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ART 
 
 0 F 
 
 Dr AWING, Painting 
 
 1 N 
 
 Water-Colours^ 
 
 W H E R E ij y 
 
 A Strahgei: to thofe A R T S may* 
 
 be immediately rendered capable of Deli- 
 neating any View or Profpeft with the ut- 
 moft Exaftnefs 5 of Colouring any Print or 
 Drawing in the moft Beautiful Manner i and 
 bf taking bff Medals inftantly, by various 
 Ways, never before made pubiick': Inter- 
 mix’d with feveral curious Receipts for the 
 Ufe of Painters, Statuaries, pounders^ 
 
 , WITH 
 
 Instructions for making Tranfparent 
 Colours of every Sort ; partly from fome Cu- 
 rious Perfonages in Holland^ 'France^ and Italy ; 
 but chiefly from a Manufeript of the Great Mr. 
 Boyle; particularly a Receipt of that Gentle- 
 man’s, for making a blue Colour equal to 
 Ultramarine. 
 
 ' ' " ^ ' — ~ - ■ ' li T ^ 
 
 The Fourth Edition. 
 
 I ■ ■ -- j 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J. Peele, at Lock's^Head in AineuA 
 Corner^ Pater^Nojler Row. Mdccxxxy^ 
 [Price One Shilling.] 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 \HJ^ following Papers 
 are the KjfeB offome 
 Years Study and La- 
 bour colleBed in my 
 'Travels y and at length put toge- 
 ther y at the Inflance of a noble 
 Friend y for his InjlruSlion in the 
 Art of Drawing and Painting in 
 Water-colours. Among other 
 Particulars which they contain y 
 are fever al Receipts for making 
 and preparing of Colours y from 
 a Manufcript of the late faw 
 7nous Mr. Boyle, which has ne- 
 ver yet appeared in Publicky and 
 was commjunicated to me by the 
 
 late 
 
late Lord Carleton. As I hate 
 experiend d what is related in 
 this 'LraSi to be curious and ex~ 
 traor dinary ^ I make no Apology 
 for offering it to the Kiew of the 
 jVorld : And on my own part^ I 
 jhall think my T'ime well fpenty 
 if my Readers reap any Delight 
 or Advantage from what I here 
 publijh from my own Obferva- 
 tion 5 fnce I can affure themy 
 that it was calculated for the 
 Lnteriainment and Diverfon of 
 ihof who have a Genius for Jiich 
 pleafant AmufementSy as well 
 as for the Improvement of thoje 
 who have already made fme 
 Progrefs in the delightful Art^ 
 above-mentioned. 
 
 THE 
 
 
 
T HE 
 
 R T 
 
 O F 
 
 b RAWING, ^/^^PaINTING 
 
 I N 
 
 W ATER-COLOURS* 
 
 
 CHAP. L 
 
 i 
 
 Rules for "Drawing any ObjeB in its Ouf 
 lines-, as exd£i as the Life or Nature. 
 
 A K E a Sheet of the thinneft, of 
 whitell brown Paper, and brulh it 
 over with Oil of Turpentine, which 
 will immediately render it tranlpa- 
 rent, and then put the Paper to dry 
 
 in the Air; when ^tis dry,fi:rain it 
 
 upon a Frame, and fix it againft any Object you de- 
 lign to draw; as an Houfe, or Hill, or Tree, 
 then jull before it, place a piece of Wood with an 
 Hole in it, fit for one Eye to look through ; and 
 as you meet any Out- lines of the Objed: you de- 
 fire, upon the tranfparent Paper trace them over 
 with a Pencil ; fo will you be fure that you cannot 
 err ; for there will be nothing but juft Proportion, 
 ahd a true Reprefentation of Nature. 
 
 B To 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 T d make this ftill of more Elegancy, obfetvc 
 the Tracing of your Draughts where the Shades 
 arc, and mark them with your Pencil ; for all 
 the Art in the World can never difpofe the 
 Shades fo regularly as one may touch by this 
 Method : But the Shades muft be done quick- 
 ly after the Out-lines are drawn, and not at 
 different Times, becaufe every Inllant the Sun 
 changes them. 
 
 In this too obferve, that in certain Objedls you 
 will have fainter, ftronger, and yet more dark 
 Shades ^ and in your Remarks of them take fuch 
 Memorandums, as may dired: you how to finifh 
 them, with Indian Ink, or other Colour, when 
 you lit down to compleat your Work. 
 
 The bell Way that I know, is to prepare three 
 Shells or Gallipots of Indian Ink mix^d with 
 common Water, before you attempt to trace out 
 your Objed, mz. one of a very faint Black, the 
 next of a middling Black, and the other of anin- 
 tenfe Black : Number them i. a. 3. from the 
 lighten to the darkell • and as you make your Ob- 
 fervations of the Shades on your Object, mark 
 upon your Draught the fame Numbers as they 
 happen to appear, fo that afterwards you may 
 finifh with Certainty. 
 
 Again, it is neceffary in the Drawing of any 
 thing after this Manner, to obferve , that the 
 Lines on the ffady Side fhould be thick or bold, 
 and thofe on the lighter Sides fhould be thinner 
 or finer, in proportion to the Light that falls up- 
 on them. As for Example : In the darkefl Part 
 a Line may be of this Thicknefs; jin the next 
 dark Partfomewhat thinner and in Ithc other thus 
 unlefs in things at a great I Di fiance, hardly to 
 be underflood, or fo faint I as hardly to be per- 
 ceived, thus 5 a mere Shadow as it were. 
 
 Some 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 Some have been guilty of a great Fault, 
 though they have taken the Out-lincs very exad:, 
 to make all their Lines of an equal Thicknefs. 
 
 If an Obje6t be reprelcnted, we"ll fuppofe two 
 Miles off, and the Drawing be as flrong in that 
 Part of the Pidture, as if it was next the Eye, 
 or not ten or twenty Feet from the Draughtf- 
 man, it would not appear pleafant or natural 
 to the Eye. We muft not exprefs a Man with 
 Buttons on his Coat at two Miles Dillance, no 
 more than we muft have them omitted in a Per- 
 fon fo near the Eye as ten or twenty Feet: 
 Though this has inadvertently been done by foine 
 who have palled for great Men. And the Shades 
 in thofe diftant Appearances muft be in proper^ 
 tion to the Strength of the Objedls, as they ap- 
 pear to us, L e. imperfedl. Three or four well- 
 direefted Touches of the Pencil, on the fhady Side, 
 will reprefent a Figure at the Diftance we can 
 difoern it, as lively as fome hundreds will ^of the 
 fame Figure near the Eye. 
 
 But the tranfparent Paper I fpeak of, is of 
 another Ufe* for, if we lay it upon any Pidfure, 
 or Print, in a loofe Sheet, you will fee all the 
 Lines through it, and may then draw or copy it 
 with the greateft Pleafure. You will then, if 
 the Print or Pidture be done by a good Mafter, 
 fee which Lines are ftrong, and which are tender 
 and foft : Imitate them. 
 
 There is yet another Way to take Views and 
 Landfeapes, which fome prefer to the tranipa- 
 rent Paper ^ that is, either with white or black 
 Tiffany, or Lawn, ftraiffd upon a Frame, and 
 us’d in the fame Manner as the Paper • except- 
 ing that the Black-Lead Pencil is ufed to the 
 Paper ; on the white Tiffany, and on the Lawnj 
 we ufe Charcoal finely pointed, and very foft ; 
 
 B 2 but 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 but on tbe black Tiffany we ufe white Chalk of 
 the tenderefl fort. 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 How to brmg thefe drawings to Ufe i an^ 
 to copy from Trints, 'Paintings-, &c. 
 
 I F we make a Drawing upon tranfparent Pa- 
 per, to take a Drawing from it regularly, 
 get a piece of Paper of the fame Size, and rub 
 on one fide of it fome Powder of Black-Lead, 
 till "tis well and equally black'd, and fo well 
 rubbed, that a Touch of a Finger will hardly be 
 tinged with it. 
 
 T H E take the Drawing you have made, or 
 Print, and lay the black'd Paper under it, with 
 the black Side downwards, upon a piece of white 
 Paper, and pin the three together in two or three 
 Places ; take then a Pin or Needle a little blunt 
 at the Point, and trace it over the Out-lines of 
 your Pidlure ; which, with a little prefling, will 
 diredl the black'd Paper to imprefs the undermofl: 
 white Paper, fo as to receive every Stroke you 
 draw. 
 
 When this is done, you mufl with your 
 Black-Lead Pencil corred: w^hat Errors you find, 
 and flightly clean the Draught new made with 
 fome ftale Bread Crumbs. The Black-Lead Pen- 
 cil is fo hard to be found tolerable, that I know 
 not above one Place, where we can get one that 
 will do the Service we require. If we find a good 
 piece of Lead in the beginning, when we have ufed 
 an Inch or two, the reft generally proves hard, 
 gritty, and full of Knots. 
 
 T If E 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 The belt I have met with arc at the Joyner's 
 Arms in Broad St. Giles’sy or Holhorn^ jult turn- 
 ing out of Dr// ajt that Place one may 
 have them of fofc or hard Lead, and ufc them 
 till they are reduced p two or three Inches. 
 'Tis a great Pleafure to a Draughtfman to worje 
 with a good Pencil, and as great a Plague to have 
 a bad one. 
 
 So the Camel's Hair Brulhes are generally 
 very bad ^ they are indeed cheap enough to buy 
 them in common ; but if one would have the beft, 
 which Ihould be full of Hair, the Price ought to 
 be accordingly, as they can be m^de to hold 
 a Quantity of Colour, and be brought to fine 
 Points : 'Tis better to give Six-pence or a Shil- 
 ling for a Pencil, than to have a Dozen for a Groat. 
 
 As for the Draughts drawn on Tiffany or 
 Lawn, lay them only on Paper, e. that which 
 is drawn with Charcoal upon white Paper, and 
 that drawn with Chalk on black or blue Papery 
 then, giving each of them a Knock or two with an 
 Hammer, the Charcoal or the Chalk will fall 
 through them, upon the Papers, diredly in the 
 Lines they were drawn, and give you the true 
 Reprefentation of the Objed: you drew ffbm the 
 Life : Upon the black Paper you will fee it in 
 white Lines, and fo the contrary. 
 
 Then flrengthen thefe Shadows of Drawings 
 with your Black-Lead Pencil, or Chalk, or red 
 Oker, on the Sheets of Paper, where they have 
 made the Marks ; otherwife, the Lines would ea- 
 iily be rubbed out. But take care, as I have 
 obferved before, that this Amendment be made 
 fuddenly ; for thefe tender Draughts are foon va- 
 nifhed, if one does not take care to flrengthen 
 them immediately : Begin firfl at the bottom of 
 the Drawing. 
 
 A NO- 
 
( lO ) 
 
 Another Way is to take a thin piece of Paper, 
 and hold it againll a Glafs- Window, principally 
 at fuch a Window as is falh'd ; for the Interrup- 
 tions of the Lead in the fmaller glazed Windows, 
 will hinder part of this Profpecl ; the Point is, 
 draw what you fee from the Glafs, and then the 
 Black-Lead Paper is to be ufed, as directed before. 
 
 There is another Way ftiil, which may be 
 more eafy to the Hand or Arm of a Perfon not 
 accuftomed to drawing upon a Paper or Lawn 
 placed upright, which is by the Ufe of a portable 
 Camera Ofcura ^ though to help thefirft, one may 
 hold a Baguette, or fuch a Stick in the Left- 
 hand, as the Oil-Painters ufe to reft the Right- 
 hand upon * or have fome other Reft made for 
 the Right-hand, a^ may be fere wed up and down 
 at one^s pleafure. But there is this Difference 
 ftiil between drawing a piece of Perlpediive, or 
 View, on a tranlparent Paper or Lawn placed up- 
 right againft any Objedl, that fich a Piece will 
 take in more of the View or Object, and from a 
 greater Diftance than the portable Camera Ofcura 
 will. However, as the portable Camera will at 
 firft be moft eafy to the Arm for the Beginner, 
 by Reafon the Objects appear upon an Horizontal 
 Plane, fuch as a Table, the Hand will have a 
 proper Reft, and more readily follow the Lines 
 reprefented on the Plane v/ith that Exaeftnefs. 
 Indeed fuch a portable Camera^ as I mention, is 
 of fome Expence, and to fuch as can afford it, 
 they may have them to any Price, from thirty 
 Shillings to five Pounds a piece, according as they 
 befpeak them, at Mi\ John Fowler's^ Mathematical 
 Inftrument-maker in Swit hin's^ Alley ^ near the 
 Royal^Exchange, 
 
 What will make the Difference in the Prices, 
 will be the Largenefs of the Sizes of the Giafles, 
 which lye horizontally, and receive the Objeds 
 ' >Yhich 
 
( II ) 
 
 •which we are to trace out with our Pencil i The 
 fmaller ofthefe Glafles may be perhaps four Inches 
 fquare, and the larger fifteen Inches. On fuch 
 Glafles you will meet the exa6t Reprefentation 
 (fmaller or larger, according to the Bignefs of the 
 Machines) of the Objects we point or dire(5i them 
 to, each one adorned with the natural Colours 
 agreeable to the Point of Diftance ; flronger nearer 
 the Eye, and gradually declining, as the Objects 
 arc more remote from it : The Shades of the fe- 
 veral Colours are in this Way exprefled in a very 
 lively Manner. A few Leflbns, with good Confi- 
 deration, will be of good Information, not only to 
 a Beginner, but to a Mafter of the Pencil. 
 
 But ftill, to advance the Knowledge and Ufe 
 of this portable Camera^ I fuppofe, that inflead 
 of the Glafles, which receive the Objects I fpeak 
 of, there fhould be placed Frames of tranfparent 
 Paper, to receive the Objects we have a mind to 
 take, upon which one may ufe the Pencil flill 
 with greater Freedom. One may have a Do- 
 zen or two with Camera ; or one Frame will 
 ferve for as many Papers as we pleafe to ftrain upon 
 it, if one has Patience to palte them on* 
 
 There is another Way of drawing Objects 
 in the Camera Ofaira Way, which is by making 
 a Room as dark as may be, only leaving an Hole 
 in one of the Window-ftiutters, as low as poffible, 
 to receive an Ox-Eye Glafs, as they call it, which 
 is fold by the Mathematical inflrument-makers. 
 This turns in a Socket, fo as to dired every Ob- 
 jed, within a certain Reach, to a Sheet of Paper, 
 placed at a proper Diflance within the Room, to 
 receive thofe Objects upon which Paper, you 
 may draw them in great Perfection ; but they 
 all appear revers’d, or the wrong End upwards : 
 However, they are in as exad Proportion and 
 Beauty, as thofe reprefented in the former. In 
 
 this 
 
( ) 
 
 this Cafe, ’tis not however more difficult to draw, 
 dr rather copy the Objects, though they are re- 
 vers’d, than to draw or copy the feveral Things 
 which we fee upright, on the Frames of tranf- 
 parent Paper, Lawn, or Tiffany ; for to trace 
 Lines, will be as ealily done one Way as the other : 
 And though the Objects, falling on the Sheet of 
 Paper, will, when we are drawing them, be re- 
 vers’d^ ^tis but turning the Sheet of Paper upfide 
 down when they are done, and our Drawing will 
 be right to the Eye. 
 
 When we Ihew this by way of Curiofity, to 
 thofe who are unacquainted with the Reafons why 
 the Images reprefented on the Sheet of Paper 
 appear upfide down, it Would not have fo delir- 
 able an Effe6t, as if they could be viewed in their 
 natural Situation : But to obviate this Difficulty, 
 let the Sheet of Paper, which is to receive the 
 Objects, be placed againfi: the back of a Ghair,^ 
 and let them look on the feveral Objects, rep re- 
 lented on the Paper, Over the back of the Chair, 
 Which will fet them upright to the Eye. This 
 Way in bringing them to rights, is thought on by 
 very few, though at the firll Proof every one will 
 wonder that he did not find it fooner. 
 
 Thus far is fhewed , how any one may copy 
 either a Prints Drawing, or Piece of Painting, 
 or even make an exadt Reprefentation from the 
 Life. But I muft yet add, concerning the Ta- 
 king-off of Prints or Drawings, a Methbd or two 
 which are eafy and diverting, riot before men- 
 tioned. One is, prick with a Pin any Out- 
 lines of a Print or Drawing one has a mind 
 to copy, and then, laying the faid Picture on a 
 Sheet of Paper, take a Powder-puff, or a Tuft 
 of Cotton, dipping it now and then in Charcoal- 
 duft, or red Chalk-duft, and beat it over the 
 prick’d Lines, through the Picture, renewing ^ it 
 
 with 
 
{ 13 ) 
 
 with Dull frequently by dipping, and then yoti 
 will have full Directions marked on your Cloth^ 
 or Paper, fufficient to finilh a juft Drawing* 
 iV. B* Such a prickM piece of Work will give 
 many hundred Proofs of its Ufe, Though itlpoil 
 the Print or Picture, it faves a vaft deal of Trouble 
 to the Painter on the drawing part. 
 
 Another Way there is to make an Impref- 
 fionfrom the Print, which lhall give a juft Copy 
 of it : This is of great Ufe, when we want to car- 
 ry every Stroke of the Engraver along with us* 
 It will indeed fully the Print a little, though very 
 little,- if you are careful ; and this Method will 
 perhaps coffc you two Minutes Time, when the 
 drawing of it with every Stroke the Engraver has 
 made, would keep you bufy a Month. 
 
 For this take fome foft Soap, either white, or 
 of the green fort * but, for my part, I always ufed 
 the green Soap j mix this with Water near an 
 equal Quantity, till 'tis near the Conhftence of a 
 Jelly : Rub fome of this Mixture on the Print, 
 and gently wet the Paper, you would have to re«* 
 ceive the Impreffion from it, with a wet Spunge; 
 then lay it on the Print, and cover all with two 
 or three other pieces of dry Paper, and rub it very 
 hard all over with any Thing that is fmooth and 
 polilhed, and the wetted Paper will have upon it 
 the reverfe of the Print you rubbed it upon, with 
 every diftinCl Line in the Original, if you have 
 been careful to rub it equally. 
 
 C 
 
 CHAP. 
 
{ 14 ) 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Secrets for Copying ofDrawings, &c. con-- 
 
 tinued. 
 
 fo take a Drawing with Infu 
 
 O NE Way is to take a thin Sheet of Paper, 
 and rub it all over with frelh Butter, as 
 equally as poffible ; then dry it well by the Fire 
 and rub the butter'd Side with Carmine, till 'tis 
 all equally colour'd, or elle rub it over with Lamp- 
 black, or Black-lead-powder, or with blue Bice 
 finely ground *, take care in the rubbing on any 
 of thefe that the Colour will not come off by a 
 very flight Touch of the Finger, and they are 
 then fit for your Work. 
 
 When you have chofen a Print, or Defign, that 
 you would copy, lay the colour'd Side of your 
 butter’d Paper upon a Piece of clean Paper, and 
 your Print upon the butter'd Paper, and then with 
 a fine Pen or Needle, blunted a very little at the 
 Point, trace the Out-lines of your Drawing care- 
 fully, and you will have a good Copy of it upon 
 your white Paper, which may be touch'd up af- 
 terwards by Crayons of the like Colour. 
 
 ^ A red Ink for making an JmprefJon of a Print, 
 
 One may like wife ufe the following Method 
 for taking off or making a Copy from any Print ; 
 which is, to mix fome Vermillion, finely ground, 
 with Linleed-oyl, but fo liquid that it will run or 
 flow in a Pen • with this trace the Lines of your 
 Print, and as foon as all is done, then with a 
 Spunge and Water wet the backfide of the Print, 
 and turn the printed fide down upon a piece of 
 
 white 
 
( *5 ) 
 
 white Paper, fo as to lye fmooth ; then lay over 
 that a piece of dry Paper, and prefs it hard in 
 every part, and the lower white Paper will receive 
 the Impreffion : But if you have a Linnen-prefs, 
 'tis better to put your Papers between two of the 
 wooden Leaves, and skrew the Prefs as tight as 
 may be, for you will then have a fine Impreffion. 
 
 taking Draughts with red loofe Ink. 
 
 You may likewife take fome Vermillion finely 
 ground, and mix it with fair Water in a Gallipot, 
 with fome Cotton, and it will run very freely in 
 the Pen, fo that one may make the fineft Strokes 
 we defire ; then, with this Mixture draw over all 
 the Strokes of your Print, imitating both the finer 
 and flronger Lines : When all is done, then with 
 a Spunge dipt in Gum-water, with a clean white 
 Paper, and while it is wet, turn the Print upon 
 it, and preffing it well, take off the Print, and all 
 the Strokes will remain on the clean Paper, and as 
 fbon as ^tis dry the Vermillion will be fixt to it. 
 
 T HI S fort of Ink is what a famous Writing- 
 raafler ufed, when he had a Book of Writing en- 
 graving for him • he writ with this, and, having 
 his Copper-plate covered with white Bces-wax, or 
 white Ground, he turned the written fide down 
 on the waxt fide of the Plate, and rubbing it very 
 equally, the Impreffion will be upon the Wax. 
 
 leaking Draughts with hlue loofe Ink. 
 
 You may likewife make fuch a fort of Ink of 
 blue Bice and common Water, which will run 
 very finely in a Pen, and ferve for the fame Ufe as, 
 the above Ink. 
 
 ^0 take of a Drawing in a funding red Colour 
 
 by fracing. 
 
 Take Vermillion finely ground, and mix it 
 with a little freffi Butter, then rub a clean Sheet 
 
 C a of 
 
( ) 
 
 of Paper with it on one lide, till it will bear a 
 flight Touch of the Finger, without leaving the 
 Paper too frcelypthen ufethis coloured Paper, by 
 laying the coloured fide upon a clean Paper • and 
 upon the coloured Paper lay on your Print, and 
 trace every Line you think proper, as directed 
 before in Tracings but be fure you pin the three 
 Papers together at the Corners to prevent their 
 flipping for if any one fhould flip, your Work 
 will be fpoiPd, or lome one or other may inadver- 
 tently take up the Print when you have half traced 
 it, and then ^tis impoffible you can ever place it 
 right again * fo that your Labour will be all loft. 
 This Impreflion made by Tracing will hold with- 
 out rubbing. In Tracing, the Quills taken from 
 a Swallow’s Wing are very good, after they arc 
 thoroughly dry. 
 
 I F one has Carmine enough by one, we might 
 mix it with a little frefh Butter, and colour a 
 Paper with it as before directed, and then your 
 Drawing will be of a more beautiful Colour; or, 
 if we would have the Drawing blue, we may 
 colour a Paper with blue Bice and Butter. 
 
 A fpeedy Way of Printing the Leaf of any L'ree or 
 Herb^ as cmB as Nature it f elf 
 
 Take the Leaf of any Plant you defire, and 
 rub the Wins on the Back-fide a little, with a piece 
 of Ivory, or a Dog’s Tooth, to bruife them a 
 little, then rub it gently with a piece of Woollen, 
 dipt flightly in Oyl of Linfeed; when you have 
 done this every where on your Leaf, put the oyl’d 
 fide on a piece of white Paper, and preffing it 
 equally in every part, the Paper will remain a 
 perfed: Impreflion of it, which may be afterwards 
 coloured ; ’tis foon done, and is ufeful to fuch as 
 y/ould remember Plants. 
 
 Another 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 Another Way ofPrinthjg the Leaves of Plants^ fo 
 that the Imprejfon pall appear as black as if 
 it had been done in a Printing-prefs, 
 
 Take any Leaf, and when there is no Wet 
 upon it, take fuch a Ball as they ufe at the Printers 
 lor laying the Ink upon the Letters ^ and when 
 your Ball is equally covered with Printer's Ink, 
 ftrike it gently four or five times on the back of the 
 Leaf, till all the Veins are black'd with the Ink ^ 
 then lay your Leaf on a Trencher or fmall Board, 
 with the black fide upwards, and then wet a piece 
 of white Paper to be fomewhat more then moill, 
 and lay it on your Leaf, and upon that lay a fmooth 
 Trencher, preffing it very hard, but not fo much 
 as to break the fine Fibres of the Leaf^ by this 
 Means you will have -a fine Impreffion. 
 
 B u T it would be Hill more eafily done, if you 
 could get apiece of Wood, uiade like a Cylinder, 
 about a Foot long, and ^|nch and half Dia- 
 meter, and cover the midcfle part of it about fix 
 or eight Inches long, with Woollen-cloth rolled 
 three or four times about. 
 
 With this Roller roll the white Paper that lyes 
 upon jour Leaf backwards and forwards four or 
 five times, and you will have a very curious Im- 
 prellion. v 
 
 T^ii E NecelTaries for this Work are a Gallipot 
 of Frirfcers Ink, a couple'of fmallBalls, fuch as the 
 Printers ufe, to lay the Ink equally on the Leaf, 
 and the RoUef I Tifention.^But where Printers Ink 
 ^annot be got, then talee the following Method. 
 
 ro take the Impreffton ofy^lffLeaf as certain as 
 the former Way^ only .ufing ficb L^hings as may 
 be had in any part of England. 
 
 When you have no Printers Ink, rub the back 
 of a Leaf, asNbefore fhentionecl, with Linfeed-c^l 
 burnt^ and then, ftrewing fome Powder of black 
 
 Lead 
 
{ ) 
 
 Lead, or for want of that, fome Charcoal or Small- 
 coal Duft, or the Powder of burnt Cork, equally, 
 upon a Cnooth Board juft to cover it, ftroke it over 
 fmoothly with the Blade of a Knife, and when the 
 back of the Leaf is oyPd, clap it upon the Board, 
 and then putting your white Paper upon the black'd 
 Side of the Leaf, either prefs it or roll it as before. 
 
 But if none of thefe Ingredients fliould be 
 found, Vermillion may always be found at an Apo- 
 thecary’s ; and, mixing this with frefh Butter, to 
 the Gonfiftence of Printers Ink, cover your printing 
 Balls with it, and dab them upon the back of the 
 Leaf, and fo take off your Impreffion as afore^ lid. 
 
 AT. jB. The Reafon why the back of the Leaf is 
 the proper fide to make the Impreffion from, is, 
 becaufe the Ribs or Veflels rife on that fide above 
 the fleffiy part of it ; and therefore, when they are 
 colour’d with any of thefe Inks, will give an Im- 
 preffion ; but in the Front, Fore-fide of a Leaf, 
 the flefhy Parts rife, and thefe fine Fibres are funk 
 below them. 
 
 Memorandum. Where Vermillion is ufed, blue 
 Bice may be ufed either with Butter, or with Oyl, 
 as follows. 
 
 A fine red or blue Printers Ink., for making Im- 
 prefions of this fort. 
 
 Grind either Vermillion, or blue Bice, with 
 fome burnt Linfeed-oyl, and ufe it as you would 
 do the other printing Ink ; the blue I fhouldchufe 
 for this Work, becaufe, if we fliould colour the 
 Leaf, the blue would be an agreeable Colour to 
 the green forts. 
 
 ^he Method of faking-off the Leaves of Plants in 
 
 Plaifier of Paris., fo that they may afterwards 
 
 he cajl in any Metal. 
 
 Those Perfons who caft in Metal, have fre- 
 quent Occaiion to ufe Leaves of feveral Sorts to 
 
 embelUIh 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 cmbellifh their Works, which are generally made 
 from Models done by the Hand, which take up 
 a great deal of Tim^ and at laffc are imperfect j 
 but the following Way, which I learnt from a 
 Gentleman in Italy ^ is much eafier. 
 
 When you have gathered the Leaf, you de- 
 fire to take an Impreffion from, lay it between the 
 Leaves of a Book till it will lye flat, then upon a 
 fmooth Board with llrong Gum-water (made of 
 Gum Arabic) fix the Fore-fide or Front of the 
 Leaf to the Board ; when this is done, raife about it 
 a little Wall of courfePafle, half an Inch high; or 
 if you can conveniently fur round your piece of 
 Wood with Pafle-board or Card paper fo dole, that 
 it will hold a Liquid for fome time, then oyl the 
 back of your Leaf, as is recommended in the Chap- 
 ter for Calling of Medals, and pour on Water and 
 Plainer of Paris as is there direded, which when 
 ’tis dry, will give you an exdd Impreffion of every 
 Vein of the Leaf, and from which you may eafily 
 make a Mould to call in, as your Fancy direds you. 
 
 ^he Manner of making the Impreffion s of any 
 terjiyy in a Minute in all their Colours. 
 
 When you have taken a Butterfly, kill it 
 without fpoiling the Wings, and contrive tolpread 
 them in a flying Manner as regularly as may be ; 
 then take a piece of white Paper, and with a fmall 
 Brulh or Pencil walh a part of the Paper with Gum- 
 water, a little thicker than ordinary, fothat it may 
 dry at an eafy rate ; then lay your Butterfly on the 
 Paper, and when ^tis well fixt, cut aw'ay the Body 
 clofe to the Wings, -and throw that away, then lay 
 the Paper on a fmooth Board with the Fly upwards, 
 and on that another Paper, upon which put a fmooth 
 Trencher, and a great Weight upon that ; or elfe 
 put your whole Preparation into a Screw-prefs, and 
 ferew it down very hard, letting it fo remain for 
 
{ ) 
 
 an Hour; then takeoff your Butterfly^s Wings, and 
 their perfe6b ImprefTion, w'ith all their beautiful 
 Colours marked difi:in6lly,v/ill remain on the Paper* 
 I have donefeveral this Way, which anfwers very- 
 well ; and to explain the Reafon why it canbefo, 
 you mull underlland, that all the fine Colours ob- 
 ferved on a Butterfly^s Wings, are properly Fea- 
 thers, which flick to the Gum fo fail, that, when 
 the Gum is dry, they leave the Wing. 
 
 When you have done this, draw between 
 the Wings of your Impreffion the Body of your 
 Butterfly, and colour your Drawing of that Body 
 after the Life* 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of Taking-off Medals injlantly-, by various 
 Ways not known. 
 
 I T may be ufeful to fome People to learn another 
 Way of preferving to themfelves good Speci- 
 mens, and fine Defigns of Medals, that is, fuch aS 
 may ferve to draw from at any time ; and many 
 thoufands of thofe Specimens may be taken in one 
 Day, at a trifling Expence. 
 
 One iMethodis, to take Ichthyocolla, i, e. Ifin- 
 glafs, which is fold at the Druggifls, and iscalfd 
 Ukewife Filh-glue; it is made up in Rolls twilled 
 in the Form of a Figure of eight. This being 
 broked to pieces, take about an Ounce, and dif- 
 folve it in Water enough to cover it, over the Fire, 
 ffirring it gently till all is diflblved; then, with a 
 Gamefs Hair-brufh, flroke fome of this Glue over 
 the Medals you want to take off; after the Me- 
 dals are laid as horizontally as poffible, and when 
 all the Surface is covered, let them lie till the Glue 
 is hardened ; and then with the Point of a fine . 
 
 Needle, 
 
f 21 ) 
 
 Needle, or Pin, ralfe the Edge of the Glue from 
 each Medal, and the whole Impreflion in Glue 
 will fly off as hard as Horn, with all the fine 
 Sharpnefe of the Medal, as if it wasflruck. This 
 Glue may be made of any Colour we pleafe, by 
 mixing the Colour we want in the Water we melt 
 the Glue in. Five hundred of thefe Impreflions 
 in Glue will not weigh above half an Ounce, if 
 each Medal be an Inch Diameter. Thele mull be 
 dry’d immediately, not in an hot Sun, nor in a 
 damp Place, but regularly. 
 
 If we ufe the Ifinglafs without any Colour mix'd 
 with the Water, we may, when we take our Copies 
 from the Medals, breathe gently on the concave 
 fide of them, which in fome Meafure will moiflen 
 our Medal, and then lay it upon apiece of the 
 thickell Sort of Leaf-gold, w'hich will flick to it, 
 and, by fliining through the Ifinglafs, will appear 
 like a Gold Medal; and if wc would imitate 
 a Copper Medal, welhould mix Carmine with the 
 Water we diflblvc our Ifinglafs in. 
 
 W H E N I preferibe Water for this End, it is 
 becaufe it will do well, and may be had any 
 where ; but Brandy or Spirits of Wine, wdfl give 
 Glue a much greater Strength, fo as to be lefs 
 fubjedt to foften by damp Air. When I mention 
 this, 'tis from an Experiment I made for preferving 
 the natural Colour of Flowers federal Years, which 
 may be ufeful to the Curious, who ufe this Glue 
 on any Occafion, and is as follows. 
 
 ^0 frefern)e the Leaves of fT ilips. Make fbme 
 Card-paper into the Figure of Dripping-pans, and, 
 with a flrong Mixture of Gum- Arabick and W ater, 
 fix them to the Card; then pour on gently warm 
 fomc of the Ifinglafs prepared with Brandy, or Spi- 
 rits, 'till the Leafis quite covered, and in an Hour 
 or two the Liquor will become hard, and, by keep- 
 ing the Air from the Flower, will preferve it in all 
 
 D its 
 
(• 2 -^ ) 
 
 Its Coloui's for feveral Years. The fame may be 
 done with the Bloflbras of the Auricula, which will 
 preferve all their Colours as if they were painted. 
 
 i SHALL now mention the Manner of taking off 
 Medals oi the largeft fort, which will ftillprclerve 
 to us the Delineations of many curious Pieces, and 
 valuable Dehgns. For this Ufe, with a Tuft of 
 fine Cotton a little greafed with Saliad-oyl, rub 
 the Medals gendy over, and melt fome Stone 
 Brimfcone, enough to cover the Medal half an Inch 
 thick * then put an PIoop of fliff Paper round the 
 Edge of the Medal, and when the Brimllone is 
 melted, and not too hot, pour it on the Medal, 
 and as foon as it is fixed and hardned, if you untie 
 the Hoop, the Impreffion on the Brimftone comes 
 clean from the Medal ^ which will produce ^ iharp 
 and cor reft Mould to caft another from in Plaifter 
 of Paris, But this Ihould not be ufed on Silver 
 Medals, becaufe it will change their Colour. 
 
 If the Medals are Silver, ufe the fame Method 
 of binding them round with Paper, and oyling 
 them; mix a Uttle Plaifter of Paris with Water, 
 and fill, the Hoop with it, theti immediately fill 
 the Caie in a fprinkling Manner with the fame 
 Phiitter till it hardens ; and when it is dry take it 
 from the Medal. 
 
 But from the Moulds caft in Brimftone, which 
 are concave, we again caft fuch Medals in Plaifter 
 oi Paris as arc convex, oyling the Mould as before, 
 and uling the plaifter oP Paris as above direfted^ 
 fo you may take off any Medal, or P\ntBafs^reIief \ 
 with a great deal of Exaftnels, even fo as to form 
 Medals from them in any fort of Metal. But 
 there is no one that I know fo curious in the Ma- 
 jiagemcnt pf this Affair, as Mr. Pingo^ in New^ 
 Street-Square^ near Shoe-Lafu,, London, 
 
 There is a Method of taking off Impreffions 
 in Plaifter of I^aris from Copper-plates, by oyling 
 
 in 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 in a ttlinuto Degree the Plates, and thin binding 
 them about either with Card^paper, or other Paite- 
 board, and pouring on fome ot the Iiiicll Plaiitcr 
 of PaHs and Water you can get, and finilLing 
 the Work with Plaifter, till it becomes dry, and, 
 hardens j you will then have a fine Iinprcilion, if 
 one may do cali it,, of the Lines of the Plate, in 
 the Piaifter, which will ferve to draw from, when 
 you have occalion. 
 
 We may add ftill the Manner of taking off any 
 fine Engravings from the Tops of Snuff-Boxes, or 
 Watch-cafes, which is only holding them over the 
 Smoak of a Candle, till they are quite black ; then 
 wipe off the black with the fofc part of the Palm 
 of the Hand, and lay on the Engraving a piece 
 of white Paper a little wetted with a Spunge, and 
 over that a thin piece of Flannel^ or a piece of 
 brown Paper held hard down over the engraved 
 Part, and being hard rubbed, the Paper next the 
 Pifture will receive a fine Impreffion, as if it had 
 been pafled through a Rolling-prefs. 
 
 W E may yet recommend another Method of 
 taking off Medals in great Perfedlion, which is by 
 getting thin pieces of Lead, and placing the Medal 
 horizontally on the top of a firm Poll, or any flcddy 
 place j lay over the Lead a flat piece of harder Me- 
 tal, and over that place a piece of a round turn'd 
 Stick, fuch as is ufed in the Staff of a Broom, fa vvri 
 off about five or fix Inches in length, and, holding 
 that tight with your left Hand on the Lead and 
 flat piece of Metal, llrike the top of the Stick a 
 fmart Blow with a large Hammer, and the Lead 
 will be perfectly imprefled with the Image of the 
 Medal ; this Blow muft be done at once, to ren- 
 der the Impreffion perfedt: Even this may be done 
 on any Impreflion made on Sealing-wax. 
 
 W E may likewife take off a Medal, by laying 
 oyer it a piece of thin Sheet Block-tin, otherwiie 
 
 D a called 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 dialled Foyle^ which is fold at the fame Places where 
 the Plainer of Paris is to be had, or at fome Pew- 
 terers Shops, and nibbing it hard upon the Me- 
 dal, it will give us a very good Likenefsof what- 
 ever Medal we rub it upon. The Block-tin Sheet 
 I mean, is fuch as is laid on the Backs ofGlafles, 
 when they are to be filver'd, to render them 
 Looking-glafles. 
 
 W E may alfo take Impreflions from Medals 
 with Putty, fuch as the Glaziers ufe, although the 
 Medals or Bafs-reliefs are under-wrought. 
 
 Another Way of taking off Medals is to pro- 
 vide the Scraps or Shavings of white Paper, which 
 you may have at the Book-binders ^ you mull boil 
 them well in common Water till they arc tender, 
 then bruife them well in a Mortar till they come 
 like a Pafte, and boil them again in Spring- water, 
 with a little Gum- Arabick ^ and, letting this mix- 
 ture fettle a while, pour the Water from it through 
 a Sieve or Linnen-cloth, and what remains is ex- 
 traordinary good, to either prefe into any Mould, 
 or upon any Medal, and when the Pafte is dry it 
 will come off very lliarp. 
 
 Some Medals that are under- wrought cannot be 
 taken off this Way ; therefore in fuch Gales, we 
 mull take common Glue with Water, melt it, and 
 when we have lixt a Hoop of Pafte-board round the 
 Edge of our Medal, pour on the Glue hot, having 
 firft oyPd the Medal with a Lump of greafy Cotton. 
 
 When the Glue is dry and hard, we mult take 
 off the Hoop, and the Glue will fly from the 
 Edges of the Medal ; and it will then eafily come 
 off, being fubjedl to bend and give way, which 
 the other Things before mentioned will not do. 
 We fhould mind to make our Glue ftrong enough, 
 and pour it on one third of an Inch thick. 
 
 When we have taken the Impreffion by this 
 Means, we muft hoop round our Mould of Glue 
 
 with 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 vith Card-paper or Pafte- board, as before; and 
 oyl it, fo that no Bubbles or Blifters may be feen, 
 that is to fay, juft make it greafy ; then we may 
 caft fome Plaifter of Paris in it, and we fhall have 
 a good Copy of the Medal : When this is dry the 
 Glue will fly off, or may be broken oiF, and we 
 lliall have a good Pattern to caft from. 
 
 We may likewife make a Putty of Linfeed-oyl 
 and fine ground Starch, which, being well work'd 
 together into a Pafte, will take a good Impreffion 
 from any Medal. This is much better than the 
 common Putty. 
 
 When we have thefe Moulds, we may caft in ' 
 them good Medals in Bees- wax ; but they will 
 come off much flaarpcr if the Mould be in Brim- 
 ftone, than if it be in Plaifter of Paris: But when 
 we do this, our Wax fhould be as well blanch'd or 
 whitened, as one would ufe for Y7ax-candles ; it 
 is however necelTary to greafe the Mould before 
 we pour in our Wax, as 1 have directed before. 
 
 Ho WEVER, tho' I recommend white Wax as 
 preferable to the other, I would not chufe to have 
 the Copy of the Medal white ; for the darker Co- 
 lours lliew the Figures much better. 
 
 If we would have our Copy of a red Colour, wc 
 muft mix Vermillion with our Wax when 'tis 
 melting; or if blue, put into our melted Wax 
 fome Stone-blue well beaten or ground. 
 
 As foon as our Wax Medals are cold enough 
 to take off, we fhould lay fome Leaf-gold upon 
 them, and with a piece of Cotton prefs it down 
 gently, without rubbing it backwards or forwards, 
 and that will gild our Medal. 
 
 When we have caft Medals in Plaifter of PariSy 
 to make them look like Steel or Metal, we muft rub 
 them over with a Piece of Cotton dipt flightly in 
 Oyl, and then put on them* fome Powder of black 
 Lead, and rub them well with a Brufh, fuch as is 
 
 us'd 
 
{26) 
 
 tis^d for the Teeth, ’till the whole is equally cover** 
 ed; and they will have a fine Glofs upon them. 
 
 B u T we may make the Plaifter of Paris Me- 
 dals of the Colour of Box, by boiling them in Lin- 
 feed Oyl; and it will harden them, fo as to bear 
 the Brufh to be cleaned if any Dull gets at them. 
 
 If we would have our Plailler of Paris Medals 
 of a yellow or golden Colour, we mull take a little' 
 tearl-alh, and boil it in a Pint of Water, ’till it 
 makes a fhrong Lixivium ; then put in about half 
 a quarter of a Pint of French Berries, and boil 
 them till the Liquor is of a very llrong yellow, 
 and ufe this Liquor with our Plailler of Paris in- 
 llead of Common Water. 
 
 If we would have our Plailler of Paris Medals be 
 of a blue Colour, we mufh boil fome Lacmus or Lit- 
 mus in River-water, ’till the Water is as blue as 
 we think proper; and mull ufe this Water with 
 our Plailler, when we call a Medal, to render it 
 of a fine Colour. 
 
 If we would have our Plailler Medals of a red 
 Colour, we ftiould boil a little Ralpings of Bralil- 
 wood in pale fiale Beer, and when it is llrain’d off, 
 life it as common Water with the Plailler. 
 
 I HAVE not yet try’d , whether the fine tranlpa- 
 tent Gum made of \erdegreafe will mix with 
 Plailler of PariSj hut I have good Reafon to judge 
 that it will; and as it is cheap enough, I fuppofe 
 it would not be unworthy any one’s Tryal. 
 
 I HAVE often thought, that by thefe Means one 
 might eafily collect a^Sct of all the Coins of our 
 Nation, and to dillribute them as one Ihould, in the 
 feveral King’s Reigns, they would make no dil- 
 agreeable Furniture, being plac’d in proper Order; 
 the Gold by themfelves of each King’s Reign, with 
 his Figure and the Reverfe by one another, and 
 under i^ the Value of the Coin; then the Silver in 
 th^ir proper Order ; and the Brafi, or Copper, os' 
 
 Pewter, 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 Pewter, (forfuch we have had) and even the Lea- 
 ther Coins fliould notefcape our Notice, 
 
 Oa, to improve this, if we had Time to fparc 
 and good Opportunity, we might have the Re- 
 femblance ol' the Coins of every Country ; and by 
 writing the Value of each of them, fuch a Col- 
 lection would be of ufe to Travellers, as well as to 
 Hiitorians. 
 
 The ealieU Way of doing this would be with’ 
 the Ichthyocolla or Filh-glue ; and fo for the Gold 
 Coins ufe Leaf-gold^ as before directed; for the 
 Silver, Leaf-lilver; and for the Copper, Leaf- 
 copper, which is made in Germany : Or elfe for 
 Silver we fliould make pur Medals with ¥oyle^ as 
 before direCted ; and for the Leather Coins mix a 
 little Fullers Earth with the Water or Spirit, be-? 
 fore we melt the Fifh-glue or Ifinglafs in it. 
 
 So far I have given Inftrud:ions how we may ei- 
 ther make Drawings from the Life, or copy what- 
 ever we think proper from Prints, Paintings, Me- 
 dals, tho" we knew nothing of Drawing before. 
 
 CHAP. V, 
 
 Colours for illuminating of Prints in the 
 heft Manner j or of fainting in Water- 
 Colours. 
 
 C OLOURS are to be diftinguifted in the foU 
 lowing Manner; we mull firffc take White, 
 the next\cllow, the next Orange, and then pro- 
 ceed to tlie Red, after that the Purple, then to the 
 Blue, and after that to the Black. Obferve, White 
 and Black are the Extremes of Colour ; then in the 
 next Place, Yellow istheleller point of Colour to- 
 wards the White, and the next to that is the 
 Green,, and after that the Hue. I Ipcak of this, 
 
 becaufe 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 becaufc every one who has a mind to know the 
 Manner of Colouring of Prints, or painting in Mi- 
 niature may profit by it. 
 
 I SHALL begin then with regard to Colouring 
 of Prints. If the Paper be pure white, ufe no 
 Colour upon it, unlels in the ihaded Parts ; and 
 then in painting of Flowers, if they tend towards 
 a reddifh Colour, ufe a faint Colour of Carmine 
 with Gum- water, upon the Shades only ^ if blueifh, 
 ufe a little faint Indigo in Gum-water, flightly 
 pafs’d over the Shades, eafily touching upon the 
 Lights ; where there is a yellow Tinge, either 
 ufe a faint Tincture of Gamboge, or of French Ber- 
 ries, which will be deferibed among the Yellows j 
 or if the White have a purplilh Call, ule a thin 
 Lake on the lhady Side, fuffering the Colour only 
 to fhine a little into the Light, it will give a Lu- 
 fi:re to the Whites^ and if a greenifh Gaft Ihould 
 be there, ufe either a faint Colour, hardly to be 
 difeern’d, of the fap Green, or in proportion, of 
 the fap Green mix'd with the Verdegreafe Green. 
 
 N, B. All thefe Colours mention'd to lhade the 
 Whites, may be found in the following Dired:ions. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Qf Wh I t e s for Painting in Miniature ^ 
 
 r |“^HE beft White that is pretended to be fold 
 I in the Water-colour manner, is the Flake- 
 white, which is better than the White-lead ground : 
 This, if it is pure, far exceds the White-lead in 
 Beauty; for the White-lead is apt to turn blackifh, 
 Specially if you ufe it with hard Water. 
 
 But the beft White that I know, is made of 
 Pearl, or the finer Parts of Oyfter-fhells, made 
 jato an impalpable Powder, that is, fo foft as to 
 
 feel 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 leel like Grounds of Starch, or Powder for the 
 Hair, when we touch it with the Fingers ; this is 
 called by fome of the Gblour-men Pearl-white, but 
 ^tis hard to be found. If we have occafion to ufe 
 it, this white will mix well with any Colour ; but 
 if we ufe White-lead, let it be firft rectified with 
 white Wine Vinegar, which will caule a Fermen- 
 tation, and fooh make the white fettle ; then pour 
 oif the Vinegar, and wafli it with common Water; 
 that is, put the Powder into a Glafs of Water, Itir 
 it about, and prefently pour off the Water, while 
 it is white, into fome clean Receiver; and when the 
 white Parts arc fettled, pour off the Water from 
 thence, and they will be extremely fine. I mention 
 this, that every one may make their Colours of the 
 finell Sort. It may be perhaps a little Trouble ; but 
 who would not ufe fuch pains to be fuperior to any 
 Thing that has heen before in the fame Way ? 
 
 When the White welpeak of is fettled, add to it 
 as much Gum-water as is neceflary to bind it, or 
 give it a Glaze; but take Notice that I would not 
 have any white ufed in colouring of Prints, but 
 only with dry Colours, when we paint in Miniature. 
 
 It is remarkable that White-lead will change 
 black, if the Water we ufe with it comes from Iron 
 or Clay : When I fay black, I mean that in a Month 
 or two you will find the Places where it lies the 
 thickeft, tinged with black, and when ^tis mix'd with 
 any other Colour, it will foon change, or alter it. 
 
 For this Reafon, I have try'd divers forts of 
 White ; among others, the Powder of Egg-lhells, 
 of the brighteft Colour , and well clean'd and 
 walh'd,is very good to be ground with Gum- water, 
 or elfe put about a twentieth part of clear white 
 Sugar candied to grind with it in Wai|^r ; reduce 
 this as fine as poffible, that is to the ft^e of what 
 we call an impalpable Powder, and ufe it. A Gen- 
 tleman, whom I have given this Receipt to, tells me, 
 
 E that 
 
{ 30 ) 
 
 that It Is ftill more to the purpofe to pour k on fomc 
 redify'd Spirits of Wine, which, he fays, will clear 
 it from the Drofs; but I have not try'd the Experi- 
 ment : I fuppofe, that when the Spirit of Wine has 
 done its Work, it muft be poufd off, and then the 
 Parts left behind mull be mix’d with Gum-water 
 again ; but that Egg-lhell powder is of great Ser- 
 vice as a white in Water-colours , I know very 
 well ; and that alfo itfelf, an Oyfler-lhell powder, 
 well redlify’d and mix’d with the white of an Egg 
 well beaten, will make an extraordinary Mixture 
 with other Colours, and corredl them from chang- 
 ing or altering their Qualities. 
 
 While I am fpeaking of white for illumi- 
 nating of Prints, as I have already obferved, that 
 the clear white of the Paper is proper to be left 
 uncolour’d ; fo if it happens , that the Paper is 
 given to Jink^ as it is called, or to fpread any 
 Water-colour we lay upon it more than is necef- 
 fary, then the Way to cotred: it is as follows : 
 We mull fix the Paper in fuch a Station, as may 
 only receive the Colour we lay on to glaze juft as 
 far as we defign’d it ; then take fome Starch boil’d 
 and prepared in Water, of a middle Strength, 
 and with a large Painting-brulh ftroke it over 
 the back of the Print, and, when it is well dry’d 
 in the Air or Sun, put the Print in a Book, with 
 a Weight upon it, to redify the Crumplings 
 which it may receive by wetting of it ; fo will 
 any Print be made to receive Water-colours as 
 one would have them be diftributed, and none of 
 them will then run farther than we intended. 
 
 There is an Earth brought fometimes from 
 China of a very foft Nature, and very white, 
 which I find is better in Water-colours than 
 any of the reft j but ’tis very fcarce^ 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of Yellow^ s. 
 
 T here are fome ObjeAs whiGh have the 
 Appearance of Gold fhining through the 
 Colour of Green, Red, or Blue; fuch as fonie 
 fort of Flies and Beetles, and fuch as the Can- 
 tharides, which lall Sort every one may buy at 
 the Druggifts. This Gold Tranfparency is very 
 well imitated, by laying on the Drawing fome 
 Leaf-gold on the fhaded Part, a little giving in to 
 the light Side of the Print ; the Way of laying 
 on of Leaf-gold, is to wafli the Part where the 
 Gold is to be with ftrong Gum-water, and foon 
 after that put the Gold on as fmooth and even as 
 poffible, preffing it down clofe with Cotton : But 
 take care that, when you lay on the Gum-water, 
 you do not exceed the Limits you would have 
 the Gold appear to fhine. In this Cafe the Gold 
 is only to fhine through the transparent Colour, 
 which is to be laid upon it. 
 
 Now it muft be underHoocJ, that the Leaf- 
 gold will not regularly receive Water-colours ; 
 fo that to render it fubfervient to our purpofe, we- 
 muft, with a little thin Liquor of Ox-gall in ^ 
 Painting-brufh of GamePs Hair, flroke it over, and 
 then it will receive any Colour we have a mind 
 to paint upon it, and hold it. So you may have 
 Gold Greens, Gold Reds, and Purples, Blues, 
 or what you pleafe. The Greens may be, firft the 
 Verdigreafe Green, which I fiiall deferibe here- 
 after ; or the Sap Green, or Lake, or Carmine, 
 if they are good ; or for Purples, Lake and fine 
 Indigo, or Carmine and Indigo; and for the Blues, 
 
 E a Indigd 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 Indigo on the dark fide, and on the light fide a 
 little ftroke of Ultramarine Blue, juft to flaine 
 into the Light, and it will have a wonderful Effed:. 
 
 iV. B. One may find upon Rofe-trees in June 
 and July^ a Beetle of a green Gold-colour, which 
 will ferve t© govern this kind of Painting. As 
 for Gold of itfelf, I would not advife it to be 
 ufed, unlefs we polifh it, and then you may take 
 the following Method. 
 
 We fee in many Manufcripts fine Gold Let- 
 ters, which rife above the Surface of the Volume 
 or Paper ^ thefe have raifed the Admiration of 
 the Curious, and the Manner of making them is 
 but little known ; the Compofition, which raifes 
 them above the Paper, is made, as I am well 
 informed, of Vermillion and the white of an Egg, 
 whisk'd or beaten up to that Confiftence, as is 
 called an Oyl, work'd together like a kind of 
 Pafte, and with a Stamp fix'd to the Paper with 
 Gum-Arabick ; on this Figure of a Letter wafh, 
 with a Camel's Hair Pencil, fome ftrong Gum- 
 water, taking care that the Gum does not reach 
 more than the Out-lines ; then lay on the Leaf- 
 gold clofe with fome Cotton, and as foon as it 
 is dry, rub it with fome dry Cotton, and then 
 polifli it with a Dog's Tooth ; this will make it 
 appear a^ if it was really call in Gold. 
 
 There is yet another Way of working thefe 
 Things in Gold j and that is, by ufing the Gold 
 which is prepared in Shells, but it mull be pure 
 Gold, andnotfuch as is brought from fome Pla- 
 ces in Germany^ which will change Green in a few 
 Days time. 
 
 Before you ufe this Gold, cover the lhady 
 parts with Vermillion; and then, after your Gold 
 is well redlified with Spirits of Wine, lay it on 
 with Gum-water, which will mix with it very 
 well, and when it is dry, polifh it with a Dog's 
 
 Tooth. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 Tooth. I chufc when I lay on this Fowder-gold, 
 to leave the Lights vacant of it, and it makes a 
 much brighter Appearance, than if one was to 
 cover the Objed all over. 
 
 But if one was to cover by Accident the 
 whole Piece with Gold, there is no better Way 
 to fet it off, than by tracing over the ihady Parts 
 with Gall-ftones ; or which is much preferable, 
 the Yellow, which I fhall give the Gompefition. 
 of below, made of French Berries, 1 mean that 
 which is the deepolt in Colour ; a little Minium 
 brightens it very mueh; but fee how I redify 
 the Minium, amongll the Reds, and polifli the 
 Gold before you ufe any Minium to it. 
 
 Since I have mentioned Gold, 1 am next to 
 fpeak of the Yellows, as they fait gradually in 
 their Goiirfe of Strength. 
 
 The firft is a kind of Straw-colour, and is 
 made of Flower of Brimflone, which in itfelf 
 is fine enough to mix with Gurh-water • and the 
 Manner of Preparing Gum- water, lince I have 
 not yet mentioned it, I lhall infert at the end of 
 this Treat ife of Colours. 
 
 A COMMON Way of illuminating of Prints, is 
 by giving the Tindure of Gamboge lor ^ Yel- 
 low ; and this may be of two or three forts, either 
 fainter or ftronger ; the laft to be a Shade to the 
 firil, and that to be lhaded with the Preparation 
 of French Berries, which I fliall prefently mention. 
 
 The great Mr. Boyle has left feme Papers be- 
 hind him that were never publilhed, which my 
 Lord Carleton gave me, and I lhall infert occali- 
 onally in this Treatife. With regard to yellow 
 Colours, he fays, that if the Roots of Barberries 
 are cut, and put in a Lixivium made Iftong with 
 Water and Pearl-alhes, there will be a fine yellow 
 Colour produced from it * which I have tried, and 
 fuccecds very well. 
 
 A N o- 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 Another Way Mr. Boyle propofes, to make 
 a tranfparent Yellow, which is, to take the Root 
 of the Mulberry, which affords a very yellowilh 
 Juice, to wafh it well from the Earth in common 
 Water, and boil it in the Lixivium I (peak of, made 
 with Pearl-alhes and W ater ; from this we may 
 take out a ftrong Tincture, much deeper than 
 the former ; but the Roots of the Mulberries are 
 much harder to be had than thofe of the Barber- 
 ries; for Mulberry-trees are very fcarce, and the 
 Barberries are in almoft every Hedge in EJfex^ 
 about Litthhury efpecially. 
 
 With regard to the Barberry-root, I think 
 it would be worth while to plant them on purpofe, 
 for the Advantage that one might make from 
 them by Dying ; the Fruit, in my Opinion, be- 
 ing of little or no Signification, but the Root 
 and the Wood, I think, will nearly anfwer the 
 fame End, in producing a fine Yellow. 
 
 Yellow Oker will make another good pale 
 Yellow ; but for illuminating of Prints, it is a 
 Colour rather of too much body; however being 
 well ground with Gum-water, it is of ufe after it 
 has been well walh'd. 
 
 Another good Yellow may be made from 
 the Plant call’d Celandine, infuling it in Water, 
 and prefling it gently, and theu boiling the Li- 
 quor with a little Allum ; this Yellow will be a 
 little inclining to Green. 
 
 But the Yellow which I like the befl, and 
 may be ufed in feveral Capacities of Lights and 
 Strength, is that made of French Berries, pre^- 
 pared as follows. 
 
 Take of French Berries an Ounce whole, and 
 boil them in a Pint of the Lixivium made of 
 Pearl-afhes and Water, till the Liquor will give 
 a fine Tinge of Yellow to a bit of Paper dipp’d 
 in it; then pour it off from the Berries, and when 
 
 ’tis 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 ^tis cool, put it in a Bottle for Ufe. But if we ' 
 only put French Berries to infufe in comnaon Wal- 
 ter, they win produce a good Yellow, but then 
 it will not be durable. 
 
 Then again, add half a Pint of the fame Lix- 
 ivium to the Berries, and half an Ounce of frelh 
 Berries, and boil them, ^till the Liquor is as deep 
 as Gall-ftone ; which will ferve to fliade all the 
 Yellows you can ufe of any fort. You may boil 
 this even to produce a brown Colour ; and with 
 a little Ox-gall, it will ferve to lhade any Leaf- 
 gold that has been laid on Paper, as direded be- 
 fore, and is much preferable to Gall-Hone in imi- 
 tating any Gold-colour. It anfwers well upon a 
 Tindure of Gamboge, or any of the former 
 Yellows. 
 
 Next to this is the Tindure of Saffron, 
 which, with common Water only, affords a bright 
 ' reddifh Yellow, fuch as one would have (to cover 
 the Ihadow^d parts of a Print) for an Orange or 
 heVd ^ Gold-colour \ however, there is nothing 
 more High, when we ufe Saffron, than when we 
 infufe it in redified Spirits of Wine ; but then the 
 Colour flies, unlefs we load it with Gum-Arabick, 
 as I have try’d. 
 
 As for a deep Yellow with a body, Dutch 
 Pink comes the neareft to the aforefaicl llrong 
 . Yellow made of French Berries, in point of Co- 
 lour; and of a lighter Yellow is the EngUJh Pink, 
 which is Hill made of French Berries, and in a bo- 
 dy likewife. 
 
 I CANNOT help obferving, that one may ex- 
 trad a good yellow Colour, for illuminating of 
 Prints, from the frcfh Roots of Ginger, if one can 
 
 get 
 
 * By heVd is meant the boiling of pure Gold in Liquors, 
 which will take away the Yellow of it, and bring it to be of 
 a reddilh or higher Colour, 
 
( 3 ^ ) 
 
 get nothing elfe ; I fpeak this, becaufe fometimes 
 one wants a good Yellow, and any one may find 
 this any where, if Gamboge can't be had ; and it 
 makes a fine Green, with the tranfparent Yerde- 
 greafe I lhall hereafter mention. iV. B, This laft 
 Hint I took fi-om Mr. Boyle^s Papers. 
 
 It is again to be remark'd, that the Engl ijb 
 and Dutch Yellow Pinks are made with French 
 Berries ground to a fine Powder and boiled. 
 
 Of o RANGE Colour. 
 
 HE Orange-colour, which is ufeful to walh 
 
 1 fine Prints with, confifls in laying on a 
 Teint of Gamboge, and over that, fome of the 
 Minium or Red-Lead, fuch as I fhall deferibe, 
 to be wafh'd, and render'd fine and fit for Ufe ^ 
 for, as it is bought at the fhops, it is not by any 
 means fine enough to paint with, and efpecially 
 will change or turn black after a few Weeks, if 
 it be. not refin'd ; but if it be well prepared, will 
 be very lafting and beautiful : But we muft take 
 this by the Way, that in the refining of it, two 
 Ounces will not produce above 40 Grains of good 
 Colour, to ftand the Tell of the Painters. I lhall 
 prefently deferibe the Method of Preparing it : 
 This Colour may be mix'd with Gamboge, upon 
 a white Dutch Tile to render it of the Teint we 
 delire, either foft or llronger; or one may glaze 
 the Gamboge, and llrengthen it with Tindure of 
 Saffron, to make it glare into a ftrong Orange. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of Minium, or the bright efi Red-lead-^ 
 and how to prepare it* 
 
 T H E Minium, or Red-lead, is as heavy 
 and llrong a Colour as moft we have, but 
 is the moll delightful one, when well prepared, 
 that is, when ^tis well walh’d and cleaned of its 
 more weighty Parts, which occafion it to turn 
 black. My Way of doing it, as the great Mr. 
 Boyle directs, is to put 3 or 4 Ounces of it in 
 a Quart of Rain-water; then ftir it, and pour 
 off the Water immediately, and let it fettle to 
 the bottom of every Gup or Glafs you pour it 
 in ; then pour off that Water, and in a Day’s 
 time you will have the Colour dry, and as fine as 
 you can wifh; put then a little piece of -Gum- 
 Arabick to each Glafs or Gup, and as much Wa- 
 ter as will moiften each of them ; Ufe any of 
 thefe afterwards with the Gum-Water, as fhall be 
 hereafter directed; but if the Gum, you ihould 
 happen to put in at firfl, may be firong enough 
 to glaze it, then ufe only common Water; in a 
 Word, as your Colour is lefs gum’d or over- 
 gum’d, ufe lefs or more Gum-water ; forofitfelf 
 ’tis a dead Colour. 
 
 When you ufe this Colour, touch it gently 
 on the Yellow we have mentioned into the light 
 Side, and if it wants a Shade, there may be a 
 little Vermillion put upon it ; but Vermillion is 
 too heavy to paint with, when we illuminate 
 Prints, becaufe it hides the Shades of the Engra- 
 ver ; however, fometimes they had better be hid- 
 den then preferved; For my part, I generally 
 lhade this Red-lead or Minium with Carmine, 
 
 F which 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 which gives it a fine Effeft, and renders it equal 
 to the brighteft red Flower I ever faw, leaving 
 Itill the Lights uncoloured, only dalhing a little 
 way into the Lights with the Minium. 
 
 Vermillion I mull advife to be left out 
 of the Qucftion, unlefs it is well waft’d, as I 
 have directed the Minium to be, and then chiefly 
 for dry painting ; One may think then, that after 
 I have advifed the Vermillion to be abandoned, 
 it lliould be quite left out of my Table of Co- 
 lours ; but I Ipeak at that Time to fuch Perfons 
 as can ufe it moderately, and with Judgment ; 
 for all heavy Colours will drown the Shades or 
 Strokes of the Engraver. 
 
 When the Carmine has ftaded the Minium, 
 or Red-lead, it may be ftaded again with 
 Lake in the ftrongeft Part, to bring it to a deeper 
 Red. 
 
 It may be a Wonder to fome, that when I 
 fpeak of Orange-colours, I ftould mention fome 
 of thefe deep Sorts, tending to Purples ; but I 
 mention them as Shades, and without which 
 the Orange or Red could not appear with any 
 Brightnefs. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of Reds. 
 
 SECT. 1. Cy’ S car LET. 
 
 W HEN we have pafled the Orange, wc 
 next come to the Scarlet, which may be 
 reprefented on a Plane with Minium, a little 
 mix’d with Vermillion * but if you have Occa- 
 
 lion 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 fion to paint a Flower of a Scarlet-colour on a 
 Print, let your Lights, as well as Shades, be co- 
 vered thin with Minium, and the lhaded Parts 
 glazed with Carmine, which will produce an ad- 
 mirable Scarlet, fuch as we fee in the Flower of 
 the Scarlet Martagon. 
 
 SECT. 11. 0/ Crimson. 
 
 F rom the Scarlet we next come to Crjmfon, 
 which is reprefented with Carmine; but I 
 mull inform the Perfon who is to ufe it, that 
 there are leveral Sorts of it, fome darker, and 
 fome much coarfer than others, and therefore it 
 fhould never be bought by Candle-light, unlefs 
 of fuch as one can well truft ; for between the 
 very bell and the worft Sort, there is about ten 
 Shillings difference in an Ounce, or indeed all 
 the Money an Ounce will coft, for the bad will 
 Ipoil all our Work. The beft that I have met 
 with was at Mr. Goupee's^ the great Fan-Painter 
 in King^Jireet^ Coveiit-^Garden ; I 'have had fome 
 very good likewife, at the Colour- Ihop, the Sign 
 of the Belly againft Aruudel-Jlreet in the Strand^ 
 
 SECT. III. 0/Lake. 
 
 A fter this Crimfon, comes next the Lake, 
 which fhades and heightens the Carmine ; 
 but it is to be obferv’d, that in the laying of Car- 
 mine upon a Print, let your Lights be touchT 
 only with a very thin Teint of it, hardly to be 
 difeerned; then juft on that part of the Light 
 which enters upon the Shade lay it on ftrong, and 
 cover the Shade with it ; and after that, on the 
 ftronger part of the Shade lay fome Lake. The 
 beft Lake I hav^e met with, is at the great Colour- 
 Ihop at the White-hart in Lovg-acrey near James^s ^ 
 
 F % Jlreety 
 
¥ 
 
 ( 40 ) . 
 
 ftreetj Covent -Garden^ ready prepared in Shells 
 Yor Water-colours. 
 
 SECT. IV. Of tranfparent Crimson. 
 
 B U T we may make a liquid Colour, not 
 much inferior to Carmine itfelf, with the 
 Rafpings of Bralil-wood, fold at the Dry-falters 
 and particularly at the great Colour-fliop at Hol’^ 
 horn-hridge ; which I mention, becaufe I have 
 been fome time without knowing where to find 
 it, for few Colour-lhops know what it is ^ and 
 Lovers of Painting in this Way, are now and 
 then impatient to have fuch Things, and unac- 
 quainted where to find them out. 
 
 To make this tranfparent Colour, we may take 
 an Ounce of the Rafpings of Brafil-wood, and 
 boil it in twelve Ounces of pale Hale Beer, and a 
 little Allum, ^till the Colour of the Liquor is as 
 ftrong as you pleafe ; which you may difcover, 
 by dipping into it a Slip of white Paper, and 
 when the Colour is as you would have it, and 
 kis cold, pafs it through a Linnen-cloth, and 
 put the clear Liquor into a Bottle for Ufe. 
 This is one of the Receipts I had from a Ma- 
 nufcript of the great Mr. Boyle, 
 
 And if we have a mind to bring this Colour 
 to a Body, take Ox-blood, and dry it, till we 
 can reduce it to Powder, which, being mixM with 
 it, will give us a Colour, which I think will be 
 little lefs in Value than a middling Sort of Car- 
 mine : And, as a Gentleman of Learning and 
 good Underftanding in thefe Matters informs me, 
 the Blood^ of an Ox or Cow fo dry’d, will make 
 a good Body for any Colour. 
 
 SEC T. 
 

 ( 41 ) 
 
 SECT. V. Crimson from Mr. Boyle, 
 
 T ake the Fruit of the Berry bearing Spinach, 
 which is known to every Gardner about 
 London^ prefs them, and you will have a beauti- 
 ful red-colour'd Juice from them ; boil this, and 
 put about a fourth part of Allum to it when 
 you pour it into the Veffel where "tis to cool, and 
 then it makes as fine a Colour as any others that 
 are noted, and it is of little Expence, for it will 
 grow anywhere ; and in one Bunch of the Fruit 
 there are Seeds enough to fow two or three Rods 
 of Ground. 
 
 The red Beet-root, backy with a little ftrong 
 Vinegar, produces an elegant red Colour, equal 
 to a Tinfture of Carmine, then pour it on Al- 
 ium, and when ’tis cool 'tis fit for Ufe, where 
 Carmine fliould be ufed in walking of Prints : For 
 it is a fine tranfparent red. 
 
 SECT. VI. Of Indian-Red. 
 
 N 'EXT to thefe Colours, Indian-red, though 
 it is a Colour of a Body, is helpful for a 
 back Ground, for Blowers at a Diftance, being 
 ufed thereby with Gum-water. But I fhall have 
 Occalion to give an Example of it by and by. 
 
 I HAVE lately feen an Earth brought from 
 the Ife of Wight ^ of a much finer Colour than the 
 Indian-red; which I and fome others, have 
 try^d, and find to mix extreamly well with Gum- 
 water ; tho" as it is of a vifcous Nature, it requires 
 lefs Gum than moll other Colours: And as it is 
 naturally fit for Ufe without Grinding, and is 
 vifcous, fo it will alTuredly mix as w'ell with Oyl 
 as with Water, This was difcovered hy Edward 
 
 Life, 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 LiJJe^ Efq; to which Gentleman wc owe many 
 more extraordinary Things of Value. 
 
 There is one Thing very extraordinary in this 
 Earth, limple as ^tis, that if we rub a Deal-board 
 with it, it renders it exactly of the Colour of 
 Mohogany-wood, and ftains it fo deep, and with 
 fo much Strength, that it is very hard to get it 
 out without wafhing. And dry as this Earth 
 was when I receivd it, I cannot get it out of 
 fome Papers, which by Accident were mixd in 
 my Pocket with it ; fo that I am perfuaded it 
 , will prove of extraordinary Ufe, when its Virtues 
 come to be known. 
 
 SECT. VII. Of tranfparent Purple. 
 
 A fter this we may make a tranfparent 
 Purple, either more red, or nearer the blue 
 Colour, as we fhall fee Occafion, by ufing the 
 fame Menffcruum as was prefcribed in the former, 
 ^iz, of pale ftale Beer one Pint, in which boil 
 one Pint of rafped Brafil-wood, and half an Ounce 
 of Log- wood or Campechy-wood, till the Liquor 
 is heighten’d to the Colour you delire ; which 
 you mull try, by dipping a piece of Paper into 
 it. If you then find it too red, add a Quarter of 
 an Ounce of Log-wood to the Brafil-wood, and 
 you will find it much nearer the Purple than the 
 former ; and fo one may humour any Degree of 
 Purple, as you put more or lefs Log-wood to the 
 former Compofition, and fix the Colour with a 
 little AUum. This will produce fuch clear Pur- 
 ples, as no Mixture of folid Reds and Blues can 
 produce, and the Receipt has been for a long 
 time kept a Secret. 
 
 Mariana of Amferdam^ who has been 
 fo famous for her Painting in Miniature, and 
 her excellent Manner of illuminating Prints, told 
 
 me, 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 me, that the heft Purple I could ufe, might be 
 compofed between the Carmine and Indigo j 
 which to llrengthen on the red Side one may add 
 Lake between the lighter and darker Part ^ which 
 I have in many Cafes found to be good, and of 
 Significancy : And fo Lake, when it is ufed in the 
 fame Way on the foregoing Purple, or the liquid 
 Crimfon, produces a very fine EfFed:. One may 
 vary the Colour of the Purple either redder, 
 by putting more Carmine, or bluer by ufing more 
 Indigo, which, being mixed on a white Dutch 
 Tile, will Ihew itfelfi 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Of BhVE. 
 
 SECT. L Of the Ultramarine; 
 
 T he firft and bell: bright Blue we have, is 
 the Ultramarine Blue, which gives a Spirit 
 to all Paintings where Blues are ufed ; but it is 
 very dear, if we have the bell, even worth, or at 
 leaft fold at fix Pounds an Ounce ; it is made from 
 the Lapis Lazuli^ diverted of its Gold, and ground 
 and made into an impalpable Powder. This Co- 
 lour however, as it is of a very high Price, will 
 make good its Value in Painting, as the leaft 
 Touch of it is enough to illuminate a Flower. 
 In ufing it, leave the white or light part of the 
 Flower uncoloured, excepting that on the Edge 
 of the light next the lhaded Parts, colour it with 
 Ultramarine ; and, a little into the fhaded Part of 
 the Print, add a faint Tindure of Indigo, the 
 Indigo covering a little the Verge on the lhady 
 
 fide 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 fide of the Ultramarine, fo will your Flowerj 
 if it be a bright Blue, appear extreamly 
 beautiful. 
 
 JV, B. This is a Colour of Body, and will lafi: 
 as long as one would defire, and even preferve 
 any Colour you can mix with it. 
 
 To ufe it fingly, there is nothing more dazling; 
 as appeared in the Cafe of colouring Iron-gates, 
 which many Years ago was executed at the En- 
 trance of Devon fit re-houfe in Picadilly, This 
 Colour was laid upon the Iron-work, at the Ex- 
 pence of many hundred Pounds, and remain'd in 
 great Beauty 'till they were taken down, and the 
 Entrance of that Palace altered ; which Ihews that 
 this Colour will not change, though it fuffers all 
 kinds of Weather *, for ’tis computed that they 
 had been expofed upwards of fixty Years. But 
 the beft Colour of this fort is rarely to be met 
 with, unlefs it be at Mr. Goupee*Sy the great Fan- 
 lliop mKing-iftreet^ near Covent^Garden^ where is 
 the beft I ever faw. 
 
 SECT. II. Prussian Blue. 
 
 HE Pruflian Blue is the next to the Ultra- 
 
 1 marine for Beauty, if it is ufed in Oyl j tho' 
 I imagine it will not hold fo well as the fore- 
 going, confidering it has not the Body of Ultra- 
 marine. This Colour, however, is attempted to 
 be ground in Water j but there is fuch an oily 
 Quality in it, that it docs not mix kindly with 
 Water, and at the beft will change, as it is now 
 prepared in the common Way. It has been at- 
 tempted to make a blue Ink ; which indeed held 
 the Colour for a Month or two, but then turn'd 
 to a muddy Yellow ; fo when you put your 
 Pencil with Gum- water into a Shell of this Blue, 
 you will find where the Water Ipreads, the Blue 
 
 will 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 -will change yellowilh, till the Body of the Blue 
 is well iHrr’d up. And when we have done our 
 beft with this Colour in Water, it will only ferve 
 to fliade Ultramarine with ; but in Oyl it ferves 
 very well for the prefent to fill the Place of Ultra- 
 marine. 
 
 SECT. III. Of Blue Bise; 
 
 T he next Colour to the foregoing for Bright- 
 nefs, is that which we call blue Bife ; which 
 tho’ it is a Colour of body, will flow pretty well 
 in the Pencil ^ efpecially if it be well walhed, as 
 I have directed the Whites and the Minium t® 
 be done. 
 
 SECT. IV. Of Sanders Blue. 
 
 / 
 
 A fter this Colour the Sanders Blue is of 
 very good Ufe, and may lerve as a Shade 
 for Ultramarine, or the blue Bife, where the 
 Shades are not required to be extremely deep, and 
 is of itfelf a pleafant Blue, to be laid between the 
 Lights and Shades of fuch a Flower as is of a 
 Mazarine Blue, as "tis called, 
 
 SECT. V. Of L ACMus or Litmus 
 
 Blue. 
 
 A nother Blue, which is a beautiful Cc- 
 lour, and will run in a Pen as free as Ink, 
 is made of Laemus, or as fome call it Litmus, 
 which may be met with at moft Druggifls. This 
 Colour however is never met with prepared k r 
 Water-colours; and therefore I fliall fet dov,n 
 the following Method of preparing it according 
 
 G td 
 
( 4 « ) 
 
 tp Mrs. Man ana ^ for it affords a bright Golour^ 
 >vhich has extraordinary Eftefts. 
 
 Take of Lacmus one Ounce, and boil it in 
 about a Pint of Small- beer Wort, till the Colour 
 is as llrong as you defire, then pour off the Liquor 
 into a Gallipot, and let it cool for Ufe \ it will 
 foon become a Jelly, and by Degrees grow hard. 
 This Colour, however, is to be opened again, and 
 made liquid by Water, fo as to be ufed as Ink; 
 and as it is rendered thinner or thicker, fo will 
 be paler or darker. By what I find of this Lac- 
 mus, it is not only a beautiful but an holding Co- 
 lour ; for I have forne Defigns I coloured with it 
 in the Year 1714, which Itill preferve themfelves 
 in as much beauty as they had at the firft * and I 
 have feen Tome in Holland^ which were faid to 
 be done with it forty Years before, which a Year 
 pr two ago look’d Hill as frefh as one would de-^ 
 lire the hrH Day one ufed it. This Colour, how- 
 ever, if it be touch'd with Aqua’-fortis^ immedi- 
 ately changes to a fine Crimfon, little inferior to 
 Carmine, and then finks quite through the Paper 
 fo as not to be got out. 
 
 So that when we ufe this Colour as Blue^ 
 it is befl to preferve it from Aqaa^fortis^ or 
 fuch firong Acids. It is a good Shade for Ultra- 
 marine, pr blue Bife, where the Hrongefl Shades 
 ihould not be extremely deep* and for colouring 
 of Prints it is very good, as it is a tranlparent Co^ 
 ipur, atfd goes a great Way, 
 
 r § E C T. VI. 0 / I N D I G Q. 
 
 D I G O is the next Colour I fhall (peak of, 
 as it certainly maker the Hrongefi: Shade for 
 Blues of any other, and is a foft and warm Co- 
 lour, when it is v/ell ground and walh'd with Gum- 
 water, by means of a Stone and Aialler. As one 
 ‘ ' •• ^ ' happens 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 h^ppeiis td wani the Ufe of this, put more Guni'^ 
 water to it, if you would have it of the lighted 
 tall. Of lefi, as you would have it darker ; but 
 before you touch your Print with it, try its 
 Strength upon a white Dutch Tile, for it runs 
 warmly in the Pencil, and may chance to be too 
 Itrong for your Defign ; which you ihouid always 
 think of, when a flowing Colour is to be laid over 
 a dark Shade of a Print ^ which Shade will much 
 aggravate its Blacknefs,* and even make it appear 
 quite Black. 
 
 SECT. VII. ^ fine Blue firdni Mri 
 
 B o Y t E. 
 
 T ake the Wue Leaves of Khue^ and beat 
 them a little in a Stone-mortar with a 
 wooden Peftel ; then put them in Water, Juice 
 and all, for fourteen Days, of mdre, wafhing 
 them every Day till they are rotten ; and at laft 
 beat them and the Water together, till they arc 
 in a Pulp, arid let them dry in the Sun. This will 
 produce as good a Blue as Indigo, and be much 
 ibfter \ but to keep it a long while, when you. 
 beat it the laft Time, add a little Powder of 
 Gum-Arabick : You may put more or tefs of the 
 Glim, as you defign to make it more free of te- 
 riacioris in* the Working. ‘'Tis a fine Blue for 
 Shading, and^ has a good Bodyy and funs warrrf 
 in the Pencil. 
 
 ^ECt.. vili. 0 / Mr. BoYLt’j 
 rent Blue, equal to Ultramarine. 
 
 I N the next Place, I have a Colour to defcribey 
 which I took from the great Mr. Boyh^s Ma- 
 nufcripts given rUe by my Lord Carhton^ and 
 
 Q % pfoVc^ 
 
proves a beautiful Blue ; and what I admire' it 
 for the more is, becaufe the chief of the Ingrc-* 
 dients it is compofed of, may be ealily had du- 
 ring four of the Summer Months, that is, the 
 Gyanus or blue Gornbottle-flower, which abounds 
 in almoll every Corn-field ; Children may gather 
 it, without hurting any Thing, about the Skirts 
 or Verges of the Corn-field. This Flower has 
 two Blues in it, one of a pale Colour in the larger 
 outward Leaves, and the other a deeper Blue, which 
 lies in the middle of the Flowery both thefe will 
 do, if they are feparated from the Buttons or Ca- 
 fes they grow in ) but the deep Blue of the JVfid- 
 die produces much the beft Colour, as one may 
 try, by rubbing it while it is frefh, fo hard upon 
 a piece of good writing Paper, as to prefe out 
 the Juice, and it will yield an excellent Colour, 
 which will not fade, as the Experience of two or 
 three Years has Ihewed me. This part of the 
 Flower is therefore the principal, and what is to 
 be depended upon ; therefore the fame Day that 
 People gather the Flowers, or the next at the latelt, 
 employ fome Children to pick that part clean 
 from the reft ; and when you have a good Quan- 
 tity, prefs what Juice you can from it ; and by 
 adding to that a little Allum, you will have a 
 1 aiding tranfparent Blue, of as bright a ftaining 
 Colour as you would defire ; and in my Opinion, 
 it is not inferior in Beauty to Ultramarine : But 
 for the other Parts of the Flower, which are paler, 
 I muft obferve, that when I had a Bufhel of them 
 gathered, and had not an Opportunity of preffing 
 them immediately, they changed white ; fo that 
 I cannot commend them, left the Allum fliould 
 not fix them ; but as for the middle of the Flow- 
 dr, it is certainly as good a Blue as can be defir- 
 ed, and is durable. 
 
( 49 } 
 
 If any one Ihould objcdt, that ^twill be tfotr-^ 
 blefome to make it ^ let him conhder only whafi 
 Pains there is in gathering and curing of Saffron, 
 which fometimes is fold at thirty Shillings the 
 Pound, and feldom brings three Pounds Pound : 
 But a Blue, if it comes up to the Colour of Ul- 
 tramarine, is worth four or five Pounds Ounce^ 
 cfpecially when it flains fo well as this does; there-* 
 fore I ihould think it worth while, when any one 
 has made this Experiment, as I have done, to hav6 
 a piece of Ground on purpofe for this Ufe, where 
 no other Thing but this Corn-bottle, or Cyanus 
 Ihould be fown : And as this Flower is plentiful 
 enough in the Fields between T'wittenham and 
 dington^ in Middlefex^ fo there may be Seed enough 
 gathered of it, in a Quarter of an Hour, by one 
 Hand, to fow an hundred acres. There is like-* 
 wife abundance of it in the large Corn-fields in 
 Camhridgepire, But how valuable are many 
 Things that we daily trample under Foot; if 
 we knew their Virtues, we Ihould ufe them, pro- 
 vided we could bring them to a proper Market* 
 But let that be as it will ; gather the Flowers 
 about the beginning of June^ or in July or Au^ 
 gufl^ and fome you may find in May ; thefe are 
 for your immediate Work to make the Colour of^ 
 and muft be difpatched as Saffron is done, or it 
 will lofe its Perfedions. And as I happen to 
 mention Saffron, which I very well know the 
 Management of, by drying it on Kilns, I do not 
 fee why thefe Chives of Flowers may not be curt^ 
 in the fame Manner ; they would certainly product 
 a much greater body of Colour, and a Tindurc 
 might be drawn from them with more eafe, than if 
 we were to prefsthem raw or frelh from the Field. 
 
 The Way then that I would have them dryM 
 like Saffron, is, to provide in the firll place fuch a 
 Kiln as is ufed for curing Safifon; within which, 
 
 make 
 
( 5 ° ) 
 
 i^ake d fmall Gharcoal-fire, ^liich comfjhti-^ 
 iiicates an Heat to the top of the Kiln,' which 
 covered with an Hair Cloth ^ and upon that, lay 
 on four or five Sheets of white Paper, I mean fuch, 
 as we ufe for curing of Saffron ; then lay on the 
 Paper a parcel of the picked Flowers, till you’ 
 have the thicknefs of two or three Inches, laying 
 elofe and flat with a Knife, and fprinkle it with, 
 fome thin Gum- water; then cover the Cake of 
 Flowers with two or three more Sheets of Paper, ^ 
 and lay upon them a Board with a little Weight 
 upon it for a few Minutes ; then take off the 
 Board, and, taking hold of all the Papers with 
 both Hands, turn your Cake of F lowers upon 
 the Kiln,' and w^hen "tis rightly placed, take off 
 the upper Papers, and fprinkle the Cake again 
 with fome thin Gum-water, and with a Knife fet- 
 tle your Cake of Flowers, and lay on again your 
 Papers and Board, with a Weight upon it for a 
 Minute or two, and then turn your Papers again 
 and again, till the Flower-cake becomes united,^- 
 .^and of the thicknefs of a Cake of Saffron ; in this 
 'Work you will find the Flowers grow darker eve-^' 
 fy time they are turned,^ till at length the Cake 
 will look of a deep Blue tending to Black. From 
 whence we eaflly draw fuch a Tindture as I Ipeak 
 
 off. . / . 
 
 DtjRii^G this Operation, great care muff be 
 
 taken of the Fire, that it docS not fcorch the 
 Flowers ; let it be gentle and as conffant as may 
 be, which will be a fure Way to bring your 
 Flower-cake to a good Colour. 
 
 I WOULD advife in this Cafe, that whoever 
 attempts this, they fhould fee the Management of 
 Saffron, or read Accounts that are publilhed of 
 the curing it. 
 
 If any one is defirous of feeing the curing of 
 Saffron, with the Manner of the Kilns; the beff 
 
 ArtiffiS 
 
( SI ) 
 
 that way, are about Chefterford and Little^ 
 i?ury in EJfes \ though I think it can be of no 
 great Moment, fince there is publilhed a large 
 j^\ccount of its Preparation, in Mr. Bradley"^ 
 Monthly ^ reatife of Husbandry and Gardening ; 
 and in the prefent Cafe of the Blue, I have made 
 the neceflary Alterations, and I think given what 
 is fafficlent for fuch as are acquainted already with 
 the curing of Flowers by Kiln-drying, 
 
 But I come now to fpeak of the Culture of 
 jthis valuable Flowery for I mull now fo call it, 
 iince I am well afTured of its Perfcdions. 
 
 Every Knob or Head of Seed muft be opened 
 before we fow it, for each Head contains a great 
 number of Seeds j the Preparation of the Ground 
 for the Reception of this Seed, need not be more 
 itroublefome or cxpeiafive than common Plough-* 
 ing requires ; which being done, fow the Seed 
 either at the End of Auguji^ which will come up 
 foon enough to ftand the Winter, and bloflbra 
 early the May following; or elle fow it at the 
 Marcb^ and it will begin flowering the 
 following June. When the Ground is frefh 
 plow’d at either of thefe Seafons, fow the Seed, 
 and harrow it in withBufhes, and it will prefently 
 (:ome up. 
 
 In the Choice of the Seed I fhould obftrvc, 
 that it be gathered only in fuch Fields where we 
 are fure there grow no Corn-bottles of any other 
 Colour but Blue; and then one may expert all 
 the Plants which rife from fuch Seed to produce 
 blue Flowers ; but if they fhould be gathered in 
 fuch Places, where there are Varieties of them, 
 we muft expedt various Sorts, as White, Red, or 
 Purple, although we are fure we gather the. Seed 
 from fuch as were truly of the blue Sort ; for ac-' 
 cording to the Do(3:rine of the Generation of 
 Plants, which has been explained to the World in 
 
 a ereat 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 a ^reat many Tnftances^ if there is a red Flowei? 
 or the fame Tribe with this growing near it, the 
 difference offColour will be fo intermix'd between 
 both, that the Seed of both will bring a variety 
 from the Principal, depending of the Colours of 
 both. And thus I conclude what I have to fay 
 of Blues j as for the Smalt, 'tis much too heavy 
 a Colour to be ufed for illuminating of Prints. 
 
 CHAP. XIL 
 
 Of B L A C K. 
 
 T H E proper Black for Water-colours, is 
 what they call Ivory-black, which if it be 
 pure and well ground, is of ufe in miniature 
 Painting ; but very feldom ; and indeed ought 
 not to be ufed in colouring of Prints, if they are 
 good, for 'tis too heavy a Colour, and hides the 
 beautiful Strokes of the Engraver, unlefs done 
 with very great care : If it is neceflary however 
 to ufe Black by way of darkening a Print, rather 
 chufe a ftrong Tindure of good Indian Ink, than 
 the Ivory-black \ but to colour Pieces in Minia- 
 ture, ufe the Ivory-black prepared as follows. 
 
 Let your burnt Ivory be well ground in 
 Gum»water, and then beat the White of an Egg 
 very well till you find a kind of oily Liquor fet- 
 tles to the bottom \ this Liquor mix with as much 
 of the Ivory-black as you think neceflary to make 
 it run freely in the Pencil, and it will afford an 
 extraordinary Glofs; and if the Objedlis Ihining, 
 fuch as the Wings offome Beetles, mix with fome 
 of it a little White upon a Dutch glazed Tile, 
 till you find it light enough to relieve the Shade ; 
 
r 53 ) 
 
 ^rid then make another lighter Mixture of the 
 famcy which being ufed on the brighter Part of 
 the Subjed, will produce the Effed you defire* 
 
 CHAR XIIL 
 
 Of Greens. 
 
 The Trogrefs of Greens from Tellow to Btuel 
 
 I H A V E already given an Account of the 
 Progrefs of Colour from White, through the 
 Yellow'S to the Orange, the Redsj Purples and 
 Blues, to the Blacks ^ and fhall now treat of the 
 Greens in their feveral Orders, from the Yellows 
 to the Blues. 
 
 Green 5 are allow’d by all to depend Upon the 
 Yellow and the Blue, and by the help of one and 
 the other Colour, may be framed any green Co- 
 lour we pleafe. 
 
 The Gamboge is one of our firfl: Yellows^j 
 which, with the Preparation of Verdigreafe, I lhall 
 infer t, may be made to produce five or h:. Sorts 
 of Green, according as the Gamboge abounds, or 
 is in lefs Qnantity ; if it abounds, one may make; 
 a tolerable Oak Green with it, and being ftill 
 more mix’d with the Verdigreafe Green,- it will be 
 a Grafs Green. 
 
 But the Yellow that 1 prefer before all others^ 
 is that which is made of French Berries deferibed 
 above, which I have obferved is of different Ca- 
 pacities, as the Liquor it is boyled in is more or 
 lefs ftain’d with it ; when it is very thin, it makes 
 a good Glaze all over the Verdigreafe, arid, as it 
 comes nearer to Dutch Pirik or Gall-ftone, com- 
 
 H mand^ 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 mands almoll any Colour we wantj being agree* 
 ably mix'd with the tranfparent Verdi greafe, and 
 ftill is tranfparent. 
 
 So the Yellow drawn from the Roots of Bar- 
 berries, and thofe drawn from the Roots of the 
 IMulberry-tree, will produce in great meafure the 
 like Effc'd, being mix'd with the tranfparent Ver- 
 digreafe. 
 
 As for the Verdigreafe itfelf,it produces a fine 
 blueifli Green, flows eafy in the Pencil, and may 
 even ferve as an Ink to write with. 
 
 TThe preparing of this Colour is yet very little 
 known, and I lhall therefore inform my Reader 
 how to do it. 
 
 Take of common Verdigreafe three Ounces^ 
 break it a little, and boil it gently in a Pint of 
 White-wineVinegar, flirting it continually; when 
 you perceive it to boil, add a little Tartar broken, 
 and keep your Mixture flirting till you find the 
 clear Liquor of fuch a Colour as you would with ; 
 that is, of a fine tranfparent Green, with a blue 
 Caft, which you may do by dipping in a Stick, 
 and touching a piece of Paper with it. 
 
 When you have a Colour to your Mind, pour 
 it through a Linnen-cloth into an open Vefiel, 
 and fet it to cool ; when it is quite cold, keep it 
 in a clofe Veflcl for Ufe, pouring out a little at a 
 time as you want it ; for when it is expofed to the 
 Air, it will foon dry, but is reducible again by 
 common Water. 
 
 When we prepare this liquid Colour, do not 
 ufe the diflilled Verdigreafe, tor it will notanfwer 
 the end we propofe. 
 
 This Liquid Ihould be touched upon part of 
 the Lights and Shades of a Print, and the Shades 
 afterwards coloured with Sap-green. 
 
 • W.-S. In the making this Green, take care you 
 make it flrong enough, for it is not to be ftrength- 
 
 ned 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 ncd afterwards, without the trouble of boiling 
 afrelh, but may at any time be rendered as faint 
 as we pleafe, by mixing common Water with it. 
 
 Sap-Green is a Colour like that of an Oak- 
 leaf, if it is ufed thin with common Water; for 
 this as well as the former wants no Gum, but it 
 will, if we ufe it flrong, produce as dark a Green 
 as any we can imagine ; We may try our Colour 
 firll: on a white Dutch Tile, and by thinning it 
 with Water, render it of what Strength we pleafe, 
 and brighten it very much, with adding to it a 
 little of the Liquid Verdigreafe. 
 
 Sap-Green is made two JVdySy viz. 
 
 FirJij Take the Flowers of the blue Flag- Iris j 
 or Flower-de-Luccy and prefs them while there is 
 any Juice to be got from them ; boil this gently 
 in a glazed Pipkin, till it grows thick, adding a 
 little Allum to it, and it will make a very ufeful 
 and lading Green. 
 
 iV. B, In the boy ling of any Juice, tSc^ of the 
 Colours heretofore mentioned, ufe an earthen 
 glazed Pipkin ; for if you boil them in Vefltels of 
 Metal, they will fometimes change from the De- 
 iign we intend. 
 
 Secondly^ Another Way there is of produ- 
 cing a Sap-green, for wafliing or illuminating of 
 Prints, which is to take the Juice of Buckthorn- 
 berries; and tho’ that Juice fimply will yield on- 
 ly a dark Purple, of a very bafe Hue, yet, by 
 adding Tartar to it, it will turn to a good Sap- 
 green, and may be brought to a good Conlillence 
 by boiling. 
 
 Either of thefe Colours, will mix with 
 the liquid Verdigreafe above mentioned, as well 
 as make a delicate Shade for it. 
 
 There is yet one Green more, which is a-1- 
 mired by fomc, and carries a good Body with 
 
 H i it. 
 
( 56 ) 
 
 kj with a Degree of Tranlparency, as I make it ; t 
 tho’ as it is commonly ufed, it is a full-bodied 
 Colour, fit only for Miniature painting : For this 
 end they mix Dutch Pink with Indigo, to what 
 Degree of Colour they pleafe ; but in the Place 
 of Dutch Pink, my high Preparation of French 
 Berries with Indigo, I think much to be preferred, 
 as this anfwers all the Intent of Dutch Pink, and 
 parries a Tranfparency with it, which the Dutch 
 Pink has not. And thus have I given fuch an 
 Account of the Pafiage of Greens from the Yel- 
 low to the darkeft Blue, as I think neceflary, for 
 the Inllrudtion of thofe wh© delight in illumina- 
 ting of Prints and Painting in Water-colours. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Curious ^ireFtions for ^rawing 'with 
 
 Crayons- 
 
 r I "1 H E Manner of Drawing with Crayons is 
 I much more expeditious, where we would 
 exp refs the Objects we are to take in Colours, 
 than Painting in Water-colours ^ for, before we 
 ufe them to ftrike the Colours we intend, only a 
 flight Out-line need be made, either with Chalk, 
 Charcoal, or Redrokcr, of the Spbjedf we would 
 reprefent. We may bring thcfe Drawings to a 
 delicate Softnefs and fine Exprellion, but then 
 they mufi: be always kept in Books, or under 
 Giafies in Frames, where they may not rub \ for 
 a Touch of a rude Finger, unacquainted witfi 
 the Performance, may change the Shades or Bights, 
 and fo alter the fine Defign of the Work, 
 
 But 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 But wc muft firfl: provide an indifFerent coarle 
 Paper, of the Colour of whited brown Paper, for* 
 the Colour of the Paper being a little darJe, gives 
 a better Opportunity of flicwing the light or white 
 Strokes of our Crayons, and will give a good Re- 
 lief to the tender Parts of our Work, 
 
 Again, the little Roughnefs of fuch Paper wilt 
 make the Crayons of every Colour exprefs them- 
 felves much ftronger, than ifwc were to draw with 
 them upon fmooth Paper. 
 
 These Crayons of every Sort of Colour, you 
 will have occalion for, are made in Paftils, and 
 fold by moft of the mofl: noted Colour-men in 
 London ; a few will ferve you at firfl to try your 
 Hand, and in taking of Sketches of Profpeds arc 
 very ufeful, when you are once Mafler of Draw- 
 ing enough to take the Out-lines ; for a little Box 
 of them will ferve to mark the Colours which 
 you will remark in the different Parts of your 
 Prolpedf, without the Trouble of Water and 
 Gum- Water, which mufl be had if we ufe Water- 
 colours, and would be troublefome to get for your 
 Ufe in the Fields, where you fliould take thefe 
 Profpedfs from. 
 
 These Crayons being of fo eaiy a Ule, may 
 encouage us to colour our Profpecfls after the 
 Life, where wc fhall difeover the different Co- 
 lours of the feveral Fields which are very different 
 from one another, according as they happen to be 
 cropped, or fituated, and then the Woods which 
 are in View commonly confifl of Variety of Trees, 
 which have every one of them their different Co- 
 lour, which at once we may fee in our Crayons, 
 and mark it as it happens to be upon our Draw- 
 ing: But if our Wood fhould prove all of one 
 Sort of Tree, we ftiall flill find a great Variety 
 of Colours in the Trees produced by their diffe- 
 xenc Situation^ and if we match our Crayons 
 
 well 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 wel! with the Colours of our Trees, and other 
 Parts of the Profpect, we £hall learn by it what 
 is a natural Reprelentation of Things. 
 
 But to do this effedually, if you cannot fur- 
 nifli a Draught in Colour at once, take the fame 
 Hour the next Day to do it in, becaufe as the 
 Sun happens to be at one Point, at one Hour of 
 the Day, fo the next Day it will be about the 
 lame Point at the fame Hour ; and if you was to 
 mifs that Time, the Shades of all your Objects 
 will be altered, and your Colours would be vary'd: 
 So you fliould likewife take either the Mornings 
 or Evenings for this Purpofe, for then you will 
 have llrong Shades and llrong Lights, which will 
 give a pleafing Variety to your Picture. Memo^ 
 randuniy If you have a bright Morning or Even- 
 ing, when you begin, finilh your Work when the 
 Hours of your Drawing are as bright as they were 
 at firffc, if you can. 
 
 For want of fuch Obfervations many one, who 
 is a good Draughts-man fpoils a fine Drawing ; 
 he will fometimes place his Greens improperly, and 
 give Strengths where only little Touches fliould 
 be ufed. And fome who are Beginners in thefe 
 Affairs, will encourage a favourite Colour, and 
 negled: the proper ornamental Colours. 
 
 1 THINK I have not feen finer Profpedls, to teach 
 us this Art, than what are on both lides Guilford- 
 do’wns^ Boyi-hill^ Leith-hill^ Richmond~hill^ and 
 about High-wickham^ where one has fine Vales, 
 beautiful Hills, and delightful Woods. In the 
 Spring and Autumn, to look on the Woods, you 
 may almofl: perceive every Colour in our Golled;i- 
 on • fome Trees will open wdth a yellowifh Gail, 
 others with a fliarp blueifn Green, fome Brown, 
 and others of a reddiih Colour ; and fo in the dy- 
 ing away of the Leaves in Autumn, or towards the 
 Fail of the. Leaf, you vdll fee as. much Variety. 
 
 And 
 
And you v^ill find then theFieldS) and all thfi 
 changeable Parts of tfie Country, of different Co- 
 lours ; about half a fcore Drawings in Crayons of 
 theft Sorts, .will enliven your Imagination, and 
 teach you the Art of Colouring in the moft 
 Natural, and . confequently the moll beautiful 
 Manner. 
 
 But if you defign principally to draw Land- 
 fcapesin this Manner, I advife to make your Out- 
 lines, with Charcoal or Black-lead, very gently 
 'touch’d, but Black-lead is the befl. 
 
 When in this Way of Drawing, one has an 
 Objedl where a light Colour and a fhaded Co- 
 lour fhould fall naturally into one another, then, 
 when you have marked your Paper with both, take 
 a dry fhort hair’d Pencil, and brulh it gently be- 
 tween both, ’till you have mixed them fo eafily to- 
 gether, that you cannot difcern where the Lights 
 and the Shades feparate, or where the Light and 
 the Shade part from one another ; but this is pro- 
 perly for the larger Drawings, which are to appear 
 loft and tender. 
 
 If one wants a Pencil, of the Sort I Ipeak of, 
 take a Piece of foft w'hited brown Paper, and roll 
 it, or twin it up till ’tis of the Bignefs of a Ca- 
 fnel’s Hair-pencil’, of the Size we generally ufe ifi 
 Water-colours, and when you have rubbed the 
 pointed End gently on a rough piece of clean 
 Board, or a piece of rough brown Paper, ’twill 
 fefve inftead of a Pencil to * fcumble your Work 
 or make one Colour flow into another. 
 
 ,T H E R E remains now only to tell you how 
 you ought, in this particular Way of Drawing, 
 to cut or Point your Crayons ; take a fine Pen- 
 knife, and inftead of Drawing it down from the 
 • Body of the Crayon towards the Point, as one 
 
 does 
 
 Scumbling is rubbing in gently one Colour into another. 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 does in pointing a Black-lead Pencil, begin at tJi6 
 Point and draw your Knife upwards^ in fuch a 
 Manner as to leave your Crayon of the fame Fi- 
 gure you would require a Black-lead Pencil to be 
 of when ^twas fharpened 5 for thefe Crayons are 
 hardly two Inches long, and are brittle enough : 
 Befides if they have any Knots in them, they will 
 be very apt to breaks 
 
 One may obferve too, before we conclude this 
 Chapter of Drawing and Colouring with Crayons, 
 that all thefe appear immediately of the Colour 
 one would exprefs, whereas the Colours to be us^d 
 with Water will be much deeper or darker when 
 the Water is put to them, than they will prove 
 when they are dry, which may confound a Begin- 
 ner, and occafion him to make his Colour lighter^^ 
 but when this comes to dry he will fee his Error. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 The life and Nature of Dry Colours." 
 
 I. T3LUE Bife is the moll excellent Blue nex£ 
 to Ultramarine, which is too good to wa& 
 withal, and therefore I leave it out here, and put 
 in blue Bife, which will very well ferve inllead 
 of it ; and indeed you may leave out both, and 
 ufe Smalt inllead of them, but that it will not 
 w^ork fo well as Bife ; no Bife is too good to ufo 
 upon all Occalions, but only when you intend to 
 beftow fome Coll and Pains upon a Piece, other-* 
 wife you may ufe no other Blue in your Work 
 than blue Verditcr, with which you may make a 
 pretty good Shift, without any other Blue, I rncam 
 -in any ordinary Work^ 
 
 
( ) 
 
 2. Indigo" is a dark Blue, and is ufecl princi- 
 pally to Ihadow with upon your other Blue : In- 
 digo and yellow Berries mixed together make a 
 dark Greeii to ftiadow other Greens within the 
 darkeft Places. 
 
 3. Blue Verditerisa vdry bright pleafant Blue,' 
 
 and the ealiefl: to work with in Water: It is Some- 
 what inclining to a Green, and being mixed with' 
 yellow Berries it makes a good Green : This Blue 
 is moll ufed. • 
 
 4. ’ Verdi GiiE AS t: is" a good Green, blit fub- 
 jedl to decay : when it is dry upon the Paper it 
 will be of a lighter Colour than it is when yoii 
 lay it firll on, therefore, to preferve it from that 
 Fault, put fome Sap-green amongll it to dilTolve 
 in it, and it will make it keep its Colour : Thi^ 
 Colour is of a poifonous Nature, and therefore 
 you mull be careful how you ufe it, that it come 
 not near your Mouth. There is dillilled Verdi- 
 greafe to be bought at the Colour- Ihops^' that is' 
 a far better Green than the other, but it is fome- 
 what dear, and the other will ferve inltead of iC 
 
 5. Verdi TER-Grecn is a light Greehj feldorri 
 ufed in any Thing but in colouring of Landfcapes,' 
 thofe Places that Ihould Ihew a far off, and it is 
 good for fuch a Porpofey becaufe it is fome what 
 inclining to a blue, but you may make a fhift to- 
 do any thing well enough without it ; lor a little 
 blue Verditer mix’d with Copper-green and a little 
 White, will make juft fuch another Colour. 
 
 6. SAP-Green is a dark dirty Green, and 
 never ufed but to fh'addow other Greens in the 
 darkeft Places, or elfe to lay upon fome dark 
 Ground behind a PidlurC, which requires to be 
 coloured with a dark Green ^ but you may make 
 a fhift well enough without this Green, for Indigo" 
 and yellow Berries make j uft fuch another Colour. 
 
 I 7. CoV- 
 
( <52 ) 
 
 7. CoPPER-Green, is an excellent tranfparent 
 Green, of a Ihining Nature if it be thickned in 
 the Sun, or upon a foftly Fire, and it is molt ufed 
 of any Green in walking of Prints, elpecially in co- 
 louring of the Grafs-ground, or Trees, for it is a 
 molt perfect Grafs-green. 
 
 S. Yermillion is the perfeftefl Scarlet-co- 
 lour, you need not grind it, nor wafh it, it is fine 
 enough of itfelf, onTy temper it with your Finger 
 in a Gallipot, or Oyller-fhell, with Gum-water, 
 and it will be ready for Ufe ; if you put a little 
 yellow Berries amonglt it, it will make it the 
 brighter Colour ; this is principally ufed for Gar- 
 ments. 
 
 9. L A K E is an excellent Crimfon-colour ; 
 with it you may fliadow Vermillion, or your yel- 
 low Garments in the darkeft Places; with it you 
 may make a Sky-colour, being mixed only with 
 white ; with it you make Fleih-colour, fometimea 
 mix^d together with white and a little Red-lead y 
 It is of an excellent Colour itfelf to colour Gar- 
 ments, or the like. Indian Lake is the bell Lake, 
 but too good to be ufed to walh Prints with, un- 
 lefs you intend to bellow great Guriolity upon 
 your Work ; but the beft fort of ordinary Lake 
 will ferve well enough for ordinary Ufea, but that 
 alfo will be fomewhat eollly. 
 
 Therefore inllead thereof you may ule red 
 Ink thickened upon the Fire, and it will ferve 
 very w^ell for your Purpofe, and better than Lake, 
 unlefs it be very good. 
 
 Note, if you would make a light Sky-colour 
 of your red Ink, or if you would mix it among 
 your Flelh-colour, you mull not thicken it ; you 
 Ihould rather chufe to lhadow your Vermillion 
 with Spanilh-brown, than thick red Ink, which 
 will ferve well for that Purpofe, and is much 
 
 cheaper 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 cheaper, but it is not altogether fo bright a 
 Colour and clear. 
 
 lo. Red -LEAD is the neareffc to an Orange- 
 colour, and putting a little yellow Berries into 
 fbme of it, will make a perfed: Orange-colour j 
 but if you mean to make Flelh-colour of it, you 
 mull put no yellow, but only when you would 
 make an Orange colour. This Colour is ufed for 
 the colouring of Buildings, or High- ways in 
 Landfcape, being mix’d with a little white. Alfo 
 it is the only bright Colour to ihadow yellow 
 Garments with, to make them £hew like change- 
 able Tafiety^ it is good alfo to colour any light 
 Ground in a Picture, taking only the thin Water 
 of it, and fo for feveral other Ufes as you lhall 
 fee occafion for it. 
 
 11. Yellow Berries are moft ufed in wafhing 
 of all other Colours ; their Colour is bright and 
 tranfparent, fit for all Ufes, and is fufficient with- 
 out the Ufe of any other Yellow. 
 
 12. Saffron is a deep Yellow, if you let it 
 ftand a^retty while ; it is good principally to 
 fhadow yellow Berries with, inftead of Red-lead * 
 and it is fomewhat a brighter Shadow ; but you 
 may make ihift well enough without this Colour, 
 for Red-lead and yellow Berries make juft fuch 
 another Colour. 
 
 13. Lx GHT Mafticoat is a light Yellow, juft 
 like yellow Berries and white, and theretbre you 
 may make fhift well enough without it, only for 
 faving you a Labour to mix your yellow Berries 
 with white, when you have Occafion for a light 
 Yellow, which you may fometimes make uieof to 
 colour a light Ground in a Pidurc, and then 
 fhadow it with the Water of burnt Umber or 
 Red-lead, that is, the thinneft Part of the Co- 
 lour, 
 
 I 2 
 
 
( ^4 ) 
 
 i4, 15* Geruse is the bell White, if it be 
 good and finely ground ready to your Hand, 
 as you may have it at fome Golour-lhops, or for 
 want of it buy White-lead pick'd to your Hand 
 either of thefe will ferve well enough, for either 
 of them, being mingled with another Colour, 
 make it lighter, and the more you put, the lighter 
 they will be, as you lhall find in the uiing of 
 them, 
 
 16. SpANisH-Brown is a dirty' brown Colour, 
 yet of gVeat Ufe, not to colour any Garment with, 
 linlefs it be an old Man's-gown, but to lhadow 
 Vermillion, or to lay upon any dark Ground be- 
 hind a Pidlure, or to lhadow yellow Berries in the 
 darkeft Places, when you want Lake, or thick 
 red Ink. 
 
 17. It is the bell and brightell Colour when' 
 it is burnt in the Fire till it be red hot ; tho’, if 
 you would colour any Hare, Horfe, Dog, or the 
 like, you mull not burn it ; but for other Ufes it 
 is bell when it is burnt, for inllance, to colour 
 iany wooden Poll, Bodies of Trees, or any Thing 
 clfe of Wood, or any dark Ground in a Pid:ure t 
 It is not to be ufed about any Garments, unlefs 
 you v/ould colour many old Man's Gowns, or Caps, 
 Handing together, becaufe they mull not be all of 
 one Colour of Black, therefore for Dillindion and 
 Varieties fake, you may ufe Umber unburnt for 
 fome of them. 
 
 ' 18. Printers Black is moll ufed, becaufe it 
 is eafiell' to be had, and ferves very well in walk- 
 ing. Note, you mull never put any Black amongfl 
 your Colours to make them dark, for it will make 
 them dirty, neither Ihould you lhadow any Colour 
 with Black, unlefs it be Spanilh-brown, wheii 
 you would colour an old Man's Gown, that re- 
 ^quires to be done of a fad Colour j for whatfoe- 
 
 M i s,' ^ </• ~ . 
 
(65) 
 
 ycr is fliadowed with Black will look dirty, and 
 not bright, fair and beautiful. 
 
 Ip. Ivory burnt, or for want of that, Bone 
 burnt, is the blackeft Black, and it is thus made ; 
 take Ivory, or for want of it, fome white Bone, 
 and put it into the Fire till it be thoroughly 
 burned, then take it out and let it cool, and fo 
 flit it in the middle, and take out the blackeft of 
 it in the middle and grind it for your Ufe. 
 
 CHAP. XVL 
 
 Of a portable Cafe for Colours ; with 2)/- 
 reEiions for making Gum^ AUum^ and other 
 Waters* 
 
 B efore, however, I conclude this Trea^^ 
 tile of Colours, let me advife fuch Perfons, 
 who are curious in making Obfervations of the 
 Colours of Flowers, to have always in their Pock- 
 et a fmall Cafe with Colours in it, about the Bigr 
 nefs of a Snuff-box, made of Ivory, about half 
 an Inch thick, in which ihould be fcooped feveral 
 Concaves about half an Inch Diameter each, and 
 as deep as the Ivory would bear, without going 
 through : Thefe Cavities may be placed as near 
 one another as poffible, and filled with Colours 
 of feveral Sorts \ and as for the Liquid Colours^ 
 they will dry by being expofed to the Air, fo that 
 one may have them altogether in a few Days dry 
 enough to be carried in the Pocket ; I lhall fup- 
 pofe the piece of Ivory difpofed in the following 
 Manner, 
 
 In 
 
 f 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 In the foregoing Figure one may obferve the 
 Difpofition of the feveral Cavities for the GoJours 
 
 in the Numbers 1,2, 3? 4? 5) 
 
 ^ little Cafe for Pencils, and another for Indian^ 
 ink, Gum- Arabick powdered with white Sugar-^ 
 candy, or for any thing elfe an Artifl may have 
 Opcaiion for in the painting Way. 
 
 In fuch a Cafe you may have thirty two forts 
 of Colour under very eafy Command, befides other 
 Neceilaries : Then as a Cover to this, let there be 
 a piece of plain Ivory to open with an Hinge, that 
 may ferve as a Pallet, and all this will lie in a very 
 narrow Compafs; nay, even though one was to 
 ^dd another piece of Ivory of haU an Inch thick, 
 
( ^7 ) 
 
 to open belpw that of the Colours, to include ^ 
 
 Cuall pair of Compafles, a Port-crayon, and fonie 
 other fuch ufeful Materials for Drawing* 
 
 Hozv to make Gum’^water, 
 
 There remains now, only to mention the Way 
 how to prepare Gum, Allum, and other Waters in 
 the beft Manner. Td make Gum- water, take ojf 
 the whiteft Gum-Arabick one Ounce, of deaf 
 white Sugar candied half an Ounce ; diflblve thefe 
 in a Quart of clear Water, and add to it, if yoii 
 will, a little Coloquintida. When your Gum- # 
 
 Water is thus prepared, pafs it eafily through a 
 fine Sieve, or a piece of Muflin, and keep it in a 
 Bottle fo flopped, that no Dirt may get in ; and 
 as you want to ufe it, pour out a little at a Time j 
 for if this proves dirty or foul, it will fpoil the 
 Brightnefs of your Colours. The ufe of the Co-* 
 loquintida is only to keep the Flies from Ipoiling 
 your Work, if it fliould be expofed* 
 
 ro make Allum-watefi, 
 
 Boil four Ounces of Allum in a Quart of Rain 
 or River-water till the Allum is difiblved, and lefi 
 it Ifand twenty four Hours< f 
 
 Ufe of Allum- w at eYi 
 
 With this Water wafh the Prints you defign 
 to colour, which will fix the Paper fo, that the 
 Colours will not fink or run in it when you lay 
 them on, and will help likewife to brighten youf 
 Colours. 
 
 If your Paper is very thin and loofe, then let 
 your P^er be wafhed with the above Water four 
 or five Times, letting it dry between every Time,' 
 and your Paper mull always dry before you lay any 
 of your Colours upon it. 
 
 But you mull obferve, that if you defign to var- 
 nifhyour Prints after they arc colour'd, then wafh 
 
 the 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 the Prints all over equally with white Sflarch before 
 you colour them, and when that is dry, lay on 
 your Colours. 
 
 ^0 make Lime-water^ 
 
 Li ME- water is made by taking fome unllaekt 
 Lime, and covering it an Inch with Water, and. 
 fo letting it remain for twelve Hours, pour off 
 the clear, and keep it for Ufe. 
 
 N, B, With this Water you may change your 
 Sap-green^nto Blue. 
 
 " Water made with Pearl^ajhes, 
 
 Take about half an Ounce of Pearl-alhes, and 
 Heep them twelve Hours in Rain or River-watery 
 then pour off the clear, and that Water is excel- 
 lent to ufe with Bralil-wood, in order to enliven 
 its red Colour. 
 
 Size for Water-colours. 
 
 Take the Guttings of white Glover’s Leather, 
 boil them in common Water till the Liquor will 
 jelly; you may prepare any Colour with this Size 
 when it is warm, and it fliould always be ufed 
 warm. 
 
 The Ufe of it is, that none of your Colours 
 Ihould Ihine by Candle-light, as they would do 
 if they were to be mixt with Gum- water ; there- 
 fore the Scenes of Play-houfes are painted in Size,' 
 
 The 
 
The INDEX. 
 
 CHAP. Pag. 
 
 l.J^JLES for Drawing any OhjeSf in its 
 *"Out-lines, as e:>iaB as the Life or Nature J 
 II. Now to bring thefe Drawings to Ufe ; and 
 to copy from Prints, 8 
 
 III. Secrets for Copying of Drawings, ^c. 
 
 continued 14 
 
 ^0 take a Drawing with fixt Ink ib. 
 
 A red Ink for making an ImpreJJion of a Print ib. 
 Staking Draughts with red loofe Ink 15 
 
 taking Draughts with bjue loofe Ink ib. 
 
 ^0 take off' Drawing in a fianding red 
 Colour by Tracing ib. 
 
 A fpeedy Jf^ay o/Printing the Leaf of any Stree 
 or Herb^ as emB as Nature itfelf 1 6 
 
 AnotherWay 0/ Printing the Leaves of Plants^ 
 jfb that the ImprefSon pall appear as black 
 as if it had been done in a Printing-prefs 1 7 
 ^0 take the Imprelfion of any Leaf,^j certain 
 as the former Way^ only ujing fuch things 
 as may be had in any Part of England ib. 
 A fine red or blue Printers Ink, for making 
 hnpreffions of this fort 18 
 
 ^he Method of Taking-ofF the Leaves of 
 Plants in Plaifter of Paris, fo that they 
 may afterwards be caffc in any Metal ib. 
 The Manner of making the Imprellions of any 
 Butterfly in a Minute in all their Colours 15; 
 
 IV. Of Takingroff Medals infiantly^ by 
 
 noarious Ways not known ao 
 
 V. Of Colours for illuminating 0/' Prints in 
 the bejl Manner^ or of Painting in Wa- 
 ter-Colours 
 
 VI. 0/ Whites for Painting in Miniature a8 
 VII. O/' Yellows ’ 3t 
 
 Vlil. Of Orange- Co/of/r 36 
 
 IX. 0 /Minium, or the bright efi Red Lead, 
 and how to prepare it 37 
 
 IC Of 
 
I N D E X. ' 
 
 CHAP. Pag. 
 
 Sect. I. 0 / Scarlet _ ib. 
 
 II. Of Ciimfon 39 
 
 III. Of Lake ib. 
 
 IV"., 0 / tranlparent Crimfon 40 
 
 V. Cri mlon from Mr, Boyle 4 1 
 
 YI. Of Indian-Red ib. 
 
 Vll. Of tranfparent Purple 42 
 
 XL 0 / Blue . . ^ 43 
 
 Sect. I. Of the‘\]\traxx\aYme ib. 
 
 IT. Of the Pruflian Blue 44 
 
 III. O/Btue Bife 45 
 
 IV. O/" Sanders Blue ib. 
 
 V. O/LacmiiSj or Litmus Blue ib, 
 
 Yl. Of Indigo 46 
 
 VII. A fine Blue from Mr. Boyle 47 
 
 VIII. Of A^r. Boyle'j tranfparent Blue 
 
 equal to Ultramarine ib. 
 
 XTL 0 /BIack ' 52 
 
 Xiil. O/ Greens . ' 53 
 
 The Pregrefs of Greens from Yellow to 
 Blue ib. 
 
 Sap-Green 7 nadc twoWays '• 55 
 
 XIV, Curious DlreBions for. ^Drawing with 
 
 Crayons ^ 56 
 
 XV. P"he Ufe and Nature ofDry Colours 60 
 
 XVI. Of a ^OYtah\e Cade for Colours wtthJyi- 
 regions for maklug Gunij Allurn, and 
 Waters ’ 65 
 
 . A Plan of the portable Cafe • 66 
 
 ■ How to make' Gum-\Vater . 67 
 
 “Ifomake'AWum-viattr'.^ and the Ufe of it ib. 
 
 To make Lime-water 68 
 
 Water made with ib. 
 
 Size for Water-Colours ib. 
 
( 
 
 /■ 
 
 fr 
 
 Lately puhlijhed^ 
 
 By the fame Author, 
 
 T he method of Learning to Drvw 
 . in PERSPECTIVE made eafy and fully 
 explained. As alfo, the Art of Painting upon 
 Glafs, and Drawing in Crayons, with Receipts 
 tor making them after the French and Italian 
 Manner._ Ltkewife, a new and curious Method 
 
 Wood, or any 
 
 Metal, fo as to imitate China; and to make 
 black or gilt Japan-Ware, as Beautiful and Light 
 as any brought from the Eaji-hdies ; with pro- 
 per Diredions for making the hardeft and mod 
 t^ r k arniflics. And particularly the Way 
 
 MSS Chiefly from the 
 
 MSS. ef the great Mr. BOYLE. The Third 
 
 J-aDITlON. 
 
 ^Ctntedfor J. Peele, at Locke’s- 
 rt.ad tH Amen-Corncr, Pater- Nofter- Row 
 Mdccxxxv. [Price One Shilling.] 
 
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