'O.mi*!/ A/3 \A''WVAA/'>.'"vAAArVVl'^'\''^f'^('VVVV?VAA \/{f\/\ VA/UvAAA/^ArS./AAAAA/VfVf'Nj'WVA/VAfVf'VrV^f^'^fy.Sr-^ vxA^; •\/vAAAA/*k''.V!''VVf"vA!'^('*<.('\r- ^. ..■\j'K^\f\A/\f\(\f\{\(s.fy\f\f\ srS/\/\A/V('\/k('V«'V''VA/'\/\f'VAA{'V('y\Ar>iA''''' '-y v/Wsyv/'V''SfvA/'\/VV^\''\'''k^VAAA''\:'SAA^ ^ '.AA/\C!^V'''>''V''^''V''v/'k'''v/y/v-«'i-/\/: ryv/s/v fKf\t\/y' Iv/V»'\,/ ■■-AArv' .'■ / v'nAA/\aA rVi'VAfNA/ -^ -iv/vAa ' ■(\fsfsf '/ s/ .., ■,/ / :/ ft / • ■./'./■ ■■ y.,/,.y',i y y. A /•,/', rf-^ f f ' '\ i'\f\f\*\f'\('\('~f / / / f r ' > / f\ '{/ r f f f' f / t f f ( I ! I '■ J I I I I I / f / / t t t / f t, / f f ////// f f I / \\ \( t / I t I f « f t / ( f «\ ■y / // / t ( f f f f / f\\ lyrs/\(\f'\(\Af' t / / f f f / f: ^MsAfsf J I ' t / I ' ' ' f '' .1 't\t\(\(\( / ■ ■ / f / / f f (\ v/f / / • i f t I / t < t ( >■ i i f ' I / >■ t > f ( I t I I -"- ■ t ff I t t ( , I I >■ I ( I i \ I ( f f' { t ( ' / ( t i f . i r (^ < t f f It fl fyfvfyfVf MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES AT CAERLEON. ISCA SILURUM; OR, AN ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE « MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES AT CAERLEOK BY JOHN EDWARD LEE, F.8.A., F.G.S., HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE MONMOUTHSHIRE AND CAERLEON ANTIQUARIAN ASSOCIATION. LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, & ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXn. FEINTED BT TAYLOK AND FEANCIS, KED MON COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON. TO OCTAVIUS MOEGAN, ESQ., M.P., F.R.S., V.P.S.A., PRESIDENT OF THE MONMOUTHSHIEE AND CAERLEON ANTIQUARIAN ASSOCIATION, TO WHOSE EXERTIONS THE MUSEUM AT CAERLEON HAS LONG BEEN GREATLY INDEBTED, THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE INSCRIBED BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT THE AUTHOR PREFACE. Several years have now elapsed since the pubhcation of the volume called 'Delineations of Roman Antiquities at Caerleon,' and of the supplementary pamphlet entitled a ' Description of a Roman Building, &c.' The first of these publications is now out of print, and but few copies remain of the second. Nearly all the antiquities drawn or described in them are now in the Museum of the Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association ; and, many more having been added, it seemed desirable to combine the substance of the two former volumes with an account of recent discoveries, in the shape of an ' Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum.' To make the work more complete, a notice of the excavation at Caerwent (which produced some of our best specimens), by Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., has, by permission of the author, been reprinted almost entire from the ' Archaeologia.' A full abridgment of a valuable paper on the early history of Caerleon, by Thomas Wakeman, Esq., has also been added by the kind permission of the author, as an acquaintance w ith the history of the place seems essential to a correct knowledge of its antiquities. In order to render the Catalogue generally useful, it has been my endeavour to make the cost of the volume as small as possible ; and, with this view, the whole of the illustrations have been executed by myself, — all the plates, including the chromo-lithographs, being either transfers from my own etchings, or having been drawn direct upon the stone. I have therefore to ask the kind indulgence of antiquaries to the performances of an amateur. Vlll PREFACE. It will be seen that, in the literary part of the Catalogue, I have not hesitated to obtain information from any friends whose knowledge of antiquities is greater than my own, and I sincerely trust that in every single instance the assistance thus received has been scrupulously acknowledged ; and it has been my earnest endeavour faithfully to represent their opinions. I have especially to return my thanks to Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P., Albert Way, Esq., A. W. Franks, Esq., W. S. Walford, Esq., Thos. Wakeman, Esq., Henry Montonnier Hawkins, Esq., C. Roach Smith, Esq., Dr. Thurnam, and the Rev. Dr. M^'Caul of Toronto, all of w^hora have most willingly communicated information whenever I applied to them. My best thanks also are due to Professor Mommsen and Dr. E. Hiibner of Berlin, who, though personally unacquainted with me, kindly replied to my inquiries as to the disputed readings of some of our inscriptions. To my friend the Rev. C. W. King I am most deeply indebted : it was at his suggestion, and by his advice, that the present Catalogue was undertaken ; and, by those who take the trouble to read the descriptions, it will be seen how very large a portion of the information has been communicated by him. His Catalogue of the coins found at Caerleon is, with the late additions, most complete and valuable. I cannot conclude without mentioning the name of Mr. Palmer, the lithographic printer of Newport, who was most attentive during the progress of the work, and took great interest in it : the appearance of the plates owes much to his unremitting care. I can strongly recommend him to my antiquarian friends as an intelligent and active lithographic printer. The Priory, Caerleon, 1 rebruary,'l862. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory Remarks xi ROMAN PERIOD. STONE MATERIALS. Inscriptions 1 Altars 22 Coffins 23 Sculptures, &c 24 EARTHEN MATERIALS. Fictile Remains. Samian "Ware, &c 27 Plain Red Glazed Ware 31 Unglazed Pottery 32 Cinerary Urns 34 Lamps and Lamp-mould 36 Antcfixa 37 Mortaria 38 Bricks, Tiles, &c ih. Potters' Marks 41 " Graffiti," &c 44 Tessellated Pavements ,47 Objects in Glass. Sepulchral Vessels, " lachrymatory," &c 48 Pillar-moulded Glass, and fragments of various kinds 51 Beads 52 Enamels 55 VEGETABLE MATERIALS. Jet and Coal 57 * ANIMAL MATERIALS. Ivory Carvings 59 Objects in Bone 60 6 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. METALLIC MATERIALS. page Objects in Bronze, Silver, and Lead. Fibulae and Personal Ornaments 62 Chain 64 Armilla3 ib. Bronze Objects of various kinds ib. BeU 66 Sheai-s, Pliers, &c i6, Styli ib. Keys, Spoons, &c 67 Rings, &c 69 Miscellaneous Objects in Bronze 70 Objects in Iron 72 CATALOGUE OF COINS. By the Rev. C. W. King, M.A 73 Notice of the Roman Villa excavated in the Castle grounds at Caerleon 85 Notice of the Excavation at Caerwent. By Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. (Extracted from the ' Archaeologia ') 94 List of Published Inscriptions found at Caerleon, but not now in the Museum .... 104 CELTIC REMAINS. Objects found in a Barrow at Penhow 108 Bronze Celts, &c 109 EARLY WELSH CROSSES (fragments) Ill MEDIAEVAL ANTIQUITIES and objects of later date. Arrow and Spear-heads 112 Glazed THes 113 Pot-quern, &c 114 Engraved Ivory Shield (Clare) 116 Cast of the Seal of the Mayor of Caerleon 117 Keys, Rings, &c 118 Fragments of Yenetian Glass 119 Impression of an early Seal ib. Badge of Charles 1 120 Oak Carvings ib. Earthenware " Cannette " ib. Facsimile of Letter from Ragland (1643) 121 Miscellaneous objects 122 Coins 123 Brief Notices of Caerleon and the Neighbourhood 125 Notes on the Early History of Caerleon. Abridged from a paper by Thomas "Wake- man, Esq 136 List of Antiquities in the Case for '■' Objects of Illustration and Comparison " not found at Caerleon or the Neighbourhood 148 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MUSEUM. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. An illustrated catalogue needs but few introductory remarks ; the draw- ings speak for themselves, or at least ought to do so, combined with the descriptions. It may be well, however, to say a few words as to the arrangement, and as to the scale of the drawings. The greater part of the objects in the Museum are Roman ; and therefore the antiquities of this period are placed first, though probably the few Celtic antiquities ought in strict order of time to have preceded them. In describing the Roman remains, the arrangement of Mr. Wilde, in the Cata- logue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, has been adopted ; and they are classed under the heads of Stone, Earthen, Vegetable, Animal, and Metallic Materials, — the coins being described last. This arrangement seems admirably adapted to objects of one period, though not at all proper to be carried out in a general catalogue comprising objects of various ages. The notices of the excavation at the Castle Villa, Cacrlcon, and of that at Caerwent, follow next in order ; and the account of the Roman remains is completed by a list of published inscriptions found at Caerleon, but not now in the Museum. The few Celtic antiquities are next described ; then the fragments which may be called Early Welsh ; and lastly the Mediaeval remains and the objects of later date. The volume is closed by the brief notices of Caerleon and the neigh- bourhood, and the abridgment of Mr. Wakeman's paper on its early history. xu As this volume is intended especially to illustrate the history and anti- quities of Caerleon and the surrounding district, the present drawings will consist only of those objects which have some connexion with the neigh- bom-hood. One case in the Museum is devoted to antiquities which were not found at Caerleon, but which have been kindly presented in illustration of those things which were actually found here : and though the case contains several cm'ious antiquities, it seemed desirable not to mix up the two classes ; and therefore the objects in this illustrative case have not been drawn, but a list of them is given as an appendix. In order to make each plate as serviceable as possible, and thus reduce the cost of the volume, the objects have not all been drawn to the same scale ; but in every instance, when not drawn of the actual size, the greatest length and breadth are given in inches. The names of the donors and depositors are appended to the description of each object, printed in italics. STONE MATERIALS. INSCRIPTIONS: Plate I. fig. 1. — A sepulchral stone found some years since at Pil Bach, a farm near Caerleon, belonging to John James, Esq. Not many ■yards from it two tessellated pavements were also discovered. It may be read thus : Dis manibus Tadia Vallauniiis vixit annos sexaginta quinque et Tadius Exupertus films vixit annos triginta septem defuntus (sic) expeditione Germanica Tadia JExuperata filia fnatri et fratri piissima secus tumulum patris posiiit. It is difficult to decide which of the German expeditions is here referred to, as, with the exception of the shape of the letters, there are no data to enable us to form an opinion. My friend the Rev. C. W. King remarks that the characters are of the form used in the time of Severus and his immediate successors. Two different interpretations may be given of the words defunctus expeditione Germanica : the first would render them, " served, or per- formed his part, in the German expedition ;" the other would translate them, " died in the German expedition." Though there are objections to the last interpretation, yet on the whole it seems the more probable : in this case the tomb would merely be a cenotaph to the memory of Tadius. Mr. King, in a late letter, with reference to these words remarks that, " Unless the stone were a cenotaph, the deceased hero nuist have fallen in the neighbourhood. Now Carausius, whose empire was confined to Britain, boasts on his coins of a ' victoria Germanica,' and displays also a trophy with * de Germanis ;' can these allude to the repulse of any Saxon pirates ? You will remember that the charge brought against Carausius, when admiral of the German Ocean, was his allowing the Saxon pirates full impunity to phmder the British and Gallic coasts, and then catching them B * .2 on their return home, and recapturing their booty for himself. This ' expeditio Germanica ' must have been an important event in the British history of the third century for it to appear thus nakedly as a date upon a monument." The late Rev. Henry Hey Knight, of Neath, when a copy of this inscrip- tion was laid before him, remarked that, though " defundus " is often used for " served or discharged an office " (as in Gruter, p. 349. 2, defundus honoribigs cBdilitiis''), yet on the whole he was " of opinion that in this case it bore the common meaning of ' dead,' as in the Oxford Marbles, LXXXV., and in Gruter, 831. 8 and 925. 7, and in the later classics Petronius and Pliny.". ... If Tadius had held any considerable military rank or office, it would have been recorded on the monument ; and again, we are forbidden by his age from taking the word defundus in the general meaning of his having completed his term of military service in the expedition." With reference to the German expedition in which he served, Mr. Knight said, " The complicated ligatures of the letters would induce me to think that a later German campaign (perhaps under M. Aurelius or Alexander Severus) is meant, rather than one of the two German expeditions mentioned in other inscriptions, and by Suetonius in his life of Domitian, c. 6 and c. 13." To the inscriptions mentioned by Mr. Knight may be added one which is given by Mr. Maitland in his work on the ' Church in the Catacombs,' p. 288 : Defuntus . k . sept : It is curious that the mason, in cutting the name of Tadia Exuperata, appears to have made an error, by inserting an E before the final A, and afterwards attempted to correct it by erasure, in which he only partially succeeded. The peculiar British sound of the word Vallaunius is also worthy of note. 45 in. by 33 in. The late John James, Esq, Plate I. fig. 2 was found in a field by the roadside leading from Caerleon to Bulmore. This field is on the slope of a steep hill ; and the ancient road to Caerwent, or Venta Silurum, passes through it. Numerous interments have been found in it ; but, from the appearance of the cinerary urns, it is probable that only the lower class of citizens of Isca were buried here. The ground has now been nearly all dug over to form a potato garden, so that probably nothing further will be brought to light. The inscription may be read thus : Bis manibus Vitali vixit annos * * * * 21 in. by 15 in. /. E. L. Plate I. fig. 3 is part of a sepulchral stone, also from the same place. So much has been lost, that but Httle interest would attach to it, were it not for the rough scoring of lines between the D and the M, of which only one- half remains. Mr. King, the moment he saw the stone, pointed out the similarity of these marks to the rude or conventional representation of a palm branch, which generally denotes the tomb of a Christian Roman. The peculiarity of this marking is well worthy of note, though, w^hen we consider the extreme scarcity, if not total absence, of Christian inscriptions in Britain, perhaps too much weight ought not to be attached to' it. Mr. King, however, remarks that with respect to the letters D. M. there need be no difficulty, as " for several centuries Christian inscriptions retained this formula without reference to its original meaning, as may be seen in many examples from the Roman catacombs. The form of the letter M on this stone is only found in inscriptions of very late date." 16 in. by 10 in. 7. E. L. Plate I. fig. 4. — This inscription, or rather fragment, though unfortu- nately so imperfect, is of considerable interest. It was found some years since in the churchyard, and was broken to pieces by the sexton before he knew its value ; most fortunately, however, by the care of the late Rev. Daniel Jones, the vicar of Caerleon, hardly any of this portion of the stone was lost, as, the moment letters were discovered upon it, diligent search was made for every fragment. It appears to have formed part of a long inscription : the letters are very sharply cut, and have evidently been chiselled by a good artist ; they were coloured with minium or red paint, which w^as very distinct when the stone was first exposed, and which even now is still discernible. The inscription refers to some building which had gone to decay and which had been restored by Sevems and Geta his son. Instances will be found in Gruter (p. 172. No. 5), of a similar use of the word corruptnm -. in the present case it takes the place in the sentence which is usually occu- pied by the word restituerimt or some equivalent expression. From a comparison of the space which w^ould have been occupied by the letters wanting to complete the imperial title and also the name of Severus, thus, IMPERATORES CAESARES L SEPTI MIVS SEVERVS KVG ET SEPTIMIVS * * * ORRVPTVM it appears probable that the name of Caracalla has not been mentioned, and that the title AVG refers to Severus only. If we suppose that the inscription began with Imperatores, there can be little doubt about the matter ; and it is rather singular that |his supposition is bonie out by an B 2 inscription recorded by Maundrell in his * Journey from Aleppo to Jeru- salem in 1697/ p. 47. It was found near Sidon, and was as follows :— IMPERATORES CAESARES L SEPTIMVS SE VERVS PIVS PER TINAX AVG ARA * BICVS ADIABENICVS PARTHICVS MAXI MVS TRIBVNICIA POTES VI IMP XI COS • PRO COS P P ET M AVREL ANTONI NVS AVO FILIVS EIVS VIAS ET'MILLIARIA FR . . . O VENIDIVM RV FVM LEG AVGG L...PR PRAESIDEM PROVING STRIAE PHOE NIC RENOVAVERVNT I It will be observed that the commencement of the inscription in both cases is the same — Imperatores Caesares, — and also that in the inscription at Sidon the name of Caracalla, or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, as he is usually named, stands alone after that of his father, his brother's name being omitted ; while in the present inscription, found at Caerleon, there is every probability that the name of Geta has stood alone, that of Caracalla his brother having been omitted. It is well known that in many inscriptions the name of Geta has been designedly erased. A case of this erasure occurs in an inscription now in the Caerleon Museum and which will hereafter be described, Plate III. fig. 2. In that instance the obliteration was easily effected, or very nearly so, the stone being soft oolite ; but in the present case, the stone being hard sand- stone, it appears as if the mason had found his work so difficult that he gave it up after having partially erased three letters ; there still remain decided traces of the letters ET, and also some portion of the letter P. The unhappy disputes in the family of Severus are well known : they continued for many years, and were a constant source of disquietude to the emperor. We learn from Herodian, iii. 48, that Severus, when he went northward in Britain, took Caracalla with him, leaving Geta, his younger son, to regulate the affairs of South Britain, which was more settled, and for which duty he was better qualified than for the hardships of warfare in the north. While his father and brother were absent, and he had undis- puted sway, may not Geta, under a feehng of irritation against his brother, have erected this inscription, leaving out Caracalla's name, in the same manner as his brother in Palestine had omitted that of Geta ? This of course is a pure supposition ; but in endeavouring to account for the omis- sion of one of the sons' names it appears at least a probable case : the subsequent erasure, or attempt at erasure, needs no explanation. 43 in. by 17 in. The late Rev. Daniel Jones. Plate I. fig. 5 represents an inscribed stone found in the ruins of the large Roman building afterwards to be described. It is imperfect ; but a sketch of it has been given on account of its singular appearance. As so few of the letters remain, it will probably be better not to attempt a restoration. 8 in. by 6 in. ^ The late John Jenldns, jun., Esq.* Plate II. fig. 1. — This stone, found in the castle villa, is one of those called " centurial," which are so frequently brought to light wherever the Romans had a station or had erected fortifications. The general opinion now seems to be that the reversed C stands not for centimonis, but for centuna, as Horsley considered it when the name was in the genitive (Br. Rom. p. 207). In this case the company or century would be called after the name of its officer, and the centurial inscription will simply mean that a certain portion of work was done (as in the inscrip- tions on the Roman wall) by such a centuiy, or that the stone pointed out its quarters t- The present inscription, following this mode of interpretation, will there- fore be Cohors qitinta centuria Paetini. Beneath the inscription are rude sculptures of the eagle and the Capri- corn, the legionary devices : the figure to the left is somewhat defaced, but appears nearly the same as that on the right, which is a decided Capricorn. Mr. King, who saw it when it was more perfect than at present (for unfor- tunately, like many other inscriptions, it was for some time exposed to the weather), then thought that he could observe the appearance of legs, so that it may have been intended for some other animal ; most probably, * So ver}' largo a proportion of the objects in the Museum having been (hscovorcd by the late Mr. John Jenkins, jun., in the excavations made in his grounds, it will bo better in the remainder of this catalogue to avoid the constant repetition of the same name, and to mark them with the initials, ./. J. jun. t Mr. Roach Smith, in a late letter, informs me that in the forthcoming sixth volume of hia excellent * Collectanea Antiqua,' he hopes to give a copy of a singular inscription illustrative of the word centuria. 6 however, these markmgs, have been merely caused by accident. The same figures occur on inscriptions found in Scotland erected by the second legion*. On each side of the stone is a circle with eight radii; and with respect to this ornament, Mr. King has mentioned to me the devices on the shields of the different legions as given in the ' Notitia Imperii,' remarking that " these shield-devices of the lower empire would delight a heraldic antiquary ; so varied, cmious, and genuine are they." The shield of the " Secimdani," however, bore a circle with four radii, whereas on the present tablet the circles have eight, and on those di'aw^n Plate I. fig. 1 they have seven radii ; so that in neither of these cases do the devices correspond exactly with those given in the ' Notitia.' 14 in. by 5 in. /. J.jun. Plate II. fig. 2. — A centurial stone of the second cohort, and the cen- tury of Valerius Flavus : Cohors secunda centuria Valerii Flavi. It was found near the inn called the Hanbury Arms, at Caerleon. 23 in. by 15 in. The late Mrs. Pritchard. Plate II. fig. 3. A centmial stone of a somewiiat similar character, though it is difficult to interpret the centurial mark exactly in the same way as in the last inscriptions. Probably in this case it may be read cetiturionis, and the inscription may stand thus, CoJiors sexta hastaii primi centurionis Boesi Moderati, and the meaning may be (as Mr. Roach Smith kindly suggests) that " it w^as set up on account of some w^ork done by order or direction of Roefus " (as Mr. Roach Smith reads it), " a centurion primus hastatus in the sixth cohort." 15 in. by 6 in. The late Mrs. Pritchard. Plate II. fig. 4. — Inscription to the memory of a veteran of the second Augustan legion, erected by his wife : Dis manibus Quinti luli Severi Dinia veterani legionis secundae Augustae conjux faciendum curavit. It will be observed that in this inscription there is the same pecuharity as will afterwards be mentioned on one of the tiles (XXIII. 19) : the double I stands instead of the E in LEG. Several authors have remarked that this was frequently the case in inscriptions, and seem to have attributed it solely to the w^ell-known carelessness of the Romans in orthography. Is it not possible, however, that the II may be a relic of the Etruscan language ? In the w^ork entitled ' Herculanensia,' by the Right Hon. Wm. Drummond * Horsley, Br. Rom., Scotland, iii. p. 195. and Robert Walpole, Esq., several copies of ancient alphabets are given (plate 2), taken from Lanzi and others ; and amongst them one form of the Etruscan E is exactly similar to that in the Caerleon inscription. We have an instance in our own language of a single letter, the Saxon th or ]?, surviving in a modified form, and in some peculiar cases, for ages after it had been generally disused : it is found in some of the Bibles of the present day as a y in the abbreviation f for the. If this be the case in one instance, why may it not have been so in another* ? While these sheets were passing through the press, the Rev. Dr. McCaul, of Toronto, has kindly communicated to me that the name Binia is the same as that of a town in Galha Narbonensis, now Digne. 19 in. by 15 in. Plate III. fig. 1 represents an inscribed altar discovered at the depth of some feet in the churchyard in the year 1845. Only a part was found at first, but it was fortunately secured by the late Rev. Daniel Jones, the vicar of Caerleon ; and as the labourer who dug it up was certain that more remained underground, a further excavation was immediately made, and the remaining portion of the inscription secured : the whole of the opposite face, or back of the altar, was also discovered, but the top and bottom of the front are wanting : unfortunately, being of soft oolitic free- stone, many pieces were taken away by the villagers for hearth-stones before it was known to be of value. The left-hand figure shows the inscription : the right-hand sketch is a view of the back ; and it is di'awn separately, as, when seen by itself, it gives the form of the altar very distinctly. On each side of the top has evidently been a scroll-like ornament, reaching from the front to the back ; between them the stone was hoUowed out into a large basin to receive the fire. The little sketch marked h shows the end of one of the scrolls, which, as so * My friend Mr. King, whoso opinion I asked as to the Eti-uscan origin of II for E, thinks the conjecture to be at least plausible. It is singular that, when the inquiry was made, he had in his possession an ancient Etruscan signet on which this very character was engraved. With respect to the y' for tlUy he remarks that " we find the veritable Saxon f occurring in English MSS. down to the invention of printing, in such words as if y', &c. ; and it is of a very different form from the y of the same period. But its proper shape was lost at the introduction of printing ; for, aU the type being imported from Flanders for many years, the foreign typefounders did not supply a character used only in English, and therefore the printer supplied the place of the ^ by the letter most approaching to its appearance." A curious inscription, in which the double I stands not only for E but also for AE, was found at Pompeii in 1845 : a copy of it is given by the ' Athenasum' of the 15th of Feb- ruary in that year, in a letter from Torre del Greco ; another instance wiU be found in Mr. Franks's reading of the inscription Plate VI. fig. 5, which has for years been a mys- tery to so many antiquaries. • 8 much of the altar has been lost, can only be made to fit for a small portion of its length. The small stone marked a has evidently been some orna- mental portion of the same altar, as it was found with the rest of the pieces and is of exactly the same stone ; it does not, however, precisely fit with any part of it. I am indebted to my friend Mr. King for several suggestions as to the interpretation, and also for many of the remarks upon it ; it may be read thus : — Saluti Reginae Picblius Sallienius Fuhli jllius Maecid et Thalamus Hadrianus Praefedus Legionis secundae Augustae cum filiis suis Ampeiano et Luciliano dono dederunt. This altar is particularly interesting, as it was erected by the identical individuals who are mentioned in the votive tablet dug up at Caerleon more than two hundred years ago, and Avhich will next be described. On com- paring the two, some trifling discrepancies appear ; but the whole character of the work and the forms and combinations of the letters are sufficient to stamp both of them as the work of the same mason. A careful comparison of the two inscriptions will be made after describing the next drawing. 40 in. by 20 in. The late Bev. Daniel Jones. Plate III. fig. 2. — Votive tablet erected for the health (or safety) of Severus and his two sons, by the same individuals who erected the. altar just described. The history of the stone is somewhat singular. It appears to have been discovered more than 200 years ago, and then came into the possession of Bishop Gibson, of Llandaff". This prelate at that time had his palace, or at any rate a mansion, at Mathern, near Chepstow, which still belongs to the see, but for years has only been occupied as a farm-house ; and it is presumed that he had removed the inscription there for safety. It was copied, though somewhat inaccm-ately, by Camden (Britannia, vol. iii. p. 108). Since then it appears to have been lost sight of; at any rate its locality was known to very few individuals till the year 1845, when, in the course of investigations for the work on the Roman antiquities of Caerleon, then about to be published, I was informed by the late Mrs. Pritchard, of Caerleon, that an inscribed stone, originally from this town was in the hands of the late Col. Lewis, of St. Pierre, near Chepstow. On going over to examine it, I need hardly describe the pleasure it gave me to find the original stone published by Camden, safe, in good hands, and in capital preservation. How it came into the hands of the family of Lewis of St. Pierre, can, I believe, not be discovered : it may have been presented to them when the palace at Mathern ceased to be inhabited. This, however. IS of little consequence ; it is of far more importance that a few years ago, by the kind offices of Dr. Copleston, then Bishop of Llandaff, the late Charles Lewis, Esq., of St. Pierre, was induced to present this tablet (and also that drawn fig. 4, which appears to have followed the same fortunes as its companion) to the Caerleon Museum, then lately formed; and thus these two inscriptions, after various wanderings, are safely deposited in the locality where they. were originally discovered. The inscription may be read thus : — Pro Salute Auf/ustorum nostrorum Severi et Antonini et Getae Caesaris Publius Saltienus Piibli jilius Maecid et Thalamus IJadrianus Praefectus Legionis secundae Augustae cum Ampeiano et Luciliano. . In this inscription, the first name of those who erected the tablet is SALTIENVS, whereas on the altar it is SALLIENIVS. As the fourth letter in one case is decidedly T, and in the other decidedly L, the only way of accounting for this is by supposing one of them to be an error of the mason. In the inscription on the tablet now being described, there is no I between the letters N and V, whereas there is one on the altar. This discrepancy might be explained by imagining an attempted erasure of the I in one case or an intended nexus of an I in the other ; but though an antiquary fully bent on reconciling the two would have some shadow of reason for assuming either of these cases, yet this discrepancy must, in all probability, be also laid to the carelessness of the mason . The name of the tribe, Maecid, is exactly the same in both inscriptions : it is used in the same manner as in the times of the republic : e.g. Q. Verres Romilia ; C. Claudius Palatina. In the copy of the tablet given by Camden, the word ET is omitted between MAECIA and THALAMVS, and the reading is thus rendered obscure ; but it is concealed under certainly a very complicated nexus. In the St. Pierre stone, the T and the H are united, and a small obscure letter, which now looks like an I very much ^vidcned at the top, is placed above the left upright stroke. The combination of these letters on the altar, it will be seen, is somewhat diS'erent : there is no appearance of any letter above the line ; and though the lower parts of the letters are lost, sufficient remains to show that the first letter in the nexus is a reversed E (as is evident from the central horizontal stroke), and that the T and H are united : the letter T must therefore stand for the last letter in ET and the first in THALAMVS. The nexus for MV is exactly the same in both inscriptions. In the tablet the letter M is omitted in the word CVM : this is another error also to be 10 laid to the charge of the same careless mason. If we had not the altar to help us out, it might have caused some difficulty, as was evidently the case with Camden. The names Ampe'ianus and Liicilianus are exactly the same in both cases. Sallienius does not occur in Gruter ; but there are some names which approach very nearly to it, viz., Salenius, Salanius, and Salienus. Thalamus occm-s frequently in this author. Lmiliana is also found as a woman's name. The title Regina, as applied to Salus on the altar, does not occur in any of the inscriptions given by Gruter ; there are examples of its being given to Juno, Diana, Isis *, and Fortune t : the same author gives instances of Salus being ^, ^.^,i^-s.ws^,--^\«A.^i^ei> VECILIANA Gough*s Camden, vol. iii. p. 109. VIII > VALER . MAXSIMI Gough's Camden, vol. iii. p. 109. DEAE DIANAE SA CRV AEL TIMO P VS TLM Gough's Camden, vol. iii. p. 118. DEDICATV VRF OG ES VE NIO MAXIMOIE FVRPAN° COS Coxe, History of Monmouthshire, Appendix, vol. ii. p. 133. 106 Villi OCCB PRCR EIML COS CVR VRSO AGTce EI : IVS Coxe, History of Monmouthshire, Appendix, vol. ii. p. 433. NN AVGG GENIO LEG II AVG IN H° N° RENMF T M VA EH IV LE SC PP DD Coxe, History of Monmouthshire, Appendix, vol. ii. p. 433*. It had not been my intention to have suggested any reading or made any remark on the inscriptions given above in type, and which are not now in the Museum ; but while these sheets were in the printers' hands, the Rev. J. M'Caul, LL.D., of Toronto, has favoured me with a letter contain- ing many curious observations respecting them. It is his intention shortly to collect into a volume his " Notes on Roman Inscriptions in Britain ; " but as he very liberally allows me to make use of his communication, I cannot resist giving extracts from his letter, which refer to two of these inscriptions. The foUowang refers to the eighth inscription given above in type ; and it will be seen that an exact date is fixed to the monument by the year when Maximus and. Urbanus were consuls. Dr. M'Caul says, " This inscription evidently meant the dedication or inauguration of some buildings ; * The three last inscriptions seem completely lost ; nothing whatever can be learned respecting them. 107 and, as usual, the consuls are stated. Read the last three lines thus : — MAXIMO n ET VRBANO COS i. e. k.n. 234." The ninth inscription in the above list. Dr. M'Caul suggests, was erected A.D. 244 ; and, according to his reading, even the very day is named. He says, " In this inscription, read the second to the sixth lines thus : — Villi OCTOB PRGR ET EMIL COS; i. e. Sept. 23rd, a.d. 244, in which year Peregrimis and jEmiliamis were consuls. I of course assume that, as is common, there were nexus or tied letters in both inscriptions." Addition to the Description of fig. 3, Plate XXXVII. In describing the stone drawn in this figure, a similar object ought to have been mentioned (now in the hands of the Rev. Samuel Lysons of Hempsted Court, near Gloucester), which is undoubtedly mediaeval, as it is a " mould for casting ring-brooches," with the inscription AVE MARIA. It was found at Ashill, Norfolk, about 1798 (Ai-ch. vol. xiv. pi. 48, p. 275). Mr. Lysons has kindly sent me an impression of it ; and certainly, as far as the "c/ates'' or ''runs'' for the metal are concerned, the similarity is very great indeed. It seems to me, how^ever, that this does not necessarily imply that the Caerleon stone is mediaeval ; for casting must always have been done somewhat in a similar way. I have seen pewter spoons cast almost exactly in the same manner by itinerant workers in metal on the banks of the Moselle, w^here ancient customs have lingered with extraordinary pertinacity ; but I do not attribute any weight to this, further than what may arise from the fact of moulds in stone having necessarily similar channels or " runs " for the metal. It seems to me that it is not the mode of casting, so much as the general character of what is cast, which must decide the matter ; and though a circle with radii is a very weak point to build an argument upon, yet it seems to me more like a Roman than a mediaeval form. p 2 108 CELTIC REMAINS. Strictly speaking, if the chronological order had been adhered to, these remains, or at any rate a part of them, ought to have been described at the commencement of the catalogue ; they are, however, so few in number, that it seemed hardly desirable to place them in so prominent a position. Plate XLII. is entirely occupied with sketches of the objects found in a barrow near Penhow ; and the best mode of describing them wiU be by inserting the following notice of the excavation, kindly drawn up by Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P., the President of our Association : — "On Tuesday, the 21st day of August, 1860, the Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association held its annual meeting at Penhow ; when a barrow^ in a field called the * Barrow-field,' not far from the Rock and Fountain Inn, was opened and examined. " The barrow was about thirty yards in diameter, and measured nine feet from the crown to the base. A cutting, five feet wide, was made through the centre of it, from north to south, beginning at both sides and meeting in the middle. The mound was a mass of fine loam. In the north cutting, about four feet from the surface and two feet from the base, was found the remains of a bronze blade, probably of a dagger (fig. 1*), with what appeared to be portions of a wooden sheath attached to it ; this was, however, per- fectly decayed and soft, and the bronze was completely converted into a mass of green and red oxide of copper, not a particle remaining in its metallic state. Close to it was a small curved piece of chalk-flint and a fragment of a whetstone (fig. 13), which had been worn quite smooth by friction : the fracture was old. Parts of the soil seemed discoloured by yellow and brown oxide of iron, but nothing of iron was found ; particles of dark ashes were mixed with the soil. The subsoil of the barrow was gravel, which, within the circle of the mound, was black and discoloured, especially in the centre, where the sandstone pebbles and sand were agglu- tinated together as if from the effect of combustion. Several small, flat, sharp, angular pieces of chalk-flint (figs. 3 to 12) were found scattered through the mass of earth during the progress of the cutting f ; the remaining * [Figs. 1 and 2, though drawn separately, are evidently parts of one and the same dagger. After the plate had been printed off, Mr. Franks kindly examined these fragments, and convinced me that, though fig. 2 was found after an interval of some weeks, they most undoubtedly fit to each other. — J. E. L,] t [It is believed by some antiquaries that these small flint flakes, found so frequently in 109 • portion of the dagger-blade (fig. 2) was subsequently found in some loose earth. There being no chalk-flints in this locality, these fragments must have been brought from a considerable distance. In the north side of the mound, near the base, were found two round perpendicular holes, about three inches diameter and eighteen inches deep, as though stakes had been driven into the ground, and, the wood having perished, the cavities remained. Round the south side of the barrow many large stones, blocks of waterworn mountain limestone, were placed, piled up as a low wall within the circuit of the mound, as if to keep it up ; they were all covered with the earth, which, being so light and friable, had been washed down from the top by rains, and had in process of time greatly lowered the summit of the barrow, and widely extended its base. On the north side no stones were found. " It would appear as if the cremation had taken place upon the gravel, stones being placed round, and the ashes spread over the surface and mixed with the fine loam of which the mound was formed, which seems to have been collected from the surface of the surrounding land, and which now exists to a great depth all over the meadow. There are two depressions in the field, which now hold water, and look as though they might have sup- plied at least some of the materials to form the mound. " It is not easy to fix the date of the formation ; but, though bronze was used for some weapons, it is quite clear that flint was also employed for some purposes, as shown by the numerous thin flakes which w^ere found distributed through the mass of earth." — 0. M. Plate XLIII. shows three specimens of what are called bronze celts. Fig. 1 is of a form frequently found in Britain. The rim or edge of the socket is perhaps rather broader than usual ; and in this rim are six hollows, some of them going through the metal, and being actually perforations or holes, probably for fastening it on to the handle by wire. Mr. Franks sug- gests that these holes are accidental, and have arisen from defects in the casting; he points out that they occur just where there is the greatest amount of metal in the rim. No one has a better opportunity of judging than this gentleman, from the number of specimens which must pass under his observation ; but it seems to me that the holes are placed rather too barrows and works of this early j)eriod, were the best pieces of the refuse from a regular manufactoiy of flint arrow-heads, and which, where flints were scarce, were considered too good to be thrown away, and so were carried about to be made use of for some inferior work. It is now well known that these arrow-heads are not so difficult to make as was at one time supposed. Mr. Way informs me that a common door-key is an excellent instru- ment for making them, though apparently a very unlikely tool for the purpose. — J. E. L.] 110 regularly to be thus accounted for : wire-holes would naturally be placed in the strongest part of the rim. It must be confessed that in only one or two out of the six hollows is the metal actually perforated, though in every instance it is very nearly so. The hollows or holes are placed as follows — one in the middle of each of the broader sides, and two in each of the nar- rower ; in the latter case one is placed close on each side of the strength- ening rib. This celt was found at Great Wood, St. Fagan's. Oliver Jenkins, Esq. rig. 2 is of the form called the paalstave, paalstab, or " winged celt." In this variety, instead of a socket, the celt had two grooves, one on each side ; and the wooden handle, instead of being fixed into the socket, was cleft at the end, and fitted into the two grooves. The cutting-edge in this specimen forms nearly half a circle ; in fact, as a general rule, the edges of paalstaves are more curved than those of other descriptions. This specimen was found at Penrhos, near Raglan. These instruments are still used in Iceland, and called by the same name — " paalstav " (see the notice of a communication by Dr. C. J. Thomsen, of Copenhagen, to Mr. Yates, printed in the ' Archaeological Journal,' vol. vii. p. 74), the only diff'erence between the modern and the ancient use, as supposed by Mr. Yates, being in the mode of attachment to the handle : Mr. Yates thought that they were attached by thongs or cords, whereas those now in use in Iceland are bound to the bottom of the shaft by an iron ring. Dr. Thomsen remarks that these paalstaves are used to break the ice in winter, and to part the clods of earth, which in Iceland is dug, and not ploughed. Mias James, Esq, rig. 3 is a variety of the socketed celt, with the edge rather curved ; altogether it is of a more elegant form than fig. 1. It was found, several years since, in cutting through St. Julian's Wood to form the new road from Newport to Caerleon. Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. Some antiquaries seem to think that the bronze celts ought to be classed as Roman-British (see Mr. C. Roach Smith's ' Catalogue of London Anti- quities, pp. 80 and 83) : others go still further, and would almost consider them as actual Roman remains (see Mr. Wright's ' Celt, Roman, and Saxon,' p. 74). It seems almost presumptuous to differ from antiquaries of such standing ; but it appears to me that the fact of these weapons or tools being found in abundance in countries where the Romans never had even a tem- porary settlement stamps them as the work, not of the Romans, but of some brancli of the Celtic race. I am informed by Mr. King that they are of the greatest rarity in Italy, and those which are found there are of prae- Ill Roman date. The mere fact of celts, or even of the moulds for them, having been found in Roman stations, or near Roman roads, appears to prove no- thing ; for if the Britons used celts, as doubtless they did, before the coming of the Romans, they would still require them afterwards ; and it would be perfectly natural that the new comers, with their increased facilities for casting metals, would like to carry on a lucrative trade by supplying the natives with them. It is almost certain that many celts were made in Roman times, and probably by Roman hands ; but as they were not intro- duced by the conquerors, and they are cMejly associated with Celtic remains, it seems to me that they cannot well be classed as Roman antiquities. EARLY WELSH CROSSES. Plate XLIV. fig. 1 gives a sketch of the portion of an ancient cross which was found a few years ago at Bulmore ; it presents the usual inter- laced ribbon-pattern very fully entwined. As it is only a small portion of the cross, it is difficult to say what the exact form has been when com- plete ; but it appears as if there had been one small cross, within a circle, at the centre of a larger one. Very similar interlaced ribbon-work is to be seen on the cross at Carew, Pembrokeshire, given by J. O.Westwood, Esq., 'Arch. Journal,' vol. iii. p. 70 ; also on the cross at Nevern in Pembrokeshire, given by the same gentleman in the 'Archaeologia Cambrensis ' for January 1860, p. 48. In the former of these communications, ]\Ir. Westwood observed that " in Wales all the crosses, unlike those of lona, the Isle of Man, and Ireland, are almost invariably destitute of figures." The present stone, however, from Bulmore, seems to be an exception to this rule : on the front in one corner there appears to be a figure of some kind, though it has suffered so much from decay that it is difficult to say for what it was intended -. and it is still more curious that on the hack of this frag- ment, towards one side, is the very singular frog-like figure drawn fig. 2 ; this is not exactly in relief, but is in a manner incised, the darker parts being hollowed out, leaving the figure a plain surface without any carving except the lines showing the claws. 18 in. by 16 in. Mr. Edmund Jones. Fig. 3 shows the fragment of another cross which was found some years since in the churchyard at Caerleon. It was drawn in the ' Archa^ologia Cambrensis ' for October 1856, p. 311. The Rev. H. Longueville Jones, in a notice respecting it, says that, " from the character of the work, the date may be assigned to the end of the eleventh or the commencement of the twelfth century. Two figures of supportnig angels, of remarkable rudeness 112 of design, will be observed on the left-hand side of the stone in the engraving." The interlaced ribbon-work of this fragment bears some resemblance to that of the cross at Bedale, figured in the ' Archaeological Journal,' vol. iii. p. 259. It will also be observed that this fragment bears figures which, from the quotation given above, are unusual in Welsh crosses. 17 in. by 13 in. The late Bev. Daniel Jones. MEDIAEVAL ANTIQUITIES AND OBJECTS OF LATER DATE. Arrow and Spear Heads. Plate XLV. figs. 1 to 5 show a variety of examples of arrow-heads of iron, all found (with the exception of fig. 3) in the upper layers of earth and rubbish during the excavation at the castle viUa. Figs. 1 and 4 may be said to have triangular heads. Figs. 2 and 3 have the lower corners of the triangle rounded. Fig. 5 is deeply barbed ; and when perfect, the arrow must have been a most effective weapon : it is sometimes called a " swallow- tail." As an illustration, my friend Mr. King has kindly sent to me the following quotation from the old Border ballad " The Raid of the Reids- wire " (Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border) : — " The swallow tail frae tackles flew. Five hundreth flain into a flight " the affray taking place in Elizabeth's time. /. J.jun. Figs. 6 and 7 are two specimens of forked heads of cross-bow bolts. Two other similar heads were found with them, and were drawn and described in the ' Archaeological Journal,' vol. ix. p. 118. The remarks then made are equally applicable to these two, and are therefore transcribed : they are called " bifui'cate iron bolt-heads found behind the wainscot at Machen Place — an ancient residence of the Morgan family in Monmouthshire, built probably in the reign of Henry VII. This form does not appear to be of common occurrence ; it was used in field-sports, as is shown by the highly curious painting by Lucas Cranach, exhibited by Mr. Farrer at a meeting of the Institute in June 1850 (Journal, vol. vii. p. 303) : it represented the grand stag-hunt and battue given by the Elector of Saxony in 1 544 to Charles V. and other great personages, who appear shooting with the cross- bow, the bolts having heads of this peculiar form. This curious painting, Mr. Bernhard Smith suggested, strikingly recalls to mind certain expres- sions in Shakespeare. In 'As you like it,' the Duke laments that the ' poor dappled fools ' should have their haunches gored with ' forked heads.' 113 So also Kent says to Lear, ' though the fork invade the region of my heart.' It may, however, be assumed that they were not used exclusively in the chase, since amongst various warlike relics found some years since on Towton Field — vestiges doubtless of the memorable conflict in 1461 — iron bolt-heads precisely similar to those in Mr. Morgan's possession were dis- covered. Furcate arrow-heads, Mr. Hewitt observed, appear to have been frequently used in the East, and many examples may be seen in the Museum of the Asiatic Society. Dion Cassius relates that Commodus delighted to show his skill by beheading the ostrich, when at full speed, with crescent- headed arrows." Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. Fig. 8 is the head of a spear in iron, found in the excavation at the castle villa : the form is flat, and the portion of the handle or spear which went into the socket has been so thin that it must apparently have been wanting in strength, and can hardly have been intended for any very rough work. /. J. jun. Fig. 9. — This spear-head, unlike the last, was evidently made for active use : the socket is round, at any rate for some distance up the head, along which it is continued nearly to the top. It was found in Garway church- yard, by B. L. Chapman, Esq., during an excursion of the Cambrian Archaeo- logical Association, on their meeting at Monmouth on 21st August, 1857. The church being under repair, some excavation had been going on ; and Mr. Chapman discovered this spear-head amongst the rubbish, and pre- sented it to the museum. B. L. Chap^nan, Esq. There is also in the Museum an iron sword, twenty-five inches in length and about two and a half in its greatest breadth ; also a spear-head, ten inches long. Both these are nearly eaten through with rust ; and as this is gra- dually scaHng off", they probably will not last any great length of time even in their present condition, and they were thought not worth drawing. Both of them were found in the castle villa. /. /. jun. Miscellaneous Objects. The four foflowing Plates exhibit antiquities of such a miscellaneous character that they will be described exactly as drawn in the Plates, without attempting to preserve anything hke an exact chronological order. Plate XLVL figs. 1 and 2 are portions of glazed tiles, chiefly of a greenish colour, but in part of a bright buff* or yellow : the fragment, fig. 2, has part of a crest at the top, which has been ornamented by notches ; the other and more perfect specimen, as far as the tile itself is concerned. 114 appears also to have had a crest, but it is now broken off. They were found in the upper beds of earth in the grounds of the castle villa, and probably belonged to some building connected with the castle. It is not unlikely that they were of Flemish manufacture, and of the same date as figs. 7 and 8 of the same Plate. rig. 1. 18 in. by 71 in. Fig. 2. 14 in. by 9 in. /. J.jun. Fig. 3 is a quern or handmiU, commonly called in Ireland a pot-quern ; it is rather similar to one drawn in Mr. Wilde's ' Catalogue of Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,' p. 108. Mr. Wilde says that " the antiquity of querns or handmills in Ireland is very great : yet they continue in use to the present day -." and in a note he says, " During the famine period, many of the handmills which had long been given up were again employed, particularly in hilly districts or where the ordinary watermills were not accessible. So late as the summer of 1853, 1 purchased a quern at work in the neighbom'hood of Clifden, Connemara." The same remarks are equally applicable to the querns of Wales ; it is difficult, consequently, to decide the age of the quern here sketched. It was found at the door of a cottage near Abergavenny. 15 in. by 6 in. Oct. More/an, Esq., M.P. Fig. 4 is a portion of a coffin-lid found in the churchyard at Caerleon. It was drawn in the ' Archaeologia Cambrensis ' for October 1856 ; and the remarks of the editor were as foUows : — " The letters, though they do not lead to any identification of the person commemorated (which, however, the head shows to have been a man), warrant the assigning of its execution to the end of the thirteenth century. Coffin-lids of this kind are common, the head being raised in relief above an incised or raised cross, and the inscription running all round. 19 in. by 15 in., and 6 in. thick. The late Bev. Daniel Jones. Fig. 5 was also found in the churchyard ; it is a three-sided block of oolitic freestone, most probably from the opposite side of the channel, on which are carved three interlaced circles. It is very evident that this is not a mere fragment of a string-course of interlaced rings ; for the tlu'ee circles are complete in themselves. A drawing of this stone was sent up some years since to W. S. Walford, Esq., who seemed interested in this peculiar oraamentation ; and he informed me that it was exhibited at one of the meetings of the Institute, but that no one could call to mind any design formed of a similar arrangement of rings. 12 in. by 10 in. The late Bev. Daniel Jones. 115 Fig. 6 is a mortar of stone : Mr. Wilde, in his * Catalogue of the Irish Antiquities/ says that "mortars, like millstones, have passed down from very ancient to modern times ; in fact, to the present day." This is, of com*se, equally true in Wales ; and therefore great caution ought to be used in assigning even an approximate date to them. The one now drawn cannot be very old, neither can it well be very modern. It was found in a cottage at Nash. A similar one is now in the garden of Iltyd Nicholl, Esq., of Usk, but it is not known where it was found. 13 in. by G in. Bev. H. W. Steel. Figs. 7 and 8 are fragments of green glazed pottery, found in the excavation at the castle villa. In the * Delineations of Roman Antiquities at Caerleon,' fig. 7 was drawn, with considerable hesitation, as probably of Roman work, chiefly on account of Mr. King's opinion at that time. Since then, Mr. King informs me that he has seen reason to alter this opinion ; and as he has ample means of judging, this singular-looking head has been withdrawn from the Roman remains, and placed under the present head. The mouth is perforated so as to form the spout of some vessel. A short time since, the Caerleon Museum was examined by W. W. E. Wynne, Esq., M.P. ; and he remarked that at Castell-y-Bere, in Merionethshire, where he had been for some time making excavations, as detailed in the * Archa^ologia Cambrensis' for April 1861, a somewhat similar head of glazed pottery was found, but that the colour was not green, but light yellow. Since then, Mr. Wynne has kindly sent me a sketch of it : he says it is " much smaller than that at Caerleon, and has not a hole through it ;" so that it probably was a handle of some vessel, while that at Caerleon was evidently a spout. Castell-y-Bere, Mr. Wynne says, " was visited by Edward I. during his wars in Wales, and was deserted about the close of his reign or the beginning of the reign of Edward II. ;" so that this seems to give some approximation to the date of the Merionethshire head. Figures of fantastic animals were very much in use as drinking- vessels at one period of the middle ages. /. J.jun. Fig. 8 is rather an ornamental fragment of a handle, also of green glazed pottery. Besides the pieces here drawn, there are in the Museum several other fragments of green, of brown, and of yellow glazed pottery. Some of these fragments came from Goldclift Priory, and were given by the Rev. C, W. King. Other fragments of a brown colour (probably, from their workmanshi}), of Flemish origin) were found at Caerleon, and were given by Mr. W. B. Jenkins. Q 2 116 Fig. 9 is the drawing of a pair of iron shears found in the moat of Cal- dicot Castle. In Mr. Oct. Morgan's opinion, its date may probably be of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. 9J in. long. Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. Plate XLVII. fig. 1 is a very pretty and well-executed shield of ivory, which probably was once attached to a statuette of bronze : part of it is now of a light-blue colom% from contact with the metal ; in fact, it has become in some measure an incipient turquoise. A sketch of it was sent to Henry Montonnier Hawkins, Esq., of Tredunnock (at the present moment residing at Hereford), who takes a great interest in heraldic matters ; and in his reply he says, " I send, for your inspection, Mr. Planche's interesting work called ' Pursuivant of Arms ;' and you will see (page 47) the seal of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, in the reign of King Stephen, which bore chevronny of seven chevrons. You will also see (page 48) that the seal of Gilbert de Clare, temp. Henry TIL, had settled down to the three chevrons, which ever after were the well-known arms of the Clares ; and as your ivory shield has five chevrons, it most likely belonged to a Clare between Gilbert of Stephen's time and Gilbert of Henry HI. This Gilbert of Henry the Third's time may have been the first who used the three chevrons. I think you cannot be far wrong in calling it about the twelfth or thirteenth century." Mr. Octavius Morgan also was kind enough to write to W. S. Walford, Esq., respecting it, and has 'sent me his reply. As the opinion expressed by Mr. Walford difi'ers in some degree from that of Mr. Hawkins, an extract from his letter is, by his permission, here inserted : — " The little shield, of which you send me a sketch, is very likely to have formed part of a statuette of a Clare, though such a thing of that period is a rarity. The Clare coat was in all probability originally chevrons, without regard to number. There is a seal of Gilbert, Earl of Pembroke, Strongbow's father, engraved in Bysshe's ' Notes to Upton,' p. 89, on which the shield is che- vronny ; and there was a drawing of a seal of a Clare, sent from Ireland to the Institute some years ago, which had the like ; also in the Hatton Col- lection, in Lord Winchelsea's possession, is a sketch of a seal of a Eitz Gil- bert (no doubt a Clare) which had a similar coat. The -first two, and, I believe, the last, were of the twelfth century. I do not think any particular branch or individual bore the three chevrons while others bore chevronny, or that the coat was changed at once from chevronny to three chevrons, but that for some time the coat was represented one way or the other, just as at a later period the coat of Gavaston was sometimes tlu-ee eaglets and sometimes six, according to the space or the fancy of the artist — the 117 coat being eaglets without regard to number. The consequence is, I fear, no precise date can be given for the change in the Clare coat. The shield would suit the early part of the thirteenth century ; and, for anything I know, the chevronny form of the coat may have been occasionally used as late." /. /. jun. Fig. 2 is a singular relic, being the cast of an original seal of the former mayors of Caerleon. This cast was given to the museum by Henry Mon- tonnier Hawkins, Esq., of Tredunnock, who, on being applied to for in- formation respecting it, kindly sent the following communication as to the mode in which he obtained it, and also as to the form of the X in the word Kairleon : — *' I have no doubt that the fourth letter of Kair is intended for r, and that the imperfect part which seems to connect the lower part of the turn with the bottom of the r must have been caused by the person who made the impression from the original seal not having taken care that the wax was properly free from air before the seal was impressed. I think that the said imperfection would not be found in the original seal; but where or when that seal was last seen I know not. The history of the original im- pression, from which I had the casts taken by a very celebrated man for old seals, who then lived in Little Russell Street, not far from the British Museum, is as follows : — When looking over, some years since, a box of old papers, deeds, and other cm'iosities which had belonged to the late William Nicholl, Esq., of Caerleon (my grandfather), I found in a small box the impression in red wax ; and upon it was written, ' Taken from the seal of the Mayor of Caerleon ;' but when or how it came into my grandfather's possession I know not. He might have seen the old, original seal in the possession of some one in Caerleon, and had the impression taken off; or he might have only come into the possession of the impression, taken perhaps many years before, and perhaps the only remains in my grandfather's time of the mayor's seal, which might have been taken many years previously. The impression that I found was destroyed by the cast that was taken from it. The imperfect part of the cast was written upon by the man who took the cast, to make out what the inscription must have been when the seal was in its perfect state, from his knowledge of similar old mayors' seals." Mr. Hawkins adds in a P.S., " The mayor of Caerleon's seal was most likely granted by one of the old Welsh Lords of Caerleon, being a part of the arms of the Lords, who used three castles on their seal." It may be well to mention that in this seal the word seems spelled ma- joritas, whereas some other corporate seals, as London (' Arch. Journal,' iii. 74) have it spelled majoratus, which is the ancient and more correct 118 mode. The letters in the present seal, as will be seen from the drawing, are not very distinct, and there may be some doubt whether the last letter but one is intended for a ox ti\ but there can be no doubt whatever about the letter before t being in this seal «, and not a. Henry Montonnier Hawkins, Esq. Several mediaeval iron keys are in the Museum : amongst them is a very large one, which was found in clearing out a room in the Edwardian castle at Newport ; unfortunately, it is in very bad condition, being nearly eaten through with rust. It is 10 inches long, and was presented by Wm. Daniel, jun,, Esq. Another key, in a tolerable state of preservation, and of rather an elegant form, is represented fig. 3. It was found in the castle villa. /. J.jun. rig. 4 is a brass or bronze ring, with somewhat of an antique shape ; it bears a monogram, apparently H and N combined, with a figure like the numeral 4 above. Similar forms were frequently used as merchants' marks. Fig. 5 is a ring of brass, of plain workmanship, and of very full size : within is engraved a motto — LOVE MEE. This very matter-of-fact direc- tion stamps it as a love-token, doubtless highly esteemed on account of the donor, but not intrinsically valuable. This ring and that previously described were both found at Caerleon, but it is not known under what circumstances. Fig. 6 is a gold ring of rather more elegant form, and certainly with a more sentimental motto. It was found in the garden of the Priory, and is drawn of the actual size. Being so small, it may have been intended either for the taper finger of a lady or as a ring to be used on the second joint of the finger — a custom which, Mr. King informs me, was common both in mediaeval and Roman times. On the inside is engraved the motto, in old characters (as copied below the figure). Not this but I. Notwithstanding the bad grammar (if it is to be read as " I give you not this, but myself "), there is a certain quaintness about the idea which is highly amusing. J. E. L. Fig. 7 is a tobacco-stopper and seal combined. It is of brass ; and on the seal are engraved the letters S I or I S. Fig. 8 is another tobacco-stopper, of rather superior workmanship. Pos- sibly, from the attitude, it may have represented some favourite actor. 119 Eig. 9 is a portion of a Venetian glass vessel, very white and thin, which was found, with several other fragments, in the excavation at the castle villa ; it appears to have been originally a large drinking-glass, of the usual form. Sometimes these hollow stems contain small quantities of water ; but this is not the case either in this or in that drawn fig. 10. /. /. jim. Fig. 10 may have been the stem either of a similar glass or of a tazza. It is in the shape of a bunch of grapes ; but, unfortunately, in the drawing it is represented reversed. It is probably of Venetian work. It was found, many years ago, in the garden at Usk, by Tlie late Mrs. Nicholl. Fig. 11 was found in a mound of stone, called a castle, at Llanvaches, near Caerwent : it was described by Mr. O. Morgan, when he sent it to the Museum, as a " bronze bar or stretcher of a purse, pouch, or gypsiere, which was worn fixed to the girdle or waist, in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries." Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. Fig. 12 is an enlarged representation of a copper seal found in the ex- cavation at the castle villa : the line at the side shows its actual size. It represents a cock and a hare looking into a cauldron or pot, and bears the motto around, HER IS NA MARE BOTE COK POT HARE ; in other words, " tiere is no more than cock, pot, hare." It is rather singular that, soon after the discovery of this seal, an impression was sent to Albert Way, Esq. ; and almost by return of post he retm-ned the impression of a counter- part, which had been found in one of the Eastern Counties, and which, from the similarity of the workmanship, had probably been made by the same artist. The device in this case is " an ape mounted on an ass, on his hand an owl by way of a hawk." It has this inscription around : — * HER IS NO LASS' APE VLE AND ASS', which, as Mr. Way writes, means, " Here is no less than an ape, owl, and ass." Within the last two years also, I have purchased the electrotype of a somewhat similar seal, probably by the same artist. Mr. Way has kindly sent me the following note respecting it—" The reading is thus, * ALLONE . Y . RIDE . HAV. I . NO . SVAYN. An ape is astride on a bear, and has an owl on his fist, in lieu of a hawk, — the fun of the thing being, no doubt, an aping of the gentle pursuits of falconry ; and the grotesque sportsman tells us he rides without attendant or swayn, as we see running at the heels of the me- diaeval sportsman. I am afraid it is too late now to guess at the latent meaning of these old jokes ; they all, no doubt, had a significance ; and they are highly cmious as amongst the earliest E)i(/Ush inscri})tions accom- panying devices on seals. There is another capital seal by the same hand, with a hound and a hare playing at hazard." /. J. jan. 120 Fig. 13. — A badge of Charles I. struck in lead, and of very inferior work- manship, but still ver.y curious as bearing the well-known head of this monarch. He is represented as wearing a crown of the usual form ; and though the lace collar usually appearing on his badges is not seen here, yet the collar of the Garter, which is also frequently shown, is very apparent. A medal, represented in the quarto volume called ' The MedaUic History of England,' by Edwards and Son, London, in 1790 (plate 15. fig. 8), agrees in many respects with the head on the present badge. At the back is the motto, " God bless the King." It evidently has been designed by some one not much accustomed to the work ; for two letters, the D and the N, are reversed, evidently as if the die-cutter had forgotten that in a die the letters must be reversed to produce a correct impression. The H and the E in THE are united, apparently without especial cause ; for there was plenty of room for the whole word. This badge was found at Llanhenock, and was presented to the Museum by 3frs. John Gaskoin. It may be well to mention that near the same place was found a col- lection of leaden bullets, altogether of several pounds weight, which are now in the Museum. Fig. 14 is a flesh-fork for taking meat out the pot : it is of iron, and was found at Llanvaches, near Caerwent. Similar flesh-forks were used in some of the country districts almost up to the present day, 18 inches long. Bev. W. Lindsay. Plate XLVIII. — This plate contains sketches of the centre pieces of four oak pannels, found a few years ago behind the wainscoting of an old house at Caerleon. Nothing further is known about them ; so that they must be judged by their intrinsic merits. They appear to be Flemish carvings ; but the hats of both the male figures approach in form to those in use about the time of Henry VIII. The portions of the pannels drawn in this plate are 9 inches by 6 inches. Tlielate Capel Hanhury Leigh, Esq. Plate XLIX. — An earthenware " cannette," which was purchased from a person in the village, a few years ago. Strictly speaking, it can hardly be called an antiquity of Caerleon, having been brought from Somersetshire ; but as it has excited the interest of several antiquaries who have visited the Museum, it was thought advisable to give a coloured plate of it. Mr. Octavius Morgan, whose knowledge as to objects of this description is well known, and who possesses an admirable collection, has kindly commu- nicated to me the following note respecting it. It is, he says, 121 " A very curious specimen of English pottery of tlie seventeenth century. Its known history is, that it has been in a cottage ^t Caerleon for nearly thirty years, and that it was brought from Somersetshire, where it had been in the possession of the same family for many years previously. " Its conical form strongly resembles that of the tall Flemish white stone- ware ' cannettes,' which were made during the latter part of the sixteenth century, and imported into England. The body of the vessel consists of brownish-red porous earthenware, which has been covered with a thin coat of white clay or slip ; this has been removed in parts by a blunt tool, to form in the red body beneath a rude pattern of scrolls and leaves ; this pattern so formed is of a darkish olive-green colour, which hue it seems to have acquired from the thick coat of lead glaze w4th w^hich the whole has been covered. This glaze is transparent and of a brownish-yellow colour, probably owing to its accidentally containing oxide of iron ; it has thus imparted a yellow colom' to the white clay, and, being accumulated in larger quantities in the sunk parts of the pattern, has produced the olive tint where it comes in contact with the red body." 9 inches by 4-J inches. Plate L. fig. 1 is the facsimile of a letter which was found some years since, with a number of other old papers of less interest, underneath the slates in the roof of the Priory. Though nearly the whole of it is perfectly easy to be read at the present day, yet, as there are two or three words which seem in some degree indistinct, it may be well to give it in modern spelling : — " Captain Thomas Morgan, " You are to remain with the Train-band under your command in the town of Chepstow, to secure the said town, and not to permit any of the firearms to go out of the said town ; also of the four pieces of ordnance which are there, you are to dispose two of them for the defence of the town of Monmouth : and for so doing this shall be yom' warrant. Dated at Ragland, the 28th day of March, 1643. — Ed. Herbert." It will be seen that the letters p and e are not formed as they are now made in England, but are precisely similar to those of the present ruiuiing- hand of the Germans. Mr. Wakeman has kindly informed me that " the wi'iter of this letter, Ed. Herbert, was an active Parliamentarian of Merthyr Gerin Grange, in Magor; he died in 1066. Who Captain Thomas Morgan was, is not so clear." Bowafjer Lady Mackworth. Amongst the mediaival objects which have not been drawn, the follow- ing may be mentioned as possessing the most interest : — R 122 A leaden weight, or what is beheved to be such, with the figure of a Hon " passant." It is round, two inches and a quarter in diameter, and rather more than an eighth of an inch in thickness. It was found amongst the rubbish when the church of St. WooUos, Newport, was undergoing repaus. However unfitted for the work, it is very certain that weights entirely made of lead were commonly used, and in fact were only prohibited by Act of Parliament in the year 1835. See a paper by Thos. Brewer, Esq., in the 8th vol. of the 'Journal of the Archaeological Association,' page 309, in which many ciu-ious particulars are given relative to the stamping of weights. It appears that, by a charter of James I., the Plumbers' Company were empowered to assay and mark aU solder and weights of lead made or sold by any of their members. The weight of the piece of lead found at St. Woollos is, as nearly as possible, a quarter of a pound ; it appears there- fore probable that it was a weight, and that the stamp of the lion was the authority for its use, answering to the mark of the inspector of weights of our own day. Captain Marsh. Part of an iron spur, much decayed, with a long- spiked rowel : also part of a bronze or brass spur. Both these were found in the castle villa. /. J.jun. Part of another bronze or brass spur. W. D. Jenkins, Esq. A small bronze figure of a Madonna and Child, which probably had served for the top of a spoon. Pound in the castle villa. /. /. jim. A spoon of brass, with a flat button-like termination at the top. The bowl is not a perfect oval, as it became in later times, but is very much of the form of that drawn No. 1, at page 301 of vol. ix. of the ' Archseological Journal,' and exhibited by Mr. Oct. Morgan at a meeting of the Institute. Mr. Morgan thinks the spoon in the Museum to be of the beginning of the seventeenth century. It was found at Coldra, near Caerleon*. A jet bead, found with twenty or thirty more on the " wall-plate " of the porch of Risca Old Church, which was taken down in 1851. The beads were placed so that no one could observe them till the roof was removed, and probably had been put there for safety, at the time of the Reformation, by some adherent of the old religion. * In the Case of " Objects for Comparison," in the Museum, will be seen four spoons of somewhat similar form, found in London,, and deposited by Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. 123 There is one curious circumstance connected with this old church, which is worth recording. A notice of it was read at a meeting of the local antiquarian association, by the late Rev. Daniel Jones, but it was never published, and it cannot now be found ; but Mr. Robathan, of Risca, has kindly sent the following particulars : — " The walls of the tower were of considerable thickness ; and towards the south-east corner, a grave or chest was discovered in the body of the masonry, about two feet long and one foot wide and high. The bottom, sides, and top were formed of paving- stone. This chest contained three skulls, one evidently that of a male, all full grown ; there were also two or three bones belonging to the upper or lower extremities." A similar chest or grave was discovered also in the walls of the church at Trevethin, near Pontypool, some years since : in this case it was not in the tower, but in one of the walls of the body of the church. Edward Robathan, Esq. Encaustic tile, bearing the arms of Llanthony Abbey, from the Paddock House, Gloucester; date 1501. A. W. Franks, Esq. Iron cannon-ball, 3 J inches in diameter, found at Tonbach, in the parish of Llangibby. The late Rev. C. A. Williams. Two small iron cannon-balls, about 1^ inch in diameter, found several years ago in a bank near the wall on the eastern side of the chm'ch at Christchurch. It is said that the Parliamentarian soldiers once occupied the church. Miss Hall. Skull and horn of a large wild stag, found, in November 1854, in the alluvial clay on the shore of the Channel, in the parish of St. Bride. Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P. English Coins, &c. Penny of Edward I. or II. T. C. Hooper, Esq. Half-groat of Elizabeth. (Redwick.) Mr. Hi/. Waters. Shilling of James I. (The Levels.) Mr. Hif. Waters. Half-crown, plated on copper, Charles I. (Penhow Castle.) Mr. Dutfeld. Farthing of Charles I. Mrs. Jos. Da vies. Irish farthing, Charles I. T. C. Hooper, Esq. Half-groat, Commonwealth. T. C. Hooper, Esq. Halfpenny (Duke of Ormond's). Coined by the Irish loyalists. T. C. Hooper, Esq. Bristol farthing, 1652. * T. C. Hooper, Esq. Farthing token, IGGG. (Maddox Close, Newport.) Mr. John Comeley. r2 124 Farthing of Charles II. (Newport.) Sixpence of Charles II. " Gun money " of James II., 1690. Farthings of "William and Mary (three). Farthing of "William and Mary. Shilling of "WiUiam III. (Penhow.) Crown of "William III. Counter of Queen Anne. Halfpenny of George I. Irish halfpenny of George I. Halfpennies of George II. (two) . Halfpenny of George II. (Penhow.) Counter on the hirth of the Prince of Wales, Aug. 12, 1762. Abbey-piece. (Newi)ort). Hy. John Davis, Esq. E. J. Phillips, Esq. T. C. Hooper, Esq. T. C. Hooper, Esq. Mrs. Jos. Davies. Mr. Henry Waters. E. J. Phillips, Esq. Thos. Wakeman, Esq. Mrs. Jos. Davies. Mrs. Jos. Davies. Mrs. Jos. Davies. Mr. Dutfield. Mrs. Jos. Davies. H. J. Davis, Esq. 125 BRIEF NOTICES OF CAERLEON AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. The knowledge which we possess of the history of Caerleon under the Romans is very scanty indeed ; in fact, it rests more on the antiquities which are found there than on actual historical records. There can, how- ever, be no doubt that for a long series of years it was the residence of the Second Augustan Legion, which, from its protracted stay in oiu* island, obtained the name of Britannica. It also appears, from the terms in which the town is mentioned by writers of the middle ages, that it had been, and still was, a place of very considerable note. Giraldus Cambrensis speaks of it in the most pompous language * ; and it has been shown by Usher and Bingham f that in the early ages it was the metropolitan see of Wales : in after-times the archi- episcopal seat was tranferred to St. David's. Caerleon appears to have had several names : in Gale's copy of the 'Itinerary of Antoninus' it is called ISCE LEGVA AVGVSTA— evidently a corruption of Isca Legionis secundce Augustce, as it appears, or very nearly so, in other copies ; it was also called Isca Augusta in the Ravenna list, and Isca Silurum. The word Isca occurs in the ancient name of Exeter — Isca Damnoniorum -. it is in fact the British word Wysg, with a Roman termination, and signifies that the place was situated on the banks of a stream. The word is still preserved in the name of the Usk, the river on which Caerleon is situated. Mr. King has pointed out to me, that on a coin of Postumus, given by * The words of Giraldus must of course be taken with a good deal of qualification, as is shown in the paper by Mr. Wakeman, an abridgment of which is printed in the present volume ; but the following extract from Camden's translation of the passage may interest those who do not possess a copy of his ' Britannia :' — " This was an ancient and highly privileged city, admirably built in foiTuer times by the Romans with walls of burnt brick. You will see here many traces of ancient grandeur — immense palaces, whose roofs, once gilded, imitated the Koman splendour, it having been first built by the lloman emperors, and adorned with handsome structures. Here was a pro- digious high tower, noble baths, remains of temples, and theatres with grand walls, part of which are still remaining. You -^-ill everywhere find, both ^^■ithin and without the walls, subterranean buUdLngs, water-courses and passages underground, and what you will think more extraordinary, stoves everywhere wonderfully constructed, secretly convcjing a con- cealed heat from certain narrow brick flues." — Vol. iii. p. 108. t Usserii Antiquitatcs, cap. 5; Bingham's 'Antiquities of the Cliristian Clmrch,' ix. chap. 6. sect. 20. 126 Mionnet * and Bandurius f, the modern mode of spelling tlie word is made use of, thus, EXERCITVS VSC. Mr. Akerman also reads it in the same manner |. It is singular that Spanheim §, who refers to the same coin, copies the legend EXERCITVS ISC ; and Vaillant || , EXERCITVS YSC. The modern name of Caerleon is generally supposed to have been derived from Caer, the British word for a camp or fortified city, and leon, a corruption of leponum, thus making it " the city of legions ; " and this appears the more probable from its having been frequently men- tioned under this title by the writers of the middle ages ^. But this derivation, as we are informed by Mr. Coxe, was denied by Owen, a famous Welsh scholar, who considered the correct spelling to be Caer-Uion, or the " city of waters," — a name by no means inapplicable ; for, when viewed from an eminence, the town appears almost smTounded by the winding river Usk and its tributary streams. There can, however, hardly be a doubt that the first-mentioned derivation is the correct one. It is singular that in two other instances the British names of places where the Romans had been domiciled are very nearly the same as the modern name of Isca. Chester was called in the Itineraries Deva, but by the British Caer-leffion or Caer-leon-vaior ; and it is well known that the Twentieth Legion was stationed there for many years. Again, Caerhun, or Caer Rhun, in Caernarvonshire, was the Roman station Conovium ; and numerous Roman remains have been found there, including bricks with the stamp of the Tenth Legion, the memory of which seems to be preserved in the name of a mountain of the vicinity, which we are informed by Camden was called, in his day, Mynydh Caer Lleion, or the Kaer Lleion Mountain. * Mionnet, Med. Rom. ii. p. 67. t Banduri Num. Imp. Rom. i. p. 298 :— " EXERCITYS VSC. Hunc mimmum raris- simum ex sere primi moduli profert Tristanus, sed nescio quamobrem ilium Postumo filio ascribit. Patinus et Yaillantius inter nummos secundse magnitudiuis hunc ipsum recen- sent: et primus legit cum Tristano EXERCITVS ISC ; VaiUantius vero YSC legit." Mr. King remarks that it would be difficult to determine, in a coin of that period, whe- ther the word was spelt VSC or YSC, as the V and the Y then could not be distinguished from one another, the characters of that century being the rudest in the Roman series. 1 A.kerman, vol. ii. p. 50. § Spanheim, vol. ii. p. 631. Ii Vaillant, Num. Imp. Rom., vol. i. p. 187. % Girald. Camb. It. lib. ii. cap. 4 ; Yen. Bedae Hist. lib. i. cap. 7. Henr. Hunt, lib. i., calls the name Kairlegion. Mr. King has kindly furnished me with the following quotation from the ' Cambrise Epitome ' of Walter de Mappes, in which the spelling is given nearly in the modem manner. He was a friend of Giraldus Cambrensis ; and his poems have been published by the London Camden Society : — " luxta Kaerleon mcenia Ad duo miliaria," tfec. 127 The shape of the ancient fortress of Isca may be traced very distinctly, partly by the remains of the actual walls, and partly by an elevated ridge formed from their ruins. Like most other Roman encampments, it appears to have been nearly a square with the angles rounded, and with an entrance near the middle of each side. That to the south-west led into a road now called the Broadway, and very probably to a ford over the river. Till within the last few years, the ground on both sides of this road was a common pasture, and was found to contain such an abundance of stones from the ruined buildings of the subm'bs, that for many years the quar- i-ying of it formed a remunerating employment for the labom-ers of the town. Many antiquities were consequently brought to light ; but it is mortifying to state that the greater portion which were then discovered have been lost, scattered, or destroyed. Had they been preserved, they would, together with the objects now in the Museum, have formed a very excellent local collection of Roman antiquities. The walls themselves, or rather those portions which still remain, are of no great height — probably only ten or twelve feet in the highest part, from the level of the ground outside. Within the walls the earth has accumulated, and stands only one or two feet below the remains of the wall, in some cases almost level with the top of it. In an excavation made a few years ago near the south-west angle, where the colour of the grass seemed to mark the corner of some buildings, leaving an open space or street between them and the wall, running north and east from the corner, a hole had to be dug, large enough to conceal a tall man, before the founda- tions were reached. Many of the stone facings of the wall have been re- moved, probably to build the houses of the town in comparatively modern times ; and in these places the wall consists merely of a very irregular kind of masonry : the mortar in general is not mixed with pounded bricks, though, singularly enough, this is the case near the corner of the Avail, where strength was required. It is remarkable that the wall at the opposite or north-east corner of the city appears in the road near the upper turnpike, forming part of the foot-pavement ; and here also the mortar may be seen mixed rather largely with powdered brick. Possibly from the general abs- ence of brick in the mortar, it has been the custom to consider much of the stone facing which remains not to be Roman, but the work of more modern times; and this idea seemed to be borne out by one of the stone facings having on the outside the remains of Roman mortar, with pounded brick, still adhering to it : but Mr. Way, on his late visit to Caerleon, expressed his belief that the whole of the stone facings were of Roman work ; and he has had such opportunities of judging, that it is probably wiser to change our former opinion. The original putlog holes still remain. There is one pecu- 128 liarity, however, which has not yet been explained. There are several straight, upright Hnes indicating a kind of finish in the wall, and which seem to have no object ; the courses of stone do not correspond on either side, and yet the wall is perfectly even in front. Within about twelve yards there are three of these apparent breaks, and it is remarkable that they are im- mediately opposite to the amphitheatre. Is it possible that they may have some connexion with sallyports or passages leading to it from the city ? In the field to the left of the Broadway, without the walls, is the amphi- theatre, evidently Roman, which commonly goes by the name of " King Arthur's Round Table." Giraldus Cambrensis states that there were walls standing in his time ; but certainly none are to be seen at the present day. It is said that, within the memory of some individuals who were living a few years ago at Caerleon, numbers of small tesserse were found just beneath the surface, as if some part of it had been covered with a tessel- lated pavement ; but Mr. King's opinion is that they must have been brought there by accident, as this was evidently an open amphitheatre, similar to that now remaining in an almost perfect state near Dorchester, and no tessellated pavement would have borne the exposure to the frosts of a British winter. In the next field, towards the river, on the same side of the Broadway, traces of buildings are very distinctly seen ; and some years since a con- siderable excavation was made there by the late Sir Digby Mackworth, Bart. Nothing, however, was found of any very great interest, the foundations proving to be those of an inferior description of baths, probably cold or tepid, together with the drains for supplying them with water. The cement forming the floors was hard and well preserved*. In the same field is an ancient well which has long been disused, but which, within the memory of some of the old inhabitants, had more than once been opened and again closed, but which had never been cleared out. As there was little or no water in it, this was accomplished by the direction of Sir Digby Mackworth ; and a very large quantity of fragments of Roman pottery were brought up, amongst which were the remains of the large amphora drawn Plate XIX. fig. 1. The first field on the outside of the walls, to the right of the Broadway, and immediately opposite to that in which is the amphitheatre, is still called the " Bear House Field," and has probably derived its name from its having * In the course of this excavation a second brass coin of Hadrian was found, the reverse of which appears the same as that figured in Mr. Akerman's Roman coins relating to Britain (Plate I,, No. 3). It is a female figure, seated on a rock, holding a javelin, her right hand supporting her head ; a large shield by her side, with a long spike in the centre ; in the exergue is the word BRITANNIA ; the rest is illegible. 129 been the place appropriated to the animals destined for the sports of the theatre. The Broadway is not by any means the only place where Roman antiquities have been found: in fact, the ground within the walls is in many places almost composed of ruins ; and evident marks of the town having been repeatedly destroyed by fire may frequently be observed, thus showing the unsettled state of the district in Roman times, and also corroborating the historical notices of the city given by Mr. Wakeman in his paper on Caerleon, an abridgment of which is printed in the present volume. In an excavation made some years since in the garden of the Priory, by the late Sir Digby Mackworth, Bart., a pavement of large stones was found, about five feet deep, which, from the remains immediately above it, was evidently Roman ; and between this and the surface were two or three distinct layers of ashes. The bronze pliers drawn Plate XXXIV. fig. 6 were found here. Some years previously a hypocaust was also found in the same locality ; in the course of a short time it was turned into a garden-tank. Within a few yards of the same place, but on the opposite side of the road, a similar hypocaust was discovered, when making alterations in a building now a malt-house. Several other minor excavations might be mentioned, in all of which Roman remains have been discovered : in fact, it is hardly possible for the ground to be excavated to any depth without finding coins, bricks, or other antiquities. The locality, however, which has proved of the greatest interest to the antiquary is the property in the neighbom'hood of the castle mound. When it came into the possession of the late John Jenkins, jun., Esq., the ground was very uneven, and consisted chiefly of irregular mounds : he determined to convert it into an even lawn, and, with this view, for several years employed a large number of labourers, and thus was the means of bringing to light the interesting Roman villa described in the present volume : on account of its importance, it has been thought advisable to do this in a separate paper. Coins have been found .in very great abundance; but the climate of Caerleon is decidedly damp, and in general they are in a bad state of preservation. It will be seen, however, that rather a full series has been found at Caerleon and the surrounding district ; and the reader is referred to the list kindly made out by my friend the Rev. C. W. King. The interest of the antiquary will not be confined entirely to the town itself; in fact, Roman remains are occasionally found throughout the whole district. The antiquities of Bui more deserve especial notice. This hamlet is beautifully situated on the banks of the Usk, rather more than a mile s 130 from Caerleon, at the foot of the steep range of hills on which runs the old road between Caerleon and Caerwent, the ancient Fenta Silurum. The remains which have been dug up in the neighbouring fields prove that it was the residence of some family of note at Caerleon ; and this was placed beyond all doubt by the discovery of a sepulchral enclosure, containing a number of inscriptions, all apparently belonging to the same family. This interesting relic was found about the year 1815 by Mr. Jones, the father of the present owner, and in whose family the property has long remained. The old house at Bulmore is situated close to the road leading from Caerleon to Kemys : to the back, sloping gradually to the river, is an extensive orchard, in which the tomb was discovered, about thirty or forty yards from the house, and the same distance from the road. The labourers who were attending to the orchard, having found the wall on the lower side, which was about eighteen inches below the surface, continued the search, and laid bare what appeared to be the foundations of a building, about twenty-two feet long, and fifteen broad : from the nature of the ground, the upper part lay deeper beneath the surface than the lower. Within the tomb were found eight stones with inscriptions, all of which are di'awn in the present volume ; but, with a single exception, Mr. Jones assures me that they were all turned with the lettered side downwards : the only one which had the inscription upwards was that drawn Plate VII. fig. 2, the workmanship of which is much ruder than that of all the others : upon this slab was deposited the stone trough of which a sketch is given Plate VIII. fig. 6 ; but no covering of any kind was found, A considerable quantity of ashes and burnt bones were scattered throughout the whole tomb, chiefly under the stones ; and the trough was partially filled with them. Many fragments of coarse pottery were observed, and also a first brass coin of Trajan, but nothing sufficiently perfect to show the forms of the urns in which the ashes had been deposited. From all these circum- stances, it appears highly probable that the tomb had been ransacked in later ages in search of treasure. From what I have been informed on very good authority, it is unfortu- nately but too probable that many other sepulchral stones have actually been broken up to mend the roads. My informant states that she well remembers the time when it was a very common thing to pick up on the road pieces of stone with letters carved upon them : the interest attending the Bulmore inscriptions causes the greater regret for such barbarism, and ought to make the antiquary feel deeply indebted to Mr. Jones for the preservation of what fell under his own observation. Besides these inscriptions and some other remains which have been already described in their place, part of a coarse tessellated pavement was 131 found at Bulmore some years ago ; but being in a meadow, the excavation was not followed up, and it therefore remains underground for the present, a treasure for some future antiquary. The farm-house called Little Bulmore, situated about halfway between Bulmore and Caerleon, has probably also been the residence of some officer connected with the legion. The large sculpture of a Roman emperor, Plate VIII. fig. 2, was found here. The glass cinerary vessel, drawn Plate XXVII. fig. 1, was also found near this place *. On the hill-side, still nearer Caerleon, was another place of burial : urns have been repeatedly found there, and, some years since, five or six were discovered at one time. As usual, the contents were ashes and bm-nt bones ; but it is said that no coins were found in them. The whole of the urns were of coarse pottery, and within one of them was found a smaller vessel of the same material : they all feU to pieces on exposure to the air. In two instances the urn was deposited in a " conditorium " of large tiles marked, as is frequently the case, with checkered scorings, and forming a square vault just large enough to contain it. Even where there was no vault, it appears that a flat stone was placed above the urn in order to pro- tect it in some measiure from injuiy; and sometimes this stone was inscribed, as is proved by the fragment drawn Plate VII. fig. 4, which evidently is part of a sepulchral inscription for some person aged 17 or 18 years. Since then a large portion of the field in which these urns were found has been dug up, chiefly with a view to further discoveries ; but the search was unsuccessful, the fragments of a single cinerary vessel being all that was obtained. Almost the whole of this hill appears to have been appropriated to sepulchral piurposes ; for immediately behind that part of Caerleon com- monly called " the village," but which has not yet quite lost the name of TJltra Pontcviy several urns of smaller dimensions were found some years ago, aU containing burnt bones and ashes : their shape was, it is said, that of a small bell-glass for gardening-purposes ; the material was a black or dark-colom-ed ware : they also fell to pieces on exposure. * It is a curious fact, that, in the slip or fall of land on the river-bank which disclosed this glass vessel (now many years ago), several trees were dislodged. The timber was sold to a wood-merchant at Newport ; and in the middle of one of them, when cut up, was found, as it was said, a piece of gold, much mutilated by the saw : an account of this was pub- lished in the papers of the day. ATr. Jones, of Bulmore, who lives very near the spot, quite believes the story. Could it have been a gold ring temporarily deposited for safety (though afterwards forgotten) in the hoUow of a tree, which in the course of years grew around it and imbedded it in the wood ? It can hardly, under any circumstances, have been a gold lloman coin. s 2 132 On the north bank of the river, about two miles from Caerleon, and near Glen Usk, some Roman coins were found, one of which, of the reign of Probus, is in the Museum, presented by Mrs. Herbert Mackworth. Masses of cinders and slag were also found near the mansion ; so that this had probably been the site of some Roman workshop or foundry. It may possibly be a matter of interest here briefly to allude to a custom which is very prevalent in this district, and which has probably come down to us from Roman times. It is usual here, and in many other places in the Principahty, to strew the graves of relatives mth flowers, both loose and in garlands, immediately after the funeral, and to repeat the decoration annually on Palm Sunday. In the latter case the choice of the day has been probably made from ecclesiastical motives; but the same * remark does not apply to the general custom. It is needless here to give any of the numerous and well-known quota- tions from the classics which speak of the graves being thus adorned ; it may, however, not be so generally known that the Clu-istians at first strenu- ously objected to the practice * ; but, after the lapse of two or three centu- ries, it seems that they moderated their opinions, as may be seen from Jerome f and the Christian poet Prudentius |, who speak of it without any disapprobation ; so that it is very evident that in the fourth century this custom had become general, both amongst Christians and heathens, and thus there would be the greater probability (as was actually the case) of its being handed down to posterity. Another custom was especially prevalent in this neighbourhood, and may be worthy of being mentioned, as it seems to recall to mind the ancient stre7i(B, or new year's gifts, which were continued during the middle ages, and do not seem yet entirely to have disappeared. I am informed by an old inhabitant of Newport (about three miles from this place), that on new year's day it was the custom for children to carry about with them from house to house, for the sake of obtaining presents, an apple supported on three small sticks or skewers, and stuck round with barley-corns, on which were fixed raisins : the apple was surmounted with a sprig of box, having split nuts fixed on its leaves ; the whole was decorated with gold-leaf. * Minucius Felix, Octavius, Lugd. 1672, pp. 107, 109. t Hieronymus ad Heliodorum, Epist. 3. cap. 1 : — " Quotiescimque nitor in verba pro- rumpere et super tumulum ejus floras spargere, toties iacrymis implentur oeuli." See aJso his letter of consolation to Pammachius on the death of his wife Paulina. % Prudentius, Hymnus circa exsequias defuncti, v. 169 : — " Nos tecta fovebimus ossa Violis et fronde frequenti, Titulumque et frigida saxa Liquido spargemus odore." 133 I do not know whether this custom still exists at Newport or not ; but within a very few years I have noticed it at Caerleon, at least in its main features. I quite remember the apple, the evergreen, and tlie gold-leaf; probably the raisins and nuts were there also, but they have escaped my memory. • The passages which refer to this custom may be met with in Martial, lib. xiii. ep. 27 : — " Aurea porrigitur Jani caryota kalendis." The first part of the 33rd Epigram, lib. viii., should also be referred to, in which the poet, in a most amusing manner, ridicules the excessive thinness of a certain gold cup which had been sent as a present, saying that it might be blown away by the puff of a gnat's wing, and comparing it with the leaf-gold on the dates of New Year's Day. These slight traces of classic customs may possibly, to some individuals, seem too trifling to mention ; but, whether they have actually come down from Roman times or not, their agreement is singular, and it can do no harm thus briefly to record them before they are entirely lost. In order to give some idea of the Roman suburbs of Caerleon, a rough plan of the district surrounding the town will be found on Plate LI. The chief places where antiquities have been discovered are there specified ; and it will be seen that they are rather numerous : it must also be borne in mind that it has only been within the last few years that these localities have been recorded. Numerous antiquities have doubtless been dug up, and destroyed, of which no record whatever has been made ; and if the places where these have been found were added to the plan, it would probably show that the suburbs were very fully inhabited : even the present plan, imperfect as it is, proves this to a considerable extent. No account of Caerleon, however brief, would be complete without some notice of the singular earthwork called the Castle Mound. It has abeady been alluded to in the notice of the Roman villa, but it deser\TS more especial mention. It is situated on the outside of the city walls, and the ancient moat must have run immediately to the north of it. There can be no doubt whatever that, in mediaeval times, it supported the keep of the castle : for the remains of the towers which once guarded the di'awbridcje ' on are still in existence, though much overgrown with shrubs, and (as will be seen in the plan, Plate XXXVIII.) the solid mass of masonry on the oppo- site side of the castle moat, and on which the bridge rested when down, was only removed a few years ago. There can also be little doubt tliat this was the " gigantic tower " mentioned by Giraldus : and there is a tradition in the neighbourhood, that from the top a person might formerly have seen over Clu:istchurch Hill, — a thing, of course, utterly impossible ; but still the 134 fact of the tradition shows the general opinion of the height of the mound on which the tower was built. The mound has undergone some small alterations of late years, but not sufficient to alter its general appearance ; at present it is, from actual measurement, about 223 yards in circumfer- ence : the ground on Avhich it stands is much lower in some places than in others ; so that from one side the height is 52 feet, while from the other it is only 38. On the average, the height may be taken as about 45 feet. The Castle evidently extended over a considerable space of ground. One small round tower, to the north-west of the E-oman villa (shown in the plan), was only taken down a few years ago ; and the remains of very solid ancient walls, no doubt belonging to the castle, are to be seen forming parts of houses in the main street. In fact, it is probable that the out- works extended to the ancient bridge, and that they included the two round towers, one at each end, of which there are still some remains. About the year 1800, as a very old inhabitant of the town, called John Lawrence, informs me, the road from Newport passed under an arch ; but whether this formed part of the city walls or of the castle it is difficult to deter- mine : it was taken down, to the best of his memory, about that time. Some antiquaries have thought that the castle mound ought to be referred to an earlier date, and believe it to have been made in Roman times, or even earlier ; this seems improbable : though w^e have no evidence for it, there may have been a small mound here in Roman or prae-Roman times ; but that the conical hill, as it now exists, was formed in mediaeval times, seems to be proved by the two following facts. In the first place, the moat romid the bottom of the mound has cut through and destroyed all vestiges of the Roman villa ; and the second fact seems even stronger evidence of mediaeval construction. Some years since, the late Mr. John Jenkins had occasion to excavate in the mound near the Roman building, when a wall was discovered running straight into the mound, but having exactly the direction of one of the walls of the Roman villa, and being appai'ently a continuation of it, thus proving, as it appears to me, that the mound was heaped up above and over some of the remaining parts of the Roman building. As this is a curious fact, I have not trusted to my own memory, but have inquired very particularly as to all the circumstances from a person who was for many years in the employ of the late Mr. John Jenkins, and who entirely corroborates this account. In order to give some idea of the appearance of the castle mound as seen from a short distance, and also of the general featm'es of the neighbour- hood of Caerleon, a slight sketch of the town will be found Plate LIL, taken from the hill-side behind " Ultra Pontem." On approaching Caer- leon from other quarters, the general impression would probably be that the 135 country around was much more flat than as seen in the sketch ; there can be no question, however, that the point of view taken gives by far the most picturesque idea of the town : the castle mound cannot be mistaken ; it forms a conspicuous object in the sketch. To the left of the long range of distant hills, will be seen the mountain called Twm Barlwm, about 1700 feet high, capped by a strong and large oval British camp, at one end of which is a very large tumulus. At the top of the hill behind Caerleon, the slope of which is divided into fields, is the encampment called the Lodge Farm, or, by Coxe, Bellingstocke ; while further down the hill, return- ing again to the left, near the distant bend of the river, is Pil Bach Farm, where was a Roman villa. The old bridge crossed the river, not where the modern one now stands, but very near the bend in the middle of the sketch ; the round tower which guarded the northern end, and which, with the. old inn called the Hanbury Ai-ms, probably formed part of the out- works of the castle, may be seen on the opposite bank. On the river, just below the point of view, is represented one of the coracles still in use amongst the fishermen of the neighbourhood. They only differ from the ancient British coracle in the material which is stretched over the wicker-work : in the ancient coracles this was skin ; in the modern coracles it is generally tarred cloth. They are managed, it is well known, by one short oar or paddle. In conclusion, it is desirable to draw the attention of antiquaries to the mixed collection of later antiquities found here, some of which are drawn in the later plates. It is not the place here to describe them (this has been done elsewhere), but simply to remark that their character is exactly such as would be expected in a mediaeval seaport town trading with foreign lands ; for such was Caerleon, however strange it may now appear to us. Some of the objects drawn are probably from Venice; others are from Flanders : so that, even in those days, it seems that a taste had arisen for objects of foreign luxury. 136 NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF CAERLEON. By THOMAS WAKEMAN, Esq.* [Abridged, by permission of the Author, from a paper read at the first meeting of the Caerleon Antiquarian Association, 5th July, 1848, and printed in vol. iii. of the Archse- ologia Cambrensis, p. 228.] Geoffrey of Monmouth tells us that Caerleon, which was originally called Caer-wysc, or the city upon the Usk, was built by one Behnus or Beli-Mawr, who must have Hved at least three or four centuries before Christ. This account has been copied by succeeding writers, with many fanciful additions. Archdeacon Coxe, in his ' History of Monmouthshire,' says that the strong British camp called the Lodge, about one mile from Caerleon, was also called Bellingstocke. Where he got his information on this point is not stated ; but if correct, the name would seem to con- firm the statement of Geoffrey, that it was the work of some powerful British chieftain, of the name of Beli or Behn. It may, however, be ob- served that the name is common in British history, both alone and in com- position, and, like the words Bal, Bala, Bel, Belin, and Belis in the Eastern languages, implies rather a title than a name, and signifies the Deity or the Lord. It must also be borne in mind that Apollo, or the Sun, is well known to have been worshipped by the Druids, and by some other nations, under the name Belenus f ; so that the name of Belinstock may be simply [* This volume having already extended beyond what was originally contemplated, it has been deemed necessary, though with some regret, to abridge this paper. It has, how- ever, been found very difficult to compress a communication so full of facts ; and therefore, in order to prevent any possible misunderstanding, this abridgment has been submitted to my friend Mr. Wakeman, who has kindly examined it to see that it contains the substance of his excellent paper. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Antiquities at Caerleon would hardly have been complete without some notice of its early history, and I have to thank Mr. Wakeman for kindly allowing me thus to make use of his account. — J. E. L.'] t TertuUianus in Apologet. cap. xxiv. : — " Unicuique provinciae et civitati suus deus est ; ut Syriae Astartes, ut Arabise Dysares, ut Norici Belenus." Ausonius, Professores, iv. v. 7 : — *' Tu Bajocassis stirpe Druidanim satus. Si fama non faUit fidem, Beleni sacratum ducis e templo genus ; Et inde vobis nomina : Tibi Paterae : sic ministros nuncupant Apollinaris mystici." 137 equivalent to Heliopolis, and have no reference whatever to the prince who erected the fortification. The Roman station of Isca Silurum was, in all probability, founded by Julius Frontinus, about the seventieth year of the Christian era ; and the various monuments found here prove that for very many years it was the seat of the Second Augustan Legion. Its modern name, Caer-leon, the city of the legion, there can be little doubt, is derived from this fact. As the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Secunda, it was no doubt a place of considerable importance in its day ; yet we must not be led away by the exaggerated descriptions of its splendour and extent given to us by the writers of the middle ages. Its area within the walls was, I believe, about fifty acres ; and, comparing this with that of some of our most densely populated modern towais, it may possibly have contained from six to seven thousand inhabitants at the most. The public buildings were doubtless handsome and well built ; yet when Gu-aldus, writing of its remains as existing in his time, mentions immense palaces ornamented with gilded roofs, we may be allowed to doubt whether any roof of Roman construc- tion could possibly have endured through the seven centuries at least which had elapsed from the departure of the Romans to his time. Henry of Huntingdon, who A\Tote half a century before Giraldus, gives a very different account of it : he tells us that, although it had been the seat of an archbishop, the walls were then scarcely to be seen. The local history of Caerleon during the Roman period is a complete blank, with the exception of the tradition that Julius and Aaron were Ausonius, Prof. x. v. 17 : — " Nee reticebo senem . Nomine Phcebicium : Qui Beleni aedituus. Nil opis inde tulit. Sed tamen, ut placitum, Stirpe satus Dniidum, Gentis Aremoricoe, BurdigalsD cathedram Nati opera obtinuit." Vossius, de Orig. et Prog. Idololatriae, lib. ii. cap. 17 : — *' Atque idem evincunt Aquilejae tot inscriptiones repertaj. Uti ilia in ara oblonga : APOLLINI BELENO AYG. IN HONOREM C. PETTI. Et alia: APOLLINI BELENO C AQYILEIENS FELIX refert Grutcrus Inscr. vett. pag. xxxri." La Tour d'Auvergne-Corret, Origines Gauloises, pp. 146, 147 : — " Le soleil fat aussi sumomme dans rantiquite Belenus. Bel-en-us, ces trois mots sont celtiques ; leur veri- table sens en breton signific ' loin au-dcssus de nous,' ou ' loin au-dessus de nos tetes.' " T 138 martyred here during the persecution of Diocletian, early in the fourth century. Very little also that can be depended on is recorded of it while under the dominion of the British or Welsh chieftains who subsequently governed the country. Under the designation of Kings of Glamorgan and Gwent, these princes appear to have interfered but little in the interminable quarrels of their countrymen of the other parts of the principality, and, after the sixth century, to have lived, generally speaking, on good terms with their Saxon neighbours of Mercia. Some time in the latter half of the ninth century, they voluntarily placed themselves under the protection of King Alfred, and did homage to him and to his successors down to the Norman conquest. I will now beg to state, in regular order, the occurrences which especially relate to Caerleon : — 892 or 893. — The Danes plundered the town, and ravaged the whole country. 958. — King Edgar visited Caerleon, and determined a dispute between the reigning prince Morgan and Owen ap Howel Dda, in favour of the former. 962. — Edgar was again there ; and Morgan, it seems, agreed to pay him an annual tribute of 100 cows. 967. — Owen ap Howel Dda having ravaged Gower in Glamorganshire, Edgar marched an army to Caerleon to assist his vassal Morgan ; yet one chronicle states that Edgar gave Caerleon to Owen ! Contradictory as this appears, it seems to have been the fact, as the descendants of Owen were lords of Caerleon till it passed to the Marshals. 970. — Alfere, Earl of Mercia, sent a fleet to attack the city, but was repulsed with great loss. Whether the Saxon earl acted under the orders of the king, and the expedition was intended to enforce the payment of the tribute, or whether it originated in some private quarrel between him and the Lord of Caerleon, it is perhaps impossible to determine. 972. — The Saxon fleet again appeared (if the chronicles are to be trusted) before Caerleon, but retired without having effected their object. The reason of this attack is not stated. 976. — The Danes landed, ravaged the whole country, and entirely destroyed the city. 983. — The people of Gwent rebelled against Owen ap Howel Dda, who had now for some years been Prince of South Wales ; his son Einion marched against them, but was defeated and killed : subsequently, how- ever, the insurrection was put down. 987. — Owen died, and was succeeded by Meredith, one of his six sons, 139 who made himself master of North Wales and Powis, and thus became sole Prince of Wales. Jestyn, however, another of his sons, and lord of Jestynston in Pembrokeshire, succeeded to Caerleon. The names of Jestyn and of a brother of his, called Grono, are omitted in the Welsh chronicles, although several existing families trace their descent from Jestyn. This has involved the historians of Wales in a series of the most absurd anachronisms that it is possible to imagine. The similarity of their names has led them to identify this Jestyn ap Owen with Jestyn ap Gurgan, the last prince of Glamorgan, who was dispossessed by Fitz Hamon, a century afterwards. The consequence of this blunder has been to throw the whole history of Wales at this period into confusion. , I have not been able to discover when Jestyn ap Owen died ; but his son Rhydderch, on the death of Llewelyn ap Sitsyllt, in 1021, made himself master of the principality of South Wales. 1031. — Rhydderch ap Jestyn was killed in battle, and Caradoc, his eldest son, met the same fate in 1035. Griffith, his second son, then had Caerleon, and fortified it. 1054 or 1057. — Griffith ap Rhydderch died, and was succeeded by his son Caradoc ap Griffith, who was living at the Norman conquest. This was the King Caradoc who assisted Harold against Griffith ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, and who is said to have destroyed a house the Saxon general was building at Portscuet, near Chepstow, in 1065, in revenge for the latter not having assisted him in recovering the principahty of South Wales. The four vills stated in Domesday to have been laid waste by King Caradoc were probably Harold's property. The Saxons, at this time, appear to have established themselves perma- nently on the west side of the Wye, judging from the entries in Domesday relating to this part of the country. No less than sixty-four vills are there mentioned as being then in the hands of the king's bailiffs, including the four which had been wasted by Caradoc ; and from the names of these bailiffs, they appear to have been all Saxons. The town of Caerleon paid a, rent of £7 10^. The above facts are borne out by the Liber Landavensis, which expressly states that, " When King AVilliam conquered England, Herwald was bishop of Landaf ; Cadogan ap Meuric reigned in Gwlad IMorgan, Caradoc (ap Griffith) in Ystradyw, Gwentuwchocd and Wentllwch and Rhydderch {i. e. Rhydderch Eras) in Ewyas and Gwent Iscoed, which said kings served King William, and died in his time." 10G9 or 1070. — Caradoc died, and his son Owen ap Caradoc succeeded in the lordship of Caerleon. 1094. — According to the Welsh chronicles, the Normans were completely t2 140 driven out of the country : probably, however, Gwent is not included in this statement ; for in 1113, Owen ap Caradoc stiU continued in his allegiance to the crown of England, and was actually intrusted with the defence of Caermarthen Castle, then in the hands of the Normans, against Griffith ap Rhys, prince of South Wales, but was killed in the assault. Owen, his son, according to a very apocryphal document published by Dugdale, is said to have succeeded to his father, and to have been despoiled of Caerleon almost imme- diately by Robert de Chandos, who came over with the Conqueror, and, as soon as he had secured Caerleon, founded the Priory of Goldclift. This is rather improbable ; for it does not appear likely that the Norman would be allowed to dispossess the heir of a tenant of the Crown who had lately fallen fighting in its behalf. Probably Robert de Chandos was only the owner of Goldclift, which was a mesne fee, or he may have held Caerleon under a temporary grant during the minority of Owen. Robert de Chandos died in 11 20, and was buried at Goldclift, leaving three sons, none of whom either succeeded to Caerleon or made any claim to it. This Owen ap Owen ap Caradoc (who is called in the above-named do- cument Owen Wan) probably laboured under some infirmity of body or mind, which rendered him incapable of succeeding to his inheritance. His brother Morgan ap Owen was lord of Caerleon in the reign of Henry I. 1157. — Morgan ap Owen was killed by Ivor ap Meyric, Lord of Sengen- nith or Caerphilly, who is said in the chronicle to have given the property to lorwerth, Morgan's brother. Some years after, Caerleon was taken by William Earl of Gloucester ; the intruders were, however, quickly driven out, and the town recovered by lorwerth. 1171. — Henry II., on his way to Ireland, seized Caerleon and placed a garrison there. lorwerth, however, mustered his forces and retook the town, but could not win the castle. Henry, on his return the following year, sent a safe conduct to the Welsh chieftain, and desired to meet him on the borders in order to conclude a peace with him. lorwerth sent his eldest son Owen to meet the king ; but he was waylaid and murdered by the garrison of Newport, which belonged to the Earl of Gloucester. Some of the young man's attendants escaped, and carried the news to lorwerth, who was also on the road. He immediately turned back, raised all the forces he could, and ravaged the estates of the Normans to the gates of Gloucester and Hereford. The following year he regained possession of the castle of Caerleon, and, with his son Howel, reduced the whole of Gwent Iscoed, except " the castle." This was probably Chepstow, the Welsh name for that town being Castell Gwent. 141 1174. — The town and castle of Caerleon were attacked, and, after a deter- mined resistance, taken by the Normans. Soon after this, however, lorwerth was reconciled to the king through the mediation of Rhys ap Griffith, Prince of South Wales, and, with several other Welsh noblemen, did homage to him at Gloucester, and had his estates restored to him. He died soon after, and was buried in Goldclift Priory. His son Howel ap lorwerth is generally called Howel of Caerleon, but it is uncertain whether he survived his father or not. He was the founder of Llantarnam Abbey. According to Giraldus, he was wounded in an attack made by the Normans on his castle of Usk, and died in consequence soon after — probably about 1178. His son, Morgan ap Howel, generally called Morgan of Caerleon, must have been quite a child at his father's death, as he survived hiin seventy years. For several years, I have found nothing relating to Caerleon. 1217. — According to the Welsh chronicles, William Marshal the elder got possession of the castle of Caerleon ; they do not state, however, in what manner ; but it appears that it was under a grant, real or pretended, from Morgan, in the following terms : — " Know all men present and to come, that I, Morgan, son of Howel, have given and granted, and by this my present charter confirmed to William jMarshal, Earl of Pembroke, and his heirs, the castle of Caerleon, with its appurtenances, to be holden of the Lord the King and his heirs, in capite, as Howel my father was accustomed to hold the said castle, with its appurtenances, justly and freely, and as I justly and freely do hold the said castle and its appurtenances as of the gift of the King. W^itnessed by Hubert de Burg, then justiciary of England ; Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford ; . . . . Ralph Fitz Nicholas, William de Gamage, and others." There is no date to this document, but it might be about the time men- tioned in the chronicles. It was confirmed by the King to William Marshal, jun., 12th Henry HI. (1228) ; and again to Gilbert Marshal, 19th Henry HI. (1235). What the Marshals claimed under this as the appurtenances of the castle we can only conjecture from what Morgan died seised of, which was but a small portion of the estate. We can hardly suppose that this grant of his pro])erty w^as voluntary on the part of Morgan. There can be little doubt, I think, that, if he ever executed such an instrument, he must have been acting under coercion. Indeed, it appears from an entry in the clause- rolls of the 4th of Henry HI., that he instituted some proceedings in the King's courts against Marshal to recover his property ; but the result does not appear. In 1223 the custody of the castle, &c., of Dyniock in Glou- cestershire was conunitted to Morgan. Whether this had anything to do with this affair or not, I am unable to say. It is clear that he never 142 entirely gave up his claim, for he seems to have fled to Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, and to have put himself under his protection. 1231. — Llewelyn attacked the castle and town of Caerleon, and, having captured them after an obstinate resistance, put all the garrison to the sword, and burnt the castle to the ground. I conjecture that it never was rebuilt. This year AVilliam Marshal the younger died, and was succeeded by his brother Richard, who made peace with Llewelyn, and joined him against the King. , 1234. — Richard Marshal was killed in Ireland. This year commissioners were appointed to meet at Montgomery to settle the disputes between the King and Llewelyn as to the castle of Caerleon. 1235. — Gilbert Marshal obtained the confirmation from the Crown of the castle of Caerleon : he also seized Machen Castle, which had belonged to Morgan, and fortified it. 1236. — Peace was made between the King and the Prince. The articles contain an express stipulation that all the lands and goods which Gilbert Marshal held belonging to Morgan should be restored to him ; this, how- ever, does not appear to have been done, at least to the full extent, as by Morgan's inquisition post mortem, 33 Henry III., he only died seised of the commotes of Eddlogan and Llyfnydd. The former is a weU-known manor near Pontypool. Llyfnydd is all that part of the lordship of Caer- leon which is in the level of Caldicot. It was formerly much more ex- tensive, and the commote of Iscoed Llyfnydd comprised the whole of the district now known as the hundred of Caldicot. These commotes subse- quently again became united with the lordship, of which they were con- sidered members. Morgan ap Howel having no male issue, but an only daughter Gwervil, the wife of Griffith ap Meredith Gethin, her son Mere- dith ap Griffith was found to be the heir ; and having proved his legitimacy, which was disputed, entered into possession of such part of the property as his grandfather had left; but of this he was forcibly dispossessed in 1272 or 1273, by Gilbert de Clare, during the absence of King Edward I. in the Holy Land. Meredith's son Morgan ap Meredith succeeded to no part of his father's property in Monmouthshire, except the little manor of Mamhilad, although the Welsh heralds continue to caU him Lord of Caerleon. Prom him, by the marriage of his only daughter Angharad with Llewelyn ap lyor *, the * [It is a curious circumstance that amongst the ruins of the castle at Caerleon an ancient "quarry" or diamond of glass was found bearing " Or a griffin (or, as it may probably be more correctly spelled, a gryphon), segreant sable." It was submitted to Oct. Morgan, Esq., M.P., 143 influential family of tlie present Lord Tredegar is descended. Upon this account I may perhaps be allowed to digress a little from the proper sub- ject of this paper to correct an error originating in the MS. pedigrees of the Arwydd Eeirdd, or Welsh heralds, and cooied from them in all the printed accounts of the county. In all these, Angharad is represented as heiress of Tredegar, and her husband as Lord of St. Clair ; and he is said to have acquired the former by his marriage. The reverse of this is the fact. Tredegar was the patrimonial estate of Llewelyn, with which his wife had nothing to do ; but she was Lady of St. Clair by inheritance from her father, who died seised of it (Inq. p. m., 5 Edward IIL), and her husband became its lord only on his marriage and in her right. Having thus traced the possession of Caerleon to the Anglo-Norman barons, I will beg now to present some brief remarks on the ecclesiastical establishments, including the famous college or school said to have existed here, on the few learned men whose names have come down to us as con- nected with it, and on the municipal institution. It is a generally received opinion that Caerleon was the seat of an arch- bishop from very early times, perhaps from the first introduction of Chris- tianity into Britain. No list of these archbishops which can be depended on has come down to us previous to Dubritius, in the fifth and sixth cen- turies. We are told, indeed, that the first who held the see was Saint Fagan, who was sent over by Pope Eleutherius, about the year 177, at the request of King Lucius ; this, however, seems to rest on little better foundation than pure imagination. A church in Glamorganshire is cer- tainly dedicated to a saint of this name ; but it is not known whether he was a bishop or a priest, or even in holy orders at all. His name occurs in some of the lists of Welsh saints ; but it is impossible to tell when or by whom these catalogues were originally compiled. No copy, I believe, is extant which can be proved older than the twelfth or thirteenth centur}', if any can be dated even so far back. who has kindly sent me the following note respecting it : — " This is the coat of Morgan ot Tredegar ; it was first borne by Llewellyn ap Ivor of Tredegar, who married Angharad, daughter and heiress of Sir Morgan Meredith. According to a pedigree of the Morgan family, now at Tredegar, signed by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux king of arms in the reign of Elizabeth, ' This Llewellyn, being in Spayne, did there many deedes of armes, for y" which he was honoured with this coate of armes, Gould, a griffon salyant sable, which coat his whole familye have used sythence, leaving their auncient coat, arg. three Bui's beds sable.' The field of the coat is diapered, and the figure of the grj-phon is very spirited ; the glass may be of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. This quarry most likely repre- sented the arms of the Llantarnam branch of the Morgans, which had considerable property in the town and neighboui'hood of Caerleon, and possibly may, at some time, have been in possession of the castle." A woodcut of it will be found as a vignette at the close of Mr. "Wakeman's paper. — J. E. L.] 144 It may be well to pass very briefly over the names of those archbishops of Caerleon respecting whom there is considerable doubt. St. Angulus, St. Gudwal, Adelphius, and Tremonus are all reported to have held the see ; the latter, though on no better authority than that of Geoffrey of Monmouth, is said to have lived in the time of Vortigern and Aurelius Ambrosius. Of Dubritius, who is supposed to have been the immediate successor of Tremonus, we have more certainty. He is said to have crowned King Arthur in 517 ; but though this is possible from the date, yet, at the risk of offending the prejudices of my countrymen, I must say that I look upon the whole story as a fable. Dubritius was probably born about 475, and died about 5G0, having resigned the metropolitan see to St. David between 522 and 529. The latter having^ removed to Menevia, the title of Arch- bishop of Caerleon was dropped. Dubritius is the reputed founder of several schools or colleges — amongst them one at Caerleon, in which, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, there were two hundred philosophers studying astronomy and the other sciences. Amongst the learned men who are reputed to have been members of this school or college are the following : — Bachiarius, who wrote several works, amongst others a defence of his pilgrimage to Rome, dedicated to Pope Leo the First. He was a divine and mathematician, cotemporary with Vortigern. Megantius was a philosopher and famous mathematician of Caerleon ; he was originally a member of the college of St. lUtyd, but afterwards of Caerleon, of w^hich, according to Rees, his father was principal. Melchinus, Melkin, or Maelgwyn, is said by Leland to have written a short history of Britain, interspersed with prophecies, " after the manner of his country." According to Asser, the students of Oxford claimed him as one of those who had formed rules and regulations for the government of their university. Whether this were so or not, it shows that he was held in some estimation as a learned man in the time of King Alfred. Talhearn was a pupil of Melchinus ; but none of his works are extant. Although not belonging to the school of Dubritius, yet, as a native of the town whence he took his name, I may mention John of Caerleon, of whom Leland gives a short account, by which it appears that he studied at Cambridge, w^here he excelled in philosophy, medicine, and mathematics, and wrote a work on astronomy in 1482, which was then extant. Nothing is said of his family ; so that we are left in the dark as to who he was. Giraldus Cambrensis tells us that in ancient times there were three fine chm'ches in the city, — one dedicated to Julius the martyr, graced with a choir of nuns ; another to Aaron his associate, ennobled with an order of 145 canons ; and the third distinguished as the metropohtan see of Wales. Sir Richard Hoare, in his translation of the ' Itinerary/ has the following note on this passage : — " I am inclined to think that two of them were in the neighbourhood of Caerleon, and not within the walls, whose limits were too confined to admit of so many ecclesiastical establishments." And he adds, "I have been informed, upon inquiry, that one of these churches was probably St. Alban's, in the parish of Christchurch ; and the other St. Quenoc, in the parish of Llangattock ; both of which are now in ruins." I entirely differ from the learned antiquary as to the limits being too confined ; many of our modern towns contain more churches on a much less area. I will instance, as a case in point, the ancient station of Glevum, or Gloucester, the extent of which within the Roman wall was about the same as Isca, and which before the Reformation contained seven churches, of which four are now standing, besides the abbey church and two other monasteries. Supposing that these churches were without the walls, it is extraordinary that he should fix upon St. Alban's for one of them, rather than St. Julian's, which corresponds in name with one of those mentioned by Giraldus. St. Quenoc, or more properly St. Gwenoc, also does not agree with any of the three names mentioned. I think they must have stood within the walls, although at present we are unable to point out their sites. The same observation applies to the cathedral, which could not have been the present church, dedicated to St. Cadoc, who flourished in the fifth and sixth centuries. The church of St. Gwenoc, mentioned by Hoare, was in existence at the Reformation. There are now no remains of it, and even the name is almost forgotten : it stood about a mile and a half from the town, in the angle between the Soar brook and the river Avon. It was granted in 10 James I. to Francis Morris and Francis Phelps. Gwenoc was a virgin saint of uncertain era, but probably of the fifth or sixth century. An abbey of the Cistercian order existed here at an early period: neither Dugdale nor Tanner could find any account of the date of its foundation, or the name of the founder. In 1252, Henry HI. granted to the abbot and monks of Caerleon freedom from tolls at Bristol. In Pope Nicholas's Taxation in 1291, the abbot of Caerleon is rated at £18 8*. 4:d. for lands, &c., in this county and Glamorgan. By charter 16 Edward II. 1323, the patronage of the Abbey of Caerleon was granted to Alicnora, wife of Hugh Ic Despcnscr, jun., and Gilbert thcii' son. After this I have found no fmther account of it. I strongly suspect that this was the same religious body that existed at Llantarnam at the Reformation, but which had originally been located in the town, at the place still called the Priory House. This appears probable, as they were of the same order ; u 146 and although we know that Llantarnam was founded prior to the death of lorwerth ap Owen about 1175, we find no mention of it either in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas, or in any other public record for several centu- ries afterwards. It is mentioned in one of the chronicles pubhshed in the * Myfyrian Archaiology' that Howel ap lorwerth founded the monastery of St. Deuma, that is, Llantarnam, in 1178. This is correct as to the founder, but I think it is not quite so as to the date. We have Howel's own statement that he was the founder, and that his father was then living. A charter of his, granting certain lands to the Abbey of Glastonbury, com- mences in these words : — " Be it known to all the faithful of the church of God, present and to come, clergy and laity, that I, Howel, son of lorwerth, son of Owen, with the assent and consent of my said father, for my own salvation and that of my parents and predecessors, and for the commuta- tion of the tithes Ensanternon (in Llantarnam), where I have settled white monks (ubi albos monachos institui), have given," &c. This document is, unfortunately, without date. The first monks brought here by Howel were, probably, placed in a house in the town, under a prior, while the abbey was being built ; and when they removed to their new residence, and the superior was advanced to the dignity of an abbot, he still continued his title of Caerleon, retaining his town-house as an occasional residence, but when not there leaving it in the occupation of a few monks under the superintendence of a prior. Besides this, we find no place called the abbey in the town ; nor have we any account, written or traditional, of any other monastic establishment here. I know of no other way to account for the name of the Priory House. In the valuations of the possessions of Llantarnam Abbey, at the Dissolution, I find no mention of any property in the town ; but it by no means follows that there was none. Omissions are not uncommon in these documents, which were apparently made up from the rent-rolls of the dif- ferent monasteries. Now, if the house were at the time in the actual occu- pation of the monks, it might very easily be overlooked, not appearing in their account-books ; or it may possibly be included in the rents of their manor of Magna Porta, an account of which I have, but it does not specify the parishes in which the several tenements were situated. From the expression " Ecdesia de Sando Cadocco cum capellis,'' fre- quently occurring in the records, it may be inferred that there were more churches in the parish than St. Cadoc's and St. Gwenog's. This matter has yet to be investigated. The town was formerly incorporated, — most probably by one of its own feudal lords, as was the case with all the towns in the Marches of Wales. If any copy of the charter exists, it may probably be found among the old 147 title-deeds of some neighbouring family. There are several royal charters amongst the Tower records ; but they relate solely to the exemption from tolls granted to the burgesses of Caerleon throughout the kingdom and Duchy of Aquitaine, and have nothing to do with the municipal offices or government of the town. All that I am prepared to state at present is that the chief officer had the title of mayor. There were two bailiffs and a coroner. The names of several of these functionaries I have met with as witnesses to old deeds. A curious letter from the mayor and burgesses of Caerleon to the mayor of Monmouth is preserved in the Cotton MSS. in the British Museum, and has been published by Sir Henry Ellis. The corporate seal bore a tower or castle on a shield semee of fleurs- de-lis. T. W. " Quarry " found in the ruins of Caerleon Castle (see note, page 143). 148 APPENDIX. LIST OF ANTIQUITIES IN THE CASE FOR "OBJECTS OF ILLUSTRATION AND COMPARISON" NOT FOUND AT CAERLEON OR THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. Human jaw found in a barrow between Monkton and Abury. Mr. Geo. G. Goodwin. Collection of eleven ancient Greek vases, &c., once the property of the late Col. Lewis, of St. Pierre. In the sale -catalogue they were said, in error, to have been found at Caerleon, and to have been presented to Col. Lewis by the late John Pritchard, Esq., of Caerleon. There can be no doubt, however, of this being a mistake. Vase of Egyptian (?) manufacture. J. E. L. Ornamented lamp of red earthenware, with two nozzles ; from Pompeii. Rev. Geo. Fyler Townsend, M.A., Vicar of Leominster. Bronze figure found in excavating for the sewers near St. Paul's Churchyard, London. G. W. Niclioll, Esq. Specimen of blue and white mottled glass, brought from Rome. Rev. 0. W. King. Two red earthenware lamps, from Italy (?). J. E. L. Roman mural plaster, painted, found in London. C. Roach Smith, Esq. Twenty-two Roman copper coins, about the age of Constantine, found near Beaumaris. Mrs. Mytton. Stamped brick or tile, said to have come from Sicily ; REG D N THEODO RICO BONO ROME. J. E. L. Shoes, and parts of shoes, of the time of Henry VIII., found in London. C. Roach SmitJi, Esq. Five knives of the time of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, found in London. C. Roach Smith, Esq. Impression of a seal dug up at Road, Wiltshire, S lOHIS DE EDDINGLEVA PBRI. Mr. Geo. G. Goodwin. Four brass spoons, found in London. Oct. Morgan, Esq. M.P. THE END. 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