wW- Jb W * & iK ^P'APR'.L^ ~ vv vyW wvy y vv" - s W V V wWwwy-wv'w w vi v w.'y ; v; ^ y, y. W'WWQyQyW V . - . iW'w-i^a,, V fl W{ jvjvlyjv MOWiwI^ Wiwv/lV. .JPPjrali yypop , JAMES F. O'CCHMAN Box 98 Lan&sviile Station Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930 v* Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00mcca_4 FROM'THE ART GALLERY-C ENTEFNTALi EXHIBITION.■ THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE Centennial Exhibition, HELD IN COMMEMORATION OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THEM, EMBRACING ALSO A Concise History of the Origin and Success of the Exhibition, ?,nd Biographies of the Leading Members of the Centennial Commission, TO WHICH IS ADDED A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. BY JAMES D. McCABE, AUTHOR OF THE “CKNTKNNTAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," “PATHWAYS OF THE HOLY LAND," ETC., ETC. EMBELLISHED WITH NEARLY 400 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BUILDINGS, EXHIBITS AND SCENES IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION. Issued by subscription only, and not for sale in the book stores. Residents of any State desiring a copy should address the Publishers, and an Agent will cal! upon them. See page 919. PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. Philadelphia, Pa., Chicago, III., St. Louis, Mo. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by «J. 22,. CTOHSTIES, In the Office of the Librarian ot Congress, at Washington, D. C> VIEW IN THE MAIN BUILDING, SHOWING THE SPANISH, EGYPTIAN AND DANISH COURTS PREFACE. S HE close of the first century of American Inde¬ pendence naturally called for some extraor- dinary and imposing commemoration of the great event; and when it was proposed to cele¬ brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the American Republic should display to the world the triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace during its first century of national existence, and in which these triumphs should be compared in friendly rivalry with those of other and older nations, there was a general and cordial response of approval from the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter¬ national Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign nations entered cordially into the competition to which they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for¬ ward to completion with the most gratifying energy and promptness. The International Centennial Exhibition was a grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its 3 4 PREFACE. positive and overwhelming success as compared with the previous great Exhibitions of the world. It is a success of which the American people have especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held, and were fostered with the great¬ est care, and every resource of the state was placed at their disposal to insure success. The Centennial Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor by the American Government, which withheld its aid until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced it to come forward and do its share in the work. The Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people of the United States, conceived by them, carried for¬ ward to its close by them, and made by them the grandest success of the century. The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands came from all parts of the Union, and yet other thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition, and all these went away with the acknowledgment that, great as their expectations were, they were more than realized. Believing that such would be the interest of the American people in the Exhibition, the author began at an early day the preparation of this work, in which he has sought to present to the reader not only the history of the great enterprise, from its inception down PREFACE. 5 to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life¬ like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record faithfully and accurately the various features and incidents of the great fair which seem to him most likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, and that the work will be found of use and interest by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for themselves the beautiful and instructive display de¬ scribed herein, as well as by the thousands who could not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex¬ hibition only by the reports that reach them through their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit chiefly the author has written these pages, in which he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar with the Exhibition without either the expense or trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed that those who visited the Exhibition will find a perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex¬ hibition was a world within itself, and the visitor entering its portals was plunged at once into the midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and at¬ tractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study of this eighth wonder of the world through the medium of some systematic and carefully prepared account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the 6 PREFACE. intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered him in this work. Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented, whatever they may think of the manner in which the work is executed. The engravings in this work have been prepared especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York, and other well-known houses. Philadelphia, February 20th , 1877. Jas. D. McCabe. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.—HISTORICAL. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn—His Treaty with the Indians —Original Plan of the City—Growth of the City—The Revolution- Occupation by the British—Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia— Its Banking Interests—Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City—The Centennial Census—Population of Philadelphia. 17 CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 . Location of Philadelphia—Size of the City—Its Regularity—Materials used in Building the Houses—“The City of Homes”—Philadelphia Houses—Mr. Kortwright’s Statistics—The Public Squares—Market Street—The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written —The National Publishing Company’s Building—Second Street—Christ Church—Chestnut Street—A Splendid Thoroughfare—Carpenter’s Hall —The Continental Congress—The First Prayer in Congress—The Custom House—The Post-Office—Independence Hall—The Fashionable Prom¬ enade—Noted Buildings—The Hotels—The Continental—The United States Mint—Walnut Street—The Merchants’ Exchange—The Commer¬ cial Exchange—An Interesting Site—Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings—Offices of the Centennial Commission— The Abode of Wealth and Fashion—Arch Street—The Grave of Frank¬ lin—Handsome Churches—Broad Street—The Baltimore Depot—Penn¬ sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb—Academy of Music—The Colosseum—Union League Club House—The Public Buildings—The Masonic Temple—Academy of Fine Arts—Reading Railroad Depot— Third Street—The Financial Centre—The Girard Bank—Old Churches. 24 15 16 i CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 —CONCLUDED. Steam Railroads—Steamship Lines—The Philadelphia Markets—Promi¬ nent Churches—Cathedral—The old Swedes’ Church—The Public Schools—University of Pennsylvania—The Medical Colleges—Girard College—The Philadelphia Library—Mercantile Library—Ridgway Library—Academy of Natural Sciences—Learned Societies—The Zo¬ ological Gardens—Benevolent Institutions—The Pennsylvania Hospital —Insane Asylum—Prisons—House of Correction—Places of Amuse¬ ment—Cemeteries—Newspapers—Banks—Gas and Water—Street Rail¬ ways—The Water Front—The Delaware Shore—The Coal Wharves— Camden—Smith’s and Windmill Islands—League Island—The Navy Yard—Fort Mifflin—A Reminiscence of the Revolution—The Schuyl¬ kill River—The Bridges—The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges —West Philadelphia—Germantown—Manufactures and Commerce.... 92 CHAPTER IV. FAIRMOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park—Its History—Improvements—-Old Fairmount and Lemon ITi 11 : —The Waterworks—The Lincoln Monument—Sedgeley Park—The River Road—The East Park—The Storage Reservoir—Old Country-seats—Mount Pleasant—Arnold’s Home—The Wissahickon—■ The Hotels—The Hermit’s Well—The Mystics—Washington’s Rock— The Monastery—The West Park—Solitude—The Zoological Gardens— Lansdowne—George’s Hill—Belmont—The Sawyer Observatory. 144 CHAPTER V. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. Origin of Industrial Exhibitions—The First French Exhibitions—The Ex¬ hibitions at Paris in 1844 and 1849—The Dublin Exhibition of 1827— The First International Exhibition, held at London, in 1851—The Crystal Palace—The New York Exhibition of 1855—The French Ex¬ hibition of 1855—The Palace of Industry—The Manchester and Flor¬ ence Exhibitions—The London Exhibition of 1862—Other Displays— The Paris Exhibition of 1867—Other Exhibitions—"The Vienna Exhi¬ bition of 1873. 167 CHAPTER VI. THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The First Proposals for the Exhibition—Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia—The Memorial to Congress—The Act of Incorporation— Appointment of the Centennial Commission—Creation of the Board of CONTENTS. 17 Finance—Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia—Donation of the Exhibition Grounds—Proclamation of the President of the United States —The Invitation to Foreign Powers—The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors’ Goods—The General Government Takes Part in the Exhi¬ bition—The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874—Plans of the Commission —Regulations for Exhibitors—Order of the Treasury Department— Work of the Board of Finance—Sales of Stock—The Bureau of Revenue —Its Successful Work—Sale of Medals—Appropriations by Pennsyl¬ vania and Philadelphia—Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition— Report of the Board of Finance—Action of the States—Appropriations by Foreign Governments—Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition—Reception of Goods—Completion of the Work—The System of Awards.193 CHAPTER VII. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION. A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners from Foreign Countries. . 253 CHAPTER VIII. THE WORK OF THE RAILROADS AND THE HOTELS. Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia—Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States—Settlement of the Ques¬ tion of Fares—Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia —How the Exhibition Grounds were reached from the City—The Penn¬ sylvania Railroad—Magnificent Equipment of the Road—The Model Railroad of the Union—Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad—The Schuylkill Steamboats—The Street Railway Arrange¬ ments—Cabs and Carriages—Regulations concerning them—The Phila¬ delphia Plotels—The Centennial Lodging-House Agency—Boarding Houses—Suburban Hotels. 263 CHAPTER IX. THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. Arrangements for the Opening—Programme Issued by the Centennial Commission—Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May—The Opening Day—The Rush to the Grounds—Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points—The Gates Thrown Open—The Grand Stands—A Brilliant Scene —Arrival of the President of the United States—Wagner’s Centennial March—Bishop Simpson’s Prayer—Whittier’s Hymn—Enthusiasm of the Multitude—Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commis- 2 18 CONTEXTS. sion—The Centennial Cantata—Address of General Hawley—President Grant Declares the Exhibition Open—The Flag Unfurled—The Presi¬ dent’s Tour Through the Buildings—The Starting of the Great Engine —Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds—Illumination of the City.277 CHAPTER X. WITHOUT THE GROUNDS. Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town—The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels—The United States—The Grand Exposition—The Panorama- Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue—The Cheap Hotels—The Beer-Gar¬ dens—The Carriage Sheds—The Cheap Museums—The Oil Wells—The Street Car Concourse—A Busy Scene—Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad—Belmont Avenue—Appearance of the Street—The Largest Soda Fountain in the World—The Restaurants—The Tropical Garden—A Delightful Resort—George’s Hill—Belmont—The Steam boat Landing—Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad. 306 CHAPTER XI. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Topography of the Grounds—The Ravines—The Entrances—The Turn¬ stiles—Styles of Tickets used—The Photograph Regulation—The Cen¬ tennial Guard—The Fire Department—The Narrow-Gauge Railway—• The Rolling Chair Service—Landscape Gardening—The Flowers—The Avenues—The Bridges—Bartholdi’s Fountain—The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain—The Centennial Waterworks—Relief Plans of Foreign Cities—Statue of Religious Liberty—Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe—The Hunter’s Camp—An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train—The American Soldiers’ Monument—The Ice-Water Fountain—The Indian Camp. 324 CHAPTER XII. THE MAIN BUILDING. Description of the Main Building—A Monster Edifice—The Interior— A Magnificent Hall—Decorations — The Galleries—A Beautiful and Imposing Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes—Telegraph System—The Elevator—Classification of the Display in the Building—The American Department—The Great Organ—The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit—The Roosevelt Organ—The Paper Makers—The Book Pavilion—The Model Post-Office—The Cotton and Woollen Goods—The Carpet Rooms—American Pottery—Among the Iron Workers—The Fire-Arms Exhibit—Rich Costumes—The Tele¬ graphic Display—The Gas Fixture Department—A Brilliant Display— FOOD FISHES OF THE SEA—EXHIBITED IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. CONTENTS. 19 The Jewellers and Silversmiths—The Moorish Pavilion—A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects—The Century Vase—The Cologne Fountains—The Furniture Display—Model Houses Completely Fur¬ nished—The Pianos and Organs—Beautiful Instruments—Concerts— Great Britain and Ireland—Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware—Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments—Beautiful Porce¬ lains—Superb Pottery—Statuary—Process of Making Pottery—The Tile Exhibit—Rich Iron Work—Rare Furniture—A Royal Pavilion—Grand Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens—Jewelry—Splendid Carpets—The Book Display—The Graphic’s Art Collection—Rich Stained Glass—A Gorgeous Show from India—The Canadian Exhibit— The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion—The Educa¬ tional Exhibit of Ontario—The Australian Exhibits—The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent—Pyramids of Gold—Superb Photo¬ graphs of Australian Scenes—Dust from the Gold Coast—Native Dia¬ monds—The West Indian Display—France—The French Court—Rare Bronzes—Exquisite Porcelains—The Textile Fabrics of France—The Silk Court—Beautiful Laces—Statuary—Religious Groups—The Book Trade Exhibit—Fine Engravings—Fine Cutlery—Articles de Paris- Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus. CHAPTER XIII. THE MAIN BUILDING—CONCLUDED. Germany—Location of the German Section—A Superb Display of Porce¬ lain—Beautiful Vases—Plate Glass—Bronzes—The Silks—Display of the Elberfeld Manufacturers—The Ivory Pavilion—The Chemical Dis¬ play—The Velvet Pagoda—The Hospital Department—Fine Church Decorations—Models of an Ocean Steamer—The Book Pavilion—The Austrian Court—Magnificent Bohemian Glass—The Meerschaum Pipes —Exquisite Carvings—Vienna Leather Work—The Italian Court— Artistic Wood Carvings—Beautiful Jewelry—Glassware from Venice— Belgium—Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics—Carved Furniture —Fire-arms—A Belgian School and Gymnasium—The Lace Court— Beautiful Iron Work—Pictures in Tapestry—The Netherlands—A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland—The Woollen Goods—Model Farms—A Dutch Eating-house—Rare and Beautiful Art Works—Educa¬ tional Exhibit—The Artisans’ School—Switzerland in Miniature—The Watchmakers—Scientific Instruments—The Swiss School System—Rich Laces—The Wood Carvers—Sweden—The Peasant Groups—Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes—A Beautiful Exhibit—Fine Porcelains— The Bessemer Steelmakers—Display of the Swedish Army—Norway— Peasant Groups—The Laplanders—A Fine Collection—The Danish Court—Etruscan Imitations—Esquimaux Houses and Boats—The Span¬ ish Pavilion—A Beautiful Structure—Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain—Evidences of Spanish Industry—The Egyptian 337 20 CONTENTS. Court—A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the Kile—The Past and the Present—A Page from the Arabian Nights—Rich Robes— Articles from Central Africa—Egypt’s Agricultural Resources—The Japanese Court—A Wonderful Display—Superb Bronzes—The Lacq¬ uered Ware—What the Island Empire Exhibits—The Chinese Court— A Beautiful and Curious Display—Exhibit of the Orange Free State— Another Sample of Dutch Energy—The Tunisian Court—Eastern Mag¬ nificence—Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico —'The Brazilian Pavilion-s-A Superb Edifice—The Empire of Brazil Illustrated—Exhibit of the other South American States—Display from the Sandwich Islands—The Russian Exhibit—Rich and Beautiful Ob¬ jects from St. Petersburg and Moscow—The Portuguese Court—A Hand¬ some Collection—Special Portuguese Features—The Turkish Court— The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan—The Mineral Annex—The Carriage Annex.. 400 CHAPTER XIV. MACHINERY HALL. Description of the Building—The Interior—Conveniences for Visitors— Precautions Against Fire—The Corliss Engine—Distribution of Power —The American Display—Curious and Interesting Machines—The Steam-Engines—The First Steam-Engine in America—The Blast Fur¬ nace—The Sewing Machines—A Handsome Display—The Suspension Bridge Exhibit— A Monster Cotton Press—Weaving Machines—Making Watches by Machinery—Carpet Weaving—The Water Motors—The Locomotives—The Railway Exhibit—The Vacuum Pan—The Tobacco Factory—Making India Rubber Shoes—Making Candies by Machinery —The Massachusetts Marine—Among the Printing Machines—The Old Franklin Press—Printing the New York Herald —The Ice Yacht— American Machine Shops—Nail and Tack Making—The Hydraulic Annex—The Tank—The Cascade—The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma¬ chines—The British Section—The Road Steamers—Iron Armor Plate— Weaving Machines—Railway Models—The Walter Press—The Sugar Mill—The Canadian Exhibit—The German Section—The Krupp Guns —The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian Machinery—The Well-Borer—The Swedish Section and Exhibits—The Russian Guns—The Brazilian Section—A Handsome and Characteristic Display. 470 CHAPTER XV AGRICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building—Interior Arrangements—Classification of the Exhibit—The American Department—Agricultural Machinery—The Plows—Harvesting Machines—Threshing Machines—The Cider Mill CONTENTS. 21 —The Native Wines of America—The Starch Makers—The Windmill— The Natural History Collection—The California Buffet—The Aquaria— The Tobacco Exhibit—A Fine Display—Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union—Daniel Webster’s Plow—The Cape Ann Fisheries—“ Old Abe ”—The British Court—A Small Display—Agricultural Products of Canada—Canadian Machinery —The French Exhibit—A Fine Display of French Wines—Germany’s Contribution—The Wines of the Rhine land—Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary—Exhibit of Russian Products—Italian Wines and Oils—Bologna Sausages—The Spanish Court—A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain—The Portuguese Collection—Holland’s Exhibit —The Norway Fisheries—Swedish Exhibit—The Japanese Court—The Tea and Silk Culture—The Brazilian Court—The Cotton Pavilion—A Remarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk Culture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic—The Liberian Court—The Pomological Annex—The Wagon Annex. 521 CHAPTER XVI. HORTICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building—The Grand Conservatory—A Beautiful Hall —The Fountain—Cost of the Building—Classification of the Exhibit—A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants—A Beautiful Scene—The Forcing Houses—The East and West Rooms—Exhibit of Gardening Materials— The Electrical Organ—‘The Horticultural Grounds—The Guano Pavilion —The Tent—Anthony Waterer’s Rhododendrons—The Cuban Summer House.. 564 CHAPTER XVil. MEMORIAL HALL. Description of the Building—Bronze Groups of Statuary—The Annex— Classification of the Art Exhibit—The Reception and Central Halls— The Paintings and Statues in them—The Art Galleries—Notable Pic¬ tures by American Artists—The English Gallery—Masterpieces of the Modern English Painters—The Older English Artists—The Queen’s Pictures—The South Kensington Exhibit—The French Pictures—The German Gallery—The Austrian Collection—A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary—Italian Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish Pictures—Art Gems from Sweden and Norway—Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School—Notable Pictures from Belgium—The Danish Gallery—Brazilian and Mexican Art—The Photographic Annex—A Fine Display of Photographs. 577 22 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. L^scription of the Building—The Grounds—Exhibits of the Various Departments Outside of the Building—The Monitor Turret—The Great Guns of the Army and Navy—The Postal Cars—The Transit of Venus Exhibit—Army Trains—Disposition of Space in the Hall—Exhibit of the Post-Office Department—A Model Post-Office—The Agricultural Department—A Fine Display—The Interior Department—Exhibit of the Patent Office—Historical Relics—A Rich Display of Indian Curi¬ osities—The Educational Exhibit—The Census—Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Territories—A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution—The Animals and Fishes of the United States —The Mineral Collection—The Treasury Exhibit—The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches—The Navy Department—A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American Man-of-War—The Torpedo Service—The War Department—Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service—The Engineer Corps and its Work— Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery—The Post Hospital—The Laboratory—The Light-House. 607 CHAPTER XIX. THE WOMAN’S BUILDING. Description of the Building—Its Cost—A Lady Engineer—The Interior of the Building—The Exhibit—The Looms—Works of Female Artists —Inventions of Women—Institutions Managed by Women—Splendid Embroideries—Display from Foreign Countries—The Printing Office.. 654 CHAPTER XX THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION. The State Buildings—St. George’s House—The French Government Building—The French Stained Glass Pavilion—The German Govern¬ ment Building—The Spanish Buildings—The Portuguese Building— The Swedish School-House—The Canadian Log-House—The Brazilian Building—The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar—The Turkish and Tu¬ nisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars—The Syrian Bazaars—The Moorish Villa—The Chilian Machinery Hall—Buildings of the Centennial Com¬ mission—The Judges’ Hall- The Restaurants—The Shoe and Leather Building — The Brewers’ Hall—The Butter and Cheese Factory— Department of Public Comfort—Singer Sewing Machine Cottage—The Centennial Photographic Association—The American Railroad Ticket Office—Empire Transportation Company’s Building—Starr’s Iron Works —The Glass Works—Campbell Printing Press Building—The American CONTENTS. 23 Newspaper Building—The World’s Ticket Office—The Palestine Camp —The Women’s School-House—The American Kindergarten—The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen—Pacific Guano Company’s Building—The Sheet-Metal Pavilion—The United States Life-Saving Station—The Elevated Railway—The Windmills.662 CHAPTER XXL BIOGRAPHICAL. General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission—John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi¬ nance—Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition—Pro¬ fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission—General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of Revenue. 727 CHAPTER XXII. THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876 , AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration—Independence Hall Decorated —The Centennial Legion—The Blue and the Gray—Ceremonies of July 1st—Congress of Authors—The Great Civic Parade of July 3d— The Midnight Celebration—Dawn of the Fourth—The Military Parade —The Exercises in Independence Square—Illumination and Fireworks. 741 CHAPTER XXIII. THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. Arrangements for the Regatta—The Prizes—Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy—Programme of the Races—Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson—Description of the Races—The Winners. 753 CHAPTER XXIV. THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock—Description of the Grounds —The Horse Show—The Noted Animals—The Dog Show—The Cattle Show—A Superb Exhibit—Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats—The Poultry Show. 762 CHAPTER XXV. THE STATE DAYS. Arrangements for the State Celebrations—New Jersey Day—An Inspirit- ing Spectacle—Connecticut Day—Massachusetts Day—New York Day —A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State—Pennsylvania Day—The Grandest Celebration of All—A Gala Day at the Exhibition 24 CONTENTS. —Rhode Island Day—New Hampshire Day—Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day—The Delaware Celebration—The Tournament—The Ball —Ohio Day—Vermont Day...783 CHAPTER XXVI. THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION. Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the Exhibition.830 CHAPTER XXVII. THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS. Ceremonies at Judges’ Hall—Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission—List of the Principal Awards in Each Class. 837 CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION. The Closing Day—The Attendance at the Exhibition—Ceremonies in Judges’ Hall—The Music—Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell—The Te Deum—Remarks of President John Welsh—Address of Director-General Goshorn—Speech of General Hawley—President Grant Deelares the Exhibition Closed—Stopping the Machinery. 863 CHAPTER XXIX. STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE. Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition— Gradual Increase in the Attendance—Statement of Admissions—The Receipts—Comparison of the “Centennial ” with Other Exhibitions... . 885 CHAPTER XXX. WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition—Views of General Hawley—What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished—Views of President John Welsh, Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments... 891 CHAPTER XXXI. THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION. History of the Enterprise—Organization of the International Exhibition Company—Its Officers—The Capital Raised—Purchase of the Main Building— Description of the Main Building as Arranged for the Perma¬ nent Exhibition—The Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. 909 VIEW OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. CHAPTER I. THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.—HISTORICAL. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn—His Treaty with the Indians— Original Plan of the City—Growth of the City—The Revolution—Occupa¬ tion by the British—Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia—Its Banking Interests—Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City—The Centennial Census—Population of Philadelphia. HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first <5)11| I century of the independence of the United States by an UIP International Exposition, it was admitted that the proper place for the holding of such an exhibition was the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive event which placed the United States among the nations of the world, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to introduce the reader to the great city in which it was held. The city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same name, is the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the second city in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the world. The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn 2 17 18 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY immediately after taking possession of the province of Pennsyl¬ vania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body of colonists in August, 1681, and in 1682 came over himself and superintended the surveys of the new city. The land was chosen by him because, he declared, “ It seemed appointed for a town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land.” All these features have long since disappeared before the rapid WILLIAM PENN. growth of his city. During the year 1682 a large number of colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth. The place at which William Penn first set foot on the soil of his new city was long known as the “ Blue Anchor Landing,” from a tavern of that name, the first house built within the limits of the city. A little later, under a spreading elm at OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 19 Shackamaxon, now Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed by no oath, but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither side sought to evade its obligations, which were simply of peace md good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its earlier years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other settlers suffered. “We will live,” said the Indian sachems, “ in love with William Penn and his children as long: as the moon and the sun shall endure.” They kept their word. “ Penn came without arms; he declared his purpose to abstain CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL. from violence; he had no message but peace: and not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian.” The venerable elm tree which witnessed “ the only treaty ever ratified without an oath, and the only one never broken,” stood unharmed until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious gale. Its site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite, which stands on the east side of Peach street, a few steps north °f Hanover. The Second and Third street cars will convey the visitor to Hanover street, from which he will have but a square to walk; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone and lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it. On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the 20 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Schuylkill, which was purchased from the Swedes, who had on their part purchased it from the Indians, Penn in 1683 laid out the capital of his province, which he named Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. It was abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, and was admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to be a “ greene country town, gardens round each house, that it might never be burned, and always .be wholesome.” The streets were laid off by marking their course through the primitive forest by blazing the trees, and the building of dwellings was begun. In the first year of Penn’s arrival in the colony, twenty- three ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three years after its foundation Philadelphia contained upwards of six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in return for articles of European manufacture. The original plan of the city was a parallelogram, two miles long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide. It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed by twenty-one running north and south. A grand square of ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure grounds and promenades. In the main the original plan is still adhered to. The streets running from river to river, with the exception of High street, were named after the native forest trees. They were called Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar. Nearly all of these names remain. Sassafras is now called Race; Mulberry is Arch; High is Market; and Cedar is South street. The streets intersecting these were numbered. Philadelphia grew rapidly, and by the early part of the eigh¬ teenth century was the largest and most flourishing city in America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadily in wealth. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE KANSAS AND COLORADO BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 21 “ In 1711 the city was divided into ten wards. In December, 1719, a printing press was set up, and Andrew Bradford began to publish the American Weekly Mercury , which was continued until 1746. In 1728 the Gazette was begun, which fell to Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, and the building begun in 1732, and completed in 1735. The bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7th, 1753, the new 6 great bell/ cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the motto, ‘ Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof,” was raised to its place. This is the bell celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence, PENN PAYING OUT THE PLAN OF PHILADELPHIA. and now in Independence Hall. The first Colonial Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenter’s Hall, a building still in use as a hall, September 4th, 1774. Congress held its sessions at the State House in 1776, and here adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence. The British forces occupied the city from September, 1777, co June, 1778.” During the British occupation a census of the city was taken by order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,767 inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city by the enemy, Congress resumed its sessions at the State House, which remained the seat of government of the Union until the close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constitu¬ tion of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that 22 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY great instrument was adopted in the same building that had witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Upon the inauguration of the Federal government, the national capital was removed to New York, but in 1790 was restored to Philadelphia, which remained the seat of government until 1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital. In 1800 Philadelphia also ceased to be the capital of the State, which was located at Harrisburg. The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great rapidity between the close of the Revolution and the year 1812. The second war with England almost destroyed this commerce, which did not return with the peace of 1815, and the completion of the Erie canal a few years after the close of the war, gave to New York an advantage which reduced Philadelphia to a secondary place in our foreign trade. “ Previous to 1839, the banking capital of Philadelphia was large, and for the most of the period previous to 1836, it was the monetary centre of the country. The first Bank of the United States, established by Act of Congress, in 1791, with a capital of $10,000,000, was located here, and the second Bank of the United States was established here in 1816, with a capital of $35,000,000. The subsequent failure of the bank under its State charter in 1839, and the loss of its large capital, greatly weakened the financial strength of the city, and the monetary centre was permanently transferred to New York. The revul¬ sion of 1837, and the subsequent financial depression, fell heavily on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apparent until 1844.” The city retained its original limits until 1854. In the mean¬ time the thriving suburbs of Kensington, Germantown, West Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Richmond, Penn, Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, had sprung up around it, making in the aggregate a city much larger than the parent town, and causing no little confusion and trouble by the number of adjacent and independent municipal jurisdictions. In 1854 the State Legislature consolidated the parent town and all its suburbs in one city under the general name of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 23 Philadelphia. By the same enactment the corporate limits of the city were made to embrace the entire count" o** Philadelphia. 4wCv MONKEY HOUSE, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. Since the consolidation the city has grown with marked rapidity. In 1860 the population was 565,529; in 1870, 674,022 ; and by the municipal census of the 1st of April, 1876, was 817,448, showing an increase of 21J per cent, in the six years that have elapsed since the last Federal census. CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 . Location of Philadelphia—Size of the City—Its Regularity—Materials used in Building the Houses—“ The City of Homes ”—Philadelphia Houses—Mr. Kortwright’s Statistics—The Public Squares—Market Street—The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written—The National Pub¬ lishing Company’s Building—Second Street—Christ Church—Chestnut Street —A Splendid Thoroughfare—Carpenter’s Hall—The Continental Congress —The First Prayer in Congress—The Custom House—The Post-Office— Independence Hall—The Fashionable Promenade—Noted Buildings—The Hotels—The Continental—The United States Mint—Walnut Street—The Merchants’ Exchange—The Commercial Exchange—An Interesting Site— Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings—Offices of the Centennial Commission—The Abode of Wealth and Fashion—Arch Street—The Grave of Franklin—Handsome Churches—Broad Street—The Baltimore Depot—Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb—Acad¬ emy of Music—The Colosseum—Union League Club House—The Public Buildings—The Masonic Temple—Academy of Fine Arts—Reading Rail¬ road Depot—Third Street—The Financial Centre—The Girard Bank—Old Churches. HE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one hundred miles fr^m the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the Delaware bay and river. It is one hundred and thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is located in a nearly level plain, elevated above the Delaware and Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the northwest, are built on a fine rolling country, which abounds in picturesque views that offer a striking contrast to the uniform flatness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of one hundred and twenty square miles. Its greatest length from north to south is twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from 24 GENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF MACHINERY HALL. THE HYDRAULIC BASIN, IN MACHINERY HALL THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 25 east to west, eight miles. The densely inhabited portion of the city covers an area of about nine square miles, extending for about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the Schuylkill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans¬ acted between Vine and Spruce streets, east of Twelfth street. The wealthiest private section, that inhabited by “ the fashion, n is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above Tenth is considered the most desirable street in the city, and contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the Union. Arch street above Broad, and Broad along its northern portion, are handsome residence streets. Market street is entirely devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union. The suburbs of Philadelphia are noted for their beauty, and are thickly built up with handsome country seats, villas, and cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the vicinity of the Wissahickon. Philadelphia is laid out with great regularity. As we have stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five others at right angles. Broad and Market streets were to divide this city into four nearly equal portions, a considerable area being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site of the magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets are usually from fifty to sixty-six feet in width, with a few of greater breadth. Those running from north to south are num¬ bered, beginning at the Delaware river; those from east to west are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect. Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The general aspect of the city is bright and pleasing, mingled with a certain degree of primness, due to its Quaker origin. Except 26 MARKET STREET BEEOW SEVENTH. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE WOMEN'S PAVILION. INTERIOR OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 27 in those portions along the rivers it is clean and healthy. Market street divides it into two portions, called North and South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan, one hundred numbers being assigned to each block or square. Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets. This system renders it easy to find a building in any part of the city between the numbered streets. The portion of the city lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old name of West NINTH AND MARKET STREETS. Philadelphia. It was in this section that the Exhibition grounds were situated. As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many edifices of brown and free stone, iron, and marble have been erected, which give to the city a more varied as well as a hand¬ somer and more substantial appearance. Philadelphia is emphatically a “city of homes.” Of its 140,000 buildings, 130,000 are dwelling-houses, a number greater than the whole 28 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louis¬ ville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are the homes of mechanics. It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes are better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those of any city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as com¬ pared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis; Baltimore alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadel¬ phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country. They are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts, and white marble steps and trimmings. They have solid white DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PROCLAIMED IN PHILADELPHIA. wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two cham¬ bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two spare chambers, and one or more servants’ rooms. They are lighted with gas, heated by furnaces in the cellar, and supplied with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildings are erected every year. A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadel¬ phia, thus summed up the leading features of the city, in one of his official reports to his government: “ Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 29 lives in an area of 129J square miles. The city has 1000 miles of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of these are paved. It is lighted by nearly 10,000 gas lamps. The earth beneath conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over 600 miles of gas mains, and 546 miles of water pipes. It has over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 1794 city railroad DELAWARE STATE BUILDING. cars passing over these railroads daily ; 3025 steam boilers; over 400 public schools, with suitable buildings, and over 1600 school-teachers and over 80,000 pupils. It has over 34,000 bath-rooms, most of which are supplied with hot water, and for the use of the water at low rates the citizens pay more than a half million of dollars; it has over 400 places of public worship, and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons; it has nearly 30 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY » 9000 manufactories, with a capital of $185,000,000, employing 145,000 hands, the annual product of whose labor is over 384,000,000. It exported in 1873 in value over $24,000,000, and imported in value over $26,000,000; the amount for duties in gold was nearly $8,500,000; the real estate, as assessed for MARKET STREET ABOVE EIGHTH. taxation, was over $458,000,000, and there was collected nearly $9,000,000 for taxes.” Public Squares. Penn's original plan, as we have said, contemplated a public square in each of the four quarters of the city. These still remain, fnd others have been added. GENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE MAIN BUILDING OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 31 Independence Square , or, as it was formerly called, The State House Yard , lies immediately back of Independence Hall, ex¬ tending back to Walnut street, and from Fifth to Sixth streets. It has been put in order for the centennial year, and is now a neat and tasteful ground. The lampposts recently set up at the entrances to the square are not only quite pretty, but appropriate also. On the base of the posts appear the names of the original thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of the Independence Bell, is the inscription, “ Proclaim liberty throughout the land,” etc. Each lamp, of very beautiful design, has four representations of the bell upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. They add much to the appearance of the square. Washington Square lies diagonally opposite Independence Square, and extends from Walnut almost back to Spruce street, and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded by fine old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-place in summer. This square was once a “ Potter’s field,” and here were buried many soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison diseases of the Revolution. Rittenhouse Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets, and extends from Eighteenth to above Nineteenth street. It is a handsome enclosure, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful fountain, and is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is sur¬ rounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which are among the handsomest in the Union. Logan Square lies between Race and Vine and between Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. It is the handsomest square in the city, and a favorite resort. In 1864 the great Sanitary Fair for the benefit of the Union army was held here. The entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with flooring. The trunks of the trees served as so many pillars for the roof, above which waved the branches of the trees. Franklin Square lies between Race and Vine streets, and ex¬ tends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old square, the principal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees. 32 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It was originally a burying-ground, and was used as such for many years. Norris Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square , at Third street and Washington avenue, are very handsome. They are new; the first four named above constituting the squares de¬ signed by Penn. The streets of Philadelphia are among the most attractive in the world, and the business streets have few equals. Market Street. Market street is the great thoroughfare of the city. It is the grand entrepdt of the domestic and foreign commerce of Phila¬ delphia, and extends in an unbroken line from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, cros¬ ses that river, and continues its course to the city line. It was the High street of William Penn, and has always en¬ joyed the pre-emi¬ nence it now holds. It is one hundred feet wide, and is lined with magnificent warehouses from the Delaware almost to the Schuylkill. Some of these are CORNER OP MARKET AND SIXTH STREETS. . , - q , superb edifices, built in the handsomest and most massive manner, and are provided with every convenience for the business transacted within them. Prominent among these are the splendid buildings occupied by the great publishing houses of Lippincott & Co., and Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger; the mammoth warehouse of Hood, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 33 Bonbright & Co., dry-goods merchants; the vast clothing ware¬ house of John Wanamaker & Co., at Sixth and Market, on the site of the presidential mansion of Washington and Adams, perhaps the largest and most complete clothing establishment in the world. The Bingham House , at the corner of Market and Eleventh streets, is an excellent hotel, and a tasteful structure. The great width of Market street allows an immense amount BINGHAM HOUSE. of traffic to be done upon it. In addition to the lines of the street railways, tracks are laid from West Philadelphia down the greater part of the street, connecting with the principal steam railway lines, and merchants are thus enabled to run the ears consigned to them directly into their warehouses. The various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Express Company has its main depot on this street. The scene on Market street is always bright and animated, 3 34 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and viewed from any point at any hour of the day the street is thronged with an eager, hurrying crowd of vehicles and pedestrians. Adjoining the southwest corner of Market and Seventh streets is a plain, modest-looking building of brick, now used as a business house. A stranger would pass it by a dozen times without notice, but it is among the most noted edifices in the city, and should be dear to every American heart. It is the House in which the Declaration of Independence was written. In 1776 this building stood beyond the thickly settled por- THE HOUSE IN WHICH THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS WRITTEN. tion of the city, and in what was known as “ The Fields.” A garden, enclosed by a brick wall, occupied the site of the house which now stands on the corner. The house was new, and the situation was so pleasant, that it at once attracted the attention of that dear lover of nature, Thomas Jetferson, when he came to Philadelphia to take his seat in the Continental Congress. “I rented the second floor,” he tells us, “consisting of a parlor EXHIBIT OF SUGAR-COATED PILLS BY WM. WARNER & CO., IN THE MAIN BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 35 and bedroom, ready furnished.” He paid thirty-five shillings a week for his rooms, and in the parlor he wrote the Declara¬ tion of Independence upon a little writing-desk three inches high, which still exists. MARKET STREET ABOVE SEVENTH. The desk was bequeathed by him to a friend, and was ac¬ companied by a certificate in Mr. Jefferson’s own handwriting, setting forth the place and time of its purchase by him, and the fact that he had used it in the preparation of the great and glorious document with which his name and fame are insepara¬ bly connected. national publishing company’s building. On Seventh street, just north of Market, is the splendid iron- front building of the National Publishing Company. The offices, store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., of the Company are in the building shown in the accompanying engraving. Their extensive printing office and bindery are located in two 36 SCENE IN AGRICULTURAL IIALL, SHOWING THE TOBACCO AND OTHER EXHIBITS THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 37 adjoining buildings in the rear of this one. They are fitted up with every convenience for the manufacture of books, and with the latest and most improved labor-saving machinery. Every appointment is perfect in its way, and the work of this immense establishment goes on from day to day with regularity and precision. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the Company enable them to supply large editions of their books with a rapidity which only great publishing house can command, and to supply their agents with promptness and regularity. The Company was organized in 1863, under the presidency CHRIST CHURCH IN 1776 . of Mr. J. R. Jones, who remains at its head. Under his able management it has enjoyed thirteen years of remarkable pros¬ perity, and has taken rank as the largest and most successful subscription book house in the world. Second Street. Second street is one of the most peculiar features of the city. It extends in an almost unbroken straight line from the northern to the southern limit of the city, and is to Philadelphia very 38 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY much what the Bowery is to New York. It is lined for miles with retail stores of every description, the customers of which are almost entirely of the humbler class, and it would be hard to surpass the confusion and the utter disregard of “ the eternal fitness of things” with which these are thrown together. It is a street which the visitor must see in order to appreciate it thoroughly. The most prominent object on Second street is Christ Church, Situated north of Market. It stands on the site of the first church erected by the followers of William Penn. It was begun in 1727, and was completed in 1754. It is built of brick, in the old style, and is surmounted by a tall spire, from which he who has the courage to ascend it will be rewarded with a noble view over the city, the Delaware, and the sur¬ rounding country. The steeple is 196 feet in height, and con¬ tains a chime of eight bells, said to be the oldest in America. They rang out merrily upon the Proclamation of Independence one hundred years ago, and will join their voices to the glad chorus of rejoicing that will go up from the great city on the 4th of July, 1876. They were cast in London, and on the tenor bell is inscribed this legend: “ Christ Church, Philadel¬ phia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all.” The interior of the church is tasteful, but is finished in the style of the early part of the eighteenth century, except that the old high-back pews are gone, and the sitting arrangements are altered to suit the needs of a modern congre¬ gation. In the aisles of the church are buried John Penn, the first member of the Penn family born in America, Dr. Richard Peters, Robert Asheton, and many others who were noted men in their day, but are now remembered only by the scholar. Washington attended divine service regularly in this church, while in the city, during the Revolution, and during his resi¬ dence in Philadelphia as President of the United States, and the feet of many of the greatest men of our history have trod the hallowed aisles of this venerable edifice. Christ Church is OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 39 the property of the Episcopal Church. In 1772 the Rev. William White, afterwards the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania, was made Assistant Rector, and in 1789 the first general convention, which adopted the Constitu- YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, met here. TJie church is opened twice for service on Sunday, and for prayers on Wednesday and Friday mornings, at which time it may be visited. GUARANTEE TRUST AND SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY'S BUILDING. CHESTNUT STREET. 40 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 41 Chestnut Street. Chestnut street is the Philadelphia Broadway. It extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crosses it by means of a magnificent bridge, and continues its course through West Philadelphia to the corporate limits. From the Delaware to Fifteenth street, it is lined with long blocks of lofty and elegant stores, and beyond this, to within a few squares of the Schuyl¬ kill, the street is built up with handsome residences. Some of the most noted buildings in Philadelphia are located on this street. Commencing at the Delaware, we find the wharf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers, and the busy crowded Delaware avenue, which lies along the river’s bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense torrent of business that pours along it. Climbing the hill which leads up from the river, Front street is reached, “the high and dry bank ” that rose above the river in the days of William Penn. From Front to Third street, the buildings are massive, very tall, and below Second street are almost entirely constructed of brick. Above Second street marble and other stores relieve the monotony of the brick fronts. This part of the street is devoted to the wholesale dry-goods trade. On the southeast corner of Third street is the five-story brick building of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with long lines of wires radiating from it in every direction. Third is the Wall street of Philadelphia, and we shall refer to it again. On the south side of Chestnut, above Third, is the handsome brown- stone building of the Bank of North America. This was tho first bank established in the United States. It was chartered in 1781, at a time of great financial distress, and one of its prin¬ cipal originators was Robert Morris. This able financier made a good use of the bank in behalf of the Federal government, and restored the national credit by its aid. Immediately above the bank, and separated from it by an alley, is the new build¬ ing of the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. It is one of the handsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two banking rooms are among the most beautiful and convenient in 42 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the Union. The safe deposit vaults are burglar-proof in every sense of the word* A little above this building, and standing back from the street in a court, is a quaint, venerable-looking edifice. This is Carpenters’ Hall. The Carpenters’ Company of Philadelphia was organized in 1724, and in 1770 began the erection of this structure as a place of meeting. It was finished in 1771. On the 5th of September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the great Congress carpenters’ hall. of the Revolution, composed of delegates from all the colonies except Georgia, assembled in this building. It numbered fifty- five members, consisting of delegates from every colony save Georgia, whose governor had prevented the election of delegates. Among the members were many of the most eminent men in the land. From Virginia came George Washington, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee; from Massachusetts, Samuel Adams and John Adams; from New York, Philip Livingston, John Jay and William Livingston; from Rhode Island, the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 43 venerable Stephen Hopkins; from Connecticut, Roger Sherman; from South Carolina, Edward and John Rutedge and Christo¬ pher Gadsden; and from New Jersey, the Rev. John Witherspoon, the President of Princeton College. The members of this illustrious body were not strangers to each other, though the majority of them met now for the first time. They had corre¬ sponded with each other, and had discussed their wrongs so STUDIO OF THE NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPANY. thoroughly, that each was well acquainted with the sentiments of his colleagues, and all were bound together by a common sympathy. The Congress was organized by the election of Peyton Ran¬ dolph, of Virginia, as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Penn¬ sylvania, an Irishman by birth, and the principal of the Quaker High School in Philadelphia, was then chosen secretary. It 44 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY was proposed to open the sessions with prayer. Some of the members thought this might be inexpedient, as all the delegates might not be able to join in the same form of worship. Up PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY. rose Samuel Adams, in whose great soul there was not a grain of sham. He was a strict Congregationalist. “ I am no bigot,” he said. “ I can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue, whatever may be his cloth, provided he is at the same time a OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 45 friend to his country.” On his motion the Rev. Mr. Duchd, an Episcopal clergyman of Philadelphia, was invited to act as chaplain. Mr. Dnchd accepted the invitation. CHESTNUT STREET BELOW THIRD. When the Congress assembled the next morning all was anx¬ iety and apprehension, for the rumor of the attack upon Boston, which had reached Putman and aroused Connecticut, had gotten 46 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY as far as Philadelphia. The chaplain opened the session by reading the thirty-fifth psalm, which seemed, as John Adams said, ordained by Heaven to be read that morning, and then broke forth into an extempore prayer of great fervor and elo¬ quence. At the close of the prayer a deep silence prevailed in the hall. It was broken by Patrick Henry, who rose to open CHESTNUT STREET ABOVE SIXTH. the day’s proceedings. He began slowly and hesitatingly at first, “ as if borne down by the weight of his subject,” but as he proceeded he rose grandly to the duty of the occasion, and in a speech of masterly eloquence he recited the wrongs of the American colonies at the hands of Great Britain, and declared that all government in America was dissolved, and urged upon OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 47 the Congress the necessity of forming a new government for the colonies. Toward the close of his speech he struck a chord which answered in every heart. “ British oppression,” he ex¬ claimed, “ has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Vir^ ginian, but an American.” The deputies were astonished at his eloquence, as well as at the magnitude of the interests with which they were intrusted. Opposite Carpenters’ Hall, on the north side of Chestnut street, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe Deposit and Insurance Company. It is built in the Italian style, is one of tfie principal ornaments of the street, and is the most extensive establishment of its kind in the country. Its vaults are burglar and fire-proof. Its immense safe weighs one hundred and fifty tons, and was constructed at a cost of $60,000. A handsome iron building, used by the Provident Life and Trust Company, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut. The massive granite buildings of the Jayne estate front on Chestnut street, east of Third. The central one is eight stories in height. On the south side of Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth, is the United States Custom House. This noble structure w T as originally built for the second Bank of the United States. It was begun in 1819, and was finished in 1824, at a cost of nearly $600,000. The bank was char¬ tered by Congress in 1816, after the close of the second war with England. Its capital was $35,000,000, of which the United States took $7,000,000. It began operations in Jan¬ uary, 1817. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson struck such hard blows. In 1833 he removed the government funds from its keeping, and as he steadily vetoed the acts of Congress for a renewal of its charter, the bank passed out of existence at the expiration of its charter, in 1836. A few years later the building was purchased by the Federal government for about half of its original cost, and was converted into a 48 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Custom House. It is constructed of white marble, and stands upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all the surround¬ ing houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in America. It has a front of eighty-seven feet and a depth of one hundred POST-OFFICE. and sixty-one feet. It has two massive fagades, one on Chest¬ nut street and the other on Library street. Each front consists of a heavy entablature and pediment, resting upon eight large fluted Doric columns. The building contains the offices of the Custom House and the United States Sub-Treasury. THE JAPANESE BAZAAR—CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 49 The Post-Office Is situated immediately above the Custom House. It is built of a bluish white marble, in the French style, with a mansard roof. The business of the Post-Office has long since outgrown its present contracted quarters, and a new building for its use is in course of construction higher up Chestnut street. The pres¬ ent edifice contains, in addition to the Post-Office, the rooms of the United States District and Circuit Courts and the office of the United States Marshal. On the north side of Chestnut street, opposite the Custom House, is the substantial granite building of the Bank of Phil¬ adelphia . Just above it is the Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank , a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the Union, its charter dating from 1807. The present banking- house was built in 1855. It stands on the site of a spacious old-time mansion, which was the head-quarters of Admiral Lord Howe during the occupation of the city by the British in the Revolution. The bank is the financial agent of the State of Pennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the depository of the “ Philadelphia Clearing House.” The Clearing House occupies a portion of the building. Here the banks of the city make their daily settlements. Immediately above the Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank is the Building occupied by the Pennsylvania Life Insurance and Trust Company . This company was established in 1812. It does an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold nearly $100,000,000 in trust. In the same block are the Peo¬ ples’ Bank and the Philadelphia Trust and, Safe Deposit Com¬ pany, both handsome structures. On the south side of Chest¬ nut street, occupying the entire square from Fifth to Sixth, are the venerable buildings of Independence Hall. This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the city. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, who also planned Christ Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in 1734. 4 INDEPENDENCE HALE, PHILADELPHIA, IN 18 / 6 . THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 51 The builder was Edmund Wooley; the wings were not added until 1740. The glazing of the windows was done by Thomas Godfrey, since known to fame as the inventor of the quadrant. The original cost of the building was £5,600. The building is of brick, with marble trimmings, and has an air of stately dignity and repose, which offers a striking contrast to the hurry and bustle of the busy street. The central building is the handsomest, the wings being much plainer as well as smaller. A tasteful steeple, ornamented with a clock, rises from the cen¬ tre of the main building. It was erected in 1828, in place of the original steeple, which was taken down in consequence of INTERIOR OP INDEPENDENCE HADE. being decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of Washington of white marble, the gift to the city of the children of the public schools. The building was erected by the province of Pennsylvania for the purposes of a State House. The Continental Congress, composed of delegates from the thirteen colonies, assembled here 52 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY at the opening of its adjourned session on the 10th of May, 1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence, which has made this venerable edifice for all time the very shrine of American patriotism. The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor are medallions containing the head of one of the Georges. The eastern hall—the one on the left of the visitor as he enters from Chestnut street—-is “ Independence Hall.” It was in this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions, and that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart, Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush’s statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and the table on which the Declaration was signed. At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall formerly used by the Court of Common Pleas. It is now a Museum of National Relics, and contains many rare and curious articles of historical interest. The collection is being constantly enlarged. On the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell which, in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed liberty to the people of America. It was cast in England, especially for the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia, who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, “ Pro¬ claim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof.” On the morning of the 4th of July, 1776, vast crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tower ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an- AMARANTH BEDSTEAD, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDIN®. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 53 nounced to him, and had posted his little son at the door of the hall to await the signal of the door-keeper. When the an¬ nouncement of the vote was made, the door-keeper gave the signal and the boy ran quickly to the tower. The old man heard him coming, and clutched the bell-rope with a firm grasp. The next instant the glad cry of the boy’s voice was heard. “ Ring! ring! ” he cried; and then the deep, sonorous tones of the bell went rolling out of the tower, and were answered with a mighty shout from the assembled throng without. A few days later the Declaration of Independ¬ ence was formally read by order of Congress, from the doorway of Independence Hall to the people assembled in the square in the rear of the hall, and was received by them with overwhelming enthusiasm. At the close of the reading the crowd tore the royal decorations from the hall, and carried them into the square and made bonfires of them. A broad stairway leads 0LD BELL 0F dependence hall. to the second floor, on which are located the chambers used by the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia. The hall at the western end was used as the Senate chamber during a part of the sessions of the First Congress. At the time of the Revolution, the lobby extended from this hall to the eastern end of the building. The American officers captured by the British at the battle of Germantown were confined here. The eastern wing is now occupied by the Municipal Govern¬ ment, and contains the offices of the Mayor of the city, and the Police Department. The western wing is known as “Congress 54 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Hall.” On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet bearing this inscription: “ In this building met the First Senate and the First House of Representatives of the United States of America; and herein George Washington was inaugurated President, March 4, 1793, and closed his official career; where, herein also, John Adams was inaugurated the Second President of the United States, March 4, 1797.” The House of Representatives occupied the first door, now used by the Court of Quarter Sessions and tho Highway PUBLIC LEDGER BUILDING. Department, and the Senate, upper floor, at present devoted to District Courts No. 1 and No. 2. Thomas Jefferson, as Vice- President, presided over the Senate during Mr. Adams’ ad¬ ministration. Congress sat here from 1792 to 1799. Immediately opposite Independence Hall are the American EXHIBIT OF CHEMICALS BY BILLINGS, CLAPP & CO., IN THE MAIN BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 55 Hotel , the rooms of the Philadelphia Press Club , and the office of the Adams Express Company. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth streets is the splendid brown-stone building of the Public Ledger. It is one of the most perfectly appointed newspaper offices in the world, and is a noble monument to the energy and ability of Mr. George W. Childs, its proprietor, who has made the Ledger one of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals in the Union. On the northwest corner is the office of The Day , and a few doors above is the office of the Evening Bulletin , the oldest afternoon paper in the city. Almost immedi¬ ately opposite the Bulletin is the office of the German Democrat, a showy build¬ ing; and on the southwest -corner of Seventh and Chestnut is the office of The Press. A few doors above Seventh, on the north side of Chestnut, is the office of The Times. At the northeast corner •of Seventh is Guy’s Hotel , a handsome building of white marble. The hotel is conducted on the European plan, and is an excellent house. The heavy business of the street may be said to end at ■Seventh street, at which point the fashionable promenade begins. Above this, the stores are chiefly retail establishments, and in the next eight squares are collected the handsomest and most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-furnishing, carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are palatial structures, and in the majority the display of goods is GERMAN DEMOCRAT BUILDING. 56 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, rich and beautiful. The windows are dressed with great taste, and afford a constantly changing series of pictures unsurpassed by any street in the world. The scene on the street is always brilliant. The whole fashionable world turns out here to see and be seen in fine weather, and from two to six in the after¬ noon the street is thronged with elegantly dressed people, and showy carriages and other vehicles. On the north side, above Seventh, is the elegant front of the guy’s hotel. Old Masonic Temple. It is a conspicuous object on the street, and at the time of its erection was considered the most elegant structure of its kind in the country. It is now eclipsed by the new Temple on Broad street, and having been deserted by the brethren, is being converted into a hotel. At the southeast corner of Ninth and Chestnut is the Conti¬ nental Hotel , the largest in the city, and esteemed by experi¬ enced travellers the best in the Union. It is six stories in height, and covers an area of 41,536 square feet of ground. OLD MASONIC TEMPLE, CHESTNUT STREET. 58 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Chestnut street front is built of Albert and Pictou sand¬ stone, and is elegant and tasteful in design. The Ninth and Sansom street fronts are of a fine quality of pressed brick. The hotel was opened in February, I860, and has done a steady and prosperous business ever since. It has accommodations for 1000 guests, and is famous as setting a better table than any American hotel. All of its appointments are elegant and sub¬ stantial, and combine solid comfort with beauty. Elevators convey guests and their luggage from the ground-floor to the sixth story; telegraph wires radiate from the hotel to all parts of the world; the traveller may purchase his ticket to his destination and check his baggage before leaving the house; and most of the necessities and many of the luxuries of life may be had from the stores under the same roof. The cost of the building was $1,000,000. Immediately opposite the Continental is the Girard House , a stately edifice of brown-stone, erected at a cost of $500,000. It is considered the second hotel in Philadelphia, and is a for- * EXHIBIT OF THE OSWEGO STARCH CO., IN AGRICULTURAL HALL OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 59 raidable rival to the Continental. It has accommodations for $00 guests. The eastern half of the square, bounded by Chestnut, Market, •and Ninth streets, is the site on which the new Post-Office is being erected. An appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made for this work, and the Post-Office will be a splendid and per¬ fectly arranged building. It will be constructed of granite, and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of $6,000,000. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the “ Burd Block,” built of white marble, and consisting of three beautiful and magnificent stores—the handsomest on the street. At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the building of the GIRARD HOUSE. New York Mutual Life Insurance Company . It stands on the site of the old Keene mansion, and is a magnificent structure of light Rhode Island granite, in the Renaissance style. It is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and one of the handsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was $ 1 , 000 , 000 . On the north side of Chestnut, above Tenth, is the American Theatre , better known as Fox's. It is a gaudy structure, stands on the site of the old Academy of Fine Arts, and will seat 2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number of elegant stores. The American Sunday-School Union occupies a handsome “granite edifice on the south side of the street, between Eleventh 60 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and Twelfth. It was erected in 1854, and is the head-quarters and central office of this vast organization. Girard Row , on the < opposite side of the street, contains a number of handsome stores. One of these is occupied by the art galleries of C. F. Haseltine, a place which no lover of art should fail to visit. Bailey’s Jewelry Store , at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Twelfth, is a superb edifice of white marble. It is the largest establishment of its kind in the city, and is richly worth CHESTNUT STREET AT TWELFTH. a visit. The building is owned by Dr. S. S. White, manufac¬ turer of dental materials, who occupies all the upper floors. On the north side of the street, above Twelfth, are the Chestnut Street Theatre , the leading society theatre of the city, and Concert Hall. The United States Mint Stands on the north side of Chestnut street, above Thirteenth. The building is principally of brick, faced in front with white marble ashler. It is in the Ionic order, and the front is orna¬ mented with a wide portico of beautiful design, supported by OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 61 six large pillars, and approached by a flight of wide steps. The United States Mint was established by Act of Congress, in April, 1792, and in 1794 David Rittenhouse was appointed by President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh street, near Market, was first used, and there copper cents were A CHESTNUT STREET DRY-GOODS STORE. coined in 1793. Silver dollars were coined the next year, and gold eagles in 1795. Until 1826 all the work of coining was done by hand, but in that year steam machinery was introduced. The present structure was begun in 1829, and was finished in 1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others 62 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY being merely branches of this establishment. It is one of the- most complete and perfectly equipped institutions of its kind. The steam-engine and the coining and milling machinery are exceedingly intricate and costly. The steam-engine used for driving the coining machinery is one of the most perfect and beautiful pieces of machinery in existence. The largest scale used in the mint will weigh 6000 ounces of metal, and the smallest one-thirteenth-hundredth part of a grain. Of late years the mint has been largely engaged in coining money for China and Japan. The probable resumption of specie pay¬ ments at an early day will no doubt restore to this institution its old time activity. The operations of the mint are con¬ ducted with the most scrupulous integrity. The government has never lost a cent’s worth by the dishonesty of any of the officials or employes since the institution was established. Visitors are admitted from 9 to 12 each day, and the officers of the mint take pleasure in explaining the coining and other processes. There is a valuable and extensive cabinet of rare and curious coins attached to the mint. Some of the coins are of a date 700 years before the Christian era. Nearly opposite the mint is the new building of the Presby¬ terian Board of Publication . It is built of white granite, with trimmings of polished Aberdeen stone. At the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth streets is the magnificent new building of the Young Men’s Christian Association. The ground-floor is devoted to stores, but the upper floors are used by the Association. It is the handsomest building owned by this society in the United States. At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the Colonnade Hotel , a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in height. It is a first-class hotel, and has accommodations for 700 guests. At the northwest corner is the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany. Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Reform Club House , a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitted up in superb style. INTERIOR OF THE BRAZILIAN COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. GENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF HORTICULTURAL HALL. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 63 Beyond Fifteenth, Chestnut street is lined with handsome residences, to within a short distance of the Schuylkill. The most beautiful and costly of these is the mansion built by the late Dr. Jayne, at the southeast corner of Nineteenth street. On the north side of Chestnut, above Eighteenth, is the Taber¬ nacle Baptist Church. The Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge of iron, with stone piers. Beyond the river the street is built COLONNADE HOTEL. up regularly for a few squares, but then gives way to a series of elegant villas. Wainut Street. The lower part of Walnut street is devoted entirely to business. At the corner of Second and Walnut is a large four-story brown- stone building known as “ Anthracite Block/' as it is occupied entirely by persons engaged in the coal trade. This part of the street is principally devoted to the same interest. Jus* above Second street Dock street intersects Walnut CHESTNUT STREET BRIDGE OVER THE SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA. THE CHINESE COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. EXHIBIT OF GARDEN SEED, IN AGRICULTURAL IIALI THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 65 obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and Walnut streets stands The Merchants’ Exchange. This is the most conspicuous feature of this portion of Phila¬ delphia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is used for the purposes indicated by its name; and the large rotunda on its eastern side has lately been fitted up at merchants’ exchange. great expense for the daily sessions of the Philadelphia Board of Brokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream of running water. In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of the Exchange, is the Commercial Exchange. It is a handsome building of brick and brown-stone, with a tower. The lower hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their daily meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the 5 66 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY United States Signal Service. The building stands on the site of the “ Old Slate Roof House/’ which was so called because it was at that time the only house in Philadelphia provided with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his family with him, and John Penn, the only native American of the family, was born here. General Forbes, Braddock’s successor, died here, and General Henry Lee, the famous “ Light-Horse Harry” of the Revolution, was buried from here. John Adams, John Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here for a while. Washington was a frequent visitor to the house. At the southeast corner of Walnut and Third streets is the building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company , one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of Third street is the office of the Sunday Dispatch. Between Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal offices. On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Penn¬ sylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Companies. The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway than any other organization in the world. The building of this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy granite.' The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard. Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth; and diagonally opposite, at the corner of Sixth, is Washington Square, both of which have been already described. This is a region of lawyers’ and real estate agents’ offices; a number of insurance offices are also located here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Washington Square is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Sav¬ ings Fund Society , the first savings bank established in America. It began in a small way in 1816, and its depositors now num¬ ber 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000. On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 67 Walnut Street Theatre , once the leading theatre of the Union. It was the scene of many of the most memorable triumphs of Kean, Kemble, Forrest, Macready, and the elder and younger Booth. Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth is the RESIDENCE OF GEO. W. CHILDS, WALNUT STREET. building occupied by city offices of the United States Centennial Commission. Immediately opposite is the office of the Cen¬ tennial Board of Finance. On the north side of the street, just below Tenth street, is the Irving House, a fashionable hotel, with accommodations for 200 guests. The business portion of Walnut street may be said to end 68 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY at Tenth street. Beyond this the street is occupied by dwell- ings, which, above Twelfth street, are among the handsomest in the country. Marble, brown-stone, granite, and free-stone alternate with brick, and give to the street an appearance more varied than that of Fifth Avenue, and almost as handsome. Rittenhouse Square, already described, is at the intersection of Eighteenth and Walnut streets. The residences surrounding it are especially attractive, and afford a fair sample of the higher class of the domestic architecture of the city. At the upper end of Rittenhouse Square is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a handsome brown-stone edifice with a square tower and pinnacles of the same material. At the southeast corner of Twenty-first and Walnut is one of the most beautiful specimens of church architecture in Philadelphia. It is the property of the Presbyterian denomination, and is known as the Second Presbyterian Church. The line of residences ceases abruptly about a square from the river. Beyond the Schuylkill it is taken up again, and Walnut street forms one of the most beautiful thoroughfares of West Philadelphia. At Thirty-ninth and Walnut is the pala¬ tial residence of Anthony J. Drexel, the well-known banker, and one of Philadelphia’s most useful citizens. It is a splen¬ did specimen of villa architecture. Arch Street. Arch street is the next great thoroughfare north of Market street, and extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. It is a wide and handsome avenue, the lower part of which is given to business. It is a street which retains more traces of the Phila¬ delphia of half a century ago than any of the great highways of the city, and is quieter and more staid than either Market or Chestnut. It is one of the brightest and most attractive of the city thoroughfares, and forms a pleasing contrast to either of those just mentioned. At the corner of Fourth and Arch, surrounded by a high brick wall, is the Meeting House of the Orthodox Friends. Philadelphia owes her prosperity to-day, in a great measure, to SILVER PITCHER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING GO. SOLID SILVER SALVER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. VALUE $ 3 , 000 . OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere and modest virtues of the Quaker will always command the grateful reverence of the people. At the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets is Old Christ Church Graveyard. It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the same time the ground on which Christ Church stands was ac¬ quired, and the first in¬ terment was made here _ _ . — in 1700, five years after¬ wards. Many prominent men are buried here. Here lie the bones of Peyton Randolph, the President of the first Con¬ tinental Congress; Fran¬ cis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of In¬ dependence ; and Major- ;Jj General Charles Lee. : l |! Close by the Arch street wall, at the upper end of the cemetery, are the graves of Benjamin Franklin, and Deborah, his wife. In 1858, a portion of the wall was removed, and an iron railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and states¬ man, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last resting-place, bearing an inscription dictated by Franklin him¬ self, with the exception of the date. It reads thus : CORNER OF ARCH AND SIXTH STREETS. “ Benjamin I and V Franklin. Deborah J 1790 .” What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous 70 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY inscriptions in Laurel Hill! Franklin needed no monument over his tomb, no epitaph, to keep his memory green in Phila¬ delphia. His monuments lie all over the city. Among the most prominent are the Philadelphia Library, the American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Univer¬ sity of Pennsylvania, and Christ Church. Adjoining the grave of Franklin is that of his daughter BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Sarah, and her husband, Eichard Bache. It is marked by a similar slab. At the southwest corner of Fifth and Arch is an ancient building, erected during the latter part of the last century for the use of the Free Quakers. It is now occupied by the Appren¬ tices 9 Library Company , which was established in 1820, “for the use of apprentices and other young persons, without charge of any kind, for the use of books.” On the north side of Arch street, above Sixth, is the Arch Street Theatre , a handsome marble front building. The interior is one of the best arranged and most comfortable in the city. THE STARCH PAVILION, TN AGRICULTURAL HALL. GENERAL VIEW OP THE INTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 71 On the same side, above Seventh, is the St. Cloud Hotel, a handsome building, with a brown-stone front, with accommoda¬ tions for 400 guests. At the northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel Wood’s Museum , a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmons’ and Slocum’s Opera House. ST. CLOUD HOTEL. On Arch above Tenth, on the south side, are the Methodist Booh Rooms. At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the Arcli Street Methodist Episcopal Church , one of the stateliest church edifices in the city. It was completed in 1873, is constructed entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style, 72 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY with a spire rising to a height of 233 feet. Its cost was over |250,000. At the northwestern corner is St. John's Lutheran Church. It is built of serpentine stone, with gray sandstone and Hummel-stone dressings. The tower, which is not yet completed, will be massive in its proportions, and very beauti- ARCH STREET METHODIST CHURCH. fill. The interior decorations are very rich, and the altar is one of the handsomest in this country. The church is built in the florid German Gothic style, and will cost when completed about $300,000. At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the First Baptist Churchy one of the oldest organizations of that de- MAIN AISLE IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING TIlJj OLD WINDMILL, ETC, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 73 nomination in this country. The congregation was formed in 1684. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 225 feet in height. The interior is very handsome. Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences, many of which are very handsome. Many of the “ solid men ” of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is the West Arch Street Pres¬ byterian Church , a splendid edifice, much admired by the people of the city. Broad Street. Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an un¬ broken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet along this entire length. The southern terminus of the street is at League Island, a low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard. Work was begun upon it almost immediately, and about a year ago the Navy Yard was transferred to it from its old quarters higher up the river. We shall refer to it again in another por¬ tion of this work. For some distance north of League Island, Broad street is bordered by truck farms, and is ornamented with a double row of trees. Several handsome churches and some fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At the northwest corner of Broad street and Washington avenue is the Depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail¬ road, or, as it is more commonly called, “the Baltimore Depot.” It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs of this prosperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, to which we shall refer again. At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvania 74 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. This noble charity was or¬ ganized in 1820, by Bishop White, and in 1821 was incor¬ porated by the State. The building presents a front.of cut stone, with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a BETH-EDEN BAPTIST CHURCH. frontage of 200 feet. The State of Pennsylvania makes a lib¬ eral appropriation every year towards its support, and the States of Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to it, and send their deaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits. At the northwest corner of Spruce street is Beth-Eden Church , the property of the Baptists. It is a superb edifice, and when OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 75 its spire is completed, will be one of the most perfect specimens of church architecture in America. On Broad street above Locust is Horticultural Hall, the prop¬ erty of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which was in¬ corporated in 1827. HOETICULTIJEAIi HAI/L. Immediately above Horticultural Hall, and separated from it by a space of a few yards, is the American Academy of Music, The most capacious and elegant opera house in the country. It was completed on the 26th of January, 1857, and was opened with a notable ball. It is still used for the grand balls of the Philadelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridge is thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticul¬ tural Hall, and the two buildings are used in common. The Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trim¬ mings, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but 76 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior^ The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100 feet deep. The proscenium is richly ornamented, and the boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Cor¬ inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up¬ holstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which are rows of private boxes, the family circle, and the amphitheatre* ACADEMY OP MUSIC. The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoed to represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, hand¬ somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms, etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony, which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 7> which is located immediately over the main lobby. The build¬ ing will comfortably seat 3000 persons, and has held as many as 4000 sitting and standing. Its estimated value, with its scenery and other appointments, is $800,000. On the southeast corner of Broad and Locust streets is The Colosseum . It stands directly opposite the Academy of Music, and is one of the most noticeable buildings in the city. It was originally erected at the corner of Broadway and Thirty-fifth street, in New York, but was taken down, transferred to Phila¬ delphia, and rebuilt here in the spring of 1876. As it con¬ stitutes one of the most prominent places of interest in the city the whole year round, a brief description of it will be of interest to the reader. The building is cylindrical in form, and has a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and 126 feet at the eaves. The height from the pavement to the under side of the roof is 77 feet. The foundations are of masonry, capped with granite blocks. The walls are constructed of wrought-iron frame work. T irons, 3J by 3J inches, are set upright, 6 feet apart at the base, and 3 feet apart at the top, and are connected at in¬ tervals of 7 feet 6 inches by T and angle-irons bolted to them, the whole forming a kind of ladder. There are twenty- eight of these ladders placed round the circumference, all se¬ curely joined together. Wooden braces are added to the panels of the ladders. The outside, 405 feet in circumference, and 75 feet high, is covered with corrugated iron. Being constructed in this way it can be seen how it was possible to take the building down in New York and ship it to Philadel¬ phia, although the undertaking was a laborious one, and at¬ tended by enormous expense. The roof is covered with tin, and contains forty-eight skylights. Within the building is a promenade 94 feet in diameter, and 300 feet in circumference. It is fitted with ornamental columns and pilasters, and has fif¬ teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beauty. The main entrance to the building is at the corner of Broad and Locust streets, the facade of ornamental galvanized iron stand¬ ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The fagade is 32 feet wide, and 65 feet high. The whole building is beauti- 78 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fully frescoed in bright colors. The engine for working the elevator is in the basement at the centre of the structure, and the boiler at the rear of the lot, entirely separated from the building. There will be no fire whatever in the Colosseum, (the heating being done by steam-pipes), except gaslights, and every precaution in the shape of plugs, hose, &c., will be used to guard against accident. A great feature of the Colosseum is the tower. This sub¬ structure arises from the ground in the interior of the building, around it running the promenade already described. It is 38 feet 6 inches in diameter at the base, and formerly terminated at the roof-line. In reconstructing the building on the Phila¬ delphia site, the tower was run up to a total height of 166 feet, with a diameter at the top of 20 feet. The tower has a balcony 113 feet above the pavement-line, 47 feet in diameter. From this point the tower takes a conical form, decreasing in width as it rises. At a height of 141 feet from the pavement, a second balcony is reached, with a diameter of 33 feet. The balconies are each 4 feet wide outside the tower, and protected by substan¬ tial railings. The two balconies will accommodate from 250 to 300 people at one time. An Otis steam elevator, capable of carrying forty persons at a time, is run from the ground to the upper balcony, whence there will be an iron stairway on the outside of the tower giving access to the summit, twenty-five feet above, where fifty or more persons may be accommodated at one time. This topmost space is protected by a high and strong iron railing. The tower is composed of sixteen “ ladders ” sim¬ ilar to those used in the construction of the main building. On the inside is a heavy framing of timber, extending from the floor to the top, and braced to the iron work, within which the ele¬ vator works. In addition to the elevator, a staircase seven feet wide runs round the interior of the tower to the top. At an appropriate point is hung a chime of bells. Here it may be stated that the cost of the Colosseum in New York was $250,000. The extension of the tower and the cost of tearing down, shipping and rebuilding, brought the total value of the ' OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 79 investment at Broad and Locust streets, apart from the paint¬ ings, to a sum not far short of half a million. It is expected that the tower will prove a great point of at¬ traction to residents and visitors. There is no place in the vicinity from which so good a bird’s-eye view of Philadelphia can be had, nor under such pleasant circumstances. A few steeples in the city have the requisite elevation, but there are no accommodations in them for visitors, who are forced to climb the whole distance. At the Colosseum tower the visitor is taken up by an elevator, and all the surroundings w 7 ill be of a nature suited to the class of citizens who will be attracted to the spot. Arrived at the first balcony, the sight-seer may either there satisfy his curiosity, or again entering the elevator, may be carried still higher up the shaft to the second balcony. If he has yet further aspirations, he may take the outside stair¬ way to the extreme top. It is probable ladies will not much affect the last stage of the journey, but it will be perfectly safe for those who choose it. It is evident that visitors may gaiif a more correct and immediate idea of the topography of Phila* delphia through this medium than by any other means at hand in the city. The building is designed expressly for the exhibition of the magnificent panorama of Paris, which has attracted so much attention in that city and in New York. The picture shows “ Paris by Night,” and is the work of Messrs. Danson & Son, artists of eminence. It covers over 40,000 square feet—or more than an acre—of canvas, and represents a territory of about seven square miles. Every street and every building of prominence or interest in all this wide space is depicted on the canvas with absolute correctness. The great capital is shown in its most magnificent mood, and the painting has a reputation among artists higher than that of the “ Old London.” In its illusion “ Paris by Night ” surpasses all works of this kind ever devised. It is almost impossible to escape the impression that one is indeed looking down upon an enormous living and breathing city. Drawing and perspective are perfect, and Paris, absolutely as it was before the Communistic spoilers 80 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ravaged it in parts, is practically before the gazer. All persons who have been in Paris will take delight in refreshing their memories by this means, and it will give the greater number who have not been there an excellent idea of the place where all “ good Americans go when they die.” The Cyclorama is arranged by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur¬ face of the circular edifice, its lower edge, however, not coming to within twenty-five feet of the ground floor, that space being filled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascend¬ ing the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a central platform, looking downward from which he sees the sparkling city spread seemingly for miles around him. The idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the queer French spoken by the people around him. To further carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made to extend far up and beyond the platform, and is painted to represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pours its full soft light over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting with the myriad illuminations which make gay the Boulevards ; the bridges, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which there is a perfect simulation of a storm over the city. The moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city art blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenk effect universally excites admiration and astonishment. At the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new St. George Hotel, a first-class house, with accommodations for 400 guests. On the west side of Broad, north of Walnut, is the Union League Club House. This magnificent edifice is the property of the Club whose name it bears. It is built of brick, with brown-stone trimmings, in the French Renaissance style, and cost over $200,000. It was finished in May, 1865. It is sumptuously and tastefully furnished, and has all the appointments of a first-class club OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 81 house. Its restaurant is excellent, and it contains many valu¬ able paintings, statues, and busts. The club has now a member¬ ship of over two thousand. It was organized in 1862 for the avowed purpose of giving to the general government “ an un¬ wavering support of its efforts for the suppression of the rebellion.” Immediately above the “League House” is the La Pierre House, one of the most elegant hotels of the city, with accommo- dations for over 200 guests. UNION LEAGUE CLUB HOUSE. A Presbyterian church, with a handsome Corinthian portico, stands opposite the “ League House,” and immediately above Chestnut street is another on the same side of Broad street. The line of Broad street is interrupted a little above Chestnut street, by the enormous pile of the new Public Buildings , now m course of erection for the use of the municipal govern¬ ment. The building is surrounded by a grand avenue, 135 feet wide on the southern, eastern, and western fronts, and 205 feet 6 82 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. wide on the northern front. The plan submitted by Mr. John McArthur, Jr., architect, was adopted. It is essentially modern in its leading features, and presents a rich example of what is known by the generic term of the “ Renaissance,” modified and adapted to the varied and extensive requirements of a great American municipality. It is designed in the spirit of French art, admirable in its ornamentation, while the whole effect is one of massive dignity, worthy of us and our posterity. This immense architectural pile covers, exclusive of the court¬ yard, an area of nearly 4J acres, and consists of one building, L.A PIERRE HOUSE. surrounding an interior court-yard. The north and south fronts measure 470 feet, the east and west 486J feet, in their extreme length. The four fronts are similar in their design. In the centre of each an entrance pavilion, of 90 feet in width, rises to the height of 185 feet, having receding wings of 128 feet eleva¬ tion. The fronts terminate at the four corners with towers or pavilions of 51 feet square and 145 feet high. The whole exterior is bold and effective in outline, and rich in detail, being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters, pediments, cornices, enriched windows, and other appropriate adornment. Archways of 18 feet in width by 36 feet in height, opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute THE HEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN INDEPENDENCE HALL. 83 84 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the four principal entrances, and at the same time afford pas¬ sages for pedestrians up and down Broad and Market streets, directly through the buildings. The basement is 18 feet in height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Its exterior is of fine white granite, of massive proportions, forming a fitting base for the vast superstructure it supports. The exterior, above the basement, embraces a principal story of 36 feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, with an attic over the central pavilions of 30 feet, and over the corner pavilions of 12 feet, all of white marble, from the Lee quarries, in Butler county, Massachusetts, wrought, in all its adornments, to express American ideas and develop American genius. In the centre of the group a court-yard of 200 feet square affords light and air to all the adjacent portions of the building. From the north side of this space rises a grand tower which will gracefully adorn the public buildings, and at the same time will be a crowning feature of the city, as St. Peter’s is of Rome, and St. Paul’s of London. The tower, which is so deeply and strongly founded, is 90 feet square at the base, falling off at each story until it becomes, at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A statue of the founder of Pennsylvania, 20 feet in height, will crown the structure and complete the extraordinary altitude of 450 feet, making it the highest tower in the world. The entire structure will contain 520 rooms, giving ample, convenient, and stately provision for all the departments of the city government, including heat, light, and ventilation, and the whole is to be absolutely fire-proof and indestructible. The several stories will be reached by four large elevators , placed at the intersections of the leading corridors. In addition to these there will be large and convenient stairways in the four corner buildings, and a grand staircase in each of the centre pavilions, on the north, south, and east fronts. It is computed that the entire cost of the work will be near ten millions of dollars, and that it will be completed in ten years from the day when the first spadeful of earth was removed. Opposite the northwest corner of the public buildings is the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 85 School of Design for Women , the only institution of the kind in America. It was founded in 1848 by Mrs. Peter, and the work of the school consists in training women gratuitously in the business of mechanical drawing, and thus enabling them to acquire a pleasant and profitable means of support. NEW MASONIC TEMPLE. At the northeast corner of Broad and Filbert streets is the new Masonic Temple, A massive edifice of Cape Ann syenite of a grayish white color. At the southwestern corner a grand tower rises to a height of THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 230 feet. It is built of stone also. At the northwestern corner there is another, but a lower, tower. The main entrance is in the centre of the western or Broad street front, and is protected by a beautiful Norman porch of Quincy granite. The temple is 150 feet in length, with a side elevation of 90 feet. Its appearance is massive and beautiful. All the stone of which it was built was dressed at the quarry, and was brought to the city ready to be set up in its place. It may, therefore, be said of this temple as it was of Solomon’s, that “ There was neither hammer nor ax, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building.” The temple is devoted entirely to Masonic purposes, and its interior decorations are very beautiful and costly. It is fitted up with halls for the different branches of the Masonic order, each hall representing a distinct school of architecture, and each a model of beauty and magnificence. The temple was five years in process of erection, and cost $1,300,000. The public buildings, the Masonic temple, and the churches at the intersection of Broad and Arch streets give to this portion of Broad street a magnificence unsurpassed in any city of the country, and in striking contrast with the appearance of the street north of Arch. Crossing Arch street, the visitor enters upon a region of warehouses, shops, and lumber yards, which it is to be hoped will ere long give place to buildings more suited to this fine street. This state of affairs continues as far as Callowhill street. The only building of note in this part of the street is the new Academy of Fine Arts. The academy was founded in 1805 by the subscriptions of private citizens of Philadelphia. For many years it was located in a building on the site of the present Chestnut Street Theatre. In 1870 it was determined to remove to a larger and better building, and the present edifice was begun a year or two later. It is an elaborately ornamented building with a frontage of 100 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 258 feet on Cherry street. The Broad street front is two stories in height. The wall is laid in patterns of red and white brick, with light stone trimmings, and the ornaments consist of encaustic tiles, and statues of terra cotta. The effect MAIN BUILDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 1880 feet in length and 464 feet in width. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 87 is novel and rich. The Cherry street front is constructed of like materials. It is relieved by an elegant colonnade support¬ ing a row of arched windows, back of which rises a transept with a pointed gable. The collections of the academy are the most valuable in the country, and among them are the master¬ pieces of .Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, and other eminent artists. These are arranged in handsome galleries. The cost of the building was $300,000. The galleries are open to the public at stated times. A slight admission fee is charged. At Broad and Callowhill streets is the Depot of the Philadel¬ phia & Reading Railroad . This road is one of the direct routes to the Centennial Exhibition grounds. Diagonally opposite, immediately below Spring Garden street, are the Baldwin Locomotive Works , one of the largest establish¬ ments in the world. Three thousand men are employed here, and one locomotive is completed in every eight working hours. It is worthy of mention that Oliver Evans, a Philadelphian, was the first to propose the use of a locomotive in America, and that M. W. Baldwin, the founder of these works, was the first to manufacture one. On the east side of Broad, above Spring Garden street, is the Boys’ Central High School , above which rises an observatory. It is considered one of the best schools in the Union. Next door to it is the North Broad Street Presbyterian Church , a handsome edifice of brown-stone, with a lofty spire. The build¬ ing next beyond it is the Jewish Synagogue of Rodef Shalom , a rich and striking specimen of Saracenic architecture. The inte¬ rior is fitted up with great magnificence. Above Green street the character of Broad street undergoes a change, and the visitor enters a region built up with some of the handsomest residences in the city. Some of these are mag¬ nificent, and all are elegant and tasteful. The street is bordered on each side with a row of fine trees, which add greatly to its beauty. It is a popular drive and promenade, and on Sunday afternoons and other fine days presents an animated and attrac¬ tive scene. At the southwest corner of Master street is the 88 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY handsome residence formerly occupied by the late Edwin Forrest. It was erected by him in 1859. It is now used as a hotel. Diagonally opposite the Forrest Mansion is the Memorial Baptist Church , built of green-stone, and in the form of an amphitheatre. % Above Columbia avenue the street is more sparsely built up, and by degrees the houses become more scattered, until the visitor finds himself in the charming suburb that lies between the city proper and Germantown. Third Street. From Market to Walnut, Third street is the “Wall street n of Philadelphia, and is given up to the bankers and brokers of the city. It is lined with banking establishments and brokers’ offices, and its ways are as dark and its tricks as vain as those which have made the financial centre of New York famous. Fortunes are made and lost quickly here; and the street has witnessed some gigantic operations, and some tremendous fail¬ ures in its day. North of Chestnut is the Merchants' Bank, with a fine Corinthian portico. Nearer to Chestnut, on the east side of the street, is the banking-house of Drexel & Co., the leading establishment of its kind in the city. It has branches in New York, London, and Paris. At the southeast corner of Third and Chestnut is the Vandyke Building , used by the Western Union Telegraph Company as its central office. One hundred and seventeen lines of telegraph radiate from this building to the different parts of the country: fifty-six to New York, eighteen to the West, and forty-three to the South. Lower down the street is the Tradesmen's Bank , a showy build¬ ing ; and at the corner of Dock street is the Penn Building , the first iron building erected in the city. On the west side of Third street, between Chestnut and Walnut, is The Girard Bank. This is a handsome edifice, and is faced with white marble. It is ornamented with an elegant portico with fluted-marble EXHIBIT OF TIVOLI BEER IN AGRICULTURAL HALL OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 89 Corinthian columns. On the pediment is an American eagle. The cornice and the pediment are of wood, and the capitals of the columns are of lead. The building was erected in 1795, and was then considered the handsomest public edifice in the city. It was built for and occupied by the First Bank of the United States, which had been chartered by Congress in 1791. The charter of the bank expired by limitation in 1811, and Congress refused to renew it. Stephen Girard, the famous Philadelphia merchant, who had accumulated a large fortune by his ventures in the East India trade, was a warm friend of the bank, which he regarded as the cause of a very great part of the prosperity of the country. He was so sure that Congress would renew the charter that, in 1810, he ordered the Barings, of London, to invest all his funds in their hands in shares of the Bank of the United States. This was done to the amount of half a million of dollars. When the -charter expired, he was the principal creditor of the bank. Discovering that he could purchase the old bank building and the cashier's house for $120,000, he at once secured them, and on the 12th of May, 1812, opened the Girard Bank with a capital of $1,200,000, which he increased the next year by $100,000 more. He retained all the old officers of the Bank of the United States, and continued the cashier, Mr. George Simpson, in his position. He was greatly indebted to Mr. Simpson for the subsequent success of the bank. The break¬ ing out of the second war with England, and the consequent suspension of specie payments, soon followed, and subjected his new enterprise to a severe strain. It was a matter of great doubt with Mr. Girard how he should preserve the integrity of his own institution, while the other banks were suspending their payments; but the credit of his own bank was effectually secured by the suggestion of his cashier, Mr. Simpson, who advised the recalling of his own notes by redeeming them with specie, and by paying out the notes of the State banks. In this way not a single note of his own was suffered to be depreciated, and he was thus enabled, 90 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in 1817, to contribute effectually to the restoration of specie payments. Mr. Girard was instrumental in securing the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States, and was its largest stockholder and one of its directors. When the books were opened for subscriptions to the stock of the bank, he waited until the last moment before the books were to be closed, and then came forward, and asked if all had subscribed who wished to do so. Being answered affirmatively, he asked how much of the capital remained uncalled for. He was told $3,100,000. To the surprise of all present, he said he would subscribe for that entire amount. At his death the capital of his own bank had increased to $4,000,000. By the terms of his will his bank¬ building became the property of the city of Philadelphia. In 1833 the Girard Bank was chartered by the State, and began business in a portion of this building, which it still occupies, having, since 1864, become a national bank. The rest of the building is now occupied by the offices of the city treasurer and city controller. Immediately above the bank is the old banking-house of Jay Cooke & Co., whose failure a few years ago occasioned a heavy loss to the entire country. On the east side of Third below Walnut is the handsome light stone building of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. Almost immediately opposite is St. Paul’s Episcopal Church , a venerable structure, erected in 1760, by a number of the congregation of old Christ Church, who had withdrawn from that parish because of the dismissal of the Rev. Dr. McClenaghan <( without suffi¬ cient cause.” The church is rough-cast, and stands in a spacious enclosure, in the midst of long ranges of vaults covered with marble slabs. Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, is buried in one of these. At the southwest corner of Third and Pine streets is an old grave-yard, in the midst of which stands St. Peter’s Episcopal Church. It was begun in 1758 and was finished in 1761. It was originally designed as, and was for many years, a chapel of Christ Church, by the congregation of which it was built. Dur- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 91 ing the Revolution it was occupied by the British when they held the city, and was greatly damaged by them. In 1831 St. Peter’s was separated from Christ Church, and was made an inde- AVIARY, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. pendent parish. The steeple is much more modern than the church. It is furnished with a chime of bells, the gift of a Mr. Wilcox, once a wealthy merchant of the city and a member of the congregation. CHAPTER III. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 —CONCLUDED. Steam Railroads—Their Depots and Ticket Offices—Steamship Lines—The Philadelphia Markets—Prominent Churches—Cathedral—The oldest Pres¬ byterian and Roman Catholic Churches—The old Swedes’ Church—The Public Schools—University of Pennsylvania—The Medical Colleges—Girard College—The Philadelphia Library—Mercantile Library—Ridgway Library -—Academy of Natural Sciences—Learned Societies—The Zoological Gar¬ dens—Benevolent Institutions—The Pennsylvania Hospital—Insane Asylum —Naval Asylum—Prisons—House of Correction—Places of Amusement— Cemeteries—Newspapers—Banks—Gas and Water—Street Railways—The Water Front—The Delaware Shore—Port Richmond—The Coal Wharves —Ship Yards—Camden—Smith’s and Windmill Islands—Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad—The American Steamship Line—The Old Navy Yard—Greenwich Point—League Island—The Navy Yard—Fort Mifflin— A Reminiscence of the Revolution—The Schuylkill River—The Bridges— The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges—The finest Bridge in America —West Philadelphia—Germantown—Manufactures and Commerce. HERE are eight lines of railway entering the city of Philadelphia, or terminating at Camden, on the op¬ posite shore of the Delaware. These are as follows: The Pennsylvania Railroad , the depots of which are at Thirty-second and Market streets, in West Philadel¬ phia, and at Kensington. The ticket offices of this road are located at the depot, and at 838 Chestnut street, 1348 Chestnut street, and 116 Market street. From the Kensington depot local trains run to points between Philadelphia and Trenton. The West Philadelphia depot is the arriving and starting point of trains from and to the West and New York. The old line of the Camden and Amboy road, now leased by the Pennsyl¬ vania Company, lies entirely in New Jersey, and the terminus is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. It 92 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 93 is the line to New York by way of Amboy, and to points in New Jersey. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The depots of this road are at Thirteenth and Callowhill, and at Ninth and Green streets. The ticket offices are at 838, 624 and 732 Chestnut street, 317 Arch street, and at the depots. The Thirteenth street depot is the station for the main line to Reading and the anthracite coal regions. The Ninth and Green streets depot is the station for points on the Germantown and Norristown branches. The North Pennsylvania Railroad. The depot of this road is at Berks and American streets. It is a direct line to Beth¬ lehem, Lehigh Valley, and the North and West. A branch of this road has just been constructed, connecting with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, at Bound Brook. It forms with that road a direct line to New York, and passengers over it enter that city by the New Jersey Central Ferry, at the foot of Liberty street. The Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The depot of this road is on South Broad street, at the corner of Washington avenue. It is the only direct line from Philadel¬ phia to Baltimore, Washington, and the South. It is also the route from Philadelphia to the West by way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, connection with which is made at Baltimore. The ticket offices of the road are at the depot, and at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. The West Chester Railroad. The depot of this road is at 3100 Chestnut street, in West Philadelphia, and its only ticket office at the same place. The road extends to West Chester. The New Jersey Southern Railroad. The depot of this road is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. The ticket offices are at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. It is a direct line to Long Branch, Ocean Grove, and Sandy Hook, on the New Jersey coast. From the latter point connection is made with a steamer to New York. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad. This is the line to Atlantic City, on the New Jersey coast, the nearest and most CQONLTGHT ON THE BEACH AT CAPE MAY-BRANCH OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 95 accessible sea-shore resort from Philadelphia. Atlantic City has long been famous as the best sea-bathing point on the coast, and is always crowded during the summer season with a bril¬ liant and fashionable throng of visitors, in search of health and pleasure. Its proximity to Philadelphia—being only an hour and three-quarters distant—and the admirable facilities for reaching it afforded by the numerous fast trains between the two points, will enable visitors to the city of Philadelphia to spend a day or two at the sea-shore, and enjoy “a dip in the ocean ,” without trespassing upon the time set apart for their summer vacation. The depot is at the foot of Vine street. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street, and at the depot. The West Jersey Railroad. This line extends to Cape May, and to points in Western New Jersey, on the Delaware Bay. The depot is in Camden, and passengers are conveyed to it by the Market Street Ferry. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street. The road is controlled by the Pennsyl¬ vania Company. Passengers over any of these lines can procure their tickets, secure berths in sleeping-cars, and have their baggage checked and called for at their residences or hotels, at any of the city ticket offices named above, thus saving themselves all trouble at the depot at the moment of departure. Steamship Lines. There are two steamship lines plying regularly between Philadelphia and European ports. These are the American Steamship Company , the splendid vessels of which have become noted as among the best and most comfortable on the ocean. The sailings of this line are weekly. It is a strictly American corporation, and the only one for this purpose in existence. Its success has been marked from the start. The International Steamship Company , or Red Star Line , plying between Philadel¬ phia and Antwerp, despatch their vessels fortnightly Phila¬ delphia is connected with the principal ports on the Atlantic eoast by steamship lines, which transact a steady and profitable 96 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY business. The various European steamship lines sailing from New York have offices in Philadelphia. Markets. The markets of Philadelphia are among the institutions of the city. In them are collected the vegetable products of the North, South, East and West. It is the boast of the city that the provisions to be had here are always fresh and at moderate prices. Meats of all kinds, poultry, fish, eggs, butter, vegetables and fruits, are displayed in the greatest profusion and in the most tempting manner. The old sheds which formerly disfigured the streets of the city are giving way to handsome and commodious edifices of brick. At the corner of Market and Twelfth streets, and on Fifth street near Chestnut, are two of the finest market-houses in the city. They are well worth a visit. Churches. A number of the most prominent churches of the city have been noticed in our description of the principal streets. A few remain to be mentioned. The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, situated on Eigh¬ teenth street, facing Logan Square, is one of the most elaborate religious edifices in the city. It is the principal church of the Roman Catholic denomination, and a conspicuous object in any view of the city. The Most Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, D. D., afterwards Archbishop of Baltimore, was Bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia from 1842 to 1851. Soon after his entrance upon his office, he inaugurated the movement for the erection of a new Cathedral, and fixed upon the Logan Square site as the proper place for it. The site was opposed by the clergy and many of the laity as too remote from the centre of the city; but the Bishop, who had an abiding faith in the growth of Philadelphia, carried his point, and on the 6th of September, 1846, the corner-stone of the Cathedral was laid. In 1857 Bishop Kenrick was promoted to the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and was succeeded by Bishop Wood, under whom the work was completed. It was dedicated with imposing OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 97 ■ceremonies in 1864. The architects were Napoleon Le Brun and John Notman. The building is of stone, and is built in the form of a cross, with a massive portico and a grand dome. It has a frontage of 136 feet, and a depth of 216 feet. The height of the apex of the CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL. pediment from the pavement is 101 \ feet, the height of the dome is over 210 feet, and its exterior diameter is seventy-one feet. The architecture is of the most elaborate Homan Corinthian style. There are no side windows—a feature in which the church differs from most of the buildings in this country—the 7 98 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY light being introduced almost wholly from above. The fagade is ornamented with a portico supported by four immense Cor¬ inthian capitals, sixty feet high, and six feet in diameter. On the frieze of the pediment are cut the words “Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam.” The interior of the building is cruciform, and is finished in a light stone which greatly resembles Paris stone, the effect of which is striking. The walls are frescoed with a fine painting of the Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adora¬ tion of the Shepherds, and with figures of the four Evangelists. The crown of the dome is adorned with a painting representing the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The high altar and the various shrines of the church are constructed of marble, and are adorned with great magnificence. The interior is thus rendered one of the richest and most beautiful in this country, and will bear comparison with many of the churches of Europe. The cost of the whole edifice was over $1,000,000. Adjoining the Cathedral are the chapel, used for early and week-day ser¬ vices, and the residence of the Bishop. Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington Square is The First Presbyterian Church. This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest Presbyterian congregation in America, but in 1835 it was dis¬ covered that an older congregation existed at Rehoboth, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The records of the church go back to 1698, in which year the congregation was worshipping with the Baptists in their church on “ Barbadoes lot,” at the north¬ west corner of Chestnut and Second streets. The present build¬ ing was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 1868 the church was under the pastoral care of the Rev. Albert Barnes, whose literary labors are too well known to the reader to need mention here. St. Joseph’s Church, The oldest Roman Catholic church in Philadelphia, is situated in Fourth street jnst below Walnut, near the building of the Reading Railroad Company. In 1733 several Jesuit fathers purchased the lot on which it stands, and erected a plain wooden OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 99 edifice. This was pulled down by the soldiers by order of the colonial authorities, was rebuilt, and pulled down a second time. A third time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers came to destroy it. This time the fathers interposed the plea that the building was their dwelling, as well as a church, and that as such they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suo- GETHSEMANE BAPTIST CHURCH. cessful, and the house was spared. The old church stood until 1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and the Continental Congress assembled here in it, at the close of the Revolution, to return to France, through Lafayette, the thanks of the country for her aid in the Revolution. The present structure was erected in 1838. At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is 100 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Third Presbyterian Church, Generally called “ The Old Pine Church.” It was organized in 1760 by a number of families who withdrew from the First Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn. The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768. During the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dragoons. Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David Ritten- house, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declara¬ tion of Independence. In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edl* fice in the city, the Gloria Dei, or Swedes' Church. It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadel¬ phia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn’s colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river. A year or two later they built log huts on the plateau beyond the river. “ They were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk, too; gave their open hand to the English, who asked leave to settle on the land, and shut it against the Dutch, who claimed the land as a right. . . Nothing can be more pathetic than the letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager to Europe, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging that ‘ godly men might be sent to them to instruct their chil¬ dren, and help themselves to lead lives well pleasing to God.’ It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival of Rudman and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the ,Swedish king. . . Immediately after the arrival of Rudman and Bjork, Gloria Dei Church, known now in Philadelphia as OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 101 / , old Swedes’, was built. It stood upon a green bank of the quiet river, Swan Swanson’s being the only hut near by. On Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the women’s horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even far¬ away Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or shirts of wolfskin on the branches of the trees before they went THE OLD SWEDES’ CHURCH. in. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, half believing, and wholly afraid. . . The church itself was built in a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the best articles out of his house when the money did not come in 102 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fast enough, and carrying the hod every day himself.” Tha original church was built of logs, and served as a blockhouse as well as a place of worship. It was built in 1677. The present edifice was erected on the same site in 1700. It is built of brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from Sweden. In the churchyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist. It may be added here that William Penn scrupulously respected the rights of the Swedish settlers, and purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city of Philadelphia. On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is St. Mark’s Episcopal Church. It was erected in 1849, is built in the decorative Gothic style, and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully pro¬ portioned churches in the city. It is built of freestone, so nicely laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 150 feet in length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is very beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among the finest in the country. The church is the property of one of the wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are grand and impressive. St. Clement’s Church , at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme ritualistic establishment in the city. On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church, The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism was estak lished in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Thomas Webb, who held his meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets. He succeeded in forming the germ of the present congregation,. In 1769 Richard Boardman and Joseph Pillmore were sent OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 103 over by John Wesley to take charge of the Philadelphia church. They preached in the present building, which had just been erected, and was known as “Our Preaching House.” Francis Asbury, afterwards the great bishop, named it St. George's , in 1781. In March, 1770, the first love-feast held in America was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied the church as a riding-school. The church has had among its pastors four who became bishops in the Methodist Episcopal Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott. The Central Congregational Church , on Eighteenth street, at Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late Norman style, erected at a cost of $100,000. St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church is at the corner of Girard avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure, with a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The 104 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of Philadelphia. There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different denominations: DENOMINATION Number of Churches Advent Christian Church. 3 Baptist. 63 Bible Christians. 1 Christian Evangelist. 1 Christian Independent. 2 Church of God. 1 Congregational. 2 Disciples of Christ. 2 Evangelical Association. 8 French Protestant Episcopal. 1 Friends (Orthodox). 6 “ (Hicksite). 8 “ (Primitive). 1 Hebrews. 11 Lutheran (English). 14 “ (German). 12 “ (Independent). 2 Mennonite. 3 Methodist Episcopal. 89 “ “ African. 9 Methodist (Free)... 1 Moravian. 4 New Church (Swedenbcrgian). 3 Presbyterian . 75- “ (Reformed Synod). 3 u “ (Original. 1 u “ (General Synod). 8 w (United). 12 Protestant Episcopal. 90 Reformed Episcopal. & “ Church in the United States. 16 Roman Catholic...*. 43 Unitarian. 2 Universalist. 3 Total. 503 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 105 Educational Establishments. The public schools of Philadelphia have loug been famous for their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 396 school-houses in the city; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year 72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was $900,819; the whole amount paid for school purposes was $1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by 8,587 pupils. The private schools and academies are numerous and well attended. There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of these is the University of Pennsylvania. This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy, founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments or schools, namely: the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, and the Law Schools. The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia, at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and Locust street. The University buildings are constructed of serpentine stone, with the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio stone. When all are erected they will comprise a complete square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and conve¬ nience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes. The buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science, the Medical School, and the Hospital attached to the Medical School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure, three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital 106 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY is situated to the south of the School of Arts and Science, and stands in a lot given to the University by the city on condition of its maintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law School is located in the first building mentioned. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty includes in its number some of the most eminent men in the Union. Jefferson Medical College Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at Cannonsburg, Pa. It owes its existence principally to the exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its faculty the most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was rapid, and it has long been considered one of the first medical schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every part of the Union. The college building is a handsome structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class institution. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 107 The Homoeopathic Medical College is situated on the north side of Filbert street, above Eleventh. Attached to it is a large and well-conducted hospital. The college is regarded as one of the best schools of this branch of medicine in existence. The College of Pharmacy is on the east side of Tenth street below Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the education of chemists and apothecaries. Thanks to its efforts the drug business of the country has been placed mainly in the hands of educated pharmaceutists. The College of Physicians Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising physicians, and its object is the investigation of “ the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to this country.” The members are divided into two classes: Fellows, or practising physicians residing in the city; and Associates, who are eminent physicians in other parts of the country. The college publishes a quarterly journal of its transactions, which is highly valued by the pro¬ fession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the sciences of medicine and surgery. Girard College Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whose name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of forty- five acres, fronting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junc¬ tion with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and strengthened with pilasters. By the terms of his will, Mr. Girard left the sum of six millions of dollars to trustees for the purpose of founding and maintaining a college for the free educa¬ tion and support of white male orphans. The cost of the build¬ ings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of $1,933,821 has been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of the vast legacy was to be kept as a fund for the support of the college, the interest only being wsed. The trustees in a recent 108 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, “ it will soon be ample to maintain as many orphans as the entire plot of ground can accommodate.” The number of pupils in the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $190,000 is annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades. The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept. The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front. GIRARD COLLEGE. The college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the United States. It is constructed of pure white marble, and the general design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners. The building rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps, which extend around the entire edifice, thus giving to it an air of greater solidity and splendor. The building has a length OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 10# of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform between the outer walls and the ranges of columns. The archi¬ tecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The columns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and are surmounted by capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance from the top of the capitals to the apex of the pediment is 34 feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each side contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room, and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with mar¬ ble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weighs 969J tons. The building is divided into three stories, and is used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace of the last material is anywhere visible to the eye. A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of the founder, and a room in the building known as u Girard’s Room ” contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects. A number of fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height, with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of the pupils. Mr. Girard’s will contained the following restrictions upon visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics are his own: “ I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic , missionary , or minis¬ ter of any sect whatsoever , shall hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college: nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose , or as a visitor , within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there is such a multitude of sects, 110 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which clashing doc¬ trines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce; and my desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality , so that, on their entrance into active life, they may, from inclination and habitj evince benevolence towards their fellouv-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety , and industry , adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may enable them to prefer.” “ When Mr. Duane had written this passage at Girard’s dicta¬ tion,” says Mr. Parton, “ a conversation occurred between them, which revealed, perhaps, one of the old gentleman’s reasons for inserting it. ‘ What do you think of that ? ’ asked Girard. Mr. Duane being unprepared to comment on such an unexpected injunction, replied, after a long pause, ‘ I can only say now, Mr. Girard, that I think it will make a great sensation.’ Girard then said, ‘ I can tell you something else it will do,—it will please the Quakers.’ He gave another proof of his regard for the Quakers by naming three of them as executors of his will; the whole number of the executors being five.” The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery is located at Tenth and Arch streets, and the Philadelphia Dental College at 108 North Tenth street. Both are flourishing institutions. The Woman 7 s Medical College of Pennsylvania is at Twenty-first and North College avenue. The Polytechnic College of the State of Pennsylvania is on Market street above Seventeenth. The church institutions are the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, at Locust and Juniper streets; the Theologi¬ cal Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Churchy at No. 216 Franklin street; St. Joseph 7 s (Roman Catholic) College, at 317 Willing’s alley ; and the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, at Overbrook station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond Hestonville. The building of the last-named institution is a magnificent specimen of the Italian style of architecture. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 111 LIBRARIES. The principal library of the city is the Philadelphia Library. It was founded in 1731, by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hop- kinson, Thomas Cadwallader, and several other gentlemen, Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan became interested in the enterprise at an early day, and instructed Mr. Hopkinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase books to the value of ,£65. This was done, and the books were received in 1732. The library was made free to the public, but none but subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logan, were allowed to take the books from the building. This rule is still observed. The library grew slowly, and in 1782 the heirs of James Logan presented the trustees with the valuable Loganian Library , which is still kept as a separate collection. The two collections now number about 100,000 volumes. The library 112 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed and occupied by the library in 1790. The Mercantile Library Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut. It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers, and in 1826 was made a stock company. The building used by the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with MERCANTILE LIBRARY. the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, $230,000. It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the prin¬ cipal newspapers and magazines of this country and Europe. It has also a chess-room with twenty-four tables. It is managed upon the most liberal plan, and has a membership of 12,000. The Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 113 in the centre of the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by a stone wall, except on the Broad street front, vherc the wall gives place to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid off in the most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage of 220 feet, and an extreme depth of 105 feet. The principal fagade faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to the central building and one to each of the wings. The porticos are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all, eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a platform which is Teached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building. The main entrance is from the central portico, and leads into a vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 14 feet high, which opens into the main hall. This hall is cruciform, 84 feet in length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. The main hall will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etc. The wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wife. The building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush, who at his death bequeathed the land on which it stands, and the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. When completed the Philadelphia Library Company will most likely exercise control over the “Ridgway Branch.The building is in all respects one of the most massive and superb edifices of its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and will always form one of the noblest of Philadelphia’s public institutions. 8 114 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows: NAME. LOCATION. American Baptist Historical Society.530 Arch Street. American Mechanics’ Library.Fourth and George Streets. Athenaeum Library.Sixth and Adelphi Streets. Apprentices’ Library Association.500 Arch Street. American Protestant Hall and Library Asso’n. .1415 Locust Street. Friends’ Library.304 Arch Street. Germantown Library.4838 Germantown Avenue. James Page Library Company.208 East Girard Avenue. Library Association of Friends.Race and Fifteenth Streets. Library of the German Society.24 South Seventh Street. Library of the Law Association.532 Walnut Street. Mechanics’ Institute Library.1110 South Fifth Street. Moyamensing Library.Eleventh and Catharine Sts. Odd-Fellows’ Library.806 North Third Street. Philadelphia City Institute Library.Eighteenth and Chestnut Sts. Spring Garden Institute.1349 Spring Garden Street. Southwark Library Company.765 South Second Street. Wm. Brotherhead’s Library..205 South Thirteenth Street. West Philadelphia Institute Library.4050 Market Street. Wagner Free Institute of Science.Seventeenth and Montgomery. The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number 3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the Academy of Natural Sciences. This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentle¬ men for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period a museum and a library were established. These have been steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000 volumes. The museum contains over 250,000 specimens. Among these are “ more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000 fossils, 70,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes, 2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell¬ bearing mollusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles, 37,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs of 1500 species, 1000 mammals, and 900 skeletons and pieces of osteology.” The 116 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruction is furnished to a number of students. Visitors are admitted on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents. The money is devoted to the purposes of the building fund. The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of Chestnut, but a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was begun at the southwest corner of Nineteenth and Race streets. It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nine¬ teenth street, and a depth of 198 feet on Race street. It will be in the collegiate Gothic style, and will be constructed of ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. serpentine stone with trimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the north wing has been completed, and into this the collections of the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire building with all its appointments will cost over $700,000. The American Philosophical Society Occupies a quaint old building in Fifth street, immediately in the rear of Independence Hall. The society occupies the second floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Ben¬ jamin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 117 paving become interested in scientific studies, established a society of kindred spirits, which he called “The Junto.” Its membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. Out of this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743. Among its members have been some of the greatest men of our history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000 volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789. Among the most precious possessions of the society is the original draft of the Declaration of Independence in the hand¬ writing of Thomas Jefferson. The Pennsylvania Historical Society At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Penn- sylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society was established in 1825, and for a number of years struggled onward in the face of great difficulties. It has now a member¬ ship of 600, a library of 12,000 volumes, and 80,000 pamph¬ lets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical per¬ sonages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of engravings and manuscripts, among which are William Penn’s papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of American antiquities. The Franklin Institute Was incorporated in 1824, “for the promotion and encourage¬ ment of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts by popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of models and minerals, offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions sub¬ mitted to them.” The membership is open to all persons friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The building occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiments. 118 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There is also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock con¬ structed by David Rittenhouse. The Institute has done and is doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in this country. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia, After an existence of many years, has but recently become prominent among the learned associations of Philadelphia. It has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract was originally known as “ Solitude/’ and was the residence of John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn. The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoo¬ logical Society have fitted up their garden with a number of handsome improvements, consisting of a monkev-house, a beaver- dam, deer and buffalo parks, a winter-house for animals from the tropics, three large stone bear-pits, md an aviary. The col¬ lection of animals is already very large, and is being increased. It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to none in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twenty- five cents for adults, and ten cents for children. Besides the above associations are the American Entomologi¬ cal Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Germantown Scientific Association, at 4836 Germantown avenue; the Numis¬ matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets; and the Wagner Free Institute, at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue. Benevolent Institutions. The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union. We can mention here but a few of the more prominent. OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 119 The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has been noticed in our account of Broad street. The Pennsylvania Hospital Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the institution for “ the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure of lunatics.” The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall, •except in the centre of the Pine street front. Through this open space the group of venerable buildings can be seen from the street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in 1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its ■establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients were removed to the new hospital in West Philadelphia. The Wills’ Hospital , in Race street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by a bequest of the late James Wills, for the treat¬ ment of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834. The Pennsylvania Institution for the instruction of the Blind Is at the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged build¬ ing, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils, many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay for their instruction and support. The Municipal Hospital For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof. Adjoining it is the “ Potter’s Field,” with its rows of nameless graves. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been already mentioned in connection with the University. The 120 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Blockley Almshouse Lies south of the University and faces the Schuylkill. It con¬ sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high.. PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT ST. These are arranged as the four sides of a square. The number of inmates is about 3000, of whom 600 are in the insane depart* ment, and 200 more in the children’s asylum. The buildings. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 121 themselves cover an area of ten acres, and stand in a tract of 179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asylum. The city of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thou¬ sand dollars in the support of this institution. On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets, in West Philadelphia, is the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, Which was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with a central edifice ard wings, with Doric porticos, and a fine dome over one hundred feet high. One of these buildings is occupied by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400. The Presbyterian Hospital , at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets; the Hospital of Christ Church , on Belmont avenue, near the Park entrance; the Jewish Hospital , on the Olney road in the Twenty-third ward; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of Philadelphia , at Haddington; the Burd Orphan Asylum , on the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market street; the Preston Retreat , the House of Industry , and the House of Refuge , are noble institutions. The United States NavaI Asylum Is located on Gray’s Ferry road below South street. It was built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of infirm and decrepit officers and seamen of the navy and the marine corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in height, and is approached by a flight of marble steps. There are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the govern¬ ment. The Commodore’s quarters stand north of the asylum. In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the late war by the government for the care of the sick and wounded sailors of the navy. The grounds are handsomely laid out. 122 THE- ILLUSTRATED HISTORY PRISONS. The prisons of Philadelphia are well conducted. They are three in number. The Philadelphia County Prison Is located on Passyunk road, just below Reed street. It is a massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding wings on either side. At the end of each wing is a heavy octagonal PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON. tower, and on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in a bastion. The architecture is in the English-Gothic style of the fifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite, and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the Union. About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison is generally known as the “ Moyamensing Prison,” from the former name of the district in which it stands. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 123 The Eastern Penitentiary, Or, as it is better known, “ Cherry Hill Prison,” occupies the entire square bounded on the south by Fairmount avenue, and lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance, a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows. The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all of which space is occupied by the buildings. Within the enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors like the points of a star. They are so arranged that the warden, sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors, and to each cell is attached a small walled yard, in which, at certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the solitary plan. The prisoners are furnished with work enough to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells. They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners. It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage of preserving the prisoner from association with the other criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the danger of meeting with other prisoners after his release, and being by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are about 500 convicts confined here. 124 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. me House of Correction Is at Holmesburg, in the northern part of the city. It contains two thousand cells, and answers the purpose of a work-house and a prison. Places of Amusement. The most prominent places of amusement have already been noticed in our account of the city. Philadelphia has one first- class opera-house—the Academy of Music , at Broad and Locust streets—and three first-class theatres. These are the Chestnut Street Theatre , on Chestnut street, between Twelfth and Thir¬ teenth ; the Arch Street Theatre , on Arch street between Sixth and Seventh streets; and the Walnut Street Theatre , at the corner of Walnut and Ninth streets. During the centennial season there will be two first-class concert gardens, viz.: Theodore Thomas’ Garden , at Broad and Master streets, and Kiralfy’s Alhambra Palace Garden, on Broad street below Locust. The Colosseum , at Broad and Locust streets, affords a first- class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris. The other places of amusement are, Fox’s New American Theatre , on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central Theatre , on Walnut street above Eighth; the New National Theatre, si Callowhill and Tenth streets; and Enoch’s Varieties , on Seventh street below Arch—all devoted to variety entertain¬ ments; the Arch Street Opera House , on Arch street above Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera House , both of which are negro minstrel halls, and well patronized; and Colonel Wood?8 Museum , at Arch and Ninth streets. Cemeteries. The principal cemetery of Philadelphia is Laurel HiU , on the east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid tombs, some of which are noted as works of art. The other fAr A A ,o 126 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY cemeteries are, Glenwood , Monument, Woodlands, Ronaldson’s t Odd Fellows, and Mount Moriah . Newspapers . There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of these, seven are Republican, four Democratic, and sixteen inde¬ pendent. About fifty periodicals are published in the city,, which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business of the United States. Banks. There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate capital of $20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National banks, and eleven continue to do business under the State laws. The National banks have a capital of $16,235,000, and the State banks a capital of $4,000,000. Gas and Water. Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, which is supplied at a reasonable rate to the citizens. The gas works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extor¬ tions of private companies. The total length of street mains is over 600 miles. The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill river. The water works are at Fairmount, on the east side of the Schuylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was intro¬ duced into the city in 1827. Since then additional reservoirs have been constructed within the limits of the Park, and addi¬ tional pumping houses have been erected at Belmont, Rox- borough, and other points on the Schuylkill. The works are supplied with the most approved and complete machinery, the engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours. In order to preserve the water of the Schuylkill pure and fit for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 127 ago, purchased the land on both sides of the river to the Falls, and along the Wissahickon tor several miles from its mouth. These MHWi VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS. streams are thus prevented from being made the receptacles for the refuse of factories, which would render their waters impure. About 546 miles of water pipes have been laid through the 128 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY city, and all the modern, and the most of the older houses, have water introduced into them. The average amount used per day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir has been recently constructed in the East Park, at a cost of $2,000,. 000. It has a capacity of 750,000,000 gaOons. Streei Railways. There are about twenty-two main lines of street railway m Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best system of street transportation in the Union, and convey pas¬ sengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents. A number of these lines run direct to the entrances to the exhi¬ bition grounds. The Water Front The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is washed on three sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a forest of masts, representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point can he as perfectly acquire a correct idea of the vast commerce which yearly enters and leaves this port. An excellent plan would be to engage a boat at Tacony, descend the river to the mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend that stream to the exhibi¬ tion grounds. Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the u sights” of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive in the world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate length of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and boats. The shipping piers are 23 in .number, and their aggre¬ gate length is 4J miles. They are provided with 10J miles of single track, and in addition to this are connected with each OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 129 other and with the main line of the road by 22 miles of track. The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is emptied into schutes 169 feet in length, which convey it directly into the holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are em¬ ployed here, and the daily shipments of coal amount to 30,000 tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the trans¬ portation of coal from Port Richmond to other points, and intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other "vessels are employed in this trade. Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island , a spot dear to the hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen. A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of William Cramp & Son, said to be the most extensive establish¬ ment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels were built here for the navy during the civil war, among others the New Ironsides. The four iron steamers of the American Line , plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also built here. Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delaware Water Works , and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling mills, iron foundries and forges; and beyond these still, occupy¬ ing the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to •South America and the West Indies. Immediately below Noble street are the freight depots and piers of the North Penn¬ sylvania and Reading Railroads. Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and separated from it by the Delaware, is Camden, the sixth city of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied in crossing the river is five minutes. 9 STEAMSHIP DOCKS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD ON THE DELAWARE RIVER. 130 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 131 In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market street, is Smith’s Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through which the Camden & Amboy Railroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill Island, also a pleasure resort. At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the rear of these docks is the enormous Elevator of the Pennsylvania Railroad , with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and every facility for prompt and economical shipment. Immediately adjoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard y covering a tract of eighteen acres. It was purchased by the government in 1801 for $37,500, and was sold about a year ago to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for about $2,000,000. Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to League Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware. This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers, which vessels lie at its docks and receive and transfer passengers and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary. At Greenwich Point , at the foot of Packer street, are the coal wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad , second only in extent and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the Reading road at Port Richmond. Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is League Island, Now occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The island was presented to the government by the city of Phila¬ delphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the ex¬ tensions in contemplation are completed, will have a frontage of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average depth of water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish- 132 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in his report for 1871: “A navy yard so ample in its proportions, in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to our country.” Just below League Island is Mud Island, on which stands old Fort Mifflin. This work was begun at the outbreak of the Revolution, and consisted then of an embankment of earth. It was known as the “Mud Fort.” Upon the occupation of the city by the British in 1777 it became necessary to capture the defences on the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Red Bank, on the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been held by the Americans the enemy must have evacuated the city. On the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same time a picked force of twelve hundred Hessians was sent to storm the works at Red Bank. The latter attack was repulsed with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander, Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re¬ pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire upon Fort Mifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom¬ bardment was continued until the night of the 15th. Fort Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Red Bank, on the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now the obstructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phila- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 13a delphia. The present work was constructed after the close of the Revolution, and is strongly armed. The Schuylkill river flows into the Delaware immediately below League Island. This river was so named by the early Dutch navigators, and the name is said to mean “ a hidden river,” from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers ascending the Delaware until the junction is reached. A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore, are the new docks and the grain elevator of the International or Red Star, Steamship Line , plying between Philadelphia and Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of the most prominent shipping points of the city. “ The Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia’s ‘re¬ serve forces.’ With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schuyl¬ kill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines in the coal regions; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce on the Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be required—a time which cannot be far distant.” The principal objects of interest on the Schuylkill are the bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the op¬ posite sides of the river. Some of these are among the finest in the world. The first of these, after passing the mouth of the river, is the Penrose Ferry Bridge; above this is the Gray’s Ferry Bridge , a double structure, used for the passage of the trains of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Higher up is the new South Street Bridge, begun in 1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of ^865,000. With its approaches, which rest upon massive stone arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun- FAIRMOUNT BRIDGE. 134 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 135 dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, except at the draw span, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This gives a roadway of thirty-five feet, and two footwalks, each ten feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier. Chestnut Street Bridge lies next above. It was begun in 1861 and completed in 1866, at a cost of $500,000. It is one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite. At Market street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the place of the old wooden bridge that crossed the river at this point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is used for the Market Street Railway, by vehicles and pedestrians, and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Fairmount, or CallowhUl Street , Bridge stands on the site of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fair- mount. It is one of the handsomest and most substantial bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial Exhibition was used by a large part of the visitors. There is a span over Callowhill street of eighty feet; then follow five arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one hundred and five feet; then the main span of three hundred and fifty feet over the Schuylkill; then ten arch colonnades on the west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet; then the bridge over Thirtieth street, ninety feet long; then seven spans of plate girders, three hundred feet in length, and finally the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and forty feet long; making a total length of one thousand two hun¬ dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways, the upper one thirty-two feet above the lower. The upper floor is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks on each side. The bridge'is constructed of iron with stone piers and foundations, and is ornamented with a double row of mag¬ nificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor. 136 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and are used by a number of street car lines running direct ta the exhibition grounds. The cost of this magnificent structure was $1,200,000. Above the bridge are the dam and water-works at Fairmount, and higher up still are the boat-houses of the Schuylkill navy, to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work. Higher up still is the finest of all the Philadelphia bridges* the now famous Girard Avenue Bridge, Which spans the Schuylkill at the main avenue of approach to THE DRIVE—WISSAHICKON. Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the most magnificent bridge in the United States, and will always be one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city. It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hun¬ dred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height of the roadway $bove low water is fifty-five feet. The girders rest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following description of the bridge is taken from The Scientific American : “ The masonry of the piers and abutments is rock-faced ashlar OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 137 of Maine granite laid in mortar of one part Coplay cement to two parts of sand. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rock¬ faced granite work. “Superstructure .—There are seven lines of trusses or girders placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal and vertical bracing. “ These trusses are of the well-known Phcenixville pattern of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and the vertical posts are Phoenix-flanged columns, united by cast- iron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phoenix weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic pressure. Upon the tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch beams placed two feet eight inches apart. These are covered transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick, corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide. These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt concrete is placed. “ The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of one hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000 pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds per square inch as the compressive limit on parts. “ All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pins are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this bridge is double refined, or of ‘ Phoenix best best' brand, cap¬ able of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as fol¬ lows : Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per square inch; no permanent set under 27,000 pounds to 30,000 pounds per square inch ; average reduction of area at point of fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees, or hammered flat. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 139 “Roadway .—The corrugated iron plates which coyer the bridge are themselves covered by four inches to five inches of asphalte, making a water-tight surface. The one hundred feet of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-half feet of carriage¬ way and two sixteen and one-half feet sidewalks. The roadway is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next the sidewalks for horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways, made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-feet gauge. The gutters and curbstones are of fine cut granite. The sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square, laid diagonally. “On each side of the slate tiles are spaces two feet wide, which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one winter’s frost these tiles became so much shattered that they were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place. The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder of the sixteen and one-half feet. “ The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornaments, and are sup¬ ported by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth standard is prolonged into a lamp-post. There are eight refuge bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the support¬ ing shaft rising through an octagonal seat, which forms its base. The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner. “The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze cast under a pressure of sixty pounds per square inch, which forces the metal into all the finest lines and makes an extremely sharp casting; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this pro¬ cess from an electrotype has been used to print engravings from. There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame. “It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will 140 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY be gained through the arched openings in the abutments, and r h is S Tpot has been selected as a proper place for a drinking fountain. The bridge is painted salmon color, relieved by blue and gold ; the cornice and balustrade are green and gold “The construction of the permanent new bridge began M y 11th, 1873, and July 4th, 1874, it was formally opened for public travel, and has remained in use ever since. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE, FAIRMOUNT PARK. “This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pump- in. out that water; second, to the forethought displayed m makin. the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured through a freshet which increased the depth of water rom m y feet to forty-six feet; third, to the peculiar construction of the girders (which contain over three thousand five hundred tons- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 141 f iiron), which were made at Phoenixville from the ore, entirely by machinery, and without any hand labor; and, lastly, to the rapidity and facility of erection allowed by the pin-connected mode of construction.” Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connect¬ ing Bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad , over which the road from West Philadelphia to New York passes. Above this is the Columbia Bridge , a wooden structure, used by the Reading Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN—CHEW’S HOUSE. Schuylkill is a picturesque stone bridge of six arches, which is also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, the trains of which pass over it. West Philadelphia. West Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas and cottages, which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it possesses every advantage and convenience of the city proper. 142 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the visitor. Germantown Is the principal and most beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It is reached by the Germantown branch of the Philadelphia and A GERMANTOWN VILLA. Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled in 1683 by emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms a OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 143 part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several his¬ torical mansions, chief among which is the old “Chew Mansion,” which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle of Germantown, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phila¬ delphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a lib¬ eral expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the homes with which it is filled. Manufactures and Commerce. The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia is 8184. They employ a capital of $174,016,674, and 137,496 hands; they pay out $58,780,130 annually for wages; consume raw material to the amount of $180,325,713; and yield an an¬ nual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns were as follows: Vessels arrived, American, 503; tonnage, 185,727; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews, 6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911; crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 343; tonnage, 153,- 845; crews, 3741; foreign, 547; tonnage, 251,467 ; crews, 6526. Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890; tonnage, 405,312; crews, 10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21 were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 were steam vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign. In the same year the imports amounted to $20,383,858; and the exports to $21,016,750. Of the latter sum $20,982,876 were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports. Such is the great city in which the Centennial Exhibition was held. CHAPTER IV. FAIRMOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park—Its History—Improvements—Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill—View from the Hill—The Waterworks—The Art Gallery— The Lincoln Monument—Lemon Hill—Reminiscences of Robert Morris— Sedgeley Park—The River Road—The East Park—The Storage Reservoir —Old Country-seats—Mount Pleasant—Arnold’s Home—Fort St. David’s— The Wissahickon—Romantic Scenery—The Hotels—The Hermit’s Well— The Mystics—Washington’s Rock—The Monastery—The West Park— Solitude—The Zoological Gardens—The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibi¬ tion—Lansdowne—George’s Hill—Belmont—Judge Peters—The Sawyer Observatory—How to Reach the Park. AIRMOUNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of Philadelphia, is the fourth park in size in the world. It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by Epping and Windsor forests, in England, and the Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the Schuylkill, from Callowhill street bridge to the Falls of Schuyl¬ kill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and along the Wissahickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a further distance of seven and a half miles. The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to pre¬ serve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that were being erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the convic¬ tion in the minds of the Philadelphians that their great and growing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoy¬ ment of its people. The Park is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures i: the world. It has not yet received the care and taste that have been lavished upon the "Central” of New York, but improve- 144 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 145 merits are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will, before many years, be the most magnificent park in existence. It is generally divided into four sections, known as Old Fair- mount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park, and Wissa- hickon Park. Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill. Fairmount and Lemon Hill begin at Callowhill street bridge, and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the THE SCHUYLKILL, AT PHILADELPHIA. Pennsylvania Railroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly impressed with its beauty. The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the 10 CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 147 waterworks on the river shore below pump drjtf.y by steam and water power the enormous quantity of* thirty-five million gallons. The reservoirs are four in number, and from them the visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained in the Park. “At the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass, above which you are standing, you have the Reservoir Park* with its cascades, walks and plots; and turning west¬ ward your eye em¬ braces the lake-like Fairmoulit dam, with its broad and bright-falling sheets of foam; its head¬ race, for ebay, and beautiful terraces; the fairy-like little steamers that ply up and down the Schuylkill; the tem¬ ple-like pier at the dam; the boat¬ houses of the Schuylkill Navy and their little fleets with waving streamers; the grand Lincoln monument, and beyond this, the , , i n l FOUNTAIN NEAR MINERAL, SPRING, LEMON HILL. arboreal and tloral commencement of Fairmount Park proper, with its broad and beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles; its fountains ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and historic groves.” Near the base of the standpipe on the cliff overlooking the forebay are “ Leda and the Swan,” a group of statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the intersection of Broad and Market streets. 148 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Not far from the Green street entrance to the Park is the Art Gallery , a rough-cast building, containing a number of fine works of art, among which are Rothermel’s “ Battle of Gettys¬ burg/' painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost of $30,000, and Benjamin West’s “ Christ Rejected.” The gallery is free to visitors. The “ Battle of Gettysburg” held a place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibition. Passing the Art Gallery, and following the main drive, the MONUMENT TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA. visitor reaches the Lincoln Monument, which stands in the open space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents the martyred President seated in his chair, holding in his right hand a pen, and in his left the scroll of the Emancipation Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite. On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: "To Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people; ” on the east, these OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. . 149 words: “ Let us here highly resolve that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the face of the earth ; ” on the north : “ I do order and declare, that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion,, are and henceforth shall be free;” on the west side: “With malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in.” The statue is the work of Randolph Rogers, the artist of the famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $33,000.. It is colossal in size, being*!) feet 6 inches in height. It was dedicated in 1870. Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the centre of a large basin, known as the Gold-fish Pond . From this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to the top by the stone steps which lead up from the successive terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of Lemon Hill, And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older mansion, which constituted the country-seat of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, the man to whose fertile brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris* country- seat was generally known as “The Hills.” Plis residence was simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was his “dearly loved” home, and here he resided from 1770 to 1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt. The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for his indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for want of funds to carry on the war. At the critical moments, however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the necessary funds, and often when no other way would answer 150 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great sufferer from the financial troubles caused by the war, but had the happiness in the end, of seeing the triumph of the cause for which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of the Revolution he formed a new private business enterprise, EAST TERRACE, LEMON HILL, FAIRMOUNT PARK. which resulted in a failure and caused his ruin. He bad always advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to meet his liabilities, was obliged to suffer that penalty. He was offered his liberty in consideration of the great services he had rendered to his country during the Revolution, but refused to accept it, saying that “a law-maker should not be a law-breaker.” OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 151 He remained in prison for four years, and was released in 1802, upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly after this, he died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. His beautiful home at “The Hills” was sold at the time of his ruin, and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the site of the old one. The house is now used as a restaurant. Beyond the plateau on which the house stands is another, once called “Sedgeley Park.” Here is a plain wooden building known as “ Grant’s Cottage,” from the fact that it once stood at City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed to Fairmount Park after the close of the civil war. From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road sweeps around the foot of Lemon Hill, and skirts the shore of the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park, and passes under the Girard avenue and Pennsylvania Railroad bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually from the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, which it crosses at Mifflin Lane. The East Park. The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauphin street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the month of the Wissahickon. Above South Laurel Hill Ceme¬ tery the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width. Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its extreme length is about four miles. In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built Lpon what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most picturesque portions of the East Park. The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beauti- 152 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ful portions of Fairmount Park. It comprises a series of ra¬ vines and hills of the most picturesque character, stretching northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schuyl¬ kill in bold and beautiful cliffs and promontories, which are the delight of the artist. At every turn the visitor is confronted with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag- ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING. nificent and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect. Within the limits of the East Park are several of the old time country-seats, which were once so thick in this region. Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of these is Fountain Green , near the lower end of the reservoir. It was OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 153 once the residence of Samuel Meeker, and was built in the latter part of the last century. North of this, between the reservoir and the Reading Railroad, is Mount Pleasant , a line stone mansion, built some years before the Revolution by Cap¬ tain John McPherson. During the wars between Great Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING. century, Captain McPherson commanded several privateers be¬ longing to the port of Philadelphia. He was a bold and suc¬ cessful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes as “ the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania.” McPherson sold 154 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the house soon after the opening of the Revolution, and it was purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command at Philadelphia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children, retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his treason, the State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life-interest in the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 1796, the new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant officer of the Revolution, and subsequently the first Superin¬ tendent of the Military Academy at West Point. From the fall of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house w r as the head-quarters of Baron Steuben, of the American army. Just south of Laurel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a park restaurant. It is a popular place of resort for the people of Philadelphia, and is admirably conducted. The view from the heights on which the mansion is located is magnificent. Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. David’s, a fishing club-house, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timber which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects. The Wissahickon Park Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from the mouth of Wissahickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance of seven and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along both banks of the river, and is less than an eighth of a mile in width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of the park. Nature has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that there is nothing for art to do in its behalf. The Wissahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise up steeply on either shore and in some places almost overhang it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by heavy rains or the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely any motion at all. ‘‘Along the whole course of this romantic OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 155 fitream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appear¬ ance. The waters leap along seeking the great river by devious courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic THE HERMIT’S WELL. Impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and lofty trees which shade the pathway or let occasional gleams of brightness flash through the gorges.” A short distance above the Falls is Wissahickon Hall , a house well known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Above this are the Maple Spring , Valley Green , and Indian Rock 156 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. hotels. Above Maple Spring is Washington's Rock, a favorite resort of the father of his country during his residence in Philadelphia as President of the United States. On the opposite side of the Wissahickon, and beyond the limits of the park, is “The Hermit’s Well/’ dug by Johann Kelpius, a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar sect hero towards the close of the seventeenth century. “Johann Kelpius emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, and with him forty others; they*settled on the Ridge, the range of hills on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millen¬ nium. But he was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his followers—the rest having disbanded—were afterwards known as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed them. “A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit’s Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover’s Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred feet above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelpius. It is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive here.” The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above Washing¬ ton’s Rock, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, on the west side of the creek. A short distance above the bridge the stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a small creek “ which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the Wissahickon. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular descent of about twenty feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Ritten- house was born, and near its source the first paper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond these- points the road reaches a bridge—the Red Bridge—over which it crosses to the opposite bank of the stream. About a mile PRINCIPAL DEPOT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, WEST PHILADELPHIA, 158 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY further, another road leaves the park road and, crossing the stream by a bridge, takes you to the Monastery. When and by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears to have been built about 1750. It stands on high ground on the brow of a hill, with a range of hills towering above it. A lane winds round the bend of the bluff and, climbing its steep side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and the uplook from the romantic dell below are magnificent. In the valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known as the Bap¬ tistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their dead. “A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them was excavated by miners seeking for treasures; the other caves are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond—three and a half miles above its mouth—the stream is crossed by a beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in ma¬ sonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden bridge spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The Devil's Pool , where Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down, forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near; upon moonlight nights nothing can equal the numerous fairy-like figures and grotesque outlines and shadows that play in the silent and fantastic light. “ It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood; a portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still be seen in close proximity. “A short distance further on is VaUey Green , with its hotel OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 159 Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has only one arch, and its reflection is so per¬ fect that on fine days we see an entire oval of masonry instead of a single arch. “ Proceeding a short distance through a deeper and more mountainous course of the stream, we reach a point of celebrity, known as Indian Rock, the abode and hunting-grounds of the last tribe of the Indian race in this region. Upon a lofty and peculiarly shaped rock is seen the figure of their chief, Todyas- cuny, or Todawskim, who, with the remains of his people, left for the hunting-grounds of the West above an hundred years ago.”* Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the park is reached, in the bright, open country about Chestnut Hill. HEMLOCK GLEN ON THE WISSAHICKON. The West Park. The West Park commences at Spring Garden street, on the west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the Falls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow strip, a large part of which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been * Mageda JUuatrated Guide to Philadelphia, pp. 103, 104. 160 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY assigned to the Zoological Society for their Zoological Garden . This is the portion formerly known as Solitude, the country-seat of John Penn, to which reference has been made in another part of this work. Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching away from the entrance at the bridge to George’s Hill, two miles distant. This is its widest portion. The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fair- mount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known as Egglesfield. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 161 Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at one time a member of Congress from Philadelphia. Farther on, about a mile and a quarter from Girard avenue bridge, are Lansdowne Plateau and Lansdowne Concourse, the grounds lately occupied by the Centennial Exhibition. The Lans¬ downe Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1854. It stood near the group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to Belmont and George’s Hill. The mansion was built by John Penn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided in it during the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated by the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained the Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it to his widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief-Justice Allen. In 1797 it was purchased by William Bingham, the first United States Senator from Pennsylvania. He lived in great style, and the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashbur¬ ton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from whom it was purchased by the Park Commission. Beyond Lansdowne is Georges Hill , a beautiful elevated tract of eighty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George and his sister, well-known and respected members of the Society of Friends. The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateau, the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater. The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower part of the park on both sides of the river is in sight, with the city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water. The road from George’s Hill leaves the reservoir on the right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to Belmont y one of the most prominent points within the limits of the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose 11 FAIRMOUNT PARK FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE. 162 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 163 father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and built the first house which stood there. This venerable build¬ ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies’ restaurant of the present establishment. Richard Peters, the son of the founder of the estate, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there until his death in 1828. He served with distinction as an offi¬ cer of the American army during the Revolution, was subse¬ quently a Commissioner of the War Office, and after the estab¬ lishment of the present government of the United States was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the United States Dis¬ trict Court. He was one of the most prom¬ inent men of his day in Pennsylva¬ nia, and was the in¬ timate friend of Washington, Jeffer¬ son, Hancock, the Adamses, and others of the “ fathers of the republic.” He was as well known for his wit as for his more solid attain¬ ments, and his resi¬ dence was the resort of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners of distinction who were his guests were Lafayette, Steuben, Chas- tellux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe. The mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river, and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant city. DRINKING-FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHICKON. A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to 164 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the shore of the Schuylkill. Here the visitor is shown a small cottage which was the summer residence of Thomas Moore, the poet, during his stay in this country in 1804. Adjoining the Belmont Mansion is the Sawyer Observatory, one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory rises from the Belmont plateau, which is over 200 feet above tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the highest point of the Centennial buildings. It was constructed by the inventor, Mr. L. B. Sawyer, of Boston. The trunk of the obser¬ vatory is a wrought-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at the bottom and three feet in diameter at the top, constructed by the Whittier Machine Company of Boston. This tower is set in a foundation of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet deep, laid in cement and dressed with granite. On the upper dressing of granite, which is one foot thick, there is ribbed iron plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fast¬ ened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a half. This ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observatory. The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attached to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also riveted to the central shaft. The top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered, and is capable of accommodating comfortably about thirty pas¬ sengers. The sides are almost entirely of glass and small iron bars, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the surroundings while they are ascending. The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine5 by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These ropes pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, connected with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inch cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The ropes pass up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 165 or shives, and down outside the shaft. They are attached to the car at four points. Outside the shaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the same diameter at the top as at base, and intended to serve the two-fold object of guiding and supporting the car and strength¬ ening the tower. The car runs on four guides, or points, which form a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total strength of eighty-eight tons. The car and its thirty passengers are estimated to weigh about six tons. The car itself is counter¬ balanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons, and the total weight to be raised, therefore, is about three tons. Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly four times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of all of the ropes there are four separate “ checks ” provided, any one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward passage of the car on the instant. By means of a powerful spring the breakage of the rope itself is made the means of throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wrought- iron clutch to the guide, which will stop the car immediately. The car when near the top encircles a gallery two and a half feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with a wire net work. From this gallery the visitors ascend by means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also enclosed with a wire netting, thus excluding the possibility of any one falling or jumping from it. From this point a flagstaff, thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or 130 persons comfortably. At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building about sixty feet square, of an ornamental style of architecture, after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwartzman, architect of the Cen¬ tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices, engine-room, reception-rooms for ladies, etc. It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security, and to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is 166 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. braced by eight guys of galvanized iron rope, an inch and a quarter in diameter, and each capable of sustaining twenty tons, anchored in masonry ten feet deep. The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total cost was $40,000. The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adults, and 10 cents for children. Beyond Belmont the main road passes through one of the finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount Prospect, a point from which a most extensive view of the park, the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond this the road passes to Chamouni, at the northern limit of the park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Falls bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickon. During the Exhibition, the park was reached from the city by the Pennsylvania and Beading Railroads, the depot of the former line being at the Elm avenue entrance to the Exhibition grounds, and those of the latter at the foot of the hill on which stood Memorial Hall, and at the foot of Belmont hill. A num¬ ber of street railway lines also led to the park and the Exhibition grounds. Steamboats plied regularly on the Schuylkill between Fairmount, just above the dam, and the various landings within the park limits below the Falls. CHAPTER Y. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. Origin of Industrial Exhibitions—The First French Exhibitions—The Ex¬ hibitions at Paris in 1844 and 1849—The Dublin Exhibition of 1827—The First International Exhibition, held at London, in 1851—The Crystal Palace—The New York Exhibition of 1855—The French Exhibition of 1855—The Palace of Industry—The Manchester and Florence Exhibi¬ tions—The London Exhibition of 1862—Other Displays—The Paris Exhi¬ bition of 1867—Other Exhibitions—The Vienna Exhibition of 1873. IEFORE relating the history of the Centennial Exhibi¬ tion, it will be interesting to glance at the great Ex- J hibitions which preceded it on both sides of the Atlantic. The first Industrial Exhibition of which we have any authentic account was held in France, during the stormy period of the Revolution. In 1797 the Marquis d’Avize was appointed Commissioner of the Royal Manufactories of the Gobelins, of Sevres, and of the Savounerie. Upon entering upon the duties of his office, he found the workmen reduced nearly to starvation by the neglect of the two previous years, while the storehouses, in the meantime, had been filled with their choicest productions. He conceived the idea of estab¬ lishing an Exhibition of the large store of tapestries, porcelains, and carpets, thus accumulated by the government; and the ^consent of the government to this plan being obtained, prepa¬ rations were made for holding the Exhibition in the Chateau of St. Cloud. In the meantime the Marquis was obliged to quit France in consequence of a decree of the directory ban¬ ishing the nobility from the country, and the Exhibition scheme proved a failure. The next year, 1798, the Marquis returned to France, and, reviving his plan, this time on a larger scale, 167 168 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY collected a considerable number of beautiful and rare objects, and placed them on exhibition and sale in the buildings and gardens of the Maison d’Orsay. The Exhibition proved so suc¬ cessful that the scheme was at once adopted by the state, and at the close of the same year another Exhibition was held, under the authority of the government. This first official Exhibition took place on the Champs de Mars, a temporary building being erected for the purpose. One hundred and ten exhibitors took part in it, and the display embraced the most magnificent collection of objects of art and industry that Franco could produce. The government was so well pleased with the results of the Exhibition that it was announced by the Minister of the Interior that there would in future be an annual Exhibi¬ tion at Paris. The public disturbances, however, made it impossible to carry out this plan, and it was not until 1801 that the second official Exhibition was held. Napoleon was now First Consul. He entered heartily into the arrangements for the Exhibition, as he fully comprehended its advantages to the country. He visited the workshops and factories of the chief manufacturing towns of France, and urged upon the manufacturers the great importance to them- salves and to the country of giving to the plan their hearty co-operation. A temporary wooden building was erected in the court-yard of the Louvre, and in spite of the great diffi¬ culties in the wav, the Exhibition was a success. The exhib- itors numbered 229; among the exhibits was the now world- famous Jacquard loom. Ten gold, twenty silver, and thirty bronze medals were awarded as prizes, and the recipients of tho gold medal were formally entertained by the First Consul at a state dinner. The third French Exhibition was held in 1802, and, like its predecessor, occupied a temporary building, erected in the court¬ yard of the Louvre. The number of exhibitors was 540. Among the successful exhibitors were Montgolfier, the proto¬ aeronaut, Vaucanson, the inventor of the mechanical duck and the flute player; and Jacquard, the inventor of the loom which bears his name. The Exhibitions had now become so popular that OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 16-9 a “ Society of Encouragement ” was formed for the purpose of continuing them and of aiding the efforts of French manufac¬ turers. A fourth Exhibition was held in 1806 on the esplanade of the Hotel des Invalides. There were 1442 exhibitors. Among the articles exhibited were the printed cottons of Mulhausen and Logelbach, and silk and cotton thread, which were displayed for the first time. Among the prizes awarded were one for the manufacture of iron by means of coke, and another for the manufacture of steel by a new process. The wars of the Empire made further Exhibitions in France impossible, and it was not until some years after the downfall of Napoleon that they were revived. A fifth Exhibition was held in 1819, in the court-yard of the Louvre, the exhibitors numbering 1662. It was noticed that although the number of exhibitors showed but a slight increase as compared with the last Exhibition, the quality of the articles displayed had mate¬ rially improved. Other Exhibitions were held in the court¬ yard of the Louvre in the years 1823 and 1827, and in 1844 the tenth French Exhibition was held at Paris. Louis Philippe was King, and France had attained a degree of industrial prosperity greater than anything she had ever known before. The Exhibition was the most superb display that had ever been witnessed in Europe. An immense wooden building was erected for it in the Carr6 Marigny of the Champs Elysees by the architect Moreau; and in this edifice 3960 manufacturers displayed their wares. In 1849, though the country was still suffering from the effects of the Revolution of 1848, another and a still grander Exhibition was held. A larger and more imposing building than that of 1844 was erected in the Champs Elysees, under the supervision of the architect Moreau. It covered an area of 220,000 square feet, exclusive of an annex devoted to a display of agricultural products and implements. The Exhibition remained open sixty days; the number of ex¬ hibitors was nearly five thousand; and there were 3738 prizes awarded. The success of the French with their Exhibitions was such as 170 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY to encourage other nations to undertake similar enterprises. As early as 1827, the Royal Dublin Society held an Exhibition in their grounds, and this was so successful that the undertaking was repeated every three years until 1850. At a later period Exhibitions were held at Manchester, Leeds, and other places. in Great Britain. The Manchester Exhibition of 1849 was quite a notable affair. In 1845 an Exhibition was held at Munich, under the auspices of the King of Bavaria. Belgium THE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON EXHIBITION, 1851. nt an early day engaged in such enterprises, and her Exhibitions were both numerous and important. Austria, Snain, Portugal, Russia, Denmark and Sweden also held successful Exhibitions at various times. All these Exhibitions, however, were strictly national; that is, each was devoted to the display of the products of the country in which it was held. In 1849, M. Buffet, the French Minister OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 171 of Agriculture and Commerce, conceived the idea of holding an Exhibition of the products of all countries, and accordingly addressed a circular letter to various manufacturers on the sub¬ ject, asking their views. The replies received by him so thoroughly discouraged him that he abandoned his plan. The honor of holding the first International Industrial Exhi¬ bition belongs to England. The idea was first advanced by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, in his suggestion of an International Jubilee, “ to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their further exertions.” On INTERIOR VIEW OF THE TRANSEPT OF CRYSTAL, PALACE. the 30th of June, 1849, a meeting of the Society of Arts was held at Buckingham Palace, and to this body the Prince ex¬ plained his plan for a proposed International Exhibition of Competition, to be held in London in 1851, and suggested that the exhibits should be grouped under four main heads, namely, Raw Materials, Machinery and Mechanical Inventions, Manu¬ factures, and Sculpture and the Plastic Arts. At a subsequent meeting, held on the 14th of July, the same year, he proposed a plan of operations which included the formation of a Royal 172 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Commission, a scheme for the government of the Exhibition, the determination of a method of deciding and awarding the prizes, and for providing the funds necessary for carrying the plan into execution. His recommendations were adopted, and on the 3d of January, 1850, a Royal Commission, with Prince Albert at its head, was appointed. Architects of all countries were invited to submit competitive plans for the necessary buildings, and it was decided to rely upon voluntary contribu¬ tions for the means necessary to establish the Exhibition. Out of 233 plans submitted, the design of Mr. afterwards Sir Joseph Paxton was accepted by the Commission. This acceptance was made on the 6th of July, 1850, and was followed on the 26th, by the awarding of the contract for the erection of the buildings to Messrs. Fox & Henderson. On the 30th of July the con¬ tractors took possession of the site in Hyde Park granted by the government to the Exhibition; on the 15th of August the charter of incorporation was issued; and on the 26th of Sep¬ tember the first column of the great building was set up in its place. The work was pushed forward with vigor, and on the 1st of May, 1851—the day originally appointed—the Exhibition was opened with great pomp by the Queen. The building was of iron and glass, and presented a pleasing, and at that time a novel, combination of lightness, beauty and strength. Such an eminent authority as Fergusson awards it this high praise: “ No incident in the history of architecture was so felicitous as Sir Joseph Paxton’s suggestion. At a time when men were puzzling themselves over domes to rival the Pantheon, or halls to surpass those of the Baths of Caracalla, it was wonderful that a man could be found to suggest a thing that had no other merit than being the best, and, indeed, the only thing then known which would answer the purpose.” The building covered more than twenty acres; it had a length of 1851 feet and a height ranging from 64 to 104 feet. Its con¬ struction required 3500 tons of cast-iron, and 550 tons of wrought-iron ; 896,000 superficial feet, or 400 tons of glass ; and 600,000 cubic feet of wood. It cost about $850,000, the build¬ ing remaining the property of the contractors when the Exhibi¬ tion was over. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. ] 73 The International Exhibition of 1851 was a great success. It was open five months and fifteen days. More than $>200,000 had been received from the sale of season tickets previous to the opening. The total number of visitors was 6,170,000; the daily average being 43,536. The receipts amounted to $2,625,535, and an unexpended balance of $750,000 remained in the hands of the Commissioners when all the expenses were paid. The exhibitors numbered 13,937, of whom 6861 were from Great Britain, 520 from the Colonies, and 6556 from other countries. “CRYSTAL PALACE,” NEW YORK EXHIBITION, 1853. The awards were as follows: the Council Medal, the Prize Medal and a Certificate of Honorable Mention. They were distributed thus: Council Medals, 171; Prize Medals, 2954; and Certificates of Honorable Mention, 2123. The United States were represented by a small but creditable display, in estimating which it should be borne in mind that our country was then at the very commencement of its career in the higher departments of art and manufactures. Powers exhibited 174 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY his “ Greek Slave,” and “ Fisher Boy;” Nunn & Clark, of New York, and Jonas Chickering, of Boston, exhibited their pianos; Cornelius & Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited two superb gas chandeliers; a number of handsome carriages were shown ; and a very creditable display was made of agricultural implements and products. The success of the London Exhibition of 1851 gave rise to a number of similar projects on a smaller scale. In 1853 an International Exhibition was held at Dublin, a superb building of glass and iron being constructed for the purpose. The Ex¬ hibition was opened by the Viceroy of Ireland on the 12th of May, 1853. It was only partially international in character, but was deeply interesting and highly successful. In the same year an International Exhibition was also held in *New York. Its object was to compare the productions of America with those of other countries, with the hope of encour¬ aging American manufacturers and showing them their defi¬ ciencies. The manufacturers and artists of Europe joined heartily with those of our own country in the display, but in spite of these generous efforts the enterprise was a failure. An elegant building of glass and iron, generally known as the Crystal Palace, was erected at the intersection of the Sixth avenue and Forty-second street. The location is now enclosed as one of the parks of the city, and is known as Reservoir Square. The piece of ground secured for the purpose was too small, being but 445 by 455 feet in size. The building was octagonal in shape, changing at the height of twenty-four feet to a Greek cross, with low roofs in the four corners, and crowned in the centre by a dome rising to a height of 148 feet. The four corners of the building were octagon-shaped, and each front had two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall flagstaffs. The construction of iron columns, girders, etc., was similar to that of the London Crystal Palace of 1851, but the plan of the dome was original with the architects. The building covered 170,000 square feet, and there was also an annex, used for the display of works of art, covering an area of 33,000 square feet. The annex was two stories in height, and was 450 feet long and 21 feet broad. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 175 It was lighted from above, there being no windows on the sides. It was connected with the main building by two covered ways or wings, one story in height, in which the refreshment rooms were situated. The ceilings of the Crystal Palace were of glass, and were sustained by iron pillars. The prevailing style of architecture was Moorish ; the decorations were Byzantine. The ceilings were painted in white, blue, red, and cream color. There were three entrances, 147 feet wide. The central aisle was forty-one feet and the side aisles fifty-four feet in width. The dome was 100 feet across. The enterprise seemed doomed to misfortune from the first. The location was badly chosen, and the undertaking was hamp¬ ered with burdensome conditions. It was a private enterprise, being conducted by a joint stock company, and was without government recognition or assistance. It was regarded with jealousy by many of the American cities, which refused to take any part in it. The opening of the New York Exhibition was announced for early in June, but it did not take place until the 14th of July, 1853. President Pierce formally presided over the ceremonies in the presence of the heads of the various departments of the government of the United States, and of the Commissioners from Great Britain and other foreign countries. There were 4685 exhibitors represented in the Exhibition, of which 2083 were American. As far as the display was concerned, the Exhibition was a success, but its financial management resulted in failure. This failure caused serious loss and annoyance to many of the exhibitors. The Crystal Palace was used for various purposes for several years after the close of the Exhibition. In the fall of 1858, during the progress of the Annual Fair of the American Institute, the building took fire, and in half an hour was totally destroyed, together with all its contents. In 1854 a grand Exhibition was held at Munich, in which 7005 exhibitors from all parts of Germany took part. It was by far the most superb display of German art and industry ever witnessed, and remained without a peer until eclipsed by the ^76 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY German exhibit at Vienna in 1873. The building constructed on this occasion is still standing. It was designed by Herr Voit and is a superb structure of glass and iron, resembling m some respects the London Crystal Palace of 1851. It was of considerable size, being 850 feet in length, and about 85 feet m Napoleon III. was now Emperor of France, and that country PALACE OF INDUSTRY, PARIS EXHIBITION, 1855. was in the enjoyment of greater commercial prosperity than it had experienced for many years. The Emperor therefore re¬ solved to undertake an International Exhibition on a grander scale than any that had yet been given. An Imperial Com¬ mission was organized, with Prince Napoleon as President, on the 24th of December, 1853, and the work of preparing the buildings was immediately begun. The Emperor wisely deter- OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 177 mined that the main edifice should be a permanent structure, and of such a character that it should not only reimburse the state for its outlay upon it by its future usefulness after the close of the Exhibition, but that it should also be an ornament to the beautiful city in which it was to stand. A site was selected in the Carre Marigny of the Champs Elysees, and a permanent edifice, known as the Palace of Industry, was erected. It was constructed of glass, stone, and brick, and is one of the principal ornaments of the Champs Elysees. It is 800 feet long and 350 feet wide. The walls of the Palace are of stone, so largely supplied with windows as to be more a system of arches than walls. The principal entrance is on the Avenue n. George McEwan, Esq., J. P., Dr. Schomburg, D. P., J. P., Caleb Peacock, Esq., J. P., B. D. Ross, Esq., M. P., J. P., E. S. Smith, Esq., M. P., J. P., Walter Hackel, Esq., I. A. Holden, Esq., J. P., S. V. Pozey, Esq., C. J. Coates, Esq., F. G. Waterhouse, Esq., C. I. Coates, Honorary Secretary. Cape of Good Hope —Mr. C. Crawford Coates, Executive Commissioner and Agent, Philadelphia. Greece —Dr. Botassis, Special Representative, Consul-General, New York. Guatemala and Salvador —His Excellency Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. Honduras —Governor Don Francisco Bardales, General Don E. de Salignac, Don Jose Maria Fiallos, Don J nan Ramon Valenzuela. Resident Commissioners —> Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C.; T. Ansoatigin, Consul, New York. Italy —II. E. Baron Blanc, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C.; Count B. Litta, First Secretary of Legation, Washington, D. C.; M. Angelo Gianelli, Agent, Philadelphia. Japanese Empire —His Excellency Okubo Toshimichi, Minister of the Interior and Privy Counsellor, President; His Excellency Lieutenant-General Saigo Yorimichi, Imperial Army, Vice-President; Mr. Kawase .Elide ham, Vice-President Bureau of Agriculture and Industry, Commissioner-General; Mr. Tanaka Yoshio, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Sekizawa Akekio, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Yamataka Nobuakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shioda Masashq Bureau of Industry; Mr. Ishihara Toyoyasu, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Ishida Tametake, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Yamao Tsunetaro, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Kubo Hiromiehi, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Notomi Skejiro, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shibata Hireshi, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Makivama Kobe, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Ishii Yoshitaka, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Asahi Nobori, Ministry of the Interior; Mr. Kawara Noritachi, Bureau of Industry; Mr, Sasashe Motoakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Takeda, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; Mr. Sugiyama Katsunari, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Hitaka Giro, Lieutenant Imperial Army ; Mr. Omori Ieliiu, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; Mr. Asami Tadatsune, Bureau of Agii culture and Industry ; Mr. Fukui Mokoto, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; Mr. Fritz Cunlifle Owen, Attache, Philadelphia. Liberia —J. S. Payne, Esq., Monrovia; Edward S. Morris, Esq., Consul, Philadelphia. 260 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Mexico —Mr. Romero Rubio, President, city of Mexico; Ramon y Alcaraz, city of Mexico; Gabriel Mancera, city of Mexico; Rafael Martinez de la Torre, city of Mexico ; Julio Zarate, city of Mexico ; Antonio del Castillo, city of Mexico; Sebastian Camacho, city of Mexico; Eduardo E. Zarate, Secretary, city of Mexico. Special Commissioner, Mr. E. Avila, Washington, D. C. Netherlands —Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer, Honorary Professor, Secretary of the Dutch Society of Sciences, Director of the Society for the Advancement of Industry in the Netherlands, President, Haarlem ; F. de Casembroot, Rear Admiral Aid-de-camp in Extraordinary Service to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, and Member of the States General, Second Chamber, The Hague; A. H. Eigeman, Industrial President of the Society of Dutch Indus¬ trials, Leiden; P. Harsten, Chairman of the Amsterdam Board of Commerce, Amsterdam; J. E. Van Heemskerck Van Beest, Dutch Royal Navy, The Hague; Dr. W. T. A. Jonckbloet, President of the Committee of Superin¬ tendence of the Academy of Imitative Arts, Amsterdam; D. Van der Kel- len, Jr., Member of the Administration Society Arti et Amicitice, Amsterdam; L. C. Van Kerkwyk, Pensioned Lieutenant-Colonel Corps of Engineering, Member of the Council of Administration of the Royal Institution of En¬ gineers, The Hague; M. M. de Monchy, President of the Board of Commerce, Rotterdam; Dr. J. Th. Mouton, Vice President of the Society to Promote Manufactures and Trade-Industry in the Netherlands, The Hague; C. T. Van der Oudermeulen, President of the Dutch Society of Agriculture, The Hague; Baron W. G. Brantsen van de Zyp, LL. D., Lord in Waiting to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, Arnheim ; Dr. M. W. C. Gori, Doctor of Medi¬ cine, late Medical Officer of the Netherlands Army, Ophthalmic Surgeon, Amsterdam; R. C. Burlage, Consul-General of the Netherlands, New York; L. Westergaard, Consul of the Netherlands, Philadelphia; C. Muysken, Civil Engineer, Secretary, Haarlem. Norway —Herman Baars, Bergen; William C. Christopherson, Buenos Ayres; Gerhard Gade, United States Consul, Christiania. Peru —Jose Carlos Tracy, President, New York; Frederick L. Barreda, Edward Villena, Charles Nasy. Russia —Privy Councillor Butoffsky, President; Privy Councillor Kobeko, Director; Councillor of State Yermakof, Vice-Director of the Department of Commerce and Manufactures; Councillor of State Vijshnegradsky, Director of the Technological Institute; Councillor of State, Beilsky, Special Official Department of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General; Coun¬ cillor of State Podobiedof, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures ; Councillor of State Ilin, Professor in the Technological Insti¬ tute; Councillor of State Behr, Special Official, Ministry of Finance; Coun¬ cillor of the College Timiriazef, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures. Sandwich Islands —Hon. S. G. Wilder, Minister of the Interior, Honolulu; Hon. J. U. Kawainui; Elisha H. Allen, Jr., New York. Siam —J. H. Chandler, Commissioner, Bangkok. Spain —Colonel Lopez Fabra, Royal Commissioner-General; Don Joaquin Oliver, Secretary; Don Alvarado de la Gandara, Director of the Industrial SCEKE HEAR TYRONE, ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 261 262 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Department; Count del Donadio, Director of the Department of Fine Arts - Don Jose Jordana y Morera, Director of the Agricultural Department. Chiefs of Bureaus— Don Enrique Brotons, Don Alfredo Escobar, Don Enrique Borrell. Chiefs of Installation —Don Bernardo Forzano, Don Francisco Foranzo, Don Francisco Parody, Interpreter; Don Juan Morphy, Consul-General of Spain, Member of the Commission ; Don Julian A. Principe, Vice-Consul, Attache; Don Miguel Gonzales, Attache ; Don Jose Fonrodona, Attache. Sweden— P. A. Bergstrom, late Minister of Interior, President Board of Domains, President, Stockholm; C. O. Troilius, Director-General of Govern¬ ment Railways, Vice-President, Stockholm; F. L. von Dardel, Director- General Board of Public Buildings, Stockholm ; Ch. Dickson, M. D., Goteborg; Baron A. H. E. Fock, Chief of Board of Controls, Stockholm ; Professor F. W. Seholander, Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm; C. F. Luntjstrom, Manufac¬ turer, Stockholm; N. H. Elfving, Consul-General, Stockholm; S. Stenberg, Professor Carolinian Medico-Chirurgical Institution, Stockholm ; A. R. Acker¬ man, Professor of School of Mines, Stockholm ; J. Bolinder, Manufacturer, Stockholm; J. Lenning, Manufacturer, Norrkoping; C. L. Lundstrom, Manu¬ facturer, Goteborg; Ch. G. Breitholtz, Colonel of Artillery, Stockholm; IC. Peyron, Captain in the Navy, Chamberlain, Stockholm; E. Widmark, Chief of the Board of Public Education, Stockholm ; H. Widegren, Superintendent of Fisheries, Stockholm; P. E. Sidenbladh, Secretary of the Central Board of Statistics, Stockholm ; V. Norman, Captain of Engineers, Secretary, Stock¬ holm ; E. Brusewitz, Engineer, Mining and'Metallurgy. Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia— C. Julilin Dannfelt, Commissioner- General, Stockholm ; L. Westergaard, Consul, Assistant Commissioner, Phila¬ delphia ; Dr. J. Ph. Lindahl, Secretary, Lund; M. Isaeus, Architect, Stock¬ holm; W. Hoffstedt, Engineer, Stockholm; A. E. Jacobi, Engineer, Stock¬ holm. Special Commissioners —C. J. Meijerberg, Superintendent of Primary Schools, Educational Department, Stockholm; G. W. Bergman, Captain of Artillery, Army Department, Stockholm ; Baron O. Herinelin, Fine Art Department, Stockholm. Switzerland —Colonel H. Rieter, Commissary-General, Winterthur; Dr. Emile Schumacher, Assistant Commissioner; N. I. Andersson, Professor Royal Academy of Science, Educational Department; Arnold Steinmann, Secretary of Commerce, Zurich ; Dr. Adolph Hirsch, Director of the Observatory, Neuf- chatel; Colonel Siegfried, Chief of the Federal Topographical Bureau, Berne; Dr. Frederic de Tochudi, St. Gall; Mr. Edward Guver, Secretary-General, Zurich ; Mr. John Icely, Engineer, Basle; Mr. Rud. Koradi, Consul, Resident Commissioner, Philadelphia. Tunis —His Excellency Sidi Heussein, General of Division, Minister of Instruction and Public Works, President. Turkey —His Excellency G. d’Aristarchi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Wash¬ ington, D. C. Venezuela —Mr. Leon de la Cova, Consul, 218J Walnut street, Philadel¬ phia , Dr. Adolphus Ernst, Professor University at Caracas. CHAPTER VIII. THE WORK OF THE RAILROADS AND THE HOTELS. Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia—Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States—Settlement of the Question of Fares— Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia—How the Ex¬ hibition Grounds were reached from the City—The Pennsylvania Railroad —Magnificent Equipment of the Road—The Model Railroad of the Union— Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad—The Schuylkill Steamboats—The Street Railway Arrangements—Cabs and Carriages—Reg¬ ulations concerning them—The Philadelphia Hotels—The Centennial Lodg¬ ing-House Agency—Boarding Houses—Suburban Hotels. S the successful transportation and accommodation of the millions of visitors who were present at the Exhibition is justly regarded as one of the greatest triumphs con¬ nected with the great undertaking, and as one of the most signal evidences of American executive ability, we propose to devote a few pages to a review of this subject. The arrangements for transporting visitors from the various parts of the country to Philadelphia were admirable. The bulk of the passenger traffic was controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the most perfect organization of its kind in this country. By its main line visitors were brought from all parts of the West, and were set down at the Exhibition doors. By its New Jersey Division visitors from New York and the Eastern States were brought to the same spot. This company granted the use of the new depot it had erected opposite the Exhibition grounds to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Balti¬ more Railroad, by which visitors from the South and Southwest reached the Exhibition. The Philadelphia & Reading Rail¬ road Company erected a new passenger station within the limits of the Park, at the foot of the hill on which Memorial Hall 263 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 265 stands. Passengers from central Pennsylvania and the West could reach the Exhibition gates by this road, without loss of time. The officials of all the railroads terminating in Philadelphia were busy for months preparing for the increased amount of travel which the Exhibition would draw to that city. Their tracks were overhauled and put in order; new cars were built; and every arrangement made by which the comfort and safety of large bodies of travellers could be secured. By the arrange- TRACK TANK, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. ments put in force 145,000 visitors could be transported daily from the various points of the Union to Philadelphia. A few months before the opening of the Exhibition a meeting of the General Ticket Agents of the great trunk lines between Philadelphia and the West was held at Louisville, Kentucky, to consider the question of fares. Nearly every principal road in the Union was represented, one hundred agents being in attendance. They agreed upon a system of excursion tickets 266 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY from various points to Philadelphia at rates about twenty-five per cent, below the usual fares. Later in the season the fares were still further reduced in consequence of a “ railroad war ” between the leading lines of the country. The Pennsylvania road, the New Line from New York to Philadelphia, the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore, the BLOCK SIGNAL STATION, PENNSYLVANIA KAILROAD. Philadelphia & Reading, and the North Pennsylvania Railroads also made liberal arrangements for numerous excursion trains from points on their roads to the Exhibition grounds, and made generous reductions in the fares. The extraordinary arrangements made by the Pennsylvania Railroad for transporting passengers from all parts of the Union to Philadelphia will warrant a brief reference to this great OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 267 " American institution,” at this point. It was begun in 1846 and completed in 1854. “It was,” says Mr. Sipes, in his interesting account of the road, “constructed in a superior manner, and with the improvements since made, is undoubtedly the most perfect road in America. Notwithstanding it had to overcome the great Allegheny mountains, a barrier which for a quarter of a century had been considered insurmountable by a railroad without inclined planes, yet it was carried across by engineering skill with a facility really astonishing. The road commences a gradual ascent at Harrisburg, where it is 310 feet above tide, and rises regularly. At Lewistown it is 480 feet above tide; at Huntingdon it has ascended to 610 feet; at Tyrone it has climbed to an altitude of 886 feet; and at Altoona, where it reaches the base of the mountain proper, it is at an elevation of 1168 feet. Up to this point the heaviest gradient per mile has not exceeded twenty-one feet. From a short distance west of Altoona this gradient is increased to ninety-five feet per mile on straight lines, and eighty-two feet per mile on curves. Thus ascending, it reaches its culminating point at the west end of the great tunnel, where its altitude above tide is 2161 feet. Its maximum gradient is twenty-one feet per mile less than the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is equalled by several railroads in the New England States. The highest gradient west of the tunnel is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per mile, and the average gradient on that end is twenty-six and four-tenths feet per mile. At Johnstown the elevation above tide is 1184 feet; at Greensburg it is 1091 feet; and at Pitts¬ burgh it is 748 feet, being 438 feet higher at its western ter¬ minus than at Plarrisburg, where it commences to overcome the barrier presented by the mountains.” The Pennsylvania Railroad extends from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, with a number of branches, giving it a total mileage of 888 miles. By the purchase of the New Jersey, Camden & Amboy, and Philadelphia & Erie Railroads, an additional mileage of 763 miles was gained, making the total number of miles owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1651, and giving it outlets at New York and upon Lake Erie. A THE ITORSE-SHOE CURVE, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 269 number of branches or feeders had been acquired west of Pitts¬ burgh, by lease and purchase, extending the line of the road to Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Louisville. In order to simplify and render more efficient the management of these wes¬ tern connections, a charter was procured from the Legislature of Pennsylvania incorporating the “ Pennsylvania Company,” to which all the interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Pittsburgh were transferred on the 1st of March, 1871. The Pennsylvania Railroad retained a controlling interest in the new company. The total number of miles of road owned and controlled by the “Pennsylvania Company” is 1715. The Pennsylvania Railroad has also a controlling interest in the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, better known as “The Panhandle Route,” which with its connections embraces a total of 1150 miles, and in the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, with a mileage of 238 miles. Thus the total number of miles of railroad owned, operated or controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is 6615. It will be seen from this showing that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the largest and most powerful corporation in the world. The main line of the Pennsylvania road is in all respects the most splendid piece of railroad engineering in America. The road-bed is perfect and the track is laid with a solidity and care that render a high rate of speed compatible with safety. The discipline is of the most rigid and thorough character, and a faithful performance of duty is exacted from every employe. The rolling stock is mainly constructed at the company’s shops at Altoona. The passenger trains are supplied with the “ West- inghouse Air-brake,” and are lighted with gas. The cars are handsome and are luxuriously upholstered. The sleeping and parlor cars are of the Pullman class, and “Pullman Hotel Cars,” in which meals are furnished passengers while the train is in motion, have recently been placed on the line. The “Wharton Patent Switch” is used on the entire line, and furnishes a perfect guard against accidents from misplaced switches. 270 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY During the six months of the Exhibition the passenger traffic over the Pennsylvania Railroad was enormous. From the Jersey City depot, 22,917 trains were started westward, made up of 127,080 cars and carrying about 7,500,000 passengers for Philadelphia and the West. These figures include the travel BRYN MAWE HOTEL, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. in one direction only. The travel in both directions is esti¬ mated at between 12,000,000 and 13,000,000 passengers. This immense throng was safely and comfortably transported without an accident, or the injury of a single passenger. The largest number of passengers arriving at the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania road was on the 19th of October, when 33,919 passengers were landed there. On the 26th of October 32,993 passengers arrived at this depot, and on the 28th of September the arrivals numbered 31,563. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 271 The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad had, as we have stated, a depot in the Exhibition grounds. It had a large and popu¬ lous section of the State of Pennsylvania to draw from, and also secured through its city lines a large daily local travel. The following is a statement of the passenger traffic by this road from May 10th to November 1st, the figures representing the travel to and from the Exhibition grounds: May, 831,370; June, 981,997; July, 1,142,308; August, 1,113,135; Septem¬ ber, 1,596,550; October, 1,600,000; November, 800,000. Total, 8,065,360. Of this number 2,773,669 were classed as city travel, proportioned as follows: May, 169,296; June, 307,503; July, 306,081; August, 388,970; September, 801,819; Octo¬ ber, 800,000. Total, 2,773,669. This table includes about 200,000 passengers which, under a strict construction of the words, might not be classed as city travel, but this amount is made up by the traffic of the last ten days of the Exhibition, not included in the above. Of this large number it is esti¬ mated that 1,400,000 were on the Ninth and Green line, 720,000 on Broad street, and 560,000 on the Richmond branch. Deducting the ordinary amount of travel during the same time in other years, 4,500,000, it leaves nearly a million increase in the travel from outside points to Philadelphia. For the accommodation of Centennial travel 110 passenger cars were built, 21 were borrowed, 78 freight, 12 baggage, and 12 gon¬ dola cars were impressed into the service. Altogether, 324 passenger cars were used in the travel. The largest number of passengers carried on any single day by the Reading road was 185,000, on September 28th, Penn¬ sylvania Day. Not an accident occurred on this road during the progress of the Exhibition. In this connection we may appropriately quote the business transacted by the Narrow Gauge Road in the Exhibition grounds. The number of daily trains w r as eight, each train making fourteen trips per day, and the number of persons carried was as follows: MAIN entrance to the exhibition grounds. 272 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 273 May 15 to 31. 125,363 June.:. 505,704 July. 460,558 August. 589,334 September.1,054,465 October.1,048,718 Total to November 1.3,784,142 The largest number was carried on September 28th, Penn¬ sylvania Day, viz., 68,273. The street car lines leading from the city to the Exhibition were taxed to their utmost capacity, but were found fully equal to the strain put upon them. The Exhibition buildings were located on the west bank of the Schuylkill, about two and a- half miles from the centre of the city. The Schuylkill is crossed by ten bridges, all of which were used as approaches to the Centennial grounds. Four of these were used exclusively by steam railroads, a fifth by a steam railroad and horse vehi¬ cles, and the remaining five by horse vehicles and pedestrians. The Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads ran frequent trains from their city depots to their stations in the Exhibition grounds. The fare on each road was ten cents. The travel by these lines was enormous. A line of steamers ran at intervals of fifteen minutes from Old Fairmount to the landing at the Exhibition grounds. The fare was ten cents. Hacks, cabs, omnibuses, and other vehicles were provided in abundance, with a capacity for transporting 60,000 passengers daily. The fare by these vehicles averaged fifty cents per passenger. The street railway system of Philadelphia is admitted to be the best in the world. All the prominent lines extended their tracks to the entrances to the Exhibition grounds on Elm avenue, thus bringing all parts of the city into direct commu¬ nication with the Exhibition. A well-devised system of tracks was laid on Elm and Belmont avenues by which the hundreds of cars were enabled to arrive and depart without crowding or confusion. The various street car lines transported on the opening day of the Exhibition over 200,000 people without a single accident. 18 274 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The fare from any part of the city to the Exhibition grounds, by these lines, was seven cents, or four tickets for twenty-five cents, these tickets being good on all the city roads. The fare for children under ten years of age was four cents. It is estimated that the total business of the street car lines running to the Exhibition amounted during the six months of the Exhibition to at least fifteen million passengers. The hotel accommodations proved equal to the demand upon them. The hotels of Philadelphia rank among the best in the world. At each one preparations were made for accommodating large numbers of extra visitors during the Centennial season. Quarters were thus provided for 150,000 people per day. No advance was made in the prices of board or lodging, which were kept at the usual rates. The following is a list of the principal houses, including those built especially for the Exhibition season, their locations, accommodations and the rates charged : Number Number that HOTEL. Location. of can be accommo¬ Terms rooms* dated. per day. Continental . ..9th and Chestnut sts. . 500_ .1500. .. §4.50 Girard House. . .9th and Chestnut sts. . 400_ .1500. .. 3.50 Colonnade. . 314.... . 500. .. 3.50—5.00 Transcontinental .. .1200. Globe... ,. .Elm and Belmont avs. .1000.... La Pierre. ... .. .Broad, near Chestnut st. . 130.... . 325. .. 3.50—5.00 St. Cloud. .. .Arch, ah. 7th st... . 350. United States. . .42d and Columbia av. . 325.... . 600. .. 4.00 Hotel Aubrey. ...33d and Walnut sts . . 400.... .3000. Atlas. . .Elm av., op. Machinery Hall. .1500_ .3000. Grand Exposition .. . .Girard and Lancaster avs ... .1325... . Masonic Hall.. .. .Chestnut, ab. 7th st. St. Stephen’s. . .Chestnut, ab. 10th st. . 118.... . 350. Bingham. ...11th and Market sts. . 150.... . 400. Merchants’. .. .Fourth, bel. Arch st. . 300.... . 850. .. 3 00 Washington. .. .Chestnut, ab. 7th st. . 200.... . 450. American. .. .Chestnut, ab. 5th st. .. 300.... . 600. .. 3.00 St. Elmo. ..317 and 319 Arch st. . 225.... . 500. .. 2.50—3.00 Merchants’ House.. . .413 N. 3d st. Mansion House .... ...621 Arch st. . 100 ... sm Irving House. .. .915 Walnut st. . 200. .. 3.00—5.00 Guy’s. . .7th and Chestnut sts. . 60.... .150. West End.. .. .Chestnut, ab. 16th st. . 90 .. isn -f-t St. George’s. .. .Broad and Walnut sts ...... .. 4.50 In addition to these there were forty-five smaller hotels in operation during the Exhibition, with accommodations for about 8000 visitors, with prices ranging from $1.50 to $3.00 per day. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 275 In addition to the hotels were the boarding-houses, of which the city was full, and in which thousands were comfortably ac¬ commodated at reasonable rates during the Exhibition period. The majority of these houses were connected with the Centen¬ nial Lodging-House Agency ( Limited ), of Philadelphia. This company had a main office in Walnut street, and a number of branches in the city. Arrangements were made with numerous boarding-houses of the city to furnish board and lodging at fixed and moderate rates, and to accept in payment for the same from guests the tickets of the agency. These tickets were placed on sale at the leading railroad ticket offices of the United States and Canada. By purchasing a sufficient number of these tickets before leaving home, visitors provided themselves with certain accommodations in advance of reaching the city. An agent of the Lodging-House Company met each train upon its arrival at Philadelphia, and gave the necessary information to holders of tickets as to the location of their lodgings, the best means of reaching them, etc., and attended to the delivery of their baggage. Though some fault was found with this agency, it is believed, on the whole, to have worked satisfactorily. Besides the hotels and boarding-houses of Philadelphia, the vicinity of the city contained numerous hotels and suburban resorts, the majority of which were situated on the railways which led direct to the Exhibition grounds. These were several hundred in number, with excellent accommodations for over 20,000 guests. They were liberally patronized during the sum¬ mer, visitors to them having all the delights of a summer home in the country, and being able to reach the Exhibition by numerous trains in from half-an-hour to an hour. These places included such elegant and well-known resorts as Bryn Mawr, Ridley Park, Media, West Chester, Haddonfield, Beverly, Burlington, Norristown, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, and others. Six large hotels were built expressly for the Exhibition sea¬ son. These were the Globe, the Transcontinental, the United States, the Grand Exposition, the Hotel Aubrey, and the Atlas. The Hotel Aubrey was situated in West Philadelphia near the depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; the Grand Exposition was on Girard avenue, within a few squares of the Exhibition, and 276 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY During the Exhibition season, the Globe Hotel entertained between 250,000 and 300,000 guests; the Transcontinental entertained about 175,000 guests in the same period ; the United States, 125,000 guests; the Grand Exposition, 175,000 guests; the Atlas, 250,000; and the Hotel Aubrey from 80,000 to 100 , 000 . the others were immediately opposite the Exhibition grounds. With the exception of the Atlas, which consisted of a series of rough frame buildings, all were substantial structures. The six hotels contained 5050 rooms, and could accommodate 15,800 visitors. BRYN MAWR STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. CHAPTER IX. THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. Arrangements for the Opening—Programme Issued by the Centennial Com¬ mission—Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May—The Opening Day— The Rush to the Grounds—Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points—The Gates Thrown Open—The Grand Stands—A Brilliant Scene—Arrival of the President of the United States—Wagner’s Centennial March—Bishop Simpson’s Prayer — Whittier’s Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude- Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commission—The Centennial Cantata—Address of General Hawley—President Grant Declares the Exhi¬ bition Open—The Flag Unfurled—The President’s Tour Through the Buildings—The Starting of the Great Engine—Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds—Illumination of the City. ^/HE 10th of May, 1876, was the day appointed for the opening of the International Exhibition. On the 8th the Centennial Commission issued the following order: UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, International Exhibition , 1876, Philadelphia. Philadelphia, May 8 th y 1876. The United States Centennial Commission announces the following orders and programme for the opening of the Inter¬ national Exhibition on the 10th instant. The Commission, with the concurring counsel of the Board of Finance, instructed its officers to give formal invitations only to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with the Exhibition and to members of the press, by reason of the impossibility of discriminating among the numerous and gen¬ erous supporters of the enterprise. All the gates, except those at the east end of the Main Build¬ ing, will be open to the public at 9 A. M. at the established rate of admission. 277 278 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall will be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion of the ceremonies, about 1 P. M., when all restrictions will be withdrawn. The President of the United States will be escorted to the Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with a division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage concourse at the east end, or by the south-middle entrance on Elm avenue. The doors will be open to them at 9 A. M. They will pass to the platform in front of Memorial Hall through the north-middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy their places before 10.15 A. M. All the space in the vicinity of the platform, save what may be needed for passage, will be open to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession if they choose. The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus of one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck. PROGRAMME. 1. 10.15 A. M. —National Airs by the Orchestra. 2. 10.30—Arrival of the President of the United States. 3. Centennial Inauguration March, by Richard Wagner. 4. Prayer, by the Right Reverend Bishop Simpson. 5. Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier. Music, by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts. Organ and Orchestral accompaniment. 6. Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by the President of the Centennial Board of Finance. 7. Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia. Music, by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. Basso Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of Boston. 8. Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the President of the Centennial Commission. 9. Address by the President of the United States. 10. Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artillery and Ring¬ ing of the Chimes. 11. Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall. 12. Reception by the President of the United States in the Judges’ Pavilion. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 279 No flags or ensigns, except such as are permanently fixed in the buildings, will be displayed on the morning of the 10th until the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments and the bells will await the same notice. When the President of the United States declares the Exhi¬ bition open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George’s Hill, and the singing of the Hallelujah Chorus of Handel by the chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment. Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commis¬ sioners will pass into the Main Building and take places upon the general avenue opposite their respective sections. The President of the United States, conducted by the Director- General of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of the day, will pass through the Main Building. As the President passes the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and the whole body will move to Machinery Hall. On his way the President will be saluted by his military escort, formed in two lines between the buildings. In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as pos¬ sible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the machinery connected therewith. No further formal order of procession will be required. The President, and such of the guests as may choose to fol¬ low, will be escorted by way of the north main aisle of Ma¬ chinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the Judges’ Pavilion. The passage in return to the Main Building will be kept for half an hour. The President of the United States will hold a brief reception in the Judges’ Pavilion. Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exer¬ cises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building, and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be communicated to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey REPOT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD AT ALTOONA. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 281 is announced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear blue sashes. By order of the Centennial Commission. Joseph It. Hawley, President. John L. Campbell, Secretary . Philadelphia was in a whirl of excitement for several days previous to the 10th. The hotels began to fill up as early as the 7th, and by the night of the 9th were full to overflowing. On the 9th of May a steady rain fell during the day, but in spite of this Chestnut street was alive with people eager to be¬ hold the arrivals of distinguished visitors and the various visit¬ ing military organizations that came in during the day. Great anxiety was manifested lest the storm should continue through the next day and interfere with the opening ceremonies. To¬ wards nightfall the rain increased, and it seemed almost useless to hope for fair weather the next day. The dawn of Wednesday, May 10th, found the rain still fall¬ ing and the shy covered with heavy clouds in which no rift was visible. In spite of this, however, the city was lavishly and beautifully decorated with flags and streamers. Chestnut, Market and Walnut streets, and all the principal thoroughfares, were literally alive with flags. The stars and stripes were naturally the most prominent, but every nation of the globe was represented in the display. As the morning advanced the rain ceased, and about eight o’clock the sun shone out and soon scattered the clouds across the sky. From an early hour in the morning the street cars, steam ears and other conveyances to the Exhibition grounds were crowded, and long before nine o’clock, the hour for opening the gates to the public, arrived, the entrances were surrounded by dense throngs eager for admission. All through the morning excur¬ sion trains from New York, Baltimore, and points along the railroads leading to Philadelphia, were arriving at the Centen¬ nial depots of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads and I 282 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY discharging thousands of visitors to swell the crowds in the Exhibition grounds. “ Hundreds of those who waited at the gates, which were so soon to admit them to an assembled world, had not before been near the grounds since the enclosure had consisted only of a half-erected fence and the skeletons of a few of the larger build¬ ings ; and their looks of glad surprise and expressions of aston¬ ishment can easily be imagined by those who have had the good fortune to gaze upon the mighty cosmos in all its completed per 7 fection. The picture presented even from the outside of the grounds was interesting from its peculiarity, entertaining from its novelty, and bewildering from its dazzling variety. The inconceivable expanse of the Main Building, enriched through¬ out all its acres of length and breadth with the most brilliant decorations, was yesterday rendered doubly magnificent by the addition of myriads of flags of all colors, shapes, sizes and na¬ tions, and from every inch of available space floated red-white- and-blue streamers. The national and international insignias over the entrances were almost covered with the grouped banners of every nation, and even the golden motto, ‘ Virtue, Liberty, and Independence/ seemed to have grown brighter since the dawn of the 10th of May. Machinery Hall was less elaborately decorated than its neighbor, and the larger banners, like those on all the other buildings,‘were kept furled until the formal opening of the Exhibition. There were, however, myriads of miniature flags and streamers dancing in the breeze, and the great structure in which had been collected the triumphs of the inventive ingenuity of all races presented a gala appear¬ ance well befitting the occasion. The chaste, imposing beauty of Memorial Hall was enhanced by the gracefully-intertwined colors which decked the southern fagade, while far into the grounds could be seen countless thousands of furled standards and waving streamers. The arriving trains of the Pennsylvania Kail road came in quick succession, bringing thousands of pas¬ sengers from the Kensington and Washington avenue stations to swell the crowd already assembled, and the handsome depot south of Machinery Hall soon became a scene of fascinating OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 233 animation as the increasing visitors hastened out of the numer¬ ous cars and poured in living streams of humanity to the still- closed entrances. The arrival of trains at the same structure from points along the main line and its connections, bringing guests from New York, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and interme¬ diate stations, added new interest to the inspiriting scene, and the plateau between the building and the Centennial offices became almost immediately packed with men, women and chil¬ dren, all waiting anxiously for the hour of nine. The Philadel¬ phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad trains also landed at the Pennsylvania depot, bringing car after car loaded with pas¬ sengers. At the new depot erected by the Reading Railroad Company, at the foot of the bluff on which stands Memorial Hall, long trains of cars every few moments dashed in loaded with passengers from Broad and Callowhiil streets, Ninth street and Columbia avenue, and Ninth and Green streets stations, in addition to the thousands of visitors from Germantown, Norris¬ town, Reading, Pottsville, and more distant points. The wide platform of over fifteen hundred feet in length was continually covered with visitors, none of whom lost a moment in pressing onward to the various entrances. On these trains arrived al¬ most all of the one thousand choristers who had so long been preparing for their important part in the opening ceremonies, and so complete had been all the arrangements that all the singers were conducted to the seats they were to occupy without material delay. As the hour of nine approached, the throngs of visitors increased still more rapidly; and from the eastern end of the Main Building to the western boundary of the passenger railroad concourse the Elm avenue tracks were for the next half hour filled with incoming and outgoing street cars, and the roadway was crowded with rapidly-driven vehicles hastening to or returning from the carriage concourse. In spite of this con¬ stant danger to pedestrians, thousands of persons of both sexes, all ages and classes abandoned the closely-packed sidewalks and made their way along the street towards the main entrance. Every moment this method of locomotion became more difficult and more dangerous, until the once quiet avenue was converted 284 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY into an indescribable confusion of restive horses, yelling drivers, moving street cars, frantic old ladies, rumbling wagons, dis¬ tracted women, enthusiastic gamins and laughing children. The little folks were, of course, present in full force, and no amount of physical discomfort or personal danger seemed to INTERIOR OF A PARLOR CAR—EXHIBITED IN THE CARRIAGE BUILDING. disconcert them. They were out for a grand holiday, and, on the principle of ‘ the more the merrier/ they seemed to have found the height of juvenile felicity in the midst of this general melee. Belmont avenue presented much the same appearance, but as on this thoroughfare everybody was hastening in the same direction there was less confusion. The thousands assembled OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 285 and assembling represented every possible class of society, every profession, trade, or vocation in the world, and almost all the nations on the globe. Hundreds of men who had come from Other countries, either as exhibitors or as workmen, were mingled with the throng, and as most of them had again donned their national costumes in honor of the occasion, the moving spectacle was indeed one of rare interest. Americans and Eng¬ lishmen, Germans and French, Norwegians and Turks, Irish¬ men and Japanese, red Indians and dark-skinned Moors, Chinamen and Mexicans, Egyptians and Arabs, were all to be found mingled with the heterogeneous collection of humanity, and here, there, and everywhere at once were heard innumerable fakirs loudly expatiating on the incomparable virtues of their articles of merchandise. A certain proportion of the visitors so closely packed together were, of course, obliged to submit to no little personal inconvenience and more or less physical discom¬ fort; but the pleasure of being among the thousands who were to witness the final blossoming of the nation’s Centennial plant, and the general excitement and ever-changing variety of the wondrous display, overcame for the time the selfishness of weak human nature, and as the few churlish entities who at first scowled at the closed gates, growled at the heat, and sullenly glared at the incoming crowds, had either moved off to more congenial quarters or been compelled to forget their acerbity by the magnetic sympathy of exultant multitudes, the scene soon became one of universal good nature, pleasant anticipation, and general rejoicing.” At nine o’clock the entrances to the grounds were opened, and the people were admitted upon payment by each one of a fifty cent note or a silver half dollar. The multitude passed in rapidly, and soon the grounds were thronged. The crowds pressed up eagerly around the stands which had been erected for the accommodation of those who were to take part in the opening ceremonies. The site selected for the opening ceremonies was the open space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. A plat¬ form for the Centennial authorities, the President of the United 286 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY States and other distinguished guests was erected in front of the latter building, and another, rising like an amphitheatre from the level of the terrace in front of Memorial Hall to the second row of arches in the central pavilion of the Main Building, was provided for the accommodation of the orchestra and chorus of a thousand voices which were to render the musical portion of the exercises. The reserved places were jealously guarded by a detachment of the Centennial guard, and only persons provided with com¬ plimentary tickets were admitted to them. Every place was filled before the hour for the commencement of the ceremonies struck, and every available foot of ground without the enclosure was occupied by the public generally. On the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall were assembled the Congress of the United States, the Governors of a number of the States, officers of the army and navy of the United States, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, the Ministers from foreign countries, and a large number of distinguished persons from our own and other lands. The display of uniforms was brilliant, and the rich toilettes of the ladies on the stand gave to the scene a pleasing and picturesque aspect. The Emperor and Empress of Brazil were given seats on the central platform on the right of the chair reserved for the President of the United States. The decorations of the grand and orchestra stands, which were located directly opposite each other, were of the simplest description, consisting only of the colors of the United States and the various European nations. Hundreds of flags fluttered from the pinnacles of the Exhibition buildings, but the larger flagstaflfs were conspicuously bare. As the distinguished guests were seated, there was a slight commotion on the orchestra stand, and immediately Theodore Thomas took his place at the conductor’s desk, and waved his baton as a signal for the music to begin. Under the leadership of this master the orchestra rendered in fine style the national airs of all the nations represented in the exhibition. “After having stated,” says the Philadelphia Press , in its admirable account of the opening ceremonies, “ that the immense OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 287 multitude was composed of representatives of all civilized coun¬ tries on the globe, it is scarcely necessary to describe the effect of this succession of hymns which, in times past, had roused whole nations to activity, called to the defence of their country millions of brave men, sustained the drooping energies of soldiers on forced marches, stimulated them in battle, comforted the dying, infused new courage after defeat, and celebrated the most brilliant victories—national hymns which had been learned in childhood, loved in youth, and venerated in old age. Nor need it be added that as the first familiar strains of each air were touched by the orchestra more than one face became illuminated with looks of joyous recognition, and more than one mind reverted to times and scenes when the simple air sent the warm blood thrilling through his veins and made him worship the country he had already learned to love. The second selection, the Austrian national hymn, has long been familiar to citizens of all European and American governments, as it is much used in church music. But how widely different must have been the thoughts suggested by its sweet melody to different auditors ! To English and American citizens it recalled, not some great national occasion, but the holy sanctuary where on the concordant voices of devout worshippers paeans of praise were wafted heav¬ enward ; to the Austrians the same strains doubtless brought vividly to mind their country’s trials, dangers, and triumphs, and perhaps to not a few its harmonies were overpowered by the memory of terrible conflicts with their country’s foes, long hours of almost mortal suffering, rewarded at last by the consciousness of having been one of the few who bravely fought and yet lived to celebrate a glorious victory. When the Brazilian national hymn was played both the emperor and empress gave to the orchestra a look of glad surprise in recognition of the compli¬ ment, and then, as the musicians glided into the stirring ‘ Mar¬ seillaise,’ Americans and Frenchmen clasped hands, in spirit if not in reality, for this peerless national hymn is almost equally loved in both countries. Its martial measure and exciting strains are always infectious, but when played as the Thomas orchestra yesterday performed it the effect was irresistible. 288 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Among the throng were thousands who had either come direct from France or had been brought up in the land of the ‘ Mar¬ seillaise, and it was easy to see that, as the old familiar summons to the defence of Liberty was being grandly repeated, hundreds of the impulsive Frenchmen within sound of the orchestra would have danced for joy had there been room enough. But there was not, and the lovers of the noble hymn were compelled to content themselves with waving their hats, shouting 4 Vive la Franee/ and looking volumes. The Germans who had been anxiously waiting for the ‘Wacht am Rhine* were surprised though not disappointed when the familiar melody of ‘ Was ist JOHN WANAMAKER’8 NEW CLOTHINO HOUHK-MARKET 8T. des Deutschen Vaterland * reached their ears, and the beaming faces of hundreds who years and years ago had heard the same air sung as a lullaby by the long-silenced lips of a hallowed mother told how sacred the beautiful air had become. Grand old 4 Hail Columbia/ of course, met with the heartiest possible reception, and for the first time during the waiting hour the pressing, surging mass of humanity ceased their efforts to push their way still further forward, and stood silent and motionless, enjoying to the utmost the life of recollections and flood of emotions which this hymn had so suddenly called into new existence.” As the music ceased, a loud cheer rising from the entrance to OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 289 the grounds in the rear of Memorial Hall, proclaimed the arrival of the President of the United States and his Cabinet. The President was escorted from the city to the Exhibition by a division of 4000 troops, made up of the volunteers of the city and visiting detachments from other parts of the Union. The President was received with considerable enthusiasm as he reached the grand stand, and at once took the place reserved for him. He was followed by the members of the Cabinet and the distinguished persons who had come from the city with him. As the President, after acknowledging the greeting of the multitude, took his seat, there burst from the orchestra at a sign from Theodore Thomas the first strains of the grand Centennial Inauguration March composed for the occasion by Bichard Wagner. This magnificent composition was rendered with a fervency and thoroughness which only a leader and an orchestra who understand and love the great composer as perfectly as do Theodore Thomas and his band, could impart to it. It was listened to with breathless attention by the vast throng of over 100,000 people, and at the conclusion was greeted with loud and enthusiastic cheers. The music had scarcely ceased when Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, advanced to the front of the stand, and lifting up his hands, offered up the following impressive prayer: “ Almighty and everlasting God, our heavenly Father. Heaven is thy throne and the earth is thy footstool. Before thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou art the creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist, whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or powers. I he minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike attest the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy sway. “Thou alone art the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou raiseth up one and casteth down another, and thou givest the kingdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The past with all its records is the unfolding of thy counsels and the 19 290 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY realization of thy grand designs. We hail thee as our rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more. a We come on this glad day, O thou God of our fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise. We bless thee for thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, to a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures. “We thank thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved multiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. “We praise thee for the closing century, for the founders of the republic, for fhe immortal Washington and his grand asso¬ ciates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firm¬ ness and heroism, which, under thy blessing, led them to trium¬ phant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. “ We thank thee for social and national prosperity and pro¬ gress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools, free as the morning light for the millions of the rising genera¬ tion, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered by the trammels of State. “Bless, we pray thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of our several commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 291 them, we pray thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and diffi¬ culties for the success of this enterprise. “ May thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry and in the pro¬ gress of civilization. Preserve thou them, we beseech thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands. “Let thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in thy sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. Plereafter, we pray thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease among the sons of men. “May the new century be better than the past—more radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diver¬ sified interests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society. “We pray thy benediction especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race take so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light of their intelligence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, until, in distant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech thee. CHESTER VALLEY, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, AS SEEN FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA 292 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 293 Almighty Father, that our beloved republic may be strength¬ ened in every element of true greatness, until her mission is accomplished by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with a free church, in a free State, under laws of their own enactment and under rulers of their own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the King of kings and Lord of lords. And as thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of‘Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth and good will to men/ so to latest time may the mission of America, under Divine inspiration, be one of affec¬ tion, brotherhood and love for all our race. And may the coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian civilization. “And unto thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. Amen.” At the conclusion of the prayer Whittier’s Centennial Hymn , a fine, vigorous production, worthy of the genius of the poet, was sung by the chorus of one thousand voices, accompanied by the orchestra and the great organ erected at the north end of the central transept of the Main Building. The music for this poem was written by Mr. John K. Paine, of Massachusetts, and as the united voices rendered it the composition was exceedingly beautiful, though not of striking individuality. The sweet melody was accompanied by simple harmonies, which rolled forth upon the air like the gently- moving billows of old ocean in her most peaceful mood; and, as the sacred strains were heard, countless thousands, who had previously regarded the occasion as a grand day of joy and mirth, seemed to fully realize that the crowning hours of a century of independence had also a serious meaning, which should not be overlooked. The voices of the chorus were par¬ ticularly full and strong in every bar, and some of the higher 294 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY chords could be distinctly heard for a great distance. The hymn was as follows: Our fathers’ God ! from out whose hand The centuries fall like grains of sand, We meet to-day, united, free, And loyal to our land and thee, To thank thee for the era done, And trust thee for the opening one. Here, where of old, by thy design, The fathers spake that wo^d of thine. Whose echo is the glad refrain Of rended bolt and falling chain, To grace our festal time from all The zones of earth our guests we call. Be with us while the New World greets The Old World thronging all its streets. Unveiling all the triumphs won By art or toil beneath the sun; And unto common good ordain This rivalship of hand and brain. Thou who hast here in concord furled The war-flags of a gathered world. Beneath our western skies fulfil The Orient’s mission of good will' And, freighted with Love’s golden fleece, Send back the Argonauts of peace. For art and labor met in truce, For beauty made the bride of use, We thank thee, while withal we crave The austere virtues, strong to save; The honor, proof to place or gold; The manhood, never bought or sold! Oh! make thou us, through centuries long, In peace secure, in justice strong; Around our gift of freedom draw The safeguards of thy righteous law, And, cast in some diviner mould, Let the new cycle shame the old ! The hymn being ended, Mr. John Welsh, President of the Board of Finance, rose from his place by General Hawley, for OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 295 the purpose of formally presenting the Exhibition buildings and grounds to the United States Centennial Commission. His appearance was the signal for long continued plaudits of en¬ thusiasm. To many of the great audience this was the first opportunity that had been vouchsafed to them to behold the man whose genius, pre-eminent above that of many of his compeers, has made his name a household word throughout America, and through whose unfaltering and unselfish devotion the Exhibition has been made not only a reality, but an assured success, and this without even the suspicion of a dis¬ honest or improper act on the part of a single one of its officials. Cheer upon cheer rent the air in grateful recognition of the worth and services of one who has done so much for Phila¬ delphia and Philadelphia interests. When order had been partially restored, Mr. Welsh proceeded as follows: “Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United States Centennial Commission: In the presence of the government of the United States and of the several distin¬ guished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you. “In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to announce to you that, under your supervision and in accordance with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected the buildings belonging to us, and have made all the arrange¬ ments devolving on us necessary for the opening of the i Inter¬ national Exhibition/ We hereby now formally appropriate them for their intended occupation, and we hold ourselves ready to make all further arrangements that may be needed for carrying into full and complete effect all the requirements of the acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition. “For a like purpose we also appropriate the buildings belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Phila¬ delphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit: Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co- 296 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success. “In addition to those to which I have just referred, there are other beautiful and convenient edifices which have been erected by the representatives of foreign nations, by State authority and by individuals, which are also devoted to the purposes of the Exhibition. “Ladies and Gentlemen: If in the past we have met with disappointments, difficulties and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration of the events of 1776 excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day of so many foreign representatives uniting with us in this reverential tribute is our reward. “ We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations have gathered here in peaceful competition. Each may profit by the association. This Exhibition is but a school; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high will become universal, and the angels’ song once more be heard: “Glory to God in the highest, And on earth peace, good will towards men." Upon the conclusion of Mr. Welsh’s address General Joseph R. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Commission, replied as follows in behalf of the Commission: “Mr. President of the Centennial Board of Fi¬ nance : The Centennial Commission accepts the trust with grateful and fraternal acknowledgment of the great services of the Board of Finance.” The chorus then sang, with orchestral accompaniment, the following Centennial Cantata } written by Sidney Lanier, of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 207 Georgia. The music, which is singularly beautiful, was com¬ posed by Mr. Dudley Buck, of Connecticut: From this liundred-terraced height, Sight more large with nobler light Banges down yon towering years: Humbler smiles and lordlier tears Shine and fall, shine and fall, While old voices rise and call Yonder where the to-and-fro, Weltering of my Long-Ago, Moves about the moveless base, Far below my resting-place. Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hither flying, Trembling, Westward o’er yon balking sea, Hearts within, Farewell, dear England, sighing, Winds without but dear in vain replying, Gray-lipp’d waves about thee shouted, crying, “No 1 It shall not be!” Jamestown, out of thee — Plymouth, thee—thee, Albany— Winter cries: “Ye freeze; away! ” Fever cries: “ Ye burn ; away! ” Hunger cries: “Ye starve; away!” Vengeance cries: “ Your graves shall stay!” Then old Shapes and Masks of Things, Framed like Faiths or clothed like Kings— Ghosts of Goods once fleshed and fair, Grown foul Bads in alien air— War, and his most noisy lords, Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords— Error, Terror, Kage and Crime, All in a Avindy night of time Cried to me from land and sea: “ No! Thou slialt not be! ” Hark! Huguenots whispering yea in the dark; Puritans answering yea in the dark ! Yea , like an arrow shot true to his mark, Darts through the tyrannous heart of Denial, Patience and Labor and solemn-souled Trial, Foiled, still beginning; Soiled, but not sinning; 298 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Toil through the stertorous death of the Night; Toil when wild brother-wars new-dark the Light; Toil and forgive and kiss o’er and replight. Now praise to God’s oft-granted grace; Now praise to man’s undaunted face. Despite the land, despite the sea, I was, I am, and I shall be— How long, Good Angel, oh! how long? Sing me from Pleaven a man’s own song! Long as thine Art shall love true love; Long as thy Science truth shall know; Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove; Long as thy Law by law shall grow; Long as thy God is God above, Thy brother every man below, So long, dear Land of all my love, Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow! O Music! from this height of time my Word unfold ; In thy large signals all men’s hearts Man’s Heart behold; Mid-heaven unroll thy chords as friendly flags unfurled, And wave the world’s best lover’s welcome to the world. The bass solo, commencing “Long as thine Art shall love true love,” was rendered in superb style by Myron J. Whitney, of Boston, and was enthusiastically encored. At the conclusion of the Cantata Mr. Buck was loudly called for, and upon ap¬ pearing at one of the windows of the Main Building was giver three hearty cheers in acknowledgment of his work. Silence being restored, General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, rose, and turning to the Presi¬ dent of the United States, formally presented the Exhibition to him, in the following words; “Me. President —Five years ago the President of the United States declared it fitting that ‘the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which bene¬ fit mankind/ and ordered that an Exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures should be held, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 299 city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. To put into effect the several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission was constituted, composed of two Commis¬ sioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their respective Governors, and appointed by the President. The Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burdens have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task, but we hope for a favorable judg¬ ment of , the degree of success attained. July 4th, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hun¬ dred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been erected within twelve months. All the buildings embraced in the plans of the Commission itself are finished. The demands of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. “By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event this work is designed to commemorate, and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this great park were the homes of eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his associates received gener¬ ous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the sur¬ passing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal support given the enterprise by the State, city, and the people individually. “ In the name of the United States, you extended a respect¬ ful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most distant regions. Their Commissioners are here, and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of peace. 300 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. “ It has been the fervent hope of the Commission that, dur¬ ing this festival year, the people from all States and sections, of all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of our liberties, to study the evidence of our resources; to measure the progress of an hundred years, and to examine to our profit the wonderful products of other lands ; but especially to join hands in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And furthermore, that from the association here of welcome visitors from all nations, there may result not alone great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, trade and commerce, but also stronger international friendships and more lasting peace. “ Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of the government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your view the International Exhibition of 1876.” Immediately following General Hawley’s speech President Grant discharged the last formal yet simple and dignified act of the ceremonies by making proclamation of the eventful fact of the opening of the International Exhibition. The remarks of the President, like all the other speeches of the day, were in writing, and at intervals were applauded with great spirit. The following is the address: “ My Countrymen —It has been thought appropriate upon this Centennial occasion to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the indus¬ trial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce. That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow-members of this great family of nations, the enlight¬ ened agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing people of the world have been invited to send hither corresponding speci¬ mens -of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly com- 301 302 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY petition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded. For so doing we render them our hearty thanks. “ The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day be submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhi¬ bition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the skill of all nations will afford to you unalloyed pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlight¬ ened communities. “ One hundred years ago our country was new and but par¬ tially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, machinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, churches, libraries, and asylums have been established within an hundred years. Burdened by these great primal works of necessity, which could not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhi¬ bition will show in the direction of rivalling older and more advanced nations in law, medicine, and theology; in science, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found. “And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the at¬ tainments made by our own people during the past one hun¬ dred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this Inter¬ national Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign vis¬ itors—to whom we extend a hearty welcome—both profitable and pleasant to them. “ I declare the International Exhibition now open.” As the President declared the Exhibition open, General Ha\Aey gave the signal, and the flag of the United States was run up to the staff rising from the north transept of the Main OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 303 Building. This was the signal for the unfurling of the national and foreign flags on all the buildings, and was greeted with deafening cheers from the assembled multitude. At the same moment the chorus, the orchestra and great organ in the Main Building burst forth into the grand strains of HandeFs “Halle¬ lujah Chorus,” rendering it with fine effect. As the music died away, the merry peals of the chimes of Machinery Hall were heard, and a salute of one hundred guns was thundered from George’s Hill. The invited guests, to the number of 4000, were now mar¬ shalled in line by Mr. T. B. P. Dixey, Master of Ceremonies, and passing from Memorial Hall, through lines of troops, entered the Main Building. The following was the ORDER OF PROCESSION. The President of the United States, and Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General. The Chief-Justice of the United States. The President of the Senate. The Speaker of the House of Representatives. Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission. John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission. Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Board of Finance. The Cabinet. The Supreme Court of the United States. The Diplomatic Corps. The United States Centennial Commission. Chiefs of Bureaus of Administration. The Centennial Board of Finance. Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, Engineers and Architects of Main Building and Machinery Hall. H. J. Schwarzmann, Architect of Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall. James H. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and United States Governmen Building. Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor Main Building and Memorial Hall. Philip Quigley, Contractor Machinery Hall and Agricultural Hall. Aaron Doane, Contractor Government Building. The Board of the United States Executive Department. The Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. The Fairmount Park Commission. The Governors of the States and Territories. The Senate of the United States. 304 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The House of Representatives. The General of the Army and Staff. The Admiral of the Navy and Staff. The Lieutenant-General of the Army and Staff. The Vice-Admiral of the Navy and Staff. The General Officers of the Army and Staffs. The Rear-Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Staffs. Officers of the Army and Navy. Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments. Consuls-General and Consuls of Foreign Governments. Judges of United States Courts and Officers of the United States Executive Bureaus. Officers of the United States Coast Survey. Officers of the Naval Observatory. Officers of the Smithsonian Institute. The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Legislature of Pennsylvania. The Judiciary of Pennsylvania. The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania. The State Boards of Pennsylvania. The Mayor of Philadelphia. The Mayors of Cities. The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia. The State Centennial Boards. The Women’s Centennial Committees. The Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission. International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle Association. Officers of the City Departments of Philadelphia. The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition successively took positions immediately after the Diplomatic Corps, as the latter passed the Foreign Sections in the Main Building. The procession passed through the Main Building, and through the lines of troops which kept clear the passage to the Machinery Hall. Entering the latter edifice, escorted by the Philadelphia City Troop as a guard of honor, the President of the United States and the Emperor of Brazil ascended to the platform of the great Corliss Engine, where Mr. George H. Corliss, a Commissioner from Rhode Island and the inventor and constructor of the engine, received them, and instructed them how to turn the wheels of shining steel that were to wake the engine into life. When all the guests had assembled around OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 305 the platform, the President and the Emperor took their posi¬ es at the starting wheels. A sharp wave of the hand from Mr. Corliss gave the signal, and at twenty minutes past one o clock P.M., the wheels were turned, and the great engine began to move slowly and steadily. In an instant the countless wheels and bands connected with it started on their rounds, and Machinery Hall was alive with motion. . Tlle A Cro "' d in tlle >H"'st into loud and prolonged cheer- ing. A sort of informal reception was held on the platform )y Pi esident Grant, but it was soon cut short, as the Presiden¬ tial party, worn out by the fatigues of the day, departed for the city, omitting the reception at the Judges’ Pavilion, the last ieature in the programme. The doors of the various Exhibition buildings were at once thrown open to the public, and the halls were soon filled, and remained thronged throughout the day by sight-seers. On all sides were heard exclamations of wonder and delight. Few had imagined the Exhibition either so extensive or so grand an anair, and all were delighted. . Tll< ; E ;lii:, 'tion was now an accomplished fact. The hopes of its friends were more than realized. The criticisms of its enemies were silenced. At night the city was brilliantly illuminated in honor of the opening, and the principal streets were thronged with sight-seers to an extent which made them almost impassable until midnight. near 20 CHAPTER X. WITHOUT THE GROUNDS. Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town—The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels—The United States—The Grand Exposition—The Panorama— Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue—The Cheap Hotels—The Beer-Gardens —The Carriage Sheds—The Cheap Museums—The Oil Wells—The Street Car Concourse—A Busy Scene—Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad—Belmont Avenue—Appearance of the Street—The Largest Soda Fountain in the World—The Restaurants—The Tropical Garden—A Delightful Resort—George’s Hill—Belmont—The Steamboat Landing— Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad—The Great Fire. HEN the Exhibition buildings were begun, the portion of the city which lies south of Elm avenue, and along Lancaster avenue, was an open field, with scarcely a structure upon it. It was changed to a busy town, having an interest quite apart from that of the great city on the outskirts of which it lay, and drawing its life solely from the Centennial Exhibition. It consisted of a multitude of structures of brick and wood that sprang up along the ap¬ proaches to the Exhibition, and which presented a scene almost as picturesque and as animated as that within the enclosure. At the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, opposite the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, was the Trans¬ continental Hotel , a handsome edifice of brick, built in the most substantial manner, and triangular in shape. It was five stories in height, including a mansard roof, with a front of 297 feet on Elm avenue, and one of 181 feet on Belmont avenue. The three sides enclosed a spacious courtyard, giving to each room an abundance of light and air. It contained 500 rooms, with accommodations for 1200 guests, which number could be in¬ creased to 1500 in case of necessity. The view of the Centen- 306 308 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. nial grounds from any portion of it above the second story was excelled only by that from the summit of the towers of its gigantic neighbor, the Main Exhibition Building, or from the Belmont observatory. The cars of the Chestnut & Walnut, West Philadelphia, Race & Vine, and Girard Avenue Pas¬ senger Railway lines ran directly to its doors, while the depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad was within less than a stone’s throw. These were advantages which it possessed in common with the Globe. It was built by R. J. Dobbins, the well-known contractor, who erected the Main Exhibition Building and Memorial Hall, and who was one of the stockholders of the hotel. Its management was conducted bv Messrs. J. E. Kings- TRANSCONTINENTAL HOTEL, OPPOSITE MAIN BUILDING. ley & Co., of the Continental. Built and furnished at a cost of over $250,000, nothing was left undone in the hotel that could contribute to the perfect satisfaction of patrons of the highest class. The business office, public parlors, bar-room, kitchens, laundries, reading-rooms and dining-rooms were models in themselves, and an important feature was a great restaurant, independent from the dining-room, and conducted on the same plan as the restaurant at the Continental. Across Belmont avenue, a short distance back of Elm avenue, with nothing between it and the Exhibition buildings to break the view, stood the monster Globe Hotel , built also to accommo- THE UNITED STATES HOTEL, NEAR THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. 310 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY date the throng of visitors to the Exhibition. It stood on Bel¬ mont avenue, within 500 feet of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds. It was not flush with the avenue, for a lawn interspersed with beds of bright flowers separated it from the roadway more than fifty feet. A verandah fifteen feet wide and no less than 900 feet long encircled the building, affording a cool promenade during the warm summer evenings. The hotel, including the mansard roof, was five stories high, and the area which it covered was about 81,000 square feet. At the entrance to the hall was the office, eighty feet square ; the dining¬ room, which was able to accommodate thirty thousand persons a day, was 500 by 53 feet. The upper floors were reached, by means of the elevators, by weary guests, who could summon servants at will by the touching of electric bells. The Penn¬ sylvania Railroad landed its passengers on the hotel grounds. The hotel contained 1100 rooms, with accommodations for 4000 guests. The Globe was under the management of Mr. John A. Rice, so well and favorably known to travellers as the proprietor of the Grand Pacific Hotel of Chicago. Within a square of the Exhibition grounds, and in the rear of the Transcontinental, was the United States Hotel, at the corner of Forty-second street and Columbia avenue. It was built and was owned by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, already referred to above, and was so constructed that it could be readily converted into first-class dwellings after the close of the Exhibition. It was one of the pleasantest of the Exhibition hotels, and while perfectly convenient to the grounds was sufficiently removed from them to escape the noise and confusion which reigned supreme on Elm and Belmont avenues. It contained 325 rooms, with accommodations for 600 guests. Another monster establishment was the Grand Exposition Hotel , at the intersection of Girard and Lancaster avenues. It contained 1325 rooms, and had accommodations for 4000 guests. It was delightfully located in a pleasant neighborhood, and was within fifteen minutes walk of the main entrance to the Exhi¬ bition. The street cars passed the door, and afforded direct communication with the Exhibition and all parts of the city. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 311 The house was under the management of Mr. M. Riley. It was conducted on the European plan. Having thus disposed of the four great hotels that owed their existence to the Exhibition, let us glance at the town that sprang up around the great buildings. It was very different from the city which lay in the distance beyond it, and pos¬ sessed such a distinctive character of its own, that no descrip¬ tion of the Exhibition would be complete without some reference to it. We begin our inspection on Elm avenue below the Main GRAND EXPOSITION HOTEL. [i Exhibition Building. Within the limits of the Park, and a f few hundred yards below the Exhibition grounds, was a huge C circular building of corrugated iron. This was The Panorama , lj and was built somewhat upon the plan of the Colosseum, on Broad street. It was used for the exhibition of the panorama I of The Siege of Paris , painted by Colonel Lienard, of the ■ French army. This picture was exhibited in New York dur¬ ing the previous winter, and received the highest praise from y both press and public. Looking up Elm avenue and across to Girard avenue, from i this point, the scene was gay and inspiriting. On the right 312 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY towered up the huge masses of the Exhibition buildings. On the left, stretching away up Elm avenue for nearly a mile, was a line of restaurants, small hotels, beer-gardens, ice-cream saloons, and small shows that sprang up as if by magic. Each was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and at night glit¬ tered with scores of gas-lamps of all possible lines. Almost every one of these buildings had a flat roof, which was either left open and sheltered by a canvas awning, or the second story was built open in order that the guests of the house might enjoy the air while eating and drinking. These upper stories formed capital points of observation, and from any of them a brilliant and interesting picture of the street and the Exhibition buildings and grounds could be obtained. Many of the beer-gardens were provided with bands of music, which added to the gayety of the scene, and attracted customers. Every available foot of ground was covered, and the build¬ ings were arranged in a manner that was often amusing. There was no ground wasted in the rear of the front line of buildings. A small side alley often led to an extensive restaurant or beer- garden set back behind the front line. The prices paid for the leases of the ground were high as a ride, and the buildings were cheap and flimsy. They were mostly of wood, a few being of brick. At Forty-first street and Elm avenue commenced a line of small hotels. These were of brick, and though small were generally well kept. The principal were, the Elm Avenue Hotel , at the corner of Forty-first street and Elm avenue; the * Metropolitan , in Forty-first street, just out of Elm avenue; the Liter national, a German house, on Elm avenue, a few doors above Forty-first street, and Congress Hall , a few doors higher up. These houses could each accommodate from 200 to 800 guests—the latter being the capacity of Congress Hall. They were the best of the cheaper hotels in the vicinity of the Exhibition. A walk of a square down Forty-first street brought us to Girard avenue, beyond which rose the handsome iron bridges at this and Fortieth streets, over the tracks of the Pennsylvania OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 313 Railroad. By means of these bridges the Market Street Pas¬ senger Railway Company was enabled to reach Elm avenue and the street-car concourse in front of the Main Exhibition Building without using the tracks of any of the other roads. Looking down Girard avenue towards the Schuylkill, one beheld a long line of restaurants, beer-gardens, bar-rooms, and cheap hotels similar to those on Elm avenue, all gaudily decor¬ ated and gay with flags. Just above Forty-first street, Girard and Columbia avenues cross each other obliquely, the former continuing its course through West Philadelphia, the latter stopping short at Bel¬ mont avenue. Gathered around their intersection were the “ Carriage Repositories,” a peculiar feature of the Exhibition. These consisted of several establishments, each of which was . made up of an office, one or more waiting-rooms, and long lines of rough sheds enclosed with a high board fence. The sheds were divided into stalls, and were intended for the accommodation of carriages and horses. Visitors coming from the city or the surrounding country in their own carriages or buggies could leave them at these “Repositories,” and receive checks for them. They were left in care of competent hostlers, and a charge of fifty cents per carriage was made for taking care of them. The repositories were connected by wires with the telegraph offices in the Exhibition grounds, from which visitors about to return could order their teams to be gotten in readiness for them, and thus avoid all delays at the stands. One of these “ Reposi¬ tories” contained 1000 stands or stalls; another 300; and a third 500. Returning to Elm avenue by way of Forty-first street, we continued our walk towards Belmont avenue. The line of restaurants was broken by a building, covered with coarse and glaring pictures which informed us that the establishment was a “Museum.” Here might be seen the wild men of Borneo, and the wild children of Australia, the fat woman whose avoir¬ dupois was put down in the bills at 602 pounds, a weight heavy enough to entitle her to a place in Machinery Hall, and a collection of “Feejees,” who were vouched for by the exhibi¬ tors as “pure and unadulterated man-eaters.” 314 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY A few doors above the “ Museum ” was an establishment richly worth a visit. Two tall derricks of frame work rising above the highest of the surrounding buildings at once attracted the attention of the passers-by. A large canvas suspended between them announced that this was a “Pennsylvania Oil Well.” This establishment was the property of Messrs. O’Donnell, Alshouse & Louge, of Titusville, Pennsylvania. They erected, at a cost of $24,000, a large working oil well, such as is used in the oil regions of Pennsylvania. The mem¬ bers of tiiis firm are enterprising and practical men, and their business is the sinking of oil and artesian wells. They have bored many of the most successful wells in the oil regions, and with commendable enterprise purchased the ground on which their establishment stood, and erected all the machinery neces¬ sary to the successful working of an oil well of the largest size, in order that visitors to the Exhibition, both native and foreign, might see the practical operation of what is now one of the leading industries of America. Higher up, on Elm avenue, nearly opposite to the central pavilion of the Main Building, a section of one of the famous Big Trees of California attracted wondering spectators, who sought from it to form an idea of these marvels of the Pacific slope. Immediately below the Transcontinental Hotel was a hand¬ some building consisting of a long narrow gallery, the lower story of which was a beer-saloon and the second story an open- air restaurant. At the Elm avenue end was a tasteful circular pavilion used as an ice-cream saloon. It formed one of the best points of observation on the street, and from it one might see the whole of the brilliant scene below while he sipped his ices. On the opposite side of Elm avenue, just under the shadow of the Main Building, was the Street Car Concourse. All the passenger railway lines centred here, and a number of tracks were laid for their accommodation. These were in the form of an ellipse, so that the turning of the car and changing of horses, which Avould result in endless confusion, were avoided. An endless stream of cars was arriving and departing at all hours during the day, taking on and discharging their thousands of passengers. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 315 Belmont avenue was now reached. At the southwest corner of this street and Elm avenue was the Transcontinental Hotel, already referred to. Pausing a moment in the shelter of this handsome edifice, we noticed the throng of vehicles gathered about the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds immedi¬ ately opposite. Here were vehicles of every description—omni¬ buses, cabs, carriages, coupes, transfer coaches, etc., furnishing ample transportation of this class for all who desired to use it. Through the gates of the Exhibition a steady throng poured in and out, and the turnstiles at the entrances kept up a con¬ stant clicking as they registered the arrivals and departures. Crossing Belmont avenue we continued on our way up Elm avenue, and came upon an open space lined with the “ small- trade people.” Here were pea-nut stands, pie-stalls, the apple- men and women, Bologna sausage-vendors, dealers in cakes and lemonade, and the inevitable balloon-man. They made up a curious display as they stood patiently through the long hours of the hot and dusty day offering their wares which no one seemed to buy. Passing on, the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Rail¬ road, on Elm avenue, opposite the main entrance to the Exhi¬ bition grounds, was reached. This was a large and handsome wooden structure, tastefully painted to harmonize with the great buildings across the street, and was ornamented with pic¬ turesque towers at its four corners. It was provided with all the conveniences of a first-class railroad depot, and was in all respects worthy of the great road to which it belonged. The depot building was devoted to offices, ticket-offices, wait¬ ing and baggage rooms, etc. The waiting-rooms were large and airy, and wer^ abundantly supplied with comfortable seats. News and refreshment stands were established at convenient points, and several ticket-offices were attached to these rooms. The doors on the north side of the building led out upon Elm avenue. Those on the south side opened upon a series of platforms provided with three lines of track, each of which was enclosed with a picket fence separating it from the others. The tracks entered the depot enclosure at one end, passed around in 2NTENNIAL DEPOT, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, OPPOSITE MACHINERY 1IAL THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 317 a serai-circle, and left it at the opposite end. This arrangement allowed the use of the depot by a large number of trains with¬ out confusion. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad was but a few hundred yards distant, and all western trains of this road passed through this depot, thus landing their passengers at the very gates of the Exhibition. Trains also arrived at this station from New York, Baltimore and Washington, so that pas¬ sengers from all parts of the Union by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its southern and eastern connections were set down here, and could here take the trains for their distant homes. * The depot was a busy place. Trains were constantly arriv¬ ing and departing, each one bringing in or taking out its load of human freight. So perfect were the arrangements, and so strictly were the tracks guarded against the intrusion of persons not connected with the road, that in spite of the constant mov¬ ing of trains and the vast crowd of passengers, accidents were impossible. Above the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, the line of restaur¬ ants, beer-saloons and bar-rooms began again. These estab¬ lishments were inferior to those below Belmont avenue, but the same reckless use of wood was found here, and the same lavish use of flags and painted canvas was seen. One square back of Elm avenue, on Viola street, and extend¬ ing from Fifty-second to Forty-eighth street, was the Atlas Hotel. It consisted of a number of frame buildings connected by covered galleries. The hotel contained 1500 rooms, and could provide accommodations for 3000 people. Returning to Belmont avenue, we paused once more to gaze upon the busy scene at the intersection of this thoroughfare with Elm avenue. On the one hand were the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds, with the eager throng around them ; to the east and west stretched away the long line of Elm avenue, gay with flags and alive with music and the sharp rattle of passing vehicles. Facing Belmont avenue the scene was equally at¬ tractive. To the right w'as the large open space occupied by the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its constantly arriving and departing trains, with the main line beyond it, and farther on 318 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the towers and flags of the huge Grand Exposition Hotel were seen rising above the trees. On the left was the Transconti¬ nental Hotel, about the entrance of which a crowd was always collected. A constant stream of street cars and carriages poured along Belmont avenue, which was the main route, from the Exhibition into the city, and the street was as busy, as bustling and as gay as its neighbor, Elm avenue. About one hundred yards back from Elm avenue was the Globe Hotel, which has been described. It stood opposite the Transcontinental and fronted on Belmont avenue. It was an immense structure, the prevailing colors of which were gray and brown, and its long galleries offered a delightful promenade, and reminded one of the great watering-place hotels. In the open space between the upper end of the Globe and Elm avenue were two structures, which from their peculiar ap¬ pearance were sure to attract the attention of strangers. One of these was a large building erected as a soda water saloon by Mr. James W. Tufts, of Boston, the well-known manufacturer of soda water fountains and apparatus. Mr. Tufts had some thir¬ teen or fourteen soda water fountains in operation within the Exhibition grounds, but his greatest display was reserved for this building. The exterior of the edifice was neat and tasteful, and the interior was fitted up very handsomely and adorned with elaborate frescoes. In the centre stood a splendid fountain of variegated marble, with silver trimmings. It was forty feet in height, and was erected at a cost of between twenty-five and thirty thousand dollars. It was the largest fountain in the world, and by far the handsomest. It was capable of supplying an almost unlimited demand for soda water, as it had seventy- six syrup, eight soda, and twenty mineral tubes. Immediately adjoining the soda water hall was a showy pavilion constructed mainly of colored glass set in a tasteful frame work. This was the Cigar Pavilion of M. Salomon & Co., importers of Havana cigars, whose wholesale houses in Philadelphia and New York have long been known to the trade. On the east side of Belmont avenue, immediately in the rear OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 319 of the Transcontinental Hotel, was Wiley’s Restaurant , with a handsome entrance and an open-air saloon in the second story. Next door to it was Delmonico’s Restaurant , a large and substan¬ tial edifice of brick, with a spacious dining-hall, a cafe, and a bar¬ room on the first floor. Here were also telegraph offices, writing and wash-rooms, and a private parlor for ladies. The second floor contains numerous suites of rooms, private parlors, banquet- rooms, etc. Next below Delmonico’s was Tischner’s Restaurant , a hand¬ some private dwelling altered to suit the demands of the times. It stood in the midst of its own grounds and was shaded by fine trees, and constituted one of the prettiest features of the street. At the entrance to these grounds was a handsome pavilion containing a beautiful marble soda fountain, from which cooling drinks were dispensed for the refreshment of weary passers-by. The east side of Belmont avenue, from Columbia avenue to Jefferson street, was taken up with the stables and depot of the Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, tasteful and substantial buildings of pressed brick. Immediately opposite, and adjoining the Globe Hotel, was a huge building of wood, covered with corrugated iron and painted in light colors. This was Operti’s Tropical Garden, one of the handsomest places of amusement in Philadelphia. It was light and airy, and was handsomely decorated with frescoes and other paintings. Long lines of colored globes, each containing a gas jet, stretched across the interior beneath the ceiling, and shed a brilliant light upon the scene below. At the back a large waterfall dashed over the painted rocks, forming a beautiful cascade, and giving to the air on the hot nights of the summer a delicious coolness. The orchestra stand was in the centre of the hall, and was profusely decorated with flowers and shrubbery, which were also scattered lavishly through the hall. The chairs of visitors were arranged around the orchestra on the lower floor, and in a large gallery which extended entirely around the hall. The scene within the hall during the performances was very 320 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY beautiful. Rocky nooks and beds of rare and beautiful flowers invited the visitor on every hand. The splendid cascade dashed down its rocky height, glittering in the radiance of a powerful lime light shed upon it from an invisible point. Different colored lights flashed down from the lamps overhead, and the air was laden with the rich perfume of the flowers and the delicious coolness of the waters. The music was furnished by a superb band of over sixty per¬ formers led by Signor Guiseppe Operti. As the concert began the water was turned off from the cascade, which was silent during the performance; but the moment the music ceased it sprang into life again. Below the Tropical Garden the line of cheap restaurants and bar-rooms commenced, and continued unbroken to Girard avenue. These were mostly of brick, and altogether Belmont avenue had a more substantial and respectable appearance than Elm avenue. The two great hotels, the musical garden and the solid appearance of its buildings gave to it more of the aspect of a street of a great city, and the picture, as one surveyed it from Girard avenue, was enhanced by the great buildings of the Exhibition and the long reach of Exhibition grounds, which stretched away from the head of the street to the hills of the Park. At Girard avenue a fine iron bridge carried the line of Bel¬ mont avenue over the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and a similar structure at an oblique angle to the first continued the line of Girard avenue unbroken to the westward. From this bridge a fine view could be obtained of the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad for a distance of several miles, and of its Centennial branch and depot. The constant moving of trains, which passed this point at a high rate of speed, rendered this view one of the most interesting to be had in the vicinity of the Exhibition. At Girard avenue the temporary town which had grown np about the gates of the Exhibition ended, and a long, sparsely built region intervened between it and Philadelphia proper. It was deeply interesting to view this “ Centennial town” OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 321 from some commanding point at which the whole picture could be taken in at once. The central towers of the Main Exhibi¬ tion Building afforded a capital place from which to view this curious panorama, as from them both Belmont and Elm avenues, and the distant line of Girard avenue, with the intervening cross streets, could be seen. The contrast between the splendid and imposing structures within the Exhibition grounds and the cheap and tawdry buildings which lay beyond them was strik¬ ing indeed. Still the scene was curious and interesting, and not the least, among the “sights” of the Exhibition. Scarcely less interesting was the scene within the Park beyond the enclosure of the Centennial grounds. At the prominent points, such as George’s Hill and Belmont, crowds assembled to view the busy scene within the Exhibition grounds. One could not realize the extent and variety of the Exhibition until he had viewed the buildings and grounds from one of these points. A tall observatory of frame-work was erected on George’s Hill, from which a view of the “Centennial” and the surrounding country could be had. A similar view might be obtained from the Sawyer Observatory at Belmont. Those who did not wish to soar so high as the summit of this structure could sit in the balconies of the restaurant or under the trees and enjoy the magnificent view, which embraced the Centen¬ nial grounds, the river with its bridges, the Park and the distant city beyond. The Centennial, with its multitude of restaurants, did not rob Belmont of its popularity, and on fair days one was sure to find this favorite resort thronged with guests. Two prominent points of interest were situated on the river shore. The first of these was the landing-place of the Schuyl¬ kill steamboats, which plied between the Falls and the city, making regular landings here. Broad flights of stairs led from the water to the summit of the hill above, and afforded an easy means of reaching the entrances to the Exhibition grounds. The other and last point of interest without the enclosure was the depot of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It was a tasteful frame building, painted in colors which harmonized well 21 CENTENNIAL DEPOT OF THE PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILROAD THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 323 with the luxuriant foliage in which it was embowered. The depot was provided with ticket-offices, waiting-rooms, private rooms for ladies, and all the conveniences of a first-class railway station. The tracks of the main line ran alongside the station, and a long platform afforded the means of entering and leaving the cars. A plank walk-way led up an easy ascent from the depot to the entrance to the Main Exhibition Building. The depot was situated in one of the loveliest sections of the Park, and there could be nothing more charming and delightful than the view which greeted the wearied sight-seer, returning from the Exhi¬ bition to the cars, as he descended the hill towards the river. The luxuriant foliage seemed to enwrap the depot building, so thickly did it cluster about it; and through the open¬ ing in the trees could be seen the broad and beautiful river, with the picturesque arches of the bridge in the distance, and the bold, bluff-like shores of the East Park across the water. The flimsy character of the majority of the structures on Elm and Belmont avenues made it certain that, sooner or later, some of them would fall victims to fire; and it was very evi¬ dent that should a fire occur in any one of them a large number would be swept away before the flames could be stayed. They were dangerous neighbors to the great Exhibition Buildings, from which they were separated by Elm avenue alone, and serious fears were entertained that in case of a general confla¬ gration it would be impossible to prevent the Main Exhibition Building from taking fire. That these fears were not idle was shown on the 10th of September, when a fire broke out in one of the smaller shanties used as an oyster house. The flames spread with alarming rapidity, and in spite of the efforts of the fire department, which was promptly summoned, could not be stayed until about twenty-five buildings, including one of the smaller hotels, were destroyed. The heat was so great as to scorch the fence in front of the Main Exhibition Building, which structure at one time was in no little danger, and the Transcontinental and United States Hotels narrowly escaped destruction. CHAPTER XI. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Topography of the Grounds—The Ravines—The Entrances—The Turnstiles— Styles of Tickets used—The Photograph Regulation—The Centennial Guard —The Fire Department—The Narrow-Gauge Railway—The Rolling-Chair Service—Landscape Gardening—The Flowers—The Avenues—The Bridges —Bartholdi’s Fountain—The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain— The Centennial Waterworks—Relief Plans of Foreign Cities—Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe—The Hunter’s Camp—An Old- Fashioned Railroad Train—The American Soldiers’ Monument—The Ice- Water Fountain. ;^/HE Commissioners of Fairmount Park transferred to n the United States Centennial Commission, for the pur¬ poses of the International Exhibition, a tract of 450 acres. Of this tract 236 acres were occupied by the Exhibition buildings and the open spaces between them, and were enclosed with a stout picket fence. The tract thus enclosed was admirably adapted to the pur¬ poses of the Exhibition. It was an elevated plateau, with three spurs jutting out toward the river, separated from each other by deej), wooded ravines, through which flowed small streams. The ravine nearest the southern end of the grounds was called the Lansdowne valley, the other the Belmont valley. The Lansdowne valley was spanned by two handsome bridges, the Belmont valley by one, these bridges affording an easy commu¬ nication between the various portions of the grounds. The Exhibition plateau stood 120 feet above the Schuylkill, and was always swept bv a delightful breeze. The view from either of the spurs was exquisitely beautiful, embracing as it did the river, the park, and the distant city. The most northern of these spurs was occupied by the Agricultural Building, the 324 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 325 central one by Horticultural Hall, and the southern by Memo¬ rial Hall. The three united in a broad plain, which contained the Main Building, Machinery Hall, the United States Gov¬ ernment Building and a number of smaller structures. The sides of the ravines and the spaces between the more prominent edifices were also thickly covered with buildings. Thirteen places of entrance and exit to and from the grounds were selected by the Board of Finance. These were located at points convenient to the main roads and nearest to the places at which the horse and steam railways and steamboats set down their passengers. “The entrances nearly all had four gates: one for visitors proper to the Exhibition, that is, those who paid to go in; another for persons bearing complimentary tickets; a third for exhibitors, representatives of the press, and employes, in fact, for all not belonging to the two classes just named; and another for wagons. At these points of entrance, so called, were also placed the exits. Based upon a careful calculation of the traffic over each of the roads surrounding the Exhibition grounds and leading to the entrance points selected, were placed from one to thirty-three gates or turnstiles. Of these altogether there were one hundred and six. The exits, in their vicinity, were forty-two. On page 326 will be found a detailed statement of their number and position. “The turnstiles, which had the usual four arms, were in twos at the end of passage-ways ten feet long, separated by another passage-way to be afterward described. These led slantingly from the doorway, so as to prevent a direct crowd pressure upon the head of the line of visitors. Other means were also adopted to prevent this pressure. Each turnstile was under the control of a keeper, who sat or stood behind a short counter and received from each visitor the admission fee—a fifty cent note—before the visitor passed the arm of the stile, which was, by a mechanical contrivance, operated by the keeper’s foot. As the stile turned for each entrance it registered itself as well at the gate as electrically at the manager’s office, with which each had electrical communication. 326 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. LOCATION. Money gates. Compli¬ mentary gates. Exhibit¬ ors, em¬ ployes,etc. Wagons. Exits. East end of Main Building. 15 2 3 2 5 Centre i f Main Buibiing. facing Elm avenue. Main entrance, intersection of Belmont and 5 3 1 6 Elm avenues . 33 2 3 1 13 Cemrc ot Machinery Hall, on Elm avenue... On Kilty-second street, w here it intersects 2 2 1 2 Fountain and Elm avenues. Georges Hill, western entrance of “Avenue of the Republic ”. At the intersection of Be.mont drive and 2 2 1 2 2 1 Belmont avenue. 1 1 2 1 2 Glen Entrance, on Lansdowne drive. Belmont Valley (entrance for viators arriving 2 2 1 2 bv steamboat),'on Lansdowne drive. Horticultural Halt (entrance for visitors ar¬ 2 .... 1 riving by steamboat), on Lansdowne drive.. Lansdowne Valley (entrance for visitors by steamboat and Reading railroad), under 2 2 1 2 bridge at Lansdowne drive. Memorial Hall, Lansdowne drive, south of 4 2 2 the former entrance... Old Riv<*r road, at the intersection of the 3 1 2 1 2 Lansdowne drive. 3 1 1 2 76 6 24 11 42 RECAPITULATION. M'>ney gates. 76 Complimentary. 6 Exhibitors, employes, press, etc. 24 Total number of entrances. 106 “The money, when received by the gate-keeper, was de¬ posited in a box placed under the counter, which also by a mechanical contrivance locked itself as it was pulled from the position which it occupied when in use. Its opening could only be effected by the bank officers. “ Between the two counters and entrances stood an officer who, with his back to the middle passage-way previously referred to, watched both lines as they entered. On the happening of the least disturbance he was to draw the disturber from the line and pass him down this passage and out beyond the fence. “The exits were of ingenious contrivance, and, while per¬ mitting freely the departure of persons from the grounds through turnstiles of rather different construction than those described above, absolutely prevented re-entrance, although no officer was required to watch them. They resembled small roofed sheds, with two gates opening inward or backward from MAIV EXHIBITION BUILDING. MACHINERY BUILDING. 328 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY a centre post on the fence line. One of the sides of the shed was extended or continued in an arc till its inner limit was opposite the centre of the gate-post. At the other side, oppo¬ site the spot at which the arc (or fender) started, and rising one above another, extended out, at right angles with the side, a series of fixed lateral bars or arms nine feet high. On a line with this, and also on a line with the end of the fender opposite the gate-post, rose another post on which another turnstile revolved, the four arms of which repeated, rose as high as the top of the lateral bars, between which they passed on each quarter revolution. This latter worked with a ratchet, and always outward. “It will be seen from this that when a visitor desired to leave the ground he had to place himself in a triangle formed by two of the turnstile arms and the fender. As he moved forward and outward the turnstile moved with him until he found himself at the gate. He could not change his mind and get back, this being prevented by the outward movement con¬ trolled by the ratchet, nor could he come in again without the payment of another fifty cent note, this being prevented by the fixed lateral bars. “ The designs of all the entrances were very neat and tasteful. The wagon entrances, ten feet high, being necessarily the widest and highest, admitted of the greatest scope for ornamentation. They were surmounted with American trophies, shields, flags, eagles, etc. A flagstaff rose at each side, and the name 1 Inter¬ national Exhibition 9 was over the door. A similar style of ornamentation was upon the pedestrian entrance gates and exits. On panels over the gates were gilt signs indicating whether they were for employes, etc., or were complimentary, or pay entrances.” No tickets were used for the pay admissions until the Exhi¬ bition was more than half over. The visitor was required to come provided with a fifty cent note or a silver half-dollar. There was required a separate fifty cent note or half-dollar for each visitor. The gate-keepers had no authority to accept notes or silver pieces of a larger or smaller denomination, and did OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 329 not furnish change. At each entrance an office was located to furnish change for large bills. Complimentary tickets were issued only to persons whose high official stations entitled them to the privilege, and the num¬ ber was therefore limited. These tickets were printed on heavy bond paper in square note-size sheets. The design was, on the first page, a female figure of America seated on a globe, with a palm branch in her hand, and by her side a cornucopia. Beneath were the words u United States International Exhibition, Philadel- phia, opening May 10th,closing November 10th, 1876. Compli¬ mentary.” They were signed by the President of the Board of Finance, the President of the Commission, and the Director- General. On the third page there was a request to the holder that he would deposit his card on entrance as a basis for future statistics of the Exhibition. The envelope containing these was worded as the note, but without the figure of America. The tickets for exhibitors, employes, etc., were on fine card, in the form of a two-leaved book. Round the centre space on the inner pages was a border of geometrical lathework-cutting, whilst around that were three rows of numerals, corresponding in number with the number of days the Exhibition was open. Around these again was another lathe work border. It was in¬ tended that one of these numbers, and the appropriate one should be punched on the first daily entrance of the holder. Each time he left the ground after his first entrance he received a pass or return-check. This was noted on the left leaf of the ticket. On the right inner page there was an oval in the centre, surrounded by stars and ornamental lathework. In this oval the holder was required to insert his photograph before the 1st of June, and he was reminded of this by the words in this space, “ Not good after June 1st unless the regulation photograph of the holder be inserted in this place.” Under the photograph space were the words “ Not transferable, forfeited if presented bv any but the proper owner.” On the first or title page out¬ side wis the title, “ International Exhibition,” with the holder’s name, his class, his country, and serial number. On the fourth or last page there was a lathework medallion with the warning, 330 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY “ This ticket will not be renewed if lost.” The border on these two pages, as well as on the inner pages, was elaborate lathe- work. For the protection of the buildings and the large and valu¬ able collection gathered within them a special police or guard was provided by the Commission. The force consisted of 600 men, uniformed, and placed under rigid military discipline. They were quartered in barracks erected at the upper and lower ends of the Exhibition grounds, and were on duty day and night. They were organized as a regiment, under the command of a colonel, and were divided into companies, each with its proper officers. They were charged with the duty of guarding the buildings and their contents, and preserving order within the enclosure. They had full power to arrest offenders and convey them to the station-house provided for their reception and deten¬ tion until they could be turned over to the courts for trial. A special fire department was also provided: Several first- class steam fire-engines were located at convenient points within the grounds, and a system of telegraphic signals was arranged by which the exact location of a fire could be instantly com¬ municated to the engine-houses. A number of Babcock Fire Extinguishers, ready for instant use, were placed in the various buildings, and every possible precaution against fire was taken. To visit the distant parts of the grounds on foot was a slow and tedious undertaking, and greatly interfered with the com¬ fort and pleasure of visitors. As no carriages were allowed within the enclosure a pleasant and speedy means of transit be¬ tween the various portions of the grounds was provided in the T Vest End Railway , a narrow-gauge railroad about four miles in length, which, beginning at the lower end of the Main Build¬ ing, made the circuit of the grounds. The road was laid with a double track, and was finely equipped with ten narrow-gauge locomotives and forty cars. The road with its equipment was a special exhibit by the West End Bailway Company, who also purchased the sole right to transport passengers within the grounds. Passenger stations were provided at convenient points along the line. Passengers purchased tickets at the offices at OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 331 these stations, and delivered them to the guard upon entering upon the platform. They were then at liberty to take the train when it came along, arid might leave it at any station, or might make the circuit of the grounds for a single fare. The trains ran at an average speed of eight miles an hour. The fare was five cents. Rolling chairs were kept for hire at designated stations within the principal buildings, and were used to pass from point to point within the grounds. They could be hired with the ser¬ vices of an attendant to propel them, or without, as one might desire. The charge,.with an attendant, was sixty cents an hour, or $4.50 a day. If hired without an attendant the charge was $1 for three hours, subject to a drawback of thirty cents for each hour in which the chair was unused. These chairs were comfortable vehicles, in which one might sit at ease and make the tour of the buildings without fatigue. They were excellent for ladies or persons who were not able to endure the long and steady tramp through the buildings, and their construction and shape were such that they could be wheeled through the nar¬ rowest passage-ways of the enclosure, except within the special pavilions, and close up to the articles the occupant wished to inspect. Chairs and settees were scattered through the buildings and grounds, for the accommodation of visitors. No charge was made for the use of these. Many of the exhibitors had hand¬ some sofas and other seats within their spaces, which were at the visitors’ service. The grounds were handsomely laid off, and were in many places well shaded by the native forest trees. The ravines which separate the spurs on which the principal buildings stand gave to them a picturesqueness which nothing else could impart. From almost any point a beautiful landscape extended before the gazer, and afforded a pleasant and grateful contrast to the lines of buildings which stretched away on every hand. At the north side of Machinery Hall a pretty lake, covering about five acres of ground, constituted a pleasant feature of the scene, and from its centre a fine jet of water sprang up, cooling the air 332 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. with its moisture. Other fountains there were, to be noticed hereafter. The spacious grounds in front of Horticultural Hall were clotted with parterres of flowers and were traversed by a sunken garden leading up to the portals of the hall. Wherever it was possible to save any ground for ornamentation, there the landscape gardeners were busy, and fresh grass swards and beds of flowers afforded new delights to the lovers of the beautiful. The fine old trees of the Park added greatly to the beauty as well as to the comfort of the scene. The grounds were traversed by five main avenues, and by many miles of walks. The first of the main thoroughfares was the Avenue of the Republic, which commenced at the eastern end of the grounds and ran north of the Main Building and Machinery Hall to the Roman Catholic Fountain. It was 100 feet in width. Belmont avenue extended from the main entrance on Elm avenue, between the Main and Machinery Halls, to Belmont, crossing the grounds obliquely. Fountain avenue extended from the Roman Catholic or Temperance Fountain to Horticultural Hall. Agricultural avenue extended from the Avenue of the Republic, near the western end of the Main Building, to Agricultural Building. State avenue skirted the base of George’s Hill. All the avenues and walks were paved with asphalt-uni. To furnish direct communication between the various parts of the grounds at their eastern end a fine bridge was thrown over the Lansdowne ravine, just north of Memorial Hall. The bridge consisted of twelve spans, and had a total length of 515 feet. The roadway was CO feet wide, and the footwalks 10 feet wide each, making the total width of the bridge 80 feet. The foundations were masonry throughout, trestles of timbers being erected on the piers. The trestles were formed with combination posts, the pieces firmly bolted and mortised together, forming a stiff, rigid system. The fence which enclosed the Exhibition grounds passed along the centre of the bridge, thus reserving one part of it to the Exhibition and devoting the other to the public drive through the Park. Another bridge was built higher up, over the Lansdowne valley, and Belmont valley was also bridged in several places. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 333 The Esplanade, at the main entrance between the Main and Machinery Halls, was handsomely laid off* with grass plots and beds of flowers. In the centre was a large bronze fountain, with statues of Light and Water, “ the twin goddesses of cities/ 1 by Bartholdi. At the west end of Machinery Hall the Centennial Fountain was erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America. It is constructed entirely of marble and granite, and is one of TIIE ROMAN CATHOLIC CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN. the finest works of art in America. The design is by Herman Kirn, a young sculptor of Philadelphia, a pupil of the celebrated sculptor Steinhauser, of Carlsruhe. It consists of a granite platform ;n the form of a Maltese cross, and approached by steps which extend entirely around it. In the centre is a large circular basin, forty feet in diameter, from the centre of which rises a mass of rock work, on the summit of which a colossal statue of Moses is placed. He stands with one end of his rod resting on the rock which he has just struck, and from which 334 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the water gushes in streams about his feet and flows down into the basin below. At each of the four points of the cross is a handsome pedestal of white marble, near the base of which is a drinking-fountain. Each pedestal is surmounted by a marble statue nine feet high. The persons represented by these statues are Charles Carrol], of Carrollton, Father Matthew, Archbishop Carroll, and Commodore John Barry, a distinguished naval officer of the Revolution. The fountain is one of the hand¬ somest ornaments of the grounds, and is to remain after the Exhibition buildings have been removed; the cost of the foun¬ tain was $50,000. The demand for water for various purposes being so great within the Exhibition grounds, a separate system of water-works was provided, and the main supply of Philadelphia was thus relieved of what would have been a heavy drain upon it. A large pump-house of brick was built on the shore of the Schuyl¬ kill, immediately south of Columbia bridge, and was supplied with powerful pumping engines of the most approved pattern. The water was pumped from the river at this point and forced up the hill to the top of the tall Stand Pipe which rose back of Machinery Hall. The fall from the summit of this pipe gave it a force sufficient for all the purposes of the Exhibition. The works could supply 7,000,000 gallons of water daily to the buildings and grounds. To the north of the temperance fountain, and between Foun¬ tain and State avenues, were a series of relief plans in miniature of Jerusalem and Paris, constructed by Colonel Lienard, a dis¬ tinguished French artist. These plans were exact representa¬ tions in miniature of the places named, each building being cut out and set up to appear as it does in the cities represented. A few feet west of the intersection of Fountain and Belmont avenues was the statue of Christopher Columbus, erected by the Italian residents of the United States. The statue is of Ravaz- zioni marble, and was executed in Italy by an Italian artist. It is of heroic size, and represents Columbus at the moment of the discovery of the New World. On the western side of the lake stood a bronze statue of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 335 . A number of soda water fountains were scattered through the grounds at convenient points. They were the property of Charles Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia, and James W. Tufts, of Boston, who had the exclusive privilege of selling soda water in the buildings and grounds. Six cigar pavilions, owned and conducted by W. A. Fleming & Co., were located in various parts of the grounds. They were one story in height, with observatories. In the Belmont ravine, south of Agricultural Hall, was The Hunters 1 Camp, erected by the “ Forest and Stream Publishing Company of New York.” It was what is known as a permanent camp, and consisted of a number of huts constructed of logs and bark. It was provided with all the appurtenances of a hunting and fishing camp, such as portable boats, sporting fire-arms, rods and lines, a kennel of sporting dogs, and specimens of game birds. At the margin of the camp, the stream which flowed through the ravine was converted into a small lake, and this was stocked with game fish. The camp was in charge of a number of experienced hunters, and was meant to illustrate the various phases of a sportsman’s life in the backwoods. Near the southern edge of the grounds, above Machinery Hall, was a queer-looking locomotive with two antiquated rail¬ road passenger cars attached to it. This was the “ John Bull,” an English locomotive, and the first ever used on the New Jer¬ sey Railroad. It was the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, by which it was exhibited. The cars were the old- style coaches familiar to all whose fate it was to travel on the Camden & Amboy Railroad twenty years ago. The locomotive shown here was placed on the New Jersey Railroad in 1831. A comparison between this machine and the splendid locomotives on exhibition in Machinery Hall showed better than words the advance that has been made in railroad engine building. On the north of the Main Building stood the American Soldiers 1 Monument , a colossal granite statue twenty-one feet in height, and weighing thirty tons. At the intersection of Belmont and Fountajn avenues was the Ice-Water Fountain , erected by the Grand Division of Sons of 336 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Temperance of the State of Pennsylvania. It was enclosed by a wooden pavilion with thirteen sides, representing a Greek temple, twenty-five feet in diameter and thirty-six feet high. The fountain was eight feet in diameter, and was surrounded by a passage-way. The fountain was provided with twenty-six self-acting spigots, and was connected with a reservoir under¬ ground which was fed from the reservoir on George’s Hill. The reservoir of the fountain had a capacity of 4000 to 3000 gallons of water, and could furnish an almost unlimited sup¬ ply of ice-water, which was free to all. The various buildings located in the Exhibition grounds will be described in their proper places. TEA-POT, PRESENTED BY REED & BARTON TO THE EMPEROR OP JAPAN. CHAPTER XII. THE MAIN BUILDING. Description of the Main Building—A Monster Edifice—The Interior—A Mag¬ nificent Hall—Decorations—The Galleries—A Beautiful and Imposing Scent—Water-Closets—Restaurants—Fountains—Letter Boxes—Telegraph System—The Elevator—Classification of the Display in the Building—The American Department—The Great Organ—The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit—The Roosevelt Organ—The Paper Makers—The Book Pavilion— The Model Post-Office—The Cotton and Woollen Goods—The Carpet Rooms —American Pottery—Among the Iron Workers—The Fire-Arms Exhibit— Rich Costumes—The Telegraphic Display—The Gas Fixture Department— A Brilliant Display—The Jewellers and Silversmiths—The Moorish Pavilion —A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects—The Century Vase—The Cologne Fountains—The Furniture Display—Model Houses Completely Furnished—The Pianos and Organs—Beautiful Instruments—Concerts— 'Great Britain and Ireland—Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware— Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments—Beautiful Porcelains—Superb Pottery—Statuary—Process of Making Pottery—The Tile Exhibit—Rich Iron Work—Rare Furnituie—A Royal Pavilion—Grand Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens—Jewelry—Splendid Carpets—The Book Display—The Graphic’s Art Collection—Rich Stained Glass—A Gorgeous Show from India—The Canadian Exhibit—The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion—The Educational Exhibit of Ontario—The Aus¬ tralian Exhibits—The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent— Pyramids of Gold—Superb Photographs of Australian Scenes—Dust from the Gold Coast—Native Diamonds—The West Indian Display—France— The French Court—Rare Bronzes—Exquisite Porcelains—The Textile Fabrics of Fratice—The Silk Court—Beautiful Laces—Statuary—Religious Groups—The Book Trade Exhibit—Fine Engravings—Fine Cutlery—Arti¬ cles de Paris—Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus. IIE principal Exhibition buildings were five in number. Of* these the largest was the Main Building. It was lo¬ cated immediately east of the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, and extended in a line from east to west, parallel with Elm avenue. It stood one hundred and seventy feet back from the north side of Elm avenue, at the north side of which the fence enclosing the Exhibition grounds 22 337 I G? 338 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. was placed. A broad, open space was thus left between the fence and the building. The building was in the form of a parallelogram, and had a length, from east to west, of eighteen hundred and eighty feet, and a width, from north to south, of four hundred and sixty-four feet. The larger portion of the building was one story in height,, and showed the main cornice upon the outside at forty-five feet from the ground, the interior height being seventy feet. At the centre of the longer sides were projections four hundred and six¬ teen feet in length, and in the centre of the shorter sides or ends of the building were projections two hundred and sixteen feet in length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, were located the main entrances, which were provided with arcades on the ground floor, and central arcades extending to the height of ninety feet. The main entrances were arranged as follows: The northern entrance communicated directly with Memorial Hall, which faced this portal. The east entrance was the principal approach for carriages, which could be driven up to the arcades, at which visitors alighted. The doors at this end opened, upon the Park,, the fence line extending from the northern and southern sides of the building. The southern entrance was the principal ap¬ proach from the street cars, which had their terminus on Elm avenue immediatelv before this door. r J he western doors opened upon the esplanade at the main entrance to the grounds, and communicated with the Machinery and Agricultural Halls. A tower, seventv-five feet high, rose from each of the four corners of the building, and between these towers and the cen¬ tral projections or entrances there was a low roof introduced, showing a cornice at twenty-four feet above the ground. At the central part of the building the roof, for one hundred and eightv-four feet square, was raised above the surrounding portion. From the four corners of this elevated roof four towers, each forty-eight feet ‘square, rose to a height of one hundred and twenty feet. The building was the largest in the world. It covered an area of 936,008 square feet, or 21.47 acres, as follows: 18i0 feet in length and 464 feet in width. 340 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Ground floor.872,320 square feet. .. .20.02 acres. Upper floors in projections. 37,344 “ 85 “ Upper floors in towers. 26,344 “ 60 “ Total.936,008 “ ....21.47 “ The ground-plan showed a central avenue or nave one hun¬ dred and twenty feet in width, and extending eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. This was the longest avenue of that width ever introduced into any building. On either side of the nave there was an avenue one hundred feet in width by eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. Between the nave and the side avenues were aisles forty-eight-feet in width, and on the other sides of the building smaller aisles twenty-four feet in width. In order to relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the continuation of the roof in an unbroken line, three cross avenues or transepts were introduced of the same widths and in the same relative positions to each other as the nave and avenues running lengthwise, viz.: a central transept one hundred and twenty feet in width by four hundred and six¬ teen feet in length, with one on either side of one hundred feet by four hundred and sixteen feet, and aisles between of forty- eight feet. The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the cen¬ tral portion of the building resulted in dividing the ground floor into nine open spaces free from supporting columns, and covering in the aggregate an area of four hundred and sixteen feet square. Four of these spaces were one hundred feet square; four one hundred feet by one hundred and twenty feet, and the central space or pavilion one hundred and twenty feet square. The intersections of the forty-eight feet aisles produced' tour interior courts forty-eight feet square, one at each corner of the central space. The main promenades through the nave and central tran¬ sept were each thirty feet in width, and those through the centre of the side avenues and transepts fifteen feet each. All other walks were ten feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 341 The foundations of the building consisted of piers of masonry set solidly in the earth, and more than equal to the task of sus¬ taining the immense weight which rested upon them. The superstructure was composed of wrought-iron columns, which supported wrought-iron roof trusses. ‘‘These columns were composed of rolled channel bars with plates riveted to the flanges. Lengthwise of the building the columns were placed at the uniform distance apart of twenty-four feet. In the entire structure there were six hundred and seventy-two columns, the shortest being twenty-three feet and the longest one hundred and twenty-five feet in length. The aggregate weight was 2,200,000 pounds. “ The roof trusses were similar in form to those in general use for depots and warehouses, and consisted of straight rafters with struts and tie bars. The aggregate weight of iron in the roof trusses and girders was 5,000,000 pounds. “This building being a temporary construction, the columns and trusses were so designed that they could be easily taken down and erected again at another site. “The sides of the building for the height of seven feet from the ground were finished with brickwork in panels between the columns ; above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of the sash were movable for ventilation. The roof covering was of tin upon sheathing boards. The ground flooring was of plank upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space underneath. “All the corners and angles of the building upon the exterior were accentuated by galvanized iron octagonal turrets, which extended the full height of the building from the ground level to above the roof. These turrets at the corners of the towers were surmounted with flag-staffs, at other places with the national eagle. “The national standard, with appropriate emblems, was placed over the centre of each of' the four main entrances. Over each of the side entrances was placed a trophy showing the national colors of the country occupying that part of the building;. 342 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY “At the vestibules forming part of the four main entrances variegated brick and tile were introduced. “The building stood nearly due east and w~est, and was lighted almost entirely by side light from the north and south sides. Louvre ventilators were introduced over the central nave and each of the avenues. Skylights were introduced over the central aisles.” The edifice was erected by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, one of the most eminent builders of Philadelphia. He was the constructor of the Public Ledger Building, and his two great works in the Exhibition grounds, the Main Building and Memorial Hall, are enviable monuments of his skill and energy. In the construc¬ tion of the Main Building 7,000,000 feet of lumber, and nearly 8,000,000 pounds of iron were used, and the services of three thousand men were employed. Underneath, and extending through the edifice, were four miles of water and drainage pipes, the service in this respect being perfect. Gas pipes were introduced through the building, which was lighted at night by “ reflectors ” suspended from the roof, and placed beyond the possibility of communicating fire to the structure or its contents. Hydrants were placed at numerous points in the hall, and were so arranged that the water could be turned directly upon a fire, which could be extinguished before it had gained any advantage. The light in the building was excellent, and all exhibitors were placed on an equality for showing their goods by the admirable arrangement of the hall in this respect. The cost of the Main Building was $1,580,000. The engin¬ eers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson. The wrought and cast-iron work was manufactured by William Sellers & Co., of the Moor Iron Works; the wrought-iron was furnished by A. & P. Roberts, of the Pencoyd Rolling Mills; the cast-iron was furnished by Morris, Tasker & Co., of the Pascal Iron Works; and the iron work was erected by the Watson Manufacturing Co. The foundations of the building were begun in the autumn of 1874. On the 8th of May, 1875, the erection of the iron work was begun, and was completed on OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 343 the 2tl of December, 1875. The other work was carried on with rapidity, and the building was completed early in Feb¬ ruary, 1876, and on the 14th of that month was delivered by the contractor to the Board of Finance. The Main Building was in all respects the most imposing structure of the Exhibition. It was not as beautiful as Memorial Flail, but was superb in its massiveness and in the perfection of its details. In spite of its immense size, it was light and grace¬ ful in appearance, and seen from any commanding point, with its thousands of flags and streamers fluttering in the air, its beautiful proportions rising grandly and clearly against the sky, it constituted an,object which long held the gazer’s eye and elicited his warmest praise. The exterior was painted in light- brown colors, with tasteful ornamental lines in red and other harmonizing hues. The interior was decorated handsomely. The prevailing colors were the lightest shade of blue and cream-color, and the decorations were in bright, cheerful tints which blended well with these hues. There was nothing sombre or gloomy about the edifice, and the taste displayed in the selection and arrange¬ ment of colors is highly to be commended. Around the inner cornice small circular panes of stained glass were set, decorated with the arms of the United States, the •various States and Territories of the Union, and the different nations of the world, and with subjects relating to the arcs and sciences. The four sides of the central transept were ornamented with elaborate pieces representing America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Each of these paintings was forty feet in width and fifty feet in height, and embodied a group emblematic of one of the four quarters of the globe. At the east end of the transept was the American group. America was represented by Columbia hold¬ ing in her hand the staff surmounted by the Liberty Cap, while beneath was the word America and the numerals MDCCLXXVI. On the right was the bust of Washington, on the left that of Franklin. As a background the national colors were most prominent, and on either side were the flags of the old original 344 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY thirteen States. The whole formed a very pretty picture, and attracted great attention. Immediately opposite, on the west side of the transept, was the European group. Europe was represented by a female figure at the top, while beneath, on the right, was the bust of Shakspeare, and on the left that of Charlemagne. A horse- and lion were conspicuous objects, and back of all were the flags of the Great Powers. At the south end of the transept was the Asiatic group.. Asia was represented by a female figure, seated between the* busts of Confucius and Mahomet. Chinese and Japanese em¬ blems were conspicuous, and the flags of the Asiatic nations were tastefully grouped. At the north end of the transept was the African group.. Africa was represented by an Egyptian female, and beside her were the busts of Raineses and Sesostris. Characteristic orien¬ tal scenes and the flags of the African states made up the back¬ ground. In each of the groups the products of the respective great divisions of the world were conspicuously displayed. The effect of the pictures was very fine, and they harmonized well with the grand assemblage of beautiful objects in this portion of the^ building. At each end of the building and at convenient points on the sides galleries were provided from which the visitor might sur¬ vey the brilliant scene below. From the gallery on the south, side, or from the towers at the centre of the building, one could enjoy at leisure the magnificent view which the hall and its contents afforded. Before him and on either hand was the vast interior of the hall stretching away for hundreds of feet,, brilliant and imposing with its rich decorations, and astounding and delighting the gazer with its vastness and its perfect adap¬ tation to the purposes of the Exhibition. At the north and east ends the magnificent organs which occupied the main galleries constituted two of the most beautiful ornaments of the hall. The scene on the floor below was enchanting. The long lines of magnificent show-cases, the sumptuous pavilions of the various OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 345 foreign nations, the gorgeous display of objects of use and beauty, the infinite variety of forms and colors, all tended to make up a picture to be remembered for a lifetime. At various points fountains sent their clear jets of water into the air, the strains of music came floating up to you from below, or the deep tones of the great organs lulled your senses into a delicious repose, and the perfumes of the cologne-fountains filled the air with a luxurious languor. You heard the sharp click of the telegraph telling of the restless, busy energy that produced all this luxury, and were reminded by it that you were not yet in Fairyland. The aisles and pas-ageways were thronged with sightseers, and as you leaned over from your lofty perch you might see the costumes of many nations mingled in the crowd. The stalwart Indian stalked through the hall as emotionless as a stone, and concealing his wonder at all this magnificence be¬ neath a stolidity which you might admire but not equal. The small but alert Japanese, with his loose dress caught up as if it werean obstacle rather than a convenience, the “ Heathen Chinee.” with his almond-eves and long pig-tails, his comical dress, and his “ ways that are dark and tricks that are vain,” the turbaned 346 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Turk, in his gay costume, the Egyptian, with his red tar bush, and the brilliantly uniformed attaches of the European Com¬ missions, all jostled each other in the throng below you. From your elevated stand you looked down upon the wealth of the world. All the nations had sent their rarest and choicest ob¬ jects here, and in this vast collection you could study the civil¬ ization and customs, and read the history of the dominant part of the human race. The building was provided with every possible comfort for visitors. Seats were scattered through the aisles, and in many of the pavilions and enclosures, chairs and cushioned settees were furnished by the exhibitors. At each end of the main aisle and tit the ends of the central transept were water-closets and wash-rooms for visitors. These were in charge of atten¬ dants and were kept scrupulously clean. They were free to all. Cloak-rooms and umbrella-stands, provided by the Department of Public Comfort, were located under the arcades at the four main entrances to the building. Umbrellas, water-proofs, or parcels of any kind were received at these stands, and taken care of for a small sum. The owner was given a metal check for his property, and this had to be presented when the article was claimed. Restaurants were located at the north and south ends of the central transept. They were provided with lunch counters as well as with tables, and those who desired merely a light lunch were accommodated at moderate prices. Several fountains were located in the main aisle. One of these was a tall, ugly series of iron basins from which the water flowed down into the pool below. It was the largest fountain in the building, and did not reflect much credit upon the taste that provided it. Soda-water stands were established at several prominent points in the main aisle and the central transept. The foun¬ tains, as a rule, were very handsome, being constructed of white or colored marble with silver mountings. Soda was sold at the national price of ten cents a glass, and the fountains all ap¬ peared to do a good business. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 347 Wheel-chair stations were located at each end, and near the -centre of the main aisle. In the main aisle, also, were stands for the sale of official catalogues and guide books. Telegraph offices were established at one or two points in the main aisle, from which messages were sent to any part of the world. The American District Telegraph Company had the .sole privilege of operating these offices, and introduced their admirable messenger service system into the grounds. Scattered through the building were a number of iron letter boxes, established by the United States Post-Office Department, from which collections were made at stated times. These boxes were to be found in all the main buildings and at prominent points in the grounds. A separate mail service was provided for the Exhibition, which had its own postmaster and officials, and letters were received and despatched by the Centennial Post-Office, which was located in the Government Building, with the greatest promptness. In the centre of the building a large music-stand was erected. Concerts were given here daily by the finest bands in the -country. Concerts were also given by the proprietors of the great organs at stated times during the day, and these, with the performances of the eminent musicians engaged by the various manufacturers of pianos to show the merits of their respective instruments, furnished a rich treat to the lover of music. On the south side of the main aisle, about half-way between the eastern entrance and the transept, was the establishment of the Centennial Safe Deposit Company. It was enclosed with a stout iron cage, and contained a number of large safes and desks and tables. The company received on deposit valuables and papers, and guaranteed their safe return upon demand. A charge was made for the keeping of each article according to a fixed tariff. The safes of the company were fire-proof. In one of the central towers a steam elevator conveyed vis¬ itors to the roof or to the galleries of the tower. Stairways were provided for those who did not wish to use the elevator. The elevator was of the most approved construction, and was exhibited as one of the most perfect specimens of its kind. 348 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The greatest care and forethought were exercised to render the Exhibition buildings perfect in the conveniences they offered to visitors. Advantage was taken in this respect of the experience of all the other great World’s Fairs, and it may be safely asserted that our own presented improvements upon each and all. In a work like this it is simply impossible to describe each feature of the Exhibition in detail. We can only refer to it in general terms, dwelling merely upon the objects which consti¬ tuted its principal attractions. The Centennial Commission at an early day divided the objects to be exhibited into seven departments, as follows: 1. Mining and Metallurgy. 2. Manufactures. 3. Education and Science. 4. Art. 5. Machinery. G. Agriculture. 7. Horticulture. These were assigned to the five principal buildings, the first three being included in the Main Building. The classification and grouping of these is as follows: I.—Mining and Metallurgy. Classes Groups. 100—109. . . .Minerals, Ores, Stones, Mining Products. 110—119. . . .Metallurgical Products. 120—129. . . .Mining Engineering. IT. —Manufactures. 200—205... .Chemical Manufactures. 206—216... .Ceramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc. 217—227. . . .Furniture, etc. 228—234. . . .Yarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Materials.. 235—241. . . - Woven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc. 242—249. .. .Silk and Silk Fabrics. 250—257. . . .Clothing, .Jewelry, etc. 258—264. . . .Paper, Blank-Books, Stationery. 265—271. . . .Weapons, etc. 272—279. . . .Medicine, Surgery, Prothesis. 280—284. . . .Hardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery and Metallic Products. 285—291.. . .Fabrics of Vegetable, Animal, or Mineral Materials. 292—296. .. .Carriages, Vehicles and Accessories. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 349 III.— Education and Science. 300—309. • • .Educational Systems, Methods, and Libraries. 310—319. . . .Institutions and Organizations. 320—329.. . .Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods. 330—339. . . .Engineering, Architecture, Maps. etc. 340—349. . .Physical, Social, and Moral Condition of Man. At least one-tliird of the twenty-one and a half acres of the floor-space of the Main Building was occupied by the United States. These seven acres were filled with a rich and beautiful display, and the national pride of the native visitor was sure to find satisfaction in the imposing and splendid appearance made by his country. In one department especially, the show-cases in which the articles on exhibition were displayed, the United States led the world. “ Wandering through the long avenues, lined by eases of strikingly novel designs and elaborate work¬ manship, one might be wearied by the endless variety, and might find the simple uniformity of the French section a relief; but he could not fail to be impressed by the fertility of resource, the •original genius for decorative effects, and the evident liberality of expenditure displayed ; and he remarked a certain unstudied harmony in dissimilarity produced bythe kaleidoscopic mingling of diverse colors and forms, and found in it a faithful reflex of our composite American life.” The United States. We begin our inspection of the contents of the Main Building in our own country, and in doing so glance first at the great gallery which crossed the eastern end over the entrance doors. Stairs ascended to this gallery from either side of the entrance. A sign over the doorway at the foot of the stairs informed us that the gallery was occupied mainly by the Educational De¬ partment of the State of Massachusetts. This display occupied the northern and southern sections of the gallery, the central portion being given to the well-known Boston organ-builders, Hook & Hastings, who displayed here one of their grand organs and a number of smaller instruments. The great organ was one of the “features” of the Exhibition, and, as seen from the floor below, formed a beautiful ornament 350 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY of the great hall. It was erected at an expense of $15,000, and was intended as an exposition of the art of organ building as THE GREAT ORGAN EXHIBITED BY HOOK & HASTINGS IN THE MAIN BUILDING. practised by its makers, who stand confessedly in the front rank of their class. It embodied the latest improvements and the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 351 highest excellence of an instrument of this style, and comprised four manuals, each of 58 notes, 47 speaking-stops, 12 mechani¬ cal registers, including couplers; 10 pedal movements for com¬ binations, etc., including a crescendo pedal controlling the full power of the organ. The total number of pipes used in it was 2704. There were three bellows. The two main ones had vertical feeders, and could supply 3600 cubic feet of compressed air per minute. The bellows were blown by a hydraulic engine located on the main floor beneath the organ. Frequent concerts were given by the organist in charge, and these performances never failed to draw crowds of enthusiastic and .appreciative listeners. The organ was 40 feet high, 32 feet wide and 21 feet deep. Passages traversed it in every direction at different alti¬ tudes, and were connected by stairways giving ready access to every part for inspection and adjustment. In the two rooms on the right and left of the great organ, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts displayed her public school system, and did so by exhibiting models and specimens of the furniture, apparatus, and text-books used in her schools of all grades, and by showing the actual work of the pupils of the various schools as set forth in their examination papers. These papers were bound in handsome volumes, each of which was prefaced by a sketch of the system used in the various classes, and the questions propounded to the pupils at the examinations. The result was highly creditable to the State. A good display of drawings from the Boston High and Evening School^ was to be seen here. Plans and models of the principal schools of the State were also exhibited, and the working of the industrial schools was shown in the apparatus used, and some of the achieve¬ ments of the pupils. Harvard contributed a volume of fine photographic views of the various departments of the university, and several of the leading colleges of the State were shown in the same wav. The public libraries of the State were also to be seen here in photography, and with pardonable pride the Bay State offered for inspection a series of finely executed photo¬ graphic views of its principal cities. A handsome case was filled with volumes of reports, showing the present condition of the various public institutions of the State. 352 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The gallery at the south end of the central transept contained the educational departments of a number of the States. These were Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Iowa, Wisconsin, Tennessee and Connecticut. The system adopted for showing the workings of their school systems was similar to that of Massa¬ chusetts. Nearly all the States mentioned showed models, plans, or photographic views of their public schools of various grades. Samples of school furniture were also shown, and some of the States exhibited models of their educational buildings so constructed as to display the interior as well as the exterior arrangement. At the eastern end of the gallery the colored schools of the South made a creditable showing of their progress. Their examination papers evinced a success in the work of imparting education to the negro race which was gratifying in the highest degree, and a presage of greater triumphs in the future. In this department was a large oil-painting of the jubilee singers of Fiske University, Nashville, whose concerts have made them familiar to the people of this country and Great Britain, and have earned for their school a sound basis of financial success. The gallery at the north end of the transept was occupied by the second of the great organs of the Exhibition. This was the Roosevelt Organ, and was built by Hilborne L. Roosevelt, of New York, whose magnificent instruments have made him famous throughout the country. The organ in the Chiekering Music Hall, in New York, is of his make, and is acknowledged by lovers and professors of music to be one of the most perfect and delicious instruments in existence. The organ exhibited here had fifty-six stops and pedals, and had three manuals and a pedal bass. It embodied a number of improvements peculiar to the organs of this maker, notable among which was the mechanism placed directly over the key-box by which the organist could readily change the combination on any of the pedals. Bv this novel arrangement, from one stop to the full organ could be s^t on any pedal. The organ was threefold in its construction, and consisted of the Main Organ in the north OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 353 gallery, the Electric Echo Organ, and the Electric Suspended Organ, all played from one key-board. The Electric Echo Organ was placed in the English Tower, and was connected by about 200 feet of wire cable to the keys of the great organ; its bellows being blown by an electric engine. The Electric Sus¬ pended Organ was suspended from the roof about twenty feet in front of the organ gallery. This was connected also by a THE BOOK TRADE EXHIBIT IN THF MAIN BUILDING. cable of insulated wires to the keys of the great organ; and its bellows were blown by an electric engine. The main bellows were blown by two of Jaques’ Improved Brass Hydraulic Engines, situated directly under the organ gallery. This instrument was exhibited as a specimen of the American school of organ-building, and was intended to illustrate the ad¬ vancement made in the art in this country. Though founded on the best schools of modern European organ-building, still the improvements introduced were for the most part entirely new and American in their origin. Though there were several 23 354 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY larger instruments here and in Europe, still it was claimed that none so complete, musically, and in the application of pneu¬ matic, tubular and electric action, had been constructed hitherto. In the matter of voicing, the builder’s school was carried out as BLANK BOOKS, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDING. heretofore, and with equal success. It aims at individuality in the different stops, and at the same time a perfect blending. The effect of the celebrated Vox Humana in the Chickering Hall Organ (by same builder), New York, was here reproduced OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 355 in the Electric Echo Organ, which was placed in the English Tower, as hitherto described. The wonderful imitation this made of a chorus of voices singing in the distance was perfect. The cost of the organ was $20,000. The gallery over the western entrance was occupied by the American Society of Civil Engineers, who made a fine display of engineering, drawings, photographs and models, the object of the display being to show the progress and triumphs of the science of engineering in this country. Having finished our glance at the galleries, we now descend to the floor and begin our inspection at the eastern end of the American department, which was also the eastern end of the building. Near the eastern doors the manufacturers of paper displayed their wares. The exhibit was very good, and the articles were arranged in the most tasteful and attractive manner. The show-cases used were beautiful specimens of skill in cabinet¬ making. The Philadelphia and New York stationers also exhibited fine specimens of book-binding; the display of W. F. Murphy’s Sons, of Philadelphia, being conspicuous for ex¬ cellence and good taste. Close by, Lange & Little, of New York, exhibited some beautiful specimens of fine printing. Immediately under the gallery the State of Maine displayed her cotton goods, and here a register was kept in which visitors from the Pine Tree State might inscribe their names and ad¬ dresses as a means of enabling their friends to find them. At the southeast end of the hall was a large two-storv pavilion, towering high above the line of show-cases. It was one of the handsomest pieces of work in the building, and was a model of neat and systematic arrangement. It was divided into sections, each of which was fitted up with convenient cases, in which the various leading publishing houses of the United States displayed their wares. All the great houses, such as the Harpers, Appletons, Scribner, Osgood and Houghton, were represented, and a number of minor firms helped to swell the representation. The Harpers and others displayed handsomely bound sets of their standard works, and the Appletons made an 356 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY imposing display of their magnificent illustrated publications. The bindings shown by this house were sumptuous, and ex¬ hibited this branch of American industry in its highest form. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, had a superb case of black walnut, with cushioned seats around it, just without the pavilion, and displayed many fine samples of printing and binding. Near the western end of the pavilion the American Bible Society erected a beautiful case of polished oak, in which they exhibited copies of the Scriptures printed in every language. The work was done at the Bible House in New York, from which millions of copies of the Word of God have been scattered over the world. Versions in twenty-nine different languages were shown. Some rare and valuable copies of old Bibles were also displayed, among which were the Bibles owned by the great poet John Milton and the martyr John Rogers. A copy of the first Bible printed in the English language in America was also shown. It was printed by Robert Aitken, in Phila¬ delphia, in 1781. Prior to the Revolution all English Bibles used in the colonies were brought from England. During the war they became very scarce. In 1778 Robert Aitken under¬ took the production of an American edition of the Scriptures. In March, 1782, the Pennsylvania Assembly loaned Mr. Aitken £150 to assist in carrying out the enterprise. Septem¬ ber 10th, 1782, Congress recommended this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the United States, “as subservient to the interest of religion and progress of arts in this country/’ The paper was made in Pennsylvania, and the Bibles were printed and bound in Philadelphia. Merriam & Co., of Springfield, Massachusetts, had a case in the second story of the book pavilion containing an interesting collection of the works of Noah Webster, with copies of the various editions of the great dictionary. Close by the proprie¬ tors of the famous Riverside Press, of Cambridge, Massachu¬ setts, exhibited specimens of their fine printing, including an exquisite portrait of Longfellow. Descending to the floor again we came opposite the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. Here were to be seen beau- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 357 tiful specimens of this famous lock, including a superb chro¬ nometer bank-safe lock. The company also erected a large and complete model of a post-office, provided with several hundred of their patent lock-boxes, such as are used by the government in the post-offices of our principal cities. The office on exhi¬ bition here was complete in every respect, and could have been put into operation at any moment. Immediately opposite is a large case in which James W. Scott & Co., of New York, displayed a classified collection of all the postage stamps of the world. Returning eastward, but still keeping south of the main aisle, we noticed a beautiful assortment of floor cloths exhibited by the American Linoleum Company, of New York. The designs of these goods were very beautiful. The fabric is manufactured by a peculiar process out of cork and linseed oil. It is softer and more durable than oil-cloth, and the foot falls as noise¬ lessly upon it as upon a carpet. It is as yet a new industry, but bids fair to become an important one. We now reached the main aisle, near the eastern doors. Here was collected the display of cotton, woollen and silk goods of American manufacture. In all three departments the exhibit was very fine. Nearly all the great New England factories were represented—in some cases by separate exhibits, and in others by collective exhibits of the products of all the mills in a single town. Great praise is due the exhibitors for the hand¬ some and liberal manner in which they displayed their goods. The show-cases in this section were among the finest in the building, and the arrangement of the goods was tasteful and striking. The group was the largest in the building, and, with the exception of a few from Philadelphia, the exhibitors were mainly from New England. The cotton and woollen mills of the West and South were but poorly represented, and this is all the more to be regretted, as they have made such marked pro¬ gress of late years as to render them formidable rivals of the Eastern mills. A contrast between the articles displayed here and those exhibited in similar sections by the foreign countries could not fail to be gratifying to the American visitor. 358 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY To the north of this section the carpet-makers of New Eng¬ land, New York and Pennsylvania erected a triple row of pavilions, open on one side, in which an extensive and beautiful collection of American-made carpets was shown. Except in the most costly styles, woven in a single piece, this young American industry compared more than favorably with its older competitors from Europe. The designs were handsome and tasteful, the workmanship good. On the south side of the main aisle, above the department of textile fabrics, the hardware and cutlery firms of the country made their display. The collection of cutlery compared well with that of the great English manufacturers, and few visitors failed to notice the immense Centennial knife and fork exhibited by the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company, of Pennsylvania. The exhibit of tools and hardware of all kinds was complete and attractive, and merited a careful study. Alongside of the hardware men Mr. Charles W. Spurr, of Boston, erected a small but handsome pavilion, lighted by a crystal chandelier. The inner walls were decorated with polished woods prepared by a patent process. The wood is sawed to the thinness of soft paper and is then glued to harder paper, which is pasted on the walls in the usual manner, after which the wood surface is subjected to a high polish. This system of house decoration is very beautiful, and is rapidly becoming popular in this country. On the south side of the hall, near the eastern end, was the display of American pottery and porcelain. It was creditable on the whole, but did not compare with the display made by either of the leading European nations, or by China or Japan. The exhibits in this line were, therefore, modestly placed in a corner. They included excellent white stoneware from Trenton, New Jersey, and some excellent terra-cotta specimens from the same State, and an abundance of rich brownware from Liver¬ pool, Ohio. The collection also contained some fine animal specimens from Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. The Greenwood Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, showed a small model of a brick pottery, and specimens of the clay in the various stages of manufacture. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 359 Below the pottery collection were a number of tall marble and granite shafts and monuments, and beyond these were the care¬ fully-executed maps and charts of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, with a number of specimens of the geological for¬ mations of the State. Close by, the Stephens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken, New Jersey, displayed an interesting collection of scientific apparatus. The iron, steel, and slate men of the country made an impos¬ ing display of ores and manufactured metals. The Cambria Iron Works of Pennsylvania had a stately Masonic arch con¬ structed of solid T-rails; and close by the famous Lucy Fur¬ nace, of Pittsburgh, was shown in a small but complete model. The display of ores, pig-metals, manufactured articles, nails, bars and other products was extensive and interesting. The Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, exhibited alongside of the irons a fine model of the famous draw-bridge constructed by them over Raritan Bay, for the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Crossing toward the main aisle again we noticed a handsome case in which the American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachusetts, displayed an extensive assortment of handsome watches in gold and silver cases. A few feet north of this case the Elgin Watch Company, of Elgin, Illinois, exhibited their watches and a number of samples of the wheels and other move¬ ments used in them. In Machinery Hall one could see the process by which these watches are made by machinery. Our country is rapidly taking rank with the older nations for the excellence and beauty of its watches, and the accuracy and rapidity with which they are made by machinery has challenged the admiration of the civilized world. The two companies mentioned above are the most prominent parties engaged in this branch of our industry, and were the best prepared to show it to the thousands who gazed in wondering admiration at the process as shown in Machinery Hall, and at the results as exhibited there. Crossing the main aisle we noticed along its northern side a “EXHIBITION VASE,” EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 360 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 361 formidable row of Gatling, Parrott and breech-loading guns. The cannon were all fine specimens of the classes to which they belong, and attracted much attention. The display of small arms was also very fine, and showed some interesting im- provements in sporting weapons. North of the arms col¬ lection were the burglar and fire-proof safes. All the principal safe makers were represented, and the dis¬ play was exceptionally good and interesting. Close by the safes, Ives, Blakeman & Co., of Bridge¬ port, Connecticut, had a large stand with an exten¬ sive collection of mechanical toys. Several persons were kept busy displaying the operations of these ingenious contrivances, and a crowd of delighted little folks was always gathered about the stand. To the west of this stand was a large case contain¬ ing a handsome display of military uniforms and orna¬ ments, exhibited by Schuy¬ ler, Hartley & Graham, of New York. The most con- BRITISH MUSEUM VASE EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF. 362 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. spicuous object of this collection was a figure of the Emperor William, of Germany, in a superb uniform. We now enter a region of ready-made clothing and ladies’ costumes. The principal display here was made by the well- known houses of John Wanamaker & Co., of Philadelphia, Devlin & Co., and Madame Demorest, of New York, and Homer, Colladay & Co., of Philadelphia. The last-named house exhibited a number of wax figures dressed in the most beautiful and costly costumes. Here, also, was a fine display of furs, from the rough skins to the daintiest articles of clothing. Conspicuous in this department was the exhibit of F. Booss & Bro., of New York, which was greatly admired. Continuing on the north side we noticed a handsome display of terra-cotta ware. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, exhib¬ ited some beautiful statues, vases, tezzas, pedestals and foun¬ tains. The collection of articles for homelier uses was also very good. Along the western end of the American department on the north side was a capital exhibit of ropes and cordage, from the most delicate pack-thread to the stoutest cables. We here reached the extreme limit of the American department on the north side, and returning to the main aisle crossed to the south side at the soda fountain which stood opposite the Mexican court. In the front line on the south side of the main aisle were the vaults of the Centennial Safe Deposit Com¬ pany, looking the very picture of strength and security, and next above this the Seth Thomas Company, of Thomaston, Con¬ necticut, displayed a large collection of American clocks. The clocks of this company are admitted to be fully equal to the best French timepieces, and the writer can testify to their excellence from many years’ use of them. The designs are tasteful and handsome, and the clocks being made by machinery, are sold at about half the cost of a first-class foreign clock. Immediately above the clocks was the Telegraph Depart¬ ment, fronting also on the main aisle. Here were telegraphic and electrical instruments of every description. The Western Union Telegraph Company had here a handsome case of DRUGGISTS’ GLASSWARE IN MAIN BUILDING, BY H. C. FOX & SONS, PHILADELPHIA. 363 364 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY French walnut, showing the workings of a “telegraphic switch,” for shifting the magnetic current from wire to wire. A complete collection of telegraphic apparatus was to be seen here, and a thorough illustration was given of the system by which the extensive lines of this company are operated. On the main aisle, just west of this section, were handsome models in silver of the palace cars of the Pullman and Wood¬ ruff Companies. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 365 The display of glassware along the main aisle was very beau¬ tiful and quite extensive. The finest specimens of cut and ground glass were to be seen here. This department extended AMERICAN BRONZES, EXHIBITED BY N. MULLER’S SONS. southward from the main aisle, and embraced also a large col¬ lection of plainer and more substantial articles of glass. Wheel¬ ing, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the two principal seats of American glass manufacture, were well repre- 366 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY sented, and New Jersey and Massachusetts also made superb displays. Messrs. H. C. Fox & Sons, of Philadelphia, made a fine display of druggists’ glassware, the glass used being made without lead. Just beyond the glassware, on the main aisle, was a magnifi¬ cent display of fine gas fixtures by the leading manufacturers of New York and Phila¬ delphia. This was one of the most notable features of the American depart¬ ment, and many of the ar¬ ticles exhibited were ex¬ ceedingly beautiful. The collection took up a great deal of room, and showed to what a surprising ex¬ tent the taste of our people for luxury and variety has gone in the single direc¬ tion of apparatus for light. No foreign country had anything to compare with us in the extent of the dis¬ play in this line. Close by, Nicholas Mul¬ ler’s Sons, of New York, made a beautiful display of American bronzes, which exhibited by the gorham co. attracted much attention from visitors, and showed the great progress made by this country in this art. The next department was that of silver and plated ware. The firms represented here were principally from the Eastern States, and the display of the finest grades of plated ware was large and magnificent. The various manufacturing firms repre¬ sented appeared to have exhausted their ingenuity in the pro¬ duction of rare and beautiful articles for display at the great OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 367 Exhibition. The cases were rich and massive, and were in strict accordance with the beautiful objects they con¬ tained. The Meri¬ den Britannia Com¬ pany and Reed & Barton had excep¬ tionally fine dis¬ plays, many exqui¬ site bronzes being among that of the former firm. The show-cases of these firms were the most elegant in the whole American section. The jewellers made a fine exhibit of their wares, Bai¬ ley & Co., of Phila¬ delphia, being the first whose display attracted the visitor. They had a hand¬ some pavilion, in which was a large and beautiful collec¬ tion of jewelry and precious stones. At the intersec¬ tion of the main aisle with the cen¬ tral transept was a crescent-shaped peacock's feather, containing the famous BRUNSWICK DIAMOND AND OVER SIX HUNDRED SMALL DIAMONDS, EXHIBITED BY TIFFANY. 368 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Moorish pavilion of beautiful design, and ornamented in warm, rich colors. It was in all respects the most beautiful structure in the Exhibition, and was occupied by Messrs. Tiffany & Co., and Starr & Marcus, of New York, Caldwell & Co., of Phila¬ delphia, and the Gorham Manufacturing Company, of Provi¬ dence, P. I. These houses displayed the richest and most costly articles to be seen in the Exhibition. The finest jewels were to be seen here in pro¬ fusion. The cameos exhibited by Starr & Marcus were among the most exquisite in the world, and were selected with skill and taste. Tiffany & Co. exhibited a superb col¬ lection of precious stones in the most b e a u t i f u 1 settings. Among these were a diamond necklace, con¬ taining twenty-seven pure white stones of rare perfection and beauty; a pair of soli¬ taire diamond ear-rings of the purest water and of great beauty ; a peacock’s feather, containing the celebrated “Brunswick” straw-colored diamond, and over six hundred fine white diamonds of smaller size; a pendant containing two precious opals of unusual beauty, in which the play of red and green colors was matchless; a brooch and ear-rings of cat’s-eyes. The cat’s-eye is highly val¬ ued in India and the East, and lately has been much sought 370 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY after in England and this country. These specimens are the finest known; a pearl necklace, brooch and ear-rings, the two latter containing four pear-shaped pearls, perfect in shape and orient. Brooch in the form of three leaves covered with dia¬ monds. On the leaves are the three principal varieties of pearls —pink, black, and white; unset specimens of the diamond, ruby and sapphire, of perfect form and color; and a silver centre piece, in the form of a swan, enriched by the repouss6 process, with oriental ornamentation. The same house also exhibited a superb collection of articles in silver, richly chased and decorated in various artistic styles. The most conspicuous of these was the Bryant Vase, a superb piece of work, presented to William Cullen Bryant, the poet, by his admirers in this country, on his eightieth birthday. It was made by Tiffany & Co., and is valued at $5000, the materials of which it is composed being silver and gold. It was justly regarded as one of the most beautiful works in the Exhibition, and received, as it deserved, the warm admiration and praise of thousands. It was executed by the repouss6 process, and its de¬ signs are intended to symbolize the various eras in the poet’s life and character through the medium of a classic form, covered with ornaments drawn from nature and suggested by his works. Caldwell & Co. displayed a line of beautiful jewelry and silver ware which were the envy of many a fair gazer upon them. The Gorham Manufacturing Company, famous as the first manufacturers of silver and fine plated ware in America, fully sustained their well-earned reputation by their display here. The principal object of their exhibit was the magnificent “ Century Vase,” which stood at the entrance to their section. It was of solid silver, and was four feet two inches in height. The length of the vase was five feet four inches. The vase rose from the centre of the base, which rested upon a slab of polished granite, and both the vase and base were ornamented with a number of groups, the figures of which stood out boldly and beautifully. Each of these groups was emblematical. The following is the description of this splendid work of art given by its proprietors: OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 371 “The pioneer and Indian represent the first phase of civiliza¬ tion. Groups of fruit, flowers, and cereals, the natural products of the soil. The slab of polished granite signifies the unity and solidity of the government on which rest the thirty-eight States. The band of stars, thirty-eight encircling the piece, thirteen in front, represent the present and original number of H THE CENTURY VASE,” EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY, IN THE MAIN BUIEDING. States in the Union. The group on the left is the genius of war, with the torch in her right hand, while the left grasps the chain holding the ‘dogs of war* in check. A shell has shat¬ tered the tree, and a broken caisson wheel is half buried in the debris on the battle ground. The group on the right is the lion led by little children, musical instruments and flowers 372 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY strewn on the ground, all denoting perfect peace and security. The medallion in front is the angel of fame, holding in one hand the palm branch and laurel wreath, and in the other a wreath of immortelles and a portrait of Washington. The medallion on the opposite side is the genius of philosophy and diplomacy, with one hand resting on the printing press, and COMMUNION SERVICE, “GORHAM PLATE,” EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM! COMPANY, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. with the other holding a portrait of Franklin. On either side of the plinth is a head of the bison, the king of the prairie. Having now passed the Revolution, and witnessed the restora¬ tion of peace, the nation commences its growth, and hence from the plinth the vase rises. The front panel of the vase represents genius, ready to inscribe on the tablet the progress made in OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 373 literature, science, music, painting, sculpture, and architecture. On the reverse panel, genius is ready to record the advancement in commerce, mining, and manufactures. The cover of the vase bears the group in which the story culminates. The figures denote Europe, Asia, and Africa, while the central figure, America, is inviting and welcoming all nations to unite with her in celebrating the triumph of her Centennial year. The cost of the vase was $7000. We give among our illustrations a number of engravings of articles exhibited by the Gorham Company. Many of these were of the material known as the “ Gorham Plate,” a superior article of triple plate upon nickel-silver. These articles were equal in beauty and finish to solid silver ware, and their dura¬ bility the writer can vouch for from personal use of them. Not far distant Aikin, Lambert & Co., of New York, exhib¬ ited a beautiful case of gold pens, which made one of the most attractive displays in the building. Passing to the southward one saw near the central transept an extensive display of chemicals and paints. These were grouped tastefully, and with their brilliant hues constituted one of the most attractive features of the American department. Conspic¬ uous in this collection was the exhibit of John Lucas & Co., of Philadelphia, one of the largest and best known houses in the Union, whose extensive works are located at Gibsboro’, New Jersey. The display of this house embraced a fine exhibit of white leads and zincs, colors, paints, varnishes, and window- glass, both white and colored. Some magnificent specimens of zinc ore were displayed, and the processes of manufacturing white lead and white zinc were shown in the simplest and clearest manner. The high reputation enjoyed by this house, and the completeness of the display made by it, rendered its exhibit one of the most conspicuous “features” of the Exhibition. To visitors interested in or familiar with this branch of American industry it is unnecessary to add that this is the representative house of the Union in this line. Close by was the handsome exhibit of printing inks made by Charles Enu Johnson & Co., Philadelphia, the largest and best known manufacturers of THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 375 these articles in America. The goods were displayed tastefully, and a crowd of the members of the “fourth estate” could always be seen gathered around the stand, inspecting the wares which experience has taught them are unexcelled by any of their class in the world. Close by these exhibits was the large and handsome stand of Messrs. Warner & Co., of Philadelphia, containing an extensive and beautifully arranged display of sugar-coated pills and other pharmaceutical preparations manufactured by this house, which was the first to introduce into the United States this method of preparing medicines. While examining this beautiful display one almost forgot his dislike for “ doctor’s stuff,” the contents of the case looked so inviting. Going eastward again we noticed the handsome display of the cologne and perfume makers of this country. The firms repre¬ sented were from New York and Philadelphia chiefly. Burnett had a pretty black marble fountain which sent up a constant jet of cologne water, and where the tired visitor could enjoy the delightful privilege of bathing his forehead with the refreshing liquid. Wenck, of New York, had a handsome bamboo pavilion, from which perfumed sprays were thrown, filling the air with their delicious fragrance. Lundborg, of New York, had a tall, gayly decorated Moorish pavilion, in which he made an exten¬ sive and attractive show of his perfumes. Close by the perfumes Thaddeus Davids & Co., of New York, made a fine display of their ’world-renowned writing inks. Going eastward still we entered the furniture department, and it required but a glance to see that the West here offered a sharp competition to the East in this, its specialty. There were some fine specimens of furniture from the West, the State of Michigan being especially well represented in this respect. The display of furniture was very large, and some of the finest specimens were from Columbus, Ohio. The makers of the finest grades of furniture in New York and Philadelphia went to great ex¬ pense in setting up their exhibits. Many of them constructed rooms of the usual size, which were handsomely carpeted, pro¬ vided with curtains, doors, frescoed ceilings and walls, and PERFORATED VENEER SEATS. 376 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 377 superb gas fixtures and mantel-pieces. The rooms were open on one side. With the homelike surroundings thus provided the furniture showed to the best possible advantage. It was of the most elaborate description, and was richly upholstered. Smith & Campion, of Philadelphia, exhibited a suite of four rooms, consisting of a parlor, library, dining-room and chamber, fitted up magnificently and furnished with the most costly articles. Some rich specimens of interior decoration were also shown by the firms represented here, prominent among these being the dec¬ orations furnished by Marcotte & Co., of New York. George J. Henkels, of Philadelphia, had a fine chamber suit of maple, made from the wood of an old maple tree that grew in Inde¬ pendence Square. It was over 200 years old when it was cut down. The gem of the whole furniture dis¬ play, however, was an exquisitely carved bedstead of Amaranth wood inlaid with black walnut. It was not only a superb piece of furniture, but was a beautiful work of art. It formed a part of the exhibit of Pot- tier & Stymus, of New York, which was one of the most striking features of the furniture department. North of the furniture collection was the display of philo- PATENT FOLDING BED, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 378 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 379 sophical and surgical instruments. It was quite large, and the articles compared well with those in the English, French and Swiss departments. Among the most conspicuous objects of this collection was a fine equatorial transit instrument exhibited by Messrs. Fauth & Co., of Washington, D. C. From the scientific department we passed on and found our¬ selves in the piano-forte collection. All the principal firms were represented. Stein way, Chickering, Weber, Knabe, and a score of well-known names greeted us at every turn. Each maker sent his best instruments, and the highest skill was exercised in the construction of the beautiful frames in which these were placed. All the spaces occupied by the piano makers were en¬ closed, and many of them were covered with elegant pavilions, richly carpeted, and provided with seats for visitors. Several of the leading firms engaged distinguished performers to show off their instruments, and one was sure of always hearing some brilliant pianist while lingering in this department. The col¬ lection covered a large area and was very complete. In the collection of Win. Knabe & Co., of Baltimore, there was a harpsichord made for Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a century ago. Alongside of the pianos was the display of cabinet organs, which, though smaller, was quite as handsome as that of the stringed instruments. George Wood & Co. and Mason & Hamlin exhibited some fine instruments, which attracted much attention by their beautiful designs and rich workmanship. Conspicuous in this department was the display of J. Estey & Co., of Brattleboro’, Vermont, whose cottage and parlor organs are famous the world over as the best American instru¬ ments made. They stood confessedly without a peer in the multitude of instruments by which they were surrounded at the Exhibition, and, apart from the beauty of their designs, for strength, purity, sweetness, and richness of tone, these organs have no equals. The writer has long numbered an “ Estey ” among the choicest treasures of his home, and can testify, of his personal experience, tt> its immeasurable superiority over any and every cabinet organ made. CABINET ORGAN, EXHIBITED BY ESTEY & CO. 380 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 381 Two pipe organs were on exhibition close by, and not far distant was a handsome case of violins exhibited by C. F. Albert, of Philadelphia. We have now completed our survey of the American depart¬ ment of the main hall, and must turn our attention to the display made by foreign countries. Great Britain and Ireland. First among these nations was the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the mother land of our young republic. The space occupied by the British section lay north of the main aisle and west of the central transept, and was not enclosed by a pavilion or any other structure. Each exhibitor was obliged to provide and set up his own show-case, and these, while al¬ ways executed in a thorough and workmanlike manner, were as simple and unadorned as possible. They were painted black, with gilt mouldings. Professor Archer, of the British Com¬ mission, states, as a reason for this, that his country has learned from its great experience in international exhibitions, that too great a display in the furniture detracts from the appearance of the exhibits proper. A banner of red, with the words “ Great Britain and Ireland,” was suspended from the roof over the entrance to the British court. At the entrance, opposite the music stand in the central tran¬ sept, was a rich display of silver and plated ware by Elkington & Co., silversmiths, of Birmingham. The collection embraced many articles of great value and beauty, and was the gem of the British exhibit. Some splendid bronzes were included in it, and one could pass hours in inspecting the objects displayed by this enterprising firm, whose exhibit was valued by the London Times at $500,000. One of the most beautiful articles to be seen here was the “ Helicon vase,” in repouss6 and richly enamelled, which was valued at $30,000. The reproductions in electro-deposit of ancient works of art from the South Ken¬ sington and British Museums were especially interesting. Adjoining this splendid display was the space occupied by Messrs. Cox & Co., of London, who exhibited a large and EXHIBIT OF VIOLINS IN THE MAIN BUILDING. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 383 handsome collection of church plate, wrought-iron and brass work, church furniture of various kinds, and some fine ebon- ized and carved oak furniture. Going north, along the eastern end of the British section, we reached the display of porcelain, pottery and majolica ware. In her porcelain England fairly rivals France, the first nation in Europe in the extent and beauty of this manufacture, and in pottery and majol¬ icas leads the world. The display of por¬ celains made by A. B. Daniell & Son, of London, was exten¬ sive and very beau¬ tiful, including or- namental vases, candelabra, splen¬ did dinner, dessert, andteasets. Brown, Westhead, T. C. Moore & Co., of Staffordshire, also made an elegant display. In pottery Eng¬ land excelled all the nations in her display. The col¬ lection included vessels of all kinds for household, sci¬ entific and commercial uses, drainage and objects of ornament, statuary, etc. Some of the statues and busts were remarkably fine, and the display, on the whole, was beautiful and creditable in the highest degree. Messrs. Doulton & Co. exhibited a handsome temple of terra-cotta, filled with a choice display of their productions in the same material. One of the most com- TERRA-COTTA TEMPLE, EXHIBITED BY DOULTON & CO., ENGLAND. 384 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY plete and conspicuous displays was that of Bates, Walker & Co., of Burslem, in Staffordshire, from whose circular we take the following account of the process of the manufacture of the articles displayed here, which is identical with that followed in all pottery establishments: “The raw materials of the manufacture are commonplace enough—certain clays from Devon and Cornwall, China stone and flint being the principal. The latter is calcined, broken up, and ground with water in a large cylindrical tub, lined at the bottom with hard siliceous stones. From the central vertical shaft working in this tub project arms between which large loose stones are placed, and, the mill being set going, these move round on the bed-stone, grinding the flint until it forms with the water a creamy fluid. “ The China stone is treated separately, but in a similar man¬ ner, and the clay is mixed up with water and then made to pass through silk sieves of exceeding fineness, having a recipro¬ cating movement, and which arrest impurities in the clay, as also the coarser particles. Next the ingredients, in their semi¬ fluid state, are mixed by measure in large underground tanks, from whence the ‘slip/ as the mixture is now called, is pumped into long bags of a coarse cotton fabric. A number of these bags being filled, they are placed side by side in a press actuated by powerful screws, and thus subjected to powerful compression the water filters through the bags in a perfectly pure and limpid state, the solid clayey compound being left behind. The dough- like masses removed from the bags are thrown into a pug mill with an internal spiral arrangement of knives, which cut up the clay, and it is gradually forced through an opening in the mill in a perfectly homogeneous and workable condition. Having now seen how the fine plastic material which is to form the body of the ware is prepared, the next thing is to follow it into the potters’ domain pure and simple. There are two methods by which the clay is made to assume the required shapes, viz., by throwing and moulding. The former operation requires con¬ siderable manual dexterity, and is accomplished by the aid of the potter’s wheel, the essential part of which is simply a hori- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 385 zontal revolving disc. The potter places on it a lump of clay, and while it revolves, fashions it with his fingers into any shape that may be desired. Articles thus formed in the rough are, when partially dried, finished by turning them in a lathe. “A less expensive method of fashioning the clay is that which involves the use of plaster of Paris moulds. Such things as teacups, which require to be of a uniform thinness, are made by pressing thin sheets of clay into the moulds, which absorb the superficial moisture of the paste, and allow the articles to be removed without injury. Ewers, jugs, teapots, and articles of somewhat intricate shape are formed in moulds which are in several parts. Spouts, handles, etc., are moulded, and after¬ wards joined to the body of the vessel by liquid ‘slip.’ Com¬ ing now to that part of the factory where plate making is going on, we notice that the plan adopted combines both the processes of throwing and moulding. A mould turned to the shape of the upper surface of the plate is placed on the revolving disc of the potter s wheel, and a thin sheet of paste is pressed on to it; then, while in movement, the potter places in position a tool representing a section of the plate, and this pares down and shapes the clay to its own outline. Their edges having been finished off, the plates, still on the moulds, are placed in a hot closet on shelves which slowly revolve, and by this ingenious airangement the drying of the goods to the desired degree is well accomplished. Being formed, the articles, of whatever kind, must be 1 fired,’ and they are accordingly packed in coarse earthenware vessels called saggers, and these are piled one on the other in the oven until it is quite full. “ The furnaces are now lighted, and an intense heat kept up for about forty hours; the oven is then allowed to cool, and when the saggers are withdrawn they contain the ware in the state known as ‘ biscuit,’ At this stage we are introduced to the decorative processes of the manufacture. The patterns are printed on peculiarly soft and thin tissue-paper from copper¬ plates, and are transferred to the ware by applying the printed tissue-paper to its surface and rubbing it on. The biscuit being of a highly absorbent nature, readily receives the pattern, and 25 386 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the paper is got rid of by the application of water. Gilt dec¬ oration is largely used, and the patterns are printed on the ware in a kind of size, the gold alloy being afterwards dusted on. Before heating the gold is quite dark; during that process it changes to a dirty yellow, and is only brought out in all its resplendency by the operation of burnishing with agate. The more elaborate patterns are hand-painted on the ware, and there is scope here for the display of the most artistic execution. Each color has to be separately applied, and the many heatings the ware has to undergo to bring out the tints expose it to such risk of injury that other manufacturers are disinclined, in con¬ sequence, to apply this variety of decoration to their goods. After the biscuit has received its ornamentation, it is dipped in a glaze, and the final heating it undergoes vitrifies the latter, and calls up the natural vividness of the colors forming the patterns.” The tile makers had a fine collection. Several of the struc¬ tures enclosing the spaces of the exhibitors were constructed entirely of tiles bearing handsome paintings, and finished in the most perfect style of the art. The famous house of Minton & Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, had perhaps the most perfect col¬ lection in the group. The designs were fine, and the workman¬ ship of the highest class. Maw & Co., and Craven, Dunnill & Co., of Shropshire, also made a fine show of geometrical mosaic, encaustic, and majolica tiles, among which were a num¬ ber of fine reproductions of ancient works, as well as modern designs. The collection of tiles was chiefly near the north side of the British section, at its eastern end. Returning from this to the front line, we noticed, near the collection of Elkington & Co., the exhibit of ornamental iron-work, made by Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Norwich. The most prominent object of this col¬ lection was the fine pavilion of iron-work filled with the wares of the firm. The South Kensington Museum has purchased duplicate portions of this building as specimens of the finest styles of ornamental iron-work of the nineteenth century. Just above this collection a superb crystal chandelier, sus- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 387 pended over a fine display of cut glassware, attracted our atten¬ tion. It was the handsomest in the building. Passing northward, we reached the collection of furniture. A special feature of this department consisted of the handsome and comfortable-looking brass bedsteads, of which quite a num¬ ber were displayed. Messrs. James Schoolbred & Co., of London, had one of the handsomest pavilions in the Exhibition. It was divided into a number of chambers furnished with exquisite taste in the Anglo- Indian style. These cozy apartments were exceedingly attrac¬ tive, and visitors were loud in their praise of their arrangement. This house also exhibited some fine furniture of the Jacobean and Queen Anne styles. A fine display of decorative furniture was also made by W. Scott Morton, of Edinburgh. The furni¬ ture exhibited included many beautiful specimens of interior decoration and adornment, and was a fair representation of a school from which our own decorators might learn much. The collection of ornamental mantels, fire-places, and heating apparatus stood in the rear of the furniture. It was handsome, but in point of convenience and completeness was inferior to that displayed by our own country in the annex to the Main Building. A conspicuous feature of the British collection was the mag¬ nificent tent, or booth, constructed of purple velvet hangings, and ornamented with a superb collection of specimens of em¬ broidery and needlework. An exquisitely worked scroll over the entrance told us that this was the pavilion of the “ Royal School of Art and Needlework.” This school is under the especial patronage of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, and the greater part of the embroideries displayed were the work of the royal family or of ladies of noble birth. A screen worked by the Princess Christian attracted much attention from visitors. The hearty interest displayed by the Queen of England in our Exhibition, and the generous manner in which she has person¬ ally taken part in it, merit and should receive the cordial ac¬ knowledgment of our people. Against the northern wall of the building were suspended two JAMES SMITH & SON’S EXHIBIT OF NEEDLES, MAIN BUILDING 388 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 389 seamless pieces of oil-cloth, each about twenty-five by forty-five feet in size. They were from Kirkaldy, in Scotland. Returning once more to the main aisle, we entered the depart¬ ment of cotton and woollen goods. The exhibit in these lines was immense and extremely varied. The articles were of the best quality, and were displayed in the most artistic manner. Linens also abounded here, and excited, as they well deserved, the praise of all visitors. A case of magnificent Irish poplins was exhibited by Pirn Brothers, of Dublin, They were among the most beautiful fabrics on exhibition in the main hall, and a crowd of visitors was always collected around them. The famous Balbriggan Hose Manufacturers made an interesting and complete exhibit near by. The display of laces, silks, ribbons and silk fabrics was also very fine. The department of textile fabrics included England, Scotland and Ireland, and fully sus¬ tained the claims of the British kingdom with regard to this branch of her manufactures. A conspicuous portion of this ex¬ hibit was the handsome display of satteens and cloths for tailors’ use, made by Ferguson Brothers, of the Holme Head Works, near Carlisle. These goods were of the most superior class, and were considered unequalled in the Exhibition. The well-known house of William F. Read, of Philadelphia, is the American representative of this firm. Hitchcock, Williams & Co., of London, displayed a case of handsome and complete toilettes for ladies, elegantly set off on wax figures. Farther north was the collection of jewelry. This was hand¬ some in many respects, but was not such a display as was hoped for from Great Britain. One or two cases were especially notice¬ able. James Aitchison, of Edinburgh, had a pretty exhibit of Scottish jewelry in gold and silver, Highland ornaments, and precious stones found in Scotland; and William Gibson, of Belfast, had a fine display of Irish bog-oak jewelry. The exhibit of cutlery, tools, and hardware was large, and included London, Sheffield, and Birmingham. The articles offered were of the finest quality, and were tastefully arranged. In this department the Telegraph Construction and Maintain- auce Company exhibited a collection of specimens of the differ- 390 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ent submarine cables laid by them in various parts of the world. Messrs. James Smith & Sons, of Redditch, England, here exhibited a handsome case of needles; a display which fully sustained the high reputation their wares have acquired in the commercial world. The display of scientific and philosophical instruments was extensive and unusually good. All the leading makers were represented, and the specimens on exhibition were among the very best in the building. Some fine watches and chronome¬ ters and a number of musical instruments were to be seen near by. In the alcoves along the northern w 7 all of the building the carpet makers displayed their finest products. Here were to be seen the most beautiful Axminster, Wilton, and Indian carpets and rugs that Great Britain ever sent to this country. The larger ones, woven in a seamless piece, were suspended against the wall, and could be examined readily by the lovers of these beautiful fabrics. A fine collection of fire-arms was to be seen near by, together with apparatus for hunting and fishing, a collection deeply in¬ teresting to sportsmen. At the western end of her section Great Britain grouped the exhibits of her publishers, and her educational display. The latter was not large, and did not do justice to the country which has done so much for the cause of knowledge. Her great universities were not represented at all, and her excellent school system was scarcely shown, a circumstance much to be regretted. The book-men had but a slight representation. Cassell, Petter & Gal pin, of London, showed a good collection of their illustrated works, and Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., of London, the proprietors of Punch and the British Encyclopaedia, had a handsome pavilion, at the entrance to which Mr. Punch stood, bowing a welcome to his visitors. The publications of this house were well displayed, and the lover of books did not fail to notice with especial pleasure the rich and exquisite editions of Shakspeare to be seen here. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 391 Immediately opposite, the London Illustrated News and the London Graphic united in an enclosure, along the sides of which were displayed specimens of their illustrations and fine cut¬ printing. The Graphic exhibited a number of original sketches and complete drawings of scenes and incidents in the late Franco-German war, and a series of blocks showing the dif- fent stages of the process of wood engraving. A small printing press worked by a gas-engine was used to strike off the illumin¬ ated circulars of this firm. The display of stained glass windows was more complete and beautiful than has ever been made by England at any Interna¬ tional Exhibition. These exhibits were to be found chiefly in the windows of the gallery at the south end of the transept, where they showed to the best advantage. One-fifth of the entire space of the Main Building was taken up by Great Britain and her colonies. Of this, Great Britain and India occupied one-half. India. The exhibit made by British India was under the control of the British Commissioners, and was chiefly from the India Museum in London. It was neither as extensive nor as fine as the exhibit made at Vienna. Specimens were exhibited, show¬ ing everything the natives eat, wear or use. The grains of India, the cotton, and other products were arranged in cases according to a regular classification, and were deserving of a careful study. Native dyes were also shown, together with a quantity of silks, raw, floss, spun, and woven, and the cocoon from which the silk is obtained. Some of the silks were beau¬ tifully embroidered, and some fine specimens of gold and silver cloth were to be seen here. The collection of laces and shawls was very attractive. A set of magnificently carved black fur¬ niture was included in the collection, and attracted much atten¬ tion. Jewelled weapons and native arms were among the showiest features of the display. A collection of native pottery and metal work, lacquered ware, boxes made of porcupine quills and sandal wood, some magnificent native fans inlaid 392 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY with ivory and precious stones, some singular drawings in mica, and a number of Hindoo antiquities were also to be found in this department. Some fine India carpets were displayed. Delhi sent some handsome embroidered work, and Bombay a rich collection of jewels. Along the sides of the space were photographs of scenes in India, and of the native races of that country. From the display made here one could gather a fair idea of the people of India and their habits, and contrast them with those of other lands. This, indeed, was supposed to be CARVED EAST INDIAN FURNITURE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. the main object of the intelligent visitor, and the various com¬ missions arranged their exhibits for the purpose of facilitating this study. The Dominion of Canada. Canada occupied almost as much space as the mother country. The exhibit was made under the direction of three Commis¬ sioners from the Dominion and one from each of the Provinces. The collection was made up of articles from the Provinces of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 393 Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia. The Dominion contributed the sum of $100,000 to the expenses of the Exhibition, and the Provinces an equal sum. The goods were displayed in neat uniform walnut cases, but little expense having been gone to on this account. The extent and variety of the exhibition of Canadian manu¬ factures surprised even those who supposed themselves well versed in these matters. Cotton and woollen goods, hosiery, boots and shoes, drugs and chemicals, sewing machines, hard¬ ware, saws, pianos, and wearing apparel of all kinds, were dis¬ played in profusion and of admirable qualities. The leading ship-builders on the coast sent models of the vessels they have constructed, and Quebec and Toronto sent fine specimens of furniture. The Canadian potters sent handsome specimens of stoneware, which they claim is equal to the best Staffordshire ware; and from Montreal there were finely wrought marble mantels, which the exhibitors asserted were equal in quality and workmanship to anything produced in Italy. A large display of furs was made, the Hudson Bay Company taking the lead in this respect. A specialty was the exhibit of the geological department, in which the ores and petroleum of the Dominion were most prominent. A lump of plumbago, six feet by four in size, was exhibited. It is said to be the largest ever mined. New Brunswick contributed some fine specimens of red granite. A case of clothing of skins ornamented with bead-work, and articles of adornment of bead-work, made by the Indians of Canada, attracted much attention. The Province of Ontario displayed with great pride and minuteness her educational system. The plan adopted was similar to that of the States of the American Union, and no pains were spared to make the showing complete. Models and drawings of the principal educational establishments were ex¬ hibited, together with the text-books used, and specimens of the pupils’ work. A handsome collection of philosophical ap¬ paratus and maps was embraced in the exhibit. 394 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Altogether Canada had good cause to be satisfied with her display, and the careful observer could learn much that was new to him of the progress of our northern neighbor. The British Colonies. Of the space allotted to the dependencies of Great Britain, Canada had three-sixths, the Australian colonies two-sixths, and the remainder was divided among the African and American colonies. New South Wales. The Australian colonies exhibited many interesting objects. New South Wales, which lies in the southeastern portion of that continent, endeavored to show by her display the extent and variety of her resources. Fine photographs of Sidney, the capital, said to be the largest ever taken, constituted a promi¬ nent part of the exhibit, and showed to the visitor what a stately city has grown up in the far-off country which but a generation back was almost unknown. The exhibit of wool was very large, and fairly represented the extent and importance of this branch of Australian industry. An extensive collection of mineral specimens, including copper, antimony, iron, gold and kaolin, was shown, among which was a pyramid formed of blocks of coal and samples of all the car¬ boniferous specimens discovered in the country. A number of lumps of tin ore, and blocks of refined tin, showed what New Zealand can do in the mining of this metal, and a lofty obelisk of gilt showed the amount of gold that was taken from the country from 1851 to 1874, which was 8,205,232,598 ounces, valued at $167,949,355. Samples of silk and silk cocoons, and a number of specimens of the work of the natives of the country, were shown. The fine timber which forms so prominent a part of the exports of the colony was shown in a number of excellent specimens of sections of trees. A large block of kerosene shale was to be seen, from which the kerosene oil used in the colony is manu¬ factured. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 395 The whole exhibit was deeply interesting and instructive. It was arranged with great care and judgment, and was a fair showing of the resources and progress of the country it repre¬ sented. Queensland. The exhibit from Queensland was contained in an enclosed apartment, on the north side of the British space, immediately opposite the New South Wales section. It was in charge of Mr. Angus Mackay, of the Queenslander (the leading journal of the colony), a gentleman who has identified himself closely with the progress of this far-off country. It was in all respects one of the most interesting in the building, and was so admirably arranged that it could not fail to attract throngs of inquiring and appreciative visitors. Queensland occupies the northwestern part of Australia, and is a rapidly-growing and thriving colony. It originally formed a part of the colony of New South Wales, but was separated from it and given an independent administra¬ tion some years ago. The visitor’s attention was at once drawn to a tall obelisk covered with gilt, which showed the amount of gold exported from Queensland between 1868 and 1875. It was sixty-five tons forty-one pounds and six ounces, and was valued at $35,- 000,000. A fine collection of gold-bearing quartz was arranged around this obelisk. The collection of minerals was very com¬ plete, and embraced all that are found in the colony. There were specimens of tin, copper, arrowroot, woods, oils, silk, timber and antimony. The production of tin is increasing every year, and now exceeds that of gold. Indeed, the principal sup¬ ply of the tin used by the civilized world is now drawn from Queensland. Several lumps of copper ore were exhibited, weighing five tons in the aggregate, and twenty-two different kinds of wood were shown. The botanical collection was very rich. Some fine native sugars were exhibited, and the display of wool was large and of an excellent quality. A case of native implements and clothing, exhibiting the dress and habits of the native Australian, formed an interesting part of the collection. Black wall tablets were suspended around the enclosure showing 396 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. the mining, grazing, agricultural and geological statistics of the colony, and below these was an extensive array of paintings and photographs illustrative of the country and its inhabitants. The whole exhibit was so arranged that the colony and its resources could be understood almost at a glance. Victoria. The colony of Victoria occupies the southeastern corner of Australia, and covers an area of about 88,198 square miles. It has a population of about 820,000. The capital is Melbourne, one of the largest cities in Australia. It is better provided with railways than any of the Australian colonies, and its people are well educated, education being free, secular, and compulsory. The exhibit of this colony embraced a display of her mineral resources, including fac-similes of enormous nuggets of gold found in her rich gold-fields; a classified collection of rocks, minerals and fossils, illustrative of the geology, mineralogy and mining resources of Victoria; and a collection of gems and precious stones, consisting of diamonds, blue sapphires, oriental emeralds, rubies, aqua marines, topazes, spinels, beryls, opals, garnets, tourmalines, etc. A number of specimens of chemical preparations from Australian products were shown in this section, and the display of home-made pottery is excellent. Specimens also were shown of the manufactures of the colony in cotton and woollen goods, and silk threads and raw silk pro¬ duced in Victoria. Samples of paper made from different barks were shown, also a collection of fine photographs. The Austra¬ lian climate is the most favorable in the world to photography, and all the specimens from that continent were very fine. The grains and other agricultural products, the wools, coffee and native wines, were also well displayed. A small exhibit was made of the educational system of the colony, and also of the work of the penal institutions. Around the walls of the en¬ closure were hung a number of photographs and paintings of places and scenery in Victoria. AQUARIUM, EXHIBITED BY THE RACINE HARDWARE 398 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. South Australia. This is one of the largest of the Australian colonies, and lies south of Queensland and west of New South Wales. It comprises an area of 914,730 square miles, about one-third the size of the United States, and has a population of 210,699. It is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Its principal exports are wool, wheat and copper. The exhibit of the colony included specimens of gold quartz, copper ores, iron ores, bis¬ muth and malachite, olive oil, native wines, the native woods, barks, grains, and other vegetable products, wools and raw silks. Articles made by the native Australians were also exhibited. Fine photographs of Adelaide, the capital, and various places in South Australia, were hung around the enclosure. New Zealand. The colony of New Zealand consists of the three islands, known as the North, South, and Stewart Islands, and the several neighboring small islands, all of which lie in the Pacific ocean, to the southeast of Australia. The total area is about 100,000 square miles ; the population about 299,514. The exhibit of the colony was not very large, but included specimens of the ores—such as copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron and coal— found in the islands. The principal feature of the exhibit, however, was the display of paintings and drawings represent¬ ing the country and its inhabitants; the models of its public works and the large photographs of scenery and places in the colony. There was also an interesting collection of Maori weapons and implements. The Cape of Good Hope. The colony of the Cape of Good Hope comprises an area of about 201,000 square miles, and has a population of 776,158, of which 187,439 arc whites. The arrangements of the exhibit of the colony were exceptionally good. The display included some rich specimens of copper ore, black oxide of manganese, diamonds, saltpetre and coal; native articles of dress; native 400 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY jewelry and weapons; specimens of the wines and brandies made in the colony; leather, wool, mohair, agricultural pro¬ ducts, ivory, skins, and specimens of the birds and animals of the Cape. Here also were photographs and paintings of the scenery of the country. The Gold Coast. The exhibit of the Gold Coast colony was small, but well arranged. It embraced some fine specimens of gold dust and native ornaments of gold; skins of the wild animals of the African coast; native idols, clothing, weapons and other articles. Jamaica. The island of Jamaica fitted up a small pavilion, in which it displayed its favorite rums and sugars, its coffee, cotton, medicinal barks, hemp and native woods. The Bermudas. In the small pavilion appropriated to the Bermuda islands a handsome collection was gathered, consisting of shells, corals of the most exquisite forms, palm-leaf baskets, mats and fans, and native woods. The Bahamas. The Bahama islands displayed some beautiful specimens of shell work, large shells, native woods, tobacco, cotton beeswax, and tough fibres of the native trees of the islands. Trinidad. Trinidad’s display was small, and consisted mainly of speci¬ mens of the agricultural and mineral products of the colony, and a number of samples of the native manufactures. British Guiana. The exhibit of this colony consisted principally of sugars, rums and specimens of the reptiles found in the colony. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 401 Tasmania . The collection of Tasmania was small, but interesting, and represented the native products, the mineral and the agricultural resources of the colony, with photographs and paintings of scenes and places in the island. Taken as a whole, the British display was larger and better than that at Vienna, and the colonies made an exhibit which was gratifying and instructive in the highest degree. SfrlfTH. FhIL A ■ THE “ WARWICK VASE,” EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. France. The space occupied by France lay on the north side of the building, immediately east of the central transept, extending from the main aisle to the north wall. It was about one-half as large as the space assigned to Great Britain. The section was unenclosed, and the cases were simple but perfectly constructed. I hey were invariably painted black, with ornamental lines of gilt, and with the names of the exhibitors above in gilt letters. This uniformity and simplicity were prescribed by M. de 26 402 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 403 Somerard, the Director-General of France, for all International Exhibitions. He established this regulation at the Paris Ex¬ position in 1867, and has enforced it ever since. It had the good result of preventing persons from losing sight of the beauty and excellence of the goods displayed in their admira¬ tion of the cases. The elegant simplicity of the French Depart¬ ment was very pleasing. The principal entrance to the French section was at the inter¬ section of the main aisle with the central transept, opposite the music stand. Here, in a semi-circular space, was a collection of exquisite bronzes and articles in gilt and verd antique, exhibited by Marchand & Co., of Paris. The gem of the whole collec¬ tion was a mantel-piece of black marble fifteen feet high, ornamented with statues and high reliefs in gilt and verd an¬ tique bronze. It had no rival in the Exhibition. Back of the front line one found a rich and beautiful display of antique furniture, cabinets, etc., all of which were very attractive, and many of which were of great value as works of art. Close by was the display of porcelain and pottery. This was the largest portion of the French exhibit, and by far the most attractive. There were four collections of porcelain proper, and six of faience and majolica. The porcelains were arranged along the central transept, and faced the English display in friendly defiance, being separated from it only by the broad walk. In this department France is absolutely peerless among the nations of Europe, and the rare beauty and extent of her display delighted all lovers of beautiful objects. The famous house of Barbizet & Son, of Paris, exhibited a number of their matchless reproductions of Palissy ware, each article being worthy of careful study. Another house exhibited only works in imitation of old faience. Jules Houry & Co., of Paris, dis¬ played a collection of exquisite china and faience, and some artistic furniture. Paul Blot, another well-known dealer, had an exhibit of the most delicate and beautiful glassware for use and ornament. Pelletier & Son, of St. Just on the Loire, showed some rich stained glasses for windows; and P. J. Broeard, of Paris, had a large and handsome display of chandeliers and mirrors, arranged wfith exceptional good taste. 404 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The front line along the main aisle was taken up principally with a display of cloths, cotton goods, silks, velvets, gloves, laces and wearing apparel. The goods displayed in this depart¬ ment were exceedingly beautiful, and the exhibit was very large. The silks and velvets were displayed in cases enclosing a court, in which the exhibitors provided cushioned seats, that the lady visitors might examine the beautiful fabrics at their ease. The variety of the display was astonishing. All the great manufacturers of Lyons and Paris were repre¬ sented, and each exhausted his ingenuity to make his ex¬ hibit as beautiful and as varied as possible. Here were silks, velvets and satins, ribbons and silk threads of every conceivable hue and texture. The eye was dazzled by the brilliancy of the collection, and at the same time one was charmed with the per¬ fect good taste of the arrangement. The clothing department was also extensive and included wearing apparel of every description. Some of the costumes for ladies were superb, and were not excelled by any in the Exhibition. They were displayed upon wax figures, and were thus seen to the best advantage. Among these were several magnificent court dresses, which were the delight of lady visitors. The display of laces and lace fabrics was very fine, and was also quite extensive. The collective display of the lacemakers of the department of Calvados was one of the most complete in the French section, and in it were a number of superb lace shawls which received, as they deserved, general admiration. Going back from the front line, near the western end of the French court, we found a handsome display of Aubusson tapes¬ tries, worked by hand, in which the weaver had introduced as many as three thousand shades of wool. These were hung prin¬ cipally around the outer walls of the pavilion of the French booksellers, and constituted a series of rich and beautiful ornaments. They were woven into fine pictures, which at a dis¬ tance resembled paintings, and the shadings were as delicate and as perfectly laid on as if the work had been done with a brush. Faffl & Co., of Paris, made a showy display of statues for OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 405 churches, of painted plaster. The centre piece was a group representing the Adoration of the Infant Saviour by the Shep¬ herds and the Wise Men. There was a stable of boards, with real straw. The Holy Child lay in the manger and at either side knelt Mary and Joseph, while grouped around were the shepherds and the four kings. The figures were about two- thirds life-size, and were brilliantly painted. A crowd was always gathered about the space, and the group received as much notice, perhaps, as anything in the French collection. Goupil & Co., of Paris, had a separate enclosure in which were displayed their famous art publications. Many of these engravings are familiar to the people of this country, having been extensively sold by the agents of the publishers in the United States. The collection was very fine, and showed the art of steel engraving in its most perfect form. Opposite this enclosure was the pavilion of the Paris book publishers. Several of the great houses were represented. Hachette & Co. showed a number of fine illustrated works, in¬ cluding Bida’s beautiful etchings of the Four Gospels. An interesting exhibit was also made of educational and scientific works. Ducher & Co., of Paris, exhibited a fine collection of works on architecture, and at the centre of the pavilion was a superb reproduction of an oil painting in colored lithography. To the north of the booksellers’ pavilion were a number of handsome carriages, made principally in Paris. They were elegant and costly vehicles, and were fitted up in the most sumptuous style. Among them were a steam velocipede and two velocipedes worked by dog-power. The latter were sin¬ gular-looking vehicles, provided with three immense wheels, one in front and two behind. Between the hind wheels was a com¬ fortable buggy seat for the convenience of the rider. The two hind wheels were made of light iron spokes, extending in a double row from the hub to rim. Between these rows was an inner wheel or cage of stout wire-work, in which the dog was placed. The animal thus worked a sort of tread-mill, which turned the larger wheels and propelled the machine. This singular vehicle is known as the Cynofere, and is said to run f? THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 407 well on smooth surfaces. In the carriage department was also to be seen a handsome array of trunks, saddles and harness. Just beyond the carriages was the exhibit of cutlery. This was very fine, and the articles were beautifully displayed, but the exhibit was not equal to that of Great Britain. The chem¬ ists also made an attractive display, and beside them were the glassmakers, whose collection extended up to the central tran¬ sept and for some distance northward. Conspicuous among the articles exhibited were several immense sheets of plate glass, which towered towards the roof. They were said to be the largest specimens of plate glass in the world, and their trans¬ portation from the steamer to the Exhibition grounds was effected with extreme difficulty. Near the western end the perfumers made a capital display of their wares, but did not dispense them to the public as lavishly as did the exhibitors in the same line in the American department. The display of that large class of objects known on the con¬ tinent of Europe as Articles de Paris was extensive, and occupied a very considerable part of the French space. It covered a wide range of articles, and may be said to have included every object that can be used in the adornment of the person or of the house. The jewelry was a notable feature, and several rich exhibits were made, and were characterized by the peculiar loveliness and originality which belongs to the metropolis of European civilization. The list embraced bronzes, clocks of original and beautiful design, precious stones, fans that were the envy of all the fair visitors who looked upon them, articles in ivory, ebony, tortoise shell, crystal, and steel, mantel ornaments and a thou¬ sand other beautiful things which could be seen and enjoyed in this splendid collection, but which it would take a volume to describe. The department of engineering and architecture included a series of finely-executed maps and plans of the Suez Canal, a fine model of the steamship “ Pereire,” plying between New York and Havre, and a number of maps and plans and finely- illustrated works and reports upon subjects belonging to this department. 408 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The collection of scientific and philosophical instruments was excellent, and represented the best work of the best makers. The musical instruments were chiefly horns, flutes, violins and music-boxes, though a few pianos and parlor organs were in¬ cluded in the collection. The offices of the French Commission were in the gallery to the east of the Roosevelt organ. AQUARIUM, EXHIBITED BY RACINE HARDWARE COMPANY. CHAPTER XIII. THE MAIN BUILDING—CONCLUDED. Germany—Location of the German Section—A Superb Display of Porcelain— Beautiful Vases—Plate Glass—Bronzes—The Silks—Display of the Elber- feld Manufacturers—The Ivory Pavilion—The Chemical Display—The Velvet Pagoda—The Hospital Department—Fine Church Decorations— Models of an Ocean Steamer—The Book Pavilion—The Austrian Court— Magnificent Bohemian Glass—The Meerschaum Pipes—Exquisite Carvings —Vienna Leather Work—The Italian Court—Artistic Wood Carvings— Beautiful Jewelry—Glassware from Venice—Belgium—Magnificent Dis¬ play of Textile Fabrics—Carved Furniture—Fire-arms—A Belgian School and Gymnasium—The Lace Court—Beautiful Iron Work—Pictures in Tapestry—The Netherlands—A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland—The Woollen Goods—Model Farms—A Dutch Eating-house— Rare and Beautiful Art Works—Educational . Exhibit—The Artisans’ School—Switzerland in Miniature—The Watchmakers—Scientific Instru¬ ments—The Swiss School System—Rich Laces—The Wood Carvers— Sweden—The Peasant Groups—Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes— A Beautiful Exhibit—Fine Porcelains—The Bessemer Steelmakers—Dis¬ play of the Swedish Army—Norway—Peasant Groups—The Laplanders— A Fine Collection—The Danish Court—Etruscan Imitations—Esquimaux Houses and Boats—The Spanish Pavilion—A Beautiful Structure—Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain—Evidences of Spanish In¬ dustry—The Egyptian Court—A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the Nile—The Past and the Present—A Page from the Arabian Nights —Rich Robes—Articles from Central Africa—Egypt’s Agricultural Re¬ sources—The Japanese Court—A Wonderful Display—Superb Bronzes— The Lacquered Ware—What the Island Empire Exhibits—The Chinese Court—A Beautiful and Curious Display—Exhibit of the Orange Free State—Another Sample of Dutch Energy—The Tunisian Court—Eastern Magnificence—Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico —The Brazilian Pavilion—A Superb Edifice—The Empire of Brazil Illus¬ trated—Exhibit of the other South American States—Display from the Sandwich Islands—The Russian Exhibit—Rich and Beautiful Objects from St. Petersburg and Moscow—The Portuguese Court— A Handsome Collec¬ tion—Special Portuguese Features—The Turkish Court—The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan—The Mineral Annex—The Carriage Annex. 409 410 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Germany. IKE her neighbors, England and France, Germany left '\A her space unenclosed. It lay on the west side of the central transept, and extended from the main aisle to the south wall of the building, covering a little more than one-half the space occupied by France. The dis- COFFEE URN, PRESENTED BY REED & BARTON TO THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN. play was very fine, and the cases in which it was contained were more varied than those of the other European nations. The principal display, and the most beautiful single exhibit in the building, was made by the Koyal Prussian Factory, of Berlin. It stood at the intersection of the main aisle with the central transept, and faced the splendid collection of Elkington OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 411 & Co., in the English section, the rich bronzes and porcelain of the French section, and the pavilion of the jewellers and silversmiths in the American department. The collection of these beautiful objects at this central point of the building rendered it by far the most attractive portion of the entire hall. The space of the Royal Prussian Factory was occupied by a large crescent-shaped case, covered with black velvet and orna¬ mented with gilt lines and bands. At each end of the case was a tall column of ebony and gold, surmounted by a Prussian eagle in gilt. On the shelves of the case, which rose one above the other, was collected a rare and beautiful display of por¬ celain. Vases, cups and saucers, plates, statuettes, busts, and other articles of the most exquisite shapes, ornamented with the most delicate and carefully executed paintings, were gathered here. Here were also framed paintings on flat plates of por¬ celain, each of which was worthy of the most careful study. At the front line of the collection stood three massive vases, its masterpieces, which were not equalled in the Exhibition for richness of decoration or the artistic merit of the paintings upon them. The largest of these was the Germania vase, one side of which was decorated with a painting of “ Germania Culti¬ vating the Arts and Sciences,” the other with a painting of “Borussia, the Shield and Protectress of the Empire.” The price of this vase was $5000. Near by was the Aurora vase, decorated with a fine copy of Guido’s Aurora, and valued at $4500. The third was the Otho vase, of dead olive green, with a painting of “Otho in the Tomb of Charlemagne.” It was valued at $900. A handsome centre table of carved oak, with a porcelain top, on which was painted a copy of Raphael’s “Poetry,” was valued at $2200. One had to linger long here to enjoy and appreciate this beautiful display, each article of which was a study in itself. The Royal Factory was the only exhibitor of fine porcelains. The German exhibit was not, as a rule, made up of objects of beauty simply; it was a collection of all the important industries of the Fatherland, and included articles in daily use by the lower as well as the upper classes. 412 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Immediately west of the porcelain exhibit, along the front line, was a fine display of plate-glass, and beyond this was the collective exhibit of the German jewellers. It was contained in a handsome case, and included many objects of great value and beauty. It did not compete with the exhibit of either the United States, France, or England, but was well worthy of examination. The cameos and enamels were very good, and the oxidized silver caskets were very pretty. Going west still, along the front line, we noticed a consider¬ able collection of bronzes, the principal object of which was a copy of the monument of Frederick the Great in Unter den Linden at Berlin. Here were shields and swords such as might have been used by some of the stout old German war¬ riors centuries ago, and a number of kindred pieces. This collection did not represent the best school of German art at the present day. Still going west, along the front line, we came to the collec¬ tive display of the toy-makers of Nuremberg. They were of tin and wood, and were contained in a large and handsome case, but did not fairly represent the extent or variety of the industry which employs so many thousands of German hands. Magdeburg had also a case of toys exhibited through a Phila¬ delphia importer, who is singularly enough named Doll. Beyond the toys, Gebbard & Co., of Elberfeld, made a fine display of rich silks and satins of all hues, and in the next line of cases Saxony displayed her hosiery, her yarns, and her gloves in thread, wool and kid. Still farther west, on the front line, was the collective exhibit of cloths made by the manufacturers of the Rhine land, and beyond this Elberfeld made a collective exhibit of Italian cloth and tailors’ trimmings. The Elberfeld manufacturers con¬ tributed a considerable part of the display of textile fabrics, and their goods were arranged in tall and large cases, well filled and tastefully arranged. A prominent feature of the Elberfeld col¬ lection was a case of handsome prints illustrative of a new pro¬ cess of dyeing goods. Nuremberg had a space on the front line, just beyond Elber- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 413 feld, in which she showed a collection of fine linens and dam¬ asks. Close by, Saxony had a sim¬ ilar collection, and that country brought up the rear of the German line upon the main aisle with an at¬ tractive exhibit of laces and em¬ broidery, together with a number of illustrations of the process of lace making. We passed now from the front line to the aisle immediately south of it, and beginning at its western end, worked our way eastward again. We first noticed some specimens of woven wire goods from Dresden, close by which was a handsome dis¬ play of woollen articles from Berlin. The next prominent object was a tall and elaborate ebony show-case ornamented with ivory—one of the most unique and attractive structures in the building. It contained a beautiful exhibit of ivory articles by Heinrich Meyer, of Hamburg, showing the different uses to which that substance is put. To the east of this was a handsome case contain¬ ing the collective display of the Bavarian makers of metal leaf and bronze colors. Gold and silver leaf were shown here in great variety, and the powders of these metals,, . “ PSYCHE. FIGURE IN TERRA- were contained in a number of glass cotta, exhibited by gallo- CUpS. WAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN A pyramid of printing inks stood BUILDING - at the eastern end of the aisle, and above and below it two of the Farinas, both hailing from the bad-smelling city of Cologne, exhibited their perfumes. 414 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Turning southward we found a number of cases along the central transept devoted to the collective exhibit of the German manufacturing chemists. The preparations displayed were ex¬ ceedingly interesting, and were among the best of their class in the Exhibition. The display was very large, and prominent in it was the case of fine Aniline dyes exhibited by a Berlin house. A large case of ultramarine from Nuremberg stood at the western end of the chemical exhibit, and attracted much at¬ tention. Going west from the chemicals, we noticed a fine collection of lamps and lanterns from Leipzig, among which a number of Chinese lanterns made a good show. Beyond this was a tall pagoda constructed of velvet, gilt, and glass, containing a beautifully arranged display of brilliant-hued fabrics of cotton- velvet from Linden, in Hanover. At the lower part of the pagoda were a number of small drawers containing samples of the goods displayed above, which could be opened for the ex¬ amination of the samples. Opposite this pagoda was a beautiful collection of Berlin worsteds and wools of the most exquisite shades arranged in an attractive and artistic manner. We now reached the western end of the German exhibit once more, and turning southward entered the department of musical instruments. The display of brass, reed, and stringed instru¬ ments was quite large. Adjoining it on the east was a con¬ siderable exhibit of German pianos. They were mostly in cases of ebony, some of which were richly carved. A number of the leading piano-makers of Germany were represented, but scarcely any effort was made to compete with America in this line. The square form of piano was conspicuously absent. It is not used now in Europe, and the cases in this collection were either upright or of the “ grand ” form. Two makers exhibited cabinet organs, and one a large pipe organ. Several orchestrions were also included in the collection. Close by were the scientific and philosophical instruments, the leading makers of Germany being represented. In the rear of this, against the southern wall, was the collection of appli¬ ances illustrating the hospital system of the German army. It OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 415 included litters, ambulances, camp-beds, models of hospitals and of railway hospital trains, and a figure showing the dress and equipment of the brethren of the Geneva convention. There were all sorts of surgical appliances, and books of instruction and photographs of various surgical operations. The whole system of German military surgery and hospital management was well shown in this little corner which stood by itself. Beyond the hospital department was a tower clock exhibited by a firm from Hoyerswerda, in Upper Lansitz. The bell was so arranged that it could be rung in the usual style, and was handsomely chased. Adjoining this was the collective display of the clock-makers of the Black Forest. It was large and attractive, aud included musical clocks, and the small time-pieces which are a spe¬ cialty of this part of Germany. Some of the clock cases were finely carved and very beautiful. To the east of the piano de¬ partment, a Munich house ex¬ hibited a large collection of church ornaments and figures of the Madonna and the saints. The collection included a “ Christ on the Cross/’ “aChrist B0WL pre s en ted by reed & barton in the Sepulchre,” and a con- T ° THE EMPER0R 0F JAPAN * siderable number of'“Virgins” and saints. Each figure was gayly painted, and each was ticketed with its price in true business style. The Madonnas were rather better than is usually found in work of this class, and their expression was singularly sweet and winning. The collection also included a large altar in oak, with numerous niches containing figures and painted panels. It was a brilliant work, and was valued at $3000 gold. Immediately south of this collection, and near the entrance to the “ Ladies’ room,” the Hamburgh Steamship Company exhibited two models of the “ Frisia,” one of their largest and best steamers. One of these showed the vessel complete in every 416 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY detail; the other is a longitudinal section and showed the interior construction of the vessel from keel to deck. The two models were admirably executed, and showed perfectly the construction and equipment of a first-class ocean steamer. Opposite these models was a handsome case containing a fine display of lead pencils, crayons, and colors by the well- known manufacturer, A. W. Faber, of Nuremberg. The next case was that of his great rival, Schwanhausser, of Nuremberg, who also made an elaborate display. We came now to the handsome pavilion containing the collec¬ tive exhibit of the German booksellers. It stood at the south side of the German section, in front of the CafiS Leland, and was black, with ornamental gilt lines and mouldings. The cases were arranged around the outer walls, and upon entering through either of the four portals the visitor found himself in the midst of a display of books to which the array on the outer side was but an introduction. The exhibit was very extensive and very complete, and was the only thing in the building that could rival the display of the American book trade. All the leading German publishers were represented, Leipzig and Berlin con¬ tributing the greater part of the collection. The collection was miscellaneous in its character. Some superb illustrated works were to be seen here, and a number of costly and valuable atlases. The collection was open to the inspection of visitors upon application to the official in charge. The display of leather goods was large and excellent. Leip¬ zig sent some elegant furs; Stuttgart many specimens of inlaid wood work, and some fine furniture in ebony and oak; and Dresden some handsome furniture from the establishment of the Royal Saxon Cabinet-maker. Austria-Hungary. The Austrian section lay along the main aisle, and adjoined that of the German empire on the west. Like the German section it was unenclosed. It was handsome in many respects, and much resembled the display from Germany, but could not, on the whole, be considered a fair showing of the great indus- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 417 tries of the Austrian empire. Hungary was scarcely repre¬ sented at all. The Hungarians were anxious at first to send a complete national representation of their country to the Exhibi¬ tion, but their enthusiasm was suddenly destroyed by the deci¬ sion of the government at Pesth not to make a separate national exhibit. Commencing at the west end of the front line we noticed a fine display of cut and stained glass. There were other cases of fine glassware at other points along the front line, and these, as was proper, were arranged as conspicuously as possible. The glassware was mostly from Bohemia, and constituted one of the largest portions of the Austrian exhibit. It was arranged on broad counters with mirror tops, and made a brilliant and attractive show. It was of the finest and most delicate quality, and was beautifully ornamented. The colors were of the rarest hues, and were superior to anything of the kind to be seen in the building. A rich ruby tint overlaid with golden vines was one of the favorite and most beautiful colors; another was a clear heavenly blue through which a ruddy light resembling the glow of the setting sun seemed to shine steadily. The con¬ trast between these rich hues and the clear crystalline glass which gleamed like a mass of diamonds was very striking. The next display along the front line was of work in amber and meerschaum. Austria has no rival in this class of work. The amber specimens were principally mouth-pieces for pipe- stems, and the meerschaum work consisted chiefly of ornamental pipes, which were often very artistic and of great variety. They represented heads of famous personages, types of the various races and nationalities of Europe, and animals, birds and fishes in the simpler styles, while the more elaborate had bowls richly carved with hunting or historical scenes or comic representations of episodes in domestic life. Each of the pipes was a handsome collection of porcelain. It was attractive, but could not compare with the neighboring exhibits in this line. Continuing on our way we noticed some handsome laces which attracted considerable attention. This brought us to the German section,, and we turned off to 27 418 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the southward and noticed the extensive display of gloves of kid and leather which came principally from Prague. Close by were the displays of the Vienna manufactures of articles in Russia leather. They consisted of albums, portemonnaies, mirror-frames, caskets, diaries, and other articles for household adornment or personal use. This, as all travellers know, is a great Viennese industry. It was largely represented here, and the articles attracted general attention by their richness and beauty. Another specialty of Viennese industry is the manu¬ facture of dress buttons, and these were extensively and hand¬ somely shown here. The display of cloths was principally from Moravia, and was well worth examination, but did not fairly represent the great Moravian industry. The silk-weavers of Vienna had a large and handsome exhibit tastefully arranged in rich cases of ebony and gold. The exhibit of jewelry was small, but contained some beautiful ornaments and some fine precious stones. A Vienna house showed some pretty orna¬ ments of mother-of-pearl, and one from Prague some splendid garnets. In the furniture department there were a number of iron and bent wood sets worthy of notice. The display of musical instruments was large and showy; and the scientific and philosophical instrument makers made a creditable exhibit. The carpets shown did not compare with either England, France, or the United States, but were very good. A considerable section was devoted to a display of books, paper, lithographs, and photographs. The principal feature of this was the collective exhibit of engineering and architectural photographs, models, designs, and reports. Italy. The Italian section occupied the west end of the Main Build¬ ing, and lay north of the main aisle. The space was enclosed with a light frame-work, with three tasteful arches fronting on the main aisle. Over the central arch rose a shield bearing the white cross of Savoy surmounted by a trophy of national flags, and above each of the other arches was a shield with the arms of the kingdom and a trophy of flags. A tall flag-stalf rose OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 419 from each end of the entrance bearing a banner. The banner at the eastern end was inscribed with the proud legend, “ Italy United Forever;” that on the west bore the inscription, “To the Great Italian Navigator, Christopher Columbus.” Entering the enclosure we noticed first a collection of fine bronzes, some of which were half life-size, and were reproduc¬ tions of ancient works of art. Beside them was a considerable display of furniture. Some of the pieces were heavy and elabo¬ rately carved. A prominent object was an Episcopal chair and desk carved in a masterly manner with the heads of cherubs, and scenes from the Scriptures. An elaborately carved bed, a bookcase, and mantel were also worthy of careful examination. Venice had a case of cherubs carved in wood, which were very pretty. Milan had a number of inlaid tables, ornamented with exquisite pictures in papier-mache. One of these represented the Milan Cathedral, and another St. Mark’s, at Venice. The display of wood carvings was very fine. The gem of this collection was a mirror-frame, in dark, rich wood, with a troop of chubby children dancing around it. The exhibit of jewelry was not large, but contained many handsome and valuable objects. Olivieri, of Venice, sent some fine corals, and Salvo & Sons, of Genoa, displayed a collection of ornaments in filigree and gold. Francatti & Santamaria, of Rome, exhibited a case of rare and beautiful cameos and Floren¬ tine mosaics. Pio Siotto, of Rome, exhibited a case of cameos, showing the various stages of cameo-cutting, from the shell to the completed gem. In this collection were some of the finest cameos in the Italian exhibit. Venice sent a number of exquisite specimens of her glass¬ ware, and also some beautiful mosaics and corals. A promi¬ nent feature of this collection consisted of the handsome mirrors of all sizes, which were in the best style of Venetian workman¬ ship. There was a pretty exhibit of pottery and majolica ware. It was not very large, but was very attractive. Alongside of it were a number of statues, statuettes and busts in terra-cotta and baked clay. Milan, Modena, Turin, Rome, Palermo and Lucca, sent a 420 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fine collection of raw and spun silks and silk goods, and Tuscany sent a creditable display of her world-renowned straw goods. A conspicuous object near the centre of the eastern side of the Italian section was a large bell made in Venice and delicately chased. It has been exhibited at all the recent International Exhibitions, and has always taken a medal. A good showing was made of musical instruments. Italy also sent a fair con¬ tribution of the plainer and more necessary articles of household use, showing that her genius is being directed towards the more prosaic as well as to the fine arts. Along the northern end the photographers made their dis¬ play, exhibiting, among other pictures, a number of rich “ moon¬ light effects.” Here was a large map showing Garibaldi’s plan for improving the navigation of the Tiber and draining the marshes of the Campagna, and fronting this was a statue in plaster of the “ Liberator of Italy.” Belgium. The busiest country in Europe was well represented in the Exhibition. The Belgian section lay immediately west of the Brazilian court, and north of the main aisle. It was unenclosed, but was conspicuous from the elegance of the cases with which it was lined and the beauty and systematic arrangement of the goods displayed. Along the front line the glass-makers had the post of honor. A number of cases were filled with handsome specimens of plate and colored glass, and several immense oval and rectangular mirrors stood towering to the ceiling at the very front of the section. The glass exhibit was very fine, and was richly worth examination. At the western end of the front line stood a large wooden pulpit elaborately and beautifully carved with scenes in the life of our Saviour and figures of the saints. It was sur¬ mounted by a canopy, ornamented with angels sounding their trumpets. It was admirable for the art as well as the workman¬ ship displayed. Back of the front line we entered a region devoted to cloths and woollen fabrics, of which a large and excellent exhibit OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 421 was made. Verviers sent her best products, and offered a sharp competition to both France and England in this depart¬ ment The manufacturers of this place made a collective exhibit. Close by were the ebony and gilt cases filled with snowy linens from Brussels. The skill and artistic taste of the Belgian wood-carvers was shown in a collection of carved furniture and a massive mantelpiece, and in some excel¬ lent statues of this material. Although the most peaceful country of Europe, Belgium is largely engaged in the manu¬ facture of fire-arms, and con¬ sequently her display was ex¬ tensive and valuable, and those interested in military matters found ample opportunity for the gratification of their curi¬ osity. Not far from the arms exhibit, the city of Ghent made a curious display, consisting of rags and waste papers assorted in rows of glass boxes, with this motto on the case: Colligite fragmenta nepereant (“Gather up the fragments, that nothing may be lost”). Near the centre of her section Belgium displayed a model of one of her public schools. The building was about twenty feet TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. in height, was constructed of native pine, and was divided into several apartments. Entering at the principal door, we found ourselves in a small hall provided with washing apparatus, towels, and a row of pegs for hats and coats. A door at the end of this hall admitted us to the school-room, which was furnished 422 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY with rows of desks and seats for the pupils, a platform and desk for the master, a tall stove, a clock, and a crucifix. Blackboards and all the apparatus used in the school were grouped about the room, and specimens of the text-books used and a schedule of the course pursued were exhibited. At the front end of the room a door led into the gymnasium, in which was a small model of this department. The school was admirably arranged, and gave one a clear and comprehensive understanding of the system of primary education in Belgium. Close by the school-house were some marble mantels of beau¬ tiful workmanship. They were in both white and colored marble. We noticed here, also, a number of marble slabs, on which some curious landscapes and figures were etched with aqua-fortis. There was a handsome pavilion devoted to the purpose of advertising the waters of the Spa. A fine display was made of articles of embossed leather, a number of paintings upon wood, jewelry, priests’ vestments of cloth of gold embroidered with silk, and fancy articles. A small court was formed of the cases containing the laces of Brussels and Mechlin. The display was large and magnificent, and excelled anything of the kind in the building. The fabrics were of an infinite variety in form and texture, and ranged from the most delicate laces to curtains heavy with embroideries. Look where you would the eye rested upon some beautiful object in this court, and you could but wonder at the patience with which so many women had worked their lives into these fabrics. An excellent display of books and scientific and philosophical apparatus was made, and musical instruments formed a small part of the exhibit of the “republican kingdom.” The iron and steel exhibit was not entirely satisfactory. It consisted of a few car wheels, a small display of bar-iron, and principally of small sections of rail bars, steel ingots, and iron girders for bridges. It did not fairly represent the magnitude or variety of this great branch of Belgian industry, and gave us no idea of the great works produced by the Belgian manu¬ facturers. We noticed, however, two doors of iron wrought in vines and flowers, which were worthy to have been the work of the Florentine iron-workers of the middle ages. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 423 An exhibit was made, close by the iron, of liquors and cor¬ dials manufactured in the kingdom. At the upper end of the section were a number of beautiful tapestries from Malines, equal in beauty and workmanship to those we have noticed in our account of the French exhibit. One of them was a portrait of Rubens; another a portrait of Cousin in Arabian costume; and a third a full-length painting in the style of Louis XVI. Eight panels, grouped together, represented the eight gods of Olympus, with all their attributes. The Netherlands. The Dutch section lay on the north side of the main aisle, between the Brazilian and Mexican courts. It was one of the most ornamental in the building, and was enclosed with a light arched frame-work, painted in cream-color and gold, and hung with heavily draped curtains of maroon-colored velvet. There were three entrances in the front line and several at the sides. Over the central entrance was a trophy of the national colors and the arms of the kingdom in gold. The entrance on the east side of the central arch led to the exhibit of the colonies of Holland, and that on the west of the central arch to the depart¬ ment of public works. Holland made a larger and better ar¬ ranged display here than she did at Vienna, and her various industries and the energy and skill of her people were shown in the most favorable light. One naturally turned first to the department of public works, not only because of the imposing display which it made, but because it is to the patient and skilful labor of her people in this department that Holland owes her existence among the nations of the earth. In this section a number of finely exe¬ cuted plans, models and photographs were shown, from which one could learn how the work of reclaiming land from the ocean is carried on, and can gain a clear knowledge of the system by which the little kingdom is protected from the in¬ roads of the sea, a work which requires ceaseless vigilance and the most intelligent labor. Models were exhibited which showed at a glance the change that has been made in the surface 424 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY of the kingdom, and from the study of these we could well un¬ derstand how it was possible for the desolate marshes of the North Sea to become one of the busiest, richest and most intel¬ ligent countries of Europe. The energy and intelligence that could conquer the elements and make a home in the face of such obstacles is capable of anything. The docks, railroads, bridges and other public works of the kingdom were shown by a series of photographs, drawings and models. Indeed so complete was the display of these illustrations that a few hours spent in examination of them could not fail to make the visitor thoroughly acquainted with and give him a profound respect for the little kingdom and its sturdy people. Holland justly devoted con¬ siderable space to this department, for in no other way could she so thoroughly show her triumphs in the work of civili¬ zation. Passing out of the department of public works into the general exhibit of the kingdom, we noticed near the entrance some beautiful specimens of inlaid furniture. One of these was a screen decorated with scenes from Faust, in papier-mache. Close by was a display of lacquered ware, as handsome and as well executed as anything in the Japanese exhibit. Delft sent a fine collection of carpets woven each in a single piece, in imitation of the Smyrna carpets, and softer, thicker and richer in color than those famous fabrics. Alongside of these was a collection of fine blankets, some of which were nearly an inch in thickness, and all as soft and delicate as down. With them were displayed coverlets, thickly wadded and deli¬ cately quilted, which were the housewife’s delight. The display of woollen and cotton cloths, of mattings and nettings, was also exceptionally good. Jute goods formed a specialty of this collection. Just back of this display was a queer hand fire-engine, set on little wheels and requiring sixteen men to work it. One could but smile at the contrast between this old-fashioned machine and the splendid “ steamers ” on exhibition in our own depart¬ ment in Machinery Hall. The Dutch army exhibited samples of the fire-arms used by OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 425 it; and to make the display truly national a manufacturer sent a case of the long-stemmed pipe which is the inseparable com¬ panion of the Dutchman. Close by was a fine display of chem¬ icals; and near this we noticed a number of excellent specimens of wood-graining. A collection of tiles and oil-cloths was also shown, in which the different marbles and woods were perfectly imitated. The collections of glassware and of iron and tinware were good, and near them were several of the immense covered wicker bathing-chairs familiar to those who have visited the seashore resorts of Holland. The agricultural system of the kingdom was displayed by the exhibition of a model farm in miniature. It was no doubt well adapted to the needs of the country, but showed few details that our own farmers will care to copy. A number of plaster casts of disjecta membra of cattle afflicted by the plague were also shown. A number of models of Dutch houses were exhibited, among which was the model of an eating-house, showing the whole interior arrangement. Another model showed the sys¬ tem of thatched roofs in use in the Dutch colonies. A special pavilion was used for the exhibit of the Dutch pub¬ lishers. Here were to be seen a number of fine illustrated works, and the lovers of rare etchings found a treat for them in the collection displayed by the book trade of Amsterdam. Con¬ spicuous among the art works was the beautiful Memorial volume, published in commemoration of the war of Inde¬ pendence, in which the Dutch, with pen and pencil, do homage to the heroes who saved them from the destruction prepared for them by Spain. The exhibit of school apparatus, text-books, desks, maps, etc., was admirable, and showed what good work Holland is doing in the cause of knowledge. The Artisan School, of Rotterdam, established in 1869, made an interesting showing of its work. It is designed to give theoretical and practical instruction in the useful arts, and turns out each year a class of skilled and educated workmen. It is doing its work quietly but thoroughly. The colonial department was exceedingly interesting and 426 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY very complete. All the colonies were represented, and the pro¬ ducts of each were shown. The collection included grains, woods, barks, fruits, oils, metals and other minerals in great abundance. The weapons and clothing of the native tribes were also shown, and included curious filigrees and some rich silks and embroideries and silver cloths. The principal display was from Java, and the cinchona trade of that colony was illus¬ trated profusely by means of photographs, specimens of bark, leaves, etc. Coffee formed a large part of the exhibit. Against the northern wall of the building was a handsome pavilion of ash—one of the prettiest structures in the hall—con¬ taining the offices of the Royal Commission, the members of which had abundant reason to be satisfied with the appearance their country made in this grand assembly of the nations of the world. Switzerland. The Swiss section lay on the north side of the main aisle, between France and Belgium. It was unenclosed, and was one of the plainest in the building in ornamentation. It was not the less interesting for this absence of decoration, and received a fair share of the attention of visitors. On the front line was arranged a large collection of watches, the most important article of the Swiss export trade. Nearly all the leading makers were represented, and back of these cases were displayed the tools by which the watches were made. A number of clocks, including a large electrical clock, formed a part of this exhibit. Musical boxes and mathematical, scientific and philosophical instruments came next, and the display of these was excellent and extensive. They were of the finest quality, the Swiss being as proficient in the manufacture of them as they are in the making of watches. Back of this line was a large pavilion, the entrance to which was through an archway in the front. On one side of the arch was a splendid map of the geological survey of Switzerland, and on the other a fine geographical map, each richly worthy of study. The arch itself was composed of panels ornamented OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 427 with the arms of the various cantons, and above it stood the white cross of the republic. The pavilion was devoted to an exhibition of the educational system of Switzerland, which con¬ sisted of charts, models and apparatus used in the system of object-teaching. Drawings, text-books and specimens of the pupils’ work in the common schools were also shown. The Swiss publishers made their exhibit here, and in this pavilion were displayed fine photographs of scenery and of the cities and public works of Switzerland. These views, together with the maps at the entrance, gave the visitor a fair idea of the topogra¬ phy and scenery of the country. One of the most notable features of the Swiss exhibit was the display of embroidered lace curtains from the canton of St. Gall. These curtains are made by hand; the patterns are rich and artistic, the workmanship of the finest quality, and the com¬ pleted fabric constitutes a genuine work of art. A large exhibit was made of coarse woollen goods for peasant wear, and some good silks and fine straw work were shown. The wood-carvers, who are so numerous in Switzerland and so famous for their skill, made a large and attractive display. Their wares exhibited a wonderful degree of patience as well as skill, and were as various as they were excellent, consisting of miniature chalets, churches, birds and beasts of many kinds, cuckoo clocks, tables, brackets, etc. The office of the Swiss Commissioners was a pretty chalet, and stood against the northern wall of the building. Switzer¬ land did not make as large or as comprehensive a display here as she did at Vienna in 1873, but her exhibit was still deeply interesting. Sweden. The Swedish court was situated on the north side of the main aisle, to the west of the space occupied by the British colonies. It was enclosed along the sides, but the front was open and was marked merely by a series of tall, ornamental flag-staffs, bear¬ ing banners of blue with the Swedish cross in yellow. Fes¬ toons of blue and yellow streamers were suspended between 428 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the flag-staffs, and gave to the entrance a light and graceful appearance. Six groups of figures were placed at the sides of the entrances to the court, illustrating some of the habits and the dress of the peasantry. There was one at each side of the front entrance on the main aisle. The group on the east consisted of four figures, and represented a young man coming to ask for a wife. The young man, a tall, fine-looking fellow, stood opposite the father, who was seated at a table mending a clock, and awaited his answer. The old man looked down in doubt and smoked, and EASTERN ENTRANCE TO THE SWEDISH COURT. the mother, who was evidently favorable to the suit, stood with her hand on the father’s shoulder, as if trying to persuade him to consent. The girl meanwhile stood between the mother and the lover, with an expression which seemed to say that she had made up her mind, and the old man “may as well give in.” At the west side was a group representing a hunting scene. A large elk had just been brought down by the rifle of a hunter and lay bleeding on the ground, while the members of the hunter’s family were standing by enjoying his triumph and watching the death-struggle of the animal. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 429 At the entrance on the east side of the court were two groups. The one on the south side of the doorway represented the christening of a child. The baby was swaddled in the most uncomfortable manner, and was ready for the solemn act. Three women, one of whom was the mother, were grouped about it, and the father sat across a chair, with his pipe in hand, looking at the child with paternal pride. At the north side of the door was a sadder group. The little one was dead, and lay white and still in its little cradle, with the tiny black coffin which was to receive it in readiness on the floor. “the DEATH OF THE elk”—SWEDISH GROUP IN THE MAIN BUILDING. The mother bent over it in grief, and the father, clad in a sheepskin coat, stood looking on sorrowfully. At the opposite side of the room the good pastor, who had been endeavoring to comfort the afflicted parents, sat with his Bible in one hand and his arm around the remaining child of the family. At the entrance on the west side of the court there were two additional groups. The one on the north side represented a Laplander, with his sledge drawn by a reindeer. He was just starting out from home, and his wife stood by the sledge re¬ ceiving his orders. Both figures were dressed in skins, and the 430 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY sledge was a genuine article from “the frozen North.” At the south side of the door the group consisted of two figures—a husband and wife seated at opposite sides of a table. The man was reading from the Bible, and the woman was listening rev¬ erently. The figures in all the groups were life-size, and were clad in the national dress of the classes they represented. The faces preserved the characteristics of each class. -_Z__ -T^=:-' PORCELAIN STOVE, SWEDISH PORCELAIN VASES. FROM SWEDEN. The Swedish exhibit was one of the most complete and taste¬ fully arranged in the Exhibition. The show-cases were hand¬ somer than was the rule with the European nations, and the articles were displayed to the best advantage. At the entrance stood a rich display of beautiful porcelain. The articles were delicate and the tints exquisite. Floral deco- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 431 rations were much used in these, and with more than ordinary taste. The exhibit of pottery and glassware was also attrac¬ tive. In this collection were several models in Parian marble of the fountains in the principal square of Stockholm, which attracted much attention. Furs and leather goods formed a considerable and interesting part of the display. One of the most prom¬ inent features of the Swe¬ dish collection was the exhibit of Bessemer steel, in which the principal part was taken by the Sandvik & Fagaster works. The articles ex¬ hibited covered a wide range. The largest was a piston-rod fifteen feet in length, for a five-ton steam hammer, and the smallest a delicately-pol¬ ished hand-mirror for a lady’s toilette-table. Steel files, saws, tools of every description, and locomo¬ tive tires made up the collection. The work¬ manship in all these ar¬ ticles was masterly. Scis¬ sors, knives, swords, skates, and steel articles of the finer class were also shown in profusion. The remark¬ able bending power of the Bessemer steel under a great strain was shown by a railway axle five inches in diameter, double cold, which was bent under a fifteen ton hammer. Match-making is a prominent industry in Sweden, and was represented by an extensive display of safety matches from SWEDISH PORCELAIN VASES. 432 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Johnkoping. These matches would not ignite except when struck upon a peculiarly prepared surface. The educational exhibit was well arranged, and a number of illustrated works were shown as specimens of Swedish printing. A fine map of the geological survey of the kingdom and a large topographical map were included in this display. The woollen manufactures of the kingdom made a fair ex¬ hibit, and the show of silks was especially good. On the south side of the main aisle, diagonally opposite her principal exhibit, Sweden had an additional space between the Japanese and Danish sections in which she displayed her mil¬ itary equipment. Here were several wax-figures showing the costume of her men-at-arms in the time of the great Gustavus, and the uniforms of the officers of several branches of her ser¬ vice at the present time. Here were exhibited samples of the cannon and small arms used in the Swedish army, and the equipments of the artillery and hospital services. In the rear of the military exhibit she displayed specimens of the work of the pupils of her technical schools, and illustrated in a happy manner the admirable operations of these establishments. Norway. The Norwegian court was situated on the north side of the main aisle between the Swedish and Italian sections. The space was enclosed by a handsome framework of native pine ornamented with red lines. Over the entrance from the main aisle was the name “ Norway,” and a trophy formed of the national arms and colors. The cases contained in this enclos¬ ure were uniform, and were constructed of light woods hand¬ somely decorated. At the front, immediately within the enclosure, were three handsome cases containing a fine display of jewelry and silver¬ ware. Here were some beautiful specimens of filigree-work from Christiana, which would not have shamed Venice itself. Immediately back of these cases were two groups of figures similar to those in the Swedish court. On the east side was a group of Laplanders in their dresses of furs, comprising a father OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 433 and mother with an infant and young child. The infant was stowed away in a leather case or cradle which was suspended from the mother’s neck, and the older child was clad in a holi¬ day suit of white bearskin. On the west side was a group con¬ sisting of a bride and groom in their wedding costumes. Back of these figures was a small but beautiful collection of glassware from Christiana. Adjoining it Norway exhibited several home-made pianos, and then came an exhibit of cloths, both cotton and woollen, cordage, threads and skins. There was also a case of fine shoes, another of silverware, another of ancient coins and medals, and an imposing display of cod-liver oil. Specimens of ancient armor and weapons formed a most interesting exhibit, and contrasted strikingly with the hand¬ somely-carved modern furniture which stood near them. The iron manufacturers made a large and interesting exhibit, show¬ ing both the ores and the manufactured iron in various forms. A large case of silver ingots stood near by, and opposite were several queer little Norwegian carriages, each with a perch behind in which the postilion sits, and sometimes stands, to drive —the postilion being often a rosy-cheeked Norwegian lass. Here was shown a sledge made in the mountain districts in 1625, and still in excellent condition. A model of a Norwegian school was shown, with books and apparatus illustrating the mode and course of tuition, and a map of the geological survey of the kingdom was close by. Denmark. The Danish section lay on the south side of the main aisle, immediately west of the Turkish court, and was enclosed by a triple court. The entrance to the first court consisted of a triumphal arch richly decorated. On each side of the entrance was the word “ Denmark,” surmounted by a golden crown and a trophy of colors. Over the arch a shield with the national arms was set in the midst of a trophy of colors. The pavilions were draped with warm red curtains, which gave to them a rich effect. The front or northern court was devoted to a display of 28 434 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Etruscan imitations in terra-cotta by P. Ipsen’s widow, of Copenhagen. These were exquisite works, and were generally admired. Here also was a fine collection of silverware by a Copenhagen silversmith. The principal object was a large vase of solid silver valued at $4290 gold and the duty. The vase was one of the most beautiful in the building. In the centre was a statue of Fame, at the feet of which were grouped the Arts. The base was devoted to a series of groups representing the triumph of Neptune. In the central court some handsome furniture made of the wood of a pear tree was exhibited. Here was shown a collection of Esquimaux clothing, and in the southern court was a model of an Esquimaux house and an Esquimaux boat, all from Greenland. The exhibit included specimens of the woollen manufactures of Denmark, a collection of furs and skins, chem¬ icals, geographical charts, and native Danish woods. Spain. The Spanish section extended from the main aisle to the south wall of the building, and adjoined the Egyptian court on the east. It was enclosed by an elaborately ornamented wall fin¬ ished in imitation of granite, with two tall archways on each side. In this wall were set lines of show-cases, in which were displayed an extensive collection of the minerals of the kingdom. The fa§ade which stood upon the main aisle was one of the most imposing structures in the building. A triple arch painted in imitation of porphyry supported a heavy entablature which was decorated with shields emblazoned with the arms of all the Spanish provinces, with the arms of the kingdom over the cen¬ tral arch. Above the royal arms was a painting representing Spain drawing back a curtain and displaying the rising sun of the New World. Standards and trophies of the national colors completed the ornamentation of the top of the structure. The arches were hung with rich curtains of velvet. At each side of the central portal was a show-case, and over each was a portrait. That on the east side was Isabella the Catholic, whose generosity enabled Columbus to make his voyage of discovery; and that OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 435 on the opposite was Columbus himself. The word u Espana ” was blazoned across the entablature in gilt capitals. The sides of the fagade were also decorated with portraits. On the inner or southern side were portraits of Cortez and Ponce de Leon, at the east end was a portrait of De Soto, and at the west end one of Pizarro. In the show-cases at the sides of the central portal were rich L specimens of silver and gold work, and ornamental work in ENTRANCE TO THE SPANISH COURT. iron and steel, with fragments of armor and photographs of the government museums of ancient armor. In the show-cases built in the walls of the court were specimens of the mineral ores of the kingdom, silver, lead, copper, iron and coal, and samples of Spanish marbles, all admirably arranged. The exhibit within the court was not a commercial one. There was scarcely an article shown that has a ready market in this country. The Spanish kingdom took a deep interest in the Centennial Exhibition, and made an unusual effort to show its resources and wealth in the most pleasing and varied forms. 436 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY One could hardly believe, in looking at the long lines of well- filled cases of all kinds of manufactures, that the Spanish people deserve their traditional reputation for indolence. It would seem that they must be, after all, a very busy and ingenious nation to produce so many and such attractive objects. The woollen, cotton and silk fabrics displayed here were at¬ tractive as a rule, and many of them very elegant. A sump¬ tuous exhibit was made of tapestries, velvets, brocades, laces, shawls, scarfs and light dress goods. They were distinct from those of either France or Belgium, and the elegance and beauty which characterized them were peculiarly their own. A con¬ siderable display was made of glassware and pottery of excellent qualities, and the painted porcelain tiles in this group were no¬ ticeably well executed. Chemicals were also exhibited in great abundance and variety ; and marbles, building stones, and large blocks of coal showed that this branch of the wealth of the kingdom is'still vigorous after so many centuries have dawned upon it. There were a number of specimens of arms, works in metal and inlaid work, the principal display being made by the province of Catalonia, the people of which are the most enter¬ prising of the inhabitants of the peninsula. Hats, shoes, fine woollen blankets, articles of wearing apparel and carpets were also shown. The entire exhibit was interesting in the highest degree, and, after examining it, the best-read visitor had to amend his conceptions of “ sunny Spain,” and accord to her a more prominent place than he had hitherto assigned her among the industrial nations of the world. Egypt. The Egyptian court stood south of the main aisle and to the east of the Danish section. It was enclosed by a high wooden structure resembling an ancient temple of the land of the Nile, and the facade was massive and attractive. It was painted in imitation of stone, and resembled the portal of a temple. Two massive pillars supported the entrance, and their capitals were imitations of the lotus flower. Over the entrance was the globe with the encircling wings, the ancient Egyptian symbol of eter- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 437 nity, and on either side of the entrance crouched a solemn-eyed sphynx. The coloring was subdued, but fine. Upon the sides of the entrance were inscribed the words : “ Egypt—Soodan— the oldest people of the world sends its morning greeting to the youngest nation.” Entering the court you seemed to have left the outside world behind you, and to have entered a region of romance. Old memories of your boyish dreams of the Arabian Nights came ENTRANCE TO THE EGYPTIAN COURT. over you, and you were tempted to look around to see if the good Caliph Haroun Alraschid was not watching in disguise the movements of the people who thronged his realm, which had strangely strayed across the seas. For the time you could leave the great Exhibition out of your thoughts. You were in the East—in the land of Isis and Osiris, and you could revel in the treasures spread out before you. As you entered, your noticed on your right a small model of the great Pyramid of Gizeh, and opposite this was a plaster head of Rameses II., who is declared by all the great masters of Egyp- 438 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY tian science and history to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus, the new king which knew not Joseph. Around the walls of the court were hung plain and colored photographs and drawings of places and scenery in Egypt. On the east side of the court was a case containing magnifi¬ cent saddles and furniture for horses. These were formerly used by the pashas of Egypt, and are now the property of the Khedive. They are used only upon occasions of the greatest ceremony. Their hangings were of crimson velvet, covered with heavy embroideries of gold. The harness and trappings were pure bullion, and were heavy and costly. Borne of the saddle blankets were woven of silk. The display was gorgeous, and gave one a fair idea of the magnificence of an Eastern ruler. A fine exhibit was made of oriental and drawing-room furni¬ ture, a prominent object of which was a cabinet of ebony beauti¬ fully inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl, the designs being in imitation of those in the ancient mosques. It was valued at $5500, and was for sale. The display of ornaments for the household and person was very rich, and included a large quan¬ tity of jewelry, precious stones, work in iron and copper, both ancient and modern; fancy articles, dress adornments, fans, walking-canes, sun shades, and pipes of every description, many of which were ornamented with jewels. Two large cases contained a collection of stuffs woven of silk and gold and silver thread. These were of the most gorgeous and brilliant character, and it is impossible to convey in words an accurate idea of them. Some of the smaller articles were worth as much as $2000 each, and one rich robe was a master¬ piece both in workmanship and design. In the same case were suspended two hanging lamps of glass, beautifully decorated with colors worked into the glass. They are hundreds of years old, and the art of making them has been forgotten for centu¬ ries. They were valued at $5000, and constituted a rare and beautiful feature of the exhibit. Between these cases lay stretched at full length a large croco¬ dile of the Nile. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 439 s Close by were a number of dromedary saddles; and near these a number of specimens of red pottery ware. There were cases of beautiful and curious Arabic books and manuscripts, some of them bound in covers of velvet, embroidered with gold thread. Articles of ivory, horn, and metal for household use, were shown, and a number of native musical instruments. One of the rear courts contained a fine exhibit of Egypt’s chemical products. A good display of porcelain and table ware of solid gold was made. We next noticed an exhibit of silk and silken fabrics, an in¬ dustry which is carried on upon a large scale in Egypt. A prominent feature was a display of cocoons, arranged in neat patterns according to tints. They were attached to an upright branch, and in the centre was a large bunch of mulberry leaves hung with clusters of grapes formed of the small glassy cocoons. The rugs and carpets of Egyptian manufacture formed an interesting part of the exhibit, and compared well with those of Turkey. The Khedive made a collective exhibit of over two thousand samples of native cotton, representing the crops of eight years. Egypt has since 1860 become largely engaged in the culture of cotton, and the samples thus displayed were of the highest im¬ portance to us, as they were the announcement that we have a determined rival in this branch of our own industry. Each sample was ticketed with the name of the buyer, the place of sale, and the price in Egypt and in England. A collection of photographs exhibited the Egyptian system of public works, bridges, railroads, etc., and was of great interest and value. The sugar, leather, gums, barks, nuts, wheat and other grains and the grasses of Egypt were shown by numerous well-ar¬ ranged samples. A large collection was shown of the rude arms and armor, the rough wooden sandals, the hats woven of reeds, the noisy tom¬ toms, and a barbaric canopy for the chief or monarch of the tribes of Soudan in Central Africa. 440 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 441 The educational system pursued in the schools established by the Khedive was shown by a collection of Arabic text-books and mechanical instruments executed by the pupils of the Poly¬ technic School at Cairo. Altogether the Egyptian display was a bewildering blending of the ancient and modern civilizations of that wonderful land, taking you from a period four thousand years before Christ to ‘the present day, and showing you side by side a bust of the Pharaoh of Moses and a portrait of Ismail Pacha. Japan. The Japanese section was on the south side of the main aisle, east of the Chinese court, and immediately opposite the Swedish section. It was enclosed with a light bamboo framework, and was ornamented with a profuse display of Japanese flags. It was about three times as large as the Egyptian space, and was filled in every part with a rich and valuable display, the variety and beauty of which were one of the great surprises of the Ex¬ hibition. Just within the entrance from the main aisle was a display of superb bronzes and of porcelain ware. A number of bronze vases were included in this collection, which were the wonder and admiration of all visitors. They were of beautiful shapes, and were ornamented with such a profusion of engraving and chasing—the conceptions of which were so droll and intricate— that a photograph would be necessary to give an accurate idea of them. The work was unique and cannot be reproduced by the most skilful artificer in either Europe or America. The cheaper vases are cast, but the more elaborate ones are worked out with the hand. One of the largest vases was valued at $2000, and is said to have required an amount of work in its manufacture equal to twenty-two hundred and fifty days steady labor of a single man. The variety of shape and ornamentation of the vases was very great and very remarkable. The art is peculiar to Japan, and has flourished there for several centuries. It is carried on in sixteen different places in the empire. The porcelains of the Japanese department were fully equal 442 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. to the bronzes. This is an old art, and attained perfection in Japan long before it was known in Europe. The Japanese designate their works of this kind by the names of the cities in which they were manufactured, or by the peculiarities of manu¬ facture or decoration. The display of porcelains in this single department surpassed in beauty of forms and orna¬ mentation the combined exhibit of every other na¬ tion in the building. One had to see the collection here to realize this, but few will doubt the state¬ ment, having once made the comparison for them¬ selves. At the front line was a pair of superb vases about ten feet high and valued at $2500. The ground was a delicate blue and white, and the ornamentation consisted of golden dragons and the daintiest landscapes. There were a number of articles in green, or scar¬ let and gold, of the class known as kaga ware, which is as brilliant as Bohemian glass. The banko ware is also very beautiful, its peculiarity being that the colors are worked through to the inner surface. It would be impossible to mention all the varieties of porcelain to be seen here. We can only speak in a general way of its wonderful beauty and brilliancy. A case of porcelain figures from Tokio attracted much attention. They were caricatures of the manners of the JAPANESE BRONZE VASE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 443 444 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY various classes of Japanese society, and were exceedingly droll r and at the same time thoroughly artistic. The display of lacquered ware was immense, and one of the marvels of the Exhibition. The manufacture of this ware is a specialty in Japan and has attained perfection. The articles displayed here ranged from the tiniest trays, which could be bought for about fifty cents, to large and costly cabinets. The gem of the collection was a cabinet said to be two hundred and fifty years old, which was as exquisitely beautiful and as free from signs of wear as on the day it came from its maker’s hands. It was valued at $5000. Contrasting it with the other beautiful wares by which it was surrounded, one could see that it was superior to them. The official in charge of the exhibit stated that the art is now on its decline in his country, .and that the ancient masterpieces cannot be renewed. There were some curious vases made of elephant’s tusks ornamented with lac¬ quered work, and some other fine work in ivory. The inlaid work was very fine, and a large collection of cabinets, work-boxes, and European furniture ornamented in this manner was shown. These articles were not as expensive as the lacquered wares, but equalled them in beauty and delicacy of finish. The Japanese have successfully imitated, and some claim that they have surpassed, the papier-mache of the French. A considerable display was made of richly carved furniture,, wood carving being an art in which the Japanese excel. Going southward we came now to the display of screens, which was large and interesting. These were of silk on light frames, and were painted and embroidered with scenes in the daily life of the people. The outlines of the figures and the landscapes were painted, and the costumes, faces, animals, and houses, etc., were worked out in relief with embroidery. One could find in these screens abundant means for a study of Japanese life and manners. The Japanese gentleman takes great pride in his collection of screens, which embody the best pictorial art of his country, and regards them as the European or American does his gallery of paintings. The designs of the screens were often quaint and amusing. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 445 A fine collection of rich silks and embroideries was shown, one exhibit from Yokohama being superb. Cotton and wool¬ len goods were exhibited of an admirable quality. Samples of EMBROIDERED SCREEN, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. , matting, which is largely manufactured in Japan, were also to be seen. Specimens of the papers made in the empire, the leathers, the inks, and the coloring materials of Japan, were shown, as 446 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY were also samples of the woods, grains, and grasses of the country. The mineral products were also shown by numerous specimens, and the native animals and birds were treated in the same way. Near the south wall was a large case i representing a bazaar containing a number of painted plaster images, illustrating the different costumes of all classes of the population of the em¬ pire. It was one of the most instructive portions of the whole exhibit. Immediately behind it was an enclosure in which the Imperial Government exhibited its educational system. Here were models of the desks and school apparatus used, the work of the pupils, the text-books, philosophical instruments, and photographs and colored sketches of the principal schools. Compositions by the pupils in English, French, German and Japanese were shown, and one was made fairly acquainted with the progress made by the empire in its effort to introduce the learning and civilization of Europe. The visitor who made even a hasty inspection of the display, of which we have given but a mere outline, could but amend his ideas of Japan. We have been accustomed to regard that country as uncivilized, or half-civilized at the best, but we found here abundant evidences that it outshines the most cultivated nations of Europe in arts which are their pride and glory, and which are regarded as among the proudest tokens of their high civilization. China. The Chinese section was not quite half as large as that of Japan, and lay immediately west of it on the south side of the main aisle, extending back to the south wall of the building. It was enclosed by a pavilion, the entrance to which was a copy of the portal of a celestial pagoda, gaudily painted and orna¬ mented with hideous curled-up dragons, which, though ugly, were well carved. Over the entrance was a line in Chinese, said to mean “The Chinese Empire.” The pavilion was con¬ structed of various kinds of hard wood that grow in China, and was in itself an exhibit. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 447 Every part of the enclosure was of the gaudiest character, and here and there rose tall pagodas and towers ornamented with the most brilliant colors. All the show-cases were in the Chi¬ nese style of architecture, and were as gay and odd-looking as the pavilion itself. The display gathered within the enclosure was rich, valuable, and exceedingly interesting. At the front entrance was a collection of fine vases of exquisite China ware, and opposite these a row of screens of the finest silk, covered ORNAMENTAL ENTRANCE TO THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING* with designs in embroidery, and having richly-carved frames. Close by these began the display of inlaid tables and stands and other articles of household use, which ran through the whole exhibit. They were as handsome and as well executed as any¬ thing of the kind in the Japanese section, which is saying a great deal. Just within the enclosure was a tall show-case in the form of a pagoda, in which were displayed some superb silks, gold cloth 448 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and embroideries. The silks were of the most delicate shades of color, and of the finest quality. There was a large exhibit of carved furniture, all in the Chi¬ nese style. The carvings were both artistic in design and well executed. Two elaborate bedsteads were exhibited, which were very handsome, and showed that John Chinaman has an eye to solid comfort in the midst of all his love of gaudy colors and gingerbread ornaments. The display of porcelain and pottery was large and handsome, CHINESE PAGODA, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. and fully sustained the reputation of the celestials for skill in this branch of their industry. The lacquered wares shown were also very beautiful, but were not equal to those in the Japanese collection. There was a case of exquisitely-carved articles in ivory, many of which have been purchased by the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. The bronzes, many of which were old and curious, made up an extensive and inter¬ esting collection, and there was also an exhibit of rare old Chi¬ nese coins. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 449 A tall pagoda or joss-house, in imitation of such buildings in China, formed a conspicuous part of the display. Near it were some fine porcelain tiles ornamented with queer Chinese figures. Cotton and hemp cloths, and cotton prints, stockings, Chinese shoes, hats, articles of clothing, fancy leather work, trunks, and toilet boxes, and samples of native paper, musical instruments, minerals, specimens of native woods, wines, grains, flour, honey, wax, cotton, hemp, wool, and hair made up a large and inter¬ esting exhibit. At the rear of the enclosure was a gaudy little structure of carved and gilded wood-work, with panels of scarlet silk, on which were painted scenes from Chinese life. It was devoted to the offices of the Chinese Commission. A number of almond-eyed, pig-tailed celestials, in their native costumes, were scattered through the enclosure, and you might for a moment imagine that yon had put the sea between you and the Exhibition and had suddenly landed in some large Chinese bazaar. The Orange Free State. The Orange Free State is a Dutch republic situated in the southeastern part of Africa, and adjoins the English colony of the Cape of Good Hope on the northeast. It covers an area of over 70,000 square miles, and is a thriving and energetic little state. Its section in the Exhibition hall lay back of the Peru¬ vian court, in the southwestern corner of the building. It was enclosed by a handsome pavilion painted in imitation of black walnut, and decorated with the national colors of white and yellow, and red, white and blue streamers. The exhibit was entirely governmental, and was handsomely and compactly arranged, rendering the little court one of the brightest and most pleasing nooks of the “ great show.” The design was to show the resources, products and natural wealth of the country. Specimens of minerals, grains, leather and skins, and samples of mohair, native woods, specimens of coal, and samples of wool made up the principal part of the exhibit. Cases of stuffed birds of rare and beautiful plumage, and col- 29 450 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 451 lections of insects were placed at various points in the court, and a number of superb ostrich plumes were exhibited. An interesting feature was a case of the cream tartar fruit. There were also to be seen specimens of ivory, including two enor¬ mous elephant tusks, and a collection of pipes and other articles of native manufacture. Tunis. The Tunisian court stood in the rear of the Danish and Turkish sections, on the south side of the building. It was small, but was brilliantly ornamented, the principal structure being a large show-case at the rear end of the court on which the goods were arranged. The exhibit was largely the prop¬ erty of the Bey of Tunis. His Highness exhibited some pretty gilt furniture, a collection of fine woollen blankets and shawls, woven silks, jewelry, national costumes, native arms richly ornamented, some superb decorated saddles, resembling those of the Egyptian collection. In the Exhibition grounds he also exhibited two Arab tents, illustrating the domestic life and customs of the Arab sheiks and Bedawin. The Bey also sent a number of antique relics dug from the ruins of old Carthage, which is situated in his dominions. Mexico. The space assigned to the Mexican republic lay on the north side of the main aisle, and adjoined that of the United States on the west. It was enclosed by a handsomely ornamented pavilion of light wood, painted in a soft cream color, and de¬ signed in the Aztec style of architecture. The main entrance to this pavilion was opposite the easternmost of the soda foun¬ tains in the main aisle, and was a handsome arch draped with the arms of the republic in gilt set in the midst of a trophy formed of the national colors. The Mexican exhibit was not as large as had been hoped, and scarcely showed the extent or variety of the natural re¬ sources and manufactures of the republic, but was still inter- SHOW-CASES IN THE CHINESE DEPARTMENT, MAIN BUILDING. 452 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 453 esting, and merited a careful examination. A very considerable part of the display consisted of Mexican historical remains of the most interesting character. They gave us a partial view of the civilization of the Aztec race, that curious people whose history is at once so perplexing and so sad. The mineral exhibit was very large and very good, and showed the wealth of the leading mines of the country. A large specimen, weighing 1300 pounds, and composed of quartz and bromide of silver, was a prominent object in this collection, and large lumps of lead ore, iron ore, specimens of coal, native marble, a sample of a new mineral called libinstone, and speci¬ mens of the matter thrown up by the volcano of Ceboruco during a recent eruption, and specimens of native woods were tastefully arranged, and constituted an instructive display. Samples of buckskin clothing ornamented with gold and silver embroidery, such as the Mexican cavaliers wear, were shown, and each suit was valued at $1000. There was a considerable exhibit of ready-made clothing, dressed and undressed leather, kid gloves, straw hats, woollen and cotton cloths, and papers; and some porcelain was shown which marked the beginning made by Mexico in this beautiful art. There were also some pretty silks in the collection. A full display was made of the medicinal plants of Mexico, and of the fibres of all the varieties of the aguave. The native wines and cordials were also well represented. A great variety of ancient and modern national costumes was shown, including those of the Indians and mixed races. A number of educational and scientific works illustrated the efforts being made to diffuse knowledge among the Mexican people. Brazil. The Brazilian court was situated on the north side of the main aisle, between the Dutch and Belgian sections. It was enclosed by one of the most brilliant and noticeable structures in the building. It was a pavilion built in the Moorish style, and consisted of a colonnade of wooden pillars, with brightly orna¬ mented capitals and arches, supporting a superstructure of wood painted in various bright colors. This colonnade surrounded THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 456 the entire Brazilian section, and -on three sides was nineteen feet high. Between the pillars were wooden screens six feet high painted in panels, the effect of which was very fine. The facade consisted of clusters of pillars supporting the superstruc¬ ture, as on the sides, but the columns were closer together and were decorated with gay colors and with glass tiles of a novel and attractive kind. These tiles had various rich designs, and ENTRANCE TO THE BRAZILIAN COURT. were used to form the names of the different provinces on the frieze extending around the structure. Over the principal en¬ trance the word “ Brazil was placed in colored glass tiles. The central arch rose to a height of nearly forty feet, but the arches on the east and west of it were uniform in height with those along the sides of the pavilion. The pavilion was painted in the gayest colors, the principal being the national colors, green and yellow, and red and blue. Brazilian flags and streamers were draped along the front and streamed from the prominent points of tlje structure. 466 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The show-cases within the pavilion were of plate-glass orna¬ mented with ivory and gold, and were very handsome. They were lined with a dark maroon-colored cloth, which added to the richness of their appearance. No less than $30,000 was ex¬ pended by Brazil in the construction of her pavilion. At the entrance stood a very large show-case placed on a square space paved with marble. It contained a beautiful dis¬ play of artificial flowers made of the gay and brilliant plumage of the birds of Brazil, and near it was a collection of butterflies and brilliant insects. Around the court were displayed photographs showing the geological formation and the scenery of the empire, and a series of topographical maps. The public works were exhibited in a number of finely-executed charts and plans. Several cases of books and other specimens of the printer’s art were to be seen here, showing what Brazil has done in this department, and the rise of her national literature was shown in the works of a number of her native authors, printed and bound in Brazil. The native products of the empire were largely represented, and among them coffee held the chief place, being the great staple of the country. Bice, cocoa, mandioc, ginger, yams, sarsaparilla, and many other tropical products were shown in great abundance. The native woods, in which Brazil is wealthy almost beyond computation, were also largely shown, and among them we found the castor tree, rosewood, Brazil-wood, caout¬ chouc, cedars, logwood and mahogany. An excellent display of furniture was also made, and the specimens were both wooden and wicker. The rising manufactures of the empire were shown in the fine exhibit of woollen and cotton cloths, dress goods, laces, em¬ broideries, silks, and straw and wool hats. A considerable dis¬ play was also made of chemical manufactures. The display of porcelain and glassware was small. Leather, boots and shoes, saddles, and skins, formed a considerable part of the collection. There were also a number of antiquities; and the Indian OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 457 tribes were represented by hammocks and other articles peculiar to themselves and their ancestors for centuries. Altogether the Brazilian exhibit was handsome and deeply interesting, and was worthy of the leading nation of the south¬ ern half of the American continent. Argentine Confederation. The section assigned to the Argentine Confederation was on the south side of the main aisle and next to its western end. It was enclosed, and at the front stood a handsome circular pavil¬ ion. The exhibit was designed to represent the commercial, agricultural and mineral wealth of the republic. The articles were tastefully arranged, and were attractive and worthy of a careful study. The mineral exhibit included the ores of gold, silver, lead ? copper, and iron, galena, kaolin, sulphate of lime, quartz, mar¬ bles, coal, building stones, gypsum, clays for the manufacture of crockery, tiles, and bricks, graphite, soapstones, and other varieties. Specimens of the principal metals were also shown. There was a large collection of chemical manufactures, and a small one of glassware, porcelain and pottery. The department of textile fabrics included cotton and woollen goods, mats woven by state prisoners, fabrics made by Indians from native plants, clothing, laces, and embroideries. Silk spun in cocoons was also exhibited in considerable quantities. Wool hats, and boots, shoes and other leather goods, and samples of leather and skins, made up a large part of the collection. The bows, arrows, clubs and lances of the various Indian tribes, slings used by the hunters to catch cattle and alpaca on the “ plains,” and lassos used by the hunters of Buenos Ayres were also shown. A num¬ ber of figures of Argentine peasants formed an interesting part of the exhibit. The display here was greater than any made by the Argen¬ tine republic at any previous World’s Fair, and was in the highest degree creditable to both the government and the people of that country. 455 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Chili t The Chilian section stood at the western end of the Main Building, on the south side of the main aisle. At the front, which faced the main aisle, was a circular pavilion, gayly painted, around the sides of which were arranged show-cases containing an extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the republic. The animals of the country were represented by stuffed hides of the cougar, jaguar, llama, guanaco, and monkeys. There was also an exceedingly valuable and interesting display of old pottery and domestic utensils, agricultural implements, and weapons of war used by the Indian tribes. Specimens of Chilian silks, raw and manufactured, were shown, and also some fine worsted work. A classified exhibit was made of the vegetable products, the native wines, and the leather of Chili. Peru. The Peruvian court was enclosed by a neat and tasteful pa¬ vilion decorated with the arms of the republic and the national colors, and stood at the western end of the building, immedi¬ ately in the rear of the Chilian and Argentine sections. The entrance was from the west. Around the sides of the pavilion the mineral wealth of the republic was faintly shown by a number of specimens. Gold, silver and precious stones were included in the collection. Quicksilver, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, saltpetre, and salt were exhibited in a variety of forms. The principal manufactures shown were leather, soap, and sugar. The native wines and liquors were also extensively displayed. Cotton, cocoa, coffee, cinnamon, pimento, pepper, tobacco, Peruvian bark, indigo, sarsaparilla, vanilla, caout¬ chouc and a variety of drugs and dye-stuffs were shown. There was a large display of ancient pottery, the work of the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, showing that they were far ad¬ vanced in the arts and customs of civilization; and by the side of these was an exhibit of the dresses and weapons of the Indian tribe. 459 ORNAMENTAL VASE, EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 460 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Hawaii. The kingdom of Hawaii, better known as the Sandwich Islands, had a handsome pavilion, with two arched entrances, situated against the south wall of the building immediately back of the Tunisian court. The exhibit included several specimens of native sugar, coffee, and native woods. The fibres of a number of trees— strong and tough—were also shown, and a considerable quantity of straw work made up the display. There were a number of specimens of lava thrown out by the volcano of Kilauea, the largest now in action in the world. Manufactured articles from the native woods, and calabashes used by the natives to hold their food, were among the articles exhibited. A fine collection of specimens of lava, mosses, and ferns was shown, and was made by Mr. Hitchcock, the special commissioner, during a residence of fourteen years in the islands. There were cases of beautiful native birds, and a rich display of pink and white corals, shells, and seaweed. Queen Emma exhibited a case of fans and feather-work, native millinery, and historical curiosi¬ ties. Photographs of scenes in the islands were displayed about the enclosure. Russia. The Russian space was situated on the south side of the main aisle, between the Spanish and Austrian sections, and extended back to the south wall of the building. It was unenclosed, and but little effort had been made to ornament it. A handsome shield emblazoned with the imperial arms, and set in the midst of a trophy of Russian and American colors, was affixed to the pillar at the south side of the aisle. Along the front line was a row of lofty octagonal and square cases of dark oak and plate- glass, filled with rare and beautiful articles. At the western end of the front line, Sazikoff, of Moscow, had two handsome cases containing a magnificent display of gold and silver articles for table service, personal use, and household ornament. They were richly carved, and some of them were enamelled in a masterly manner. There were a OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 461 number of statuettes of solid silver, prominent among which was one of Peter the Great. The gem of the whole collection was a superb work in repousse , representing the “Adoration of the Magi.” It was one of the most perfect specimens of this school of art in the Exhibition. MALACHITE MANTEL AND ORNAMENTS, EXHIBITED IN THE RUSSIAN SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. Near the east end of the front line, P. Ouchinnikoff, of Mos¬ cow and St. Petersburg, made an equally handsome display of richly chased articles in gold and silver, and enamels on gold and silver. Prominent in the collection was a fine altar-piece, representing the Saviour with the Gospel in his hand. The work was done upon a gold surface, and the portrait of the Saviour was in enamel of various colors. The effect of the 462 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY whole was very rich and beautiful. A superb tankard made of a single piece of silver, with decorations in gilt, was shown. At the top was a small copy of the statue of Peter the Great, and around the sides of the vessel was a superb representation in high relief of the entry of Peter into Moscow after the battle of Pultawa. The tankard was valued at $3000. A massive salver of silver with ornamentations in gilt, and a centre-piece carved with a representation of the Kremlin, was valued at $2000. At the east end of the line, Felix Chopin, of St. Petersburg, displayed a collection of fine bronzes in the best style of the art. They represented scenes from the life of the Russian peasantry, and were much admired. A conspicuous object of this collec¬ tion was an immense candelabra of gilt and porcelain, fully fif¬ teen feet high, capable of holding one hundred candles, and with vases for flowers around the base. Opposite it was a gilt clock of peculiar design, about four feet high. The hours encircled a large globe of silver and moved around it, and an angel in the act of flying pointed to the hour with one hand and towards heaven with the other. Along the eastern border of the Russian section, Messrs. Hoessrich & Woerffel, of St. Petersburg, had an extensive and valuable display of articles in malachite and lapis lazuli. These were of an infinite variety, consisting of cabinets, mantels, tables, statuettes, clocks, caskets, candelabra, and some beautiful jewelry and small articles for personal use. One fine centre- table in gilt and malachite was valued at $2400, and a large mass of malachite in the rough was held at $4800. Just back of the front line was a rich and large display of silks and velvets magnificently embroidered with gold, and cloth of gold with decorations of silver worked into it. These fabrics were superb, and were equal to anything in the Egyptian or Turkish exhibits. Back of these was a large exhibit of furs, equal in quality and beauty to anything in the building; and stuffed specimens of fur-bearing animals were shown in connection with this display. There was a good exhibit of cotton and linen goods, and of hats and military caps. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 463 In the centre of the section the Russian-American Rubber Company, of St. Petersburg, had a fine octagonal pavilion of ebony and plate-glass, containing a handsome collection of their goods. Opposite, on the west side of the court, a tailoring firm showed a case of uniforms of the different branches of the Rus¬ sian army. The exhibit of mathematical and philosophical instruments was small but very interesting, and was located near the south¬ west corner of the court. Immediately to the east of it was a case of ornamental cast-iron work. The collection consisted of a number of statuettes, busts, vases, etc., the principal object being a copy of the statue of Peter the Great at St. Petersburg. There was a softness about the work which was very pleasing, and it greatly resembled the darkest antique bronze. It was much lighter in weight than bronze, and much less expensive. The paper makers had a small exhibit, and close by was an extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the Russian empire. At the south end of the court was a case of inlaid caskets, boxes, waiters, etc., the work upon which is exceedingly beautiful. In the next case a bookbinder showed specimens of his work. The books were merchants’ account-books, and showed the Russian system of bookkeeping. At the southeast corner of the court was a fine carved oaken billiard table, one of the handsomest in the Exhibition. There was an excellent though small exhibit of cutlery, and several excellent pianos formed a part of the Russian exhibit. A number of carved oaken cabinets stood along the eastern line, where also might be seen a case of rich embroideries, worked on colored cloths with gold and silver threads. There was a small exhibit of perfumes and soaps, and a few pieces of porcelain and majolica-ware completed the display. Russia was one of the last of the European powers to take part in the Exhibition, and her space was not in complete order until near the last of June. Her display was at once unique and beautiful, and received much praise from visitors. 464 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Portugal. Like the Russian the Portuguese exhibit was not in order until the latter part of June. The section assigned to Portugal was on the south side of the hall, and immediately in the rear of the Turkish and Egyptian courts. It was about as large as the Egyptian section, and was enclosed with a line of handsome show-cases of wood, stained in imitation of black walnut, with entrances at the north, east, and west ends. Along the southern wall the Portuguese department of public works exhibited a collection of topographical and geological maps and charts of the kingdom, with drawings of the principal harbors. In this section of the space was the display of glass- PROGRESS VASE, EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON. ware, pottery, and porcelain, which, though not large, was very good. Some fine dyes and specimens of woollen fabrics dyed in them were also shown. The cases which formed the east and west sides of the enclos¬ ure were filled with cotton and woollen goods, generally of a coarse texture. The blankets shown here were very good. A good display was made of silk fabrics of various kinds, and a case was also shown of cocoons and raw silk. Some of the silks were beautifully embroidered. A number of excellent specimens of wood-carving were shown, and a series of photo- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 465 graphs of places in Portugal showed some admirable work in this line. A case containing flowers, baskets, ships, and other objects made of the fibre of the fig-tree, from the island of St. Michael, in the Azores, attracted great attention. The material was ex¬ quisitely beautiful and the work very fine. There were a num¬ ber of statuettes in colored plaster, representing different types of Portuguese brigands and peasants. At the northern end of the section was a collection of tinware, showing the fine quality of the native tin of Portugal, and here was to be seen the finest porcelain and glassware of this exhibit. Turkey. The space assigned to the Turkish empire lay on the south side of the main aisle, and was immediately west of the Egyp¬ tian court. It was unenclosed, and no effort was made to orna¬ ment it. The show-cases were of simple black, and, in conse¬ quence of this and of the quantities of carpets and rugs suspended from the roof, the Turkish court had rather a gloomy appear¬ ance. Owing to the unfortunate condition of the finances of the Turkish government this court was the last of all in the Main Building to be gotten in order. The display made was small. Carpets and rugs of an excel¬ lent quality formed the principal portion. But few objects of household use were exhibited, and of these some low tables in¬ laid wiith pearl, and some exquisite coffee-cups of porcelain, formed the principal part. The wool raised in the mountainous provinces of the empire was also shown, and a considerable dis¬ play of sponges was made. Jewelry, personal ornaments, articles in olive wood and mother-of-pearl, such as crosses and rosaries, from Palestine, pipes, fire-arms, swords and other wea¬ pons made up the display. It was generally remarked that the preponderance of articles from the Holy Land was so great that the visitor might well think Turkey had abandoned Mohammed and become a Christian country. Everything in the court was for sale. 30 466 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. The Mineral Annex. The space in the main hall being filled, a couple of long, narrow, wooden buildings were erected on the south side of the Main Building. In these structures was shown a large and in¬ teresting collection of the minerals of the United States, promi¬ nent in which were a number of immense blocks of coal taken from the mines of Pennsylvania and some of the Western States. The Chinese section being over-crowded, the Commissioners of that country obtained additional space in the Mineral Annex, and in this building exhibited a number of life-sized figures, showing the costumes of the various classes of the people of China, and models of their boats and junks, and their vehicles for land travel. A very curious and instructive exhibit was found in the complete collection of the medicines known to the Chinese “ healing art.” Over one thousand specimens were exhibited, the majority of which consisted of such strange ob¬ jects as Spanish flies, red arsenic, dried centipedes, roaches and sea horses, powdered pinch bugs, betel nuts, which are chewed like tobacco, dried snakes and snake skins, desiccated lizards, and opium. Some of the pills exhibited were coated with white wax, and had a diameter of over one inch. Specimens of rice, embracing over thirty-five varieties, and samples of different kinds of native food, were also shown. The Carriage Annex. The annex to the Main Building, devoted to the display of carriages and other articles, was situated on the north side of the Avenue of the Republic, just north of Memorial Hall. It was built of corrugated iron and glass, and was 346 feet long and 231 feet deep. The greater part of the space was taken up by American exhibitors. The display of carriages in the American department was very fine, and included vehicles of all classes, and several oid- fashioned Concord stages. Wheels, hubs, spokes, harness, car¬ riage hardware and fixtures, springs, etc., were displayed here, 467 THE CARRIAGE BUILDING. 468 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and made a handsome showing. The collection of carriages for children was also very pretty. A conspicuous feature of this exhibit was the old-fashioned travelling carriage used by George Washington. It was mounted on high, clumsy springs, and the floor of the carriage stood fully five feet from the ground. It had a high seat for the coachman and the usual stand for the footmen behind. Four fine gray horses of wood were harnessed to it, and it was by common consent regarded as one of the sights of the Ex¬ hibition. A number of railroad cars were exhibited in this building. The Pullman Palace Car Company showed one of their hand¬ somest parlor cars, and a superb hotel car, to both of which visitors were admitted. The latter showed the entire arrange¬ ment for providing passengers with meals cooked to order w T hile the train is in motion. A boudoir and library car, built for the St. Paul and Rio Janeiro Railway of Brazil, was a model of beautiful workmanship and comfortable arrangement. It was a narrow gauge car, and smaller than the Pullman coaches by which it stood. Several other fine cars for ordinary use were exhibited, and showed what the various railway lines of the country might do for the comfort of their passengers. Several magnificent street railway cars stood by the side of the larger coaches, and were beautiful specimens of workmanship. A large part of the American department was devoted to an exhibition of stoves and heating apparatus of various kinds, tin and ironware, and house-furnishing goods. These made up a pretty and attractive display, and drew many visitors. In the English department were several fine drags of the most elaborate style, and a number of broughams, coupes and a species of one-horse barouche. The English vehicles were all substantially made and were elegant and tasteful. Canada ex¬ hibited her fine sleighs, which were much admired. Italy sent two specimens of a curious little closed carriage. The display was very fine, and the carriage annex was one of the most interesting halls in the Exhibition. It was large and airy, and the articles exhibited in it were dis- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 469 played to the best advantage. The beautiful work upon the wooden bodies of the carriages was especially noticeable for its beauty and its skilful joining. One of the pleasantest features of the hall was the view from the north entrance. You looked down into the wooded depths of Lansdowne valley, beyond which were the towers of Ag¬ ricultural Hall and the pretty buildings on its slopes. There was generally a breeze stirring here, and you could seat your¬ self on the benches which the thoughtfulness of the Commission had provided, and enjoy as rural and as enchanting a view as the eye ever rested upon. SILVER-PLATED TEA URN, EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON. CHAPTER XIV. MACHINERY HALL. Description of the Building—The Interior—Conveniences for Visitors—Pre¬ cautions Against Fire—The Corliss Engine—Distribution of Power—The American Display—Curious and Interesting Machines—The Steam-Engines —The First Steam-Engine in America—The Blast Furnace—The Sewing Machines—A Handsome Display—The Suspension Bridge Exhibit—A Monster Cotton Press—Weaving Machines—Making Watches by Machinery —Carpet Weaving—The Water Motors—The Locomotives—The Railway Exhibit—The Vacuum Pan—The Tobacco Factory—Making India Rubber Shoes—Making Candies by Machinery—The Massachusetts Marine—Among the Printing Machines—The Old Franklin Press—Printing the New York Herald —The Ice Yacht—American Machine Shops—Nail and Tack Making —The Hydraulic Annex—The Tank—The Cascade—The Hydraulic and Blowing Machines—The British Section—The Road Steamers—Iron Armor Plate—Weaving Machines—Railway Models—The Walter Press—The Sugar Mill—The Canadian Exhibit—The German Section—The Krupp Guns — The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian Machinery—The Well-Borer—The Swedish Section and Exhibits—The Russian Guns—The Brazilian Section—A Handsome and Characteristic Display. || ACHINERY HALL was designed for the exhibition of machinery in motion, and was the second of the Exhibition buildings with regard to size. It stood ^ 6 immediately west of the Main Building, at a distance of five hundred and forty-two feet from it, and its southern wall was two hundred and seventy-four feet from the north side of Elm avenue. The length of the building was from east to west, and its north front was on the same line as that of the Main Exhibition Building, thus presenting a frontage of thirty-eight hundred and twenty-four feet from the east to the west ends of the Exhibition buildings upon the principal avenue within the grounds. 470 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 471 The machinery building consisted of the main hall, fourteen hundred and two feet long by three hundred and sixty feet wide, and an annex on the south side of two hundred and eight by two hundred and ten feet. The entire area covered by the building and the annex was 558,440 square feet, or about 12.82 acres. Including the upper floors the exhibition space was about fourteen acres. The principal portion of the building was one story in height, with the main cornice upon the outside about forty feet from the ground. The roof was seventy feet from the floor of the avenues, and forty feet from the floor of the aisles. The main entrances at the east and west were finished with handsome fa§ades, consisting of a square tower at each side rising to a height of seventy-eight feet, with a tasteful entrance between them. The central entrance and the towers were each provided with light ornamental galleries, and over the central gallery a large eagle was placed, with a clock immediately beneath it. A similar projection with a similar fagade stood at the ends of the transept upon the north and south sides of the building, giving to it a fine and picturesque effect; and in order to further relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the long unbroken lines of the exterior, other projections were intro¬ duced upon the north and south sides of the building, with tasteful fagades. A chime of thirteen bells, representing the thirteen original States, was hung in the northeast tower of the building. They weighed twenty-one thousand pounds, the largest weighing over three thousand pounds, and the smallest three hundred and fifty pounds. They cost $12,000, and were cast by Henry McShane & Brother, of Baltimore. The building was painted in a light and pleasing blue, with ornamentations in other colors. As its length was eighteen times its height it had necessarily a low and “ squat 57 effect, but the general appearance was pleasing, and the structure was so admirably adapted to the purposes it was designed to serve that criticism was disarmed. While there was nothing mean or shabby about it, it was plain and simple, but little effort having been made at ornament. The building was in perfect good taste 472 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY throughout, and while it was not as handsome or as imposing as its gigantic neighbor, the Main Exhibition Building, it was still attractive and pleasing, and the gazer was profoundly im¬ pressed with its expression of vastness. The eastern doors opened upon the grand plaza at the main entrance to the grounds, and formed the principal approach from the street cars, the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot and the Main Exhibition Building. The western doors led to the Total Abstinence Fountain and to George’s Hill and the buildings clustered about its feet. The arrangement of the ground-plan was very simple. It showed two main avenues, each ninety feet in width and thirteen hundred and sixty feet long, with a central aisle between them and an aisle on either side. Each aisle was the length of the avenues, and was sixty feet in width, thus making the aggregate width of the avenues and aisles three hundred and sixty feet. At the centre of the building was a transept ninety feet wide, which at the south side was prolonged beyond the main build¬ ing to the southern end of the annex. At a distance of thirty- six feet from the main hall a series of aisles extended on either side of the transept for a distance of two hundred and eight feet to the southward, forming with it the annex for hydraulic ma¬ chines. These aisles were sixty feet in width. The promenades in the avenues were fifteen feet wide; those in the transept twenty-five feet wide, and those in the aisles ten feet wide. All other walks extending across the building were ten feet wide, and led at either end to exit doors. The foundations of the building were piers of solid masonry. “ The superstructure consisted of solid timber columns support¬ ing roof trusses, constructed with straight wooden principals and wrought-iron ties and struts. As a general rule, the columns were placed lengthwise of the building, at the uniform distance apart of sixteen feet. The columns were forty feet high to the heel-block of the ninety feet span roof trusses over the avenues, and they supported the heel of the sixty feet spans over the aisles at the height of twenty feet. The outer walls were built of masonry to a height of five feet, and above that were com- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 473 posed of glazed sash placed between the columns. Portions of the sash were movable for ventilation. Louvre ventilators were introduced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles. The building was lit entirely by side light, and stood lengthwise nearly east and west.” Machinery Hall was the first completed of the Exhibition structures. The contract for its erection was made on the 27th of January, 1875, and the work was immediately begun. It was completed on the 1st of October, 1875, and was turned over to the Board of Finance about the close of the year. The cost of the building was $542,300. The engineers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, and the contractor, Philip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware. The wrought and cast-iron work used in the building was furnished by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware. The building was fitted up with especial care for the comfort and convenience of visitors. Water-closets were placed at the east and west ends, with attendants. Polling-chair stations were located at the main entrances, and telegraph offices were established at prominent points. Stands for the sale • of the official catalogue were placed in the central aisle, and letter¬ boxes were scattered throughout the building. The fire service was perfect, alarm stations being placed at regular intervals, each with its proper number, and Babcock extinguishers were scat¬ tered over the building ready for instant use. At the north end of the transept was a restaurant, which furnished a good dinner for the moderate sum of fifty cents. Adjoining the restaurant was a confectionery, and by the side of this the pop-corn man had a tasteful stand, from which he did a thriving business in this peculiarly American eatable. Soda fountains were placed at several points in the building, and were under the same man¬ agement as those in the other halls. The interior decorations were simple, the roof and pillars being painted in fight colors, the object being to render the in¬ terior as light as possible. From the gallery one looked down upon a busy scene. The great engine in the centre drove several miles of shafting and MACHINERY HALL—INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1402 feet in length and 360 feet in width. 474 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 475 belting, and the hall resounded with the hum and click of the machinery in motion. No fires or furnaces were allowed in the hall. The boilers of the great Corliss engine were placed in a separate building on the south side of the hall, and steam was introduced into the hall by a service of pipes. The motive power for all the machinery in motion in this vast hall was a double-acting duplex vertical engine, erected by Mr. George H. Corliss, of Providence, Rhode Island, its in¬ ventor. It stood in the centre of the hall, and was built upon a platform fifty-six feet in diameter, and three and one-half feet above the floor of the hall. The engine rose to a height of forty feet above the platform, and was the most conspicuous object in the hall. “ It had cylinders of forty-four inches in diameter and ten feet stroke, the peculiar variable cut-off arrangement being actuated by the governor, as common in the Corliss engines. Between the vertical engines was a fly-wheel of fifty-six tons weight, thirty feet in diameter and twenty-four inch face ; it made thirty-six revolutions per minute, the rate being kept equal by means of the governor cut-off, which immediately re¬ sponded to any change in duty, owing to the throwing off or on of machines either singly or embraced in a whole section of the building. The tubular boilers were twenty in number, in a separate building, and each represented a nominal power of seventy horses, the work of the engine at sixty pounds pressure being about fourteen hundred horse-power. The fly-wheel had cogs on its periphery, which matched with cogs on a pinion which rotated a line of underground shafting, and this by means of mitre-gearing rotated other underground shafts, so that mo¬ tion was communicated to eight points in the ground-plan at the transept, at which were pulleys from which belts rose through the floor and thence passed around primary pulleys on the eight principal lines of shafting, which reached from the transept to the extremities of the east and west ends of the building. The sunk shafting, its mitre-gears, pillow-blocks and pulleys, weighed two hundred tons.” The work on the engine was completed on the 10th of April, the day promised by its inven- 476 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY tor, and the entire cost of its construction—$200,000—was borne by Mr. George H. Corliss. Eight main lines of shafting were provided for the machinery in the avenues and aisles, the larger portion being speeded to one hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and one line to two hundred and forty revolutions per minute, principally THE CORLISS ENGINE, IN MACHINERY HALL. for the wood-working machines, which occupied the larger part of the west end of the southern aisle. With the subsidiary lines, the length of shafting was estimated at 10,400 feet, each main line of 650 feet transmitting 180 horse-power to the various machines connected with it. The exhibit displayed in Machinery Hall was classified by the Centennial Commission as follows: OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 477 Department V.— Machinery. 500—509... .Machines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Chemistry, etc. 510—519.. . .Machines and Tools for working Metal, Wood and Stone. 520—529... .Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, etc. 530—539.... Machines, etc., used in Sewing, making Clothing, etc. 540—549... .Machines for Printing, making Books, Paper Working, etc. 550—559... .Motors, Power Generators, etc. 560—569... .Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus. 570—579... .Railway Plant, Rolling Stock, etc. 580—589... .Machinery used in preparing Agricultural Products. 590—599... .Aerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation. Machinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the require¬ ments of the Exhibition. The United States. The space occupied by the United States covered about three- fourths of the area of Machinery Hall, and extended from the west¬ ern end entirely across the hall to a point nearly half way between the transept and the eastern doors. Being at home, the American exhibitors were naturally the first to have their machinery in readiness. The machinery displayed covered a wide range, ex¬ tending from the most delicate machines for the manufacture of watches to the most powerful trip-hammers and rolling-mills. We began our inspection at the west end of the building, and starting from the western end of the south aisle, pursued our way eastward along this aisle. On the south side we noticed an extensive collection of gas meters and kindred machines. These were very handsome and complete in every detail, and the visitor could but wonder that such pretty and attractive things should be such an unending source of trouble to every householder. The whole system of registering the consumption of gas was shown, but we were not treated to an exhibit of the method of making a meter register more gas than is burned. That is a secret which the gas com¬ panies do not care to make public. A large collection of machines for making illuminating gas from naphtha was shown beyond the gas meters, the largest exhibit being made by the Springfield Gas Machine Company, of Massachusetts, whose machines are admitted to be the best ^md safest in use. 478 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Beyond the gas machines the Hagner Drug Milling Com¬ pany, of Philadelphia, exhibited a pair of double-run flaxseed chasing mills, which attracted considerable attention by their size and excellent workmanship. To the east of this was a large frame model of an anthracite coal-breaker, showing the process of crushing coal and separating the different sizes for the market. A fine display of steam-drills came next, and below these COMBINATION WOOD-WORKER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALE. was a blast-furnace, with plans showing its operation. A capi¬ tal display was made of steam-engines, stationary and portable. The Atlantic Mills, of Philadelphia, showed some powerful machinery, and below these the scroll-saw men were at work with their machines cutting out scroll work in wood. Some of these saws were driven by steam, and some by foot-power. A handsome specimen of their work was a u Centennial clock,” the frame of which was made of wood sawed in this way. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 479 We now reached the transept, and turned back to examine the display along the north side of the aisle. We were attracted at once by the exhibit of barrel, hoop and stave-making ma¬ chinery in operation. These machines cut out the staves and WEIMER’S SUSPENDED HOT-BLAST STOVE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL hoops and set up the barrels and headed them in an exceedingly short space of time. Close by was an automatic shingle-maker, which could turn out 25,000 shingles in a day; and next to it was a “Dovetail- 480 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ing, Carving, Moulding and Panelling Machine,” exhibited by the Battle Creek Machinery Company, which was one of the curiosities of the Exhibition. Beyond these machines William Cramp & Son, of Philadelphia, exhibited two fine marine engines. In the next space J. W. Griffiths, of New York, exhibited a machine for bending wood, and showed by its oper¬ ation the process of bending stout wooden beams for ships’ frames, or for arches. We were at the west end once more, and passed into the south avenue. As we moved down this avenue we confined our inspection to its south side, and noticed first a large road steam-engine of American make. It was the invention of George W. Fitts, of Philadelphia, and compared favorably with the English steamers at the other end of the hall. Adjoining this space was one occupied by William Andrews, of Williams¬ port, Pennsylvania, who exhibited a number of circular and straight saws of the best workmanship. Here was to be seen the first saw-maker’s anvil ever brought to the United States. It was brought from London in 1819, by an uncle of its present owner, who had used it in the old country, and has been in steady use for over seventy years in this family. It looks as if it was good for seventy years more of work. We now reached an extensive collection of saws, moulding- machines and steam-engines, noticeable among the latter being the splendid automatic cut-off and throttling steam-engines of the Buckeye Company, of Salem, Ohio. In the midst of this group Cornell University displayed some of the results of her department of mechanical engineering in the work of her students and in a fine collection of machinery. Here were a foot-lathe, magneto-electrical machine, measuring machine and steam-engine, all of which were handsome pieces of work¬ manship. Having reached the end of the avenue, which was here closed in by the space assigned to an exhibitor, we noticed on the north side a section of the first steam-engine ever introduced into the United States. This venerable relic was exhibited by Messrs. D. M. Meeker & Son, of Newark, New Jersey. Its OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 481 history is so interesting that we give it here as related by Mr. Justice Bradley, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in a letter to Mr. D. M. Meeker: “ Washington, September)' 20 th, 1875. “ David M. Meeker, Esq. : “ Dear Sir: The steam-engine of which you possess a relic was, as you suppose, the first ever erected on this continent. It was imported from England in the year 1753 by Colonel John Schuyler, for the purpose of pumping water from his copper THE RUNQUIST OSCILLATING GOVERNOR, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. mine opposite Belleville, near Newark, New Jersey. The mine was rich in ore, but had been worked as deep as hand and horse-power could clear it of water. Colonel Schuyler, having heard of the success with which steam-engines (then called fire- engines) were used in the mines of Cornwall, determined to have one in his mine. He accordingly requested his London corre¬ spondents to procure an engine, and to send out with it an engi¬ neer capable of putting it up and in operation. This was done in the year named, and Josiah Horn blower, a young man, 31 482 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY then in his twenty-fifth year, was sent out to superintend it. The voyage was a loug and perilous one. Mr. Horn blower expected to return as soon as the engine was in successful opera¬ tion. But the proprietor induced him to remain, and in the course of a couple of years he married Miss Kingsland, whose father owned a large plantation adjoining that of Colonel Schuyler. The late Chief-Justice Hornblower was the youngest of a large family of children which resulted from this marriage. Mr. Hornblower’s father, whose name was Joseph, had been FURNACE CHARGER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. engaged in the business of constructing engines in Cornwall from their first introduction in the mines there, about 1740; and had been an engineer and engine-builder from the first use of steam-engines in the arts, about 1720. The engines con¬ structed by him and his sons were the kind known as New¬ comen’s engines, or Cornish engines. That brought to America by Josiah was of this description. Watt had not then invented his separate condenser, nor the use of high pressure. But it is OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 483 generally conceded that, for pumping purposes, the Cornish engine has still no superior. “After 1760 the Schuyler mine was worked for several years by Mr. Hornblower himself. The approach of the war, in 1775, caused the operations to cease. Work was resumed, however, in 1792, and was carried on for several years by successive parties. It finally ceased altogether early in this century, and the old engine was broken up and the materials disposed of. The boiler, a large copper cylinder, standing upright, eight or ten feet high, and as much in diameter, with a flat bottom and a dome-shaped top, was carried to Phila¬ delphia. The relic in your possession was a portion of the cylinder, and was purchased by some person in Newark. “In 1864 I met an old man named John Van Emburgh, then a hundred years old, who had worked on the engine when it was in operation in 1792. He described it very minutely and, I doubt not, accurately. It is from his description that I happened to know the kind of engine it was; although, from the date of its construction and the use to which it was put, there could have been but little doubt on the subject. “ What changes have been wrought in one hundred and twenty-two years! What mighty power has been created on this continent, in that time, by the multiplication and improve¬ ment of the steam-engine! We may well look upon this relic with a sort of superstitious veneration, and, looking forward as well as backward, wonder what another century will bring forth ! Respectfully, your obedient servant, “ Joseph P. Bradley.” Leaving the south avenue at its western end, we passed around into the central aisle and continued our inspection on the south side of that aisle. We passed a number of vertical and other steam-engines, and paused to examine the immense high speed blowing engine erected by the Weimer Machine Works, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania. This fine engine had a capacity of 5000 cubic feet per minute at ten pounds pressure. The same company also exhibited a section of an apparatus for charging a blast furnace. 484 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Below this was a display of fire-engines, three of which were handsome steamers, and a case of firemen’s hats, overhauls, etc. Beyond the engines a fine hook and ladder carriage was placed. Several old-fashioned hand-engines were included in the display, and looked odd, indeed, beside the glittering steamers. Passing on we came to the display of chemical fire-extinguishers, the largest and handsomest exhibit being made by the Babcock Fire-Extinguisher Company, whose machines were used in the Exhibition buildings. Farther on, I. P. Morris & Co., of the Port Richmond Iron Works, Philadelphia, exhibited a large and complete blast fur¬ nace which towered to the roof, high above all the surrounding objects. Near the intersection of the aisle with the transept, E. M. Boynton, of New York, had a handsome pavilion of black walnut, velvet and gilt, ornamented with specimens of his saws. It was one of the most conspicuous objects in the hall, and was admirably suited to the display of the articles it contained. Turning westward again, and crossing to the north side of the aisle, we noticed a handsome display of paintings and models of the steamers of the American Line, from Philadel¬ phia to Liverpool, made by the steamship company. The north side of the central aisle, from the transept west¬ ward, was taken up almost entirely by the exhibit of the sew¬ ing machine manufacturers. All the sewing machines of the country were represented here, and the display made by them was one of the most attractive features of the Exhibition. The spaces occupied by the various manufacturers stood side by side, and were fitted up in the handsomest style. Rich native woods and costly hangings were used in the construction of the enclosures and pavilions of the various manufacturers, and neither expense nor taste was spared to render these as brilliant and imposing as possible. Each firm exhibited its best ma¬ chines, finished in the handsomest style, and displayed con¬ spicuously samples of fine needlework done by its operators. The machines were operated by a number of young ladies, and were shown to all who were disposed to examine them. The OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 485 handsomest displays were made by the Wilson, Weed, Wilcox & Gibbs, Howe, Domestic and Home Companies. The Howe pavilion contained a portrait of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, and the pavilion of the Home Machine was the richest and most beautiful structure in Machinery Hall. To the west of the sewing machines were the knitting ma¬ chines, the workings of which attracted much attention; and beyond these was a handsome model of a steam tug, with an exhibit of improved screw propellers for steam vessels, and we entered once more the space devoted to steam-engines. Among THE SEWING MACHINE SECTION, MACHINERY HALE. these we noticed a machine for ditching and draining, exhibited by Randolph Brothers, of New Jersey. Several sizes of this machine for horse and steam power are made. The largest size will dig eight cubic yards per minute in clay soil, or as much as a single man can dig in a day. A two-horse machine, weighing 1600 pounds, will do the work of forty men. The next space was occupied by Pnsey, Jones & Co., of Wilming¬ ton, Delaware, with a large display of machinery of various 486 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY kinds; and just beyond N. W. Twiss & Co., of New Haven, exhibited a number of beautiful vertical engines. The yacht engine exhibited here was one of the prettiest and most com¬ plete machines in the building. We were now at the west end of the aisle, and passed around to the north avenue, at the western end of which, on the south side, Messrs. Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore, had a large display of machines of various kinds. Eastward of this exhibit, on the same side of the avenue, the steam-engines stretched away for a considerable distance. Beyond these the American Iron Works, of Pittsburgh, made an extensive display of wheels, shafting, pulleys, bar, sheet, plate iron and T rails. Immediately to the south of this exhibit a loom was at work weaving suspenders for the National Suspender Company, of New York. You could have a pair woven with your name while you waited for them. Below the American Iron Works was one of the handsomest displays in the hall. It was the exhibit of the John A. Roeb- ling’s Sons Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, manufacturers of wire rope and suspension bridge cables. Here were shown sections of the cables of the suspension bridges over the Niagara at Niagara Falls, and those over the Ohio at Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, which were made by this firm. Handsome draw¬ ings of these bridges were displayed. A splendid plan of the suspension bridge now in course of construction over the East river, at New York, formed one of the most conspicuous objects of the collection, and beneath it was a section of the cable for this bridge, now being made by this firm. It was composed of six thousand, No. 7, galvanized steel wires. The ultimate strength of this cable is 22,300,000 pounds. A model of a large merchant ship, rigged with wire rope, was exhibited, and samples of the wire ropes and other articles made by the com¬ pany were to be seen also. Beyond this space was an enormous direct-acting steam and hydraulic cotton press, from the Taylor Iron Works, of Charles¬ ton, S. C. It was constructed entirely without pumps, and had but a single valve. It is the most powerful cotton press in the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 487 world, and among its other feats is said to have recompressed a bale of cotton into two-thirds of its original size. We now entered a region of looms and cotton machinery, and paused to notice the process of making and winding spool cotton as shown by the Willimantic and Hopedale Companies, of Con¬ necticut and Rhode Island. Beyond these machines a large power-loom was weaving corsets for the United States Corset Company. A lady operated the machine, and a number of her sex were generally interested lookers-on. Next door a larger- VIEW OF THE LOOMS, MACHINERY HALL. sized loom was weaving jute cloth. Both of these machines were the Lyall Positive Motion Loom, the accuracy and rapidity of the work of which are wonderful. In the next stand on the east the Pyramid Pin Company, of New Haven, Connecticut, had a machine, in charge of a little girl, at work sticking pins in papers. This machine was capa¬ ble of sticking 180,000 pins per day in this way. Next below was one of the most interesting exhibits in the hall. The American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachu¬ setts, had a work-shop, in which a number of their most ex- 488 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY perienced and skilful workers were engaged in the manufacture of watches by machinery. Every part of the process was illus¬ trated by the work done here. The machines used were of the most delicate and perfect character, and the operations were marked by an accuracy and skill which elicited the warm praise lof the interested spectators who surrounded the workshop. The maltham watches have long been regarded as the best of Amer¬ ican manufacture, and the universal testimony of all who have used them is that they are unexcelled by any in the world. Adjoining the shop of the Waltham Company was a curious machine for engraving patterns for embroidery and laces. The transept was here reached, and we turned back west¬ ward again. On the right, opposite the Waltham shop, the Nonotuck Silk Company, of Florence, Massachusetts, showed the process of labelling spools, and winding machine twist and sewing silk for the market. In the next space beyond William Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, had a loom at work weaving cotton cloths; and above this the Monitor Carpet Mills, of Philadelphia, had a power-loom at work weaving carpets with¬ out the use of a shuttle. Two power-looms were engaged beyond this one weaving Brussels carpets. The Falls of Schuyl¬ kill Carpet Mills operated one of these looms, and thus illus¬ trated the process by which the beautiful carpets displayed by them in the Main Building were woven. Going westward we passed several looms engaged in weaving cloth, and a number of wool-carding machines, and noticed a fine Murkland power- loom at work weaving ingrain carpets for Messrs. John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia. The rapidity with which this loom does its work is surprising. With a competent operator it will run off thirty-five yards of carpeting in a working day. Beyond this was the Garnett machine, which takes the waste of woollen factories and works it up into fibre again, washing it clean at the same time. An interesting display was made of meters for registering the consumption of water; and the exhibit of steam-gauges was both large and handsomely arranged. Here was seen a little registering apparatus which recorded every revolution of the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 489 Corliss engine at the distant centre of the hall. Near the door was a hydraulic ram of novel construction, exhibited by the Dexter Spring Company of Pennsylvania. It furnishes its own power and is a perfect automatic pump. From the western end of the avenue we had been traversing we passed into a small aisle to the north of it. The first notable exhibit was that of the Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Com¬ pany, of Dayton, Ohio. They exhibited a boiler for use in lime¬ stone countries, which removes the deposit of lime from the water and prevents it from encrusting the interior surface of the boiler. Beyond this space was the Backus Water Motor, which THE BALDWIN NARROW GAUGE LOCOMOTIVE USED BY THE WEST END RAILWAY IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. would seem to be the long-desired motive power for running sewing machines. Beyond this was a most interesting exhibit of asbestos, a mineral which has the peculiar property of being a non-conductor of heat. Farther on the Westinghouse Air¬ brake, and Henderson’s Hydraulic Brake for railroad cars made large and interesting displays of the merits of their respective machines. At the lower end of the aisle, on the south side, was a tall machine for drying paper-collar stock, and below this machines for drying cotton and worsted dyed goods. We now reached the transept once more, and entered upon the section devoted to the display of locomotives, which was 490 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. one of the most prominent as well as one of the most attractive features of the exhibition. About ten locomotives built by the Baldwin Works, the Pennsylvania and Beading Bailroad Com¬ panies, and other well-known manufacturers, made up the collection, in which the latest improvements and the highest skill in this branch of the mechanic arts were shown. A nar¬ row gauge locomotive and one for mining purposes were included in the collection. The finishing of these splendid machines was handsome but substantial. They were no finer in AIR COOLER AND PURIFIER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. appearance than is usual, and represented faithfully the superior appearance as well as construction of the American locomotive. Leaving the locomotives behind, we passed to the north aisle, where we noticed a large display of machinery for mills by J. T. Noye and Son, of Buffalo, New York, beyond which was an immense hoisting engine for mines, and a display of mining machinery, including a powerful Cornish pumping engine made by the Dickinson Manufacturing Company, of Scranton, Penn¬ sylvania. Both sides of the aisle were now occupied by the display of EXHIBIT OF THE WHEELER & WILSON SEWING MACHINE CO. ; IN MACHINERY HALL, 492 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the scale makers. All the principal manufacturers were repre¬ sented, and this department was one of the largest and hand¬ somest in the hall. The various styles of scales were shown— platform scales, those for counters, letter scales, and balances. Every article was finished in the handsomest and showiest man¬ ner, and with a generous disregard of expense. A number of the makers showed platform scales adjusted to the standards of the principal nations of Europe. Then followed, on both sides of the aisle, a collection of car- wheels, trucks, springs, railroad iron and rails, switches, seats for cars, and other railroad material, in the midst of which the Wharton Patent Switch made an interesting showing of its workings. It is claimed for this switch that it is automatic in its movements, and that where it is used accidents are impossible. On the left hand side, above the Wharton Switch, the Baxter Steam Engine Company made a handsome exhibit of their famous engines; and on the opposite side of the aisle was a handsome arch made of lap-welded wrought-iron tubes, orna¬ mented with the names of the States, and exhibited by the National Tube Company as specimens of their workmanship. On the north side of the aisle, at the western end of the building, was a huge vacuum pan for clarifying sugar, exhibited by the Colwell Iron Works, of New York. It towered to a height of thirty-five feet above the floor of the hall, and the vacuum pan had a diameter of ten feet. There were two plat¬ forms or stories one above the other. On the ground-floor was a powerful horizontal engine working an air-pump to make the vacuum in the pan. The air-pipe connecting with the top was some eighteen inches in diameter, of iron, and had several drums. Underneath the pan was a large circular valve to run off the product of evaporation. There were also connected with this drying pan, sugar boxes to receive the sugar and moulds for moulding the sugar loafs. The whole apparatus was of the most complete description, and was a fair sample of the vacuum pans used in the largest sugar refineries in Cuba or Louisiana. We passed around into the north aisle and started eastward OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 493 again, noticing first, on the right, or south side of the aisle, a large collection of washing, wringing, and mangling machines of every kind and description, to run by hand or by steam-power. On the opposite side of the aisle a large machine for printing wall paper was shown by Messrs. Howell & Brothers, of Phila¬ delphia, the largest manufacturers of wall paper in the United States. Diagonally opposite this machine a number of glass- blowers were at work making fancy articles of glass by means of the blow-pipe. The left hand side of the aisle was taken up for a considerable distance by machinery for making paper in operation, and on the other side a cracker-making machine was at work. Below the last were several machines engaged in the manufacture of fine candy bon-bons , and beyond these, on both sides of the aisle, we noticed machines for butchers, bakers, and flour mills. Opposite these, on the north side of the aisle, was a small model of an old Virginia tobacco factory. All the operations of manufacturing chewing tobacco were shown here, with the exception of the flavoring process. Four negro men were at work twisting the rolls from the leaves, and these rolls were pressed into the plugs of commerce while the visitors looked on. The negroes, as they worked, sang the songs and hymns which are familiar to those who have visited the tobacco factories of the South. The establishment was the exhibit of Messrs. Archer & Brownell, of Richmond, Virginia. Below the tobacco factory was a pretty display of small mills for grinding coffee and spices, below which the butchering machinery greeted us again; and still farther east, on the north side, the process of making India rubber shoes was illustrated by machinery at work. The various stages of the process of working up the soft mass of rubber and moulding it into shoes is exceedingly interesting, and the visitor could order a pair of shoes here and have them made under his own observation while he waited for them. The south side of the aisle, opposite the tobacco and India rubber works, was occupied by an exhibit of French burr mill¬ stones and wheat-cleaning machines. Below these was a large 494 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. centrifugal sugar draining and drying machine in operation, exhibited by H. W. & R. Lafferty, of Gloucester, New Jersey. Diagonally opposite, on the north side of the aisle, below the rubber works, Messrs. Whitman & Son, the well-known Phila¬ delphia confectioners, made a practical exhibit of their process of preparing their bon-bons and fine candies. These were made and sold here daily. At the intersection of the aisle with the transept was a restau¬ rant, which appeared to be doing a thriving business, and which offered good hot dinners for fifty cents. Immediately in front of the locomotives, and before the door of the restaurant, was the stand of the pop-corn man, already referred to in another part of this chapter. We crossed the transept, and continued on our way down the north aisle. On the east side of the transept and extending eastward along the north aisle for some distance was the ex¬ hibit of the Massachusetts Marine, prepared by the Commis¬ sioners of that State. It occupied a large stand handsomely draped with flags and streamers, and consisted of models of all the various kinds of sailing and steam vessels, both old and new style, owned in the ports of Massachusetts. Here was a fishing schooner, with her crew holding the lines which were thrown overboard, a graceful yacht, a clipper ship, man-of-war, and whaler, each one complete in its way. The collection included models of keels, fixtures of various kinds for vessels, steering gear, diving armor, and life-saving apparatus. The articles were arranged with great taste, and the collection con¬ stituted one of the most conspicuous displays in Machinery Hall. On the opposite side of the aisle the type-writer, an ingenious machine for printing letters or manuscripts instead of writing them with the pen, was at work, and beyond it the system of setting up music type was shown. Passing on we entered the department of printing machinery. Plere were presses of all kinds and of every make, from the little hand press designed for amateurs, to the great Bullock machines which strike off 20,000 copies of the New York j Het'ctld in an hour. The presses stood on both sides of the aisle, and extended over to the north avenue. .35 496 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY In a prominent space near the northern wall we noticed a splendid six roller stop cylinder press, a roller-drum press, and a perfecting press for illustrating cut work, all made and ex¬ hibited by Messrs. Cottrell & Babcock, of New York. These presses attracted great attention, and were pronounced by com¬ petent judges the best of their kind in the world. The perfect distribution of the ink, the registering apparatus, which does its work with a mathematical exactness, and the uniformity and beauty of its impressions, constitute it the most perfect printing DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING MACHINERY, IN MACHINERY HALL. machine for fine book work ever made. The publishers of this book have long used it in the printing of their finest illustrated works, and have found it superior to any press they have ever used. The drum cylinder press was provided with Charles Eneu Johnson’s automatic paper feeding machine, which dis¬ penses with the services of a feeder for the press. We were now at the end of the American department, and passed into the north avenue to complete our examination of the printing machinery. We noticed two large presses at the eastern end of that avenue made by the Bullock Printing Press OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 497 Company. They were in daily operation, and every afternoon a number of copies of the New York Het'ald were struck off from stereotype plates sent over from New York in the morning. The papers were distributed among the visitors. These presses have a capacity of 20,000 impressions per hour. Paper cutting machines stood on the north side of the avenue, and in this department were book binders’ machinery, presses for steel and copper plate and lithographic printing, and ma¬ chinery for stereotyping and electrotyping and for type founding. On the north side of the aisle Messrs. It. Hoe & Co., of New York, showed several of their improved presses, one of which was engaged in printing the fine illustrations contained in “ Pic¬ turesque America/’ thus giving a practical demonstration of its excellence; and at the western end of their space was the venerable hand press at which Benjamin Franklin worked as a journey- . X . . BENJAMIN FRANKLIN S PRINTING man printer during his first visit press. to London. The Web Perfect¬ ing Printing Machine, exhibited by Messrs. Hoe & Co., is one of the most perfect presses in use. It was daily engaged in printing and folding an edition of the Philadelphia Times . On the south side of the avenue opposite these presses was a fine ice yacht, a peculiarly American institution, and above it an American double life-boat with its equipments, beyond which was a collection of boats and shells, and a half-size model of the famous Monitor life-raft, which, it will be remembered, made a successful voyage across the Atlantic a few years ago, and has since been adopted by the navy of the United States. Beyond this was a full-sized steam yacht, exhibited by Baird & Huston, of Philadelphia, showing an improvement in the arrangement of the propeller. Opposite the New York Safety Engine Company exhibited a fine upright engine. 32 hoe’s improved web perfecting printing machine, exhibited in machinery hall. 498 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 499 At the head of the north avenue, and along the transept, John Roach & Sons, the famous shipbuilders of New York and Chester, Pennsylvania, exhibited a handsome collection of models of the noted iron steamships they have built for the Pacific Mail Company and other shippers, and models of the ironclads "Puritan” and “Miantonomoh,” built by them for the United States. They exhibited also a sample of armor plating, and other work for iron vessels. THE ICE-YACHT, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALE. Passing along the transept into the central aisle, we noticed a number of models of vessels, life-saving apparatus, rafts, etc., and turning into the central aisle paused to notice the glass- cutters and engravers at work at the head of the aisle, orna¬ menting glassware by engraving designs upon it by means of small grindstones worked by the foot. To the eastward of this stand we entered a region of machin¬ ery of various kinds for weaving cotton, woollen and silk cloths. On the left hand side of the aisle the Phoenix Manu¬ facturing Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, had a Jacquard 500 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY loom at work weaving Centennial badges in silk, with the arms of the United States and a portrait of Washington woven on the face. These were beautiful pieces of work, and large numbers of them were purchased by visitors as souvenirs of the Exhibition. Opposite the loom A. F. Prentice & Co., of Worcester, Mas¬ sachusetts, exhibited a fine collection of machinists’ tools, with a number of presses, dies, and other machines for working in metal. On the left hand side of the aisle the Danforth Machine Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, exhibited three fine ma¬ chines for spinning silk thread. All the stages of the manu- ARCHIMEDEAN BRICK MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALE. facture of this article, from the raw silk to the complete thread, were shown here. Below this W. E. & E. D. Lockwood, of Philadelphia, made an interesting exhibit of a self-feeding machine for the manu¬ facture of paper envelopes. The machine is almost entirely automatic, and cuts, folds, gums and counts 120 envelopes per minute. By the side of this machine was another for printing envelopes, which prints 60,000 per day. A third machine was engaged in making paper collars. On the next space below, the process of making paper boxes OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 501 by machinery was shown, and farther on was a brick-making machine, which works the clay, moulds the bricks and turns them out ready for baking. The machine takes the clay direct from the bank, tempers it in water, moulds it into bricks of uniform size, with sharp angles and smooth surfaces, the bricks being stiff enough to wheel and stack in the sheds immediately without sun-drying. The largest size of this machine is capable of producing from 25,000 to 40,000 full-sized bricks in ten hours. The machine was exhibited by Chambers, Bro. & Co., of Philadelphia, and always drew a crowd about it to witness its operations. At the end of the aisle William Sellers & Co., of Philadel¬ phia, made an extensive exhibit of powerful machinery for certain lines of work. They had a complete machine shop, which could at any moment be started upon the most difficult and the heaviest work. Among the articles included in their collection was the largest machine tool in the hall. It was a planing machine of eighty-one tons weight, having a bed weighing fifteen tons and a traverse of forty-four feet. In the next space Pratt & Whitney, of Hartford, Connecti¬ cut, exhibited a number of machinists’ tools, somewhat similar to, but of a smaller class than, those of Sellers & Co. Some of these tools were remarkable adaptations to certain classes of work, and exhibited the highest skill in their designs and con- 502 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. struction. Messrs. Ferris & Miles, of Philadelphia, also made an extensive and interesting exhibit of machines and machine tools, of which we give a number of illustrations. We were now at the end of the American department, and passed over to the south avenue, and worked our way westward along it. On the right was the machine shop of Sellers & Co., and on the left an extensive exhibit of valves and steam pipe connections, steam fittings of various kinds, and nuts, bolts and screws. Immediately on the west of the Sellers machinery, the Mid¬ vale Steel Works, of (Nicetown) Philadelphia, made a splendid display of specimens of steel, including large axles and shafts of finely forged metal, and twisted and cold chilled bars. An axle was shown which was tested at the United States navy yard at Washington, D. C., and which required a strain of 122,300 pounds to the square inch to snap it. Diagonally opposite, on the south side of the avenue, the Pittsburgh foundry showed some fine rollers of chilled iron for rolling brass, with a broken section of a roller, showing the depth of crystallization. Above this, on the south side of the avenue, was a tall Tuscan column, built of thirty-eight different kinds of grindstones used in the mechanic arts, surmounted by a bronze eagle. It was the exhibit of J. E. Mitchell, of Philadelphia. Diagonally opposite a wood-turner was at work with a lathe, turning out handsome ornamental wooden boxes, and in the next space on the west, Hoopes & Townsend, of Philadelphia, had a handsome and unique pavilion ornamented with a large display of bolts, screws, and nuts. On the opposite side of the aisle was another stand with glassblowers at work making fancy articles for sale, and next above this a soda fountain. Oppo¬ site the soda fountain was a striking display of files of various kinds and sizes in a handsome show-case, and immediately opposite this exhibit was one of Otis & Co.’s finest elevators with the lifting machinery. Having reached the transept again we turned into the south aisle, and noticed on the right, within a few feet of the transept, 503 EXHIBIT OF STEEL FILES, IN MACHINERY HALL. 504 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY a corkmaking machine at work, cutting out corks of various sizes from the bark. Here was a section of the bark of a cork tree, said to be the largest in the world. On the opposite side of the aisle Steinway & Sons, of New York, showed metal frames for pianos, the mechanism of that in¬ strument, and specimens of the machinery used in its manufacture. Both sides of the aisle were now taken up with a collection of machinery of various kinds. On the north side of the aisle the Pennsylvania Tack Works, of Norristown, had six of their ma¬ chines at work cutting tacks out of thin strips of metal. The machines used were “Weaver’s patent,” which make 400 tacks per minute, and over 2500 different kinds and sizes. In the next space below, the Duncan- non Iron Company, of Philadelphia, showed the process of making nails by a machine operated by a nail cutter. Immedi¬ ately back of this was an automatic nail cutter, which does not require the services of a man to turn the metal plate as in the ordinary machine. The remainder of the aisle was taken up with ma- UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 505 chinery for charging soda fountains, and a handsome display of soda fountains, mainly by Charles Lippincott & Co., of Phila¬ delphia. Having now finished our inspection of the American depart¬ ment in the main hall, we went back to the Corliss engine, and examined The Hydraulic Annex, which was a prolongation of the south transept, as we have stated elsewhere. Immediately south of the Corliss engine was a collection of brass and nickel plate stop-cocks, and another of machin¬ ists’ vises and tools. On the west side of the main aisle of the annex was an exhibit of files in a handsome case. The principal object of this collection was a large file-blade of polished steel suspended in the case. It was orna¬ mented with a series of fine etchings, represent¬ ing the workshops of McCaffrey & Bro., of Philadelphia, by whom the exhibit was made. On the other side of the file was etched a fine view of Philadelphia. The etchings were by C. F. Pluemacher. On the right hand of the aisle, just beyond the files, the Silsby Manufacturing Company, of Seneca Falls, New York, displayed several handsome steam fire-engines, and horse and AQUOMETER PUMP, EXHIBITED IN MACHIN¬ ERY HALL. 506 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. hand hose-carriages, and close by the same company had one of their famous rotary steam-pumps. The central portion of the annex was occupied by a sunken tank, 106 feet long by 60 feet wide, which was filled with water to a depth of about ten feet. At the south end of this tank was a smaller tank raised about forty feet from the floor of the hall, from which a steady sheet of water poured in a cascade down into the pool below. The water was raised by two rotary pumps, driven by a steam-engine of 150 horse-power, which raised 30,000 gallons of water per minute to the upper tank. The pumps and engine were made by Robert Wetherill & Co., of Chester, Pennsylvania. The fall had a weir depth of about four inches and a width of thirty-six feet. The effect was very fine, and the cascade formed one of the principal attractions of the hall. The pumps and hydraulic machines were grouped around the lower tank, and discharged steady streams of water into it. Here were hydraulic rams, presses, steam and hand pumps, pumps for mines, sugar refineries, and other special uses, tur¬ bine water-wheels and blowing machines and ventilating appa¬ ratus. Great Britain and several foreign nations participated in the exhibit, their machines being located on the east side of the annex. With the Hydraulic Annex, we concluded our inspection of the American department, and turned our attention next to the exhibits of the foreign nations. Great Britain and Ireland. The space assigned to Great Britain and Ireland covered about one-third of the area occupied by the foreign exhibits. Banners of red with letters of white suspended from the roof marked the British section. We began our tour through it in the southern aisle, at its eastern end, just above the German section. On the south side of the aisle were two of the famous traction engines made by Aveling & Porter, of Rochester, England. They attracted much attention, and have no superiors in the EXHIBIT OF PUMPS IX MACHINERY HALE, BY W. & B. DOUGLAS. 507 508 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY world. Across the aisle Messrs. Howard & Bullough exhibited some fine cotton machinery, including a large carding machine. alcott’s turbine wheel, exhibited in machinery hall. In the next space was a display of submarine armor and diving apparatus, made by Siebe & “Gorman, of London. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 509 We crossed now to the south avenue, on the south side of which several steam-hammers were displayed by B. & S. Mas¬ sey, of Manchester. This firm exhibited also steam-stamps, and circular-saws for cutting hot iron and steel. A section of nine- inch iron armor plate was also exhibited, in which were several deeply-indented shot holes, which showed the severity of the test to which it was subjected. On the opposite side of the avenue was another section of iron plate, 21 § inches in thick¬ ness, which was polished on one face. The outer edge showed the manner of building up plate upon plate to gain the required thickness. Armor of this kind is doubtless designed for land batteries and forts rather than for vessels. We have no rolling- mill plants in this country capable of making such heavy plating, and this was therefore without a rival. On the south side of the avenue we passed a group of machinery for weaving cotton cloths, and came upon two im¬ mense steam-cranes made by Appleby Brothers, London. These did good service after their arrival at the hall, their ex¬ hibitor having generously allowed them to be used in lifting and placing heavy articles in position. Opposite the cranes, Thomas Gadd, of Manchester, had a fine machine for printing calicoes, which prints eight colors at once, and an engine for running it; and below this, Clarke, Stanfield & Co., of London, showed a pretty model of a floating dry- dock, with a steamship drawn up on one, to illustrate its workings. We were at the eastern end of the British section once more, and passed northward into the central aisle, and turned westward again. On the north side of the aisle Messrs. Newton & Wil¬ son, of London, made a large display of their sewing machines, many of which were operated by the hand instead of the foot, a style very popular in England. The machines were handsome, and were displayed in an attractive manner. On the opposite side of the aisle, a Jacquard loom was weaving badges of silk, and above the loom was another exhibit of sewing machines, these being the <( Kimball & Morton machine.” They were made in Glasgow, and are famous in the united kingdom as the 510 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. machine that broke up the combination monopoly, and compelled the trade to lower the price of sewing machines. Immediately on the west of these machines, the well-known cotton spinners, J. & P. Coats, of Paisley, Scotland, had machines at work wind¬ ing and spooling cotton thread, which found a ready sale to visitors to the hall. At the west end of the British section in this aisle we noticed a large table on which Messrs. Brierly Sons & Reynolds, of London, had a beautiful model of a railway junction, by means of which they illustrated the English system of managing rail- STEAM-PUMP, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. way switches and signalling the movements of trains. A simi¬ lar exhibit was made immediately north of this one by Messrs. Saxby &■ Farmer, of London, who also showed photographs and drawings of the workings of the switch system of the great depots of London. These two exhibits were among the most interesting objects in Machinery Hall. They showed the prac¬ tical workings of the “ block system” of running trains, which has been adopted by a number of our leading railroad lines, and embodied some valuable features which our roads generally might adopt with advantage to the public. SODA FOUNTAIN, EXHIBITED BY C. LIPPINCOTT & CO., MACHINERY HALE. 512 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Adjoining Saxby & Farmer’s model, the Inman Steamship Company exhibited a full-rigged model of their fine steamer, the City of Berlin. To the east of the railway model, Mr. John Walter, of the London Times , exhibited the printing press which bears his name. It was a fine machine and a worthy rival of the great American presses. It printed a daily edition of the New York Times , and attracted much attention from visitors. On the east of the Walter Press, Messrs. Mirlees, Tait & Watson, of Glasgow, made an extensive display of machinery in motion, consisting of a sugar mill, and a valveless engine, working an air-pump for a vacuum pan, and driving centrifugal machines. This was one of the largest exhibits in the hall, and the machinery was all of the largest class. Though the English display of machinery did not fairly represent the capacity of Great Britain for dealing successfully with the heaviest as well as the most delicate branches of the mechanic arts, it was still deeply interesting, and was in many particulars unequalled by anything in the hall. Canada. Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia made a collective exhibit under one general title, as above. They had planing and moulding machines, two kinds of turbine wheels, horizontal and radial boring mills from Dundas, stationary, vertical, hori¬ zontal, and portable steam-engines, and seamless lead trap machines from Montreal; car-wheels, soda-water apparatus, and marbles, from Toronto; and railway signals from Belle¬ ville, in Canada. Nova Scotia sent quartz-crushers from Halifax; and New Brunswick, vertical steam-engines and cir¬ cular saws from St. John’s. Lathes, drills, brick-making machinery, a steam fire-engine, sewing machines, from Canada, canoes, and boats of various kinds, made up the remainder of the exhibit, which was very interesting, and fully sustained the views we have expressed with reference to the enterprise and skilfulness of our northern neighbors, in our account of the Canadian display in the Main Building. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 513 The Canadian section was at the eastern end of Machinery Hall, and in the centre of the building. Germany. The German section occupied the southeast corner of Machinery Hall, and was about one-half as large as that as¬ signed to Great Britain. The German display was neither very large nor very varied, and did not give the visitor a fair idea of the resources of Germany, or the progress made by her in mechanics. » Upon entering the southeastern doors of Machinery Hall, the visitor’s attention was at once drawn to two immense breech¬ loading siege guns that were mounted on carriages of a peculiar construction. These were the famous 1200-pounder breech¬ loading Krupp guns, from the foundry of that maker, at Eisen. These guns have been adopted by the German government for the fortifications of the empire and for siege purposes. They were well tested during the Franco-German war a few years ago in the sieges of Strasburgh, Metz, and Paris, and are con¬ sidered among the most formidable and effective weapons in the world. A number of smaller rifled steel guns of the same maker, for field uses, were grouped about the base of the mon¬ sters which frowned down from their lofty position upon the peaceful assemblage about them. On the north of the Krupp guns was a tall column of exhib¬ its from the iron mine from which the metal for these guns is drawn.' The base of the column was of crude iron ore, and the shaft of the smelted ore. It was a conspicuous object in this part of the hall. To the north of it was a fine collection of copper and iron wire piled in pyramidal form. On the south side of the space occupied by the Krupp guns a large machine was at work making full-sized bricks of a fine quality. It was exhibited by C. Schlickeysen, of Berlin. Prussia made a fine exhibit of sulphur and copper ores, and on the south of this were a number of railroad car wheels, a railroad switch, and machinery for railroad cars. Along the south aisle several gas-engines of a peculiar construction were in 33 514 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY operation, showing how a steady motive power is derived from the explosive force of ordinary burning gas. They were ex¬ hibited by the Gas Motor Factory, of Deutz. At the eastern end of the German section a collection of steam gauges from Hamburg and Magdeburg was shown. The German sewing machine manufacturers made a collective display, and-Aix-la Chapelle showed her needles in handsome style. There were printing presses from Leipzig, steam-engines from Bremerhaven, and machinery of various kinds from Hamburg and Berlin in the remainder of the collection. France. The French section occupied the northeastern corner of Machinery Hall, and was equal in size to that of Germany. At the eastern end of the north avenue of the building, A. Guinet & Co., of Lyons, had a loom, for the illustration of the process of weaving silk; and beyond the loom E. Secretan, of Paris, had an exceptionally elaborate pavilion, constructed of brass and copper, in which he exhibited specimens of his work in those metals. To the north of this pavilion, the French chocolate and bon-bon makers were at work, making and sell¬ ing their finest confections; and the same firm, Beyer Brothers, of Paris, had a set of machines turning out their fine soaps, which found a ready market. On the north side of the aisle, near the east door, F. Arbey, of Paris, exhibited a collection of wood-working machinery, and to the west of this Morane, of Paris, exhibited some admir¬ able machinery for making stearine candles. In the north aisle, near the western end of the French sec¬ tion, P. Alauzet & Co., of Paris, had a series of lithographic printing machines. One of these was a railway printing ma¬ chine, the bed of which was carried on wheels, which ran on tracks. Around the sides of their space were displayed speci¬ mens of their lithographic printing. The remainder of the French exhibit consisted of a variety of machines. A fine apparatus for making beet-root sugar was shown by Beyer Brothers, of Paris. A Charleville house ex- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 515 hibited portable forges; Sascole, of Paris, had an interesting machine for making illuminating gas; D. Segat, of Paris, ex¬ hibited a machine for sewing straw hats ; E. Comely, of Paris, a machine for embroidering; E. Carr6, also of Paris, a machine for making ice; and Leon Edoux, of Paris, a special system for mountain railways. The machines of the French exhibit were FOUR-CYLINDER SOAP-MAKING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN THE FRENCH SECTION, MACHINERY HALL. made with a neatness and displayed a completeness of workman¬ ship that challenged the admiration of all who examined them. Belgium. The Belgian exhibit was small, but very complete, and occu¬ pied a space about one-third as large as that of Great Britain. It was situated on the north side of the hall, immediately west of the French section. One of the largest single machines in the hall was a Belgian well-borer, exhibited by Joseph Chaudron, of Brussels. It was 516 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY an enormous leg of iron, with a foot having a row of chisels on the side, used to stamp holes into the ground. “ It weighs 20,000 pounds, and, being rotated six inches after each stroke, makes a circular hole ten feet across. Claws and valved buckets lift up stones and mud respectively, for the creature delights in water ; and when a hole is made a certain depth another still larger shaft, with a foot fifteen inches long, and weighing 30,000 pounds and having chisels to match, is stamped up and down to enlarge the hole, which is then cased with cast-iron pipe.” Louvain sent a fine exhibit of railway car-wheels and axles; Mariemont, railway stock of various kinds; Verviers, wool¬ cleaning and carding machines and looms; and Brussels, em¬ broidering and sewing machines. Auguste De Tomboy, of Marcinelle, near Charleroi, exhibited the model of a trip¬ hammer and one of steam shears, and close by was a collection of machinery for making bolts. Emile Van Flaecht, of Haeren, near Brussels, showed some beautiful models of fat-rendering works, with samples of stearine and oleine. One of the finest of the Belgian exhibits was that of P. Van der Kerchove, of Ghent, and consisted of a beautiful horizontal Corliss engine, built for the Belgian mint, at Brussels, and a smaller one with Rider valves. Verviers sent beautiful machines for working in wool; and Celestine Martin, of the same city, had a ring and traveller spinner. Brussels, Namur and La Louviere sent multitubular filters, rotary pumps and punching machines. From the above description it will be seen that but a few of the great Belgian manufacturers took part in the display in Machinery Hall, a circumstance much to be regretted, as there is no country in Europe which could offer such a varied, in¬ teresting and valuable mechanical exhibition as the “ Republi¬ can kingdom.” Sweden. The Swedish space was less than a third as large as that of JBelgium, and lay along the north side of the north aisle, im¬ mediately opposite the Belgian space. The tall stoves of the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 517 country formed conspicuous portions of the exhibit. The ma- cnines for working in wood and metal were among the very best in the hall ; and there were quite a number of them. Norway had some fine machinery for the same purpose, her collection being shown with that of Sweden. There were several trip¬ hammers in this section, and machines for making bricks of peat; also two stationary horizontal, and one vertical steam- engine. Sewing machines, a fire-engine, railway axles and springs, and fire-escaping apparatus were exhibited. A small narrow gauge locomotive, called the “Nyhammer,” stood at the western end of the Swedish space, and was a singular-look¬ ing machine. This locomotive was afterwards put in operation on the narrow gauge road in the Exhibition grounds, and showed its powers by running steadily until the close of the Exhibition. Russia. Russia did not make much of a display in Machinery Hall. She had two sections, one of which was situated on the north side of the north aisle, on the west of the Swedish space, where she displayed some fine brass mortars and naval guns; and another between the central aisle and northern avenue, and between the American and British sections, in which some interesting machinery was shown. Brazil The Brazilian section lay between the north avenue and north aisle, to the west of the Belgian space. It contained one of the most complete displays made by any of the foreign nations in this hall. One of the most conspicuous objects of the collection was a stationary engine‘of very peculiar construc¬ tion, which can be constructed for either high pressure or low pressure, and is said to be very simple and easy to keep in order. There were also several models of marine engines. “ There were three models of men-of-war, representing dif¬ ferent styles. One of these was to represent a ship carrying a square battery amidships, being almost as wide as the vessel itself, and pierced for four guns, one on each face. The second 518 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 519 carried amidships a turret that was flat on the sides and cir¬ cular on the ends, at one of which was the porthole for the single gun it carried. The third model was for a gunboat of ordinary construction. The models in elevation showing the lines of the vessels were some fourteen in number, and were representations of vessels of various sizes, from a large sloop- of-war to an ordinary sized gunboat. They were all well made and would bear inspection. “ The machine shop at the arsenal of Marinha, at Bahia, was here beautifully represented by a miniature model, in which were represented the engines and boilers and all the different pieces of machinery. There were three boilers and two engines, and a complete line of shafting, with couplings, counter-shafting and hangers, all complete. Here we could see, all arranged in methodical order, planes, upright drills, boring machines and several lathes. Small as these latter were, and all were made to scale, they showed every part as perfect as in the larger machines. Besides the engines and boilers and the shafting, there were twenty-one different machines represented, and also the rail tracks with the two turn-tables and two trucks. There were also two models of stone dry docks, being made to scale from those at Santa Cruz and the Imperial dry dock. These were also complete, and gave a very good idea of those im¬ portant government works. A very handsome model of a stone casemate, with gun and carriage, was also a very promi¬ nent piece in this section. It was very accurate and com¬ plete to the most minute details, every part of the carriage and the training tackle being shown, as well as the rifling in the guns. “A pin-making machine was shown, completed, and a series of the different pieces were also shown, both complete and in sec¬ tion, so as to give a perfect idea of the entire construction. It was worked by hand, and made the ordinary solid-headed pin, and was apparently very simple and effective in construction. It was not a large machine, being not over two feet in length and a foot in width, and so constructed as to be placed upon any table. A couple of the machines used in the 520 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Imperial mint were also shown, one of which was for stamping the coin. “ The army and navy of Brazil were represented by full suits of the uniforms of the several grades of the service, and also a large case full of the various small arms, rifles, carbines, swords and pistols. One of the latter was a silver and gold- plated revolver of very handsome make. A very handsome model of a brass field-piece, all limbered up with caisson and everything complete, was a fine piece of workmanship. There were here also three bronze mortars of the sizes used in the ser¬ vice. They were mounted on their carriages, or beds, all ready for service. One field-piece of bronze was mounted and in position. It was about the size of one of our twelve-pounders. There was a larger one dismounted, and also a specimen of a howitzer. These pieces were very highly finished in every part. A couple of small camp-chests of leather, and also of ammunition-buckets of the same material, were shown. “ Quite a number of brass pumps were here on exhibit, as well as two or three stationary fire-engines. The specimens of brass cocks were some of them rather unique in shape to us, but they were all of fine workmanship. We found also some specimens of shafting hangers and pulleys, a gear wheel and propeller, and also some specimens of carpenter tools, the planes having a sort of horn in the rear of the handle. A case of coins showed the different kinds of money used in the empire, and gave the gold, silver and copper coins of the several denom¬ inations.” A small space across the north aisle was devoted to a show¬ ing of the silk culture of Brazil, which is as yet in its infancy. The habits of the silk worm were exhibited in a most interesting manner, and a loom for spinning silk thread was in operation. On the south side of Machinery Hall, and west of the Hydraulic Annex, were three substantially built structures, smaller than, but similar in outward appearance to, the prin¬ cipal edifice. These were the Annexes for the display of boilers and quartz-crushing machinery, which could be seen in opera¬ tion here. CHAPTER XV. AGRICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building—Interior Arrangements—Classification of the Exhibit—The American Department—Agricultural Machinery—The Plows —Harvesting Machines—Threshing Machines—The Cider Mill—The Native Wines of America—The Starch Makers—The Windmill—The Natural History Collection—The California Buffet—The Aquaria—The Tobacco Exhibit—A Fine Display—Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union—Daniel Webster’s Plow—The Cape Ann Fisheries—“ Old Abe ”—The British Court—A Small Display—Agri¬ cultural Products of Canada—Canadian Machinery—The French Exhibit— A Fine Display of French Wines—Germany’s Contribution—The Wines of the Rhine Land—Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary—Exhibit of Russian Products—Italian Wines and Oils—Bologna Sausages—The Spanish Court—A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain—The Portu¬ guese Collection—Holland’s Exhibit—The Norway Fisheries—Swedish Exhibit—The Japanese Court—The Tea and Silk Culture—The Brazilian Court—The Cotton Pavilion—A Remarkable Collection—The Brazilian Silk Culture—Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic—The Liberian Court—The Pomological Annex—The Wagon Annex. HE Agricultural Building stood on the third of the spurs or ridges which broke the Exhibition enclosure, and was situated to the north of the Belmont valley, and on the eastern side of Belmont avenue. It was the third in size of the Exhibition buildings, and was constructed principally of wood and glass. The exterior was painted a dark brown, and the roof was a dark green broken only by the sky¬ lights which were placed at numerous points in it. The building consisted of a nave 820 feet in length and 100 feet in width, extending from north to south. This nave was crossed by three transepts running east and west, each 540 feet long. The central transept was 100 feet in width, the side transepts 80 feet in width. At the point of intersection of the 521 522 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY nave and central transept a handsome cupola rose from the roof, surmounted by a weather vane. The nave and transepts were composed of Howe truss-arches of a Gothic form. The height of the nave and central transept from the floor to the point of the arch was seventy-five feet; the two end transepts were seventy feet in height to the point of the arch. The four courts enclosed between the nave and the transepts, and the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave and end transepts for two of their sides, were roofed over and constituted integral portions of the hall as it stood. At AGRICULTURAL HALL. each end of the nave and of the transepts were placed handsome ornamental entrances, at each side of which rose a pointed turret. These turrets, the central cupola, and the pointed roofs gave a picturesqueness to the building, which was, on the whole, a happy blending of architectural skill and taste with adapta¬ bility to the purpose for which it was designed. Seen from the spur on which the Horticultural Hall was located, the effect was very fine and imposing. The interior of the hall was simply decorated, the roof, arches and columns being covered with a plain coating of whitewash, which color added much to the air of spaciousness which was a OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 523 characteristic of the hall. The view was broken at intervals by the bases of the Howe truss-arches and slender columns of wood. Overhead was a bewildering network of trusses and beams. The ground-plan of the building, including the courts and corner spaces, was a parallelogram of 820 by 540 feet, covering an area of about ten acres. The hall was lighted with gas, reflectors for this purpose being suspended from the roof, and was supplied with water. Boilers situated in a frame building to the east of the hall sup¬ plied steam for the engines which turned the agricultural ma¬ chinery. Water-closets were located at the east and west ends of the building, and a complete fire-service was provided. The building, being of wood and more inflammable than the other great structures, an ingenious arrangement was effected by which a fire could be at once smothered by the action of car¬ bonic acid gas. The contract for the erection of the building was made on the 26th of July, 1875, and the work was begun in the following September, and finished about the middle of April, 1876. The cost of the building was $260,000. The architect was James H. Windrim, of Philadelphia; the con¬ tractor, Philip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware; and the builders, Bell Brothers, of Philadelphia. Stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc., were provided in the vicinity of the Exhibition grounds. The following was the classification of the exhibits made in this building by the Centennial Commission: Department VI.— Agriculture, 600—609... .Arboriculture and Forest Products. 610—619... .Pomology. 620—629... .Agricultural Products. 630—639. .. .Land Animals. 640—649... .Marine Animals, Fish Culture, and Apparatus. 650—662... .Animal and Vegetable Products. 665—669.. . .Textile Substances of Vegetable or Animal Origin. 670—679... .Machines, Implements, and Processes of Manufacture. 680—689... .Agricultural Engineering and Administration. 690—699. .. .Tillage and General Management. 524 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The display collected within this hall was the largest and most complete ever attempted at any of the World’s Fairs, and was by many considered the most striking and original feature of the whole Exhibition. Other International Expositions have made great displays of machinery, manufactures, and art col¬ lections, but none have ever given such an exhibition of the sources from which the world draws its food. To the visitor who had gone through the other great buildings, the Agricul¬ tural Hall was a delightful surprise, and he could walk for hours through it, finding something new and interesting at every turn. The American department occupied about two-thirds of the entire space of the hall, and embraced an extensive and varied collection. We turn our attention to it at first. The United States. We entered the building at the north door of the nave, and turning to the left made our first inspection in the northeastern quarter of the hall, which was devoted exclusively to a display of agricultural machinery and farming implements. Near the north door Messrs. Alexander Speer & Sons, of the Pittsburgh Plow Works, made a handsome display of their famous plows, each of which was brought to the highest stage of perfect workmanship and artistic finish. In the midst of this collection of splendid implements was a worn, faded-looking plow, the frame and share of which were wood, the latter being shod with sheet-iron. It was made sixty years ago, and was the result of a contest of skill between three manufacturers. It was made at a small shop in Pittsburgh, which has since grown into the well-known Pittsburgh Plow Works. The exhibit of the Messrs. Speer thus showed at a glance the great progress that has been made in this branch of our industry during the present century. On the opposite side of the court Messrs. B. F. Ames & Sons showed some handsome plows of an improved pattern, also some fine cultivators. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 525 Passing the plows we entered the line of wheat-cleaning machinery, fans, etc., which brought us to the eastern end of the building. Here was a handsome exhibit of spades, shovels, rakes, hoes, etc., made by George Griffiths & Sons, of Philadel¬ phia, and Oliver Ames & Sons, of North Easton, Massachusetts. In the midst of the collection of Messrs. Griffiths & Sons was an old rusty and half-eaten spade, dug up by the late Rev. Dr. Brainerd from the line of the intrench men ts of the American army at Valley Forge during the Revolution. This mute instrument, which did its humble part in the work of establish¬ ing the freedom of the republic, not inappropriately came now to share in the crowning glory of the era which it helped to inaugurate, though the patriot hands which wielded it have long since mouldered to forgotten dust. We turned into the court to the north of the first transept, and returned towards the nave. We passed through a row of drills, horse-rakes and threshing machines, and noticed Foust’s fine machine for taking up hay and loading it on the wagon in the harvest field. It will take up a ton of hay and load it on the wagon in five minutes, and take it as clean as by the hand fork. It was exhibited by the makers, Messrs. Stratton & Cub lorn, of Meadville, Pennsylvania. In the midst of this collection the Oliver Chilled-Plow Com¬ pany, of South Bend, Indiana, made a beautiful display of their plows. One of these was the handsomest in the building. The metal parts were nickel-plated, and the frame was of rosewood, beautifully carved with agricultural symbols. We were now at the nave again, and turned into the northeast transept and followed it eastward. Here the Higganum Plow Company, of Connecticut, had a fine display of plows, in the midst of which was a venerable plow made in Connecticut in the year 1756. The contrast between this and the splendid plows exhibited by this company was even more striking than that referred to in our account of the exhibit of the Pittsburgh Plow Works. About half way down the transept was a handsome soda foun¬ tain. On the north side of this fountain Messrs. Hurst & 526 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Bradley, of Chicago, exhibited a number of fine gang plows, and on the south side Messrs. Collins & Co., of New York and Hartford, Connecticut, made a similar display. The plows of these firms are in the best style of American workmanship, and were among the finest articles exhibited in the building. On the south side of the transept we noticed a collection of threshing machines and portable steam-engines for operating them. Opposite these the Wayne Agricultural Company, of Richmond, Indiana, exhibited the famous Planet Reaper. A collection of butchers’ and meat-packers’ machinery occu¬ pied the eastern end of the transept, and passing through this MACHINERY SECTION, AGRICULTURAL HALL. we reached the eastern door, and turned off to the right into the court immediately south of the'northeast transept. A little way down, on the left, was a large space devoted to the display of the Buckeye Mower and Reaper and the Sweep- stakes Thresher. These machines are among the best known in the Union, and those exhibited here were finished in elegant style. On the opposite side of the court the Halladay Standard Windmill made a fine appearance; and in a space immediately back of this Westinghouse & Co., of Schenectady, New York, exhibited one of their splendid steam-threshers, which attracted OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 527 much attention. Some distance farther on, on the right of the court, was a beautiful model of the Union Corn Planter, ex¬ hibited by Selby & Co., of Peoria, Illinois. We were at the nave again, and turned off into the next court on the south and went eastward again. On the north side of the court was one of the most interesting machines in the Exhibition, namely, “Slosser's Self-Loading Excavator.” Under the management of a single man, who is also the driver of the team, this machine digs up the ground, takes up a load of earth and deposits it at any desired place. It does its work with a rapidity that is astonishing, and has been used on some of the most important public works in the country. It was ex¬ hibited by Peter J. Stryker, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. A short distance farther on, on the same side of the court, the Johnston Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, had a large space elegantly fitted up, in which they made a large and handsome display of reapers and mowers. One of these ma¬ chines was so arranged that it could be used either as a mower or as a reaper at the pleasure of the operator. A little farther on, on the south side of the court, the famous McCormick Heaping and Mowing Machines occupied a large space and made a handsome display. The merits of this, the pioneer reaper of America, are so well known that they need no de¬ scription here. A most ingenious and valuable improvement to this machine is the automatic binder, by which bundles of grain are taken up from the cradle of the machine, bound, and distributed at regular distances. The remainder of the court, on both sides, was taken up with harvesting machines of vari¬ ous kinds, prominent among which was the Adams & French Harvester, which also has a binding and dropping attachment. By a carrier attached to the binder's stand, the bundles of grain are carried on the machine until enough of them are gathered to make a shock; then they are dumped together. This saves the labor of one man. The machine was exhibited by the Adams & French Harvester Company, of Cedar Falls, Iowa. In the same space the Sandwich Manufacturing Company, of Illinois, exhibited a number of the famous Adams Power Corn- Sheller, one of the largest of its kind in the Exhibition. 528 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY We were now at the east door, where a horizontal engine was at work supplying power to the line of shafting which turned the agricultural machinery in this quarter of the building. We passed by it and entered the next court on the south. This court, like the preceding one, was filled with harvesting ma¬ chines of various kinds. In the midst of these a fine display of grain-drills of improved construction was made by the Far¬ mers’ Friend Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio. The Buckeye Agricultural Works, of Springfield, Ohio, also made a fine exhibit of this class of machines, and of cultivators and sulky plows. Being at the nave again, we passed to the central transept and went east, noticing on the left the handsome exhibit of horse-rakes made by J. H. Thomas & Sons, of Springfield, Ohio. Passing through a collection of reapers and rakes, we came to a handsome pavilion of black velvet, ornamented with pitchforks, hoes, rakes, scythes, cutting-knives, etc., made by the Auburn Manufacturing Company, of Auburn, New York. It was one of the handsomest exhibits in the building, and the articles mentioned were displayed in a very original and taste- * ful manner. Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the transept, Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly, of Springfield, Ohio, exhibited a magnificent specimen of their Light Champion Mower and Reaper. The metal parts of the machine were nickel-plated, and the frame was of rosewood. It was the most beautiful piece of work of this kind in the hall, and of course attracted much attention. Harvesting machinery occupied the transept to the eastern end, where the Rochester (New York) Agricultural Works showed a large Hubbard Mower harnessed to two fine wooden horses. This was one of the notable displays of the hall, and deserved the praise it received. Immediately south of this machine the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoosick Falls, New York, exhibited one of the handsomest and most satisfac¬ tory harvesting machines in the hall. Attached to it was OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 529 Locke’s Self-Binder. This binder is operated by the driver of the machine, and does its work with a wonderful exactness and rapidity. It can be easily detached and a binder’s table sub¬ stituted for it in case of accident to it. It is a genuine triumph of American ingenuity. We were now at the east wall again, and passed into the court on the south of the central transept. At the eastern door of this court was a vertical engine for running the machines in the southeastern section of the building. On the south side of this court, at its eastern end, Messrs. Boomer & Boschert, of Rochester, New York, had an immense cider-mill in operation. The apples were ground by a grating machine which had a capacity of five hundred bushels an hour. It is claimed for this press, which is the most powerful of its kind in the world, that it extracts more of the juice of the apples than any other. The whole process of cider-making was shown here. Beyond the cider-mill, on the south side of the court, was a display of portable steam-engines, and farm saws for steam or horse-power; and to the west of these was a col¬ lection of meat-chopping machinery. On the opposite side of the court the Howe Manufacturing Company showed a collec¬ tion of scales suitable for farm uses. On the south side of the aisle, opposite the scales, was an exhibit of ice-cream freezers, churns and wooden ware; and fronting these, on the north side of the aisle, was a collection of lawn mowers of various patterns. These made up a pretty display, and brought us to the nave once more. We turned into the next court on the south and went east again. On the north side of the court Robert Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, made a handsome exhibit of a model stable of three stalls, and a quantity of ornamental iron-work for farm and stable use. Above the stable was a collection of machinery for making ice-cream by steam-power, churns, butter tubs and other wooden ware; and on the south side of the court, imme¬ diately opposite, was a display of threshing machines. A farm saw-mill was shown by Harbert & Raymond, of Philadelphia, on the north side of the aisle; and above this 34 530 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY P. K. Dedrick & Co., of Albany, New York, exhibited their improved press for baling hay, straw, broom-corn, hemp, cotton, wool and hair. It could be operated by either hand, horse, or steam-power. At the eastern end of the court was a fine iron stable, with a patent flooring, exhibited by James L. Jackson, of New York. It was complete in every detail, and had stalls for four horses. Immediately opposite, on the south side of the court, was a col¬ lection of the largest and finest power threshing machines and horse-powers in the hall. They were exhibited by J. I. Case, MAMMOTH CALIFORNIA GRAPE VINE, IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. of Racine, Wisconsin, and the Pitts Agricultural Works, of Buffalo, New York. Having reached the east wall again, wq passed into the next court on the south. On the south side of this court were the Canadian and Liberian exhibits, the north side of the court being the limit of the American department in this quarter of the building. It was an unbroken line of threshing machines for steam and horse-power, and of portable engines. Passing by these, we found ourselves in the nave once more. We turned northward now and passed up the nave towards the north door. For a while our inspection was confined to the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 531 east side, as the opposite side was taken up with several foreign departments. We entered at once upon the exhibit of the native wines of the United States. These were handsomely displayed in bottles, each wine-grower having his own booth, or stall, some of which were finely fitted up. Here were the wines of California, Ohio, Missouri and central New York, con¬ sisting of champagne, still and sparkling wines, port and claret. The excellence of these wines is generally admitted, and they are rapidly acquiring a footing equal to the best foreign wines. The making of wine is yet in its infancy in this country, but from what has been already achieved there seems to be little doubt that it will before many years rank among our most important and extensive industries. The exhibit here was most encouraging. At the intersection of the nave and the central transept stood a handsome bronze fountain, which threw its waters almost to the roof. The design was attractive, and the fountain very much superior to the large one in the Main Exhibition Building. On the east side of the nave, opposite the fountain, the Weikel & Smith Company, of Philadelphia, showed a complete model of their extensive works, in Front street, Philadelphia, and a collection of mustards, spices, blacking, etc., manufactured by them. This was one of the handsomest exhibits in the hall, and was much admired. North of the fountain the American department extended along both sides of the nave. The western side was occupied by the exhibits of the starch-makers. The Glen Cove Com¬ pany had a beautiful Moorish pavilion with an imitation stained glass roof and tile-work at the base, one of the handsomest structures in the building, in which were displayed in a most attractive manner specimens of their starch, and illustrations of the process of manufacture. Above this, Andrew Erkenbreeher, of Cincinnati, had a tall and handsome case of black walnut and plate-glass. He exhibited samples of his perfumed starch, the only preparation of the kind in the world. A fine display was made by T. Kingsford & Son, manufacturers of the famous Oswego (New York) starch. Both the Glen Cove and Oswego 532 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Companies exhibited starch for the laundry and corn-starch for table-use. Above the starch-makers was a display of extracts of hops and malt, and a line of canned goods, all tastefully shown. On the opposite side of the nave was an exhibit of cologne spirits and whiskeys in glass and wood. A handsome soda fountain stood in the middle of the nave at this point. On the west, or left-hand side of it, the American Condensed Milk Company made a tasteful exhibit. Adjoining this C. J. Fell & Brother, of Philadelphia, made a fine exhibit ORNAMENTAL PAVILION IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. of spices, gelatine and self-raising flour. The show-cases of this firm were of black walnut and plate-glass, and were among the richest in the hall. On the opposite side of the nave was the stand of the Rumford Chemical Works, of Providence, Rhode Island, where the baking powders of the company were displayed, and hot biscuit prepared with them were daily baked and dispensed to the visitors. Diagonally opposite, on the west side of the nave, the Port¬ land (Maine) Packing Company exhibited an extensive assort¬ ment of their famous canned meats, fish, shell-fish, fowls and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 533 soups. This is one of the largest establishments in the Union, and conducts twenty factories in New England and the British provinces. It turns out about two and a half million cans annually, and its goods are well known in all parts of the world. In the next space above, Atmore & Son, of Philadelphia, had a handsomely fitted up stand, with velvet cushioned seats, in which they displayed their mince meats and English plum pudding. The stand was surmounted by a large stuffed cow. On the opposite side of the nave the bakers made one of the handsomest exhibits in the hall. Their crackers, cakes, bread, biscuit and other products were displayed in ornamental cases, and were often arranged in tasteful and sometimes artistic designs. Prominent in this section was the exhibit of crackers by Adam Exton & Co., of Trenton, New Jersey, which was large and handsome. A large windmill stood in the nave at this point. It was built in the old style, was about thirty feet in height, and its sails reached nearly to the roof of the hall. It bore the date 1776, and was complete in all its arrangements. If a sufficient force of wind could have been obtained in the hall, it could have been put to work at any moment. It was exhibited by George V. Hecker & Co., of New York, who displayed here and on the west side of the nave, immediately opposite the mill, samples of their self-raising flour, buckwheat, farina and cracked wheat. Along the eastern side of the nave was a large exhibit of stuffed animals and birds. Some of these were American, others were natives of foreign countries. The principal display was made by Professor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester University, one of the best known and most skilful scientists in the Union. He had here a large Bactrian camel, a giraffe thirteen feet high, and a number of casts of celebrated fossils. The collection was the best of its kind in the Exhibition, and was deeply interest¬ ing to the masses as well as to the student in natural history. North of the windmill, on the east side of the nave, the con¬ fectioners made a handsome display of their wares. The princi¬ pal exhibits were by Stephen F. Whitman & Son, of Philadelphia, 534 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and Henry Maillard, of New York. Schale & Co., of NewYork, made a unique display of a tall pyramid of candy, with figures of the same material, illustrating the signing of the Declaration EXHIBIT OF CONFECTIONERY IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. of Independence and the principal events of our history. North of Whitman's cases Walter Baker & Co., of Dorchester, Massachusetts, made a tasteful and attractive display of their OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 535 chocolates and cocoa and broraa preparations. On the opposite side of the nave the macaroni and oatmeal makers exhibited their goods. We were now at the north door, and, turning to the left, entered the northwest section of the building. Here was a hand¬ some little room, enclosed with a tasteful wooden screen in white and gilt, known as the California Restaurant, where an oppor¬ tunity could be had of becoming acquainted with one of the best varieties of California wine, the sale of which was the specialty of this establishment. We passed along the first court on the north, pausing to notice the handsome display of the mustard and spice grinders. Farther on Smith, Earle & Co., of New York, and George A. Alden & Co., of Boston, had a large space in which they exhibited crude India rubber and elastic gums, with specimens of the trees from which they are obtained. An exhibit of fer¬ tilizers occupied the opposite or north side of the court, extend¬ ing to the western end of the building. Along the western wall was a row of aquaria containing the food fishes of our rivers, lakes and the sea. It was deserving of careful study. Sea water was brought daily from the ocean for the marine fishes. We passed to the next court on the south. The Norwegian fishery exhibit occupied the south side of this court for a short distance, and beyond it, on the same side, was a display of bird cages. Fertilizers occupied the northern side for a considerable space, and were followed by samples of the native woods of the United States, among which was a collection of forty-eight specimens of different kinds of wood found growing in a space of an acre and a half in New Jersey, not far from Philadelphia. We now entered the section devoted to the tobacco exhibit. It was very large, and occupied a considerable portion of this section of the hall, extending over to and beyond the northwest transept. The various manufacturers exerted all their inge- nuity to render this section as attractive as possible. It was entirely unique, and many of the exhibits were displayed with 536 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, originality as well as taste. The collection embraced the virgin leaf, manufactured tobacco of every kind for chewing and smoking, and snuff. We noticed especially the fine display of plug tobacco and twists made by L. Lottier, of Richmond, Virginia; and not far from this the handsome pavilion in which George W. Gail & Ax, of Baltimore, exhibited their famous fine-cut tobaccos and snuffs. C. A. Jackson & Co., of Petersburg, exhibited a pavilion built of plug tobacco, close by. On the north side of the northwest transept E. Holbrook, of Louisville, made an exceptionally fine display of manufactured tobaccos, the virgin leaf and the growing plants. Immediately THE AQUARIA, AGRICULTURAL HALL. opposite, Frishmuth & Brother, of Philadelphia, had a hand¬ somely fitted-up space filled with manufactured tobacco. Ad¬ joining this space was the exhibit of P. H. Mayo & Brother, of Richmond, Virginia, in which the various stages of the pro¬ cess of manufacturing chewing tobacco were shown. This space was adorned with festoons of tobacco twists. West of this was the handsome exhibit of P. Lorrillard & Co., of New York, consisting of their famous brands of fine-cut tobacco and snuffs. In the next space, on the west, was a lofty case of ebony with gilt mountings, in which Kerbs & Spiess, of New York, showed a collection of fine cigars. Passing the tobacco exhibit, and continuing along the court, 537 landreth’s garden seed exhibit in agricultural hall. 538 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY we entered the exhibit of flour, which was well arranged and attractive. It occupied the remainder of the court to the nave. We entered the northwest transept from the nave. The eastern part of it was occupied on both sides by a display of pickles, preserves and canned goods of various kinds. From these INTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. we passed through the tobacco exhibit again, and beyond it, on the north side of the transept, noticed a decayed tree covered with Southern moss. This is the natural state of the growing moss, which was here exhibited by the Delta Moss Company, of New Orleans, who also showed several bales of the cured moss, which is now being extensively used in the place of curled OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 539 hair for upholstering purposes. The supply of this article in the swamps of the South is unlimited, and it is much cheaper and quite as elastic as hair. At the west end of the transept was an apparatus for the artificial hatching of chickens, which attracted much attention from those interested in the raising of fowls. From the western end of the transept we turned into the next court on the south. On the left hand side was the exhibit of horse shoes, with a model of the machine for making them, and opposite this was a large evaporator for drying fruits for market. By the side of this was an immense steam road-roller from the Pioneer Iron Works, of Brooklyn, New York. On the right hand side of the court, beyond the steam roller, the State of Oregon made a collective exhibit of her agricul- tural products. A large part of the display was made up of specimens of the native woods of the State, which are among the finest in the world. The grains and other products of the State were well shown, and a specialty was dried fruits, of which large quantities are produced in Oregon and shipped to all parts of the world. The most remarkable product in the exhibit was a specimen of dried cider. The water is evaporated from the cider, and the solid residue is then rolled around a wooden roller and is ready for transportation. It is dissolved in water when ready for use, and makes excellent cider. Bricks of solidified apple butter were also shown. Beyond Oregon, Wis¬ consin and Illinois made collective exhibits of their a«ricul- O tural products, the chief feature of their displays being speci¬ mens of the splendid grains which they produce. Ears of corn were shown which were of astonishing size, and every kernel was as perfect as the most ardent farmer could desire. Oppo¬ site these, on the left hand side of the court, Massachusetts showed her agricultural products and also specimens of her beneficial birds. At its eastern end the court was occupied by the pickle and preserve makers and canned goods packers again, and in the midst of these a handsome display was made by the New York Condensed Milk Company and Borden Meat Preserving Com- 540 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY pany. This house was the first to engage in the process of condensing milk and other substances, and was founded by Gail Borden, the inventor of the process. Passing into the next court, on the south, we noticed a dis¬ play of pickles, prepared mustards and sauces, on both sides. All the goods of this class exhibited in the hall were displayed in the most attractive manner, and constituted one of the pretti¬ est features of the agricultural exhibit. On the north side of the court, a little way down, J. W. Norris & Co., of New York, exhibited a number of fine canvas-covered hams in a glass-case. The north side of the court below this was occupied by the collective exhibits of the States of Michigan, Indiana, Connect¬ icut and New Hampshire, and the Territory of Washington. These were all displayed in a tasteful manner, each State occu¬ pying an enclosed court and laying especial weight upon the products in which it excelled. The Western States exhibited wheat and corn that could not be surpassed. New Hampshire showed her native woods, and some exceptionally fine samples of wool. She also exhibited two stuffed hogs of enormous size. One Avas seven feet four inches, and the other eight feet four inches, in length, from snout to tail. The former Avas killed when nineteen months old, and Aveighed 1253 pounds; the Aveight of the latter Avhen he was killed, at the age of tAventy- one months, Avas 1307 pounds. A large plow, thirteen feet long, Avas also exhibited by the New Hampshire State College of Agriculture. It Avas made by Daniel Webster, who delighted in large things, and it was one of his greatest delights to guide it. Four oxen Avere required to draw it. On the south side of the court, opposite the Indiana display, the Cotton Exchange, of New Orleans, exhibited a number of fine varieties of Southern cotton in the bale and by sample. Adjoining this Avas an exhibit of wool from NeAV England. At the Avest end of the north side of the court Avas the fishery exhibit of Massachusetts. In a large tank floated a number of models of the fishing craft of 1776 and 1876. Projecting into the Avater was a fac-simile in miniature of the Avharf of a century OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 541 ago, and one of the wharf of to-day, with its extensive fish- house, with men and women engaged in preparing the fish for packing. Around the tank, on shelves and frames, were ranged the various .apparatus used in fishing, oil-cloth clothing for the men, nets, etc. The whole exhibit was made with a skill and taste which reflected the highest credit upon the people of Cape Ann. EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. This brought us to the west wall of the building, and we passed into the next court on the south. At the head of this court, on the north side, was a large case containing a number of specimens of California silk-worms at work. They were fed with fresh mulberry leaves at stated times, and the manner in which they were shown afforded an excellent opportunity of 542 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY studying their habits. On the same side of the court the native woods of California were shown, also the native birds and a number of the agricultural products of that State. On the opposite side of the court the Central Pacific Railway exhibited a number of large photographs of scenery on their road. On the north side of the court the States of New Jersey and Delaware exhibited their agricultural products, and on the opposite side similar exhibits were made by the States of Ohio and Nebraska. Beyond the Nebraska exhibit was the dis¬ play of the seedsmen, whose cases extended across to the central transept and almost to the nave. The eastern end of the court was taken up with a large display of oakum and curled hair, opposite which, standing proudly on his lofty perch, surveying the scene around him with an air of royal majesty, was “ Old Abe,” the famous eagle of the Eighth Wisconsin Regiment of Infantry. This noble bird accompanied the regiment through its entire period of service in the civil war, was present in every battle in which it was engaged, and was twice wounded. He was accompanied by the sergeant who bore him at the head of the regiment during the war. Between the court and the central transept the space along the nave was occupied by the collective exhibit of the pork- packers of Cincinnati. We passed into the central transept, on the south side of which was the Spanish exhibit. On the north side D. Landreth & Sons, of Philadelphia, made an extensive and handsome dis¬ play of their famous seeds for the garden and farm. Mr. B. Landreth, one of the partners in this well-known house, was the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. The zeal and skill with which he conducted his department were shown in their highest light in the grand exhibition of the products of the world collected within the Agricultural Building. The transept was here occupied by a confectionery stand, beyond which, on the north side of the transept, was Reuter’s Restaurant, the principal eating-house in this hall. Beyond the restaurant the State of Iowa made a beautiful display of her agricultural products, a prominent feature of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 543 which was a large and complete collection of fruits under glass. Beyond this was an exhibit of the minerals of Nevada, and at the west end of the transept Iowa exhibited specimens of her soils in tall glass columns. We were now at the end of the American department, and in turning our attention to the exhibits of foreign nations gave the first place to the mother country. Great Britain and Ireland. The British section was in the southeast corner of the hall, and extended from the nave to the eastern wall, and from the southeast transept to the south wall. The display was small, and did not compare favorably with the splendid showing made by Great Britain in the Main Building. Scarcely any of the English agricultural machinery was to be found here, and the exhibit was far from doing justice to England as an agricultural country. The post of honor, on the front line of the section, was given to the makers of pickles, potted meats, mustards and extracts. Crosse & Blackwell, the famous chow-chow makers, had a lofty case of black and gilt, semicircular in shape, at the inter¬ section of the nave and transept, in which they showed their goods, and immediately behind them Keen & Robinson, of London, had a handsome case of mustard. On the front line, immediately south of Crosse & Blackwell, T. & H. Smith, of Edinburgh, had a handsome display of extracts of various kinds. The most conspicuous portions of their exhibits were two fine white crystallized substances, looking exactly alike. One of these was cafeine, or the active principle of the coffee bean ; the other, theine, the active principle of tea. Adjoining this exhibit was a case of fine extracts by John Mackays, also of Edinburgh. To the south of the extracts was an exhibit of bee-hives and bee-furniture, by George Neighbor & Sons, of London, and in the adjoining space John L. Bowes & Brother, of Liverpool, exhibited samples of wool from all parts of the world. At the south end of the front line the Cork Distilleries Company, of Cork, Ireland, had a tasteful pavilion in which they showed some superior Irish whiskeys in wood and glass. 544 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Having finished the front line along the nave, we went back to the southeast transept and continued our examination along its south side. Adjoining Keen, Robinson & Co.’s exhibit Emile Menier, of London, made a handsome display of fine chocolates and cocoas. Farther on, on the south side of the transept, John McCann, of Drogheda, Ireland, exhibited a fine article of Irish oatmeal, and showed the appearance of the meal at the different stages of grinding. To the right of the oatmeal was an exhibit of meat extracts, soups and potted meats. The Colonial Produce Company, of London, exhibited specimens of their patent tea, milk and sugar, and patent coffee, milk and sugar. These are reduced to a powder and wrapped in air-tight gelatine envelopes, which readily dissolve with the powder in hot water. A package will make three cups of tea and coffee. This is a capital preparation for travellers or for persons camping out for pleasure or from necessity. An exhibit of ginger ales and aerated waters now followed, beyond which John Coope & Co., of Burton-on-Trent, displayed their well-known Burton ale. In the next space was one of Aveling & Porter’s road steam-engines, which we noticed in Machinery Hall. By the side of it was a large wagon for road locomotives. Farther on Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Nor¬ wich, exhibited a collection of ornamental iron work for farm and stable use. From the east end of the transept we passed to the next court on the south. Half way down this was a portable engine for farm use, different in style from those used in this country and occupying less space. Below it the exhibit of ales was continued. On the south or opposite side of the court James Fussell & Sons, of Somersetshire, had a collection of reaping hooks and other edge tools used in agriculture. Lower down were the confectioners, who showed their goods in handsome cases, and to the south of them Lea & Perrin had a case of ebony and gilt, in which they exhibited their world- famed Worcestershire sauce. Passing to the most southern court of all we noticed a hand¬ some case of walnut, containing a large display of ales, Dublin stout and whiskey, by E. & J. Burke, of Dublin. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 545 Farther eastward was an apparatus for suckling young calves, sheep and pigs. It was a wooden trough, which was filled with milk when ready for use. A number of tubes projected from the side, each with a rubber nipple. Beyond this a potter, too late for a place in the Main Building, exhibited a collection of por¬ celain and plain whiteware. Then followed some ornamental work, ditching tiles, drains, etc., in terra-cotta, and several French burr millstones for hulling rice and grinding flour. Canada. The Canadian section lay in the southwest quarter of the hall, opposite that of Great Britain, and extended from the nave back to the Liberian section. The front line along the nave was taken up with an extensive display of the agricultural products of the Dominion, consisting of the grains, beans, peas, roots and flour grown and made in Canada. Immediately back of these was an exhibit of Canadian w r ool. The quality was very fine, and the length of the wool was notable. In the next line, going eastward, was a row of tall cases, in which were shown prepared specimens of the birds, animals and insects of Canada. The exhibit of insects was by the Entomo¬ logical Society of London, Ontario; the birds and animals were exhibited by individuals from London, Toronto and Halifax. In the rear of these collections John Harvey & Co., of Hamil¬ ton, Canada, had a number of fine fleeces, showing a remarkable length and thickness of wool. Then followed an exhibit of vinegar in barrels, native fruits, macaroni, flour, salt, pickles, cheese, cured fish, and canned goods of various kinds, which took up considerable space, and showed the progress of the efforts of our Northern cousins in this direction. A pyramidal stand, of considerable size, contained a display of the agricultural products of British Columbia. Some very fine wheat was included in this exhibit, and samples of this grain and oats on the stalk showed the size and vigor which they attain in this high northern latitude. Specimens of the woods and barks of the country were also shown, and there were two blankets of variegated colors, woven by the Indians. 35 546 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY We now entered the department of agricultural machinery, in which over one hundred exhibitors took part. The collection was similar to that in the American department, and was par¬ ticularly rich in reapers, mowers, plows, harrows, root and straw- cutters and horse-powers. The variety in plows was, if any¬ thing, greater than our own, but the number of plows was much smaller. The most conspicuous exhibits of plows were made by George Ross, of Chatham, Ontario, and T. Spardle, of Strat¬ ford, Ontario. The “ Yeondle plow,” exhibited by the latter, was the finest in the Canadian collection, and one of the very best in the hall. The Hamilton Agricultural Works showed a fine specimen of the Iron-clad Adjustable Table and Platform Reaper, a worthy rival of the best American reapers. A machine which formed a conspicuous part of this exhibit was the turnip-drill, which does not appear in our own collection. The Canadian climate is not suited to corn, and turnips and peas are raised in place of it. The collection included also port¬ able engines, cider-presses, potato-diggers, snow plows for breaking winter roads, grain-drills and hay-loaders. Some of the threshing machines exhibited here were among the largest and best in the hall, and were handsomely ornamented. France. The French section lay west of the nave and along the southwest transept. It extended on the south side of the tran¬ sept from the nave to the Dutch court, and on the north side of the transept from the nave to the west wall. It adjoined the Brazilian section on the north and the German section on the south. The most prominent feature of the French exhibit was the display of wines. Every grade of wine made within the limits of the French republic was shown here. We found champagnes in abundance, and the dainty and delicious wines of the south of France were well represented. Here were Burgundies, clarets, red and light wines, and brandies and liquors of every description. The front line along the nave was occupied by a row of hand- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 547 some show-cases, principally of ebony and gilt, in which were displayed champagnes, brandies, liquors and olive oils. On the south side of the transept Menier & Co., of Paris, had a hand¬ some case of ebony and gilt, filled with a collection of fine chocolates. In the sides of the case were set photographs of the Menier establishment and the people employed in it. On the north side of the transept, Meunier, of Paris, had a beautiful case of carved ebony, ornamented with lithographs of his fac¬ tory in 1785 and 1876, in which was a collection of .fine choco¬ lates. These firms are the principal chocolate-makers of France. The house of Meunier was founded in 1760, and is the oldest now in existence; and its rival, Menier, claims to do an annual trade in chocolates of 25,000,000 francs. On the south side of the French court, near the nave, C. Du- moutier, of Claville, made an exhibit of the agricultural pro¬ ducts of the department of the Eure. Immediately back of the front line, the south side of the section was occupied for some distance by a triple row of hand¬ some oak stalls, in which the great Paris seedsmen, Vilmorin & Andrieux, exhibited photographs of flowers, vegetables, and plants, and samples of seeds. Passing this we reached the principal exhibit of wines, brandies, liquors, cordials in glass bottles and small stone jugs, which took up the entire space south of the transept, back to the Dutch section. On the north side of the transept was an extensive collection, by a number of exhibitors, of the famous pate de foi gras of Strasburg, pickles, preserves, mustards, jellies and prepared food of various kinds. Preserved fish and sardines in oil formed a prominent part of the collection, and candied fruits, dried fruits, and vegetables, and prepared soups were extensively dis¬ played. On the north side of the court, D. Gazaubon, of Paris, ex¬ hibited a fine collection of machinery for making and bottling mineral waters, and syphon bottles of a handsome pattern; and near the west end of the court several makers displayed ma¬ chines for bottling and corking champagnes and other sparkling wines. 548 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. A number of French burr mill-stones of a fine quality were shown near the northern border of the court, and near these were some fine crucibles, and specimens of various kinds of cements, hydraulic lime and artificial stone. The Roquefort cheese factory" exhibited specimens of its famous cheese; the tanners had an extensive exhibit of leather; and the silk- growers of southern France showed their raw silk and cocoons. Artificial manures, phosphates, and animal charcoal were also shown. Germany. The German section lay on the south of France, and extended to the south wall of the building. It fronted on the nave and extended westward to the Austrian court. At the nave, the Rhenish Sparkling Wine Company of Schielstein had a large pavilion made of wine boxes, and sur¬ mounted by an immense wine bottle of glass at each of the four corners, in which they displayed their famous wines. Back of this pavilion was the collective exhibit of Rhine wines, in which the finest as well as the ordinary grades were shown. Alongside of these wines the German brandies, liquors, extracts and essences were displayed. A fair exhibit was also made of Bavarian and Prussian beer and hops, and of samples of the malt from which these were made. The confectioners, makers of wax, and manufacturers of smoking and fine-cut tobacco for chewing, cigars and cigarettes, made a large display; and there was a fair exhibit of prepared mustard, sugar and starch. Frankfort sent samples of curled hair, and Prussian Silesia some fine wool. The Royal Steel Works of Fredericksthal, Wurtemberg, had a large stand representing a palm tree. The trunk was of wood, and the branches were scythe blades arranged in a picturesque manner. The wines were the strong feature of the German exhibit, and no effort was made to show the agricultural system or re¬ sources of that country. Austria and Hungary. The Austrian section was situated immediately west of the 550 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY German court. The display was not large, but was interesting. On the eastern border of the court, fronting Germany, Johann Michael Schary, of Prague, exhibited a collection of raisins and other dried fruits, beer, wine, vinegar and mustards from Bohemia. Beyond this space was an exhibit of Austrian and Hungarian wines ; and at the north end of the court Marks & Weyden, of Buda-Pesth, Hungary, exhibited a tine collection of the fruits and nuts of Hungary and the Danubian provinces. To the north of this collection was a display of candied fruits from Vienna, near which were specimens of hemp of an excel¬ lent quality grown in Hungary. Samples of tine Hungarian wool were also shown ; and near the west end was a collection of the grains of all the different provinces of the Austrian empire. Specimens of flax from Austria and Hungary were included in the exhibit, and a number of samples of leather from Austria and Bohemia. Russia. The Russian court lay on the south side of the central tran¬ sept, immediately west of the Spanish court, and extended back to the western wall. It was unenclosed, and occupied about one-third as much space as France. It was tilled with one of the handsomest and most interesting collections in the Agricultural Building, and one that was richly worth studying carefully. The wheat, oats, barley, rye and other grains of the empire were shown in the most tasteful manner. They were arranged upon pyramidal stands, bags of the grains being collected about the base of the stands, while stalks with the ripened ears were placed in handsome majolica vases at the top. Large frames were filled with hemp suspended from the top of the frame in order to show the length of the fibre. The agricultural pro¬ ducts of the various portions of the empire were shown accord¬ ing to a systematic classification, and many illustrations of Russian farm-life were given. A number of the agricultural implements of the country were exhibited, and two large port¬ able farm-engines from Poland constituted a principal feature OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 551 of the collection. Candied and dried fruits, preserves, crackers and confections were exhibited in glass cases, and the liquors and wines of the country were also shown. At the western end of the space, a number of exhibitors who were crowded out of the Russian court in the Main Building displayed a collection of rich and beautiful wares in large cases of oak and plate glass. As in the Main Building, Russia was one of the last coun¬ tries to have her exhibit in readiness. Italy. The Italian court was situated in the southeast corner of the hall, and covered but a small space. Along the east wall were samples of raw and combed hemp exhibited by P. F. Facchini & Co., of Bologna, and adjoining these were a number of speci¬ mens of leather and boots and shoes. The principal portion of the exhibit consisted of wines, liquors, cordials and olive oil, representing all the grades of these arti¬ cles made in the Italian Peninsula and in Sicily. They were exhibited in bottles, and made an attractive display. In the southeast corner of the court the soap-makers had a creditable display. Large blocks of Castile and olive oil soap were among the most conspicuous objects in the court. A collection of grains, peas, beans and nuts, principally from Sicily and central Italy, was arranged along the southern side of the court, and rice from Piedmont was also shown here. It will be remem¬ bered that it was from a small quantity of rice obtained in Pied¬ mont and sent to America by Mr. Jefferson, at the close of the last century, that the finest grades of our own rice have been produced. There was a handsome display of confectionery and candied fruits from Turin; and a case of the minerals found in the Peninsula was shown near the centre of the court. At the western end of the court were a number of specimens of man¬ ganese and iron ores from the mines of Rae Brothers, at Monte Argentino in Tuscany. Both minerals were of a fine quality and the ores were exceedingly rich. Milan sent Parmesan and Gorgonzola cheese; Arcona and Turin, leather and hides; 552 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Palermo, Pome and Sienna, honey; Bologna, her world- renowned sausages and salted meats; Naples and Sicily, maca¬ roni and dried fruits; Syracuse, nuts; and other Sicilian cities, oranges, lemons, olives and figs. Sicily also made an exhibit of a case of the essential oils of fruits, and of some fine liquorice. Sardines were to be seen here in quantities, and in glass and tin, in oil and pickled. Along the northern side of the court THE ITALIAN DEPARTMENT, AGRICULTURAL HALL. were several plows from Ancona, Cremona and Pisa, and a harrow from Venice. They were heavy and clumsy in appear¬ ance, and in striking contrast with the fine plows to be seen in the American or Canadian departments. Spain. The Spanish court was situated on the south side of the cen¬ tral transept, and extended from the nave back to the Russian section. As in the Main Hall, Spain made here one of the handsomest OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 553 exhibits in the building. Her section was surrounded with a high wall of yellow wood, in the sides of which were set small glass-covered panels, which were filled with collections of the grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and other agricultural products of the Spanish kingdom. The entrance to the court was through a lofty Gothic archway decorated with the arms of the kingdom and the national colors. Entering the court we found ourselves in the midst of one of the most extensive and best arranged collections in the hall. Immense logs of mahogany and rosewood lay on the ground, and festoons of tobacco leaves and sheaves of grain ornamented the pillars, while from the roof along the sides of the court were suspended specimens of skins and Spanish leather. On each side of the entrance stood pyramids of the finest wools of Spain, and along the sides of the court the rich wines of the country were displayed in bottles arranged on shelves rising one above another. At the eastern end were several barrels of the famous Duff Gordon sherries. At the southeast corner of the court the Valencian Society of Agriculture showed a collection of the agricultural products of that province. There was a large display of Manilla hemp, and cordage made from it, from the Philippine islands. In the centre of the court was a rustic struc¬ ture of rough wood, containing specimens of resinous pine and the gums and. resins extracted from it; and to the east of this the agricultural products of the Philippine islands were exhibited in glass jars. Near the south end, the cigar-makers of Havana and Manilla had a large and handsome exhibit of cigars, cigarettes and tobaccos. They were displayed in ornamental cases of mahogany mounted upon standards. A large collection of chocolates occupied the northwest corner of the court, and close by it was a tall metal stand containing large jars and bottles of olive oil. The skill and ingenuity with which the articles were displayed was as noticeable as the completeness and excellent character of the exhibit. Portugal. The Portuguese exhibit fairly rivalled that of Spain both in size and variety. It was distributed in two parts of the hall. 554 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The principal section assigned to Portugal lay on the south and west of the Spanish court, and was filled with a large and varied exhibit of the products of the kingdom. In the section on the south of the Spanish court the little kingdom displayed her oils and wines; the south side of this section being entirely taken up with bottles of Port and Madeira wines. Here also were to be seen the raw silk and cocoons, which formed a part of the Portuguese exhibit. In the section to the west of the Spanish court was a very extensive collection of the agricul¬ tural products of the kingdom, arranged on shelves and in glass jars. These consisted of the grains, roots, fruits, nuts, olives, raisins, dried fruits, and spices of the different provinces of Por¬ tugal. Some very large potatoes and turnips were preserved in alcohol. Pickles, preserves, and canned meats, vegetables, and fish were exhibited in large quantities. The products of the Portuguese colonies were displayed in a similar manner, in a small court in the southeast corner of the hall, between the Italian and English sections. The Netherlands. The section assigned to the Netherlands lay south of the southwest transept, and extended from the west wall of the building to the French section on the east, and from the transept to the Austrian and Venezuelan sections on the south. With characteristic industry the Dutch were among the first to have their exhibit ready, and arranged it with admirable system and neatness. Starting from the west end of the section we noticed the col¬ lective exhibits, by the agricultural societies of Guelderland and Zealand, of the products of those provinces, including seeds, specimens of grain, plants, dye-woods, photographs of cattle, beans and peas, and a model of a thatched hay-cock. In this exhibit were shown the wooden shoes worn by certain classes of the Dutch peasantry. Close by was an exhibit of a peculiar kind of flour, which has the property of keeping pure and sweet for years. Adjoining this was the exhibit of the makers of chocolate and cod-liver oil. A collection of round Edam OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 535 cheeses was shown to the east of these; and then came spe¬ cimens of fine flax. Opposite the flax was the exhibit of cigars and manu¬ factured tobacco. On the north side of the court were a number of models of old and new style Dutch fishing ves¬ sels, from Sche- veningen, with a collection of fishing tackle. Large seines for deep-water fish¬ ing were suspended overhead. We came next to the collection of pickles, canned meats, fish, and vegetables, which was large and well displayed. Adjoin¬ ing this were jars containing samples of different grades of beet sugar from the Beet-Sugar Factory of Arnheim. The remainder of the section was taken up with the exhibit of Holland EXHIBIT OF FOREIGN WINES IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. 556 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY gin, cordials and liquors, which was very large. The principal display was made by the liquor-makers, who occupied a hand¬ some pavilion of wood ornamented in maroon-color and gilt. Here were shown the finest grades of anisette, curagoa, creme de mocha, noyau, and a hundred other odorous and pungent drinks not much used in this country, but which are very popular in Holland, and especially among the ladies. Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the section, the Dutch Agricultural Society made a collective exhibit of all the agricultural products of Holland. The entire exhibit spoke eloquently of the skill, taste, energy, and thrifty industry of the Dutch. Norway. The Norwegian court lay immediately west of that of Brazil, and was enclosed with a light and tasteful railing. Along the front line was a collection of heavy, clumsy-looking plows, such as are used for breaking the rugged soil of this northern land. The exhibit was small, but consisted of pale ales and a strong liquor called punch, which is much used in Norway and Sweden, as a stimulant against the intense cold of those countries. Wines, brandy, cordials, tobacco, cigars, confectioneries, essences, and canned meats and fish made up the display. There was a fine exhibit of leather at the back of the court, and specimens of the water-birds of Norway were shown. In the northwest section of the building, Norway had another space enclosed with a light railing and handsomely draped with seines and the national colors. Here she made an exhibit of the products of her fisheries, and showed models of her fishing vessels of all kinds and their equipments, specimens of fishing- tackle, and samples of dried and preserved fish, anchovies, etc., as they are prepared for the market. For the purposes of this display, some of the larger kinds were preserved in alcohol. Sweden. The Swedish court lay immediately west of that of Norway. Along the north side were a number of fine plows, every part being of metal. They are intended for deep plowing, and seemed capable of doing good work. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 557 The liquors, especially bottled punch, were a strong feature of the display. Here were also confections, prepared coffee, crackers, snuffs, and chewing tobacco. A chemist from Stock¬ holm had a case of phosphates and other preparations of agri¬ cultural chemistry. Towards the west end of the space were models of the various kinds of vessels used in the Swedish fisheries, with samples of fishing-tackle, and overhead were suspended the seines used by the Swedish fishermen. Speci¬ mens of the fish of the country were exhibited in alcohol. A number of samples of leather hung against the wall. The ex¬ hibit of native woods was complete and interesting. The grains of the country were shown in glass jars and also in the stalk and ear, and close by were a number of covered earthen jars containing samples of flour made in Sweden. Sardines, anchovies, herrings, and potted meats, scythes, and dairy utensils completed the collection. Denmark. The Danish section lay west of the Norwegian and south of the Swedish court. It was small, and the exhibit was made up of Danish punch, grains in the blade and in small canvas bags, brandies, pickles, preserves, and potted meats and fish. Belgium. The Belgian section lay west of the nave, and immediately east of the Spanish and Portuguese courts. The exhibit was very small, but thirty-eight persons taking part in it. It com¬ prised chiccory, raw, in the pod, and manufactured, chocolate, and the details of chocolate manufacture, specimens of fine leathers and kid, candies, cordials, gin, flax, wool, and mill¬ stones. Japan. The Japanese court was situated in the southwest corner of the hall, immediately west of the Austrian section, and was divided into small passage-ways by canvas screens. Each pas¬ sage-way was provided with long rows of shelves, on which the 558 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY articles exhibited were arranged. Along the south wall, sam¬ ples of native tobacco were shown; but the greater part of this section of the court was devoted to an exhibit of the teas of Japan. Specimens of tea were shown, and the process of tea- culture was illustrated by a number of drawings of the different, stages of the growth of the plant. Along the west wall was a display of the fishing-tackle, nets, etc., used in Japan, with specimens of cured fish, some of which were put up in canvas, like bacon. Fishing-nets were sus¬ pended overhead, and a part of the space along the west wall was given to an exhibit of the few simple agricultural imple¬ ments used in Japan, a primitive-looking plow and harrow, a scythe and cradle. On the north side of the south aisle of this court was a beautiful exhibit of the culture of silk as carried on in Japan. It was shown by specimens of the worm and cocoon, and of floss silk, and by models and drawings, with explanations in English. In the next aisle on the north was a large collection of skins of fish and animals, and of shells, also samples of cotton from the government manufactory. The south side of the next aisle on the north was taken up with a display of tackle for hand-fishing, very much like our own, but made with the neatness that characterizes everything of Japanese workmanship. On the north side of this aisle was a collection of sauces made from vegetable substances, and con¬ tained in stone bottles. In the last aisle on the north the grains and other agricultural products of Japan were shown according to a systematic classi¬ fication, and on the southern wall of this aisle was a display of the native woods of the empire. Each block of wood had affixed to it a specimen-leaf or twig of the tree from which it was taken. Brazil. The Brazilian section lay west of the nave, and extended back to the Norwegian court. The French section bounded it OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 559 on the south and the Portuguese on the north. Brazil was one of the very first of the foreign nations in this hall to have her exhibit in readiness, and it was fully in keeping in thorough¬ ness and beauty with her display in the Main Building. In front of the court in which the principal display was made stood one of the most unique structures in the building. It was a rustic pavilion, the posts and rafters of which were wrapped in native cotton, giving to it at a distance the effect of an im¬ mense house of snow. The different grades of Brazilian cotton were shown in bales arranged around the sides of the pavilion. The annual production of cotton in the empire amounts to about $14,902,443. Within the pavilion the different grades of Brazilian coffee were shown in jars and boxes of fanciful design, the Mocha and Bio being conspicuous among the other grains. The annual product of coffee in Brazil is $64,047,481, thus making its culture the principal and most profitable in¬ dustry of the empire. Samples of native leaf tobacco were also shown in this pavilion. The principal court lay immediately in the rear of the cotton pavilion, and was enclosed by a brilliantly ornamented railing, decorated with streamers of green and yellow and national flags. The collection of native woods was astonishing in the number and richness of the specimens displayed. It comprised over one thousand different woods, among which rosewood and ma¬ hogany were conspicuous, and was arranged along the entire court. A considerable display was also made of leather and skins, which were suspended overhead around the court. The wines and liquors of the empire were shown, though these do not as yet constitute a very prominent Brazilian industry. The annual product of sugar in Brazil amounts to $15,403,- 151, making it the second industry of the empire. Twelve different kinds of sugar were shown in this court, and compared favorably with the sugars of our own Southern States and the West Indies. The exhibit included cocoa in the nut and prepared for the market; rice from Maranhao ; starches, rubber, ready for the market and in the crude gum ; ninety different varieties of edible 560 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY beans ; Brazilian teas, the culture of which is as yet in its in¬ fancy; gums, resins, canned goods, hemp; vegetable fibres for making rope, and a finer fibre which can be worked up into a sort of wool; wax, pickles and preserves. The tobacco exhibit was large, and, besides smoking tobaccos, cigars and cigarettes, included fourteen different kinds of snuff. The Brazilian silk-worm and its habits were shown in an ad¬ mirable manner. The Brazilian worm winds itself in such a way with its silk threads that in utilizing the silk the grower does not have to kill the worm, as is the case with the Asiatic worm. This worm is abundant in nearly all parts of the Bra¬ zilian empire, and produces in each generation an average of two hundred and forty cocoons of silk, each cocoon weighing two and one-half drachms and containing thirty grains of good silk. The Brazilians take great pride in their silk culture, and every effort is made to extend and improve it from year to year. Venezuela. The Venezuelan exhibit arrived so late that it could not be given a place in the Main Exhibition Building, and was assigned a section in Agricultural Hall. This section lay in the southwest quarter of the hall, north of Japan and west of Aus¬ tria. It was enclosed by a tasteful railing, ornamented in red and blue. The collection was almost entirely agricultural in its charac¬ ter, and included the grains, vegetables, fruits and barks of the republic. A large exhibit of coffee was made, and cochineal formed a considerable part of the display. A collection of oils, balsams, rum, and the famous Angostura bitters was also ex¬ hibited. The skins of the native animals of Venezuela were suspended overhead, and samples of native tobacco were affixed to the pillars of the court. Pine-apples and other large fruits were shown in alcohol. A cabinet of very rich gold-bearing quartz and other minerals stood on the north side of the section, and on this side were also exhibited specimens of Venezuelan printing and book-binding, chocolates, boots and shoes, fruits in wax, embroideries, leather, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 561 and flowers made of the feathers of native birds. A portrait of Washington, surrounded by national emblems, made of human hair, was also shown. Samples of sugar and dye-woods com¬ pleted the collection. The Argentine Republic. The section assigned to the Argentine Republic lay back of Portugal and south of the Russian court. It was enclosed with a light wooden railing, ornamented with the national colors. Festoons of the leaf of the native tobacco were hung about the court, and the skins of the native wild animals of the country were suspended overhead. The collection was very large, and included over six hundred exhibitors. It comprised the native woods, barks, gums, resins, dye-woods and seeds of forest products; the grains, sugars, beans, peas, fruits, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, wines, dried fruits, nuts, liquors, leather, starch, flour, wax, honey, cotton and wool of the country. An exhibit was made of the silk grown in the republic, and several grades of sugar were shown. Liberia. The Liberian section was located at the east end of the hall, north of the southeast transept, and to the east of the Canadian section. It was the only display made by Liberia in the entire Exhibition, and was due entirely to the energy of Messrs. E. S. Morris & Co., of Philadelphia, who are extensive growers of coffee in that far-off land. The members of this firm had assumed the entire expense of the exhibit, and deserve praise for their generous conduct. It may be said that they have been the principal means of developing the culture of coffee in Liberia, which is now one of her most prominent industries. They have also given themselves heart and soul to the work of civilizing Liberia by educating its people, and have caused a number of native African boys to be educated at the Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, and intend sending them back home next year to establish schools among their own people. All the proceeds of the sales of Liberian coffee at this stand during the Exhibition were devoted to the building of school-houses. 36 562 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Messrs. Morris & Co. intend to supply the deficiency from their own means. They will establish the schools as soon as possible, and require each pupil to pay for his tuition by planting and cultivating a small patch of colfee at his own home. Thus they hope to make Liberia a great coffee-growing country, and to extend the production of that article among the native tribes of the interior of Western Africa. LIBERIAN COFFEE DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. The collection exhibited here consisted of coffee principally. This was of an excellent quality, as the writer can testify from a personal knowledge of it. Palm soap was the next exhibit in importance. Palm oil was shown in glass jars hermetically OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 563 sealed. Lime-juice, chocolate, arrow-root, sugar, indigo, ivory and iron ore made up the list of Liberian products. Messrs. Morris & Co. have their own indigo works in Liberia, the only establishment of the kind on the west coast of Africa. A coffee- hulling machine formed a part of the exhibit, and there were a good many curiosities in the way of implements and clothing made by the native tribes. The cap and robes of an African king were also shown. Ten native African boys, taken from the bush, and destined to serve as teachers, as mentioned above, were on duty in this department. The Pomological Annex , To the east of Agricultural Hall was a large wooden building intended for the various displays of ripe fruits and vegetables which were made from time to time during the progress of the Exhibition. The Wagon Annex Was situated to the north of Agricultural Hall, and was simply a series of rough sheds, whitewashed. It contained a fine dis¬ play of farm wagons and carts, bakers* and milk carts and ice wagons. These represented the highest degree of skill in wagon making, and showed an admirable combination of lightness and strength, which is particularly characteristic of American work¬ manship in this department. They were handsomely ornamented, as a rule. American-made wagons have long commanded a high reputation in the markets of Europe for their admirable work¬ manship and beauty of design, as well as for their marked su¬ periority over European vehicles in the combination of lightness, strength and durability, to which we have referred. CHAPTER XVI. HORTICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building—The Grand Conservatory—A Beautiful Hall— The Fountain—Cost of the Building—Classification of the Exhibit—A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants—A Beautiful Scene—The Forcing Houses— The East and West Rooms—Exhibit of Gardening Materials—The Electri¬ cal Organ—The Horticultural Grounds—The Guano Pavilion—The Tent— Anthony Waterer’s Rhododendrons—The Cuban Summer House. HE Horticultural Building was the smallest of the five principal edifices of the Exhibition. It stood on the Lansdowne terrace, a short distance north of the Main Exhibition Building, from which it was separated by the Lansdowne valley. It was located a short distance back from the brow of the hill which rose from the Schuylkill, and commanded a fine view of the river, the city and the sur¬ rounding country. The design of the building was in the Mauresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, the edifice being constructed principally of iron and glass. Seen from a distance the effect was charming. The exterior was painted in variegated colors, which gave to the building a light, fairy-like aspect, in perfect keeping with its graceful design. The length of the building was 383 feet, the width 193 feet, and the height, to the top of the lantern, 69 feet. The main floor was occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, was a gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this principal room were four forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing-houses in 564 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 565 each of these sides was a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre of the east and west ends were similar vestibules, on either side of which were the restaurants, reception-room, of¬ fices, etc. From the vestibules ornamental stairways led to the internal galleries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external galleries, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmounted the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries were connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the ground-floor, which had a super¬ ficial area of 1800 square yards. The east and west entrances were approached by flights of blue marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet. In the centre of each stood an open kiosque, 20 feet in diameter. Each en¬ trance was adorned with ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles of the main conservatory were provided with eight ornamental fountains. The basement was of fire-proof construction, and contained the kitchen, the heating apparatus, store-rooms, coal-houses, etc. • 566 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Mounting the marble steps and passing through the vestibule to which they led, the visitor found himself in the main con¬ servatory, a spacious and beautiful hall, which elicited the ad¬ miration of every beholder. The roof was of glass, and the iron framework in which the glass was set was tastefully deco¬ rated in fresco. A light gallery, with railings of open fretwork, extended around it, and opened at each of the four sides of the hall upon the external galleries to which reference has been made. It was supported by horse-shoe arches of black, white and red bricks. Two superb chandeliers hung from the roof, affording the means of brilliantly illuminating the hall at night. In the centre of the hall was a large fountain of marble, exe¬ cuted by Miss Margaret Foley, an American artist, in Rome. It was a tall structure, the water falling from several successive basins into the pool below, in which was a group of statuary in marble, of quaint design. It represented a group of children bathing from a reedy bank. One joyous little one was blowing a shell, and another, half reluctant to plunge into the cold water, upon which she gazed down, leaned lightly on the chubby shoulders of a third child. From the fountain walks radiated to the north, east, west and south, and divided the floor of the conservatory into beds. Around the hall was a row of corridors, from which the arches which supported the inner gallery opened into the con¬ servatory. The Horticultural Building is the property of the city of Philadelphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of the park. It cost $300,000, which sum was defrayed by appro¬ priations by the City Councils. The ground was graded and the foundations laid on the 1st of May, 1875, and the building was completed April 1st, 1876. It covers an area of about an acre and a half. The architect was H. J. Schwarzmann; the contractor, John Rice, both of Philadelphia. The wrought- iron was furnished by the Keystone Bridge Company, of Pitts¬ burgh; the cast-iron by Samuel J. Cresswell, of Philadelphia; the painting was done by Joseph Chapman, of Philadelphia; and the masonry by Moore & Scattergood, Philadelphia. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 567 The collection exhibited in the Horticultural Building was classified as follows by the Centennial Commission: Department VII.—Horticulture, 700—709... .Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. 710—719... .Hot-houses, Conservatories, Graperies. 720—729... .Garden Tools, Accessories of Gardening. 730—739-Garden Designing, Construction and Management The conservatory, or main ball, of the building was filled with a superb collec¬ tion of rare and luxuriant tropical trees and shrubs. The side spaces of the hall were filled with statuary, the most important work being a colossal Diana in plaster composition from the famous Doulton potteries in England. The collection of plants in the conservatory was deeply interesting, and was deserving of careful study. Here were the broad fan palm, the sago, date and cocoa palms, all of full size, and as graceful as a dream of Eastern romance. The orange and lemon trees, with their rich golden fruit, the camphor tree, with its luxuriant growth of sharply terra-cotta vase, exhibited in the cut leaves; the eucalyptus, horticultural building. which is said to have the property of neutralizing the malarial poisons of the air; the guava; the mahogany, and the India rubber tree, with its thick, heavy leaves, all made up a rich and beautiful display of foliage, which was charming from what- 568 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ever part of the hall it was viewed, A banana, with its fat, sturdy branches of fruit, formed a conspicuous object of the collection, and a number of fine cacti were scattered through the hall. It would not be possible to give a complete account of the plants gathered within this hall, without making a copy of the STAIRWAY IN HORTICULTURAL HALL* catalogue, and we must content ourselves with the brief sum¬ mary given above. The green-houses, which extended on either side of the con¬ servatory, were sunken eight or ten feet below it. These, as has been said, were four in number, and were covered with curved roofs of glass. Each was 100 by 30 feet in size, and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 569 was iniended for the propagation of young plants. In one of these forcing-houses was a collection of tree-ferns gathered from almost every country on the globe, and a number of rare plants from an English green-house, which were sent to this country carefully packed in moss. Among the curious specimens gath- THE FORCING-HOUSE, HORTICULTURAL HALL. ered within these forcing-houses were a number of fragrant azalias from Belgium, the flower of which is of a pale cream color; and close by them was a maple from Japan with crimson shadings in its fine cut leaves. There was also a group of pitcher plants from the South Sea islands, which bore a blotched greenish cup, which looked as if it were made for a frog to drink 570 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY out of. A flamingo plant (Authurium Williamsii) was a nota¬ ble member of the stately assemblage, its blossoms of deep rich scarlet being in form simply a broad curled leaf. Close by it stood a delicate fairy-like Norfolk Island pine; and the Sand- AQUARIUM WITH FLOWER STAND, EXHIBITED BY THE RACINE HARDWARE COMPANY. wich islands sent some fine specimens of fern, which spread out from the stem like a broad umbrella. A most interesting tree was a sago palm, about ten feet high. It was once the property of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, and is said to be from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty years old. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 571 The lover of the beautiful in nature could spend hours in this rich collection. One of the green-houses contained a superb collection of ferns, belonging to a gentleman of South Amboy, New Jersey, and valued at $10,000. The rooms at each end of the building were handsomely frescoed, and were filled with a variety of horticultural ap¬ pliances. The room on the north side of the western entrance was the office of the Chief of the Bureau of Horticulture. That on the opposite side was used for the display stands and frames for flowers, aquaria, and wax-flowers, and along the walls were arranged a number of designs for landscape-gardening. The room opening into this contained a similar display, and a num¬ ber of handsome garden vases, and garden tools, watering-pots, and hanging-baskets. At one side of the room Henry A. Dreer, of Philadelphia, made a handsome exhibit of garden and flower seeds, garden tools and implements and flower stands. Here the Ilacine (Wisconsin) Hardware Manufacturing Company ex¬ hibited a number of exquisite aquaria, ferneries, flower-stands, fountains and vases, several of which are shown in the engrav¬ ings in this chapter. In a room on the north side of the west entrance, adjoining the office of the Bureau, was an exquisite display of cut flowers by Pennock & Bro., of Philadelphia; a case of natural flowers and fruits preserved by a new process; and a large collection of flowers and fruits in wax. At the eastern end the rooms adjoining the entrance contained apparatus for heating green-houses, furniture for them, garden tools, iron furniture and ornamental work for gardens and lawns. There was also a large collection of lawn-mowers and of garden vases. Messrs. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, made quite a handsome exhibit in this building of their statuary, vases, and fountains in terra-cotta ware for garden ornamentation. The view from the west end of the building was very beau¬ tiful. It embraced the Main and Machinery Halls on the left hand, and a number of smaller buildings to the north of them. To the westward were the United States Building, the Woman’s Pavilion and the State Buildings, while to the left the towers 572 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY of Agricultural Hall rose through the trees. Almost the entire expanse of the Exhibition grounds could be seen at a glance from this point. The view from the eastern end was as inter¬ esting, but different. It embraced the Schuylkill with the East Park, Laurel Hill, and the country beyond, and in the distance one could see the towers and spires of the city. To the right the eastern ends of the Art Gallery and Main Hall filled up the picture, with the wooded depths of Lansdowne valley lying between them and the gazer. In the eastern gallery of the conservatory was one of the most remarkable machines to be seen in the Exhibition. It was the “ Electro-Magnetic Orchestra,” and was exhibited by the inventors, Wm. F. & H. Schmoele, of Philadelphia. It con¬ sisted of an “ Orchestrion,” which was supplied with wind in the ordinary way from a bellows, but which read the music it was to perform and executed it by the action of electricity. “ The automatic reading was based upon the idea that if the music notes be printed on paper in metallic or conducting marks (such as printers style illuminated work), the electricity will distinguish the conducting characters thus formed from the non- conducting surface of the paper, and will thus be made to feel or ‘read’ the notes. If, in place of this printed music, the notes be cut as perforations in the sheet, and a metallic plate be placed beneath, over which the sheet is drawn, this plate, which shows through the paper wherever the perforations exist, answers practically the same purpose as the marks on the printed sheet, being in fact but an additional modification of the same principle. The perforated notes were preferred for the music of this in¬ strument, because the sheets could thus be prepared by hand, thereby obviating the otherwise costly necessity of setting up type and going to press for single copies of the pieces desired. Such notes bear the same relation to the printed or gilt ones that manuscript does to printed matter. “ The music sheets were in the form of rolls, which were drawn under a row of charged feelers or ‘ readers/ whose office was to distinguish the notes. They were moved by passing be¬ tween two gum-covered rollers, rotated by a mechanism called OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 573 a ‘ wind-engine/ The motor power of this was the compressed air or i wind ’ of the bellows of the instrument; and it contained, FERNERY WITH FOLDING FLOWER STAND, EXHIBITED BY THE RACINE HARDWARE COMPANY. in its construction, all the necessary elements of a steam-engine, represented, however, in such different forms, that no resem¬ blance to the latter was left. It was a double engine, each pair 574 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. of opposite wind-pockets being equivalent to a steam-cylinder; and the alternate movements of their swinging leaves were the counterparts of the push and return of the piston-head. The noise or puff was prevented by a peculiar construction of the valves, and the manner of working of the cut-off; and the ex¬ panding gussets of the pockets took the place of the ‘ packing’ in a steam-cylinder, over which they had the great advantage that they consumed no power in friction, so that the wind-engine was exceedingly economic, using the whole force of the wind without waste. These advantages, and the cheapness of con¬ struction of this wood and leather engine, render it an admira¬ ble motor for low pressures. “ The instrument in question had several hundred ‘ readers’ or feelers, standing close together in order that a great many might be placed in a small space. The electricity, which might be called a hundred-fingered performer, pervaded them all, ready to pass at a moment wherever a note occurred. The various instruments, representing a band of twelve pieces, besides the drums, etc., had their appropriate spaces allotted them on the music sheet; and the connections between their ‘ readers ’ and the performing parts were made by wires, which, when grouped together, formed the cable running from the reading apparatus to the main case. Each note, as soon as detected, was tele¬ graphed to the corresponding performing magnet; and as a great number could be simultaneously read, it followed that the music might be exceedingly varied.” About twenty-five acres of ground immediately around the Horticultural Hall were laid off as an ornamental garden by Mr. C. H. Miller, the Chief of the Bureau. These grounds were filled with a beautiful display of native and foreign flowers, which gave to them an exceedingly brilliant and charming ap¬ pearance. A broad sunken garden led from Belmont avenue to the western door of the Horticultural Building. It was bright with flowers of a thousand different hues, and sparkled with handsome fountains. The flowers of England, France, Ger¬ many and the tropics grew side by side with those of our own country in the beautiful garden, in the midst of which the grand 575 EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN HORTICULTURAL HALL. 576 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Conservatory stood like a central jewel in the midst of a thou¬ sand gems of various hues. At the western end of the Horticultural grounds the Pacific Guano Company, of Boston, Massachusetts, had a beautiful Moorish pavilion, in which they displayed samples of their fertilizer. The grounds immediately around this pavilion were planted with tobacco, and a number of tropical plants, which throve admirably in this soil, which was fertilized with the guano of this company. At the north side of the Horticultural Building was a large tent-like structure, consisting of a series of wooden arches covered with canvas. It was designed for the exhibition of flowers in bloom, and was first used for the display of a mag¬ nificent collection of rhododendrons by Mr. Anthony J. Waterer, of the famous Knapp Hill Nurseries, in England. A large exhibit was made of rustic furniture, seats, fencing, etc., which were scattered through the grounds. At the south side of the hall, on the slope of the Lansdowne valley, Cuba exhibited a collection of rustic work and flowers in a tasteful summer-house, and back of this was a fisherman’s hut of bark, such as is everywhere to be seen on the coasts of the West India islands. CHAPTER XVII. MEMORIAL HALL. Description of the Building—Bronze Groups of Statuary—The Annex- Classification of the Art Exhibit—The Reception and Central Halls—The Paintings and Statues in them—The Art Galleries—Notable Pictures by American Artists—The English Gallery—Masterpieces of the Modem English Painters—The Older English Artists—The Queen’s Pictures—The South Kensington Exhibit—The French Pictures—The German Gallery— The Austrian Collection—A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary—Italian Paintings—The Castellani Collections—Spanish Pictures—Art Gems from Sweden and Norway—Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School—Notable Pictures from Belgium—The Danish Gallery—Brazilian and Mexican Art —The Photographic Annex—A Fine Display of Photographs. EMORIAL HALL was the most substantial of all the Exhibition buildings. The materials of which it was constructed were stone, iron and glass. It was built at a cost of $1,500,000 by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, and was designed as a permanent memorial of the Centennial year of American independence. It was placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission to be used during the Exhibition as an art gallery, after which it was designed to make it the receptacle of the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art, an institution similar to the South Kensing¬ ton Museum, at London. The building stood on the plateau on which the Main Exhi¬ bition Building was located, and was about two hundred to two hundred and fifty feet north of that structure. It was planted upon a broad terrace six feet above the general level, the banks well turfed and bordered with shrubbery, to which the visitor ascended by broad and easy steps in front, or smaller ones at the side. 37 577 578 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY At each side of the front row of steps were enormous bronze figures of horses held in check by women in flowing drapery. On the right of the building was a fine group of bronze, repre¬ senting the firing of a shell from a large mortar. The shell has been fired, and an officer of the naval service, glass in hand, is leaning forward watching its course. A sailor has sprung on top of the mortar, and is shading his eyes with his hand and looking in the same direction. Another stands on the right of the mortar and is similarly engaged. The expression of the figures is excellent. This group is designed to represent “ The Navy,” and is to form a part of the monument to Abraham Lincoln, to be erected at Springfield, Illinois. The group on the left of the hall represented a lioness dying in the midst of her whelps. The arrow of the hunter is deeply imbedded in her shoulder, and she is in the agonies of death. Her whelps are gathered about her in mute astonishment, and the male lion, who realizes the full extent of the misfortune, is standing ready to defend or avenge his mate. Memorial Hall was three hundred and sixty-five feet long, two hundred and ten feet wide, and fifty-nine feet high over a basement of twelve feet. It was built of granite, with an iron and glass roof, iron being altogether used in the place of wood, and was entirely fire-proof. The design was a modern renais¬ sance. The general plan was a right-angled parallelogram, relieved by square towers at each of the four corners, and by projecting vestibules and steps in the centre of each of the long sides. It was crowned by a central four-sided dome, rising one hundred and fifty feet above the ground and capped by a colos¬ sal ball, from which rose the figure of Columbia. At the base of this dome were seated four figures representing the four quarters of the globe. “ The main front looked southward; it displayed three dis¬ tinctive features: “First. A main entrance in the centre of the structure, con¬ sisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimensions. “Second . A pavilion at each end. “Third. Two arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 579 The central section was ninety-five feet long, seventy-two feet high; the pavilions were forty-five feet long, sixty feet high; the arcades each ninety feet long and forty feet high. “ The front of the south face of the central section displayed a rise of thirteen steps to the entrance seventy feet wide. The entrance was by three arched doorways, each forty feet high and fifteen feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches of the doorways were clusters of columns terminating in em¬ blematic designs illustrative of science and art. “ The doors, which were of iron, were relieved by bronze panels, having the coats of arms of all the States and Terri¬ tories. In the centre of the main frieze was the United States coat of arms. The main cornice was surmounted by a balus¬ trade with candelabra. At either end was an allegorical figure representing science and art. “ Each pavilion displayed a window thirty feet high and twelve feet wide; it was also ornamented with tile-work, wreaths of oak and laurel, thirteen stars in the frieze, and a colossal eagle at each of its four corners. 580 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY “ The arcades, a general feature in the old Roman villas, but entirely novel here, were intended to screen the long walls of the gallery. “ These each consisted of five groined arches—these arcades formed promenades looking outward over the grounds and in¬ ward over open gardens, which extended back to the main wall of the building. These garden-plats were each ninety feet long and thirty-six feet deep, ornamented in the centre with foun¬ tains and designed for the display of statuary. A stairway from the gardens reached the upper line of these arcades, form¬ ing a second promenade thirty-five feet above the ground. Its balustrade was ornamented with vases, and was designed ulti¬ mately for statues. The cornices, the atticas, and the crestings throughout were highly ornamented. u The walls of the east and west sides of the structure dis¬ played the pavilions and the walls of the picture galleries, and were relieved by five niches designed for statues; the frieze was richly ornamented—above it the central dome showed to great advantage. “ The rear or north front was of the same general character as the main front, but in place of the arcade was a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in all, thirteen openings above, in an unbroken line, extending the entire length of the structure; between the pavil¬ ions was the grand balcony—a promenade two hundred and seventy-five feet long and forty-five feet wide, and elevated forty feet above the ground, overlooking northward the whole panorama of the park grounds. “ The main entrance opened on a hall eighty-two feet long, sixty feet wide and fifty-three feet high, decorated in the modern renaissance style; on the farther side of this hall three doorways, each sixteen feet wide and twenty-five feet high, opened into the centre hall; this hall was eighty-three feet square, the ceiling of the dome rising over it eighty feet in height. “ From its east and west sides extended the galleries, each ninety-eight feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and thirty-five feet OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 581 in height. These galleries admitted of temporary divisions for the more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and galleries formed one grand hall two hundred and eighty- seven feet long and eighty-five feet wide, capable of holding eight thousand persons, nearly twice the dimensions of the largest hall in the country. From the two galleries doorways opened into two smaller galleries, twenty-eight feet wide and eighty-nine feet long. These opened north and south into private apartments which connected with the pavilion rooms, forming two side galleries two hundred and ten feet long. Along the whole length of the north side of the main galleries and central hall extended a corridor four¬ teen feet wide, which opened on its north line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number, designed for studios and smaller exhibition rooms. “All the galleries and central hall were lighted from above; the pavilions and studios were lighted eagle used in ornamentation of from the sides. The pavil- memorial hall. ions and central hall were designed especially for exhibitions of sculpture.” The work on Memorial Hall was begun on the 4th of July, 1874, and the building was completed on the 1st of March, 1876. The architect was H. J. Schwarzmann; the contractor R. J. Dobbins, both of Philadelphia. The iron-work was furnished by the Edgemoor Iron Company, the Pencoyd Rolling Mills, and the Kittredge Cornice Company. The stone-work was furnished by Sargent & Co., the Westham Granite Company, the Conshohocken Stone Company, S. F. Prince & Co., and the Excelsior Brick Company. The glass was furnished by Shoe¬ maker & Co., Ward & Co., and J. M. Albertson. 582 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY At an early period of the work on Memorial Hall it was found that the applications for space in it were so numerous that the building would not accommodate the works of art to be exhibited in it. An extension, or annex, was therefore built immediately north of the hall. It was of brick and iron, and harmonized well with the principal building in design and color. The principal building gave 75,000 feet of wall space for paint¬ ing, and 20,000 feet of floor space for statuary, etc. The annex afforded 60,000 square feet of wall space for paintings, and con¬ tained thirty galleries, each forty feet square, besides four ANNEX TO THE ART GALLERY. galleries each one hundred feet long by fifty-four feet wide, and two transverse central corridors twenty feet wide. The exhibit of works of art contained in these buildings was thus classified by the Centennial Commission: Department IV. —Art, 400—409.... Sculpture. 410—419. . . .Painting. 420—429.. . .Engraving and Lithography. 430—439.. . Photography. 440—449.... Industrial and Architectural Designs, etc. 450—459... .Ceramic Decorations, Mosaics, etc. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 583 The exhibition of photographs was so large that a third build¬ ing was provided for it. It will be described at the close of this chapter. From the main entrance the visitor passed into the south hall or vestibule of the building. The wainscoting was of colored marble, but the remainder of the hall was finished in simple white. It was in the modern renaissance style, and was elegant INTERIOR OF ROTUNDA OF MEMORIAL HALL. and tasteful. A magnificent crystal chandelier, exhibited by Cornelius & Sons, manufacturers of gas fixtures, Philadelphia, hung from the ceiling. At the north side three massive arches opened into the central hall, and at the east and west sides doors led to the gardens lying within the arcades of the southern front of the building. The hall was filled with statuary in marble and bronze. Against the arches of the north wall was a colossal bust of 584 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Washington, by Pietro Guarnerio, of Milan, Italy. The col¬ lection of statuary was very good, and we shall allude to it again in our remarks upon the Italian section. The gardens and arcades on the east and west sides of the main entrance were prettily ornamented with flowers, and con¬ tained a small collection of statuary. In the eastern arcades was a fine bust of Dante, and another of Michael Angelo. In the garden on the west side were some interesting specimens of statuary and vases in spelter. Passing through the arches at the north end of the south hall, one entered the central hall, a spacious and beautifully pro¬ portioned apartment, lighted from the dome overhead. It was finished in simple white, and it is to be regretted that its beau¬ ties were not enhanced by a judicious use of color in its decora¬ tions. In the centre, under the dome, was a copy in terra-cotta of the large group representing “America,” from the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London. At the south side of the hall was a life-size bronze statue of Professor Morse. He was represented in the act of examining his first telegraphic message. On the same side was a bronze statue of Robert R. Livingston, of New York. At the southeast corner, fronting the German depart¬ ment, was a fine colossal statue of Prince Bismarck. At the southwest corner was an equestrian statue in plaster of President Blanco, of the republic of Venezuela; and just back of this was a fine allegorical painting, by Professor E. Von Reuth, repre¬ senting America doing homage to the spirit of her institutions. A number of vases in bronze, by the late Horatio Stone, were scattered through the hall. At the north side was a handsome memorial altar and reredos in marble from Italy. It was adorned with pictures in mosaic work, representing the Adora¬ tion of the Magi and the Shepherds, and the Crucifixion. The latter was a copy of the famous painting by Guido Reni, in the Church of St. Lorence, in Lucina, at Rome. The north¬ east corner, fronting the German department, contained three superb vases of Sevres porcelain and some bronzes, among which were a statuette of President MacMahon, in silver OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 585 bronze, and a full-sized Egyptian girl, with a harp, in orna¬ mental bronze. The space in the centre, around the base of the group repre¬ senting America, was filled with statuary, chiefly by American artists. The most important works were Thetis, with the infant Achilles in her arms, thinking how she may regain the boy’s birthright, by P. F. Connelly; a bust of Charles Sumner, by Preston Powers; a bust of Cleopatra, by Miss Margaret Foley; and a full-length statue of Medea, by W. W. Story. The halls on the east and west of the central hall were divided by partitions into smaller apartments, which were assigned to the various coun¬ tries taking part in the Exhib¬ ition. The corridors which led east and west from the central hall were thus merely tem¬ porary. They were lined with paintings. It will not be possible to give a complete list of the works of art in the Memorial Hall and the annex, nor to describe each of them. We can but glance at the various departments, calling attention only to the most prominent works in them. The United States. The American department Connelly’s statue of thetis, in MEMORIAL HALL. was divided between Memorial Hall and the annex. It filled one large hall, a corridor and a part of a second in the principal edifice, and nine galleries and a corridor in the annex, and comprised several thousand pictures 586 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and statues. As a whole it was much criticised, and was not accepted by the critics as the best exposition of American art that could have been given. Still it contained works of which the country has reason to be proud. One of the ends of the American gallery in Memorial Hall was entirely covered by Rothermel’s large painting of the Battle of Gettysburg, which formerly stood in the Art Gallery at old Fairmount. This painting has been sharply criticised, but nevertheless found favor with the masses which daily thronged around it. A notable picture was “ Going to Church in New England in the Olden Time,” by George H. Boughton. Edward Moran exhibited two fine marine views, “ The Coming Storm over New York Bay,” and “ Minot’s Ledge Light.” Thomas Moran ex¬ hibited his “ Mountain of the Holy Cross,” and the “ Hot Springs of the Yellowstone,” two of the most superb pieces of mountain scenery in existence. Eastman Johnson sent two pictures in his happiest style, “ A Kentucky Home ” and “ What the Sea Says.” M. F. H. De Haas had a fine marine view, “ Moonrise at Sunset.” J. F. Cropsey had a careful study of a “ Church in the Isle of Wight,” which was much admired. W. Whitt- redge’s “ Home by the Sea” was a beautiful work; and R. S. Gilford’s “Fishing Boats of the Adriatic,” “Lake Geneva” and “ The Golden Hour ” showed the artist at his best. Charles N. Miller, of New York, sent two excellent works, “Return¬ ing to the Fold” and “The Old Mill at Springfield.” J. F. Kensett had a fine view of “ Conway Valley, New Hampshire.” G. P. A. Healey had several of his most carefully and solidly- painted portraits in the collection. Daniel Huntingdon sent a view of “ Lake George,” and Toby Rosenthal had an “ Elaine,” representing the barge with the dead maiden de¬ scending the stream. Thomas Hill’s large painting of “ Don- ner Lake, California,” occupied a prominent place and attracted much attention. Professor Weir’s famous “Gun Foundry,” and his less known “Confessional,” were also fine pictures. George H. Smilie sent “A Lake in the Woods,” a pretty com¬ position ; and F. A. Bridgeman had a brilliant Moorish scene OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 587 called “The Story-Teller.” Albert Bierstadt exhibited six pictures of Western and Pacific coast scenery. One of these was a “View of Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point Trail; ” another, a glimpse of “ Mount Hood; ” and a third, “ Spring in Cali¬ fornia.” His “ Settlement of California ” attracted much atten¬ tion. W. L. Sontag had a beautiful “ Sunset in the Wilderness,” and C. Schussele, a Philadelphia artist, a striking painting of “Solomon and the Iron Worker.” F. D. Briscoe, another Philadelphia artist, had a spirited water scene representing “A Breezy Day off Dieppe.” The late Charles L. Elliott was repre¬ sented by two fine portraits, one of Edwin Forrest, the other of General Bouck. Harry Fenn sent “The Old Convent Gate ” and the “ Old Fire-Place,” executed in his best style. Winslow Homer’s “ Snap the Whip ” showed that artist’s best qualities as well as his faults.- Henry Innman had a portrait of Hackett in the character of Pip Van Winkle. D. T. Ken¬ drick, of Boston, sent “A Foggy Day at the Beach.” Page was represented by his well-known “ Farragut Entering Mobile Bay,” a large and stirring work. T. B. Thorpe had a landscape called “ Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way.” Louis C. Tiffany sent several Oriental scenes, among them “ A Guard at Prison Gate, Tangier.” Jerome Thompson’s “Old Oaken 588 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Bucket ” was here. It is well known by the excellent chromo which had such a large sale a few years ago. There were several of Washington Alston’s paintings in the collection, but the only one which showed him at his best was “ Spalatro’s Vision of the Bloody Hand.” Rembrandt Peale was represented by one of his portraits of Washington. Among the portraits were Commodores Perry and McDonough, by Jarvis; General Jackson, by Waldo; Commodore Decatur, by Sully; General Meade, by Thomas Hicks; Washington, by Charles Wilson Peale, the elder of the two painters of that name; Washington, by Colonel John Trumbull; John Adams, Thomas Boylston and Mrs. Boylston, by J. S. Copley; John Jay, Fisher Ames and Judge Story, by Gilbert Stuart. These, as has been said, were but a few of the most prominent of the American pictures; and the list of necessity omits many that were deserving of notice. England. The English collection of pictures was placed entirely in Memorial Hall, and occupied two rooms and the northwest corridor lying between them. It was in every respect the best and the most judiciously arranged collection in the Exhibition. No such exhibition of English art was ever made before in any foreign country. It was a better display than was made by England at Paris in 1867, or at Vienna in 1873. The main room was devoted to the modern painters of Eng¬ land, and was well filled with their finest works. Here were Sir John Gilbert’s “First Prince of Wales” and the “ Battle of Naseby,” in his best style. Frederick Leighton, whose work is as poetic as it is artistic in the' highest sense, had three of the finest paintings in the hall: “ Summer Moon,” “The Court of a Jew’s House at Damascus,” and “ An Eastern Slinger Scaring Birds from a Field in the Harvest Time.” Alma Tadema had five pictures in the collection, two of which were water-colors. These were an “ Egyptian Mummy of the Roman Period,” “ The Sick Girl,” “ The Vintage Festival,” “The Connoisseur,” and “The Story of a Good Wife.” The last two were water- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 589 colors. It is impossible to write of these pictures here as they deserve. We can only mention their presence in the collection, and invite the reader’s attention to them. [ Among the portraits was a fine one of Lady Marianne Alford, by R. Buckner; one of George H. Boughton, by John Pettie; ^Mistress Dorothy, by George A. Story ; Betty, by Luke Fildes; a curious portrait of himself, by Holman Hunt; and portraits of Leighton and Millois, by Watts. William Frith Powell’s famous “Railway Station,” embody¬ ing the arrest of one of the most notorious English forgers at the moment of the departure of the continental train, occupied a prominent position and received the praise it deserves. Edward THE VINTAGE FESTIVAL, BY ALMA TADEMA, IN MEMORIAL HALL. Armitage sent his “ Julian the Apostate Listening to the Dis¬ putes of the Sectaries.” Luke Fildes had a powerful London scene, entitled “Applicants Seeking Admission to the Casual Ward of the Workhouse.” The north wall had two “Studies of Lions,” by Lahdseer, and the “ Marriage of Griselda,” by Charles West Cope. At the east end of the room was a full- length portrait of Washington, by Gilbert Stuart. George H. Boughton had a scene of the olden time, called “ God Speed the Pilgrims on their Way.” Millois sent a charming study of a child. H. Moore and John Brett sent each a noble, but different, seashore view, and Colin Hunter had another, called “ Trawlers Coming Ashore,” three pictures which had no equals of their kind in the Exhibition. 590 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The corridor between the two English rooms was largely devoted to water-colors. One of the best of these was an “ In¬ terior of the Sistine Chapel,” by H. M. Knowles. Another was A. P. Newton’s “Left by the Tide.” Sir John Gilbert had a water-color of “ Francis I. and his Court visiting the Workshop of Benvenuto Cellini.” Louis Haghe had a fine work representing “ The Tepidarium of the Baths of Pompeii.” “The Night Watch” (the artist’s name was not given) was also a fine work. The upper end of this corridor continued the collection of oil paintings. The most notable were E. Croft’s “ Battle of Ligny ” and “The Convent Ferry,” by Arthur Hughes. The northwest gallery contained a notable collection, many of them by deceased painters. Here were Maclise’s “ Banquet Scene in Macbeth,” one of his largest works; Mulready’s “Vil¬ lage Buffoon,” loaned by the Royal Academy; portraits of the “ First Three Partners of the House of Baring,” by Sir Thomas Lawrence; the large painting of “ The Marriage of the Prince of Wales,” by William Powell Frith, loaned by Queen Vic¬ toria; “The Marriage of the Young Princess,” by the late J. Northcote, also loaned by the queen; Benjamin West’s “Death of Wolfe,” also the property of her Majesty; Gaines- borough’s “Portrait of the Duchess of Richmond;” West’s “Christ Blessing Little Children;” Landseer’s portrait of the first Lord Ashburton; “ Dolbadden Castle,” a genuine Turner, loaned by the Royal Academy; Barry’s “Adam and Eve;” and “ Landscapes,” by Creswick, Calcot and Stanfield. The other rooms north of the British corridor were devoted to an exhibit of the course of industrial art taught at the South Kensington Museum. The exhibit consisted of copies of famous art works, and the designs and drawings of the pupils of the school. France. The French section occupied several galleries in Memorial Hall and in the annex. But few of the leading artists of France were represented, and the collection contained none of her great names in art. The best picture in the collection was OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 591 Carolus Duran’s large portrait of his sister-in-law, Mile. Croi- sette, of the Theatre Fran 9 ais. The lady was represented as seated on her horse, which stood on the sands of the sea-shore, with the last ripple of the waves breaking about his feet. The lady was exceedingly pretty, and the horse was perfect. Among the notable pictures of this collection were “ Rizpah Protecting the Bodies of her Sons,” by George Becker, a power¬ ful work, and the largest in the collection; “ The First Step in Crime,” by Jean Pierre Antigua; “A Conspiracy under Catharine de Medi- cis,” by Louis Adan; a large “ Death of Csesar,” by Felix Clement; “Had- don Hall, Derbyshire,” and “A Call on Uncle Car¬ dinal,” both by Joseph Cas- tiglione ; the “ Story of Ruth,” by Paul de Cur- zon ; “ Saint Antonio, Pa¬ tron of the Mariners of Porto d’Angio, Italy,” by Henri Dubouchet; “ Na¬ poleon I. with Goethe and Wieland,” by Eugene Hil- lemacher; a “ Fellah Wo¬ man,” by Charles Lan- delle; “ The Indiscreet,” by Armand Leleux; the “ Morvan King,” by Evar¬ iste Leminais; “ The Rest,” by Leon Perault; “ Morn- becker’s “rizpah protecting the bodies ing on the Lagune of Yen- 0F HER S0NS ” IN memorial hall. ice,” and “ Sunset at Sea,” both by Amedee Rosier ; “ Heath Flowers,” and “ Snow Flow¬ ers,” by Auguste Schenck; an exquisite “ Leda and the Swan,” by Jules Saintin; “ The Ghana’s Dance in Grenada,” by Benja- 592 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY rain Ulmann ; “ Boulogne-Sur-Mer,” by Alexandre Veron; and “ Josephine, in 1814,” by Hector Viger. The portrait of “ Bielle, the Flower-Girl of the Paris Jockey Club,” by Pierre Glaize, and “ Cassandre,” by Leon Commere—the latter in the annex—were two splendid specimens of flesh-painting. The main gallery in Memorial Hall contained a number of exquisite tapestries from the national manufactories of the Gobelins at Paris, and at Beauvais. Germany. The German exhibit was confined chiefly to Memorial Hall, and occupied the southeast gallery, opposite the French section. In the corridor leading to the principal hall were a number of German paintings, the principal of which were “ A Courtyard in Venice,” by Henry Jaeckel; “The Mahmoudi Canal, at Cairo,” by E. Korner; “Portrait of Pauline Lucca,” by O. Begas; “Mt. Vesuvius,” by R. Heck; “Trust with Care,” by R. Deutsch. Upon entering the German gallery, the first object that at¬ tracted the visitor was the large equestrian portrait of the Crown- Prince William Henry. The horse and rider appeared to have just emerged from the line of fire in the battle that was raging behind them, and both were full of the excitement of the fight. The picture was by C. Stefleck, and was much admired, as it richly deserved to be. There were two pictures of the “ Surrender of Sedan,” on the 2d of September, 1870. One of these, and the more powerful picture of the two, was by Louis Braun; the other by Count Harras, who was himself present at the memorable scene, and who had another fine painting in the gallery—the “Arrest of Luther on his Return from the Diet at Worms.” Julius Schrader, an artist whose fame is not confined to Germany, had a fine representation of “ Elizabeth Signing the Death Warrant of Mary of Scotland; ” and a companion to this was the “ Lady Jane Grey Confuting Bishop Gardiner,” a striking picture, by Tolingsby. R. Heck sent a beautiful view of a “ Natural Arch at Capri;” and Q. BeckePs “Before the Christening,” and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 593 '“After the Christening,” were delightful in their sweet sim¬ plicity. A. Schwartz had a much admired painting called u Brown Flowers,” and F. Boser one entitled “ Early Trials,” before which visitors lingered long. “ The Evening Sceue in the Zoological Gardens at Berlin,” by Herdert, was an exceed¬ ingly careful and life-like picture. Ferdinand Meyer’s “After the Church Festival,” was not only an admirable painting full of keen humor, but conveyed a sound moral. Meyer, of Bremen, had a capital picture, “ The Village Gossips,” close by, and Achenbach, one of Germany’s best marine painters, exhibited “ Flushing in a Storm.” Xylander’s “ Moonlight at Sea ” was much admired, and Jordon’s “ Old Pilot” was admirable in its wagner’s chariot race, in memorial hall. way. Louis Horst sent a fine portrait of the Emperor William, and Gustave Richter, one of George Bancroft. “ The Flight of Frederick V. from Prague, after the Battle of the White Moun¬ tain,” by Faber du Tour, was one of the best pictures in the gallery. The scene was one of the greatest confusion, and was admirably depicted. H. Briicke exhibited a large “ Discovery of America by Columbus,” which was warmly praised. In one of the small rooms of the northeast quarter of the building was one of the finest of the German pictures—Wagner’s masterpiece—“ Scene in the Circus Maximus at Rome, A. D. 88.” It is well known in this country, and was exhibited by Goupil & Co., of Paris. Austria. The Austrian collection occupied the eastern gallery, and 38 594 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY comprised 163 paintings, etchings and statues. It was very good as a rule, and contained many pictures which were worthy of careful study. The gem of the whole collection was John Makart’s “Venice Paying Homage to Catharine Cornaro.” The picture was 35 feet long and 14 feet high. On the death of her husband, Don Jacopo II. Lusignano, King of Cyprus, she made a free gift of that kingdom to the republic of Venice, under whose tutelage she had been brought up as “ figlia di San Marco.” Upon her return to Venice she was greeted with the reception which this picture commemorates. The canvas contained a large number of portraits of persons well known in Vienna. MAKART’S “VENICE DOING HOMAGE TO CATHARINE CORNARO,” IN MEMORIAL HALL. Ernest Lafitte had two exquisite pictures, a “ Girl of Upper Austria,” and “Peasant Woman of Upper Austria.” John Canon, of Vienna, exhibited “A Page,” and a “Girl with Fruit,” which are so much like Rembrandt’s work that many experienced judges have pronounced them his, and have almost refused to believe them modern. Frederick Freidlander ex¬ hibited his “Tasting the Wine,” one of his best works. G. A. Kuntz exhibited “ In the Cell,” a picture of a nun with her head leaning on her folded hands gazing out of the window of her cell. The expression on the nun’s face was marvellous. The picture was also remarkable for the reason that Kuntz until four years ago was a distinguished sculptor, and had done OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 595 nothing with his brush. Aloysius Schonn sent a “ Siesta of an Oriental Woman/’ a work noted for its warmth of coloring. The Countess of Nemes-Ransonnet, one of the most accom¬ plished lady artists of Austria, sent her own portrait and a view of the “ Interior of St. Stephen’s at Vienna,” which received, hs they deserved, great praise. Maria Von Parmentier, another lady artist, exhibited several charming Tyrolese scenes. Of these, the best jvas the “ Mill in the Tyrol.” F. Rumpler’s “ Smiling Girl ” and “ The Two Female Friends ” were charm¬ ing works, and were much admired. Charles Leopold Muller, one of the greatest of living Austrian artists, had only two small works here which did not fairly show his merits, but which were among the gems of the collection. These were “ In the English Garden at Palermo,” and “ Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo.” Adolphus Obermullner exhibited three fine paint¬ ings—“ Welcome Sounds,” “ The Lake of Constance at the Beginning of a Storm,” and “ The Grum-Alp, with the Palu- glacier.” The first of these represented the meeting of two sledge parties belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Arctic Expe¬ dition of 1872-74. F. Russ exhibited “ A Girl with a Cat,” and “ Life in a Castle of the Middle Ages,” both admirable. “Sans Souci,” a study of Italian Lazzaroni, by F. Fux, was a capital scene; and Chas. Probst’s “Head of a Young Lady” was a charming study. Robert Russ exhibited the “ Mill at Mals, in South Tyrol;” Augustus George Mayer, a “ Bath- sheba; ” A. Schaeffer, a desolate beach scene, called “ At the Sea; ” L. Munsch, a view of the “ Alp Gschloss towards the Gross-Venediger;” Rosa Schweninger, a “Neapolitan;” Eugene Felix, “ Pan and Bacchantes;” Lewis Mayer, “The Judgment of Paris; ” Ralph Ribarz, an “ Ox Team ; ” Remi Van Haanen, a “View of a Dutch Town in Moonlight;” and Gustavus Wertheimer, “The Moor and his Horse,” all of which were excellent. A number of fine water-colors were included in the collection. In the collection of statuary, the notable works were a bust of the Emperor of Austria, by C. Zumbusch, loaned by his Majesty; and busts of Maximilian I. and Charles V., by C. 596 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Costenoble, all in marble. F. Pezzicar had a colossal bronze statue of “ The Freed Slave,” about which crowds gathered daily in admiration. The negro exultantly displays Abraham Lin¬ coln’s Proclamation of Emancipation, and his chains lie broken at his feet. Italy. The entrance or reception hall of the principal Art Gallery was the only room in Memorial Hall occupied by Italy, with the exception of the rooms in the northeast section of the build¬ ing, which contained the Castellani Collections of Classic and Mediaeval Antiquities. These were the property of Signor Alessandro Castellani, of Rome, and consisted mainly of ancient marbles, bronzes, Italian majolica, gold work, and personal or¬ naments. The collections were unique in many respects, and were among the richest and most valuable in the world. Our limits do not allow a description or even complete list of the treasures here exhibited. They comprised seventeen portrait busts and heads in marble from the Greek mythology; twelve of the exceedingly rare bronze dressing-cases of the Etruscan ladies, of which there are but one hundred now in existence ; a large and valuable collection of old porcelain and majolica ware, the glory of which was a case of superb Gubbio ware; and many gold ornaments and gems of Phoenician, Etruscan and Greek workmanship. Some of the gems are unequalled by anything in modern art. In the vestibule at the northern entrance to Memorial Hall were a number of superb pictures in mosaic from Rome, the finest display of the kind in the entire Exhibition. Italy occupied six galleries in the annex to Memorial Hall, and in these displayed a large collection of paintings and sculp¬ ture. The busts and statues numbered three hundred, and among them were some of the best works of some of the most famous sculptors of Rome, Florence, Milan, and Bologna. It is believed that this was the largest collection of sculpture ever displayed at any Exhibition. We can only point out a few of the most prominent works. First in order must be mentioned the productions of the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 597 renowned Florentine sculptor, E. Caroni, professor at the Fine Arts Academy at Florence, and one of the Italian Commission¬ ers to the Exhibition. His “Africaine ” was a masterpiece, the lineaments showing all the workings of the betrayed woman’s mind. Of a different type was his “ Love’s Telegram,” rep¬ resenting a young lady who, during the siege of Paris, being ITALIAN STATUARY IN THE ANNEX TO THE ART GALLERY. unable to communicate with her lover by ordinary means, is in the act of despatching a carrier pigeon with the amorous mis¬ sive. Then came “ Love Bursting Forth from the Egg,” a charming piece of fancy. Next, “ Christmas Day,” bearing a capon in one hand and good wishes in the other. Then an exquisite allegory, “ Butterfly Youth,” which, flying from one 598 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. of life’s pleasures to another, at last remains entangled in the net of disappointment. In representing children Professor Caroni was eminently successful; his “ Recreations of a School Girl” was as gay as his “Cold ” was pathetic—in the latter the tripod containing the charcoal had upset and the shivering child, hiding her hands under her frock, looked the very essence of chilly despair. So also the “Impressions of Cold Water” portrayed the little bather’s mingled feelings of curiosity and timidity, while the “ First Capture ” showed the intense delight of the boy at having caught the little sparrow in his hand. Professor Romanetti’s “ Franklin and his Whistle ” and “ Wash¬ ington and his Hatchet” attracted general attention, as did also Zocchi’s “ Infancy of Benjamin Franklin,” where the youth¬ ful compositor was represented as setting up his first types. Professor P. Guarnerio, of Milan, whose “Washington” in the •Memorial Hall has been noticed, had in the Art Gallery a fine design of “Raphael in his Youth,” and his “Girl Bathing” was full of power. Signor D. Baroaglio, of Milan, who has already won for himself fame among young Italy’s sculptors, had a colossal piece, “ Flying Time.” Heedless of the attempts of Youth, who would detain him, Father Time hurries on ; the parchment scroll of History in his right, the sharp scythe in his left hand, and forces reluctant Youth on after him. Not less successful was the sculptor in his “ Blowing Bubbles,” “ Butter¬ fly ” and “ First Call,” all of which were full of expression. Signor Renato Peduzzi, of Milan, showed great originality in his “ Berenice,” the inscription on which statue told its own tale, “Venus, to thee and other gods I sacrifice these tresses, shouldst thou return to me from war my spouse.” Signor Peduzzi’s work will not readily be forgotten by any who saw it. The distinguished artist, Cavaliere Cantalarnessa Popatti, whose sculpture is almost as well known in America as it is in Italy, and who is one of his country’s commissioners, had on this occasion two charming statuettes, “Sunshine” and “Storm,” as also “ Love’s Morn,” all of which were worthy of the sculptor’s reputation. Signor Torelli, of Florence, exhibited “ Eva St. Clair,” from “ Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” “Shy Girl,” and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 599 a sweet “ Little Housekeeper,” who, with her broom, is sweep¬ ing out of the house envy, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, and calumny. Professor Ropi, of Milan, had a fine bust of Gari¬ baldi, and was equally happy in his “ Hope.” The Italian sculptors naturally, on this occasion, brought out the connecting link between Italy and the discovery of our con¬ tinent, and such productions as D’Amore’s “ Night of October 11,1492,” and Zocchi’s “ Columbus Scanning the Chart,” spoke eloquently for themselves. F. Barzaghi, of Milan, had a num¬ ber of productions which strikingly denoted the artist’s genius. Phryne before her Judges,” “ Sylvia Looking at Herself in the Fountain,” “The Finding of Moses,” and “ Blind Man’s Buff” all engaged the spectator’s attention, as did also the same sculptor’s “ First Friend,” representing a Scotch terrier playing with a lovely child. A little gem of the same character was R. Pereda’s “ Joy;” the beaming countenance of the child in this case was generally pronounced perfect. This Milanese artist’s productions were all alike chaste and graceful. In the “ Rete d’Amore ” the girl willingly allows herself to be entan¬ gled in the network of love, and draws the net around her heart. The same sculptor’s “ Motherless Children,” “ Childish Grief,” and “ Little Smoker ” were all telling and true. E. Braga, of Milan, had a “ Bacchus ” and “ Child’s Plaything,” both noteworthy, and few passed by C. Corti’s “ Lucifer,” from “ Paradise Lost,” without admiration. Zocchi’s “ Michel An¬ gelo’s Chisel in Hand ” was a grandly-conceived work, and not less so was Pazzi’s “ Episode from the Divine Comedy.” We have scarcely space even to mention Romanelli’s “ Madonna of St. Luke’s Bologna,” Barcaglia’s “ Love Blinds,” Antonio Bottinelli’s “ Vanity,” Argenti’s “ Sleep of the Innocent,” Motelli’s “ Unwelcome Interruption,” Bergonzoli’s “ Angel of Love,” and Sperlini’s “ Confidence.” C. Pandiani had some finely executed works; his “ Moses Trampling on the Crown ” and “ Love ” attracted much attention, as did also C. Pagani’s “ Psyche.” Not entirely unnoticed must we pass over the “ David,” a copy in miniature of Michel Angelo’s masterpiece; the “ Angelica,” from Tasso’s “ Freed Jerusalem,” or the ad- 600 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY mirably portrayed “ Ruth the Gleaner/’ A. Malfatti’s “ Dis¬ appointment ” and “ Emancipation/’ the latter in plaster of Paris, attracted considerable attention. Besides Professor Guar- nerio’s great works above mentioned, he had also a number of other productions, among them being “ The Forced Prayer/’" where the sulky little fellow is represented with life-like accu¬ racy; “Vanity,” “The Rebuke,” and the “ Last Day of Pompeii.” What especially characterized thi& remarkable exhibition of sculpture was the close attention that had evidently been given to anatomical study; every detail was true to nature, and there was nothing out of harmony with its surroundings.. The windows of the south hall of the annex contained a handsome display of stained glass of American manufacture. Among the paintings in the Ital¬ ian section were a number of good copies of the great works of the Ital¬ ian masters. Conspicuous among these was a copy of Raffaele’s “ Galileo before the Inquisition.” The originals were good as a rule. Gilli, of Turin, had a fine repre¬ sentation of the famous scene be¬ tween “ Arnold of Brescia and Pope Adrian IV./’ in which the pontiff sentenced the great preacher to death. Fumigalli had a fine picture of “Columbus in Chains,” and Marchesi an admirable “Interior of the Sacristy of Milan.” “A View of the Bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius,” by Smargiassi, and the “ Head of a Lady,” by Romagnoli, were admirable works. Spain. The Spanish collection occupied one side of the western gal- SEVRES VASE, IN MEMORIAL HALL. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 601 lery of Memorial Hall. It was small, but contained some good pictures. The best modern work in the collection was “ The Burial of St. Lorenzo,” painted at Rome, by Alejo Vera, in 1862. It was a noble picture, and showed well among the older masters. There was a fine “ Christ on the Cross,” by Murillo, which of course attracted much attention. Two large paintings of “ The Landing of Columbus,” by A. Gisbert and D. Puebla, and one of “ Columbus Demonstrating his Theory to the Monks of La Rabida,” by E. Gano, occupied conspicuous places. P. Gonzalvo had a fine “ Interior of the Cathedral of Saragossa,” and A. Domingo exhibited a spirited picture enti¬ tled “ A Duel.” Sweden. The Swedish collection occupied the eastern wall of the west gallery of Memorial Hall, facing that of Spain, and a gallery in the annex. It was the first opportunity the people of this country ever had to become familiar with Swedish art, and the collection therefore attracted much attention. The most promi¬ nent painting was Hockert’s “ Burning of the Royal Palace at Stockholm.” This catastrophe occurred when Charles XII. was a mere youth, and the young hero forms the principal figure in the spirited scene. Baron Otto Hermelin, the Swedish Commissioner in charge of the Art Department, had several of his pictures in the collec¬ tion. These were “ Winter Day in the Neighborhood of Stock¬ holm;” “Poor People’s Burying Ground, near Stockholm;” “The First Snow;” “Fishing Harbor, near Stockholm;” “On Montmartre, Paris,” and “Autumn Day at Djugorden.” Another noble artist, Baron G. Cederstroem, exhibited a clever painting called “Dark Moments.” Miss A. Lindegren’s “Girl with an Orange” was much admired. “Sigurd Ring, King of Scandinavia and Engl,” by Severin Nilsson, was a stirring scene from the legends of the Vikings. M. E. Winge had two pictures drawn from the same source, “Signe Burning herself on Seeing her Lover Hanged” and “The Viking Fleet.” B. Nordenburg had two good pictures of ‘every-day 602 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY life, “A Wedding in a Swedish Country Church,” and the “ Killed Sheep.” August Jernberg’s “ Market Day in Dussel- dorf” was a careful and excellent work. He had also another fine picture, “Visitors in the Museum of Amsterdam Regarding Rembrandt’s Night Watch.” Norway. The Norwegian collection was divided between a small room in the southwestern corner of the principal building, the win¬ dows of which were filled with American stained glass, and a gallery in the annex. Professor Hans Gude had here a fine picture called “A Fresh Breeze on the Norwegian Coast,” and a “Calm in Christiana- fiord.” “ Hardengerfiord,” by P. Thurman, was also a notable picture. The collection in the annex was larger and better that that in Memorial Hall. The most notable picture was “A Scene in the Romsdalsfiord,” by A. Norman. The Netherlands. Holland occupied three galleries in the annex, and made an admirable display of the works of her artists. They were marked by the same care that characterizes everything attempted by the people of the Low countries, and it may be safely asserted that this collection was as rich in excellent paintings as that of any nation represented in the Exhibition. First we noticed four large copies, by S. Altmann, of Amster¬ dam. These were “ The Banquet of the Civic Guard, after Van der Hlest;” “The Five Masters of the Drapers, after Rembrandt; ” “ The Masters of the Klovenier’s Guild at Har¬ lem, after Frans Hals; ” and “ The Young Bull, after Paul Potter.” Among the originals the following were admirable, though the list does not include all the good pictures of this collection : “The Church of Trier,” by J. Bosboom ; “At Church,” by C. Bisschop; “The Cat Feigns to be Hanged,” by B. H. Gempt; “Four Weeks after St. John’s Day,” by J. D. Huybers; OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 603 “ Landscape on the Mediterranean Coast,” J. Hilverdink; “A Moment of Expectation,” by Gerke Henks; “ Still Water near Dordecht,” and “View on the Yo in Amsterdam,” by E. Koster; “A Conference,” by L. Lingeman; “ Evening on the Beach,” by H. W. Mesdag; “A View of Amsterdam in tho Sixteenth Century,” by J. A. Bust; “A Cheese Market in a Town in North Holland,” by C. Bochussen; “ The Deacons of the Silversmiths , Guild Conferring a Freeman’s Certificate,” by J. A. B. Strocbel; “ Gleaning,” by P. Sade6; “A Barber Shop in Cairo,” by W. de Famars Testas; and “ Domestic Happiness,” by H. Valkenberg. Belgium. The Belgian art exhibit in Memorial Hall was established in a little room on the east of the north entrance, and consisted of statuary, bronzes and figures in earth and plaster. The most conspicuous of these was a life-size group in marble of “A Mother and her First Child,” by Charles Fraikin. There was also a fine display of faience ware. The Belgian paintings occupied three galleries in the annex. The most prominent were “Autumn on the Meuse,” by A. Assel- berg; “Arias Montanus Visiting the Printing Office of Plontyn at Antwerp,” by Joseph Bellemans; “ Borne, from the Tiber near the Quay of Bipetta,” by Francis Bossuet; “Greve, Coast of Brittany,” by A. Bouvicr; “ The Church of St. Fermo at Verona,” and “The Gate of Wertheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden,” by Jacques Carabain ; “ Dante and the Young Girls of Florence,” by N. De Keyser; “ The Sentinel at the Gate of the Harem,” by George de St’. Cyr, a pupil of Portaels; “ The Old Hermitage of St. Hubert at Namur,” by George Genisson; “Sunday at the Convent,” by Franz Meerts; “A Woman of the Boman Campagna,” and “A Young Girl of the Vicinity of Borne,” by Xavier Mellery; “View of Saxenhausen,” and the “Dome of the Invalides,” by Bobert Mols; “Scene in Botterdam,” by Frangois Musin ; “Burning of Buhla, near Eisenach, in Thuringia,” by Ferdinand Pauwels; “The De¬ ception,” by Jean Portaels, one of the most eminent artists of 604 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Belgium ; “ Interior of Hindeloopen,” by Peter Sebes; “A Christian Martyr under Diocletian,” by Ernest Slingmeyer; “War” and “ Rodelta,” by Eugene Smits; “The Bad St. Martin,” by Charles Soubre; “ The Cave of Diomede, an Episode of the Destruction of Pompeii,” by Joseph Stallaert; “ View of Dordrecht, from the Meuse,” and “ The House of the Confraternity of Archers,” by Francis Stroobant; “ The Rhine, between Bonn and Coblentz,” and “ Posilipo, near Naples,” by F. R. Unterberger; “Desdemona,” by Jules Van Kiersbilck; “After the Rain,” and “Morning,” by Joseph Van Luppen; “ The Confederates before Margaret of Parma,” and “A Flemish Woman of the Sixteenth Century,” by Professor Franz Vinck; and “The Hotel de Ville at Alost,” by Gustave Walckiers. Denmark. The Danish collection was small, and shared a gallery with Norway in the annex. The principal works were “ The Dis¬ covery of Greenland in A. d. 1000,” and “ Two Greenland Pilots,” by J. E. C. Rasmussen; and “A Midsummer Night under Iceland’s Rough Weather,” by Wilhelm Melby. Brazil. The Brazilian exhibit was not large. It was located in one of the eastern galleries of the annex. Its most important works were the large paintings representing scenes in the late war with Paraguay. These were “The Battle of Humaita;” “The De¬ fence of the Island of Cabrito by the Brazilian Army and Navy; ” and “ The Naval Battle of Riachuello.” Mexico. Mexico had a part of a gallery in the annex. Its most im¬ portant paintings were “The Valley of Mexico,” by Jos6 Ma Valesquez; “Brother Bartholomew de las Casas” and “Gali¬ leo,” by Felix Pavia; and “ Donna Isabel of Portugal,” by Pelegrin Clave. The Photographic Annex. The space in Memorial Hall and the annex being taken up. PHOTOGRAPHIC ART GALLERY. 606 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. a third building was erected for the exhibition of photographs* It was of wood, stuccoed, and was situated on the Avenue of. the Republic, east of Memorial Hall and north of the Main Exhibition Building. It contained a large collection of fine photographs from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Sweden and Mexico. Many of these were views of the scenery of the coun¬ tries to which they belonged. The collection may not have fairly represented the progress made by foreign nations in the photographic art, but such as it was, it showed the United States far in advance of all the competing countries. A spe¬ cialty of the American display was the series of splendid views of the scenery of the Pacific coast. A large exhibit was also made of photographic apparatus and material, and magic lanterns of the better class. MARBLE CLOCK, EXHIBITED BY THE AMERICAN CLOCK COMPANY. CHAPTER XVIII. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Description of the Building—The Grounds—Exhibits of the Various Depart¬ ments Outside of the Building—The Monitor Turret—The Great Guns of the Army and Navy—The Postal Cars—The Transit of Venus Exhibit- Army Trains—Disposition of Space in the Hall—Exhibit of the Post-Office Department—A Model Post-Office—The Agricultural Department—A Fine Display—The Interior Department—Exhibit of the Patent Office—His¬ torical Belies—A Rich Display of Indian Curiosities—The Educational Exhibit—The Census—Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Terri¬ tories—A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution—The Animals and Fishes of the United States—The Mineral Collection—The Treasury Exhibit—The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches—'The Navy Depart¬ ment—A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equip¬ ment of an American Man-of-War—The Torpedo Service—The War De¬ partment—Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service—The Engineer Corps and its Work—Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery—The Post Hospital—The Laboratory—The Light-House. EXT in size and importance to the five Exhibition build¬ ings already described was the edifice erected and con¬ trolled by the general government of the United States. It was located on Belmont avenue, north of Machinery Hall, from which it was separated by the lake. It was constructed in the form of a cross, with offices built in the con¬ cavities of the angles. The main stem of the cross, or nave of the building, was four hundred and eighty feet long, and the arms, or transept, three hundred and forty feet long. This was clear of the entrance, which protruded ten feet farther on each end. The building rose to a height of two stories in the main portions of the cross, the upper story having for its sides long rows of windows which acted as skylights for the building. Spans ran clear across the edifice, supporting the roof with the 607 608 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY aid of rows of columns built along the main aisle. The whole design, while very strong, had the appearance of lightness, no heavy work being visible anywhere. In the middle of the building, in the centre of the angles of the cross, was a dome surmounted by a small cupola, and this again by a flag-staff. The dome was octagonal in shape, and lighted all around with windows. Around it on the offices mentioned, as in the angles, were four smaller domes of similar design. The building was placed on a terrace above the surrounding grounds. The outside was handsomely painted, the prevailing tints UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. being brown and wood-color. The lower portion, or main body of the structure, had a stripe of red at the top; beneath this were the windows, which were continuous all around. Then came a broad band of wood-color, with a neat yellow figure placed at intervals in it; next a band of dark red, and then the lower band plain. The dome was of wood-color, and these, with the black composition roof, gave a subdued but pleasing effect at a distance. The prevailing color inside was wood-color, all the lower part being so ; but it was relieved by small red bands, interspersed with neat geometrical figures. The ceilings of both the building and dome were painted a dark OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 609 blue. The main feature, however, consisted of the sides of the building, which were divided into panels, and these again were subdivided into diamond shape. Each panel covered much space, and in the centre of each of its diamonds or lozenges was painted the emblem of the department of the government there represented. The Agricultural Bureau had a plow, with stalks of corn and wheat around it; the Interior Department had a bow and arrows, surmounted by a tomahawk; the Smithsonian Institute, the skull of an animal, encircled with a wreath; the Army, by the lictor’s rods and axe; the Navy, an anchor and cable; the Treasury, a shield, with scales, and beneath a key; and the Post-Office, the wings of Mercury, a telegraph pole and a letter. The fisheries were recognized by a writhing fish impaled with a trident. These designs were innumerable and were very pretty. The main entrance was quite handsome. It rose to a peak, and had an immense window and circular top. Columns stood on each side, resting on large pedestals. In the columns were panels, and on these, in relief, was a group of standards crossed over a drum, on each side of which were cannon balls. The doors of the main entrance stood out from the building, and were fifteen feet high. This edifice was designed for the exhi¬ bition of the resources of the United States as a war-power and its internal resources in time of peace. The grounds around the building were handsomely laid off. The space immediately adjoining the edifice was occu¬ pied with a display of heavy ordnance and other objects too large for exhibition within the building. On the east side of the building was a sample monitor turret, such as is used in the iron-clad monitors of the United States navy. It was constructed of wood, and was a clever imitation of iron. It contained two formidable fifteen-inch guns, and was provided with every detail necessary to the showing of its prac¬ tical workings. The turret was exhibited by the Navy Depart¬ ment, which also displayed a formidable battery of ship and boat guns of all sizes and patterns, of brass and iron. Each one was mounted and equipped as when in active service, and was 39 610 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY accompanied with a number of the specimens of shot and shell used with it. These guns occupied the space to the south of the building. Here also the Navy Department exhibited the boat “ Faith,” which was used by the first Grinnell Arctic Ex¬ pedition under Lieutenant De Haven, and the second Grin¬ nell expedition under Dr. E. K. Kane. This was one of the three boats in which Kane, in 1858, upon abandoning the “Advance,” pushed with the survivors and stores of the expedi¬ tion eighty miles over ice to the open sea, and thence nearly 1000 miles to Disco. It was brought home by Captain Hart- sene, United States navy. Here also was the boat made out of the wreck of the “ Polaris,” in which a part of her crew escaped in June, 1872, and in which they were picked up by the Scotch whaler “Ravenscraig,” after their long and perilous voyage in it. Near the southeastern corner of the building the Post-Office Department exhibited two postal cars, one of the style used by the New York Central, the other the car used by the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad. These showed the style of car used by the great trunk roads of the Union for the fast mail service, and illustrated the entire method of assorting, receiving and deliv¬ ering the mails while the train is in motion. The cars rested upon a section of railroad track laid in the most careful manner, and heavily ballasted with stone. This was a special exhibit made by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and was designed as a specimen of its own track, and to show what a well-built road should be. To the westward of the postal-cars the Navy Department ex¬ hibited the frame buildings and instruments used by the Amer¬ ican expedition in the observation of the transit of Venus, December 8, 9, 1874. On the north side of the building the engineer section of the War Department made an interesting exhibit of a bridge train, with pontoons, wagons, etc,, and a large display of army wagons was made by the quartermaster’s branch of the service. On the east side of the building the War Department exhibited its heavy ordnance. Here were a huge ten-inch Woodbridge rifle OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 611 gun, which used a charge of seventy pounds of powder with a four hundred pound ball, and a twelve-inch Thompson rifle, weighing 84,280 pounds, firing a six hundred pound shot, for which one hundred and twenty pounds of powder were used. The latter was a breech-loader, and one of the most interesting guns in the exhibition. Close by was a thirteen-inch sea-coast mortar, which used a two hundred pound shell. A Sutcliff rifle breech-loading gun was also shown. It used a two hun¬ dred and thirty pound shot and forty-five pounds of powder. The most formidable gun in the collection was the twenty-inch Rodman, which was a muzzle-loader, and fired a one thousand and eighty pound ball, with a charge of two hundred pounds of powder. At the northeast corner of the building were two vertical engines which supplied the motive power for the machinery within the hall. The cost of the building and of the display of the articles it contained was provided for by an appropriation by Congress on the 3d of March, 1875. The amount appropriated was $505,000, and it was expressly provided that not more than $150,000 should be expended in the construction of the build¬ ing. The actual cost of the edifice was $110,000. The floor space was divided among the various departments as follows: To the War Department.11,200 To the Navy Department.10,400 To the Interior Department.20,600 To the Treasury Department.3,000 To the Post-Office Department.3,800 To the Smithsonian Institution, including the Fish Commission... .26,600 To the Agricultural Department. 6,000 Total.81,600 The main body of the building and its transept were traversed centrally by walks, which crossed in the centre under the rotunda, or lantern crossing the intersection. The principal arm of the cross consisted of three aisles, which had side-lights beneath the eaves, the central aisle rising above the side aisles and having ventilators at the comb. The transept had but a single aisle. 612 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The interior of the building was one of the handsomest and most attractive of the great halls of the Exhibition. It was tastefully painted, as has been said, and was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, draped and festooned overhead. The Post-Office Department. Commencing our tour of exploration at the south door, we gave our attention first to the Post-Office Department, which occupied a portion of the southeastern section of the building. It lay east of the transept, but did not reach quite to the nave of the building. The principal portion was taken up with the Post-office of the Centennial Exhibition. It was constructed of black walnut and plate glass, and was fitted up in the handsomest style. All letters for the army of exhibitors and employes engaged within the grounds were received and delivered from this office. There was a system of lock-boxes, a general delivery and a carrier’s department, each of which was designed as a specimen of this branch of the service. Money orders, both domestic and foreign, were issued and paid here, and there was also a department of registered letters. The office was a branch of the Philadelphia post-office, and was in charge of Postmaster Fairman and a special force of clerks. The government provided a special stamped envelope, which might be purchased here as a souvenir of the Exhibition, and which was good for postage all over the Union. The railway mail service was shown by the postal cars without the building, to which we have alluded, and by small models inside the building. The Topographical Division exhibited a series of splendid railway and general postal route maps, and maps showing the location of the money order offices. The Division of Boohs and Blanks exhibited specimens of all the books, blanks, etc., letter scales, marking and rating stamps used by the department. The Mail Equipment Division exhibited leather pouches for letter mails, canvas bags for printed and miscellaneous matter; OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 613 also registered letter mail bags, mail locks of the pattern now in use, and those which were formerly used but have been thrown aside by the department. From the Stamps , Stamped Envelope and Postal Car'd DS vision we had a complete exhibit of all the stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards ever used by the department, and specimens of registered letter envelopes and post-office official envelopes now in use. Here also was a machine in operation which cut, folded, stamped, gummed and counted stamped en¬ velopes, taking the paper in rolls and turning it out in packs of completed and stamped envelopes; and another engaged in the manufacture of postal cards. Around the walls of the space occupied by the Post-Office Department were hung portraits of the postmasters-general of the various periods of our history; and in a glass case was ex¬ hibited the ledger used by Benjamin Franklin while post¬ master-general of the North American colonies. The Agricultural Department. The exhibit of the Agricultural Department was large and exhaustive, and was made mainly in handsome glass show-cases of large size. The Statistical Division exhibited large outline maps of the United States, showing forest areas; the extent and value of farming lands, and amount of production, by counties; charts and diagrams showing the amount of special products, by sec¬ tions, and statistics of farm animals, and other matters relating to the agricultural industries of the country. These maps were divided into spaces of differents sizes and colors, which were arranged and numbered with reference to a carefully adjusted schedule printed in one corner of each map. The Chemical Division exhibited specimens of soils arranged in the order “of their geological formation, comprising marls, calcareous earths, green sand and phosphatic marls. Then came phosphatic rocks, animal and vegetable fertilizers, and a combination of the three in a manufactured state. The next feature, the utilization of vegetable products, was illustrated by 614 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY means of specimens, beginning with the product in its natural state and proceeding through the various stages of manufacture to the finished article. It comprised the manufacture of flour, meal and starch from cereals; of sugar from cane, beet-root, maple and sorghum, and exhibited models of the machinery used in the manufacture of these. The fermentation was shown of starchy substances from which beer, ale and porter are made, and also the distillation of whiskey. A model still and plans of notable American distilleries were exhibited. Then were seen the fermentation and distillation of sugar, molasses and fruits, resulting in a complete set of samples of American wines, these in turn being distilled and converted into brandy. Following up the systematically arranged display, the visitor witnessed the preservation of fruits and vegetables by hermetically sealing in glass or tin, packing in sugar and syrup, or desiccation; the manufacture with the assistance of leaves, barks, herbs and roots, of concentrated extracts from hemlock or oak ; the manu¬ facture of dye-stuffs ; the distillation of dry wood by heating in closed retorts, free from air; the manufacture of pyroligneous acids, acetate of lead and other acetates used as mordants in the process of dyeing; the manufacture of linen, cotton and woollen goods, paper, tobacco and snuff; of vegetable oils, and from these in turn of fancy soap, and also of the eighteen different essential oils that comprise the whole number manufactured in this country. Then followed an illustration of the manufacture of butter and cheese; a specimen of phosphate rock from South Carolina, weighing 1150 pounds, and a display of materia medica, separated either in the crystalline form, the oil or the resin from the active proximate principle.” The Botanical Division was perhaps the richest and most complete in the department. The display of the wood growth of the country was exhaustive. At the foot of the cases stood many hundred sections of logs, overhead in the case being specimens of the foliage of their respective trees. Next to Horticultural Hall and grounds this spot afforded the botanist the greatest delight which the Centennial could give him. From the sub-tropical growth of the Gulf and Southwestern States up OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 615 to the hardy coniferse of Maine and the Northwest there was not a tree of importance which was not here represented. The patience of the curious was sorely taxed in counting the rings of old stagers that had reached the hey-day of their growth two hundred years before Columbus first saw Guanahani, and of some that had doubtless sheltered weary aborigines while Louis of France was battling for the cross in Palestine. Most of these interesting specimens were obtained from the Sierra Nevada mountains, in California. The principal of those of which accurate statistics can be given were as follows: one of a sugar pine, 175 feet high and 27 feet in circumference at the base, and 588 years old, the section having been made at a diameter of 7 feet 2 inches; one of a soft, white pine, 130 feet high, 25 feet in circumference at the base, and 510 years old, the section having been made at a diameter of 6 feet 6 inches, and one of a red silver fir, 162 feet high, 30 feet in diameter at the base, tapering for 100 feet before the first branch was reached, and 392 years old. All these grew on the Sierra Nevada. There was also one of a twisted pine from the Rocky mountains, 123 feet high, 22 feet in diameter at the base, and 297 years old. A curious exhibit for most folks in the Middle States was that of the many varieties of native oak and the re¬ markable want of resemblance among them in regard to foliage, the tan-bark oak of California, for instance, having velvety, willow-shaped leaves, while those of the black-jack oak of the Southern Atlantic States were bell-shaped. In the grain of the wood, also, the same wide divergency existed. While the canon live oak of the Southwest had a smooth bark and fine grain, the post oak of this region was rugged both in bark and grain. The Microscopical Division exhibited a series of water-color drawings representing the family of cryptogamia, with magni¬ fied spores, showing the several stages of the various diseases to which they are subject; also preparations illustrating the characteristics of poisonous and edible mushrooms common to the United States; illustrations displaying the varied character of the starch granules of plants; drawings and illustrations 616 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY explaining the method of distinguishing vegetable and animal fibres, their kind and quality; drawings displaying vegetable and animal cellulose and starches, and illustrating methods of detecting them in organizations. The Entomological Division contained collections of models of the fruits and vegetables of the United States; stuffed specimens of birds, beneficial and injurious to farmers and orchardists; stuffed specimens of the various types of poultry of this country ; a collection of the grains and cereals of the Union; a collection of the textile fabrics of the United States, with specimens of their manufacture; specimens of tobacco from dif¬ ferent tobacco-producing sections of the United States; and a mounted collection of beneficial and injurious insects. The Horticultural Division exhibited specimens of economic and utilizable plants, showing methods of growth, culture, etc., grapes, cotton, tobacco, flax, broom corn, jute, corn, sorghum, yucca fibres, etc. The Interior Department. The exhibit of the Interior Department occupied the south¬ west section of the building, and was large and interesting. The most of the articles were shown in glass cases. The Patent Office .—The display made by this, the oldest and best known branch of the Interior Department, was large and exceedingly interesting. First of all were shown the publica¬ tions of the office, consisting of the annual reports, official gaz¬ ette; index to patents, general and yearly; volumes of patents, monthly and weekly ; decisions of the Commissioner of Patents; mechanical dictionary, and official classification. A selected series of 60,000 drawings of models, and a selected series of 5000 models, all carefully chosen from the vast collec¬ tions of the Patent Office, were shown to serve in illustration of the work of the office. They embraced the following classes: agriculture, harvesters, mills and presses, architecture, civil engineering, railways, navigation, metallurgy, metal-working, wood-working, steam, hydraulics, pneumatics, mechanical move¬ ments, hoisting, horse-powers, journals and bearings, vehicles, fire-arms, textile, printing and stationery, stone, clay, glass, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 617 leather, light, heat, electricity, household, chemistry, gas, ice, and fine arts. Extending over so wide a range these models afforded a fair showing of the ingenuity and success of our country in the inventive arts, and furnished food for months of study. The exhibit was admirably classified, and if a man wanted to find a model of a certain stove, he had only to look in the division of heat; if he wanted to find a certain reaper, he would find it in the division of agriculture; and so on throughout the list. The National Museum made a deeply interesting exhibit of a case filled with relics of the illustrious Father of his Country. They consisted of the camp equipage and other articles used by General Washington during the Revolution. They were just as he left them at the close of the war, and were given to the general government for safe-keeping after his death. Here were the tents which constituted the head-quarters in the field of the great soldier. Every cord, every button and tent-pin was in its place, for he was careful of little things. His blan¬ kets, the bed-curtain worked for him by his wife, and his win¬ dow-curtain were all in an excellent state of preservation. The chairs were in perfect order, not a round being broken ; and the little square mirror in his dressing-case was not even cracked. The washstand and table were also well kept. His knife-case was filled with plain, horn-handle knives and forks, which were deemed u good enough for him;” and his mess-chest was a curiosity. It was a plain wooden trunk covered with leather, with a common lock, the hasp of which was broken. It was divided by thin partitions of wood into the necessary compart¬ ments, which were filled with bottles still stained with the liquids they once held, tin plates, common knives and forks, and other articles pertaining to such an establishment. His cooking utensils, bellows, andirons, and money chest, all of which went with him from Boston to Yorktown, were in this case. Here also hung the suit of clothes worn by him upon the occasion of his resignation of his commission at Annapolis, in 1783, and here was the commission which he gave back to Congress, when he had completed his great work. A hall lan¬ tern and several articles from Mount Vernon, a “ travelling 618 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY secretary,” Washington’s sword and cane, and a surveyor’s com¬ pass, presented by him to Captain Samuel Duvall, the surveyor of Frederick county, Maryland, were in the same case. This collection included, also, the coat worn by Andrew Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, and thp war-saddle of the Baron de Kalb; a bayonet used by one of Braddock’s soldiers, and found upon the fatal field of the Monongahela; panels of the state coach of President Washington; two splendidly orna¬ mented muskets presented to President Jefferson by the Emperor of Morocco; a copy of the medal awarded by Congress to the captors of Major Andre; a number of splendid sabres presented to officials of the United States navy by Ali Pacha and other eastern sovereigns, and a model of an invention for lifting steam¬ boats over the sand-bars of western rivers, designed by Abraham Lincoln in 1849. Had Mr. Lincoln, then an obscure Western lawyer, succeeded with this invention, it would have made him independently wealthy. It failed, however, and twelve years later he became President of the United States. During the interval the model lay forgotten in the Patent Office; but after his inauguration President Lincoln got one of the employes of the office to find it for him. After his assassination it was placed in the case containing the Washington relics. The Pension Office exhibited its annual reports, and the statistics of its operations, together with some collections of historical interest relating to the war of the Revolution. The General Land Office exhibited its annual reports, vol¬ umes of the laws of Congress relating to the public lands, digests of the decisions of the Commissioner, and other docu¬ ments. It displayed also maps, charts, and atlas of surveys, miscellaneous collections, and instruments and processes em¬ ployed in the land survey. The Indian Office made the largest and most interesting exhibit in this section of the building. It embraced the reports and other publications of the office, maps of the Indian Reser¬ vations, photographs and paintings of the Indians, their mode of life, habits, etc., costumes of males and females, weapons of war, models of wigwams, tents, canoes, domestic utensils, and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 619 specimens of the arts and manufactures of the tribes. Captain Jack, Split Oak, Dull Hatchet, Clumsy Moccasin and other famous or obscure Indian braves were here in all the glory of life-size papier-mach6 and stuffing, streaked on the face with red paint, and wearing the head-dress of feathers. Some of them appeared to take pains in displaying their neck¬ laces of grizzly bears’ claws, others their belts full of dangling scalps, and still a third number deerskin tunics and breeches, and a lavish decoration of bead and shell work. Sheet Light¬ ning wore a remarkable set of ear-drops which, if somewhat decreased in avoirdupois, would make first-rate car-couplings or thunder-bolts; and Iron Breast gazed grimly from behind a beaded sash of many colors that girded a puny trunk, a l’Empe- reur, from shoulder to waist, on the opposite side. The squaws of the Californian braves stood patient-looking and ready to hew down trees or turn up an acre or two of wild land with a rude spade-shaped piece of rock, while the lords and masters squatted away in the huts, effecting a chemical change in tobacco. These copper-hued matrons, and also the unmarried belles, won the admiration of the warriors with necklaces of dried grass, aprons of braided grass, and short gowns of milk-weed fibre, some of the matrons adding to their embellishments the pappoose basket. The little, puckered-mouthed, pug-nosed Esquimaux, with his slight sprinkling of a moustache and “goat,” w r as also exhibited. Arm-in-arm with him, and still more diminutive than himself, was his wife. Both were dressed in the white bear-skin garment, which was hood and coat combined. With the exception of their faces there was between every portion of their bodies and the outside air a thickness of several inches of non-conducting substance. Proceeding along the passages bounded on both sides by glass show-cases the visitor saw in the latter vessels of plaited willow, resembling baskets, but having the interstices filled with cement, so as to hold water, arrow-heads varying in size from the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man’s hand, made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron or stones of pretty colors, and bows and arrows of sizes differing to suit all, from the little, 620 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY naked, prospective warrior, who is made to practise against a target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hung the scalps of four-score pale faces. There was no lack of baskets and cradles of willow, in which kicked and squalled many a hard-knocked pappoose. The medicine man’s rattle was also shown. With this magic appa¬ ratus the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness or that raw head and bloody bones, known as the “ blues ” (a thing the red man often gets), out of patient and out of camp. It sometimes happens, however, that the rattle proves inefficacious, but this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the Great Spirit, and not that the medicine man is a hoax. Passing by the innumerable wooden mush-sticks, iron war- knives, wooden war-clubs and stone spear-heads, the visitor came to a model of a portion of an ancient cave ruin on the Rfo de Chelly, in Arizona; also a model of an ancient cave town on the same river, and near the same place as the former. These models were in natural tints, and the crumbling walls seen within the spacious cave were not yet so far gone as to prevent one from observing the stamp of a prehistoric and high civilization. The cliff ruin, on the Rio Mancos, Colorado, was also represented by a model, and belonged to the same school as the preceding. There was, besides, a collection of broken pottery, arrow and spear-heads, fancy articles of bone, inlaid with shell, and other specimens—all taken from these ruins. Then came a long array of articles of bone-smoothing tools, wedges, perforators, harpoon heads, fifes and whistles. The objects of stone were innumera¬ ble, and comprised pestles and mortars; a Mexican calendar, which was a circular object, about a foot in diameter, marked with concentric circles enclosing strange symbols, and used by the Aztecs pretty much as a Yankee uses his almanac; grooved axes, hammer stones, leaf-shaped implements, digging tools, hatchet stones, chisels, gouges, adzes, scraper-like and spade-like implements, net-sinkers, grind-stones, etc. Articles made of copper or shells were equally numerous. Tobacco pipes of stone or clay, and in the shape of dogs, cats, buffaloes, rattlesnakes, fairies or hobgoblins, filled several cases. There were fiendish- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 621 looking little household gods made of bone, inlaid with shell, manufactured by Alaskan Indians, and knives, spoons, forks, etc., excellently carved from bone by the Nushergak Indians of that Territory and by the Innuit Esquimaux. A curious feature was a reduced copy of a co.lossal carving at Fort Simpson, B. C., representing the body and outspread wings of a bird with the head of a dog. The Indian tradition is that this was the sacred bird which brought over their ancestors from Asia. Copies of the sacred bird are found in various forms all through Alaska. Having passed through all these and the great number of dishes and trays of carved wood, those executed by the Indians of Sitka island being of especial merit, the visitor entered into an examina- “ DUG-OUT” FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. tion of the methods pursued in and the work accomplished by the Indian schools, which was deeply interesting. In the nave, between the sections of the Interior Depart¬ ment and the Smithsonian Institute, was an immense canoe dug out of a single log of wood by the Indians of Vancouver’s island. It was sixty feet in length, with a breadth of beam of eight feet. Here also were two large “ totem posts,” from the Pacific coast. These posts are common among the Indian tribes of that region. To the uninformed, these “ totem posts” look like rude idols of wood, reared in front of and towering high above the houses of the natives, but in reality they are nothing but a sort of illustrated pedigree or family tree, or, more 622 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY simply, “name posts.” The Indian, when he takes a name for himself, from some real or supposed feature in his charac¬ ter, such as “ The Dove,” “ The Shark,” is accustomed to tattoo the rude figure of the animal suggested by his name upon his arm or breast. The Northwest Coast Indians still further illustrate their names and family history by erecting in front of their houses tall posts of cedar, cut into combinations of human and animal forms. Each of these representations illustrates a generation in the pedigree of the owner. These posts are not worshipped, though they are supposed by the Indians to exercise a protecting in¬ fluence over their houses. The Education Office was in charge of its Commissioner, General John Eaton. It made an interesting exhibit of models of country and town school-houses of the past and present times, and college buildings; specimens of school furniture and apparatus; a collection of school text books, showing the progress made in these works from those used at the opening of the century to those in use to-day; catalogues of colleges, schools, ^nd charitable and benevolent institutions; statistics of education in the United States; the reports and publications of the office; and a number of other matters of interest qcf.fx cHARi/mr. islands, connected with the progress and present in the united states gov- condition of the educational systems of this ERNMENT BUILDING. , ,. . . and other countries. The Census Office exhibited a complete set of the Decennial censuses of the United States from 1790 to 1870, with the “ Statistical Atlas of 1870.” The Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories was shown by the reports and bulletins of the various expeditions, topographical and geographical atlases, wall maps and charts, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 623 panoramic photographs, paintings, etc. The windows in this section of the hall were filled with photographs of the scenery and geological formations of the vast region between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of noted peaks, plateaux, and valleys of this region was shown by means of topographical plaster work, variously colored, the colors being numbered with reference to an explanatory sched¬ ule. There were also models of the present condition of the ancient cliff habitations of the aboriginal inhabitants of Arizona and New Mexico, and models of the same restored. VIEW OF SECTION OF FISH EXHIBIT, UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. The Smithsonian Institution and Commission on American Food Fishes. The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution was full of inter¬ est to the ordinary sight-seer, as well as to the scholar. The publications of the institution, its contribution to general knowl¬ edge, and its method of exchange with foreign institutions were shown. Then followed an exhibit of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources of the United States. This was very complete, and was in charge of Mr. G. Browne Goode. The exhibit was divided into four sections. The first section included North American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to man. The species which supply food, clothing, shelter, imple- 624 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY merits, materials, or amusement, were classed as useful, while those which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals or plants which are of direct benefit to him, were considered injurious. The most prominent group in this section was a collection of pennepedia, such as fur-seals, sea- lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-elephants and walrus. There were two specimens of stuffed walrus exhibited, one from the North Atlantic and one from the North Pacific. The last mentioned was one of the most striking objects in the col¬ lection, as it. was fully fifteen feet in length and possessed of hard, strong horns, almost two feet long. Its fur was of a soft dark brown, which contrasted strangely with its ferocious ap¬ pearance. A harp seal exhibited near was equally ugly, while the monster sea-lion stood with lionine head and body erect, looking for all the world like some king of the forest suddenly turned into a lion-mermaid or merman. The fur-seals were all beautiful creatures, gracefully proportioned and clothed with the soft, rich, brown fur which gives them so great a commer¬ cial value. Near this collection was a group of fissipedia, such as bears, wolves, foxes, etc. These animals were classified as both useful and injurious to man, some of them being valuable as food, others for their fur, ivory, etc., while they are injurious as being the enemies either of man or domestic animals. In this group a magnificent specimen of the grizzly bear was shown, and also large polar bears. A few steps farther on was an entirely different group, com¬ posed of representative species of the ungulata. There were among these two musk oxen from Arctic America, both much resembling the American bison in general appearance, but having the horns gracefully curved downwards instead of up¬ wards. A pretty prong-horn antelope from the Yellowstone river stood near these ferocious-looking animals, and immedi¬ ately behind it was a rare specimen of the American elk. This animal stood over five feet ten inches high, while its head towered almost two feet above its body. The antlers stretched far above both, and in spite of their seeming weight and an¬ gular lines gave the animal an air of grace and lightness com- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 625 bined with strength. Two very homely Rocky mountain goats were seen near this noble animal, and the contrast was not complimentary to the goats, whose blunted features, grizzly beards and awkward forms were thus brought out in unpleas¬ antly bold relief. The Rocky mountain sheep exhibited was a much more comely animal, its large heavy horns having a sickle shape, which lessened the effect of their length and weight. A mule- deer from Central America was not a particularly interesting animal, but near it was a beautiful specimen of the woodland caribou, captured in Maine; it was of a lovely fawn color, and had long sinewy limbs, denoting both strength and fleetness. Another caribou, from the northeastern part of the continent, attracted much attention by its tremendous antlers, which seemed entirely out of proportion. Several Virginia deer and two large bison were also exhibited, and not far from them was a peccary, which, except in size, much resembled the wild boar of England. There was no exhibit of birds, reptiles, or insects, although the uses of many of them were shown in another por¬ tion of the department. In addition to a full display of water and land animals there were also exhibited the various means employed in their pursuit and capture by hunters, trappers, and fishermen of North America, aboriginal and civilized. This collection may be regarded as a monograph of all matters relating to the chase and the fisheries of the country. In its arrangement the prin¬ ciples of zoological classification were closely followed, each distinct form being considered as a species, and the specific forms divided into genera, families, and orders, according to the general balance of the affinities. Thus, barbed instru¬ ments were placed with hooked instruments, while plain spears and lances were grouped with knives and clubs, in order to pre¬ serve the idea of their manner of use. The weapons in the first group consisted of instruments used for striking, such a§ salmon clubs, used by the Indians of the northwest coast, fishing clubs, and hunting clubs of various kinds. Among these were the stone-headed and tooth and bone-pointed clubs,, and clubs armed 40 626 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY with metal points, all of which have been used by the abo¬ rigines. Then there was a large collection of hunting-dirks, daggers, hunting-knives, scalp-knives, blubber-knives, board¬ ing, bowie, flaying, splitting, breeding and sheath-knives. Among the group of axes were tomahawks, hatchets, boat- hatchets, cleavers and whale spades. There was a large display of fishing and whale lances, hunting spears, and prodding awls used in the piercing of the brain in killing fish for the table. In the second division were the grasp¬ ing instruments, or those by which the power of the fingers is extended. These were classified with scoops, which included clam-shovels, trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals, hand dredges used in collecting mullusks, pile-scrapers, etc. ; hooked instruments, such as gaff-hooks, jigs, grappling irons, lip-hooks or grapnels (used by whalers and oyster-rakers). Among the barbed instruments were harpoons, spears of varicur. kinds, lily-irons, and dolphin-irons. There was also a large display of oyster and coral tongues, jerk-snares, lariats, and lassos, and bird-slings used by the Esquimaux. There were likewise dredge-tangles used by English collectors. In the group ol missiles were exhibited weight and dead-falls, the throw-sticks used by the Moqui Indians, of New Mexico, in hunting rabbits; boomerangs, slings, and spears, thrown by straps; spears, with throwing-sticks, used by the Esquimaux; bows and arrows, cross-bows, air-guns, water-guns, etc. All these implements were very curious, and while many of them are familiar to all, many more are now rarely seen, even on exhibition, and never seen in use. The collection of fire-arms was equally interesting, as it in¬ cluded guns and pistols from the most primitive form known to hunters to the beautiful rifles and revolvers of the present. The display began with a number of muzzle-loading arms with smooth bores, muskets, fowling-pieces, cane-guns, and so on upward through various kinds of rifles and rifle-carbines to breech-loading arms. In the latter group were revolving car¬ bines, pistols, revolvers, whaling-guns and harpoon guns. The various kinds of ammunition used were shown in the same de OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 627 partment, and included shot, explosive bullets, shells, wadding, shot and powder measure, and cartridges. Even the accessories of loading, cleaning, repairing, sighting, and testing fire-arms of all kinds used in hunting were also shown in the same de¬ partment. In another group were arranged angling tackle of all kinds, set tackle, angling apparatus, and nets of every conceivable shape and size, from the rabbit nets used by the Indians of the Southwest to the largest seines. Among the traps were pocket- traps, pit-falls, turkey-traps, the old-fashioned figure four rabbit- traps, snares, springers, automatic dead falls, spring-guns, etc. The various kinds of apparatus used for wholesale destruction, such as poisons, asphyxiators, torpedoes, etc., were all represented in another group, and it is in fact difficult to conceive how such an exhibition could be made more complete. This section also included an exhibit of the means of util¬ izing the various animals for food, and for the uses of com¬ merce and manufacture, and of preserving them for scientific use. The Collection to Illustrate the Fishery Resources of the United States was exhibited in connection with the display of the Smith¬ sonian Institution, and was partly covered by the collection just described. It was very large and valuable, as it embraced photo¬ graphs or plaster casts of almost all the fishes found in the lakes, rivers, streams, bays and coasts of North America. The ex¬ hibit included in the pedecidati sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish used for bait, mouse-fish, etc. ; and, in the next genera, sun, rabbit, porcupine, swell, box, trunk, cow, file, and trigger-fish. From the porcupine-fish helmets are made, while oils used in medicine are obtained from the sun-fish. The sea-horse, pipe-fish, snipe, and trumpet-fish and sticklebacks were next exhibited, and near them were species of the teleocephali, such as soles, flounders, flat-fish, turbot, halibut, cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cusk, turbot, rockling, lance, etc. In the next group were casts of the wolf-fish, blenny, toad-fish, sea-snail, goby, sea- robin, gwinard, sculpin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hem- durgun, redfish, rock-cod, from the western coast; black-fish or 628 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY tautog, cunner or chogset, parrot-fish, from the Pacific. There were also in this collection some fine samples of the sturgeon^ anglo, sword, bayonet, and scabbard-fish; several casts of chac- todous mackerel, cero, tunny, bonito, pompana, pilot-fish, and dolphin. The more common inhabitants of our waters, such as bass, porgies, perch, blue-fish, etc., were all represented by casts taken from excellent specimens. Several fine casts of the gar-fish and flying-fish attracted much attention, and near them was a group of haplomi , such as blind-fish, pike, pickerel, etc. Among the more interesting specimens were casts of the clumaira or king of the herrings, skates, devil-fish, and sharks. These enemies of man and fishes possessed many interesting peculiarities which could be studied at leisure and in safety at the Government Building, and were, of course, objects of no little curiosity. All the apparatus used in the capture of these animals was exhibited in another part of the building, and this display in¬ cluded angling tackle of all kinds, from the delicate fly to the shark gear, set tackle, such as surface, floating trowl, and bottom set lines, together with all the parts and accessories of angling apparatus and of harpoon and seine lines. Among these were trout, salmon, cod and halibut hooks, jigs, and the blue-fish drails made of bone and metal of the Newport, Noank, Provi¬ dence and Provincetown patterns. Adjoining this was a display of whalers’ chains and lines, fluke chains and ropes, head-picks, blocks, pendants, sinkers, seine-floats, reels, gunwale-winches, dredge-line rollers, seine-windlasses, etc. A most interesting subdivision of this department was a col¬ lection of boats used in fishing. These included birch canoes and the whaling canoes used by the Indians of the northwest coast, Kyaks, Umiaks, Indian raft-boats, launches, ancient “ dug-outs,” scows, oyster-boats, seine boats for lake and sea use, Potomac seine-boats, dorys, sharpnis, dingies, the Italian fishing- boats, now used in California, Adirondack, and Alexandria bay boats, and mackerel and oyster smacks. The herring, Mackinaw, Huron, Norwegian and other boats used in the great lake fisheries were also exhibited by models. Near the western boun- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 629 dary of the section were five cases filled with models of fishing craft used by Indians. These implements were of course rude in construction, and yet they were evidently well adapted for the purposes for which they were intended. On three of these cases were placed specimens of the Atwood shark, a man-eater found in the Atlantic ocean, and the sand-shark and horse-mackerel which inhabit the waters off the eastern coasts of America. In one large, handsome case was exhibited by models the means of pursuit and capture of the whale, and the manner in which it is prepared for market. In the centre of a green, wavy surface, representing the ocean, was a beautiful model of a full- rigged whaler, while a little farther off was a whale-boat and a crew in pursuit of their prey. The harpooning or striking the whale was shown by another model, while, in still another, was a boat-crew watching the animal in its “ death-flurry.” Some of the dangers of whaling were represented by a boat in the jaws of the enraged monster of the deep, while the crew were strug¬ gling in the waves. By the side of the ship was a whale just captured, and the manner in which the pieces are drawn on board was shown by a complete reproduction of all the imple¬ ments and apparatus necessary for the work. The oil is taken from the head in buckets, but the pieces of the back are hauled one at a time on board, and from this flesh oil of a second grade is obtained by boiling. Not far from this was a case of models of fish-ways of all kinds, and an exhibit of hooks completed the display. The Collection to Illustrate the Ethnology of the United States was exhibited conjointly with that of the Indian Bureau of the Interior Department, and was in charge of Dr. Charles Row. It comprised objects of flaked and chipped, and pecked, ground and polished stone, used by the primitive inhabitants of America, such as arrow and spear-heads, perforators and scrapers, cut¬ ting and sawing implements, chisels, gouges, axes, hammers, adzes, ceremonial weapons, stone vessels, pipes, tubes, ornaments and sculptures; objects of copper, bone, shell, pottery and terra¬ cotta ware; carvings on wood; skulls; mummies; samples of food, and models, drawings and samples of articles of common 630 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY use to illustrate the habits, daily life, pastimes, religion and war¬ fare of the ancient Indian tribes. The Collection to Illustrate the Mineral Resources of the United States was in charge of W. P. Blake. The principal objects of this collection of the useful ores and minerals of the country were to illustrate: 1st. The nature and variety of the mineral resources of the United States; 2d. The geographical distribu¬ tion and geological associations of the minerals; 3d. The extent to which they have been utilized; 4th. The mechanical, metal¬ lurgical and chemical processes by which they are extracted or converted into useful products; 5th. The inherent and compara¬ tive qualities of the extractive products. A portion of the col¬ lection was arranged according to the nature of the objects, irrespective of locality, but the bulk of the exhibition was grouped geographically by States. There was also a section devoted to models and drawings, and one to geological maps and graphic charts. This collection occupied the northeast portion of the Government Building, upon the right of the main aisle. The Treasury Department. The exhibit of the Treasury Department was small, and was located in the north end of the building. It was confined chiefly to the Revenue Departments. Specimens of all the treasury notes, fractional currency and other bills issued by the government, and notes of various de¬ nominations issued by national banks, were displayed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. In a small but handsomely fitted-up court the Supervising Architect of the Treasury exhibited a fine plaster model of the Custom House and Post-office at Nashville, Tennessee, and drawings of the custom houses and post-offices of the principal ports of entry of the Union. Here was a case of all the medals struck at the United States Mint, at Philadelphia, and here were samples of all the revenue stamps used by the Treasury in its various branches. Samples of liquors in barrels, and tobacco in packages were exhibited, in order to show the mode of collecting the revenue upon these articles; and here were OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 631 samples of the testing apparatuses and scales, and the locks used by the department. The Coast Survey Office exhibited maps and charts of the coast and the various rivers, bays, harbors, etc., of the country, with models of the appliances by which the work of this branch of the public service is carried on. The Lighthouse Board exhibited specimens of the various lights used on our coast, and of the means employed to supply the various light stations both ashore and afloat. Here was a large rotary lantern, one of the most striking objects to be seen within the building. This beautiful piece of workmanship stood over fifteen feet from the floor, and was covered with prisms which gleamed like the fabled gems of the Orient. But these pretty pieces of crystal were not placed in the lantern for ornament; every prism had its individual duty to perform in so refracting the rays of light that they will gleam out upon the night, not in diverging and ever-weakening directions, but in parallel lines which retain their brightness for miles. Reflect ors are also used, and as these are parabolical in shape the effect is the same; every ray is caught and reflected in a band of light, which preserves its brilliancy for an almost infinite distance. These lanterns therefore utilize every ray of light and send them forth in parallel lines in any direction. The details of these lanterns are so complete that even the few rays which do not pass through the prism are reflected at such angles as to make them parallel with those refracted; so it will be seen that not a single ray or portion of a ray is lost. The effect is, of course, to give forth a gleam which no sailor near a dangerous coast could fail to see, and which, warning him in time, must be often blessed as the halo above the forehead of a guardian angel. These lamps were of six classes, the first for projecting headlands, the second for less prominent points, and the smaller lights for narrow seas, or passages, rivers, etc. The largest lamp on exhibition was what is known as a revolving or flash¬ light ; it was run by clock-work, which received its power from a weight suspended in the tower on which it was placed, and only required winding about once in every five hours. The 632 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY object of the flash-light is, of course, to indicate the locality on which it is stationed, so that no mariner can possibly be mis¬ led by it. The flashes can be made at intervals of from sixty to ten seconds, and as these intervals are understood by pilots, they can at once recognize their bearing and act accordingly. In the three larger lamps lard oil is used, while in the others petroleum has been found most effective, as it gives a more in¬ tense light. The experiment of using petroleum in the larger lanterns has been carefully made, but it was found that the increased heat emanating from the argand burners volatizes the mineral oil so rapidly that the lenses become coated with carbon. With lard oil the illuminating power of these lanterns is equal to that of from 350 to 450 wax candles. In the same depart¬ ment were two range-lights similar in size to those which are being erected on the Delaware. These Delaware towers are so located in relation to each other that a pilot coming up the river at night will need only to so steer his boat as to see but one light; that is, make one light hide the other, and he will have no difficulty in keeping the channel. These lights are provided with a parabolical reflector, and are, of course, stationary. Among the other lighthouse exhibits were several floating lamps, which can be anchored off of any shoal. The Navy Department. The Navy Department occupied the southeast section of the Government Building, and made a large and attractive display of the workings of its various branches. Its section was taste¬ fully draped with bunting, and from the roof hung the various flags used by the navy from its origin down to the adoption of the stars and stripes, the pennants of the various grades of com¬ modore, admiral flags, and the various signals in use by the service. The portraits of the secretaries of the navy, from the establishment of the government to the present time, and of the naval heroes of our wars, were hung around the section, and added to the attractiveness and interest of the display. At the western end of the section, fronting the transept, were OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 633 two powerful marine engines, one a compound screw engine of 800 horse-power; the other a back-acting condensing engine of 500 horse-power. Immediately in the rear of these were two compound marine boilers, each eight feet in diameter; and close by were specimens of the cutter engine with vertical boiler. These were exhibited by the Steam Engineering Branch of the Department. The Ordnance Branch displayed its publications and reports, which hold a high rank among professional men. It exhibited a number of torpedoes, both automatic, stationary and movable. The first torpedo ever used in this country was shown, and the various improvements were exhibited in a progressive manner until perfection was reached in the Ericsson and Lay torpedoes. The Lay is considered the most perfect movable torpedo known. One of these here exhibited was made of wrought-iron plates, had somewhat the shape of two cones joined at their bases, and was about eighteen feet long and two and a half feet in diameter. Its interior was divided into four sections, separated by bulk¬ heads. In the forward section was placed the charge of seventy- five pounds of dynamite, or three hundred pounds of powder, on the outside of the shell being the concussion fuses. In the second section were vessels of carbonic acid gas, which furnished the motive power to the engine, the latter operating the helm. The engine was connected by electric wire—a reel of which was in the third section—with the operator on land or shipboard, the electric current opening or closing the throttle-valve, and thus causing the streams of carbonic acid flowing through pipes to have the same effect upon the engine as steam. The after section contained the engine, which guided the infernal machine at the will of the operator. From each end of the torpedo rose a pole four or five feet long, bearing a signal flag, one being red and the other white, so that the operator can the better distin¬ guish a line in sighting. The signals appear just above water, the torpedo floating underneath, and, shark-like, awaiting its prey. It is sometimes sent out as far as three miles from the operator, and can be drawn back at will. The towing torpedo is towed alongside from the foreyard of a vessel, while the spar 634 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY torpedo is fixed upon a little craft of its own, above water, and upon spars extending out over the bow. The craft is despatched. upon its errand after the manner of the Lay. This branch also exhibited specimens and models of the vari¬ ous guns used in the naval service, and of small arms. Prominent in the formidable array of heavy guns were the Gatling battery gun, having a crank at the breech and a re¬ ceiver on top, into which the cartridges are dropped, the gunner turning the crank with his right hand and loading with his left, firing from sixty to eighty shots a minute, and thus grind¬ ing out death as though from a coffee-mill; and the terrible, raking Billinghurst battery, consisting of a horizontal layer of twenty-five guns, which are all fired simultaneously. Near these was an immense area of wall covered with shelving, upon which were specimens of all the varieties of guns now used or ever used by the United States marines; scabbards and swords, modern and ancient, handsome and ludicrously odd; also an almost endless variety of murderous-looking shells, grape-shot, canister and solid round shot—some new, others having been fired, but retaining perfect shape, and still others cracked, broken in pieces, dented or battered, the lot having doubtless maimed many a goodly ship, made daylight shine through stone walls and carried off many a poor tar’s head. Elsewhere there were large and handsome glass cases, containing thousands of models of forts, batteries, ordnance and weapons of all kinds used in naval service, torpedoes and the rigging and machinery of men-of-war. The two most curious features of the section were rusty and half-decayed weapons obtained from sunken war ships, and full uniformed figures representing Jack Tar in all the transformations he has undergone during the last hundred years. Instruments for inspecting heavy guns and for gauging and inspecting shot and shell were shown ; also samples of gun¬ powder, percussion powder, cartridges, rammers, scrapers, sponges, grenades, war rockets and ail the various articles which are used for the armament of a fighting ship, the old and new styles being shown side by side in many cases. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 635 The ordnance branch also exhibited papier-mach6 figures clad in the dress of the sailors and marines of the navy at the various periods of its history; and a number of interesting and valuable naval relics. In this collection were two small brass guns brought from Spain by Hernando Cortez, and used by him in the conquest of Mexico. The Navigation Branch exhibited navy bunting and navy flags, illustrating the present state of the bunting manufacture in the United States, as shown in the bunting made for the navy and known as “ navy-bunting,” and also the mode of making flags by dyeing in pattern. A machine for testing bunting was also shown. Here were specimens of logs to be used by hand or steam, with an exhibit of the improvements in Sir William Thomson’s Sounding Machine, and the various devices for detaching sinkers and bringing up specimens of bottom, water, etc. An ingenious apparatus for displaying signal-lights at night was also shown, and close by were cases of compasses for various uses, instru¬ ments for testing them, adjustable binnacles, sextants, quad¬ rants and the various apparatus used for determining latitude and longitude. The Naval Observatory exhibited its publications, photo¬ graphs of astronomical and other objects, and a series of fine chronometers. The observatory having for some time past been intimately connected with Arctic expeditions, and Rear-Admiral Davis, Superintendent of the Naval Observatory, being engaged in preparing an official narration of the expedition of the “ Po¬ laris,” a design was formed and carried out for a collection of relics of the celebrated Arctic and Antarctic explorers. In a high glass show-case, fourteen feet square, standing near a fine bust of Kane, were shown, on one side, the prismatic compass, transit, sextant and other instruments used by that intrepid navigator near the frigid wilds of Western Greenland; draw¬ ings and paintings of Arctic scenery and animal life, executed by himself, and the flag of the “ Advance,” the ship in which he made his second voyage; the three other sides of the case 636 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY contained relics of the expeditions of Hayes, Hall and Brad¬ ford ; the flag that Wilkes took on his Antarctic expedition in the ship “ Peacock,” the same flag being taken by Kane, Hayes and Hall also on their Arctic voyages; relics of Sir John Franklin’s expedition, including portions of his vessel secured by Captain Hall in his second expedition and brought back by him then, together with relics of Parry’s voyage; the journals kept by Hall in his “Polaris” expedition, and a fac-simile of the sledge made for Captain Hall by “Esquimaux Joe.” The Hydrographic Office exhibited the charts, books and other publications issued by it, which are of interest chiefly to professional seamen. The Nautical Almanac Office exhibited its publications, which showed the care and skill exercised in the control of this im¬ portant branch of the service. The Yard and Docks Branch exhibited handsome and care¬ ful ly prepared plans of the navy-yards at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Boston, New York, Washington, Norfolk, Pensa¬ cola and Mare Island, California. Here were also plans of the machinery in use at the principal navy-yards, photographs of the buildings, and perfect and elaborately executed models of the dry-docks at the Boston, New York, Norfolk and Mare Island navy-yards. The Equipment and Recruiting Branch exhibited a specimen of Young’s Ship Galley, with utensils for cooking for five hun¬ dred men ; life-boats, lanterns, and the various articles needed for the fitting up of a ship. In this section were coils of hide and Russian hemp ropes and man ilia lines of various lengths and thicknesses, some of the hempen cables being nine inches thick ; and coils and reels of steel-wire rope, some of which con¬ tained as much as one hundred and thirty-five fathoms, the thickness of the rope ranging from three-eighths of an inch to two inches in diameter. The Construction and Repair Branch exhibited against the eastern wall models of the hulls of the “ Constitution ” and a number of the other famous vessels of the navy, and in the nave fronting the War Department was a full-rigged model of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 637 the United States sloop-of-war “ Antietara.” The model was forty-one feet in length; was perfect from water-line to rail; was fully rigged, with sails, and carried twenty-two broadside guns. Every detail was perfect, and the vessel was one of the most beautiful and attractive pieces of workmanship in the hall. To the south of this model was a transverse section of the same vessel, on a smaller scale, showing the mode of construction of an American man-of-war. A full-rigged model of the old French line-of-battle ship “ Dante,” of about the year 1600, was close by, and the contrast between it and the model of the “Antietam ” showed almost at a glance the improvement that has been made in the construction of vessels of war. The Medical and Surgical Branch made a complete exhibit of the medicines and hospital stores used in the navy. Here were cases of the surgical instruments supplied in the service ; cots and stretchers for the transportation of the wounded in action ; beds with woven wire mattress; arrangements for venti¬ lating the holds of ships; a model, one thirty-second part the size of the original, of the “sick bay” of the famous ship “Hart¬ ford,” which, it will be remembered, was Farragut’s flagship during the late civil war. On the south wall of the section were photographs of the naval hospitals of the United States, and of the homes for disabled sailors and marines. A sectional model of the hospital ship “ Idaho,” showing all three decks, was included in this collection. The Pay , Provision and Clothing Branch exhibited clothing and materials for making the same issued in the navy; a pack¬ age showing the manner of packing clothing for sea; and speci¬ mens of rations and stores of all kinds issued to the men. Here also were specimens of the blanks, books, iron safes and locks used in the Paymaster’s department. The navy appeared to excellent advantage here, and showed in a striking manner the thoroughness and excellence which have always distinguished this branch of the public service of our country. 638 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The War Department The exhibit of the War Department occupied the northeast section of the building. It was quite large and included every branch of the military service, the thoroughness and efficiency of which were so well tested during the late civil war. The Signal Service claimed our attention at first. The exhibit was in charge of Lieutenant Grugan, and the principal part of it was a signal or weather station fully equipped and in opera¬ tion, with recording instruments, telegraph wires, a printing press and a full corps of observers. One set of instruments was in actual service, and other instruments recorded changes in the weather, which were wholly artificial, exaggerating their natural action so as to show the principle upon which they work. “This very important branch of the government service has been, to a very great extent, the creation of General Albert J. Myer, Chief Signal Officer, United States army, who is now familiarly known as ‘ Old Probabilities/ who, though he does not ‘regulate the weather/ does regulate the carrying of um¬ brellas and overshoes. Indeed, he received the thanks of a prominent brother officer in charge of the opening ceremonies on the 10th instant for ordering up, under the most discourag¬ ing circumstances, the few hours of sunshine which rendered those services so enjoyable. “ General Myer was in command of the Signal Corps during the war, a corps which rendered very important services in com¬ municating information across districts where it would have been impracticable for the United States Military Telegraph Corps to have run its wires. At the close of the war, however, there was little left for this corps to do, the Telegraph Corps was abolished, having only a quasi military status, and General Myer was called upon to organize a system of daily weather reports in connection with his Signal Service Corps. This his studies and tastes admirably fitted him for, and the work was begun. “ Records have long been kept at all the military stations, and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 639 much of the ground-work of a correct system had been already prepared. The Smithsonian Institution too had, with limited means and volunteer observers, developed the science of fore¬ telling the weather and tracing the course of storms to a greater extent than any other organized effort had ever done. The weakness of all methods, however, had been in the fact that volunteer observers, though enthusiastic, could not be relied upon; for, to suit their own convenience, or through uninten¬ tional neglect, the observations were not made at the proper moment, or were made by unskilled persons. “ Genera] Myer started out with the principle that the ob¬ servers should be not only qualified but should be under strict military discipline. In this way only could reliable data be obtained. He therefore accepted none but enlisted men for observers, and these were first instructed in their duties before being put into service. “Observing stations were established at all the important cities in the Union, and at every sea and lake port which was accessible by telegraph. Many other important seaports have since been reached by a coast line of telegraph, built for the purpose by this department. At these stations observations are made three times in the twenty-four hours, at intervals of eight hours, all being made at the same instant of time. The results of these observations are sent immediately by telegraph, by the operators connected with the signal office, to the office of Gen¬ eral Myer, at Washington, and from these data skilled officers make up the ‘ probabilities’ for each locality, which are so universally consulted by the readers of the morning papers before they venture over their thresholds. The predictions and the reports from all the stations are telegraphed to each station. The observers note, first, the state of the barometer; second, the state of the thermometer; third, the humidity of the atmosphere; fourth, the rainfall; fifth, the direction and velocity of the wind. For this purpose each office is provided with a barometer, a thermometer, a wet and dry bulb thermometer, a rain-gauge and an anemometer. “ The display at the Government Building was intended to 640 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY show a signal station with all these appliances, and with many others which are now in use, or being tested at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. The above-named instruments, as ex¬ hibited, were all self-registering, and made a record fuller and more accurate than any made by human observers. They were all of American invention, and were principally by gentlemen connected with the service. “ Lieutenant Gibbon’s barograph or self-registering barometer is the usual syphon-shaped mercurial barometer, in tiie short leg of which an iron float rests upon the column of mercury. The slightest change in the level of the column makes this float rise or fall, and its motion is communicated by a cord running over a pulley to the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet. The arma¬ ture of the magnet communicates its motion to a pen which dots the surface of a cylinder moved slowly by clockwork, thus registering the slightest change and the exact moment of its occurrence. The paper with which the surface of the cylinder is covered is ruled to cover a space of fourteen days, and as each paper is removed it is filed away as a permanent record of that period of time. Foreman’s barograph is in its leading charac¬ teristics like the one above described, and has also an attachment which automatically prints in figures each change of one- thousandth of an inch. “ Hough’s thermograph is a self-registering thermometer. It consists of a syphon tube, a short leg of which is expanded into a larger tube with a closed end. In this short leg is placed alcohol, which is confined there by a column of mercury in the longer leg, which is open at the top. The thermometer operates by the contraction and expansion of the spirits by cold or heat, raising the column of mercury as the spirits expand, and letting it sink as it contracts. Upon the surface of the mercury is a float, which rises and falls with the column, and by a very deli¬ cate apparatus operates a circuit-breaker of an electro-magnetic circuit. This again, as in the case of the barograph, is made to record the changes on a revolving cylinder. “ A marine barograph is constructed much like the one first described, except that the tube containing the mercury is made OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 641 of iron instead of glass. It has an attachment to hang it up by, which keeps it always in a perpendicular position. “ Eccard’s evapograph is an instrument for determining the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and registering the^ result. This is determined by the rapidity with which water exposed to the atmosphere will evaporate. The instrument is an open cylindrical vessel filled with water, resting upon a delicate scale; as the water evaporates the vessel is lightened and rises, the slightest change being sufficient to operate the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet, which, as in other instru¬ ments, records the changes on the cylinder moved by clock¬ work. The motion, of course, is always upward, as evapora¬ tion continually goes on with greater or less rapidity. “ Gibbon’s electrical rain and snow gauge records, in like manner, the depth of the rain or melted snow which falls in any given time. A receiver is situated on the roof of the building, the area of the upper section of which is a certain number of times as great as the base of the cylinder of the instrument with which it is connected by a tube. Upon the water in the lower cylinder is a float, which, as it rises, communicates its motion by an electro-magnet to the recording apparatus as before described. “ Eccard’s rain-gauge dispenses with the electro-magnet, the float communicating its motion by a counterpoise to the clock¬ work. This is a very simple and effective instrument. “ Gibbon’s anemograph measures and records the velocity and direction of the wind. Upon the roof of the observing station four hemispherical cups, placed vertically on horizontal arms, catch the slightest movement of the air and cause the arms to revolve. A certain number of revolutions equalling in the distance travelled one mile of distance travelled by the wind, closes an electric circuit, and an electro-magnet records the same on a revolving cylinder. This cylinder, moving by clock-work, should there be no movement of the magnet, will cause the pencil to make a long, straight line; with a high wind the record is frequently made, and the line is broken up into longer or shorter sections, corresponding with the velocity of the wind. 41 642 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The direction is indicated on another cylinder. There are four magnetic circuits connecting with the four points at the weather- vane, corresponding with the four points of the compass. Once in four minutes the clock-work makes a record, and that record is made by the pen of whichever circuit the weather-vane has at the time closed. Eccard’s anemograph dispenses with the electric circuit, and makes ilfc record on the cylinder by entirely mechanical means. The weather-vane in turning revolves the rod to which it is attached, which communicates its motion directly, or by gearing, to the pen, without the intervention of an electro-magnet. “ The above-described instruments are thought to be the most reliable of any invented, and are in every respect the most simple in construction. The anemograph, or wind instrument, is perfectly satisfactory; and Eccard’s barograph, or self¬ registering barometer, is the most perfect and simple of any yet invented. The limited appropriations made to the department make it impossible to introduce these wonderful and almost intelligent instruments into all the offices. The only recording instrument used in all offices is the simplest form of anemo¬ graph, which notes the velocity of the wind. The barometers, thermometers, rain gauges and humidity thermometers are all read by the eye of the observer at stated times, with the possible liability to errors either of the eye or hand, and the entire lack of a record of the time intervening between the observations. “ The publication branch of the office is also equipped and in operation in this display. Each morning a chart is printed showing the results of the observations taken at 7.35 A. M., with the prophecies concerning the weather for the day. The observers send their reports by telegraph to the Chief Signal Officer at Washington in cipher, for the double purpose of securing accuracy in the transmission and brevity in the despatch. These reports are translated, and ‘Old Probabil¬ ities ’ forecasts the weather from these data. General Myer himself sometimes dees this and his predictions are generally verified; Lieutenant Craig, Lieutenant Dunwoody and Pro- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 643 fessor Abbee usually perform this work, each taking his turn for one month, while the others are assigned to other duties, such as the verification of the prophecies from the returns received at a later date, and editing the publications made daily, weekly and monthly of the phenomena observed. In the daily bulle¬ tin is the synopsis of the reports, the probabilities, and the verification or failure of the prophecies. The weekly bulletin gives a resume of the observations of the week, noting the com¬ mencement and progress of storms, their duration and other circumstances connected with them. The monthly bulletin is of a similar character, becoming more general in its nature. Reports are also received by mail from similar organizations in various parts of the world, and by means of these the whole route of a storm can frequently be tracked from its inception in the Rocky mountain range, where the greater number originate, to where they leave our shore, and, crossing the Atlantic, break on the western coast of Europe, traversing that continent to a greater or less extent. Many reports are sent in by masters of vessels, and thus an almost connected account of any remark¬ able storm is obtained. In fact, it is hoped that, with proper support, the time is not far distant when vessels will be specially commissioned to take these observations in mid-ocean. u The charts printed at the various stations each day are posted in conspicuous places for the benefit of seafaring men and others, and their predictions are the guide to outward- bound vessels. In fact, the skipper who should take out his craft from an Atlantic port after the danger signal had been raised and the bulletin had informed him that a cyclone had started up the coast, would be regarded as a most reckless man to have charge of a vessel. “ It may be interesting to know how the data received point out the course of a storm. Long experience has shown that cer¬ tain conditions of barometer and thermometer produce certain or nearly certain results. For instance, by taking a weather chart and drawing a line through all of the stations where the barometer is lowest, and drawing another line through all the stations with highest barometer, it will be observed from 644 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the arrows showing the direction of the wind that they all point from the latter line to the former line, or area of low barometer. These low or high barometer areas move usually a little to the north of east, and, with two observations as a basis of calcula¬ tion, their velocity can be readily determined. Occasionally two or more low barometer areas or storm centres will unite in one grand storm. Observations have shown that the cyclones which start from the West Indies take one of two routes, or divide and pass over both. They come northward to the southern coast of Florida, then follow the Gulf Stream north¬ ward, or dash westward through the Gulf of Mexico, or divide at that point and go both ways. “ These daily charts are not alone valuable to the navigator, but are distributed for the benefit of the farmers. At a post- office distributing station, like Philadelphia, the midnight re¬ port is printed and goes out in the early morning mails to every post-office where it can be received early enough to be of service. These charts are hung up in the post-offices, and are consulted with much interest. The signs of the coming weather, which are usually looked for in the horns of the moon, in the dew upon the grass, in the pigs carrying straws, in the wind ‘back¬ ing round/ and other mysterious and ambiguous methods of getting up a wise prophecy, are now looked upon with deserved contempt in the rural districts, and the prophet who uses them is verily without honor in his own country. “ Lieutenant Grugan has constructed some appliances by which the apparatus on exhibition will be made to work rapidly enough to satisfy the most impatient sight-seer. He will raise the wind from any quarter, and at any rate of speed, from ten to sixty miles an hour, which will set the apparatus, elevated a few feet above the heads of the spectators, in motion. This is accom¬ plished by means of a fan near the engine-house, which forces a current of air through pipes to the required spot. A shower- bath arrangement will produce an artificial rain-fall; the other instruments will work in the building without aid.” The field work of the Signal Service is of little consequence in time of peace, but during a war it is of the highest impor- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 645 tance, as it is by means of it that distant portions of the army communicate with each other in the presence of an enemy. The display of it was made partly in the building and partly in the grounds to the westward of the building. The flags, books, and smaller instruments used by the Signal Corps were exhibited in the building. In the grounds was a complete field telegraph train, fully equipped and ready to erect fifty miles of portable telegraph line. A portable signal tower, constructed of light iron bars, rose to a height of seventy-two feet, and at its base were the wagons designed for its transportation. Here were the semaphore apparatus, signal flags, torches, rockets, bombs, mortars, colored lights, and other apparatus used for communi¬ cating with troops in the field and with vessels. One of these is called a “ heliograph,” and is a large mirror which transmits signals by sending flashes of the sun in different directions and at regular intervals. The Quartermaster's Department exhibited a number of fig¬ ures clothed in the uniforms used at various times in the Amer¬ ican army from the Revolution to the present day. In this section were shown the tents, cooking utensils and tools, musical instruments, blankets and beds, and machinery for cutting out clothing and making shoes used in the army. Here also were the portable forges, and the horse-shoes, in use at present, and a complete exhibit of the system of farriery practised in the service. The wagon train was placed out of doors to the north of the building, and has been already referred to. The Engineer Corps made one of the most interesting exhibits in the building. Maps and drawings of the great works con¬ structed on the coast, the improvements of rivers, lakes, and harbors from 1776 to 1876, were shown. Harbor improvements were illustrated by models of the dif¬ ferent kinds of crib-work used in building piers on our great lakes, by drawings and models of improved dredge-boats, snag- boats, and grapples, by a fine model of the pier built on iron- screw piles at Lewes, Delaware, and by a model of the work at Hell Gate, New York, showing in miniature all the details of that important undertaking. This model was so arranged that 646 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the bed of the river could be raised, disclosing all the galleries which were driven underneath it. Next to this model was a model of a steam-drilling scow, used in drilling holes for blast¬ ing rock under water where the current is very rapid. The peculiarity of the scow is a large iron dome, which can be lowered to the bed of the river, and inside of which divers can carry on their submarine work without being troubled by the current, no matter how rapid it may be. Military engineering was illustrated by models made by Ser¬ geant Benson, of the engineer battalion, on a scale of one inch to the foot, of a complete pontoon train. These models, com¬ prising wagons, boats, trestles, forge, tool-wagon, and every¬ thing pertaining to a pontoon bridge, were made of black walnut and German silver, and were accurate to the smallest particular. The way the bridge is built was shown on a glass river, constructed for the purpose. Hanging above the model bridge train were a wicker gabion, iron gabion, and sap fagot. Near by were samples of intrenching tools. A very interesting table was the one containing the various kinds of torpedoes and the electrical apparatus connected there¬ with, and in a glass tank were shown models of the same things in the water, so that one could see exactly how these terrible weapons of defence are arranged in actual warfare. In another tank was a model of an iron crate, with what are called pressure- plugs, used to determine the force of explosion of dynamite under water. These models were made by Sergeant Nolty, of the battalion of engineers. One large table was devoted to models of counter¬ poise gun-carriages, which are devices by means of which heavy guns can be lowered below the parapet, loaded with safety from the enemy’s fire, and raised again to be fired, and all with the greatest ease. The display of instruments pertaining to geodesy, meteorology, and astronomy, was very fine, and spoke volumes for the knowl¬ edge and ability possessed by our engineer officers. A model of a sounding machine was interesting to hydro- graphers. By it twenty soundings can be taken in a minute OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 647 and automatically recorded. Quite a striking display was that of specimens of building stone, from over one hundred different quarries. These specimens were four inch cubes, with one side polished, and were arranged on a black velvet pyramid, which showed them off to great advantage. A complete display was made of the various articles needed for the equipment of the Engineer Corps of the army in active service. The pontoon train was exhibited in the grounds north of the building. In the ha.4 were field photographic instru¬ ments, siege and mining tools, and reconnoissance instruments. The Ordnance Service exhibited its large guns outside of the building, as has been stated. The display within the hall was large, and merited the most careful study. The manufacture of arms was shown in the most admirable manner. Here was seen in practical operation all the rifle¬ making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring- field, Massachusetts, could crowd into the limited space. The skilful men operatives began with the round bars of steel and the long blocks of black walnut, turning out complete the handsome weapons of death almost as rapidly as the latter could be made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnut was applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds was perfectly gun-shaped; then to the borer, which pre¬ pared it for the lock in one more minute. It was then a finished stock. To enumerate all the other machines used before coming to the gun-barrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the receiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin and tang-screw machines, would be attempting too much in this space. All of them were of gigantic strength, and yet their construction was as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irregularity in their operation, not even to the ex¬ tent of the one-thousandth part of an inch. The barrel is bored out by three or four augers of different and regularly increasing size. One of these guns, a Springfield breech-loading rifle, is wrought upon by no less than 550 different operatives before it is perfect. These manage 1200 machines, and the number of guns which they can turn out in a day of eight hours is about 648 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 400. The bayonet-grinder attracted hundreds about him. The bayonet having been wrought into nearly perfect shape, he took and applied it to a fine-grained grindstone, making 1500 revo¬ lutions per minute. The sparks did not fly ; they flew straight out like the tail of a comet. It is known, of course, that all this machinery was operated by steam, the engine-house being immediately outside the main building. In the adjoining section the manufacture of cartridges and bullets was in progress. Nine women were employed in making cartridges, there being as many different machines, and through these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge. There was the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollar, and then punches them through a hole, shaping them like a cup. Sev¬ eral other cupping machines, differing only in the diameter of the hole, each in turn took the cup and lengthened it, until finally it was headed in another machine, had the fulminated cap in¬ serted in another, the charge in another, and the bullet in the last. Here were models of gun-plants and forges, illustrating the whole process of cannon making. Gatling and other battery guns were shown, and small models of field artillery as well as the guns themselves. Caissons and artillery forges, models of sea-coast and siege guns, showing the manner of using them in barbette and casemate batteries, and a series of Whitworth, Sut¬ cliffe, Mann, Moffat, and Hotchkiss breech-loading field rifle- guns were exhibited. Close by were several handsome brass guns, bearing the name and arms of Louis XVI., King of France, presented to the United States by Lafayette during the Revolution. Along the wall was arranged a collection of all the various styles of guns and pistols ever used in the United States army, from the old flint-lock of the Revolution up to the splendid breech-loading rifle of to-day. Here were several Chinese and Japanese match-locks, and a match-lock of the fourteenth cen¬ tury, one of the first guns made after the adoption of fire-arms in European warfare. Pyramids of shot and shell stood about OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 649 the section, showing all the various projectiles used in warfare. Here were mountain howitzers, their carriages and also ammu¬ nition chests—all on pack-saddles—just as they are carried over mountains or bad roads on the backs of mules ; stuffed uniformed figures of cavalry-men on the backs of papier-mach6 horses; the mortal and stuffed remains of the famous trotter, George M. Patchen, hitched to a carriage containing a Gatling gun; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon (for field use, discharging eighty rounds of shells or canister-shot per minute), and a section of oak which stood inside the intrenchments near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut down by musket balls in an attempt to recapture the works previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, May 12th, 1864. In contrast with the splendid cannon of to-day were a num¬ ber of old guns cast at Philadelphia and Germantown during the Revolution. Plans of the United States arsenals were exhibited, and at the western end of the section was a handsome model of the arsenal and grounds at Rock Island, Illinois. The space occupied by the War Department was handsomely draped with flags, and was ornamented with fine portraits of the secretaries of war, and the most distinguished generals of the army. The Post Hospital. The Medical Section of the army made no exhibit in the Government Building, but confined its display to the Post Hospital, which stood in the government grounds to the north of the principal building. The hospital was a plain but neat frame structure, two stories in height, with a wide piazza run¬ ning all around it. It was designed to show a complete post¬ hospital of twenty-four beds of full size. The principal room on the lower floor showed the arrangement of the beds, and the conveniences provided in the army hospitals for attending to the wants of the sick and wounded. The treatment of wounds and other hurts was illustrated by papier-mach6 figures placed in the beds in the positions necessary to the proper treatment of such injuries. Upon the walls of the room and the halls ad- POST HOSPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 650 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 651 joining it were hung photographs of difficult and successful amputations. In this room was Mr. Thomas Eakins’ fine picture of Dr. Gross delivering a clinical lecture to a class of students. It was one of the most powerful and life-like pictures to be seen in the Exhibition, and should have had a place in the Art Gallery, where it would have been but for an incomprehensible decision of the Selecting Committee. In the adjoining rooms were models of the barrack “ General Hospitals ” used during the civil war; models of hospital steamers, such as were used during that struggle on the tide¬ water rivers of the East and on the Western rivers; and models of hospital railroad trains. Here also was a case of medical and surgical curiosities from the Army Medical Museum at Wash¬ ington. A third room was fitted up as a dispensary, and con¬ tained samples of medical supplies. Opposite this was the office, with a collection of surgical instruments, medical works, and the blanks and record books used in the hospital service. A fifth room was fitted up as a dining-room, and contained a display of table-ware and mess furniture. Opening into this room was a kitchen with a full equipment of cooking utensils and other articles needed in this department. The rooms on the second floor contained a display of medi¬ cine chests and panniers, stretchers, litters, artificial legs and arms, and trusses for rupture and other apparatus. In the grounds in the rear of the Post Hospital were shown several hospital tents of various sizes, and a park of ambu¬ lances, medicine wagons and carts. The Laboratory. Between the Government Building and the Post Hospital was a small frame building intended for a laboratory for the manufacture of cartridges and other dangerous compounds. It formed a part of the exhibit of the Ordnance Department. It was built after designs by Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the array, and consisted of an iron frame with a wooden covering. This method of construction is intended to lessen the loss of life in 652 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY case of accidental explosions. In such an event the wooden covering is blown out by the force of the explosion, but the iron frame is left standing, and the building does not fall in upon its inmates. The frame of the present building was used for one which formerly stood in the grounds of the Bridesburg Arsenal, at Philadelphia. It was destroyed in August, 1875, by the accidental explosion of from 600 to 800 pounds of gun¬ powder. The wooden sides were blown outward, but the iron frame stood firm. Of the twenty-one persons employed in the building at the time, but three boys died from injuries received. The present structure contained several portraits of the sec¬ retaries who have presided over the War Department, includ¬ ing a not very good one of Jefferson Davis, and instruments for ascertaining the velocity of rifle balls. The Lighthouse. In addition to the display made in the Government Build¬ ing, the Lighthouse Board of the Treasury Department erected opposite the northeast corner of that building an iron light¬ house, such as is used on the dangerous shoals of our coast. The base of this structure was of wood, but was painted to rep¬ resent stone. To this the iron flanges of the superstructure were bolted, and above this was a high iron cylinder, eighteen feet in diameter, the whole being surmounted by an ornamental iron tower. In the centre of this tower was placed a revolving or flash-light of the fourth grade, and over one of the dormer win¬ dows was suspended a fog-bell weighing 4950 pounds. The light was revolved and the bell was struck by clock-work, the flashes of the light and strokes of the bell being regulated at the will of the light-keeper. The bell was intended to be struck first three times, then twice, and then once, this being the signal adopted for one of the shoals of Long Island, to which the lighthouse was removed after the close of the Ex¬ hibition. Near the lighthouse was “ The Syren,” or fog-horn, which was simply an enormously long horn blown by steam. It OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 653 emitted a most deafening sound, and was heard for a distance of thirty-five miles. A smaller horn was also shown. It was operated by a caloric engine, and was intended for a light-ship. Near this was a large lantern and an iron lattice work signal for day and night use on light-ships. The lights and signals were fastened near the top of the mast, and were distinguished by a difference of color. A number of buoys were scattered about the base of the tower. BRONZE CLOCK, EXHIBITED BY THE AMERICAN CLOCK COMPANY. CHAPTER XIX. THE WOMAN’S BUILDING. Description of the Building—Its Cost—A Lady Engineer—The Interior of the Building—The Exhibit—The Looms—Works of Female Artists—In¬ ventions of Women—Institutions Managed by Women—Splendid Embroi¬ deries—Display from Foreign Countries—The Printing Office. HE Woman’s Building was one of the handsomest edi¬ fices connected with the Exhibition, and owed its ex¬ istence entirely to the efforts of a number of ladies known as the u Women’s Centennial Executive Com¬ mittee.” It was devoted exclusively to the exhibition of the results of woman’s labor, and thus constituted an alto¬ gether unique feature of the great fair. The building stood on Belmont avenue, at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. It covered an area of 30,000 square feet, and was formed by two naves intersecting each other, each 192 feet long and 64 feet wide. At the end of these there was a porch 8 by 32 feet in size. The corners formed by the intersection of the two naves were filled out by four pavil¬ ions which were included in the hall. Each of these pavilions was 48 feet square. The whole structure was of wood, the architecture being of the modern style. The centre of the edifice was 25 feet higher than the rest of the building, and was surmounted by a lantern with a cupola on top of the same, giving to this part of the building a total height of 90 feet. The most striking feature of the plan was that there were in the whole interior but four supporting columns to the roof, all the rest being trussed over from the outside walls. The exterior was painted a light bluish gray color, and the interior was fin¬ ished in the softest shade of light blue. 654 655 women’s pavilion, international centennial exhibition. 656 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Work upon the building was begun about the middle of October, 1875, and it was turned over to the “ Women’s Com¬ mittee,” completed, early in January, 1876. The design was prepared by Mr. H. J. Schwarzmann, the architect of Memorial Hall. The cost of the building and its internal arrangements was $30,000, which sum was raised through the exertions of the ladies having the enterprise in charge. The appearance of the interior was very pretty and attractive. A tasteful fountain, situated immediately under the lantern, sent a graceful jet of water into the air, and around the basin in which it stood was a cool and inviting rim of rock-work and ferns. A large chandelier hung from the central point of the roof, and banners and streamers ornamented the hall. At the north side of the build¬ ing was the engine house, in which a Baxter portable engine of six horse-power supplied the motive power for the machinery in operation in the hall. The engine was in charge of Miss Emma Allison, of Grimsby, Iowa, who, if she did nothing else, offered an example worth dreaming iolanthe, in butter, followi to the engineers of the male sex m the neatness of her dress and the perfection of cleanliness exhibited in both engine and engine-room. The young lady is highly educated, and is thoroughly posted in theoretical as well as practical mechanics. The engine operated a number of spinning frames and power looms in the hall, which were constantly at work, in charge of female operatives. It ran also a small Hoe cylinder press, on which the journal issued from this building was printed. The display within the hall was quite large, and included nearly everything of woman’s work or invention that could be collected. Paintings and statuary by female artists were shown OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 657 in the northern section of the hall, but the collection fell short of illustrating the highest triumphs achieved by the sex in these departments of art. A very noticeable exhibit was the “ Dreaming Iolanthe,” an exquisite head carved in butter by Mrs. Brooks, of Arkansas/ It was an exhibition of native talent, as the lady had had no regular instruction in her art. A most interesting exhibit was made in the southeastern sec¬ tion of the building, of the inventions of women in machinery and other fields of labor. The majority of these were designed to economize household labor. First of all, there was a machine for washing blankets, which every housekeeper knows to be one of the most difficult operations of the laundry. The same lady inventor exhibited two mangling machines. A system of self-fitting patterns, intended to enable ladies to dispense with the services of a dress-maker, was also shown. Here was a barrel-cover which could be locked, and which thus served as a protection to sugar and flour barrels. Here were smoothing irons to be heated by gas asAhey are used; a frame for stretch¬ ing and drying lace curtains; dusting racks and many other household appliances. Here were a machine for washing dishes, which not only cleaned but dried them ; a patent bedstead, fitted up with drawers; a combined travelling-bag and chair; a life¬ saving mattress, which floats like a cork and will not turn over; chest-protectors; surgical appliances and dental products. Here were some remarkably well-executed pictures worked in human hair, and a number of flowers and toilet articles made entirely of fish scales. A bouquet of wax flowers was shown made by the great-granddaughters of the author of the Declaration of Independence, who, in the midst of the rejoicings of the Cen¬ tennial year, were left to make an almost hopeless struggle with poverty. Here also was a whistle made of the tail of a pig, which completely upset the old Scotch adage, that “ Out of a pig’s tail you can’t make a whistle.” In the southern section were photographs of the various insti¬ tutions in the United States which were established or are con¬ ducted by women. Prominent among these were the Shelter 42 658 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY for Colored Orphans, at West Philadelphia; the House of the Holy Family, at New York; the Old Ladies’ Home, Lowell, Massachusetts; the Home for Young Women and Children, Lowell, Massachusetts; the New England Hospital for Women and Children; the New York Lying-in Asylum; the New Haven Orphan Asylum ; Home for Friendless Women, Indian¬ apolis; Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls and the Home for Friendless Women, at Fort Wayne, Indiana; the Old Ladies’ Home, at New Albany, Indiana; and the Orphans’ Home, at Richmond, Indiana. In the southeastern section was a large collection of embroid¬ eries by hand, the most of it in glass cases. Here were a number of portraits worked in silk or embroidered in worsted. There were portraits of Queen Victoria, Mr. Gladstone, Prince Albert, the Prince and Princess of Wales and others. An elaborate picture in worsted-work represented the “Death of George Douglas at the Battle of Langside.” Here were splendidly embroidered garments of various kinds for ladies and children, carriage robes, afghans, and a picture in needle-work of Abraham and Hagar. Mrs. Mary Champneys sent a pair of socks which she knit in her one-hundredth year. In the northwestern section there were some fine w T ood-carvings by ladies, and sets of chamber furniture designed by them. Close by were sets of porcelain ornamented by lady artists, some of which were very beautiful. The southwestern section of the hall was taken up almost entirely by exhibits from foreign countries. The ladies of Great Britain, Canada, Sweden, France, and the Netherlands, and other countries sent contributions to this department, which were among the handsomest articles displayed in the hall. The Royal School of Art and Needlework, under the patronage of her Majesty the Queen of England, the exhibit of which we noticed in our account of the Main Exhibition Building, had here several cases of superb embroideries and needle-work. Egypt also sent several specimens of rich embroideries in gold and silver thread. Here were a set of velvet covers for doors richly embroidered in quaint designs with gold thread OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 659 by the wife of the Bey of Tunis. They were among the most beautiful specimens of needle-work in the entire Exhibition. From the Netherlands were some beautiful silk embroideries, and some feather-work, and from France silk embroideries, and specimens of the drawings of the pupils of the female art schools of Paris. In the Canadian department were a number of finely executed models representing the Church and Chapel of Notre Dame, at Montreal, the Mother House of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the Orphanage at Joliette, the St. Alexis Orphan Asylum, the Monastery of the Good Shepherd, the Convent of the Good Shepherd, Quebec, the St. John’s Asylum, the Hotel Dieu and the General Hospital, at Quebec. The inmates of these estab¬ lishments sent beautiful specimens of their handiwork, including a picture in worsted of the Lord’s Supper, and cases of silk dresses, flowers, and a carved picture-frame. There were also in this exhibit many handsome pieces of straw-work, silk flower- work, laces, anti-macassar and cretonne work. Norway and Sweden each sent embroideries, flowers, and articles made from fish-scales, articles ornamented with moss, clothing, and articles of household use. Their displays resembled each other very closely. Near the western wall of the portion of the building occupied by these two countries were four life- size figures in wax, similar to those in the Main Building, representing not only the costumes but the facial characteristics of the Swedish peasants. The first three represented two young ladies anxiously blowing to pieces one of those little flowers which are supposed to tell a maiden whether her lover is true or not. Behind them stands a young man watching the result with an expression half anxious, half amused. The other figure represented a bride in the peasant dress. Japan fully sustained her reputation by her display here of articles in the manufacture of which the women of that country have attained great skill. Among these articles of utility, as well as beauty, were cigar-cases, cabinets, work-boxes, writing- desks, satchels, etc., all made of wood and most delicately ornamented with lacquer and inlaying, many of them being 660 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY adorned with grotesque yet not wholly inartistic figures in ivory and ebony. There were also displayed a large number of arti¬ ficial flowers, which, in shape and color, were close counterparts of nature, besides a number of raised pictures in wool. The last-mentioned exhibits had a peculiar effect somewhat akin to perspective, but they were nevertheless unnatural. Several large screens ornamented with numberless fans, which in turn were ornamented with figures of various kinds, were also in this collection. Some of the figures were painted, while others were worked in wool, or made of cloth raised high from the surface. One of the most striking of these exhibits was a large six-panelled screen, with a framework of ebony ornamented with gilt and silver plates. The back of the screen was covered with a plain gold pattern of a pretty design, and the front had a ground of yellow silk, in which were worked a variety of ladies’ fans. On these were depicted Japanese mandarins, tradesmen, merchants, mechanics, farmers, jugglers, and all engaged in the pleasures, professions, or occupations to which they were born. The figures themselves were of paper, but the clothing, with all the variety of ornament and minuteness of detail, was made of silk, and, like many other of the Japanese pictures, raised from the surface. A cabinet containing screens and ottomans was a very fine piece of work, and was universally admired. The specimens of plain and embroidered silk exhibited were peculiarly interesting, not only from the richness of the material, but from the quaint yet really beautiful designs. The ladies of Brazil made a handsome exhibit of table covers, embroidery, and fancy work, many of the articles being the contributions of the inmates of the Brazilian Orphan Asylums. Among these the most noticeable exhibit was a cabinet of gold lace-work. A pretty little pincushion, made of shells and silk, and a sample of the needlework of the Viscountess de Itamaraty, attracted much attention. A very beautiful model in cork of a noted Brazilian castle, a wreath of flowers made entirely of leather, several cushions, delicately embroidered with silk and wool, by the pupils of the Orphan College of St. Theresa and the College of the Imperial Society, were all exceptional pieces OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 661 of work, and were, of course, much admired. Among the other more noticeable exhibits were some elegant specimens of lace- work, scarfs, and artificial flowers made of leather and feathers. Near the centre of the building was a small printing office in which female compositors were engaged in setting up the type of The New Century for Women , a journal conducted entirely by women, and issued from this building. Altogether the display in the Woman’s Building was very creditable, and reflected great credit upon the good taste and administrative ability of the ladies having it in charge. SLOTTING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. CHAPTER XX. THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION. The State Buildings—St. George’s House—The French Government Building —The French Stained Glass Pavilion—The German Government Building —The Spanish Buildings—The Portuguese Building—The Swedish School- House—The Canadian Log-House—The Brazilian Building—The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar—The Turkish and Tunisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars—The Syrian Bazaars—The Moorish Villa—The Chilian Machinery Hall—Buildings of the Centennial Commission—The Judges’ Hall—The Restaurants—The Shoe and Leather Building—The Brewers’ Hall—The Butter and Cheese Factory—Department of Public Comfort—Singer Sewing Machine Cottage—The Centennial Photographic Association—The Ameri¬ can Railroad Ticket Office—Empire Transportation Company’s Building— Starr’s Iron Works—The Glass Works—Campbell Printing Press 'Ruilding —The American Newspaper Building—The World’s Ticket Office—The Palestine Camp—The Women’s School-House—The American Kinder¬ garten—The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen—Pacific Guano Company’s Building—The Sheet-Metal Pavilion—The Cafe de Brazil—The United States Life-Saving Station—The Elevated Railway— The Windmills. The State Buildings. HE State buildings were erected by the Commissioners of the respective States to which they belonged, the cost being defrayed by appropriations by the legisla¬ tures of those States. The majority were located on State avenue, in the northwestern portion of the Ex¬ hibition grounds, but a few were in other parts of the enclosure. We shall take them in their geographical order. New Hampshire .—The New Hampshire Building stood on State avenue, immediately west of the Michigan Building. It was fifty feet square, and was a small and plain, but tasteful, frame cottage, with a reception-room on the first floor, and a ladies’ parlor up-stairs. It was intended, like all the State 662 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 663 buildings, as an office for the Commissioners of the State, and a rendezvous for visitors to the Exhibition from the State to which it belonged. It was ornamented with fine photographs of White Mountain scenery. Vermont .—The Vermont Building stood in a garden plot to the north of Machinery Hall, and near the Turkish Coffee House. It was a handsome cottage, thirty-five by forty feet in size, and the interior was fitted up simply but tastefully in stained pine wood. It contained the offices of the Vermont State Commissioners, a reading-room and a ladies’ parlor. In the latter was a fine Estey organ. Massachusetts .—On State avenue, immediately west of the Connecticut cottage, the commonwealth of Massachusetts erected one of the handsomest cottages in the grounds. It was of wood, and consisted of a central building with wings at each end, around which were wide and cool piazzas. The building covered an area of eighty-seven by seventy feet, and was painted in dark, rich colors. It was two stories in height, and from the central point of the roof rose a tower surmounted by a flag¬ staff. The entrance hall was wide and spacious, and extended from the front door to the rear of the building, at which was the office for the transaction of the business of the house. On the left of the hall were the reception-room of the Board of State Commissioners and the ladies’ parlor, and on the opposite side the reception-room of the Governor of Massachusetts and the reading-room. The first three rooms and the hall were handsomely furnished, and the whole building had an air of elegance and comfort which were admirable. Rhode Island .—The Bhode Island Building was a small but tasteful frame cottage, situated on the slopes of George’s Hill, to the west of the Mississippi Building. It was fitted up with the offices of the State Commission and reception- rooms. Connecticut .—The State of Connecticut erected as its head¬ quarters a tasteful two-story cottage, on State avenue, between the Massachusetts and New Hampshire buildings. It was in¬ tended to represent a colonial homestead of a century ago. The 664 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY building was about forty feet square, and the front was of oc¬ tagonal shingles, timber and plaster. The low second story projected four feet over the first story. In the centre of the front was a stout wooden porch over a strong old-fashioned hatch door divided horizontally in the middle. Over the porch were the coat-of-arms of the State and the motto, “ Qui Trans- tulit, Sustinet.” On the roof was a dormer-window, raised three feet above the eaves and with a slanting roof reaching nearly to the peak of the main roof. The main roof started in front from the eaves at a height of eighteen feet from the ground, and after running up to a peak about the centre of the building sloped to the rear, where the eaves were only ten feet from the ground. On the east side of the house was a balcony at a window eight feet wide, and at a window in the second story the State coat-of-arms was displayed. On the west side was a picturesque verandah of heavy timber. The windows were all glazed with lights six by eight inches. In the centre of the building was a substantial stone chimney. In the interior was a reception-room twenty-two by twenty- nine feet, seventeen and one-half feet high, with a gallery on front and two sides three and one-half feet wide. The whole interior was finished with wood, stained to give it the appear¬ ance of age. An old-fashioned fireplace stood opposite the front door. It had an ample hearth and stone front surrounded by pictured tiles. Shelves supported by heavy brackets were over the fire-place, and above them panelling reached to the ceiling. Back of the reception-room was the principal office for the State Commission, janitor’s room and parlors for ladies and gentlemen. New York —The New York State Building was a highly ornamental two-story cottage, with wide verandahs running around it and a tower rising from the centre of the front of the roof. It covered an area of eighty by thirty-five feet, and was painted in light colors. It stood immediately south of State avenue and east of the British Government Buildings. It was simply but tastefully furnished, and contained the offices of the State Commission and reception-rooms for ladies and gentlemen. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 665 New Jersey .—The State of New Jersey was the first after Pennsylvania to take up the Centennial Exhibition scheme, and her assistance was of the most liberal character. It is not sur¬ prising therefore that the State was represented by one of the most elaborate and attractive structures on the grounds. The building stood immediately north of the Woman’s Building, on the east side of Belmont avenue. It was a wooden structure of unique design; was covered with tiles manufactured from New Jersey clay, and presented a novel as well as interesting appear¬ ance. Above the main entrance rose a lofty tower, from which an admirable view of the grounds could be obtained. The chimney was a conspicuous portion of the building, and was made of brick manufactured in various portions of the State. The buiMing covered an area of eighty-two by forty-two feet. The interior was finished in dark, rich colors, and consisted of a wide, cool reception-room, with wide windows on the first floor, with offices and parlors for ladies opening upon it. The upper rooms were for the use of the State Commissioners. The furnishing was simple but tasteful. Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania State Building stood north of Machinery Hall, and near the lake. It was a handsome Gothic cottage, ninety-seven feet long and fifty-seven feet wide, and was painted a light-brown. Over the main entrance rose a large tower flanked by two smaller ones. A wide piazza ex¬ tended around the building. The main entrance led to a large Gothic hall, into which opened the manager’s office, the Gov¬ ernor’s room, parlors for ladies and gentlemen and the reading- room. The upper rooms were for the use of the State Com¬ missioners. The rooms were richly furnished and the interior of the building was elegant and handsome. Pennsylvania Educational Hall .—In addition to her State building, Pennsylvania erected a separate structure for the display of her schools and educational system. It was situated immediately to the west of Memorial Hall, and was circular in shape, with a dome rising in the centre of the roof. The in¬ terior consisted of a central hall lying immediately under the dome, and an outer corridor or hall running entirely around it. 666 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY This outer hall was divided into a number of sections or stalls, in which the exhibits were arranged according to a regular system. The central hall was unbroken and opened into the outer hall by several doors. Entering by the south door, the attention of the visitor was drawn to the exhibit of the kindergarten system which stood on his right. This was one of the most complete showings of Froebel’s system in the Exhibition, and was deeply interesting. The next section on the right showed the primary-school system of Pennsylvania. Then followed the secondary, grammar and high school, each in regular succession, after which the normal school and college systems were shown, the whole ending with the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania. The exhibit was made by showing the text-books, furniture, scientific and philo¬ sophical apparatus used in the schools, and by specimens of the pupil's work, such as we have alluded to in our account of the school exhibits in the Main Building. No State made such an OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 667 elaborate display as was to be seen here, this magnificent exhibit being under the charge of Professor Wickersham, who is the State Superintendent of Schools. Models, drawings and photo¬ graphs of the State schools of various grades and of several of the colleges were shown, and the educational statistics of the State were displayed by means of charts. The technical schools showed drawings, casts and models, the various apparatus used by them and specimens of the work of the pupils. The display included the schools for the blind, the feeble-minded, the deaf and dumb, and the orphans of the soldiers and sailors of Penn¬ sylvania who died in defence of the Union during the late civil war. Specimens of their work in the industrial departments were exhibited, and a full showing was made of the course pursued in them. There was also an exhibit of Sunday-school material, such as maps, charts, forms and models. Delaware .—The Delaware State Building was a handsome frame cottage of two stories, in the Norman-Gothic style, with a tower, and was situated on State avenue, to the west of the Massachusetts Building. It was simply furnished, and con¬ tained the offices of the State Commissioners and parlors for ladies and gentlemen. Maryland .—The Maryland Building was situated a little to the north of State avenue, and west of the Delaware house. It was eighty-five by seventy feet in size, and was built of wood. It contained the offices of the State Commissioners, reception- rooms, and a large hall in which an exhibit was made of the agricultural products of the State, its mineral ores, marbles and other building stones, timber, etc. The oyster fisheries of the Chesapeake bay and its tributaries were illustrated by specimens of oysters in the shell, and by a complete display of models of all the boats and other apparatus used in the fisheries. In one of the rooms on the west of the hall were a number of speci¬ mens of the work of the pupils of the State schools of design; and in an adjoining one portraits and other historical relics loaned by the Maryland Historical Society. One of these was the banner presented to Pulaski by the nuns of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1778. 668 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY In the grounds in front of the building the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company exhibited an old “ grasshopper engine,” made in 1835—one of the first locomotives ever used in this country —and one of their largest six-wheel engines, which is said to be the largest passenger locomotive in the world. Virginia .—A private gentleman erected a plain cottage ot two rooms, in the rear of the Woman’s Building, to serve as a rendezvous for visitors from the old State of Virginia, which declined to make any appropriation to the Exhibition. West Virginia .—The State of West Virginia had a handsome MARYLAND STATE BUILDING. edifice on Fountain avenue, near the Total Abstinence fountain. It covered an area of fifty-nine by thirty feet, and was built entirely of timber from the State to which it belonged. It was a two-story structure, with a tower in the centre. The build¬ ing consisted of two portions, an octagonal front, with a central hall open from the floor to the roof, with a gallery running around the second story, and a rear hall, rectangular in shape. The octagon contained the offices of the commissioners and reception-rooms for visitors. The hall in the rear was filled with a handsome display of the agricultural and mineral pro- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 669 ducts of the State. The native woods were shown by large sections of trees, and by eighty smaller blocks in the shape of books. The bark was left on the back of each, and the name of the wood was printed in gilt letters and pasted on the bark. The row of samples thus resembled a collection of handsomely bound volumes. The rich coal and coal oil of the State were shown by large blocks of the former and jars of the latter. A fine display was made of iron ore. Large blocks of bituminous MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING. coal stood in the grounds adjoining the building. A consider¬ able display was made of tobacco, and of oils, wines, mineral waters, mineral paints, glass sands and marls. Building stones of the best quality were also shown. The public school system of the State was shown, with specimens of the text-books used. Mississippi .—The Mississippi Building was a neat and taste¬ ful two-story log cabin. It was forty-three by thirty feet in size, and was built of wood covered with a frame work of logs with the bark on, all the timber used in its construction being shipped direct from Mississippi. There were sixty-eight differ- 670 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ent kinds of wood used in the building, and the ornaments to the balconies, door-ways and windows consisted of knots, roots and curious formations found in the Mississippi forests. The walls of the interior were finished in highly polished pine wood of various kinds. Some of these specimens resembled bird’s-eye maple, and others were as dark as mahogany. „ The exterior of the structure was covered with Spanish moss, which gave to the building a most picturesque appearance. The building contained the offices of the State Commission and reception-rooms for ladies and gentlemen. It stood on the slopes of George’s Hill, to the north of the West Virginia Building. Tennessee .—Tennessee was represented only by a canvas tent between the Maryland and Iowa buildings, erected by a private individual. It contained a small exhibit of the iron ores of the State. Arkansas .—The Building of the State of Arkansas was situ¬ ated on the south side of State avenue, west of the British Buildings. It was constructed of wood, was octagonal in shape, about eighty feet in diameter, and had a double dome in the cen¬ tre. It was painted in bright colors without and within, and the interior was handsomely draped with flags and streamers. A handsome bronze fountain stood in the centre, under the dome, and around the hall was arranged a special display of the min¬ eral and agricultural resources of the State. The woods, min¬ erals and coal were shown to excellent advantage, and a capital display was made of the excellent cotton grown in this State. The building also contained the offices of the State Commis¬ sioners. Missouri .—The Missouri Building stood north of State avenue, on the slope of George’s Hill, and adjoined the Iowa Building on the west. It was a two-story structure, with a tower at its eastern end, and covered an area forty by sixty feet in size. It contained but a single room on the first floor (the ladies’ parlor being in the second story), which was neatly but simply furnished. Here was a cabinet of specimens of the minerals found in the State, and of the native woods. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 671 Ohio .—The Ohio Building was located at the eastern end of State avenue, immediately west of Belmont avenue. It was the most elegant and substantial of all the State edifices, and was constructed of dressed stone furnished by twenty-one quarries of the State. All the materials used in its construction were furnished by citizens of the State of Ohio engaged in the manu¬ facture of the respective articles, and were intended as special exhibits. The building was forty feet square inside, was two MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. full stories and an attic in height, and was fitted up with recep¬ tion and reading-rooms and the offices of the State Commission. In the rear was a large hall or annex, of wood, sixty feet long, intended for the exhibition of articles from Ohio and for public meetings. Indiana .—The Indiana Building stood on State avenue, immediately west of the Ohio Building. It was a handsome wooden pavilion, and covered an area sixty by forty feet in size. It contained a principal hall, into which opened* the 672 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY reading-room and ladies’ parlor. The walls of the principal hall consisted of different colored panels, on which were painted the population, agricultural and other statistics of the various counties of the State. The offices of the Indiana Commis¬ sioners were in this building. Illinois .—The Illinois State Building was a handsome frame cottage, and adjoined that of Indiana on the west. It was two stories in height, and contained a large reception-hall, in which INDIANA STATE BUILDING. was a fine organ, a handsomely furnished ladies’ parlor, in which was an upright Chickering piano, a reading-room and the offices of the State Commission. Wisconsin .—Wisconsin erected for her State head-quarters a plain but comfortable and neatly furnished cottage, imme¬ diately west of the Illinois Building. It contained the usual reception-rooms, ladies’ parlor, and the offices of the State Com¬ mission. Michigan .—-The Michigan Building stood on State avenue, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 673 immediately west of the Wisconsin cottage. It was an elaborate structure of frame, with a tower at the southwest corner. The interior was very handsome, being fitted up in hard wood, and was divided into the usual reception-rooms and parlors. The building contained the offices of the State Commissioners. It was handsomely furnished throughout. Iowa .—The Iowa Building was a neat and tasteful frame cottage, and stood on the slope of George’s Hill, on the east of ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. the Missouri Building. It was simply furnished, and contained a reception and reading-room, and the offices of the State Commissioners. Kansas and Colorado .—These States shared between them a large Gothic frame building, the ground-plan of which was in the form of a Greek cross. It stood immediately back of the New Jersey Building, on the slopes of Belmont valley. Each | arm of the cross was one hundred and fifty feet in length. The interior was handsomely fitted up, and was devoted to a special 43 ! 674 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY display of the agricultural and mineral resources of the States of Kansas and Colorado. The former State occupied the principal portion of the space. The great seal of Kansas was painted in the north wing, and below it was a large map of the State, twenty-four feet long by thirteen feet wide. The agricultural products of Kansas were displayed in the north and east wings; the minerals and birds in the south wing; the insects in cases around the centre; the timber and stone displays were arranged near the east wing. A MICHIGAN STATE BUILDING. handsome bronze fountain, presented by the ladies of Topeka, occupied the centre, under the dome. Above it was suspended a facsimile of the old Independence Bell, formed entirely of Kansas products, and designed by Professor Henry Worrell, of Topeka. This bell was eight feet eight inches high, and its diameter at the lower or open end was eight feet nine inches. The outer rim of the bell was formed of wheat, millet, broom- corn, and sorghum. The tongue was formed of a gourd six feet long; the hammer was a bell-shaped gourd a foot and a half in OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 675 diameter. Around the top of the bell, the inscription, “ Pro¬ claim Liberty to all,” etc., was formed of millet and flax. The building was surmounted by forty-two flags, representing all nations exhibiting here, and presented by the ladies of Leaven¬ worth. The entire building was surrounded by a wide portico, affording seats and shade. In one of the triangles formed by the intersection of the wings of the building there was a neatly- furnished reading-room, where files of Kansas newspapers were rOWA STATE BUILDING. kept. Opposite to this was the office of the State Board. These afforded a quiet resting-place for visitors. The display of agricultural products -was labelled, giving the name of the county where grown, and by whom grown. The yield per acre was recorded in the books of the State Board, and could be ascertained on application. By reference to the large map in the north wing, visitors could ascertain the section in which any product exhibited was grown. There was wheat on exhibition the stalks of which were from five feet to six and a half feet high, with heads from three to six inches long; the 676 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY corn was from thirteen to seventeen and a half feet in height, with ears from eight to ten feet from the ground; oats from five to six and a half feet high; rye from five to seven feet high; broom corn over eighteen feet high ; blue grass three feet four inches high ; fourteen different varieties of wild grass, commenc- COLORADO AND KANSAS STATE BUILDING. ing with the buffalo grass, six inches high, and ending with blue-stem prairie grass, over ten feet high—too big for hay and not quite large enough for cord wood; clover from four to five feet high; ears of corn from twelve to fifteen inches long; OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 677 one stalk of corn with thirteen ears upon, and another with seven; and many other products showing an equally remarkable growth. A fine display was made of the native woods of Kansas. The State of Colorado exhibited its mineral resources in the west wing of the building. Here were specimens of gold quartz, silver ore, and at the north side was a representation of the Rocky mountains, in which were grouped stuffed specimens of the animals of that region. These animals were killed and CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA STATE BUILDING prepared by Mrs. M. A. Maxwell, of Boulder, Colorado. The State Commissioners had an elegantly furnished reception-room at one side. California and Nevada .—These States erected a large wooden pavilion on the south side of State avenue, opposite the Mary¬ land Building. It contained a handsome hall, the pillars of which were finished in imitation of the native woods of the Pacific coast. A special exhibit was made of the agricultural 678 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and mineral resources of these States. The building also contained the offices of the California and Nevada State Com¬ missioners. All the State buildings had large registers in which visitors from the respective States recorded their names and addresses. Nearly all were provided with files of the State newspapers, and with baggage and coat rooms, where visitors could leave their valises, bags, and useless wraps, without charge. A num¬ ber had special post-offices, and at all visitors could find facil¬ ities for writing and despatching letters. They could also have their letters sent to their State buildings during their visit to the Exhibition. PHILADELPHIA CITY BUILDING. The Philadelphia City Building stood at the northern end of the bridge over Lansdowne valley, and opposite the eastern end of Horticultural Hall. It was a handsome wooden structure, was elegantly furnished, and was fitted up with reception-rooms for the Mayor and Councils of the city of Philadelphia. The Foreign Buildings. The British Govei'nment Buildings. —St. George’s House, as the principal structure was called, and its two out-buildings, stood on the slopes of George’s Hill, south of the State build- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 679 ings, and constituted the head-quarters of the Commissioners from Great Britain and her colonies. They stood in their own grounds, which were enclosed with a pretty rustic fence, and in the yard before the principal edifice was a tall flagstaff from which floated a large English ensign. St. George’s House was of the Elizabethan style of architec¬ ture, two stories high, and was surmounted by a roof of red tiles and a multitude of tall chimneys. The building was erected under the superintendence of the English Commission, and the furniture, upholstery and fixtures were from leading houses in England. The building covered a space of ninety THE BRITISH BUILDINGS. by twenty-five feet, with projections in front and a verandah and balcony in the rear. The interior decorations and arrange¬ ments of rooms, hallways, etc., were designed to reproduce the time of Queen Elizabeth as nearly as it could be done. The window panes were small; the rooms had fire-places, high mantels and broad window seats. On the first floor a suite of three apartments, finely finished in oak and opening into each other by sliding doors, were the "show rooms” of the house. They aggregated fifty-six feet in length by sixteen feet wide. There were about twenty apartments on the two stories, open¬ ing into passageways running lengthwise through the centre of 680 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the house. Apartments in this building were provided for the use of the various British Colonial Commissioners, from the Dominion of Canada, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Jamaica, Bermuda and the Bahamas. In the two adjoining 'houses there were accommodations for thirty-eight persons who were attached to the Commission. The British Buildings were among the handsomest in the Exhibition enclosure. They were the private residence of the Commissioners, and were not open to the public. The French Government Building stood north of the Main Building and east of Memorial Hall, near the entrance gate which faced the Beading Railroad Depot. It was sixty feet long by forty feet wide, and was built entirely of brick and iron, the facing being highly ornamental. The top was of glass and iron, and the entrance was finished with iron. The building was intended for an exhibit of the public works of the French Republic, and the articles displayed within it consisted of models, charts, and drawings of bridges, aqueducts, railways, docks, and improvements to navigation. There were many large and elaborately executed charts and models which illustrated the system of supplying the towns and cities of France with fresh water, and to these were affixed descriptions in both French and English. “One of the largest and most interesting models showed not only the great aqueduct at Marseilles, but the same work in the process of construction, with steam derricks, temporary railways on trestle-work, and all other appliances necessary for such an undertaking. Among the more important exhibits in the road section were models and charts of the viaduct of Dinan ; the bridge of Arcole, on the Seine, Paris; the great swing bridge at Brest. The model of the last-mentioned work was over eight feet long, and was said to be a perfect reproduc¬ tion of the original, even to the most minute details. The bridge of St. Sauveur, the iron viaduct of Busseau d’Ahum, the bridge of Chalonnes, and the viaduct of the Point de Jour, were all represented in the same way, and all attracted much attention, not only from engineers, who could appreciate their construction. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 681 but from the general public, who are only supposed to be capa¬ ble of admiration. The new Paris terminus of the Orleans Pailway was shown by a finely-finished model of the station, sidelings, guard-houses, signal-offices, etc., and near this was a collection of lithographs exhibiting the various types of car¬ riages, wagons, passenger and freight cars, and locomotives used by the French. The plan of navigation between Paris and Auxeme was illustrated by general charts and models of longitudinal sections. The barrages of the Upper Seine, which consist of two parts, a navigable passage and a weir, the mova¬ ble trestle barrage at Marlot, the improvement of the Seine from Roean to Havre, and the canal bridge on the Albe, were all represented by finely-carved models. One interesting section was devoted to maritime works about the various sea-ports, including the lock of the port of Dunkirque, port of Havre, and basin of the citadel, wonderful caisson of the coffer-dam in the basin at Brest, the port and lock-gates at St. Nazaire, the basin-port at Bordeaux, and the ports of Bayonne and Marseilles. “ The French light-house system was fully illustrated, both by models and charts, there being several beautiful models (five to eight feet in length) of the New Caledonia light-house, and the light-houses of Heaux-de-Breliat, Le Tour, La Banche, the Borges, and St. Purne-de-Royan. In connection with these were displayed the various kinds of lighting apparatus in use, showing lamps of the four grades, and also a full exhibit of other signals of various kinds, such as buoys, beacons, etc. The French system of life-saving service was shown in another sec¬ tion, and still in another is a geological map of France and illustration of the beds of phosphate of lime known or worked, with full descriptions of mining and machinery. The process of elevating and distributing water was shown not only by the aqueduct of Roquefavour, at Marseilles, but the barrage and reservoir of the Turens, and the elevating machines at Conde for the supply of the canal from the Aisne to the Marne. On the north side of the building was hung a large, handsome map, showing all the carriage and railroads of France, and the walls 682 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, of the building were covered with lithographs of all the more important works of the government.” The French Stained Glass Pavilion was situated near the building just described, and was designed especially for the exhibition of stained glass. Here were three magnificent win¬ dows destined for the Roman Catholic Cathedral in New York. The French Ceramic Pavilion was situated on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, west of the German Government Building. It was constructed of iron, glass and tiles, and was devoted to an exhibit of tiles, porcelain and pottery. BUILDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. The German Government Building stood on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, at its head, and east of Belmont avenue. It was built of brick, was stuccoed in imitation of stone, and was an attractive structure in the renaissance style of architecture. It was eighty-two by forty-two feet in size. A spacious portico led into the main hall, which was handsomely finished in stucco work, and the walls and ceilings were highly frescoed. This hall served as a reception and reading-room. On one side of it w^ere the offices of the German Commission, and on the other the ladies’ and gentlemen’s parlors. The building OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 683 was the head-quarters of the Imperial German Commission, and was intended as a rendezvous for visitors from the German Empire. THE SPANISH BUILDING The Spanish Government Building was a large frame struc¬ ture, situated on the slopes of George’s Hill, west of the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was a large wooden edifice with a basement beneath it, and was eighty by one hundred feet in size. It contained a handsome display of models and drawings of the public works, fortifications, and historical buildings of 684 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Spain, exhibited by the Spanish government. It was similar to the French exhibit referred to above. The Spanish Guard House adjoined this hall, and was con¬ structed of wood. It was octagonal in shape, about fifty feet in diameter, and was occupied by a detachment of Spanish engi¬ neers, who had charge of the various exhibits of the kingdom. Immediately in the rear of it was a long shed with Moorish arches along the sides, which were closed by light curtains. SWEDISH SCHOOL-HOUSE. This was occupied by the Spanish soldiers as a kitchen and mess-room. The Portuguese Government Building was a plain wooden cottage, and was situated on the southern slope of the Lans- downe valley, east of Agricultural avenue. It was furnished simply, and served as the head-quarters of the Portuguese Commission, and as a place of resort for visitors from Portugal. The Swedish School-House was a pretty little building con¬ structed of native woods. It was built in Sweden and brought over to this country in sections. It was one story in height, and was situated west of the Carriage Building and north of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 685 the building of the Department of Public Comfort. No paint was used in the building, but the native wood showed every¬ where, fresh and brought to a high polish. The building was a model of the public or national schools of Sweden. It was fitted up with the furniture used in such buildings, and with the philosophical and other apparatus prescribed for the higher schools. Specimens of the text-books and books of reference used were shown, and there were models exhibited here of the CANADA DOG HOUSE. great schools of the cities of Sweden. Education in Sweden is compulsory, and the children of the poorer classes are furnished with a good common school education at the expense of the state. For those who desire to avail themselves of such privi¬ leges higher schools are provided, many of which are designed to fit the pupil for some particular trade or profession. The neat¬ ness and order of this little building were particularly notice¬ able, and the practical nature and thoroughness of the course were well shown by the exhibit made therein. The work of the technical schools was shown in the Main Exhibition Building, and has been alluded to elsewhere. 686 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Canadian Log House was exhibited by the government of the Dominion of Canada. It was situated near the British buildings, north of the Total Abstinence Fountain, and was forty by sixty-four feet in size. It was constructed of logs and timber of every variety, and represented the portal of a classic temple. It was unique and attractive, and its summit, to which visitors were admitted, commanded one of the best views of the Exhibition grounds. BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING. The Brazilian Government Building stood on a wooded knoll on Agricultural avenue, east of the German Government Building. It was built of wood, octagonal in form, and had a light open piazza around it, the roof of which formed a balcony. A turret-like room was built over the main structure, and at every point were staves for flags. The main entrance faced the south, and opened into a large hall which extended the whole depth of the building. Two rooms opened upon the hall on each side. They were used for the offices of the Brazilian Com- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 687 mission and reception-rooms for visitors. The house was hand¬ somely furnished, and was one of the pleasantest and most attractive connected with the Exhibition. THE JAPANESE DWELLING. The Japanese Dieelling was situated on the eastern slope of George’s Hill, north of the Spanish buildings. It was built of wood, was a low structure, two stories in height, and was covered with a roof of heavy tiles of an ornamental shape. The sides of the building were made of movable panels, over the entrances 688 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY were curiously carved timbers, and the grain and finish of the wood were very beautiful. The interior was richly furnished. Carpets of an elegant design covered the floor, the rooms were fitted up in a style of elegant simplicity in the Japanese manner, and the walls were hung with finely-woven curtains of vegeta¬ ble fibre, which, while they screened the rooms and shut out the sun’s rays, did not exclude the air. The building was the private residence of the Japanese Commissioners, and visitors were not admitted to it. PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. The Japanese Bazaar stood immediately north of the building of the Department of Public Comfort. The grounds around it were enclosed, and were laid off as a garden in the Japanese style. The building was a low, rambling structure, built around three sides of a court, was constructed entirely of carved wood, and was covered with a roof of heavy corrugated earthen tiles. The northern side was left almost entirely open, the only protection against the weather being the overhanging eaves and paper curtains. The ceilings, walls and floors were painted in imitation of tile work, and many of the counters on which the goods were displayed were richly ornamented ’ and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 689 grotesquely carved. The building was intended for the sale of Japanese articles, consisting chiefly of antique bronzes, curious specimens of porcelain and pottery, wood and ivory carvings, and lacquered ware. The majority of the attendants of the bazaar wore their native costume. The duties were paid by the exhibitors on the articles for sale here, and visitors could carry their purchases away with them. The Turkish Coffee House and Bazaar was located on the Avenue of the Republic, north of Machinery Hall. It was a large and richly ornamented pavilion, with a dome-like roof surmounted by the crescent and the star, and with a wide portico deeply set in the sides of the building at the northern and southern ends. The sides were filled with long, pointed windows. The building was richly decorated in crimson, blue, and gold, and was exceedingly gaudy. Opening upon the porches were four small bazaars, in which a large stock of pipes, carpets, rich dresses, swords, daggers, jewelry, and other articles from the Turkish empire were sold. The caf6 occupied a large and well-lighted room in the centre of the building, like which it was octagonal in shape. Above was the ornamented dome-like ceiling, painted in Turkish colors and ornamented with Turkish designs. A luxurious divan or lounge ran around the sides of the room, and tables and chairs were scattered about. The high, breezy-looking windows were hung with heavy curtains handsomely em¬ broidered. Pipes were here in abundance, and you could enjoy the happiest of smokes for a mere pittance. Coffee was made and served here in the peculiar Turkish style, the cups being the most fragile shells of exquisite porcelain, placed in silver holders. At one corner of the room was a brazier with a char¬ coal fire in it. When a visitor ordered coffee the attendant placed a spoonful of sweetened ground coffee in a silver dipper about as large as the cup from which you were to drink, and then added hot water. He placed the dipper over the fire in the brazier and allowed the mixture to come to a boil, and then turned it out, thick and as strong as brandy, into your cup. Turkish liquors and preserves were also sold here. The atten- 44 690 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY dants were all Turks and dressed in their native costume. The building was under the control of the Turkish Commission. The Tunisian Coffee House and Bazaar stood on the north side of Fountain avenue, north of Machinery Hall. The coffee house was octagonal in shape, was capped by an eight- panelled and much elongated dome, and was ornamented with odd designs panelled in red, blue and black, and relieved with numerous intersecting bars of green and gold. The windows of the building were set high up in the sides, and were very small, but the roof was contrived so as to keep up a constant circulation of air. The cafe was an elaborately ornamented room, supplied with tables, chairs and divans, and at one end was a raised and cushioned platform, on which musical perform¬ ances were given. Coffee was made and served here in a man¬ ner similar to that employed in the Turkish cafe. The at¬ tendants were Tunisians, and wore their native dress. The Bazaar adjoined the caf6 on the west, and was a smaller structure—a mere shed supported by slender pillars. On a high counter which ran around the inside of the building a Tunisian merchant displayed a collection of Eastern wares for sale. In the rear of these buildings the Bey of Tunis exhibited two black tents of camel’s hair cloth, such as are used by the Bed®- win Arabs. They were intended to show the mode of life in the desert. On the opposite side of Fountain avenue, a little to the west of the Tunisian buildings, were three small wooden booths. These w'ere Eastern bazaars on a small scale. The most westerly was for the sale of sponges from the principal Turkish sponge fishery; the next, going east, was the “ Jerusalem Bazaar,” and the last the “ Bethlehem Bazaar.” In the last two some enter¬ prising Syrian merchants offered for sale articles of olive wood and mother-of-pearl from Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and other parts of the Holy Land. To the east of Belmont avenue, near the German Government Building, was the Moorish VUla } a quaint little structure. The building was very small and unattractive without, and had OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 691 little stained glass windows set in the walls near the top. The interior was richly ornamented with tile work of different colors. Passing through the entrance hall the visitor found himself in a square room, bordered at each corner with slender columns, decorated in keeping with the walls and ceiling. Overhead was a glass dome, which admitted enough light for the centre, but left the remainder of the building in a cool darkness. To the right was seen through the dim light a small counter covered with jewelry and oriental trinkets of all kinds, behind which were seated two white-turbaned and baggy-costumed Moors, both too intent on making sales to notice the curious glances of their visitors. Among the larger articles offered for sale were Arabian guns, swords, daggers, stilettos, and strangely carved knives with jewelled handles. On the left was a bed-room about eight feet long and four feet wide, and in this was a nicely made-up couch with satin pillows and handsomely embroidered spread. A small parlor, with a long, low divan and a few elegant ottomans, adjoined this, while a step farther on was another and larger parlor furnished in the same way, and two more bed-rooms of about the same size. The walls and floors of all these inner rooms were covered with heavy, dark-colored tapestry, and the ceilings were panelled in imitation of mosaic work of the most intricate devices. The Chilian Government Building stood west of Machinery Hall, and was occupied by a display of the amalgamating ma¬ chinery used in the mines of Chili. On the north side of Fountain avenue, east of the Tunisian Caf6, was a relief plan of Paris, constructed by Colonel Lienard, a distinguished engineer officer of the French army. The build¬ ings consisted of separate blocks or models, and stood out from each other. The formation of the land was shown and a fair general idea of the French metropolis was afforded by this plan. Buildings of the Centennial Commission. The United States Centennial Commission Offices were located on the right of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds at 692 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Elm and Belmont avenues. They were established in a low one-story frame building with a wide piazza running around it. The building was painted a light brown, and was ornamented with elaborate lattice work. The business offices of the Centen¬ nial Commission were located here. The Centennial Board of Finance Building was situated on the left of the main entrance to the grounds, immediately op¬ posite the Centennial Commission building, and was an exact copy of that structure. It contained the business offices of the Board of Finance. The Centennial National Bank was a one-story wooden struc- THE JUDGES’ HALE. ture of tasteful design, and was situated on Elm avenue, imme¬ diately to the east of the main entrance to the grounds. It was the medium through which the financial affairs of the Exhibition were transacted, and offered banking facilities to exhibitors and visitors. The Judges’ Hall. —This was a large and handsome wooden pavilion, one hundred and fifty-two by one hundred and thirteen feet in size, and was situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of the Main Exhibition Building. It was tastefully ornamented without, and constituted one of the most attractive structures connected with the Exhibition. The interior was OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 693 handsomely fitted up. In the centre was a large hall eighty by sixty feet in size, with a gallery running around it. Surround¬ ing this central hall was a corridor upon which opened ten com¬ mittee rooms and four private rooms for the judges. The building was for the use of the international juries charged with the determination of the prizes to be awarded by the Centennial Commission. The Medical Department was intended to provide immediate and gratuitous medical assistance to persons injured or taken ill in the Exhibition grounds. It was provided with a plain but comfortable building situated on the north slope of Lansdowne valley near its western end, about equidistant from the great halls of the Exhibition. It contained two wards, one for female, the other for male patients, with three beds in each ward. An experienced resident physician was in charge, with competent attendants, and an ambulance was provided for the removal of patients to their own homes or to the city hos¬ pitals. Several hundred patients were successfully treated here during the Exhibition. The Sawmill .—This was a substantial shed, and was located, on Fountain avenue, west of Machinery Hall. It was two hundred and seventy-six by eighty feet in size, with a boiler house forty-eight by thirty feet in size. It contained the exhibits of direct-acting steam saw machines and gang saws. Barracks .—There were five one-story and one large two- story frame buildings located at prominent points in the grounds. These were the barracks for the Centennial Guard, or special police force of the Exhibition. These buildings were also police stations, and were provided with cells for prisoners. The two- story barrack, which was located at the southwestern extremity of the grounds, was provided with a court-room and a magis¬ trate’s office. Fire-Engine Houses .—These were two in number, and were of wood, and one story in height. They contained halls for the steam fire-engines stationed in them, halls for the horses, and quarters for the men. One of these buildings was at the north¬ east corner of the Main Exhibition Building; the other at the 694 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY intersection of Lansdowne drive and Belmont avenue. The/ were supplied with steam fire-engines, hose carriages, ladders, and Babcock extinguishers on wheels and portable. The Restaurants. Besides the restaurants and lunch-rooms in the Exhibition buildings there were seven first-class restaurants located within the grounds. These were among the largest and most com¬ pletely appointed eating-houses in the United States, and were required by the Centennial Commission to conduct their affairs in such a manner that visitors to the Exhibition could obtain the best fare at moderate prices. The American Restaurant was the largest and handsomest of GRAND AMERICAN RESTAURANT. all these establishments. It was situated on the northern side of Belmont valley, immediately south of Agricultural Hall, and within a short distance of Horticultural Hall. It was three hundred by two hundred feet in size, and was built around three sides of a court which was open on the south. This court-yard was one hundred and twenty-five by one hundred and sixteen feet in size, and was handsomely turfed and orna¬ mented with fountains and flowers. A wide piazza extended around the building, opening upon the court. There was a large and handsome dining-hall at the east end of the building, which could seat six hundred guests, and on the opposite side of the building was a pavilion for the sale of ice cream, etc. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 695 Five thousand guests could be seated at once under the roof of the restaurant. Meals were served either d la carte or table de h6te. There were private rooms for suppers, dinners, etc., and the establishment possessed every facility for entertaining a large number ©f guests. It was conducted by Messrs. Tobias & Heilbrunn. The Southern Restaurant was situated on Belmont avenue, north of the Woman’s Building. It was one hundred and eighty-five feet long and ninety-four feet deep, and had four THE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT. large dining-rooms and sixteen private rooms for parties or others who wished to dine away from the bustle of a large, crowded hall, several parlors, a reading-room, etc. It was in¬ tended as a place of rendezvous for visitors from the Southern States, and the waiters were all colored men. The proprietor was Edward Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gentleman well known throughout the South as “ a man who can keep a hotel.” The establishment could accommodate one thousand guests. THE GERMAN RESTAURANT. 696 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 697 There were two French restaurants within the grounds. The Restaurant of the Trois Freres Provengeaux was situated on the west side of Belmont avenue, on the north shore of the lake, and south of the United States Government Building. It was a simple one-story wooden building, one hundred and seventy-seven by one hundred and ten feet in size, and stood in the midst of tastefully laid-off grounds. It could accommo¬ date about one thousand guests, and was a duplicate, with re¬ spect to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after which it was named. Louis Goyard, of Paris, was the proprietor. The Restaurant Lafayette was a handsome two-story frame structure, located on the south slope of Lansdowne ravine, north of the Carriage Building. The second story was arranged .RESTAURANT LAFAYETTE. as an open-air pavilion, and the building contained a number of public and private dining-rooms. It was one of the hand¬ somest eating-houses in the grounds, and was conducted on the French plan. It could accommodate about one thousand guests. Paul Sudreau, of Philadelphia, was the proprietor. The German Restaurant , or, as it was better known, u Lauber’s Restaurant/’ was situated on the south side of the Belmont val¬ ley, a few yards northeast of Horticultural Hall. It consisted of a large dining-hall with a lofty dome, elaborately frescoed 698 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and fitted up in elegant style, and three wings enclosing a large space which was floored over and covered with canvas. In this court tables were set, and beer and German wines were served. The building was two hundred by one hundred and fifty feet in size, and was handsome in design and convenient in arrange¬ ment. It could accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The proprietor was Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular RESTAURANT OP THE TROIS FRERES PROVEN£EAUX. and enterprising citizens of Philadelphia. It may be added here that this was the most successful and best patronized estab¬ lishment within the grounds. The Vienna Bakery and Cafe Fleischmann was a tasteful structure of wood, one hundred and forty-six by one hundred and five feet in size, situated immediately east of the French Government Building, near the entrance gates opposite the Reading Railroad Depot. It was the property of Gaff, Fleisch- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 699 mann & Co., of Blissville, Long Island, New York, and was designed to exhibit the advantages of compound yeast in baking. It was fitted up with a bakery in which fresh bread was con¬ stantly baked, and served to customers in the coffee-house which adjoined the bakery. The George’s Hill Restaurant was a frame building one hun¬ dred and twelve by seventy-two feet in size, situated in the western portion of the grounds, near the State buildings. It was also called the Hebrew Restaurant , as it was designed with especial reference to the wants of the Hebrew visitors to the Exhibition. Talman & Kohn were the proprietors. To the southwest of the George’s Hill Restaurant was a small pavilion erected by Jacob Kohn, of New York. Here were sold the delicious wines and liquors of Hungary, which were served by attendants in the national dress of that country. The Dairy. —This was a tasteful structure, built of logs, and open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A frame pavilion was erected to the west of it, and was used for the same purpose. The buildings stood on the north slope of the Lansdowne ravine, southwest of the Horticultural Hall, in the midst of grounds handsomely laid out as a garden. They were owned by an association of dairymen residing in Phila¬ delphia and the adjoining counties, and in them fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, ice-cream and refreshments of the lighter kind were served out to visitors. The Tea and Coffee Press Building was a handsome edifice, with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of Belmont valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It was the property of Mr. Jonathan Miller, and was designed to show a new method, invented by him, of making tea, coffee and other extracts, by means of pressure caused by the expansion of the materials used. This invention is one of the most important discoveries of the day, and is considered by chemists and other scientific men to be a national benefit. The process of making tea and coffee was shown to visitors by the inventor and his assistants, and attracted many spectators, especially housekeepers, to whom it is of great value, as it not only gives them a fine article of THE SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 700 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 701 coffee and tea and a quick mode of preparing them, but econo¬ mizes the materials used. The value and power of the process of making extracts is shown by the fact that the entire proper¬ ties to be extracted are taken out in a short time by cold water, and when hot or boiling water is thrown into the press, the expansion of the material is so great as to prevent the genera¬ tion of steam. Tea and coffee made by this process, and de¬ liciously cooled with ice, were served out to visitors at a small cost, and the “ presses ” were sold at moderate prices. Individual Enterprises. The Shoe and Leather Building .—This building was erected by the Shoe and Leather Trade of the United States. It was built of wood, was very plain in design, was one story in height, and was three hundred by one hundred and sixty feet in size. It was situated south of Machinery Hall, and the main entrance faced the grand plaza between Machinery Hall and the Main Building. At this end of the building were the offices and committee rooms. The building contained a large hall, at each end of which was a gallery, and smaller rooms at each extremity of the edifice. The hall was handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, each truss which supported the roof being draped with red, white and blue bands. As these were very numerous, the effect of the display was very fine. At each end of the hall were elaborate decorations appropriate to the place. The hall contained a complete exhibit of all the materials which entered into this large American industry, from the heavy and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leather down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly six hundred American houses took part in this exhibit, and a few manufac¬ turers from England, Russia and Germany. The largest display was made by Massachusetts. The ex¬ hibits from this State exceeded those from all the other States together. Newark, New Jersey, was well represented and oc¬ cupied a large space, and both New York and Philadelphia made an excellent appearance. 702 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The central aisle was taken up on both sides with a display of boots and shoes for men, women and children. The goods were contained in handsome glass show-cases, and ranged in character from the heaviest to the lightest and finest work. The variety of shoes was very great. One manufacturer ex¬ hibited over five hundred distinct patterns. Another exhibitor arranged his collection with reference to the historical interest which fashion has given to the shapes and finish of coverings for the feet, showing as he did the shoe from 1776 down to the present Centennial year in its differing forms. At the western end of the main aisle the India rubber manu¬ facturers exhibited their goods, and made a handsome display of the various articles of this material used in commerce. At the west end of the building was a small room, or hall, containing a fine exhibit of trunks, satchels, and the different leather goods used by travellers. Adjoining this, on the north side of the building, was a display of hardware for trunk- makers, etc. The south side of the main hall was occupied with a large exhibit of leather. Rockwell & Co., of New York, made a special exhibit of sheep leather, their imitations of Russia leather being so perfect that it was hard for any one but a skilled expert to detect the difference. On the north side of the hall was a large display of boot and shoe making machinery. Conspicuous among the machines exhibited here was the McKay sewing machine for boots and shoes, from Boston. This machine is regarded as one of the best in use—if not the very best—and its capabilities for doing the work for which it is designed may be seen in the fact that the company’s books show half a million of dollars of royalties on the work done last year. The Tapley Heel-Burnishing Machine Association, of Boston, exhibited one of their ad¬ mirable machines, of which four hundred are now in use. The Union edge-setting machine was an interesting object. It is said to do its work in one-half the time it can be done by hand; and the Plummer’s Union whitening and buffing ma¬ chine performed the labor of six men. The American Shoe- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 703 Tip Company, of Boston, exhibited an interesting machine for quilting boots and shoes with wire. Many of the machines were in operation, and their workings could be seen by visitors. The Shoe and Leather exhibit was highly creditable, and gave an admirable idea of the magnitude and importance of this great American industry and of the skill and ingenuity ex¬ ercised in it. The Brewers 9 Industrial Exhibition Building was situated near the northeastern corner of the Exhibition grounds, and immediately east of the Agricultural Building. It was two hundred and seventy-two feet in length and ninety-six feet in width, and was erected at a cost of $30,000. It was a large and conspicuous wooden building. Hop vines were trained along the south front, and the grounds on this side were taste¬ fully laid off as a hop vineyard. The building contained one large hall eighty-five feet in height, and four smaller halls forty-five feet high. Over the main entrance on the south side was a statue of King Gam- brinus. At the rise of the second roof was a beer-barrel orna¬ mented with the flags of all nations, and over each entrance was a handsome design made up of the implements and materials used in the business. The interior was decorated handsomely with bunting of vari¬ ous colors, and over the eastern entrance was a large trophy surrounding a medallion on which was inscribed the following sentence: “In the year 1863, 1,558,083 barrels of beer were brewed in the United States; in 1875, 8,743,744 barrels were produced from malt liquors, on which a tax was paid of $9,144,004.” Inscriptions in English and German relative to the brewing business were placed on the wall at various points. Near the centre of the hall was an elevator which conveyed visitors to the gallery outside of the building, from which a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the river, and the surrounding country was obtained. The building was devoted to a display of the processes of making malt, and brewing beer, ale and porter. Mr. Charles Stoll, of New York, erected at great expense a working brewery 704 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. of the most approved plan, containing all the latest improve¬ ments. It was called the “ Centennial Brewery/’ and had a capacity of 150 barrels at one time. Opposite to this display there were two malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected by William Hughes and Theodore Bergner, of Philadelphia. The latter was a patent arrangement, and was complete in every particular. In various parts of the building the manner of steeping, germinating, and drying the malt was shown, to¬ gether with the cleaning and separating machines. Malt¬ grinding mills, hop-grinding mash machines, vats, tubs, and beer-cooling apparatus, from Austria, were also shown. Models of malt-houses and breweries were exhibited, and among these was a model of the brewery of one hundred years ago, when all the labor was done by hand. The brewery then was simply a rough shed with a rudely thatched roof of straw. Close by was a model of a modern brewery of to-day, with all its machinery and improvements. Samples of hops, barley, and other cereals from which malt liquors are made, were shown, one firm dis¬ playing five varieties. Samples of malt liquors of all kinds, in glass and wood, were also exhibited. On the northern side of the Brewers’ Building was an annex known as the “ Ice House.” It was seventy feet in length and eighty feet in width, and the walls were double and were lined with shavings to assist in maintaining a low degree of tempera¬ ture. It was fitted up with three compartments: one for ale, which does not require so low a temperature; a second for beer, which requires great cold; and the third for use as a sample room. All the malt liquors intended for competitive exhibition were kept in this building. The Butter and Cheese Factory was a large wooden building situated near the northeastern end of the Exhibition grounds and east of the Brewers’ Building. It was one hundred and sixteen by one hundred feet in size, and was two stories in height. It contained a special exhibit of the dairy products of the United States, and illustrations of the processes of making butter and cheese. The Department of Public Comfort was a peculiar and very 706 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY important branch of the great Exhibition. As its name indicates it was designed to supply additional comforts and conveniences to visitors to the Exhibition. It was controlled by a company of which Mr. W. Marsh Kasson was the President. The sum of $20,000 was paid to the Centennial Commission for the privilege of establishing this department, and it was made a condition of the concession that all the accommodations provided by the department should be of the best quality, and that the charges for them should be moderate. The principal building of the Department of Public Comfort stood on the corner of the Avenue of the Republic and Agri¬ cultural avenue. It was a handsome edifice of wood, two stories in height, two hundred and sixty-four by one hundred and twelve feet in size, and consisted of a central building with twa wings. The central building was used by the department, and contained a large reception-room for visitors, which was abun¬ dantly supplied with chairs and sofas, and was free to all who chose to avail themselves of its facilities. A register was kept here, free of charge, in which visitors could enter their names, address in the city, and date of intended departure, so that friends might readily learn of their whereabouts. Special arrangements could be made for the reception of visitors’ letters addressed to the care of the Department of Public Comfort. These were kept until called for, or forwarded to any desired point. Reserved seats at the theatres and principal places of amusement in the city could be obtained here. At the north end of the reception-hall was a lunch-counter, at which refreshments were sold at moderate prices. Stands for the sale of fancy articles, newspapers, periodicals, etc., were to be found in the reception-room, and attached to it were barber¬ shops for gentlemen, dressing-rooms for ladies, water-closets, lavatories, boot-blacking rooms, and coat and baggage rooms, where baggage and other small articles could be left at a small cost, the owner receiving a check for his property. In connection with the coat and baggage room were ten sta¬ tions in and about the Exhibition buildings, where articles of wearing apparel, small baggage, bundles, baskets and umbrellas OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 707 could be deposited and cared for, or checked for delivery to other stations. Stands for supplying newspapers, periodicals, and all the current literature of the day, were provided in the reception- room and in and about the different public buildings; stationery, postage stamps, and all conveniences for writing, were also supplied. In the Art Gallery, stands for the sale and hire of object and opera glasses were established. Five pavilions for boot-blacking were also located at desirable points about the grounds. At all the coat and baggage stations umbrellas were kept for sale and hire. Telegraphic stations for ordering rolling- chairs and calling messengers of the American District Telegraph Company could also be found there. Over the central portion of the building was an open air gal¬ lery, which was covered with a canvas awning and was free to all visitors. It was intended, like the reception-room, as a place of general resort for visitors. The eastern wing was occupied by the General Telegraph Office of the Exhibition, also under the control of the Depart¬ ment of Public Comfort. Messages could be sent from here to all parts of the world. The room contained an exhibit of the various instruments used in telegraphing, the greater number of which could be seen in operation. The western wing was fitted up for the accommodation of the United States Centennial Commission and the members of the press of the country. It contained some of the offices of the Commission and a large and airy hall, which looked out upon the wooded slopes of the Lansdowne valley, and was fitted up with tables and chairs for the use of the army of correspondents and reporters who were daily engaged in making the attractions of the Exhibition known to the public. The Singer Sewing Machine Building was a pretty frame cot¬ tage erected on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of Memorial Hall, by the Singer Manufacturing Company, at a cost of $20,000. It was handsomely frescoed within, and was fitted up in elegant style. It was devoted to a special exhibit of the Singer sewing machines. Among the novelties on exhibition here were a wax-thread lock-stitch machine, and 708 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY button-hole and eyelet machine, a book-binding machine, and several others that were new to the public, one of which was capable of making 30,000 different styles of stitches. Numer¬ ous samples were shown of the work performed with the Singer machine, and these were among the most beautiful and skilful SINGER SEWING MACHINE BUILDING. specimens of needlework to be seen in the Exhibition. A reg¬ ister was kept in the reception-parlor for the names of visitors. At the close of the Exhibition the company presented to one of the lady visitors whose name was inscribed in the register the two millionth machine of their manufacture, the choice being OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 709 determined by lot. Sixty-one machines, each of a different style, were in operation here. The Pennsylvania Bible Society Pavilion was located on the north side of the Lansdowne valley and south of the Horticul¬ tural Hall. It was a plain structure of wood, oval in shape, and surmounted by a carved roof with a projecting cornice. It bore the inscription, “The Bible without note or comment.” The front was ornamented with an open Bible, above which was the text, from Jeremiah xxii. 29 : “ O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the Lord.” Bibles and Testaments, in all the writ¬ ten languages of the world, were sold here at cost. The “ Times” Pavilion was a small frame structure erected by the proprietors of the Philadelphia Times as a Centennial business office. It stood on Belmont avenue, opposite and east of the lake. The Glass Magazine stood on Belmont avenue opposite the lake, and north of the Photographic Association Building. It was forty feet square and two stories in height. It was con¬ structed mainly of plate glass from the works of Messrs. Klaut- sheck, Thomas & Stuart, of Philadelphia, and was devoted to a special exhibit of plate and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors, etc., made by the above firm. All the articles in the building were for sale. The American Fusee Company’s Building was a small plain structure, situated on Lansdowne drive, north of the Judges’ Building. It contained an exhibit of the safety match of this company, the head-quarters of which are in New York. The Centennial Photographic Association Building was the property of the company the name of which it bore. It was a one-story frame building with a wide balcony around it, and was situated on the east side of Belmont avenue, north of the grand plaza. It was one hundred and fifty by thirty feet in size, and contained one room for the exhibition of photographs, and three rooms for photographic manufacture. The company had the exclusive right of making photographs of the buildings and exhibits which were on sale here and at various points in the buildings and within the grounds. This was the only 710 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY place where visitors could have their pictures taken at the Ex¬ hibition. The American Railroad Ticket Office was a handsome building octagonal in shape, and constructed of wood. It was seventy- TICKET-OFFICE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. five feet in diameter and two stories in height, and was situated on the northeast corner of Belmont avenue and the Avenue of the Republic, immediately west of the Judges’ Hall. It was used as a general ticket office for the four great trunk lines of the country—the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, and New OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 711 York Central Railroads. Tickets were sold to all points in the United States, and information furnished respecting routes of travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the building was used as the office of the Adams Express Company for the transaction of their Centennial business. The Bankers’ Building was a handsome cottage, painted in dark rich colors, and situated east of the Art Gallery, between the Photographic Annex and the Vienna Bakery. It was built by the contributions of the bankers of the principal cities of the Union and their clerks, and was designed for the exhibition of coins and currency, and as a place of rendezvous for bankers and their families while visiting the Exhibition. The Empire Transportation Company’s Building was a plain wooden structure, seventy by sixty feet in size, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of the east end of the Main Exhibition Building. It was built in the style of a railroad freight station-house, and was devoted to an exhibit of the method of transporting “ fast freight,” as practised by the Empire Transportation Company and its connections. A number of handsome working models of lake steamers, grain elevators, oil tanks, railroad cars and locomotives, were arranged around the room, and were in constant operation. They showed the system of bringing grain in steamers from the great lakes to prominent points on the great trunk lines, and of transferring it by elevators to the cars which are to convey it to the eastern markets; and also from the cars to the large elevators of the terminal points in the east, from which it is discharged into vessels bound for foreign ports. A series of working models also exhibited the method of operating petroleum wells, and of ship¬ ping the crude oil in tank cars and conveying it to distant markets. The models to be seen here were among the most perfect in the Exhibition, and the display made in this building was as interesting as it is suggestive. The Burial Casket Building was a one-story frame structure, with turrets, situated on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of the Annex to the Art Gallery. It was devoted to an exhibition of the various styles of burial caskets. BUILDING OF THE CAMPBELL PRESS COMPANY. 712 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 713 The Gas Machine was an octagonal one-story frame structure, fifteen feet in diameter, situated south of Machinery Hall, and was devoted to an exhibit of a new process of generating a fixed illuminating gas. The exhibitor was J. C. Tiffany, of Boston. Starr’s Iron Works were located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the fence which separated the Exhibition grounds from Elm avenue. They were the property of Messrs. Jesse W. Starr & Son, of Camden, New Jersey. The display consisted of iron pipes for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp posts, etc. The chief feature was a complete set of gas apparatus for the manufacture and distribution of gas, from the benches and retort house to the gas-holder. Included in the apparatus was a set of cast-iron purifiers, with wet and dry centre valves, and an improved carriage (first introduced by this firm) for removing the lids of the purifiers. Another feature was an automatic compensating governor, circular, multi tubular and pipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooden and wrought-iron lime sieves. The exhibit was the largest and most complete made by any of the iron workers of the Union, and reflected the highest credit upon the Messrs. Starr. The extent of the business of this firm may be imagined by the reader when it is stated that their patterns alone are valued at $250,000. The Gunpowder Pile Driver was exhibited by the Gunpowder Pile Driving Company, of Philadelphia. It was built in the open air, and was situated southwest of Machinery Hall, and afforded a practical demonstration of the advantages of driving piles by this process. The Automatic Railroad was situated west of Machinery Hall, and was exhibited by Charles W. Hunt, of New York. It was an exceedingly ingenious invention, and illustrated the mode of unloading vessels by means of a railroad worked by a self¬ acting apparatus. The Glass Works were situated west of Machinery Hall, near the Fifty-second street entrance to the grounds. The building was one story in height, and contained a large brick furnace and chimney in the centre. It was gayly decorated with globes and 714 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY other objects of colored glass. All the various processes of pressing, blowing and cutting glass were carried on here by a corps of experienced workmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and other articles were manufactured and sold to visitors. The building was the property of the well-known firm of Gillinder & Sons, of Philadelphia, who are among the most prominent glass-makers of the United States. The work-room was thronged all through the day with visitors watching the process of manufacture. The Saw-Mill was a one-story frame building, with a boiler- house attached, and was situated southwest of Machinery Hall, near Fountain avenue. It was the property of E. W. Boss & Co., of Fulton, New York, who exhibited here a fine direct- acting circular saw of improved construction. The Campbell P> inting Press Building was situated immedi- I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 715 ately west of Machinery Hall. It was built of wood ; was two stories in height; was one hundred and forty-four by eighty- eight feet in size, and was handsomely decorated. An elaborate fa 9 ade stood at the eastern end, and was surmounted by a statue of the inventor of the art of printing. A balcony crossed this front on a level with the second story. The building was in all respects one of the handsomest and best arranged erected by private enterprise within the Exhibition grounds. It was the property of the Campbell Printing Press and Manufacturing Company, of Brooklyn, New York, who here exhibited all VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE GLASS WORKS. their specialties in printing presses, from the immense and splendid “Rotary” to the smallest card printing presses. The company had the exclusive right to do printing for the exhibitors and other persons connected with the great fair, and offered them peculiar facilities in this respect. For this pur¬ pose the company established a large and complete printing office in this building, in which all the branches of the art were carried on. Type-setting, stereotyping, electrotyping, printing and book-binding were in operation here, and those interested 716 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in these matters could here study all their details. The Camp¬ bell Building thus constituted one of the features of the Exhibi¬ tion, and received a generous recognition at the hands of visitors to the great fair. Fuller , Warren & Co.’s Stove Building was a handsome one- story frame pavilion, situated at the east end of Machinery Hall and opposite the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was devoted to an exhibition of stoves, heaters and ranges in operation from the famous works of Fuller, Warren & Co., of New York, Chicago, Cleveland and Troy. These were richly worth an examination, and were among the handsomest as well as the best in the world. The Liberty Stove Works was the name of an ornamental wooden structure west of Machinery Hall and south of the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was occupied with a display of stoves, heaters and ranges, manufactured by Charles Noble & Co., of the Liberty Stove Works, of Philadelphia. These offered a sharp competition to those of the establishment just mentioned, both in beauty of design and good workmanship. The Pavilion of the Boston “Herald” and Boston “Daily Advertiser ” was a small one-story frame building, situated on Fountain avenue, north of the western end of Machinery Hall. It was the head-quarters of the correspondents and attaches of the journals to which it belonged, and a centre of New England news. Pop-Corn Buildings .—There were two of these buildings located in the grounds, one on Fountain avenue, opposite the north end of the lake, the other on Agricultural avenue, east of the New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen. They were one-story frame structures, and were devoted exclusively to the sale of pop-corn. They were the property of J. A. Baker, of Dayton, Ohio, to whom the concession for the sale of this article belonged. The American Newspaper Building was a handsome two-story frame structure, seventy by forty-six feet in size, and was situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake and south of the United States Government Building. The edifice was thirty-three feet OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 717 in height, and the style of architecture was light and graceful, affording a pleasing contrast to the great buildings of the Exhi¬ bition. It was painted in cool and pleasant neutral tints, and had a most attractive and inviting appearance. From the exte¬ rior it appeared to be two stories in height, but the central hall rose clear to the roof. A long table extended down the middle of this hall, and on it were arranged copies of all the newspapers published in the United States. Chairs and sofas were scattered about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who were cordially THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER BUILDING. welcomed and made to feel at home by the courteous manager and his assistants. All visitors were invited to come and read the local papers from their distant homes, and the building was thus one of the most convenient of all the features of the Exhibition. _ ° n each s! d e of the reception-hall were long, narrow, but well- lighted alcoves, in the innumerable pigeon-holes of which were files of all the daily and weekly papers published in the United States. The admirable system upon which the establishment 718 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY was conducted rendered it easy for the attendants to find at once any paper of any date that the visitor might desire to see. For¬ eign visitors were thus enabled to make a study of American journalism. The height of the side chambers, where these alcoves were placed, was about ten feet, and over them were long galleries or sheltered balconies which extended all around the interior of the building. These were most tastefully fitted up with comfortable chairs and neat walnut writing desks, while from the large open windows could be obtained a charming view of the lake, or glimpses of almost any other portion of the grounds. The representatives of all the newspapers in the country were welcome to the free use of these writing-rooms, and pens, ink, paper and envelopes were furnished editors and reporters free of charge. When it is remembered that the building was located on one of the loveliest spots in the enclosure, and when it is stated that no noise of any kind, except the subdued voices of visitors, broke the stillness so necessary to all higher classes of composition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place in which to prepare descriptive reports of the Exhibition could be found, and the liberal accommodations were taken advantage of by large numbers of visiting journalists, as well as by those resident in this city. The building and its contents were the property of Messrs. George P. Rowell & Co., of New York, well known to the American people as the leading advertising agents of the United States. The energy and generosity with which they carried out this unique and important branch of the Exhibition should render them even more popular with the business men of the country than their past extraordinary career has shown them to be. The New York “ Tribune” Pavilion was a tasteful one-story structure, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high-peaked roof. It stood on the west side of Belmont avenue, near the north end of the lake, and was used as the head-quarters of the Tribune correspondents and as the Centennial business office of that journal. The Pressed Fuel Company’s Building was a small but hand- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 719 some iron pavilion, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, west of the lake and opposite Machinery Hall. It was devoted to an exhibit of the pressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau, of Philadelphia. The World’s Ticket Office .—The well-known firm of Cook, Son & Jenkins, whose main house is in London, but whose branches are now established in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Washington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pitts¬ burgh, have already gained a world-wide reputation by their system of cheap and attractive tours in all parts of the world. They erected a handsome building of wood, hexagonal in form, and sixty feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, imme¬ diately north of the eastern end of Machinery Hall. The inte¬ rior consisted of a main hall extending to the roof and four private offices. The hall was lighted by six tasteful dormer windows placed in the roof, which rose from the sides to the central por¬ tion. Counters were arranged around the hall, at which tickets to all parts of the civilized world were sold. Guide-books to foreign countries, based upon the system of tours adopted by Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, were for sale. A number of articles of olive wood made in Palestine were offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading from the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities were on exhibition. Among these was the mummy of an Egyptian priest¬ ess or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the mummy, which, though three thousand years old, was in an excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case was rich in Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which described her ladyship as a priestess or princess of noble rank; and the inscriptions, while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contained extracts from the “Book of the Dead,” or “Ritual of the Dead.” The mummy and case were the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, President of the Richmond (Virginia) College, who obtained them at Luxor, while making a trip up the Nile, under the escort of a member of this firm. Weapons and other curiosities from Upper Egypt were also shown. In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook, Son, cook’s world’s ticket offices, centennial grounds. 720 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 721 & Jenkins showed a model of the camp which they provide for persons journeying through Palestine under their charge. It consisted of a dining-room tent, large and square in shape, fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc.; and a sleeping-tent containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressing-case, etc. Attached to these was a kitchen. The camp was in charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook. Frank Leslie’s Building was a pretty one-story frame pavilion on the cast shore of the lake, just north of the World’s Ticket Office. It was used as a head-quarters for the artists and corre¬ spondents of Frank Leslie’s illustrated publications. The Women’s School-House , or Kindergarten, was situated northeast of the Woman’s Building and a few yards distant from it. It was a one-story Gothic cottage, one of the most charming and attractive structures on the grounds. It was thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and was built of pine wood, which was brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polish¬ ing. Not a particle of paint was to be seen about the building, but the native wood showed everywhere bright and rich in color. The interior consisted of a large hall with an alcove at the side for spectators. The system used was that of Fred¬ erick Froebel, the inventor of the Kindergarten. A low table stood in the centre of the room, and around it were a number of little rocking-chairs for the little pupils. Every Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday the operations of the Froebel system were shown from ten until half-past twelve o’clock. The teacher was a lady from Boston, and the class was composed of sixteen bright little ones from the Northern Home for Friendless Chil¬ dren in Philadelphia. A more delightful sight than these happy children at their studious play can scarcely be imagined. The advantages of the Kindergarten are so well known that it would \ be useless to dwell upon them here. The American Kindergarten was a small frame building lying immediately north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It was in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experienced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon Froe- bel’s, or rather an adaptation of his system to American wants. 46 | 722 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY A school for the training of Kindergarten teachers constituted a distinctive feature of this establishment. It was open daily. Clark Sc Co.’s Building was situated between Belmont avenue and Lansdowne drive. It was forty feet square, one story in height, and was surmounted by a tower. It was devoted to a special exhibit of self-coiling shutters. The Warren Foundry and Machine Shop represented cast-iron gas and water pipes unprotected from the weather. It was located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge of the Exhibition grounds. THE NEW ENGLAND LOG CABIN AND MODERN KITCHEN. The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen con¬ stituted one of the most interesting features of the Exhibition. They were situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avenue, and not far from the Woman’s Building. The New England Farmer’s Home was a plain one-story log house, and was built and arranged in the style of the New England farm¬ houses of a century ago. It contained a parlor, or “settin-room,” a kitchen,and bed-rooms, all of which were furnished with veri¬ table heirlooms contributed by the people of New England. Many of the articles were exceedingly valuable for their historical interest. In the “ settin-room ” was a chair made for Governor Endicott, who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 723 centuries and a half ago. In one of the chambers was the Ful¬ ler cradle, in which was rocked little Peregrine White, the child who was born on board the “ Mayflower ” on the voyage of the Pilgrims to Plymouth. The rockers have been worn away in the long years that have elapsed since then, but the cradle still remains a mute witness of the wonderful story of American progress with which all tongues are busy now. What a contrast between the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Plymouth, amid the fierce storms that howled along the bleak and barren coast of New England, and the grand assemblage of the nations and wealth of the world in which it took its part! Here was John Alden’s writing-desk, on which he penned those tender epistles in which “ Every sentence began or closed with the name of Priscilla, Till the treacherous pen to which he confided the secret Strove to betray it by singing and shouting the name of Priscilla.” Here also was an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years, and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Alden could find no way out of the web she wove about him. Here was the dressing- case of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode Island, one hundred and twenty-eight years old ; and against the wall hung the first clock brought to Andover, Massa¬ chusetts. Everything in the house had the ripe flavor of antiquity, and the visitor might see in the place an exact reproduction of the homes that his ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution, left so promptly and bravely when the news of the battle of Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house was occupied only by ladies, who were dressed in the quaint costumes of their great-grandmothers, and who conducted visitors through the house, and explained to them the story and uses of its contents. Adjoining the farm-house was a frame building fitted up as a Modern New England Kitchen. It contained all the improve¬ ments of the present age, and showed the progress of the century in this department of domestic industry. 724 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Pacific Guano Company’s Buildings were situated at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal structure was a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion, two stories in height, containing specimens of the guano; and north of this was a shed containing models of the company’s warehouses, at Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina. The grounds around the pavilion were plentifully fertilized with the guano, and were planted with cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, which grew finely under the warm sun and the generous stimulus of the fertilizer. The Averill Chemical Paint Company’s Building was situated on Fountain avenue, east of the saw-mill. It was a handsome pavilion of wood, and was ornamented with colored panels showing the various colors and qualities of the paints manufac¬ tured by this company. Specimens of the paints were on exhibi¬ tion within the building. The New York Slate Roofing Company’s Building was a small wooden structure with a pointed roof. It was situated on the slope of Lansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It was devoted to an exhibit of the rubber roofing and the patent slate roofing paint manufactured by this company. George Hayes , of New York , had a wooden building painted in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and imme¬ diately west of the edifice just described. It was devoted to a special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects. The Sheet Metal Pavilion stood on the north slope of the Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the German Govern¬ ment Building. It was a handsome and elaborate edifice con¬ structed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, orna¬ mented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extended around the roof. The building was the property of Marshall Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company, of Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet metal and ornaments. The building, which was itself a beautiful speci- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 725 men of the work of these firms, contained a large exhibit of the wares manufactured by them. The Caffe do Brazil was situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake. It was a small, one-story pavilion of wood, and was conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian mer¬ chants. The United States Life-Saving Station was a handsome two- story building, situated on the north shore of the lake, imme¬ diately west of the Trois Freres Provengeaux Restaurant. It was intended to show the system in use at the life-saving sta¬ tions established by the general government at the dangerous points along our coast, and was provided with a full equipment of the articles necessary to this purpose. The Elevated Railway spanned the Belmont valley, and con¬ nected the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rested upon a series of pillars which had foundations of masonry placed in the bed and on the sides of the valley. It consisted of one upper rail and two lower ones placed in a triangular position, the lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central or upper rail. The car rested on the central rail, on which the principal wheels worked, and it extended down to the level of the lower rails, thus making it a two-story struc¬ ture. Horizontal wheels revolved on the lower rails, and thus kept the car steady and prevented it from jumping the track or being thrown off. The adhesion of these wheels to the rails could be increased at pleasure. The car was divided into three compartments, one upper and two lower ones. The locomotive was provided with La France rotary engines, and had an ordin¬ ary horizontal boiler. It carried its fuel and water in the com¬ partments below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is cheaper to build, more economical to operate, and safer than any other elevated road in use. It conveyed passengers across the Belmont valley for the moderate sum of three cents. The Windmills. —A number of patent windmills of various kinds were located in the extreme northeastern corner of the grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They were in constant operation. 726 EXHIBIT OF FURS IN MAIN BUILDING. CHAPTER XXI. BIOGRAPHICAL. GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission. w^fOSEPH RUSSELL HAWLEY was born in Richmond county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 1826. His father, a Congregationalist minister, and a native of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis¬ sionary work in North Carolina, but in a few years removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboro. Here young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at the free schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New York, and continued it at Farmington, Connecticut. In 1850 he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his uncle, David Hawley, a well-known city missionary, and began the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in his efforts to establish himself in his profession, but went to work with an energy and determination that finally brought him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christmas day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A. Foote, of Guilford, Connecticut. Mr. Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one of the leaders of the Free Soil party. He was conspicuously active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent and forcible speakers in his party. Although enjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led 727 728 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY him a few years later to abandon his profession and devote him¬ self to journalism. Associating himself with Mr. Faxon, he bought out the Hartford Republican , and changed it into the Hartford Evening Press , of which he assumed the editorship. The new journal was a success from the first, and Mr. Hawley soon found himself ranked among the leading journalists of New England, a position which he maintained with ability and profit until the breaking out of the civil war. Upon the receipt of Governor Bucking¬ ham’s proclamation, after the fall of Fort Sumter, Plawlcy and two friends met at the office of the Press and signed their names to an enlist¬ ment paper as volun¬ teers in the 1st regi¬ ment. A public meet¬ ing was held at Hart¬ ford the same evening and was presided over by the Lieutenant- Governor of the State. The list was presented to the meeting and was at once filled up, and Company A of the 1st regiment was formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company, which was mustered into the service for three months, on the 22d of April, 1861. The colonel of the regiment being pro¬ moted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regi¬ ment was promptly sent forward to Washington, and in the GENERAL J. R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 729 battle of Bull Run, which soon followed, Captain Hawley’s company was one of the few that did not take part in the shame¬ ful panic and flight. The company was mustered out of the service on the 31st of July, 1861, their term of enlistment being ended. In the fol¬ lowing month the 6th Connecticut Regiment was organized for three years 1 service, and of this body Hawley was made lieu- tenant-colonel. Upon reaching Washington the regiment was assigned to the Department of the South. It took part in the attack on Fort Wallace, under Colonel Terry, on the 7th of November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah, in April and May, 1862; in the battle of James Island, on the 14th of June; and in the fight at Pocataligo, on the 22d of October, 1862, in all of which engagements it was especially distinguished for gallantry. During this period Terry had been made a brigadier-general and Hawley had been promoted to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly all these affairs. Colonel Hawley commanded his regiment during the opera¬ tions of General Gilmore, at Morris’ island and Fort Wagner, in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer of 1863. He was subsequently placed in command at Fer- nandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to secure for his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which was ignored by the War Department during the war, but which he regarded as a most valuable weapon. On the 19th of February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of Olustee, Florida. On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans^ ferred to the Army of the James, where Colonel Hawley was given the command of a brigade in Terry’s division. He par¬ ticipated in this capacity in Butler’s attack on Bermuda Hun¬ dreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep Run, Chapin’s Farm, New Market Road, Darbytown Road, Charles City Road, and in nearly all the engagements which occurred north of the James river during the year. In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen- 730 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY eral of volunteers, and in November was placed in command of 3000 Connecticut troops, and sent with General Butler to New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden¬ tial election of that year. He returned to the army when the elections were over, and in January, 1865, took part in the storming and capture of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina, One of the most brilliant operations of the war. In the spring of 1865 General Terry was placed in command of the city of Richmond, and General Hawley was at his request made his chief of staff. He held this position until September 28th, 1865, when he was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers; and on the 15th of January, 1866, was honorably mustered out of the service. In quitting the army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able officer, who had rendered good service to his country and whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and efficient discharge of duty in the field, and often under the most trying circumstances. Returning home he was nominated by the Republican party as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was elected over Gbvernor English in one of the most exciting con¬ tests ever held in the State. He held the office for one term, and then, declining a renomination, returned to his editorial duties, having during his service in the army and his guberna- torial term retained his connection with the Press, which had been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presi¬ dency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Con¬ gress, and was re-elected in 1874. General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work for the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both in Congress and in his journal gave himself heart and soul to the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 731 the United States Centennial Commission, he was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Connecticut. Upon the first meeting of that body, in March, 1872, General Hawley was chosen President of the Commission, to which position he has since been regularly re-elected. The ability and energy with which he has discharged the difficult, burdensome and often delicate duties of his position are shown in the magnifi¬ cent success with which his labors have been crowned. In person General Hawley is about five feet eight or nine inches in height, with a stout, well-built figure. His face in¬ dicates firmness and decision of character, and the expression of his clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability, and as a man utterly incapable of an equivocal action. JOHN WELSH, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance. John Welsh was born in the city of Philadelphia, in 1805, and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years old, and was for many years a member of the well-known firm of J. & W. Welsh, general shipping and commission mer¬ chants, on Delaware avenue, near Walnut street. He is one of the most successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half a century has been closely and honorably identified with the business interests of that city. Mr. Welsh was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial Commission, in June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it, and was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Board. In this capacity he has served for four years, and has discharged his duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial business of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board of Finance. Upon this body devolved the task of making the contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand 732 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and one tilings necessary to the complete success of the Exhi¬ bition, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary for carrying out the great scheme. The reader will thus see that the duties of Mr. Welsh have been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past two years he has devoted his whole time to the affairs of the Exhibition, and under his vigorous and able management they have been conducted with a vigor, promptness and success which are character^ istic of the man. The best evidence of the high esteem in which Mr. Welsh is held by the solid business men of the city is shown in the eagerness with which the leading capitalists of Phila¬ delphia affixed their names as sureties to the bonds for $500,- 000,which Mr.Welsh, in connection with Mr. Fraley, the Treasurer of the Board of Fi¬ nance, was re to give for the faith¬ ful disbursement of the sum of $1,500,- 000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally was shown in the enthusiasm with which he was greeted by the vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on the 10th of May. ALFRED T. G0SH0RN, Director-General of the Exhibition. Alfred T. Goshorn was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834. JOHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 733 He received his early education at the common schools of that city, and completed his studies at Hamilton College, from which he graduated with distinction. He studied law, and in due time entered upon the practice of his profession, hut soon left the bar and engaged in manufacturing, becoming subse¬ quently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near Cincinnati. He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Ohio. At the first meeting of the Com¬ mission he was elect¬ ed one of the Vice- Presidents of that body and Director- General of the Ex¬ hibition. The Director-Gen¬ eral is the chief ex¬ ecutive officer of the Exhibition. Upon him devolved the trying charge of su¬ pervising the work generally, conducting negotiations, corre¬ spondence, and leading as one harmonious body to the objective point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintendents, clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national com missiooers, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise after its public inauguration and during the Exhibition period. Such a position requires executive ability of the highest I order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn’s A. T. GOSHORN, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE EXHIBITION. 734 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY labors have been crowned has demonstrated the fact that he possesses this quality in an eminent degree. PROFESSOR JOHN L CAMPBELL Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission. John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son an excellent education. The young man entered Wabash College in 1844, and graduated from it with distinction in 1848. In 1851 he was appointed principal of the Preparatory De¬ partment of Wabash College, and held this position for two years, devoting his leisure time to the study of the law, receiving his license to practise in 1853. He did not enter upon a legal career, however, for, in 1853, PROFESSOR J. L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY OF THE WaS a PP°j n t e( ^ PrO- united states CENTENNIAL commission, fessor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Wabash College, and accepted the position which he has since held with great distinction to himself and benefit to the college. In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 735 of the great philosopher. The occasion of this address suggested to Professor Campbell the idea of commemorating the approach¬ ing Centennial of American Independence with an International Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia, and from this time he brooded over the scheme. In 1866 Professor Campbell was appointed by the President of the United States a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf of the Exhibition scheme—a plan which appears about this time to have suggested itself to the other gentlemen mentioned in an earlier part of this work. He addressed letters to the Hon. Morton McMichael, Mayor of Philadelphia, and the Hon. Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiana, suggesting and giving an outline of a plan for the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia. These gentlemen cordially responded, promising cooperation. Professor Campbell, thus encouraged, continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisfaction of seeing it an accomplished fact. Upon the organization of the United States Centennial Com¬ mission, Mr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner from Indiana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4th of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on the permanent organization, and was subsequently placed at the head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position of great responsibility. At the session of the Commission in May, 1873, he was chosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome duties of that important office. GENERAL CHARLES B. NORTON, Secretary of the Bureau of Revenue. Charles B. Norton was born at Hartford, Connecticut, and received a thorough education in his boyhood and youth. Upon reaching man’s estate he adopted journalism as his profession, and won considerable reputation as publisher, editor and author. For many years his special business was connected with the 736 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY supplying of the principal libraries of the United States with rare and valuable works from foreign countries. In this busi¬ ness he made many trips to Europe, visiting and inspecting all the important libraries of the old world, and securing many expensive works of an official character as exchanges with those issued in this country. He gained a practical knowledge of GENERAL CHARLES B. NORTON, SECRETARY OF THE CEN¬ TENNIAL BUREAU OF REVENUE. the modern languages of the old world, and made the acquaint¬ ance of most of the prominent literary men of Europe. At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Norton gave up his business, and organized a regiment of twelve hundred men. He was elected a second lieutenant, and took part with his command in the first battle of Bull Run. He was subsequently present in nearly every battle of the army of the Potomac, and discharged OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 737 the duties of the various positions filled by him with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. He was soon taken from the line, and placed on the staff of General Butterfield, after which he served on the staffs of Generals Mc¬ Clellan, Porter and Barry. He was brevetted a brigadier- general of volunteers for his gallant meritorious services, and remained in the army until the close of the war. In 1867 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition, and at the same time received a special military appointment to that Exposition from the State of New York. In this double ■capacity he repaired to Paris, where he fully sustained his previous reputation. He devoted himself with especial care to the interests of the American exhibitors, and won their grateful esteem by his services in their behalf. He made two reports on the Exposition : one to the President of the United States on 4 ‘ Munitions of War; ” the other to the Governor of New York on.the “State Exhibit and on the fortifications of the city of New York.” Of these reports sixty thousand copies were printed and circulated by the general government and the State of New York, and the author received many flattering letters from foreign governments complimenting him upon their accuracy. General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the plan of an International Exhibition. As soon as the scheme began to take a definite shape, and more especially after its incorporation by act of Congress, he become personally identified with the great undertaking. His services and experience have been of the greatest value, and though he has not at any time held any very high official position, he has proved his efficiency in every department, and his experience has been made use of with¬ out stint to the permanent advantage of the Exhibition. He has had especial charge of the press and all matters connected with the publicity of this great enterprise, and by his universal ■courtesy and his readiness to give, and peculiar capacity for giving, information he lias made many friends, and has rendered invaluable service to the Exhibition. He has been one of the 47 738 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY hardest workers in the undertaking, and has been content to labor in private, leaving to others the credit of his work, and satisfied to do anything that could in the least contribute to the success of the great scheme. Such a man deserves an especial recognition at the hands of his fellow-citizens, and should receive it. Though his labors have not always been apparent to the world, they have been of the highest importance, and in nothing have the Centennial Commission shown their good sense more strikingly than in securing for the great work before them the experience and services of this able and accomplished gentleman. JOHN L SHOEMAKER. A very great part of the success of the Centennial Exhibition was due to Mr. John L. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, the Coun¬ sel and Solicitor of the Centennial Commission. He was the direct cause of a large part of the liberality with which Phila¬ delphia treated the Exhibition, and throughout the whole work his professional judgment was constantly relied upon by tho Centennial Commission. John L. Shoemaker was born October 7th, 1832, in Upper Dublin township, Montgomery county, being the son of Jesse Shoemaker, and a descendant of Peter Shoemaker, who settled in Germantown in 1686, and built the first house in that settle¬ ment. In 1853 Mr. Shoemaker entered the office of Charles M. Wagner, Esq., as a student at law, and also the Law Depart¬ ment of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating with honor in 1856. In October, 1857, he was admitted to practise in the Courts of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and District Courts, and in March, 1858, in the Supreme Court. In the fall of 1861 he was elected to Common Council from a Democratic district, but refused to accept the position, deeming the election returns incorrect, and wrote a letter denouncing the frauds with the words, “ I belieye it to be my moral, legal and political duty to the community, to my party, and to myself, not to sustain what seems to be a fraud.” In the spring of 1863 he was appointed to a position of importance in the Provost Marshal’s office. In October, 1866, he was re-elected to Common Council from the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 739 thirteenth ward, re-elected in June, 1868, and resigned January 1st, 1870, and took his seat in Select Council, to which he had been elected in the fall of 1869. He was re-elected to Select Council in 1872 and again in 1875, and was chairman of important committees. On January 20th, 1870, he took the first practical step towards carrying out Mr. Campbells idea of the Centennial Exhibition, and was appointed Chairman of the Centennial Committee to prepare a memorial to Congress. When the United States Centennial Commission met March 25th, 1872, Mr. Shoemaker was unanimously elected Counsellor and Solicitor of the Commission, and was re-elected in 1873, and on declination of Mr. Biddle was again re-elected in 1876, and during that time rendered valuable service. Soon after the close of the Exhibition, to the success of which he had contributed so greatly, Mr. Shoemaker was seized with a dangerous illness. He lingered some time, and died on the night of December 26th, 1876, amid the universal regret of his fellow-citizens. DANIEL J. MORRELL Daniel J. Morrell was born at Berwick, Maine, on the 8th of August, 1821. His youth was spent on a farm, and he received a plain common school education. One of his teachers was Joseph Hoag, the great Quaker preacher. At the age of sixteen years Mr. Morrell entered mercantile life, in which he spent the next eighteen years, residing during this time in New York and Philadelphia. In 1855 he was made manager of the Cambria Iron Works, at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He achieved a marked success in this capacity, and has acquired the reputation of one of the most skilful and successful manufac¬ turers of Pennsylvania. Mr. Morrell has been twice elected to Congress. On the 9ih of March, 1870, he introduced into the House of Representa¬ tives the bill to provide for the celebration of the one hun¬ dredth anniversary of American Independence by an Inter¬ national Exhibition. He contributed actively to the adoption of this measure by the House, and upon the organization of'the United States Centennial Commission, under this Act of Con- 740 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY gress, Mr. Morrell was chosen Chairman of the Executive Com¬ mittee of the Commission. He discharged the duties of this important position with ability and credit, and greatly con¬ tributed bv his labors to make the Exhibition the great success of which the country is justly proud. MRS. E. D. GILLESPIE. To Mrs. Gillespie is chiefly due the credit of originating, organ¬ izing, and successfully carrying out the exhibition of the work of woman, which formed so prominent a feature of the Centen¬ nial Exhibition. Mrs. Gillespie comes of a race noted for energy as well as ability. She is the daughter of William J. Duane, who was Secretary of the Treasury under Andrew Jackson, and the great- granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. She was one of the first to conceive the plan of organizing a Woman’s Department of the International Centennial Exhibition, and having embraced the enterprise labored with unusual energy and ability to make it a success. The Centennial Commission having adopted the scheme, a Woman’s Executive Committee was organized in 1873, with Mrs. Gillespie as its President. Upon this Committee devolved the work of making the Woman’s Department of the Exhibition a success, and the labor performed by it was simply enormous. Through the efforts of this Committee subscriptions were obtained to the stock of the Exhibition to the amount of $95,000. The additional sum of $30,000 was then raised by the Committee for the erection of the beautiful Woman’s Build¬ ing, for the display of woman’s work in all its branches. Mrs. Gillespie performed her full share of these labors, and upon her devolved the organization and direction of the exhib t contained in the Woman’s Building. That her work was well done was shown by the praise which her department received from the thousands who visited it during the Exhibition. CHAPTER XXII. THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration—Action of the Centennial Commis¬ sion—Independence Hall Decorated—The Centennial Legion—The Blue and the Gray—Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia—Ceremonies of July 1st— Congress of Authors—The Great Civic Parade of July 3d—Ushering in the “Fourth”—The Midnight Celebration—Stirring Scenes — Dawn of the Fourth—The Military Parade—A Grand Demonstration—The Exercises in Independence Square—Other Celebrations—Illumination and Fireworks. arrangements for the proper celebration of the 4th *' 11 of July, 1876—the one hundredth anniversary of American independence—were at an early day confided to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex¬ tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial cooperation to the effort to have all things in readiness for the Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and vigor that could not fail of success. It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Decla¬ ration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall and proclaimed to the people in Independence Square, the com¬ memorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to make the venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstra¬ tions. The city authorities caused the building to be hand¬ somely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands, covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and streamers, were erected in Independence Square for the accom¬ modation of the singers and invited guests who were to take 741 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 743 part in tne rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions—the gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen—was hung in the State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to the shouts of the multitude when the moment of rejoicing should arrive. Being anxious that the Centennial celebration should do its share in cementing the reunion of the Northern and Southern States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion, the formation of a “ Centennial Legion,” consisting of a detach¬ ment of troops from each of the thirteen original States. The command of this splendid body of picked troops was conferred upon General Ambrose E. Burnside, of Rhode Island, and General Henry Heth, of Virginia, was chosen Lieutenant- Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. The Le¬ gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commands of the original States being eager to serve in it. For a week previous to tlie 4th of July crowds of people be¬ gan to pour steadily into Philadelphia. Volunteer organiza¬ tions from the various States were constantly arriving, and were cither encamped at various points in and around the Exhibition grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and the view down any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the clouds of bunting with which it was decorated. The principal build¬ ings were almost hidden by the flags which adorned them, or were ornamented with patriotic inscriptions, and at various points on Chestnut street triumphal arches were erected. By the night of the 3d of July it was estimated that at least 250,000 strangers were assembled in Philadelphia. The Centennial ceremonies were begun on the morning of Saturday, the 1st of July. The leading writers of the Union had been invited to prepare memoirs of the great men of our revolutionary period, which were to be deposited among the archives of the State House, and all who were able to accept the invitation assembled in Independence Hall at eleven o’clock on the morning of July 1st, 1876, where they were joined by a number of invited guests. The ceremonies were opened by an 744 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. address from Colonel Frank M. Etting, the Chairman of the Committee on the Restoration of Independence Hall, and a prayer by the Rev. William White Bronson. Whittier’s Cen¬ tennial Hymn was then sung by a chorus of fifty voices. The names of the authors were then called, to which each responded in person or by proxy, and laid his memoir on the table in the hall. The exercises were then brought to a close, and the com¬ pany repaired to the stand in Independence Square, where a large crowd had assembled. The ceremonies in the square were begun at half-past twelve o’clock with Helfrich’s Centennial Triumphal March, performed by the Centennial Musical Association. Mr. John William Wallace, the president of the day, then delivered a short address, after which Whittier’s Centennial Hymn was sung by a chorus of one hundred and fifty voices, and Mr. William V. McKean reviewed at some length the great historical event in commemo¬ ration of which the ceremonies were held. After the band had played “ God Save America,” the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, of Massachusetts, delivered an address, which elicited warm ap¬ plause. “The Voice of the Old Bell,” a Centennial ode, was then sung, and Governor Henry Lippitt, of Rhode Island, made a short speech. The band followed with a number of patriotic airs, and Mr. Wallace announced the unavoidable absence of General John A. Dix, and introduced in his place Frederick De Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, who made a few remarks. After a Centennial Ode, by S. C. Up- ham, had been sung by the chorus, the Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster delivered an eloquent address, at the close of which another Centennial Hymn, by William Fennimore, was sung.. Senator Frank P. Stevens, of Maryland, then said a few words, after which the “Star Spangled Banner” was sung, and the exercises were brought to a close by a prayer from Bishop Stevens. All through Sunday, the 2d, the crowds continued to pour into the city, and on Monday, 3d, the streets were almost im¬ passable. Business was generally suspended from the 1st to the 5th of July. / TiiJji WiacOAOitt to'iAiJi 746 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The celebration ushering in the 4th of July was began on the night of the. 3d. A grand civdc and torchlight procession pa¬ raded the streets, which were brilliantly illuminated along the whole line of march. The procession began to move about half-past eight o’clock at night, and consisted of deputations representative of the various trades of the city, the Centennial •Commissioners from the various foreign countries taking part in the Exhibition, the governors of a number of the States of the Union, officers of the army and navy of the United States, civic and political associations, and officers of foreign men-of- war visiting the city. Some ~f the deputations bore torches, and these added to the brilliancy of the scene. All along the line fireworks were ascending into the air, and cheer after cheer went up from the dense masses of enthusiastic spectators which ill led the sidewalks. The illumination of the streets along the route of the proces¬ sion was superb. Chestnut and Broad streets flashed resplen¬ dency in lines of fire and colored lanterns. The dense masses which thronged these streets stood out boldly in the clear light of the illumination, and the long, slow-moving line of the pro¬ cession flowed through them like a vast river. Crowds had collected around Independence Hall, filling the •street before it and the square in the rear of it. An orchestra and chorus were stationed on the stands in the square to hail the opening of the Fourth with music. The movements of the procession were so timed that the head of the column arrived in front of Independence Hall precisely at midnight. The crowd, which had been noisy but good-natured, was hushed into silence as the hands of the clock in the tower approached the midnight hour, and one hundred thousand people waited in breathless eagerness the strokes which were to usher in the glorious day. As the minute hand swept slowly past the hour there was a profound silence, and then came rolling out of the lofty steeple the deep, liquid tones of the new liberty hell, sounding wonderfully solemn and sweet as they floated clown to the crowd below. Thirteen peals were struck, and the first tone had hardly died away when there went up from the crowd OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 747 such a shout as had never been heard in Philadelphia before. It was caught up and re-echoed all over the city, and at the same time the musicians and singers in the square broke into the grand strains of the “Star Spangled Banner.” All the bells and steam whistles in the city joined in the sounds of rejoicing, and fireworks and firearms made the noise tenfold louder. When the “Star Spangled Banner” was ended the chorus in Independence Square sang the “Doxology,” in which the crowd joined heartily, and the band then played national airs. The festivities were kept up until after two o’clock, and it was not until the first streaks of the dawn began to tinge the •sky that the streets of the city resumed their wonted ap¬ pearance. The lull in the festivities was not of long duration. The day was at hand, and it threatened to be mercilessly hot, as indeed it was. As the sun arose in his full-orbed splendor the thunder of cannon from the Navy Yard, from the heights of Pairmount Park, and from the Swedish, Brazilian, and Ameri¬ can war vessels in the Delaware, and the clanging of bells from every steeple in the city, roused the few who had managed to snatch an hour or two of sleep after the fatigues of the night, and by six o’clock the streets were again thronged. In view of the extreme heat of the weather the military parade had been ordered for an early hour of the day. At a little after seven o’clock the line was formed, the right resting on Chestnut street, facing west, in the following order: Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Commander-in-Chief, and Aides. General Bankson, commanding First Division N. G. P., and Aides. Philadelphia City Troop. Black Hussars. Keystone Battery. JBrigadier-General Thayer, Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P., and Aides. Cadets United States Military Academy. United States Marines. Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. Third Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Ballier. Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Maxwell. 748 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Gray Invincibles (Pa.), Captain Jones. First Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. Brigadier-General Brinton and Staff. Second Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Lyle. United Train Artillery, Providence, R. I. Detroit National Guards, Captain O’Keefe. First Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, Colonel Benson. Twenty-second Regiment New York N. G., Lieutenant-Colonel Camp. Albany Zouave Cadets, Captain Reynolds. Weccacoe Legion, Captain Denny. B Company First Regiment N. G., District ot Columbia. D Company Eighth Regiment N. G. P., of Harrisburg. Washington, D. C., Grays. Pierce Light Guards of Boston. Centennial Legion. Three companies Virginia National Guards, Colonel Ordway. Seventh National Guards, New York, Colonel Clark. Twenty-third National Guards, New York, Colonel Ward. Two companies First Regiment N. G. of Vermont. Two companies Detroit Independent Cadets.. Visiting troops from Texas. Cadets of Northern Home. Girard College Cadets. Visiting Governors and their Staffs. The Centennial Legion , composed of detachments from the thirteen original States, occupied a prominent place in the line. It was commanded by General Henry Heth, of Virginia, and was composed as follows : Rhode Island—Light Infantry Regiments. Georgia—Clinch Rifles. New Jersey—Phil Kearney Guards. Del a ware—A m eri ca n R i fl es. Maryland—Detachment Fifth Regiment. Massachusetts—Boston Light Infantry. South Carolina—Washington Light Infantry. New York—Old Guard. North Carolina—Fayetteville Light Infantry. New Hampshire—First New Hampshire Battery. Connecticut—New Haven Grays. Pennsylvania—State Fencibles. Virginia—First Light Artillery Blues. The troops numbered about ten thousand men, rank and file,, and the whole column was under the chief command of General OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 749 Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, and a gallant veteran of the civil war. The command was made up of troops who during that bloody struggle had fought each other gallantly, and who had now come to testify their devotion to their com¬ mon country, and to show to the world that in trusting its defence to its well-regulated militia the American republic is stronger than the most powerful monarchies of the old world. At half-past eight the column began to move down Chestnut street towards Independence Hall, in front of which the troops were reviewed by General W. T. Sherman, the Commanding General of the armies of the United States; the Secretary of War; Prince Oscar, of Sweden; Lieutenant-General Saigo, of the Imperial army of Japan; the officers of the Swedish men- of-war in the harbor; the governors of several of the States; and General Hawley, the President of the Centennial Com¬ mission. As the troops passed along they were greeted with enthu¬ siastic cheers by the crowds on the street. The Centennial Legion and the troops from the Southern States were the objects of an especially hearty demonstration. The route chosen was a short one, the extreme heat forbidding an ex¬ tended parade, and by ten o’clock the military ceremonies were over. As soon as the parade was ended the crowd turned into Independence Square, which was soon filled. The approaches to the building by way of Chestnut and Sansom streets were kept clear by the police, in order that those who were entitled to seats on the stand might reach their places. Four thousand persons were given seats on the stand, and a vast crowd filled the square. As the invited guests appeared and took their seats on the platform the prominent personages were cheered by the crowd. The Emperor of Brazil received a welcome that was especially noticeable for its heartiness. It was hoped that the President of the United States would be present and preside over the ceremonies; but General Grant declined the invitation to do so, which it was at once his privi¬ lege and his duty to accept, and remained in Washington, woman’s centennial concert garden, broad street. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 751 preferring his selfish ease to a little patriotic exertion and exposure to the heat on this grandest of his country’s festivals. His absence was generally remarked and severely condemned by his countrymen. At a few minutes after ten o’clock General Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Commission, ap¬ peared at the speaker’s stand and signalled to the orchestra to begin. The opening piece, which was an overture entitled “The Great Republic,” based on the national air, “Hail Columbia,” and arranged for the occasion by Professor George F. Bristow, of New York, was rendered in fine style by the orchestra under the leadership of Mr. P. Gilmore. As the music ceased General Hawley again came forward and intro¬ duced as the presiding officer of the day the Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice-President of the United States, who was received with loud cheers. After a few remarks appropriate to the occasion Vice-President Ferry presented to the audience the Right Reverend William Bacon Stevens, D. D., the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania, whom he introduced as the ecclesiastical successor of the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. The bishop was in his canonical robes, with prayer book in hand. He delivered a solemn and impressive prayer, during the utterance of which the whole audience stood with uncovered heads, silent and attentive, unmindful of the blazing sun which poured down upon them. When the prayer was ended the “Hymn, ‘Welcome to All Nations/ words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, music, ‘ Keller’s Hymn/” was sung. The Vice-President then announced that Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, a grandson of the patriot of the Revolution, who offered the resolution in Congress that “these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States,” would read the Declaration of Independ¬ ence from the original manuscript, which the President had intrusted to the mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and crumbling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was then exhibited to the crowd and was greeted with cheer after cheer. Richard Henry Lee, a soldierly-looking Virginian, 752 THE IEEUSTRATED HISTORY. then came forward and read the Declaration ; but the en¬ thusiasm of the crowd was too great to permit them to listen to it quietly. At the close of the reading the orchestra performed a musical composition entitled “A Greeting from Brazil,” a hymn for the first Centennial of American Independence, composed by A. Carlos Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of His Majesty Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. It was received with cheers by the crowd, which were repeated for the Brazilian Emperor, whose hearty interest in the Centennial celebrations and the Exhibition had made him a favorite in Philadelphia. Mr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance, then, at the suggestion of Vice-President Ferry, in¬ troduced Bayard Taylor, the poet of the dav, who recited a noble ode, which was listened to with deep attention, the audience occasionally breaking out into applause. When the poem was ended the chorus sang “Our National Banner,” the words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, the music by Sir Julius Benedict, of England. As the music died away the Vice-President introduced the Hon. William M. Evarts, of New York, the orator of the day. Mr. Evarts was greeted with hearty cheers, after which he proceeded to deliver an eloquent and able address, reviewing the lessons of the past century and dwelling upon the great work America has performed for the world. When Mr. Evarts retired from the speaker’s stand General Hawley gave the signal to the leader of the orchestra, and the “Hallelujah Chorus,” from “The Messiah,” was sung; after which the vast audience, at the request of tbe Vice-President, joined in the One Hundredth Psalm, with which the mem¬ orable ceremonies came to an end. During the day the Humboldt Statue and the Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain, in the Exhibition grounds, were dedi¬ cated with appropriate ceremonies. At night the city was brilliantly illuminated, and a magnifi¬ cent display of fireworks was given by the municipal authorities