 1179, in a pilgrim's garb, and was met by 
 the superstitious English monarch. On this occasion a vast concourse of 
 the nobility, &c. of both nations assembled. The French monarch pre- 
 sented a rich cup of gold, with the famous jewel called the Regal of 
 France, which was seized by Henry VIII. and set in a thumb ring. The 
 French king also granted one hundred muids or tuns of wine to be sent 
 annually by himself and his successors (see Rymer's Foedera, xii. 166). 
 Other monarchs and nobles followed this example. The most memorable 
 event perhaps connected with this place was the inhuman, silly, and 
 disgustingly degrading penance and punishment which our Henry II. 
 voluntarily subjected himself to at Becket's shrine. Lord Lyttelton has par- 
 ticularised this event, from wliich we learn that the king, on approaching 
 Canterbury, alighted from his horse, and walked barefoot about three 
 miles over rough stones. He prostrated himself before the tomb, and 
 remained some time in prayer, directing the Bishop of London to proclaim 
 to the people that he was not accessary to the death of Becket. He 
 then commanded all the monks to scourge him ; and afterwards continued 
 his prayers at the tomb, where he remained all day and night on the bare 
 stones and without food. He was also clad in sackcloth, and after paying 
 his devotions, &c. to all the altars of the church, he bequeathed a revenue 
 of forty pounds a year for wax candles to be always burning about the 
 tomb. He then returned to London, exhausted and ill. 
 
 Opening by a lofty arch from the aile of the Trinity Chapel is that 
 unique and curious building or appendage of the church, called Becket's 
 Crown. The lower part of this, to the vaulting over the first range of win- 
 dows, appears to correspond in style and date to the Trinity Chapel; as 
 may be seen in Plates XI. and XIV. The former is a view looking into 
 the crown from the Trinity Chapel; and shows the lower range of windows 
 
Itt-awnTrv G.L.Tavlar EsqT Architect T. S JL. j&T-ur^ru- Mstvry fcc.af Ca* 
 
 BECKETS ckjjwn. 
 
 THE HONORABLE & KEV? HUGH FETtCY PREBENDARY OF CSlNTERB L T RY ScC . 
 
 Z<mdm,SPid>lis}ied. J'ulv a, a 'Aa iy Zcrwman, h Cf. fatenwjterjicw. 
 
BAPTISTERY : CRYPT. 
 
 59 
 
 with the clustered columns as seen beneath the arch of entrance and the 
 range of open arches over the windows. It also displays the large antient 
 stone chair or throne, in which the archbishops are usually enthroned. 
 .Some of the windows are filled with thick old stained glass ; and the 
 walls have been covered with fresco paintings, most of which are now 
 obliterated. 
 
 A section of this building with its crypt is given in Plate XI. ; in which 
 the thickness of the walls, and of the floor, a profile of one of the buttresses, 
 and the modern finishing at the top are delineated. 
 
 A passage from the north end of the east transept communicates with 
 the library, the deanery, prebendal houses, &c. At an angle of this pas- 
 sage is an antient and curious octagonal apartment, containing an ela- 
 borate font, and known, says Gosling, " by the name of Bell Jesus." This 
 name was given in consequence of its having been built in imitation of a 
 large bell. The font which stood in the nave till 1787 was the gift of 
 Dr. Warner, Bishop of Rochester, and prebendary of this church in the 
 time of Charles I. The lower part of this building, called a baptistery, is 
 older than the superstructure. It has a doorway and windows or open 
 arches, and in the centre is a cluster of pillars, from which spring ribs, 
 extending beneath a vaulted roof. The arches are semicircular, and have 
 been decorated with zigzag mouldings, and the capitals and bases of sotne 
 of the columns are still ornamented with sculptures. 
 
 The remaining parts of the church to be noticed are the Crypt, the 
 cloisters, and the chapter-house. The first may be regarded as the largest, 
 the finest, and the most interesting in England. In extent, construction, 
 and ornamental detail it must alike excite the admiration of the architect 
 and the antiquary. Whilst the first may derive from a minute examination 
 of it much useful knowledge in designing for foundations, piers, and 
 vaulting; the latter will find in its architectural style and adornment a fer- 
 tile theme for inquiry and speculation. The age of the oldest part, i. e. 
 from the western end to the eastern extremity of the circular aile has not 
 been ascertained ; and consequently is a source of controversy. Some 
 refer its erection to the Anglo Saxons, others to the first prelate under the 
 
60 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Norman dynasty. Ledwich 7 and a few antiquaries have dated its origin 
 in 742. Gosling confidently asserts it was built " about two hundred 
 years before Lanfranc's time ;" and founds his opinion on its similarity to 
 the crypt under the eastern part of St. Peter's Church, at Oxford; which 
 he believes to be of Grimbald's age; i. e. about A. D. 900. My valuable 
 correspondent and friend, the Rev. W. Coneybeare, has very satisfactorily 
 shown that the crypt at Oxford is subsequent to the Norman conquest; 
 and by a fair analogy we may ascribe this crypt to Lanfranc's execution 8 . 
 The plan of the crypts, Plate II. and section, Plate XI. display the forms, 
 extent, arrangement, and relative proportions of the various open as well 
 as the constructive parts. By the latter plate we perceive the heights of 
 the vaults, thickness of the floor, forms and proportions of the columns 
 and arches, &c. The Plan shows that the great crypt consists of a large 
 central space between a continued range of square piers, from the west 
 to the east end, divided into three parts by two rows of small columns; 
 another aile or open space extends all round the outside of the piers, and 
 is bounded by the outer wall. Branching off from this aile are two vaults 
 or open spaces with a single column in the centre of each, and semicircular 
 recesses on the east side. The northern transept has a doorway and 
 arched passage, which formerly communicated with the priory. Its vaults 
 have only plain ribs from column to pier, with plain vaulting between. 
 This is the style of the other parts of the crypt, excepting that of the south 
 transept, where the whole surface of the vaulting is covered with intersect- 
 ing ribs. This singular design is said to have been formed in consequence of 
 Edward the Black Prince having founded a Chantry Chapel here, and 
 endowed it with the manor of Vauxhall, near London, for two chaplains 
 to pray " for his own soul," &c. Among the ornaments at the intersection 
 of the ribs is a shield with the arms of the founder. 
 
 There is a regular entrance doorway in this transept, by a descent of 
 
 7 Archteologia, v. 180. See vol. x. for Denne's and Essex's opinions referring it to an earlier 
 time. 
 
 8 See Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, vol. i. v. for the arguments adduced by my 
 correspondent, and to vol. v. for a plan, section, &c. of this crypt. 
 
TLAIT OP THE CRYPTS. 
 
 Zffu/rn, PttMj/uxt Juki. tSrt /•■/ Zenaman .<• C, /'ifsrno.'terjttnr. 
 
Zcndfin^Tuhlzshed. JuU/7, 1822, hv IciwmaruSc CS.faterncsterJiew. 
 
VIRGIN CHAPEL: — EAST CRYPT. 
 
 steps, being the approach to a church or chapel which has been fitted up 
 in the south aile of the crypt, and appropriated to a sect of Walloon and 
 French refugees, some of whom sought refuge in this city from the 
 cruelties of the Inquisition in the time of Edward VI. 
 
 Plate XIII. is a view of the large crypt from a point near the Virgin 
 Chapel, at 8; and is introduced more for picturesque and local effect than 
 for architectural illustration. At the semicircular end of this crypt is a 
 part inclosed by a screen which has lateral doorways. This was a chapel 
 sacred to the Virgin, and from the style of the screen and altar was for- 
 merly an elegant inclosure. " This chapel," says Erasmus, " was not 
 showed but to noblemen and especial friends. Here the Virgin Mother 
 had a habitation, but somewhat dark, inclosed with a double sept or rail 
 of iron for fear of thieves; for indeed I never saw a thing more laden with 
 riches : lights being brought, we saw more than a royal spectacle, in beauty 
 it far surpassed that of Walsingham." Immediately behind the Virgin 
 Chapel and semicircular range of columns are two very large insulated 
 columns that are evidently subsequent to the crypt, and yet are of very 
 early date. Their office and purport are not immediately apparent ; but we 
 may be sure they were not placed there heedlessly or wantonly. See 
 Plate II. figs. ii. iii. 
 
 Near the semicircular end of the great crypt are two chapels or crypts 
 projecting from the outer walls. That on the north side, e, is used as a 
 private cellar; and the other to the south is a dark, dank vault. The 
 inner or semicircular, letter i, has been completely walled up; but on a 
 recent examination was found to be ornamented with much painting on 
 the roof and walls. East of the crypt already described, and communi- 
 cating with it by a double arch in the centre, having a double column be- 
 tween, and two lateral arches, is the Crypt under the Trinity Chapel ; the 
 plan of which assumes a very uncommon form, nearly that of the usual 
 horse-shoe arch. Its vaulted roof is sustained by a series of eight large 
 double columns; with two small slender columns in the middle. As 
 shown in the view, Plate XV. and section, Plate XI; some of the arches 
 are semicircular and some pointed, and were thus formed from the propor- 
 
62 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 tionate divisions in turning the semicircular end. Strength, solidity, and 
 grandeur are the characteristics of this design. Its construction is likewise 
 very skilful and ingenious. The buttresses are proportioned to their con- 
 necting piers ; being large and of bold projection as the spaces between each 
 two are perforated for two windows. At the extreme east end, and com- 
 municating with the crypt described, is another beneath Becket's Crown. 
 
 Emerging from the crypts and passing across the martyrdom, the 
 stranger is conducted to the Cloister, which is a large quadrangular ambu- 
 latory or covered walk, with a wall on one side and a series of open 
 windows with mullions and tracery on each of the other sides. The 
 extent and arrangement of this are detailed in the ground plan, 39. The 
 vaulting of the cloisters is ornamented with various ribs, and at the inter- 
 section of them are numerous armorial shields and sculptured bosses. 
 It is said there are nearly seven hundred coats of arms. In these cloisters 
 are several doors and openings of various styles and characters. Imme- 
 diately connected with the east walk of the cloister is the Chapter-House, 
 a spacious and lofty apartment. It is of an oblong shape, as shown in the 
 ground plan, and the lower part of its sides is enriched with a continued 
 series of columns and arches, rising from the stone seats. Its vaulting 
 consists of boards divided into numerous panels. See Plate XV. for a 
 view looking east, and Plate XXVI. for an elevation of one of the blank 
 arches with columns, &c. surrounding the lower part. At the east end is 
 a large and lofty window, beneath which is a triple stone seat, with cano- 
 pies, &c. A large window also ornaments the west end ; below which is 
 a doorway to the cloisters, and some small windows or openings on each 
 side. 
 
i> t- 1 * <■ r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tsnlr SfurT.-r-v Sec cf Canterbury CathMral . 
 
 1. PART OF SCREEN TO BE.WS CHAFE!* • 
 I.ARCAUK IN CHAJ-W.K HOUSE. 
 
 Ztrndm-PutlUhcd Julvi.i/u.bv I.rtwnuzn, k f.'j'.irrrnt'.'tfrjfon'. 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL MONUMENTS, MOSAIC PAVEMENT, AND 
 
 PAINTED GLASS. 
 
 Previous to the year 748, there had been no interments within this 
 church ; but about that time Archbishop Cuthbert obtained a bull from 
 the Pope, and a licence from King Eadbert, to bury within the walls of 
 his cathedral. This soon became a source of revenue and token of honour ; 
 and many distinguished personages were progressively deposited in the 
 national metropolitan church. To inquire into the times and names of 
 all these would lead us into a lengthened disquisition; I shall, therefore, 
 confine myself to short notices of the most eminent monuments. 
 
 Like most other cathedrals dedicated to the celebration of the rites of 
 the Roman Catholic Religion, this suffered considerably from the ruthless 
 and undistinguishing zeal of the Reformers in the reign of Henry VIII. ; 
 and subsequently during the rebellion against King Charles I. At the 
 last epoch, says Battely, it was "spoiled by the hands of sacrilege, which 
 have defaced the monuments, torn off the brass, on which were the effigies, 
 arms, epitaphs, and inscriptions, so that they are lost irrecoverably 1 ." 
 Another deplorable picture of sacrilege has been given in a previous page. 
 Canterbury Cathedral, however, has not suffered so severely from the 
 ravages of fanatic rage and time as many other sacred edifices; so that 
 there are remaining among the tombs a considerable number of curious 
 and interesting specimens of monumental architecture and sculpture, and 
 
 1 Antiquities of Canterbury, Part ii. p. 31. 
 
04 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 also various memorials of persons of eminence. A few particulars of these 
 it is presumed will prove acceptable to the reader. 
 
 On the north side of the chapel of the Holy Trinity is the monument of 
 King Henry the Fourth, and his second Queen, Joan of Navarre 2 . 
 It is an altar tomb of alabaster, richly sculptured, and was formerly gilt 
 and painted. Each side is adorned with five tabernacled niches, with 
 projecting canopies and pedestals, and divided by panels, buttresses, and 
 pinnacles. On the top are the recumbent effigies of Henry and his con- 
 sort, crowned and habited in royal robes : at the feet of the king is a lion, 
 and at those of the queen two dogs. The inscription has been removed, 
 and the monument otherwise much damaged ; the hands of the queen and 
 the finely sculptured canopies that were placed at the heads of the figures 
 being broken off. The sides of this tomb, as well as the two effigies, are 
 finely executed in alabaster, and not, as Battely says, in stone. Over the 
 tomb is a canopy which has been very richly carved, painted, and gilt : 
 the word soveraigne is repeated on the frieze: against the pillar at the feet 
 is an angel holding a shield with the arms of France and England, Evereux 
 and Navarre. Projecting from the outer wall, near the monument, is a 
 chantry chapel, raised at the same time as the tomb, and appropriated for 
 a priest to officiate at a private altar. [See the will of the king in Nichols's 
 Royal and Noble Wills, 4to. 1780. See also Sandford's Genealogical His- 
 tory, &c. 275. 2d edit.] 
 
 The monument of Edward the Black Prince stands beneath the 
 arch opposite to that just described. It is an altar tomb of gray marble, 
 the ends and sides of which are richly adorned with quaterfoil panels and 
 
 2 By iiis Will, dated 21st day of January, 1408, lie directs his body " for to be beryed in the 
 church at Caunterbury, aftyr the descreciou of my cousin, the Archbyshcopp of Caunterbury." 
 He further ordains that there be a " chauntre perpetuall of two preestes for to sing and prey for 
 my soul," after such " ordinaunce" as his aforesaid cousin may think best. 
 
 Attached to the column at the head of the monument is a curious antient painting, represent- 
 ing the murder of Becket. The picture is much defaced and injured ; but Carter, in his work 
 of " Specimens of Antient Sculpture and Painting," has preserved a copy of it, and Dr. Milnei 
 has annexed a description and comment. 
 
MONUMENT OF EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE. 
 
 65 
 
 .sixteen copper shields, on which are alternately enamelled three ostrich 
 plumes, and the prince's armorial bearings, being- those of England and Old 
 France quarterly, with a file of three points : over the former arms is a label 
 with the motto ich dicn, and over the latter another with the word houmout. 
 On the tomb is a recumbent copper statne, gilt, of beautiful execution, 
 the hands joined as in prayer, and the figure completely armed. The head 
 is supported by a helmet, having a leopard for the crest, and the feet rest 
 against a lioness, couch ant. On a brass plate surrounding the upper verge 
 of the tomb, is inscribed a long epitaph in the French language 3 . Above 
 the monument is a canopy extending from pillar to pillar, and over it hangs 
 the trophy of the prince's arms, consisting of the helmet and crest which 
 he wore in battle; his surcoat of velvet; and the scabbard of his dagger 4 
 with his gauntlets. His shield is suspended against a pillar at the head of 
 the tomb. 
 
 A large altar monument, of gray Sussex marble, in the centre of St. 
 Michael's Chapel, with three recumbent figures of alabaster, was erected 
 by Margaret Holand, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Kent, to the memory 
 of her two husbands, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and Thomas, 
 Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., and of herself. The 
 figures of the Earl and Duke are both represented in armour, and are 
 counterparts of each other; that of the latter being merely distinguished 
 
 3 This tomb was erected in compliance with the last Will of the Black Prince, in which it is 
 particularly described. " Et volons qe entour la ditte tombe soient dusze escuchons de laton, 
 chacun de la largesse d'un pie, dont les syx seront de noz armez entiers, et les autres six des 
 plumez d'ostruce, et qe sur chacun escuchon soit escript, c'est assaveir' sur cellez de noz armez 
 et sur les autres des plumes d'ostruce, houmout. Et paramont la tombe soit fait un tablement 
 de laton suzorrez de largesse a longure de meisme la tombe, sur quel nouz volons q'un ymage 
 d'ov'eigne leve de latoun suzorrez soit mys en memorial de nous, tout armez de fier de guerre de 
 nous amies quartillez et le visage mie, ove notre heaume du leopard mys dessous la teste de 
 1'ymage." — Nichols' Royal Wills, 4to. p. 67. The number of the shields on the monument is 
 sixteen instead of twelve; and the shields with ostrich feathers have the motto ich dien, whilst 
 houmout is on the labels over the arms. This last word signifies, in the German language, 
 haughty, or high spirited. See Stothard's " Monumental Effigies." 
 
 4 The weapon itself is said to have been taken away by Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 I 
 
66 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 by a circle round the helmet. The statue of the lady, lying between the 
 other two, represents her habited in a mantle, kirtle, and surcoat, and 
 having a ducal coronet. The sides of the tomb are ornamented with 
 panels, which, in Weever's time, had coats of arms. 
 
 Many of the prelates who sat in the archiepiscopal chair previous to the 
 reformation were interred in this cathedral ; and of the monuments erected 
 in memory of them, there are several which deserve to be described, as 
 being interesting specimens of antient sculpture and of architectural design. 
 One of the oldest is a tomb supposed to have been raised to inclose the 
 remains of Archbishop Theobald. It is placed against the wall of the 
 southern aile of the Trinity Chapel, and is ornamented on one of the 
 sides and at the ends with trefoil arches upon small columns. These 
 columns have a species of foliage up their sides, and their spandrils are 
 filled with similar work. On the lid, or top, is a series of four quaterfoils 
 in lozenges, in each of which is a head in alto relievo : the four are said to 
 represent the ecclesiastical preferments of Theobald to the successive dig- 
 nities of prior, abbot, archbishop, and legate. This monument is supposed 
 to have been removed from the spot where the body was interred in the 
 south aile of the nave; or more probably was made up as a shrine after 
 the rebuilding of this part of the cathedral. 
 
 Most of the monuments of the archbishops are placed either at the 
 entrance to, or around the choir: those for Reynolds, Hubert Walter, 
 Kemp, Stratford, Sudbury, and Meopham, are in the south aile of the 
 choir; whilst those for Chichele and Bourchier are on the north side. 
 
 In a recess beneath a window of the south aile, is an altar tomb, 
 attributed to Archbishop Hubert Walter. It is ornamented in front 
 with a tier of cinquefoil headed arches, the spandrils of which are filled 
 with trefoils. On the tomb is an effigy in pontifical robes. 
 
 The tomb of the distinguished prelate, Cardinal Langton, is a stone 
 chest, with a cross carved on it, projecting from the wall of St. Michael's 
 Chapel, in which it is fixed. 
 
 Against the north wall of the north transept, or martyrdom, is the tomb 
 ascribed to Archbishop Peckham. It is surmounted by an acute pedi- 
 
CATHEDR-AIi ANTIQUITIES. > F]L.S Ym. 
 
 SAKf SESUOT ® ATM 3S ©ISA 2a ©2EWE8.0&. 
 
 TOMB & ETfTIOY, IVOH .ABCHBISBLOIP JPECTKHAM. 
 London. Published May l.ilti.by Longman, Jt C! Paterrwstei- Jiow 
 
PECKHAM, MEOPHAM, AND SUDBURY^ TOMBS. 
 
 67 
 
 ment above a pointed arch, with trefoil divisions, crockets, and a finial, 
 and supported at the sides by ornamental buttresses. In front of an altar 
 tomb is a series of small niches with trefoil heads, crocketed pediments, 
 and pinnacles, with a range of small statues of mitred personages. The 
 statue of an archbishop, carved in wood, more injured by violence than by 
 time, lies on the tomb. This is generally considered to belong to Peckham, 
 but Mr. Brayley, in Beauties of Kent, thinks it of earlier date. See View 
 of the Tomb, Plate XVIII. 
 
 The monument of Archbishop Reynolds, with his effigy reclining on it, 
 is placed near that of Hubert Walter. Its front is ornamented with arches 
 and an embattled cornice. 
 
 Archbishop Meopham's monument constitutes a screen to separate the 
 south aile of the choir from the Chapel of St. Anselm, and consists of five 
 pointed arches on each side, rising from clustered pillars, and finished by 
 an embattled cornice. Three of the arches range over the tomb, and the 
 two extreme arches form doorways to the chapel. The tomb itself, of a 
 shrine-like form, is raised on a plinth, and placed beneath the three inner 
 arches, and is pierced with three arched openings. In the spandrils of the 
 doorways are groups of small statues, most probably intending to repre- 
 sent some events in the life of the prelate. This tomb is of polished black 
 marble, the pillars before it of purbeck marble, and the other parts of 
 fine freestone. See Plate IX. 
 
 Beneath the great window of Anselm's Chapel was interred Archbishop 
 Bradwardine, to whose memory there is a low, unadorned, and unin- 
 scribed tomb. 
 
 A monument for Archbishop Sudbury fills up an arch on the south 
 side of the presbytery, and has been an interesting and beautiful piece of 
 architectural design. At present it is much mutilated, deprived of its 
 effigy, statues in the niches, finishings to the pinnacles, &c. It consisted 
 of a large and lofty altar tomb, raised on a base, with five divisions of 
 housings or niches, eight clustered buttresses, which supported a very rich 
 canopy with various sculptured ornaments. This is shown in Plate XXII. 
 with a view beneath its canopy to the altar steps, &c. 
 
63 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 On the south side of the choir is a tomb erected for Archbishop Strat- 
 ford. It is surmounted by a canopy supported by slender clustered 
 buttresses, and ornamented with crocketed pinnacles and finials, in six 
 divisions, three on each front. The tomb, on which lies the canopied 
 statue of the prelate in a pontifical dress, is decorated in front with pointed 
 arches, supported by slender columns. 
 
 The cenotaph for Archbishop Courtney, who was buried at Maidstone, 
 is placed under an arch to the eastward of the monument of the Black 
 Prince. It is an altar tomb, on each side of which are nine pointed 
 arches, and above them several small blank shields. On the top lies a 
 statue of the prelate with the pontifical habit and insignia, and his hands 
 raised in the attitude of prayer. 
 
 In the aile of the north transept is a sumptuous monument to 
 Archbishop Chichele. It presents the combined powers and arts of 
 architecture, sculpture, and painting: being- architectural in form and 
 design, and decorated with statues and painting. At the extremities of 
 an altar tomb, supporting an effigy of the prelate, are two polygonal 
 towers, surrounded by two rows of niches, with statues, and the whole 
 surmounted by a canopy, richly carved. The sides of the tomb are 
 pierced by cinquefoil headed arches, between which is a statue, repre- 
 senting an emaciated human figure, clad in a sheet. The tomb still retains 
 two long inscriptions. See Plate VIII. for a view of the monument, and 
 Plate XXIV. for a delineation of the effigy. 
 
 The monument of Archbishop Kempe, in the south aile of the choir, 
 consists of an altar tomb surmounted by a lofty and elaborate canopy, raised 
 on three arches, over which are ranged clustered pinnacles and niches. 
 Above the canopy is a cornice, on which are small angels and blank shields 
 placed alternately. The tomb has no effigy ; but the front of it is adorned 
 with three quaterfoils in panels, separated by small pointed arches. 
 
 In the north aile of the choir is the lofty and tine monument of Arch- 
 bishop Bourchier. The tomb, which is constructed of breccia, is large 
 and of considerable height. The front is sculptured with three ranges of 
 quaterfoils in squares, in the uppermost of which the quaterfoils are placed 
 
TOMBS OF MORTON, WARHAM, AND WOTTON. 
 
 69 
 
 alternately with pairs of small blank niches ; above these are other niches 
 surmounted by crocketed pinnacles forming a range of canopies. Over the 
 tomb, springing from slender columns, rises a surbased arch with a vaulting 
 of interlaced work. The outer border of the arch is adorned with flowers 
 and Bourchier's knots, alternately; and the spandrils with quaterfoils. 
 The frieze has shields of arms and other decorations. The summit of the 
 monument is crowned with an open screen, composed of rich tabernacled 
 niches, separated by open arch-work, and a cornice of foliage. 
 
 In the great crypt, beneath one of the arches, is an altar tomb, with an 
 effigy to the memory of Archbishop Morton. The whole soffit of the 
 arch, as well as the inner faces of the piers, have been covered with the or- 
 naments of this monument; which consisted of niches, canopies, &c, with 
 several episcopal and other statues, the cardinal's cap and personal orna- 
 ments, and the letters Mor, with a figure of a tun, or cask. 
 
 A splendid and truly elegant monument, or sort of open chantry, adorns 
 the north transept, and commemorates Archbishop Warham. It is raised 
 against the north wall, beneath the window; and consists of an altar tomb 
 supporting an effigy, and surmounted by an architectural canopy, and 
 terminated at the head and feet with panelling, tracery, &c. The whole is 
 executed in fine white stone, and was cleaned and repaired in 1796, at the 
 expense of the dean and chapter. See view of this monument, Plate VIII. 
 and of the effigy, Plate XXIV. 
 
 On the north side of Becket's Crown is a plain tomb, to commemorate 
 Cardinal Pole, the last prelate interred in the cathedral. 
 
 The monument of Dr. Nicholas Wotton, Dean of Canterbury, who 
 died 1566, is on the north side of Trinity Chapel. He was privy coun- 
 sellor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, 
 and was regarded as an eminent statesman, and employed in numerous 
 foreign embassies. The statue of the dean is placed on a sort of sarco- 
 phagus, holding a book, and kneeling before a desk. The sides of the 
 desk are impanelled with his arms. At the head of the tomb, against a 
 double column of the chapel, is a tablet with an epitaph detailing the 
 most memorable events of his life. 
 
70 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 In the Chapel of the Virgin, or Deans Chapel, as sometimes called, 
 are interred the following Deans; Rogers, Fotherby, Boys, Bargrave, 
 Turner, and Potter. 
 
 The tomb of Dean Fotherby, who died in 1619, is adorned, or rather 
 disfigured, with sculptured representations of human skulls and bones, 
 apparently attached to the sides of the monument. 
 
 Dean Boys is commemorated by an altar monument, on which is a 
 sculptured representation of him, seated in his study, where, according to 
 Dart, he died suddenly, in the year 1625. 
 
 Among the older monuments in this cathedral is that of Joan Burg- 
 hersh, Lady Mohun, situated near the east end of the great crypt, 
 and erected at her own expense during her life: it is now much mutilated. 
 Her effigy lies on a tomb, beneath a canopy of cinquefoil arches and trian- 
 gular pediments, rising from heavy buttresses. She was a liberal benefac- 
 tress to the church, and died in the reign of Richard II. 
 
 The tomb of Isabel, Countess of Athol, is ornamented at the sides 
 with shields of arms in quaterfoils, within square compartments ; and on 
 the top is the effigy of the Countess, now much defaced. She died at 
 Chilham, in 1292. 
 
 Against the north wall of the Chapel of St. Michael is a monument in 
 commemoration of Lieutenant Colonel William Prude, who was killed 
 at the siege of Maestricht, in July 1637, and whose figure is represented in 
 armour, with one knee on a cushion. 
 
 Eastward from this are several monuments of the Thornhurst family. 
 That to the memory of General Sir Thomas Thornhurst, Knt. displays 
 the effigy of that officer, who (after serving with great bravery in Germany 
 and Holland), fell in the Duke of Buckingham's unfortunate expedition to 
 the Isle of Rhe, in 1627, and of his wife Barbara, daughter of Thomas 
 Shirley, Esq. On the base are figures of their three children, kneeling. 
 
 In the south part of the west transept is a monument commemorating 
 the learned Dr. Meric Casaubon, son of the celebrated classical commen- 
 tator, Isaac Casaubon. He died in 1671, in his seventy-fifth year, having 
 been canon of this cathedral during forty-six years. 
 
MONUMENTS AND WINDOWS. 
 
 71 
 
 In the north aile of the nave is the monument of Orlando Gibbons, a 
 famous musician of the seventeenth century, organist of the chapel royal. 
 His bust is placed in a circular niche, beneath a pediment of the monu- 
 ment. 
 
 Among the monuments of the last century, is one for Admiral Sir 
 George Rooke, who took Gibraltar from the Spaniards, and another to the 
 memory of Dr. Thomas Lawrence, the friend and physician of Dr. John- 
 son. There is also a monument of more recent date, bearing a piece of 
 sculpture from the chisel of Turnerelli. The design represents a wounded 
 officer, supported by the Genius of Britain, intended to commemorate 
 Lieutenant Colonel John Stuart, who was killed at the battle of Roleia, 
 August the 17th, 1808. 
 
 Before the Reformation, the Cathedral of Canterbury appears to have 
 been adorned with much painted glass. The chapel of the Holy Trinity, 
 in which was the shrine of St. Thomas Becket, seems to have been 
 particularly distinguished in this manner, so that " his history might have 
 been completed from it 5 ." But much that had been spared at the Reforma- 
 tion was subsequently destroyed by the Puritans. Somner has given an 
 account of the pictures and inscriptions of twelve windows, of which the 
 remains have been collected and put together in two, near the door of the 
 organ loft. The subjects of these are Scriptural histories. 
 
 The great window at the west end of the nave is divided by mullions and 
 transoms : the uppermost compartment contains the arms of Richard II. 
 The second range displays six small figures between the arms of his two con- 
 sorts; Ann, daughter of the Emperor Charles IV., and Isabella, daughter 
 of the King of France ; the third stage has ten saints ; the fourth, the twelve 
 Apostles and two other figures; below these, in the uppermost range of the 
 large compartments, are seven figures of our kings, standing under cano- 
 pied niches. 
 
 Another window, deserving attention, is that in the chapel called the 
 Martyrdom, the magnificent donation of Edward IV. The three lower 
 
 5 Gostling's Walk, Ac. p. 311, 312. 
 
72 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 stages consist of seven compartments each, and reach up to the springing 
 of the arch ; above which, the upper part is divided into four rows more 
 of small ones. This window was nearly demolished by the puritani- 
 cal reformers, an account of whose operations is given by one of their 
 ringleaders, Richard Culmer, generally styled Blue Dick, who was ap- 
 pointed one of the six preachers in the cathedral at the beginning of the 
 civil wars. In describing his own performance, he says, " A minister was 
 on the top of the city ladder, near sixty steps high, with a whole pike in his 
 hand, rattling down proud Becket's glassie bones, when others then pre- 
 sent would not venture so high ." The havoc committed on this window, 
 however, was partly confined to what, in the language of fanaticism, were 
 termed supe7*slitious images, and the portraits and arms of the family of 
 Edward IV., with three ranges of prophets, apostles, and bishops, are still 
 left to enable us to form a judgment of its original beauty. 
 
 The eastern window in the chapel of the Virgin Mary, now called the 
 Deans' Chapel, is peculiarly rich in decoration. Besides some armorial 
 shields of the family of Bourchier, it has among the mouldings a line of oak 
 and vine leaves, terminating in canopied niches of rich patterns. 
 
 In the eastern window of St. Michael's Chapel are ornaments represent- 
 ing the devices of different branches of the family of Margaret Holand, 
 whose magnificent tomb has been described. Several other windows con- 
 tain much fine stained glass, but mostly made up of miscellaneous pieces 
 and fragments. Gostling's " Walk" enumerates most of the subjects in his 
 time. 
 
 In Trinity Chapel, in the front of the spot where stood Becket's shrine, 
 is a piece of tesselated or mosaic work, on either side of which the pave- 
 ment is composed of Norman tiles, containing in circular compartments 
 several curious and grotesque devices ; among others, the signs of the 
 zodiac : but the figures are now almost obliterated. 
 
 6 Gostling, from Culmer's Account entitled " Cathedral News from Canterbury." 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL ANECDOTES OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 In tracing the history of this very antient and important archbishopric, 
 the leading- and most generally interesting events and characters which 
 appear in its earliest records, in connexion with the see itself, have neces- 
 sarily been noticed. 
 
 I have now only to mention such characters with biographical anecdotes 
 as, although rather incidental than essential to the history of this diocess 
 and of its prelates, seem calculated to diffuse additional interest over these 
 pages ; and to increase, by intellectual associations, the pleasure of ex- 
 amining the venerable cathedral of Canterbury, or of its graphic illustrations 
 here submitted to the reader. 
 
 But as it is not the history of the Anglo-Saxon or of the English Roman 
 Catholic Church that is expected by the readers of this work, it will here 
 be almost unnecessary to revert to the remote periods of pretended mira- 
 cles, monastic austerity, and papal supremacy; since those ages afford few 
 examples of literary eminence or splendid actions in the ecclesiastical 
 w orld. The appearance of these phenomena is closely connected with the 
 invention of printing; and, to the honour of this country, with its emanci- 
 pation from papal domination and intolerance. Nevertheless the dark 
 and dreary void which intervenes between Augustine and Cranmer is 
 relieved by a few bright spots; amongst the most illustrious of which, is the 
 character of Theodore, to whom I have already alluded. He was as 
 
 K 
 
74 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 much distinguished for liberality and genuine piety as for learning and 
 manly independence. He "firmly maintained the decrees of the councils; 
 and resolutely contended that all controversies should be settled in the 
 provinces where they arose, and that the authority of the metropolitans 
 should not be subject to the papal jurisdiction 1 . Baronius is much em- 
 barrassed, to reconcile this independence of spirit with the injunctions of 
 Gregory and the supremacy of the see of Rome; and can only exculpate 
 the primate by supposing that he was furnished with legatine power 2 . It 
 is rather singular that, notwithstanding the independent refusal of Theo- 
 dore to bow to pontifical authority, he should be designated by the Pontiff, 
 Agatho, by the unusual title of " archbishop and philosopher 3 ." 
 
 The famous Penitentiary of Theodore, which is still extant, gives us a 
 curious view of his notions of discipline 4 . In it he teaches that sins are of 
 various classes according to their degrees of enormity, which are deter- 
 mined by their being public or private, and by considering their conse- 
 quences, the intention of the offender, aud the time, place, and circum- 
 stances of committing them. He also lays down rules" for penalties suited 
 to these several classes of sins, and prescribes forms for consolation, ex- 
 hortation and absolution, with the duties and obligations of those who 
 received the confession of the penitent. This confession was public, and 
 not private or auricular as has been asserted. He seems also to have per- 
 mitted priests to marry ; for in his Canons it is said, " As to matrimony, 
 
 1 Previous to this time the authority of the archbishop had not extended beyond Kent. See 
 Origines Anglicanae, i. 74. 
 
 2 As the greater number of historians and antiquaries have copied this from Baronius without 
 investigation, I was inadvertently led into the same statement, (p. 12.) which further research 
 lias shown to be a mistake. 
 
 3 Parker Eccles. Ant. lxxxii. 5. For the differences between Theodore and Wilfred, Arch- 
 bishop of York, see History and Antiquities of York Cathedral, pp. 16 — 19. See also my 
 History and Antiquities of Lichfield Cathedral, p. 15. 
 
 4 Edit. 4to. with notes by Petit. Paris, 1679. Mr. Lingard observes that Theodore's Peni- 
 tentiary published by Petit has so many interpolations that it is impossible to distinguish the 
 original from the spurious matter. Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church, p. 71. 
 
ARCHBISHOP THEODORE. 
 
 75 
 
 that none be allowed to any but what is lawful. Let none commit incest 5 ." 
 This was a measure of prudence, since he was an advocate for celibacy 
 himself; but as he says in his Penitentiary, p. 7, "he did not wish to 
 abolish the usage of England." He was also a shrewd and enlightened 
 politician, for he had the address to establish Canterbury as the metro- 
 political see of all England, which it has ever since remained. Besides he 
 was among the first to institute parishes 6 , or define parochial districts, for 
 the purpose, as it appears, of affording to places remote from cathedrals the 
 benefits of a resident clergy. 
 
 The literary institutions of Theodore are still more interesting. He 
 founded the library of Canterbury, and among other books which he brought 
 with him to England, were copies of Homer's Iliad 7 , &c. David's Psalms, 
 and the Homilies of Chrysostome, some of which books were extant about 
 a century ago. At Canterbury and other places in Kent 8 , he instituted 
 seminaries for education in which, assisted by Abbot Adrian, lie read lec- 
 tures on " divinity, philosophy, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and sacred 
 music;" and so successful was he in teaching, that many of his scholars, 
 as Bede, who was his pupil, informs us, " were able to speak Greek and 
 
 5 Liugard has endeavoured to explain this away, but not very sucessfully. He has also 
 attempted to overturn even a stronger document :eferring to the practice of the clergy, from 
 the Northumbrian laws ascribed to Wulfstan, namely, " If a priest dismiss one wife (cpena) and 
 take another, let him be anathema." Lingard translates, " concubine" as if it had been poji-cpaena, 
 for cpena was always taken in a good sense. Johnson's Eccles. Laws, dccccl. 35. See Lingard's 
 Antiq. of the Anglo-Saxon Church, 2d edit. p. 70 — 75. 
 
 6 Whitaker in his " History of Manchester," ii. 369, refers this event to an earlier time, and 
 concludes that Theodore did not institute parishes. 
 
 7 Lambard says he saw some of these, particularly the " Homer and some other Greke 
 authours beautifully written in thicke paper, with the name of this Theodore prefixed in the 
 fronte." Perambulation of Kent, p. 233. edit. 1576. 
 
 8 He is said also to have formed a similar school at Cricklade, in Wiltshire, but there is no 
 evidence for this besides the etymology of the name, which is derived by the monkish historians 
 from Greek-lade, because Theodore being a Greek himself encouraged Greek learning there. 
 It is variously written by old authors: Crekelade, Crecanford, Cricgelade, Crecagelade, and 
 Grekislade. Gough thinks the derivation as much strained as Lechlade would be from Latinladc. 
 Camden's Britannia, i. 96. 
 
76 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Latin as well as their mother tongue." The example extended to the 
 courts of kings, the castles of the nobility, and even the women caught the 
 general enthusiasm; for the nuns we are told were accustomed to read the 
 Scriptures with the commentaries of the fathers, together with profane 
 history, grammar, and poetry; and in the epistles of St. Boniface are still 
 extant several erudite letters by English ladies of this period 9 . 
 
 Brithwald the second, and not as Polydore Virgil says the first 
 Englishman called to the see, was as firm an opponent of the self-assumed 
 jurisdiction of Rome as Theodore had been. According to the Saxon 
 Chronicle, he was the first who caused written charters to be given to 
 confirm grants and donations 10 . He is also said to have been the first who 
 was styled the " primate of all Britain." But notwithstanding the philosophic 
 spirit which Theodore had tried to diffuse, superstition now began to pre- 
 vail; relics were held in extravagant veneration ; stories of dreams, visions, 
 and miracles, were circulated and believed; and the impious and demo- 
 ralizing doctrine was publicly taught, " That whoever put on the habit of 
 a monk was immediately pardoned all the sins of his former life." 
 
 Archbishop Nothelm, a Londoner, is said to have assisted the vene- 
 rable Bede in compiling his history. 
 
 Odo, the Dane, had the merit of rising to eminence from abject 
 poverty, having been disinherited by his heathen parents for adhering to 
 Christianity. When he became primate, however, he forgot his former 
 humble station, and assumed a more lofty tone of command than any of 
 the former prelates had ventured to do. From his Canons, framed at 
 London, we learn that there were several dues besides those claimed by 
 the clergy, and also that penalties were exacted for committing certain 
 crimes. In his Pastoral Letters, Odo blushes not to write, " I strictly 
 command and charge, that no man presume to lay any tax on the posses- 
 
 s Annal Bened. ii. 143. Lingard, Antiq. &c. p. 318. 
 
 10 This furnishes an additional proof that the document published in Somner's Appendix, 
 purporting to be a deed granted to Augustine, is nothing but a forgery executed many years 
 afterwards. 
 
I 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS DUNSTAN AND iELFRIC 77 
 
 sions of the clergy, who are the sons of God. I command the king, the 
 princes, and all in authority to obey, with great humility, the archbishops 
 and bishops; for they have the keys of the kingdom of heaven 
 
 St. Dunstan, " the Prince of Monks," as Malmsbury called him, was 
 descended from a noble family in Somersetshire, and educated at Glaston- 
 bury, where, by his penances, and by affecting the life of an anchorite, he 
 attracted great attention. He was at last crafty enough to obtain so 
 much influence over King Edred, as to have the command, not only of the 
 government, but of the treasury of the kingdom, from which he drew large 
 sums in order to aggrandize the Benedictines. Edwy, who succeeded 
 Edred, would not submit to the counsels and peculations of the monk ; 
 but he soon found that Dunstan's power was not to be shaken by banish- 
 ment. A successful rebellion having been excited against Edwy, his 
 brother and successor, Edgar, made Dunstan Bishop of Worcester, and 
 afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He was one of the most rigid 
 persecutors of the married clergy; for which he is much praised by the 
 old monkish historians. He required penitents, among other things, to 
 confess the sins committed in their skin, bones, sinews, gristle, hair, 
 marrow, and by every thing soft or hard, wet or dry 12 . The miracles 
 ascribed to him are unusually numerous and superlatively incredible 13 . 
 
 iELFRic was one of the very few individuals who cultivated literature 
 during that age of ignorance, the century preceding the conquest. This 
 
 " Johnson's Eccles. Law, dccccxliii. 1, 2. 11 Idem, dcccclxiii. 8. 
 
 13 See "Butler's Lives of the Saints," III. May 19, and the works to which he refers. It 
 ought, however, to be observed, that the most autient and authentic account of St. Dunstan is to 
 be found in his Life written by a contemporary, and preserved in MS. in the Cottoniau Library, 
 Cleop. B. 13; also published in that immense compilation of the Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum 
 Maii, torn. iv. p. 34G. This early biographer omits the ridiculous miracles with which Osbern 
 and other monastic writers have adorned, or rather degraded, the life of their hero. — Dunstan 
 had the undoubted merit of possessing some acquaintance with the tine arts. William of Malmes- 
 bury praises him for his skill in the sculpture of gold and silver, and in music; and informs us 
 that he gave a fine organ to Glastonbury Abbey, which the historian thus describes ; " Organo, 
 ubi perceneas fistulas musicis mensuris elaboratas, dudum conceptas, follis vomit anxius auras." 
 
78 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 prelate was the scholar of Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and was suc- 
 cessively raised to the sees of Wilton and Canterbury. He was styled 
 " the Grammarian," from his having written a grammar of the Latin 
 language 14 . 
 
 Stigand, is chiefly famous for having resisted the power of William I. 
 whom he refused to crown, because he was " a murderer and usurper," for 
 which refusal, and for lack of bigotry, he was deposed and imprisoned. 
 The monkish historians affirm, that like Judas his " bowels gushed out." 
 
 Lanfranc, an Italian, who came to England in the train of William the 
 Conqueror, has already been distinguished in a previous chapter for his 
 exertions in rebuilding the cathedral. In my History of York Cathedral, 
 will be found an account of the memorable disputes between Lanfranc 
 and the Archbishop of York, concerning the supremacy of Canterbury. 
 Lanfranc seems to have been among the first of our English prelates who 
 maintained and preached the doctrine of transubstantiation; the conse- 
 quences of which have been so extensively felt 15 . 
 
 St. Anselm, Abbot of Bee, in Normandy, having been invited to visit 
 England, to quiet the terrors of conscience which assailed Hugh Lupus, 
 the powerful and tremendous Earl of Chester, in the year 1092, was, 
 not long after, prevailed on with great difficulty to allay the remorse of 
 William Rufus, by accepting the see of Canterbury. The king had appro- 
 priated its revenues for several years after the death of Lanfranc, till being 
 seized with an alarming fit of illness, he insisted on raising Anselm to 
 the prelacy, and soon after recovering, deeply repented the step he had 
 taken. The archbishop was engaged in a perpetual contest with Rufus, in 
 
 14 There are also extant Saxon translations of a part of the Old Testament, published by 
 Thwaites, Oxford, 1699; and other theological productions which are attributed to the 
 archbishop ; (See Lingard's Ant. of A. S. Ch. p. 423-5.) ; though some suppose they were the 
 works of another prelate of the same name. See E. R. More's " De tribus vElfricis Comment." 
 and Wharton's Ang. Sac. v. i. p. 125. 
 
 15 The term transubstantiation, is said to have been first used in the letters cf Peter de Blois, 
 who was Chancellor of Canterbury in 1170-80. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS ANSELM AND BECKET. 
 
 79 
 
 support of the privileges of the church, and in persecuting the married 
 clergy, and trying to suppress the fashionable extravagances of the laity in 
 point of dress I6 . An anecdote of Anselm, related by William of Malmes- 
 bury, is curious, as it gives us some idea of the state of the arts at this 
 period. He was under the necessity of travelling to Rome; and on his 
 return, knowing that he was to be waylaid by banditti, he disguised himself 
 to deceive them. They learned his intention, and sent an artist to Rome, 
 who made so exact a delineation of his features, that the archbishop, who 
 found he should be known in any dress, was obliged to travel much out of 
 his road to avoid his enemies 17 . He was canonized in the reign of Henry 
 VII. His works, relating to Divinity, are very numerous, and were 
 repeatedly published during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
 
 Thomas Becket, one of the most famous of the Archbishops of Can- 
 terbury, was the son of a London merchant by a Syrian woman. When he 
 was only Archdeacon of Canterbury, he was made Chancellor of England 
 by Henry II., and by his courtly manners and splendid method of living, 
 became a great favourite with that monarch. He was politic enough to 
 perceive, however, that this would be incompatible with the situation of 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, and when he was elevated to the see, became 
 a most austere and bigoted monk. He resigned the Chancellorship with- 
 out consulting the king; and exerted all his influence to uphold the 
 usurpations and severities of the church. So far, indeed, did his assump- 
 tion of power proceed, that the king at last obliged him to confine himself 
 within the precincts of his church; but he said he was prepared to die a 
 martyr in defence of the ecclesiastical authority. He did suffer death, 
 being murdered in his own cathedral. The circumstances of this assassi- 
 nation, as well as of the penance of the king, the alleged miracles per- 
 formed at Becket's tomb, and the crowds of pilgrims which flocked 
 thither are well known to most readers. It is scarcely necessary to 
 mention, that these pilgrimages have given rise to two very distinguished 
 
 « 6 See Eadmer, Histor. Novor. p. 1G, &<r. Hume's Hist, of Eng. v. i. ch. 5. 
 17 De Gest. Pontif. 
 
89 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 productions of English genius, Chaucer's Tales 18 and Stothard's picture of 
 the Canterbury Pilgrims 19 . 
 
 Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, soon after his return from 
 accompanying Richard Cceur de Lion to the Holy Land, was elected to 
 the see ; and at the same time filled the offices of Lord Chancellor and 
 Chief Justiciary of England, being deputed to these offices by the king, who 
 was detained a prisoner in Austria. He formed the moat and the wall 
 round the Tower of London, and would have founded a college at Lambeth, 
 but was prevented by the jealousy and machinations of the monks. See 
 my History, &c. of Salisbury Cathedral. 
 
 Stephen Langton, (a Cardinal and Chancellor of the University of 
 Paris, though an Englishman by birth,) was, in spite of the opposition of 
 King John, raised to the archiepiscopal see, by the authority of the pope. 
 After the degrading submission of the king to Pandulph, the pope's 
 legate, the archbishop absolved him from the terrible censures of the 
 church, which he had incurred. But this prelate is more deserving of 
 notice, as having greatly assisted in wresting from his weak and tyrannical 
 sovereign, the famous Magna Charta, which was probably drawn up under 
 his direction from a copy of the Saxon laws, which the archbishop is said 
 to have shown to the assembled barons, previous to the meeting at Runni- 
 mede 20 . Hume says, Langton was " a man, whose memory, though he was 
 obtruded on the nation by a palpable encroachment of the see of Rome, 
 ought always to be respected by the English 21 ." We are indebted to this 
 great prelate for the division of the books of the Bible into chapters 22 . 
 
 It is, perhaps, worth observing, that Bennet Langton, Esq. the much 
 respected friend and correspondent of Dr. Johnson, was descended from 
 the same family with the archbishop 23 . 
 
 18 A new and very neat edition of these Tales is recently published by Pickering, London. 
 
 19 This very interesting national picture is in the possession of J. P. Miles, Esq. of Leigh 
 Court, near Bristol. A very beautiful engraving has been made from it. 
 
 50 Matth. Paris, Hist. Maj. p. 167. 21 Hist, of Eng. v. ii. ch. 11. p. 65. 8vo. edit. 
 
 22 Hen. Knyghton Hist. 31 Boswell's Life of Johnson. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS BONIFACE, PECKHAM, AND WINCHELSEY. 81 
 
 Boniface, a prelate of a hasty and turbulent disposition, engaged in a 
 dispute with the Bishop of London, in 12o0, concerning the visitation of 
 the Priory of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield ; and taking offence at the 
 conduct of the sub-prior, he attacked him in public, beat him severely, 
 and tore his rich cope 24 . 
 
 John Peckham, a learned divine, was raised to the metropolitical see by 
 the pope, in consequence, as it is reported, of a simoniacal contract to pay 
 his holiness the sum of four thousand marks. It is added, that the money 
 not being punctually remitted, the pontiff threatened Peckham with 
 excommunication. But however irregular the conduct of this prelate may 
 have been, he took care severely to punish the offences of others. He did 
 not spare the faults of the clergy, and his treatment of Sir Osbern Gifford 
 shows that he paid little deference to the rank of an offender. This 
 licentious baron having carried off two nuns from the monastery of Wilton, 
 Archbishop Peckham first issued against him a sentence of excommu- 
 nication ; and, having thus brought him to submission, granted him abso- 
 lution on the following severe terms. After interdicting him from all 
 future connexion with nuns or nunneries, he ordered that he should be 
 publicly scourged on three successive Sundays, in the church of Wilton, 
 and as many times in the church and market-place of Salisbury; that he 
 should fast a certain number of months ; that he should wear no linen for 
 three years ; and that he should relinquish his knighthood as to dress and 
 title, and swear to wear none but russet-coloured clothes until he had 
 spent three years in the Holy Land. " If (says Bishop Godwin) some 
 of our gentlemen were now and then thus served, they would not be so 
 wanton as they are 25 ." 
 
 Archbishop Peckham was a violent persecutor of the Jews. Besides 
 other works, he wrote a Treatise on Perspective, first printed at Venice, 
 1504, of which there are several editions. 
 
 Robert Winchelsey was a prelate who experienced the extremes of 
 
 14 Stowc, (from, Matth. Paris) in his Survey of London. 1618. fol. p. 712. 
 2S De Praesulibus Anglican*. 
 
 L 
 
82 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 good and evil fortune. Having opposed the arbitrary imposts levied on 
 the property of the clergy by the king in 1297, he was, together with the 
 general body of the ecclesiastics, declared exempt from the protection of 
 the laws, his goods were confiscated, and the monks of Canterbury were 
 severely punished for relieving him. Deprived of all the appendages of 
 his rank, he was glad to find a retreat in the house of an obscure country 
 clergyman, where he boarded with a single servant till the death of his 
 unrelenting persecutor enabled him to regain his high station 20 . The 
 remaining part of his life was spent in peace. He feared no man, and like 
 his predecessor Peckham, chastised the immorality of the great, as in the 
 case of John Warenne, the powerful Earl of Surrey, whom he prosecuted 
 as an adulterer, on account of his keeping a beautiful mistress, and obliged 
 him to dismiss her. The charities of Winchelsey were immense. In time 
 of scarcity, it is related, that five thousand persons were fed twice a week 
 at his palace. He is even said to have sought out bashful distress with 
 a delicacy in that age very unusual. 
 
 Walter Reynolds, who succeeded Winchelsey, was raised to the 
 primacy by that imprudent prince, Edward II. " Not," says the monk 
 of Malmesbury, " as a man of learning, but for his great skill in theatrical 
 plays." Reynolds also held the offices of Treasurer and Chancellor to the 
 ill fated Edward, and was one of those courtiers who deserted him in 
 his distress 27 . 
 
 Simon Meopham, though a man of spirit and activity, was involved in 
 disputes and difficulties, which exposed him to repeated misfortunes, and 
 at last occasioned his death. In his own diocess, the friars of St Augustine 
 opposed him, and being supported by the pope, excommunicated him and 
 made him pay a heavy fine. A more distressing insult awaited him. He 
 began a progress through the diocesses of his suffragans, and was received 
 with all customary honours at Rochester, Salisbury, and other places. 
 But on his approach to Exeter, the bishop, John Grandison, disrespectfully 
 refused him admission, having raised an armed force to obstruct his pro- 
 
 26 Walt. Hemingford, v. i. p. 109. 
 
 27 Battel's Antiq. of Cant. p. 72. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS STRATFORD, 
 
 BRAUWARDIN, AND LANGHAM. 
 
 83 
 
 gress. The proud spirit of the primate could not brook this humiliation. 
 He returned toward the metropolis crest-fallen, and died. 
 
 John Stratford, a native of Stratford on Avon, administered the 
 affairs of the kingdom, while Edward III. was reaping immortal glory by 
 his arms in France. Stratford is stated to have crossed the Channel two 
 and thirty times in the public service, besides making several journeys into 
 Scotland. He was so benevolent that he distributed alms to thirty-nine 
 poor people during the whole of his primacy. 
 
 Thomas Bradwardin though he enjoyed the metropolitical see but a 
 very short time, dying forty days after his consecration, was a person of 
 too much celebrity to be passed by without notice. He was chancellor of 
 the diocess of London, and was appointed confessor to King Edward III. 
 whom he attended during his expeditions to France. After his return, he 
 was made Prebendary of Lincoln, and subsequently Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. He wrote a theological work, " De Causa Dei 28 ," and several 
 treatises on geometry and arithmetic ; and he was considered as one of the 
 greatest mathematicians that lived before the revival of learning. Chaucer 
 ranks him with St. Augustine 29 and the Roman philosopher Boethius. 
 
 " But I ue cannot boult it to the bren, 
 As can the holy doctor seynt Austin 
 Or Boece, or the bishop Bradwardin." 
 
 Nun's Priest's Tale. 
 
 Simon Langham found the see so oppressed with debt that he sum- 
 moned all the clergy of his diocess to a synod, in which he obtained from 
 each sixpence in the mark towards its liquidation. His attempt to turn 
 out the seculars from the college of Canterbury, which was contrary to the 
 will of the founder, incited them, with the famous Wickliffe at their head, 
 
 18 Lond. 1618. pub. by Sir H. Savile. 
 
 19 Not the Anglo-Saxon missionary, but St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, in Africa, in the 
 fifth century. 
 
84 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 to inveigh strongly and openly against the oppression 30 . In 1368, he was 
 created a cardinal, on which he resigned the archbishopric; though he 
 seems afterwards to have repented of this step, and endeavoured in vain to 
 recover his metropolitan seat. 
 
 Simon de Sudbury, born at Sudbury in Suffolk, after having been 
 chaplain to Pope Innocent VI. and auditor of the Rota at Rome, was 
 elected to the see of Canterbury to appease the king, who was displeased 
 with the re-election of Cardinal Langhain. Sudbury was murdered on 
 Tower Hill, in the insurrection raised by Wat Tyler. 
 
 Henry Chicheley, or ChicheU, was born at Higham Ferrers, Nor- 
 thamptonshire, where he afterwards established a college, built a church, 
 and an alms-house. He was likewise the founder of Bernard's (now 
 St. John's) and All Souls Colleges, Oxford, of which university he had 
 been an alumnus. He erected at Lambeth the great tower of the palace, 
 called the Lollards' tower, from the sectaries so denominated having been 
 imprisoned there. He appears to have held a middle course between 
 those who favoured and those who opposed the pretensions of the see 
 of Rome, evidently leaning, as far as prudence dictated, to the liberty of 
 the English church 31 . Worn out with age and infirmities, after he had 
 filled the archiepiscopal chair for twenty-nine years, he wrote to Pope 
 Eugenius for leave to resign ; but he died before the pope's answer 
 arrived 32 . 
 
 The Honourable Thomas Bourgchier, or Bourchier, son of the Earl of 
 Ene and the Countess of Suffolk, was promoted to the metropolitan see on 
 
 30 Wiekliffe was wont to walk about with his feet naked, and clothed in a long russet garment. 
 Leland's Collect. III. 409. 
 
 31 Spencer's " Life of Chichele," 8vo. Lond. 1783. In his letter to the king, he says, that care 
 should be taken " that everich of the ministers hold hem content with her own parte; and that 
 your poore pepul be not pyled, nor oppressed with exactions thorgh wych thci schold be the 
 more feble to refresche you owne liege lord in lime of nede," &c. Appendix, 195. 
 
 31 See id. Appendix. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS WARHAM AND CRANMER. 
 
 85 
 
 the death of Archbishop Kempe. To this prelate has been ascribed the 
 introducing of the art of printing into England, an honour to which he has 
 no just claim 33 . Bourchier has, by some historians, been calumniated as 
 avaricious; but the liberal sums which he left to various institutions at 
 his death, besides what he expended during his life, acquit him, we think, 
 of the charge. He had the honour of crowning three kings, Edward IV, 
 Richard III, and Henry VII. 
 
 William Warham, who succeeded Henry Dene, was a stern persecutor 
 of the Lollards, and an enemy of heresy. The superior abilities, however, 
 of Cardinal Wolsey made Warham little more than the shadow of an 
 archbishop, and persecution seems to have been the only road left him 
 to attain distinction. In the notorious case of the divorce of the Queen, 
 W arham affixed to the deed the name and seal of Bishop Fisher without 
 his consent. This, with his abject flattery of Henry on all occasions, gives 
 us rather an unfavourable view of his character. 
 
 Perhaps no man ever encountered so many difficulties in public life as 
 the succeeding prelate, Thomas Cranmer, who was consecrated March 
 13, 1533. Imbued with the Lutheran doctrine, and well convinced of the 
 scandalous state of the church, he was also satisfied of the illegality of the 
 marriage of King Henry VIII. with his brother's widow, the point in 
 dispute between the English monarch and the court of Rome. Cranmer 
 exhibited a curious instance of casuistry in protesting, previously to his 
 taking the requisite oath to the pope, " That he did not intend, by taking 
 that oath, to restrain himself from doing what he thought to be his duty to 
 God, his king, and his country." He proceeded to declare the marriage 
 
 33 Collier, in his Ecclesiastical History; Bailey, in his English Dictionary, and other writers, 
 have attributed the introduction of printing into England to Archbishop Bourchier, in the 
 reign of Henry VI. This art, however, was first practised in this country by Caxton, in the 
 following reign. The mistaken statement depends on the authority of Rich. Atkins, who, in 
 1664, published a quarto pamphlet, intitled " The Original and Grouth of Printing in England," 
 &c. ; in which is a groundless and improbable story of Caxton and one Tumour having been 
 employed by Henry VI. and Archbishop Bourchier, to inveigle a printer from Haarlem. See 
 Typographical Antiquities, last edit, by Dibdin. 1810. 4to. vol. i. p. 62, 64, and 96. 
 
86 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 void between Henry and Catherine, which the pope solemnly confirmed 
 the following year; and this event produced a complete separation of the 
 English from the Roman church, attended with every demonstration of 
 implacable hostility ; the English universities and bishops declaring " that 
 the Bishop of Rome had no more authority in England, by the word 
 of God, than any other foreign bishop." Every practicable expedient was 
 immediately adopted under Cranmer's auspices to give effect to this new 
 and important decision, which was too bold and violent to be established 
 without bloodshed. The Bishop of Rochester, and the learned, but weak, 
 bigoted, and superstitions Sir Thomas More, were amongst the earliest 
 and most distinguished victims of this policy. The king being acknow- 
 ledged supreme head of the church, appointed Cromwell his vicegerent, 
 and soon effected the suppression of the monasteries; exceeding in this 
 respect the views of Cranmer, who wished some of them to be preserved 
 for schools and hospitals, and by this partial opposition displeased the 
 king 34 . The archbishop procured a new English version of the New Tes- 
 tament to be made by nine eminent Greek scholars, who each translated a 
 part, which was then submitted to the bishops. Nearly in a similar 
 manner he afterwards had the Old Testament translated, not without great 
 and rancorous opposition. He also introduced, in the course of this reign, 
 English prayers into the service of the church. 
 
 Still religion remained unaltered in spirit; the new head of the church 
 considered himself fully authorized to dictate, under the most dreadful 
 penalties, the creed to be believed by men, and the worship to be offered 
 to the Almighty. Cranmer was not exempt from participation in this 
 species of persecution ; nor is it easy to see how the ecclesiastical head of 
 a church, established by law, can avoid interference with the right of 
 private judgment. In 1539, the remaining tenets and ceremonies of the 
 church of Rome were secured to the English church by a most severe 
 penal statute, commonly called " the bloody act,'' which passed in spite 
 of the resolute and energetic opposition of Cranmer; who, foreseeing its 
 
 Slrype's Life of Cranmer, p. 72. 
 
ARCHBISHOP CRANMER. 
 
 87 
 
 dreadful consequences, sent away his wife to her friends in Germany. The 
 king, being- informed of the archbishop's alarm on account of his opposition 
 to this act, sent him assurances of the continuance of his esteem. 
 
 It is not necessary here to trace the wavering, arbitrary, and absurd 
 conduct of the conceited and sanguinary monarch, who now professed to 
 regulate the faith of this persecuted nation. Cromwell fell a victim to 
 these proceedings, and Cranmer found himself, as well as the reformation 
 he had laboured to establish, in imminent danger. An attempt was made 
 by the popish party to get him imprisoned preparatory to a vague and 
 groundless accusation of heresy; but he was saved by a returning fit of 
 the king's personal friendship for him, after the order for his arrest had 
 been given. 
 
 The Romish party which had marked Cromwell and Cranmer for 
 destruction, as their most dangerous enemies, had taken advantage of the 
 interference of the former in promoting the unfortunate marriage of Ann of 
 Cleves with the king, to bring the vicegerent into the royal displeasure, 
 which was then the unerring harbinger of mock trials and merciless execu- 
 tions. Cranmer had the magnanimity to defend his disgraced and ill fated 
 friend; an instance of independence and courage rare in any court, but 
 unprecedented, except by himself, in that of Henry VIII. After Crom- 
 well had been sacrificed to the interest of Queen Catherine Howard, and 
 that lady's party had seen her elevation to the throne of England, the pain- 
 ful and dangerous office of denouncing her to the king, for the infidelity 
 which brought her to the scaffold, devolved on Cranmer. He executed 
 this office with skill and integrity ; and by the ruin of the queen and her 
 party, avenged, in some degree, the wrongs of Cromwell. 
 
 Although it was Cranmer's principle of reform, not to shock the pre- 
 judices of the people by violent changes, he was too much inclined to en- 
 force compliance with the measures on which he had determined. In the 
 reign of Edward VI. he proceeded with unabated vigour in the work of 
 the Reformation, which had languished during the latter years of the last 
 king. A liturgy and articles of religion were now agreed on. During 
 this reign he consented to the death of several persons on account of their 
 
88 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 opinions, and even urgently pressed Edward VI. to the burning of Joan 
 Boucher, or Joan of Kent, for heresy, much against the inclination of the 
 king, who protested that the archbishop must be responsible for the act; 
 by which appeal the latter was much shocked and disconcerted 3 '. 
 
 On Mary's succession, finding the mass restored at Canterbury, and the 
 Roman Catholic rites every where returning, Cranmer wrote a protest 
 against these proceedings ; and was soon afterwards committed to the 
 Tower. He was compelled to hold a mock disputation, and was adjudged 
 a heretic for the opinions he maintained. After being detained in prison 
 a considerable time he was condemned to the flames. A recantation 
 made under the fear of death, proved insufficient to save him, as the 
 queen's resentment for his having pronounced her mother's divorce was 
 not to be appeased. He now abjured his deeply repented recantation, 
 and perished with heroic fortitude, burning first the hand which had 
 signed the memorial of his weakness. 
 
 The character of Cranmer has been concisely drawn by Mr. Gilpin. 
 " He was a sincere promoter of the Reformation, and had abilities admirably 
 adapted to such a work. He was a calm dispassionate man ; had a sound 
 judgment, and a very extensive knowledge, but he had conversed little 
 in the world ; and was very open to the attacks of malice and knavery, and 
 was unacquainted with any methods but those of gentleness and persua- 
 sion, which indeed went a considerable way to promote his ends 36 ." 
 
 On the death of Cranmer, Cardinal Pole was immediately raised to the 
 see of Canterbury, and superintended the church during the atrocious per- 
 secutions which have consigned the memory of Mary's reign to everlasting 
 infamy. He was, however, a mild and benevolent prelate ; and cordially 
 disapproved of the sanguinary proceedings to which Gardiner and the rest 
 of the infatuated clergy encouraged the fanatical queen. Burnet says his 
 mildness and gentleness might have been much more dangerous to the 
 
 35 Burnet's History of tlie Reformation. 
 
 36 Life of Hugh Latimer, in Select Biography, vol. i. p. 54. The latter part of Mr. Gilpin's 
 eulony may be considered as rather inconsistent with the conduct of Cranmer in recommending 
 to King Edward VI. the punishment of heretics by death, as in the instance already noticed. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS PARKER, ABBOT, AND LAUD. 
 
 89 
 
 Reformation than the persecuting spirit of his colleagues, had his councils 
 prevailed. Archbishop Pole survived Queen Mary only sixteen hours. 
 
 Dr. Matthew Parker, a man who had suffered considerably from the 
 persecutions in Mary's reign, was on the accession of Elizabeth appointed 
 to fill the archiepiscopal throne of Canterbury, vacant by Pole's decease. 
 Such was the humility and primeval piety of this prelate that he for a 
 long time declined the dignity offered to him. He was a firm supporter of 
 the royal prerogative and a bitter enemy to puritanism, though he was not, 
 perhaps, sufficiently zealous in reforming the clergy; whose licentiousness 
 was one of the chief causes of the increase of those sectaries. He was a 
 profound scholar, and I have had repeated occasion in the course of my 
 literary labours to mention, with praise, his learned work on British Anti- 
 quities. Besides other publications which do credit to his industry, he wrote 
 a small treatise on the Marriage of Priests, occasioned by the persecutions 
 he himself had suffered in the early part of his life for having dared to 
 marry. His numerous benefactions, both during his life and at his death, 
 manifest the liberality of his character; and his encouragement of learned 
 men was no less spirited and laudable. 
 
 George Abbot is characterized by Clarendon as of a morose disposition 
 and as ignorant of the constitution of church and state, and (what is very 
 uncommon in a primate) as equally ignorant of the " interests of the clergy." 
 Other writers, among whom are Godwin and Anthony a Wood, speak of 
 him in very honourable terms. There is one circumstance related of him 
 which is very creditable to his feelings. Having unfortunately killed a 
 park-keeper when shooting at a deer, the accident gave him so much pain 
 of mind that he kept the anniversary of it all his life with fasting and 
 humility, and settled an annuity on the poor man's widow. 
 
 William Laud was translated to the see of Canterbury in 1633. At a 
 period remarkable for the violence of party spirit, and the close intermix- 
 ture of religion and politics, this learned and ardent genius was destined to 
 maintain the tottering cause of the " divine right of kings," and the duty of 
 passive obedience in their subjects. These doctrines he maintained with the 
 most devoted and relentless zeal, and, it may be added, most conscien- 
 
 M 
 
90 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 tiously. When we consider the short period which at his entrance into 
 public life had elapsed since the settlement of any thing like order and 
 tranquillity in the church of England, and the then unsettled state of that 
 of Scotland ; together with the swarms of fanatical dissenters who then 
 infested society; we shall not be surprised that his efforts to support 
 what he considered the decent solemnities of the church, and the salu- 
 tary authority of the episcopal order, betrayed him into superstitious 
 fopperies, and ecclesiastical arrogance. In the star chamber and high 
 commission courts, Laud distinguished himself as a supporter of uncon- 
 stitutional and irresponsible authority. It was his fate to fall by a tribunal 
 equally unconstitutional and unjust with those in which he had presided. 
 The rebel parliament accused him of high treason; for endeavouring to sub- 
 vert the laws of the protestant religion, and the l ights of parliament. The 
 articles detailed, against him, charge him with popery in various ways ; but 
 it is certain that, whatever he might think of certain points of difference 
 between the Roman and English churches, he had no thoughts of an ab- 
 solute surrender of the reformed religion. But in his own works there 
 is abundant evidence of a wish for reconciliation with the Roman church, 
 of acknowledgment of its precedence, and of its notions of the royal prero- 
 gative and the authority of the church, long since generally exploded. He 
 laments, in speaking of the Earl of Strafford's fall, that it was the misfor- 
 tune of that nobleman to serve a monarch who knew not how to be, or to be 
 made great. In this calamity it was his own lot to participate. After a 
 trial in which every principle of justice and decency was violated, and a 
 defence remarkable for talent and moderation, he was condemned to death, 
 and suffered on Tower Hill with great fortitude. 
 
 The accession of Charles the Second, at first a concealed and afterwards 
 an avowed papist, opened a new and interesting era of church history. 
 The three great parties — the Roman Catholics, the Established Church, 
 and the Dissenters were all in active exertion. Episcopacy being re-esta- 
 blished, the see of Canterbury was nominally filled by William Juxon, 
 who had atteuded Charles I. to the scaffold, while Gilbert Sheldon was 
 really at the head of ecclesiastical affairs. The endeavours of Charles to 
 
ARCHBISHOPS SHELDON AND SANCROFT. 
 
 .91 
 
 promote the interests of the Roman Catholics, under colour of general 
 toleration, produced several attempts at an amicable union of religious 
 parties, in which Sheldon distinguished himself on the episcopal side. On 
 the death of Juxon, Sheldon succeeded to the primacy. One of his earli- 
 est acts was an arrangement with Lord Clarendon, by which the clergy 
 ceased to tax themselves in convocation, and were permitted to vote at 
 elections, as freeholders. 
 
 The nonconformists being the chief obstacle to the toleration of the 
 papists, the severest laws were enacted against them, in the passing and exe- 
 cution of which, Sheldon was deeply concerned; but real danger was also 
 apprehended from the Roman Catholics, and the Test and Corporation Acts 
 were passed as a defence against them. Every attempt to enforce unifor- 
 mity in religion produced, as it always will, increased dissensions. Shel- 
 don was on the whole a benevolent man, and expended great sums in cha- 
 rity; he was also a distinguished encourager of learning; and founded the 
 Theatre at Oxford. In 167.5 he died, and was succeeded by William 
 Sancroft, Dean of St. Paul's. He was one of the seven resolute bishops 
 who refused to publish the illegal declaration of James II. professing to 
 favour liberty of conscience, but really dispensing with legal penalties, and 
 intended to introduce popery. For this affair the bishops were sent to the 
 Tower, and shortly afterwards brought to trial and acquitted 37 . 
 
 When the blind zeal of James II. had roused a spirit of opposition which 
 drove him from the throne, Sancroft was one of the eight bishops whose 
 scrupulous consciences could not digest the oath of fealty to the new 
 monarch, regarding James as the lawful possessor of the throne. They 
 maintained the independency of the church on the king and parliament; 
 and, being deprived of their sees, founded a new party called the Nonju- 
 rors; and treated the new bishops as usurpers and intruders. In this 
 quarrel the whole nation was quickly involved. 
 
 That these prelates acted conscientiously in refusing to take the oath of 
 
 37 For a particular account of this important trial with several new and interesting circum- 
 stances relating to it, see Dr. D'Ovly's " Life of Sancroft," vol. i. chap. 5. 
 
92 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 allegiance to William III. it would be uncandid to doubt. A pleasing 
 anecdote illustrative of the temper and feelings of the deprived primate is 
 preserved by Dr. D'Oyly. "The archbishop remained at the house in the 
 Temple for about six weeks, [after his deprivation] and appears to have 
 received there the visits of his friends in all ranks of life. Amongst others, 
 Thomas, Earl of Aylesbury, called to pay him a visit. The prelate re- 
 ceived him at the door of his apartment, which was opened by himself. 
 The earl, struck with this circumstance as a mark of humiliation, and with 
 the total change of every thing around, from what he had formerly seen in 
 his visits at Lambeth Palace, burst into tears. As soon as he recovered 
 his power of speech, he told him how deeply he was affected with what he 
 saw, and how unable he was to suppress his grief. £ O, my good lord,' 
 replied the archbishop, ' rather rejoice with me, for now I live again 38 .' " 
 
 On the deprivation of Sancroft, Dr. John Tillotson, Dean of St. Paul's, 
 was next selected to fill the vacant metropolitan chair. His qualifications 
 were, great learning, piety, and moderation; with a thorough knowledge 
 of the schemes and arts of the Roman Catholics. He had been chaplain 
 to Charles II. but never enjoyed the favour of that monarch. The dean 
 attended the unfortunate Lord Russel after his condemnation, and in vain 
 preached to that firm nobleman the doctrine of non-resistance ; in oppo- 
 sition to which he himself afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 On this occasion he was, perhaps, actuated by a hope of saving the life of 
 his auditor. Though he was, by his mild disposition, well qualified to 
 heal the prevailing dissensions in religion, the high Tory party, by their 
 assertion of the invalidity of parliamentary deprivation, regarded him in 
 the light of an usurper. His spirits became much depressed in conse- 
 quence of this opposition ; and he had not enjoyed the primacy three 
 years when he was struck with a fatal palsy, and died, Nov. 23, 1694. 
 King William is said to have expressed himself on this occasion in these 
 words : " I never knew an honester man, and I never had a better friend." 
 Tillotson's Sermons are generally known and much admired. His fortune 
 
 38 Life of Sancroft, vol. i. p. 470. 
 
ARCHBISHOPS TENISON, WAKE, POTTER, AND HERRING. 93 
 
 was greatly reduced by his taking possession of the see, and by his bene- 
 volence and liberality. His posthumous sermons were sold by his widow 
 for two thousand five hundred guineas. A pension of £400 was granted 
 to her, which was afterwards increased to £o'00. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Tenison succeeded Archbishop Tillotson, whom he much 
 resembled in character. But the advantage which he enjoyed of less tur- 
 bulent times contributes nothing to the interest excited by his primacy in 
 history. He was much involved in a dispute on the right of the lower 
 house of convocation to hold intermediate assemblies between one general 
 session and another. Tenison was a man of great benevolence, and the 
 author of several sermons. 
 
 Dr. William Wake, who succeeded him, was remarkable for his chari- 
 ties, and for his literary works. He wrote " The State of the Church," which 
 settled the question respecting the power of the prince over ecclesiastical 
 synods within his realm. Wake held a correspondence with some of the doc- 
 tors of the Sorbonne relative to a projected union between the English and 
 Gallican churches ; in which he has been said to have carried his concessions 
 too far. " This correspondence," says a judicious writer, " is worthy of 
 attentive perusal; as it will show that all the concessions were tendered by 
 the French divines; and may temper violence against the Catholic religion, 
 by exhibiting it as making approaches to the English worship, when held 
 by moderate men 39 ." 
 
 John Potter, who is best known by his learned and useful work, the 
 " Antiquities of Greece," was a native of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, and after 
 having been Bishop of Oxford, was translated to the see of Canterbury. 
 He seems to have maintained the rights of the church with sufficient firm- 
 ness and dignity, without having had recourse to the harsh and offensive 
 measures which characterized many of his predecessors. 
 
 Thomas Herring, a native of Walsoken, Norfolk, was translated from 
 York to Canterbury, where he was much esteemed for his moderation and 
 humility. 
 
 Grant's Summary of the History of the English Church and Sects, &c. vol. iii. p. 129. 
 
94 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Thomas Secker is one of the most distinguished prelates who have 
 filled the chair of Canterbury. He was born at the village of Sibthorp, 
 Nottinghamshire, his father being possessed of a small independency, 
 and what is singular, a protestant dissenter. At the age of nineteen, he 
 was a proficient not only in Latin and Greek, but in French, Hebrew, 
 Chaldee, and Syriac. He first turned his attention to medicine, on ac- 
 count of some religious scruples ; but these being removed by farther 
 study and inquiry, he was induced to take orders. Secker was distin- 
 guished for his learning, benevolence, and liberality; and above all, for his 
 simplicity, frankness, and good sense. He arranged his time with the most 
 exact regularity ; but though he never allowed indolence to encroach on 
 his hours, he was always ready to admit those who visited him from friend- 
 ship or on business. He was long afflicted with the gout, and his thigh 
 bone becoming carious, broke in consequence of the disease, and put an 
 end to his life in a few days. 
 
 The honourable Frederick Cornwallis, son of Lord Cornwallis, was 
 translated from the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry to the see of Can- 
 terbury, where his benevolence and affability procured him universal re- 
 spect. He held the primacy fifteen years. 
 
 John Moore, the son of a tradesman in the city of Gloucester, by his 
 talents, learning, and piety, raised himself to the highest dignity of the 
 church. In early life, he was tutor to the sons of the Duke of Marlborough, 
 through whose patronage he was afterwards promoted. It his highly cre- 
 ditable to his filial affections, that when a tutor, he assisted his father, who 
 had failed in business, out of his small annual stipend. 
 
 Charles Manners Sutton, the present respectable, and dignified 
 archbishop, was advanced from the see of Norwich to this primacy in 1805. 
 Those who have had the best opportunities of seeing and appreciating his 
 grace's character, represent him as a man of learning, urbanity, and mo- 
 deration. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES OF THE PLATES. 
 
 The general measurements of the church, as to lengths and heights, will be 
 found on the plates of plans and sections. 
 
 Plate I. Ground Plan, &c. — a. western porch and doorway, with 
 groining: — b. south porch shown in Plate VI.: — c. c. nave, with the dis- 
 position of its groins on the ceiling, and forms and proportions of its clus- 
 tered columns, one of which is defined more at large, h: — d. d. south 
 aile: — e. e. north aile: — g. north-western tower: — and h. south-western 
 tower with the forms of the groining to each, and the enlarged piers : — 
 j. south end of transept: — k. martyrdom, or north end of transept: — l. 
 space beneath the great tower, with the number of steps: — m. m. choir 
 with the stalls and seats on each side, and plans of two of its columns, 
 e. g: — n. south aile: — o. north aile: — p. south end of eastern transept: — q. 
 north end of ditto: — r. presbytery, with monuments and screens at each 
 side, and steps to the altar s : — plan of one of its clustered columns, b: — 
 t. t. Trinity chapel: — and u. its aile, with plan of a pair of its columns, d. 
 and profile, c : — w. Becket's crown, with plan of one of its clustered columns, 
 a: — x. Anselm's chapel: — y. vestry : — z. treasury. 
 
 The small figures refer to the following parts and monuments : — 1. door- 
 way to the cloisters from the north aile of the nave : — 3. entrance to St. 
 Michael's, or the w arrior's chapel : — 4. entrance to the Virgin, or dean's 
 chapel : — 5. the general entrance to the crypt : — 0. doorway to the cloister: 
 — 7. Archbishop Warham's monument: — 8. Archbishop Peckham's mo- 
 nument: — 9. staircase to upper parts of the church: — 10. Lady Iloland's 
 monument: — 11. stairs to crypt: — 12 and 13. stairs through the walls : — 
 14. organ screen: — 15, 16. monuments of Archbishops Walter and Rey- 
 
96 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 nolds:— 17. Kempe :— 18. Stratford :— 19. Sudbury:— 20. Mepham :— 21. 
 Black Prince:— 22. Courtney .—23. Cardinal Chatillon :— 24. Theobald :— 
 25. Pole :— 26. Dean Wotton :— 27. Henry IV. :— and 28. his chantry 
 chapel: — 29. Archbishop Bourchier : — 30. Chichele: — 31. stairs to the 
 crypt, and to the upper galleries, &c. of the transept : — 32. niche in the 
 wall, formerly a doorway : — 33. font and circular room : — 34. audit room : 
 — 35. library :— 36. eastern window of Virgin Chapel, with rich tracery 
 work, and pedestals, &c. beneath and at the sides: — 37. a singular instance 
 of a portrait on copper, of Dean Bargrave, for a monumental memorial : — 
 38. chapter-house: — 39. area of cloisters: — 40. ruins of an antient build- 
 ing, called the Dormitory; and 42. doorway to ditto: — 41. entrance door- 
 way to another old building : — 43. a long old passage : — 44. doorway to 
 the cellarers lodgings, with several columns on each side, nearly facing 
 which are the bases for lavatories, &c. : — 45. old doorway, with an oblique 
 circular hole through the wall of very unusual character: — 46. doorway, 
 with a smaller lateral opening, the bishop's entrance. 
 
 Plate II. Plan of the crypts ; a. principal and the usual entrance : — 
 b. another entrance, but now closed up : — c. principal space of the crypt 
 divided into three parts, by two rows of small columns with large bases 
 and capitals; and separated from the ailes, d. d. and e. e. by large piers: 
 — f. is the north wing of the crypt, with doorway to stairs, 3; and another 
 doorway, 4. to the priory buildings ; an opening in the w all, 5, most likely 
 to a staircase ; and a semicircular recess at 6 ; where as in the other corres- 
 ponding recesses were formerly altars, with piscinas, closets, &c. : — g. 
 south wing of crypt, with doorway to stairs at 2 ; an entrance doorway at 
 14; and an enclosed place at 15: — h. a chantry vault, now entirely dark- 
 ened with stairs to it from the chapel above, but now closed up; — i. a 
 chantry chapel, with numerous paintings on the roof and sides : — k. a cor- 
 responding crypt, now used as a private cellar: — l. entrance to the crypt 
 under the Trinity chapel : — m. centre of ditto: — N. aud o. its aile: — and p. 
 beneath Becket's crown: — at 18, and 19. are doorways to the crypt: — and 
 at 20. 20. are piers which seem to have been cased, or enlarged, when the 
 Trinity crypt was built; — 11. 11. two large pillars singularly placed be- 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 97 
 
 neath the rough vaulting, and apparently without impost or archivolt: — 
 7. the lady chapel: — 8. monument for Lady Mohun : — 9. altar tomb. 
 
 Plate III. Section of the nave and ailes at the west end, with elevations 
 of the tivo towers. The principal measurements are engraved on the plate. 
 
 Plate IV. Section of south transept and half of tower, with elevation 
 of the tvest side of the north transept ; half of the to wer, and west end of the 
 chapter-house. This plate has been fully described, p. 46 and 50. 
 
 Plate V. Section of the north wing of the eastern transept, with the roof 
 above, and crypt beneath ; elevation of the east end of the Trinity Chapel, 
 with the steps to, and behind the altar; the latter being removed to show the 
 architecture. One of the columns of the choir with the vaulting of the 
 south aile ; and an elevation of the western face of the south wing of the 
 transept, with the tower, called St. Anselm's. This wing is built with small 
 stones. 
 
 Plate VI. View of the two western towers from the south-west angle, in 
 which the porches, with the great western window ; the singular gable win- 
 dow, and the varied styles and character of the two towers are delineated. 
 
 Plate VII. A view of the central tower from the south-west angle, 
 the south wing of the west transept, three divisions of the south aile of the 
 nave, part of St. Anselm's tower, &c. 
 
 Plate VIII. View in the martyrdom, or north iving of the western 
 transept, showing Archbishop Warham's monument on the left, the screen 
 before the Deans' Chapel, and the groined ceiling of that beautiful chapel. 
 The skill and taste displayed by the engraver of this plate merit my thanks. 
 
 Plate IX. View from St. Anselms Chapel, showing one of the semicir- 
 cular arches with its many mouldings, and the character of the capitals 
 beneath ; also the fine screen and tomb of Mepham. Over the screen is 
 seen part of the architecture of the presbytery. 
 
 Plate X. View of the Trinity Chapel, looking east, showing the double 
 columns with their foliated capitals, and the pointed arches ; also the 
 series of arches, clustered columns, &c. of the triforium, and the windows 
 of the clerestory. The ribbing, and mode of forming and constructing the 
 roof over the semicircular end, deserve notice and investigation. 
 
 N 
 
98 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Plate XI. Section of the Trinity Chapel, with the crypt; also of 
 Becket's crown and its corresponding crypt. The subjects of this plate 
 have been described p. 54, 60, excepting the letters of reference : — a. section 
 of the small column in the centre of the crypt, with a profile of its 
 capital a. and base d. : — b. larger column, with profile of the capital: — 
 c. profile of base of ditto: — e. small column in the middle part of the crypt, 
 with its arch mouldings and great pier beyond : — f. screen and entrance 
 doorway to the Virgin Chapel : — g. upper part, or parapet, of Becket's 
 crown : — h. north end of eastern transept, with timber work of roof : — 
 i. a vaulted room between the floor of the west end of the Trinity Chapel 
 and the circular aile of the large crypt. Two compartments of the screen 
 on the north side of the altar, between that and the aile, are shown. 
 
 Plate XII. View of the crypt under the Trinity Chapel, looking north 
 east. Here we see the large doubled column, with pointed and semicircular 
 arches, the forms and disposition of the ribs and groins, &c. 
 
 Plate XIII. View of the crypt, looking north west. On the right hand 
 is shown part of the screen that inclosed the Virgin Chapel; also a column 
 with spiral mouldings, and an octangular capital, from which springs a plain 
 groined vaulting. The number of columns, in succession from this point 
 of view, present a very picturesque and intricate appearance. From the 
 rings at the intersection of the groins, it is presumed that the whole crypt 
 was illuminated by suspended lamps on particular occasions. 
 
 Plate XIV. View looking into Becket's crown. The ribs and arch 
 mouldings of this building and of the Trinity Chapel are abundantly 
 charged with the zigzag and other ornaments : the columns are tall and 
 slender, with one or two bands to each, and the capitals are sculptured 
 into foliated scrolls, &c. Directly facing the entrance arch, the window is 
 filled with painted glass. In the middle is the antient archiepiscopal chair. 
 
 Plate XV. View of the chapter-house, looking east. This view shows 
 the series of columns and arcades which extend round the lower part of 
 the room, with a perforated frieze above ; three blank windows ; over this 
 an arched roof carved into numerous panels, and the great eastern 
 window, with the fine canopied stall beneath. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 99 
 
 Plate XVI. View from the north aile of the nave looking- south east. 
 
 Plate XVII. View from the north aile of the choir, looking south west, 
 and representing one of the doorways to the choir, Chicheley's monument 
 beyond, — the steps to the Trinity Chapel, &c. 
 
 Plate XVIII. An elevation of Archbishop Pechhams monument, is a 
 pleasing and highly enriched design. The buttresses at the ends, with 
 panels, sculptured pediments, figures, and embattled turrets; — the series 
 of niches, pinnacles, pediments, and statues, on the face of the tomb ; — and 
 the highly decorated pediment, with boss in the tympanum, all combine to 
 make this an interesting monument. Its wooden effigy is unusual. 
 
 Plate XIX. A. Elevation of one compartment of the east side of the 
 south wing of the eastern transept, displaying the arch and semicircular 
 recess, with window and piscina, &c. ; an arcade above, a triforium over, 
 with semicircular and pointed arches, and a gallery with window in the 
 clerestory. B. Elevation of tivo buttresses, with windows, &c. on the ex- 
 terior south side of the Trinity Chapel. 
 
 Plate XX. Doorivay to the organ screen; already described p. 51; as 
 has also Plate XXI. at p. 51, and Plate XXII. at p. 46, 47, &c. 
 
 Plate XXIII. Perspective view of Archbishop Sudburfs monument, 
 which is much mutilated, and deprived of a statue and its other figures. 
 Part of the triforium of the presbytery is shown over the monument, and 
 the steps seen behind the altar, between the tomb and its canopy. 
 
 Plate XXIV. Effigies of Archbishop Chichele, 1 : — and Warham, 2, 3. 
 
 Plate XXV. Capitals and bases already noticed, p. 54. 
 
 Plate XXVI. 1. Doorway and part of a screen between the Deans' 
 Chapel and the Martyrdom. See Plate VIII : — and 2. one compartment 
 of the arcade round the lower part of the chapter-house. 
 
iL\$t of isoofcs, 32$#ax)$, anti ^rwt*, 
 
 THAT HAVE BEEN PUBLISH liD RELATING TO 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL; 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 A LIST OF ENGRAVED PORTRAITS OF ITS ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 THIS LIST IS SUBJOINED TO GRATIFY THE BIOGRAPHER, THE CRITICAL ANTIQUARY, AND THE ILLUSTRATOR; AS 
 WELL AS TO SHOW, AT ONE VIEW, THE SOURCES WHENCE THE CONTENTS OF THE PRECEDING PAGES HAVE 
 BEEN DERIVED, AND THE FULL TITLES OF THE WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE NOTES. 
 
 NUMEROUS documents relating to Canterbury Cathedral are preserved in the Cottonian library. 
 Amongst the MSS. in the Cathedral library are eighteen volumes of old Registers relating to the 
 Cathedral; consisting of Charters, Records, &c a list of which will be found in Tanner's " Notitia 
 Monastica." Kent. XII. 
 
 In William of Malmsbury " De Gestis Regum Anglorum," lib. i. inter Savillii, " Rerum 
 Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam prceeipui, ex vetustissimis codicibus manuscriptis nunc 
 primum in lucem editi," Franc. M.DCI. f. 10, is an account of Augustine's arrival in Kent, &c. ; 
 and in " De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum," of the same writer, p. 193, is an account of the foun- 
 dation of the Archbishopric, with its history, &c. under the successive Archbishops to the death 
 of Radulph, anno 1122. In " Henrici Archidiaconi Huntindoniensis Historiarum" lib. iii. p. 
 320, in the same work of Sir H. Saville, is an account of Augustine's Mission and Settlement, the 
 Epistles of Pope Gregory to him, &c. with the Lives of several of Augustine's successors. In 
 Roger Hoveden " Annalium Pai s prior et posterior," p. 401, &c. will be found notices of the 
 cathedral and the archbishops. 
 
 Gervase, a Monk of Christ Church, wrote an Account of the Burning and Reparation of the 
 Church in 1174, — Lives of the Archbishops from Austin to Herbert, &c. which were published in 
 Twysden " Historic Anglicance Scriptores Antiqui Decern," Lond. 1G52, fol. Frequent refer- 
 ences are given to this work by Somner and Battely. In the above volume is also published, 
 " Chronica de Rebus gestis Abbatium Cantuariensium," to the year 137a; by Guiliehnus Thorn, 
 Cantuariensis. 
 
 " A Perambulation of Kent: conteiniug the Description, Hystorie, and Customes of that Shyre. 
 Written in the yeere 1570, by William Lambarde, of Lincolnes Inne, Gent, first published in the 
 Yeare 1576; and now increased and altered after the Author's owne last Copie." Lond. 159G, 
 sm. 4to. bl. letter — 2d ed. 1G56, octodecimo, contains several notices concerning the see and cathe- 
 dral of Canterbury. 
 
 In 1644 was published " Cathedrall News from Canterbury," by Richard Culmer, preacher of 
 God's word at Canterbury, commonly called Blue Dick. This contains an account of the havoc 
 made in the Cathedral by the reformers, or Iconoclasts, &c. 
 
 "The Antiquities of Canterbury ; or, a Survey of that ancient City, with the Suburbs and the 
 Cathedrall, 8fc. sought out, and published by the Industry and good Will of William Somner" 
 was published in 1640, in 4to. with a plate of the Font. A new edition of this work, by Nicholas 
 Battely, Vicar of Beaksborn, was afterwards produced with the title " Antiquities of Canterbury, 
 in two Parts." With several plates. Lond. 1703, fol. The first part was a reprint of Somner's 
 work. The second, written by Battely, was iutitled, " Cantuaria Sacra; or, the Antiquities of 
 the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church," &c. twenty plates. 
 
 In Weever's " Funeral Monuments," Lond. 1631, fol. 2d. edit. 1767, 4to. is an account of the 
 foundation of the church, and notices of several persons interred in it. 
 
 " The Pope's Warehouse ; or, the Merchandise of the Whore of Rome," 8vo. published by Titus 
 Oates, in 1676, contains a catalogue of the " Reliques formerly in the Cathedral of Canterbury," 
 from a MS. book called " Memoriale Mullorum Henrici Prioris." 
 
 InDugdale's " Monasticon Anglicanum," is an account of Christ Church, appended to which are 
 numerous charters, registers, lists, &c. from which the History is drawn up : the most important of 
 
LIST OF BOOKS, ESSAYS, AND PRINTS. 
 
 101 
 
 tliese are, " The names of the manors belonging to the Priory of Christ Church," &c. "The 
 temporalities of the Archbishop and Prior of Canterbury." " The spiritualities and temporalities 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury," &c. from a valuation made in the time of Richard II. 
 " Donationes Maneriorum," &c. " Privilegia Ecclesia? Christi Cantuariae concessa ab iEthelredo 
 rege, A.D. 1000." " Transcriptum libri qui dicitur Dom. Dei Regis de Maneriis Prioratus." 
 " Carta Regis Willielmi rle Sak et Sokne." " Carta Regis Henrici de Geld and Danegeld." 
 " Incorporatio Ecclesise Catliedralis et Metropolitica;." " Nomina Ecclesiarum, quas prius 
 Abbatiis reddidit Will, rex Anglorum." " Confirmacio de usu Mitrae et aliis insigniis Priori con- 
 cessis." " Intronizatio Willielmi Warham," " Valor Ecclesiasticus,'' temp. Hen. VIII. &c. &c. 
 
 The " True Copies of some Letters occasioned by the Demand for Dilapidations in the Archie- 
 piscopal See of Canterbury" by Archdeacon Tenison, Part. I. 1710, 4to. This produced a 
 " Letter" to the author, " detecting several Misrepresentations in his Pamphlets," signed 
 Henry Farrant, 1717, 4to. ; and was quickly followed by the " Survey and Demand for Dilapi- 
 dations in the Archiepiscopal See of Canterbury, justified against the Cavils and Misrepresenta- 
 tions contained in some Letters lately published by Mr. Archdeacon Tenison," signed John James, 
 1717, 4to. 
 
 The Third Part of a " History of Kent, by John Harris, D.D." Lond. 1719, fol. contains the 
 " Ecclesiastical History" of the County. 
 
 In 1720 the Rev. J. Dart published the " History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church 
 of Canterbury, and the. once adjoining Monastery," Sec. in folio. The historical and descriptive 
 part of this work is chiefly extracted from Somner and Battely; but there are also many deeds and 
 extracts from the MSS. preserved in the Cottonian library. It is embellished with sixty-one 
 plates of views, monuments, &c. engraved by J. Cole. 
 
 " An Accurate Description and History of the Metropolitan and Cathedral Churches of Can- 
 terbury and York," 1750, fol. The plates belonging to Dart's book were purchased by Mr. Hildyard, 
 of York, who reprinted and published them in this volume. 
 
 " An Historical Description of the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canter- 
 bury," containing " an Account of its Antiquities, and of its Accidents and Improvements since 
 its first Establishment." 8vo. 1772. 
 
 An Account of the Cathedral is published in " A Walk in and about the City of Canterburu, 
 with many Observations not to be found, in any Description hitherto published," by Win. Gostling *, 
 M.A. 1771, with 2 plates, sm. 8vo. In 1777 a second edition was published, with twenty-four 
 prints. 
 
 " A new Topographical, Historical, and Commercial Survey, &c. of the County of Kent," by 
 Charles Seymour, 1770, includes a minute account of the ancient and present ecclesiastical state 
 of Kent. 
 
 " The History and Antiquities of the three Archiepiscopal Hospitals, and other Charitable 
 Foundations at and near Canterbury," by Mr. Duncombe and the late Mr. Battely, Lond. 1785, 
 contains a Letter from Mr. Essex on Canterbury Cathedral. See Nichols's Bib. Top. Brit. No. XXX. 
 
 Hasted's " History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent," in 4 vols. fol. Cant. 1778, 
 contains an account of the antient and present ecclesiastical state of the county, Arc. In vol. iv. is a 
 south prospect of the Cathedral, the same plate as is given in Duncombe's Description of the Ca- 
 thedral: — Ichnography of the Church, as built by Lanfranc, and of the Crypt as at the dissolution 
 of the Priory in 1540: — An Engraving after Eadwin's draw ing of the Cathedral and Priorv : — Plan 
 of the Cathedral, Cloisters, and other Buildings, as in 1787 : — Christ Church Gate :— Stone Coffin 
 found in the Cathedral. 
 
 In 1707 the same author published a work in 12 volumes, 8vo. under the same title. In vol. xii. 
 is a View of the Cathedral, from an original drawing by J. Johnson, 1054: — Canterbury Cathedral, 
 J. G. Wood, del. J. Newton, sculp : — Coffin of Archbishop Islip : — An ancient drawing of the City 
 and Church : — Dean Wotton's Monument, R. Pollard, sc. New titles, with the words second edition, 
 were printed in 1801. 
 
 The same author published the " History of the Ancient and Metropolitical City of Canter- 
 bury, Civil and Ecclesiastical ; of the Cathedral and Priory of Christ Church, and of the Arch- 
 bishops," &c. Cant. 1791), fol. In the preface to this work is a short review of such works as have 
 
 * Gostling lived upwards of .50 years within the precincts of the Cathedral ; and it is a curious fact, that he was unable to 
 leave his room through age and infirmity during the whole time he was employed on this work. 
 
102 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 been published concerning the Cathedral ; and in the list of documents from which the author 
 derived information, are the MS. collections of the late Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Margate, now in the 
 Lambeth library, and a MS. folio, of Captain Monins, who was treasurer of the revenues of the 
 Cathedral, from 1G48 to the Restoration. The work contains an account of the Ecclesiastical 
 Jurisdiction, Archbishop's Palace, Precincts of Christ Church, History of the Cathedral and of 
 the Priory, Account of Monuments and Burials, ancient and present state of Christ Church, origin 
 of the Archdeaconry, and foundation of the Deanery, lists and biographical accounts of the Arch- 
 bishops, Archdeacons, Deans, Priors, and Canons, &c. The work is also embellished with several 
 prints. 
 
 "■An Historical Description of the Metropolitical Church 4>f Christ, Canterbury ; containing 
 an Account of its Antiquities," &c. This was compiled by the late Mr. John Burnby, an attorney 
 of Cambridge, although from an Elegy by the Rev. John Duncombe being inserted, it is generally 
 attributed to the latter. A second edition was printed in 1783, with a preface containing Remarks 
 on Gothic Architecture, and a print of a south prospect of the cathedral. 
 
 " Twelve Perspective Views of the exterior and interior Parts of the Metropolitical Church of 
 Canterbury ; with two Ichnographic Plates and an Historical Account. By Charles Wild, 1807," 
 large 4to. The letter-press is attributed to the Rev. James Dallaway. 
 
 " Vestiges of Antiquity, or a Series of Etchings and Engravings of the ancient Monastery of St. 
 Augustine, with the Cathedral," &c. illustrated by a corresponding account, by T. Hastings, Esq. 
 1813, contains Bell Harry Tower, from the cloisters : T. Hastings, del. W. Woolnoth, sc. — Christ 
 Church Gateway, &c. 
 
 " A Graphical Illustration of the Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Canterbury" &c. By 
 William Woolnoth, Lond. 181G, imp. 4to; accompanied with twenty engravings, representing 
 views and details of the church, monuments, &c. 
 
 In " Archccologia" are the following subjects relating to Canterbury Cathedral: — Number of 
 Knights' Fees contained in the Archbishoprick, vol. ii. 335 — The Use of Marble in the Cathedral, 
 iv. 105 — A Description of the Capitals in the Crypt, with a plate, with Observations on ancient 
 Churches, by Mr. Ledwich, viii. 176 — 179 — Observations on the Cathedral, by the Rev. Samuel 
 Denne, x. 37.41) — Of the Erection of St. John's Chapel, x. 37, 38— Remarks on the Undercroft, x. 
 41.45 — The Mosaic Pavement in Trinity Chapel, x. 155 — Evidence of a Lavatory appertaining to 
 the Benedictine Priory of Canterbury Cathedral, ami Observations on Fouls, by the Rev. Samuel 
 Denne, xi. 108 — 153 — A Description of the Font, xi. 143 — 148 — A brief Survey of a Part of, as 
 described by Eadmerand Gervase, by the Rev. Samuel Denne, xi. 375. 396 — Observations on the 
 Monument, called the Tomb of Theobald ; and an Account of two ancient Inscriptions on Lead 
 discovered there, with three plates, by Henry Boys, xv. 291 — 299 — Account of the Building of 
 Canterbury Cathedral, from Geivase of Canterbury, with Observations in an Essay on Gothic 
 Architecture, by George Saunders, Architect, xvii. 17, &c. 
 
 ACCOUNTS OF ARCHBISHOPS, &c. 
 
 Amongst the 18 volumes of Registers before mentioned one contains " Nomina Monachorum 
 eccl. Christi Cantuar. ab anno 1207 ad 148G, S)*c." " Nomina eorundem ab anno I486 ad 1507, 
 quo die singuli obicrunt, per Dom. Thos. Cawston, Monachum." 
 
 " Historia Archiepiscoporum Cantuar. ab Augustino ad Gul. de Willesey," MS. Cot. Lib. 
 Julius, B. m. 
 
 In Wharton's " Anglia Sacra," Lond. 1691, fol. part I. are given " Slephani Birchingtoni 
 Historia de Archiepiscopis Cantuariensibus, a prima sedis fundalione ad an. 1369. 
 
 " Willielmi Chartham Historiola dc Vita Simotiis Sudbury," Sfc. " Excerpta ex Chronico 
 Cantuariensi de Roberti Winchelsey, Archiepiscopi rebus Gestis." 
 
 " Dies Obiiuales Archiepiscoporum Cantuar. ex Obituario Ecclesice Cantuariensis." 
 
 " Henrici de Estria Catalogus de Successione Archiepiscoporum Cant." Sfc. 
 
 " Successio Archiepiscoporum Cant, ex Annalibus vetustis Roffensibus." 
 
 " Radulphi de Dicefo Indiculus de Temporibus Archiep. Cant." 
 
 " Canonici Lichfeldensis Indiculus de Successione Archiep. Cant." 
 
 " Dissertatio de vera Successione Archiep. Cant." 
 
 " Dissertatio de duobus Elfricis." 
 
 " Historia de Decanis et Prioribus Ecclesice Cant.'' 
 
LIST OF BOOKS, ESSAYS, AND PRINTS. 
 
 103 
 
 " Historia de Institutione Archdiaconatus Cantuariensis." 
 " Chronicon Ccenobii S. Cruris Edinburgensis." 
 
 " ISomina Martyrum, Confessorum et Virginum, quorum Corpora in eccl. Metropolitica 
 Cantuar. Sepeliuntur, MS. Cot. Lib. Claudius," B. ix. 2. 
 " Obituarium hujuseccl." MS. ib. Nero, C. ix. 1. 
 
 In Willis's " History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies and Conventual Cathedral 
 Churches," vol. i. p. 235, is an account of the Priors. 
 
 In Le Neve's " Fasti Ecclesiai Anglia," p. 1 and p. 525, we Lave lists of the Archbishops, 
 Deans, Archdeacons, and Prebendaries of this Church. 
 
 In Dugdale's " Monaslicon Anglicanum," folio, 1819, vol. i. 81, is given a list of the Bishops, with 
 Biographical Notices. In the Appendix is a list of the Priors, and " The names of the Monks of 
 the late Monastery of Chryst Church in Canterbury, with their offices, rewards, and pensions," and 
 " The names of the late religious persons of the house of Christ Church in Canterbury, which were 
 appointed to depart the same house, with the yearly pensions assigned and allotted to every of 
 thern the ivth day of April, anno xxxi. Hen. VIII. &c. 
 
 In Lei and' s Collectanea, vol. i. 19, is an extract " ex Vita S. iElphegi;" 203, names of some 
 of the Archbishops; i. 203, list of ditto ; iv. 117, names of the Saints buried in the Church. 
 
 Ex libro Godselini quem Scripsit de Vita St. Augustini, iv. 8. 
 
 In Dart's " History of Canterbury" p 21, is a copious list of " Anniversaries of Archbishops, 
 Bishops, and others of distinction, observed in this Church." 
 
 " A Catalogue of Bishops, containing the Succession of Archbishops and Bishops of the Pro- 
 vinces of Canterbury and York, from the glorious Revolution of 1688, by John Samuel Browne." 
 London 1812, 8vo. 
 
 " Some Account of the Deans of Canterbury, from the new Foundation of that Church by Henry 
 VIII. to the present Time. To which is added, a Catalogue of the MSS. in the Church Library, 
 by Henry John Todd, M.A." Cant. 1793, 8vo. 
 
 " The Life of Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, by O. L. Spencer." Lond. 1783, 8vo. 
 
 " Vita Henrici Chichelei Archiep. Cantuar." Oxon. 1617, 4to. 
 
 In English, added to " Bates's Lives," 1699, 8vo. " Stemmata Chicheleana, or a Genealogical 
 Account of some of the Families from Thomas Chichcley, of Higham Ferrers," &c. Oxford, 1765, 
 4to. Supplement to ditto. Oxford, 1775, 4to. 
 
 " Life of Archbishop Morton," written by Dr. Budden, Principal of New Inn, Oxford. Lond. 
 1607, 8vo. 
 
 In Gilpin's " Life of Latimer, Bishop of Worcester," Lond. 1755, 8vo. is given a character of 
 Archbishop Warham. 
 
 "The Life of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury " by W. Gilpin. Lond. 1784, 8vo. 
 There is also an account of him in Butler's "Memoirs of Calholics." 
 
 "Life of Archbishop Cranmer; wherein the History of the Church, and Reformation of it 
 during the Primacy of the said Archbishop are greatly Illustrated,'' by John Strype, M.A. With 
 cuts. In three books, with an Appendix. Lond. 1694, iblio; — new edit. Oxford, 1812, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 A Portrait and Memoir of Cranmer in Lodge's " Portraits of illustrious Persons." 
 
 Reginaldi Poli Vita. Venetiis, 1563, 4to. 
 
 Life of Reg. Pole. By T. Phillips. 2 vols. 4to. Many parts of this were very objectionable, 
 and some of the strictures on personal character very unjust; whence many authors replied to the 
 same, and Phillips was induced to publish an Appendix wifh replies to his opponents. 
 
 Matthew Parker, the second Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury, published in 1572, fol. " De 
 Antiqnitafe Britannia? Ecclesiai, et Privilegiis Ecclesiai Cantuariensis cum Archiepiscopis 
 ejusdem ;" reprinted at Hanover, 1605, fol. — edit. Sam. Drake, Lond. 1729, fol.* 
 
 In 1574 appeared " The Life of the 10th Archbishopp of Canterbury, presently sittingc 
 Englished, and to be added to the 69 lately sett forth in Latin.'' Imprinted 1574. 
 
 "Life and Acts of Matthew Parker, first Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, under whose Primacy and Influence the Reformation of Religion was happily effected; 
 with an Appendix." By John Strype, M.A. Lond. 1711, folio. 
 
 " Life and Acts of Archbishop Grindal ; with an Appendix. By John Strype, M.A." Lond. 
 1710, folio. 
 
 * Parker's share in this work is doubted. — Watt's Jiibliothcca Britannica, uuder Parker. 
 
104 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 " Life of Archbishop Whitgift," by Sir Geo. Paule, 1699, 8vo. Reprinted in Wordsworth's 
 Ecclesiastical Biography, 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 " Life and Acts of Whitgift," by John Strype, M. A. Lond. 1718, folio. 
 
 " The Life of Dr. George Abbot*, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, reprinted with some addi- 
 tions and corrections, from the Biographia Britannica, with his Character, &c. by the Right Ho- 
 nourable Arthur Onslow. Guilford, 1777, 8vo.— Memoir and Portrait of Abbot in Lodge's " Por- 
 traits of illustrious Persons." 
 
 " Cyprianus Anglicus ; or, the Life and Death of Archbishop Laud," by Peter Heylin, D.D 
 Lond. 1644, 1668, 1671, fol. Dub. 1719, fol. 
 
 " Account of the Life and Death of Archbishop Laud, by E. W. who was an Eyewitness of his 
 Doings in his Life, and an Earwitness of his Sayings at his Death." Lond. 1645. — History of his 
 Troubles and Trials, written by himself; to which is prefixed, his Diary. Lond. 1695, fol. 
 
 " A Breviate of the Life of William Laud, Abp. of Canterbury; extracted, for the most part, out 
 his own Diary, &c." By William Prynne. Lond. 1644, folio.— Memoir and Portrait of Laud in 
 Lodge's " Portraits of illustrious Persons." 
 
 " A Letter out of Suffolk to a Friend in London, giving some Account of the last Sickness and 
 Death of Archbishop Sancroft," 1694. Republished in the Somers Collection. 
 
 " Nineteen familiar Letters of Archbishop Sancroft to Mr. (afterwards Sir Henry) North, of 
 Mildenhall, Bart. &c." 1757, 8vo. 
 
 "The Life of William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, compiled principally from original and 
 scarce documents ; with an Appendix. By George D'Oyley, D.D. F.R.S. Lond. 1821, 8vo. 2 vols. 
 
 " Life of the Most Reverend Dr. Tillotson, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, by Thomas Birch, 
 D.D." Lond. 1752, 8vo. Second edit, enlarged, 1753. Also prefixed to Tillotson's Works, 3 vols' 
 folio, 1752. 
 
 " Memoirs of the Life and Times of Archbishop Tenison, with his Will." 8vo. 
 
 '' Review of the Life and Character of Archbishop Seeker," 4to. 
 
 Life of Seeker, by Bishop Porteus, prefixed to his Works, 6 vols. 8vo. 1814. 
 
 Accounts of St. Anselm, in Nichols's, Leicestershire, i. p. 22, 357 — Of Archbishop Arundel, id. i. 
 p. 249— Of Archbishop Baldwin, id. i. p. 81 — 89 — Of Archbishop Bradwardine, id. i. App. 102 — 
 Of Archbishop Chicheley, id. i. p. 331, 607 — Of Archbishop Islip, id. i. p. 262, 329 ; App. 62, 109 
 — Of Archbishop Kilwarby, id. i. p. 295; App. 104— Of Archbishop Courtney, id. i. p. 263. 
 
 PRINTS. 
 
 In addition to the Prints already noticed are the following: A curious View, or Plan of the 
 Cathedral and Monastery of Christ Church, as they appeared between the years 1136 and 1174, 
 engraved, by Direction of the Society of Antiquaries, from a Drawing by the Monk Eadwyn, in 
 Vetusta Mouumenta. — Becket's Shrine, by Vaughan, from a MS. in the Cotfonian library. — South 
 View of the Cathedral, by Hollar; ditto, by Ogilby. — South-west View, by James Collins, 1715. — 
 The West front, by B. Green. 
 
 In " Etchings from Original Drawings of Antiquities in the County of Kent," by Fred. W. L. 
 Stockdale. Lond. 1810, 1811, 4to. are Plates of " the Cathedral, taken near the ruins of St. Au- 
 gustine's Abbey, Stockdale, del. from a sketch by G. Shepherd. 
 
 A large aquatinta print, showing " a South-west View of the Cathedral," was engraved by F. C. 
 Lewis, from a drawing by J. Buckler. The same view is reduced, etched, and published by J. C. 
 Buckler, in his volume of " Views of the Cathedral Churches of England," &c. 4to. 1822. 
 
 A View of the Choir, looking East, drawn and etched by F. Nash, was published in 1805. 
 
 Two Prints from ancient drawings, one representing the " Cathedral Church and Monastery at 
 Canterbury," and the other, " the Effigies of Edwin the Monk ;" with a Dissertation on the sub- 
 ject, are published in " the Vetusta Monumenta." 
 
 The following Prints are in Carter's " Ancient Architecture" published in folio, 1795 : " Stairs 
 of Register's Office," plan, elevation, and detail, p. xxix. desc. 25: — "Inferior, south side of 
 Cathedral, eastern end, with Undercroft, P. S. and D." p. xxxvii. 82: — "Part of Columns and 
 Architraves," D. p. xxxiii. xxxiv. desc. 29 : — " Cathedral Avenue," P. E. and D. p. lii. desc. 41 : — 
 " Exterior of Little Cloister," P. E. and D. p. lxviii. 49 :— " Cathedral, exterior Division of South 
 Front, P. E. and D." p. lxxi. 50 : — " St. Dunstan's Font, p. xxiv. desc. 13. 
 
 * An account of this Archbishop is given ill Clutterbuck's History, &c. of Hertfordshire, folio, i. 196. 
 
ENGRAVED PORTRAITS OF ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 105 
 
 In the " Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet,'' is a Print of Christ Church Gate. 
 
 In " Monumental Effigies" are the etchings of " Henry the Fourth and his Queen, Joan of Na- 
 varre," with side views of ditto, 2 plates: — "Edward the Black Prince," front and side view, 
 2 plates: — "Archbishop Stratford," front view. These prints are accompanied with coloured 
 details, all drawn and etched, in an accurate and beautiful manner, by C. A. Stothard. 
 
 In Gough's " Sepulchral Monuments," vol. ii. are the following Prints relating to this Cathe- 
 dral : Two Prints of Archbishop Chichele's Monument: 1. a View of the north side of the 
 same: another front View of his Effigy, with parts. Three of the Monument to Archbishop 
 Bourchier : 1. North side of the Tomb : 2. Four small Statues : 3. Ornaments, Arms, and Devices. 
 Two of the Monument of Archbishop Morton : 1. View of the same, and part of the Crypt: 2. 
 Front View of his Effigy, and View of the " Lily Pot." Two of the Monument of Margaret Holand 
 and her two Husbands : 1. View of the Monument, with details of the Armour: 2. Front View of 
 the three Effigies. Inscriptions on the buttresses on the north side of the Choir. All these prints 
 are engraved in a careless style, from slight and inaccurate drawings by Schnebbelie. 
 
 In a new work, now publishing, " Britannia delineata," are, 1. A View of the S. E. end of the 
 Cathedral, drawn on stone by W. Westall ; and, 2. A View of the Crypt, by Hulmandel. 
 
 ENGRAVED PORTRAITS OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1. St. Dunstan: from an illuminated MS. in the Cotton library in the British Museum, pub- 
 lished in Strutt's " Chronicle of England," vol. ii. pi. iii. p. 145. — St. Dunstan on his throne, 
 with a crozier and tongs. Imaginary. Bromley's Cat. 
 
 2. St. Thomas a Becket: Print from a Painting on Glass, in Canterbury Cathedral, repre- 
 senting the murder of the Archbishop, engraved by J. Carter, and published, with a Dissertation, 
 in Carter's " Ancient Sculpture," &c. : — Print of Becket, by W. Hollar, 12mo: — Small oval, in a 
 surplice, by L. Vosterman: — Oval, with emblems, by Westerhout, folio. Three last imaginary. 
 Brom. 
 
 3. Henry Chichely: wh. len. from the Bust in All Souls College, engraved by F. Bartolozzi. 
 The painting from which the next prints were engraved was taken, it is said, from some other 
 person of the Chichely family. Portrait, fol. by Burghers, prefixed to his Life, by Duck, 1699, 
 8vo. Burghers. — " Founder of All Souls," 1437, mez. Faber. Brom. 
 
 4. William Warham: large fol. from a drawing in the King's Collection, by Holbein, etched 
 by R. Dalton : — in fol. by G. Vertue, from a painting by the same artist in Lambeth Palace: — 
 in 8vo. by G. Vertue. 
 
 5. Thomas Cranmer : sm. fol engraved by A Blooteling: — in the set of Founders, mez. by J. 
 Faber:— in Verheiden " Effig. Theol." 1602, by H. Hondius, 1599 :— in Rolfs "Lives of the 
 Reformers," mez. by R. Houston : — very fine Head in Thoroton's "Nottinghamshire," 1678, fol 
 139, by D. Loggan : — aim. aetat. 57, fol. by Vertue, from Holbein: — prefixed to Strvpe's 
 " Ecclesiastical Memorials," 1694, fol. by R. White, from Holbein : — anonymous ; coelari f. 
 Gul. Cartw right, fol. from Holbein :— with a long beard, in the " Heroologia :" — in the print of 
 the Five Bishops, who suffered Martyrdom in 1555, viz. Cranmer, Fairer, Hooper, Latimer, and 
 Ridley, in H\e ovals, by R. White. 
 
 6. Reginald Pole :— in " Imagines XII. Cardinalium," 1598, by T. Galle :— in the "Academie 
 des Sciences," by de Larmessin : — in the Crozat Collection, fol. by the same, from S. Piombo: — 
 Prefixed to his Life, by Phillips, 4to. by Major: — in Burnet's " Reformation," by R.White: — in 
 " Albi Eloges Cardinal." By F. Wyngarde : — in the " Heroologia:" — small in Iniperialis " Mu- 
 seum Historic." 
 
 7. Matthew Parker : set. 70, 1573, a bell on a table, arms at ihe four corners, 8vo. by R. Berg, 
 i. e. Hogenberg, very scarce: — like the last, from an illumination in C. C C. Camb. by M. 
 Tyson : — prefixed to his Life, by Sfrype, 1711, fol. by Vertue :— prefixed to " De Antiq. Brit. 
 Eccles." fol. 1729, by the same :— in Burnet's "Reformation," by R.White:— in the "He- 
 roologia." 
 
 8. Edmund Grin dai, : act. 61,1580, prefixed to his Life, by Strype, 1710, fol. by Vander Gucht : 
 — fol. by Vertue: — in the " Heroologia." 
 
 9. John Whitgift : prefixed to his Life, by Strype, fol. by Vertue, 1717 : — prefixed to his Life, 
 by Sir G. Paule, 1699, 8vo. by R. While :— prefixed to the same, 1612, 4to. a wood cut : — in the 
 " Heroologia." 
 
 10. Richard Bancroft: by Vertue, sm. folio. 
 
 O 
 
100 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 11. George Abbot: in Lord Clarendon's "History," 8vo. by Vander Gucht: — in Birch's 
 " Lives," by Houbraken, folio : — in the t itle page to Abbot's " Description of the World," 1635, 
 12mo, by W. Marshall : — by S. Pass, 1618, 4to : — looking to the left, 4to ; a rare print, by the 
 same engraver :— prefixed to Abbot's " Exposition of the Ten Commandments," fol. by J. Payne, 
 1632: — 4to. by R. Vaughan : — fol. by Vertue. 
 
 12; William Laud: — oval engraved, by J. Garret: — prefixed to " Life of Laud," by Prynne, 
 1644, 4to, by Hollar, from Vandyck : — sm. oval, by Hollar: — the same copied by D. Loggan, 
 la. fol. : — tied by a cord, 12mo. by W. Marshall : — small, reeling, prefixed to Fuller's " Argument 
 against the Eccebiastieal Commissioners," 1641, by the same engraver: — sm. 4to. by Pieters : — 
 4to. mez. by Taylor, from Vandyck: — in the set of Loyalists, by Vertue : — from portrait by 
 Vandyck, in the Houghton Collection, mez. by Watson, 1779 : — with a View of his Execution, 
 fol. — There is a satirical print of Archbishop Laud, with Henry Burton, \vh. len. very scarce : — 
 fol. by R. White: — "Only Canonicall Prayers: no Afternoon Sermons," woodcut, 4to. rare. 
 
 13. William Juxon : in the set of Loyalists, by Vertue : — in Lord Clarendon's " History," 8vo. 
 by the same. 
 
 14. Gilbert Sheldon: ad vivum, by Loggan, fob: — large 4to. by Vertue: — ha. len. mez.: — 
 8vo. mez. 
 
 15. William Sancroft: 8vo. by Elder: — 8vo. by Vander Gucht: — ad vivum, by Loggan, 
 1679, la. fob— by Sturt :— prefixed to the " Convocation Book," 1690, 4to. by R. White. There 
 are several Prints of Archbishop Sancroft with the six Bishops who were committed to the 
 Tower in 1688 ; of which one in large folio, by R. White, is supposed by Bromley to be the 
 original: — by Henry Meyer, from an original painting by Luttrell, at Lambeth Palace; prefixed 
 to Dr. D'Oyly's " Life of Sancroft." 
 
 16. John Tillotson: folio, by Vander Bank, from M. Beale : — the same, altered and made 
 older by R. White: — when Dean of Canterbury, fol. by Blooteling, from Sir P. Lely : — by 
 Vander Gucht, from Sir G. Kneller : — by Vertue, from ditto: — in Birch's "Lives," by Hou- 
 braken : — prefixed to the edition of his works, by Birch, 1752, fol. S. F. Ravenet : — mez. by 
 J. Simon: — la. fol. by Vertue, from Kneller: — prefixed to his "Sermons," 8vo. ad vivum, by 
 R. White: — 12mo. by the same, from Kneller: — la. fol. by the same, from M. Beale: — 12mo. 
 by the same : — with a Dutch inscription :— in the centre of a large sheet of letterpress, the Life 
 of John Tillotson, 1740, 4to. 
 
 17. Thomas Tenison: oval, 4to. mez. by E. Cooper: — prefixed to his Life, 8vo. by Vertue: — 
 la. fol. by R. White : — by P. Vander Banck, altered from a portrait of Archbishop Lamplugh, by 
 Sir G. Kneller 
 
 18. William Wake: mez. by E. Cooper, from T. Gibson: — mez. by Faber, from J. Ellys : — 
 oval frame, canonical habit, la. fol. by Vander Gucht: — holding a cap, in Gwillim's " Heraldry," 
 1724, by the same : — oval, 4to. mez. by J. Sympsou, from Gibson : — rnez. by G. White, from the 
 same artist. 
 
 19. John Potteh : oval frame, la. fob by Vertue, from Dahl: — ha. len. la. fol. by the same, from 
 T. Gibson :— an etching. See Gulst. Cat. p. 118. 
 
 20. Thomas Herring: mez. by M'Ardell, from S. Webster: — la. fol. by B. Baron, from 
 Hogarth: — mez. by Faber, from Hudson :— with his Speech, 1745: — by C. Mosley, from 
 Hogarth. 
 
 21. Matthew Hutton : mez. by J. Faber, from T. Hudson, 1754. 
 
 22. Thomas Secker : mez. by M'Ardell, from Hudson: — oval frame, mez. by the same, from 
 T. Willes. 
 
 23. Frederick Cornwallis: aet. 58, 1768, mez. by E. Fisher, from N. Dance. 
 
 24. John Moore : by J. Jones, from Romney. 
 
 PORTRAITS OF DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1. John Boys: in the title to his works, 1629, fol. by J. Payne. Doubtful. 
 
 2. Isaac Bargrave : sm. oval, by Vander Gucht. 
 
 3. George Stanhope: sitting holding a book, mez. by Faber, from J. Ellys: — oval frame, 
 prefixed to his "Explanation of the Epistles and Gospels," 1706, 8vo. by Vander Gucht: — 
 sitting, prefixed to his " Devotions," 1730, 8vo. by J. Sympson, from Ellys : — 4to. mez. from 
 M. Dahl. 
 
 i. William Freind : a sm. oval, by T. Worlidge. 
 
% eftroitoIOQtcal %\%X of t$e ^frcptsfjops of ®mtzt 3 bm&, 
 
 THE CONTEMPORARY KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 No. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 !■> 
 
 23 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 Augustine 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mellitus 
 
 Justus 
 
 Honorius 
 
 [See vacant 1 yr. 6 months.] 
 Deusdedit, or Adeodatus 3 .. 
 [Vacant 3 years, 8 months ] 
 
 Tbeodorus 
 
 Berchtwald 
 
 Tatwin, or Stadwin 4 
 
 Nothelmus 
 
 Cuthbert 
 
 Bregwyn 5 
 
 Lambritli, or Jeanbert 6 
 
 Athelard, Edhelard, or ) 
 
 Edelred J 
 
 Wilfred, or Vulfhred 
 
 Consecrated, or enthroned. 
 
 Died. 
 
 From. 
 
 Rochester. 
 
 598 
 611 
 619 
 624 
 
 .March 25, 655 
 
 .May 26, 
 . June 30, 
 .June 10, 
 
 Hereford. 
 
 .Sept. 29, 
 
 Feolgeldns, Feogildus, ( 
 Fleogildus.orTheogiid 1 
 
 Ceolnoth.Eylnothetus. 
 or Filnothus 
 
 ( Atheldred.Ethered, or 
 
 ( Athelred 
 
 [Vacant 2 years.] 
 
 Plegmund 
 
 Athelmus, or Aldhun 
 
 Wulfhelin, or Wlftlme..,.. 
 
 Odo 
 
 Elsine, or Lippe. 
 
 Winchester... July 21, 
 
 668 
 693 
 731 
 735 
 741 
 759 
 763 
 
 793 
 
 804 
 
 . June 27, 829 
 .Aug, 26, 830 
 
 Winchester.. June 7, 872 
 
 891 
 
 Wells 924 
 
 Wells 935 
 
 Winchester 941 
 
 Winchester 958 
 
 ... Feb. 2, 
 ..April 25, 
 . 2 Nov. 10, 
 ...Nov. 30, 
 
 619 
 624 
 633 
 653 
 
 July 14, 664 
 
 ...Sept. 20, 
 ...Jan. 9, 
 ...Aug. 1, 
 ...Oct. 16, 
 ....Oct. 25, 
 ... Aug. 23, 
 ...Aug. 11, 
 
 ....May 12, 
 
 . March 23, 
 
 690 
 731 
 734 
 741 
 758 
 762 
 790 
 
 803 
 
 829 
 
 . Aug. 28, 829 
 Feb. 4, 870 
 
 .June 30, 889 
 
 Aug. 2, 923 
 Feb. 12, 934 
 941 
 
 .July 4, 958 
 959 
 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury. 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury . 
 Canterbury , 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Canterbury . 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Canterbnry 
 Canterbury . 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Kings. 
 
 OF KENT. 
 
 Ethelbert. 
 
 Ethelbert. 
 
 Eadbald. 
 
 Eadbald. 
 
 Ercombert. 
 
 Ercombert. 
 
 Egbert, Lothair. 
 Wihtrrd, Edbert. 
 Edbert. 
 Edbert. 
 
 Edbert, Ethelbert. 
 
 Alric. 
 
 Alric. 
 
 < Ethelbert, Pren. 
 ?Cuthred. 
 Baldred. 
 
 OF WESSEX. 
 Egbert. 
 
 ([Egbert, Athelwulf, 
 jEthelbald, Athel- 
 ( bright, Athelred. 
 
 OF ENGLAND. 
 Alfred. 
 
 Edward the Elder. 
 
 Alhelstan. 
 
 Athelstan. 
 
 ! Edmund, Eadrii 
 Edwin, 
 lid win. 
 
 1 The time of his death is not ascertained. His epitaph, preserved by Bede, mentions the day, but not the year. 
 
 2 According to the Saxon chronicle, Justus died in 
 
 3 In Saxon, Fpi<5ona. After the death of this prelate, Wigard, or Damianus, an Fnglishman, was elected bishop f>f>i ; but going lo liome for consecration, 
 he died of the plague. To supply the vacancy thus occasioned, the pope nominated Adrian, an Italian abbot, bot he declined the offer, and recommended Theo- 
 dore, who was accordingly consecrated.— God. 53. Le Neve's Fasti. 2. Parker's Cant. Arch. 79. 
 
 4 Called also Scadwin and Cadwin.— Godwin, 55. s Bromton calls him I.izegwinus. 
 6 Lambeilus, or Iambertns.— Parker's Antiq. Brit. Eccles. 
 
108 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 Dunstan 
 
 vEthalgar, or Lotarius 
 
 Siricius 
 
 Aluric, or Alfric 8 
 
 Elphege, or Alphege... 
 
 291 Living, or Leoving 9 . ... 
 
 S Athelnot, Ethelnoth,> 
 i Agelnoth, or Acbelnod J 
 Eadsin, or Edsius 
 
 Robert . 
 
 Stigand 
 
 Lanfrank 
 
 [Vacant 4 years and a balf.] 
 Ansel m 
 
 [Vacant 5 years.] 
 
 Rodulpb, or Ralpb 
 
 William Corboil 
 
 [Vacant 2 years.] 
 
 Theobald 
 
 [Vacant 1 year.] 
 
 Thomas Becket 
 
 [Vacant 2 years, 5 months.] 
 
 Richard 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Fitz Joceline 10 
 
 [Vacant 2 years.] 
 
 Hubert Walter 
 
 [Vacant almost 2 years.] 
 
 Stephen Langton 
 
 Richard Wethershed 
 
 [Vacant more than 2 years.] 
 Edmund Rich 
 
 Boniface 
 
 Robert KM ward by..,. 
 
 John Peekam 
 
 Robert Wincbelsea.. 
 
 Walter Reynold 
 
 Simon Mepham 
 
 John Stratford 
 
 Thomas Bradwardyn 1 
 
 Simon Islip 
 
 Simon Langham 14 
 
 William Witilesey.. 
 
 Simon de Sudbury 
 
 William Courtney 
 
 Consecrated or Enthroned. 
 
 From 
 
 London 960 
 
 Selsey 988 
 
 Winchester 7 989 
 
 Wilton 996 
 
 Winchester 1006 
 
 Wells 1013 
 
 1020 
 
 1038 
 
 London 1050 
 
 ....May 18, 9S8 
 
 ...Dec. 3, 989 
 ... Oct. 27, 994 
 ..Nov. 17, 1006 
 April 20, 1012 
 
 ..June 12, 1020 
 
 Oct. 27, 1038 
 
 Oct. 29, 1049 
 
 Ejected 1052 
 
 Winchester 1052 
 
 Aug. 28, 1070 
 
 .Dec. 4, 1093 
 
 Rochester 1115 
 
 Feb. 19, 1123 
 
 Deposed 1070 
 
 May 27, 1089 
 
 April 22, 1109 
 
 .Oct. 18, 1122 
 .Dec. 19, 1136 
 
 ..Jan. 8, 
 . June 4, 
 
 Worcester, May 18, 
 Wells 
 
 1139 
 1162 
 
 1171 
 1185 
 
 ..Nov. 7, 
 . June 18, 
 
 April 2 
 
 J Consecrated 1 
 
 { Enthroned 1 
 
 Feb. 29, 
 
 March 5, 
 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 Worcester, Feb. 18, 
 
 Jan. 19, 
 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 July 19, 
 
 Dec. 20, 
 
 Nov. 4, 
 
 Worcester.. .Oct. 11, 
 
 London April 6, 
 
 London May 5, 
 
 1193 
 
 1207 
 1230 
 
 1234 
 245 > 
 249$ 
 1272 
 1279 
 1294 
 1314 
 1328 
 1334 
 1349 
 1349 
 1366 
 1368 
 1376 
 1382 
 
 April 19, 
 
 Murdered, Dec. 29, 
 Feb. 19, 
 
 1161 
 
 1170 
 
 1184 
 1190 
 1191 
 
 .Dec. 26, 
 .July 13, 1205 
 
 .July 9, 
 
 . Au<r. 3, 
 
 .Nov. 17, 
 .July 18, 
 
 Resigned , 
 
 .Dec. 8 ; 
 May 11, 
 .Nov. 18, 
 .Oct 12, 
 
 Aug. 2.5, 
 
 April 27, 
 
 Resigned. ...Nov. 28, 
 
 June 6, 
 
 Beheaded. ..June 15, 
 July 31, 
 
 1228 
 1231 
 
 1240 
 
 1270 
 
 1278 
 1292 
 1313 
 1327 
 1333 
 1348 
 1349 
 1366 
 1368 
 1374 
 1381 
 1396 
 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Canterbury . 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury . 
 
 Canterbury , 
 
 Canterbury , 
 Canterbury , 
 Jumieges... 
 
 Winchester 
 Canterbury , 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury . 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Aeon, in Palestine 
 
 Bath 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 St. Gemma 1 ' 1 
 
 Soissy, in Ponliniac 12 
 
 St. Columb, in Savoy 
 
 Viterbo, in Italy 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury ... 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Westminster Abbey .. 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 15 
 
 Kings. 
 
 ( Eadgar, Edward the 
 ( Martyr, Ethelred. 
 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Ethelred. 
 
 < Swene, Ethelred, 
 ( Eadmund, Canute 
 
 Canute, Harold. 
 
 Harold, Hardicanute. 
 
 !Hardicanute, 
 Edward Conf. 
 
 William I. 
 William I. and II. 
 
 William II. Henry I. 
 
 Henry I. 
 Stephen. 
 
 Stephen, Henry II. 
 Henry II. 
 Henry II. 
 
 Henry II. Richard I. 
 Richard I. 
 
 Richard I. John. 
 
 John, Henry III. 
 Henry III. 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 Edward I. 
 lid ward I. 
 Edward I. and II. 
 Edward II. 
 Edward III. 
 Edward HI. 
 Edward III. 
 Edward III. 
 Edward III. 
 lid ward III. 
 Richard II. 
 Richard II. 
 
 7 Le Neve says, of Wilton.— See History, &c. of Winchester Cathedral. B Otherwise Aluricus. Called al<o Elstan, or Ethelttan. 
 
 10 ritz-Joceline was elected a few days after the news of the death of Baldwin arrived in England, but died before consecration. 
 
 11 The Kennet MS., quoted by Le Neve, says, he was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 12 His heart and entrails were buried there, but his body at rontiniac.— Le Neve, 5. Parker's Eccles. Cant. 2C2. God. 113. 
 
 i J John Ufford or Offord, chancellor of the kingdom, and dean of Lincoln, was nominated to the see by a papal bull, dated October 21, but lie (lied May, 1349, 
 before consecration. — Whart. Angl. Sac. i. 118. 
 
 14 William Edindon, bishop of Winchester, was chosen archbishop May 10, 1366, but declined the promotion.— God. 143. Le Neve, 6. 
 
 15 This prelate has also a monument at Maidstone, where it is believed he was actually interred, asrecably to his wish in a codicil lo his will, in which be 
 reverses his former determination to be buried in Exeter, desiring his executors to lay him " in loco designato Johannis Boteler Armigeio sui." 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ARCHBISHOPS, ETC. 109 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS. 
 
 60 Thomas Arundel l6 . 
 fil Henry Cbicbeley ... 
 
 John Staflbrd 
 
 John Kempe 
 
 Thomas Bourcbier. 
 
 John Morton, or Moorton .. 
 
 Henry Deane, or Deny 
 
 William Warbam 
 
 Thomas Cranmer 
 
 Reginald Pole 
 
 Mathew Parker 
 
 Edmund Grindal 
 
 John Wbitgift 
 
 Richard Bancroft 
 
 George Abbot 
 
 William Laud 
 
 [Vacant 16 yrs. 9 months.] 
 
 William Juxon 
 
 Gilbert Sheldon 
 
 William Sancroft 
 
 John Tillotson 
 
 Thomas Tenison 
 
 William W T ake 
 
 John Potter 
 
 Thomas Herring , 
 
 Matthew Hutton 
 
 Thomas Seeker 
 
 86 1 Frederick Cornwallis., 
 87 John Moore 
 
 Consecrated or Enthroned. 
 
 f^ottse of Lancaster. 
 
 From. 
 
 York Feb. 19, 139T| Feb. 22, 1413 
 
 St. David's, July 19, 1414 April 12, 1443 
 
 Wells Aug. 23, 1443 May 24, 1452 
 
 York Dec. 11, 1452! March 21, 1454 
 
 l^ouse of |9orfc. 
 
 Ely Jan. 23, 14551 March 29, 1486 
 
 l^ouse of Qtvtiot. 
 
 Ely Dec. 9, I486 
 
 Salisbury 17 
 
 London.... March 9, 1504 
 
 March 30, 1533 
 
 March 22, 1555 
 
 Dec. 17, 1559 
 
 York Feb. 15, 1575 
 
 Worcester... Oct. 23, 1583 
 
 Sept. 15, 1500 
 
 Feb. 15, 1502 
 
 Aug. 23, 1532 
 
 Burnt March 21, 1555 
 
 Nov. 17, 1558 
 
 May 15, 1575 
 
 July 6, 1583 
 
 Feb. 29, 1603 
 
 )ous0 of Stuart. 
 
 London Dec. 20, 1604 
 
 London May 4, 1611 
 
 London Sept. 19, 1633 
 
 London Sept. 20, 1660 
 
 London Aug. 31, 1663 
 
 Jan. 27, 1678 
 
 May 31, 1691 
 
 Lincoln May 16, 1695 
 
 Nov. 2. 1610 
 
 Aug. 4, 1633 
 
 Beheaded.. ..Jan. 10, 1644 
 
 June 4, 1603 
 
 Nov. 9, 1677 
 
 Deprived. ...Feb. 1, 1690 
 
 Nov. 22, 1691 
 
 Dec. 14, 1715 
 
 ^ouse of l^anobcu 
 
 
 
 
 1737 
 
 York. 
 
 1747 
 
 York 
 
 1757 
 
 Oxford 
 
 1758 
 
 
 1768 
 
 
 .April 26, 1783 
 
 
 .. Feb. 28. 1805 
 
 . ... Jan. 
 ... Oct. 
 .March 
 .March 
 ...Aug. 
 . March 
 ....Jan. 
 
 21, 1737 
 10, 1747 
 13, 1757 
 19, 1758 
 I, 1768 
 19, 1783 
 18, 1805 
 
 Buried at 
 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury , 
 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 Canterbury 
 
 Canterbury 
 Lambeth ... 
 Croydon. ... 
 Croydon ... 
 
 Lambeth ... 
 Guildford .. 
 London 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Croydon.... 
 Fresingtield 
 
 London 
 
 Lambeth ... 
 
 Croydon 
 Croydon 
 Croydon 
 Lambeth 
 Lambeth 
 Lambeth 
 Lambeth 
 
 Kings. 
 
 Richard II. Henry IV. 
 Henry V. and VI. 
 Henry VI. 
 Henry VI. 
 
 ("Henry VI. 
 
 < Edward IV. and V. 
 
 C Richard III. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 Henry VII. and VIH. 
 
 Edward VI. Mary. 
 
 Mary 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 James I. 
 
 James I. Charles I. 
 Charles I. 
 
 Charles II. 
 Charles II. 
 
 Charles II. James 1 1. 
 William and Mary. 
 William, Anne. 
 
 George 
 George 
 George 
 George 
 George 
 George 
 George 
 
 I. and II. 
 II. 
 
 II. 
 II. 
 
 II, and III. 
 HI. 
 
 III. 
 
 10 He was banished the kingdom on a charge of high treason, and during the two years of his exile Roger Walden, dean of York, officiated as archbishop. 
 Although he was consecrated and enthroned, on the accession of Henry IV. he was declared an usurper and expelled.— God. de Traes. 123. Le Neve's Fasti. ". 
 17 Elected April 26, 1501, but never installed.— Mon. Ang. i. f!6. Sec History', &c of Salisbury Cathedral. 
 
1 10 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 a <£f)ronoiogti*al Etst of fy$ iJnora of ttftrtet Ctmrtf) 1 . 
 
 PRIORS. 
 
 Henry 
 
 Ernulph 
 
 Conrad 
 
 Gosfrid 
 
 Ailmer 
 
 Jeremiah 
 
 Waller Durdens. 
 Walter Little .... 
 
 Wibert 
 
 Odo 
 
 Benedict 
 
 Ilerlewin 
 
 Alan 
 
 Honorius 
 
 Appointed. 
 
 1080 
 1090 
 
 112C 
 1120 
 1137 
 
 1153 
 11G7 
 1175 
 1177 
 117!) 
 1186 
 
 No. 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 2] 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 PRIORS. 
 
 Roger Norris 
 
 Osbern de Bristo 
 
 Geoffry 
 
 John de Chetham 
 
 Walter (3d) 
 
 John de Sittingborn. ... 
 
 Roger de la Lee 
 
 Nicholas de Sandwich. 
 Roger de St. Elphege 2 
 Adam de Chillenden... 
 
 Thomas Ringmer 
 
 Henry de Eastry 
 
 Richard Oxenden 
 
 Robert Hathbiand 
 
 Appointed. 
 
 1189 
 
 29 
 
 1190 
 
 30 
 
 1191 
 
 31 
 
 1205 
 
 32 
 
 1217 
 
 33 
 
 1222 
 
 34 
 
 1231 
 
 35 
 
 1244 
 
 3(i 
 
 1258 
 
 37 
 
 1270 
 
 38 
 
 1274 
 
 39 
 
 1285 
 
 40 
 
 1331 
 
 41 
 
 1338 
 
 42 
 
 PRIORS. 
 
 Richard Gillingbam 
 
 Stephen Mongeham 
 
 John Finch 
 
 Thomas Chillenden 
 
 John Woodneshurg 
 
 William Molash 
 
 John Sarisbury 
 
 John Elham 
 
 Thomas Goldstone 
 
 John Oxney 
 
 William Petham . 
 
 William Sellynge 
 
 Thomas Goldstone (2d) 
 
 Thomas Gold well' 1 
 
 Appointed. 
 
 1370 
 137G 
 1377 
 1391 
 1411 
 1 128 
 1438 
 1446 
 1449 
 1468 
 1471 
 1472 
 1495 
 1517 
 
 M Cfcronolostrat 1LM of tfje 73ean& of QtanUvbuv®, 
 
 SINCE THE REFORMATION. 
 
 DEANS. 
 
 Nicholas Wotton. 
 Thomas Godwin . . 
 Richard Rogers.. . 
 
 Thomas Nevil 
 
 Charles Fotherby . 
 
 John Boys 
 
 Isaac Bargrave.... 
 George Aglionby . 
 Thomas Turner...- 
 John Tillotson .... 
 
 John Sharp 
 
 George Hooper... 
 George Stanhope . 
 
 Appointed, or 
 admitted. 
 
 April 8, 
 Mar. 10, 
 .... Sept. 
 ....June, 
 May 12, 
 May 3, 
 Oct. 14, 
 
 ..Nov. 
 ..Nov. 
 ■ July, 
 
 1541 
 1567 
 1584 
 1597 
 1015 
 1619 
 1625 
 1013 
 1613 
 1672 
 1689 
 1691 
 1703 
 
 Died, or removed. 
 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 Bishop of Wells, 
 
 May 19, 
 
 May 2, 
 
 March 29, 
 
 Sept. 26, 
 
 ... ., Jan. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Oct. 31, 
 
 D. of St. Paul's 
 Archhp. of York 
 Bp. of St. Asaph 
 March 18, 
 
 1567 
 1584 
 1597 
 1615 
 1619 
 1025 
 1043 
 1043 
 1072 
 1089 
 1091 
 1703 
 1728 
 
 Elias Sydall 
 
 John Lynch 
 
 William Friend 
 
 John Potter 
 
 Hon. Biownlow North .. 
 
 John Moore 
 
 Hon. James Cornwallis.. 
 
 George Home 
 
 William Buller 
 
 < Folliott Herbert Wal- 
 ( ker Cornewall 
 
 Thomas Powis 
 
 S. G. Andrewes 
 
 Appointed, or 
 admitted. 
 
 .April, 172S 
 
 .Ja 
 .June 
 
 .... Oct. 
 
 1734 
 1760 
 1706 
 1770 
 
 .Sept. 1771 
 
 .April 1775 
 
 .Sept. 1781 
 
 ..June 1790 
 
 .. Jan. 1793 
 
 ..May 1797 
 1809 
 
 Died, or removed. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1733 
 
 May 25, 1760 
 
 Nov. 26, 1766 
 
 Sept. 20, 1770 
 
 Bp. of Lichfield, 1771 
 Bp. of Bangor, 1775 
 Bp. of Lichfield, 1781 
 Bp. of Norwich, 1790 
 Bp. of Exeter.. 1792 
 
 Bp. of Bristol.. 1797 
 
 I The internal government of Ihe church of Canterbury, before the Reformation, may be divided into three periods:— 1. From Hie time of Archbishop Augustine to 
 Wilfred, when the prelate governed alone :— 2. From Wilfred to I.anfranc, during which time the church was regulated by deans 3. From Lanfranc to the Refor- 
 mation, during which there were priors, and no deans. On the dissolution of Ihe priory the chapter was instituted. Of the early deans little is known except their 
 
 names. 
 
 ! Roger de St. Elphege died in 1262, and Ihe priory seems to have continued vacant, in consequence of the residence of archbishop Boniface abroad, till 1270. 
 3 He held the priory till 1540, when it was dissolved, and Goldwell retired on a pension. 
 
3 
 
 O 
 
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 2 
 
 w 
 
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 Eh 
 
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 fa 
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 03 
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 JH 
 Eh 
 
 03 
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 03 
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 X 
 
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 _2 -3 
 
 s c : 
 
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 g .2 T3 
 
 fa 
 
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 £ 1 
 
 s 
 
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 ■I .2 » 
 W « ffl 
 
 > -a 
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 S fa 
 
&m of imm* 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 I. 
 II. 
 
 ill. 
 
 IV, 
 
 VI 
 VII. 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 XIII. 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 XVI. 
 XVII. 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 XXI. 
 XXII. 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 Ground Plan, Plan of Parts, &c. 
 Plan of the Crypts 
 
 ( Section of Nave and Ailes at the W. end, 
 ( with Elevation of the two Towers 
 
 f Section of S. Transept, and partof Tower ;) 
 < Elevation of N. Transept, and part of > 
 ( Tower ) 
 
 5 Section N. Transept, and Elevation of the ) 
 \ West Side of South Transept £ 
 
 View of the Western Towers 
 
 Central Tower, South Transept 
 
 Archbishop Warham's Monument, &c. 
 
 View from Anselm's Chapel, &c 
 
 Ditto, Trinity Chapel, looking East.... 
 
 Section, Becket's Crown, Trinity Chapel . 
 
 View of the Crypt under Trinity Chapel., 
 
 Ditto, ditto, under Choir 
 
 Ditto, Becket's Crown 
 
 Ditto, Chapter-House 
 
 Ditto, North Aile of Nave* — 
 
 Ditto, from N. East Transept 
 
 Monument of Archbishop Peckham 
 
 Part of Small S. Transept, and S. Side of j 
 Trinity Chapel j 
 
 Title, Door-way in the Orggn Screen 
 
 Six Figures in Ditto 
 
 Parts of Anselm's Tower 
 
 Monument to Archbishop Sudbury 
 
 Effigies of Archbishops Chichely and Warham 
 
 Capitals, in S. Transept, Choir, aud Nave 
 
 ( Part of Screen in Dean's Chapel, and Ar 
 ( cade in Chapter-House 
 
 Drawn by 
 
 Taylor & Cresy 
 Cresy & Taylor 
 
 Taylor & Cresy 
 Taylor & Cresy 
 
 Cresy & Taylor 
 
 G.Cattermole.. 
 G.Cattermole.. 
 G.Cattermole.. 
 
 G.Cattermole.. 
 
 G.Cattermole.. 
 
 Cresy &Taylor 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 G. L. Taylor... 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 Cattermole 
 
 Cattermole. 
 
 Cattermole. 
 Cattermole. 
 Cattermole. 
 Cattermole. 
 Cattermole. 
 Cattermole. 
 
 Cattermole. 
 
 Engraved by 
 
 E. Gladwin.. 
 E.Gladwin.. 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 J. Le Keux 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 Lambert 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 J. Le Keux 
 W. Deeble.. 
 W. Deeble.. 
 
 Winkles 
 
 Winkles 
 
 R. Sands.... 
 
 Inscribed to 
 
 Described. 
 
 Rev. T. Coombe, D. D. 
 
 Rev. Dr. D Oyley 
 
 J. J. Pearce, Esq 
 
 William Manning, Esq. 
 
 (S. R. Lushington,) 
 \ Esq. M. P S 
 
 John Coles, Esq 
 
 Rev. C. Rawlins 
 
 Sub-dean of Lincoln 
 
 Rev. Hugh Percy, M. A, 
 
 John Newman, Esq 
 
 Major Rohde, Esq 
 
 George Box, Esq 
 
 J. Carter.. 
 
 J. Le Keux Rev. Geo. Moore, M. A 
 J. Le Keux j Dean of Canterbury 
 R. Sands. 
 
 J. Le Kenx 
 
 Higham 
 
 J. Le Keux 
 
 J. Le Kenx 
 
 45, 40 
 00 
 
 45, 49 
 
 46, 50 
 55 
 
 46, 47 
 46 
 
 47, O'.t 
 17, 6T 
 56 
 
 (54, 55, 
 ^56, 58, 
 (60 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 61, 62 
 50 
 
 55, 67 
 67 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 .31 
 
 46, 47 
 67 
 
 68, 69 
 54 
 
 * By mistake this Plate is engraved XXI. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abbot, abp. 39; life of, 99; portraits of, 101. 
 Agelnoth, abp. 15. 
 Alfric, abp. 77. 
 Altar screen, 55. 
 
 Anselm, abp. 78; his disputes with William 
 Rufus, 16; improved the cathedral, 33. 
 
 Archbishops, account of, 73; portraits of, 105; 
 list of, 107. 
 
 Architecture, observations on, 42. 
 
 Arundel, abp. 22; repaired the cathedral, 38. 
 
 Athelard, abp. procures the restoration of 
 lands, 13. 
 
 Audit room, 55. 
 
 Augustine, abp. his conversion of the Saxons, 
 8, 9; the pope's instructions to him, 10; 
 arrival in Britain, 25. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baptistery, 59. 
 
 Becket, abp. advocate for papal authority, 16; 
 
 murder, canonization, commemoration, 17; 
 
 translation of his remains, 18; his relies, 53; 
 
 shrine and chantry of, 56; pilgrimages to, 
 
 57, 58 ; anecdotes of, 79. 
 Becket's crown, 47, 58, Pis. XI. and XIV. 
 Bertha, queen of Kent, 8. 
 
 Bourchier, abp. his monument, 68; anecdote 
 of, 85. 
 
 Bradwardin, abp. his monument, 67 ; account 
 
 of, 83. 
 Bregwin, abp. 13. 
 
 C. 
 
 Canterbury, its antiquity, 6 ; early importance,?. 
 
 Cathedral, its site, 26, 43; archbishops first in- 
 terred in, 27, 63 ; repaired by Odo, 27, 28 ; 
 burnt by the Danes, 28; repaired and en- 
 dowed by Canute, 29 ; a^aiu burnt and re- 
 stored by Lanfrauc, 29; burnt in 1174, 37; 
 rebuilt by William of Sens, 37; repaired 
 after the restoration, 39, 40; description of 
 exterior features, 44 — 48; of interior, 48 — 
 62. 
 
 Ceolnoth, abp. 14. 
 
 Chapter-house, repaired, 38 ; described, 62, 
 PI. XV. 
 
 Charters, uncertainty of, 27. 
 
 Chicheley, abp. 84; his monument described, 
 68, Pis. VIII. and XXIV.; life of, 90; por- 
 traits of, 105. 
 
 Chillenden, prior, repaired the cathedral, 38. 
 
 Choir described, 54. 
 
 Christ Church Monastery, 10 ; early donations 
 to, 11 ; ostentation of the monks of, at 
 
 Becket's translation, 18; dissolution of, 23; 
 
 charge of immorality against the monks, 24 ; 
 
 dedication of Christ Church, 26. 
 Christ Church Gate described, 43. 
 Cloister, 62; plan of, PI. I. 
 Conrad, prior, rebuilt part of the cathedral, 
 
 his choir described, 34. 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, 16. 
 Corboil, abp. 16. 
 
 Courtney, abp. 22; his cenotaph, 68. 
 Cranmer, abp. 85 ; his conduct at the reforma- 
 tion, 23; lives of, 103; portraits of, 105. 
 Crypts, account of, 31, 59, Pis. II. XII. XIII. 
 Cuthbert, abp. 13, 27. 
 
 D. 
 
 Danes, cruelties of, 14. 
 Deanc, abp. 85. 
 Deans' chapel, 53. 
 
 Deans, supposed time of institution, 13 ; por- 
 traits of, 106; list of, 110. 
 Dunstan, abp. his character, 14 ; account of, 77. 
 Durovernum, derivation of, 7. 
 
 E. 
 
 Edward Black Prince, monument of, 64. 
 Eadvvin's drawing of the cathedral, 36. 
 Elphege, abp. murdered by the Danes, 15. 
 Ernulph, prior, superintended the rebuilding of 
 
 the cathedral, 33. 
 Estria, Henry de, repaired the cathedral, 38. 
 G. 
 
 Gervase, his description of Lanfranc's cathe- 
 dral, 32; of the choir of Conrad, 34. 
 Goldstone, prior, built part of the cathedral, 38. 
 II. 
 
 Henry IV. and his queen, monuments of, 64. 
 Honorius, abp. divides his diocese into bishop- 
 rics, 11. 
 
 Holand, Lady, monument of, 65. 
 
 I. 
 
 Islip, abp. his controversy with the abp. of 
 York, 21. 
 
 J. 
 
 Juxon, abp. 24, 90. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kempe, abp. monument of, 68. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lambrith, abp. 13. 
 
 Lanfranc, abp. 15, 16, 78; rebuilt the cathe- 
 j dral, 30. 
 Langbam, abp. ejects the seculars from Can- 
 terbury College, 22; account of, 83. 
 Langton, abp. his election and disputes with 
 P 
 
INDEX. 
 
 King John, 10 ; his monument, 65, 66 ; anec- 
 dotes of, 80. 
 
 Laud, abp. 24 ; account of, 89 ; lives of, 104 ; 
 portraits of, 106. 
 
 Lawrence, abp. story of, II. 
 
 Lichfield made an archbishopric, 13. 
 
 List, chronological, of archbishops, 107; of 
 priors, 110; of deans, ib. 
 
 Livingus, abp. 15. 
 
 Lucius (king), supposed founder of a church 
 at Canterbury, 8; doubts of his history, 25. 
 M. 
 
 Mcpham, abp. his quarrel with the monks, 20; 
 monument of, 67 ; account of, 82. 
 
 Mohun, lady, monument of, 70. 
 
 Monuments described ; of Henry IV. and his 
 Queen, 64 ; Edward the Black Prince, ib ; 
 Margaret Holand, 65; abp. Theobald, 66; 
 abp. Walter, ib ; cardinal Langton, ib ; abp. 
 Peckham, ib ; abp. Reynolds, 67 ; abp. Mep- 
 ham, ib; abp. Bradwardine, ib; abp. Sud- 
 bury, ib ; abp. Courtney, 68; abp. Chichele, 
 ib. ; abp. Kempe, ib. ; abp. Bourchier, ib. ; 
 abp. Morton, 69 ; abp. Warham, ib. ; dean 
 Wot ton, ib. ; cardinal Pole, ib. ; dean Fo- 
 therby, 70; dean Boys, ib. ; lady Mohun, 
 ib. ; the countess of Athol, ib. ; colonel 
 Prude, ib. ; sir T. Thornhurst and family, ib. ; 
 Dr. Meric Causaubon, ib. ; Orlando Gib- 
 bons, 71; admiral Rooke, ib. ; Dr. Thomas 
 Lawrence, ib. ; lieut. col. Stuart, ib. 
 
 Moore, abp. 94. 
 
 Morton, abp. his monument described, 69. 
 N. 
 
 Nave of the cathedral described, 49, Pis. III. 
 XVI. 
 
 o. 
 
 Odo, abp. his constitutions, 14 ; supposed mira- 
 cle of, 28. 
 
 Organ screen, 51; royal statues in, 52; Pis. 
 XX. and XXL 
 
 P. 
 
 Painted glass, account of, 71, 72. 
 
 Papal usurpations, 20, 21, 22. 
 
 Parker, abp. 24; account of, 89; life of, 98. 
 
 Pavement, Mosaic 72. 
 
 Peckham, abp. his disputes with Edward I. 19; 
 
 his monument, 53, PI. XVIII. 
 Plague at Canterbury, 13, 14. 
 Plegmund, abp. 14. 
 
 Pole, cardinal, 24; his tomb, 69; account of, 88. 
 Portraits, engraved, of archbishops, 105; of 
 
 deans, 106. 
 Potter, abp. 93. 
 Prints, list of, 112. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ralph, abp. 16. 
 
 Reynolds, abp. monument of, 67. 
 Roman roads from Canterbury, 7. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sancroft, abp. anecdotes of, 91. 
 Seeker, abp. 94. 
 
 Screen, organ, 51 ; Pis. XX. XXL; altar, 55. 
 Sheldon, abp. 91. 
 Somner, mistake of, 32. 
 
 South door of the cathedral, lawsuits tried at, 
 30. 
 
 St. Martin's church, 25. 
 Stigand, abp. 15, 78. 
 
 Stratford, abp. monument of, 68 ; account of, 83. 
 Sudbury, abp. rebuilt part of the cathedral, 88; 
 
 his monument, 67, PI. XXIII.; account of, 
 
 84. 
 
 Sutton, abp. 94. 
 
 T. 
 
 Table, chronological, of ages and styles of 
 
 parts of the cathedral, 111. 
 Tenison, abp. 93. 
 
 Theobald, abp. his supposed monument, 66, 97. 
 Theodore, abp. account of, 12; anecdotes of, 
 
 73, 75. 
 Tillotson, abp. 92. 
 
 Tower, central, described, 46, Pis. IV. VII. ; 
 
 western, 45, PI. VI. 
 Transepts, north and south, 52, 53. 
 Treasurv, 48, 55. 
 
 Trinity Chapel, 47, 56, Pis. X. and XI. 
 V. 
 
 Vestry, 55. 
 Virgin Chapel, 61. 
 
 U. 
 
 Undercroft, opinions of Gostling and Denne 
 concerning its age, 31, 60; described, 59. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wake, abp. 93. 
 
 Walter, abp. monument of, 66. 
 Wareham.abp. 85; his monument, 53, Pls.VIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 Wilfred, abp. 13. 
 
 William of Sens rebuilt the cathedral, 37. 
 
 the Englishman, finished the cathedral, 
 
 37. 
 
 Winchelsea, abp. his disputes with Edward I. 
 
 20 ; anecdotes of, 81. 
 Window, painted, destroyed in the civil wars, 
 
 53, 72. 
 
 Wotton, dean, monument of, 69. 
 
 C. Whitlingham, Chiswick. 
 
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. 
 
 If the study of Antiquities be judiciously pursued and properly directed, it tends to develope the 
 fluctuations of science, art, and literature ; it carries the mind back to remote ages, and displays 
 the condition, customs, and manners of men in former times. hence it elicits the most satisfactory 
 data for historical deduction, displays the history of man by his works, and affords lessons ok 
 worldly wisdom and practical utility. 
 
 RITTON'S CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND — it is a curious fact, 
 
 neither contemplated nor generally known, that each English Cathedral affords in its annals a 
 variety of historical and biographical information, as well as great dissimilarity in general 
 design and architectural detail from all the others, and collectively therefore, they cannot fail 
 of being truly interesting to the lovers of literature and antiquity. They may be said to 
 embrace an Encyclopedia of Christian Architecture, of ecclesiastical history and biography, 
 of general anecdote, and of customs and manners of " bye-gone days." That these are 
 subjects worthy the study of the enlightened Scholar, of the erudite Antiquary, of the Artist, 
 and of the Historian, no person can deny; and that they are calculated to amuse, and also to 
 instruct every inquiring reader, must be equally apparent. Let it not be said that such works 
 are merely addressed to the cold antiquary — to those who examine buildings solely as masses 
 of stone and masonic execution, or who can content themselves with looking at and talking 
 about effects, regardless of causes — of the limbs and arms of man, without relation to his mental powers. To study a 
 cathedral, or any other edifice, by simply measuring its proportions, and looking at its pretty ornaments, is not only 
 a waste of time, but trifling with science, with beauty, and with grandeur. Each of these buildings presents a text or 
 theme, replete with instructive and complicated interest. This will be manifest by a careful inspection of the volumes 
 now completed on the subject. 
 
 THE CATHEDRAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND ; 
 
 OR, AN HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTURAL, AND GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 CATHEDRAL CHURCHES; 
 
 Viz. SALISBURY, YORK, WINCHESTER, NORWICH, LICHFIELD, OXFORD, CANTERBURY, WELLS, 
 EXETER, PETERBOROUGH, GLOUCESTER, BRISTOL, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTER. 
 
 BY JOHN BRIXTON, F. S. A. etc. 
 
 With Three Hundred Plates from Drawings by Blore, Cattermole, Gandy, and Baxter, and Engraved by 
 J. and H. Le Keux, in the first style of the Art, and Twelve Wood-cuts by Branslon. 
 
 5 vols, medium 4to. folded and collated ready for binding, £14. Published at £33. 
 
 5 vols, medium 4to. half bound morocco, elegant, uncut, the top edge gilt, £15. 15s. Published at £35. 
 
4 
 
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 With a view to accommodate all classes of purchasers, the work will continue to be sold as heretofore. 
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 Each 
 
 Salisbury, — Thirty-one Plates and Three Wood-cuts 
 
 Winchester, — Thirty Plates 
 
 Norwich, — Twenty-Jive Plates 
 
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 Lichfield, — Sixteen Plates 
 
 Oxford, — Eleven Plates 
 
 Canterbury, — Twenty-six Plates 
 
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 Peterborough, — Sixteen Plates 
 
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 5 
 
 THE 
 
 RCH ITECTURA L ANTIQUITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN ; 
 
 Including a Series of 360 Engravings, by Le Keux, representing the most beautiful, 
 curious, and interesting Ancient Edifices of this Country ; with an Historical and Descriptive 
 Account of each Subject. By John Britton. 
 
 5 vols, medium 4to. folded and collated for binding, £14. Published at £26. 12s. 
 5 vols, medium 4to. half bound, morocco, elegant, uncut, top edge gilt, £15. 15s. 
 Published at £28. 12s. 
 
 The " Architectural Antiquities " comprises Plans, Sections, and Elevations, with 
 Picturesque Views, of Ancient Buildings. It also elucidates the histories and architectural 
 peculiarities and styles of each edifice, from authentic data, or rational deduction, free from 
 bigoted, prejudiced, and hypothetical opinion. In the execution of the Work, the Author was 
 assisted and honoured by the literary contributions of many learned and distinguished Anti- 
 quaries, particularly Sir Richard C. Hoare, Bart. Sir Henry C. Englefield. Bart. Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Dr. Whittaker, 
 The Rev. R. Blakeway, The Rev. Archdeacon Owen, John Adey Repton, Esq. Joseph Porden, Esq. Anhitert, William 
 Burdon, Esq. Dr. Sayers, George Ormerod, Esq. James H. Markland, Esq. The Rev. R. Forby, John Soane, Esq. 
 Architect. — The Architectural Antiquities is a miscellaneous and picturesque work, embracing illustrations and histories 
 of a variety of ecclesiastical, domestic, and castellated edifiefs. Its extent, the subjects it embraces, and the opinions 
 of the most respectable review, is detailed below. 
 
 " Mr. Britton, in his Cathedral and Architectural Antiquities, has presented us with a large variety of objects most admirably delineated by the 
 most distinguished artists who have followed that peculiar line of drawing and engraving. In the fifth volume of his Architectural Antiquities he has 
 collected nearly all the different opinions on the question, amounting to upwards of fifty, extracted from set treatises or incidental disquisitions." — 
 Edinburgh Review, No. ZCTIII. Oct. 182U. 
 
 VIEW UNDER CHICHESTER CROSS. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED : 
 
 VOL. I, — Screen in Edward the Confessor's Chapel, We-tminster — Doorway to St. Mary's Church, Marlborough, 
 Wilts. — St. Botolpli's Priory Church, Colchester, Essex — Dunstaple Priory Church, Bedfordshire — St. Nicholas' 
 Church, &c. Abingdon, Berks — Layer Marney Hall, Essex — King'? College Chaprl, Cambridge — The Round 
 Church at Northampton — The Round Church at the Temple, London — The Round Church at Little Maplested, 
 Essex — Malmsbury Abbey Church, Wiltshire — Colchc-ter Castle, Essex — Ockei don Church, Essex — Crosses at 
 Hereford, Cheddar, Leighton-Buzzard, Geddington, Northampton, Wn.ltham, Chichester, Winchester, Stourhead, 
 Malmsbury, Glastonbury. Coventry, Gloucester. 
 
(5 
 
 VOL. II. — Chimney Piece in Queen Elizabeth's Gallery, Windsor — Stewkley Church, Bucks — St. John's Church, 
 Devises, Wilts — St. Peter's Church, Northampton — Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Westminster — Old House at 
 Islington— Oxburgh Hall — Eton College— Nether Hall— East Basham Hall— West Stow Hall— Gifford's Hall— 
 Hengrave Hall — Compton-Wyniat — Oxnead Hall — Blickling Hall — Windsor Castle — New House — Tattershall 
 Castle — Holland House — Longford Castle — Charlton House — Longleat House — Wollaton Hall — Tabley Hall — 
 Crewe Hall — Boringdon House — Browseholme Hall — Laycock Abbey — Audley End. 
 
 VOL. III. — Lullington Church Doorway — Castle- Acre Priory Church — Collegiate Church, Manchester — Waltham Abbey 
 Church — Hedingham Castle — St. George's Chapel, Windsor — Roslyn Chapel, Scotland — St. Nicholas Chapel and 
 Red Mount Chapel, Lynn — College Gate-House, Bristol — Priory Church, Binham — Priory Church, Christ Church 
 — St. James's Tower, and Abbey Gate-House, Bury — Po:ch of St. Mary's Church, Bury — Norwich Cloister — 
 Schools' Tower, Oxford — Round Church, Cambridge — King's College Chapel. 
 
 VOL. IV. — RedclifFe Church — Louth Church — The Beauchamp Chapel — Barfreston Church — St. John's Church, Chester 
 — Wenlock Priory Church — Buildwas Abbey Church — Lindisfarne Church — Croyland Abbey Church — 
 Walsingham Church and Font — Tynemouth Priory — Boston Church— Bishops Cannings Church — St. Peter's 
 Church, Oxford — Chapter House, Oxford Cathedral — Skirlaw Chapel — Micklegate Bar — Ludlow Castle — Stoke- 
 Say Castle — Kirkstall Abbey — Conisborough Castle — Middleham Castle — Bolton Castle — Thornbury Castle — 
 Rochester Castle — Castle Rising Castle — Norwich Castle — Caernarvon Castle — Kenilworth Castle — Warwick 
 Castle — Crosby Hall — Glastonbury Abbey. 
 
 VOL. V. — This Volume consists of Eighty-six Prints, engraved by John Le Keux, from Drawings by different Archi- 
 tectural Draftsmen. Chronological and Alphabetical Indexes are appended. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 BABLAKES HOSPITAL, COVENTRY. 
 
 BRIXTON'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ^tttctatu iiccEeswsstical ^rcfjitectitre off ©reat ISntatm i 
 
 Consisting of Eighty Plates of Plans, Elevations, Sections, Views, and Details of several Edifices, engraved 
 by Le Keux, with ample Historical and Descriptive Accounts of each — 
 
 Medium 4to. half bound, morocco elegant, uncut, top edge gilt, £3. 3s. Published at £6. 12s. boards. 
 Imperial 4to. large paper, half bound morocco elegant, uncut, top edge gilt, £5. 5s. Published 
 at £11. boards. 
 
 In this volume the Buildings are classed and arranged in chronological order, whereby the progressive and almost 
 imperceptible changes of style are defined. From the earliest Specimens to the reign of Elizabeth, almost every variety 
 of Design, and every successive novelty, are displayed ; and these are engraved in Plan, Section, Elevation, and Per- 
 spective View, for the purpose of accurate and satisfactory delineation. By this mode, it is presumed that a Grammar 
 of English Architecture is provided for the young Student, and its Elements are plainly and amply developed. A^Dic- 
 tionary of Terms, with Definitions, &c. is added. 
 
I 
 
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 7 
 
 BRITTON'S ENGLISH CITIES. 
 
 "V awtiM^ 
 
 BISHOPS BRIDGE, NORWICH. 
 
 PICTURESQUE ANTIQUITIES OF THE ENGLISH CITIES ; 
 
 Consisting of a Series of Sixty Engravings, by Le Keux, and Twenty-four Wood-cuts, illustrating the most 
 interesting Ancient Buildings, Street Scenes, Old Houses, Castles, Crosses, Bars, or Gate-houses, in the 
 different Cities; accompanied by Historical and Descriptive Accounts of each Subject, and of the Popular Characteristics 
 of every place. 
 
 BY JOHN BRITTON, F. S. A. 
 
 Every City in England has its distinctive architectural and natural features, and each involves historical and local 
 characteristics which are not merely interesting to the provincial Antiquary, but to most readers of laudable curiosity. 
 
 Illustrates in a novel manner, and in a style of execution superior to any preceding work, those fine and interesting 
 remains of Ancient Architecture which have been preserved to the piesent time, and which tend to display the peculiar 
 styles of Architecture and domestic customs of our civic ancestors in times long past. Many of these edifices, truly 
 picturesque in feature, but ill adapted to the comforts and luxuries of modern life, have been entirely removed ; and we 
 seek in vain for faithful delineations of them : but some are still left to gratify the eye of the Antiquary and amuse that 
 of the common spectator. To portray these accurately, and thus perpetuate their forms and ornaments — to describe 
 their origin, and narrate their history, and thus display the manners and customs of the English in remote times, is 
 the express province of this work. 
 
 It embraces faithful Views of the Castles and Ancient Bars, or fortified Gate-house3, and the Bridges at York : — 
 those of Lincoln, and the peculiarly grand situation and character of its Cathedral : — the Palace, Entrance, Gate-houses, 
 Cloisters, and West Front of the Cathedral, Peterborough ; — the fine Gate-house of St. Augustines, the West Gate, 
 the Cathedral Gate, and Gate-house to the Green Court, at Canterbury : — Interior and Exterior of Rochester 
 Caslle ; — Bishopsgate and Bridge, the Palace Gate-house, Ruins in the Bishop's Gardens, Erpingham Gate, &c. 
 Norwich: — Street Views in Salisbury; in Bristol; Worcester; Chester; Exeter; Chichester: — the Palace 
 and Vicar's Close at Wells : — Stone Pulpit, Butcher Row, &c. Hereford: — Old London Bridge, Fishmonger's Hall, 
 Winchester and Ely Palaces, London: — Cross, West Gate, &c. Winchester: — St. Mary Hall, &c. Coventry: — 
 Ancient Bridge, &c. Durham : — Conventual Church, &c. Ely. 
 
 This Work contains Sixty Plates, beautifully executed by Le Keux, and Twenty-four Wood-cuts by 
 Williams. 
 
 4to. cloth, with a gold label, £2. 4s. Published at £7. 4s. 
 
 Imperial 4to. large paper, proofs, cloth, with a gold label, £3. 10s. Published at £12. 
 
 only eighteen copies left on large paper. 
 
8 ^mbtlUsljcti gjRorfes on Architectural Antiquities, Jane Arts, Sec. at &eaucetJ prices, 
 
 PUCIN'S GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 MONASTIC GATEWAY, CANTERBURY. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE; 
 
 SELECTED FROM VARIOUS ANCIENT EDIFICES IN ENGLAND ; 
 
 Consisting of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Parts at large; calculated to exemplify the various Styles and the prac- 
 tical Construction of this Class of admired Architecture ; accompanied by Historical and Descriptive Accounts. Tht 
 Drawings by A. Pugin ; and the Engravings by J. Le Keux, Roffe, E. Tuurell. 
 
 This work contains a series of One Hundred and Fourteen Plates, illustrative of the Early Architecture of England, a.^ 
 displayed in Pinnacles, Roofs, Lanterns, Parapets, Chimneys, Turrets, Capitals, Niches, Arches, Spandrels, Doors, Door- 
 ways, Gateways, Windows, Fire-places, Mullions, Tracery, &c. The Letter-press, by E J. Willson, Esq. Architect 
 and F. S. A. is explanatory of the Plates and historical of the Subjects represented, with a Glossary of ancient technical 
 terms. 
 
 2 vols. 4to. cloth, £4. 4s. Published at £6. 6s. 
 
 2 vols, imperial 4to. large paper, cloth, £6. Cs. Published at £9. 9s. 
 
 THE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 EXEMPLIFIED. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 FROM THE DOORS, WINDOWS, BUTTRESSES, PINNACLES, &c. WITH THE MEASUREMENTS, 
 SELECTED FROM THE BUILDINGS AT OXFORD; 
 
 BY PUGIN AND MACKENZIE. 
 
 Sixty-one Plates. 4to. cloth, £1. 4s. Published at £2. 2s. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF THE GOTHIC ORNAMENTS 
 
 SELECTED FROM LAVENHAM CHURCH, SUFFOLK. 
 Forty Plates. 4to. cloth, 12s. published at 18s. 
 
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 9 
 
 WORKS ON NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 PUGIN AND LE KEUX'S ENGRAVED SPECIMENS OF THE 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF NORMANDY; 
 
 Consisting of Plans, Elevations, Views, &c. of several Edifices of that Province, with historical and descriptive 
 
 Letter-press, by John Britton, Esq. F. S. A. etc. 
 
 This Publication consists of Eiyhty Engravings, elucidating the characteristics and peculiar members of several Buildings. 
 Besides serving to illustrate, architecturally and scientifically, the styles and varieties of the Ancient Buildings of Nor- 
 mandy, the Work tends to exemplify the variations between the Early Architecture of that Country and of England ; 
 and thus furnishes data for the Critical Antiquary, and Practical Examples for the Architect. 
 
 The Plates are wholly engraved by J. and H. Lb Keux ; and represent the Ecclesiastical Architecture of the Churches 
 of Abbaye aux Hommes, and Abbaye aux Dames ; St. Nicholas and Than, at Caen ; St. Ouen and St. Vincent, at 
 Rouen ; the Cathedral at Bayeaux ; the Domestic Architecture of the Palais de Justice, Hotel de Boutherould, and the 
 Archbishop's Palace, at Rouen ; and the Chateau Fontaine le Henri, near Caen, &c. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF NORMANDY, 
 
 In One Hundred Plates, etched by Cotman, with Descriptions by Dawson Turner, Esq. 
 2 vols, folio, cloth, £6. 6s. Published at £12. 12s. 
 
 2 vols, folio, proofs on India paper, cloth, £10. 10s. Published at £21. 
 
 CONEY'S LAST WORK ON ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL BEAUTIES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE; 
 
 In a Series of Views of Remarkable Ancient Edifices, Civil and Ecclesiastical, in France, the Netherlands, Germany, 
 and Italy, from Drawings taken on the spot by the late John Coney, with Descriptions by H. E. Lloyd. 
 
 Royal folio, cloth, lettered, £2. 2s. published at £4. 4s. 
 
 Proofs on India paper, cloth, lettered, £3. 3s. published at £6. 6s. 
 
 FIFTY-SIX ARCHITECTURAL SKETCHES 
 
 [N FRANCE, THE NETHERLANDS, GERMANY, AND ITALY, ENGRAVED BY THE LATE JOHN CONEY. 
 
 8vo. sewed, with gilt edges, 3s. 6d. published at 5s. 
 
 MOSES'S SELECT GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES FROM VASES, 
 
 Thirty-seven Plates, cloth, 10s. 6d. published at £1 . Is. 
 
 FLAXMAN'S WORKS. 
 
 FLAXMAN'S ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE BONES & MUSCLES, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF ARTISTS. 
 Twenty-one Plates, engraved by Henry Landseer, and Portrait by Clauson, with Two additional 
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 FLAXMAN'S COMPOSITIONS FROM DANTE— 
 
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10 
 
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 ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF 
 
 THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF LONDON; 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNTS OF EACH EDIFICE. 
 By J. BRITTON, F. S. A. and A. PUGIN, Architect. 
 With 144 Plates by Le Keux, Roffe, Gladwin. 4to. proofs on India paper, cloth, £4. 4s. published at £14. 14s. 
 
 This Work embraces ample Accounts and Illustrations of the Churches of St. Paul, Westminster Abbey, St. 
 Martin, St. Stephen, St. Bride, St. Luke, Chelsea, St. Pancras, Marylebone, the Temple, &c. ; also copious 
 Historical and Descriptive Accounts and Engravings of all the London Theatres, all the Bridges, including the New 
 London, the Terraces in the Regent's Park, the Bank, the Council Office, Law Courts, Diorama, Colosseum, 
 Carlton House, Somerset House, College of Physicians, both old and new, Westminster Hall, Mansion 
 House; also the Houses and Galleries of the Marquis of Anglesea, Thos. Hope, Esq., John Soane, Esq. John 
 Nash, Esq. &c. &c. 
 
 NEALE AND LE KEUX'S VIEWS OF THE COLLEGIATE AND PAROCHIAL 
 CHURCHES OF GREAT BRITAIN; 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTIONS. Ninety-six Plates. 
 
 2 vols, royal 8vo. cloth, £2. 10s. published at £5. 
 
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 PARKINSON'S ORGANIC REMAINS OF A FORMER WORLD; 
 
 With Fifty-four Plates, coloured by Sowerby, exhibiting above Seven Hundred Fossil Remains, 3 vols. 4to. in cloth, 
 
 £5. 5s. published at £10. 10s. 
 
 PARKINSON'S 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSIL ORGANIC REMAINS; 
 
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 DR. TURTON'S BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS, 
 
 Systematically arranged, with Twenty Plates, coloured by Sowerby, 4to. cloth, £2. published at £4. 
 A practical Conchologist observes, *' that Dr. Turton's Account of British Shells is not only interesting to the 
 collector, but also particularly desirable, as it includes the shells that have been discovered since the publication of Mon- 
 tague. The author's residence being on that part of the coast where the greatest number of shells are found, he had the 
 most favourable opportunities of investigating the subject, the objects of his study being continually before him." 
 
 LAYTHORPE BRIDGE, YORK. 
 
THfc GETTY C6MTER 
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