PICTURESQUE TOUR OF ITALY. A PICTURESQUE TOUR OF ITALY, FROM DRAWINGS MADE IN 1816—1817, BY JAMES HAKEWILL, ARCH T LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, A LB EM A RLE-STREET. 1820. London: printed by W. Buhner and W. Niuol, Cleveland- Row, St. James's. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD D E DUN8TANVI LLB, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF RESPECT AND GRATITUDE, BY 111S HIGHLY OBLIGED, AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, JAMES HAKEWILL. PREFACE. .Though numerous representations of Italian scenery have al- ready been presented to the public eye, yet in a country abounding so much with picturesque details, and affording so many varieties of combination, an artist is in no danger of incurring the charge of a want of novelty in his pursuits. The design of this work was to arrange and bring together correct portraits of those places which attract the notice of the traveller in Italy, whether for the beauty of the landscape, the historical interest which they inspire, or their architectural elegance ; and in this last respect more has been in- troduced, than has hitherto appeared in any general work of the same description. The views indeed of the several public galleries of sculpture and painting, (though they form the chief boast of the country,) have not, as far as the author is aware, before been given in any similar publication. The plates are arranged according to the line of route traced out in Eustace's Tour, as being a popidar work, and one of general circulation. The letter-press has been furnished by a gentleman who made the tour of Italy, during the same year in which the author was engaged in making the Drawings for this work. Artists of the first merit have been engaged in engraving the plates, and the author trusts he shall have made no invidious dis- PREFACE. tinetion, in taking this opportunity of returning his thanks to Mr. Turner, for the assistance he has derived from his acknowledged skill and talent. As for himself, he claims only the merit of having discharged his part with accuracy and fidelity ; and the very nattering reception which his work has already met with, both at Paris and in Lon- don, encourages him to hope, that in these points, which form in his opinion the most substantial title to approbation, the public have not felt themselves disappointed. London, September, 1820. ARRANGEMENT OF THE PLATES. 1. View in the Tyrol. No. VI. 2. Venice. Rialto. No. XII. 3. Lago di Garda. No. I. 4. Bologna. Strada Maggiore. No. III. 5. Rimini. Bridge of Augustus. No. II. 6. Arch at Ancona. No. IV. 7- Cascade of Terni. No. IV. 8, Narni. Bridge of Augustus. No. V. 9. Rome. Piazza del Popolo. No. I. 10. Rome. Bridge and Castle of St. Angelo. No. IT. 11. Plan of the Modern Capitol. No. VI. 12. Museum of the Capitol. Stanza del Fauno. No. VI. 13. Museum of the Capitol. Stanza del Gladiatorc. No. VI. 14. Museum of the Capitol. Stanza del Gladiatore. No. IX. 15. Museum of the Capitol. II Salone. No. VIII. 16 Museum ofthe Capitol. II Salone. No. VII. 17. Museum of the Capitol. Stanza de* FilosoH. No. VIII. 18. Museum of the Capitol. Stanza degli Iniperatori. No. VII. 19. Museum of the Capitol. Galleria. No. IX. 20. Rome, from the Tower ofthe Capitol, No. II. 21. Fonmi Romanian. No. XI. 22. Rome, from the Farnesc Gardens. No. X. 23. Rome. Ruins of the Palace of the Ciesars. No. VI, 24. Home, from the Monte Testaccio. No. VII. 25. Home, from the Monte Mario. No. XI, 26. Plan of the Museum of the Vatican. No. I. 27. Museum of the Vatican. Museo Chiaramonte, No. III. 28. Museum of the Vatican. Court of the Belvedere. No. III. 29. Museum of the Vatican. Stanza degli Animali. No. IV. 30. Museum of the Vatican. Galleria delle Statue No. V. 31. Museum of the Vatican. II Gabinetto. No. V. 32. Museum of the Vatican. Sala delle Muse. No. II. 33. Museum of the Vatican. SalaaCroce Greca. No.I. 34. Museum of the Vatican. Sala a Croce Greca. No. I. 35. Museum of the Vatican. Stanza delta Biga. No. II. 36. Museum of the Vatican. Galleria delle Miscellanee. No. IV. 37- Tomb of Cecilia Metella. No. IV. 38. Cascade of Tivoli. No. V. 39- Tivoli. Cascatelle. No. IX. 40. Frascati. No. XI. 41. La Hiccia. No. V. 42. Lake of Nemi. No. IX. 43. Mola di Gaieta. No. VI. 44. Naples, from the West. No.I. 45. Naples. Tombof Vigil. No. X. 46. Naples. Grotto ofPnsilipo. No. VII. 47. Naples, from the Mole. No. IX. 48. Temples at Fjestum. No. VIII. 49. Florence, from the Ponte allaCarraia, No. III. 50. Plan of the Museum of Florence. No. X. 51. Museum of Florence. Entrance. Loggia. No. X. 52. Museum of Florence. Room of the Obelisk. No. XI. 53. Museum of Florence. Tribune. No. XII. 54. Museum of Florence. Tribune. No. XI. 55. Museum of Florence. View in the Gallery. No. X. 56. Museum of Florence. Hall of Niobe. No. XII. 57- Florence, from the Chiesa al Monte. No. XII. 58. Florence, from Fiesoli. No. VIII. 59. Castle of Lerici, Gulf of Spezia. No. VII, 60. Interior of Milan Cathedral. No. XII. 61 . Lake of Lugano, No. VIII. 62. Isola Bella, Lago Maggiore. No. III. 63. Turin, from the Superga. No. X. YROL. This Print represents a nceue on the great road over the RhaHian or Easterr. .Alps, that forms a communication between Austria and Bavaria on the one side, and the North of Italy or. the other. The traveller, descending through the cold rugged cNfls of the Brenner mountain, after a few toilsome stages linds himself ushered to a more genial country ; as he advances, the vallies gradually im rease in »i<1tn ; the cliffs around assume by degrees a less liold and savage form ; the mountain torrent, though still chafed here and there, and fretted in its course, begins to swell into a broader stream. By and by he observes forests of pine and chesnut chequering the view, and vineyards are seen hanging in terraces on the shelving declivities of the mountain*. Habitations now grow more frequent, the commercial parlies seem to thicken on the road, and appear to introduce him once more to the world. The snowy peaks of the Brenner, overtopping every other range, are Uew still in sight, and serve to gladden the present scene, by presenting to the remembrance the contrast of the horrors he has passed. The Bridge which is seen in this View is one of those constructed of pine- rafters, which arc so common in these mouiilninotis parts, and ■eoorduul to th general fashion, it ha' formerly lieen covered with a r™f ..«-i „r.«i.: i l. i 9 >«. miMiiij iiven euiereu vwm a root, part of which is only now standing. The nv, r below is thu Adige, called in German by the harsher- sinindmg name ol the i .!... h wboae streams indeed accompany this road w ith -carce any deviation from its source on the Brenner to the city of Veroua. VIEW IN THE TYROL. Tins Print represents a scene on the great road over the RhaHian or Eastern Alps, that forms a communication between Austria and Bavaria on the one side, and the North of Italy on the other. The traveller, descending through the cold rugged cliffs of the Brenner mountain, after a few toilsome stages finds himself ushered to a more genial country : as he advances, the vallies gradually increase in width ; the cliffs around assume by degrees a less bold and savage form ; the mountain torrent, though still chafed here and there, and fretted in its course, begins to swell into a broader stream. By and by he observes forests of pine and chesnut chequering the view, and vineyards are seen hanging in terraces on the shelving declivities of the mountains. Habitations now grow more frequent, the commercial parties seem to thicken on the road, and appear to introduce him once more to the world. The snowy peaks of the Brenner, overtopping every other range, are however still in sight, and serve to gladden the present scene, by presenting to the remembrance the contrast of the horrors he has passed. The Bridge which is seen in this View is one of those constructed of pine- rafters, which are so common in these mountainous parts, and, according to the general fashion, it has formerly been covered with a roof, part of which is only now standing. The river below is the Adige, called in German by the harsher- sounding name of the Etsch, whose streams indeed accompany this road with scarce any deviation from its source on the Brenner to the city of Verona. Eustace, vol. i. c, 1. Doge VmcuI Ct* centre of the arch, of I he thirteenth I which ar* itrnttttt in which the state was enj of this project ; and it was other schemes for the imp a model furnished by an It is by no means renviri gers being necessary at Venice. Canalelti , and this picture, togi a very elegant design for the son of Signor Corniani, at Venice. The Hcneti, ornriuaDv a colo which \ emce is built ; th of the army uf the Goths em Alps, and a con- VENICE. The celebrated bridge of the Rialto was built under the government of the Doge Pascal Cicogna, whose armorial bearings are carved in stone on the centre of the arch. From the foundation of the city of Venice down to the middle of the thirteenth century, the inhabitants of the Eastern and Western islands, whicli are separated by the grand canal, had been used to no other means of communication than what their ferry-boats afforded : at this time, however, the inconvenience of this mode of passage was in some measure remedied by the erection of a wooden bridge, which took the name of the Poiile delta Moneta, from its saving the payment of the customary passage fee. The bridge falling into decay in process of time, it was proposed to renew it in stone, and designs by Sansovin and Palladio were given in for that purpose ; but the perpetual wars in which the stale was engaged, prevented, for many years, the accomplishment of this project ; and it was not till the year 1588 that it was resumed, when amidst other schemes for the improvement of the city, this bridge was constructed upon a model furnished by an architect known under the name of Antonio Dupont. It is by no means remarkable for its beauty, though its erection excited much public attention at that day. The span of the arch is not more than eighty-nine feet, being more than a third less than that of the Ponte di Castello at Verona, and much inferior in dimensions to that of many specimens to be seen in our own metropolis. The space above is divided into three parts ; — a street in the middle bounded by shops, and a narrower one on each side between the shops and the ballustrades : these shops contribute in a great degree to disfigure the bridge, by the heavy air which they impart. The ascent is made easy (for the elevation is considerable) by steps, no provision for any other than foot passen- gers being necessary at Venice. The design of Palladio has been painted by Canaletti , and this picture, together with another in which he has represented a very elegant design for the same purpose by himself, is now in the possession of Signor Corniani, at Venice. The Heneti, originally a colony from Asia Minor, had been for many ages settled in that part of the continent which lies contiguous to the islands on which Venice is built ; they were disturbed, however, by the tumultuous passage of the army of the Goths who invaded Italy from the Eastern Alps, and a con- VENICE. siderable body retired hither and established a community, that, from being a place of banishment and refuge, increased with time to be a mighty state, and the mistress of the Adriatic sea. The island of the Rialto was originally the favourite settlement ; and we are informed that a church was built there, and dedicated to St. James, in a period as early as the year 421 A. D. It was erected on the spot where the modern church of St. Giacomo di Rialto now stands, a few paces to the left of the bridge. It may be remarked that this spot witnessed the last effort that was made in defence of the independence of Venice ; when a band of the lowest description was gathered together with the avowed intention of fighting for those liberties winch their government had so cowardly given up. The French army under Buonaparte was then about to take possession of the place ; the disgraceful engagements which they had entered into were on the point of being fulfilled; but it was not till the people had received a murderous lire from the Italian troops, whom the provisional government had stationed on the Rialto, that they were dispersed, and taught to feel the real hopelessness of their condition. This took place on the 17th of May, 1797. Eustace, vol. I, c. 4. Forsyth, p. 343. Addison, p. 5f. LAGO DI GARDA, □ty of Italian < on the one within the barriers of thin country. If we add to these circumstances, that it is the Uenacu. celebrated by Virgil which meets his eye, and Sirmio, a name The long promontory seen stretching across the View, is that which is iuvoked as the •• penhaularum tnmlorumquc ocellr?' still beautiful with its pic- turesque village, its clifls tufted with trees, and the rich verdure of its cultiva- tion ; for the appearance of agricultural labour and art, so far from being m any •im prejudicial to beauty, bears the semblance here, as every whera in Italy, of a dress highly ornamenlal. An ancient bath is to be seen r.ear the uppe • extremity, and a ruin, called by the people of the country (some* nai ui ar- rantably) the grotto of Culnllus: though, says Mattel, it mu e , condition iu life, a* appears not merely irom nis wing aumu U.e Emperor, but from hi. having the honour of receiving him a. hi. regular limit, wh'iiever he visited Vemna in common tilth all mouutain lakes, the Benacu; or L. di Garda, is subject to violent and sudden storms, in consequence of the wind eddying through the ravines on its sides : the effect has been witnessed by many travellers. On the right, the lake stretches towards Peschiera, a fortress well kuown in military history ; for these peaceful scenes too have been visited by the "scourges of the human race.' Altila, the nun, gathering Ins lorces loge in Panrionia, entered Italy by the route of Aqiiilcta, ami oavanceu as lar a rni place, threatening to tarry rapine and desolation to the walls ol Koine. Mere, however, he waa met by a peacelul legation : the rope, ». Leo, accompauieU Dy LAGO DI GARDA, FROM ABOVE DESENZANO. The combination of Alpine scenery with the more tranquil beauty of Italian landscape, the snow-capped mountains and rocky promontories on the one hand, the broad roofed buildings, with the vine, the olive, and the cypress on the other, make a forcible impression on the traveller's mind as he enters within the barriers of this country. If we add to these circumstances, that it is the Benacus celebrated by Virgil which meets his eye, and Sirmio, a name ever associated with the elegant and graceful version of Catullus, the picture is complete. The long promontory seen stretching across the View, is that which is invoked as the " peninsularum insularumque ocelle," still beautiful with its pic- turesque village, its cliffs tufted with trees, and the rich verdure of its cultiva- tion ; for the appearance of agricultural labour and art, so far from being in any way prejudicial to beauty, bears the semblance here, as every where in Italy, of a dress highly ornamental. An ancient bath is to be seen near the upper extremity, and a ruin, called by the people of the country (somewhat unwar- rantably) the grotto of Catullus : though, says Maffei, it must be confessed, that, in all probability, the island was his own property, for he was one of good condition in life, as appears not merelyfrom his being admitted to the table of the Emperor, but from his having the honour of receiving him as his regular host, whenever he visited Verona. As to the ocean-like roar, mentioned by Virgil, it should be observed, that, in common with all mountain lakes, the Benacus, or L. di Garda, is subject to violent and sudden storms, in consequence of the wind eddying through the ravines on its sides : the effect has been witnessed by many travellers. On the right, the lake stretches towards Pcschiera, a fortress well known in military history; for these peaceful scenes too have been visited by the "scourges of the human race." Attila, the Hun, gathering his forces together in Pannonia, entered Italy by the route of Aquileia, and advanced as far as this place, threatening to carry rapine and desolation to the walls of Rome. Here, however, he was met by a peaceful legation : the Pope, S. Leo, accompanied by LAGO DI GARDA, FROM ABOVE DESENZANO. two Roman senators, in consequence of whose representations it was, that he was induced to put a stop to his ravages, and shortly after repassed the Alps. It was in these parts that Buonaparte particularly distinguished himself during his first campaign in Italy, by an exhibition of military combination and rapidity of movement rarely equalled. General Wurmser had assumed the command of the Austrian army, and being greatly superior in numbers, had driven the French from most of the positions they had lately occupied in the neighbourhood ; while two of his corps, descending on opposite sides of the lake, threatened to surround them, and cut them off from their resources. There was no time for delay : in twenty-four hours the siege of Mantua was raised, and Buonaparte set his troops in motion. Augereau was ordered forward, Brescia was re-taken, and the corps on his left repulsed, while the three following days completed the affair by the defeat of the body opposed to him on his right : Desenzano was one of the points where he was most successful, upwards of 2000 men being cut off and taken prisoners on the borders of the lake. The celebrated carpione of the Logo di Gar da, fabulously said, from its ex- cellence, to be a fish that lived upon gold, is of the same species with the gill char which is found in our lakes in Cumberland. The waters have the reputa- tion of being particularly useful in bleaching, and are probably impregnated with some chemical qualities from the mountainous regions from whence they spring. Eustace, vol. i. c. v. Addison, p. 42. I air of great beauty and convenience to tii© place, rrom modern bn.iits »* general, and partiooliulY from the introduction of carriages, this lasnion M building ha. now rjlen Mo disuse, though by no meatus ill-suited for pubu< accommodation in couutrien exposed to long summer seasons, aud perKela.o' rains. Vie find bazaars and covered arcades constructed throughout thr •<•<§* of the East at this day ; and we constantly trace the rerp*«« of putaMitlk Forum, and other place? of resort, in the ancient cities of Italv f « ( o <+• Nero, indeed, after the conflagration of Horn* Atme a mt to . ,*i Tt-'ur: »!! the new streets that were rebuilt with wMveawiM-e* »f lt"» Mcure Iu England, we have perhaps oo tinnier evamplt. if e»t*|it the CMtvetid where is the line preserved to unbroken, or isdeci ie-rmed with such r^b.v i'*oe, found ; its shape various, elliptical, semi-circular, or pointed: there are places in one straight Hoe, mid supported by columns at regular intervals : but a degree of clevntiou sntfn lent to give elegance to the design is niaint.oued, and what is more material, to allow the ike admission of light and air. The flooring it formed of a composition much used iu the North offtnly, and named, from the nature of its construction, laittutit : it is a ptaistcr, Interspersed with various fragments of marble, which are beaten down, smoothed to an even surface, and left to be hardened by the effect of the atmosphere. BOLOGNA. VIEW IN THE STRADA MAGGIORE. The Strada macjcjiore is a street leading from the gate of the same name to the centre of the city : at the extremity of the View appears the tower called the Asinelli: the portal on the right, decorated with colossal figures, is that of the Palazzo Bargellini. The long porticoes that line the streets of Bologna in every quarter, give an air of great beauty and convenience to the place. From modern habits in general, and particularly from the introduction of carriages, this fashion of building has now fallen into disuse, though by no means ill-suited for public accommodation in countries exposed to long summer seasons, and periodical rains. We find bazaars and covered arcades constructed throughout the cities of the East at this day ; and we constantly trace the remains of porticoes in the Forum, and other places of resort, in the ancient cities of Italy. The Emperor Nero, indeed, after the conflagration of Rome, designed to have provided all the new streets that were rebuilt with conveniences of this nature. In England, we have perhaps no similar example, if we except the covered alleys at Chester : but throughout the south of Europe relics of this fashion are to be seen in almost all the more ancient cities, at Berne in Switzerland, at Cracow in Poland, and in many parts of Austria, Gallicia, and the south of France. In Italy again, at Modena, Padua, Mantua, Treviso, &c. ; but no where is the line preserved so unbroken, or indeed formed with such elegance, as at Bologna. The porticoes here, however, are by no means uniform in appearance, the arch sometimes rising from square pillars, sometimes from round ; its shape various, elliptical, semi-circular, or pointed: there are places again where the entablature (as in the Pal. Lambertini) is carried throughout in one straight line, and supported by columns at regular intervals : but a degree of elevation sufficient to give elegance to the design is maintained, and what is more materia], to allow the free admission of light and air. The flooring is formed of a composition much used in the North of Italy, and named, from the nature of its construction, baituto : it is a plaister, interspersed with various fragments of marble, which are beaten down, smoothed to an even surface, and left to be hardened by the effect of the atmosphere. BOLOGNA. Fresco paintings by eminent masters of the school of the Caracci and others, are to be observed in the Lunettoni, or semi-circles immediately under the arch of the vault, in many parts of the city. The tower degU Asinelli was built in the year 1109: its heighth is 326 English feet without the cupola, and it overhangs its base about -3 feet 8 inches and an half. The tower Garisendi, which is but a few yards distant, was built in the same century; its height is 153 feet, and its deviation from the perpen- dicular is upwards of 8 feet 8 inches. From the courses of the masonry, this appears to have been intentional on the part of the architect, and was probably a matter of great boast in that unenlightened age. Addison, p. 249. Eustace, i. c. vn. Forsyth, p. 326. nKIDGE OF AUGUSTUS AT RIMINI *»» ramming ; anu is twin m sucu strict conformity vriih the precepts of Vitra- »*•», at to Induce many persons to imagine thai he must have furnished the design. Palladio has given an engraving of it in his Treatise on Architecture, nccompauied try a description , uud the following extract from Lconi's trausla- be* r *m 'pears to me to be the finest, and most worthy of cou- " urieratuw |a» »«B In the strength as for the compartment of it) which was " Augiistui Cffisar. It is divided into five arches, whereof the three roiddlc- " most are equal, being twenty-five feet in breadth, and the. two nearest the " bank arc less, being only twenty feet. All these arches consist of a scmi- " circle, and the depth of their archivolt is a tenth part of the light or raid of " the greater, and on eighth part of the light of the lesser ones. Th. sjaeu-r, " arc in thickness a little miirv (hen the luill of the light -V thr anc*'**. at, a,-. the time of its pre that the the brid ( somewhi use. Tl On tl arecebU. have buried it many feet sinco lediatcly at right angles to the side of « direction of the current, which posset a different shape from that generally "in 3D a similar principle is the celebrated little republic of S. BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS AT RIMINI. This bridge is one of the best specimens of architecture in the days of Augustus now remaining ; and is built in such strict conformity with the precepts of Vitru- vius, as to induce many persons to imagine that he must have furnished the design. Palladio has given an engraving of it in his Treatise on Architecture, accompanied by a description ; and the following extract from Leoni's transla- tion may not perhaps be unacceptable to the reader. " Of all the bridges that I " have observed, that appears to me to be the finest, and most worthy of con- " sideration (as well for the strength as for the compartment of it) which was "built at Ariminium, a city of the Flaminian tribe; and, as I believe, by " Augustus Cfflsar. It is divided into five arches, whereof the three middle- " most are equal, being twenty-five feet in breadth, and the two nearest the " bank are less, being only twenty feet. All these arches consist of a semi- " circle, and the depth of their archivolt is a tenth part of the light or void of " the greater, and an eighth part of the light of the lesser ones. The pilasters " are in thickness a little more than the half of the light of the greater arches. " The angle of the spurs that cut the water is a right angle, which, as I observe, " the ancients followed in all their bridges, because it is much stronger than " the acute angle, and therefore less exposed to be ruined by trees or any other " matter that comes down with the stream. Plum over the pilasters, there are " on the sides of the bridge some niches, wherein there must have been for- " merly statues. Over these niches, quite the length of the bridge, is a cornice, " which although it be plain, adds nevertheless a most agreeable ornament to " the work." m. c. xi. It should be added, that the sand and alluvial matter brought down by the torrent of the Marecchia, have buried it many feet since the time when this description was given, and somewhat altered the appearance of its proportions. One peculiarity in the ground plan deserves remark ; namely, that the piers are not constructed immediately at right angles to the side of the bridge, but stand parallel with the direction of the current, which passes somewhat obliquely, and hence are of a different shape from that generally in use. The Pont Neu/aX Paris is built on a similar principle. On the hill rising in the distance is the celebrated little republic of S. BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS AT RIMINI. Marino : a city which owed its origin to the crowd of devotees frequenting the shrine of the mason of Dalmatia, and which still preserves its liberties uninjured by the storms that have shaken the rest of the Italian states. The sovereign power resides in the Arengo, or general council, where each family has a represen- tative : the executive authority is entrusted to the council of sixty, as it is called, though in reality composed of but forty members, who appoint the following officers, two Capilanei, a judge, a master of the schools, and a physician ; the last of whom cannot by law be a native of this district. Eustace, i. c. TO. Forsyth, p. 325. This Are] ment muoint below its base (am in the view annexed), might not appear thick and clumsy. Such reasoning is ingenious, rather than correct : il was built at a time when architecture wba upon the decline, and in perfect conformity with the fashion of the day. We may observe instances of columns with narrow entablature and long-drawn shafts even in the edifices erected under the fcmperor Augustus, and from thence trace I hem in successive reras of degradation to the time of Diocletian, and the new style formed out of the corrupted state of the old. It is singular enough, that at the commencement of the restoration of architecture, it should have passed again through the same meagre forms before it regained its ancient legitimate proportions : many examples of which may be seen in our country in buildings of the sixteenth century, as indeed, generally upon the Continent. The advantageous situation of Aucona for commerce, being the only port of importance on this jwrt of the Eastern coast of Italy , has induced the Papal government to relax in the strictness of their tnual legislative principle**, and for a long time a general toleration of all religions has been jwrmitted here. The commerce consist* chiefly in the exportation of corn, hemp, sulphur, fish. ARCH AT ANCONA. This Arch was a tribute of gratitude to the Emperor Trajan, for the improve- ment made at his expense in the port of Ancona, and was erected in the year 115 A. D., in honour of the Emperor himself, the Empress Plotina, and his sister Martiana. Arches of this kind are generally described under the name triumphal ; it does not, however, appear that they were destined solely to the commemoration of military deeds, but were erected in honour of public virtue in general, though the chief merit in the eye of a Roman being success in war, they were for this reason most frequently so applied. Pliny says, while speaking of the subject of public rewards: Columnarum ratio erat supra ceeteros mortales attolli, quod ct arcus significant novitio inventi. Nat. Hist, xxxiv. 6. This Arch is built entirely of white marble, and in point of excellence of preservation, yields perhaps to no other specimen of antiquity in Italy ; still its beauty in the eye of the architect is but small, on account of the general mca- greness of its proportions. Some authors pretend that it was thus constructed by design, in order that the work, when viewed from a point below its base (as in the view annexed), might not appear thick and clumsy. Such reasoning is ingenious, rather than correct : it was built at a time when architecture was upon the decline, and in perfect conformity with the fashion of the day. We may observe instances of columns with narrow entablature and long-drawn shafts, even in the edifices erected under the Emperor Augustus, and from thence trace them in successive aeras of degradation to the time of Diocletian, and the new style formed out of the corrupted state of the old. It is singular enough, that at the commencement of the restoration of architecture, it should have passed again through the same meagre forms before it regained its ancient legitimate proportions : many examples of which may be seen in our country in buildings of the sixteenth century, as indeed, generally upon the Continent. The advantageous situation of Ancona for commerce, being the only port of importance on this part of the Eastern coast of Italy, has induced the Papal government to relax in the strictness of their usual legislative principles, and for a long time a general toleration of all religions has been permitted here. The commerce consists chiefly in the exportation of corn, hemp, sulphur, fish, ARCH AT ANCONA. and fayence ware, from the manufactories of Faenza : the importation, in articles of necessary use for the manufactories, and the consumption of the neighbourhood. The arch seen in the distance is a modern one, built after a design by Van- vitelli, under the reign of Pope Clement XII., whose name it bears. Addison, p. 9. Eustace, vol. L c. nil, Forsyth, p. 351. I CASCADE OF TERNI. The Cascade of Terni is called, in the truly descriptive language of Italy, the Cascata delMarmore : a torrent, precipitating itself over a cliff of two hundred feet in heighth, into an abyss that the eye almost dreads to look upon. The beauty and horror of such a scene cannot be better represented than in the words of a great modern poet : Lo ! where it comes like an eternity, As if to sweep down all things in its track. Charming the eye with dread — a matchless cataract, Horrihly beautiful ! but on the verge. From side to side, beneath the glil terir.g morn An Iris sits amidst the infernal surge, — Ch'dde Harold, Canto iv. lxxi-ii. The Iris, as is well known, is but an image of the sun, in which the rays are divided into their several component colours by the refractive power of the watery particles of the spray that is produced; a common accompaniment of water-falls at certain periods of the day, though no where more strikingly exhibited than here, and it has accordingly attracted general observation, from the age of Pliny to our own time. Velino — in lacu nulla non die apparere arcus. — Plin. Hist. Nat. ii. 62. The rough face of the cliff, and the groves that fringe its edge, and, in short, the whole country around, wears an appearance that may be termed, even in Italy, singularly wild and beautiful ; yet we find that we owe to human art that which constitutes the chief feature of the scene. We are informed, in a letter of Cicero to Atticus, that the channel conducting the stream to the precipice, was made under the direction of M. Curius, in order to drain the marshes of the country above. Cicero was requested by the people odieale, to plead their cause against the inhabitants of Interamna, considering themselves injured by the loss of the water, whatever benefits might have accrued to others. The river above is the Velino (Velinus), and that below, which receives the cascade, is the Nera (Nar). Reatini me ad sua Tempo duxerunt, CASCADE OF TERM. ut agerera causam contra Interamnates apud consulem et decern legatos, quod lacus Velinus, a M. Curio emissus, interciso raonte, in Narem defluit, ex quo ilia est siccata, lmmida modice taraen Rosia. — Cic. Ep. ad Ait. iv. 16, Eustace, vol. i. c. ix. Forsyth, 319. BRIDGE AT NARNI. There are few relics of antiquity that impress the traveller with greater ideas of Roman magnificence than the sight of this bridge affords. It was built by the Emperor Augustus for the purpose of facilitating the' passage across this defile in the mountains, and if its foundation had been firm, there is no doubt but that the solidity of its structure and strength of its materials would have pre- served it unimpaired even to our days. The arch of the centre appears to have been eighty three feet in its span ; that on the left side, which is still entire, is above sixty, and the breadth of each pier is twenty-eight feet. It is built with large blocks of white marble, neatly squared and fitted in, but without any appear- ance of cement having been used, or even cramps of iron to connect them toge- ther. A particular description of it will be found in a work entitled Roma riltaurata el illustrata, by Biondo, of Forli, 1558. Remains however of this sort may be viewed with an interest wholly indepen- dent of that which arises from their architectural beauty or curiosity: the direct and immediate link which they form between us and those personages of anti- quity who have so long been the theme of our admiration and research, gives them the strongest hold upon our feelings. The connexion is drawn closer still, when some classical page of the poet or historian touches upon the object present to our view ; and an epigram of Martial, in which he addresses himself to Narni, and alludes, at the conclusion, to this identical bridge, however slight its merit in other respects, has here force enough to afford a new life and spirit to the scene. Norma, sttlphurec quam gurgiie camlidtts amnis Circuit) uucipiti vix adeunda jitgo. Quid tarn secpe meum nohis abdueerc Quintum Tejiwat, et leuta detiuuisse mora ? Quid Nomentani causam mituperdis ageUL Propter viriuum qui pretiosus erat ? Sedjam puree mihi nee abutere, Nuruia, Quinto ; Perpetuo liceat sic tihiponlefrui. vii.93. BRIDGE AT NARNf. Narni is a considerable town on the hill lying to the left of the bridge, and is built on the site of the ancient Roman colony whose name it bears. Its envi- rons on every side are picturesque and beautiful ; the situation of the convent, which appears through the arch of the bridge, is one of the most romantic that can be imagined ; it stands on an eminence rising abruptly from the river bank, encircled by a lofty amphitheatre of rocks clothed from top to the bottom with cypress, laurel, olive, and ilex. Addison, p. 103. Euttacc, v. 1. c. ix. PIAZZA DEI. centre, ami .nh..r side the Strada del Ba.buino and 'fStrada Ripetta ; their direction if drawn in line* regularly converging lo the obelisk in the centre of the piazza, a )>lan happily conceived, ant! which has been since adopted in the construction of the modern city of Petersburg, and acte' «ter of HjM enWeo with its pedestal upwards of eighty feet in length. 10 oaarebntc been removed from the mass of ruins in which it had Man- HJ ha ■'>- and perseverance of Domenico Fcniana, the archrt><* ?f l*saev •V»t»w V., the same artist whose ingenuity bad, a short time baesra, fa**** 1 i*» it apu rd om obelisk which now adorns the area in fiMftt af St. Jttto* • J%*>> last asatsttatiasr eflkistasl the admiration of all Europe «>«t ••«. t*M0i .- -%»--ft«oja ««vi-r«iita. tba> in the true spirit of Papal iiugu*, •.*«.. br"»a*vW m«> •. '(.rtaliw nfta* U«**»r, PIAZZA DEL POPOLO. This View is taken from the winding road leading from the Piazza del Popolo to the Giardino publico (the favourite promenade at Rome), on the summit of the Monte Pincio. Immediately below is the piazza, or square, that forms the magnificent entrance to Rome, so much celebrated by travellers. It is bounded on the right by the Porta del Popolo, anciently named the Porta Flaminia; and on the left by the twin churches of S. M. di Monte Santo and S. M. dei Miracoli : between, and on either side of these buildings, branch out the three chief streets of Rome, II Corso (or the race course) in the centre, and on either side the Strada de! Babuino and Strada Ripetta; their direction is drawn in lines regularly converging to the obelisk in the centre of the piazza, a plan happily conceived, and which has been since adopted in the construction of the modern city of Petersburg, and acted upon still more extensively at Carlsruhe, The Obelisks (of which there are many preserved) may be classed among the greatest antiquities of Rome, and certainly are of the number of those whose history is best attested, The one here represented is the same which was erected at Heliopolis in Egypt, by the command of Psemmis, about six hundred years before the Christian era, and is covered with deeply engraved hicrogly- phical characters. It was transported to Rome as an Egyptian trophy, by Augustus, and placed in the centre of the Circus Maxim us, being called, as we learn by the ancient inscription on its pedestal, the obelisk of Augustus. Some medals also of the age of Trajan are still in existence, where it makes a conspi- cuous figure; they were probably struck at the time when he undertook the repairs of the Circus. On account of its enormous weight, for it is together with its pedestal upwards of eighty feet in length, it would never have been removed from the mass of ruins in which it had fallen, but for the skill and perseverance of Domcnico Fontana, the architect of Pope Sixtus V., the same artist whose ingenuity had, a short time before, moved the stupendous obelisk which now adorns the area in front of St. Peter's : this last undertaking excited the admiration of all Europe, and was thought so highly of by his sovereign, that, in the true spirit of Papal magnificence., he created him Chevalier of the Golden PIAZZA DEL POPOLO. Spur, raised him to the rank of the nobility, and conferred upon him and his heirs an annual pension of two thousand crowns. The part of modern Rome which appears in this View, stands on the ancient site of the Campus Martius, which reached from the foot of the Motile Pincio to the banks of the Tiber, and was only taken within the walls of the city during the reign of the Emperor Aurelian. In the distance, on the right, the eye is arrested by the dome of the Basilica of St. Peter, and the long stretched lines of the Vatican galleries. On the left appears the Janiculum, being a part of the range of high grounds that bound the city on the east : its sides are covered by the groves of the Corsini gardens, and those of other villas in that direction, the eye ranging as far as the gardens of the Pamfili Doria. The summit of the hill is crowned by the stone pines, whose graceful forms may be noticed among the features of the country most striking to a stranger. Eustace, vol i. c. 10. vol. ii. c. 1. 'am pus Marl nc< .1 - Mausoleum of the Kuiparor Adrian ; an elegant rotondo, encircled with eolormudr* tend *lAtw»,aji it i§ represented iu the engravings made after the work* of G. Paolo l'anini. Twenty-four pillars of pavonaxTo marble, now placed in the Basilica of St. Paul without the %catU, are said to have been taken from henee by the pious class of christian spoliate** : and it is believed that the greater part of the Matues were thrown into the river by the Goth*, on their (ir.s* taking possesion o)'it as a fortrcs*. The massive strength of ila walls. togo?h«i with its commanding situation, had rendered it an early object of mill tan. atten- tion ; and Belisariuy \vw the first to avail himself of the advantage* it offrwed. ug&iu returned uj the hands of the popes, constantly made use of by them as a constructed, communicating with the palace of the Vatican, in order to secure a passage at all time The siege of Pope Clement Vlf. in the cattle of St. Aogeio, by the Emperor Charlea V. is perhaps the most interesting period of The costh-. a* well a* the bridge below, formerly bore the name of Elio, from . Klius Adrian : this was changed for their present designation, in consequence of the miraculous vision seen by Pope Gregory iu the year " • '* A plague was l lieu raging throughout Rome ; and lie, having dreamt one night that he saw an angel standing 0,1 the castle, in the act of shea'htng a >word, hailed tho tations were sbortlv after verified. The figure of an angel iu this attitude, sur- mount* the odiftci- \ sow*; authors, however, refer the story to an apparition of St, Michael R O M E. BRIDGE AND CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO, ON THE TYBER. Here the Campus Martius joined the river Tyber ; and many a lively scene of classical story presents itself to the imagination. Both the banks, however, and the plain itself, are now covered with the houses of modern Rome, while only one relic of antiquity occurs to the view, and that so altered and transformed as scarcely to bear a trace of its ancient character. The Castle of St. Angelo was once the Mausoleum of the Emperor Adrian ; an elegant rolondo, encircled with colonnades and statues, as it is represented in the engravings made after the works of G. Paolo Panini. Twenty-four pillars of pavonazzo marble, now placed in the Basilica of St. Paul without the walls, are said to have been taken from hence by the pious class of christian spoliators ; and it is believed that the greater part of the statues were thrown into the river by the Goths, on their first taking possession of it as a fortress. The massive strength of its walls, together with its commanding situation, had rendered it an early object of military atten- tion ; and Belisarius was the first to avail himself of the advantages it offered. In the tenth century we find it occupied by the rebel Crescentius ; and when again returned to the hands of the popes., constantly made use of by them as a place of refuge in case of need ; for which purpose a long corridor has been constructed, communicating with the palace of the Vatican, in order to secure a passage at all times. The siege of Pope Clement VII. in the castle of St. Angelo, by the Emperor Charles V. is perhaps the most interesting period of its history. The castle, as well as the bridge below, formerly bore the name of EUo, from /Elius Adrian : this was changed for their present designation, in consequence of the miraculous vision seen by Pope Gregory in the year 593. A plague was then raging throughout Rome ; and he, having dreamt one night that he saw an angel standing on the castle, in the act of sheathing a sword, hailed the omen as betokening the staying of the plague ; and it so fell out that his expec- tations were shortly after verified. The figure of an angel in this attitude, sur- mounts the edifice ; some authors, however, refer the story to an apparition of St. Michael in the preceding century. BRIDGE AND CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO. This bridge was the scene of a melancholy accident in the fifteenth century. The plenary remission of sins, which had before been promised by Pope Boniface to all who attended the jubilee, attracted so great numbers, that the festival was at this time renewed, after an interval of fifty years, instead of an hundred, as originally established : and the press of the crowd rushing to St. Peter's on one of these occasions, was such, that the ballustrade of the bridge was forced away, and one-hundred and seventy-two of these wretched devotees perished in the river. Its present decorations were added by Clement IX. from the designs of Bernini, consisting of ten marble statues, carrying representations of the various instruments of our Saviour's sufferings : the nails, the cross, the lance, the scourges, the crown of thorns, &c. The dome of St Peter's appears in the distant part of the view ; and it may be worth while to remark the magnificent spectacle presented from this spot on the evening of St. Peter's day ; when the dome is illuminated on the exterior, and at a given signal, between four and five thousand rockets are discharged from the castle of St, Angelo. Eustace, ii. e. 1. Forsyth, p. 145. PLAN OF THE MODERN CAPITOL. The Capitol, from that sort of reverence that is sometimes nllacln i locality, ; and we i wish of ings marked in the grouud plan, that in the centre a the Palace of the Senator of Rome j for the modern senate eoaaist, of one member alone, whose office is chiefly judicial. Hi building oa the right, a work of the sixteenth century, is toe raiser of the three Conservator*, who stand next to him in rank, and adorned » th ■ classical inscription in the Latin language. 5. 1'. Q. R. majorum nuirvm i>iai*tanitam ul animo tic rc, quantum Itcuit, imilnlus, dc/ormatum injuria temporum capilulium restiluit, Prospero Iiuccapaibdio, 'Jlioma Cata- lerio curatorilnu ; anno post urban condttum, 2320 b this building and the one opposite, called the Museum, arc preserved all the treasures of art and relics of antiquity which are the property of the city : in the former is a considerable gallery of pictures ; and amongst other curiosities, the bronze statue of the Wolf ot Romulus that was struck bv livs!li are busts of Iho Koniau Emperors, with various member* of A statue ,.f Marcus Aurelius appears through the opening of the door. IL SALONE. The Saloon. On the loft u an Amazon liendint? her bow - next to her Amazon wounded ; then, one of the Mutes ; then, Minerva: at the bottom of the saloon a Faun with an apple ■ an Apollo with a Ivre reatine on a trii *t ih serpent wreathed within ; then ou the ri^ht hand J uiiiter with the thunder holt ■ a statue in black marble standing on a round ultar ornamented with ml' <• both were discovered at Antiuni • a Centaur of the sum,. ™«rhl„ Aristeas and Papias, as is seen by an inscription upon the base ; a voting Her- euloa carved m basalt, found on Mount Aventine ; a Centaur with lux hand* bo'uui , a statue of tuculapius, mounted on a round altar, with a bas-relief of six figures itpre-ieiituig a sacrifice. iiufacr, v.ll L C. 10. STANZA DEGLI IMPERATORI. Hall of the Emperors. In the centre is the figure of Agrippina, the mother of Germanicus, the same from which Canova has adopted the general air and attitude in the celebrated statue which he made of Madame Maria Letizia, the mother of Buonaparte. On the walls are busts of the Roman Emperors, with various members of their families, arranged in chronological order. A statue of Marcus Aurelius appears through the opening of the door. IL SALONE. The Saloon. On the left is an Amazon bending her bow ; next to her an Amazon wounded ; then, one of the Muses ; then, Minerva: at the bottom of the saloon a Faun with an apple ; an Apollo, with a lyre resting on a tripod with a serpent wreathed within ; then on the right hand Jupiter with the thunder-bolt ; a statue in black marble, standing on a round altar ornamented with reliefs, both were discovered at Antium ; a Centaur of the same marble executed by Ansteas and Papias, as is seen by an inscription upon the base ; a young Her- cules carved in basalt, found on Mount Aventine ; a Centaur with his hands bound; a statue of Esculapius, mounted on a round altar, with a bas-relief of six figures representing a sacrifice. Eusiacej vol. i. c. 10. Forsythj p. 206. to (be ortgriaal «H-it.*fti.«ra of 1934*- aMaMHtppDces. The three columns on the rigot v.-nMUnws .^sis* k**sg v«vhk *-.> •£ m the ruins of the temple of Castor ami FttHm. at of Janata* Stater, at others, of the Comitium for the assem- blies ol toe people. The (-xcavaliuns lately made at their base, by the order of the government, have discovered some remains of buildings at the depth of fourteen feet below the surface of the soil, which was about the level of tho ancient Forum : they have as yet only afforded fresh food for conjectur- Immediately behind, is the modern church of S Man* Ijbtratrice, «hoi Sufi m , they have lain in a dilapidated and neglected state, and ar« wr* I*' wit to small tenants, and the ground is culti- vated with vta«* «•*! .t-«*table«, and other produce, for the market of the city. From thi» point i* afforded a very interesting prospect of Rome, being situ- ated, as it were, in the heart of the ancient city. Immediately beluw. is tin Campo Vaccino, or forum, through which the triumphal prtyuwa passed oa their way to the Capitol. In the middle, distance ou *A» tsft, tsW sW ofcisjet that presents itself is the church tad asms* «f JLmnl, lift I the nfier the name of their patron, St. l,j>ke It •* given to thorn by Sixtus V. in (Us**"*!''* inff. tsxsssf strtf ft be distinguished. This church is worthy ee> used to designate lit muiuntu of tb» great «nd wealth;, in almost ever)- European Augustas Tihrriss, < »lijf«l». snd Claudius, each contributed iu their seve- ral reigns to iu enibellishtuent as well ns enlargement : but it was In tl e Em- peror Nero that it owed iu chief celebrity, who rebuilt the whole after it had been consumed in the fire of Rome, on a plan so gaudy and sumptuous, as to have occasioned it to be called (not undeservedly) by the name of the dnmut aurea. The scale of tho proportions of the ediiice were no less impostor than the richness of its ornuncuU. and may be imagined from the fact that it con. being an hundred and twenty feet i» height)! m f cr ' ■ occupy tue whole of the side of the hiil on the south, and seemed to have formed e bii jetratunt of this once magnificent pile fit buildings. The whole is now features are perhaps unparalleled elsewhere either in interest twI beauty . The words of a modern author may be uuotcd as iri»in f thr I and animated picture of the present wild and neglected appearance of this soot. " Your walks in the Palatine ruins, if it be one of tho manv daw wlc ih " labourers do not work, will be undisturbed unless you startle a fox I L- ing through the brambles in the corridors, or burst unawares through the " hole of some shivered fragments into one of the half buried chambers which the peasants hare blocked up to serve as stalls for their jack asses, or as huts RUINS OF THE PALACE OF THE CiESARS ON THE PALATINE HILL. The same Palatine Hill on which Evander dwelt, on which the infant Romulus was exposed, and on which he afterwards raised the first walls of Rome, be- came in a succeeding age the proud seat of the sovereigns of the Empire : and such was the magnificence with which their residence on this spot was deco- rated, that the name of Palace, borrowed from thence, has ever since been used to designate the mansions of the great and wealthy, in almost every European country. Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius, each contributed in their seve- ral reigns to its embellishment as well as enlargement : but it was to the Em- peror Nero that it owed its chief celebrity, who rebuilt the whole after it had been consumed in the fire of Rome, on a plan so gaudy and sumptuous, as to have occasioned it to be called (not undeservedly) by the name of the domus aurea. The scale of the proportions of the edifice were no less imposing than the richness of its ornaments, and may be imagined from the fact, that it con- tained three several porticoes, each upwards of a mile in length, and that the vestibule was of dimensions large enough to contain a statue of the Emperor, being an hundred and twenty feet in height!). Nothing however is now left except some stupendous ranges of arcades, such as that in the foreground of this view, which rising one over another' occupy the whole of the side of the hill on the south, and seemed to have formed the substratum of this once magnificent pile of buildings. The whole is now overgrown with trees and shrubs in rich luxuriance, and it forms a ruin whoso features are perhaps unparalleled elsewhere, either in interest, grandeur, or beauty. The words of a modern author may be quoted, as giving a faithful and animated picture of the present wild and neglected appearance of this spot. " Your walks in the Palatine ruins, if it bo one of the many days when the " labourers do not work, will be undisturbed, unless you startle a fox in break- " ing through the brambles in the corridors, or burst unawares through the " hole of some shivered fragments into one of the half buried chambers which " the peasants have blocked up to serve as stalls for their jack asses, or as huts " for those who watch the gardens." RUINS OF THE PALACE OF THE C/ESARS. In the distance on the right appears the convent of Sla. Balbina, seated on a picturesque eminence amidst the gardens, with which this part of Rome within the walls is entirely occupied : in the centre are the ruins of the baths of Cara- calla : still beyond may be seen the remains of aqueducts stretching their long lines over the Campagna towards the Alban Hill. Forsyth, p. 128. Eustace, vol. iii. c. 6. Hpbhouses Illustrations of Childc Harold, p. 212. VIEW FROM MONTE TESTACCIO. The Monte Testaccio is an hill situated in the valley between Mount Aventine and the banks of the river Tiber, and which has been formed (as indeed its name denotes) by the constant accumulation of fragments of pottery of every description, having become, it seems, for many ages, the common place of deposit. Its base is nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference, and its heighth is upwards of an hundred and fifty feet ; nor ought its size to appear extraor- dinary, when we take into consideration the very extensive use made by the Romans of vessels of pottery, using them instead of casks for wine, oil, and liquors of all sorts, as well as employing them largely in their baths and in their sepulchres. This mound is now chiefly famous for the remarkable coolness of the grottoes excavated in its sides, which are hired by wine merchants for the preservation of their stock. The Pyramid rising in the centre of the View annexed, is the Mausoleum of Caius Sestius, a man who in his day was Tribune of the people, Praetor and Septemvir; and thus far was made known to posterity by a few letters inscribed on his monument. No farther particulars, however, of his story have reached us, though it has been surmised (not without reason) that he is the identical C. Sestius mentioned by Seneca as " a flatterer of the Augustan court, who " was publicly scourged by the order of M. Cicero, the son, for presuming to " defame his father in his presence."* We are informed likewise by the inscription, that the pyramid was com- pleted in three hundred and thirty days, at the charge of CI. Mela and Fortius, the heirs of C. Sestius, in conformity with the injunctions of his last will and testament ; and being erected in the time of Augustus, when we find that obelisks and idols and various other importations from Egypt gave a turn to the prevailing fashion, it need not be a matter of surprise, that the form of a pyramid should be selected for a tomb. A low door is observable at the base, which communicates by a short passage with a chamber in the inte- rior: the dimensions of this are eighteen feet by twelve in length and breadth, and its heighth thirteen : it is ornamented in the usual style with paintings in * See Hobhouse's Illustrations of Chililc Harold, p. 205. VIEW FROM MONTE TESTACCIO. stucco, from which engraving's have been published by Bartoli ; but the urn, which should have contained the ashes of the deceased, has been long since removed. On each side of the door stands an isolated column, formerly adorned, as appears by some fragments found beneath, with a statue of bronze. The tombstones below are those placed over the graves of foreigners who have died at Rome, and as Protestants, or members of the Reformed Church, were excluded from the Roman Catholic cemeteries ; they appear for the most part to have been those of persons from England. The Gate of St. Paul lies immediately behind the pyramid, and the ancient walls of the city are seen branching out from it on either side, being part of the fortifications built by Aurelian, who first included Monte Testaccio and this valley within the precincts of Rome. Above the apex of the pyramid is seen in the distance part of the Claudian Acmeduct : a little to the left are the ruins of the Baths of Antoninus, or, as they are sometimes named, of Caracalla. On the border of the picture, in the same direction, appears the basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano. The range of moun- tains rising behind are those of the country of the Sabines; Eustace, vol. I. c. 11. ROME, FROM THE MONTE MARIO. Monte Mario is an eminence situated on the north-west of the city ; it is in fact a prolongation of the Janiculum, under which name it was anciently comprehended, together with the whole line of hills on the right bank of the Tiber. Its modern title, however easily associated with the celebrated adver- sary of the dictator Sylla, is derived from no classical source, but was given in consequence of its becoming the favourite retreat of one Mario Mellini, who lived in the reign of Sextus IV. and built an elegant villa upon it, not far from the spot whence this view was taken. As there is no other point which so well commands the city of Rome, it will be worth while to point out the several features of the picture. Immediately on the left is seen the church of the Trinita de' Monte, arid one of the most favourite public promenades on the eminence called the Monte Pincio. This hill was not included in the ancient city of the republic, which lay indeed con- siderably to the right of this point ; but the space between the Monte Pincio and the Tiber was occupied by the Campus Martius. Below are the two cu- polas of the S. M. de Monte Sacro, and S. M. de Miracoli, standing in the Piazza del Popolo, at the entrance of Rome from the north : from thence may be traced the converging lines of the streets of the Babuino, and the Corso, or race-course during the Carnival, this being the chief or leading- street in every Italian city. Pursuing the Corso (the lower of these streets) a little to the right, we come to the cupola of S. Carlo al Corso: above this are seen the long white lines of the Quirinal Palace and the Rospigliosi, and above them the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the most splendid structures of the modern city, and honoured with the title of being one of the four patriarchal churches, and one of the seven basilicas of Rome. Still onwards to the right appear the awful and stupendous ruins of the an- cient Colosseum, or Amphitheatre of Vespasian. Arches on arches ! as it were that Rome, Collecting the chief glories of her line, Would build up all her triumphs in one dome. Cliilde Harold, tv. ±. Next, following the same direction, are seen the tower of the Capitol, and some of the modern public buildings belonging to the Roman municipality: ROME, FROM THE MONTE MARIO next, some churches and conventual buildings upon Mount Aventine, and below these is distinguished the Dome of the Pantheon. A little farther are several cupolas of various churches, amongst which is that of S. Andrea della Valle, celebrated for the paintings of Lanfranc and Domenichino. The Castle of St. Angelo, with its fortifications, is seen below, with part of the buildings of the Vatican, standing on the ancient site of the Circus and gardens of Nero : above, is the eminence of that part of the Janiculum, which was included within the city walls. Beyond, is the Campagna, terminated on the left by the Alban hills, and on the right by the sea. A panoramic view of Rome, from this spot, has been engraved and published by Sickler, accompanied with accurate descriptions of the several points delineated. Eustace, vol. i. c. 12, &c. Addison. '/'/,/// ///, \\ tome. 1 SALA A CROCE GRECA. MUSEUM OF THE VATICAN. The interior decorations of public buildings in Italy are splendid beyond description ; and, from'lhe richness of the materials which that country affords, are conceived in a style totally distinct from any specimens to be seen in our own. So far from limiting himself to the mere distinctions of light and shade produced by the forms of architecture, the artist endeavours to relieve the several parts and members by the force of colour; and instead of one mono- tonous surface, a thousand variations of tint are at once presented to the eye. The materials used, as granites, porphyries, marbles, &c. are, by nature, so broken in their particles, that they never offend by any inharmonious glare ; yet their general brilliancy is sufficient to bear out, in effect, a considerable quantity of ascititious ornament ; and the several parts thus harmonized by con- trast, unite in composing an whole of inexpressible grandeur. The Sala a Crocc Greca, and the adjoining saloons, are beautiful examples in this style : above, are ceilings gilt in compartments, or ornamented with paintings from fabulous history ; below, pavements inlaid with marble, enclos- ing mosaic work of various patterns ; the intermediate space is filled up with forms and colours of marble or porphyry richly diversified, statues, busts, candelabra, vases ; the whole backed by walls, with columns and pannels of granite, red and gray ; these again surmounted with cornices, capitals, and bases of white marble or bronze : all arranged with perfect taste and judgment, so as to produce a coup d'eeil unrivalled in any other palace in Europe. The sphinxes on each side of the entrance, as represented in the first plate, are of gray : the two Egyptian idols, used as caryatides directly opposite, of red granite : these last were brought from the Villa Adriana, at Tivoli. The mosaic pavement in the centre is of Roman workmanship, and was discovered inthe last century near Frascati. The open doors disclose a part of the Sala Rotonda, a magnificent apartment, containing several colossal statues of Juno, Ceres, &c. ; its centre is occupied by a porphyry vase, forty-one feet in circum- ference, standing upon a mosaic pavement, brought from the ancient baths at Otricoli. SALA A CROCE GRECA. The second plate represents the Sala a Croce Greca, viewed in the opposite direction. On one side is a colossal monument of red porphyry, that once con- tained the ashes of Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, whose victo- ries are represented on its surface in bas relief: on the other side is the monu- ment of S. Costanza, the sister of the same sovereign, and was brought from the church bearing her name on the Via Nomenkma ; the columns of the stair- case beyond are of granite, of breccia carallina, and of green porphyry : the ascending flight of stairs leads to the galleria de' candelabri, and a suite of saloons, stretching in one straight line upwards of a thousand feet ; the descend- ing flight, to the apartments of the library of the Vatican, which are of equal extent. Eustace, vol. ii. c. 2. MUSEO CIIIARAMONTI. The Museo Chiaramonti is named from the reigning Pope who made this addition, as well as that of the Gallery of Inscriptions, which precedes it, to the extensive range of the Vatican. It is filled with antique statues and reliefs; of which a vast accumulation constantly takes place, since none that are discovered within the limits of the city are allowed by law to be exported. On the right hand appears a nymph, in a recumbent posture, with some Bacchanalian boys ; next a philosopher, two Muses, and various busts, in good style of sculpture ; then a statue of Mercury between two Bacchanalians, Hygcia, a Faun, Escula- pius, &c. The View is terminated by the saloon at the entrance of the Museum Pio Clementinum : in the centre of which is the famous Torso, commonly called that of Michael Angelo, either in consequence of the admiration he lavished upon it, or from its being discovered in an excavation made under his direction. THE COURT OF THE BELVEDERE. Akound this court are disposed numerous bas-reliefs, together with ancient columns, baths, and sarcophagi of granite, porphyry, or marble. In the angles are four apartments, containing the most valuable statues in the Papal collection, and whose names are familiar to the world. In one is the statue of Mercury, or Meleager, commonly called the Antinous ; in another, the group of the Laocoon ; in another, the Apollo Belvedere; and in another, the Perseus, Creugas, and Damossenus of Canova. Eustace, ii. c. II. Fursijtli, p. 199. • •* . ■ i • .'. M i- .ti. i \-.trit>u* liiiil-, in pmd «tvlc then ft Kt»t«e ut Mcrcur> between two Bacchaualians, Hvgciu, a I pirn*, Ac Tiic View is terminated by the saloon at the entrance oi Pio Clementinura : in the centre of which is the famous Tonw, con that of Michael Angelo, either in consequence of the achnirnt' > pon it, or from its being discovered in an excavaUoft n*4i MUSEO CHIARAMONTI. The Museo Chiaramonti is named from the reigning Pope who made this addition, as well as that of the Gallery of Inscriptions, which precedes it, to the extensive range of the Vatican. It is filled with antique statues and reliefs ; of which a vast accumulation constantly takes place, since none that arc discovered within the limits of the city are allowed by law to be exported. On the right hand appears a nymph, in a recumbent posture, with some Bacchanalian boys ; next a philosopher, two Muses, and various busts, in good style of sculpture ; then a statue of Mercury between two Bacchanalians, Hygeia, a Faun, Escula- pius, &c. The View is terminated by the saloon at the entrance of the Museum Pio Clementinum : in the centre of which is the famous Torso, commonly called that of Michael Angelo, either in consequence of the admiration he lavished upon it, or from its being discovered in an excavation made under his direction. THE COURT OF THE BELVEDERE. Akound this court are disposed numerous bas-reliefs, together with ancient columns, baths, and sarcophagi of granite, porphyry, or marble. In the angles are four apartments, containing the most valuable statues in the Papal collection, and whose names are familiar to the world. In one is the statue of Mercury, or Meleager, commonly called the Antinous ; in another, the group of the Laocoon; in another, the Apollo Belvedere; and in another, the Perseus, Creugas, and Damossenus of Canova. jBtutoMj ii. e. Forsytli, p. 199. s Two range* of Ionic columns divide this spacious saloon aa either side, teanug ■ (•"■age in (he centre : the pavement is of mosaic work, chiefly representing a variety of animals ; around, on pedestals formed af altars, saroopbairi ,-,r svni,- dile. the toad, Ihe hare. U>e :> it« nunc from the Bi(t»(or two-horsed chariot) occupying the centre ; a piece •] sculpture lhat given a lively illustration of the ancient chariot race I Jajnqiir buiuflc* jaiuque elaii sublime videntur, Acre per vacuum feni, atque assurgcre ta auru. Visg . Gassy rm The horses are of white marble (not Kmatr, a* a rw»«! ls»w«»t baa a«r>a«*- ously described them), and one has boea ApsnrssJ b» • asajam artet, Frasconi of Rome. On the Uft staasls the * charroleer victor j« fW of which t-nl> is here seen) are Sardanapalns, a Roman sacrificing t»- the Gods, a firecian warrior, and M. Sestus of Cherone*. The Apo'lo, commonly tailed the soiiroc/onw, with several other antique statues, is placed in this apartment. The view of the Stansn Jelle Mute, nr Saloon of the .Muses, is taken from a point looking towards tee court of the BeUulere, and M ornamented in the MM majroilii cnt style as the fiila a I'rort Grrca and the KotO'uio before described. STANZA DELLA BIGA. SALA DELLE MUSE. I N these plates are represented two of the saloons belonging to the Museum Pio Clernentinum, or Museum of the Vatican. The first takes its name from the Biga (or two-horsed chariot) occupying the centre ; a piece of sculpture that gives a lively illustration of the ancient chariot race : Jamque humiles jamque elati sublime viclentur, Aera per vacuum ferri, atque assurgere in auras. Virg. Georg. nr. The horses are of white marble (not bronze, as a recent tourist has errone- ously described them), and one has been replaced by a modern artist, Sign. Frasconi of Rome. On the left stands the figure of a charioteer victor in the Circensian games; the palm is in his hand: in his girdle may be observed the knife intended to be used in case of necessity. On the right is a Discobolus. The cupola of St. Peter's appears through the window. In the four niches (one of which only is here seen) are Sardanapalus, a Roman sacrificing to the Gods, a Grecian warrior, and M. Sestus of Cheronea. The Apollo, commonly called the saurootmut, with several other antique statues, is placed in this apartment. The view of the Stanza delle Muse, or Saloon of the Muses, is taken from a point looking towards the court of the Belvidere, and is ornamented in the same magnificent style as the Sala a Croce Greca and the Rotoudo before described. TOMB OF CECILIA METELLA. Cecilia Metella was the daughter of Q. Metellus Creticus, and the wife of the wealthy Crassus, who erected a tomb to her memory so magnificent in its kmd, that it seems to have become a model, in after times, for the mausolea of the greatest of the Roman emperors : the inscription yet remains : C^CILLE. Q . CRETICI . F . METELLA . CRASSI. The walls are upwards of thirty feet in thickness, leaving a small circular space m the centre, where her ashes were deposited in an elegant .arcophagus of Grecian marble : this was left unmolested till the days of Pope Paul III who ordered it to be removed to the Farnese Palace, in the building of which he was then occupied, and where it is still preserved. But little remains that can serve to indicate the original termination of this edifice ; the basement, which was square, was broken up by Pope Urban VIII and used in the construction of the Trevi Fountain at Rome. Above is seen an elegant frieze, ornamented with ox-head metopes, whence the building is known among the common people by the name of Capo di Bow. That which appears now as the superstructure, is a Gothic addition of the middle ages, as may be said of the whole of the immense range of out-works immediately adjoining; their style, indeed, is sufficiently illustrative of their date. It appears to have shared a common fate with many other ancient mausolea, whose massive and durable structure attracted the destructive attention of military adven- turers, as being well calculated for their purposes. The Tomb of Cecilia Metella was long used as a fortress during the contest between the Popes and the German emperors, and finally passed into the hands of the Gaetani family, who surrounded it with these unsightly appendages, and made it their castle ; the tower being reserved as the strong hold, or last place of refuge in those times' of feudal violence and confusion. Immediately below the eminence on which it is situated, are the ruins of an ancient Circus, which has been generally supposed to be that of Caracalla, from its resemblance to one represented on the medals of that emperor. The carceres or barriers at the upper extremity on the right, as well as the general form of the course, are easily distinguished in the View. TOMB OF CECILIA METELLA. On the opposite side of the road appears the church or basilica of St. Sebas- tian, by some thought to have been founded by Constantine the Great. It is chiefly, however, celebrated for its extensive catacombs, or passages, cut in the rock, which are reported to contain the remains of fourteen Popes, together with an hundred and seventy-four thousand martyrs, and to range about iiftecn miles in extent. They were originally, perhaps, simple quarries in the tufa stone, which being neglected, in course of time became a place of refuge to the primitive Christians in the day of persecution, and afterwards appropriated as their cemetery : the same may generally be said to be the story of all these subterraneous wonders. In the View annexed, immediately to the right of the tomb, are seen the pines of the Corsini Gardens rising over the ancient Janiculum : a little further, in the same direction, appears the cupola of St. Peter's, and still onwards, but at a greater distance, is the Monte Mario, backed by a part of the range of the Appenines. Eustace, ii, c. vi. r/J (>/(///. and BMM Si Hie *t Asa J A JXmjti SVZeibtn len mysterious pcraouages made known to us in history, under the u»a>c of Sybills. Wc know nothing of her story, hut it appears that fch- rtoriied divine honours, and had a temple and grove dedicated *o her at tbi* 'tlacv The SNbit- ! . en transferred to the oblong tei consecrated lo l! Ne] thai TIVOLI. We look with peculiar interest upon a place that appears to have merited the title of ancient, even in the reign of Augustus Caisar, and whose existence may be traced to thcaeraof its foundation, near five centuries previous to that of Rome. The research, however, after the historical details of those early periods, produces but little to reward our curiosity ; and we feel that it is of small conse- quence whether Tibur was founded by a colony of Sicani, or by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus, or even by Hercules himself, whose altarswere however undoubtedly those of the first Grecian divinity introduced into these parts. Tibur (Tivoli) was celebrated as the place of residence of Albunea, one of the ten mysterious personages made known to us in history, under the name of Sybills. We know nothing of her story, but it appears that she received divine honours, and had a temple and grove dedicated to her at this place. The Sybil- line verses now extant (for the originals were burnt in the fire of the Capitol at Rome), are generally considered as spurious, the pious artifices of certain devo- tees amongst the primitive Christians, who sought to aid the propagations of the Gospel, by associating it with the prophecies of those deities, which the early prejudices of the Heathens were habituated to reverence. The View annexed presents the domus Albunea resonuntis. Above the cata- ract of the Anio are seen the remains of around temple, which has usually been called the Sibyll's temple, according to the common mode of giving names to Italian ruins : for a connexion is easily formed in the mind of the vulgar, between the most striking relic of antiquity, and the most remarkable personage of anti- quity of which the place can boast. Palladio however informs us of the error, and in consequence of its round form and the Corinthian order which is used, pro- nounces it at once to have been a temple of the Goddess Vesta. The title has been transferred, therefore (since its real site could not have been far distant), to the oblong temple standing to the right, and which has in modern days been consecrated to the Christian religion and dedicated to St. George. At the foot of this rock are the grottos called by the country people those of Neptune and the Sirens, in order that they may seem to partake of the respect that is paid to classical names. They present a very beautiful and singular TI VOLI. spectacle of nature : the sandstone rock has been perforated by the force of the torrent of the Anio which here precipitating itself through the cavity, forms a cataract of about sixty feet in height. In the course of time, the constant action of the water has formed a deep subterraneous cavern, from whence the roar of the stream is fearfully echoed upon the ear : while the awful sensations inspired by a scene of this description are greatly increased by the darkness of the place. The variety of natural arches, the irregularities of the exterior of the rock, and the evergreen foliage that adorns every little jutty on its surface, conspire to beautify the spot. Addison, p. 213. Eustace, ii\ c. vn. Forsyth, p. '_'-!(>. THE CA.SCATELLE AT TIVOLI. The environs of Tivoli abound with so many picturesque combinations of the beauties of nature and art, that its scenes may be said to be familiarised to the eye of the public, by the numerous painters that have employed themselves in their representation. No spot is more abundant in picturesque qualities than that here presented to the view : on the left appear the town and steeples of Tivoli ; immediately under it are seen cascades of water bounding; over rocks clothed with mossy verdure, and overhung with groves of ever-greens : on the right is seen the Anio eddying in the deep ravine below : while in the middle distance displays itself toe splendid fabric of the villa of Mecaenas, with torrents of water gushing through its arches, and covering the face of the cliffs on which it is built with mist and foam: the back ground is formed by the long level lines of the Campagna di Roma. The Cascatelle are cataracts produced by the divided streams of the Anio, which after passing the great fall in the middle of the town of Tivoli, precipitates itself again over rocks of a stupendous heighth : it docs not indeed, in any place present the grand effect generally produced by a large sheet of water in scenery of this description, but beautifully diversifies the landscape by the nume- rous points it offers to catch the eye. The villa of Mecaenas, upon nearer inspection, presents a square building fronted by handsome Doric arcades, which are in most parts still entire, and give a very elevated idea of the magnificent style of this edifice. In the upper story are a suit of apartments, and in the lower is a long gallery vulgarly called the stable of Mecaenas, but appearing from its shape better adapted for baths, and was probably destined to this end. The lover of antiquities cannot help lament- ing the barbarous conduct of Cardinal Ruffo, who during the reign of the late Pontiff converted this edifice into a foundery, and defaced many parts of it with the arrangements necessarily made for this object. Many other ancient villas, as those of Varus, Lepidus, Sallust, and Piso, are pointed out in these parts, by the indefatigable Cicerone : but nothing is more arbitrary than the usual mode of giving names to these relics, and the reasons alleged are generally insufficient to satisfy even a moderate scholar in anti- quarian lore. Eustace, v. ii. c. Forsyth, p. £46". Addison, p. 1H. FRASCATI. Frascati antiently bore the name of Tusculum. It was to this place the proud Tarquin retired when expelled from his kingdom by the indignant spirit of the Roman people ; and from hence he carried on that war which is so cele- brated in the annals of liberty. The day of retribution however was at hand ; and in the course of time the Tusculaus were compelled, after a spirited resist- ance, to surrender their liberties to the armies of republican Rome. During the period the city was under her dominion, it may boast of having given birth to two of the best men of the times, Quintus Cincinnatus, and Cato the Censor ; and of having been the residence of a still more illustrious personage, namely, M. Tullius Cicero, who composed in his villa at this place the immortal Tus- culan disputations. The natural beauties of its scenery had at that time attracted the notice of many of the more wealthy Romans, and the environs of Tusculum abounded with splendid villas. Tusculum was destined to suffer still harder treatment from the modern Ro- mans than it had before experienced from the ancient : the Pope, who held it as a iief from the Emperor of Germany (or King of the Romans), had granted to it so many liberties, as to render the place an object of jealousy to the municipality of Rome ; and after a long war between the two cities, which occupied great part of the twelfth century, he gave it up to them, in order to put an end to the constant dissensions which it occasioned between himself and his own people. The city was then razed to the ground, and the wretched inhabitants, deprived of their homes, retired to a spot in the suburbs, and where they dwelt for some time in rude huts constructed of the materials which the neighbouring woods afforded : it is indeed from this circumstance (the word frasca signifying the bough of a tree), that the modern name of Frascati is supposed to have been derived. Jt.s delightful situation has again proved an object of attraction to the Romans, and Frascati is one of the most favourite places of retirement from the city during the heats of the summer season. Amongst many others, the villa of the late Cardinal d'York was situated here. Ancient Tusculum was considered an almost impregnable fortress; but it may be added, that its site is imagined to have been higher on the hill than the FRASC ATI. spot where the modern town stands : Lucullus's villa is generally considered to have occupied that spot. The cupola of St. Peter's, and the outline of the city of Rome, are seen in the more distant parts of the view, together with a branch of the Appennines, run- ning towards the sea on the west. Eustace, vol. 1. c. viii, Forsyth, p. 454. LA RICCIA. We are here upon the ancient Appian way, the large nagged stones of which (for such was the Roman fashion of making roads) are still visible in many parts. In front is seen the village La Riccia, anciently Ariccia, the first night's resting place of Horace in leaving Rome to join the suite of his patron Maecenas, who was himself proceeding to meet the legates of Antony at Brundusium, with a view of effecting a reconciliation between him and Augustus. The humorous description of this journey, made near two thousand years back, is still the companion of every tourist on the route from Rome to Naples. The situation of the place, its bold outlines, and the dark alleys of olive and ilex, through which the road winds, in descending into the valley, naturally inspire the mind with something of a romantic feeling : these parts accordingly we find have afforded the locale to some of the more ancient tales of fiction. The opposite hill was called the hill of Virbius, or Hippolytus revived. Ariccia was the name of the nymph whom he married, and whose company he here enjoyed, during the time of that second life which the goddess Diana granted him in reward for his former chastity. As his death was occasioned by the madness of the horses of his chariot, that animal was banished from hence at her command (for she was the goddess of this country), thus perpetuating by the prohibition the memory of the misfortune of her youthful favourite. Cest ainsi qu'en Italic, presque a chaque pas, la poteie et thistoire viennent se re- tracer i I'esprit, et les sites charmans qui les rapellent, adoucissent le passe et semblent hi ctmserver tine jetmesse eternelle. Corinne, l. xi. c. i. The Church of Ariccia is a large and shewy building, after a design by Bernini: within are some fresco paintings from the pencil of Borgognone. It was erected at the expense of Alexander VII. ; the palace standing directly opposite to it belongs to the Chigi family, of which that Pope was a distin- guished member. Eustace, vol. ii. c. vm. Forsyth, 25;". LAGO DI NEMI. This lake is apparently a bason formed in the crater of a volcano long since extinguished ; its sides fertilised by the decomposition of tile volcanic matter, and overhung with wild and luxuriant foliage. Its beauty has long been cele- brated in this part of Italy : we recognise it under the name of Trivitc tacus in the ^Eneid of Virgil, and in other writers under the still more poetic title of the Speculum Diantf, which is peculiarly appropriate, because being protected by the heighth of the surrounding rocks from the action of the wind, it almost con- stantly preserves a still and glassy surface. Trivia, or rather the Diana Taurica, was an heathen goddess, whose rites were observed by the inhabitants of ancient Latium. The wood dedicated to her was near this spot, as also her temple, which was stained by human sacrifices : her priest {Rex Nemorensts) was usually some fugitive or outlaw, who held his office only till murdered by some equally profligate adventurer who sought to supply his place : for this was the rule of succession. His duties were consonant to such a practice, and he was recpiired to seize victims for the altar of the goddess, from the travellers that passed that way. The Emperor Trajan built a vast floating castle upon this lake, which was more than five hundred feet in length, and about two hundred and seventy in breadth ; it was constructed of wood and sheathed with lead on the outside in the parts exposed to the action of the water : its interior was fitted up in the most costly style with stucco and beams of brass, and every species of decoration that could make it worthy of the imperial residence. On the banks adjoining, walks and parterres were traced out, and to complete the work a subterraneous channel scooped in the rock as an outlet for the waters of the lake if at any time they threatened an overflow. Signor Marchi, in the year 1535, descended by means of a diving machine, to this edifice, which he found in the spot were it had sunk. An account of his researches has been laid before the public. The town of Gensano and the convent of the Capuchins, are seen on the right of the picture ; in the distance is Monte Circello, and the Mediterranean sea. On the eastern side of this lake is the small but picturesque village of Nemi, and an house celebrated as having been the residence of Carlo Maratti : some of the paintings of that artist being still preserved there. Eustace, ii. c. 8. MOLA DI GAIETA. Tm» w i Mnall lown on the Appian way, some of the Hat stones of which arc diir«t*» here and there, yet forming part of the pavement of the streets ; ili<-o«+ indeed little is wanting to remiml the traveller thai h* treads on elastic ground. Close at hand is tho fountain strrniii, on the but* of wliicfc Ulysses met the fair daughter of Antiphttes, King of the Ltettngons, going 10 fetch water. The favourite villa of Ccero, named the rormianum (Irom Forming, the mM nam of OaieU), stxoad Roman triumvirate. The Formian wines are well known to ever? reader of Horace, and the name Gaieta, is familiar to our ears from its occurrence in a noted distich ;>l Virgil's .lineid : in reference to which it may he ohwrved. that when corruption* of words are so common on every side, it happens "insularly enough, that Caicta, the nurse of AJneas, should have given a Dime to this place, which remains even to this clay almost literally the same. Et nunc Krviit honot sejem tmw, asoqae imowa The city of G&ul* iUe'f »,«*»« in the View, rising on a Imld cnain. f.- »i the «*lrrmil> of tW i>ror»-;ntory : the circular building on the rigM w % 0m* is hctter «r,o.vn however by the common people under the more romantic title of the Tower of Orlando. Thia plac.' ma^ boast also of a port, that owes its formation, or at least its chief improvement, to the munificence ot lor tvuiperor Antoninus Pius. Gaieta was once her own mistress, being governed under the form of a republic ; but he* since that day undergone the usual fnte of an Italian city, and submitted to the tyranny of her more powerful neighbours. From tho circum- stance of being a fortress of great strength, the place has undergone a more than usual share of calamity, particularly during its siege in the reigns of the Emperors Charles V. and Philip V. The heroic defence of Gaieta by the Prince of Untie Philipstahl, against the French army It the year 1806, is too fresh in the memory of all to need recapitulation. Euitace, *ol. 0. c 9. Fvrifth, p. 261. ■ MOLA DI GAIETA. This is a small town on the Appian way, some of the flat stones of which are discernible here and there, yet forming part of the pavement of the streets ; though indeed little is wanting to remind the traveller that he treads on classic ground. Close at hand is the fountain stream, on the banks of which Ulysses met the fair daughter of Antiphates, King of the Lasstrigons, going to fetcli water. The favourite villa of Cicero, named the Formianum (from Formia?, the ancient name of Gaieta), was situate too on this shore ; and here it was that he suffered a sort of political martyrdom under the bloody proscrip- tion of the second Roman triumvirate. The Formian wines are well known to every reader of Horace, and the name Gaieta, is familiar to our ears from its occurrence in a noted distich of Virgil's ^Eneid : in reference to which it may be observed, that when corruptions of words are so common on every side, it happens singularly enough, that Caieta, the nurse of /Eneas, should have given a name to this place, which remains even to this day almost literally the same. Et nunc servat honos setlem tuus, ossaque nomen Hesperia in magna (siqua est ca gloria) signant. Vina. Sht. 7. The city of Gaieta itself appears in the View, rising on a bold eminence at the extremity of the promontory : the circular building on the right is a cele- brated monument, being the elegant mausoleum of Munutius Plancus, which is better known however by the common people under the more romantic title of the Tower of Orlando. This place may boast also of a port, that owes its formation, or at least its chief improvement, to the munificence of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, Gaieta was once her own mistress, being governed under the form of a republic ; but has since that day undergone the usual fate of an Italian city, and submitted to the tyranny of her more powerful neighbours. From the circum- stance of being a fortress of great strength, the place has undergone a more than usual share of calamity, particularly during its siege in the reigns of the Emperors Charles V. and Philip V. The heroic defence of Gaieta by the Prince of Hesse Philipstahl, against the French army in the year 1806, is too fresh in the memory of all to need recapitulation. Eustace, vol. u. c. 9. Forsyth, p. 261. NAPLES FROM THf - command* an extensive view of the town and lUQwWQE^^PM^^^ the Chiam, a superb quay, extending nearl* a gardena occupy the grata* f$n m m wtlP** r It »t«. jj V* ».U-I when liirhted up during the summer uiontlis, for the custo- mary |,„ ,|,( promenade The inaunicrable groups of people that are seen QU in wn , v .,»j„o amidst the groves, servo in some sort to enliven the sceno ; while the gurgling of the fountains and the slow beat of the sea, romng irr»«tt» larlv with the serenadcr's'melancholy guitar, itnprea* t» » »i « lb **» '»<•» ■ majestic and awful outline of Ve»u» ins, at this moment saMI en«t into salsa 1 NAPLES FROM THE WEST. This .pot, which is in the vineyard adjoining the pretended tomb of Virgil, commands an extensive view of the town and bay of Naples. On the left appears the CMaia, a superb quay, extending nearly a mile, which has long been the favourite residence of the fashionable world. The Villa Reale or pubhc gardens occupy the greater part of its length, where, among many other sta- tues, may be distinguished the celebrated group of the T6ro Fanme, transported by that family from the baths of Caracalla at Rome. Few places can boast more charms than are here combined ; but to see the Villa Reale in perfect.on, it should be visited when lighted up during the summer months, for the custo- mary midnight promenade. The innumerable groups of people that are seen filing in succession amidst the groves, serve in some sort to enliven the scene ; while the gurgling of the fountains and the slow beat of the sea, mixing irregu- larly with the serenader's melancholy guitar, impress the mind with the highest character of romantic feeling. Immediately above the upper extremity of these gardens rises the height of Pizzo Falcone, once the retreat of the Roman consul Lucullus, now occupied by the barracks of the Neapolitan soldiery : the small island below, on which is a fort called, from its shape, Castel deW Ovo, is the spot to which Augustulus, the last emperor of Rome, was banished by his conqueror Odoacer. It is worthy of remark, that the whole mass of rock forming this island was, some centuries ago, detached from the cliffs of Pizzo Falcone, and thrown to its present situation by the violent shock of an earthquake. There are few points however in a country like this, that do not bear traces of similar disorder. Upon the coast beyond, in a line above the fort of Castel deW Ovo stands the royal palace of Portici, built upon the crust of pumice and ashes that covers the once flourishing city of Hercnlaneum : a little farther on are the ruins of the village ot Torre del Greco, half buried in a stream of lava ; while at their back rises the majestic and awful outline of Vesuvius, at this moment quiet and undisturbed: —a still, low, white smoke issuing from its summit, that seems rather to invile the careless confidence in the future, which is so peculiar to the inhabitants of its environs, than to remind us of the horrors of the past. The picture is terminated on this side by the line of coast stretching towards NAPLES FROM THE WEST. Pompeii, Salerno, &c. ; and on the other, by the rising ground of S. Elmo. It has in every part its beauty: in the front, we see the flat-roofed houses of the town, and cupolas faced with coloured tiles, rising amidst hanging gardens and vineyards : in the distance— white cottages, glittering under the grey hue of the mountains, that give a variety of tint and appearance of profusion to the landscape, belonging exclusively to the genial climate of the south. Neapolis* was founded by a colony from Greece, and many traces of Grecian forms and customs are discoverable in the antiquities that are occasionally brought to light, particularly in the fashion and arrangement of their tombs. The city became subject to the Romans about the time of the first Punic war, and was, with them, exposed to the rapine of the Barbarians who infested the latter days of the empire. Ever destined to be the prey of foreigners, we see her overpowered by the Normans in the eleventh century, by the Spaniards in the thirteenth, then again by the French, and again by the Spaniards. At the commencement of the last century Naples was given to llie Emperor of Ger- many, but restored to the Spaniards at the end of the war in 1734, when the Duke of Parma, the heir of the Farnese family, seated himself upon the throne. The changes and revolutions which this city has undergone during the last twenty years form no inappropriate close to her history. Addison's Tour in Italy, p. 122. Eustace, vol. 1L O.10.0. 11. Forsyth, 265. » Pateopolis et Neapolis. Ces deux villes ftoient si prias Tune de l'autre qu'on les a souvent con- fondues : cependant on ne peut douter qu'ellcs ne fussent differentes, quoique habMes par le meme pcuple. Pateopolis devoit Ctrc sur la hauteur de S. Elme, et ee tut sans doute cette position que lui permit de soutenir un siege de deux aus contre les Remains. Neapolis itoxl au-dessous sur le Moat Echia, maintenant Pizzo Falcone. Mazois. | I I I TOMB OF VIRGIL. The enthusiastic traveller in Italy often has his pleasures interrupted by the sober aud ungracious enquiries of the antiquarian. The tomb of Virg.I is an example of the difficulty which is encountered by those who seek to prove the authenticity of ancient monuments, although they may have been consecrated by the previous admiration of several ages. Donatus the grammarian, the author of the life of Virgil, was living at Rome in the fourth century, and we are informed by him that the ashes of the poet, after his death, were transported to Naples by the order of Augustus Cxszr, and placed on the road to Puzzuol,, intra lapidem secundum, or at a distance something short of two miles from the .ates of the city. Now the ancient Puteolan or Cumean gate, stood on the snot where the obelisk of St. Domenico Maggiore is now erected, from whence ,o this spot may be measured nearly two miles. This sepulchre is moreover evidently of ancient construction, as may be known by the remauis of its reU culated masonry, and we have the evidence of many early wnters, that was considered as the tomb of Virgil in their days, though of none so ear,y as that of Donatus. PMro di Stefano, indeed, and Alfonso d Ered la , bishop of Anano speak of having seen a sarcophagus or urn, containing the ashes of the poet, standing in the centre of the building, which nevertheless has long since disappeared. As to the verses of Statins, which describe the tomb of V.rgd as placed on the sea shore, in the neighbourhood of Vesuvius, it would be unfa.r to construe poetical phraseology too literally ; we must admit that with,,, two miles of Naples is doubtless within the vicinity of Mount Vesuvius, and a stat.on on a hill hanging over the beach, may bo considered fairly enough as being on the sea shore. There is much, however, to be said on the other side. In the first place, this passage of Donatus ,s generally admitted to be spurious: bes.dcs which from the several niches constructed in the sides of the bmld.ng, for the reception of cinerary urns, it seems rather to have been destined as the colum- barium of some family, than an edifice erected for the purpose of honouring the remains of any one individual. The building is square, and of ten or twelve feet in height, w.th an openmg TOMB OF VIRGIL. Qui cineres ? tumuli h» vestigia :_co„ditu r olim. Me hoc qui cecinit pascua, rura, duces. Anno. 1554. ?,v.ii. c. 11. F<,rs s th lV .3 75 . Addison, v . THE GROTTO OF POSILIPO. rtlipo is an excavation rowle mider an hill lying to the went Ii7.il- howevel is by whom i the works i in one of U traveller* I motion by I cavern, ant s to the date of »i shed. Wo have In the centre o hrop kept (as is tl netting kiui being 1. in the uiinaie rith a >d by THE GROTTO OF POSILIPO. The Grotto ofPosilipo is an excavation made under an hill lying to the west of the city of Naples, through which the road is carried that conducts to Puzzu- oli ■ from which circumstance it is also sometimes called the Gratia cUPuzzuoli. It is a stupendous work : the height of the opening at either extremity is about eighty feet, and in the centre of the passage (for the vault is cut in a shelving direction) it is about twenty : its length is nearly half a mile, and its breadth twenty two feet : the light is admitted through two shafts cut obliquely in the rock- the pavement is of basaltic stones from Vesuvius. The rock is partly composed of the stone known under the name of puzeolana, and partly of a soft freestone. It is supposed to have been originally worked as a stone quarry, and that one of its branches having extended itself in this direction, was afterwards taken possession of with another view, and the passage completed for the purpose of facilitating the communication with this part of the country. Nothing certain however is known either as to the date of this work, or the name of the person by whom it was accomplished. We have evidence enough of its antiquity in the works of Strabo, Pliny, Varro and Plutarch j and there occurs a passage in one of the letters of Seneca, complaining of the tedious length of the grotto, and the dust and cold by which he was incommoded, that will be allowed by all travellers to be highly applicable at the present day. The eddies of dust set in motion by the various currents of air, and the chill damp air and darkness of the cavern, and the deafening return of innumerable echoes upon the ear, afford most disagreeable sensations throughout the whole of the passage, that are heightened, perhaps, by the sereneand clear air and delicious scenery that salute the eye at either entering into it or emerging from it. The passage has however undergone great improvements and alterations since the days of Seneca ; having been made broader generally, and the opening higher at each end, by the order of Alphonso I. in the middle of the fifteenth century. In the centre of the grotto is an oratory, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, with a lamp kept (as is the custom) constantly burning. The hermitage mentioned by former travellers still remains, though its tenant has long since been dead. It is observed, that one of the most singular spectacles afforded by this place, is its appearance on a certain day towards the end of the month of October, when the setting sun being in a direct line with its length, shines through the whole, and illuminates every part of its innermost recesses. Addison, p. 131. Eustace, v. 11. c. 11. Forsyth, p. 276. N A P L F his View is taken from tht tnagou | a mea :ircum»tanc<:s by i |K»pu1ace condi adapted than >t is, lo MM and command ih tiroes a single tower, erected by the Norrr which was called by a name, expressive a and its jjreat strength in a ttiifilarv p*nnt ■ lished the tower, and errcted a castle Charles V and Philip V. improved upon I fixations. The shape of the fortr»*« t« I seven hundred feet in d»ir\< *. r tV ■ imntenso cistern, hollowed also m the rock, fur a large garrison for mauv weeks, in cam ly lafa wb**n plsctd amidst •uilt with u view to affairs con- certainlv no place can be better rend durii e first demand made In ello, they required sumo cient charter* : it was at 1 the Viceroy for the fulfilment of their Pilumarino, tho good archbishop procured these papers, and publicly exhibited them lo the peop a written engagement, that they should in future be strictly ac people, in coosv*|uence of the treachery they had before expe unwilling to depart, until the castle should be given up, and fully aware that he had no means of defending it against them. The sur- •pl«, when 1 One, however. I mm NAPLES. This View is taken from the eastern parts of the city, on the road leading to Portici and Mount Vesuvius. The massy buildings on the left belong to the Caste t Nuovo, a place of relreat adjoining to the royal palace, which was constructed in the thirteenth century, and afterwards strengthened by regular fortifications under AlphonSo L. of Arragon : a measure of precaution that should never be neglected under any circumstances by a foreign monarch, and infinitely less so, when placed amidst a populace conditioned like that of Naples. The castle of S. Ermo, or S. Elmo, was also built with a view to affairs con- nected with the security of the government, and certainly no place can be better adapted than it is, to awe and command the citizens by its situation. In former times a single tower, erected by the Norman princes, occupied these heights, which was called by a name, expressive at once of the beauty of the situation and its great strength in a military point of view, Belforto. Charles II. demo- lished the tower, and erected a castle in its place ; while his successors, Charles V. and Philip V . improved upon his plan, by surrounding it with forti- fications. The shape of the fortress is an hexagon, being a little more than seven hundred feet in diameter. The ditch, which is of considerable depth, has been excavated in the solid rock, the ramparts and parapets being built with the materials supplied in its formation; in the centre of the place is an immense cistern, hollowed also in the rock, and capable of serving as a reservoir for a large garrison for many weeks, in case of distress during a siege. The importance of the castle of S.Elmo may be easily imagined. The sur- render of this post, indeed, was the first demand made by the people, when during the insurrection of Massaniello, they required some pledge from the Viceroy for the fulfilment of their ancient charters : it was at the moment when Filomarino, the good archbishop, in order to appease the disturbances, had procured these papers, and publicly exhibited them to the people, together with a written engagement, that they should in future be strictly adhered to. The people, in consequence of the treachery they had before experienced, seemed unwilling to depart, until the castle should be given up, and the Viceroy was fully aware that he had no means of defending it against them. One, however, NAPLES. of the newly appointed counsellors of Massaniello (supposed to have been bribed by the government), gave it as his opinion, that to demand the castle would be to incur the imputation of rebellion ; and upon this Massaniello, who as yet professed loyalty in all his actions, instantly changed his tone, and eagerly pro- tested against making such a demand: thus the government was spared an additional act of humiliation, and prevented from making a sacrifice, which would probably have led to the most disastrous consequences. On the same heights are the church, and some of the conventual buildings belonging to the suppressed monastery of the Carthusians, the gardens of which were highly celebrated for the delicious view they afforded. The circuit of the city of Naples is computed to be about nine miles, and its population amounts to upwards of four hundred and fifty thousand, being usually esteemed the fourth city in regard to numbers in Europe. Eustace, vol. II, Forsyth, 871. Addison. P Pi then thro* . . ' m *ff n, " c ■ cl '. v *»» burnt anil hid waste by the • .* obert (tuiscard, the Norman, completed its • o a > n in M o lowing century, by transporting columns and inarblcs from ce (according to the Grecian fashion of the day), for the purpose of decora- ting the churches which he was employed in erecting. The circuit of it, »«p. extend upwards of two miles aud an half - ih» m II of irregular shapes some sqimrc - !i - I i constructed tor the purpose of ru4M« st* tual. The entrances were tarn. distance from the w estern gate are the remains o some an xpie sepulchres, covered interiorly with .in hard stucco, and cmbel- ■a ed wita pairing!, Several vases and other curiosities of undoulited Grecian workinauship hare been discovered here, and arc now to bo seen in the royal ectin-e of the temples, the best information may bo uable work on the Antiquities of Magna Gra-cia, , together with much general information, is given. Iraws a very interesting comparison between the Willi FJE STUM. ZlTt T h i 8t0ry i ° fthe Cit ^ ° f Posid °™ or Pactum, by medals and other ornament, found on the spot, from the earliest ages : first the Dorians (or, as P. Paoh supposes, the Etruscans) possessed the place, then the Sybarites hen the Sammies, and subsequently the Romans ; but no light whatever is thrown on the *. of the foundation of the stupendous temples which appear in this View ; nor ,s it on any other ground, than by a comparison of their style with that of the temples in Sicily and Attica, that they have been pronounced to be of Grecan origin. Tins magnificent city was burnt and laid waste by the Saracens ,„ the year 915 ; and Robert Guiscard, the Norman, completed its desolation id the following century, by transporting columns and marbles from hence (according to the Grecian fashion of the day), for the purpose of decora- tmg the churches which he was employed in erecting. The circuit of its walls extend upwards of two miles andan half; the walls are built with large stones of irregular shapes, some square, others hexagonal; some of them measure more than twenty feet in length; there are the remains of square towers built at certain regular intervals; also of an inner wall, appearing to have been constructed for the purpose of rendering the defence of the place more effec- tual. The entrances were four, of which that on the north is in the best state of preservation ; the arch must have been upwards of fifty feet in heighth ■ two bas-reliefs are remaining ; one representing (as is supposed) a siren, the other a dolplnn, not unappropriate symbols of a maritime people. On this side also are the rums of an aqueduct that conveyed water to the town from the heighth of Capaccio, whose situation may be distinguished in this View, rising over" the temples on the right. At a short distance from the western gate are the remains of some ant.que sepulchres, covered interiorly with an hard stucco, and embel- lished with paintings. Several vases and other curiosities of undoubted Grecian workmanship have been discovered here, and are now to be seen in the royal museum at Portici. With regard to the architecture of the temples, the best information may be found in Mr. Wilkins's valuable work on the Antiquities of Magna Grrecia where the detail of the parts, together with much general information, is -riven' Amongst other things, he draws a very interesting comparison between the PJE STUM. proportions of these temples, and the most ancient of which we have elsewhere notice; that of Jupiter Panhellenius in iEgina, and the temple of Solomon at Jerusalem, of which an accurate description is afforded in the first book of Kings, c. vi. ; both of the latter were founded in the eleventh century before the Chris- tian Eera, and those of Pactum at a date perhaps not very far distant : reasoning on this head, he says, " so great a resemblance will be found upon investigation « to exist between them, as to afford a presumptive proof that the architects, " both of Syria and Greece, were guided by the same general principles in the " distribution and proportion of the more essential parts of their buildings." The two temples usually bear the names of Neptune and Ceres, and the third building is called the Portico, and was probably destined for public meetings of the people. Eustace, vol . iii. c. 3. Forsyth, p. 34. P L O R I BOM THE PI ■ 4***?* 0Ktt eiinpdirifcy "Utrh Las hitherto been unrivnlleU e«en by Um most a* ^vilif flflbrt* Modern architect*. At it* uxlrt u ... . un the left, stands the i'm'tfth dealt Sfttut, now belonging to the Jfarchesc Fcroni, a specimen of the architecture of the thirteenth century, by Arnolfo di Lupo, a celebrated artist cf that day ; but it i* built id that antiquated and cumbrous fa*h>on w "hich Florence chiefly abounds : it may be observed, indeed ifc«t nW fMMfcjt ft building which prevailed throughout the nv.:n* *nrtA»* v mm* • ''Vv vpou th* revival of architecture, and unptirw a*f 'Ite sue; i ^ ■ *-■- ?• by their munificence, to such a drftmr- •» *t wsr* **-x-.*sis a excellence, to the great collection td- tb» v sfift*c£.~ .ftw ^ qg s ^BfcssVMBsfr A •* now placed to erected »ftw » tm-jft -"T *«i Ducal gallery marked (b) in the pr*c.c*~* ffer, T&Matw** aja ^Vu J are V- ■• ot Augustus and Trajan ; m rimiawrfftlPV mil >. f^niti mwf i .j f%MM »» the donrappeare the G«ftsr). VIEW IS THE GALLERY. Hbk« in given a perspective view of the western corridor, filled with statues, luM.s and pictures. The latter are by the following artist* : Hero and fjeander, Gemmiani ; Deluge, by Bassano ; Dido on the funeral pile, by Pietro Testa : Resurrection of Lazarus, by Paul Veronese , a Transfiguration, finding of Moses, Venus and Cupid, by tfwirto Krui, Ac. The busts are k. <^nr * many of them, according to Roman fashion, i nutating the t\\*tuu:\um* n* nut— c, by giving a face and neck in alabaster, with garments in n- seen a copy of the Laocoon, by Bacctu BandincHi, a cotcaiitoran and rival of Michael Angelo. On the right side are the windows looking into the court, concealed by the curtains that arc drawn to exclude the rays of the sun. On the left are the several saloous, containing the Venetian school, the portraits ^f celebrated painters, the groupe of the Niobe, &c. marked h, n, q, 9, a, s, in the preceding plan. Eustace, vul. it. i. K9. Purrrtb, 39 Addison, p. WO. MUSEUM, FLORENCE. This plate represents the vestibule, or hall of entrance, to the Museum, or Grand Ducal gallery marked (b) in the preceding plan. The statues here placed are those of Augustus and Trajan ; a Prometheus, and a figure with a Phrygian cap; the last of these only is seen in the view, together with the Calydonian Boar, and duplicate figures of a very celebrated piece of sculpture. Through the door appears the Gallery. VIEW IN THE GALLERY. Heke is given a perspective view of the western corridor, filled with statues, busts, and pictures. The latter are by the following artists : Hero and Leander, Geminiani ; Deluge, by Bassano ; Dido on the funeral pile, by Pietro Testa ; Resurrection of Lazarus, by Paul Veronese ; a Transfiguration, finding of Moses, Venus and Cupid, by Guido Reni, &c. The busts are numerous, many of them, according to Roman fashion, imitating the distinctions of colour, by giving a face and neck in alabaster, with garments in porphyry or black marble, and other similarly whimsical variations. At the extremity of the gallery is seen a copy of the Laocoon, by Baccio Bandinelli, a cotemporary and rival of Michael Angelo. On the right side are the windows looking into the court, concealed by the curtains that are drawn to exclude the rays of the sun. On the left are the several saloons, containing the Venetian school, the portraits of celebrated painters, the groupe of the Niobe, &c. marked n, n, q., p, r, s, in the preceding plan. Eustace, vol. iv. c. 129. Forsyth, p. 39. Addison, p. 23G. II ALL OF NIOB N i o b k and her children were destroyed as tbe po U rafonn us bv'ApoMn and Diana, because she compared herself in the pri Goddess Lstooa. These statues were discovered t4 Rocdc in the *ear I ■>•". near Lite Porta S. Giovanni, and wen placed ill tfce Medtcaaa) garden by th« Grand Duke Ferdinand, from whence they were re - ;>j ■ -i;. ».>.:■- ation. The) have been generally conjectured to be L&e same »latnr>., the smfcjdfc* of which ha* been *o greatly extolled by Pliny, when Ik- wv» that it a tWA Scajm* an Pramtefo* J'ecerit Siobem cum Uheri* uh The original arrangement of these statues had been f<,r many yearn a subject of depute, some imagining the group to have been disposed circularly, and others in various different ways : the question has lately been set at rent by Mr Cockerel!, who |.a* made n design of the whole, arranged as a pyramidal group, orfiAtTM uting tlte pediment of a Grecian temple, the 6gure of Nidbe occupying tbe centre ; and his idea has been sanctioned by the universal approbation of all cuiiuoisscurs, either in the arts or in the lore of antiquity. TRIBUNE. The antique f tatue ou the (eft is the celebrated Apollo de Medici* ; on the right is the Faun or Satyr w ith cymbals, a Grecian statue, the head of which is said to have been restore*! by M. Angelo Buonaroti. Between these is seen the picture of St. John, by Raphael : on cither side are pictures by Caraeci, Guer- ctno, Fr. Bartolommeo, &c. HALL OF N 1 0 B £. Niob E and her children were destroyed as the poets inform us by Apollo and Diana, because she compared herself in the pride of her offspring to the Goddess Latona. These statues were discovered at Rome in the year 1583, near the Porta S. Giovanni, and were placed in the Medicean garden, by the Grand Duke Ferdinand, from whence they were removed to their present situ- ation. They have been generally conjectured to be the same statues, the beauty of which has been so greatly extolled by Pliny, when he says that it was a doubt Scop:is an Praxiteles fecerit Niobem cum liberis morientem. The original arrangement of these statues had been for many years a subject of dispute, some imagining the group to have been disposed circularly, and others in various different ways : the question has lately been set at rest by Mr. Cockerel], who has made a design of the whole, arranged as a pyramidal group, ornamenting the pediment of a Grecian temple, the figure of Niobe occupying the centre : and his idea has been sanctioned by the universal approbation of all connoisseurs, either in the arts or in the lore of antiquity. TRIBUNE. The antique statue on the left is the celebrated Apollo de Medicis ; on the right is the Faun or Satyr with cymbals, a Grecian statue, the head of which is said to have been restored by M. Angelo Buonaroti. Between these is seen the picture of St. John, by Raphael : on either side are pictures by Caracci, Guer- cino, Fr. Bartolomnico, &c. Fra Barlolumeo, Ac. This room cc den of art by no «ra» unworthy of its I seen the pictures of Titian Raphael. OBELISK ROOM. TsflmMU busts, cippi, reliefs, &c. ill. c. 19. Fomth, p. S9. A&liflon. p. 435. MUSEUM OF FLORENCE. TRIBUNE. Th E Tribune cont iin« (I I kl j • uins t.ne roost vumablu statues and pictures of this collection. g on lite letl is the jirrotxna, commonly known in England under ,ULme °' Lnttrning Sua e. It has by some been thought to have been rani.il 10 honour of a slave who detected the secret machinations of the Catili- Darian conspiracy. Nothing, however, is really known relative to the original design of the artist, but its taste aod execution are such as seem worthy of the best sculptors of (ireece. The next figure is the celebrated Venus do Medicis, so called from having been placed in the gardens of the villa belonging to that family at Rome. It remained there from the time of its discovery in the sixteenth century, until carried, in the middle of the seventeenth, to the Gallery at Florence. It was a few years since removed tn l'aris by the French Government and returned to Florence in 18IA, after the terms of the treaty mado bv tile allied armies The whole of the left arm and part of the right are the work of a Floren- tine sculptor, who was employed soou after its twin? first disinterred to rertair 4 MUSEUM OF FLORENCE. TRIBUNE. The Tribune contains the most valuable statues and pictures of this collection. The first figure on the left is the ArroHno, commonly known in England under the name of the Listening Slave. It has by some been thought to have been raised in honour of a slave who detected the secret machinations of the Catili- narian conspiracy. Nothing, however, is really known relative to the original design of the artist, but its taste and execution are such as seem worthy of the best sculptors of Greece. The next figure is the celebrated Venus de Medicis, so called from having been placed in the gardens of the villa belonging to that family at Rome. It remained there from the time of its discovery in the sixteenth century, until carried, in the middle of the seventeenth, to the Gallery at Florence. It was a few years since removed to Paris by the French Government, and returned to Florence in 1815, after the terms of the treaty made by the allied armies. The whole of the left arm and part of the right are the work of a Floren- tine sculptor, who was employed soon after its being first disinterred, to repair the mutilated form. It is worthy of remark also, that the ears were found bored, as if for ear-rings, according to the fantastical notions of the antique ages. The inscription on the base, which ascribes this statue to Cleomenes, is generally supposed not to be genuine. The next statue represents the Luttatori, or wrestlers in the Pancratiast, a specimen of art by no means unworthy of its companions in this place. Behind are seen the pictures of Titian, Raphael, Fra Bartolomeo, &c. OBELISK ROOM. This room contains many valuable busts, cippi, reliefs, &c. Eustace, vol. in. c. 19. Forsyth, p. 39. Addison, p. 236. 4 \ FLORENCE. From this point is given the best general view of the city of Florence. The river Arno appears passing through the middle of the picture ; the two bridges that are seen connecting the two parts of the town are, above, the Ponte Ruba- conte, and, below, the Ponte Vecchio, which last has been already described. Immediately beyond the former are the groves of the Cascine Reale, a public promenade on the banks of the river : the most favourite place of resort, however, is the Lungarno on the banks of the river within the town, which Madame de Stael describes as forming the chief enjoyment of the Florentines. Just below the Ponte Vecchio, to the right, is seen the extremity of the grand ducal gallery, several views from the interior of which are given in this work. A little farther to the right, stands a lofty tower, and a castellated quadrangular edifice called the Palazzo Vecchio : still onward to the right is the cupola of the Mausoleum of the Medicis family attached to the church of St, Lorenzo ; it contains some of the finest sculptures of Michel Angclo Buonaroti, as well as affords a specimen of his tasle in architecture ; and the style of its decoration is so sumptuous, that it would be, if completed, incontestably the most magnificent mausoleum in Europe. Next to this is seen the Campanile, standing in the Piazza del Duomo, built after a design of the celebrated Giotto, its sides being variegated like those of the Cathedral, in compartments of black and white marble. Next is seen the Duomo, or Cathedral, crowned with that stupendous cupola that immortalized the fame of its architect Brunelleschi, who invented, or at least revived, in the thirteenth century, the art of constructing this species of building ; in point of height, it is but thirteen feet inferior to that of St. Peter's at Rome. The architecture of the interior is designed in indifferent style, as belonging to that period of the middle ages, when the Grecian and Roman taste began first to be studied. In the foreground of this picture is seen a procession of the Frati della Misericordia bearing a corpse to the grave : this society is, as its name imports, of a charitable nature ; to attend upon the sick and to perform the last offices to the poorer class of people, are their chief duties : their members are persons who enroll themselves voluntarily for this purpose, all ranks, even the highest being included ; it is said indeed that the late Grand Duke was one of their number. FLORENCE. d T uZ ,l rth aregU ' ar ,fr mas ^' e ' habited ««*fcU. they attend to their dot e » as they are called upon i„ turn . lhe relief , therefore is sQ tha the names of those to whom the obligation is due becomes effectually con. cealed from the object of their eare. There is an office belonging to the insti- tute ,„ the /W, MDuono; and on ringing the bell, imnTedL assistance is given (for a body of them is constantly in attendance) to any claimant who- soever he may be. A similar society is established in almost every city in Lord Byron has admirably touched upon the leading features which strike the imagination on looking upon the city of Florence. But Amo wins us to the fair white walls, Where the Etrurian Athens claims and keeps A softer feeling for her fairy halls. Girt by her sheath of hills, she reaps Her corn, and wine, and oil, and Plenty leaps To laughing life with her redundant horn. Along the banks where smiling Arno sweeps Was modern Luxury of Commerce born, And buried Learning rose, redeemed to a new morn. Chii.de Harold, xlix. Eustace, vol. in. c, ix. Forsyth, p. 35. Addison, p. 235. FLORENCE FR present* one of the richest and most vans*! sjuM'KJHt.%4 ja* g that can be found in Italy numerous m«i , - . r, ~1 the midst of a vallev intermixed here awl Ut r — tnV im j u nta -■ mounted bv a magnificent rana-e of mc'.nC*.,. Tr »* i h'ngms; to the Grand Duke ; on the right in the church of S. UnH and tlx cupula of the mausoleum of the family of the Medici The apace between th. t*nl:e) has great claims to notice on the irround of its ontiqaity It was one of Die twelve cities of ancient Hetruria and much I brated for tie skill of ,U augurs. Its name (a, if it were then 1 place of not! these part,) „cc ur < both in the account given b, Lit, ol the invasion of Hu«- atfair indJ| n |t! Tt? °' ll ' C <' a,ilmarian «*«P™ej by Nallu.t: in the latter aaeea, the tububitants of ra^sulra tnire no inconsidentble shnr-f, A« Flounce grew and increased in coimucr e was better calculated to promote Ficsole deel" t A r I ' ° n and importance in a contest with her too powerful neighbour The' cirvww taken m the year one thousand and ten of our Christian earn. Of all he. honour, that inly of bcinir a seat of anaam*.,.. „, "ouours j »v»k « ..*.»». ui i pisi-'>j nicy now remains. t e v re ics n e ancient city are shewn ou a s|kjI a little removed from hence: (be Kite of the Temple of Bacchus, part of a theatre, evidently the FLORENCE FROM FIESOLE. This view is taken from the garden of the Franciscan Convent at Fiesole, and presents one of the richest and most varied assemblage of picturesque objects that can be found in Italy ; numerous masses of architecture appear rising in the midst of a valley intermixed here and there with wood and water, and sur- mounted by a magnificent range of mountains. The most striking feature is that in the centre of the picture, the Duomo, or Cathedral church of Florence ; on the left is the Palazzo Vecchio and the Gallery of pictures and statues be- longing to the Grand Duke ; on the right is the church of S. Lorenzo, and the cupola of the mausoleum of the family of the Medici. The space between the town and this hill is spotted with numerous buildings, rising amidst innumera- ble vineyards and gardens, some religious houses, others, cottages of the hus- bandman, all built with that happy irregularity of outline which characterises the tenements of this country : while their white walls contrasted with the dark deep foliage of the evergreens, seen under a clear atmosphere like that of Italy give a brilliancy of effect to the scene, wholly unknown in a more northerly climate, and that can with difficulty be comprehended by those who have never visited these favoured regions. The visit of the Emperor Joseph to this spot m the re,g„ of the Grand Duke Leopold, is recorded in a Latin inscription' within the walls of the Convent. Fiesole (anciently Result) has great claims to notice on the gronnd of its anfquity. It was one of the twelve cities of ancient Hetruria, and much cele toted for the skill of its augurs. Its name (as if it were then a place of note in these parts) occurs both in the account given by Livy of the invasion of Han- nibal, and in the history of the Catilinarian conspiracy by Sallust: in the latter affair indeed, the inhabitants of Faaute bore no inconsiderable share As Florence grew and increased in commerce and power, which her situation was better calculated to promote, Fiesole declined, and finally lost her liberties and importance in a contest with her too powerful neighbour. The city was taken m the year one thousand and ten of our Christian Br a. Of all her honours that only of being a seat of episcopacy now remains. A few relics of the ancient city are shewn on a spot a little removed from hence: the scite of the Temple of Bacchus, part of a theatre, evidently the FLORENCE FROM FIESOLE. works of the Romans, and part of a wall in whose masonry may be traced the peculiarities of Hetruscan art. The range of Fiesolan hills produce many excellent stone quarries which are worked with considerable profit. Eustace, vol. iii, c. 10, Forsyth, p. 76. 1 of Lerici has roati iretlcre in Italy. Tboi generally embark the the various incunvrnii CASTLE OF LERICI, AND GULPH OF SPEZIA. The port of Lerici has made but little change in its name, in conformity with the idioms of modern language, having been known even in the days of ancient Rome as Ericis Partus. The point on which the castle stands is a romantic and highly interesting spot, hanging on the cliffs that overlook the bay of Spezia ; though, from its situation, so far apart from the usual route, it is seldom visited by tra- vellers in Italy. Those who have chosen the coast-road from Florence to Genoa generally embark their carriages at this place, preferring a short sea voyage, to the various inconveniences that attend a journey through the mountainous passes yet to be overcome, and which are only practicable for mules or horses with litters. The great boast of this part of the country are the marble quarries at Carrara, in the Dutchy of Massa, only two posts distant from Lerici. The extent of the works maybe imagined from the fact, that the workshops of all the sculptors in Europe are supplied with their statuary marble from hence. There are also many ingenious artists resident on the spot, the inspection of whose productions abundantly repay the curiosity of the visitor. arte: and uii! able icily Die enumeration of its various decoi portion*, are Hufficient to give an idea The breadth of the building- (it t* aUIes), U upward* t * MB 1 the v fare and uTnoTfiit i. The DUOMO AT MILAN. The Duomo, or Cathedral of Milan, is not only the largest church in Italy after St. Peter's at Rome, but also surpasses every other in its air of grandeur and majesty of form. It is true, that its style of architecture is far from correct, and that, in compliance with the contending prejudices of the virtuosi in the age when it was built, the Gothic and the Roman taste have been both com- bined in its design ; producing a series of inconsistencies that are discoverable even to the most unlearned eye. The character of the Gothic, however, chiefly prevails, and so far has it been built in conformity with the general principles of that style, that it may be considered as affording, perhaps, the completest spe- cimen in Europe of what the art of the middle ages is capable of producing. The enumeration of its various decorations, and of the majestic scale of its°pro- portions,are sufficient to give an idea of an edifice far above the common order. The breadth of the building (it is divided into five parts, a nave and four aisles), is upwards of 298 feet: its length, 490: the pillars are eight feet in thickness and ninety feet in height. The height of the cupola within is 258 feet, and without, including the pinnacle, about 400. The number of statues and bas-reliefs employed in the decorations of the exterior amount to 4400 ; and the number of pinnacles is ninety-nine. The whole is built of white marble, which on the exterior, from being constantly exposed to the action of the sun and the rain, still retains its original brightness, but in the interior it is so stained by dirt, that the nature of the material is with difficulty discovered. The Duomo was founded by. Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan, in the year 1385, who, besides other acts of munificence, appointed to its use a beautiful quarry of marble at Candoia, in the district of Novara. The first architect employed was Marco di Campiglione, a Swiss by birth. In the middle however of the fifteenth century, we find the celebrated Pellegrino Tibaldi was sent Tor by Fred. Borromeo (the cousin and successor of St. Charles), and it is to him we owe almost the whole arrangement of the building as it now appears : he not only re-modelled what had been already built, but his plans have been regularly followed in all succeeding ages : and even Soave and Amati, in whose hands the works carried on by the late French government were entrusted, have acted upon his designs, with little or no deviation. The DUOMO AT MILAN. munificence of Napoleon, in furthering the completion of this work, has been extolled perhaps more than it deserves, since the vast sums which he expended were raised by the sale of the estates whose annual revenues only had been des- tined to this purpose : and this was done with a view of producing that grand effect which ever constitutes a part of the French system. It was in the centre of the transept of this cathedral that Napoleon was crowned King of Italy, on the 26th of May, 1805 : and it was on that occasion, as he snatched the crown from the hands of the Archbishop, and placed it on his head, that he made use of that remarkable sentence, which afterwards became the motto of the Order of the Iron Crown : T)io mi diede, guai a chi la tocca. God gave it to me, woe to him that touches it. It is generally known that the rite of St. Ambrose, as reformed by himself, is alone made use of in this Cathedral. The pictures seen hanging between the pillars in the view annexed, represent an historical series of the actions of that Saint, and are placed there only on stated festivals. There are seen also in the transept two long pulpits attached to the pillars of the angle : they are, as they appear, made roomy enough for that theatrical display of ecclesiastical eloquence, as practised in Italy, which is so admirably characterized in Corinne. Under the altar in the centre is the rich shrine of St. Carlo Borromeo : the famous statue, by M. Agrati, of St. Bartolommeo flayed alive, stands behind the choir. Eustace, vol. iv. c. i. Forsyth, p. 351. Addison, p. 27. mm LAKE OF LUGANO. The Lake of Lugano U one. of lliose rocky basons which are every where found at the foot of a lofty range of mountains ; and according to the opinion of some naturalists, was formed in the course of ages by the frequent irruption of waters from above. It is said indeed that it was only known as a deep valley at the tunc of the decline of the Roman empire. Its elevation above the lake of Como is an hundred and ninety-eight feet, and above tho level of tho sea eight hundred an.! eighty-two. The snowy peaks of the mountains, and the bold precipitous banks of the lake covered in parts with a rich verdure, present many beautiful combinations, though the chief character of its sr entry may be said to be sub- lime and awful in the extreme. The village ou the left is Cresogno ; the mountain at the head of the lake is Mount Bre, commonly known by the name of St. Gothard. Lugano is a small town, possessing considerable trade from its situation immediately on the line of one of the chief passages over the Alps. The Caiernes tCEoU; or Canluii tti Caprina (the name of the mountain where tbey are formed), aro curiosities deserving the notice of a traveller. Those are natural cave, in the rock, in which the air that is confined being n uiauiinatecl by the atmosphere, is preserved in a state constantly cool: ic anitants ot Lngr.no taking advantage of the circumstance, have con- structed several buildiugs over tho apertures of these caves, which provide them with excellent cellars for their wines ; and assure delicious places of retreat during the oppressive heat of the summer months. The thermometer has been observed in June to stand at ¥ t (Ileaumur) w,tmo the caves, while ... the atmospheric air it stood at 91°. In August, 4* T " ( in the caves, and IS' without. In September, V in the caves, and Hf without. Similar caves may he seen at Cesi, a small village near Terni, where the plan is more artificial, as also at llerghiswjl, in the cantou of Lucerne ; and again in the island of I: 'hia, and other places. lie history ot the territory of Lugano in early times is but of little import- nce , K became tho subject of contest between the neighbouring states, aftd submitted lirsl to the republic of Como, then to the Milanese, in whose power LAKE OF LUGANO. The Lake of Lugano is one of those rocky basons which are every where found at the foot of a lofty range of mountains ; and according to the opinion of some naturalists, was formed in the course of ages by the frequent irruption of waters from above. It is said indeed that it was only known as a deep valley at the time of the decline of the Roman empire. Its elevation above the lake of Como is an hundred and ninety-eight feet, and above the level of the sea eight hundred and eighty-two. The snowy peaks of the mountains, and the bold precipitous banks of the lake covered in parts with a rich verdure, present many beautiful combinations, though the chief character of its scenery may be said to be sub- lime and awful in the extreme. The village on the left is Cresogno ; the mountain at the head of the lake is Mount Bre, commonly known by the name of St. Gothard. Lugano is a small town, possessing considerable trade from its situation immediately on the line of one of the chief passages over the Alps. The Cavernes d'Eole, or Cantini di Caprino (the name of the mountain where they are formed), are curiosities deserving the notice of a traveller. These are natural caves in the rock, in which the air that is confined being uncontaminated by the atmosphere, is preserved in a state constantly cool : the inhabitants of Lugano taking advantage of the circumstance, have con- structed several buildings over the apertures of these caves, which provide them with excellent cellars for their wines; and assure delicious places of retreat during the oppressive heat of the summer months. The thermometer has been observed in June to stand at 2°i (Reaumur) within the caves, while in the atmospheric air it stood at 21°. In August, 4%V in the caves, and 18° without. In September, 7° in the caves, and 16° without. Similar caves may be seen at Cesi, a small village near Terni, where the plan is more artificial, as also at Herghiswyl, in the canton of Lucerne ; and again in the island of Ischia, and other places. The history of the territory of Lugano in early times is but of little import- ance ; it became the subject of contest between the neighbouring states, and submitted first to the republic of Como, then to the Milanese, in whose power LAKE OF LUGANO. it remained, until ceded in the beginning of the sixteenth century to the Helvetic confederacy by Maximilian Sforza, in return for the services they had rendered him. It now forms a part of the Swiss canton of Tesin, or, to use a name more in conformity with the language of its inhabitants, Ticino. Eustace, vol. iv. c. 2. ISOLA BELLA, ON THE L AGO MAGGIORE. Here, at his first entrance to Italy, the traveller is presented with a perfect specimen of the Italian style of ornamental gardening, which (however under- rated by some) is, perhaps, as well suited in its nature to the scenery of a southern climate, as the more simple and chaste style of English gardening is to our own. The Isola Bella, the most beautiful of the Borromean islands, shews itself upon the lake as a series of terraces clothed with verdure, that rise in a pyra- midical form, one above the other, from the water's edge. Upon landing and mounting the ascent, each stage is found to present some new beauty in its mode of decoration : the walks are laid in straight lines, which pass on one side between rows of orange and citron ; on another, through dark and sliady ranges of evergreens, or parterres of flowers or long arcades of green-houses : these are interspersed again with statues, and fountains, and vases, and grottoes of shells, and spars, and marbles, whose white and glittering forms make an happy combination with the foliage around. It exhibits, indeed, a fanciful arrangement of the varieties of art and nature, that seems to realize all the charms which the fertile spirits of Tasso or Ariosto have pourtrayed in the ima- ginary paradise of Armida or Alcina. This artificial splendour, combined with the beauty of its situation, being in the centre of a clear lake encircled with lofty and precipitous mountains, have gained for this spot the admiration of all who have ever visited it : even the fastidious Burnet speaks of it in terms of rapture ; and J. J. Rousseau claims it for the residence of his Julie. The island, in the middle of the seventeenth century, was but a bare rock of slate, and received its present dress from the taste and munificence of Count Vitaliano Borromeo, in the possession of whose family it still remains. One extremity is occupied by the mansion of the proprietor, containing some good pictures, and by a few other habitations belonging to poor fishermen, who ply for their livelihood on the lake. The View is taken from a point near the sum- mit of the mound looking towards Laveno. ISOLA BELLA. Buonaparte it seems, when on his way to join his army, previous to the second campaign of Italy, made a visit to these islands, and amused himself by carving, with his penknife, a few letters in the rind of a bay tree ; they are yet legible, and are always shewn by the cicerone of the place as a matter of great interest and curiosity: the inscription is simple enough— latlarjliu. Fursylh, vol, iv. c, in. TURIN, FROM THE SUPERGA. the celebrated Duke of Savtn, and afte. wards Ki pun 01 uirope was engaged, at the commcnccme The French court espoused the interests of the opp ful campaign of 1706, having met with severe 1< resolved U|vm the siege of Turin, in tlie hoi* a a sure footing in Italy. A powerful army, node already invested tho place, the trenches were w the governor, Count Daun. could ha*c «r»iicd French arm> is iak<>ii, and suler carefully surveying the positions of the flown a plan of attack, which was instantly put in execution, and met with Die most complete success. The battle lasted only two hoiirg, the Ireuch were defeated, and obliged to raise the siege ; and finally, in the course of a few months found themselves compelled to evacuate the whole of the north of Italy, In the Indues* of gratitude for this signal deliverance, the Duke of Savuy made > »•!(« vow to erect a temple to God on the spot where bis plan had '*** "HM-erted , and in the course of a few year* he fulfilled his vow, by ow.snurtiiig the magnificent ehureh called the Superga. On the door of the church is the following inscription : — la the (root of the cdilice is a portico termed of eight marble columns, of the Corinthian order ; on the sides rise two lofty c,T,*fiamtet, the whole being crowned with a cn^oia of the most majestic proportions Marhlejt r i^t br0117.es, and naff suecies of decoration h*v« ■■■■■fl,'.i> J i i ■ ~ .1 ■ embellishment: t* Mi chief Uanty i. derived from the striking peculiarity of MM TURIN, FROM THE SUPERGA. Victor Amadeus, the celebrated Duke of Savoy, and afterwards King of Sar- dinia, was one of the chief supporters of the pretensions of Philip, °Duke of Anjou, to the throne of Spain, during the tedious contest in which the greatest part of Europe was engaged, at the commencement of the eighteenth century. The French court espoused the interests of the opposite party; and in the event- ful campaign of 1706, having met with severe losses in other quarters, they resolved upon the siege of Turin, in the hope of securing, by its possession, a sure footing in Italy. A powerful army, under the Duke of Orleans, had already invested the place, the trenches were opened, and even the courage of the governor, Count Daun, could have availed but a short time againsl the impetuous efforts of the enemy. On a sudden, Prince Eugene marches to its relief, in company with the Duke of Savoy ; he rep-airs to the eminence from whence this view is taken, and after carefully surveying the positions of the French army, laid down a plan of attack, which was instantly put in execution, and met with the most complete success. The battle lasted only two hours, the French were defeated, and obliged to raise the siege ; and finally, in the course of a few months found themselves compelled to evacuate the whole of the north of Italy. In the fullness of gratitude for this signal deliverance, the Duke of Savoy made a solemn vow to erect a temple to God on the spot where his plan had been concerted ; and in the course of a few years he fulfilled his vow, by constructing the magnificent church called the Superga. On the door of the church is the following inscription : VIRGINI . GEN1TRICT. VICTOR . AMADEUS . SARDINIA . REX. BELLO . GALLICO . VOVIT. PULSIS . HOSTIBUS . EXTRUXIT . DEDICAVITQUE. In the front of the edifice is a portico formed of eight marble columns, of the Corinthian order; on the sides rise two lofty campaniles, the whole being crowned with a cupola of the most majestic proportions. Marbles, pictures, bronzes, and every species of decoration, have been profusely bestowed in its embellishment : but its chief beauty is derived from the striking peculiarity of ■ I I TURIN, FROM THE SUPERGA. its situation ; placed in a desert spot, on the highest peak of a lofty mountain, nearer as it were to heaven than the world, it seems to create emotions far more rapturous and sublime, than any other edifice that human art has dedi- cated to the service of the Christian religion. The city of Turin appears below, though like a spot in the distance ; the silvery Po is seen writhing its stream through the whole extent of the valley, and beyond rise the rugged forms of the Alps, covered with a mantle of ever- lasting snow. The name of the Superga is said to have been given to this building, from its being placed quasi super terga montium, though a more imposing title might easily have been invented. Dwellings are provided here for the offici- ating priests, and a liberal stipend from the government afforded for the main- tenance of the place. Eustace, vol, iv. c. 98. Forsyth, p. 417-