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 Boroum, Ached  Llliched by IS Cotman rf? 1816. 
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ENGRAVINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES 
 
 NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK, 
 
 TENDING TO ILLUSTRATE THE 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL, MILITARY, AND CIVIL COSTUME 
 
 , 
 AS WELL AS 
 TO PRESERVE MEMORIALS OF ANCIENT FAMILIES 
 
 IN THAT COUNTY. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN SELL COTMAN, ESQ. 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ESSAY BY DAWSON TURNER, ESQ, F.RS. FLSA, &e. 
 SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL PLATES, 
 AND WITH 
 
 NOTES BY SIR SAMUEL RUSH MEYRICK, LL.D. F.S.A. &. ALBERT WAY, ESQ. 
 AND SIR N. HARRIS NICOLAS, K.C.M.G. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 “LONDON: 
 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 MDCCCXXXIX. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
ENGRAVINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES 
 
 NO RF OLE K, 
 
 TENDING TO ILLUSTRATE THE 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL, MILITARY, AND CIVIL COSTUME 
 
 AS WELL AS 
 TO PRESERVE MEMORIALS OF ANCIENT FAMILIES 
 
 IN THAT COUNTY. 
 
 JOHN SELL COTMAN, ESQ. 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ESSAY BY DAWSON TURNER, ESQ. F.R.S. F.S.A. &c. 
 
 SECOND EBDITION, WiTH ADDITI 
 
 
 
 AND WITH 
 
 NOTES BY SIR SAMUEL RUSH MEYRICK, LL.D. F.S.A. &c. ALBERT WAY, ESQ. 
 AND SIR HARRIS NICOLAS, K.C.M.G. 
 
 LONDON: 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 MDCCCXXXVUI. 
 
 Sn 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. B. NICHOLS AND SON, 25, PARLIAMENT-STREET. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Tue Author of this work, not aware at its commencement of the magnitude of his 
 task, intended to have comprised in a single volume the Sepulchral Brasses of Nor- 
 folk and Suffolk. In the former county, however, alone, he found so great a number, 
 and those in general so curious, that he has been induced, with the concurrence of 
 his friends, to restrict to Norfolk the present volume, having collected in another, 
 limited to the sister county, an almost equally interesting, though smaller, series. 
 Such a deviation from his original plan will, he trusts, prove acceptable to his sub- 
 scribers in general, as enabling him more fully to display the riches of two counties, 
 
 both eminently abounding in this branch of antiquarian research; while any person 
 
 
 
 who wishes to possess only a single volume, may be certain of procuring the best 
 specimens that the county comprises. In the double series he believes he has given 
 a set of figures, which will convey an adequate idea of the costumes during the period 
 when memorials of this kind were in use, and also will throw no small light upon the 
 families, once the principal in the counties, a great proportion of which happily 
 remains unto this day. For another reason, also, this work may prove acceptable, 
 inasmuch as it tends to perpetuate a species of memorial fast vanishing from our 
 churches: the hand of rapine, more quickly destructive than that of time, is inces- 
 santly at work, and already some of the finest brasses represented in these pages are 
 totally destroyed. But it is not to the antiquary and genealogist only, that the utility 
 of a work of this nature is likely to be confined. The historical painter and classical 
 admirer of the theatre may equally deduce from it the most faithful materials for 
 their professions: every friend to the liberal arts may have an interesting view of 
 their progress, by records of unquestionable authenticity; and, to sum up all, there 
 is scarcely any department of elegant literature, in which the student may not find 
 some light thrown upon his researches, by means of the figures engraven on Sepul- 
 chral Brasses. They, also, who have pleasure in beautifying or illustrating their 
 libraries, will, in these plates, meet with highly important additions to numerous of 
 the most splendid works; especially Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, Dugdale’s Mo- 
 
 nasticon and Baronage, Blomefield’s History of Norfolk, and Lysons’ Magna Britannia. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 If, now, the present selection fairly fulfil any of these purposes, little apology is neces- 
 sary for offering it to the public. As an Introduction, a short historical essay upon 
 these memorials is prefixed, borrowed principally from Gough’s Sepulchral Monu- 
 ments and Strutt’s Ancient Dresses. It had been better, perhaps, had it been entirely 
 copied; as, in the few instances, where it ventures without their guidance, the reader 
 will perceive mistakes, for which the Author intreats the reader’s indulgence. The 
 List of Plates is accompanied with brief notices of the persons and families repre- 
 sented ; with remarks upon peculiarities in the figures; and with such inscriptions, 
 as, though now torn from their places, may be collected from Gough, Weever, or 
 Blomefield. A double Index had been projected ; but that here given, with the List 
 of Plates just noticed, appeared so fully to answer the purpose, that on farther con- 
 sideration it was found unnecessary. 
 
 The gentlemen who have furnished him with impressions of brasses, or otherwise 
 directed his research—the Rev. Thomas Dade, the Rev. John Homfray, Rev. James 
 Layton, Rev. Thomas Kerrich, Rev. William Spurdens, Rev. John Grove Spurgeon, 
 Rev. Thomas Talbot, Dawson Turner, Esq. Rev. Richard Turner,—these, and all 
 those who have in any way assisted him in the prosecution of his work, the Author 
 entreats to accept the tribute of his grateful acknowledgement—of his heartiest 
 thanks; to the offering of which, he hopes it will not be considered invidious, if he 
 adds, that it is to Mr. Talbot and Mr. Layton he is indebted for being able to lay this 
 volume before the public: to the latter he owes whatever may be interesting, in a 
 literary point of view; while, without the unwearied researches and equal liberality 
 
 of the former, a great proportion of its most valuable contents never would have been 
 
 in his possession—indeed, never could have been known to him. 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Tur principle of pride or religion, respect or affection, which induced our forefathers 
 to inclose a corpse in a coffin, before they committed it to the grave, was such as 
 could be acted upon by the rich alone. The lower classes of society, even to the 
 time of Elizabeth, had no other coffin than the winding-sheet. In many old country 
 churches might lately be seen a wooden box, ridged, with one or two lids, which was 
 used as a bier to inclose and carry out the poor dead. 
 
 Coffins were anciently made of various materials—of brick, stone, wood, or lead : 
 once a glass coffin was found near Walmesford, in Northamptonshire: the most com- 
 mon, however, were of stone. The introduction of these is lost in the distance of 
 time: they are traced from as early a period as the ninth century, and in the time of 
 Henry III. were generally used; after which they are of rare occurrence, says Dart. 
 Sayers, however, would lead us to enlarge their era two hundred years; and tells us 
 that, in the reigns of Henry V. and VI. they were made with necks, distinguishing 
 the head and shoulders. Wooden chests or tombs were introduced soon after the 
 conquest. “ Burial in lead does not appear to have been adopted before the time of 
 Edward I., and it then seems to have been confined to persons of high rank.” * 
 
 The most ancient stone coffins were buried, many having been found in barrows; 
 yet the principle which first operated being still continued, they were, as early as the 
 ninth century, so little sunk, that the top was level with the ground, and, being within 
 sight, became at once the cover and the memorial of the deceased : sometimes they 
 were placed upon the surface itself, and their sides ornamented with carving, as was 
 that before the south door of St. Nicholas’ chapel at Lynn. (Vide Architectural An- 
 tiquities of Norfolk.) In these situations, the top was generally ridged, en dos @ dne, 
 that it might throw off the wet, for its better preservation; and when the deceased 
 was a religious, or latterly, perhaps, a layman, was usually ornamented with a large 
 calvary cross, at first plain, but afterwards flory. Examples of these, with various 
 degrees of richness or extravagance, are to be met with im most of our Norfolk 
 churches. We sometimes meet with a large flat stone, having a small cross in the 
 centre, and one at each corner. These, however, are not monumental stones, but 
 have been altar-tables, and are thus marked, in allusion to the five wounds of Christ. 
 The simple cross flory may, when found in a church or chancel, be concluded to be 
 the memorial of some former rector; if it be joined with an escalop shell, it signifies 
 that the deceased had been on a pilgrimage to. St. James of Compostella; the cross 
 
 * Sayers’ Disquisitions, p. 204. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 | patée is the token of a Knight Templar. Where a sword is found with a cross or 
 crosier, it denotes a union of temporal with spiritual authority. None of these sculp- 
 tured coffins are probably anterior to the conquest. There are instances where a cross 
 is on the lower part of the lid, and, on the upper, a head or bust in basso relievo. 
 
 Contemporary with these is the full-length effigy in mezzo-relievo, of the same 
 piece with the lid, and usually of dark, shelly marble, as the knight at Mautby, (Sup- 
 plement, Plate I. page 53), and the lady at Stratton Strawless. Afterwards the coffin 
 was inclosed in a monument, on the top of which was placed a recumbent statue of 
 stone, or wood, or metal; which, improving in execution as the arts improved, and 
 | varying in dress and posture as our customs have varied, has descended to our time. 
 i} In the thirteenth century, we find the flat gravestone, level with the pavement, 
 with an inscription engraven round its border, or inlaid with fillets, tablets, crosses, or 
 effigies in brass. A cavity being cut in the stone, of the form, size, and depth of the 
 plate of metal, this is bedded therein with pitch, and fixed with rivets to the stone. 
 Those old letters, which now appear so deep and rudely cut, were only matrices for 
 brass capitals, which, as they were too small to be riveted like larger plates, were 
 sooner picked out, and yet the excavations are legible. 
 
 The earliest of these upon record is that of Simon de Beauchamp, who completed 
 the foundation of Newenham Abbey, and died before 1208, and was buried in front 
 of the high altar, in St. Paul’s church, at Bedford, “ with this epitaphe graven in 
 brass, and set on a flat marble stone :* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “ De Bello campo jacet hic sub marmore Simon 
 fundator de Newenham.” 
 
 | 
 | Jocelyn, Bishop of Wells, who died in 1242, had a brass in the choir there. 
 } Richard de Berking, Abbot of Westminster, who died in 1246, had his figure in pon- 
 | tificalibus, and an inscription on the ledge, in brass. Bishop Gravesend, 1279, had 
 his figure inlaid with brass, in Lincoln Cathedral. So was it also with Bishop Longe- 
 spée, 1297, at Salisbury; and with Elias de Beckenham, 1298, at Bottesham, Cam- 
 bridgeshire. “ Ela, Countes of Warwick, a woman of very great riches and nobilite, 
 lyethe under a very fair, flat marble, in the habit of a woues (vowess or nun) graven 
 in a coper plate,” says Leland, who speaks as an eye-witness. She died 1300. 
 These authorities assign an early date to brass figures; and, by the beginning of 
 1 | the fourteenth century, they were become so common, that, in 1308, a canon of Here- 
 ford could afford a very handsome one, though it is still the oldest sepulchral brass 
 now entire and well preserved that I have seen, says Gough, 1786. How fast such 
 memorials multiplied after that period, may be judged of by the following instances in 
 Norfolk alone. 
 | Thomas de Cailey, Rector of West Bradenham from 1318 to 1324, had a brass in 
 the chancel there. At the summit of the stone, in a niche like a quatrefoil, was the 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Leland, Itin. i. fol. 116. + Leland, Itin, ii. fol. 19, viii. fol. 71. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. vil 
 
 head of a priest in brass, and a cross runs the length of the stone, with something 
 couchant at the feet of it. The inscription in capitals round the rim, 
 
 Continet. hec. fossa. Thome. nune. corpus. et ossa. 
 Ecclesie. rector. hujus. extitit atque protector 
 Gratia, queso. Dei. propitietur. ei —Blomef. vi. 146. 
 
 William de Nieuport, Prebendary of Credington and Wells, and Rector of Reden- 
 hale, 1326, had one with his figure, and an inscription in ancient capitals. 
 
 Ici: gist: sire: Will: de: Nieuport: jadis: persone: de: ceste : eglise: prebend : de: Credington: et: 
 de: Welles: qui: mil: ccc... priet : pur: V alme: que: Dieux: en: eit: merci: Amen: 
 Blomef. v. 358. 
 
 Blomefield (v. 194) describes a slab robbed of its brasses in St. Mary’s church, at 
 Stratton, for Sir Roger de Bourne, who died in 1331. 
 
 In our Lady’s chapel, at Hethersett church, he mentions an altar-tomb, having 
 the portraiture of a knight armed cap-d-pied, with a sword hanging from his head, 
 which lies on a cushion, his spurs on, and a lion at his feet ; he is in a surcoat of his 
 arms, and hath his shield of them, viz. Bernak, Ermine a fess, gules. By him is his 
 lady, with a dog at her feet; and on her mantle are the arms of Bernak impaling 
 Driby, argent, three cinquefoils and a canton gules. The inscription was, 
 
 Obitus Domini Willi de Bernak, m ccc xxxix. vi. mensis Aprilis. 
 Obitus Domine Alicie de Bernak, mccc xu. x11. die Aprilis.—Blomef. v. 30. 
 
 That of Sir Hugh Hastings, at Hlsing, is referred to 1347. That of Walter 
 Stutelee, Rector of East Dereham, is but two years later; as also that of Sir Edmund 
 Illey and his lady, at Holme Hale church, thus inscribed : 
 
 Vous que cette tomb voies, pour les ames Edmond Illeye, Chevalier, et Alice, sa femme et les enfans 
 priez. 
 Blomef. vi. 13. 
 
 The brass of Adam de Walsokne and wife, at Lynn, of the same date, is in the 
 highest state of perfection, and is followed in fifteen years by its compeer, that of 
 Robert Braunch and his two wives. From this period down to the time of the first 
 Charles they are very common: one occurs so late as 1702, for John Somers, at Cerne, 
 in Dorset, and even in 1776, for the learned Jeremiah Markland, in Dorking church. 
 
 Figures are sometimes engraven in the stone itself, and not inlaid with metal. 
 The earliest instance of this species of insculpture is at Wyberton, in Lincolnshire, 
 and commemorates Adam de Franton and his wife Sibilla, 1325. In Derbyshire they 
 are common; but in Norfolk I have met with only two: one is at Geystwick; the 
 other at Dersingham, which covers the grave of John Pell, 1607, and is given in this 
 work, Plate LXXXVIII. More frequent is the inscription cut between two straight 
 lines, and forming a border to the stone. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vill INTRODUCTION. 
 
 On the continent are * brasses bearing as early a date, or at least commemorating 
 persons who died at as early a period, as in our own country. A plate OL copper 
 enamelled, in the church of St. Julien, at Mans, exhibits the figure of Geoffroi le Bel, 
 Comte de Maine, who died 1150. A second instance, and perhaps more coeval with 
 the person whom it represents, is that of Robert de Suzanne, king of arms, who died 
 in 1260. Both these are engraven in Montfaucon’s Monum. de la Mon. Frangaise, ii. 
 t. 12. f. 7, and t. 29. f.3. Margaret, Queen of France, consort of St. Louis, who died 
 1295, had a tomb plated with brass (tombe platte de cuivre) in the church of St: 
 Denys. In the same church, among several other brasses, were those of Mathieu de 
 Vendosme, Gilles de Pontoise, and Guy de Castres, Abbots of St. Denys, who died in 
 the years 1286, 1326, 1350, respectively. Many figures, in the same style, appear to 
 have been engraven in stone (pierre de liais). (Vide Felibien’s Histoire de ? Abbaye 
 de St. Denys.) A brass plate, in a church at Arras, was engraven with the figure of 
 a man bareheaded, with short curled hair, in a close round coat down to the feet, 
 fastened round the waist with a girdle, from which depends on the right side a purse, 
 and on the left a short sword. On his left is his wife, ina gauze head-dress, extend- 
 ing wide behind, but close in front, and square at the top, with an embroidered kirtle, 
 and flowing mantle. The head of each is supported by a pillow. Their hands are 
 closed, pointing upwards, and two dogs are seated at their feet. At the upper corners 
 two angels hold the carpet, which is the ground of the plate, and on which the persons 
 appear to recline. This commemorates Robert le Jove, Bailly d’ Amiens et Gouver- 
 neur d’ Arras, et Dame I’ Aiguicourt sa feme, and is dated 1463. Engraven stones 
 are to be seen in abundance in the north of France (they may be equally common all 
 over it); but at Rouen and St. Omer they are particularly beautiful. 
 
 Now all those above-mentioned are executed in the style of the brasses at Lynn. 
 They are not mere effigies let into the stone; but are large sheets of metal, covering 
 the whole, and, where not occupied by the effigies itself, are filled with tabernacle 
 work, or represent an embroidered carpet. It is further observable, that, in the 
 brasses in France, and those at Elsing and Lynn, the effigies have cushions under 
 their heads, which are to be found in none other of that epoch in Norfolk: this 
 
 * T ought, perhaps, rather to have spoken in the past tense; the French Revolution having been 
 even more destructive to such memorials abroad, than the times of our own Commonwealth were with us. 
 
 + See Stothard’s Monumental Effigies, Plate 1I. There is no authority for attributing this monu- 
 mental plate to Geoflry Plantagenet, whose arms were, or are said to have been, Gules a chief argent, 
 over all an escarbuncle of eight points pomelty fleury or, while those on the shield, which appears in 
 profile, are Azure four lions (or six if displayed) or. Stothard seems to have relied on Montfaucon. 
 The arms mentioned by the monk of Marmoustier were lions in a field gules instead of azure, which 
 has been the traditionary blazon from the conquest of the bearing of England ; and there is nothing in 
 the Latin inscription on the plate to fix it to Geoffry. It is with much more probability referred by 
 Sandford to William D’Evreux, Earl of Salisbury, the father of Ela, wife of William Longespee ; for 
 it is more likely that the latter would take the paternal arms to the earldom than those of his grand- 
 father (if such they were), especially as he was an illegitimate grandson. 
 
 We must, therefore, take 
 from the antiquity of this enamelled plate at least fifty years. S.R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 feature seems more decidedly to indicate their being of the same family. Two brasses, 
 which, there is every reason to suppose, are of the same period as those at Lynn, and 
 were probably executed by the same artist, are found in Hertfordshire: one, in the 
 abbey church of St. Alban’s, commemorates Abbat Thomas De la Mare, who died 1396; 
 but this representation was certainly executed at an earlier time, very probably about 
 1356, when he solicited permission from Edward III. to retire from the station of 
 Abbat:: or else, on the completion of the extensive buildings shortly after projected 
 by him, at St. Alban’s. This, like the Lynn brasses, is composed of several sheets, 
 forming together one immense plate of metal, 9 feet 3 by 4 feet 4: it is engraved by 
 Carter, in his Ancient Sculpture and Painting. See Plate XXXIII, new edition. A 
 second, doubtless by the same hand, though inferior in size, and not formed like the 
 others of one plate, the effigy being detached from the tabernacle work which surrounds 
 it, may, however, vie with the rest in elegant design and delicate workmanship. It 
 represents an ecclesiastic, probably an incumbent of the church of North Mimms, 
 where it exists: and although no clue has yet been found to identify the person, it 
 is doubtless of the same period as the other, about the middle of the fourteenth 
 century. This has been etched by Blore, in Clutterbuck’s History of Herts, i. 464. It 
 is worthy of remark, that on none of these brasses, which exhibit the most lavish 
 display of ornament, appear indications of the beautiful art of enamelling having been 
 employed to give variety and relief to the intricate design. As, however, we find that 
 in the brass of Sir Hugh Hastings, some parts in which regular cross hatchings appear, 
 were originally enamelled, a representation of which is given in the Ancient Painting, 
 Plate LXXI, it is possible that enamel may have been similarly introduced in these. 
 Indeed it may be a question, whether, besides the practice of enamelling parts of the 
 field, or ground of the plate, which usually were hollowed out, to receive a layer of 
 the coloured composition, the engravers of brasses did not also heighten the effect of 
 their work by filling up the lines themselves, in common instances with some black 
 composition, but occasionally with colour or enamel. Their elegance, too, and 
 beauty, when compared with their contemporary at Ingham, or even with any which 
 succeeded them, compel us, if not to grant to France the honour of the invention, at 
 least to acknowledge that her artists had, in sculpture, advanced immeasurably 
 before their brethren of England.* 
 
 The intercourse with the continent, through the port of Lynn, enabled the 
 wealthy merchants and manufacturers of that ancient town to obtain the richest 
 brasses; and it is a circumstance worth notice, that these brasses are not in one 
 entire piece, but composed of several squares, for the greater convenience of packing 
 and importation. It was probably owing to the interest excited by these early ex- 
 
 * This fact I believe to be undoubted ; and they had outstripped us in architecture at least as much 
 as in sculpture ; but, upon the origin of the Sepulchral Brasses, I have just seen an opinion by a sen- 
 sible and well-informed writer in the Gentleman’s Magazine for April, 1818, p. 299, that « they were 
 invented in Flanders, and sent to England, chiefly from Ghent, and are therefore found to abound 
 chiefly in those countries which supplied the Flemings with wool.” A.W, 
 
 b 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 amples, that this species of sepulchral monument came to be generally adopted in 
 Norfolk, which, above every other county, abounds in brasses, commemorating her 
 knights, and citizens, and yeomen. The hand of rapine or of fanaticism has robbed 
 her of by far the greater part of what she once possessed: every effigy in her Cathe- 
 dral church at Norwich, every morsel of brass at Yarmouth, is gone; nor is there a 
 village church but bears the mark of the despoiler’s violence.. A portion of the mis- 
 chief is to be traced as high as the Reformation ; still more is ascribable to the mad 
 fury of the Commonwealth; and what remained from these has in our days gradually 
 been disappearing : here, from the ignorant stupidity of parish officers ; there, from the 
 thievishness of workmen; but, in too many instances, | am sorry to say, from the 
 inconceivable folly and villany of antiquaries themselves, who have been the cause of 
 an immense number of sepulchral brasses, and of a still greater quantity of painted 
 glass, being stolen from the churches which they illustrated and adorned. This work, 
 however, contains a selection from above three hundred whole-length figures yet 
 remaining, besides numerous busts. I ought to have said lately remaining ; for, in 
 1800, the chancel at Ingham was completely swept of all its beautiful memorials of 
 the Stapleton family. They were sold as old metal, and it was commonly reported by 
 whom they were sold and bought; but nobody sought to recover them: neither 
 minister nor churchwarden cared for any of those things. 
 
 Mr. Gough has mentioned an instance, in Norton Disney church, Lincolnshire, of 
 a brass, bearing a Dutch inscription, having been turned and engraven with an effigy, 
 about 1580. A similar instance of economy, though not on so large a scale, occurs 
 in the stone of Anna Clere, at Stokesby, in 1570. A brass tablet, longer than was 
 wanted, but not of sufficient width, was cut into three pieces, and thus made to 
 answer the purpose. The middle piece is gone: the lower, being loose, discovers 
 part of an inscription in bold Roman characters, finely relieved, and very sharply cut. 
 There is sufficient of it to show that it also is Dutch, but not the purport. It is by 
 no means uncommon, on turning up those tablets which bear merely an inscription, 
 to find them cut from some effigy; and in one instance, a tablet to the memory of a 
 man in the sixteenth century, bears on the reverse a like memorial of one in the 
 century preceding. These, however, we may suppose were spoils of the monasteries 
 sacked and pillaged by Henry VIII. rather than the fruits of that system of petty 
 thieving, which, ere long, will equally clear our churches. 
 
 Some of the brasses were enamelled in various colours. That of Sir Hugh 
 Hastings was so; and Mr. Carter has given a plate of one of the smaller figures, as it 
 originally appeared. See Ancient Sculpture and Painting, Plate LX XI, new edit. The 
 fillet of jewellery round the head of Joan, lady of Sir Miles Stapleton, 1365, at 
 Ingham, was represented by composition of different colours, which, in spite of ill 
 usage, remained entire till 1800. The surcoat of the knight also was enamelled; so 
 was the brass of Sir Ralph Shelton and lady, at Great Snoring: that of L’Estrange, at 
 
 Hunstanton, bears to this day marks of brilliant enamelling ; likewise does that of Sir 
 
 Simon Felbrigge, standard-bearer to Richard IL, at Felbrigge, where gilding is added 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 to heighten the effect of the heraldic tinctures. This art of enamelling flourished 
 particularly at Limoges, in France: Charpentier observes, that it was a frequent orna- 
 ment of the most sumptuous tombs. Occasionally some parts of the dress are repre- 
 sented by lead, as in the case of Sir Thomas Sherborn and lady, 1418. Lead is fre- 
 quently intermixed with brass, in coats of arms. In the chapel -belonging to the 
 Berneys, at Reedham, 1504, the shields, inlaid at the corners of the stone, are lead, 
 blazoned in their proper colours.* 
 
 It was a custom at Wadhurst, in Sussex, where there were iron-founderies, and in 
 the neighbourhood, when a person was buried within the church, to lay, in place of a 
 stone, a thick iron plate, with the name, arms, &c. of the deceased cast thereon. In 
 Yarmouth church, to the wall of the north aisle, is affixed a similar plate, with an 
 inscription cast in relievo, to the memory of George England, 1674. 
 
 There is little difference in the attitudes of those statues which were placed on 
 coffins, or monuments. They are all recumbent, with the head supported by a 
 cushion, till about 1350, and subsequently by a crested helmet, and with the feet 
 resting against some animal. Till about 1230, we find a knight drawing his sword, 
 and the bishop and abbot with the hand uplifted, as in the act of blessing}: from that 
 time, nearly all have the hands joined over the breast, in the attitude of prayer. The 
 case is much the same with the brass figures; unless, indeed, they may be supposed 
 to stand, rather than lie, the generality having neither cushion nor helmet under the 
 head. The husband has his wife on the left hand; but the exceptions from this rule 
 are frequent. At the end of the fifteenth century they commonly face each other, 
 and are often kneeling: sometimes, when in this attitude, after the Reformation, 
 a book lies open before them on a desk, termed a prie-Dieu, and, instead of in- 
 treating the prayers of the passers-by, they pray for themselves. Sir John Spelman 
 and lady are thus represented at Narburgh, in 1545, with the prayer issuing from 
 their lips. From some plates the phrases ‘ Orate pro anima,’ and ‘ cujus anime pro- 
 pitietur Deus’ have been effaced, lest, being obnoxious to the zeal of the Puritans, the 
 plates themselves should have been torn away. Croisaders, not they only who served 
 in the Holy Wars, but they also who contributed pecuniarily, or vowed to serve, or even 
 to visit the Holy Sepulchre, are cross-legged, usually with the right leg over the left. 
 Founders have models of churches in their hands; and priests, robed according to 
 the respective orders or degrees, hold chalices or bibles. Alice Clere, 1538, at 
 Ormesby, has a heart between her hands, like Agatha de Narburgh, 1293. 
 
 Norfolk does not contain a single example of the cross-legged effigy in brass. 
 There are two in the neighbouring county, (vid. Selection of Suffolk Brasses, 
 Plates I. and II.) at Acton and at Gorleston. The former is a memorial of Robert de 
 
 * The metallic composition, which is of very frequent occurrence in parts of sepulchral brasses, 
 resembling lead, but usually much harder than that metal, was probably only a ground upon which the 
 enamel or other colouring was applied. A.W. 
 
 + Abbots usually held the crosier with the right hand, bishops with the left. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Buers. In Buers church was an inscription, as given by Weever, “ Hic jacet Andreas 
 de Buers, et Robtus de Buers, fili? ejusdem Andree milit}, qui Andreas obiit 12 
 die Aprilis A° Dili 1360, et détus Robtus obiit 7 die mensis Octob. A° Diii 1361, 
 quot aiab®, &e.” Yet does Gough suppose this Robert to have been buried at 
 Acton, and to be represented by this effigy; but so ill do his mail armour and 
 long surcoat agree with the costume of that day, that I would rather suppose it 
 the grandfather of Sir Andrew than his son, and date it about 1300.* Whom the 
 effigy at Gorleston represents 1 have no means of guessing. Report ascribes it to a 
 Bacon. By the vambraces and gousettes of plate, it appears rather later than the 
 other. The first instance of them that Iam acquainted with, is on the monument 
 of Aymer de Valence, 1323. (Vid. Stothard’s Monum. Effigies.) Only two others are 
 known. One at Trumpington is supposed to cover Sir Roger de Trumpington, 1289. 
 The other at Chartham, in Kent, represents a Septvans (Gough says Sir William 
 Septvans, who was living in 1382). Could we suppose it Sir Robert Septvans, con- 
 temporary with Sir Roger de Trumpington, it would better agree with the description 
 given of it in Sepulchr. Mon. ii. 108+ 
 
 The three last-mentioned effigies have those standing ailettes or pennons behind 
 them, termed gonfanons +; and they are the only instances among all our sepulchral 
 monuments. Those of the figure at Gorleston are charged with the cross of St. George ; 
 the others with the arms of the wearers. These gonfanons are common on French 
 monuments. Sir Jerre de Bleneu, 1285; Robert fifth Karl of Dreux, 1329; and 
 several intermediate examples, are mentioned by Gough: and before 1329, I would, 
 judging by the dress, date the latest instance in our country. 
 
 Children, when depictured on their parents’ gravestone, are usually grouped. 
 Sons kneel behind their father, or stand about his feet ; and daughters are with their 
 mother; as on the stone of Roger Felthorp, at Blickling, 1454: sometimes they are 
 close ranged in a line beneath, as the sixteen children of William Yelverton, at 
 Rougham, 1586 ; at other times they stand on separate pedestals, as the Cremers, at 
 Snettisham, 1610; or have their names subscribed, as under the Symondes, at Cley, 
 1518. Where a man has a family by two wives, care is taken that each mother shall 
 
 * By the note contributed by Mr. Gage to the new edition, it will be seen this figure is of the 
 date 1331. 
 
 + The brass at Chartham appears to be nearly contemporary with that at Acton, and would seem 
 by a few letters of the inscription, which may be decyphered, to represent William de Septvans, son of 
 Sir Robert de Septvans; he died 16 Edw. II. 1322-3. If this be correct, the brass at Acton, to 
 which it is certain that the inscription aboye quoted had no reference, may probably be assigned to 
 Robert de Bures, who died 5 Edw. III. 1331: and this supposition is confirmed by comparison with 
 the brass at Stoke Dabernon, Surrey, which is similar in character and execution to the others, but 
 the legs are not crossed. This last by the inscription appears to represent Sir John de Abernoun, 
 senior, who was returned by the sheriff in 1822, as too infirm to attend a summons to the great council. 
 See Parl. Writs. A.W. 
 
 { They were perhaps sometimes so termed, but their proper name is ailettes (or little wings). 
 See the authorities in Sir S. R. Meyrick’s Critical Enquiry into Antient Armour. 
 
 ; 3 The gonfanons were, 
 strictly speaking, the small flags, like ships’ vanes, at the end of lances. S. R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 have the honour only of her own. Under the brass figures of two of the Carew 
 family, at Beddington, 1414, the children are represented by thirteen busts. The 
 effigies of children on the parents’ tomb are not common till the end of the 
 fifteenth century. If “ the glory of children are their fathers,” at this time the fathers 
 appear to have had no less glory in many children, and omit not an opportunity 
 of displaying it; nay, so zealous were they, that their deceased offspring are repre- 
 sented in winding-sheets, but a little apart from their living brethren. Richard 
 Calthorp, 1554, pourtrays on his gravestone the effigies of nineteen children; and the 
 stone of William Berdewell, at West Herling, in 1460, commemorates a family of 
 thirty sons and daughters. : 
 
 The heads of military men (prior to 1350), and those of kings, ladies, ecclesi- 
 astics, and burgesses, when represented recumbent, rest on cushions, single or double, 
 called, in the Lincolnshire church notes of 1629, in the British Museum, a “ pillow 
 and bolster.” On each side of these is usually placed an angel, emblematic perhaps 
 of the ministering angels, who are ever about the path and bed of the faithful, 
 smooth the pillow of the dying, and carry the disembodied soul to receive the blessing 
 of its Maker. This last part of their office is shown on the Elsing brass, where, as 
 from the head of the knight, two angels are carrying to heaven in a sheet his glorified 
 spirit. On the Lynn brasses, the soul is traced to its utmost stage, and is seated in 
 the bosom of the Father; to whom the angels are offering incense, and in whose 
 praise they are striking their celestial harps. The most beautiful example of this is 
 given by Gough, ii. p. 311, from the monument of Lady Percy, at Beverley Minster. 
 
 In no writer do I find a satisfactory account of the animals placed at the feet of 
 effigies. A knight has generally a lion, sometimes a dog; and Sir Bryan Stapleton, 
 on his brass at Ingham, rests one foot on a lion and the other on a dog, whose name 
 “ Jakke” is written on a label: other animals are occasionally found in the same 
 situation.* The dog is almost constantly sitting at the ladies’ feet. In many in- 
 stances, they are doubtless the cognizance, or supporter of the arms of the deceased, as 
 the white horse at the feet of the Earls of Arundel ; or a rebus of the name, as the rabbit 
 on the brass of Walter Coney, in St. Margaret’s church, Lynn: but this solution 
 affects few cases. Readily, therefore, do I adopt the opinion of Dawson Turner, esq. 
 whose suggestions I ever gladly follow, as the beacon conducting me to the right 
 point, that the lion is there meant the type of strength and courage, qualities of course 
 inherent in every knight; and the dog, of attention and fidelity, virtues inseparable 
 from the female character: for chivalry boasts that all her sons are brave, and all her 
 daughters virtuous. 
 
 This explanation, however, will not solve the enigma on the great Lynn brasses. 
 Gough says, “ Under the feet of Robert Braunch is a singular, but classical repre- 
 sentation of Prometheus and the Vulture.” If it be allowable to differ from such au- 
 thority, I would say, that the fable of Prometheus entered not into the designer’s 
 
 
 
 
 * At Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, are brasses of Sir John Cassy, who died 1400, and his lady, at 
 
 whose feet is a little dog with the name “ Terri” inscribed on a label. A. W. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 thoughts; but, as over the heads of the effigies he has given us his idea of heaven 
 above, so in this case does he give us that of hell beneath; with the infidel in tor- 
 ments, fallen under the power of the evil one, “ the lion that walketh about, seeking 
 whom he may devour ;” “ the great dragon, whose abode is in the bottomless pit.” 
 
 The effigy is generally intended to represent the person as alive: nobles and 
 burgesses, priests and laymen, all are attired in their richest apparel. Occasionally in 
 the fifteenth century, and more frequently afterwards, an attempt is made to show the 
 present state of the deceased and the change he has undergone, by the figure of a 
 skeleton, or of a corpse in a shroud tied over the head and feet. There are many of 
 this species of monitory memorial in Norfolk, and I have given a selection exhibiting 
 its varieties. The skeleton of Thomas Childes, 1452, at St. Lawrence’s church, Nor- 
 wich, is an early specimen. At Rougham, the swaddling-clothes of two infants 
 become their winding-sheets. 
 
 On the stone of Archdeacon Rudyng, 1482, atBiggleswade, Death, under the 
 image of a skeleton, armed with several spears, is holding a dialogue with his victim. 
 At the distance of nearly a century, he appears again, under the same form, at Lowes- 
 toft, in Suffolk ; where “ mortifera tela cruenta manu Mors fera visceribus torsit” of 
 Thomas Annot, in 1577. 
 
 The barrow, the gigantic and truly wonderful monument of early times, ill ac- 
 complished the purpose for which it was raised: the name of its tenant, and the 
 memory of his deeds, soon passed away. It bears, however, a testimony widely dif- 
 ferent from that of the monument of our days. While this, attributing to the de- 
 ceased such a combination of virtue and talent as man possesses not, proves the pride 
 merely that existed in his bosom or in that of his heir, or possibly the blind affection 
 of a sorrowing individual; that shows the gratitude and enthusiastic admiration of a 
 people, thus urged to such an enormous expense of labour, at a time when money 
 existed not, and fame could not be purchased. The simple tablet of brass has done 
 better, and, in many instances, has delivered to the successive generations of nearly 
 six hundred years the name committed to its charge; with a request, that all who 
 read it would pray for the deceased, and that God would have mercy upon his soul; 
 leaving it to us to infer that, raised a little above his contemporaries in wealth and 
 influence, he was in all other respects such an one as ourselves. 
 
 For many ages after the conquest, learning, even in its humblest forms, being con- 
 fined to the clergy, upon them devolved the office of writing epitaphs; and the Latin 
 language was generally adopted. Norman French, however, was introduced in the 
 thirteenth century. The epitaphs of Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 1221, and of 
 William de Tracy, 1223, are the first in this tongue, and are followed, at the distance 
 of fifty years, by that of Henry III. ; afterwards, instances of it occur more and more 
 frequently, till, by 1350, it became as common as Latin, and continued so till the begin- 
 ning of the next century, when it suddenly disappeared, the latest instance recorded 
 by Gough being on the brass of Sir John Cobham, 1407. It is to be observed, that it 
 very seldom was used but for the laity; though the epitaph of William de Nieuport, 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xv 
 
 1326, rector of Redenhale, before mentioned, shows that it was not wholly confined 
 to them. About the time that French ceased on our monuments, English probably 
 began to take its place; the first instance of it, that I meet with, being on the brass of 
 Judge Notingham, 1414, at Holm by the Sea, in this county. Our native language, 
 however, but seldom occurs before the reign of Henry VII.; then it is frequent; and, 
 by the middle of the sixteenth century, in common use, and had completely superseded 
 the Latin. 
 
 Turning from language itself to the mode of representing it, I transcribe the fol- 
 lowing, from Sayers’ Disquisitions (p. 205), as illustrative of the subject before me : 
 
 “ Saxon characters, or characters much resembling them, commonly denominated 
 Langobardic, were chiefly used in inscriptions on tombs, &c. from the time of the 
 Norman conquest, till the beginning of the fourteenth century.* The Gothic letter, 
 ‘ or church text,’ then prevailed, and continued in use in sepulchral and other brasses 
 and tablatures till about the end of the sixteenth century, when the Roman character 
 was revived. I have said revived, because it may be inferred, I imagine, from the 
 inscription on the tomb of Arthur, discovered at Glastonbury by Henry IL., that the 
 Roman letters, or most of them at least, had been adopted by the Britons in the sixth 
 century, or before that time. On the cross of Ovinus, mentioned in Bentham’s Ely, and 
 deemed to be a work of the seventh century, the Roman character again occurs. It 
 afterwards appears at various, though unequal and distant intervals. Very few of the 
 letters on the coffin-lid of Gundreda, daughter of the Conqueror, the wife of Harl 
 Warren, 1081, at Southover church, Sussex, partake of the Saxon form: those on the 
 stone of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 1139, are altogether Roman ; as is the inscription 
 on the tomb of Philippa Duchess of York, 1431, and those on the brasses of Sir 
 Robert Clere, at Ormesby, 1529, and of Sir Thomas Boleyn, father of the Queen, Earl 
 of Wiltshire and Ormond, 1539, in Hever church. The Roman letters continued also 
 to be cut on brass during the reign of Edward VI., and part of Elizabeth’s, but not so 
 frequent. 
 
 “ Before the disuse of the Langobardic letter, a small cross was prefixed to the 
 legend. Iam not aware that the figure of a fish (the emblem of our Saviour) was 
 ever so common upon the tombs of this country, as upon those of the Christians at 
 Rome. It occurs, however, on some monuments of the sixteenth century: as on that 
 of Bishop Stanley, in the collegiate church of Manchester, and on that of Cardinal 
 Pole, in Canterbury Cathedral. It is said by Prosper to have been adopted from an 
 union of the initials of the following words—Iyjcous Xprrros, Ocov Vics, Borne. 
 
 aanenlertens AX Q are also, I believe, very rarely to be met with on sepulchral 
 tablets in this island. They are not unfrequent in Catholic countries, or at least in 
 
 * He should have said the middle of the fourteenth century; the first recorded instance of Gothic 
 
 
 
 or church text being on the brass of William de Rotherselle, 1351; and the last instance of the Lango- 
 bardic, on the stone covering the bowels of Bishop Skirlaw, at Howden, in Yorkshire, 1405. This 
 latter, however, mixed with Roman capitals, formed the circumscription of our seals, according to Gough, 
 to the sixteenth century. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Italy, where they chiefly appear in inscriptions of the eleventh and twelfth centuries ; 
 an engraving, however, of a very old tablet, probably of the seventh century, in which 
 these letters occur, may be seen in Montfaucon. (Travels in Italy, 8vo, p. 129.) The 
 letters IHS, which occur in our churches, &c. are erroneously deemed to be the 
 initials of ‘ Jesus Hominum Salvator,’ as the H is an Eta, and the whole is an ancient 
 and common contraction of the word Iycous.” 
 
 Arabic numerals never appear on sepulchral monuments before the middle of the 
 fifteenth century; till that time dates were always expressed in words or a circumlo- 
 cution of phrases, or in Roman or Romano-Lombardic capitals.. The first instance of 
 Arabic numerals that I have met with in Norfolk, is on the brass of William Yelverton, 
 at Rougham, 1481. The date, 1452, on the brass of Katharine Howard, Duchess 
 of Norfolk, at Stoke, in the adjoining county, being copied from Weever, is of no 
 authority ; as he frequently expresses in Arabic numerals, that which on the monu- 
 ment is given in words. 
 
 In turning from these subjects to the costume of our fathers, and the various 
 changes or improvements it underwent from the influence of caprice or the progress 
 of knowledge, a wider field lies before me; and the subject will be best understood by 
 inspection of the plates themselves: yet the following remarks, extracted principally 
 from the Introduction to Gough’s Sepulchral Monuments, a work not within the 
 reach of readers in general, may, perhaps, in this place, be not altogether without 
 their use. 
 
 Though the monuments, commemorating some of the burgesses at Lynn, and 
 exemplifying the civil costume, are among the earliest, and are far the most splendid 
 of the kind to be met with in this county, or perhaps in the whole kingdom, I shall, 
 nevertheless, begin with noticing the military habit, as at that time almost every dis- 
 tinguished layman adopted the profession of arms. Armour may be divided into mail 
 and plated. By mail, I mean that which was composed of rings, commonly double, 
 or small circular plates, as contradistinguished from the large plates, which were 
 fastened by straps and buckles, and which gradually encroached upon the former. 
 Mail itself appears to have been of two kinds. First, Rings, mutually interlinked, so 
 that each is connected with four others; the kind generally represented on brasses. 
 Second, Chains, or detached rings, or circular plates, sewed on a leathern or woollen 
 garment, and overlapping each other like scales.* 
 
 An ancient writer describes a knight as arming himself in the following manner : 
 “ He first drew on the Chausses, or breeches of mail; he then put on a Goubaison, or 
 Gambeson, a vestment fitted to the body, and reaching to the middle of the thighs ; 
 to this succeeded the Gorget, called in French hausse col ; and over the gorget he 
 placed a Hauberk, or shirt of mail, which reached to his knees; and the breeches, or 
 hose of mail, were attached to the hauberk; so was also a Capuchon, or hood of mail, 
 
 * This subject is treated of at great length in my paper in the xixth vol. of the Archwologia, on 
 
 * the Body Armour anciently worn in England,” and in that on the « Military Garments formerly 
 worn in England.” S.R.M, 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. xvii 
 
 which covered the head, and might occasionally be thrown back upon the shoulders. 
 The hauberk was girt with a large belt, or girdle of leather, called anciently in French 
 Baudrier, and in English Baudricke, and from which the Sword depended: besides 
 the sword, the knight usually wore a small knife or Dagger, called Mercy ; because, 
 when a combatant was cast to the ground, and saw the knife in the hand of his oppo- 
 nent, he begged for mercy, if he desired to be respited from death.”* By a leathern 
 girdle} round the neck hung a Shield; the heels were equipped with Spurs, the 
 insignia of his dignity. These were of two sorts: { one, with a single point, called a 
 pryck ; the other, consisting of a number of points, radiating from, and revolving on, 
 a centre, and thence termed the rouelle, or wheel-spur: the first prevailed till the 
 middle of the fourteenth century, though the other was occasionally used. Over all, 
 men of considerable family wore surcoats, charged with their armorial bearings. 
 
 At first, the mail, which protected the head and throat, was part of the same 
 piece which covered the whole body with the arms; but, as this much confined the 
 
 
 
 
 
 motion of the head, it was, before 1300, separated, and formed a hood, falling on the 
 breast and shoulders, and over the hauberk. Over this appears to have been worn a 
 steel helmet, somewhat resembling an inverted kettle. Of this helmet we have no 
 example on brasses, nor have we any of the hood of mail in Norfolk, though in Suffolk 
 there are two, at Acton and Gorleston. (Vid. Suffolk Brasses.) About the beginning 
 of the reign of Edward III., this double covering was simplified, and the mail pro- 
 tecting the throat (the Camail,{) was neatly attached, by studs and a silk cord, 
 to a pointed steel scull-cap, termed a basinet, || such as that worn by Sir Miles 
 Stapleton ; and this continued about one hundred years. The helmet of Sir Hugh 
 Hastings is of rare occurrence: it is a round steel cap, fastened probably with a 
 thong, having a visor (visiere), which falls upon, and is fitted to, a broad steel collar 
 or gorget, embracing the neck, and coming so high as to protect the chin also: the 
 visor is represented as lifted up, and so are those of three knights, at the side of his 
 canopy. 
 
 Thomas Earl of Lancaster, eldest son of Edmund Crouchback, who was beheaded 
 at Pontefract in 1322, is the first we know whose helmet is surmounted by a Crest.4] 
 
 The gambeson (called also haketon,** jaque, and by a variety of other names,) 
 
 * Vide Strutt’s Dresses, ii. p. 171. 
 + This was termed the Guige or Gige ; hence Chaucer’s expression, which has puzzled all his com- 
 
 
 
 mentators, “‘ gigging their shields.” S.R.M. 
 
 t There was another that preceded these, termed the spear-spur, which had an elongated pyramid 
 of iron, and is apparent in Anglo-Saxon and Frankish illuminations, as well as in the Bayeux tapestry. 
 Specimens are preserved in the principal armoury at Goodrich Court. S.R.M. 
 
 § So called from its resemblance to the camalaucum or tippet of camel’s hair, S.R.M. 
 
 || The only specimen of the basinet of Edw. IJ. and Edw. ITI.’s time is at Goodrich Court. It 
 came from Naples. S,R.M. 
 
 {{ Except in equestrian figures on seals. S.R.M. 
 
 ** The distinction is clearly pointed out in Sir R. Meyrick’s paper in the Archexologia before 
 mentioned. 
 
 c 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 was a kind of long double waistcoat of buckram or leather, and stuffed with wool, 
 tow, or hair (in itself no inconsiderable defence), for the purpose of making the iron 
 shirt sit more easy upon the body, and also of breaking the stroke of the lance, which, 
 though unable to pierce the mail, might otherwise have driven it into the flesh. 
 
 The hauberk, or coat of mail, with sleeves and gloves, stockings and shoes, was 
 the great defence of the body, and is sometimes understood to be the whole mail- 
 armour of a knight. Between this and the haubergeon we are told there was a dif- 
 ference, but in what this difference consisted we are nowhere (that I know) clearly 
 informed : according to Grose, the latter wanted the sleeves of the former, and was a 
 less complete covering.* Collecting, however, all that Iam able on the subject, I 
 venture to put it as a question (rather than an opinion), whether the haubergeon was 
 not the lighter hauberk, or shirt of mail, worn in the fourteenth century, strengthened 
 and supported by the breastplate, and other pieces of plate-armour, which helped to 
 defend the limbs. Immediately under the hauberk was a gorget, or throat-piece; a 
 collar of steel fitted to the throat, for its better protection. This, probably, was the 
 source or beginning of the breastplate, afterwards adopted for the greater security of 
 the breast ; and which last itself eventually became the cuirass, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, when the haubergeon was laid aside. 
 
 Mail armour, to use the words of Gough, maintained its ground from the Nor- 
 man conquest to the reign of Henry IV., who is the last of our Kings that appears in 
 it on his great seal. But this must be understood as having respect to the body only : 
 it had gradually fallen into disuse for the limbs during the preceding century. The 
 same author goes on to say, that when plated armour came into fashion, it was com- 
 posed of different pieces for the back, breast, shoulders, arms, hands, thighs, knees, 
 legs, and feet, under the several names of cuirass (comprising a back and breastplate), 
 pauldrons, brassarts or gardebras, or vambraces (avant bras), gauntlets, cuissarts with 
 genouillieres, greaves,-- and iron shoes. The vambraces included all the defence of 
 the arm, from the shouldert to the wrist. At the joint or bend they were cut ob- 
 liquely ; and the vacancies on the inside, when the arms were extended, were pro- 
 tected by plates, called goussetts, § of various forms, as hearts, circles, ovals, irregular 
 triangles, and squares, more or less adorned. Sometimes these arm-pieces, in the 
 upper division, or from the elbow to the shoulder, left the mail-shirt partially bare, or 
 only covered the outer part of the arm ; and sometimes the shoulder-pieces were divided 
 into several scales or folds, at a greater or less distance from each other. 
 
 The other gauntlets were of mail: afterwards they were made of small plates of 
 
 * It did not reach so low down as the hauberk. S.R.M. 
 
 + Called also jambs and sollorets. S.R.M. 
 
 { From the elbow to the wrist, while that from the elbow to the shoulder was termed the rerebrace 
 or arriére bras. S.R.M. 
 
 § The goussetts or gussets were the pieces of mail applied to the arm-pits, the bends of the elbows, 
 
 and knees, and also the insteps. Gussets of plate were not known before the time of Henry VII, and 
 then only used as protections to the arm-pits. §.R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 iron or steel, riveted together in imitation of a lobster’s tail, so as to yield to every 
 motion of the hand: some inclosed the whole hand in one case; others were divided 
 into fingers, each finger consisting of eight or ten joints, lined with buff leather like a 
 glove: in general, they reached no higher than to the wrist. 
 
 To the back part of the cuirass was affixed a piece of armour, called Garde de 
 reins, or Culettes.* The cuisses were composed either of stripes of iron plate, laid 
 horizontally over each other and riveted together, or of an entire upper and under 
 casing, and sometimes only an upper, leaving the part next the horse bare: they were 
 made flexible at the knees, by joints or knee-pieces. The cuisses are sometimes 
 studded, as are those of Sir Miles Stapleton, 13 and the studs are occasionally 
 ornamented, assuming the form of leaves or flowers. The knee-pieces of Sir Hugh 
 Hastings have pointed bosses, and also those of King Edward III., on the same brass ; 
 and subsequently, at the distance of two hundred years, those of L’Estrange. Those 
 of Robert de Buers (Suffolk Brasses) are highly ornamented, as are his cuisses. 
 Cuisses of mail are termed chausses.-- 
 
 The greaves were either of iron plates or cases, covering only the front of the leg, 
 and fastened with straps round the leg; or of two pieces, united by hinges, and em- 
 bracing the whole. We occasionally find both the greaves and the cuisses formed by 
 straight bars of steel down the front and outsides of the thigh and legs, and fastened by 
 rivets to the mail, as in the instance of Sir Guy Bryan, 1390. (Stothard’s Mon. Eff.) 
 
 Until about 1320 they had sabatons of mail conforming to the shape of the 
 foot; subsequently they had iron shoes, with joints at the instep, frequently of 
 mail. These shoes, during the reign of Edward III., became very long-toed and sharp- 
 pointed, { and continued sharp generally during the following century, though occa- 
 sionally very broad-toed shoes are to be met with. It must be observed, that the iron 
 covered the upper part only of the foot, and was kept firm by straps underneath. 
 
 The most common spur, till the time of Edward III., is that called the pryck, or 
 single point: such is that of John of Eltham, 1334. 
 
 The sword, universally of the stabbing or long kind, was either worn perpendi- 
 cularly by the side, or across the leg in front; but this fashion did not become common 
 till after 1450. The shield was suspended by a strap passing over the right shoulder : 
 it was triangular; and, when the Normans first came over, was at top nearly semi- 
 cylindrical. Its length was uncertain; sometimes covering more than half the body, 
 as does that of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke; at other times not half a yard 
 long, and, when flat, is now commonly called the heater shield. When arms were 
 put on shields, they were frequently adorned with beautiful work termed Diapering ; 
 of which we have an example in the maunche of Sir Hugh Hastings, at Elsing, 1347, 
 which is both the smallest and the last instance of the shield that I have met with. 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The front was similarly protected. S.R.M. 
 + The chausses covered the whole of the legs and feet. S,R.M. 
 
 t There is a very fine pair at Goodrich Court of this date, stamped with the name of Pope Urban V. 
 in the letters of the time. S.R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 On the right breast of Sir Miles Stapleton, great-grandson of the founder of 
 Ingham Priory, 1466, is what I suppose the Rest for the spear, an addition not uncom- 
 mon about that time. 
 
 Over the armour was the surcoat, a garment of stuff, at first long, reaching even 
 to the feet, but gradually shortening, till, by 1370, it was no longer than the body, on 
 which were embroidered the arms of the knight.* It received several names, depend- 
 ing probably on some slight alteration in its form. The surcoat of Sir Miles Stapleton 
 I believe to have been termed a cointise ;} for I read, in Strutt’s Dresses, of a coin- 
 tise of red silk, powdered with mullets of silver. The surcoat in question was green, 
 with gold spots. This perhaps was worn only for show, and sometimes covered by the 
 surcoat with arms, of which, during this king’s reign, there are many examples. 
 
 On the breast of plate-armour the arms were sometimes enamelled or relieved ; 
 but this method appears to have been in fashion for a short time only, and never to 
 have been universally adopted. 
 
 Of clerical habits, Norfolk affords us almost every variety. Prelates and abbots 
 add to the common robes only the mitre, crosier, and gloves, and a more costly fashion 
 of trimming. 
 
 The following description of the habit of a priest is well illustrated by the figure 
 of Richard Thaseburgh, at Heylesdon, 1380: “ The upper vestment was a close Cope 
 without sleeves, with a standing cape. Under that was the Chesible, or Chasuble, a 
 sort of cope, open only at the sides, and worn at mass.” This is not upon the figure 
 just mentioned. “ As he lifts up his hands, from under the close cope are seen the 
 sleeves of the Alb, of which the cuffs are embroidered, and which is worn under the 
 chesible. On his left arm is seen the end of the fanon, or Maniple, which the priest 
 wears round his left arm, when he celebrates mass: it was first worn in imitation of 
 the Jewish or Pagan priests, who used a towel or napkin when offering burnt-offerings. 
 it is embroidered and fringed at the bottom. From under the cope appear the two 
 ends of the Stole, which the priests wore about their necks over the alb: this also is 
 embroidered and fringed at the bottom. In the middle of the bottom of the alb is a 
 piece embroidered with a species of flower, which may possibly be imagined to repre- 
 sent a Greek X.” 
 
 William Mowbray, at Upwell, has on a Rochet, embroidered down the front ; and 
 from under it is seen his black gown, according to Gough. 
 
 Next to the ecclesiastics, rank the students or graduates of the universities, of 
 whose habits there are several examples: indeed, priests are oftener thus represented, 
 and distinguished by the tonsure, than vested for the altar. 
 
 The following brief view of the fashions of each reign is quoted by Gough (v. i. 
 p- 128), from the historian Rous of Warwick :— 
 
 “Tn the Confessor’s time, the garments reached to the knees, the arms were 
 loaded with golden bracelets, the head was shaved, the beard let to grow on the upper 
 
 * And then termed the Jupon. S.R.M + Not the cointise, but the Jupon, S,R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxi 
 
 lip, except of priests, and the skin disfigured with various marks. Their arms were 
 staves and battle-axes : those of the Normans swords and arrows. 
 
 “ After the conquest, the Norman fashion of shaving the beard and letting the 
 hair flow to the shoulders was adopted. Malmsbury says, the men’s hair was so long 
 they looked like women. Henry I. rounded the hair to show the ears. 
 
 “ In William Rufus’s time, a great abuse of dress and luxury in wearing the hair, 
 and a horrid fashion of picked and turned-up shoes obtained, and men adopted a 
 mincing gait and a looser dress. 
 
 “Tn the reign of John, as appears by the seals, the men wore tunics over their 
 coats of mail, but not before ; and the tunics reached down to the heels. 
 
 “ In that of Henry IIL, they had, as usual, on their seals, horsemen in armour, 
 with their swords, and first introduced their coats of arms in shields, at the reverse 
 of their seals, e¢ facies ymaginum primo habuerunt wmbrelles. 
 
 “ After the taking of John, king of France, by Edward III., the English, who till 
 then had worn their beards and shaved their heads, and worn tunics, colobia, and 
 bracelets, first came to wear long robes and hair, and shaved their beards, and, leaving 
 out the figures of horsemen on their seals, put their arms into small shields. 
 
 “In the time of Richard II. began the detestable use of picked shoes, fastened 
 with silver and sometimes gilt chains to the knees. The ladies of quality then wore 
 high head-dresses, with horns and long mantles, with trains, and rode on side-saddles, 
 a fashion introduced by the respectable Queen Anne, who was daughter to the king 
 of Bohemia.” 
 
 (These long-pointed shoes were restrained to two inches by Edward IV., on pain 
 of cursing by the clergy, and fine of twenty shillings.) 
 
 Of the extravagant fashions of his own time, the reign of Henry VIL.,. Rous gives 
 this picture. “They let their hair grow so long, that it hid their forehead : they scarce 
 concealed the parts which nature bids us conceal, by the shortness of their garments, 
 or by having servants following to lift up their trains. The capes of their tunics and 
 mantles were short: formerly they were high, that they might stand up, to keep the 
 cold out of their necks. The women of the present time wear mourning-hoods, as if 
 in mourning for some near relation.” 
 
 To judge from the broad seals of our Norman princes, in Sandford, and other 
 sources, ; 
 
 William the Conqueror wore short hair, large whiskers, and a short round 
 beard. 
 
 Rufus : his hair a degree longer than his father, but no beard or whiskers. 
 
 Henry I. and Stephen: neither hair, beard, nor whiskers. 
 
 Henry II.: short hair, no beard or whiskers on his first seal, or on his monument ; 
 but on his second seal, large whiskers, and short double-pointed beard. 
 
 Richard I.: longish hair, without beard or whiskers; but on his monument, both. 
 
 John: short hair, large whiskers, and short curled beard, and the same on his 
 monument. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Henry III.: hair of ordinary length, no beard or whiskers on his first seal; on 
 his second, whiskers and short round beard, and the same on his monument. 
 
 Edward I. and II.: short hair, no beard or whiskers. 
 
 Edward III.: long hair, no beard or whiskers on his first and second seal ; shorter 
 hair, large whiskers, and double-pointed beard on his third seal: all these on his 
 monument are long and flowing. 
 
 Richard II.: in his picture and monument at Westminster, short curling hair, 
 and a small, two-pointed, curling beard: in his seal, both longer. 
 
 Henry IV.: on his monument, long whiskers and short bifid beard. (In this reign 
 they appear not to have been universally worn, and in the next ceased altogether, 
 and came not again into fashion till the days of Elizabeth.) 
 
 Military men are very seldom represented on their monuments otherwise than in 
 arms—at once their profession and their pride. When the knights were not clad in 
 armour, they wore dresses that seem to have more than Asiatic softness and effeminacy : 
 for the examples of these, I refer my readers to the prints and illuminations of the 
 times, or to the excellent collection in Strutt’s Dresses, 
 
 The only class of laymen represented on monuments, except the military, seems to 
 have been merchants or burgesses: these are chiefly to be found in borough towns, or 
 the parochial churches of large commercial counties, where the woollen manufacture 
 flourished ; and of these, the first and by far the most splendid in this county are 
 at Lynn. 
 
 Adam de Walsokne, 1349, is represented in a plain close coat, open in front, 
 from the middle downward, the loose sleeves of which come no further than the 
 bend of the arm, and there, being slit above, fall down in short lappets, leaving 
 exposed the long tight sleeve of an inner garment; closely fastened from the elbow to 
 the wrist by very many small buttons. Over his shoulders is a short hood, inde- 
 pendent of the coat, and having a standing cape, but falling down in front. The 
 shoes appear as if intended to fit the foot, yet are sharp-toed, and, coming close round 
 the ankle, are laced up on the inner side. Hair flowing. 
 
 The dress of Robert Braunche is the same, except that the elbow-lappets are 
 longer, and his shoes are tied across the instep. In both these instances, the dressés 
 of the men resemble, in their general features, those of their wives. These lappets 
 were common to both sexes, during the remainder of the reign of Edward III. Of the 
 four men at the sides of the canopy, on the last brass, one is habited in a short coat, 
 buttoned in front, and in a hat, with a feather standing up, and tied under the chin. 
 A second, instead of the hat, has a cloth hobdd over his head, which, falling low down 
 on his breast and shoulders, is slit on the right side for the convenience of the arm, 
 and the front is thrown back over the left shoulder. The third is habited much like 
 the first, as is the fourth, with the substitution of a loose cloak (thrown over the 
 shoulders, and gathered round the waist by the left hand) for the short coat: all these 
 have long piked shoes, and their hose and breeches are of one piece. 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xxili 
 
 Robert Attelathe, 1376, another burgess of this wealthy corporation, and a 
 mayor,* (as shown by the buttons on his shoulder), has a long loose coat to his ancles, 
 fastened down the front by many buttons, in pairs, and round the waist by an em- 
 broidered girdle. The sleeves of his coat are buttoned at the wrist, and on his hands 
 are half gloves, or mittens, of a rich flowered pattern. His cloak, to which there is a 
 standing cape, is fastened on the right shoulder. His shoes, which are rather longer 
 pointed than in the preceding examples, and come up very high behind, are buckled 
 over the instep. 
 
 I am disposed to recant what I have said respecting the beard of Adam 
 de Walsokne (that it was rubbed down by the feet of walkers in the church), and 
 believe him not to have worn one, according to the fashion in the former part of the 
 reign of Edward III. Braunche has the long whiskers without beard, which suc- 
 ceeded ; and the thin whiskers, and little curling bifid beard of Attelathe, well suit 
 the reign of Richard II., when most probably that monument was made. 
 
 To the girdle of Simon Felbrigge, about 1380, is attached his bag (mail, or 
 malle), which subsequently became a common appendage, or in its place a purse. 
 Sir William Calthorpe, about 1495, has a splendid one, and by it hangs his rosary also, 
 to one end of which is fastened his seal. On the left side of Judge Notingham, 1414, 
 hangs, from a richly-embroidered girdle, an Anelace (something between a sword and 
 dagger), the sheath of which is itself also made the subject of ornament. In the same 
 situation, William Curteys, notary, 1491, wears his pen-case and ink-horn. 
 
 “The beau of Edward the Third’s time was a party-coloured animal. He wore 
 hose of one colour on one leg, and of another colour on the other. He was alto- 
 gether like a shield of arms, divided quarterly, Argent and vert, or azure, &c. 
 
 “In the beginning of Henry the Fourth’s reign, the fashion of dress was 
 extravagant, especially of gowns, with deep wide sleeves, commonly called Pokys, 
 shaped like bagpipes.” 
 
 Judge Notingham, above mentioned, has an embroidered collar about his neck. 
 Sir William Calthorpe, 1420, has a collar of SS. 
 
 Collars in pictures have been mistaken for badges of knighthood. They were 
 
 
 
 worn by esquires, knights, and lords in the king’s service, but were not the insignia 
 of their several ranks. Collars were appendages to every officer of the rank of esquire 
 in the royal household; and thus the serjeants of every denomination, from the ser- 
 jeant at arms to the serjeant of the scullery, wore collars, and they are all at this day 
 esquires by virtue of their posts. Collars were not added to the insignia of the 
 garter till the reign of Henry VII. The collar of the lord mayor of London was given 
 in the reign of Henry VIII., when it was enacted that no person, unless he were a 
 knight, should wear a gold collar, called a collar of SS,+ before which time we 
 sometimes find them on the necks of noble ladies. The lord mayors of that time 
 were mostly knighted. 
 
 * He was mayor of Lynn 1374. 
 + See an article upon Ancient Collars of the King’s Livery by G. F. Beltz, Esq. K. H. Lancaster 
 Herald, in the Retrospective Review, new series, vol. ii. p, 500. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 To these succeeded gold chains (limited in the twenty-fourth year of Henry VIII. 
 to such as could afford to spend two hundred pounds per annum), which appear in 
 portraits of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
 
 It remains to say a few words on the subject of the dress of females. They ~ 
 have been charged by many writers, from an early period, with being much given, in 
 this respect, to capricious change. The charge, however, does not appear to be well 
 supported by the examples left us in the illuminations of ancient manuscripts: they 
 do not seem so changeable and capricious as the sex, which, in those days at least, 
 claimed superiority in intellect. On our monuments we find tokens of a contrary 
 spirit : we find the same dress prevalent for more than half a century. 
 
 The costume of females of rank, in the latter part of the thirteenth century, 
 appears to have been graceful. The hair of Eleanor, 1272, Queen of Edward I., sur- 
 mounted by a diadem, waves freely down her neck: her mantle, confined upon her 
 shoulders by a cordon, drawn forward and held by her left hand upon her breast, falls 
 easily and in many folds about her feet, and open in front shows a full robe, with loose 
 but not large sleeves. Aveline Countess of Lancaster, twenty-three years before, has 
 her head covered by a coif, from under which, a little below the temples, appears a 
 wimple, passing over her chin, and covering her neck: in other respects her dress re- 
 sembles Eleanor’s. 
 
 The prevailing head-dress of the earlier part of the fourteenth century was 
 somewhat like a turban, under which the hair was entirely concealed, though in some 
 instances it was allowed to flow unrestrained—a liberty it seldom after enjoyed during 
 three centuries; for presently succeeded the inelegant fashion of plaiting the hair 
 stiffly down each side of the face, like that of the wife of Adam de Walsokne, 1349, and 
 of Joan Stapleton, 1365; or of pursing it up in hard masses, inclosing the whole face 
 with a formal frame, as with Ismena de Wynston, 1371, and Cecilia Kerdeston, 1391. 
 Subsequently, or perhaps contemporarily, it was collected in bunches over the ears; 
 thus it is on the monument of Blanch de la Tour, 1340, in Westminster Abbey; but 
 this was not common until the beginning of the next century. These have been termed 
 the reticulated head-dress, and appear to have been formed by gathering the hair tight 
 into an embroidered cloth, and sometimes covering that with a silk net, having jewels 
 at the intersections of the meshes. Over this is frequently found a veil, sometimes 
 coming forward, and at others thrown back from the forehead, and discovering a fillet 
 of jewellery, as in the instance of Joan Stapleton before mentioned. This veil was 
 
 * called a couvrechef, and subsequently a kerchief. 
 
 Hence arose what is termed the mitred head-dress; for the side bunches 
 gradually extending upwards, the veil thrown over sunk into the hollow between, and 
 at last the raised hair was superseded by a wire frame. The beginning of this fashion 
 is marked on the figures of Sir Ralph Shelton’s lady, 1423, and of Cecilia, the wife of 
 Sir Bryan Stapleton, 1432: it afterwards assumed the form seen on the subsequent 
 brasses, which continued common until the end of the reign of Henry VI. About that 
 time the bunches quitted their stations at the sides, and coalesced in one equally 
 
 
 

 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 inelegant, at the back of the head, wrapped, as before, in an embroidered cloth, and 
 the light veil floated far and wide behind, supported by wires. The first example of 
 this also (the veil or flowing head-dress) is on the stone of a Stapleton, 1466. Each 
 of these fashions appears to have held its ground about twenty years. 
 
 In the time of the seventh Henry a conical cap, usually higher, and coming 
 to a sharper point than that of Margaret Clere, 1488, was worn; which, with a veil, or 
 broad band, passing across the forehead and falling back over the shoulders, has some- 
 what the appearance of a cap of maintenance. This was not of long continuance. 
 
 In the same reign, or perhaps before, the pedimental head-dress, pointed in front, 
 and made of velvet or embroidered cloth, came into fashion. We find it on the brass 
 of Lady Howard, at Stoke, in Suffolk, 1452, and on that of Sir John and Lady Wode- 
 house, 1465, in this county; neither of which do I believe to have been made till the 
 end of that century.. This dress continued common on monuments till the reign of 
 Mary, with whom came in the close cap (termed the “ Paris hede”) and ruff; though 
 the change did not reach our county till the days of her successor. 
 
 The wimple made its appearance in England towards the conclusion of the 
 twelfth century, and seems to have been a piece of linen, passing in front of the throat 
 and chin, and crossing behind the head; over the top of which the ends were carried, 
 and hung down on each side; and the whole was kept in its place by a band round 
 the forehead: over it was frequently worn a veil. Of this we have no example on 
 monumental brasses, but it is represented on the statue in Westminster Abbey, of 
 Aveline Countess of Lancaster, 1269. (Vid. Stothard’s Monum. Effigies.) 
 
 Very similar to this in appearance is the gorget, which consisted of several 
 folds round the neck, fastened with a great quantity of pins, and raised up, high as 
 the ears, on each side the face: when this is worn in conjunction with the veil, as it is 
 by Ela, widow of Sir Miles Stapleton, 1418, it can hardly be distinguished from the 
 wimple. 
 
 The barbe was a chin-cloth, worn in mourning, and having many plaits. 
 Christiana Baxter, 1432, who we hence infer survived her husband, wears it ; as does 
 the widow of John Braham, 1519. The last lady neglects an ordinance made in the 
 eighth year of Henry VII., which declares, that “ duchesses and countesses, and all 
 higher estates, may be barbed above the chin; every one, not being under the degree 
 of baroness, may wear a barbe about the chin; knyghtes wives are to wear the barbe 
 under the chin; and all other gentlewomen, beneath the throat-goyll” (gullet). (Vid. 
 Strutt’s Dresses, p. 325.) Montfaucon makes the veil a mark of widowhood, in the 
 fourteenth century. It was not uncommon for widows to retire to some religious 
 house, and assume the veil. Joanna Braham, just mentioned, is expressly Deo devota, 
 so late as 1519. Gough (v.i. p. 119) has given the form of registering the vow of 
 chastity, made by Isabella Countess of Suffolk, in 1382. 
 
 The tippet varied much in its size and form: it was at some times so large 
 as to resemble a short mantle, as on the brass from St. Hdmund’s, Norwich, about 
 1520; and at others (and generally at first) narrow, like a facing of the top of the 
 
 d 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 gown, as with the wives of Sir Miles Stapleton, 1466: it assumes a neater form with 
 Elizabeth Clere, 1488. 
 
 The ruf’ came into fashion about the middle of the sixteenth century, and 
 continued to be worn during seventy years, though with James I. neck-bands were 
 introduced : these were sometimes propped up with wires, and at others fell upon the 
 shoulders, and were termed falling-bands : those of Thomas Holl, 1630, are orna- 
 mented with a broad border of lace. A vestige of this fashion remains in the clerical 
 habit of the present day. 
 
 The figure of Jane Coningsby, in 1608, gives an excellent example of the 
 kerchief (couvre-chef) covering the head and shoulders. When the part which there 
 covers the head was afterwards thrown back, jt became what was called the neck- 
 kerchef, and since, still more improperly, the neck-handkerchief, which at first was 
 usually worn double. In this last form I do not meet with it in Norfolk; but it 
 occurs on the brass of Anne Bedingfeld, in 1618, at Darsham, in the adjoining county. 
 (Vid. Suffolk Brasses.) 
 
 I have been thus particular in describing the head-dresses which are most 
 common, because they are of great assistance in ascertaining dates. In gowns, robes, 
 and mantles, there has never been much change. There is, however, one word, 
 kirtle*, of frequent occurrence in the volumes of Gough and Strutt, to which I find 
 no definite idea attached; and there is a garment (that of the wife of Adam de Wal- 
 sokne), common from the middle of the fourteenth century to late in the fifteenth, 
 which is neither described nor named. 
 
 * « The kirtle is a part of dress used by the men and women, but especially by the latter: it was 
 sometimes a habit of state, and worn by persons of high rank; sometimes it was laced closely to the 
 body, and probably answered the purpose of the bodice or stays.” (Strutt’s Dresses, p. 371). Vide also 
 the Index and Notes to the Journal of Bishop Beckington, p. 119, for several illustrations of this 
 
 article of dress. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 
 
 PEATE: 
 
 SIR HUGH HASTINGS, AT ELSING, 1347. 
 Gough’s Sepulch. Mon. i. 98. Carter’s Ant. Sculpt. i. 99. 
 
 Tuer is no doubt that the person represented on this brass was of the family of 
 Hastings, from the maunche on his shield and tabard, and scarcely any doubt that it 
 was Sir Hugh Hastings, who built the church at Elsing, and died in 1347. He was 
 son of Sir John de Hastings, Lord Abergavenny, by Isabel his second lady, daughter 
 of Hugh le Despencer, Earl of Winchester; and married Margery, one of the coheirs 
 of Jordan de Foliot, by whom he acquired this lordship. His pedigree,* as far as 
 relates to this monument, is given in Carter's Ancient Sculpture, i. p.99. The whole 
 figure is admirably characteristic of the dress of the times, but is singular in the gorget, 
 which is on no other that I am acquainted with. 
 
 Of the eight figures on the buttresses, one is crowned, two bareheaded, and the 
 rest fully armed, and the bearings discover their alliance with the principal figure. The 
 first is King Edward III., who first quartered the arms of France with those of Eng- 
 land, in 1341, (bearing 1 and 4, Azure, semée of fleurs de lys or; 2 and 3, Gules, 
 three lioncels passant guardant in pale or.) 
 
 Opposite to the King is Henry Plantagenet, Harl of Lancaster, great-grandson of 
 Henry III., who bears Gules, three lioncels passant guardant in pale or, under a 
 label of three points azure, each charged with as many fleurs de lys or. Under 
 
 * The Pedigree alluded to shows his connexion with the persons who are represented on the | 
 Brass. N. 
 
 + They were thus borne till Charles VI. of France, reduced the semée of fleurs de lys to three, 
 when our King did the same; as appears by a seal of Henry, Prince of Wales, annexed to a writing 
 dated 1407. 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Edward III. is Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick: his arms, Gules, a fess between 
 six cross-crosslets or. The second figure on the sinister side, and the third on the 
 dexter, are both now gone. The former was taken away by the ill-advised zeal of 
 an antiquary : it is therefore here copied from Carter’s plate, and, in copying, a mistake 
 has been made in the shield, which should have borne Hastings quartering Valence, 
 Barry of ten, argent and azure, an orle of martlets gules. The person represented 
 ‘was Lawrence Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, who died 1348, and this has been supposed 
 the oldest example on record of a subject quartering arms. Of the other lost figure 
 nothing is known, but that it represented a Despencer. The third sinister figure is 
 Ralph; Lord Stafford, who bore Or, a chevron gules. The lowest on the opposite side 
 represents Roger Grey, Lord Grey of Ruthyn, whose arms are, Barry of six, argent 
 and azure, in chief three torteaux. And the remaining figure is that of Lord St. 
 Amand, who married a daughter of Hugh le Despencer, Harl of Winchester, and bears, 
 Or, fretty sable, on a chief of the second three besants. All the shields were formerly 
 enamelled with the arms in their proper colours : the lines of the brass were also filled 
 with enamel, and the ground of the fillet, which went round the whole, and contained 
 the inscription, was enamelled red; so that this monument, when entire and in good 
 preservation, must have been singularly splendid. Above the canopy is an excellent 
 example of the ridiculous attempts of our forefathers to embody their ideas of heaven 
 and heavenly things. The Almighty Father, under the figure of an aged king, is 
 giving his blessing to the Virgin, who, in the corresponding niche, is listening with 
 pious humility to the salutation of the angel Gabriel, while another angel in the clouds 
 above is wafting incense from his censer. 
 
 [Sir Hugh Hastings, and the second figure on the sinister side, wear, instead of 
 the camail, gorgets of chain mail; and about the neck, collars formed of two plates ; 
 their basinets are furnished with movable visors. The armpits and elbow joints are 
 protected by round plates, and the chain-mail sleeves are further strengthened by 
 plates attached outside; and at the wrists are seen under the hauberk the sleeves of 
 the hauketon. Sir Hugh wears chausses on his legs; the rest have greaves of a single 
 piece on the forepart of the legs, with sollerets of overlapping plates. Sir Samuel 
 Meyrick describes the knee-caps as formed of circular pieces laid over each other, 
 smaller and smaller, and terminating in spikes. See Ancient Armour, ii. 22. On the 
 finial of the pediment, which forms the canopy, is placed a tilting helm,* bearing the 
 crest of Hastings—a bull’s head. A more remarkable defence for the head is worn by 
 Almaric de St. Amand, the lowest figure on the sinister side: perhaps it may be the 
 chapelle de fer, or the shining steel Montauban hat mentioned by Froissart: it here 
 appears to be worn over the basinet, and without any defence for the face. Of this 
 description of helm, which appears repeatedly in contemporary illuminations, no other 
 
 * The tilting helmet of the Biack Prince at Canterbury, and that of Sir Richard Pembridge, one 
 of the first Knights of the Garter, preserved at Goodr!ch Court, are supposed to be the only ones extant 
 of this early period. S.R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 3 
 
 instance has been observed amongst monumental effigies :* in actual combat it seems 
 to have been occasionally drawn forward over the brow, so that the projecting brim, in 
 some degree, protected the face. A. W.] 
 
 [Sir Hugh de Hastings was born in 1311, and at the death of his mother Isabella 
 in the 9th Edw. III. was twenty-four years of age. He was summoned to Parliament in 
 1342, but never afterwards; and dying at the age of thirty-six, in 1347, left issue, by 
 Margaret Foliot, two sons, John, who was then seventeen, and Hugh. In a contempo- 
 rary Roll of Arms he is said to have borne Or, a maunche gules, with a label azure ; 
 which agrees with the arms on his shield, tabard, and on his sword. In the above 
 description of this brass notice ought to have been taken of the figure of St. George in 
 the centre, and of the Hastings’ crest, a bull’s head, on the helmet. N.] 
 
 Prats II. 
 
 ADAM DE WALSOKNE, IN ST. MARGARET’S CHURCH, LYNN, 1349. 
 
 The last plate exhibited a beautiful specimen of the military costume in the 
 middle of the fourteenth century; the present plate affords us an equally or still more 
 beautiful example of the contemporary domestic costume, in the effigies of a rich 
 merchant and his wife. Beautiful, however, as it is, it is not noticed by any antiquary, 
 excepting indeed Mackerell, who, in his History of Lynn, contents himself with giving 
 the words merely of the inscription. It is not perhaps less extraordinary, that the 
 person whose wealth procured him this splendid monument, should have left no other 
 memorial of his existence: his name is not so much as mentioned by the historian of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 The story at their feet is to me perfectly unintelligible: the twelve figures in 
 niches on the buttresses represent of course the twelve Apostles, beginning with St. 
 Peter ; and the hieroglyphics in the corners are emblems of the four Evangelists. 
 
 [Adam de Walsokne, who appears from the inscription to have died on the 5th of 
 June 1349, was a manucaptor of Thomas de Massingham, who was burgess in Parlia- 
 ment for Lynn in the 17 Edw. II. 1324, and was mayor of that town in 1334 and 1342. 
 Of the two shields, of which only the charges are now visible, one contains the arms 
 of Edward the Third, and the other Walsokne’s merchant's mark, surrounded by 
 cinquefoils. The following description of this elaborate-brass occurs in the General 
 History of Norfolk, but attention ought to be drawn to the ornaments worked on the 
 dress of the female, consisting of dogs’ heads among foliage. N.] 
 
 [‘‘ Adam de Walsokne is represented in a plain close coat, open in front from the 
 middle downwards, the loose sleeves of which coming no further than the bend of the 
 
 * A similar one is sculptured on one of the equestrian figures of Aymer de Valence on his monu- 
 ment in Westminster Abbey. S.R.M. 
 + Mackerell’s History of Lynn. 
 
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 4 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 arm, and there being slit above, fall down in short lappets, and leave exposed the long 
 tight sleeve of an inner garment closely fastened from the elbow to the wrist by very 
 many small buttons. Over his shoulder is a short hood, independent of the coat, and 
 having a standing cape, but falling down in front. The shoes appear as if intended to 
 fit the feet, yet are sharp-toed, and coming close round the ancle, are laced up on the 
 upper side. Hair flowing.” General History of Norfolk, pp. 414-15. ] 
 
 Prate III. 
 
 ROBERT BRAUNCHE, IN ST. MARGARET'S CHURCH, LYNN, 1364. 
 Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 115. Carter’s Ant. Sculpt. 
 
 This brass ornaments the floor of St. Margaret’s Church, Lynn. 
 
 «“ Under the three principal figures is represented a feast, that for the splendour 
 of the table and the company, the band of music, and the attendants, might pass for 
 some grand anniversary celebrated in this wealthy town; perhaps the feast of St. Mar- 
 garet, their patroness, on the fair day, granted them by King John; or perhaps the 
 mayor’s feast, when Braunche held that office, in 1349 or 1359. Among the delicacies 
 of this splendid table, one sees the peacock, that noble bird, the food of lovers, and 
 the meat of lords. ‘Few dishes were in higher fashion, and there was scarce any royal 
 or noble feast without it. The honor of serving it up was reserved for the ladies, most 
 distinguished by birth, rank, or beauty, one of whom, followed by others, and attended 
 by music, brought it up in the gold or silver dish, and set it before the master of the 
 house, or the guest most distinguished for his courtesy and valour; or, after a tourna- 
 ment, before the victorious knight, who was to display his skill in carving the favourite 
 fowl, and take an oath of valour and enterprise on its head. 
 
 «The ancient family of Braunche was settled at Gresham, and Kelling, and North 
 Barsham, in this county, so early as the reign of Henry II. They had a moiety also 
 of Aylmerton, where we may trace them thus. William Braunche had a son, named 
 Richard, a benefactor to Castle-Acre Priory, taken prisoner by King John in the wars 
 with the barons: on the peace, 1213, he obtained the king’s licence and writ to the 
 sheriff of Norfolk, to make an aid on his tenants to ransom him. His son was named. 
 Peter, knighted and married to Joan, heiress of the manors of Kenton, Cornerd, and 
 Brandon, in Suffolk. The arms of Wyndham, impaling Braunche, are among those 
 of the benefactors to Norwich Cathedral, on its stone roof; and his son Richard, 
 44th Henry IIL., granted Aylmerton to Earl Warren. We meet also at Gresham with 
 Sir Roger Braunche, son of. William, and with Nicholas Braunche, all collaterals of 
 the other family. At Wiggenhale St. German’s was seated Sir John Braunche, who 
 had three sons, Sir Philip, William, and John, whose widow Catharine died 1420; and 
 William Braunche, of Spilsby, in the county of Lincoln, had an interest in their estate. 
 The same lady had property at Birlingham and Hanworth, and Robert Braunche died 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 5 
 
 lord of it, in 1505, leaving John his grandson his heir. Robert Braunche presented 
 to Hunworth, 1474, and was living 1498, and John Branche presented by his assigns 
 to Stoders, 1334. 
 
 “ Robert Braunche was the third master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1384. 
 
 “ Hdmund Braunche and his wife, Ann Calthorp, had a fair brass, with their 
 arms in Hunworth Church, Norfolk.’ The arms of Braunche were, Argent, a lion 
 rampant gules, debruised with a bendlet sable. 
 
 [ The dress of Braunche is the same as Adam de Walsokne’s, except that the elbow 
 lappets are longer, and his shoes are tied across the instep ; in both these instances, the 
 dresses of the men represent in their general features those of their wives. These 
 lappets were common to both sexes during the remainder of the reign of Edward III. 
 Of the four men at the side of the canopy, one is habited in a short coat, buttoned in 
 front, and in a hat with a feather standing up, and tied under the chin; a second, 
 instead of the hat, has a cloth hood over his head, which falling low down on his 
 breast and shoulders, is slit on the right side for the convenience of the arm, and the 
 front is thrown back over the left shoulder; the third is habited much like the first, 
 as is the fourth, with the substitution of a loose cloak thrown over the shoulders, and 
 gathered round the waist by the left hand for the short coat. All these have long 
 piked shoes, and their hose and breeches are of one piece. 
 
 [“ The effigies of Braunche and his wives are surrounded by a profusion of rich 
 gothic work, including fifteen small figures, under the same number of arches. The 
 whole of this monumental plate is eight feet eight inches long, and five feet five 
 inches broad.” General Hist. of Norfolk, vol.i. p. 413.] 
 
 [The Arms on this brass are those of Edward the Third; and in another shield 
 a cross engrailed, probably the coat of Ufford, Earls of Suffolk, who bore Sable, a cross 
 engrailed or. To the above conjecture respecting the feast, another may be offered. 
 It is said in Richard’s History of Lynn that King Edward the Third and his court 
 were in this town in 1344. May not the feast in question have been one given to 
 Edward, and perhaps by Braunche, on that occasion? Two of the guests were, from 
 costume, evidently Knights of a superior rank, and one of them seems to have a kind 
 of crown or coronet on his head. N.] 
 
 Puate IV. 
 SIR MILES STAPLETON, AT INGHAM, 1365. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ix. 324. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 119. 
 
 The kindness of Mr. Talbot enables me to give new and accurate figures of many 
 of the splendid brasses, memorials of the Stapleton family, which lately ornamented 
 the chancel at Ingham. Before the high altar was placed the monument of Sir 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 6 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 } Miles Stapleton, and Joan his lady, daughter and eventually sole heiress of Sir Oliver 
 i tl HI Ingham, one of the commissioners of regency during the minority of Edward III. 
 | By this marriage, Sir Miles added to his former possessions in and about Bedale, 
 | in Yorkshire, a very large estate in this and the adjoining counties, and became 
 Hi | a conspicuous person in the reign of that king, ranking high in his favour, and 
 being one of the first Knights of the Garter; some token of which order one is dis- 
 appointed in not finding on his brass. In this parish, which became the seat of this 
 branch of the Stapletons, Sir Miles, jointly with his wife, founded a priory, in 1361, for 
 the redemption of captives taken prisoners by the Turks. It is strange (I will not say 
 NH singular, because many similar instances occur, one of the Wodehouse’s in particular) 
 Wit} that so wealthy and distinguished a Knight should have a monument so much inferior 
 : i}) } to a Lynn burgess, both in expense and execution. Joan was widow of Sir Roger le 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | Strange, and sealed with the following arms, which therefore probably were in the 
 My shield over her head. Ingham, Per pale or and vert, a cross moline gules; impaling 
 Strange, Gules, two lions passant argent: in the other was, Stapleton, Argent, a lion 
 / rampant sable. The inscription, of which a small portion only remained when Mr. 
 Talbot took the impression, we have supplied from Blomefield, though even now it 
 does not appear complete. 
 
 “ Priez pour les almes monseur Miles de Stapleton, et dame Johanne, sa femme, 
 fille de monseur Oliver de Ingham, fondeurs de cette mayson, que Dieu de leur almes 
 iii } eit pitee.” 
 
 Stothard has given an etching of the figures without the canopy; see his Monu- 
 iH] mental Effigies, page 55. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hil Hi | | Puate V. 
 
 || || } SIR JOHN DE ERPINGHAM, AT ERPINGHAM, 1370. 
 
 | i | | Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 4138. 
 
 i] i | 
 
 Nii He was son of Robert, and the fourth of his family lords of the manor, whence 
 
 they derived their surname, which, though not known from any deeds that he or his ‘ 
 | ancestors could boast, became famous when borne by his son, Sir Thomas Erpingham, 
 Ht | a noted warrior and counsellor of great trust, and a knight banneret, in the reign of 
 HT Henry IV., and who built the gate leading to Norwich Cathedral, which to our days 
 | | is called by his name. Sir Thomas appears also to have attempted to throw a little 
 | 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 | | | brightness on his father, by placing to his memory the monument the subject of this 
 | | | plate; for, though the inscription testifies that John de Erpingham died 1370, the 
 
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 gorget and whole armour show that the brass was not engraven till forty years after 
 that date.* 
 
 
 
 * The armour is of the reign of Henry V, S.R.M, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. . 7 
 
 The inscription, as given by Blomefield (for but a small part remains on the stone) 
 is “ Hic jacet Dominus Johannes de Erpingham Miles, quondam Dominus istius ville, 
 qui obiit primo die mensis Augusti, Anno Dni. M. ccc. Ixx. cujus anime propicietur 
 Deus. Amen.” 
 
 At the corners were the four emblems of the evangelists. This brass is at the 
 east end of the south aisle. The arms of Erpingham were, Vert, an escutcheon and 
 orle of martlets argent. 
 
 Puate VI. 
 
 ISMAYNE DE WYNSTON, AT NECTON, 1372. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 50. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 131, 215, and ii. 277. 
 
 This lady, on account of the singularity of her head-dress (termed by Gough the 
 zigzag reticulated, although no net is strained over the embroidered cloth which 
 enwraps her hair), together with the antiquity of the brass, has been much noticed 
 by the antiquary just mentioned, who thrice quotes the inscription; but each time 
 with a mistake in the name, writing it Innayne and Ihnaene. Blomefield omits the 
 first two words, and reads the year of her death M. ccc. LXxv. 
 
 This is the only memorial of the existence of William de Wynston, who is not 
 mentioned by Blomefield in his account of the village whence he derived his name, or 
 of this, where he may be supposed to have lived. It was placed in the middle aisle 
 near the west end. 
 
 [Ismayne de Wynston was probably related to Reginald Wynston of Blundeston, 
 Norfolk, whose will is dated 14th April 1438, and was proved on the next day. He 
 ordered his body to be buried at Blundeston, and mentioned his sons William and 
 John. Harleian MS. No. 10. N.] 
 
 Prats VI. 
 
 ROBERT ATTELATH, IN ST. MARGARET’S CHURCH, LYNN, 1376. 
 
 Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 138. 
 
 The same foreign hand which appeared in the preceding Lynn brasses was equally 
 discernible in this, which is now entirely gone, and the figure here given is conse- 
 quently a copy only from that of Gough, from whom I extract the following inscrip- 
 tion also. 
 
 “ Hic jacet Robertus Attelath, q’dam burgensis Lenne, qui obiit A°. Dni. 
 M. cce, Ixxvi., xii, die mensis Novembris. Orate pro eo. Hic jacet Johanna, q'dam 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 uxor Roberti Attelatte, que obiit A°. Dni. M. ccc. 
 diam Dei requiescant in pace. Amen.” 
 
 The date of the woman’s death was never filled up. 
 
 [In the collection of impressions of brasses, made by Sir John Cullum, Bart. and 
 Craven Ord, Esq. and bequeathed by Francis Douce, Esq. to the British Museum, there 
 is preserved an impression, taken 1780, of this fine figure. It measures 5 feet 9 inches, 
 and formerly was in St. John’s chapel, on the north side of St. Margaret’s church. 
 By Stothard’s letters, it appears, that previously to his visit to Lynn in 1813, this 
 brass had been given out of the church by the churchwardens to a person who sold it 
 for five shillings to a brass founder. See Stothard’s Memoirs, page 93. Robert 
 Attelath was mayor of Lynn in 1374. Richards’s History of Lynn. A. W.] 
 
 [“ Attelath was a member of the wealthy corporation of Lynn, and a mayor, by the 
 buttons on his shoulder. He has a long loose coat to his ancles, fastened down the 
 front by many buttons in pairs, and round the waist by an embroidered girdle. The 
 
 Anime eorum per misericor- 
 
 . sleeves of his coat are buttoned at the wrist, and on his hands are half gloves or 
 
 
 
 mittens, of a rich flowered pattern. His cloak, to which there is a standing cape, is 
 fastened on the right shoulder. His shoes, which are rather longer pointed than in 
 the preceding examples, and come up very high behind, are buckled over the instep 
 with coloured buckles.” General Hist. of Norf. i. 417.] 
 
 Prats VIII. 
 
 SIR SIMON DE FELBRIGGE AND LADY, 1351. SIR ROGER DE FELBRIGGE 
 AND LADY, FELBRIGGE, circa 1380. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. viii. 108. 
 
 Sir Simon de Felbrigge, son of Sir Roger Bigod, was lord of Felbrigge in the ninth 
 of Edward I. and twenty-second of Edward III. He married Alice, daughter of Sir 
 George de Thorp, and died probably in 1351; for in 1852 we find Sir Roger his son 
 lord, who, three years after, is said to have been in the wars of France. His wife was 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Lord Scales. He died, and was buried in Prussia 
 (misread Paris by Blomefield), as the inscription testifies, in what year is very uncer- 
 tain; but I have said about 1380, though the eleventh of Richard II. is the first year 
 in which I find his son acting as lord. The dresses of the knight and his lady, almost 
 the counterparts of those of Sir William and Cecilia Kerdeston, point to ten years 
 later, when this stone may have been placed by Sir Simon as a memorial of two gene- 
 rations—his father and his grandfather. 
 
 [Though here called Sir Simon de Felbrigge, his effigy shows him to have been a 
 Merchant, which agrees with the inscription, where no title is attributed to him. His 
 son, Sir Roger Felbrigge, was a distinguished soldier, and died in Prussia. N.] 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 9 
 
 Puate IX. 
 
 PHILIPPA DE BEAUCHAMP, AT NECTON, 1384. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 51. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum, i. 147. 
 
 Lies before the communion-table at Necton, where her monument represents her 
 in the habit of a vowess or nun. Over her head are the arms of Beauchamp, Gules, a 
 fess between six crosslets or, with a label of three points argent, impaling those of 
 Lord Ferrers of Groby, Gules, seven mascles or. 
 
 This lady Philippa was the daughter of Henry Lord Ferrers of Groby, and mar- 
 ried Sir Guy de Beauchamp, eldest son to Thomas, Earl of Warwick, who received the 
 honor of Knighthood in the twenty-ninth of Edward III. and died at Vendosme in 
 1360. At his death his widow made a solemn vow of chastity, in the college church 
 of Warwick, on the eleventh of August, before the then Bishop of Worcester. 
 
 [Sir Guy de Beauchamp made his will at Canterbury in September 1359, from 
 which it appears that his two daughters took the veil at Shouldham, where it is pro- 
 bable that their mother was also secluded. N.] 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 SIR JOHN HARSYK AND LADY, AT SOUTHACRE, 1384. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 82, Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 146. 
 
 In the chapel of our Lady’s Assumption, the burial place of the Harsyk family, lies 
 the brass of which I have given an exact representation, but differing in some trifling 
 respects from that given by Gough. On the surcoat of the knight are his arms: the 
 same are repeated on a shield, surmounted by his helmet and crest of turkeys’ 
 feathers, placed across the top of the stone. This crest Sir John, his father, was 
 allowed to wear by grant in the thirtieth of Edward III. from Sir John Camoys, and 
 Sir John Harsyk bore it in a hoop Or. Sir John married Katharine, daughter and 
 sole heir of Sir Bartholomew Calthorpe, knight, of Gestingthorpe; whose father, Sir 
 Bartholomew, married Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir of Sir John de Gestingthorpe, 
 of Essex, and, by reason of his inheritance, assumed the arms of Gestingthorpe, Er- 
 mine, a maunche gules; and these arms the lady has on her robe, on the dexter side, 
 with her husband’s on the sinister.” 
 
 [Sir John Harsyk was evidently “ the Sire de Harsike,” who is said, in a Roll of 
 Arms of the time of Edward the Third, to have borne “ D’or au chief du sable endenté 
 de quatre points.” The inscription on this brass exhibits one of the rare instances 
 of persons, who bore the same baptismal name as their ancestors, being designated as 
 the “second” or “third” of their family. This Sir John Harsyk, who is there described 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 10 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 as “tercius,” made his Will on the 14th November 1381, by which he ordered his body 
 | to be buried in the chapel of the Assumption of the Blessed Mary in the church of 
 i il} Southacre. He bequeathed 40 shillings to paint a tablet of the History of the As- 
 Hit sumption, to be placed in the said chapel; and mentioned his wife Katharine, his son 
 ) and heir John Harsyk, and two other sons. Harleian MS. No.10. N.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | | Puate XI. 
 | | 
 ya Hl FP 
 | 1) JOAN LADY PLAYS, AT INGHAM, 1385. 
 | | ‘ il Blomefield’s Norf. ix. 324. 
 { i 
 WT Hn Ii Was daughter of Sir Miles Stapleton (vid. sup. 1385). The inscription was— 
 eA EW Hi “ Tey gist Jone, jadis femme a Mounseur John Plays, fille a Mounseur Miles de 
 i | i | Stapleton, que mourust le second jour de Septemb. I’an de grace notre S. Jesu Crist 
 4} | [ Mill. ccc. Ixxxv. de quel alme Dieu eit mercy.” 
 
 i On this stone were the arms of Plays, Per pale or and gules, a lion passant in 
 Wh fess argent; impaling two bends: the rest reaved. The injured state of this brass 
 Ma is much to be lamented, and it is particularly so, that the injury should have fallen on 
 mH such a part; for it is not easy to imagine to what article of her dress the ornament, 
 i I || a portion of which is left below, belongs. Her hair seems to have been dressed with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | |) Ni singular neatness, and the collar of her robe is made to stand up after the manner of 
 | | the gorget. 
 ! | | | Puate XII. 
 f SIR WILLIAM KERDESTON AND LADY, AT REEPHAM, 1391. 
 | Blomefield’s Norf. viii. 248, 247. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 107. 
 | | Hi I This monument was placed in memory of William Kerdeston, and his lady Cecilia, 
 
 daughter of Brewes, of Salle. Over his head was the shield of Kerdeston, Gules, a 
 | saltire engrailed argent, and over hers that of Brewes; but both are now lost, together 
 with a rim of brass running round the stone, and containing an epitaph in Latin verse. 
 The dresses of the knight and his lady most closely correspond with those of Sir 
 WM IE” Roger and Elizabeth Felbrigge, 1380; the only difference lying in a loose robe which 
 | Cecilia Kerdeston wears, in addition to the close gown buttoned to the wrists: both 
 ladies have the veil thrown back, to display the reticulated head-dress. 
 [It is remarkable that the Arms represented on this brass, namely, two bars wavy, 
 are neither those of Kerdeston, nor Brewes or Breose, and were it not for the state- 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment that there were once shields of Kerdeston and Brewes, together with an inscrip- 
 | tion (Vide Blomefield’s Norfolk, vol. viii. p. 247), of which, however, no trace appears 
 in the engraving, some doubt might exist whether this brass is properly appropri- 
 ated. N.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 11 
 
 Prats XIII. 
 
 SIR NICHOLAS DAGWORTH, AT BLICKLING, 1401. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 384. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 5. 
 
 “ At the east end of the south aisle of Blickling Church, is a brass figure, armed 
 cap-a-pie; under his head lie his helmet and crest, a griffin’s head erased. About 
 him are four shields; at the first corner, Ermine, on a fess Gules 3 Bezants, Dag- 
 worth: at the fourth, Gules, a fess between six martlets or, Rosale; 2 and 3, the 
 same arms impaled. Round the slab was this inscription : 
 
 “Hic jacet Nicholaus de Dagworth, miles, quondam dominus de Blickling, qui 
 obiit die mensis Januarii, anno domini Millessimo cccc. primo, cujus anime 
 propicietur Deus. Amen.” 
 
 “In 1364, Sir Nicholas Dagworth, Knt. afterwards Lord of Blickling, was com- 
 mander in Acquitaine ; in 1373 he was employed by King Edward III. in a secret 
 negotiation with John Fastolff and others, in France. In 1376 he was sent by the 
 King and council into Ireland, to examine into Sir William de Windsor’s carriage 
 there: but, at the motion of Dame Alice Perers, he was stopped, she declaring him Sir 
 William’s enemy, and that it was unjust to appoint one enemy to judge another; but 
 the next year he was sent with full commission to reform the state of that kingdom. 
 He was in as great esteem of King Richard II. as he had always been with Edward IIL., 
 for in 1380 he, Sir John Haukewood, and Walter Skirlawe, doctor of the decrees, and 
 dean of St. Martin’s le Grand, London, were sent into France to treat with the dukes 
 and lords of Italy; and the same year, being one of the privy chamber to the King, 
 he, with Bernard Vansedles, Simon de Burley the chamberlain, Robert Braybrook, 
 licentiate in the laws, and Walter Skirlawe, had like powers to treat with the German 
 princes; the next year, he and Skirlawe went as ambassadors to Pope Urban VI., and 
 had power to treat with the King of Naples. 
 
 “In 1384, he, John Baam and Sir John Haukewood, went ambassadors to the 
 Pope, and to treat with Charles, King of Jerusalem and Sicily: and, notwithstanding 
 his being so much in favour, in the 11th of Richard IJ. he was one of those impeached 
 in parliament, and was imprisoned in Rochester castle in Kent ; but being honourably 
 discharged, was next year appointed a commissioner to treat with the French King, 
 and with the Earl of Flanders; .in the 13th of Richard II. he was made one of the 
 commissioners to take the oath of the King of Scotland, to the treaty then concluded, 
 and afterwards demanded satisfaction of the Scots for infringing that treaty, and also 
 the money for redemption of Robert Bruce. 
 
 “ He retired to his house at Blickling in Norfolk, and died without issue in Ja- 
 nuary 1401.” 
 
 [He appears to have made his will in December 1396, wherein, however, he 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 ordered his body to be buried in the church of St. Bennett, near Paul's wharf, London. 
 To Eleanor, his wife, who was the daughter of Walter, and sister and co-heir of Sir 
 John Rosale, of Shropshire, he bequeathed one third part of his goods “ to be quiet.” 
 (Testamenta Vetusta.) She was only twenty-six years old at his decease (Esch. 
 5 Hen.IV), and afterwards married John Mortimer, and was living in the 10th Hen. IV. 
 Dugdale says of Sir Nicholas Dagworth that “ with thirteen horse he fought with sixty 
 French near to Flaveny; and by the means of certain chariots, which he made use of 
 for his defence, (being placed in a circle whereunto he could enter at pleasure,) 
 utterly vanquished them.” Baronage, ii. 148. N.] 
 
 [Jn this brass appears the first approach towards pauldrons, in the overlapping 
 epaulieres, which are considerably extended in front. The plates under the genouil- 
 lieres occur likewise here, covering the upper edge of the greaves. See Meyrick’s 
 Armour, ii.92. The cord which attaches the camail to the bascinet is also covered, a 
 protection rendered necessary, as it was so often hewn down by the cut of the sword, 
 and this is probably the earliest instance. S. R. M.] 
 
 Prater XIV. 
 
 HENRY NOTINGHAM AND WIFE, AT HOLM-BY-THE-SEA. 
 BEFORE 1410. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. x. 331. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 215. and ii. pl. Ixxxviii. fig. 1, where, 
 however, their position is reversed. 
 
 In the church of Holm-by-the-sea were buried Henry Notingham and his wife, 
 and their effigies in brass placed over their grave: they are subsequently described as 
 nailed to a board, and hung up against the wall. He is represented with a very high 
 cape to his robe, supported by a collar, from which of course was suspended some 
 badge or device, but hidden by his hands: from his embroidered belt depends his 
 anelace on his left side. The robe of his wife resembles that of Joan Lady Plays, 1385, 
 excepting that it is not so large, while the sleeves of her gown are lengthened, and 
 appear like mittens. Her veil too is neatly ornamented with a plaited border, very 
 similar to one on the image of Sir Roger de Boys’ lady, buried in Ingham Church, 
 about 1380. This brass, however, cannot be dated much earlier than 1410; for 
 Henry Notingham, who was an ‘itinerant judge in the reign of Richard IL, was one of 
 the council of the duchy of Lancaster, in the fifth and sixth of Henry IV. The in- 
 scription affords an excellent example of the letters used in that reign. 
 
 [It appears from the inscription that Henry Notingham and his wife built the 
 steeple and choir of Holm Church, and gave two vestments and bells for its service. 
 N.] 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 13 
 
 Prater XV, 
 
 SIR SIMON FELBRIGGE AND HIS LADY MARGARET, AT FELBRIGGE, 1413. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. viii.116. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 138, Anstis’s Order of the Garter, ii. 167. 
 
 The monument now given is, after the Lynn brasses, the most interesting of the 
 kind that our county can boast. It was placed by Sir Simon Felbrigge in his life time, 
 and under his own direction, upon the death of Margaret his first wife, by whose side 
 it was evidently his intention to be buried; though he afterwards changed his mind, 
 and was buried in the church of the Friars Preachers, in Norwich (the present St. 
 Andrew’s Hall), in 1442. The knight, in complete plate armour, has his “ shoulder- 
 pieces, or emerases, or gonfanons,’* charged with a plain cross of St. George; round 
 his left leg is the garter with the motto, the first example of it in Norfolk; his right 
 arm supports a banner or pennon, charged with the arms borne by Richard II. in the 
 latter part of his reign. In a shield above the canopy, on the knight’s side, the 
 same arms are repeated, as they are on the opposite side also, but impaling quarterly, 
 1 and 4, the arms of the Empire, a spread eagle with two heads crowned; 2 and 3, 
 the kingdom of Bohemia, a lion rampant, quéwe fourchée, being the arms of Anne, 
 Richard’s queen. The second and.third quarters are now blank in the plate, but are 
 
 * Palettes—S. R. M. 
 
 + This is one of the few existing memorials of the remarkable change in the royal Arms by the ad- 
 dition of the bearing attributed to Edward the Confessor, introduced by Richard II. which appears never 
 to have been satisfactorily explained, and may deserve some more detailed notice. Froissart relates 
 that he was informed hy a person attached to the court, that the king in his Irish expedition in 1394, 
 with a view to conciliate that country, adopted the bearing of the Confessor : but according to Walsing- 
 ham, this alteration in the arms commenced about 1398. By some the change has heen attributed to a 
 pious motive, for the Confessor was Richard’s Patron Saint, as were likewise the Baptist and King 
 Edmund ; and the heralds having assigned arms to Edmund, as well as the Confessor, we might expect, 
 if this were the true explanation, to find both patrons similarly honoured. The MS. Chronicle of 
 Melros imputes it to a different motive, namely, the pride and exultation of Richard, on having tri- 
 umphed over his foes ; as if the bearings of his ancestors were no longer good enough for him; but it 
 were more reasonable to suppose, that he sought to honor the saint, by whose protection the triumph had 
 been attained. These assumed bearings appear neither on the seals, nor the tomb of Richard: they 
 were specially granted, as honorable augmentations of arms, to certain of his favourites or relations, with 
 some armorial difference to each; but in all, as here in the royal arms, were borne impaling their pater- 
 nal coats. They were granted, perhaps as early as 1396, to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk ; and 
 afterwards to Thomas Holland, Duke of Surrey, and John Holland, Duke of Exeter, On the brass 
 in Westminster Abbey, of Robert Waldeby, Archbishop of Dublin, who died 1397, and was in Ireland 
 at the period of Richard’s expedition,—being also, like Sir Simon Felbrigge, an attached and favoured 
 servant of that king,—the royal arms are again found thus singularly impaled : in wardrobe accounts 
 nearly of the same time, 22 Ric. II. occur entries of robes emdroidered with the arms of the Confessor, 
 
 and of England, nuxe partitis, which seems to imply that it was then a change of recent adoption. See 
 Sandford, and Anstis, Reg. ii, 175, where will be found various memorials of Sir Simon Felbrigge. 
 —A.W. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK, 
 
 thus given by Anstis and Blomefield. Suspended from the middle pinnacle is Felbrigge, 
 Or, a lion saliant gules,* impaling a spread eagle, the arms of his lady: below, on each 
 side, is a fetterlock, his badge, used by Edward IV. also, and the house of York. His 
 supporters are not here, but are said to have been two lions, and his crest a plume of 
 ostrich feathers ermine, issuing from a coronet. On the corbel, between the arches 
 of the canopy, is a white hart lodged, which should have been gorged with a coronet 
 and chain or ; the device or badge, and also the supporter of Richard II. 
 
 Sir Simon was son of Roger de Felbrigge (vid. sup. 1380), and was a very distin- 
 guished knight in the reign of Richard II. To this king, in 1395, he was appointed 
 standard-bearer (an office formerly granted to none but persons of tried courage and 
 known military talents, and endowed with great personal strength), in memory of 
 which the royal standard is represented on the monument. In the first year of 
 Henry V. he received the robes of the Order of the Garter; and in the register of the 
 Garter, 14, he is styled ordinis mawime senew. He died 1443. His first wife was Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Primislaus, Duke of Teschen, and nephew to Winceslaus V. King 
 of Bohemia, and consequently a near kinswoman of Anne, queen of Richard II. and 
 one of her maids of honour. She died in 1413, and her figure is represented on the 
 stone with his at Felbrigge. His second wife was Katharine, daughter of Ansketil 
 Malory, Esq. of Winwick, and relict of Ralph Grene, of Draiton: she died in 1459, 
 and was buried by her husband at Norwich. 
 
 [To the preceding account of this distinguished person it may be added that he 
 furnished twelve men at arms and thirty-six foot archers, and possibly served 
 in the expedition to France under Henry V. in 1415, and at Agincourt. He made 
 his will at Felbrigge in September 1431, which was proved in February 1443-4, 
 whereby he gave certain manors to his daughter Alana, wife of Sir Thomas Wanton, 
 with remainder, failing the heirs of her body, to the right heirs of the body of Sir 
 John Felbrigge, remainder to Richard Felbrigge, remainder to John, brother of the 
 said Richard Felbrigge. He mentioned also his wife Katharine, whom he made one 
 of his executors, and his daughter Anne a nun at Brusyard. ‘Katharine Lady Felbrigge, 
 his widow, made her will in February 1459, and ordered her body to be buried with 
 her husband. Testamenta Vetusta, and Harl. MS.10. N.] 
 
 * Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, who married Maud Marshal, bore on one side of his seal a repre- 
 sentation of himself in complete armour, on horseback, and on the other side a lion saliant: the field was 
 party per pale or and vert, and the lion gules: so that the Felbrigges, as descended from him, varied 
 only (as was customary) the field, but retained the lion. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 15 
 
 PLatEe XVI. 
 
 GEOFFRY FRANSHAM, ESQ. AT GREAT FRANSHAM, 1414. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ix. 499. 
 
 This figure, which is not mentioned by Gough, is so very similar to that of Sir 
 Simon Felbrigge, and accords so closely in point of date, that one is tempted to believe 
 them works of the same artist. The family of Fransham held this village, whence 
 its name was derived, near four hundred years, and terminated with the person com- 
 memorated by this monument: he died without issue, leaving five sisters his coheirs. 
 
 [His mother Agnes de Fransham made her will in April 1404 (and died before 
 July in that year), wherein she mentioned her son Geoffrey, and Joan his wife, and 
 her daughter Elizabeth. Harl. MS.10. N.] 
 
 [* At the east end of the south aisle of the church is an ancient chapel, at the 
 entrance of which lies a large grey marble stone, whereon is the portraiture of a person 
 armed cap-a-pie, his hands conjoined and elevated as at prayers, within a curious arch 
 or canopy work of brass, inlaid in the stone, round the verge of which runs a fillet 
 of brass, thus inscribed, ‘ Hic jacet Galfridus Fransham, armiger, de Fransham, qui 
 obiit in festo Jeronomi Doctoris, A° d’ni Mill’o cece. xiiij, cujus, &c.” Blomefield. | 
 
 Piate XVII. 
 
 JOHN DANIEL, IN ST. STEPHEN’S, NORWICH, 1418. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 152. 
 
 The south chancel aisle of St. Stephen’s Church, Norwich, was formerly a chapel, 
 dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, to whom, jointly with St. John, an altar there was 
 consecrated. John Daniel, merchant, mayor in 1406 and 1417, was a great benefactor 
 to it, and lies buried in it: upon his stone is the effigy, the subject of this plate. The 
 inscription has been reaved, but was as follows :— 
 
 “ Hie jacet Johannes Danyel, quondam maior Norwici, qui obiit die Sep- 
 tembris, A°. D™ M. cece. xviii. cujus, &c.” 
 
 [In 1403, Henry IV. having received from the city of Norwich many signal ser- 
 vices, granted to it a new charter, in as ample a form as they desired. By this charter 
 the offices of bailiffs were extinguished; and the city had power to elect a mayor 
 yearly, and two sheriffs for the city and its county. See Blomef. iii. 120. John 
 Daniel was one of the last bailiffs, and one of the first sheriffs of Norwich; and 
 shortly after, becoming mayor in 1406, he had the honour of receiving the king, who 
 paid a visit to his good citizens of Norwich. He was mayor a second time in 1417, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 16 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 in which year discords having arisen respecting the charter, Henry V. summoned to 
 the privy council two delegates from the mayor, and sheriffs, and the commons; and 
 accordingly a settlement having taken place, Henry V. granted a charter of confirma- 
 tion, with such new clauses as were found necessary: dated at Porchester on the eve 
 of his departure for the campaign in Normandy.—A. W. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pirate XVIII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SIR WILLIAM CALTHORPE, AT BURNHAM THORP, 1420. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 517, and vii. 14. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The armour of the knight is ornamented with more than usual care, and he 
 wears a collar of SS, of which this is the first example in Norfolk. Attached to the 
 buttresses on each side was a scroll: on that to the right is “ Quisquis eris qui transi- 
 eris sta, perlege, plora:” the other is reaved, whereon was “ Sum quod eris, fueramque 
 quod es: pro me precor ora.” At the upper end are two shields; Calthorpe, Checky 
 or and azure, a fess ermine; and St. Omer, Azure, a fess between six crosslets or, 
 the arms of Sybilla, his second wife, daughter and heir of Sir Edmund de St. Omer. 
 This is the first instance of the square-headed embattled canopy: the arch, too, of the 
 interior canopy, which for a long time has been the drop arch, is here decidedly 
 semi-circular. 
 
 Sir William Calthorpe was the son of Oliver Calthorpe by Isabella, sister and heir 
 of Sir Bartholemew Bacon. He made his will on the 19th December 1420, which 
 was proved on the 29th of the same month. By Eleanor his first wife, daughter and 
 heir of Sir John Mautby, he had his son and heir Sir John Calthorpe, who died vitd 
 patris, leaving William, who was found heir to his grandfather, and eleven years of 
 age, in the 9th Hen. V. His second wife was Sybilla, daughter and heir of Sir 
 Edmund de St.Omer. She died in 1421, and her arms Azure, a fess between six cross 
 crosslets or, occur on her husband’s monument. The other shield contains the arms of 
 Calthorpe, Checky or and azure, a fess ermine, together with what seems to have been 
 the badge* of the family, a hawk, belled and jessed, on a mount, holding a scroll in his 
 beak, with the motto Penger de fyner. An account of Collars of SS, with one of which 
 | the neck of the effigy is adorned, will be found in the Retrospective Review, New 
 \ | Ha Series, by George Frederick Beltz, Esquire, K. H. Lancaster Herald. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 borne by Sir William Calthorpe, the grandson of this Sir William, in the 21 Hen. VI.—Blomefield’s 
 
 HW! } * The crest of Calthorpe, a boar’s head between two naked boys, armed with clubs, was certainly 
 Norfolk, vi. 517. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. Wi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Piare XIX. 
 
 SIR RALPH SHELTON AND LADY, AT GREAT SNORING, 1423. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. v. 265, and ix. 257. Weever’s Monuments, p. 813. 
 
 In the chancel of Great Snoring lie the effigies of a knight and his lady. On the 
 upper part of the stone are the arms of Shelton, Azure, a cross or, impaling Burgo- 
 lyon, Quarterly or and gules, in the second and third quarters three annulets argent, 
 over all a bend sable: also, Shelton impaling Uvedale, Argent, a cross moline gules. 
 At their feet, Burgolyon impaling Plaitz, Per pale or and gules, a lion passant argent; 
 also, Burgolyon impaling Shelton. The legend round the rim was : 
 
 “Hic jacent Radulphus Shelton, miles, qui obiit xxv. die Octobris, Anno Domini 
 M. cece. xxiiij. et Alicia uxor ejus filia Thome de Uvedale militis de Tacolnestone, 
 que quidem Alicia obiit xiij. die mensis Maii, Anno Domini... . . 
 
 This is remarkable among the Norfolk brasses, as having the field of the knight’s 
 coat, and the cross moline in the lady’s, enamelled in their proper colours, and from 
 his surcoat being the first with sleeves. 
 
 Of the family of Shelton, which was exceedingly numerous, some account may 
 be found in the fifth volume of Blomefield. 
 
 
 
 Puate XX, 
 
 ELA, RELICT OF SIR MILES STAPLETON, AT INGHAM. 
 
 CIRCA 1425. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ix. 352. 
 
 Adjoining the south wall in Ingham chancel was the effigy of a lady, in brass, 
 the epitaph reaved, with the arms of Ufford, Sable, a cross engrailed or, a bend over 
 all argent; impaling Pierrepoint, Azure, a chief checky or and gules; also Stapleton 
 impaling Ufford. The former of these shields was reaved when Mr. Talbot took the 
 impression ; but enough was left to identify this brass with that attributed by Parkin 
 to Ela de Ufford, the wife of Sir Miles Stapleton. 
 
 Sir Miles, the son of Sir Miles Stapleton and Joan the heiress of Ingham, died 
 in the fifth of Henry V. leaving his son, Sir Bryan, forty years of age. His wife was 
 Ela, daughter of Sir Edmund Ufford, by Eva, daughter of Sir John Pierrepoint. It 
 may fairly be inferred, that, as she must have been nearly threescore years of age 
 when her husband died, in 1418, she did not survive him very long; how long I have 
 no means of ascertaining. ; 
 
 About the monument of Sir Miles and Ela Stapleton, there is much confusion. 
 
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 18 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Parkin, the unequal successor of Blomefield in the History of Norfolk, and, after him, 
 Gough, mentions another, which by the latter is thus described. (Sepulch. Mon. 
 i. 119.) 
 
 “ There are the loose fragments of a brass, which, from the S$ at the end of the 
 belt, may have represented a Stapleton, and perhaps Sir Miles, son of the first Sir 
 Miles, who died 1418, and whose inscription is thus given by Blomefield, who saw the 
 whole figure entire. ‘ Icy gist monseur Miles de Stapleton, fils al fondeur de ceste 
 meson, & Dame Ela sa compagne, auxi Dieu leurs almes eit mercis.’ His figure is 
 exceedingly well executed, very much like that of Nicholas de Dagworth, at Blickling, 
 who died 1401, and doubtless by the same hand. The armour of both terminates at 
 the bottom of the belly, in an elegant foliage. Arms, Stapleton impaling Ufford. He 
 married Ela de Ufford, but only her head now remains,” 
 
 Parkin describes this monument as having the portraitures of a knight in armour 
 and his lady. 
 
 If now, Ela de Ufford was buried by her husband (and it is not likely she would 
 have had two monuments in the same chancel), it is not obvious to whoni the monu- 
 ment which I have given ought to be attributed. Hla their daughter, who married 
 Sir Robert Brewes, of Salle, was buried, according to her will, in 1456, by the side of 
 her husband, in the chancel of the conventual church of Woodbridge. 
 
 Prats XXI. 
 
 ROBERT BAXTER AND WIDOW, IN ST. GILES’S, NORWICH, 1432. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 240. 
 
 A stone, with the effigies of a mayor in his gown, lined with fur, and by him his 
 wife, with the veil and barbe, as tokens of widowhood and mourning, placed in the 
 middle of the nave of St. Giles’ Church, Norwich, is the only record of Robert Baxter. 
 Shields are lost from each corner. 
 
 [Robert Baxter was one of the sheriffs of Norwich 1418: one of the burgesses 
 in Parliament at Westminster 8 Hen. V. 1420. When he became mayor in 1424, it 
 appears there was a great “lack of good and vertuous governaunce” in Norwich, to 
 the great dishonour of mayor, aldermen, and commons: an evil which he exerted 
 himself forthwith to correct, and was party with the aldermen and commons to an 
 indenture containing constitutions for the better government of the city. These 
 were further enforced by the ordinance of a proclamation, to be made by the mayor 
 every year, and as occasion might require. Blomef. iii. 137. He was Mayor a second 
 time in 1429.—A. W. ] 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 19. 
 
 Pirate XXII. 
 
 SIR BRYAN AND LADY STAPLETON, AT INGHAM, 1438. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf, ix. 321. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 119. 
 
 Sir Bryan, son of the late-mentioned Sir Miles and Ela Stapleton, was, according 
 to Blomefield, born in 1378. In the registers of the Order of the Garter, given by 
 Anstis, in his second volume, I find a Sir Bryan Stapleton, one of the knights of that 
 order, from the seventh to the fourteenth of Richard IL. but what relation he bore to 
 the knight of the same name, at Ingham, I do not know. The latter married Cecilia, 
 daughter of Lord William Bardolf, whom he survived two years. In their effigies, 
 which, till within twenty years, lay on the north side of the chancel, there is nothing 
 remarkable, excepting that the knight is the first who has steel flaps to his cuirass 
 instead of mail tasses,* and his lady has the beginning of the mitre head-dress. The 
 care too which has perpetuated the memory of the knight has perpetuated that of his 
 dog also, whose name, Yai, is recorded on the monument. Above the canopy was 
 Stapleton impaling Ufford; Lord Bardolf, Azure, three cinquefoils pierced or, impaling 
 Barry of six, a bend over all, Lord Ponyngs, perhaps; and Stapleton impaling Bardolf. 
 
 Tn the inscription the date of his death, 1438, is lost. 
 
 Pirate XXIII. 
 
 ROGER FELTHORPE AND FAMILY, AT BLICKLING, 1454. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 407. 
 
 Nothing is known of this man, whose name and inscription only are given without 
 comment by Blomefield; and the monument, although an early example of children 
 depictured with their parents, is altogether omitted by Gough and Weever. The 
 figures ‘are not among the worst executed; but the idea of representing fourteen 
 children of the same size, and the very miniatures of their parents, is singularly 
 absurd. ‘The head-dress has now become decidedly mitred, which, in Lady Stapleton, 
 was only approaching to it. 
 
 [William de Felthorpe was rector of Blickling, 1384 to 1395. In the chancel 
 windows at Maideston, where two of the same family were rectors, 1343 to 1354, were 
 the arms of Felthorpe, Or, a saltire sable. Blomefield, x. 420.—A. W. ] 
 
 * The tasses were never of mail, but sometimes what was termed a petticoat of mail was at a later 
 period attached to the lowest tace. These are indeed the tuiles in their incipient state, and as there 
 are four hinges, it seems probable that the artist forgot to put the dividing line between them.—S.R.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Prate XXIV. 
 SIR THOMAS SHERNBORN AND LADY, AT SHERNBOURN, 1458. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. x. 358, 360. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 185. 
 
 This monument, remarkable as an example of the admixture of lead with the 
 brass, is to the memory of Thomas, lord of the manor of Shernborne, in right of his 
 mother, heiress of the family of that name, and married, in 1408, to Richard Elles- 
 wick, Esq. of Ribchester, in Lancashire, father of Sir Thomas, who assumed the name 
 of Shernborne. He was chamberlain to Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., and 
 married Jamina de Cherneys, a Frenchwoman, one of her maids of honour, and died 
 February 2, 1458. The inscription, as copied by Gough from Weever, was 
 
 “Thome Sherneborne camerar. d’re Margarete regine Anglie et Jamine uxoris 
 ejus quondam domicellarie ejusd’ regine.” 
 
 At each end of the stone were two shields, Gules, a lion rampant or, Shernborn, 
 impaling, Three martlets in fess, and a file of three in chief, De Cherneys. Under his 
 head is the lower part of a helmet, the crest, a vulture displayed, being lost.* 
 
 His lady is described as having “the mitred head-dress and veil, a surcoat, 
 mantle, kirtle, and cordon.” 
 
 PLatTE XXY. 
 A CITIZEN OF NORWICH AND HIS WIFE, 
 
 CIRCA 1460. 
 
 These brasses are not noticed by Blomefield in his account of St. Mary’s church 
 in Coslany, iv. 486. The lady’s head-dress resembles in form that of Lady Stapleton 
 at Ingham. 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 JOHN TODENHAM, AT. NORWICH, 
 
 crrRcA 1460. 
 Blomefield, iv. 291. 
 
 This brass is near the altar in St. John’s Maddermarket church. Of the indi- 
 vidual here commemorated no particulars have been found. 
 
 [A Sir John Todenham, knight, was one of the executors of Roger Lord Scales 
 in 1385; and Sir Thomas Tudenham, of the diocese of Norwich, a person of some 
 eminence, made his will in February 1461, and bequeathed his manors of Oxburghe, 
 Thyngham, and Sparham, in Norfolk, to John Lord Wenlock. 'Testamenta Vetusta, 
 vol. i. pp. 130, 297. N.] 
 
 * The pauldrons are curious from not only having their upper edges turned back, but from the 
 raised pieces upon them, which preceded the passgardes.—S, R. M. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 21 
 
 Pratr XXVII. 
 
 THOMAS BOKENHAM, IN ST. STEPHEN'S, NORWICH, 1460. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 156. 
 
 This effigy is a curious testimony that false hair had not at that time been re- 
 sorted to for supplying the deficiencies occasioned by age or constitution ; and the 
 high shoes, with double clasps, are singular, as lately, in the civil costume, we have 
 met with nothing but boots. Of the man himself, no other memorial is left than what 
 the epitaph affords, which is as follows :— 
 
 “ Orate pro animabus Thome Bokenham et Christiane consortis sue, qui quidem 
 Thomas obiit xii. die Augusti, anno Domini M. ccce. lx. quorum animabus’ propicietur 
 Deus. Amen.” 
 
 Puate XXVIII. 
 
 WILLIAM NORWICH AND WIFE, IN ST. GEORGE OF COLEGATE CHURCH, 
 NORWICH, 1463. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 470. 
 
 Of this person little is known, but that he was sheriff of Norwich, 1455, Mayor 
 in 1491, and a benefactor to the church of St. George of Colegate, to which his wife 
 also contributed at her death. This is the first example, and an early one, of the 
 label with the prayer supposed to issue from the mouth. In the inscription there is 
 an error in the date of the wife’s death; it should have been 1472 instead of 1572. 
 
 This brass lies in the chapel, at the east end of the north aisle, dedicated to St. 
 Mary and all the Saints, and founded by William Norwich. The accidental error 
 occurs in the plate, in the date of his death, as well as that of his wife. 
 
 Puate XXIX. 
 
 JOHN WODEHOWS, ESQ. AND WIFE, AT KIMBERLEY, 1465. 
 Blomefield’s Norf, ii. 529. 
 
 Some of the earlier brasses had great intrinsic merit, and were valuable, though 
 the names they bore were never names of renown. The case is exactly reversed in 
 the monument before us: vilely executed, it is yet valuable for its name’s sake. It is 
 placed in memory of John Wodehows, Esq. second son and eventually heir of the 
 
 great John Wodehouse, who, by his signal bravery and conduct in the battle of Agin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 court, rendered everlastingly illustrious a before-honourable name.* He married Con- 
 stance, eldest daughter and coheir of Thomas Geddynge, Esq. first relict of Henry 
 Pooley, Esq. and afterwards of John Aleyne. He died at Kimberley, in 1465. This 
 monument, however, ill-suited as it is to such a name, does not appear, from his 
 
 round toes and long hair, and her dress, to have been placed till sixty years after his 
 death. 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 SIR MILES STAPLETON AND TWO WIVES, AT INGHAM, 1466. 
 Blomefield’s Norf, ix, 324. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. i. 119. 
 
 Sir Miles is the fourth and last of the name of Stapleton that is buried in the 
 chancel at Ingham. 
 
 On the stone were Stapleton impaling Delapole, Azure, on a fess between three 
 leopard’s faces or, a mullet sable; Stapleton impaling Felbrigge, Or, a lion saliant 
 gules; Stapleton and Ufford ; Stapleton and Bardolf. 
 
 Prate XXXI. 
 
 HENRY UNTON, AT SCULTHORP, 1470, 
 
 This is the first time we meet with the word “ gentleman,” and here it is singu- 
 larly introduced in the middle of a Latin inscription. In the inscription is a word im- 
 mediately before Banco, the meaning of which is not evident, and which is wholly 
 omitted by Blomefield, who also gives no account of this person. 
 
 [Henry Unton held the office of chirographer in the court of Common Pleas, an- 
 ciently called the Common Bench. The inscription ought probably to be read, quon- 
 dam Cirographus domini Regis de Communi Banco. The duties of chirographer 
 
 were to ingross, and make proclamation of fines in the Common Pleas, and to deliver 
 the indentures of them to the party—A. W. ] 
 
 Pirate XXXII. 
 SIR JOHN CURSON AND LADY, AT BELAUGH, 1471. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. viii. 188. 
 
 Of the great family of Curson no traces remain in Norfolk.* Sir John,+ by his 
 will, dated ten days before his death, requires to be buried in the church of Bylaw, at 
 
 “ Great doubt may be entertained whether John Wodehouse was present at Agincourt. See the 
 History of the Battle of Agincourt, 2nd edit. p. 168. N. 
 + His jambs and cuisses are curiously marked.—S. R. M. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 23 
 
 the chancel door, and to have a grave-stone at the price of eight marks. He married 
 Jane, the daughter of Bacon, who survived him. The arms over her head are 
 not mentioned by Blomefield, nor the word “ Yenk,” which is above each of the 
 shields ; neither does he say to whom belong the arms beneath her feet. Those above 
 probably ought to be Felton, Gules, two lions passant ermine, crowned or, quartering 
 Curson, Ermine, a bend compony argent and sable, and impaling, On a chevron three 
 boar’s heads couped, quartering Bacon, two mullets pierced. 
 
 
 
 Pirate XXXII. 
 
 ANN BOLEYN, AT BLICKLING, 1479. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 388. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 184. 
 
 This brass is to the memory of Ann, infant daughter of Sir William Boleyn and 
 his lady Margaret, daughter and coheir of Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, and aunt 
 of the unfortunate queen who afterwards bore her name. 
 
 This brass gives us the first example of the necklace, which nevertheless had 
 been for many years a conspicuous feature in female attire. 
 
 [The arms are Boleyn, Argent, a chevron gules, between three bulls’ heads couped 
 Sable, quarterly with Azure, three mullets, a chief dauncette or, Bracton, the heiress 
 of Bracton having been wife of Geoffery, grandfather of Sir William Boleyn. The 
 mullets, which were probably enamelled, do not appear. There was in the chancel 
 at Blickling another brass of this family, representing Cecily, sister of Geoffrey Boleyn, 
 lord of Blickling: she died 26 June, 1458, aged 50. The most interesting memorial 
 of the family, whieh, from the connexion with Queen Elizabeth, possesses an addi- 
 tional interest, is the brass in Hever church, Kent, of Sir Thomas Boleyn, the eldest 
 brother of Cecily, who was created Earl of Wiltshire by Henry VII. It is engraved 
 in Thorpe’s Custumale Roff. p. 115. Impressions of both are preserved in the 
 British Museum.—A. W. ] 
 
 Piatt XXXIV. 
 
 WILLIAM YELVERTON AND WIFE, AT ROUGHAM, 1481. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. x. 37. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 230. Weever’s Monuments, 821. 
 
 This brass very much resembles that of John Wodehouse, Esq. in its general 
 style and costume, but is not so badly executed: it is remarkable as being the first 
 on which we meet both with Arabic numerals and a miserable attempt at a metrical 
 jingling epitaph. He was the eldest son of Judge Yelverton and his second wife 
 Agnes Brews, and married Catharine, widow of William de Clippesby, and daughter 
 of Henry Spelman, Esq. but all the shields are gone. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 
 MARGARET CASTYLL, AT RAVENINGHAM, 1483. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. viii. 55. 
 
 In this plate we have the first and only instance of a dragon peeping out from 
 under the flounce of the lady’s garment: the dog, as observed in the Introduction, 
 may very well be supposed indicative of fidelity, but this hieroglyphic meets not so 
 obvious an explanation. The last epitaph was the first instance of Latin rhyme, we 
 have in this an equivalent in English. 
 
 [The dragon is evidently in allusion to the saint after whom the lady was named ; 
 whose emblem is a dragon. G.] 
 
 Plate XXXVI. 
 
 EDMUND CLERE, ESQ. AND WIFE, AT STOKESBY, 1488. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. xi. 250. 
 
 This is an elegant brass, and in many points of view remarkable. But her head- 
 dress* and his cumbrous helmet (the visor of which is raised), with the roses round 
 the steel gorget,-( are different from any we have had before: nor have we an earlier 
 instance in brass of a greyhound at the foot of a man: in Sir Roger de Boys’, at 
 Ingham, a stone effigy, we meet with it a century before. The letter of the inscrip- 
 tion, instead of being engraven as usual, is relieved. At each corner was a shield: 
 that at the first is reaved; second and third corners, Charles, Ermine, on a chief 
 gules four lozenges of the field; at the fourth, Clere, Argent, on a fess azure three 
 alerions or ; impaling Charles. Edmund Clere, Esq. was second son of Robert Clere, 
 Esq. himself a second son of Sir William Clere, of Ormesby, and Dyonisia, daughter 
 of Sir William de Wychingham ; and this circumstance may account for his bearing 
 three alerions instead of three spread-eagles, the arms of Clere. Margaret Paston, 
 receiving Henry the Sixth’s Queen, at Norwich, 1452, “ borrowed her cousin Elizabeth 
 Clere’s device or ornament for the neck, for she durst not for shame go with her beads 
 among so many fresh gentlewomen as here were assembled.” (Gough, ii. ccxxiv. 
 from Paston’s Letters.) The necklace of our lady appears to have been very splendid: 
 
 one may imagine it to resemble that of her aunt—the Elizabeth Clere before men- 
 tioned. 
 
 * Joan Sherard, at Stapleford, in Leicestershire (vid. Gough, ii..372, and Nichol’s Leicester- 
 shire, ii. 840), affords a more beautiful example of this head-dress: the knight also, on the same brass, 
 has a greyhound at his feet, 
 
 + This is altogether misunderstood. He wears on his head the visored salade, which in this century 
 superseded the basinet, and below it the mentoniere, or chin-guard. All the kinds of salades, and all 
 those of the basinet, are in the collection of armour at Goodrich Court.—S, R. M. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 25 
 
 Pirate XXXVI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WILLIAM BERDEWELL, ESQ. AND LADY, AT WEST HERLING, 1490. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. i. 304. 
 
 William Berdewell (descended from a family taking its name from the town. of 
 Berdwell, in Suffolk, where they lived in the Conqueror’s time, but which settled in 
 West Herling in the middle of the fourteenth century, and terminated in a daughter, 
 in 1512,) was born about 1430, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund de 
 Wychyngham of Fishley, in 1459, and after her death, when the present monument 
 was most probably made, married Elizabeth, the widow of John Cheke, in 1490. He 
 died shortly after, and was buried by his first wife. The arms of Berdewell are 
 Argent, a goat saliant gules, armed or. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Puate XXXVIII. 
 
 EDMUND. GRENE AND WIFE, AT HUNSTANTON, 1490. 
 
 No traces whatever of the persons represented on this elegant brass are to be met 
 with in Gough or Blomefield, but the general character of the figures points very 
 closely to the zera to which I have ascribed them. 
 
 Puate XXXIX. 
 
 WILLIAM CURTEYS, NOTARY, AT HOLM HALE, 1490. 
 
 Gough’s Sepulch. Monum, ii. 277. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This figure, which has been overlooked by Blomefield, is curious on account of 
 the appendages to the girdle—the pencase and ink-horn, indicative of his profession. 
 The hand of rapine has not been so impartial as the hand of death; for, while the 
 husband’s figure remains, that of the lady has been stolen. She is described by 
 Gough, in the place above quoted, as in a three-quarters attitude, veil head-dress, 
 close gown, and long buckled belt, with her hands elevated and displayed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘Prater XL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SIR HENRY GREY AND LADY, AT KETERINGHAM, 1492. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. v. 91. 
 
 Iam:at a, loss how to reconcile the above date with the dresses. of the figures 
 exhibited in. this plate: they evidently point to at least thirty years earlier; but 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Blomefield says his will was dated 1492: perhaps, like the monument of Sir Simon 
 Felbrigge, it was placed by himself long before his death. Between them are the arms 
 of Brotherton impaling Grey, Gules, a lion rampant and a bordure engrailed argent. 
 He has the rest for the lance on his right breast. 
 
 [Sir S. Meyrick, in his Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, vol. ii. p. 209, says 
 “The armour represented on the monumental brass plate of Sir Henry Grey, in 
 Keteringham church, Norfolk, seems to be of this period (Edward IV). He has a paul- 
 
 dron on his left shoulder, while his right is protected merely by epaulettes. His tasses_ 
 
 are no less than seven in number, on which account he has remarkably small tuilles. 
 The lance-rest on his right breast is made to turn up like a hook. His spurs, too, 
 are very curious, being furnished with a thin piece of steel, placed on the neck, which 
 rises over the rowel. This probably bends by pressure, and yet prevents the point 
 of the rowel from penetrating deeply, while at other times it keeps it clear of getting 
 entangled.” | 
 
 Piatt XLI. 
 
 CALTHORP, AT NORTH CREAK, 1495. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vii. '77. 
 
 This brass, though not noticed in the History of Norfolk, is interesting, inasmuch 
 as it is like none that I meet with elsewhere in Norfolk, or in the volumes of Gough. 
 It represents a founder, or one who had contributed very largely towards rebuilding 
 some place dedicated to religion : to his girdle are attached his purse and his string 
 of beads, at one end of which is his seal. The canopy points to some year near 1500. 
 I would at once attribute the effigy to Sir William Calthorp, of Burnham Thorpe, but 
 that he is represented as buried in White-Friars Church at Norwich. He died in 1494, 
 and, observing that many of his ancestors were buried in a chapel in the Abbey of 
 North Creak, appoints certain goods to be employed towards making the quire, the 
 presbytery, and repairing the abbey, and gives seventy-four pounds in addition for 
 that purpose. It is not at all improbable that, at the dissolution of the monasteries, 
 in the subsequent reign, any memorial of him should be removed by his grandson into 
 this church. The epitaph is entirely gone. 
 
 Prats XLII. 
 
 BRASS, AT EAST TUDENHAM, 1495. 
 Blomefield, x. 262. 
 
 The singular variety of the veil head-dress in the case of these two females, and 
 their being probably in the costume common to the wives of country gentlemen, have 
 led to the engraving this monument, though there are no means of ascertaining whom 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 it was designed to commemorate : even in Blomefield’s time the inscription was reaved. 
 In Gough, ii. 332, is the only instance of a similar head-dress, where it is dated 1504. 
 The short hair in our example will hardly allow us to place it so late. 
 
 Puate XLIIT. 
 
 HENRY SPELMAN AND WIFE, AT NARBURGH, 1496. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 161. Weever’s Monuments, 820. 
 
 This is one of a family for a long time lords of Narburgh, many members of 
 which were in public situations in the law. The present person was recorder of 
 Norwich, and is here represented in his gown, which much resembled the gown for- 
 merly worn by the mayor, wanting only the buttons on the right shoulder. He mar- 
 ried Hla, daughter of William de Narburgh, whose arms are impaled with his. 
 
 [His first wife was Christian, daughter and coheiress of Thomas Manning, Esq. 
 The arms of Spelman were Sable, platée, between two flaunches argent. Manning, 
 Azure and gules quarterly, over all a cross patonce between three trefoils slipped, or. 
 Narburgh, Gules, a chief ermine. A. W.]| 
 
 Puate XLIV. 
 
 NICHOLAS PARKER, AT HONING, 1496. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. xi. 46. 
 
 Nicholas Parker, Esq. appears to have been connected with some of the first 
 families in the county; for Blomefield says, that on his stone were the arms of Boys, 
 Erpingham, Repps, and Gymingham: none of them however remain; nor is there 
 any notice of him in the short account which Parkin gives of the parish of Honing. 
 
 Puate XLV. 
 
 RICHARD RYSLE, ESQ. AND WIFE, AT GREAT CRESSINGHAM, 1497. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. yi. 100. 
 
 Another of the many persons, of whom nothing is known but what the inscription 
 informs us. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Puate XLVI. 
 
 THOMAS HEVENYNGHAM AND WIFE, AT KETERINGHAM, 1499. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. y. 92. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 312. 
 
 This Thomas Hevenyngham was a great favourite with Humphrey, Duke of 
 Gloucester, who settled on him an annuity of ten pounds out of the manor of Rothing- 
 Berners, Essex. He married Anne, daughter of Sir Henry Grey, by whom he became 
 possessed of the manor of Keteringham, and who, by the will of Sir Henry, 1492, 
 compared with her epitaph, appears to have been Lady Grey’s daughter by a former 
 husband, Thomas Yerde. He has on his tabard his arms, Quarterly or and gules, in 
 a bordure engrailed sable nine escallops argent. His lady has her husband’s arms 
 on her mantle, and on her kirtle a chevron between three water-bougets: they are 
 faithfully represented on the plate. Between them are two shields: on the upper are 
 Hevenyngham quartering Or, semée of fleurs de lys, Redisham ; and on the other, Or, 
 three torteaux with a label of three points azure, Courtenay; impaling Or, within a 
 bordure engrailed gules, three Catharine-wheels sable. 
 
 Pirate XLVII. 
 
 SIR ROGER LE STRANGE, AT HUNSTANTON, 1506. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. x. 114. 325. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 296. Weever’s Monuments, 822. 
 
 In the centre of the chancel at Hunstanton, on an altar tomb, is this brass, to 
 the memory of Sir Roger le Strange, and his ancestors from John le Strange in the 
 reign of Henry III. The attitude of the knight, with his expanded and uplifted hands, 
 is singular, may I not also say singularly inelegant, and it is to be regretted, that our 
 county did not produce an artist of better taste and capability to execute a monument, 
 on which no common labour and expense have been bestowed.* or the history and 
 pedigree of this ancient family I refer my readers to Blomefield, who has been par- 
 ticular in his account of it, merely observing, that the person before us married Amy, 
 daughter of Sir Henry Heydon, of Baconsthorp, who survived him four years, and was 
 buried by her husband. On the knight’s surcoat are Le Strange, Vernon, Walkefare, 
 Morieux, Pyke, Rushbroke, Camoys, and...... At the bottom is “ Remembyr Le- 
 strawnge,” over which are words not perfectly legible, but are, as given by Blomefield, 
 “ Remembrer a moi.” At the upper corner remains a shield of Le Strange quartering 
 Heydon, and at the foot another quartering Morieux. , 
 
 * There is another curious point, the outstretched legs, an attitude in which Henry VIII. was 
 always painted, and this arose from the conceit of the day to take up as much ground as possible, and in 
 such manner the Pope’s guards are, or were till very lately, always drawn up.—S. R. M. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 29) 
 
 Prate XLVIII. 
 
 WILLIAM EYRE, AT GREAT CRESSINGHAM, 1507. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 100. 
 
 This brass is curious, as showing the dress of a country gentleman and magistrate 
 in the time of Henry VII. His gown, lined with fur, is fastened by a girdle, from which 
 depends his letter-case: on his breast are embroidered the letters 3b’r, common at 
 that time with all orders of men; the lawyer as well as the priest frequently wearing 
 them on his robe, and the soldier enamelling his sword and helmet with the name 
 of the “ Prince of Peace.” At his head are two shields; the first bearing the arms of 
 Eyre, of Buckinghamshire, Azure, a chevron argent between three rye-ears or. 
 These rye-ears, according to Blomefield, have on the monument the appearance of fleurs 
 de lys. The others shield has Eyre impaling Bernardiston, of which family he had 
 married a daughter. 
 
 Pratt XLIX. 
 
 WILLIAM BERDWELL, ESQ. AND WIFE, AT WEST HERLING, 1508. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. i. 304. 
 
 This monument to the memory of William, the son of William and Elizabeth 
 Berdwell, whose brass is given under the date 1490, is only so far interesting as it 
 shows the slight alteration which had taken place in the dresses of one generation. 
 He, however, is remarkable among the military figures of his day, in having neither 
 spurs nor tassetts of plate. They died, leaving five sons and four daughters. The 
 eldest, Robert, succeeded to the estate, and with him ended the name of Berdwell, in 
 West Herling, where the family had been lords of the manor nearly three hundred 
 and fifty years. 
 
 Pirate L. 
 
 JOHN BLENERHASSET, AT FRENSE, 1510. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. i. 144. 
 
 The ancient family of Blenerhasset took its name from Blenerseta, or Blenerhasset, 
 in Cumberland, where the eldest branch continued a long time. Ralph, father of him 
 in whose memory this monument was, placed, was the first who settled in Frense, 
 which lordship he obtained by marrying Joan, heiress of the family of Lowdham, its 
 former possessors. She survived him twenty-six years, and died at the age of ninety- 
 
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 30 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 seven. John, her son and heir, died in 1510, having, by the age of eighty-seven 
 years, obtained the epithet of “ venerable” ascribed to him in his epitaph. He had 
 two wives; Jane, daughter of Thomas Heigham, and another Jane, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Tindall. He left Thomas, whose brass we have given under the date 1531, 
 his son and heir by the first wife. ‘There were four shields on his stone: first, Ble- 
 nerhasset quartering Lowdham and Orton; second, Lowthe impaling Heigham ; the 
 third is reaved ; the fourth, as the first. (Vid. brass of Sir Thomas Blenerhasset, 1531.) 
 [The centre tuille appended to the last tace of this armour appears only in few 
 instances, and preceded the codpiece, which is seen in Plate LXXV. S.R.M.] 
 
 Prats LI. 
 
 ANN, WIFE OF THOMAS ASTELEY, AT BLICKLING, 1512. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 405. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 309, 
 
 This brass, to the memory of the second wife of Thomas Asteley, is mentioned by 
 Gough, because of the twin infants in swaddling-clothes represented in her arms: the 
 lady having died after the birth of these children. On this account it is singular, 
 but remarkable on no other. 
 
 Prats LII. 
 
 MARGARET PETTWODE, IN ST. CLEMENT’S, NORWICH, 1514. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 455. 
 
 Of this person nothing is known: the brass, however, is valuable for the light it 
 throws on the pedimental head-dress, for the girdle, and for the bag attached to it, 
 corresponding so closely with the reticule carried by the females of our own time. 
 The inscription also is singular in the manner in which it joins the suffrages of the 
 saints with the merits of the Saviour. 
 
 Puate LIII. 
 
 JOAN BRAHAM, AT FRENSE, 1519. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. i. 145. 
 
 This effigy of a widow in the hood and barbe, and mantle of mourning, is some- 
 how in Blomefield converted into the effigy of a woman in her winding-sheet, telling 
 her beads. Beneath are Braham, with a crescent, and Reydon. The family is con- 
 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE‘COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 31 
 
 Pirate LIV. 
 
 MARGARET MUNDFORD, AT FELTWELL, 1520. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ii. 196. 
 
 The Mundfords of Feltwell were a younger branch of the family of Hockwold. 
 Their pedigree is given by Blomefield, whence we learn, that Margaret, in whose 
 memory this memorial was placed, was daughter of Thomas Thorseby, Esq. of Lynn, 
 and became the wife of Francis Mundford, who survived her eighteen years. Her 
 girdle has two appendages besides her beads—probably her purse and pocket. The 
 arms of Mundford were, Argent, three fleurs de lys gules. 
 
 Puatr LY. 
 
 WILLIAM DE GREY, ESQ. AT MERTON, 1520. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ii. 304. 
 
 Of the family of De Grey, one of the most ancient, not only in the county, but in 
 the kingdom, an account is given by Blomefield in the place above quoted. I should 
 be glad if I could gain from that source the inscription belonging to this brass, but 
 even in his time it was torn off. In the middle, over the knight’s helmet, which is 
 represented with the visor up, is De Grey impaling Baynard. Opposite to him kneels 
 Mary Bedingfield, his first wife; and over her daughters’ heads, the same impaling 
 Bedingfield, quartering Tudenham. Behind her is Grace Teye, his second wife, and 
 again De Grey and Baynard quarterly, impaling Teye of Essex. The colours are 
 represented on the plate. Little is to be said for the execution of this monument, and 
 still less for the mode then used of dressing or undressing the girl’s hair. I have 
 however been induced to give another example of it, a front view, from Felbrigge, 
 which will be found in the following plate. 
 
 Puatse LVI. 
 
 BRASS AT FELBRIGGE, 1520. 
 
 No notice whatever is taken by Blomefield of this brass, nor is there any thing to 
 point out to whom it belongs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 32 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Pirate LVIL. 
 
 BRASS IN SAINT EDMUND’S, NORWICH, 1520. 
 
 Whom this brass represents I have no means of ascertaining, as the whole is now 
 gone, and, like the preceding, it is not even mentioned by Blomefield. For the sake 
 of the head-dress, and particularly of the tippet, it is worth preserving, and it is the 
 first example of the long train fastened up to the girdle behind. I have placed it 
 about 1520, to which date the general character of the dress seems to point. 
 
 Pxate LVIII. 
 
 JOHN TERRI AND WIFE, IN ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, NORWICH, 1524. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 291. 
 
 The parish of St. John in Maddermarket appears to have been at one time the 
 wealthiest and most respectable in Norwich. The palace of the Duke of Norfolk was 
 there, and the church contains many expensive memorials of the former inhabitants. 
 On the south side the altar is the beautiful monument of John Terri and family, exhi- 
 biting design and execution superior to those of any contemporary brasses. The 
 whole inscription is relieved, and not engraven, and bears testimony to the munifi- 
 cence of the Norwich merchant. Here are no exhibitions of family pride—no arms 
 except those of the City and of the Mercers’ Company, with the mark of John Terri ; 
 but here is recorded a gift of four hundred pounds, for the benefit of those in need. 
 
 [The heraldic decorations of this brass may deserve some notice, because they 
 occur in several other plates in this work, and because it is curious to observe that 
 the wealthy merchant, who apparently was not armiger, seems to have delighted in 
 such armorial distinctions as he might rightfully claim. Between the figures are the 
 ancient arms of Norwich, Gules, a castle triple-towered argent, in base a lion of Eng- 
 land: and below a scutcheon, composed of the initials and mark, or monogram of 
 John Terri, with the arms in chief, 1st of the company of Merchant Adventurers, or 
 Hambrough merchants, incorporated 24 Edw. I. 1296, Barry nebulée of six argent 
 “and azure, a chief quarterly gules and or, on the Ist and 4th quarters a lion passant 
 guardant or, on the 2nd and 3rd two roses gules, barbed vert ; 2nd, the arms of the 
 Mercers’ Company, incorporated 17 Ric. II. 1394, Gules, a demi-virgin, her hair 
 dishevelled, vested, and crowned or, wreathed about the brows with roses, and issuing 
 from an orle of clouds proper. John Terri was mayor of Norwich 1523. See Blome- 
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 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 33 
 
 Puate LIX. 
 
 ' JOHN MARSHAM AND WIFE, IN ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, 
 NORWICH, 1525. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 290. 
 
 
 
 John Marsham was ancestor of the Marshams, of Stratton-Strawless, and bore 
 Argent, crusuly fitché sable, a lion passant gules between two bendlets azure, each 
 charged with three crosslets or. His wife’s arms were, Gules, a fess between three 
 hedge-hogs argent. The latter coat remains on his stone; but the former is reaved, 
 as is the inscription, which was— 
 
 « Charitable Pepyl that shall loke upon this ston, 
 Have John Marsham in remembrance of your charite : 
 Mayer of this Cyte sumtyme was his person, 
 And the xt. day of May then departed he, 
 And A° M° ve and xxv. Christ yeres anointed, 
 For Eliz. his wife, of your charite pray, 
 That in the Feyth Catholick from this world departed, 
 In the yer of Christ M° ve.......... : 
 Ye shall not lose your charitable deyocion, 
 XII. Cardinals have granted you x11. dayes of Pardon.” 
 
 This inscription, however, not suiting exactly with the latter part of Henry the 
 Eighth’s reign, the plate was turned, and the other side inscribed—“ Of your Charyte 
 pray for the soulles of John Marsham, sometyme Maire of this cittie of Norwiche, and 
 Elizabeth his wyffe ; whiche John deceassed the xiii. day of May, in the yere of our 
 Lord-God M° v' xxv. on whose soulles, and all Christen soulles, Jesu have mercy. 
 Amen.” 
 
 
 
 Puate LX. 
 
 JOHN CLARK, IN ST. ANDREW’S, NORWICH, 1527. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 307. 
 
 A very singular example of a mayor in his robes. He was sheriff in 1507, and 
 mayor in 1515 and 1520. 
 
 [His hair is represented lank, and uncurled, on each side of his face; and under 
 the inscription are his merchant’s mark, and the arms of the Merchants Adventurers 
 and Mercers’ Company. The figure of Clark was not mentioned by Blomefield, pro- 
 bably from being, as it now is, kept with some others in the vestry chest. Gen. 
 Hist. of Norf, ii. 1177.] 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Prats LXI. 
 
 EDWARD WHYTE AND WIFE, AT SHOTTISHAM, 1528. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. v. 505. 
 
 This brass is curious, both as being the first example where the upper sleeve of 
 the lady is thrown back, and discovers a slashed tight sleeve underneath, with a 
 modern ruffle, and also as representing a lawyer in complete armour.* He was a 
 counsellor in London, and died, together with his wife, of the sweating sickness. By 
 his will, dated June 17th, 1521, he bequeathed a legacy to the poor for undeserved 
 fees. His arms were Gules, a chevron between three boar’s heads couped within a 
 bordure engrailed argent. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Froxmere, of 
 Baconsthorp, and died possessed of many manors in this county. 
 
 Pirate LXII. 
 
 SIR ROBERT CLERE, AT ORMESBY, 1529. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 393, and xi, 240. 
 
 In the former of the above references, Blomefield gives the history of the family 
 of Clere, or Clere-Mont, of which, Robert, who was buried under this monument, was 
 the fourteenth in descent. He was a man of great wealth and character, was sheriff of 
 Norfolk, and attended the queen of Henry VIII. at the interview between that monarch 
 and the French king. He first married Anne, daughter of Sir William Hopton, and, at 
 her death, Alice, daughter of Sir William Boleyn. They both were buried in Ormesby 
 Church, and the monument of the second is given under the date 1538. Between 
 each word of the inscription, which is in an ornamented Roman character, peculiar to 
 that time, is a shield of arms, showing the alliances of the family. Above the knight’s 
 head, on the dexter side, 1. Clere, Argent, on a fess azure three eagles displayed or. 
 2. Ormesby, Gules, a bend componé or and azure, between six crosslets argent. 
 3. Snecke, Gules, a fess or, in chief a label of three points ermine. 4. Westless, Argent, 
 a chevron between three crosslets fitché and five billets sable. On the opposite side, 
 Clere quartering Uvedale or Udale or Dovedale, Argent, a cross moline gules, impales 
 Boleyn, Argent, a chevron gules between three bull’s heads couped sable. With the 
 inscription, among some others, are, 1. Clere. 2. Uvedale. 3. Patole, Or, three 
 spears’ heads sable. 4. Snecke. 5. Rees, Gules, a chevron ermine between three fleurs 
 de lys or. 6. Boleyn. 7. Hopton, Argent, a chevron azure, and a file of three 
 points ermine. 12. Wychingham, Ermine, on a chief sable three crosslets patée or. 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 35 
 
 13. Martel, Gules, three hammers (or martels) or. 14. Clare, Or, three chevronels gules. 
 21. Gimmingham, Argent, three mascles between two bendlets sable. 23. Westless. 
 26. Molyns, Paly-wavy of six, or and gules. And in the last shield the emblems of the 
 crucifixion. 
 
 Pirate LXIIl. 
 
 SIR THOMAS, BLENERHASSET, AT FRENSE, 1531. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. i. 142, 
 
 Sir Thomas was son of the venerable John, given under the date 1510, and died 
 at the age of seventy. He has on his surcoat Blenerhasset quartering Lowdham, Orton, 
 and Keldon; and the same shield, at the lower dextral corner, impales Braham, Sable, 
 a cross flory.or; and, at the opposite corner, impales two lions passant: at the upper 
 sinister corner, Blenerhasset and Lowdham, quarterly, impale Heigham, Sable, a fess 
 checqué or and azure, between three horse’s heads erased argent. Upon his breast 
 he wears a cross patée, perhaps the cross of St. Mary, of Italy. His gauntlets are 
 represented as lying on the stone at his feet, and conveniently show us the back and 
 method of jointing the fingers, by riveting little plates of steel to buff leather, while 
 the uplifted hands of Sir Roger le Strange, 1506, have shown us how they were 
 fastened on the hands. His pointed toes and sharp heels were uncommon at this 
 time, when round toes were generally worn. The inscription, as copied from Blome- 
 field, was “ Here lyeth Sir Thomas Blenerhassette, knyght, which decessyd the xvii. 
 day of June, the yere of our Lorde M. ccccc. xxxt. and xxiii. yere of the reigne of 
 our Soveraygne lord king Henry the vitith, whoes soule God pardon.” To this I 
 have added the monument of Mary Bacon, the daughter of George, his eldest son. 
 She married Thomas Culpepper, Esq. and, after his death, became the wife of Francis 
 Bacon, Esq. and died in 1587. Under the crest, which was on a wreath argent and 
 gules, a fox sejant gules, is a lozenge, containing, 1. Blenerhasset, Gules, a chevron 
 ermine between three dolphins embowed argent. 2. Lowdham, Argent, three 
 escucheons sable. 3. Keldon, Gules, a pall reversed ermine. 4. Orton, Argent, a lion 
 rampant gardant vert, crowned or. 5. Skelton, Azure, on a fess between three fleurs 
 de lys or, a crescent sable. 6. Duke, Azure, a fess ermine, between three martlets 
 argent. 7. Three pelicans vulning themselves. 8. Fretty. 9. Lowthe, Sable, a lion 
 rampant or, armed gules. At the upper dexter corner of the stone, Culpeper, 
 Argent, a bend engrailed gules, quartering a chevron between eleven martlets, 
 
 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, impales the middle shield; and at the sinister corner, Bacon does 
 the same. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 36 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Puatr LXIV. 
 
 AMFELICIA TINDALE, AT HOCKWOLD, 1532. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ii. 185. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 310. pl. xxxvii. 
 
 Gough gives this brass as a memorial of one of the Mundfords, and seems to 
 blame Blomefield for not having described it, and for saying that the monuments of 
 that family were all despoiled, excepting the one which I have figured. Blomefield, 
 however, has mentioned this brass, and has attributed it to the rightful owner, Amfe- 
 licia, the wife of Sir John Tindale. Part of the inscription was gone in his time, but 
 the rest he gives thus, “ Obitus Amfelicie Tendall decimo octavo die mensis Januar. 
 An. Dni. millessimo ccccc.xxxit.” This figure is interesting in itself for its decided 
 character of date in the cuffs and short gown, short in front, for there yet remained a 
 long train behind; but more so, inasmuch as it is connected in history with Sir Simon 
 Felbrigge, 1413. Sir William Tindale, knighted at the creation of Arthur Prince of 
 Wales, was declared heir of the kingdom of Bohemia, in the right of Margaret his 
 great-grandmother, niece of the king of Bohemia, and wife of Sir Simon Felbrigge, 
 whose daughter and heiress, Alana, was married to Sir William Tindale, of Redenhale, 
 in this county, grandfather of the first-mentioned Sir William. J ohn, who was created 
 knight of the Bath at the coronation of Anne Boleyn, married Amfelicia, daughter of 
 Sir Humphry Coningsby, one of the justices of the Common Pleas. He survived his 
 wife about three years. 
 
 
 
 Puate LXV. 
 
 ROBERT GOODWYN AND WIFE, AT NECTON, 1532. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 50. 
 
 This brass is described in the place just quoted, but no account is given of the 
 person in whose memory it was placed. Referring to the late examples of civic 
 costume, we see the sleeve of the robe slit on the upper side, but this is the first 
 instance in which the arm is passed through the slit, while the sleeve itself hangs down. 
 
 Pratt LXVI. 
 
 ALICIA, WIDOW OF SIR ROBERT CLERE, AT ORMESBY, 1538. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 393, and xi. 240. 
 
 Alicia, daughter of Sir William Boleyn, of Blickling, was second wife of Sir 
 Robert Clere, whose brass has been given under 1529, She has in her hands a heart, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 37 
 
 “ the dear heart of Jesus.” Looking at this figure, and comparing it with that of the 
 lady of Sir Bryan Stapleton, 1428, one is tempted to think that here is a special 
 instance of parsimony, and that this brass had been placed a century before, as a 
 memorial of some other female, in one of those monasteries which were suppressed 
 and legally plundered this very year. 
 
 Puate LXVII. 
 
 WILLIAM LAYER AND WIFE, IN ST. ANDREW’S, NORWICH, 1538. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 314. 
 
 “ Within the altar-rails of St. Andrew’s Church, in Norwich, is a stone, disrobed 
 of its inscription, with the effigies of a mayor and his wife, with their mark, which 
 shows me that it lies over William Layer, who was mayor in 1537.” These effigies yet 
 remain, and are the subject of this plate; but the mark is gone, and I haye only to 
 submit to what Blomefield has written, though I do it with reluctance, for the dresses 
 of both decidedly militate against it: he is without the buttons on the right shoulder, 
 which at that time were characteristic of the chief magistrate of Norwich : the effigies 
 point to a date prior to 1500, and are little else than enriched copies of those of 
 Henry Spelman, Esq. and wife, in 1496. : 
 
 Puate LXVII. 
 
 ERASMUS PASTON AND WIFE, AT PASTON, 1538. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 489. 
 
 The history of the family of Paston is given by Blomefield, in his account of the 
 parish of Oxnead, their chief place of residence till the early part of the last century- 
 Of the person before us little is known: he was the son of Sir William Paston, and 
 died before his father, leaving a widow, Mary, the daughter of Sir Thomas Wyndham, 
 of Felbrigge, who survived him fifty-two years, and also a son, William, who succeeded 
 his grandfather, and raised, during his own lifetime, the costly monument in North 
 Walsham Church. Long beards came not into fashion before the time of Elizabeth, 
 in whose reign I conclude this brass to have been placed. 
 
 Prate LXIX. 
 SIR JOHN SPELMAN AND LADY, AT NARBURGH, 1545. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 162. 
 
 Sir John Spelman was third son of Henry Spelman, whose monument has been 
 given under 1496. He was second justice of the king’s bench, and before that one of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 38 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 the most eminent barristers of his time. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter and coheir 
 of Sir Henry Frowick, or Frouyk, of Gunnersbury, in Middlesex, who bore Azure, a 
 chevron between three leopard’s faces or, quartering Sturgeon, Azure, three sturgeons 
 naiant in pale or, fretty gules. This is not only the first monument which represents 
 the persons as kneeling at a prayer-desk, or prie-dieu, but is singular, in that the 
 lines of the folds of his robe, and of the armorial bearings on hers, are not engraven, 
 but relieved, as are the letters also of the inscription. It is our only example too of a 
 judge in his robe and coif, and is executed in a style superior to most of its contem- 
 poraries. Above them is represented the resurrection of our Saviour, indicative of 
 their hope, that in like manner they should be raised from the dead. 
 
 Pirate LXX, 
 
 ROBERT RUGGE AND WIFE, IN ST. JOHN’S MADDERMARKET, NORWICH, 
 1558. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 292. 
 
 Another of the brasses which yet ornament the floor of St. John’s Church, in the 
 Maddermarket, Norwich, and all that is left of the family of Rugge, of North Reppes. 
 
 fo} 
 
 Robert was the son of William Rugge, alderman of Norwich, and the brother of Wil- 
 liam Rugge, the pliant bishop of Norwich, and abbot of St. Bene’t’s, when Henry VIII. 
 despoiled the see, in the year 1535. The influence of Mary’s marriage with Philip, and 
 the introduction of the Spanish costume, are visible in the slashed breeches of the sons. 
 
 [Robert Rugge was sheriff 1537, and mayor 1545. He was the persecutor of 
 the wife of John Bale, of which affair see Bale’s account in his book “ of English Vo- 
 taryes,” part ii. p. 82. The accusation was, that she had married a priest, which was 
 heresy, by the six articles of 31 Hen. VIII. See Fox, fol. 1241. A. W.] 
 
 Priate LXXI. 
 
 JOHN CORBET, ESQ. AND FAMILY, AT SPROUSTON, 1559. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. x. 463. Gough’s Sepulch. Monum. ii. 309. 
 
 It seems to have been customary to represent every person of good family (ex- 
 cepting indeed he were a priest) in arms, though arms were not his profession. The 
 person whom this brass commemorates was a lawyer, the son of John Corbet, who 
 first, in 1545, became lord of the manor of Sprouston, and sprang from the Corbets, 
 of Morton, in Shropshire. The lady was Jane, daughter of Ralph Berney, Esq. of 
 Gunton, whose arms are impaled with her husband’s behind his head. She gives us 
 the first example of the close cap, termed the Paris head. This brass is affixed to a 
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 Prats LXXII. 
 
 JOHN EYER, ESQ. AND WIFE, AT NARBURGH, 1561. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi, 159. 
 
 Another civilian in armour, and another mural monument, in its general features 
 much resembling the last. On the desk, covered with a cloth, having a gold fringe, 
 lie his gauntlets beside his prayer-book. Between them is Eyer quartering Townsend, 
 and behind her the same shield impales Blenerhasset and his quarterings, described 
 in p. 35. This John Eyer was a great purchaser of religious houses that were dis- 
 solved by Henry VIII. and bought of that king four monasteries at Lynn. He was 
 possessed also of Bury Abbey, and died without issue. 
 
 Prats LXXIII. 
 
 HENRY HOBART, ESQ. AT LODDON, 1562. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 398, and x. 161. 
 
 Sir Walter Hobart was son of Sir James Hobart, who resided at Loddon, and 
 built the church there in 1495. He removed and settled at Morley, leaving Hales 
 Hall to Henry, here represented, his son and heir by his first wife, Anne, daughter of 
 Sir Henry Heydon, from whom the Hobarts, of Hales Hall, and of Blyford, in Suffolk, 
 are descended. His second wife was Anne, daughter of John Ratcliffe, Lord Fitzwalter, 
 from whom come the Hobarts, of Morley. Blomefield declared his intention of giving 
 the history of the former branch, under “ Loddon,” but unhappily died before he 
 could execute it. Some notice is taken of them by Parkin, in vol. viii. p.16. Henry 
 married Anne, daughter of Sir John Fyneux, who died in 1530, and whose inscrip- 
 tion is in Loddon Church. When he died is uncertain, but his figure agrees best with 
 the date I have above assigned to it. 
 
 [This brass affords a curious instance of greaves, formed with overlapping plates 
 riveted, and it does not appear very evident what possible advantage would thus be 
 gained. S.R.M.] 
 
 Pirate LXXIV. 
 
 RICHARD CALTHORP, ESQ. AND FAMILY, AT ANTINGHAM, 1562. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. viii. 77. 
 
 This person appears to have been the fifth son of John, the son of William Cal- 
 thorp, Esq. grandson of Sir William Calthorp, whose brass has been given under 1420. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 40 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 Though he died in 1554, yet his beard and general appearance rather have respect to 
 the days of Elizabeth ; and we may conclude the monument not to have been placed 
 till his wife’s death. Under her is her husband’s coat impaling Hastings, quartering 
 Foliot. (See Blomefield, viii. 203.) 
 
 Pratt LXXV. 
 
 THOMAS DE GREY, ESQ. AT MERTON, 1562. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. ii. 305. 
 
 Was grandson of William de Grey, whose family is pourtrayed on a brass, dated 
 1520. Under him is De Grey, quartering Baynard ; and above, on the outer side, De 
 Grey impales Everard ; and on the other, De Grey impales Carew. 
 
 [This and the next exhibit specimens of the tassettes, which succeeded the 
 tuiles. §.R.M.] 
 
 Priate LXXVI. 
 
 SIR EDWARD WARNER, AT LITTLE PLUMSTEDE, 1565. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vii. 246. 
 
 This figure very much resembles the late one of Richard Calthorp; it differs, 
 however, from any other in the shoes: the advantage of so many small plates is not 
 obvious. The greyhound couchant at the feet is not uncommon about this time. In 
 this reign too, when armorial bearings multiplied, it was a frequent practice to sub- 
 scribe under each shield the name of the family to which it belonged: we have an 
 example of this in the present plate. Over the knight’s head are these arms; quar- 
 terly, first and fourth, Per bend indented, argent and sable; second and third, Azure, 
 a fleur de lys or, by the naine of Warner ; in the second and third, Vert, a cross en- 
 grailed ermine, Whetenhall. On one side the same shield impales quarterly, 1. Gules, 
 on a chevron argent a lion rampant sable, Brooke, Lord Cobham. 2. Gules, on 
 a chevron or three lioncels rampant sable, Cobham, Lord Cobham. 3. Azure, on a 
 fess, between three leopard’s faces or, a crescent sable, Delapole. 4. Argent, seven 
 mascles voided gules, Braybrooke. Sir Edward’s first wife was Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Thomas Brooke, Lord Cobham. On the other side, Warner and Whetenhall, as 
 before, impale, Gules, two bars and a chief indented or, Hare, the arms of his second 
 wife. In Blomefield’s time was hanging in the church a tablet, on which was 
 
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 His only heir by law and right, 
 Of Thomas Hobart a wife very rare, 
 
 And then to Sir Edward Warner, knight, 
 And last to William Blennerhasset, 
 
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 Pirate LXXVII, 
 
 PETER REDE, ESQ. IN ST. PETER’S MANCROFT, NORWICH, 1568. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 200. 
 
 This monument is placed in memory of a man who appears to have deserved a 
 better, by his courage abroad and his liberality at home. The spirit of economy, how- 
 ever, in his executors, prompted them to adopt an effigy, which probably represented 
 some other man a century before, fitting a new head to it with a more modern helmet. 
 Ateach corner of the stone wasa shield. Read, Azure, on a bend wavy or three moor- 
 cocks sable, within a bordure engrailed argent pelleté, a crescent ermine; with the 
 following honourable addition given by the Emperor, viz. a canton sinister parted per 
 pale, on the first part two ragged staves in saltire, on the second, a man holding a 
 caduceus in his right hand, his left pointing upwards ; on his sinister side, a sword in 
 pale, with the point downwards pricked into a Moor’s head. Another shield impales 
 Blenerhasset, his wife being a daughter of that family. She survived him nine years, 
 and was buried in St. Margaret’s church. Her effigy is given under date 1577. 
 
 Puate LXXVIII. 
 
 ANNE CLERE, AT STOKESBY, 1570. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. xi. 250. 
 
 It is to be lamented that this brass is so mutilated, as it appears to have been 
 tastefully executed. It represents Anne, the daughter of Robert Gygges, Esq. of 
 Rollesby, and widow of Sir Thomas Clere, grandson of Edmund, whose brass is given 
 under date 1488. She also, as well as the widow of Sir Edward Warner, 1565, had 
 three husbands; a fortune, or misfortune, which in both cases was thought worth 
 recording. Her cap is the first example of the “ Paris hede.” This monument is 
 wholly overlooked by Parkin; and Iam not able to say who were the two first hus- 
 bands, whose shields impale hers, (Sable, a fret ermine, a chief checky argent and 
 sable), on the left side of the stone ; on the other it is impaled by Clere. 
 
 Puate LXXIX. 
 
 RICHARD, RALPH, EDWARD BLONDEVILE, AT NEWTON FLOTMAN, 1571. 
 Blomefield’s Norf. v. 69. 
 
 Attached to the wall of the chancel at Newton Flotman, over a vault where many 
 of the Blondeviles are buried, is a monument, in one compartment of which is the 
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 42 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES OF THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. 
 
 brass, the subject of this plate: I have given it not for its intrinsic merit, but as an 
 example of the compound monuments of the time. In another partition was a figure 
 of Thomas Blondevile; and in a third, the stone effigies of his two wives and two 
 daughters. A detailed account of it will be found in the place above quoted, with a 
 short notice of the family, which was very ancient, having given lords to the parish of 
 Newton for upwards of four hundred years, from the beginning of the reign of John. 
 Above them are, 1. Blondevile, Quarterly per fess indented or and azure, a bend 
 gules, impaling Inglose. 2. The same impaling Gournay. 3. The same quartering 
 Godsalves. ‘ 
 
 [This Thomas Blondevile was buried 8th Feb. 1605. His widow, Margaret, fol- 
 lowed him to the grave on the 30th Oct.1617, and the family ended in two daughters :— 
 Elizabeth, who was baptised 28 Sep. 1584, soon after her father’s death, married Row- 
 land Meyrick of Gladestry, in the county of Radnor, Esq. son of Sir Gethley Meyrick, 
 who suffered in Essex’s rebellion, by whom she had four sons and one daughter. Pa- 
 tience, who married Robert Kynge, Esquire, died 7th Jan. 1638, and is commemorated 
 by a black marble monument in the church of Newton Flotman. S.R. M.] 
 
 
 
 PLATE LXOX, 
 
 i ANN REDE, IN ST. MARGARET'S, NORWICH, 1577. 
 | | Blomefield’s Norf. iv. 259, 
 | 
 
 | Was the widow of the person whose memorial is given under the date 1568. Her 
 executors are not liable to the charge of fraud, which was made against his; for her 
 figure affords us a singular and not inelegant example of female dress in the middle of 
 | the reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 i Puare LXXXI. 
 
 JOHN SPELMAN, ESQ. AT NARBURGH, 1581. 
 
 Blomefield’s Norf. vi. 161. 
 
 Another excellent specimen of costume, representing the second son of Sir John 
 Spelman, given under the date 1545. At the right corner, Spelman and Narburgh 
 quarterly, impale Heigham quartering Francis, a chevron engrailed ermine between 
 three doves rising or; and in the opposite shield, the same impale Saunders, a chevron 
 ermine between three bull’s heads caboshed argent. 
 
 
 
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