Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/ceramicartreportOOblak International Exhibition, \’iex\a, 1873. Ceramic %xi: A REPORT ON POTTERY, PORCELAIN, TILES, TERRA- COTTA AND BRICK, WITH A TABLE OF MARKS AND MONOGRAMS, A NOTICE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS FOR POTTERY, CHRONICLE OF EVENTS, ETC., ETC. By william P. BLAKE, United States Centennial Comvtissioner, and Delegate to the Internaiianal yury. Group /., Vieutia. [JFrom tijc Uolume of I^cports of tijc fHnssarijusctts Comuission to Lirnna.] NEW YORK: D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 23 Murray St. and 27 Wakrkn St. 'S75 CONTENTS Page I. Gen'ehal Survey. Progress and Capacity of the Potter’s Art, ..... 8 Necessity for Instruction in Art, ....... 9 Museums of Ceramic Products, ....... 12 Commercial Value of Artistic Skill, ...... 13 Influence of Japanese Art, ....... 14 Pottery in the United States, . . . . . . . 15 Classification of Pottery, ........ 23 II. Porcelain and Faience. FiXhibition from Great Britain, . . . . . . . ’ 25 Pate Changeante, ......... 27 Henri-Deux Ware 28 French Exhibitors, ......... 36 Interior Decoration in Enamel, ....... 37 Slabs for Insertion in Furniture, ....... 40 Sevres Porcelain, ......... 41 Sevres as a School of Art, ........ 42 Hard and Soft Porcelain, ........ 43 Pate-sur-pate, ......... 44 Casting or Pouring Porcelain Body, ...... 45 Stone China, ......... 47 Prussia, .......... 49 Russia, .......... 54 Austria and other Countries, ....... 55 Majolica, .......... 61 Capo-di-Monti Ware, ........ 62 Incised or Sgrafflato Ware, . . . . . • . . 6.3 Miaco Faience, ......... 66 Cloissonee Enamels, ........ 67 III. Floor, Wall, and Ornamental Tit.kk. Manufacture of Tiles in Great Britain, ...... 69 Varieties of Tiles, . . . ... . . . . 73 Encaustic and Enamelled Tiles in Decoration, . • . . . . 7<> Memorial and Mortuary Tablets, ....... 77 Building Tal>lets, ......... 78 Dutch Tiles, .......... 8.3 Fretich Tiles atid Plaques, . ....... 81 Indian Tiles, ......... 86 Spanish Tiles, ......... 87 Laying and Seffitig Tiles, ........ 87 Mosaic Pavements and Pictures, ....... 89 Roofing Tiles, ......... 91 Stove Tiles, .......... t>2 4 CONTENTS. Page IV. Terra-Cotta. — Brick. Brick ludustiy, — United States, ....... 95 Terra-cotta at Vienna, ........ 97 Vienna Brick, ......... 103 Ditlimer’s Brick and Cia)’ Company, ...... 108 Bricks of Various Forms, . . . . . . . . 109 Perforated Brick, ......... Ill Ptcfractory Bricks, Retorts, Crucibles, etc., . . . . . 115 Hollow Brick, ......... 119 Sizes of Bricks, ......... 122 Hoffmann's Furnace, ........ 127 V. Materials for Pottery. Clays and their Distribution in the United States, . . . . 128 Ciiina Clay, — England, ........ 132 Enamels and Colors for Pottery and Porcelain, .... 133 Marks akd Monograms, Porcelain and Faience. . . . 135 Chronological Table of the Sevres Productions, ... 140 Chronicle of the Principal Events Directly Connected with the Manufacture of Pottery, ....... 141 Titles of Works on Pottery and Porcelain Consulted in the Preparation of the Report, 144 ERRATA. Owing to the absence of the author, the proofs could not be submitted to him, and a few errors, chiefly of proper names, require correction. Page 32 and 49. For jaspar read jasper. 40. For Pallisey read Palissy. 48. For Yillcrry read Villeroy. 48. For Sarroguimines read Sarreguemines. 53. For Nygcn read V^ygen. 57. For Deak read Denk. 65. For “ masters ” read “ musters.” 84. For Callinot read Coliinot. 85. For Parrillez read Parvillee. 89. 16th line from bottom of page, for form read firm. 90. Transpose the second and third paragraphs. 93. For Ceute read Cente. 94. For Bezisk read' Bezirk. 126. For Bonneaville read Bonneville, EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. CERAMIC ART AT THE YIENNA EXPOSITION. By WILLIAM P. BLAKE. I. Genekal Survey, The potter’s art, one of the most ancient and the most universal of all, connects itself on the one hand with geology and chemistry, and on the other with painting and sculpture. It is the outgrowth of one of the primal necessities of man’s existence, — the preparation and distribution of food, — and is thus intimately identified with domestic and social life. Its productions, though so fragile, are perhaps the most en- during of man’s handiwork. The objects that have outlived history are to lie viewed not only as specimens of the condi- tion of the art at the time of their production, but as expo- nents of the habits, the domestic life, and the aesthetics of races long since passed away. There is no other material which can be so readily impressed with the conception of the artist as "clay in the hands of the potter.” Progress and Capacity of the Art. Such an art should progress measurably in the same ratio as civilization. That it has so progressed is evident to all who saw its representation in the halls of the great Exhibi- tion at Vienna in 1873. The most general and striking im- pression produced by a systematic survey of what was shown there, was the vitality of the art and the high degree of excellence it has reached, not only in one or two countries, but in many. The rapid progress in the manufacture of por- celain and earthenware in several countries since the com- mencement of the era of industrial exhibitions, shows the capacity of the art for development in any country. Excel- lence is by no means confined to any .section or to any special CERAMIC ARTS — GENERAL SURVEY. 9 source of materials. Chemistry has so far unlocked the secrets of the manufacture that it is no longer confined in empirical bands or limited in its range or locality. A few decades ago the knowledge of the details of compounding the materials for porcelain-ware, or for the glaze and decoration, was centered in but few persons. It was guarded as a secret ; and the death of a master was perhaps the death of his art in the range of his labors ; but now principles survive individuals, the art is universal, and seems established on an enduring basis. Chemistry has also given pottery a new life, and has enlarged the range of its uses, and has extended its capacity for decorative and ornamental purposes. The great capacity of the potter’s art for advancement in many important directions is one of its greatest attractions. The increasing use of fictile productions for ornamentation, not only in the interiors of our houses, but in the exteriors, in the form of enamelled tiles, plaques, medallions, terra-cotta ornaments, and bricks of various forms and colors, is highly gratifying, and marks a new era in the modern development of ceramics. But the capacity and known possibilities of the art are far beyond the artistic sense and appreciation of the people. Necessity for Instruction in Art. What is now needed is not so much the possession of materials, of knowledge, or even of artistic skill, as the elevation of the public taste, so as to create an appreciative and large demand for the products of higher efi’orts and greater skill. The manufacturers need encouragement and appreciation. The industry requires an artistic sense among the consumers of its products. If the public will not buy superior goods, the manufacturer cannot make them without loss. It is true that to a certain extent manufacturers should lead public taste ; and no doubt their duty in this resi)cct is not always appreciated by them, but it is well understood by some of the great establishments abroad, and they arc reap- ing rich rewards. Wedgwood, in striking out a new path, not only secured immediate support, but established a impu- tation of far greater value. Palissy’s art survives him and is the basis of an extensive industry. But the pco[)le generally 2 10 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. yet need to know more of pottery as an art to secure a fliir appreciation of novelties and to stimulate progress. A great ()l)struction to progress is the servile following of others, the constjmt reproduction of old forms and old designs — imita- tions rather than novelties. The high development and perfection of the ceramic art in Europe is due in a great degree to the establishment of por- celain works under government protection and favor, and the rivalries between them. Each establishment became a school of art, producing models for imitation, launching out into unknown tields, experimenting and perfecting without regard to the demands of trade, — being raised above them and inde- pendent of them. They became leaders of public taste, and their influence was strengthened by the patronage of royalty and court circles. The Exhibition in 1851 revealed to Great Britain its mani- fest inferiority in artistic manuhictures ; and it did not take long to ascertain that the' cause was the neglect of art educa- tion amongst the people, while the continental artisans were taught with the greatest care, and familiarized from their }'outh with the choicest productions of ancient and modern art. It was conceded that the art schools and museums of France exercised a great influence upon the manufactures of the country. England saw that to compete with such a rival great efforts must be made, and that the people must be edu- cated. The government took the matter in hand ; it was studied and reported upon by government commissions, money was freely appropriated, museums Avere founded, and a Department of Science and Art established as a branch of the government. The favorable influence of these efforts was apparent in Baris in 1867 ; it Avas still more evident in the London Ex- hibition in 1871, and Avas abundantly shown at Vienna. Great Britain, from a position of mediocrity in 1851, has risen to a commanding position in the potter’s art, standing to-day in the front rank, not only as regards excellence of materials and manufacture, but in artistic skill. All this is full of teaching to the educators of the United States. Ceramic industry, as Ave shall presently see, is CERAMIC ARTS GENERAL SURVEY. 11 already established here, but, though in its infancy, gives promise of a great future. Its growth can be greatly and advantageously modified by a little well-directed effort. Art education is not only required by potters, but by all artisans, and by the people generally. It not only produces skilled specialists, but becomes diffused and raises the stand- ard of public taste, increasing the appreciation of the public and the demand for really meritorious works, thus reacting beneficially upon the industries. There is a great multiplicity of sources of designs for orna- ments at the present day ; and the facilities now afforded for copying and reproducing the most precious artistic works of the past should cause them to be seen everywhere. Every town should have its art-gallery and its classes for drawing and modelling. The children in our public schools should not lose such influences as may be exerted by the possession of sets of casts of architectural decorations, of sculpture and bas-reliefs, all of which may be procured for little above the cost of the materials and transportation. The general influ- ence of art museums abroad is not to be lightly estimated. They are exerting a gentle and imperceptible, but a most powerful, influence upon the culture of the communities in which they are located. Who can estimate the influence ex- erted by the South Kensington Museum upon its millions of visitors? And we are not to lose sight of the influence, also, of the great exhilutions which bring together in friendly rivalry the master-efforts of the most skilful artisans of the time, and afford the conservators of museums their richest harvests of novelties and gems of excellence from all lands. These are the most powerful of all agencies in the education of the people, and they afford the most salutary stimulus to the artistic industries, especially when the producers have access to typical examples of the best efforts in their arts by the generations that have passed away. The effect of museums and systematic art ediieation in France is spoken of by the reporters on porcelain in 1871, as follows: "The tradition of past generations of art-workers still lives in France and is kept alive, not only l>y countless examples of their skill, happily preserved in many noble museums, but also by a systeniatiz(‘d (Mlncation of artists. EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. which iilone is capable of directing onward in its proper course and maintaining constant, a National School of Art.” Museums of Ceramic Productions. What we specially need, then, in the industry to which th(3se pages are devoted, is a well-chosen collection of all the best examples of the potter’s art, in all ages, and from every country. New York already has the nucleus or commence- numt of such a collection | in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where the unrivalled collection of De Cesnola presents a great wealth of examples in earthenware and terra-cotta, of tlie Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans. This is sup- })lemented by a Loan Museum, chiefly from the private col- lection of Mrs. W. C. Prime, in which there are excellent s})ecimens of new and old Sevres, Dresden, Austrian, and English porcelain, of delft ware and Saracenic tiles. A somewhat similar collection exists in the Athenseum, Boston, and contains some excellent examples of old Sevres, Chinese ware, pdte-sur-pdte^ an imitation of Henri-deux ware, etc., some of which were obtained at the Yienna Exhibition. . These museums are already exerting an influence upon the public in directing attention to the preservation of old and curious pieces of porcelain and the formation of private col- lections. Although many such collections are made merely for tlie sake of getting together odd and rare bits of old china to which a fanciful value is attached, without any comprehension of the nature of the art, or its history, the weakness is by no means to be discouraged, for sooner or later the possession of the objects leads the owner to look beyond them to their origin, and to a comparison of the products in all their quali- ties of material, form, and decoration, *Magniac and Soden Smith, On Porcelain, Lon. Exhib., 1871, I., p. 258. t An important portion of this collection consists of over 4,000 earthenware vases, discovered in ancient tombs at Idalinm, a Phoenician city which was conquered by the Greek colonists of Cyprus several centuries before Christ. These vases are per- fect in form and fresh in color, and are ornamented according to the fancy of the potter, without any special regard to their size or capacity. The colors are generally only two ; a dark brown, almost black, and a purple red. This last appears to have been produced by an oxide of copper, and the brown by umber, an earth which occurs abundantly in Cyprus. The decorative patterns are usually coneentric circles and chequered designs, sometimes intermingled with the lotus. CERAMIC ARTS — GENERAL SURVEY. 13 Those who are disposed to make a study of this fascinating subject may derive great assistance from a collection of typi- cal examples of modern productions that can readily he made by themselves at no very great cost. For such an under- taking, students in the United States have great facilities, in consequence of the very general representation of the chief manufactures abroad in the large stocks of ware kept on hand in our principal cities. There are, at least, two establish- ments — that of Mr. liichard Briggs in Boston, and of Messrs. Tyndale and Mitchell in Philadelphia — which may be re- garded as museums of the art; for the proprietors, being enthusiasts in their specialty, take great pains to collect and retain examples of all varieties of manufacture and decora- tion, and even make visits to Europe to secure representative examples and novelties. Commercial Value of Artistic Skill. The United States are destined to become the best market in the world for artistic productions. This results from the very general distribution of wealth among the people and the desire to adorn their homes with the same class of objects sought and admired in communities of riper civilization and culture. Money, for a time at least, anticipates apprecia- tion ; but the latter, as already shown, is sure to follow. • Economists should not lose sight of the expanding fields of industrial effort which are opened in every direction by in- creased appreciation of, and demand for, artistic productions amongst the people. It leads to a great variety of manufac- tures and a rapid increase of wealth. Whole communities are sustained abroad in the production of trivial ornaments. When we consider, also, the great increase in value with which the commonest materials may be endowed by a little artistic skill, we do not hesitate to recognize the commercial value of such skill to the country. The clay which is so abundant under our feet is transformed by the potter into an object of beauty. A single slab of earthenware, which may be produced for a few cents, becomes of almost priceless value in the hands of the artist. The enamels of l^irvillce and the plaques shown by Deck in the exhibition are exam- ples. The prices which such olqects cummand are aston- 14 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. ishing to those accustomed to the merely utilitarian view of tilings. The British artisan who reported upon the pottery, ill mentioning Deck’s beautiful plaques, says: ” The most attractive were several large round plnques, about two feet across, painted with large female heads and other decora- tions. I saw one of them was bought by an English manu- lacturer. The price paid was £200. Here is an example of art workmanship I This dish, which realized such a large amount, could be made and sold by the gentleman who l)ought it for about tvvo shillings ; and the artist, with his labor, has made it worth £200 I ” Influence of Japanese Art. In the early periods of the introduction of oriental porce- lain, and its attempted reproduction in Europe, Japanese and Chinese designs in decoration were closely followed. This is true to a great degree now. The great influx of eJapanese forms in such quaint and novel variety, since the modern opening of that country to trade, has had a great influence upon the styles of decoration now in vogue. It is the new Held for the decorative artists of Europe, and close attention and study have been given to the spirit of Japanese art. We find tli(3 results in the porcelains of the Royal Worcester works, in the doisonnee enamels of the English and French sections, in the bronzes, and in the decorative pottery and porcelain of other countries. Meantime, we see the Japanese striving to imitate English and French forms and ornaments in table and toilet services, instead of more strongly developing and impressing their own peculiar and admirable styles upon their wares. This is one cause of the decadence of Japanese art ; another, as pointed out beyond, is the demand for quan- tity and cheapness at the sacrifice of quality in their products. Lithography and Photography Tributary to Decoration. Lithography is now made subservient to the decoration of porcelain. A wide and inviting field is thus opened, espe- cially to potters in the United States, it being possible to pro- duce pictures in this way that few persons, even those familiar with the art, can distinguish from hand paintings. Such decorations may replace, and at no greater cost, the crude, CERAMIC ARTS GENERAL SURVEY. 15 grotesque daubs which have so long seemed inseparable from all low-priced decorated ware. Photography also is now tributary to the decoration of por- celain. The beautiful examples exhibited by Julius Leith, of Vienna, may here be specially referred to. A series of plates were ornamented by photographs, apparently from life, as perfect as upon paper, and seemingly so Avell fixed on or under the glaze as not to be liable to injury by use. When we think upon what has*been accomplished by the Woodworth process of relief printing from photographs, it seems more than probable that transfers in indelible colors of such pictures may be made upon porcelain at no greater cost than for ordi- nary crude engravings. All that appears to be necessary is to have a very fine metallic pigment and a surface sufficiently smooth to receive the most delicate films when transferred fi'om the relief plate to a suitable paper, which can be im- pressed upon the porcelain, and then removed with water and friction, leaving the ink adhering to the wuire, exactly as is now practised with copperplate engravings. • Pottery in the United States. For the manufacture of pottery in the United States there is no lack of the best materials. Not only are extensive de- posits of clay already known and worked, but it is probable that when attention is more generally given to the subject, other deposits will be brought to light. The art in America is of extreme antiquity amongst the aboriginal tribes, especially in Mexico, Central America, and in the. western part of the United States. At the DeUnvare Water Gap specimens of cups, of good form and rudely dec- orated, have been washed out, with stone implements.^ The clay images of Mexico and the remarkable pottery of Peru are well known. It is important to note that in these exiim- ples, as in the ancient pottery of Arizona and Mexico, great attention was given to decoration. In the early attempts at the manufacture of i)orcelain in The vessels foinul in the ancient inonnds of the M is,sissii)i>i A alley ari' con^iihavd 1)V Professor Cox to be fonned of a. calcareous cement, and not of l)iirncd clay. They are not, therefore, in the usual sense of the word. 16 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Great Britain attention was directed to the American colonies as a source of the materials. In the year 1745, William Cook- worthy wrote that he had seen samples of kaolin and petiinse found on the ” back of Virginiti,” and that the discoverer had gone tor a cargo of it. In 1765, Caleb Lloyd, residing in Charleston*, South Carolina, sent a box of porcelain earth to the Worcester porcelain works, saying that it had been obtained in the mountains some four hundred miles west, in the country of the Cherokees. '^ Ihere appears to have been much interest manifested in this discovery, and the clay was pronounced to be superior to that obtained in Cornwall ; but, being without the undecomposed portions of rock, it could not be made into porcelain. Miss Meteyard, in her life of Wedgwood, mentions the custom of merchants and captains to take in samples of clay and other earthy bodies on their return voyages, particularly from the ports of the two Carolinas, Georgia and Florida. | Bently supplied Wedgwood with clay imported from Pensa- cola, a port with which he had fi*ading relations. Wedg- \L)od also received a sample of the South Carolina clay, and wrote that '"it would require some peculiar management to avoid the difficulties attending the use of it.” As early as 1770 it became evident to the British potters that the pottery industry might be started in America to the detriment of their trade, and Wedgwood wrote as fol- lows : — The trade to our colonies we are apprehensive of losing in a few years, as they have set on foot some pot works there already, and liave at this time an agent amongst ns hiring a number of our hands for establishing new pot works in South Carolina. They have every material there, equal, if not superior to our own, for carrying on that manufacture. We cannot help apprehending such consequences from these emigrations as make us very uneasy for onr trade and })rosperity.” Porcelain works were soon after started near Philadelphia, but with little success in competition with the established maiiutacture in England, although some very good porcelain *“Two Centuries of Ceramic Art in Bristol,” pp, 8-13. t Meteyard’s Life of Wedgwood, p. 367. CERAMIC ARTS — GENERAL SURVEY. 17 was produced. Porcelain was made near Philadelphia as late as the years 1849 and 1850, but the works were not sustained. The manufacture is now reported at Phoenixville, Pa., and exists at Greenport, N. Y., where table and toilet ware is made. The industry, especially in the direction of earthenware, and the common cheap pottery, such as Kockiugham, yellow- ware and stoneware, has increased rapidly of late years, under the stimulus afforded by the tariff and the premium on gold. According to the last census there were 777 establishments for the manufacture of stone and earthen ware distributed throiisrh O the several states, the highest numbers being 170 in Ohio, and 1 98 in Pennsylvania. Only fifteen are reported in j\Iassachu- setts. Eighty-two steam-engines, with an aggregate of 1,586 horse-power, were in use, besides eight water-wheels of 122 horse-]fower. Hands employed, 6,116; capital invested, $5,294,398 ; amount paid in wages, $2,247,173 ; materials are valued at $1,702,705 ; value of the products, $6,045,536. The number of persons reporting their occupation as potters is 5,060. In the State of Massachusetts alone, the fifteen establish- ments, with twenty-three horse-power steam and forty horse- power water, employ 160 hands, and produce to the value of $244,493 annually. The following are the chief points at which the potteries ^e located: — In New Jersey, at Trenton, Jersey City and Gloucester. In Ohio, at East Liverpool and Cincinnati ; New York, in the city and at Flushing and Greenpoint, L. I. ; Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and Pittsburg; Illinois, Peoria; Maryland, Baltimore ; Massachusetts, Boston ; and in ^Missouri, at St. Louis. In 1872, it was estimated that there were 148 kilns in seven States, capable of })roducing at the rate of $30,000 annually per kiln, which would amount to $4,440,000 per annum, and would use 75,000 tons of coal, and 75,000 tons of clays and other materials. The industry has taken root (irmly in New Jerseys at Tren- ton, and bids fair to thrive perinaueiitly. That locality oilers the advantages of extensive deposits of the finest clays, cheap transportation by water, as well as l)y rail ; and the proximity 3 18 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. to the coal region and to two large cities, combine to foster its growth, and to make the locality the Staffordshire of the United States. The pioneei'S of the industry at Trenton were Mr. Steiner, a German, and Mr. Young, an Englishman. In 18G1, there were but five small potteries. In 1868, there were seventeen, with an aggregate of fifty-three kilns, with a capacity, if fully worked, of, — Number of hands, ...... 1,200 Tons of coal consumed annually, . . . 18,000 Tons of prepared clay, ..... 20,000 Average production of each kiln, . . . $25,000 Capital invested, ...... $1,250,000 jMr. Ilattersley, one of the pioneers in the manufiicture of pottery in Trenton, wrote in 1868 : — ‘‘The writer, after travelling over the States of New York, Con- necticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Ohio, in search of proper materials and the best place for its manufacture, concluded that Trenton, New Jerse}", was the place, situated, as it is, between the two great markets, New York and Philadelphia; health}", and the State abounding with fine clays and convenient for the collection of all other materials, such as coal, kaolin, flint, sand, felspar, bone, etc., by canal or railroad.” There are now some tw"enty establishments and sixty kilns, producing crockery, chiefly white "stone-china,” to the annual value of $1,500,000 to $2,000,000. When in full operation* they employ from 1,200 to 1,500 hands, and consume from 25,000 to 30,000 tons of coal. One of the largest establish- ments, the Glasgow pottery of Mr. Moses, covers about four acres of ground, and has six large kilns in operation. The manufadure is confined chiefly to the finer sorts of stone- china, fully equal to any imported; but, we regret to note,. 'it is stamped w"ith British marks, in order to meet the prejudice of the consumers in favor of imported ware. But this we believe is passing away, and the time will soon arrive when the trade-marks of American establishments will command respect and preference. It is altogether possible that the United States, holding the greater part of the available coal CERAMIC ARTS— GENERAL SURVEY. 19 of the world, in contiguity with illimitable supplies of the best and most varied clays and potting materials, and having unusual attractions for skilled and ordinary labor, will soon commence the export to less favored regions. Meantime, the home market is expanding faster than the rate of supply from home sources. Notwithstanding the gradual extension of the industry in the United States, the importation of pottery amounts to about $6,000,000 annually, and is steadily increasing, as will be seen from the following statement furnished for the report, at my request, by Edward Young, Esq., chief of the bureau of statistics, Washington. Statement of value of Earthen^ Stone and China ivare fmported into the United States during the years ended June 30, 1869 to 1873, inclusive. 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, $4,372, 60'7 4,388,771 4,681,376 5,270,785 6,015,945 Aggregate in five years, .... $24,729,484 The value of the different kinds of pottery for three years in succession, with the amount of duties paid, has been as follows Statement of the Quantity^ Value and Duty of Earthemoare and Porcelain entered into Conmmption in the Pnited States. CERAMIC ARTS — GENERAL SURVEY. 21 We are to consider, however, the difficulties under which we labor; the possession of the coal, the clay, the transporta- tion and an expanding market are not sufficient ; we need the labor and the enterprise to bring these dormant sources of wealth together. As in Wedgwood’s time, there are those who think this can be done but in Great Britain, and that we should send our clay, our sand, and our coal, over the ocean to be worked into objects for our daily use. The writer of Wedgwood’s life, published in 1865, says : — “ No country situated as America then was, and is now, with her civilization thrust centuries back b}" the curse of blind and intem- perate party strife and internecine war, can hope to gain perfection in an art. A countiy in this condition gains most by the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods.” As yet we have barely begun to explore for and to under- stand the varied sources of potters’ materials which are known to exist all over the country. y There is no need of looking for anjdhing connected with the art, unless it be the artistic inspiration to be gained by contact with older civilization and the artistic culture which isdhe inheritance of mankind. American materials are more and more brought into use at the American potteries, to the exclusion of those formerly imported. In Chester County, Pennsylvania, and its vicinity, there are establishments for mining, washing and preparing kaolin or line china clay, equal to any from Cornwall, in Enfifland. There are valuable beds of such clay • in South Carolina, Georgia, and in Illinois in Pope County, at wdiicli last-named place a superior clay is obtained and is highly valued at the Ohio potteries and others. There is an abundance of fine quartz and felspar rock thromrhout the Eastern and Middle States, and mines have been opened in Maine, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Mills to crush and grind these materials, witli expensive machinery, have been erected at several points on the Susquehanna, at Trenton, and on the Connecticut, and in various places in the AYest. 22 EXPOSITIOJT AT VIENNA. Decoration of Porcelain and Earthenware. Tlie decorations of plain white china and earthenware, in colors, is a branch of the potter’s art which is assuming con- siderable importance in the United States, chiefly in conse- quence of the protection afforded by the tariff, the duties being ad valorem, and, of course, much less upon plain white Avare than upon the same Avith the costs of decoration added. It is not alone services for the table, plates, tea-sets, etc., Avhich are thus ornamented, but toilet-sets, and especially set basins and other ceramic plumbers’ Avare and fittings. There arc several establishments in Ncav York, Boston, Philadelphia and the West, particularly in Chicago, Avhere quite an exten- sive business is established in decorating and matching broken sets of china or stoneware. Some attention has also ‘been o’iven at the East to the decoration of tiles. Mr. Staring, of Chicago, has successfully established the business of decorating porcelain in the West. He not only succeeds Avell with plain colors and gilding, but with flowers and fruit. Pieces of costly sets, that are accidently broken, are replaced by taking plain white pieces and decorating them to match the rest. Toilet sets, pitchers, mugs and dinner services, are decorated to order. A business of con- siderable proportions is being established in this Avay. Some parties in New Haven and New York propose to decorate Avare by machinery, on a large scale, under patents issued to S. ,J. Hoggson. An organization has been formed under the title of "American Enamel Decorating Company.” The process consists in a rapid transfer of designs from roll- ers to the object to be decorated. It is claimed that the Avork can be done with great rapidity and accuracy, and at very little cost. Baaiifications of the Potter’s Art. The folloAving list of trades engaged in the potters and con- nected arts in Great Britain, is suo;o;estive and interestino* : — •' oo o Brick and Tile makers. BroAAOi Stone potters. Chemical potters. Chimney Top manufacturers. China and EarthenAvare manufac- turers. China gilders. China menders. CERAMIC ARTS — GENERAL SURVEY. 23 China Riveters. China and Porcelain Door Furni- ture makers. China and Porcelain manufacturers. China drillers. China Figure manufacturers. China Ornament makers. China painters and gilders. China Toy makers. Drain Pipe and Tile makers. Earthenware Figure manufacturers. Earthenware manufacturers. Egyptian Black - ware manufac- turers. Encaustic Tile makers. Fancy Jug manufacturers. Fire Brick makers. Jug manufacturers. To these may be added the in Great Britain by an active < Brick and Tile Machine makers. Brick Makers’ Implement manufac- turers. Brick Mould makers. Grinding Mill makers. Kiln builders. Machinists in general. Pug Mill makers. Potters’ Wheel makers. Melting Pot and Crucible makers. Muffle manufacturers. Parian manufacturers. Plumbers’ Pottery makers. Porcelain Letter makers. Porcelain manufacturers. Potters. Potters’ engravers. Rockingham Ware manufacturers. Stone Bottle makers. Stone Mortar and Pestle manufac- turers. Stone potters. Stoneware manufacturers. Terra-Cotta makers. Tobacco Pipe makers. Vase manufacturers. ollowing occupations sustained eramic industry : — Ash merchants. Chert Stone dealers, China Clay merchants. Clay merchants. Flint millers. Manganese merchants. Marble Clay merchants. Pipe Clay manufacturers. Zaffres refiners. Classification of Pottery. The word 'pottery in its widest sense, and as used in this Keport, is a very comprehensive term, including all fictile productions of which clay is the chief material. This wide range of products may be grouped under two grand divisions — the Earthy and the • Vitreom. Of the first, ordinary earthenware and faience arc examples ; and of the second, porcelain or china. The chief characteristics of the enrtliy division are, as the name indicates, an earthy substance, porosity, infusibility, opacity and comparative softness; of the vitreous, a vitreous substance, fusibility, translucency and comparative hardness. 24 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. The eartlw group incliicles faience, terra-cotta, bricks, etc. Faience is also a comprehensive term, taking in all varieties of earthenware stoneware, etc., and comprises two chief classes, the glazed and the unglazed. The objects may also be gronjied as hard faience, and soft faience, stoneware being an example of the former; but the classification accord- ing to the glaze, or superficial coating, is to be preferred. Of glazes, which consist of a composition much more fusible than the body of the ware, there are many varieties. All, however, have this in common, that they may become more or less fluid in the furnace, and cover the porous surfiice of the paste or body, giving a vitreous surface when cold. They are all more or less siliceous, but the substance giving the fusil )ility may be an alkali, or metallic oxide, usually oxide of lead, or of zinc, or oxide of tin. The alkalies and lead give a transparent glaze, and oxide of tin gives an opaque glaze or enamel, and objects covered with it are described as enamelled.^ A common and cheap method of glazing hard faience is by throwing salt into the kiln while the objects are hot. The soda comifines with the silica in the ware, and a vitreous glaze, known as salt-glaze, results. For this Report an arbitrary grouping is preferred, chiefly with a view to convenience of description. The objects are grouped according to their uses rather than by their material or manufacture. The faience and porcelains of the principal countries are first considered ; next, the mural and floor tiles, as a distinct and largely represented branch of ceramic industry; third, terra-cotta, bricks, etc.; and fourth, the materials used and their distribution. In each of these divis- ions there Avas a profuse representation in the Exposition ; and a thorough, critieal, and explanatory description Avould have required much more space and time than have been at com- mand. In general, only the salient features are touched upon. The writer has, as far as possible, brought prominently forward the names of the prineipal exhibitors, recognizing in this the discharge of a duty to them as well as to the public. Every exhibitor at a great exhibition, Avho makes a display worthy of the occasion, does so at no small outlay of time and money, and he is justly entitled to all of the advantages PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 25 which such participation can give ; and one of the greatest of these advantages is publicity through the reports. It has been impossible to notice all that was interesting in this group. Many important displays have not been men- tioned, partly for reasons already given, and, in some cases, from the difficulty or impossibility of obtaining any informa- tion concerning them. In the absence of exhibitors or their agents, and the presence of the notice, — "Visitors are not allowed to touch the objects,” — little can be learned that is afterwards available in a report. The reporter would .here direct the attention of exhibitors in future, exhibitions to the importance of preparing a concise printed statement of the chief ’facts concerning their products, for the information of those whose attention is specially directed to them. Such facts and descriptions can be verified by examination, and modified, if need be, to conform to the opinions of the exam- iner. With such information at hand, the exhibitor need not always be present, and will, in any case, be spared many questions while benefiting the public as well as himself. Some idea of the great extent of the exhibition in the ce- ramic department may be gained from the fact that over one hundred and sixty awards were made. The number of ex- hibitors was of course much greater, but I have not been able to obtain it. In the British section* alone, there were thirty- six'. II. POBCELAI^s^ A ^T> FaIENCE. GREAT BRITAIN. The ceramic productions were the most salient features of the exhibition from the United Kingdom. They occupied the most favored place in the grand transept, next to the superb metal work of the Messrs. Elkington. They gave the most gratifying evidence of the substantial growth of the artistic element in Britain. This advance, together with that shown in the rnetal-work referred to, in the furniture, carpet- ings, and decorative art generally, may be acc(‘pted as the result, in great part, of the etlorts, since the KxhiI)i(ion of 1851, for general art-education in Great I>ritain. 4 26 EXrOSITION AT VIENNA. 'When, in 1762, the people of the pottery region petitioned Parliament in favor of an Act for a turnpike road, they set forth that in Bnrslem and the neighborhood there ^vere nearly one hundred and fifty separate potteries for making various kinds of stone and earthen ware, employing and supporting ncarl}’ seven thousand people. Many tons of shipping, and seamen in proportion, were employed in winter carrying materials for the Burslem ware, and as much salt was used for glazing as paid an annual duty of £5,000 to the govern- ment. In ten months of 1871 there were 90,412 packages of North Staftbrdshire ware exported from Liverpool. The total value of the exports of porcelain and earthenware from the kingdom — the greater part of which was produced in the Staffordshire potteries — amounted, in ten months of 1871, to £1,423,110 in value. This is about the same as in 1864 and 1865, the value of the production being in the latter year £1,442,000. The annual consumption of coal in the art, in 1865, was about 450,000 tons, and in 1870, according to ofiicial returns, 680,000 tons. To color the clay and print the ware, in 1865, about 67,000 pounds of oxide of cobalt were used, and 1,100 tons of borax and boracic acid in glaz- ing, and 12,000 ounces of gold in gilding. About 4,500 tons of calcined bones from South America were consumed annually. In 1861, 40,697 persons were engaged in the manufacture. English porcelain is said to differ from either i\iQ pate dure or the pate tendre of the French, and, to a certain extent, to combine the qualities of both. A high degree of trans- lucency is obtained by the use of phosphate of lime. It is not as plastic as hard porcelain, but may be cast, moulded, or turned easily in the ordinary ways. It combines well with the frits of i\\Q pate tendre, and with glazes adapted to colored decorations. The exhibitors deserve great credit for their liberal repre- sentation of the industr}^, by sending to suqh a great distance so many bulky and fragile objects of great value. The more important of the collections will now be briefly noticed. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 27 Minton’s, Stohe-upon-Trent, and 28 WaJbrooh, London. — This well-kuowii firm made a fine display of china and earthenware, dinner, dessert, tea, and toilet services ; china, majolica, and parian vases, statuettes and other ornaments ; enamelled tiles for walls, grates, hearths, and flower-boxes. To this enumeration must be added a novelt}^ in British manufacture, decoration, a process Avhich origi- nated at Sevres in 1847, under Ebelman, though known long before iu China. A series of plates and some vases gave satisfactory evidence of the complete success which has at- tended the eftbrts to introduce the process in England, by the aid of M. Solon, from Sevres, who removed to England during the Franco-German wai^ The nature of the process is indicated by the name : the design is worked upon the plate in paste or thin porcelain body, the same as the l)ody of the plate itself. But the body of the plate or foundation for the design is previously colored a pale celadon green or a darker color (some were dark-brown or black), and the de- sign, being worked over this, permits the color to be seen through the thin or depressed portions after vitrification, and thus deepens or forms the shades, while the thicker portions of the paste show less of the ground-work color, are higher, and give the lights an appearance of a higher degree of relief to the surface than actually exists. When the design is finished and the piece is fired and glazed, the translucency of the design is heightened, and the whole forms a homogeneous mass. This sd’ies of specimens attracted great attention, and all were sold before the close of the exhibition to various museums, as high as $100 being paid for a single [)late. One of these plates may be seen at the Boston Athena‘um. Pate Change ante. The Messrs. Minton also make the peculiar chanufieon ware, ov pate eltawjeante, which appears of one color by solar light and another by artificial light. In the daylight it is a grayish or celadon-green, and at night is piidv or crimson. This kind, of paste was invented by the chemist Kegnanlt, when Director of the Sevres establishment. 28 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Henri-deux ay are. The Mintons also exhibited specimens of another remarkable form of decorative ware — imitations of the celebrated faience of Ilenri-deiix. These specimens were much admired, and commanded high prices from amateur collectors. They were co})ies of famous pieces. Among them were two tall salt- dishes or stands, one of which was purchased by a citizen, of Boston and presented to the Atheno3um, where it can be seen. The difficulty and expense attending the manufacture, make these ol)jects very costly, but the price is doubtless high in proportion to the extreme rarity of the ware, and the limited demand for it. Of the original ware, there are said to be only hfty-five pieces known. There are twenty enumerated in the list of photographs of specimens in the collections at South Kensington, including Yvo in the Louvre. Brongniart in his treatise says that about thirty-seven were known in France.* This ware has always excited great interest among collectors and connoisseurs, based upon its intrinsic beauty and novelty, and its extreme rarity. The pieces have sold for fabulous prices. An aiguiere, or ewer, belonging to Mr. Magniac was purchased for £80 at the sale of M. Odiot’s collection in 1842, and shortly after was sold for £96, and has since been valued at £2,000. A circular plateau in the South Kensington Museum, purchased originally by M. Espoulart, of Mans, for £3 4s., was bought in 1857 for £140. At the sale of the collection of the Comte de Pourtales, in March, 1865, the “ Bibernon ” was purchased,- by Mr. Malcolm, for the sum of £1,100. This Biberon is one of the best known specimens of the ware. A capital figure is given in Brongniart, pi. xxxvii. It stands a little over ten inches in height, and beai’s the arms of France with a coronet, and the initials and emblems of Diane de Poitiers. The ciphers and armorial bearings, which appear on so many specimens, indicate, beyond doubt, that this w^are was the favorite at the brilliant court of Francis I., and Henry II. Its origin was for a time in doubt, and has been the subject of much specu- *■ At that time the most interesting specimens were in the possession of M. Sanrageot, M. Odiot, M. Preaux, and M. Count Pourtales. The Ceramic Museum at Sevres had only two. POECELAIN AND FAIENCE. 29 latioii, .but it is now conceded that it was made at Oiroii, iu the south-west of France. , In composition it is a faience of superior quality, the paste, according to an analysis by M. Salvetat. of the Sevres laboratory, consisting of. Silica, .59. Alumina, ........ 40.24 99.24 without lime or magnesia, and only a trace of iron. It withstands high firing without change, and is quite white. M. Salvetat was also satisfied that the glaze did not contain tin. Brongniart notes the fact that this white earthenware body was made in France long before the first attempts to manufacture white earthenware in Great Britain, which dates from the end of the seventeenth or the beofinnino' of the eighteenth century. But the distinguishing peculiarity of the Ilenri-deux ware remains to be described. The orna- mentation is inlaid, filling incisions or depressions in the body, though flush with the surfiice. Fortius Ailing, pastes colored with ochre were chiefly used, and the designs in general appear of an ochrey brown or yellowish color on the white groundwork. But black, blue, pink and green colors are known. It is believed that this inlaying was accomplished by means of moulds, the intricate interlacing designs being first carved upon a model from which casts were taken. The paste pressed in the moulds so formed, received the designs in intaglio, and the spaces were afterwards filled with a soft, colored paste, the whole operation being similar to that of making encaustic tiles.* Royal Pop.celain Works, Worcester. — These works, now under the management of Messrs. Phillips ifc Bimis, with Mr. R. W. Binns, F. S. A., as the Art Director, made a most attractive display of the specialties of their [)ro(hicti<)u, notal)ly of ivory-porcelain in Japanese forms and decoration ; * For details with figures, reference is made to Brongniart’s treatise, ii, pp. 170-17S. 30 EXP0SITI02iT AT VIENNA. of porcelain, majolica, enamelled terra-cotta, vitreous stone- ware and tine earthenware. The principal branches of manufacture at the present time are tine porcelain and stoneware, for services of all kinds ; also tine earthenware, parian for useful and ornamental ol)jects, terra-cotta, and the novelty ” ivory porcelain.” The decorations include all the usual styles for useful wares, paintings of flowers, birds, landscapes, figures, etc., etc. The ornamental works consist of enamels on royal blue . ground, llaphaelesque embossments, majolica, painting of all kinds on vases, etc., majolica and the ivory porcelain. This last is a new article having the color and lustre of ivory, and it is especially well adapted to the imitation of the remark- able objects in ivory for which Japanese artists are unrivalled. These objects, so successfully imitated by the works, consist generally of vases formed of sections of the tusk of the elephant, of jugs, bottles, flasks, etc., and of tablets, all embossed or carved in relief, or deeply incised and variously decorated in colored laquers, and with bronze and gold. In these reproductions of Japanese forms and decorations, the Worcester artists have been remarkably successful. They are not servile imitations, but the true spirit of Japanese decorative art appears to have been acquired and to be well understood. In this ware there are at least three points of merit : first, composition of the body, its successful imitation of the softness of ivory harmonizing completely the material with its carved appearance ; second, the perfection of the forms ; and third, the mastery of the spirit and the color of the decoration. Plaques made in this way would be agree- able additions in the decoration of cabinets and furniture, or wlierever ivory tablets would be appropriate. The material gives a new and pleasing basis for graphic decoration in any style. The manufacture of fine porcelain was commenced at Worcester in the year 1751, and the first royal patent was given in 1789. The undertaking originated chiefly through the exertions of Dr. J. Wall, a physician with chemical skill and artistic tastes. As early as the year 1763, the productions of the establishment were highly esteemed. Dr. Wall, -at an early date, applied the process of transferring printed de- PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 31 signs to R glazed surface to the decoration of his porcelain. The earliest known date of this printed ware is 1757, upon a jug now in the collection of the Museum of Practical Geol- ogy, London. The design is in black, over the glaze ; and the pieces so decorated were exposed to the heat of the en- amel kiln only. The invention of under-glaze printing soon followed, the designs being transferred to the unglazed bis- cuit. Robert Hancock, who had studied under Ravenet at the enamel works at Battersea in 1750, Avas the engraver of the early designs for transfer. The earliest Worcester porcelain, according to Mr. Bin ns, was made of a frit body, and he thinks that the following formula is similar to that used by Dr. Wall : sand, 120 parts ; gypsum, 7 ; soda, 7 ; alum, 7 ; salt, 14 ; and nitre, 40. After fritting, it Avas crushed, and 75 parts Avere mixed Avith 15 of Avhiting and 10 of pipe-clay. The glaze ‘used contained 38 per cent, of red-lead, 27 of sand, 11 of ground flints, 15 of potash, and 9 of carbonate of soda. For common ware an inferior paste Avas made, containing steatite. This gave a body less dense than the other, and of a yellowish color. Attention Avas early given to the imitation of Chinese and Japanese Avares, induced by the high estimation in Avhich oriental porcelain, or china, Avas then held. And with that depraved pandering to public prejudice, AAdiich seems to be one of the great vices of the ceramic art, false marks Avere sometimes affixed, especially to these early imitations. A crescent is one of the earliest ordinary marks, as, also, a script TF, and afterwards the name or initials of the linn, either stamped in or printed. A Chinese fretted s(piare, marked in blue, Avas frequently employed. Oriental charac- ters Avere also marked in blue on some of the pieces, and a specimen in the Geological Museum has the Dresden mark of two crossed swords in blue under the glaze. Si)ecimens were shown of the beautiful tea-set presented to Lord Dudley on his marriage. The decoration consists of turquoise blue enamel, put on in drops near together, so that * “ A Century of Potting in the City of AVorecstcr, lu'in^^ the History of tlic Royal Porcelain AVorks from 17-31 to ISol,” by R. AV. Hinns, V. S. A., lS(i-3, p. 10. Also, in Dc La Beche, “ British Pottery and Porcelain.” 32 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. the surface appears to be tliicldy set with turcpioise. Each cup aud saucer is carefully mounted in a stuffed morocco case. The small set of six pieces was valued at about $6,000. AVedgwood, Josiah & Sons, Etruria, Staffordshire . — This well-known establishment, identified with the growth of artistic pottery in Britain, was worthily represented by some of its best productions of the jasper or Wedgwood ware: white biis-reliefs on colored grounds, unglazed imitations of the famous Henri-deux ware ; art-pottery paintings by M. Lessore ; paintings on raw enamel, by M. Bean ; majolica vases ; dessert and hincy articles. Also by enamelled, printed, and cream-colored earthen ware ; chemical and tele- graphic, aud sanatory and plumber’s ware. Wedgwood’s basalts are dark porcelanous biscuits of great hardness, and cai)able of receiving a high polish. They resist acids, and bear a high degree of heat without injury. The white porce- lain biscuit has similar properties. The jaspar bodies are peculiarly adapted to cameo portraits and all bas-relief decor- ations, as the ground may be of any desired shade of color, while the raised figures are white. The basis of many of the medallions and plaques is the white body overlaid by a coat- ing of the dark. , I have tested the hardness of these tablets, and find them scarcely inferior to quartz, or about 6^ on the mineral ogical scale, being superior to felspar. They are still made at the works from the original moulds by Flaxman. According to the chemist Salvetat, Wedgwood ware consists of — Silica, ..... 66.49 ' Alumina, ..... 26.00 Oxide of iron, . . 6.12 Lime, 1.04 Magnesia, ..... 0.15 Alkalies, . . . . ' . 0.20 The "jaspar ware” may be regarded as a vitrified stone- ware of fine quality. The vitrifying substances added to the clay body are flint, ground glass, felspar, sulphates and car- bonates of lime and of barytes. White jaspar contains from 15 to 30 per cent, of plastic blue clay, 0 to 15 per cent, of PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 33 kaolin, 0 to 15 of Cornish stone, or 40 to 50 per cent, of these clay materials, to which is added 25 to 45 per cent of sul- phate of barytes, 0 to 10 per cent, of flint, and 0 to 2 per cent, of gypsum. Twenty per cent, of calcined hone is sometimes added. Half of one per cent, of cobalt gives this body a blue color ; one per cent, of chrome, a dark green ; nickel, a light green; copper, bluish green. Basalts and the Egyptian ^ware are made by introducing some forty per cent, of burnt ochre, and sometimes ten per cent of mill iron cin- der.* In addition to the bas-relief unglazed, and jasper ware, the establishment now turns out annually large quanti- ties of the ordinary stone-china glazed ware, plain and dec- orated. Full dinner-services, ornamented with fern leaves, flowers, or autumn leaves, can be had at the works for be- tween £10 and £11. The printing of armorial bearings, crests, or monograms upon the ware from engraved copper- plates, is an important branch of the decorative work. •Plates so ornamented to order, and with a single band of color at the edge, can be had at 7s. 6d. the dozen. No porcelain is now made. Its production was carripd on for a short time about the year 1808 by the nephew of Mr. Wedgwood. A small amount of majolica is manufactured, and some ornamental objects, among them examples of the email ombrant,^^ which consists of depressed designs, chiefly of human figures and animals, into which transparent colored enamel is allowed to flow. The following list of pieces, composing complete dinner and desseVt services, and a scale of prices for services and for pieces separately, at Etruria, will be found useful for refer- ence and comparison : — * Beckwith’s Pottery, etc., p. 24. 5 34 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA, Earlhemvare Table Scale. (Gilding of Covered Pieces extra.) S c Gilding. c O ■ 3 ■g i R A T E . H 2 S C 5 S, d. S, d. s. d. s. d. s. cl. s. d. CJ s. d. s. d. Plates, 9 in. and 10 in., doz.. P 2 6 2 9 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 0 “ 8 in., O 2 0 2 4 1 9 2 0 2 4 2 6 Muffins 7 in.. “ o 1 9 2 0 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 3 “ 6 in.. Ah 1 6 1 9 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 0 Flat Dislies, 22 in.. each. "a 4 6 5 0 4 6 5 3 6 0 6 6 “ “ 20 in.. 3 0 3 6 3 0 3 6 4 0 4 3 “ “ 18 in.. 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 6‘ 2 9 3 2 “ “ 16 in.. .s 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 6 ■ 2 0 2 2 “ “ 14 in.. fL 0 11 1 2 0 11 1 2 1 4- 1 6 “ “ 12 in., • U bC 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 10 0 11 1 0 “ “ 10 in.. .5 0 4^ 0 6 0 44 0 6 0 7 0 8 “ “ 9 in.. (( 0 H 0 4 0 34 0 4 0 5 0 6 Hound Dishes 1 size hig-tier. O s Fish Drainers same as the dishes they fit. o o Gravy Dish, 22 in.. each. - - 6 0 6 6 7 .0 9 3 “ “ 20 in.. U 1^ - - 4 6 5 0 5 6 6 3 “ “ 18 in.. << - - 3 6 4 0 4 6 5 0 “ “ 16 in.. Soup Tureen and Cover, 66 ■■ ~ - - 3 0 3 6 3 9 4 3 11 in., . Soup Tureen Stand, 2 4 2 6 3 6 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 6 5 0 0 8 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 '3 1 6 1 6 1 8 “ “ Ladle, . 0 6 0 6 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 Sauce Tureen and Cover, 1 0 1 2 0 8^ 34 0 10 0 84 0 10 1 0 1 2 “ “ Stand, 0 4 0 6 0 0 i 0 34 0 4 0 5 0 54 “ “ Ladle, 0 3 0 4 0 34 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 44 Coverdish, 12 in. 3 div. - - - 3 6 4 0 4 6 5 0 “ 12 in. . (C - - - - 2 0 2 4 2 9 3 3 “ ' 11 in. . 1 6 1 9 1 6 2 0 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 3 “ 10 in. . << 1 3 1 9 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 0 “ 9 in. . - - 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 9 “ 8 in. . - - 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 5 1 6 “ Drainers, half-priee of Coverdish, each. Salad, 11 in., . ( ) 1 3 1 6 - - 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 3 “ 10 in., . ? - - 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 0 Oval Bakers, 12 in.. - - 0 8 0 10 0 11 1 0 1 3 1 4 “ “ 11 in.. - - 0 7 0 9 0 9 0 10 1 0 ■ 1 2 ‘‘ “ 10 in., (( - - 0 6 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 11 “ “ 9 in.. - - 0 4 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 “ “ 8 in.. - - 0 34 0 5 0 44 0 5 0 6 0 7 “ “ 7 in., . - - 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 44 0 5 0 6 Hound or Deep Bakers one size higher, each. Cheese Stand, 11 in.. each. _ _ _ • _ 1 9 2 0 2 3 2 4 “ “ 10 in., . - - - - 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 0 Boats and Pickles, 0 4 i 6d. ? } Id. ^ 0 34 0 44 0 CO 0 4 0 44 0 5 Boats and Stands, . 0 4 0 6 0 7 0 9 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 Hot Water Plate, 10 in.. ~ ' - 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 “ “ “ 8 in.. 66 - - 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 6 Beef Steak Dish, 14 in., 66 3 0 3 6 5 6 7 0 5 6 6 0 7 0 8 0 2 “ “ 12 in., 6 3 0 4 6 5 0 4 6 5 0 5 6 6 0 Hash Dish, 14 in., . 66 3 0 3 6 - - 4 0 4 6 5 0 5, 6 Hoot Dish, 12 in., . 3 0 3 6 5 0 5 6 5 3 5 6 6 0 6 6 “ “ 11 in., . 66 2 6 3 0 4 3 4 6 4 3 4 6 5 0 6 0 £ s. cl. £ s. d. £ 1 s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Dinner Service for IS persons, 0 1.5 7 0 18 8 2 : 1.3 8 3 2 2 3 11 7 3 19 3 Dinner Service for 12 persons, 0 13 7 0 16 4 2 1 1 2 7 8 2 1411 3 Oil PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 35 Earthenware Dinner Service FOR EIGHTEEN PERSONS. - 54 Plates, 10 in. 18 Soups, 10 in. oG Plates, 8 in. 1 Dish, 20 in. 1 “ 18 in. 2 “ 16 in. 2 “ 14 ill. 4 “ 12 in. 4 “ 10 in. 4 “ 9 in. 1 Soup Tureen and Stand. 4 Sauce “ “ 4 Vegetable Dishes. 1 Salad Bowl. 1 Fish Drainer. 1 Pie Dish, 11 in. 2 “ 9 in. 1 Cheese Stand. FOR TWELVE PERSONS. 36 Plates, 10 in. 12 Soups, 10 in. 24 Plates, 8 in. 1 Dish, 18 in. 2 “ 16 in. 2 “ 14 in. 2 “ 12 in. 4 “ 10 in. 1 Soipi Tureen and Stand. 2 Sauce Tureen and Stand. 2 Sauce Boats and Stands. 4 Vegetable Dishes. 1 Salad Bowl. 1 Fish Drainer. 1 Pie Dish, 11 in. 2 “ 9 in. 1 Cheese Stand. Earthenware Dessert Service FOR EIGHTEEN PERSONS. 18 Dessert Plates. 4 Low Comports. 4 Tall Earthenware DOUBLE SET. '2 Ewers and Basins, 6’s. 2 Chambers, 6’s. 2 Soap Boxes. 2 Brush Trays. FOR TWELVE PERSONS. 12 Dessert Plates. 4 Low Comports. 2 Tall Toilet Service SINGLE SET. 1 Ewer and Basin, 6’s. 2 Chambers, 6’s. 1 Soap Box. 1 Brush Tray. John Mortlock, Oxford Street, London, exhibited china, breakfast, dinner, dessert, and tea services, of IMinton’s manufacture, with stone-china dinner-services of Minton and of Wedgwood’s ware, decorated by the artists Solon, Miissill, Coleman, and others. Daniell, a. B., So Son, 46 Wigmore Street, Jjondon, exhibited pottery and porcelain, dinner, dessert, breakfast, and tea services, besides toilet ware, majolica vases, and or- namental objects of various makers. This linn offered deco- 36 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. rated iron-stone china dinner services at from 60 to 80 florins the set ($30 to $40) ; a fern pattern set for six persons for 85 florins ($42). Doulton, H., & Company, 28 High Street, Lambeth, Lon- don, exhibited an interesting and important series of "blue metallic clay goods” for pavings, copings, ridge-tiles, chan- nellings, and curbings, and for use in buildings where extra strength is required. Also, a collection of artistic stone-ware mugs, jars, flagons, etc. These last were especially interest- ing as examples of what may be accomplished with the cheap- est and commonest materials in artistic hands. The objects were very pleasing, and the prices moderate. Each article is hand-made, and, while it is soft, designs are drawn upon the surface with a sharp-pointed style, leaving a deepl^^-incised line, into which the faintly-colored salt glazing flows and fills it flush with the surface. The designs consist chiefly of birds, animals, and flowers. Twenty or thirty artists are employed, and the articles produced are in great demand. For this manufacture, the clays of Devonshire and Dor- chester, with the sand of Woolwich and of Charlton, are chiefly used. The clays are simply dried and broken up, and mixed with the sand in proportions determined by the quality of the ware desired. The paste, after kneading and beating to secure complete mixture and solidity, is passed between cast-iron rollers. The objects are burned with coal in open kilns of the Statfordshire pattern, and are glazed with salt. A good collection of this pottery can be seen at the rooms of the Household Art Company, Boston, FRANCE. The French section afibrded an excellent apergu of the condition of the ceramic art in that country. There were many exhibitors, each producing^^some special forms or char- acters of ware. Although there was an abundance of deco- rated porcelain, there was a stronger and more striking repre- sentation of artistic enamelled faience, majolica, highly- colored wall tiles, and imitations of the ware of Bernard POECELAIN AND FAIENCE. 37 Palissy. The lovers of artistic decoration lingered over the display made by Deck, admiring not only the high chimney- piece, but the large plates and ornamental objects decorated by paintings from the hands of masters in the art. Their names, well known to connoisseurs, displayed on a large mural tablet in enduring enamels, are as follows : Messieurs Anker, Bennier, Collin ; Mademoiselle Escallier ; Messieurs Gluck, Hirsch, Jullien, Legrain, Rannier, and Rieber. Parvillee, Leon, Paris, 1 Rue PTeuve- Fontaine- St. Georges, at the angle of the Rue de Douai, exhibited a variety of decorative objects, vases, plates and platters in enamelled terra-cotta, in Persian patterns remarkuble alike for brilliancy of colors and the sharp-dividing lines of the designs, the enam- els being in high relief. The basis of these wonderfully-tine enamels is the red terra-cotta or earthenware. The designs have been obtained directly from Persian Avork and manu- scripts. The specimens attracted much attention from con- noisseurs, and most of them were sold early in the season to the agents of the art museums of Europe. One of the finest examples — a vase of peculiar form, with tall narrow neck and sculptured handles — was secured by a citizen of Boston for the Art Museum in that city. Interior Decoration in Enamel. M. Parvillee has executed many important Avorks for in- terior decoration in the oriental style, and exhibited a port- folio of manuscript designs in colors of the apartments Avhich have been decorated by him Avith his enamelled plaques and tiles. The enamels of M. Parvillee are opaque and have consider- able relief. The colors are extremely pure and clear, and are laid on with care, — the same precaution of drawing a. dark dividing or marginal line between each color, as in the specimen described from Choisy-le-Roi, being taken. In Parvillee’s specimens, however, the enamels appear to have' been put directly upon the Avhite earthenware paste without glaze, Avhich, ap[)arently, Avas added afterwards for the in- terior and edge of the vessel. If the large pieces of interior decoration arc carried out 38 EXPOSITIO?^ AT VIENNA. v'itli the accuracy of detail characterizing the ornamental ob- jects, they must be extremely costly. They are veiy differ- ent from the bolder and rougher work on terra-cotta,' designed chiefly for exteriors. One of the chief works, by the cele- brated Luca della Kobbia, — reputed to be the discoverer of stanniferous enamels in Europe,— was the decoration, in en- amelled terra-cotta, of a room — a writing-cabinet — for Pievo di- Cosimo Medici, about the year 1464. It Avas lined throughout. Avails, ceiling, and pavement, and the parts were so perfectly fitted together that it appeared to be all in one piece. It has been suggested that the remarkable medallions illustrating the seasons, noAV in the South Kensington Museum, originally formed a part of the decoration of this cabinet, Avhich, unfortunately, no longer exists, and is knoAvn only through tradition and the Avritings of Vasari.^ Choisy-le-Koi, H. Boulenger : Dej)6t in Paris^ Pue de Paradis Poissonniere 4 . — Objects of utility and ornament, in Alienee, "granite,” and "half-porcelain.” A great variety of objects are made at this establishment, and were on exhi- bition, such as articles for the toilet, for perfumers, pharma- cists, plumbers, and decorators; dessert sets, candlesticks, floAver-pots, tiles for jardinieres, clock-stands, match-boxes, vases, etc., etc. They also imitate the faience of Rouen, Italy, Nevers, the enamelled plaques of Persia, and the por- celain of China and old Sevres. A round plaque, in Persian style, is remarkable for the relief of the enamel and the distinctness and brilliancy of the colors. It is ten and a half inches in diameter, and has a projecting annular support beloAV, giAung greater strength to the piece Avithout adding much to the Aveight. The basis or ground-Avork is ordinary earthenware, of Avhite body, glazed in white, like stone-china. The upper surface is highly decorated, Avith opaque colored enamels laid upon the white enamel coAmring the whole. There ^ Luca della Rol3bia was born in the yea.r 1400, and is distinguished for his meri- torious artistic productions in marble, terra-cotta, and bronze. The frieze of the singing boys, in the Museum of the Uffizii at Florence, and the bronze gates of the sacristy of the Duomo in Florence, are examples of his labors in these materials. He is supposed to have introduced the use of stanniferous enamels in Italy in the year 1438, with a view to the execution of indestructible paintings. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 39 are eight clifFereiit colors. The design appears to be car- nation pinks, treated conventionally, quartering v/ithin an arabesque border of brilliant yellow dividing the area of the flowers from an outer margin of a beautiful deep blue color. The ground-work of the central portion is white, being the general glazed surface upon which the enamels are laid. The great element of beauty in such a plaque is the relief, Avith a curved surface, of the design. It may be said to catch and reflect the light. The design is visible and bril- liant, Avhen viewed obliquely, in any position. There is no one best light in which to view it. Instead of the blinding glare of a plain mirror-like surface, the design stands out clearly and brilliantly, looking as if the flowers were laid upon the plate. This remarkable relief, in some portions to the extent of one-eighth of an inch, appears to be due, in the first place, to the composition of the enamel and management of the heat, AAdiich permits incipient fusion Avithout floAving. It is evidently not very fluid in the fire, and does not seem to have any special affinity for the ground-work glaze, for it does not spread upon it. The differently colored enamels Avould, hoAvever, unite, Avhere they are placed side by side, were it not for a narroA\^ dark line of a brown, earthy charac- ter, Avhich is traced around every part of the design, isolating each patch of colored enamel, and apparently preventing the floAv by sinking into and drying up, so to speak, the soft vitreous surface of the glaze. It also serves the purpose of " setting off” each part of the design, and adds to tlie general effect. It is a dead, earthy surffice, without lustre or relief. Girard, in reporting upon the beautiful enamels of Collinot in the Paris Exhibition of 1867, says that the absolute neat- ness of outline is obtained by tracing around each floAver a cupreous composition,'* Avhich, being modified by the fire, gives a metallic cavity, retaining the enamel in its place. This suggests cloissonee: but the border in the Choisy-le-Koi specimen, and in Deck’s enamels, has no metallic ap])oarance and does not form any cavity. It simply presents a surface repelhint to the flow of the enamel, as a line of Avax or oil re- pels Avater. 40 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Tl iiERPtY-PouLiN, manvfaclurers of porcelain and faience: deputy 48 Hue Caumartin, Paris. — This establishment, among other objects, exhibited dinner-services in white faience, decorated in brilliant colors with flowers and leaves of the natural size, such as passion-flowers, branches of cur- rants, lilies, convolvulus, and hazel-nuts, — all remarkable for fidelity to nature in the drawing and coloring. The price of such sets complete is 400 francs. Sergext : depot Avenue d' Orleans 106, Paris. — Manu- tacturer of artistic faience and paintings upon faience, imita- tions of the Pallisey ware, relief plaques and majolica. Barbizet. — Majolica and imitations of Bernard de Palissy’s works. Geoferoy. — Yellow and blue enamels, etc. Slabs for Furniture. Houry, Jules, Paris. A specialty by this exhibitor is slabs of porcelain, with figures in relief covered with a transparent blue glaze. They are designed chiefly for set- ting in furniture, the tops and sides of caskets, and for tables. The Maze is thin on the liiMi liMils and collects in the depressions, thus enhancing the effect of low relief. The process is like that for producing email ombrant, but the design is the reverse, being raised instead of depressed. The British artisan (Locke) in describing this work says : "The slabs are modelled in .stems and leaves in low relief and then covered with a beautiful blue glaze ; the color is wiped off the high parts of the modelling and looks as if the light had fallen across it and the blue fldls into the shadows. It must not be compared \tith the majolica made in England, which is similar in treatment, for the tone of the blue was bright and pure and the design suited the pur- pose. It gives us an idea of what good things can be done without much labor. * * ^ . I should like to see the Eng- lish use their decorated porcelain in objects of use -more than they do, for this exhibitor shows what can be done with it.” The jury made Honorable Mention. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 41 Lustre D Ware. Brianchon I. Aine, Paris. This exhibitor confined his display to a variety of specimens of ornamental objects, cov- ered with a very brilliant pearly or nacreous glaze, semi- metallic in appearance, and to the eye of a chemist, evidently due to the partial reduction of oxides in the glaze to a metal- lic state. There is a great variety of tints, from pearly white to a rose pink ; and some of the objects, such as shells, where the iridescent surface is peculiarly fitting, are very pleasing to the eye. This is a modification of an ancient art, which was long kept a secret. Its revival in France is due to M. Brianchon, who has succeeded admirably, making his pieces with more certainty and brilliancy than the old masters of the secret could attain. The early invention is attributed to the cele- brated maestro, Geprgio Andreoli, whose lustred wares are so highly prized by collectors. The purple or silver-lust red ware of Staffordshire is similar. The process was intro- duced there in Wedgwood’s time, but has never made great progress. M. Brianchon’s process consists in making enamels of nitrate of bismuth, iron, uranium, nickel or cobalt, and adding a reducing agent, such as resin or essen- tial oils. Objects of this nature have also been made at the Royal Porcelain Works, Worcester, and by the Beleek Company in Ireland. This exhibitor received a Merit Medal. Sevres Manufactory. There was no formal exhibition of Sevres products, but the celebrated porcelains of this noted establishment were not unrepresented. Amongst other pieces and collections the dessert service of Sevres ])ate tendre should be noticed. It dates from the year 17(15, and is a beautiful tuixpioise blue in color. It was cxhi])ited by Prince Nicolas Repine, of Kiev, Russia. The scientific as well as the artistic development of the ceramic art, owes much to the laborious investigations and experiments pursued, for a long scries of years at this estab- lishment, under the direction of such savaiis as Hrongniart, 6 42 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Regnaiilt, Ebelman. and Salvetat. Chemical science was needed and was freely used to throw light upon the great empirical art. Results of great practical value to ceramic industry followed. The composition of foreign porcelains, of clays and mixtures, was ascertained. The principles of the art of combiuiug were established, and the secrets of glasses and enamels, and colors, wxre unlocked and discov- ered to the world. We can scarcely measure the influence upon the potter’s art of such an establishment. And in judging of the quality of productions of private manufacto- ries as compared with its productions, we should remember the superior advantages enjoyed by the union of science with the accumulated experience handed down through genera- tions, and preserved by royal patronage. Sevees as a School of Aet. At the London Exhibition of 1851, the jury unanimously assigned the first place to the products of the Sevres manu- factory, and awarded the Council Medal.* They, however, very justly point out the fact that the light in which these ’products should be regarded is wholly different from that in which the productions of commercial industry should be viewed. The Sevres productions are rather those of a richly-endow^ed school of design, and in the French exhibi- tions they have not been placed in competition with the re- sults of private enterprise. The influence of Sevres as a school of design has extended over the whole of Europe, and many of the most beautiful objects in porcelain produced elsewhere are imitations, or slight modifications, of the old productions of the Sevres school. As early as 16Q8, the porcelain products at Saint Cloud were thought to be equal in quality to those of China. The manufacture was continued, in 1708, by the Brothers Dubois, under the protection of the Prince de Conde. But they did not succeed at Saint Cloud or at Chantilly. They removed to Vincennes, but failed again. In 1745, a company was formed, under the royal patronage, with special privileges for thirty years; but, in 1753, this was revoked, and the king became interested to the extent of a third, and the establish- * Reports of the Jury, p. 542. PORCRLAIN AND FAIENCE. 43 ment was removed to Sevres. The first success is said to date from 1768. Hard and Soft Porcelain. From 1753 to 1768, only i\\Q pate tendre, or soft porcelain, was made; but, from that time, both the soft and the hard vrere made. About 1804, the production of the soft porce- lain ceased, M. Brongniart, the director of the works, decid- ing to give his attention wholly to the hard, — the pate dure. But the use of the soft paste was resumed in 1847 by M. Ebelman, he taking some of the old paste, which had rested undisturbed in covered tanks for forty-five years. The pecu- liarities of these two varieties of porcelain are described by M. Arnoux in his report on the pottery and porcelain at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, as follows : — “ France furnishes the largest amount of hard porcelain, and it is there, also, that it is best manufactured. France is highl}^ favored for its production from the quarries of kaolin which abound in the centre and south. This material suffices, without any addition,, to constitute the body ; it is white, easy to work, and takes, in firing, a fine transparenc}". The glaze, which is fired at the same time as the paste, is also entirely composed from felspathic rocks, and vitrifies on the surface by the sole intensity of the heat required in the firing. Such a product presents, after cooling, great consistency, and the hardness of this glaze will defy the best tempered steel in- struments. But defects arise from the very excess of these qualities. This hardness leaves little resource for decoration ; the fine colors for grounds are banished, and the painting, unincorporated into the glaze, lies upon the surface and looks hard and unfinished. This is so thoroughly acknowledged that the Paris decorators now often prefer to paint upon French cream-color ware instead of porcelain. “ The manufacture of soft porcelain has alwa3’s been limited, for it is the most difficult of all potteiy. Its inventors, persuaded that Chinese porcelain was a kind of glass, persisted in com[)osiug a paste of the same ingredients. Sand, lime, and some alkaline ma- terials wer.e therefore vitrified in the proportion consideretl desirable to give a white half-translucent substance. But, as after being ground it had not the least plasticity', and could not be worked, they added as small a quantity as possible of the calcareous earth found in the plaster-quarries in the neighborhood of Ihiris, so as not to injure the whiteness or transparency. We cannot describe here 44 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. all the difficulties that the manipulation of such .a mixture presented. It could neither be thrown nor pressed into moulds in the ordinaiy wa}’ ; and the shapes were got by casting it in thick plaster moulds, and carefull}" turning and pushing it by hand afterwards. More- over, as in the process of tiring this porcelain, so properl}^ called pate tenclre^ the pieces were veiy apt to sink and lose their shape, the wa}^ of propping them was of the utmost importance ; but when the biscuit stage was safeh^ attained, the rest was comparatively eas}\ From its composition, this biscuit had the greatest affinity for combination with the vitreous mixture forming the glaze, and the result was that this glaze, not being hardened by the biscuit on which itdiad been melted, retained all its softness and so thoroughly incorporated the colors of the painting that, after tiring, they looked sunk into it. An equal advantage was, that the alkaline nature of the biscuit and the low temperature required enabled those soft and beautiful ground-colors to be used which are not to be met with on au}^ other pottery : the green, made from copper of an unequalled transparency ; the turquoise, so attractive to the e^^e that a single piece placed in a room seemed to take all the light to itself ; the bleu-de- roi, so well named from its richness ; and that warm, delicate color, the rose du Barry. We purposel}" mentioned the low heat required to incorporate the colors with the glaze, because the experienced potter knows their richness decreases vrith the rise of temperature, and this is the reason wly, for grounds in hard porcelain, hardly more than two colors can be depended on, — the blue from cobalt, and the opaque, hea\y-looking green, from chrome.” A large number of vases in hard porcelain, of Sevres man- ufacture, were exhibited in 1867, and M. Arnoux said of them that the forms recently adopted were less beautiful than in 1851 and 1855, when Alessrs. Dieterle and Klagrnann gave their assistance to the establishment. Among the best were a large vase from Dieterle, the figures painted by M. Roussel, with the decorations by M. Avise, and all those executed by M. Barry at. Sevkes pate-sue-pate. And of that variety of hard porcelain known as jpdte-sur- pdte (paste upon paste) to which great attention has been given at Sevres, Mr. Arnoux observes : ” The name of pdte-sur-j)dte explains sufficiently the proc- ess, which consists in staining the body of the hard porce- PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 45 lain ill celadon, or other color, by the addition of a colored mixture, of which oxide of chrome is generally the chief ingredient; and then, when the piece is still in the clay state, to paint or rather model upon it with a brush, using white porcelain body as the pigment, and taking advantage of the transparency it will acquire when fired to produce an effect similar to that obtained in the Limoges enamels, by working the semi-transparent enamel on a black ground. Consequently the artist will increase the thickness of the white clay for the high lights, and decrease it where the color of the ground is to be seen through. Much experience is required to calculate the effect, the white clay before firing being equally opaque in the thin as in the thick parts. Of course any mistake is irremediable, as it can only be seen after the piece is fired. It was from studying the Chinese celadon that Mr. Ebelman started this kind of porcelain. ' The colors used on account of the high degree of tempera- ture are extremely limited.” To chrome, as a foundation color, must be added cobalt, nickel and uranium, which are also used to stain the clays when some’ other tint is wanted in addition to the white. During the late Franco-German war, the Messrs. Minton, of England, secured the service of M. Solon, the artist by whom a great success in the pdte-sur-pdte process had been achieved ; and we now find the results in the beautiful speci- mens displayed by the firm at Vienna. Vide p. 235. Keference has been made to the impossibility of moulding or working the soft paste porcelain by throwing, in the ordi- nary way, owing to its want of plasticity. • Casting Porcelain Body. Since the year 1850, the method of casting, rather than of moulding objects, has been in .use. The paste being made thin, so as to flow like water, is poured into the plaster moulds, which absorb a part of the water and cause a thin film of the paste, or body, to adhere to the sides. The excess is decanted. This gave lightness and perfec- tion of form to the objects, such as cups and small vases, but the process did not succeed with large objects, inasmuch as in the decantation the paste, adhering to the upper part. 46 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. became deformed by its weight, drawing it away from the sides of the mould. To overcome this difficulty the large moulds were encased in an air-tight jacket of sheet iron, within which the air was exhausted previous to the decanta- tion, thereby causing the deposited film to adhere firmly to the sides of the porous plaster. This improvement Avas cited in 1867, by M. Dommartin, as one of the advances made in the art of manufiicturing hard porcelain.^ A large vase made in this manner Avas exhibited at Paris in 1867. Extent of the Industky in France. The following data regarding the pottery and porcelain industry of France are drawn from the report by Messrs. Salvetat and Dommartin in 1867. Clay, for pottery pur- poses, is found in almost every part of France. The best china clays are found at St. Yrieix, near Limoges*; but the kaolins of the Pyrenees, the Cher and the Allier are largely used. The manufacture of porcelain is carried on in three districts. 1. Limousin, Avhich comprises Haute Yiepne and the Creuse. At Limoges, in this district, there Avere more than thirty Avhite china Avorks. 2. Berry, including the Avorks of Cher, Allier, Nievre and Indre. These works pro- duce chiefly Avhite china and articles of common use. 3. Paris and its environs and Champagne. The productions of Paris are varied. The fancy articles knoAvn as Articles de Paris, such as flowers, cups, baskets, etc., are made by several small makers. Others produce biscuit- Avare, or articles for mounting in ormolu, bronze or carved wood, such as lamps and cazzas. Many persons receive Avhite porcelain from the trade, and decorate it according to the demand of the day. Although not confined to Paris, it may be regarded as essen- tially Parisian. Earthenware is made- in Paris, at Beauvais, and in some parts of Normandy. Fine faience is made chiefly at Creil, Montereau, Sarreguemines, Choisy le Roi, Gien and Bor- deaux. Artistic faience has its centre in Paris and its envi- rons. In 1867, Messrs. Salvetat and Dommartin pointed out that in the manufacture of faience, steam poAver tended to * Rapports du Jury Internationale, iii. 171. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 47 replace hand labor ; and the introduction of English methods had Iransformed the manufacture. Also that, as resfards porcelain, the softening caused by the high temperature required for the baking, deforms pieces made in any other Avay than b}^ hand ; and that up to that time no mechanical assistance had been found available ; but there was good reason to hope that in the shaping and preparation of the material, mechanical art might eventually lend its aid. Worknfeu were paid by the piece. No less than 1,362 men and 458 women were employed in decoration of china alone, in Paris, in 1867. The greater number of the pot- teries have agencies, or depots, at Paris, or send their ware there for sale. Paris is the great centre of the trade, and Limoges is next in importance. From this last named place, ware is sent to all parts of the empire, by the aid of trav- ellers and agents. The annual value of the product of tine fiiience was estimated, in 1867, at 10,000,000 francs, and of porcelain at 20,000,000 francs. French , Stone-China. At the Paris Exposition, in 1867, the various brands of stone-china ware were carefullj^ examined by ^I. Aime Girard, with reference to their hardness, porosity, and price. To ascertain the hardness of the glaze upon a plate, for ex- ample, he used a small platform of wood, sustained upon three points resting upon the plate, one of them being tipped with a diamond. This platform was then drawn back and forth over the surhice, and the weight required to be added to the platform to produce a scratch was the measure of the hardness. He found that a pressure of more than one kilo- gramme was required to make as much of an impression upon hard porcelain as one hundred and twenty grammes would give on lead-glazed stone ware. His results are given in the folio wins: table.* * From Rapports du Jury International, III., p. 136. 48 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Comparison of the principal kinds of fine qucdity Faience^ as shown at the Exhibition in Paris, in 1867', as regards their qucdity and price. DESCRIPTION OF FAIENCE. Hardness Grain. Price. Price. 1. Superior Quality. • Sarreguemiiies China, France, . 0^.625 8.25 Francs. 2.0 Francs. 3.10 Minton & Company’s white glaze, . 0^.530 12 35 2.95 3.25 Korstrancl, Sweden, . 0k.440 9.43 - 3.00 Giistafberg, Sweden, .... 0^.480 11.24 2.20 - 2. Second Quality. Choisy-le-Roi, “ Granite China” (France) , 0^.420 11.23 1.95 3.15 Stoneware of Villerry and Boch (Prussia), 0^.415 13.14 2.20 3.80 Stone-China of Finder Bourne (England), Ok.485 10.00 2.75 2.95 3. Ordinary Ware. Opaque of Sarreguimines, France, . Ok 620 13.25 1.50 - Opaque porcelain of Gien, France, . Ok.375 14.50 1.55 260 Cream colored ware, Minton & Co., Eng., 0k.400 8.20 1.58 -■ Opaque porcelain of Creil, France, . 0K505 10.14 1.55 - Opaque porcelain of Montereau, France, 0k.450 15.40 1.55 2.50 Half-porcelain of Choisy-le-Boi, France, 0k.390 11.31 1.55 2.25 Cream colored ware, Copeland & Co., Eng., 0k.340 8.64 2.60 3.15 Cream colored ware, Wedgwood, Eng., . 0k.320 8.57 2.10 2.95 POKCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 49 The column representing the hardness shows the weight required to produce a scratch with the point of a diamond. The " grain ” or degree of porosity is expressed by the weight of water which was absorbed by one hundred grammes of the ware. The prices were furnished by the manufacturers or their agents ; and in the first column are for a dozen white plates, eight inches in diameter (twenty- one centimetres) ; in the second column for the same number and size of decorated plates. The three divisions or qualities are based upon the degree of whiteness ; the third all having more or less of a yellowish tinge. PRUSSIA. Eoyal Prussian Porcelain Factory, Berlin. This famous establishment, which has been notably repre- sented at all of the great exhibitions,* sustained its reputa- tion at Yienna, by its display of vases and ornamental porce- lains of various kinds, plastic work in biscuit, services, and in decorative figures, etc. Plain white porcelain is also made. The works were established in 1763, and are sustained chiefly for the promotion of the industry, technically and artistically. In the year 1871, the production amounted to 500,000 pieces, worth 160,000 thalers, from raw materials costing 11,050 thalers. The greater part of the product is for* home consumption. Three hundred and three workmen are employed and two steam-engines of 40 horse-power. The Koyal Saxon Porcelain Works, producing what is known as Dresden porcelain, are established at Meissen, a few miles above Dresden. The establishment was founded by Augustus IT., the Elector of Saxony. Tschirnhaus and Bottcher, two alchemists in his service, commenced to nrake experiments about 1706 ; and the credit of making tlie hard porcelain for the first time in Europe is accorded to Bottcher. He made a red or jaspar-like ware, which could be cut and polished by the lapidary, and a glazed, lu’ownish red ware. * Gold Medal at Paris, 1855; at Paris, 1867, Hors da Concours. 7 50 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. He discovered the method of making white porcelain in 1709, and he was appointed Director of the Meissen works in 1710. Five years later, white porcelain of excellent quality was commonly made, and in 1720, under the direction of Horoldt, excellent paintings with gilding w’-ere produced. Groups and figures were modelled in 1731, and, in the succeeding twenty-tive years, the productions attained their greatest perfection. The varied productions of the establishment at the present time were conspicuously displayed upon the crimson-covered canopied stand in the main transept, adjoining the rotunda. They consisted chiefly of the finer sorts of vases and decorated ware,, and fully sustained the high reputation of the works. The productions, how- ever, include ordinary dinner-services and ware for domestic use, much of it decorated in cobalt blue, and artificial ultra-marine ; colored enamels, and other materials for the production of porcelain. About 600 workmen are employed, and the value of the product annually is about 400,000 tha- lers (in 1871, 370,000 thalers) . The market is chiefly abroad. For the blue decorated dinnet-services there is a great de- mand, so that the works are two years in arrears of the orders. C. Tielsch & Co., Altwasser, Sclilesien^ manufacturers of porcelain^ stone-china^ and fire-hrick. — The consumption of raw materials by this establishment amounted to 324,483 thalers in value, and the production to 20,000,000 pieces, worth 750,000 thalers, the greater portion of which was for home consumption. Forty-five officers and foreman, and about 1,700 workmen, ill two establishments ; seven steam- engines, with an aggregate of 158 horse-power. Founded in 1845. Progress Aledal awarded. Gael Kristee, Waldenhurg ^ SchJesien, exhibited table- services, clocks, vases, etc. There are two establishments, founded in 1831, manufacturing not only porcelain articles, but bricks, fire-bricks, and tiles. They make a specialty of table and coffee services. The consumption of raw materials, in 1871, amounted to 220,000 centners, and the production to 639,000 thalers worth, mostly for home consumption. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 51 Thirty-two officers and overseers, 1,475 workmen; G steam- engines, with 126 horse-power. Merit Medal awarded. C. Heckmann & Eappsilber, Konigszelt^ Schlesien, ex- hibited toilet-services, table-services, mosaics, etc. Estab- lished in 1864. Make a specialty of table, coffee, and toilet services. Value of the productions in 1872, 270,000 tha- lers; sold in Germany. Four hundred workmen, 2 steam- engines, 32 horse-power. Diploma of Honor awarded. Waechtersbacher Steingutfabrik, Schlierhach, Hes- sen-N'assau. — Coffee and tea services. Established in 1834. Two hundred and twenty-eight workmen, 1 steam-engine, 5 water-wheels. ViLLEROY & Boch, Mettlocli, Wallerfangen, Sepffontaines and Dresden, This establishment, well known from its pro- ductions and as the largest in existence, probably, for the production of fine faience, made an attractive display of its products in the rotunda. This display comprised dinner and dessert, coffee and tea services, toilet ware, vases and orna- mental objects in faience and in terra-cotta, of superior quality and decoration. The terra-cotta plates, platters and tablets, were ornamented by incised designs, filled in with the same material as the base or groundwork, but of a darker color, as encaustic tiles are made. This, and the manu- facture of tiles by pressure from pulverized materials, con- stitute specialties of the establishment. The productions amount in value to 1,000,000 of thalers annually. In 1871, the total value was 1,170,000 thalers. Nearly the whole of Germany is supplied with faience from this establishment, and at such low prices that foreign man- ufactures cannot profitably compete for the trade. The works were started at Wallcrfangen in 1789; at Mettlacli in 1810; at Septfontainc in 1767; and the tile works in 1868. There are 1,848 workmen, 36 ofliccrs, 7 steam-engines, 217 horse-power. IMedals were awarded at London in 1851, and at Paris in 1855 and 1867. Tlu' Jury awarded the Merit Medal. 52 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. The firm also have four establishments at Dresden for the manufacture of stoneware, especially stove tiles, stoves and paving blocks. They made about 320,000 thalers’ worth of ware in 1871. Six hundred and ten workmen, 19 officers, 3 steam-engines, 145 horse-power. Maciieleidt, Tpiebner & Co., Volkstedt hei Hudol- stadt Schivarzhurg-Itudolstadt. Exhibited porcelain figures, groups and medallions. ^The establishment, wdiich was founded in 17G0, makes a specialty of medallions for wall decoration. In 1871, the works used 6,100 centners of raw materials, worth 3,300 thalers. Half of the product is exported. Four hundred and twenty-eight workmen, one Avater- wheel. Diploma awarded. Actien Gesellsciiaet EUR Telegraphen-Bedare, Ber- lin. Manufacture and exhibited telegraph materials of por- celain, gas reforts, etc. Merit Medal. Thallmaier, Fr. X., Milnchen. Establishment founded in 1849. Exhibited services, dishes, vases, etc., beautifully decorated. Special mention should be made of a service with chrome-green groundwork, ornamented Avith arabesques and flowers, and of the artistic cabinet of porcelain paint- ings ; original copies after modern masters. Merit Medal. Dressel, Kister & Co., Scheibe, Scliivarzburg-liudolstadt. Groups, statuettes, busts and porcelain figures. The. market for these productions is about half at home and half abroad. Nearly 610 Avorkmen are employed. Six water-Avheels, 24 horse-poAver. Merit Medal. Also at Passau, Bavaria, established in 1853, for the manu- facture of porcelain figures, fancy articles, and stone-china Avare. This establishment makes a specialty of crucifixes, basins for consecrated Avater, etc. Consumed, in 1871, between 50,000 and 60,000 florins’ Avorth of porcelain earth. Two hundred and sixty workmen, five vvater-Avheels. Thewaldt, J. PIotir, Nassau. StoneAvare and porcelain for chemical laboratories and culinary purposes. Established POKCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 53 in 1792. Consumed, in 1871, 2,100 thalers’ worth of raw materials. Market in Germany. Twenty-three, workmen, 1 steam-engine of 12 horse-power. Diploma awarded. WTngender Brothers, Hdln\ Hessen-j^assau. Exhib- ited clay pipes, cigar-holders, etc., of which they make some 5,000,000 pieces of all kinds annually, valued at 18.000 thalers. A market for one-half of their produc- tion is found in Germany, the balance is exported. They employ 68 workmen. Works established in 1798. ScHLESiscHE Thonwaarenfabrik, Tsckauscliivitz JVeisse, ScJiIesien. Stoves, majolica building ornaments, refractory ware, etc. A specialty is made of majolica building orna- ments. The chief market for the products is found in Ger- many. There are 204 workmen, 1 steam-engine of 24 horse-power. Value of products in 1871, 90,000 thalers, out of clay worth 8,500 thalers. H. J. Nygen & Co., Duisburg^ Hhenisli Provinces. An interesting series of refractory blocks, shaped carefully for the various parts of high furnaces, cast-steel furnaces, rever- beratory furnaces, etc., was exhibited by this firm, as also gas-retorts, crucibles, etc. The productions, in 1871, amounted in weight to 360,000 centners, and in value to 200.000 thalers. Two hundred and sixty-six workmen employed. The greater portion of the product is used in Germany. Progress Medal. .Magdeburger Bau-und Credit Bank, Ex- hibited clay goods, glazed and painted stove tiles, stoves, glazed terra-cotta ware, building and paving bricks, tire- stones, etc. In 1871, they produced* 85,000 thalers’ worth of goods, using 30,000 centners of clay, 216 workmen, 4 steam-engines of 19 horse-i)ower, 14 ordinary burning ovens, 1 Mendheim’s gas ring-oven with 18 chambers, and 1 Ilolf- mann’s riim-oven with 16 chambers. O 54 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. RUSSIA. Imperial Porcelain Manufactory. This iyiperiM estab- lislimeiit, foimdecl in the year 1744, and located near St. Petersburg, exhibited products comparable with the finest of Sevres, Meissen or Berlin, consisting of vases, services, plat- ters, jardinieres, bonqiiet-holders, biscnit-fignres, etc. They were all remarkable for perfection in form, color and exqui- site painting, but a few of the most striking objects will be mentioned. In biscuit, nothing could be finer than the large bouquet of flowers and leaves, showing a quality of paste unsurpassed for whiteness and working capabilities. Every petal was perfect, and almost as thin . as in nature. Lace pattern dishes bore equal testimony to the perfect control of the form of the paste in firing. A tea-set, antique Chinese pattern, decorated with flowers, attracted much attention. Among the large objects, the most notable were the porce- lain table-top, three feet in diameter, snow-white in the centre, with a wreath of flowers forming the border, perfect in drawing, color and every detail ; and a magnificent vase six feet high, painted with twelv^e cupids, dancing, holding a string of ivy. This vase was valued at $2,500.' Tills establishment was founded in 1744. It employs 230 workmen, and has a steam-engine of 12 horse-power. It has 4 furnaces and 6 mufiles. The annual production is valued at 100,000 roubles. Pepine, Prince Nicholas, Kiev^ exhibited a beautiful des- sert-service of old Sevres, of the year 1765-1766 : color, turquoise blue. See " Sevres.” Stepanoff, Michel, Varsiliero, Bogorodsk District, ex- hibited refractory tablets and bucks, alembics, gas-retorts, etc. The estaldishment was founded in 1871 ; it employs 100 workmen, 14 horse-power steam-engine, and the produc- tion is valued at 200,000 roubles. Diploma. There was also in the Pussian section a fine series of earthenware, domestic utensils, and liquid measures, re- markable for excellence of form and cheapness ; but no infor- mation concerning them could be obtained. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 55 AUSTRIA. Imperial Porcelain Works, Vienna. — The manufacture of porcelain was established in Vienna, in 1717, by Blanquim\ In 1746, the works were purchased by the Empress Maria Theresa for 45,000 florins, and Blanquier was made director. In 1750, forty men were employed; in 1761, one hundred and forty; in 1770, two hundred; and in the year 1780, three hundred and twenty. In the period from 1760 to 1790, under the sculptor Niedermayer, the production of figures and groups was most, developed. More attention was then given to decoration of the ware by painting, under the direction of the chemist Leithner, Avho produced the beautiful blue color known by his name, the reddish brown, and the superb gilding. The first artists of the day were engaged to furnish sketches ; and amongst the artists we find the names of Watteau, Sancret, Boucher, and Angelica Kauffmann. In 1827, Director Niederma 3 ^er died, and the establishment gradually declined in importance until 1864, when the Keichsrath refused further sums for its maintenance and stopped operations. The models were destroyed, and the buildings were turned into an imperial cigar factory. Private porcelain works, zum Eisgrilhl, had been estab- lished in 1702, and this firm came into possession of most of the stock on hand in the imperial works, and has since con- tinued the manufacture on a smaller scale. Fischer, Moritz von, Ilerend, near Weszprim, Hungary. — This famous establishment has its chief depot in Vienna, and made a very extensive display of all its reproductions of celebrated manufactures of porcelain, chiefly of old Sevres, Meissen, old Chinese, and old Japanese. Here could be seen counterparts of the raised flower-work of Saxony, of the open perforated basket-work ware, of old Vienna porcelain, and of the Italian Capa di Monti. These imitations are much sought for, and arc the l)asis of an extensive business. Most, if not all, are distinctly marked with the maker’s name and place of manufacture, so that no deception or mistakes can result. Some ordinary Chinese and Japanese ware is 56 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. tolerahly well imitated ; but there is a notable failure in the attempts at the finer and distinctive peculiarities of the best pieces from those countries. Two large portraits on porcelain, by this exhibitor, merit special mention : one of Humboldt, with a porcelain frame about three feet by two feet, and another of Paul Esterhazy, sixteen inches by twelve. Another example of a portrait, with a frame of porcelain, and all in one piece, is to be found in the Japanese section. A perforated tea-set, in Chinese style, attracted the atten- tion of the Prince of Wales, and was purchased by him. A large vase, with Chinese decoration, is also worthy of men- tion. The jury decreed a Progress Medal. Fischer, Ignaz, Biida-PestJi, Hungary^ exhibited speci- mens of painting on porcelain, to which the jury decreed a Diploma of Honorable Mention . Alois Klammerth, Znaim. — A collection of quaint and cheap pottery, in red, black, and yellow enamels, and mostly of articles for common domestic use, kitchen utensils, etc. The forms were simple, but elegant, and the quality was ex- cellent. They are, withal, sold at a very low price. Some of the ware, is decorated by turning or scraping off the dark- colored glaze before firing, so as to expose the light-colored body below ; and an excellent effect is produced. Progress Medal. Franz Schleiss, Gemunden am Traunsee, exhibited quaintly colored faience and majolica blue, white, yellow, and green ; also, kitchen ware and drinking-mugs, all of odd patterns and coloring. Merit Medal. Haas & Czj^ek, Schlaggenwald and Chodau^ near Oarls- had, in Bohemia. — This firm made a fine display of choice porcelain in the rotunda. It comprised dinner and dessert services, tea-sets and ornamental vases, etc. Some of the tea-sets were exquisite in form and decoration. Price, 124 florins. A superb dinner-service, for twenty-four persons, was ticketed 1,560 florins. The exhibition made by this firm PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 57 at Paris, in 1867, received the silver medal, and at this exhi- bition receives the Progress Medal. Deuk, Albin W., Vienna^ exhibited some beautifully decorated porcelain and imitations of French, Meissen, and Chinese ware. The firm exports to Russia and the Orient alone, over 10,000 cwts. annually. Merit Medal. Erndt, Bernard, Vienna, ix, Pramergasse, 25. — Among the many attractive displays of stove tiles from Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, the exhibition made by M. Erndt stood preeminent. A description of the various patterns and colors would fill a small volume ; but no adequate idea of the tiles can be conveyed without plates. Most of them are in high relief, and are colored rich dark brown or green, or are plain white. They are about eight inches square and three to six inches thick. They constitute a specialty in ceramic manufactures, difi*ering greatly from paving or mural tiles or household pottery. The use of such tiles is enormous in Austria and Germany, nearly all the apartments being warmed by the "porcelain” stoves. The great merit of this exhibit was recognized by a Progress Medal. Gebruder SciiUTZ. Stiermark and in Bohemia ; Earthen- ware. A very interesting exhibition of quaintly formed pitchers and jugs, with long narrow necks and flattened sides, as shown in the annexed outline, standing about sixteen inches high, and colored bright blue, vermilion and green. Upon the same stand there were plates and a coffee service of earthenware, with a rich chocolate brown glaze, very attractive not only in color but in form, and very cheap, the whole coffee set being marked at only four florins, about two dollars. The jury accorded a Merit Medal. Hardtmutii, L. & C., Pudiveis. This firm made an extensive display of peculiar styles of porcelain and faience, designed especially for export to the Orient, with which it would appear there is an extensive trade in this class of ware, the chief excellence of which seems to be its con- 8 58 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. formity in shape and decoration to old-fashioned, obsolete st 3 dcs. Merit Medal. SWEDEN. There were two principal exhibitors of porcelain and earth- enware in the Swedish section, both showing, the possession of excellent materials and skill in the manufacture. Feld- spar, one of the principal materials used in porcelain, is obtained abundantly in Sweden, and is exported in quanti- ties to England. EoiiSTRAND Porcelain M^orks, Stockholm. The display from this establishment was very interesting, consisting of porcelain vases, urns, dinner-services, plates, cups and saucers, etc. The tea-cups especially were well-formed and decorated. The handles were delicately formed and well attached. Some dark blue enamels with gilding, and a set in black enamel with raised designs in white gf flowers and grasses, repaid close examination. White iron-stone china, parian, biscuit and majolica, are made at the same estab- lishment. These \yorks were founded in the year 1726, and they now employ over 500 persons and a steam-engine of 70 horse-power. The production in the year 1872 was valued at -830,000 rix dollars. The greater portion of the product is sold in the country ; but some is exported to Norway, Denmark, Finland and Russia, and small quantities to France and England. There is* in connection with the establish- ment a hospital for the sick and infirm, a school for the chil- dren, a Sabbath school and a' library. Gustafberg Works, Stockholm. (W. Odelberg.) This establishment also made a fine display of porcelain, faience, parian and majolica ware. The dinner-services were excel- lent in form, color and decoration. Sets of cups and saucers, of good pattern and well fired, glazed in single colors all over, except the interiors, and the central parts of the saucers were noted as worthy of mention. The colors, PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 59 such as red, purple, blue and lavender, were very even and bright, and produced a fine effect. Some very good specimens of majolica were shown by this and by the Rorstrand establishment, characterized, how- ever, by the apparent abundance of oxide of copper, for a vivid green was the predominating color of the glaze. The Gustafberg works were established in the year 1826, and now employ about 400 persons and 4 steam-engines, with a total of 91 horse-power. Raw materials to the fol- lowing amounts were used in the year 1871 : — 40,500 cubic feet of clay, from England ; 20.000 cubic feet of "fire-stone,” from France; 800.000 lbs. of feldspar, from the neighborhood ; 34.000 lbs. of bones, from Sweden ; 24.000 lbs. oxide of lead ; 22.000 lbs. of borax, from France and England ; 160.000 cubic feet of stove coal ; 700 cubic feet of wood. The value of the products reaches the sum of 702,000 rix dollars. PORTUGAL. Several exhibitions in the Portuguese section give evi- dence of the growth of ceramic industry in that country. The manufacture of porcelain is carried on at Yisla Alegre, Aveiro, and at' Sacavem, Lisbon. It has long been estab- lished at the former place, and the products are held in high estimation. Modern improvements have been intro- duced, and a variety of artistic and ornamental o])jects, such as vases, statuettes, etc., are manufactured. Pinto and Tilho exhibited toilet and tea-sets, apparently modelled after Pritish patterns, but without special merit. There was consideralde ordinary pottery and mnjolica, rather crude in form and coloring, but not uninterest- ing; green and brown coloring predominated. Some red, unglazed jugs, from the manufactory of G. Mafra, deserve 60 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. mention for the peculiarity of their form. They are evi- dently a modified form of alcarazza, intended to hold and cool drinking water, by suspending them in a cool and airy place. The top is closed over, the only opening being the spont, through which the vessel is filled by immersion. A curved handle at the top is convenient for carrying, and one at the side for tipping it. In the year 1870, the importations of glass and ceramic products were valued at 150,522,000 reis, and the exporta- tions at 36,911,000 reis. Of faience, in the same year, 132,688 kilogrammes, valued at 24,077,000 reis, were imported from England. DENMAPvK. Koyal Porcelain Manufactory, Copenhagen, exhibited in the Rotunda and in the Danish court decorated porcelain of all kinds, especially works in biscuit, consisting of medal- lions, busts and bas-reliefs, after Thorwaldsen, Bissen, and others. Thorwaldsen’s ” Night and Morning,” and the medal- lion portraits, deserve special mention for their excellence in form and composition of the paste, and their pure white- ness. The works also make a specialty of imitations of the old Saxon and Danish ware. The list of premiums received at former great exhibitions is a long one, and at this exhibition the works fully sustain their reputation. The fine terra-cotta ware of this section, consists of choice vases, urns, tazzas, etc., in imitation of the old Etruscan and Greek forms. These are black in color with figures in red, and the reverse. Others are decorated with sprigs of ferns and flowers on the plain black surface. They are exquisite in execution and color, and were much admired. All this ware is remarkably perfect in form, and is burned without distortion. The prices are moderate. PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 61 ITALY. Majolica. Although specimens of majolica ware, as usually desig- nated, were to be found from all the principal countries, it is chiefly to the Italian and Spanish sections that we should look for the typical specimens. The name majolica is believed to be derived from Majorca, the Spanish island from which it is supposed the first speci- mens were taken or exported to Italy. The island, accord- ing to Fabio Ferrari, was called Maiolica by ancient Tuscan writers, and Dante writes, ” Tra I’isola di Cipri e Maiolica.” Pottery was made there by the Moors from an early period in the Middle Ages, and it became famous. There is a state- ment, considered mythical by some, that, at the conquest of the Balearic islands by the Pisan fleets, in 1115, part of the spoil consisted of the famous Majorca ware, and that it was used for the decoration of the towers and facades of the Pisan churches. The term majolica, or maiolica, appears originally to have been restricted to the lustred wares, — those in which there was a nacreous chromatic effect, due to the partial reduction to the metallic state of the oxides form- ing part of the composition of the glaze. This lustre, though easily produced when the cause is known, was doubtless one of the great secrets of the art for a time, though doubtless produced, in the first instance, unintentionally by the imper- fect combustion of the fuel in the kilns giving a smoky atmos- phere containing free carbon, or carbonic oxide gas. A coarser Avare, of potter’s earth, covered Avith a AAdiite slip, upon Avhich the designs Avere painted, and glazed Avith lead, Avas known as mezza-maiollca. The true majolica Avas prob- ably tin-glazed, though it does not appear by any means cer- tain that this constituted the distinction. Towards the middle of the sixteenth century, the terms seem to have been applied to all varieties of the glazed cartheiiAvare of Italy. Mr. Fort- num, Avith M. Jacquernart, M. Darcel, Mr. J. C. Robinson, and others, think that the Avord majolica, or maiolica, should be again restricted to the histred Avares, althongh in Italy, and elsewhere, it is commonly used to designate all varieties G2 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. of enrtlienware, excepting ” terraglia,” in distinction from porcelain.^ It has also been maintained, that although Majorcan wares were known in Italy, the art may have been derived from Persian potters reaching the eastern ports of that country. This view is supported by the fact, that the style of decora- tion of the early Italian wares is more Persian than Mo- resque, f Again, it is suggested that after the conquest of Majorca and of the province of Yalencia, at the end of the thirteenth century, Moorish potters emigrated to Italy and introduced their practice of the art with the tin glaze J and metallic lustre. In England and in the United States it is the habit to desig- nate as ” majolica ” any pottery covered with a colored glaze. The term should be restricted to ware coated with opaque enamels. The ornamental v/are, especially when modelled after natural objects, and coated with transparent glazes of various colors, is more correctly described as Palissy ivare. Capo-di-Monti Ware. Ginori, The Marquis of: qiorcelain manufactory^ Doccia^ near Florence .- — This establishment, founded in the year 1735, now produces many varieties of artistic and domestic porcelain and decorative objects, in majolica and faience. It is celebrated especially for its reproductions of the famous Capo-di-Monti ware, the pieces being made from the old moulds, and so well colored as scarcely to be distinguished from the old examples preserved in collections. The pecu- liarity of this ware, as is generally known to connoisseurs, consists in the decoration of the surface by groups of male and female figures in relief, covering the surface on cups and saucers, vases, plaques, boxes, jugs, etc. Most of the fig- ures are in a nude or semi-nude condition, and are tinted with flesh color, and are surrounded by flowers or wreaths, of which pink or rose color is the prevailing color. Many of * Fortmim’s Maiolica Hispano Moresco, Persian, Damascus, and Rhodian Wares, etc., page xxxvii. of Introduction. t Jacqucmart, cited by Fortnum, ibid., p. xxxix. + With regard to the origin of the tin glaze, usually attributed to Luca della Robbia, see infra, Part “Ceramic Clays and Materials.” PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 63 the specimens are no doubt as good, or better, than the old. They attracted much attention and command a high price. As examples of skill in sculpture or modelling, they are cer- tainly not remarkable. They do not bear comparison with the exquisite relief figures of Wedgwood’s establishment. They lack sharpness and distinctness of outline, and have a half-fired look, partially blended as they are with the back- ground, evidently forming a part of the body of the ware, all being moulded in one piece and of the same material. Con- siderable attention has also been given at this establishment to the imitation of the celebrated productions of Urbino, Castel Durante, and of Gubbio. The productions have been conspicuous at most of the great exhibitions, and have received many medals, notably at Paris in 1855, London in 1862, Paris in 1867. The proprie- tor was also honored in 1867 by appointment to membership of the Legion of Honor of France. Torquato Castellani, Home, This exhibitor appears to devote his energies to the reproduction of choice examples of old Italian majolica and decorated pottery, chiefly bottles and urns. One of these, with massive twisted handles, is represented in outline. It was about 12 inches by 15 inches high, and was purchased by the St. Petersburg Museum for £7 15s. Monaco. In the small building outside the Industry Pal- ace, set apart for the products of this State, there were many specimens of decorated faience, in the old Dresden style. They were chiefly vases and baskets covered with colored flowers in relief. Incised or Sgraffiato Ware. This name is api)licd to a species of decoration practised in Italy by the potters of the Kenaissance period, or towards the beginning of the fifteenth century. It is also known as Perugia ware, hav- ing originated 'in the province of Perugia. The design is scratched out of a thin layer of light colored clay over a darker body beneath. The object is then glazed, and colors 64 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. are sometimes added. The art has been revived by the Messrs. Minton & Maw. It suggests, also, the style of decoration so effective on the stoneware of the Donlton’s, Lambeth, British section. INDIA. The list of the ceramic contriimtions from India tills sev- eral pages of the Descriptive Catalogue, but consists chiefly of earthenware and glazed tiles. Dr. Leitner, Lahore, sends a tea-ciip of Lhassa porcelain, and specimens of the Lahore porcelain, the last attempt at the manufacture, which will soon die out unless encouraged. Peerano, of Tatta Sind, forwarded ninety-five variously colored specimens of domestic pottery, including floor-tiles and specimens of the materials and implements used in the manuhicture and glazing of pottery. Similar collections were sent by other persons from various parts of India. For a notice of the tiles, etc., see Tiles. * JAPAN. Japan entered fully into the spirit of the great Exhibition, and made the most systematic and comprehensive display of the varied industries of the country yet seen by Europeans. The ceramic products were a salient feature, and illustrated the manufacture of porcelain faience and terra-cotta from many of the provinces. When we reflect that this country, wdth China, is the birthplace of the art of porcelain, and consider the numerous separate establishments for its pro- duction, its general use among the people and the extent of the manufacture, not only for native use but to please the taste and meet the requirements of foreigners, we shrink from attempting a critical review of the industry, or even a description of the representative examples accumulated at Vienna. The fertility of the people in design and modifications of the potter’s art surprises every one, and none more than those who have in vain striven to exhaust the novelties of PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 65 the manufacture in materials, form and ornamentation. There is an unceasing variety, and, apparently, no end of surprises in store for amateurs and collectors. But it is not ill porcelain alone that the Japanese potters attain excel- lence and variety. They produce faience and ware resem- bling the finer sorts of terra-cotta, plain and enamelled. The exquisitely decorated faience of Satsuma was a surprise to connoisseurs at Paris, in 1867. It was admired in London, at the Exhibition in 1871, and appeared in still greater variety of forms and decoration at Vienna. The potters seem also to be copying European ” masters,” for they are making this ware into forms to suit foreigners. Certain it is that, as the demand for any one of these varieties of ware increases and large orders have to be filled, the care and detailed labor diminishes, and we lose that pains- taking'and exquisite finish which is freely bestowed on a few select objects. Thus it is that older specimens of ware are generally the most desirable. The same is true of the metal work and the ivory carvings. Quality must be sacri- ficed to quantity. The Japanese Commission, however, who had the respon- sibility of securing a proper representation, made judicious selections and placed some of the choicest, as well as the more ordinary objects, before the jury. The list includes vases, white and blue, in red color, and in the deservedly admired celadon green ; perforated work, enamelling in relief, egg-shell ware, monochromatic and polychromatic decoration, decoration with flowers and fig- ures, and with laquer and gold. There were not only vases, but plates, bowls, sackie-bottles, sackie-cups and tea-pots in great varietj’ ; tiles, large decorated slabs, a fire-place and mantel, and dinner, breakfast and tea serv- ices, after European patterns. The Japanese porcelain, it is well known, is the lim'd, or pate dur variety. It is, in general, highly vitreous, com- pact and hard, but is tough and resists heat well. Amongst the many porcelain-making establishments in Japan, those of Sai-kio, Inari, Kutani, Owari* and Awadji, * Owari is in the Second District, Tokaido, and Awadji in the Scvcntli District, Nankaido. 9 66 EXPOSITION" AT VIENNA. are held in the highest esteem. Most of the potteries are small. The production is not centered in extensive works, and this accounts for the diversity of patterns, the differ- ences of paste, of glazing, and of colors. A pair of large vases, of modern make, attracted attention. They are about five feet high and twenty iuches in diameter (l™-623 and 0“-495). These are decorated around the tops with groups of peonies, others with dragons modelled in low relief between birds and flowers, on the fiat in blue, under the glaze. A flower-vase also commands mention. Size 0“-484 in diameter at the top. Blue enamel, orna- mented with figures of peacocks and peonies. One of the large plates represents the four seasons by four groups of flowers. The outside is ornamented with butterflies and arabesques. Diameter, 0“*984. Miaco Faience. A cheap buff-colored earthenware, resembling the Satsuma, is made at Miaco. It was exhibited at Yienna, and is now abundant in the shops. The forms are various and quaint, particularly where the taste of the Japanese is left free to as- sert itself. Foreign samples of tea-cups, saucers, and plates have been supplied to them, and much of the ware we receive is made after these patterns. The decoration is pleasing, consisting generally of flowers, grasses, etc., mingled Avith gilding ; but it is generally rude, and not carefully executed, in comparison with the best Satsuma. The gilding, instead of being in compact, distinct points, is in smooth, diffused patches. Some of the ware is formed in imitation of sections of bamboo, with great fidelity in the details. Insects, drawn and colored with accuracy, are sometimes substituted for flowers in the decoration. A very interesting collection of this ware has been imported by Mr. Yantine, in New York. CHINA. The representation from this country, as from Japan, is very large, and includes almost every variety of hard porce- lain, in the purely Chinese styles, and much that has been PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 67 made iii imitation of European forms, particularly dinner and tea sets, cotfee-cups, etc. The vases are very numerous, and many of them of great size and elaborate decoration. Crackled ware and specimens of pdte-sur-]jdte are not want- ing, and the whole is made the more interesting by a collec- tion of old porcelain, bronzes and cloissonee enamels, sent hy xirchdeacon Gra}L Amongst the vases we find several of the beautiful red color, so much prized in China, particularly if old, as indeed is the case with all old specimens, whether of china, bronze or enamel. Very old specimens command enormous prices, and are frequently counterfeited. Among other objects to be noted are garden-seats, in celadon, with raised ornaments in white, — pdtesur-pdfe , — admirably executed. One great seat of the porcelain manufacture in China is on the Poyana Lake, the outlet for the goods being via the Yan- tse-Kiang. Most of the ware exported to Europe and America, chiefly the highly decorated dinner and tea services, is from Hong- Kong. According to Julien, the manufacture of porcelain in China was commenced in the country of Sinping, Honan, under the Han dynasty, and, therefore, some time between b. c. 185 and A. D. 87. In the year 60, porcelain was in common use. Marco Polo saw the process of manufacture in the thirteenth century.* Specimens of Chinese porcelain had reached Europe before the Portuguese doubled the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, after which it became more abundant, through the importations by the Portuguese and the Dutch, who traded in it largely. Cloissonee Enamels. The Chinese section, as indeed the English, French, and Japanese sections of the Exhibition, was very rich in displays of this peculiar ware, which may be regarded as a connecting link between porcelain and bronze. It is an ancient art in China and Japan, but is now receiving increased attention there, owing to the foreign demand, and pieces of great size * Catalogue Museum Practical Geology, 1871. G8 EXPOSITION AT A'lENNA. and beauty are produced. In this art the design is first marked out upon the metallic or porcelain surface by thin strips of brass, bent and folded, so as to mark all the details of an intri- cate pattern. These are fastened to the surface on edge by soldering, and the cavities or doissons thus formed are filled in with fusible enamels of different colors. The piece is then baked, the enamels fuse into the cells, and, after cooling, the whole surface is o^roimd off smooth, brinmn^ the enamels and the thin brass partings to a flush finish. Dark blues and greens, with a sprinkling of red and -white, are the usual colors. Imitations are now made extensively in France and in Eng- land. Some of these productions are remarkable for their beauty and perfection of finish. Special mention should be made of specimens shown by Barbedienne and by Elkington. There is one variety of cloissonee enamel on porcelain which is rare, only a few specimens having been seen in the United States. Porcelain body is substituted for metal, and the brass partitions seem to be inserted directly in the porce- lain body. A cup in the writer’s collection is so enamelled over the whole exterior, while the interior is ordinary white, translucent porcelain. Some of the choicest specimens of Chinese cloissonee were obtained at the sacking of the summer palace of the emperor, and, together with wonderfully wrought specimens of jade and other decorative objects, were distributed from thence over Europe. III. Floob, Wall, and Ornamen- tal Tiles. The Exhibition contained a rich assemblage of decorative tiles of several countries, notably from Great Britain, where the art has attained its greatest perfection. Little, in fact, remains to be desired in respect of excellence of materials, perfection of form, and beauty of design. The highest skill of the potter and the best efforts of decorative artists are called into requisition in this manufacture, and the resources of the chemist’s art, applied to enamels, are taxed to their WALL AND FLOOR TILES. 69 utmost ill the production of the most brilliant colors. Graphic and chromatic decorations in ceramics find in tliis field their legitimate basis of application and their greatest possible expansion in the future. The great object of the tile is decoration ; and the flat surface in the wall or on the floor is more appropriately the basis of ornament than a plate or dish on which, when in use, the decoration is obscured. The antiquity of the art of decorating with tiles is well known, and the perfection which it attained in several coun- tries is shown by the specimens which have been handed down to us unchanged, — not even dimmed by age. The tiles of India, Persia, Arabia, and Spain, the mosaics of the Eomans, and the walls of the Alhambra, are familiar exam- ples. Glazed decorated tiles were used in Egypt, and among the Assyrians and Babylonians. They were introduced in Spain by the Saracens and Moors. In China they were em- ployed in remote periods for both exterior and interior deco- ration. The Exhibition contained specimens of antique tiles from India and from the mosques of Samarcand, of the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries ; and thus a retrospective glance of the art and its application in this place is fully justified. The Indian tiles were brought by Dr. Leitner from Lahore, where they were taken from old monuments ; but the colors are as vivid as they ever were. The art, which was connected with the Mogul architecture, is now almost dead, as it is no longer sustained. Manufacture of Tiles in Great Britain. The manufacture in Great Britain dates from media? val times, and is supposed to have originated in the Koman mosaics, — the transition from tesseun to the tiles, with im- pressed designs, being gradual, — the difference in the first place ])eing in the size of the pieces only. Evidences of the 2fradual modification of the size have been found, and in Spain, small tiles, intermediate between British tiles and tes- sene, are now in use. Kecent excavations at Chichester have brought to light mosaic pavements and Koman tiles. It is highly probable that the convenier.ee and greater rapidity of laying larger tiles led to their adoption, and the 70 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. requirements of the details of design led to the quicker and cheaper method of stamping the hgures upon the clay. For a long period after the use of the red or Samian ware, intro- duced by the Romans, ceased, tiles appear to have been the only branch of the decorative fictile art in Britain. They were applied chiefly in ecclesiastical decoration, about the altars and choirs, and for memorial purposes. The excel- lence of this mediaeval tile-work is regarded as having stimu- lated and led the way to improvement in decoration of house- hold pottery. Some of the earliest specimens of the art, pre- served in the British Musem, are from ruined churches in Norfolk. The neighborhood of Great Llalvern appears to have been one of the chief centres of production in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and few churches in Great Britain can show a greater variety of ancient tiling than the Priory Church of Great Malvern, the interior of which abounded with encaustic tiles in the floors and forming panels in the walls. The manufacture in Britain has been assigned to two periods. The most ancient tiles are believed to have been fabricated between the years 1290 and 1380, and those of the second period during the prevalence of the perpendicular style in building. Numerous kilns have been unearthed at Malvern Hills, and it is believed that Tewkesbury Abbey and Worcester and Gloucester Cathedrals were supplied with tiles from these kilns. The manufacture is supposed to have been continued in Worcester County down to about the year 1G40, and to have been repressed, if not stopped, at that time through the influence of Puritanism. In that vear visitors were appointed to visit the ecclesiastical structures of the kingdom and destroy all ornaments of a " superstitious nature.”^ The designs upon the tiles at that time were largely formed of sacred symliols and inscriptions, of memo- rial letters and monograms, and of heraldic devices, chiefly in connection with tombs. These mediaeval tiles have been classed according to their decorations, as follows ^ : — 1. "Sacred symbols; inscriptions, consisting either of verses of the Scripture or pious phrases. * Antiquarian and Arcliitcctural Year Book, 1844, p. 128. WALL AND FLOOR TILES. 71 2. ” Armorial bearings of the sovereign or individuals con- nected with the monastery by benefactions or otherwise ; personal devices or mottoes. 3. " Ornaments conformable to the style of architecture or character of decoration prevalent at the period, but devoid of any special import.” Some of the emblematic figures, of which examples charac- teristic of these old ecclesiastical tiles are here given, consist of lions, dragons, and adders, and have been supposed to have reference to the text, " Thou siialt go upon the lion and the adder : the young lion and the dragon shalt thou tread under thy feet.” The tiles of the earlier manufacture generally measure five inches square, and the later, six inches. Some have been found nine inches square and two and a quarter inches thick. A specimen in the writer’s collection, probably from the Malvern kilns, is a little over five inches square and three- quarters of an inch thick. The material is ordinary coarse red clay, such as is used for making brick, and the design appears to be formed by a lighter colored clay filling incisions or impressions in the sur- face, and subsequently glazed. The design is supposed to have been impressed by a stamp while* the clay was still moist, and the depression so formed was filled by the lighter clay in the condition of thin paste, for the cavities are fre- quently seen to be but partially filled. Prosser’s Method. But tiles are no longer made in Great Britain in this manner. Prosser’s method, patented some thirty or forty years ago, and perfected by Mr. Minton, marks a new era in tile manufacture, and has contributed greatly to the advance of this branch of artistic decoration. It consists chiefly in the use of powdered clay, instead of the wet, plastic mass. The paste being duly conq)ounded of the proper clays and silcx, and strained through cloth, is dried and then ground to powder. This powder, when slightly damp, is pressed in steel moulds by a powerful screw. The size and form of the moulds determine the size and 72 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. shape of the tile. Tiles so formed are more perfect in shape, are denser, stronger and more uniform in wear, than those made from clay in its plastic state. There is less shrinkage in tiring, and little or no distortion. Most of the cheap tiles upon the Continent are made by the old methods, and are by no means so exact in their forms, and sharp in their edges and angles, as those made from the damp pow- der under pressure, in accurately formed moulds. The exactness and uniformity of size obtained by the new method greatly stimulated the industry, and it has been steadily increasing in importance to the present time. Many firms are now engaged in the manufacture in Great Britain, particularly at Stoke-on-Trent, and Burslem in Stalford- shire. The establishment of Messrs. Minton, Hollins & Co., now carried on by Mr. Hollins, is one of the oldest, and is occupied exclusively in the production of all varie- ties of tiles. The rapidly increasing demand for tiles of all descrip- tions of late years is remarkable, not only in England but throughout Europe. They are used in almost all modern buildings of any pretension. They make the most service- able and ornamental floors for public buildings. In the South Kensington Museum alone there are some 40,000 square feet of pavement laid. They are used in railway stations, on shipboard, and for decorating walls and pave- ments of churches. For this latter purpose, great numbers are required in the work of restoration of old cathedrals. At Worcester, the cathedral which has lately been restored, chiefly through the munificence of the Earls Dudley and Ward, who gave equal to $350,000 in gold for the pur- pose, has a tiled chancel of most elaborate design, a part of which is over four hundred years old. The dilapidated portions have been renewed with tiles made in exact imi- tation of the ancient tiles, and at a cost of not less than $10,000, under the direction of Sir Gilbert Scott, the arch- itect. One firm alone (Minton, Hollins & Co.) cite the follow- ing among the principal places for which they have furn- ished the tile pavements : — WALL AND FLOOR TILES. 73 “ The Kojal Palaces of Windsor, Osborne and Marlborough House ; the Palace and State Yachts of the Sultan of Turkey ; the Po3"al Eesidence of Prince Dhuleep Sing ; the New Houses of Parliament, Westminster ; the New Foreign Offices ; the New Government Buildings in India ; the South Kensington Museum ; the New Albert Hall ; the Senior and Junior Carlton Clubs ; the Cathedrals of Ely, Lincoln, Litchfield, Gloucester, Wells, Glas- gow, Armagh and Sydney (New South Wales) ; the New Capitol at Washington (U. S. of America) ; and many of the principal Ducal Mansions, Government Buildings, Churches and Public Institutions in Great Britain,” etc., etc. Varieties of Tiles. The varieties of tiles as now made may be classed according to their manufacture, irrespective of form or use, as follows : — 1. Plain tiles, unglazed, glazed or enamelled, in colors. 2. Encaustic tiles, unglazed or glazed. 3. Majolica tiles. 4. Enamelled, decorated or painted tiles. The plain tiles are usually made from natural clay mix- tures, selected with reference to their colors when burned; or coloring substances may be added. The color pervades the whole tile like a brick, not being, as in the case of an enamel, merely superficial. The addition of a transparent glaze makes the color more brilliant, and gives a smoother surface. The general colors of both the plain tiles are black and white, red, chocolate, salmon, drab and buff. But almost any desired color can be given to plain tiles, by enamelling them upon the surface with opaque enamels. For this process the plain white, buff or red tiles are taken. Bright reds, crimson, purples, blues, greens and browns may thus bo obtained. These enamelled tiles, like the glazed, have a smooth glassy surface, and are more appropriately used upon walls than in pavements, where the attrition would soon destroy the gloss of the enamel and produce scratches. The smooth surface, is also rather slippery and dangerous to walk upon. For these reasons 10 74 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. the plain iinglazecl tiles are to be preferred for pave- ments. Besides the use of the glazed and enamelled tiles in mural decoration for dados, panels, etc., they are espe- cially applicable, and are largely used abroad, for lining the walls of dairies (the dairy farmers finding them supe- rior for cleanliness and keeping the milk pure), for larders, kitchens, around sinks and cooking-ranges, in bath-rooms, water-closets, and in stables. For such places the six- inch plain white glazed tile is in general use. Another very important application of wall-tile is in hospitals, for com- pletely lining the walls of wards for fever patients. The new St. Thomas hospitals (erected in London opposite the Houses of Parliament) have the fever wards lined with six- inch white glazed tiles, which, it is believed, will prevent the absorption of the germs of disease which it is well- known penetrate porous plaster walls, and are even absorbed by bricks, so that after a time whole wards of hospitals and entire buildings become unfit for occupation. The same is true of rooms in dwellings, hotels, and dormi- tories in colleges. An impervious tile-wall, which can be thoroughly cleaned by wiping with a sponge, is a great sanitary improvement, and deserves the attention of physi- cians and architects. A thoroughly vitrified body like por- celain, would be better for the purpose than a porous earthenware base with a glazed surface, though the latter would, no doubt, be far better than even the hardest painted plaster wall. Another important use of the plain white glazed, or enamelled tiles, is as reflectors in lining dark passages, staircases and entrances, especially in basements, or wher- ever there is liability to dampness or a smoky atmosphere. They are largely used about the stations of the under- ground railway in London, particularly around the window- openings, or wherever light is admitted through thick walls. Most of the lavatories and retiring-rooms of the railway stations in England, and on the Continent, are lined with white glazed tiles. Encaustic tiles may also be either with or Avithout a glaze. In this class the design upon the tile is not merely WALL AND FLOOR TILES. 75 stamped or painted on the surface, but is impressed to considerable depth. The tiles are inlaid. The process in Britain is as old as the mediaeval tiles of Malvern, already noted. In the ancient tiles the design was impressed in the moist clay. In the modern it is equally impressed, but at the time of forming the tile out of the dust, leaving a sharply formed design, which is subsequently filled by a powder of another color. The whole being pressed together forms a homogeneous mass. The impressed design is also filled, in some cases by a liquid slip, as in the ancient tiles, and when dry the excess is scraped olf before firing. The design being impressed to a depth of one-eighth or one-quarter of an inch, and filled solidly with body of a different color from the groundwork of the tile, is not obliterated by wear until the whole substance of the tile has been cut away to the full depth of the design. The brilliancy of the design and of the colors of the tile may, as with plain tiles, be heightened by a simple glaze ; but the surface is made slippery, and is not so well adapted to pavements as the simple unglazed surface. Some of the colored bodies, such as blue, green and white, are sufii- ciently vitrified in burning to give a vitreous semi-glazed appearance. But glazed inlaid tiles are suitable for hearths where not exposed to much wear, and are now 'largely used abroad for this purpose. Their thickness and strength- renders them secure from breakage. Encaustic or inlaid tiles are usually one inch thick, twice the thickness required for plain wall-tiles. They are especially suitable for pavements in halls, corridors and vestibules, or Avherever they would be exposed to attrition and wear b}' the fire-irons, etc. Encaustic and Enamelled Tiles in Decoration. Another important application of the encaustic, and also of the enamelled tiles, is found in decorating the Avails of build- ings, especially those of brick, cither grouped in large ])anels, or set singly about the Avindow-fraines and cornices. The glazed encaustic tiles are generally used in mural decoration and in fire-places, for lining the jambs and back, Avhere movable or basket grates arc used. They not only 76 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. have the merit of beauty, but of cleanliness, as all smoke, soot or dust can be easily wiped off the glazed faces. Majolica tiles are ornamented with the design in relief, pro- duced generally by the insertion of an open-work metallic plate when moulded, giving them an embossed surface, which is variously colored by enamels, and is highly glazed. This kind of tile is extremely rich and brilliant in appearance, and is suited to mural decoration, such as the walls and dados of dining, smoking-rooms, libraries, offices, stairways, entrance halls, for inlaying cabinet work, and for mantels and fire- places. For this latter purpose, there were some fine examples in the exhibition of dog-grates and fire-place fixtures. They are particularly applicable to church-wall decoration, grate-cheeks and for flower-boxes. So also the enamelled ornamental tile may be used for the same pur- poses, but more especially for the walls of dairies, bathing and retiring rooms, and for baths. The ornamentation is added either by hand, or is transferred from lithographic prints, but is all upon the plain surface, not extending into the substance of the tile, as in the encaustic varieties, or raised above the general level, as in the embossed varieties. The elaborately painted tiles and slabs belong to this class, as also those which are enamelled in various opaque colored enamels. The use of tiles for flower-boxes for windows has become general, and has raised a demand for such as are peculiarly adapted to the purpose. They are usually eight inches square, half an inch thick, and are inserted side by side in a simple wooden or zinc frame-work, grooved so as to receive and hold the edges of the tiles. The majolica and painted tiles are generally preferred. An important application of tiles is for inscriptions of all kinds, street names, signs, numbers, especially where dust accumulates, and frequent brushing or dusting is necessary. They are largely used in the underground railway in London, for the names of the stations. Messrs. Minton, Hollins & Co. manufacture every kind and all sizes of these tiles for forming inscriptions, dates and texts, and direct attention especially to their letter-tiles, manufactured expressly for street names, and assert that such tiles have been fixed in several towns for WALL AND FLOOR TILES. 77 more than twenty years without being impaired in distinct- ness. They are affixed either by bedding in Portland cement aofainst the wall, with the ed 1/ 1 1 1 1 \ 'A lo-in. 1 : ^ 1 110 EXPOSmON AT VIENNA. Berlin — Dithmer's Terra-Cotta. The beautiful specimens of terra-cotta by this exhibitor also merit more than a passing mention. The illustrations presented are better than any description, and suffice to show the high artistic character of the designs. TERKA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. Ill The following drawings show the forms in which the company manufacture paving tiles of excellent quality, far better than the ordinary paving brick in common use in the United States, for want of forms better adapted to the pur- pose. Ringoeen-Ziecelei der Stadtgemeinde , Troppau. This establishment exhibited in the Austrian court a series of remarkably smooth and well-formed pressed red brick, and square slabs, and paving tiles. The latter were both yellow and red, in hexagons, about eight inches across ; and in rhombs, same size, and two and a half inches thick. A fine eflect is produced by laying the two colors alternately. The large slabs were twelve inches square and three inches thick. A variety of angle and cornice bricks were also shown. The ordinary brick shown measured about Ilf X 6x3 inches, or say 12x6x3 inches. Perforated Brick — England. George Jennings Pooee, Dorset, England, exhibited a variety of perforated bricks, red and of a light gray color, about 9x3x2 inches, and some square slabs 9 inches each way and 2 inches thick. The open- ings are numerous and ornamental, as shown in the annexed cuts, and ex- tend through the brick from side to side. These bricks are evidently made in machines similar to those used for drain tiles. They are very light, re- quire much less material than solid brick, and appear 112 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. to be strong. Some perforated curved bricks like the figure, 16x4x2 inches, were also in the collection. Curved channel tiles for open drains or gutters, by the same exhibitor, merit at- tention. These are made in three parts, fitted together longi- tudinally, and are of several sizes, all of them with large open- ings in the body, effecting a great saving of material and giving light- ness and strength. Dovetailed Bricks. — France. Mr. E. Pavy, of Chateau du Claveau, near Mezieres-en- Brenne (Indre), France, exhibited a novel invention, for which he has taken out a patent in France, consisting of bricks formed with dovetailed recesses in each end, so that two bricks may be locked together by a third piece which fits into the two opposite openings. * The dimensions of the ordinary bricks are stated as 0“-25 X 0“*12 X 0“*06, which is about 9|x4|x2| inches. The locking-piece or dovetail is about five inches long. The inventor claims for these bricks that they permit of the rapid construction of walls of a single course having not only lightness but great strength ; or of thick walls, of two courses of the brick, with an air-space between, giving greater strength than is obtained in ordinary constructions using two or three times as much material, and consequently requiring more carting, more time, labor and expense. The circular brick are designed for round towers and ehimneys, and ap- pear to be favored by the exhibitor as an attractive mode of finishing the corners of constructions, an ideal house being figured by him with a round tower at each corner. Window frames of oak, or iron, are made with a dove- tailed recess in the sides, into which the small locking-piece is fitted, thereby forming a tight joint and holding the TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 113 frame firmly in its place. For rectangnlar buildings, with- out towers at the corners, angle bricks are specially made. The inventor claims that the circular brick are especially valuable for towers, tall chimnneys, light-houses, reservoirs for grain and for water conduits, cisterns, tubs for distill- ers, dyers, etc. Some of these claims seem fanciful and not duly sustained by experience, being apparently sugges- tions. For example, a tall cistern is represented, built to hold five metres in depth of water, and warranted to resist the pressure. The walls are double and connected at inter- vals with tie-bricks, leaving an air-space between. The bottom is to be of sheet iron ” three to five millimetres ” in thickness, with the edges turned up so as to hold the lower course of bricks and to prevent the iron from drawing in by sagging. It is proposed to make roofs and arches of these brick, each brick with six dovetail joints, and 0“‘320 by 0“*190 by 0°^.060. These, it is stated, can be laid for seven francs the square metre, including the cement and fifteen bricks at twenty centimes each. The average price is about seventy-five francs the thousand for bricks, twenty- five centimetres by twelve centimetres by six centimetres. The mean price per square metre of wall built of a single thickness of brick 0“.14 thick, is stated to be nine francs seventy-five centimes ; and of a square metre of double wall with bricks 0“.075 broad, fourteen francs. There was no opportunity of verifying any of these state- ments, and no references were made to any constructions made in this manner. Terra-Cotta from India. The Madras School of Art sent forty-two terra-cotta casts of Hindoo temple ornamentation, consisting of ornamental pillars, scrolls, running and border ornaments, perforated panels, circular and star patterns, all of great interest to art, and, at the same time, good examples of the ease of reproducing architectural designs and details in terra-cotta. Chicago Terra-Cotta Company, Chicago. This estab- lishment has, for the past eight years, been engaged in the 15 lU EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. maiuifacture of terra-cotta building ornaments, vases, ped- estals, statuary, etc. The market for the architectural pieces is very large, they being used in the erection of public and private buildings all over the West. They are sent as far south as Texas, west to Salt Lake, and as far north as the railways extend. The demand is constantly increasing and with every prospect of its continuing to increase, for in many parts of the West stone is very scarce. and it is too costly to transport it great distances. The terra-cotta ware being hollow and light, bears the cost of transportation to almost any required distance. Again, where stone is found it costs more to work it than to pay the cost and transportation of the terra-cotta. It has become, to a great extent, a building necessity. In Chi- cago there are miles in length of fronts ornamented with the terra-cotta work of this establishment. During the summer of 1873, about $40,000 worth of trimmings were furnished to the new Illinois State House, in Springfield, consisting chiefly of dormer windows, balustrades, and open tracery work. The above illustrations show some of the styles of window-frames. Much of the work in Chicago and the larger cities is produced from designs furnished by architects, and specially adapted to some particular building, but the company has a large stock of moulds TERKA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 115 from which it is not difficult to select objects suitable for most of the smaller constructions, thereby saving a considera- ble item of cost for new patterns. The superintendent of the works (Mr. Taylor) was formerly employed in the works of Mr. Blashlield, Stamford, England. This establishment exhibited largely, and with great credit, at the Paris Expo- sition in 1867, and is making the ornaments for the Art Museum now building in Boston. Eefractory Bricks, Retorts, Crucibles, etc. In refractory materials of all kinds, for construction of fur- naces and various metallurgical purposes, the Exhibition was particularly rich. The amount and variety of such goods were far greater than at Paris in 1867, and there was a notable advance in the art, especially in the production of special forms of large dimensions, and the increasing use of them in the construction of furnaces. Attention may be directed to the exhibits of fire-brick for the hearths and crucibles of blast-furnaces and for the stack complete, which are now being made at several establishments at very moder- ate prices. The formation of tubes and retorts of superior density and strength, by hydraulic pressure, is also worthy of attention. H. J. Yygek & Co., Duisburg^ liliein-prov. Deutsches^ Reiches, exhibited fire-brick and blocks for blast-furnaces, cast-steel melting furnaces, reheating furnaces, gas-retorts, and for smelting purposes generally. The plumbago-pots for cast-steel from this estab- lishment are formed as in the annexed outline, and stand about two feet high. These works were founded in 1856. The » value of their products in 1871 was 200,000 tha- lers for 360,000 cwt. of goods, being the heaviest production of large pieces in German}\ There are 266 work- men employed, and 3 steam-engines of 130 horse-power. C. Kulmiz, Marienkillte. — Fire-bricks and fire-clay, gas- retorts and drain-tiles were exhibited by this firm. The value of their products in 1871 was 150,000 thalers, and, in 116 EXPOSITIOX AT VIENNA. addition, they raised 370,000 cwt. of tire-clay. Emploj^ 345 workmen and 4 steani-eirn'ines. O Steinberger Gewerksciiaft, Grossed} iierode hei Cassel, Deutsches, DeicJies, exhibited tire-lirick and slabs for blast- furnaces. The production of this company in 1871 was 35,000 cwt. of clay and 54,000 cwt. of tire-brick, worth 30,500 thalers. One hundred and thirty-one workmen, and two steam-engines. The samples of tuyeres for I^essemer convertors appeared to be excellent in quality. The largest, with nine holes, were 20 inches long and 5 inches in diameter at the small end. Smal-Smal & Co., a Andennes (jproviiice de Namur), Belgium, exhibited tire-brick and flags for the hearths and crucibles of blast-furnaces and for a furnace complete ; also, bricks specially adapted to the needs of steel-works, glass- works, and zinc- works. The blast-furnace brick were specially interesting, and they are supplied at the following rates per ton (1,000 kilogrammes), loaded upon cars at Andennes Bricks for the hearth and crucible, 75 francs. “ “ boshes, . . 65 “ “ interior lining, . 55 “ outer casing, . 50 “ “ “ a furnace complete, 65 “ Slabs or tiles, for the bottoms of soda-furnaces, are supplied at 80 francs, and other firedjrick, for steel-works, glass- works, puddling furnaces, etc., at 40 francs the ton (about $8 gold). Crude and calcined clay, for the use of glass and zinc works, is sold at from 14 to 28 francs the ton. SociETE Anonyme des Terres Plastiques et Produits Kefractaires, W Andennes, lez-Namur. Directeur gerant: M, Francois Bertrand. — This establishment made an ex- tensive display of retorts, cylinders, and of bricks for con- densation chimneys for acid works ; bricks for Siemen’s fur- naces, Bessemer converters and high furnaces. The follow- ing is a short description of some of the principal objects, with the prices per piece, or per ton TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 117 Retort, 3“12 long x 0.66 X 0.40, weighing 810 kilog.i= 1,620 lbs. ; price, 100 francs ~ $20. Retort, 2“-75 X 0.545 X 0.315, weighing 560 kilog. == 1,120 lbs. ; price, 70 francs. Refractory bricks, for the crucible and boshes of blast-fur- naces ; price, 65 francs per 1,000 kilos ~ per ton. Bricks for rolling mills, Sieinen’s furnaces, Bessemer steel-works, coke-ovens, etc., at 35 francs per 1,000 kilos. = about $7 per ton. Bricks — "artificial sandstone ” — for chimneys and tow- ers for the condensation of acids, at 50 francs per 1,000 kilos. Cascade denitrante, in artificial sandstone, at 130 francs per piece. Cylinder, in artificial sandstone, with bottom, 1“05 high X 1“ 00 in diameter, for condensing acids, at 85 francs per piece. Cylinder, in artificial sandstone, Avithout bottom, 1“ 00 X 1“ 00 in diameter, for condensing acids, at 65 francs each. This company also make a specialty of supplying furnaces and metallurgical establishments with refractory materials of the best quality, at the following rates : For glass-Avorks’ pots, crucibles, etc., 15 and 18 francs per 1,000 kilogs. Calcined earths for crucibles, at 28 to 35 francs. Calcined quartz, at 20 francs per 1,000 kilogs. The establishment AA^as founded in 1856, and it has received aAvards at several of the great exhibitions. Tongued and Grooved Fire-Brick. A novelty, in the form of tongued and grooved fire-brick, was seen, but the ex- hibitor’s name Avas not obtained. The annexed outline will give an idea of the form. Retorts for the Distillation of Zinc. N. J. Dor, Director of the mines and tvorks of M. L. de Lamine, d Amjpsin j) res liny (province de Liege exhibited improved crucibles for the distillation of zinc, made under hydraulic pressure, in a machine specially designed for the purpose, invented by the exhibitor. Tliis machine has been in operation for five years at the Avorks of M. do Laniine, and similar machines are used at yielle-Montagno and other es- tablishments. The crucibles made in this manner are remark- 118 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. able for their superior density, compactness, freedom from flaws, and their cheapness, — the machine effecting a great saving over hand-labor. The appearance of the crucibles justifies these claims for excellence. The details of the ma- chinery, as shown by working-drawings, were highly interest- ing, and are suggestive of much that may be accomplished in the art of forming clay ware by the use of hydraulic power. Fihe-Bricks and Clay— -England. An interesting report on the fire-clay goods of the Lon- don International Exhibition of 1871, was made by Lient. Grover, R. E. He states that the trade in English pro- ducts of this class has marvellously increased in the past thirty years. Over 30,000,000 of fire-bricks are annually made at Stourbridge, instead of 14,000,000 as formerly. Newcastle produces 80,000,000 instead of 7,000,000. The export trade increased sixfold since 1862. The celebrated Stourbridge clay, obtained about twenty miles south-west of Birmingham, is dug from shafts in the coal measures, generally below three workable seams of coal, and between marl, or rock, and an inferior clay. The seam averages three feet in thickness. The middle portion is selected. After hoisting to the surface, the clay is sorted by women, the best lumps, or kernels, being laid aside for glass-house pots. This selected clay costs fifty- five shillings a ton. Ordinary fire clay costs, at the same place, only ten shillings a ton. About four tons are required to make a thousand nine-inch fire-bricks. The clay is mined over an area of about nine square miles, and there are about a dozen establishments. The percentages of the important ingredients of the Stourbridge clays are shown in the following analyses made by Mr. E. A. Abel, F. R. S., chemist to the War Department, England : — TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 119 Analyses of Stourbridge Clay. Silica. Alumina. Peroxide Iron. Alkalies, loss, etc. 1, 66.47 26.26 6.63 .64 2, 65.65 26.59 5.71 2.05 3, 65.50 27.35 5.40 1.75 4, 67.00 25.80 4.90 2.30 5, • 63.42 31.20 4.70 .68 6, 65.08 27.39 3.98 3.55 7, . 65.21 27.82 3.41 3.56 8, 58.48 35.78 3.02 2.72 9, 63.40 31.70 3.00 1.90 Lieut. Grover very justly points out " that the iufusibil- ity of any substance depends not merely upon the chem- ical nature of its constituents, but also upon the manner in which those constituents are combined with one another. For example, granite per se is infusible at ordinary high temperatures, whilst pounded granite can be readily melted by the same degree of heat. Thus it would seem that a porosity in structure, brought about by a coarseness of ele- mentary particles, would enhance the chemical infnsibility of a material ; and that in fire-clay goods a close uniform structure, though pleasing to the eye, is not favoralde to their refractory powers, since the component particles should have a facility for contraction or expansion under high temperature, and the air cavities act as valuable non- condiictors of heat. Hence it will be evident that to deter- mine accurate conclusions respecting these wares, a fire test is as essential as chemical analysis.” Hollow Brick. Much attention has of late been given to the manu- facture of hollow brick, to enclose air-spaces between the 120 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. interior niid exterior surfiices of walls, so as to exclude dampness and secure greater warmth. This is of great importance, and especially where "furring otf” the wall is avoided, as it should be for many good reasons. But the great cause of dampness, and consequent great con- ducting power of walls, is not likely to be avoided by even hollow brick of the best construction, unless access of water to the outside and the foundations is prevented by impervious materials. The capillary power of raising water in walls is well known, particularly in Paris, where dampness has been observed to rise thirty-two feet above the foundalions. Long, driving rains fully saturate brick walls and chimneys, and exudations of water are found inside of dwellings about chimneys where no leak can be discovered. The capacity of absorption of water by bricks is probably not less than a pint to each one. Mr. Chad- wick, in his "Report on Dwellings for the Poor,’' says that in England common bricks absorb as much as a pint or pound of water ; and supposes a case of a cottage wall consisting of twelve thousand bricks, which would be capa- l)le of holding fifteen hundred gallons, or six and a half tons of water when saturated. To evaporate this would require a ton of coal. Sandstone and granite also hold quantities of water in their pores. Prof. Ansted states that granite, in a dry state, is rarely without a pint and a half of water in each cubic foot. Sandstone may contain half a gallon, and loose sand two gallons. The absorptive capacity of bricks varies with their dens- ity, depending upon the process of manufacture. This has been shown by Cyrus Chambers, in experiments upon bricks made by the machine of his invention and on hand- made bricks, the results of which are given in the annexed table : — TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 121 Table showing the Percentage of Water absorbed by various Bricks after Thirteen Days' submersion. c3 pO s Degree of Burning. Locality of Clay. The Process of Manu- facture. Weight in pounds and ozs. before submersion. Weight in pounds and ozs. after submersion. Gain in weight iu ounces. Percentage of whole w'eight gained. 1 Hard, . . Pea Shore, N. J., . Chambers’ maehine. 5 0 5 2 2 2.5 2 Dark, . . u ii i( “ “ 4 15 5 7 8 10.12 3 Light, . . u a <( (< 4 14 5 10 12 15.4 4 Salmon, . a u <<£ << << 4 14 5 12 14 17.95 5 Very hax-d, a n u Hyd. Press, 600 tons pressure. 2 4 2 6 2 *0.55 6 Dark, . . << c( a Dry Press, Dry Press, t 4 13 5 7 10 13. 7 Salmon, . « <( u 2 8 3 1 9 22.5 8 Dark, . . Hestonville, Phila., Chambers’ machine. 5 3 5 15 12 14.46 9 Dark, . . “ “ (( 5 5 6 3 14 16.47 10 Light, . . <( << i< U 5 3 6 0 13 15.66 11 Salmon, . U « u 5 8 6 8 16 18.18 12 Salmon, . , u Hand, 4 8 5 8 16 22.22 13 Light, . . u Neck. $ By hand, . Edge. (( U 11,200= 5 tons. 7 Light Stretcher, Side. U ii 33,600=15 tons. 8 Hard, . U Side. u 67,200=30 tons. The first four experiments were made with the bricks laid between hard ash planks, hut the wood crushed and spread out, carrying the edges of the bricks with it, so that the pres- sure at Avhich they crushed may be considered far under the actual pressure the bricks are capable of sustaining. The last four experiments were made with the bricks between plates of cast-iron, without any cement, or anything between them, the rough, uneven surfaces coming in contact; conse- quently, tijey were much more severe than though the bricks had been laid in cement, so as to allow the pressure to be evenly distiabuted over the whole surface. Display of Brick Machines at Former Exhibitions. At the Exhibition in Paris, 1867, several brick machines were shown, and were reported upon specially by M. Paul Boniieaville, Engineer of Arts and Manufactures, with draw- ings.^ The London International Exhibition in 1871 was particu- larly rich in all forms of the potter’s art and appliances, and the brick and tile machinery of Europe was well shown. It is described in some detail by Peter Bawden, Esq.,| and also by Arthur Beckwith of New York. Salvetat and Ebelmen, * Etudes sur L’Expositiou, Lacroix, VII., 350. t Official Reports (British) on the London International Exhibition, I., 345. TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 127 in their report upon pottery at the Exhibition of 1851, give a very full list of works, publications, and patents con- nected with brick-making machinery. Those specially inter- ested in this branch of the subject may find in the above-cited authorities the. most accurate available information, at least from the European point of view.* Hoffmann’s Furnace. The great establishment for the manufacture of bricks in Vienna now has thirty-three of Hoffmann’s patent " ring- ovens ” or annular brick-kilns in use. They are said to mark a new era in the history of the works, effecting a great saving of fuel, and consequently increasing the profits. They are equally applicable to burning brick, lime, earthenware, cement, and gypsum. The inventor states that over one thousand are now in use, and claims to effect a saving of two-thirds of the fuel required by the old methods of burning. Inasmuch as a very good description of the apparatus has been given by Dr. Barnard in his report on the Paris Exposition,! it is sufficient to direct attention to this furnace, which does not appear to have found favor in the United States. One objection given against its use is the greater scale upon which our brick manufacture is conducted. When a kiln of the ordinary form is opened there is room enough for carts and horses to drive in and load with brick of any desired kind,— either hard- burned, pressed, or soft, or ” salmon brick.” This objection might, however, be readily overcome by making the cham- bers of greater size. Clay Pipes. The manufacture of clay pipes is a branch of ceramic art of no small importance, industrially. The establishment of Messrs. McKlroy & Co., in Philadelphia, turns out about a thousand gross of pipes weekly. About twenty difierent styles are made, ranging in price from 85 cents to $1.35 the gross. A clay of peculiar excellence is required. * Pottery — Terra-Cotta Stoneware, Fire-Briek, etc. Van Nostrand, 1872. t Industrial Arts, by Frederick A. P. Barnard, LL. D. 128 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. T. Matebials for Pottery. The materials used in the manufacture of pottery were ex- hibited ill several of the sections, notably from- Japan. IMiich more attention has been given abroad to explorations for clays and to their examination chemically, and experimentally in the furnace, than in the United States. Collections are made under government auspices to illustrate and promote the potter’s art. The Museum of Practical Geology in London contains very full collections, illustrating the qualities of the clays and plastic strata of Great Britain, selected with a view to their applicability to ceramic manufactures. There are over one hundred and twenty-three localities represented in the series, and each set of specimens contains six examples. They are all arranged in geological sequence, commencing with the newer deposits and ranging downwards. As already stated in the general survey, there is no lack in the United States of suitable clays for pottery. They are widely distrilnited, not only in recent deposits along the granite ranges of the country, but in the tertiary and older formations. They result from the gradual disintegration and decay of fcldspathic rocks. This decay and softening is seen on a grand scale in the Southern States, but at the North the decayed portions appear to have been removed by the me- chanical force of ice. The antiquity of the decomposition and its great extent in past geological ages, has been pointed out by Prof. T. Sterry Hunt, who believes it to have been accom- plished in great part by an atmosphere of carbonic acid, aided by warmth and moisture. He connects it with the slow puri- fication of the atmosphere which has been in progress from very early times. The alkalies, lime and magnesia, set free by the decomposition, absorbed the carbonic acid, and carried in solution to the ocean, gave rise to limestones, dolomites and common salt. In New England the principal knoAvn deposits of clay suit- able for potters’ use, are along the western base of the Green Mountains in tertiary deposits. They have been worked at Brandon, and Monkton, in Vermont. From the former place quantities have been taken for fire-brick and for putting into TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 129 paper. In Massachusetts, clay is cited as occurring at North- ampton, and at Martha’s Yineyard. Granular quartz, another important ingredient of the body, is mined in Berkshire County. The early exportation of samples of clay from the Southern States to England, has been noticed. No doubt extensive deposits of valuable clays exist there. Good clays are found in California. Extensive deposits of the finest clays for pottery purposes are found at many points in the State of New Jersey, and including the varieties known as fire-clay, paper-clay, and alum-clay, they form a continuous belt extending obliquely across the State from Raritan Bay and Staten Island Sound on the east, to the Delaware River on the west.* The pits dug for these clays are chiefly within areas of no great extent near Woodbridge, Amboy, Bonhamtown, Washington and Trenton, but explorations have shown the existence of other places where they can be dug with profit. They are, in gen- eral, overlaid with superficial beds of drift of sand and gravel. The beds are extensively mined, not only for pottery and hre- brick, but for shipment. Large quantities are used in New York, Philadelphia and Boston, for the manufacture of alum. Much of the whitest and purest is sold to the manufacturers of paper-hanging for facing wall-papers. By far the greatest consumption is in the manufacture of fire-brick, .especially at Perth Amboy, South Amboy, and at Trenton. In one township, Woodbridge, over fifty thousand tons of clay were raised in 1865. Fire-sand, moulding-sand, kaolin and feldspar, often occur with these beds of clay and in workable quantities. The ma- terials used for fire-brick consist of about five-eighths raw * The limits of this belt are defined by the state geologists of New Jersey, as follows : “ The northern limit is marked by the outcropping red shale and sandstone of the triassic formation, following an almost straight lino from Woodbridge, south- west by Bonhamtown, to the month of Lawrence’s Brook on the Raritan River ; along this stream, nearly to the Monmonth Junction, and thence north of the railroad near Penn’s Nock and Baker’s Basin, to the Delaware River at Trenton. The southern boundary of this snb-division of the crctaccons formation is not well defined in eonse- rpience of the superficial beds of drift which cover it. Near Raritan Bay they are not so thick, and the division line l)ctwcen the ]>lastic clays and the* clay marls is accurately located near the mouth of Choesquake Creek. But towards the south-west the overly- ing drift is so deep that it is impossible to draw the southern boundary with mueh certainty.” — Coo/c, Geol. Kept., 1873,^;. 103. 17 130 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. clay, one-eighth cement, one-eighth kaolin, and one-eighth fire-sand. The ” cement” is a burned fire-clay. In the best New Jersey clays no grit can be perceived when tested between the teeth. Analyses of good specimens show the following ingredients ^ : — 1.* 2.t 34 44 Silica, ...... 43.20 45.30 46.32 46.29 Alumina, 39.71 37.10 39.74 40.09 Zirconia, 1.40 1.40 - _ Potash, .37 1.30 - _ Lime, - .17 .36 .50 Magnesia, - .22 .44 - Peroxide of iron, .... .74 1.30 _ _ Protoxide, - - .27 .27 Water, 14.25 13.40 12.67 12.67 * White clay from Burt’s Creek near South Amboy. t White clay from Trenton. J Cornwall, England. Prof. Cook, state geologist of New elersey, says of the potter’s clay, that it is tenacious, of a light-blue color ; a little gritty when tried between the teeth. When highly heated it becomes partially vitrified without losing its shape, and is thus well adapted for earthenware. And it can be heated sufficiently for salt-glazing without injury. The following analyses show composition at several localities : — 14 24 34 4 .§ Silica, 71.80 68.00 65.62 75.55 Alumina, 19.05 23.66 20.88 19.04 Potash, .61 1.19 1.95 .10 Lime, .31 - - - Magnesia, .79 - .30 - Oxide of iron, 1.31 1.17 1.23 .71 Water, 6.08 6.40 8.10 4.85 99.95 100.42 98.08 100.25 * Morgan clay, pits near South Amboy, t Bank of Rancocas Creek, near Bridgebora. X Billingsport, on the bank of the Delaware, below the mouth of Mantua Creek. § Raccoon Creek, a mile above Bridgeport. 1 These and the following analyses for comparison are taken from the Geology of New Jersey, 1868, p. 683. Analyses 3 and 4 from Percy’s Metallurgy. TEEHA- COTTA, BEICK, ETC. 131 He observes that the clay pits about South Amboy furnish a large amount of this useful substance every year, and that the market is continually widening. It sold for from $1.50 to $5.00 per ton. Any needed amount of clay can be had from the pits along the Delaware and its branches. Clay suitable for making water-pipes is dug near the Woodmansie Station on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railway. Light colored clays of the tertiary formation are found at many points in the southern part of the State, suitable for making a common quality of fire-brick and for other purposes. Coarse clays, superior to brick clays, occur in inexhaustible quantities over and under the fire-clays. They are well adapted to the manufacture of coarse pottery, sewer-pipes, drain-tiles, etc., for which they are already, to some extent, utilized. For the manufacture of glass^pots, which require a pecu- liar and excellent quality of clay, it was formerly thought that none of a suitable composition existed in the United States, and that only English and German clays could be relied upon. Experiments were made at Wheeling, Vir- ginia, on clays obtained at the Mt. Savage Iron Works, and the measure of success attained encouraged the belief that the glass-works might become independent of foreign sources for this material. Soon after, a clay was obtained from Missouri which proved to be equal to, if not superior, to any other known clays for such purposes. The fire-clays of St. Louis, according to Dr. Litton, have the following composition :~ 1 .* 2.t Silica, 61.02 59.60 Alumina, 25.64 26.41 Oxide of iron, 1.70 1.61 Lime, .70 1.00 Magnesia, .08 .07 Potash, .48 .29 Soda, .25 .16 Snlplmr, .45 .38 Water, 10.00 10.36 * Raw clay. t Prepared, probably washed. 132 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. China Ci.ky— E ngland. The following tabular statement shows the extent of the production of China stone and China clay in Cornwall, for a series of years^ : — Shipments of China Clay and China Stone from Cormvall^ England. YE AK. Kaolin (China Clay). China Stone. St. Agnes Clay. 1865, 97,750 25,500 1,566 1866, 105,000 35,000 1,524 1867, . . . 127,000 33,500 1,316 1868, 100,000 29,000 979 1869, 105,700 28,500 875 1870, 110,520 32,500 946 1871, 125,000 33,000 774 At St. Agnes there were also,, in 1871, about four hun- dred tons produced for caudle-clay, used in the mines for supporting the caudles. In Devonshire, 19,000 tons were produced, in 1871, at the Lee Moor, and other china-works, and 47,639 tons of pipe and potter’s clay were shipped at Teignmouth, the production of Newton and neighborhood^ Of a total of 57,670 tons exported from Poole, Devonshire, in 1871, the greater portion was sent to London and Puncorn, and to Quebec 200 tons. Of potter’s material (clay, flint, chert, etc.) there were imported into the potteries by Trent and Mersey naviga- tion, 144,588 tons, and by the North Staffordshire Pail- way, clay, flint, chert, etc., 11,345 tons. The demand for porcelain clays sustains a very consider- able mining industry in Cornwall and Devonshire. The ofiicial mineral statistics of the United Kingdom contain a list of no less than one hundred and five separate clay- works in Cornwall, seven in Devonshire for porcelain clay, five of ''Teignmouth clay,” and six of "Poole clay.” In Staffordshire there are nineteen works producing Stour- * Compiled from Hunt’s Mineral Statistics of Great Britain. TERRA-COTTA, BRICK, ETC. 133 bridge clay. The following analyses show the composition of the celebrated Stourbridge and other foreign clays : — 1 .* 2.t 3.J 4.J Silica, 1 65.10 73. 50.20“ 51.90 Alumina, 22.22 19.93 34.13 30.03 Potash, .18 .89 .39 .89 Lime, .14 .39 .30 1.60 Magnesia, .18 - - .18 Protoxide of iron, .... f 1.92 .87 .87 1.50 Phosphoric acid, .... .06 - - - Water and organic ^matter. 9.86 6.40 13.70 13.90 * English Stourbridge, Percy. J Coblentz, for glass-pots, t G-erman clay for glass-pots, from Bremen, Germany. Note. — Numbers 2, 3 and 4, made in the New Jersey State Labo- ratory. Ceramic Enamels. Chemisch-technische Fabrik bei Elbogen in Bohmen. Director, Max Rosier. C. F. Merker, Agent, 1 Getreide- markt, Vienna. There was from this source a very inter- esting exhibition of coloring materials for the use of potters and decorators, ^hich was honored with the Progress Medal. The highest skill of the chemist is called for by this art, and the demand is such that the manufacture of standard colors, or enamels, ready^ for use, has become an important industry. A large glass case was filled with a collection of the manufactures of their establishment, consisting of fluxes, glazes, colored glazes and enamels, and metallic oxides for glass, porcelain, stoneware and majolica. These are accompanied by proof-tiles, upon which the colors have been tested by^ burning, showing all the colors and shades of color — the greens, blues, red, rose, yellow, etc., etc. All the preparations of chromium, copper, mercury, gold and cobalt were beautifully displayed. By the courtesy of the director I have been favored with a price-list, from which I make the following extracts for the benefit of ama- teur decorators and others, who have found difficulty in getting such materials in the United States. 134 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA Lustres for Porcelain^ Stoneware arid Glass (Glass Ornaments and Pearl ditto) . No. Ter half oz. in silver krs. Cheaper price — per lb. in silver florins.* 1 Flux, 25 6 2 Pearl white, 30 3 White, 35 9 ' 4 White, 30 7 Wliite, 30 8 White, 30 10 White, 30 11 Oraj, 35 9 ^ 12 Gray, 40 lO-l 13 Gray, 75 20 5 Dove color, 40 10 14 Rose, 85 221 17 Lifrht green, 60 15 18 Green, 70 IS 19 Yellow green, 55 36 Dark blue green 170 45 32 Gold lustre, . 170 45 35 Purple lustre, 280 75 33 Blue, 85 221 21 Yellow, 35 9 ' Bright gold, 430 120 22 Gold yellow, 35 9 24 Orange, . 45 12 27 Russet, ......... 30 25 Yellow bro wn, 30 26 Iron red, 25 6 29 Tawny Irrown, ....... 60 15 28 Dark brown, 90 221 31 Platinum, 170 45 30 Bright silver, . 280 75 34 Bright silver, 400 * The prices given are in Austrian silver florins, 1=100 kreutzers=50 cents U. S. t The above list will give an idea of the colors furnished and the prices. As any parties interested can obtain a catalogue by addressing the works, we do not think it necessary to complete the list in these pages. The*catalogue includes some two hun- dred colors for enamelling, transparent bases, glazing, &c. MARKS AND MONOGRAMS, PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE.* ENGLAND. WEDGWOOD STAFFORDSHIRE, i. 1759. TURNER STAFFORDSHIRE, i. 1762. ADAMS STAFFORDSHIRE. ROGERS STAFFORDSHIRE. WOOD and CALDWELL STAFFORDSHIRE. STAFFORDSHIRE, i. 1793. LONGPORT STAFFORDSHIRE. SPODE STAFFORDSHIRE. C and 0, STAFFORDSHIRE, Copeland & Qarrett. Kichard Chaffers 1759 LIVERPOOL, i. 1752. SADLER 1156 LIVERPOOL, i. 1756. HERCULANEUM I Liverpool, ' 1. 175o. PLYMOUTH, i. 1760, by Cookworthy. ^ ■ Jhf^oLon YARMOUTH, Absolon. SWANSEA SWANSEA, i. 1750. SWANSEA, red s^tainp. JVttntganu WALES, red. CG LEEDS, Chas. Green, 1770. LEEDS, same Manuf. BRISTOL, i. 1772. + BRISTOL, 1772. H76 I BRISTOL, removed to Staffordshire, 1777. <1 BOW, i. 1740. 4 BOW. This also is consid- ered a Bow Mark. BOW or BRISTOL. § CHELSEA, i. 1740, s. p. the oldest Mark. 4 CHELSEA, red mark. vL CHELSEA, the best quality marked in gold. CHELSEA, DERBY, s. p. 1765, blue used. CROWN DERBY, a later blue mark. 1 DERBY or WORCESTER. c ■ WORCESTER, i. 1751, the oldest mark. WORCESTER, usually Chinese pattern. w WORCESTER, 1751. WORCESTER, Flight, 1783. , flight Bccrr \lXarr WORCESTER, Flight, Barr & Barr, 1807-1813. WORCESTER, 1857-1862. SHROPSHIRE, E. Caughley, 1772. S SHROPSHIRE, Broseley, 1780, Willow Pattern. _ss ) SHROPSHIRE, Cole Brook Dale. STAFFORDSHIRE, Stoke on Trent. * From Carl Barth’s Pocket Chart, Stuttgart, 1873. 136 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA FRANCE. St. cloud, 1st Period, 8. p. X St. cloud, Trou. 1715-1730. CHANTILLY, e. 1735, s. p. Blue, red or green. ARRAS, e. 1782, s. p. Blue pattern. D V MENECY, i. 17.35, s. p. Prince of Villeroy. \f ETIOLLES, i. 1768, s. p. Monnier Manufr. m. BOUR-LA-REINE, i. 1773, 8. p. sx SCEAUX-PENTHIEVRE, i. 1751, 8. p. CLIONANCOURT. A mark used by Deruelle before 1775. CLIONANCOURT, f. 1780. In leather color. T vl CLIONANCOURT, h. p. Called porcelain of Monseur, 1775. c ORLEANS, h. & s. p. Under the protection of the Duke of Orleans, 1750-1770. ORLEANS, h. p. Blue Mark. PARIS, Pont-aux-Choux, i. 1756, h. p. w o Charles X., 1830. On common ware. Imperial Eagle, 1852. ¥ J On decorated pieces, 1829-1830. Monogram of Louis Na- poleon III., 1854. GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. JL t DRESDEN, Meissen, 1709- 1726, in blue generally. BERLIN, sometimes an eagle added. ( DRESDEN, 1712-1720, blue mark. A 1 * BERLIN, another form of sceptre. DRESDEN, to 1720, blue mark. BERLIN, special mark, par- ticularly of 1830. '6 DRESDEN, 1730, blue mark. I) HOCHST, Nassau, 1. 1740, gold or color. X DRESDEN, 1770, blue. Royal period. HOCHST. HOCHST. X DRESDEN, 1796, Marcolini period. FRANKENTHAL, h. p. first Period, 1755-1761. X.rjp? DRESDEN, Royal Porcelain Manufacture. FRANKENTHAL, h. p. second Period Cal l Theodor. ( + 1799.) g WIEN, i. 1718, generally to 1744. Y FRANKENTHAL, this mark is allotted to Franz Bartold. \X/ BERLIN, 1751-1 761, Wegely’s mark. 18 138 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA GERMANY AND AUSTRIA— Continped. 5 ■( FRANKENTHAL, Philipp Haiiong. FRANKENTHAL, Joseph Adam Hanong. K FRANKENTHAL, Job. Hanong. CO '' R FRANKENTHAL, Franz Bartold. ii NIMPHENBURG, near Munich, i. 1747, h. p. I NIMPHENBURG, printed in colors. X NIMPHENBURG, h. p. earlier mark. % FURSTENBERG, i. 1750. •f FURSTENBERG. 3£ LUDWIGSBURG, or KRO- NENBURG, i. 1768-1806. t. LUDWIGSBURG, 1st Period. f . LUDWIGSBURG, 2d Period §) LUDWIGSBURG. (l/ po LUDWIGSBURG. FULDA, i. 1763-1780, h. p. 4- FULDA. K RUDOLSTADT. i. 1758. R-n RAUENSTEIN, h. p. L LIMBACH, h. p. LIMBACH. LIMBACH. GROSSBREITENBACH, h. p. i GROSSBREITENBACH. KLOSTER VEILSDORF, coat of anus, often with C. V. added. ISf^CV VEILSDORF. VEILSDORF, another mark. ANSBACH. ANSBACH, often with the letter xi joined. ANSBACH. ANSBACH. GOTHA. GERA. GERA. 1 ALT-HALDENSLEBEN, h. p. M. Nathusius. CH ARLOTTENBURG, i. 1790, M. Pressel. gf fi BADEN, E. 1793. Cut of an axe in gold. COELN, M. Cremer. POPPELSDORF, M. Wessel. STRASSBURG, lately so marked. % NIEDERVILLERS, i. 1768, h. p. F. Lanfray. Sarftuemlries SA ARGEMUND Dep’t of the Moselle. M. Utz Schneider SWITZERLAND. NYON, h. p., i. 1790. ZURICH, h. p., i mark. 1763, blue I MAEKS, MONOGKAMS, ETC 139 EU S SI A. POLEN, h. p. manufacturer. Korzec, 1803. r7^ ' MOSKAU. Apapore. Kbrx^ c St. PETERSBURG, blue mark. ELBOGrEN, h. p. In Bohe- mia marked Haidinger. St. PETERSBURG, i. 1762. Katharina. k P‘m<» St. PETERSBURG, Mono- gram Nikolus d. 1st 1828. ^ ■ COPENHAGEN, i. 1772. h. p. ■ s SCHLACKENWALD, h. p. 1812, ill gold. ''III- St. PETERSBURG. LE HAMMER, h. p. stamped. HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. AMSTERDAM, h. p., i. 1782. in blue. TOURNAY, s. p. gold mark. AMSTERDAM, h. p. /t\ in blue. /vs. Ml AMSTERDAM, blue mark. 1 TOURNAY, s. p. another mark. TOURNAY, s. p., i. 1750. This mark is a kiln. % LA HAYE, h. p. gray mark. SPAIN AND ITALY. MADRID. Buen Xetiro s. p., i. 1759. OK MADRID, cheap kind. OF.L MADRID, s. p. blue mark, best quality. MADRID, s. p. best quality. W MADRID, Monogramm Karls III. of Griiuders. V A VISTA ALEGRE, h. p. in gold or colors. LE NOVE, s. p. blue or red mark. VENICE, red mark. \p>.' VENICE. VENICE, h. p. VENICE, s. p. red mark. 'd^g' TURIN, h. p. conducted by Dr. Gioanetti. 'A- VINEUE near TURIN, i. ■J 750. DOCCIA, h. & s. p. 1727. w DOCCIA, i. 1727. GJNORl DOCCIA, pressed mark, 1770. NAPLES, s. p., i. 1759, A. 1821. N NAPLES, s. p. decorated or jiaintcd. LX NAPLES. .Milano MILAN, red mark. Note. — T he abbreviations are: h. p. hard paste; s. p. soft paste; i. introduced. 140 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA CHEONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SEYEES PEODUCTIONS. A 11 K S . Year. ]\I A R K S . Year. A A^iuceimes, 1753 HH .... 1785 B “ . . 1754 II ... . 1786 C “ . . 1755 JJ . . . . 1787 D 1756 KK .... 1788 E 1757 LL . . . . 1789 F 1758 MM .... 1790 G 1759 NX ... . 1791 H 1760 00 ... . 1792 I 1761 pp . . . . 1793 J 1762 QQ . . . . 1794 K 1763 RR . . . . 1795 L 1764 T9 ... . 1801 M 1765 X . . . . 1802 N 1766 II ... . 1803 0 1767 " 1804 P 1768 1 .... 1805 Q 1769 = . . . . 1806 R 1769-70 n ^ . 1807 S 1771 8 . . . . 1808 T 1772 9 . . . . 1809 U 1773 10 ... . 1810 V 1774 0 . z 1811 X 1775 d. z 1812 Y 1776 t. z 1813 Z 1777 q- z 1814 AA . . . . 1778 q. n 1815 BB . . . . 1779 s. z 1816 CC . . . . 1780 d. s 1817 DD . . 1781 18 ... . 1818 EE ... . 1782 19 ... . 1819 FF . . . . 1783 20 ... . 1820 GG . . . . 1784 21 etc., % 1821 CHRONICLE OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS, ETC. 141 CHRONICLE OF THE PRLNCIPAL EVENTS DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF POTTERY. B. C. 600 to 900 years. Manufacture of enamelled bricks in Nineveh and Babylon. The Museum of Practical Geology, London, contains several specimens of enamelled bricks from Babylon, dating some 600 to 900 years before Christ. B. C. 185. Manufacture of porcelain supposed to have commenced in China between this date and A. D. 87, during the Han dynasty. A. D. 600. Porcelain in common use in China, and sip^posed to have reached its greatest perfection about the year 1000. 1115. Moorish tiles probably introduced in Italy at the conquest of Ma- jorca by the Pisans. 1200-1300. Colored tiles believed to have been in common use in Persia. 1273-1302. Earliest tiles of the Alhambra. 1310. Delft ware successfully manufactured in Holland. Incised or Sgriffiato ware largely produced by the Italian artists. 1400. Luca della Bobbia born ; the sculptor, painter on faience, modeller in bronze, and supposed to have been the first to employ stan- niferous glazes in Italy. Encaustic tiles manufactured in Great Britain, at Malvern Hills and other localities. 1475. Earliest date noticed on any piece of lustred Majolica of the man- ufacture of Maestro Georgio. Fortnum considers a piece in the Serves Museum, dated 1489, to be the earliest piece of lustred ware on record, 1500. About this time oriental jiorcelain was imjiorted to Europe by the Venetians and Portuguese, and in the following century the Dutch imported great (|uan titles. 1510. Bernard Palissy born about this date, at La Chapelle Biron, Peri- gord. 1540-1560. IManufacture of majolica in a fiourishing state. 1540-1620. Flemish ware, commonly known as Gres do Flandres, in gi-eat esteem in Great Britain. 1580. About this date, the earliest known production in Europe of pieces of porcelain in the laboratory of Duke Francesco de’ Medici at Florence. 142 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. 1581. Soft porcelain discovered in Italy by Francis, Grand Duke of Tus- cany. 1585. Gold purple or precij:)itate of cassius discovered. 1589. Palissy died in confinement in the Bastile. 1671. Earliest efforts to manufacture Porcelain in England, by Mr. John Dwight, at Fulham. 1674. Manufacture of pottery established in Liver])ool before this date. 1680. Salt glazing said to have been discovered in Staffordshire by acci- dent. 1690. Crouch ware first made by Burslem potters. Dresden (Meissen) porcelain manufactory established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony. 1706. Commencement of the experiments of Tschirnhaus and Bottcher, two alchemists in the service of the Elector of Saxony, leading to the production by Bottcher of the first hard or true porcelain in Europe, but of a dark color. 1709. White porcelain made by Bottcher. 1710. Bottcher appointed director of the manufactory at Meissen. 1715. White jDorcelain of good quality commonly made. 1720. Paintings on porcelain, and gilding, produced at Meissen. 17.80. Josiah Wedgwood born at Burslem, England; died 1795. Bow works, England, commenced manufacture of porcelain. 1731. Kandler, the sculptor, superintended the modelling of groups and figures at Meissen. 1744. St. Petersburg porcelain works founded by the Baron Ivan Anti- no vitsh. 1745. Cookworthy in a letter mentions that a person had disco^'iBred both kaolin and petuntse in the State of Virginia, and had made from them specimens of porcelain. The same jDarty professed to have purchased the whole region from the Indians. 1747. Porcelain works of Blanquier, Vienna, Austria, j^orchased by the Empress Maria Theresa, and made an imperial establishment. Porcelain works established at Neudeck, Bavaria. 1750. Decoration of earthenware and porcelain by transfer from copper- 23late prints, believed to have originated with John Sadler, of LiveiqDOol. Swansea earthenware works established. From about this date the true Sevres pate tendre was manufactured with habitual success. Manufacture of porcelain commenced at Berlin by Wegely. CHRONICLE OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS, ETC. 143 1751. Worcester porcelain works established at Worcester, England. Foundation of the Derby porcelain works, England, by Mr. Wil- liam Duesbury. 1755. Discovery of kaolin in Cornwall, by William Cookworthy, whose attention appears to have been directed to the subject by a citi- zen of Virginia, in 1745. Works established at Coxside, Plymouth, England, by Cookworthy and Lord Camelford, about 1755, soon after the discovery of the materials at Cornwall. Transferred to Bristol, 1774. 1756. Porcelain works removed from St. Cloud to Sevres. Manufacture of porcelain attempted at Lowestoft. 1770-1800 pe- riod of greatest prosperity. Works abandoned in 1802. 1757. Rockingham porcelain and browiiAvare made at Swinton, on estate of Charles, Marquis of Rockingham. 1758. Neudeck manufactory, Bavaria, transferred to Nymphenburg, near Munich. 1760. Louis XV. became proprietor of the Sevres establishment. Isleworth pottery established by Joseph Shore, of Worcester. 1763. Frederic II. bought the Berlin porcelain works and converted them into a royal manufactory. 1765. Discovery of kaolin in France, by Guettard, who gave an account of it in this year to the Academie des Sciences. 1766. Kaolin was found near Limoges at St. Yrieix, in abundance and of good quality. 1769. Hard body porcelain introduced at Sevres manufactory. 1772. Porcelain of superior quality manufactured at Jhe Shropshire pot- teries, under Thomas Turner, from the Worcester works. 1795. Pinxton porcelain works established near Alfreton, England. Closed about 1812. Wedgwood died. 1796. The “Marcolini period” at Meissen commenced. 1800. Calcined bones introduced by Spode into the paste of his porcelain at Stoke-upon-Trent, England. 1812. Inspection of the porcelain works at Meissen by M. Brongiart, on the requisition of Napoleon I. The greatest secrecy maintained until that time. 1813. Nantgarw (near Cardiff) porcelain manufactory established. 1840. Foundation of the tile manufacture of the Mintons, Stoke-upon- Trent, England. 1864. The Austrian imiierial porcelain works discontinued. 144 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA, TITLES OF WORKS OK POTTERY AND PORCELAIN CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT Brongniart, Alexandre. Traite des Arts Ceramiques on des Poteries, etc. Two volumes, and atlas. Paris, 1844. Argyll. Report on Ceramic Manufactures, Exhibition of 1851. Reports of the Juries, class xxv. p. 588. Ebelmen and Salvetat. Arts Ceramiques, par Feu M. Ebelmen, Administrateur de la Manufacture Imperiale de Porcelaine de Sevres. Et par M. Salvetat, chimiste de la manufacture impe- riale de Sevres. In Travaux de la Commission Francaise sur ITndustrie des Nations. 1851, t. vi. XXV. Jury. Great Exhibition, London, 1851. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue. Three volumes. International Exhibition, 1862. Official, Illustrated Catalogue. Four volumes. London. Mete YARD, Life of Wedgwood. Two volumes. London, 1865. Salvetat. Repoi;t on the Manufacture of Vitrifiable colors, made in the name of the Committee of Ceramic Art to the Societe cPEncour- agemmt pour V Industrie Nationale. Aug., 1865. Arnoux, Leon. Report on the Pottery, Paris Exposition, 1867. British Reports, Vol. II., p. 391. Bonneville, Paul. Fabrication des Briques et des Tuiles, Article Ixx. in Vol. VII. of Etudes sur FExposition, E. Lacroix, Paris, 1867- 1869. 8vo., with atlas. Chandelon, M., Prof. Terres cuites et gres. Section 1 of the Report on Class 17. Rapports du Jury International, Paris Exposition. 1867, iii., p. 100, Cole, W. Henry, C. B. Report on Terra-Cotta, Paris Exposition, 1867, British Reports, Vol. II., pp. 415-423. Dommartin, M. F, Porcelaines Dures, Paris Exposition, 1867. Report in the Rapports du Jury International, t. hi., Classe 17, Section hi., p. 169. TITLES OF WORKS, ETC. 145 Girard, Aime. I’aiences fines et porcelaines tendres, Paris Exposition of 1867. Sect. II. of Report on Class 17, Rapports du Jury In- ternational, iii., p. 115. •< Arnoux, Leon, Esq. Report on Miscellaneous Pottery in the London International Exhibition of 1871. Official Reports (British), Vol. I., pp. 279-304. Davies, Lieutenant J. G. S., R. E. Report on Stoneware, London Inter- national Exposition of 1871. Official Reports [British], Vol. I., pp. 305-314. De la Beche, Sir Henry, and Trenham Reeks. Catalogue of Speci- mens in the Museum of Practical Geology, illustrative of the Composition and Manufacture of British Pottery and Porcelain. Second Edition of T. Reeks and F. W. Rudler, London, 1871. Fortnum, C. Drury, Esq., F. S. A. Report on Earthenware in the Inter- national Exhibition of 1871. Official Reports (British), Vol. I., pp. 223-241. Grovbr, Lieutenant G. E., R. E Report on Fire Clay Goods. Official (British) Reports, International Exhibition, 1871, 1., pp. 333-344. Magniac, Charles, Esq., M. P., and R. H. Goden Smith, F. S. A. Re- port on Porcelain in the International Exhibition of 1871. Offi- cial Reports (British), Vol. I., pp. 243-278. Redgrave, Gilbert R., Esq. Report on Terra-Cotta, Bricks, Encaustic and other Tiles, to the International Exhibition of 1871. Official Reports (British), Vol. I., pp. 315-332. ' Beckwith, Arthur. Pottery. Observations on the materials and man- ufacture of Terra-Cotta, Stoneware, Fire-brick, Porcelain, Earthenware, Brick, Majolica and Encaustic Tiles. 8vo. p. 103. D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1872. Hunt, Robert, F. R. S. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1871. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. 8vo. London, 1872. Barth, Carl. Antiquitatenhandler-Porzellan-Marken und Monogramme. (Broadside lithograph, mounted for the pocket.) Stuttgart. Alfred Bruchmann. (3d edition, 1873 ) Belgium. Catalogue des Produits Industriels et des CEuvres d’Art. Exposition Universelle de Vienne en 1873. Habermann, Dr. George. Porzellan-, Thon-, und Glas-Industrie. (Austria.) Beitrage zur Geschichte der Gewerbe und Erfmd- ungen Oesterreichs. Wien, 1873. Maiolica Hispano-Moreso, Persian, Damascus and Rhodian wares in the South Kensington Museum. Descriptive Catalogue, etc., by E. Drury Fortnum, F. S. A. London, 1873. 19 146 EXPOSITION AT VIENNA. Owen, Hugh, F. S. A. Two centuries of Ceramic Art in Bristol ; being a history of the manufacture of The True Porcelain, by Richard Champion, etc., etc. Large 8vo. Printed privately for the author. Gloucester, 1873. Prussia and Germany. Amtlicher Katalog der Austellung (Wiener Weltaustellung, 1873) des Deutschen Reiches. Berlin, 1873. Sweden. Schweden, Weltaustellung 1873 in Wien Statistische Mittheil- ungen, etc. 8vo. Stockholm, 1873. Wienerberger Ziegelsfabriks und Bau-Gessellschaft zur zeit der Wiener Weltaustellung, 1873. 8vo. p. 92. Wien, 1873. Locke, Edward. Ceramic Ware. (In the Artisan’s Reports upon the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. pp. 154-191.) Manchester, 1874. 8 VO. Lacroix, A. Practical Instructions for Painting on China, Earthenware, Glass and Enamel. Translated from the French of JDes Couleurs Vitrifiables of A. Lacroix, with additions by Aural. Pamphlet. Lechertier, Barbe & Co., 60 Regent Street, London, p. 55. Science and Art Department, Great Britain. Classified list of Pho- tograjihs of Pottery, Porcelain and Glass objects. Published by the Arundel Society for promoting the knowledge of Art. Lon- don. 8vo. No date. South Kensington Museum. Guide to the, etc. 8vo. Pamphlet London. m€E^^W3CS. TIFFANY & CO., UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK, Devote the whole of the third floor of their building to the exhibition and sale of POTTERY and GLASS WARE. Their collection of ARTISTIC POTTERY is by far the richest and largest in this country, and is well worth the attention of connoisseurs and collectors. Every factory of note is represented by choice exam- ples in modelling or painting by the best artists of to-day — some of them, works that have not before been offered in this country. They offer also a complete assortment of articles for household use ; dinner, dessert, tea, breakfast and lunch sets, in all grades, from printed stoneware to the finest decorated porcelain. GLASGOW POTTERy CO. Tron-ton, 3>J. J, MANUFACTURERS OF WHITE AND DECORATED WHITE GRANITE A1 C, C, BREAKFAST, DINNER AND TEA SERVICES, TOILET SETS, — AND — MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. THREE FIRST PREMIUMS, GOLD and SILVER MEDALS; also, FIRST PREMIUM, awarded by the CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, at Trenton. TREINTOIX, IV- J. JOHN MOSES, Pres. JAMES MOSES, Seo*y and Treas. A. A. VANTINE & CO., 831 Broadway, New York. Japanese, Chinese & India Goods, RICHLY HLCORA^TEH Superb Va§e§, large and small, for Mantels, Flowers, and Decoration generally. Over 200 varieties, selected with great care and expense at the chief centers of produc- tion in Japan, China and India. Tea and Dessert Serviees, Fire-Proof Tea Pots, Fruit Dishes, Fish Dishes, Salad Bowls, Puneh Bowls, Dinner Services. India and Japanese China Dinner, Tete-a- Tete, Toilet, Cologne, Dessert and Chamber Sets. Water Bottles, Flower Pots, Ring Stands. SATSUMA ^ MIACO FAIENCE, Eichly Decorated and made to Special Order for this Stock. Rare and curious specimens of Porcelain of various makers and dates, secured in Japan and China by our agents. Amateurs, Collectors, and the public generally, are invited to examine. JAPANESE BRONZE GOODS, In great Variety, and of great Rarity and Excellence, Such as Vases, Flower Pots, Card and Ash Receivers, Storks, Candle Sticks, lHantel Ornaments, and many other objects. LACQUER WARE AND SILK GOODS. Consisting of Stripe and Check Wash Silks and Pineapples. White, Drab and Buff Pongees. Every shade of India Orenadine and Gauze, all Silk, Plain, and Satin and Silk Stripes. Beautiful Embroidered Satin Bed Spreads, Smoking Caps, Slippers. Pin, Sofa and Chair Cushions. Grass Cloth, White and Drab. Extra Quality Bamboo Cloth, and fine Grass Cloth Handkerchiefs. Table Mats, Japanese Sun Shades, Umbrellas, Canes, and Cocoa Brooms ; Fine Cane Baskets, and Rattan Bird Cages; Lacquered and Gold Fancy Trays, Round, Square, Oval and other shapes ; Beautiful Cabinets in great variety ; Sleeve Buttons, Crystals, Lockets, and Bamboo Chains ; Silk, Sandal Wood, Ivory, Lacquered, and White and Black Feather Fans ; Silk, Embroidered and Paper Screens; Puzzles, Rice Paper, and Rice Paper Pictures. Painted Skeleton Leaves; Camphor Trunks; Japanese and Chinese Toys; Lacquered Dessert Plates ; Tea Poys ; Large Painted Figures ; Illustrated Books ; Magic, Trick, Bamboo and Puff Boxes; Wine Bottle Stands; Magic Eggs; Paper Lanterns; Parlor Fire Works and Alarming Paper; Magic Flowers; Lip Rouge and Toilet Powder ; New Bread and Fruit Trays ; Tooth Powder ; Wicker Cups, Curiosities in Pottery; New Styles Wax-Wood Puff and Tobacco Boxes; Magnetic Pish and Fish Poles; Gold Lacquer, Sandal Wood, and Rich Inlaid Glove ; Handkerchief, and Other Boxes ; J ewel Caskets ; Mer- maids, and a great variety of Bird Kites, and other goods, at wholesale and retail. TIJRKIISH and PFRSIAIV CARPETS and REGS personally selected by Mr. Vantine when in Turkey. A. A. VANTINE & CO., 831 BSOADWAY, BETWEEN 12tli AND 13th STS., NEW TOEK. AND LETTERERS ON China, Porcelain and Glass Ware. Process Patented in England, Prance and the United States. lames, lumbers, Initials, Mottoes, Mono- grams, Likenesses, Medallions, Business Cards, Orests, Coats-of-Arms, Yiews, Autographs, And General Decorations on China or other Ware for Hotels, %ainl)oats, Clubs, Restaurants and Families. Not only all styles of work heretofore done by hand, but many kinds which cannot be done by any other known process, will be executed to order, no matter how minute in detail or complex in delineation. 12B Union Street, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 9 The Blake Crusher Co. New Haven, Conn., Manufacture a size of their Patent Stone Breaker, espe- cially adapted to the use of POTTERIES, Glass, Fire Brick and Terra Cotta Works, etc., for crushing to a small size Feldspar, Flint, Quartz, Glass, and other hard and brittle substances. It is simple, compact and durable, requiring but little space. The crushing plates of the jaws are well chilled, and are replaced at small expense when worn by long servic;e. Most of the leading Pottery, and other manufacturers of this and other countries, have long used the BLAKE CRUSHER to their entire satisfaction, and express a high opinion of its value as a labor saver. For Descriptive Circulars, address THE BLAKE CRUSHER CO., ^ew Haven, Conn, S. L. PEWTRESS & CO., Chatham St., Fair Haven, Conn., MANUFA.CTURERS OF SIZES, HANGING VASES, FERN VASES, iiiwia w§m^ WITH SAUCERS ATTACHED, Red Earthen Pots, Stove Tubes, BUTTER POTS, CREAM POTS, PRESERVE JARS, JUGS, Spittoons, Bottles, GARDEN VASES, RUSTIC POTS, RUSTIC STUMPS, &c., (D-asei* Tase#, Feffn Tuses, or ALL KINDS AND SIZES, HANGING FLOWER POTS, WITH SAUCERS ATTACHED. ManufactuRxJD and Sold, at Wholesale and Retail, at the S. L. PEWTRESS & CO., Chatham Street, - - Fair Haven, Conn. GARNKIRK CHIMNEY TOPS After many years’ use in this country, the Chimney Tops of the Gaknkiek Fire-Clay Company have been found to resist the action of coal gas, and of wet and freezing weather. They all tend to improve the draft; and those marked as Windguards are especially useful where, with the wind in a certain direction, there is a tendency to occasional puffs down the chimney. Their use makes the chimney a pleasing feature of a dwelling ; and in many cases, at a cost no greater than that of common hrick-work. To give the best effect, the brick work should be built up a short distance above the roof. The tops may be set on the bricks, in cement or mortar, but it is better to let them into a stone cap made to cover the brick- work and project over it. Pattern Sheets will be sent, on application to MILLER & COATES, 279 Pearl Street, New York, MINTON’S TILES, Iflcanetlc affli Plato, For Floors, A.S LA.IJD BY US i:sr THE CAPITOL AT WASHING-TON, AND IN NUMEROUS OHUROHES, BANES, COURT-HOUSES, COUNTY CLERKS’ OFFICES, AND OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND IN THE BEST DWELL- INGS IN EVERY PART OF THE COUNTRY. THEY ARE USED FOR VESTIBULES, ENTRANCE HALLS, Hearths, Conservatories, Etc. ALSO, Glazed, Enameled and Majolica TILES, IN RICH COLORS, FOR MANTELS, FIRE-PLACES, HEARTHS, DOOR FRAMES, WAINSCOTING, ETC. Both kinds are used in BANDS and PANELS, for EXTERIOR REOORXTIOIV. Pattern Sheets and prices will be sent on application ; and when required, careful workmen will be sent to lay floors. MILLER & COATES, j i PEARIi ST., - NEW TORK. No. 102. Scale, one inch to a foot. Patterns of Minton’s Tiles for Floors, I''01( SALE BY MILLER & COATES, 279 PEARL ST., NEW YORK. » V { V- ■ ._>■/ ■f •.;1 ' SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY D. Yan Nosteaistd, 23 Murray Street & 27 Warren Street, NEW YORK. Weisbach’s Mechanics. New and Mevised Edition, 8vo. Cloth. $10.00. A MANUAL OF THE MECHANICS OF ENOINEEEINO, and of the Construction of Machines. By Julius Weisbach, Ph. D. Translated from the fourth augmented and improved Ger- man edition, by Eckley B. Coxe, A.M., Mining Engineer. Vol. I. — Theoretical Mechanics. 1,100 pages, and 902 wol>d-cut illustrations. Abstract op Contents. — Introduction to the Calculus — The General Principles of Mechanics — Plioronomics, or the Purely Mathematical Theory of Motion — Mechanics, or the General Physical Theory of Motion Statics of Rigid Bodies — The Application of Statics to Elasticity and Strength — Dynam- ics of Rigid Bodies -Statics of Fluids - Dynamics of Fluids — The Tlieory of Oscillation, ntc. “ The present edition is an entirely new work, greatly extended and very much improved. It forms a text-book which must find its way into the hands, not only of every student, but of every engineer who desires to refresh his mem- ory or acquire clear ideas on doubtful points .’’ — Manufacturer and Builder. “We hope the day is not far distant when a thorough course of study and education as such shall he demanded of the practising engineer, and witli this view we are glad to welcome this translation to our tongue and shores of ono of the most able of the educators of Europe .” — The Technologist. SCIEN^TIFIO HOOKS PUBLISHED BY Francis’ Lowell Hydraulics. f Third Edition, j 4to. Cloth. $15.00. I LO^yELL HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTS — being a Selec- tion from Experiments on Hydraulic Motors, on the Plow of } AVater over Weirs, and in Open Canals of Uniform Rectangular Section, made at Lowell, Mass. By J. B. Francis, Civil Engineer. Third edition, revised and enlarged, including many New Ex- periments on Gauging Water in Open Canals, and on the Flow through Submerged Orifices and Diverging Tubes. With 23 copperplates, beautifully engraved, and about 100 new pages of text. ; The work is divided into parts. Part I., on hydraulic motors, includes ninety “two experiments on an improved Fourneyron Tm-bine Water-Wheel, of about two hundred horse-power, with rules and tables for the construction of similar motors ; thirteen experiments on a model of a centre-vent water- wheel of the most simple design, and thirty -nine experiments on a centre-vent water-wheel of about two hundred and thirty horse-power. P.VRT II. includes seventy -four experiments made for the purpose of deter- mining the form of the formula for computing the flow of water over weirs; nine experiments on the effect of back-water on the flow over weirs ; eighty- eight experiments made for the purpose of determining the formirla for com- puting the flow over weirs of regular or standard forms, with several tables of comparisons of the new formula with the results obtained by former experi- menters; five experiments on the flow over a dam in which the crest was of the same foim as that birilt by the Essex Company across the Merrimack River at Lawrence, Massachusetts; twenty-one experiments on the effect of observing the depths of water on a weir at different distances from the weir ; an exten- sive series of experiments made for the purpose of determining rules for gauging streams of water in open canals, with tables for facilitating the same ; and one hundred and one experiments on the discharge of water through sub- merged orifices and diverging tubes, the whole being fully illustrated by twenty-three double plates engraved on copper. In 1855 the proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River con- sented to the publication of the first edition of this work, which contained a selection of the most important hydraulic experiments m.ade at Lowell up to that time. In tliis edition the principal hydraulic experiments made there, I subsequent to 1855, have be^n added, including the important series above mentioned, for determining- rules for the gauging the flow of water in open : .canals, and the interesting scries on the flow through a submerged VentmTs ■ itabe, in which a larger flow was obtained than any we find recorded. t j>, VAN^ ArosTHAJsri>. 3 Francis on Oast-Iron Pillars. 8vo. Cloth. $2.00. ON THE STEENGTH OE CAST-IRON PILLARS, with Tables for the use of Engineers, Architects, and Builders. By James B. Eeancis, Civil Engineer. Merrill’s Iron Truss Bridges. Second Edition* 4to. Cloth. $t1.00. IRON TRUSS BRIDGES FOR RAILROADS. The Method of Calculating Strains in Trusses, with a careful comparison of the most prominent Trusses, in reference to economy in combination, etc., etc. By Brevet Colonel William E. Meerill, U.S.A., Major Corps of Engineers. Nine lithographed plates of illustra- tions. The work before us is an attempt to give a basis for sound reform in this feature of railroad engineering, by throwing ‘ additional light upon the method of calcul tting the maxima strains that can come upon any part of a bridge truss, and upon the manner of proportioning each part, so that it shall be as strong relatively to its own strains as any other part, alid so that the entire bridge may be strong enough to sustain several times as great strains as the greatest that can come upon it in actual use.’ ” — Scientific American. “ The author has presented his views in a clear and intelligent manner, and the ingenuity displayed in coloring the figures so as to present certain facts to the eye forms no inappreciable part of the merits of the work. The reduc- tion of the ‘ formulas for obtaining the strength, volume, and weight of a cast- iron pillar under a strain of compression,’ will be very acceptable to those who have occasion hereafter to make investigations involving these conditions. As a whole, the work has been well done .” — Railroad Gazette^ Chicago. Humber’s Strains in Girders. 18mo. Cloth. $2.50. A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS' and Similar Structures, and tlioir Strengtli, con- sisting of Formuko and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for practical application. By William Humber. Fully illustrated. 4 SCIEXTIFJG BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Shreve on Bridges and Roofs. 8vo, 87 wood-cTit illustrations. Cloth $5.00. A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF BRIDGES AND ROOFS-“Comprising the determination of Algebraic formulas for Strains in Horizontal, Inclined or Rafter, Triangular, Bow- string, Lenticular and other Trusses, from fixed and moving loads, with practical applications and examples, for the use of Students and Engineers. By Samuel H. Shseve, A.M., Civil Engineer. **On the whole, Mr. Shreve has produced a book which is the simplest, clearest, and at the same time, the most systematic and with the best math- ematical reasoning of any work upon the same subject in the language.” — Bailroad Gazette. “ From the unusually clear lauguagein which Mr. Shreve has given every statement, the student will have but himself to blame if he does not become ! thorougli master of the subject.” — London ILining Joarnal. “Mr. Shreve has produced a work that must always take high rank as a ! text-book, * * « and no Bridge Engineer should be without it, as a I valuable work of reference, and one that will frequently assist him out of I difficulties .” — Franklin Institute Journal. j The Kansas City Bridge. I 4to. Cloth- $6.00 I WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE REGIMEN OF THE MIS- SOURI RIVER, and a description of the Methods used for Founding in that River. By 0. Chaxute, Chief Engineer, and Geoege Moeisox, Assistant Engineer. Illustrated with five lithographic views and twelve plates of plans. I Illustrations. I Views. — View of the Kansas City j tion Works, Pier No. 3. IV. Founda- Bridge, August %, 1809. Lowering I tion Works, Pier No. 4. V. Eounda- Gaisson No. 1 into position. Caisson | tion AVorks, Pier No. 4. VI. Caisson for Pier No. 4 broixght into position. i No. 5^-Sheet Piling at Pier No. G — View of Foundation Works, Pier No. ! Details of Dredges — Pile Shoe — Bg9on 4. Pier No. 1. i Box. VII. Masonry — Draw Protec- Plates. — I. Map showing location 1 tion — False Works between Piers 3 of Bridge. II. Water Record — Cross i and 4. VIII. Floating Derricks. Section of River— Profile of Crossing , IN. General Elevation — 170 feet span. — Pontoon Protection. III. AVater \ X. 248 feet span. XL Plans of Draw. Deadener — Caisson No. 2 — Founda j XII. Strain Diagrams. B. VAJ^ JVOSTJiAJVD. . 5 Clarke’s Quincy Bridge. 4to. Cloth. 17.50. DESCRIPTION OF THE IRON RAILWAY Bridge aeross the Mississippi River at Quine v, Illinois. By Thomas Curtis Clarke, Chief Engineer, Illustrated with twenty-one lithographed plans. Illustrations. Plates. — General Plan of Missis- sippi River at Quincy, showing loca- tion of Bridge. Ha. General Sections of Mississippi River at Quincy, show- ing location of Bridge. 11b. General Sections of Mississippi River at Quin- cy, showing location of Bridge. III. General Sections of Mississippi River at Quincy, showing location of Bridge. IV. Plans of Masonry. V. Diagram of Spans, showing the Dimensions, Arrangement of Panels, etc. VI. Two hundred and fifty feet span, and de- tails. VII. Three hundred and sixty feet Pivot Draw. VIII. Details of three hundred and sixty feet Draw. IX. Ice-Breakers, Foundations of Piers and Abutments, Water Table, and Curve of Deflections. X. Founda- tions of Pier 2, in Process of Con- struction. XI. Foundations of Pier 3, and its Protection. XII. Founda- tions of Pier 3, in Process of Construc- tion, and Steam Dredge. XIII, Foun- dations of Piers 5 to 18, in Process of Construction. XIV. False Works, showing Process of Handling and Set- ting Stone. XV. False Works for Ra^ng Iron Work of Superstructure. XX^ Steam Dredge used in Founda- tions 9 to 18. XVII. Single Bucket Dredge used in Foundations of Bay Piers. XVIII. Saws used for Cut- ting Piles under water, XIX. Sand Pump and Concrete Box. XX Ma- sonry Travelling Crane, Whipple on Bridge Building. 8vo, Illustrated. Cloth. $4.00. AN ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BRIDGE BUILDING. An enlarged and improved edition of the Author’s original work. By S. Whipple, C. E., Inventor of the Whipple Bridges, &c. Second Edition. The design has been to develop from Fundamental Principles a system easy of comprehension, and, such as to enable the attentive reader and stiident to j udge understandingly for himself, as to the relative merits of different plans and combinations, and to adopt for use such as may be most stiitable for the cases he may have to deal with. It is hoped the work may prove an ai>propriate Text-Book upon the .subjo<;t treated of, for the Engineering Student, and a useful manual for the Practic- ing Engineer and Bridge Builder. 8 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISIIEI) BY Henrici’s Skeleton Stnictnres. 8vo. Cloth. $1.50. SKELETON STKUCTUKES, especially in their Application to the building of Steel and Iron Bridges. By Glaus IIenrici. With folding plates and diagrams. By pi-esenting- these general examinations on Skeleton Structures, "with particular application for Suspended Bridges, to Engineers, I renture to ex- press the hope that they will receive these theoretical results with some confi- dence, even although an opportunity is wanting to compare them with practi- cal results. 0. H. Useful Information for Railway Men. Pocket form. Morocco, gilt, $2.00. Compiled by W. G. Hamilton, Engineer. Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. 570 pages. “ It embodies many valuable formulae and recipes useful for railway men, and, indeed, for almost every class of persons in the world. The ‘ informa- tion ’ comprises some valuable formulae and rules for the construction of boilers and engines, masonry, properties of steel and iron, and the strength of materials generally .” — Railroad Oazettey Chicago. Brooklyn Water Works. 1 vol. folio. Cloth. $25.00. A DESCEIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTEUCTION OF THE WOEKS, and also Eeports on the Brooklyn, Hartford, Belleville, and Cambridge Bumping Engines. Prepared and printed by order of the Board of Water Commissioners. With 59 illustrations. Contents. — Supply Ponds — The Conduit -Ridgewood Engine House and Pump Well — Ridgewood Engines — Force Mains — Ridgewood Reservoir — Pipe Distribution — Mount Prospect Reservoir — Mount Prospect Engine House and Engine — Drainage Grounds — Sewerage Works — Appendix. D. VAlSr NOSTRAN-IX 9 Kirkwood on Filtration. 4to. Cloth, $15.00. EEPORT ON THE EILTEATION OF EIYEE WATEES, for the Supply of Cities, as practised in Europe, made to the Board of Water Commissioners of the City of St. Louis. By James P. Kirkwood. Illustrated by 30 double-plate engravings. Contents. — Report on Filtration — London Works, General — Chelsea Water Yv^orks and Filters — Lambeth Water Works and Filters — Southwark and Vauxhall Water Works and Filters — Grand Junction Water Works and Filters — Wesi; Middlesex Water Works and Filters — New River Water Works and Filters — East London Water Works and Filters — Leicester Water Works and Filters — York Water Works and Filters — Liverpool Water Works and Filters — Edinburgh Water Works and Filters — Dublin Water Works and Filters — Perth Water Works and Filtering Gallery — Berlin Water Works and Filters — Hamburg Water Works and Reservoirs — Altona Water Works and Filters — Tours Water Works and Filtering Canal— Angers ^Yater Works and Filtering Galleries — Nantes Water Works and Filters — Lyons Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Toulouse Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Marseilles Water Works and Filters — Genoa Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Leghorn Water Works and Cisterns — Wakefield Water Works and Filters — Appendix. Tunner on Roll-Turning. 1 vol. 8vo. and 1 vol. plates. $10.00. A TREATISE ON EOLL-TUENING FOE THE MANUFAC- TUEE OF lEON. By Peter Tunner. Translated and adapted. By John B. Pe.irse, of the Pennsylvania Steel AVorks. With numerous wood-cuts, 8vo., together with a folio atlas of 10 litho- graphed plates of Eolls, Measurements, &c. “Wo commend this book as a clear, elaborate, and practical treatise upon the department of iron manufacturing operations to which it is devoted. The writer states in his preface, that for twenty-five years ho has felt the necessity of such a^ work, and has evidently brought to its pr(‘paration the fj'uits of experience, a painstaking regard for accuracy of statement, and a desire to furnish information in a style readily understood. The book should be in the hands of every one interested, either in the general practice of mechanical engineering, or the special branch of manufacturing operations to which the work relates.’ — American x^rtisan. 8 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Henrici’s Skeleton Structures. 8vo. Cloth. $1.50. SKELETON STKUCTUBES, especially in their Application to the building of Steel and Iron Bridges. By Olaus IIenrici. With folding plates and diagrams. By presenting these general examinations on Skeleton Structures, with particular application for Suspended Bridges, to Engineers, I renture to ex- press the hope that they will receive these theoretical results with some confi- dence, even although an opportunity is wanting to compare them with practi- cal results. 0. H. Useful Information for Railway Men. Pocket form. Morocco, gilt, $2.00. Compiled by W. G. Hamilton, Engineer. Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. 570 pages. “ It embodies many valuable formuise and recipes useful for railway men, and, indeed, for almost every class of persons in the world. The ‘ informa- tion ’ comprises some valuable formulae and rules for the construction of boilers and engines, masonry, properties of steel and iron, and the strength of materials generally .” — Railroad Gazette^ Chicago. Brooklyn Water Works. 1 vol. folio. Cloth. $25.00. A DESCKIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTEUCTION OF THE WOEKS, and also Eeports on the Brooklyn, Hartford, Belleville, and Cambridge Bumping Engines. Prepared and printed by order of the Board of Water Commissioners. With 59 illustrations. Contents. — Supply Ponds — The Conduit — Ridgewood Engine House and Pump Well — Ridgewood Engines — Force Mains — Ridgewood Reservoir Pipe Distribution — Mount Prospect Reservoir — Mount Prospect Engine House and Engine — Drainage Grounds — Sewerage Works — Appendix. D. T'A.Y J~OSTYA.VJ^. Kirkwood on Filtration. 4to. Cloth. $15.00. EEPOET OX THE EILTEATIOX OF EITEE WATEES, for | the Supply of Cities, as practised in Europe, made to the Board | of AVater Commissioners of the City of St. Louis. By James F. Kirkwood. Illustrated by 30 double-plate engraHugs. ! Contents. — Report on Filtration — London "W^orks, G-eneral — Chelsea Water Ydorks and Filters — Lambeth Water Works and Filters — Southwark and Vauxhall Water Works and Filters — Grand Junction Water Works and Filters — West ^Middlesex Water Works and Filters — Xew River Water Works and Filters — East London Water Works and Filters — Leicester Water Works and Filters — York Water Works and Filters — Liverpool Water Works and Filters — Edinburgh Water Works and Filters — Dublin Water Works and Filters — Perth Water Works and Filtering Gallery — Berlin Water Works and Filters — Hamburg Water Works and Reservoirs — Altona Water Works and Filters — Tours Water Works and Filtering Canal— Angers Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Xantes Water Works and Filters — Lyons Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Toulouse Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Marseilles Water Works and Filters — Genoa Water Works and Filtering Galleries — Leghorn Water Works and Cisterns — Wakefield Water Works and Filters — Appendix. Tunner on Roll-Turning. 1 vol. Svo. and 1 vol. plates. $10.00. A TEEATISE OX EOLL-TUEXIXG FOE THE MAXUFAC- TL'^EE OF lEOX. By Feter Tenner. Translated and adapted. By John B. Fearse, of the Fennsylvania Steel AVorks. With nnmerous wood-cuts, 8vo., together with a folio atlas of 10 litho- graphed plates of Eolls, Aleasurements, &c. “ We cominend this book as a clear, elaborate, and ju'actical treatise upon the department of iron manufacturing operations to Avhich it is devoted. The wrin-r states in his preface, that for twenty-five years he has felt the necessity of such a, work, and has evidently brought to its preparation the fj'uits of ex’>erience, a paimstaking regard for accuracy of statement, and a desire to furnish information in a .style readily undersUxjd. The lxHik should be in the hands of every one interested, either in the general practice of mechanical engineering, or the special brunch of manufacturing o})crations to which the work relates .’ — Anitricaa Artisan. 10 SCIEKfTIFIG BOOKS PUBLISHED BY G-lynn on the Power of Water. 12mo. Cloth. $1.00. A TREATISE ON THE POWER OF WATER, as applied to drive Flour Mills, and to give motion to Turbines and other Hydrostatic Engines. By Joseph Glynn, F.R. S. Third edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illustrations. Hewson on Embankments. Bv^o. Cloth. $2.00. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF EMBANKING LANDS from River Floods, as applied to the Levees of the Mississippi. By William Hewson, Civil Engineer. This is a valuable treatise on the principles and practice of embanking lands from river floods, as applied to the Levees of the Mississippi, by a highly intelligent and experienced engineer. The author says it is a first attempt to reduce to order and to rule the design, execution, and measurement of the Levees of the Mississippi. It is a most useful and needed contribution to scientific literature . — Philadelphia Evening Journal. Gruner on Steel. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL. By M. L. Gruner, trans- lated from the French. By Lenox Smith, A. M., E. M., with an appendix on the Bessemer Process in the United States,, by the translator. Illustrated by lithographed drawings and wood-cuts. “ The jjurpose of the work is to present a careful, elaborate, and at the same time practical examination into the physical properties of steel, as well as a description of the new processes and mechanical appliances for its manufac- ture. The information which it contains, gathered from many trustworthy sources, will be found of much value, to the American steel manufacturer, who may thus acquaint himself with the results of careful and elaborate ex- periments in other countries, and better prepare himself for successful com- petition in this important industry with foreign makers. The fact that this volume is from the pen of one of the ablest metallurgists of the present day, cannot fail, we think, to secure for it a favorable consideration . — Iron Age. D. XOSTMAXD. 11 Bauerman on Iron. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. TEEATISE OX THE METALLUEGY OF lEOX. Contain- ing outlines of the History of Iron Manufacture, methods of Assay, and analysis of Iron Ores, processes of manufacture of Iron and Steel, etc., etc. By H. BArEUMiN. First American edition. Eevised and enlarged, Tvith an appendix on the Martin Process for making Steel, from the report of Abram S. Hewitt. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings. “ This is an important addition to the stock of technical works published in this country. It embodies the latest facts, discoveries, and processes con- nected with the manufacture of iron and steel, and should be in the hands of every person interested in the subject, as well as in all technical and scientific libraries .” — Scientific American. Link and Valve Motions, by W. S. Auchincloss. 8vo. Cloth. $3.00. APPLICATIOX OP THE SLIDE YALYE and Link Motion to Stationary, Portable, Locomotive and Marine Engines, with new and simple methods for proportioning the parts. By William S. ArcnixcLoss, Chil and Mechanical Engineer. Designed as a hand-book for Mechanical Engineers, Master Mechanics, Draughtsmen and Students of Steam Engineering. All dimen- sions of the valve are found with the greatest ease by means of a Printed Scale, and proportions of the link determined icithout the assistance of a model. Illustrated by 37 wood-cuts and 21 lithographic plates, together with a copperplate engraving of the Travel Sc-ale. All the matters we have mentioned are treated with a clearness and absence of unnecessary verbiage which renders the work a peculiarly valuable one. The Travel Scale only requires to be known to bo appreciated. Mr. A. writes 80 ably on his subject, we wish he had written more. London En- gineering. Me liave never opened a work relating to steam which seemed to us better calculated to give an intelligent mind a clear understanding of the dei>art- ment it dLscusses. — Scientific American. 12 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Slide Yalve by Eccentrics, by Prof. O. W. MacCord. 4to. Illustrated. Cloth, |4.00. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE SLIDE YALYE BY ECCENTRICS, examining by methods, the action of the Eccen- tric upon the Slide Yalve, and explaining the practical proces- ses of laying out the movements, adapting the valve for its various duties in the steam-engine. For the use of Engineers, Draughtsmen, Machinists, and Students of valve motions in general. By C. "W. MacCoed, A. M., Professor of Mechanical Drawing, Stevens’ Institute of Technology, Hobohen, N J. Stillman’s Steam-Engine Indicator. 12mo. Cloth. $1.00. THE STEAM-ENGINE INDICATOR, and the Improved Mano- meter Steam and Y acuum Gauges ; their utility and application By Paul Stillman. New edition. Bacon’s Steam-Engine Indicator. 12mo. Cloth. $1.00. Mor. $1.50. A TREATISE ON THE RICHARDS STEAM-ENGINE IN- DICATOR, with directions for its use. By Chaeles T. Poetee. Revised, with notes and large additions as developed by Amer- ican Practice, with an Appendix containing useful formula) and rules for Engineers. By E. W. Bacon, M. E., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Illustrated. Second Edition In this work, Mr. Porter’s book has been taken as the basis, but Mr. Bacon has adapted it to American Practice, and has conferred a great boon on American Engineers. — Artisan. Bartol on Marine Boilers. 8vo. Cloth. $1.50. TREATISE ON THE MARINE BOILERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By H. B. Baetol. Illustrated. D. VAN NOSTRAND. f 13 Gillmore’s Limes and Cements. Fourth Edition, 'Revised and Enlargd. 8vo. Cloth. $4,00. PEACTICAL TEEATISE ON LIMES, HYLEAULIC CE- MENTS, AND MOETAES. Papers on Practical Engineering, U. S. Engineer Department, No. 9, containing Eeports of numerous experiments conducted in New York City, during the years 1858 to 1861, inclusive.' By O, A. Gillmoee, Brig-General U. S. Volunteers, and Major U. S. Corps of Engineers. With numerous illustrations. “ This work contains a record of certain experiments and researches made under the authority of the Engineer Bureau of the "War Department from 1858 to 1861, upon the various hydraulic cements of the United States, and the materials for their manufacture. The experiments were carefully made, and ai'e well reported and compiled. ’ — Journal Fra,nklin Instit/ute. Grillmore’s Coignet Beton. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. COIGNET BETON AND OTHEE AETIFICIAL STONE. By Q. A. Gillmoke. 9 Plates, Views, etc. This work describes with considerable minuteness of detail the several kinds of artificial stone in most general Use in Europe and now beginning to be introduced in the United States, discusses their properties, ' relative merits, and cost, and describes the materials of which they are composed The subject is one of special and growing interest, and wo commend the work, embodying as it does the matured opinions of an experienced engineer and expert. Williamson’s Practical Tables. 4to.- Flexible Cloth. $2.50. PEACTICAL TABLES IN METEOEOLOGY AND IIYPSO- METEY, in connection with the use of tho Barometer. By Col. E. S. WiLLIAMSOM, U. S. A. 14 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Williamson on the Barometer. 4to. aoth. i|15.00. ON THE USE OF THE BAROMETEE ON SHRYEYS AND RECONNAISSANCES. Part I. Meteorology in its Connec- tion with Hypsometry. Part II.. Barometric Hypsometry. By R. S. Williamson, Bvt. Lieut.-Col. XT. S. A., Major Corps of Engineers. With Illustrative Tables and Engravings. Paper No. 15, Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers. “ San Francisco, Cal., Feh. 27, 1867. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army : “ General, — I have the honor to submit to you, in the following pages, the results of my investigations in meteorology and hypsom.etry, made with the view of ascertaining how far the barometer can be used as a reliable instru- ment for determining altitudes on extended lines of survey and reconnais- sances. These investigations have occupied the leisure permitted me from my professional duties during the last ten years, and I hope the results will be deemed of sufficient value to have a place assigned them among the printed professional papers of the United States Corps of Engineers. “ V ery respectfully, your obedient servant, “E. S. WILLIAMSON, “ Bvt. Lt.-Col. U. S. A., Major Corps of U. S. Engineers.” Yon Cotta’s Ore Deposits. 8vo. Cloth. $4.00. TREATISE ON ORE DEPOSITS. By Bernhard Von Cotta, Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines, Freidberg, SaNony. Translated from the second German edition, by Frederick Prime, Jr., Mining Engineer, and revised by the author, with numerous illustrations. “ Prof. Von Cotta of the Freiberg School of Mines, is the author of the best modern treatise on ore deposits, and we are heartily glad that this ad- mirable work has been translated and published in this country. The trans- lator, Mr. Frederick Prime, Jr., a graduate of Freiberg, has had in his work the great advantage of a revision by the author himself, who declares in a prefatory note that this may be considered as a new edition (the third; of his own book. “ It is a timely and welcome contribution to the literature of mining in this country, and we are grateful to the translator for his enterprise and good judgment in undertaking its preparation ; while we recognize with equal cor- diality the liberality of the author in granting both permission and assist- ance. ” — Extract from Review in Engineering and Mining Journal. IX VAN' mjSTllANl). 15 Plattner’s Blow-Pipe Analysis. Second edition. Revised. 8vo. Cloth. $7.50. PLATTNER’S MANUAL OF QUALITATIVE AND QUiVN- TITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE BLOW-PIPE. From the last German edition Revised and enlarged. Bj Prof. Th. Richtee, of the Royal Saxon Mining Academy. Translated by Prof. II. B. Cornwall, Assistant in the Columbia School of Mines, New York ; assisted by John H. Caswell. Illustrated with eighty-seven wood-cuts and one Lithographic Plate. 560 pages. “ Plattner’s celebrated work has long been recognized as the only complete book on Blow-Pipe Analysis. The fourth German edition, edited by Prof. Richter, fully sustains the reputation which the earlier editions acquired dur- ing the lifetime of the author, and it is a source of great satisfaction, to us to know that Prof. Richter has co-operated with the translator in issuing the American edition of the work, which is in fact a fifth edition of the original work, being far more complete than the last German edition.” — 8'dUmau's Journal. There is nothing so complete to be found in the English language. Platt- ner’s book is not a mere pocket edition ; it is intended as a comprehensive guide to all that is at present known on the blow-pipe, and- as such is really indis- pensable to teachers and advanced pupils. Mr. Cornwall’s edition is something more than a translation, as it contains many corrections, emendations and additions not to be found in the original. It is a decided improvement on the work in its German dress.” — Journal of Applied Chemistry. Egleston’s Mineralogy. 8vo. Illustrated with 34 Lithographic Plates. Cloth. $4.50. LECTURES ON DESCRIPTIVE iHINERALOGY, Delivered at tlio School of Mines, Columbia College. Br Proeessou T. Eoleston. Tlicso lectures are what thoir title indicates, the lectures on Mineralo. VAJSr N'OSTRAN'J). 19 Nugent on Optics. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00 TREATISE ON OPTICS ; or, Light and Sight, theoretically and practically treated ; with the application to Pine Art and Indus- trial Pursuits. By E. Nugent. With one hundred and three illustrations. This book is of a practical rather than a theoretical kind, and is de- signed to afford accurate and complete information to all interested in appli- cations of the science .” — Round Table. Barnard’s Metric System. 8vo. Brovm cloth. $3.00. THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. An Address delivered before the Convocation of the University of the State of New York, at Albany, August, 1871. By Frebeiuck A. P. Barnard, President of Columbia College, New York City. Second edition from the Revised edition printed for the Trustees of Columbia College. Tinted paper. “It is the best summary of the arguments in favor of the metric weights and measures with which we are acquainted, not only because it contains in small space the leading facts of the case, but because it puts the advocacy of that system on the only tenable grounds, namely, the great convenience of a decimal notation of weight and measure as well as money, the value of inter- national uniformity in the matter, and the fact that this metric system is adopted and in general use by the majority of civilized nations .” — 'TJie Nation. The Young Mechanic. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $1.75. THE YOUNG MECHANIC. Containing directions for the use of all kinds of tools, and for the construction of steam engines and mechanical models, including the Art of Turning in Wood and Metal. By the author of “Tho Lathe and its Uses,” etc From the English edition, with corrections. 20 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Harrison’s Mechanic’s Tool-Book. ISfmo. Cloth. . $1,50. MECHANIC’S TOOL BOOK, with practical rules and suggestions, for the Use of Machinists, Iron Workers, and others. By W. B. Harrison, Associate Editor of the “American Artisan.” Illustra- ted with 44 engravings. “ This work is specially adapted to meet the Wants of Machinists and work- ers in iron g-enerally . It is made up of the work-day experience of an intelli- gent and ingenious mechanic, who had the faculty of adapting tools to various purposes. The practicability of his plans and suggestions are made apparent even to the unpractised eye by a series of well-executed wood engravings.” — Philadd'phia Inquirer, Pope’s Modern Practice of the Elec- tric Telegraph. Eighth Edition. 8vo. Cloth $2.00. A Hand-hook for Electricians and Operators. By Fr.^nk L. Pope. Seventh edition. Bevised and enlarged, and fully illustrated. Extract from Letter of Prof Morse. “ I have had time only cursorily to examine its contents, but this examina- tion has resulted in great gratification, especially at the fairness and unpre- judiced tone of your whole work, “ Your illustrated diagi’ams are admirable and beautifully executed. “ I think all your instructions in the use of the telegraph apparatus judi- cious and correct, and I most cordially wish you success.” Extract from Letter af Prof. G, W, Hough, of the Thxdley Observatory. “ There is no other work of this kind in the English language that con- tains in so small a compass so much practical information in the application of galvanic electricity to telegraphy. It should be in the hands of every one ! interested in telegraphy, or the use of Batteries for other purposes,” Morse’s Telegraphic Apparatus. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth. $2.00. EXAMINATION OF THE TELEGPvAPHIO APPAEATUS AND THE PEOCESSES IN TELEOAPHY. By Samuel F. B. Morse, LL.D., United States Commissioner Paris Universal Exposition, 1867. D. VAN NOSTMAND. 21 Sabine’s History of the Telegraph. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25. HISTOEY AND PEOGRESS OF THE ELECTRIC TELE- GRAPH, with Descriptions of some of the Apparatus. By Robeet Sa.bine, C, E. Second edition, with additions. Contents. — I. Early Observations of Electrical Phenomena. II. Tele- graphs by Frictional Electricity. III. Telegraphs by Voltaic Electricity. IV. Telegraphs by Electro-Magnetism and Magneto-Electricity, V. Tele- graphs now in use. VI. Overhead Lines. VII. Submarine Telegraph Lines. VIIL Underground Telegraphs. IX. Atmospheric Electricity. Haskins’ Galvanometer. Pocket form. Illustrated. Morocco tucks. $2.00, THE GALVANOMETER, AND ITS USES; a Manual for Electricians and Students. By 0. H. Haskins. "We hope this excellent little work will meet with the sale its merits entitle it to. To every telegrapher who owns, or uses a Galvanometer, or ever expects to, it will be quite indispensable.” — The Telegrapher, Gulley’s Hand-Book of Telegraphy. 8vo. Cloth. $6.00. A HAND-BOOK OF PRACTICAL TELEGRAPHY. By R. S. CuLLEY, Engineer to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. Foster’s Submarine Blasting. 4to. Cloth. $3.50. SUBMARINE BLASTING in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts — Removal of Tower and Corwin Rocks. By John G. Fosteb, Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, and Brevet Major-General, U. S- Army. Illustrated with seven plates. List of Plates. — 1, Sketch of the Narrows, Boston Harbor. 2. Townsend's Submarine Drilling Machine, and Working Vessel attending. 3. Submarine Drilling 3Iachino employed. 4. Details of Drilling Macliine employed. 5. Cartridges and Tamping used. 0. Fuses ajid Insulated Wires used- 7. Portable Friction Battery used. 22 HGIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Barnes’ Subm^ine Warfare. 8vo. Cloth. $5.00. SUBMARINE WARFARE, DEB'ENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE. Comprising a full and completo History of th© Invention of the Torpedo, its employment in War and results of its use. De- scriptions of the various forms of Torpedoes, Submarine Batteries and Torpedo Boats actually used in War. Methods of Ignition by Machinery, Contact Fuzes, and Electricity, and a full account of experiments made to determine the Explosive Force of Gun- powder under W ater. Also a discussion of the Offensive Torpedo system, its effect upon Iron-Clad Ship systems, and influence upon Future Naval Wars. By Lieut. -Commander !^^ohn S. Barxes, U. S. N. With twenty lithographic plates and many wood-cuts. “ A book important to military men, and especially so to engineers and ar- tillerists. It consists of an examination of the various offensive and defensive engines that have been contrived for submarine hostilities, including a discus- sion of the torpedo system, its effects upon imn-clad ship-systems, and its probable influence upon future naval wars. Plates of a valuable character accompany the treatise, which affords a useful history of the momentous sub- ject it discusses. A great deal of useful information is collected in its pages, especially concerning the inventions of Scholl and VEiiDU, and of Jones’ and Hunt’s batteries, as well as of other similar machines, and the use in submarine operations of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine.” — A. T. Times, Randall’s Quartz Operator’s Hand- Book. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. QUARTZ OPERATOR’S HAND-BOOK. By P. M. Randall. New edition, revised and enlarged. Fully illustrated. The object of this work has been to present a clear and comprehensive ex- position of mineral veins, and the means and modes chiefly employed for the mining and working of their ores — more especially those containing gold and silver. D. l^AN' NOHTRAND. 28 Mitchell’s Manual of Assaying. 8 VO. Cloth. $10,00. A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL ASSAYING. By Johjj Mitchell. Third edition. Edited by William Chookes, F.R.S. In this edition are incorporated all the late important discoveries in Assay- ing made in this country and abroad, and special care is devoted to the very important Volumetric and Colorimetric Assays, as well as to the Blow-Pipe Assays. Benet’s Ohronoscope. Second Edition, Illustrated. 4to, Cloth. $3.00. ELECTRO-BALLISTIC MACHINES, and the Schultz Chrono- scope. By Lieutenant-Colonel S. Y. Bei^et, Captain of Ordnance, U. S. Army. Contents. — 1. Ballistic Pendulum. 2. Gun Pendulum. 3. Use of Elec- tricity. 4. Navez’ Machine. 5. Vignotti’s Machine, with Plates. 6. Benton’s Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, with Plates. 7. Leur’s Tro-Pendulum Machine 8. Schultz’s Chronoscope, with two Plates. Michaelis’ Chronograph. 4to, Illustrated. Cloth. $3.00. THE LE BOULENGE CHRONOGRAPH. With three litho- graphed folding plates of illustrations. By Brevet Captain O E. Michaelis, First Lieutenant Ordnance Corps, U. S. Army. The excellent monograpli of Captain Michaelis enters minutely into tho details of construction and management, and gives table.s of tho times of llight calculated upon a given fall of the chronometer for all distances. Captain Michaelis has done good service in presenting this work to his brother officers, describing, as it does, an instniment which bids fair to be in constant nso in our future ballistic experiments.’ — Army ami Navy Jourmd. 24 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Silversmitli’s Hand-Book. Fourth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $3.00. A PEACTICAL HAND-BOOK FOE MINEES, Metallurgists, and Assayers, comprising the most recent improvements in the disintegration, amalgamation, smelting, and parting of the Precious Ores, with a Comprehensive Digest of the Mining Laws. Greatly augmented, revised, and corrected. ^ By Julius Silvehsmith. Fourth edition. Profusely illustrated. !• vol. 12mo. Cloth. $3.00. One of the most important features of this work is that in which the metallurgy of the precious metals is treated of. In it the author has endeav- ored to embody all the processes for the reduction and manipulation of the precious ores heretofore successfully employed in G-ermany, England, Mexico, and the United States, together with such as have been more recently invented, and not yet fully tested — all of which are profusely illustrated and easy of comprehension. Simms’ Levelling. 8 VO. Cloth. $2.50. A TEEATISE ON THE PEINCIPLES AND PEACTICE OF LEVELLING, showing its application to purposes of Eailway Engineering and the Construction of Eoads, &c. By Frederick W. Simms, C. E. From the fifth London edition, revised and corrected, with the addition of Mr. Law’s Practical Examples for Setting Out Eailway Curves. Illustrated with three lithographic plates and numerous wood-cuts. “ One of the most important text-books for the general surveyor, and there is scarcely a question connected with levelling for which a solution would be sought, but that would be satisfactorily answered by consulting this volume.” — Mining Journal. “ The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and col- leges.” — Engineers. “ The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms useful work.” — Engineering. D. VAN N08TRAND. 25 Stuart’s Successful Engineer. 18mo. Boards. 60 cents. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER: Being Hints to Youths intending to adopt the Profession. By Been^ard Stuart, Engineer. Sixth Edition. ** A valuable little book of sound, sensible advice to young men wlio wish to rise in the most important of the professions .” — ScienUfic American. Stuart’s Naval Dry Docks. • Twenty-four engravings on steel. Fourth Edition, 4to. Cloth. $6.00. TBV NAVAL DRY DOCKS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Chaeles B. Stuast. Engineer in Chief of the United States Navy. Fist of Illustrations. Pumping Engine and Pumps — Plan of Dry Dock and Pump-Well - Sec- tions of Dry Dock — Engine HouSe — Iron Floating Gate — Details of Floating Gate — Iron Turning Gate — Plan of Turning Gate — Culvert Gate — Filling Culvert Gates — Engine Bed — Plate, Pumps, and Culvert — Engine House Roof — Floating Sectional Dock — Details of Section, and Plan of Turn-Tables — Plan of Basin and Marine Railways — Plan of Sliding Frame, and Elevation of Pumps — Elydraulic Cylinder — Plan of Gearing for Pumps and End Floats — Perspective View of Dock, Basin, and Railway — Plan of Basin of Ports- mouth Dry Dock — Floating Balance Dock — Elevation of Trusses and the Ma- chinery — Perspective View of Balance Dry Dock Free Hand Drawing. Profusely Illustrated. 18mo., Boards. 50 cents. A GUIDE TO ORNAMENTAL, Figure, and Landscape Draw- ing. By an Art Student. Contents. — Materials employed in Drawing, and how to use them — On Lines and how to Draw them — On Shading — Concerning lines and shading, with applications of them to simi)le elementary subjects — Sketches from Na- ture. 26 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Minifies Mechanical Drawing. Eighth Edition. Royal 8vo. Cloth. $4.00. A TEXT-BOOK OF GEOMETRICAL DRAWING for the use of Mechanics and Schools, in which the Definitions and Rules of Geuinetry are familiarly explained ; the Practical Problems are arranged, from tlie most simple to the more complex, and in their description technicalities are avoided as much as possible. With illustrations for Drawing Plans, Sections, and Elevations of Buildings and Machinery ; an Introduction to Isometrical Draw- ing, and an Essay on Linear Perspective and Shadows. Illus- trated with over 200 diagrams engraved on steel. By Wm. Mixifie, Architect. Eighth Edition. With an Appendix on the Theory and Application of Colors. “ It is the best work on Drawing that we have ever seen, and is especially a text-book of Geometrical Drawing for the use of Mechanics and Schools. No young Mechanic, such as a Machinist, Engineer, Cabinet-Maker, Millwright, or Carpenter, should be without it.” — Scientific American. “ One of the most comprehensive works of the kind ever published, and can- not but possess great value to builders. The style is at once elegant and sub- stantial. ’ — Pennsyloania Inquirer. “ Whatever is said is rendered perfectly intelligible by remarkably well- executed diagrams on steel, leaving nothing for mere vague supposition ; and the addition of an introduction to isometrical drawing, linear perspective, and the projection of shadows, winding up with a useful index to technical terms.” — Glasgow Mechanics Journal. The British Government has authorized the use of this book in their schools of art at Somerset House, London, and throughout the kingdom. Minifie’s Geometrical Drawing. Mew Edition. Enlarged, 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. GEOMETRICAL DRAWING. Abridged from the octavo edition, for the use of Schools. Illustrated with 48 steel plates. New edition, enlarged. It i well adapted as a text-book of drawing to be used in our High Schools and Academies where this useful branch of the fine arts has been hitherto too much neglected.” — Boston Journal. D. VAJV jyOS2’JiAJV^D. 27 Bell on Iron Smelting. 8vo. Cloth. $6.03. CHEMICAL PHENOMENA OF IKON SMELTING. An ex- perimentai and practical examination of the circumstances which determine the capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature .of the Air, and the Proper Condition of the Materials to be operated upon. By I. Lowthian Bell. “ The reactions which take place in every foot of the hlast-fumace have been investigated, and the nature of every step in the process, from the intro- duction of the raw material into the furnace to the production of the pig iron, has been carefully ascertained, and recorded so fully that any one in the trade can readily avail themselves of the knowledge acquired ; and we have no hes- itation in saying that the judicious application of such knowledge will do much to facilitate the introduction of arrangements which will still farther economize fuel, and at the same time permit of the quality of the resulting metal being maintained, if not improved. The volume is one which no prac- tical pig iron manufacturer can afford to be without if he be desirous of en- tering upon that competition which nowadays is essential to progress, and in issuing such a work Mr. Bell has entitled himself to the best thanks of every member of the trade .” — London Mining Journal. King’s Notes on Steam. Thirteenth Edition. 8vo. Cloth. $2.00. LESSONS AND PEACTICAL NOTES ON STEAM, the Steam- Engine, Propellers, &c., &c., for Young Engineers, Students, and others. By the late W. E. King, U. S. N. Ee vised by Chief- Engineer J. W. King, U. S. Navy. “ This is one of the best, because eminently plain and practical treatises on the Steam Engine ever published. ’ — Philadelphia PresH. This is the thirteenth edition of a valuable work of the late W. H. King, U. S. N. It contains lessons and practical notes on Steam and the Steam En- gine, Propellers, etc. It is calculated to bo of groat use to young marine en- gineers, students, and others. The text is illustrated and explained by nu- merous diagrams and representations of machinery. —ijWa/i Pailg Adver- tiser. Text-book at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annaixilis. 28 SCIEJ^^TIFIG BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Burgh’s Modern Marine Engineering. One thick 4to vol. Cloth. $25.00. Half morocco. $00.00. MODERN MARINE ENGINEERING, applied to Paddle and Screw Propulsion. Consisting of oG Colored Plates, 259 Practical Wood-cut Illu^atrations, and 403 pages of Descriptive Matter, the whole being an exposition of the present practice of the follow- ing firms : Messrs. J. Penn & Sons ; Messrs. Mandslay, Sons & Field; Messrs. James Watt & Co.; Messrs. J. & G. Rennie; Messrs. R. Napier & Sons ; Messrs. J. & W. Dudgeon ; Messrs. Ravenliill & Hodgson ; Messrs. Humphreys & Tenant ; Mr. J. T. Spencer, and Messrs. Forrester & Co. By N. P. Buegh, Engineer- ' Principal Contents. — General Arrangements of Engines, 11 examples — General Arrangement of Boilers, 1 4 examples — General Arrangement of Superheaters, 11 examples — Details of 'Oscillating Paddle Engines, 34 ex- amples — Condensers for Screw Engines, both Injection and Surface, 20 ex- amples — Details of Screw Engines, 20 examples — Cylinders and Details of Screw Engines, 21 examples — Slide Valves and Details, 7 examples — Slide Valve, Link Motion, 7 examples — Expansion Valves and Gear, 10 exam- ples — Details in General, 30 examples — Screw Propeller and Fittings, 13 ex- amples Engine and Boiler Fittings, 28 examples In relation to the Princi- ples of the Marine Engine and Boiler, 33 examples. Notices of the Press. “ Every conceivable detail of the Marine Engine, under all its various forms, is profusely, and we itiust add, admirably illustrated by a multitude of engravings, selected from the best and most modern practice of tlie first Marine Engineers of the day. The chapter on Condensers is peculiarly valu- able. In one word, there is no other work in existi nee which will bear a moment’s comparison with it as an exponent of the skill, talent and practical experience to which is due the splendid reputation enjoyed by many British Marine Engineers.” - Engineer. “ This very comprehensive work, which was issued in Monthly parts, has just been completed. It contains large and full drawings and copious de- scriptions of most of the best examples of Modern Marine Engines, and it is a complete theoretical and practical treatise on the subject of Marine Engi- neering.” American Artisan. This is the only edition of tlv' above work with the beautifully colored plates, and it is out of print in England- J^OSTHAJVD. 29 Bourne’s Treatise on the Steam En- gine. Ninth Edition* Illustrated. * 4to. Cloth. $15.00. TREATISE ON THE STEAM ENGINE in its various applica- tions to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, Railways, and Agricul- ture, with the theoretical investigations respecting the Motive Power of Heat and the proper Proportions of Steam Engines. Elaborate Tables of the right dimensions of every part, and Practical Instructions for the Manufacture and Management of every species of Engine in actual use. By John Bouene, being the ninth edition of “ A Treatise on the Steam Engine,” by the “ Artisan Club.” Illustrated by thirty-eight plates and five hundred and forty-six wood-cuts. As Mr. Bourne’s work has the great merit of avoiding unsound and imma- ture views, it may safely be consulted by all who are really desirous of ac- quiring trustworthy information on the subject of which it treats. During the twenty-two years which have elapsed from the issue of the first edition, the improvements introduced in the construction of the steam engine have been both numerous and important, and of these Mr. Bourne has taken care to point ovit the more prominent, and to furnish the reader with such infor- mation as shall enable him readily to judge of their relative value. This edi- tion liL-is been thoroughly modernized, and made to accord with the opinions and practice of the more successful engineers of the present day. All that the book professes to give is given with ability and evident care. The scien- tific principles which are permanent are admirably explained, and reference is made to many of the more valuable of the recently introduced engines. To express an opinion of the value and utility of such a work as The Artisan Club's Treatise on the Steam En^jine, which has passed through eight editions already, would be superfluous ; but it may be safely stated that the work is worthy the attentive study of all either engaged in the manufacture of steam engines or interested in economizing the use of steam. — iSlininq Journal. Isherwood’s Engineering Precedents. Two Vols. in One. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. ENGINEERING PRECEDENTS FOR STEAM MACHINERY. Arranged in the most practical and useful manner for Engineers. By B. F. IsiiEEWoou, Civil Engineer, U. S. Navy. With illus- trations. 32 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY \ The Usefal Metals and their Alloys ; Scoffren, Tmran, and others. Fifth Edition. 8vo. Half calf. $3.75. THE USEFUL METALS AND THEIE ALLOYS, incliding MINING- VENTILATION, MINING JUEISPEUDENGE AND METALLUEGIG GHEMISTEY employed in the conver- sion of lEON, GOPPEE, TIN, ZING, ANTIMONY, AND LEAD OEES, with their applications to THE INDUSTEIAL AETS. By John Scoffren, William True an, William Glay, Eoeert Oxland, William Faiebaien, W. G. Aitkin, and Wil- liam Yose Pickett. Collins’ Useful Alloys. 18mo. Flexible. 75 eents. THE PEIVATE BOOK OF USEFUL ALLOYS and Memo- randa for Goldsmiths, Jewellers, etc. By James E. Gollins This little book is compiled from notes made by the Author from the papers of one of the larg-est and most eminent Manufacturing G-oldsmiths and Je-wellers in this country, and as the firm is no-w no longer in existence, and the Author is at present engaged in some other undertaking, he now offers to the public the benefit of his experience, and in so doing he begs to state that all the alloys, etc., given in these pages may be confidently relied on as being thoroughly practicable. The Memoranda and Receipts throughout this book are also compiled from practice, and \Jill no doubt be found useful to the practical jeweller. — Shirley, July, 1871. Joynson's Metals Used in Construction. 12mo. Cloth. 75 cents. THE METALS USED IN GONSTEUGTION : Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc., etc. By Francis Herbert Joynson. Il- lustrated. “ In the interests of practical science, -we are bound to notice this -work ; and to those who wish further information, we should say, buy it ; and the outlay, we honestly believe, will be considered well spent.” — Scientific Beview. D. VAN NOSTMAND. 33 Holley’s Ordnance and Armor. 493 Engrayings. Half Roan, $10.00. Half Russia, $12.00. A TEEATISE ON ORDNANCE AND ARMOR— Embracing Descriptions, Discussions, and Professional Opinions concerning the Material, Eabrication’, Requirements, Capabilities, and En- durance of European and American Guns, for Naval, Sea Coast, and Iron-clad Warfare, and their Rifling, Projectiles, and Breech-Loading; also, Results of Experiments against Armor, from Official Records, with an Appendix referring to Gun-Cotton, Hooped Guns, etc., etc. By Alexander L. Holley, B. P. 948 pages, 493 Engravings, and 147 Tables of Results, etc. Contents. Chapter I. — Standard Guns and their Fabrication Described : Section 1. Hooped Guns; Section 2. Solid Wrought Iron Guns; Section 8. Solid Steel Guns ; Section 4. Cast-Iron Guns. Chapter II. — The Requirements of Guns, Armor: Section 1. The Work to be done; Section 2. Heavy Shot at Low Ve- locities; Sections. Small Shot at High Velocities; Section 4. The two Sys- tems Combined; Section 5. Breaching Masonry. Chapter III. — The Strains and Structure of Guns: Section 1. Resistance to Elastic Pressure ; Section 2. The Effects of Vibration; Section 3. The Effects of Heat. Chapter IV. — Cannon Metals and Processes of Fabrication: Section 1. Elasticity and Ductil- ity; Section 2. ■ Cast-Iron ; Section 3. Wrought Iron; Section 4. Steel; Sec- tion 5. Bronze ; Section 6. Other Alloys. Chapter V. — Rifling and Projec- tiles; Standard Forms and Practice Described; Early Experiments; The Centring System ; The Compressing System ; The Expansion System ; Armor Punching Projectiles; Shells for Molten Metal; Competitive Trial of Rifled Guns, 1802; Duty of Rifled Guns: General Uses, Accuracy, Range, Velocity, Strain, Liability of Projectile to Injury ; Firing Spherical Shot from Rifled Guns; Material for Armor-Punching Projectiles ; Shape of Armor-Punching Projectiles; Capacity and Destructiveness of Shells; Elongated Shot from Smooth Bores; Conclusions; Velocity of Projectiles ( Table'. Chapter VI. — Breech-Loading Advantages and Defects of the System; Ra])id Firing and Cooling Guns by Machinery ; Standard Breech-Loaders Described. Part Sec- ond : Experiments against Armor ; Account of Experiments from Official Records in Chronological Order. Appendix.— Report on the Applic:ition of Gun-Cotton to Warlike Purposes— British Association, 18(>3; Manufacture and Experiments in England; Guns Hooped with Initial Tension — History; How Guns, Burst, by Wiard, Lyman’s Accelerating Gun; Endurance of Parrott and Whitworth Guns at Charleston ; Hooping old United States Cast-Iron Guns ; Endurance and Accuracy of the Armstrong 600-pouuuor ; Competitive Trials with 7-inch Guns. 32 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY \j The Useful Metals and their Alloys ; Scoifren, Truran, and others. Fifth Edition. 8vo. Half calf. $3.75. THE USEFUL METALS AND THEIE ALLOYS, incliding MINING YENTILATION, MINING JUEISPEUDENCE AND METALLUEGIC CHEMISTEY employed in the conver- sion of lEON, COPPEE, TIN, ZINC, ANTIMON Y, AND LEAD OEES, with their applications to THE INDUSTEIAL AETS. By John ScoFFitEN, William True an, William Clay, Eoeert Oxland, AVilliam Eairbairn, W. C. Aitkin, and Wil- liam Yose Pickett. Collins’ Useful Alloys. 18mo. Flexible. 75 cents. 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Il- lustrated. “ In the interests of practical science, we are bound to notice this work ; and to those who wish further information, we should say, buy it ; and the outlay, we honestly believe, will be considered well spent.” — ScientijiG Review. D. VAN NOSTEAND. 33 Holley’s Ordnance and Armor. 493 Engravings. Half Roan, $10.00. Half Russia, $12.00. A TREATISE ON ORDNANCE AND ARMOR— Embracing Descriptions, Discussions, and Professional Opinions concerning ' the Material, Fabrication, Requirements, Capabilities, and En- durance of European and American Guns, for Naval, Sea Coast, and Iron-clad Warfare, and their Rifling, Projectiles, and Breech-Loading; also. Results of Experiments against Armor, from Official Records, with an Appendix referring to Gun-Cotton, Hooped Guns, etc., etc. By Alexander L. Holley, B. P. 948 pages, 493 Engravings, and 147 Tables of Results, etc. Contents. Chapter I. — Standard Guns and their Fabrication Described : Section 1. Hooped Guns; Section 2. Solid Wrought Iron Guns; Section 8. Solid Steel Guns ; Section 4. Cast-Iron Guns. Chapter II. — The Requirements of Guns, Armor: Section 1. The Work to be done; Section 2. Heavy Shot at Low Ve- locities; Sections. Small Shot at High Velocities; Section 4. The two Sys- tems Combined; Section 5. Breaching Masonry. Chapter III. — The Strains and Structure of Guns: Section 1. Resistance to Elastic Pressure; Section 2. The Effects of Vibration; Section 3. The Effects of Heat. Chapter IV.— Cannon Metals and Processes of Fabrication: Section 1. Elasticity and Ductil- ity; Section 2. Cast-Iron; Section 3. Wrought Iron; Section 4. Steel; Sec- tion 5. Bronze ; Section 6. Other Alloys. Chapter V. — Rifling and Projec- tiles; Standard Forms and Practice Described; Early Experiments; The Centring System ; The Compressing System ; The Expansion System ; Armor Punching Projectiles ; Shells for Molten Metal ; Competitive Trial of Rifled Guns, 18G2 ; Duty of Rifled Guns: General Uses, Accuracy, Range, Velocity, Strain, Liability of Projectile to Injury ; Firing Spherical Shot from Rifled Guns ; Material for Armor-Punching Projectiles ; Shape of Armor-Punching Projectiles; Capacity and Destructiveness of Shells; Elongated Shot from Smooth Bores; Conclusions; Velocity of Projectiles (Table'. Chapter VI. — Breech-Loading Advantages and Defects of the System; Rapiplication of Gun-Cotton to Warlike Purposes — British Association, 18(i3; Manufacture and Experiments in England ; Guns Hooped with Initial Tension — History; How Guns Burst, by Wiard, Lyman’s Accelerating Gun; Endurance of Parrott and Whitworth Guns at Ch .tries ton ; Hooping old United States Cast-Iron Guns; Endtirance and Accuracy of the Armstrong GOO-pouiulor; Competitive Trials with 7-inch Guns. 34 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Peirce’s Analytic Mechanics. 4to. Cloth. $10.00. SYSTEM OF ANALYTIC MECHANICS. Physical and Celestial Mechanics. By Benjamin Peirce, Perkins Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics in Harvard University, and Consulting As- tronomer of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. 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