pRflMKLiN Institute Library FHIL/lbELFHI^ Class ..C/./.. Book^^/ 7.a Accession 5^0 Z Jo.. AKxrcLE V. — The Library shall be divided into two classes ; the first comprising such works as, from their rarity or value, should not be lent out, all unbound periodicals, and such text books as ought to be found in a library of reference, except when required by Committees of the Institute, or by Members or holders of second class stock, who have obtained the sanction of the Committee. The second class shall include those books intended for circulation. Article VI. — The Secretary shall have authority to loan to Members and to holders of second class stock, any work belonging to the second class, subject to the following regulations : Section 1. — No individual shall be permitted to have more than two books out at one time, without a written permission, signed by at least two mem- bers of the Library Committee ; nor shall a book be kept out more than TWO WEEKS ; but if no one has applied for it, the former borrower may renew the loan. Should any person have applied for it, the latter shall have the preference. Section 2. — A fine of ten cents per week shall be exacted for the detention of a book beyond the limited time ; and if a book be not returned within three months, it shall be deemed lost, and the borrower shall, in addition to his fines, forfeit its value. Section 3. — Should 'any book be returned injured, the borrower shall pay for the injury, or replace the book, as the Library Committee may direct ; and if one or more books, belonging to a set or sets, be lost, the borrower shall replace them or make full restitution. . Article VII. — Any person removing from the Hall, without permission from the proper authorities, any book, newspaper, or othe» property in charge of the Library Committee, shall be reported to the Committee, who may inflict any fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars. Article VIII. — No Member or holder of second class stock, whose annual contribution for the current year shall be unpaid, or who is in arrears for fines, shall be entitled to the privileges of the Library or Read- ing Room. Article IX. — If any Member or holder of second class stock, shall refuse or neglect to comply with the foregoing rules, it shall be the duty of the Secretary to report him to the Committee on the Library. Article X. — Any Member or holder of second class stock, detected in mutilating the newspapers, pamphlets or books belonging to the Institute, shall be deprived of his right of membership, and the name of the offender shall be made public. PllACTICAL WORKSHOP COMPANION TIIST, SHEET lEOISr, COPPER PLATE WORKERS. COKTAININQ Rri-KS FOR DKSCRIBING VARIOUS KINDS OF PATTERNS USED BY TIB, SHKET IRON, AND COPPER PLATE WORKERS J PRACTICAL GEOMETRY: IlSensuration of Surfaces and Solids; TABLES OF TUB AVUIGHTS OP METALS, LEAD PIPE, ETC., TABLES OF AREAS AND CI RC IISIFERENCES OF CIRCLES ; JAPANS, VARNISHES, LACKERS, CEMENTS, COMPOSITIONS, ETC., ETC., ETC. By LEROY J. BLINN, > J, , „ MASTER Mi;';Mi.NIC. H K N K Y CAR K Y 13 AI R D & CO., INDUSTRIAL, PUBLISHEKS, 810 Walnut Street. 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1864, by LEROY J. BLINN, the Clerk's Oflice of the District Court of the Uniled States fur the District of Micliigan. CONTENTS. RULES FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. An Envelope for a Cone 3 A Frustrum of a Cone 4 A Can top or Deck flange 5 A Pattern for, or an Envelope for, a Frustrum of a Cone. 6 A Tapering Oval Article to be in four Sections 7 A Tapering Oval Article to be in two Sections 12. 13 A Tapering Oval Article 16 A Tapering Oval or Oblong Article, the sides to be Straight, with Quarter Circle corners, to be in two Sections 19 A Tapering Oval or Oblong Article, the sides to be Straight, one end to be a Semicircle, the other end to be Straight, with Quarter Circle corners, to be in two Sections „ 21 A Tapering Oval or Oblong Article, the sides to be Straight, with Semicircle ends, to be in two Sections.. 23 Covering of Circular Roofs 25 Two different Principles 25 To cover a Dome by the first Method 26 To cover a Dome by the second Method 27 To ascertain the Outline of a Course of Covering to a Dome, without reference to a Section of the Dome. . . 28 To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Square Article. ... 29 (iii) ■.■■.-> j»MA-^: IV CONTENTS. A Square Tapering Article to be in two Sections 30 A Tapering Article, the Base to be Square, and the Tof a Circle, in two Sections 31 A Tapering Article, the Base to be a Rectangle, and the Top Square, in two Sections 32 A Tapering Article, the Base to be a Rectangle, and the Top a Circle, in two Sections 34 A Tapering Article, the Top and Base to be a Rectangle, in two Sections 36 Tapering Octagon Top or Cover 38 A Miter Joint at Right Angles for a Semicircle Gutter . 40 A Miter Joint at any Angle for a Semicircle Gutter 4i A Miter Joint for an G Gutter at Right Angles 42 A Miter Joint for an G Cornice at Right Angles ; also an Offset 44 An Octagon G Lamp Top or Cover 46 A T Pipe at Right Angles 48 A T Pipe at any Angle 50 A T Pipe, the Collar to be smaller than the Main Pipe 52, 54 A T Pipe at any Angle, the Collar to set on one side of the Main Pipe 5*) A Pipe to fit a flat Surface at any Angle, as the Side of a Roof of a Building 58 A Pipe to fit two flat Surfaces, as the Roof of a Build- ing 60 An Elbow at Right Angles 62 An Elbow Pattern at any Angle 64 An Elbow in three Sections 66 An Elbow in four Sections 68 An Elbow in five Sections 70 A Tapering Elbow 72 An Oval Boiler Cover 75 A Flange for a Pipe that goes on the Roof of a Building. 76 Octagon or Square Top or Cover 78 Steamer Cover 79 An Ellipse or Oval, having two Diameters given 80 CONTENTS. ' ■ ' I Lif j Arv Ellipse with the Rule and Compasses, the Trahs-^^e" and Conjugate Diameters being given, that is the Length and Width SI To find the Centre and the two Arcs of an Ellipse 82 To find the Radius and Versed Sine for a given Frustrum of a Cone 815 Practical Geometry 84 Decimal Equivalents to Fractional Parts of Lineal Meas- urement 91 Definitions of Arithmetical Signs 92 Mensuration of Surfaces 93 Mensuration of Solids and Capacities of Bodies 102 Tables of Weights of Iron, Copper and Lead 106-110 Tables of the Circumferences and Areas of Circles.. 111-119 Sizes and Capacity of Tin-wai-e in form of Frustrum of a Cone, such as Pans, Dish Kettles, Pails, Coffee Pots, Wash Bowls, Dippers, Measures, Druggists' and Liquor Dealers' Measures 120-121 American Lap Weled Iron Boiler Flues 122 Table of Efi"ects upon Bodies by Heat 122 Weight of Water 123 ESects produced by Water in an Aeriform State 123 Practical Properties of Water 124 Effects produced by Water in its Natural State 124 Effects of Heat at certain Temperatures 125 Tempering 125 Effects produced by Air in its Natural and in a Rarefied State 126 Table of the Expansion of Atmospheric Air by Heat. . . 126 Size, Length, Breadth and Weight of Tin Plates 127 Crystallized Tin Plate 127 List of Calibre and Weights of Lead Pipe 128 Calibre and Weights of Fountains or Aqueauct Pipes.. . 128 To Ascertain the Weights of Pipes of various Metals, and any Diameter required 129 Weight of a Square Foot of Sheet Iron, Copper, and Brass, as per Birmingham Wire Gauge 129 Recapitulation of Weights of Various Substances 130 Vi CONTENTS, PRACTICAL EECEIPTS. Japanning and Yarnishing 131-138 Varnishes — Miscellaneous 138-155 Lackers 155-157 Cements 158-162 Miscellaneous Eeceipts 163-166 Britannia 167-169 Solders, etc 169-173 Strength of Materials 174-17h' A CONE. To describe an Envelop for a Cone. Let ABI be the given cone. From I as centre, with the radius lA, describe the arc CD ; make CD ; equal in length to. the cir- cumference of AB (which can be found by a reference to the table of the Circumferences of Circles ;) draw the lines CI and DI ; then the figure GDI will be that of the required surface of the cone. Edges for folding or lapping to be allowed, drawing the lines parallcd to CI and DI, as shown by the dotted lines. PRACTICAL KULE8 To describe a Frustrum of a Gone. Fig. 2. Let AB equal diameter of large end ; FH diameter of small end ; GK altitude. Produce AF and BH until they meet at E ; with E as centre, and the radii EF and EA, describe the arcs CD and IJ ; set off CD equal to that portion of the circumference of AB required for a pattern ; draw the lines CI and DJ, cutting the centre at E. Edges for folding or lapping to be allowed, drawing the lines parallel to CI and DJ, as shown by the dotted lines. Obs. The term altitude denotes perpendicular height; as from G to K in Fig. 2. FOK DESCRIBING PATTERNS. CAN TOP OR DECK FLANGE. To describe a Can Top or Deck Flange. Pig. 3. Let AB equal diameter of can, or base of a flange ; CD di- ameter of opening in the top ; FG altitude. Produce AC and UD until tbey meet at E ; with E as centre, and the radii ED and EB, describe the curves IJ and HK ; set off IJ equal to the circumference of the base AB; draw the lines IE and JK, cutting the centre at E. Edges to be allowed. 6 ,-', \,\ -^ ■"' t-RACTICAL EULES FRUSTRUM OF A CONE. To describe a JPatternfor, or an Envelop for a Frus- trum of a Gone- Fig. 4. Describe the right angle ABE ; make BD the altitude ; draw the line CD at right angle to BE ; make AB equal one-half the diameter of the large end, CD one-half the diameter of the small end ; draw a line cutting the points A and C, and the line BE with E as a centre and the radius EC and EA describe the arcs FG and HI ; set off FG equal to that portion of the circumfer- ence of the smallest end required for a pattern, draw the lines DF and IG, cutting the centre at E. Edges for folding or laping to be allowed drawing the lines parallel to HF and IG. When the work is to be riveted, punch the holes for the rivets on the lines HF and IG. When the work is to be wired, or a flange laid off, it must be allowed as shown by the dotted lines over the arc HL FOB DESCKIliING PA-T^fill^ ^ '^/^I^X'' OVAL. 7b describe a Pattern for a Tapering Oval artu h, to he in four Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. 6, describe the sides as in fig. 6 and "7. Describe the right angle ABC, fig. 6 ; make BF the altitude, draw the line DF at right angle to BC ; make DF equal to AB in fig. 5 ; make AB equal to DF and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BC. On any right line, as AB in fig. 7, with the radii CD and CA, describe the arcs EF and CD, set off EF equal to EBF in fig. 5 ; draw the lines CE and DF, cutting the centre at B. Edges to be allowed. Fig. 6, make EF equal to CD in fig. 5 ; make GB equal to EF, and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points and E, and the line BC. On any right line, as AB in fig. 7, with the radii HE and IIG, describe the arcs IK and GH; set off IK equal to FDG in fig. 5, draw the lines GI and HK, cutting the centre at L Edges to be allowed. The taper must be Cfjual on aU sidei. rPwVf:TICAL UULCS Fig. 6. FUll DESCiaiilNG i'ATTKliXS. Pig. 7. 10 PKACTICAL RULES Fig. 9. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 11 12 rnAc'ncAL eules OVAL. To describe a Pattern for a Taperinrj Oval artidf,^ to he in two Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig, 8, then describe the body as in fig. 9 and 10. Describe the right angle ABO, fig. 9 ; make BE the altitude, draw the line DE at right angle to BO ; make DE equal to AB in fig. 8 ; make AB equal to DE and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BO. On any right line, as AB in fig. 10, with the radius CD and CA, describe the arcs EF and CD, set off EF equal to FBE in fig. 8 ; draw the lines CE and DF, cutting the centre at B. Fig. 9, make GE equal to CD in fig. 8 ; make FB equal to GE, and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points F and G, and the line BC, with the nidius EG, and in fig. 10, E and F as centres, cut the lines CB and DB, as at L and M, with L and M as centres describe the arcs FK and EH ; also, the arcs DI and CG ; set off FK and EH, equal to ED in fig. 8 ; draw the lines IK and GH, cutting the centres at M and L. Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all sliea. F0« DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 18 OVAL To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Oval article^ to he in two Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. il, then describe the body as in figs. 12 and 13 ; describe the right angle ABC, fig. 12; make BE the altitude, draw the line DE at right angle to BC ; make DE equal to FC in fig. 11 ; make AB equal to DE and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BC. On any right line, as AB in fig. 13, with the radius CD and CA, describe the arcs CD and EF, set off CD equal to CD in fig. 11 ; draw the lines EC and FD, cutting the centre at B. Fig. 12, make FE equal to AC in fig. 11 ; make GB equal to FE, «\nd the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points G »^nd F, and the line BC, with the radius JF, and in fig. 13, D as a, centre, cut the line FB, as at K, with K as a centre describe the arc DII; also, the arc FG ; set off DH equal to BC in fig. 11 ; draw the line GH, cutting the centre at K. Fig. 12, make HE equal to GE in fig. 11 ; make IB equal to HE, and the taper re- quired on a side, draw a line cutting the points I and H, and the line BC with the radius KS, and in fig. 13, C as a centre, cut the iiuc EB, as at L, with L as a centre, describe the arc IC ; also, the arc JE ; set off IC equal to DE, in fig. 11 ; draw the line JI, out-' ting the centre at L. Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all sidea^ 14 PRACTiOAL KULES Pin. 12. FOR DESCKIBING PATTEKXS. 15 T] s- 13. _. — ■ K F ^ i ^^■'^ \ 1 1 - \ \ _ _L- d| V 1 PRA,CTICAL EULES f^^[. OVAL. % ^^ ' To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Oval article. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. 14; describe the body as in figs. 15 and 16; describe the right angle ABC, fig. 15; make BE the altitude, draw the line DE at right angle to BC ; make FE equal to HG in fig. 14 ; make GB equal to FE and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points G and F, and the line BC. On any right line, as AB in fig. 16, with the radius HF and HG, describe the arcs CD and EF, set off CD equal to IGF in fig. 14 ; draw the lines EC and FG, cutting the centre at G. Fig. 15, make DE equal to AB in fig. 14 ; make AB equal to DE, and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BC, with the radius CD, and in fig. 16, with I and H as centres, cut the lines GL and GM, as at M and L, with M and L as centres ; describe the arcs HI and HI ; also, the arc3 JK and JK ; set off HI and HI equal to IB, in fig. 14 ; draw the lines JH and KI, cutting the centres Lat and M. Fig. 15, make IE equal to CD in fig. 14; make JB equal to IE, and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points J and I, and the line BC with the radius KI, and in fig. 16, and N as centres, cut the lines LB and MB, as at R and S, with R and S as centres ; describe the arcs NO and NO ; also, the arcs PQ and PQ ; set off NO and NO equal to BD in fig. 14 ; draw the lines QO and PN, cutting the centres at S and R. Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all aides* Tl-e pattern can be cut in fti Y number of aectiona. J) L FOB DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 19 OVAL. To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Oval or Ob- long article^ the sides to be Straight witlt Quarter Circle corners, to be in tioo Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. 17; the body as in figs. 18 and 19; describe the right angle ABC, fig. 18; make BE the altitude, draw the line DE at right angle to BC ; make DE equal to EC in fig. 1*7 ; make AB equal to DE and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D and the line BC. Fig. 19, make AD and BE equal to AD in fig. 18 ; makeAB equal to AB in fig. 1*7; draw the lines DM and EN, fig. 18 with the radii CD, and in fig. 19, A and B as centres, cut the lines DM and EN, as at M and N, with M and N as centres ; describe the arcs BC and AI ; also, the arcs EF and DH ; set off BC and AI equal to BC, in fig. 11 ; draw the lines HI and FC, cutting the centres M and N. Draw the lines FG and CL at right angle te FN ; also, the line KH and JI at right angle to HM ; makeCL and JI equal to one-half off CD, in fig. 17, draw the lines KJ and GL at right angle to KH and FG. Edges to be allowed. The taper to be equal on all sides. 20 PRACTICAL BULKS Pig. 17. f 1- V - J YOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 21 OVAL. To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Oval or Ob' long article^ the sides to be Straight, one end to be a Semi-circle, the other end to be Straight loith quarter Circle Corners, to be in Two Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. 20 ; the body as in figs. 21 and 22; describe the right angle ABC, fig. 21 : make BG the altitude, draw the line DG at right angle to BC : make DG equal to AF in fig 20; make AB equal to DG and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BG ; make FG equal to GD in fig. 20 ; make EB equal to FG and the taper required on a side draw 'a, line cutting the points E and F and the line B 0. Fig. 22, make AC and BD equal to DA in fig. 21 ; make CD and AB equal to BC in fig. 20 ; draw the lines CK and DL. Fig. 21 ; with the radii CD, and in fig. 22 ; A as a centre, cut the line CK as at K with K as a centre ; describe the arc AI, also, the arc CJ ; set off AI equal to AB, in fig. 20, draw the line JI, cutting the centre at K. Fig. 21, with the radii HF, and in fig. 22, B as a centre cut the line DL, as at L, with L as a centre ; describe the arc BF, also the arc DE ; set ofFBF equal to CD, in fig. 20 ; draw the line EF, cut- ting the centre at L ; draw the lines FG and EH at right angle to EL ; make FG, equal to DE, in fig. 20 ; draw the line HG at right angle to EH. Edges to be allowed. The taper to 1)8 equal on all sides. 22 PRACTICAL RULES Fig. 22. Pig. 20. FOIi DESCRIBING TaTTERNS. 23 OVxVL. To describe a Pattern for a Taperinfj Oval or Ob- long article, the sides to be Straight, with Semi- circle ends, to be in Two Sections. Describe the bottom, the length and breadth required as in fig. 23, the body as in figs. 24 and 25. Describe the right angle ABC, fig. 24 : make BE the altitud-% draw the line DE at right angle to BO : make DG equal to AB iu fig 23 ; make AB equal to DE and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line BC, fig. 25 ; make AC and BD equal to AD in fig. 24. Make AB and CD equal to DC in fig. 23; draw the lines CI and DJ, fig. 24 ; with the radii CD, and in fig. 25 ; A and B as centres, cut the lines CI and DJ as at I and J, with I and J as cen- tres; describe the arcs AH and BF ; also, the arcs CG and DE ; set oflf An and BF equal to CB, in fig. 23, draw the lines GH and EF, cutting the centre at I and J. Edges to be allowed. The taper to be equal on all sides. In a large article it may be more convenient to lay out the End- pieces to fit the Semi-circles, and join them to the sides, as at D and C, in fig. 23. PKACTICAL BULES Pig. 26. Fig. 23. FOli DESCKIBING PATTKRNS. COVERING OF CIRCULAR ROOFS. &c. Circular Roofs may be covered upon two different principles : First Method, Assume the vertical section, or axis, to be divided into a num- ber of equal parts, and the roof, or figure, cut by planes through the points of division parallel to the base ; and then consider the portions of the figure as so many frustrums of a cone ; the surface of each frustrum can then be determined as by fig. 26, page 26. Second Method. Divide the circumference of the base into a number of equal parts, and assume sections to be made perpendicular through these points of division ; then estimate the surface of each of these di- visions on the surface of the figure. 26 PRAC'ilCAL RULES To Cover a Dome by the First Method. Let ABC, fig. 26, be the section of a dome. Draw the axis DB ; produce to J ; divide the curve of one-half the figure into equal parts, as EFG and H, the width of these divisions being th« width required by that of the metal with which the dome is to be covered ; produce AE, EF, FG, GH, and HB, severally until they intersect the axis BD ; then [for example] from the point I, with the radii IG and IF, describe the curves GM, FN ; then set ofi" that portion of the circumference of the base FL required for a pattern to cover the course FG. In the same manner, the covering for the other portion can be found. FOR DESCELBING PATTEEIS^S. 27 To Cover a Dome by the Second Method. \3 - f -A B r^ — ~- 1 ^\ —^^^ _\^ C I i A Let ABC, fig. 27, be the section of a dome ; then the length of a course of covering is obtained as follows: The length of the course BF is equal to the curve AB, and EG the breadth of it; join ED, and the lines 1, 2, 3, and 4, intersected thereby, will be the half breadth (for the vertical BD) of the course at the corres- ponding lines on BF, through which points a line can be drawn which will give the form of the course required. 28 PRACTICAL RULES To ascertain the Outlines of a Ci/ arse of Gov ering to a Donie^ without reference \>i> a Section of Che Dome. Pig. 28. Let AB be the breadth of the course. Bisect it at B by the perpendicular CE ; make BE equal to the length of the arc from the base of the dome to the top of it (which may be found either by measurement or calculation); divide the semi-circle AOD into any number of equal parts, and draw the lines parallel to BD ; divide BE into the same number of equal parts, and draw liuea parallel to AD ; mark ordinates on each side of BE ; as 1, 2, 3, and 4 equal to the lines of BCD, and a curve drawn through their terminations 1, 2, 3, and 4 on both sides will give the outline of the course. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 29 To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Square Article. rig. 29. Erect the perpendicular line GE ; draw the line AB at ni^. Let ABC, fig. S8, be the breadth and depth of the gutter ; draw the line AC ; draw the lines EG and DH ; the angle required draw the line ED cutting the points E and D ; divide the semi- circle into any number of equal parts, from the points draw lines parallel to AE, as 1, 2, 3, &c. Then set off the line AB, fig. 39, equal in length to the semicircle ABC ; erect the lines AC and BD at right angle to AB ; set off on the line AB, the same number of equal distances as in the semi-circle ABC ; from the points draw lines parallel to BD, as 1, 2, 3, &c. Make BD equal to EA, and AC equal to DC ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures as 1, 2, 3, &c., then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. 42 PRACTICAL EULES MITER JOINTS. To desenbe a Pattern for a Miter Joint for an Q Gutter at Bight Angles. Let ABGD, fig. 40, be the given gutter ; divide the curved line BC into any number of equal parts from the points ; draw lines parallel. to AD, as 1, 2, 3, &c. ; then set off tho right angle Hue ABE, fig. 41 ; make BF equal to AB, and draw tho line CF parallel to AB; make AB and CF equal in length to AD, and draw the line AC ; make FD, equal in length to the curved line BC ; set off on the lino FD the same number of equal dis- tances, as in the curved line BC ; from tho points draw lines paral- lel to CF, as 1, 2, 3, &c.; make CF equal to BE, also, eacK of tho parallel lines bearing the same figures, as 1, 2, 3, &c. ; make DE equel to CD, then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 43 4> C 44 PRACTICAL RULES COENICE. To describe a Pattern for a Miter Joint for an G Cornice at Right angles^ also an Offset. Describe the right angle line AFE, fig. 42 ; let ABODE be the given corDiee ; divide the curved line BOH into any number of equal parts ; from the points draw lines parallel to AF, as 1, 2, 3, &c. Then set off the right angle ABCF, fig. 43 ; make CD equal to AB ; make DG equal in length to the curved line BCH ; make GE equal to HD ; make EF equal to DE ; set off on the line DG the same number of equal distances as in the curved line BCH ; from the points draw lines parallel to BC, as I, 2, 3, K, H, &c. Make BC and ID equal to AF ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures as 2, 3, 4, &c. ; make KG and H*?. equal to DE ; then a line traced through tli£ points B, I, 2, 3, 4, ^c. ; KHF will form the pattern for a Miter Joint. When there is to be an offset or projection at right angles, let AB, fig. 44, be the depth of the offset or projection; make each of the parallel lines the same in length as AB, LI, 22, 33, &c., then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. FOB DESCKIBING PATTERNS. 45 ^ CQ <0 ^ t^ <^ CO 46 PRACTICAL EULES OCTAGON. To describe a Pattern for an Octagon G Lamp Top or Cover. Describe a circle that will cut the required Octagon, fig. 45 ; draw a line that will cut the centre of two sections, as AI ; erect the perpendicular line HF ; let ABCDEFJ be the given top or cover ; divide the curved lines BC and EF into any number of equal partrf ; from the points draw lines parallel to FH, as 1, 2, 3, &c., H, 1, 2, 8, &c. Set off the line AF, fig. 46 ; draw the line GE at right angle to AF ; make AB equal to AB in fig. 45 ; make BC equal in length to the curved line BC ; divide BC into the same number of equal distances, as in the curved line BC ; from the points draw lines parallel to GE ; make CD equal to CD, and DH equal to DE ; make HF equal to the curved line EF ; divide HF into the same number of equal distances, as in the curved line EF; from the points draw lines parallel to GE ; make AGAE and BIBJ equal to GA ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures as 1, 2, 8, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10, H, 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6; then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. A Top may be described in any number of Sectiona by this Rule. FOR DESCRIBLNG PATTERNS. Fig. 45. 47 Pig. 46 48 PRACTICAL BULE8 PIPES. To describe a T Pipe at Right angles. Let ABCD, fig. 47, be the length and diameter of the T ; de- scribe the semi-circle CED ; divide the semicircle into any num- ber of equal parts ; from the points draw lines parallel to AC, as I, 2, 3, &c. ; then set off the line ABC, fig. 48, equal in length to the circumference of the Pipe AB ; erect the lines AD, BE and OF ; set off on each side of BE the same number of equal dis- tances, as in the semi-circle CED ; from the points draw lines parallel to BE, as 11, 22, 33, &c. ; make AD, BE and CF equal to AC ; also, each of the parallel lines, bearing the same numbers aa II, 22, 33, &c. ; then a line traced through the points will form the pattern required. Edges to be allowed for folding or riveting. FOB DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 49 00 bi) — i< •IH Ul. 60 PRACTICAL KULES PIPES. To describe a Pattern for a T Pipe at any angle. Draw the line AE, fig. 49; erect the line AB, the angle re* quired ; also, the line ED parallel to AB ; make BD equal to the diameter of the Pipe; describe the semicircle BCD; draw the line FG parallel to BD ; divide the semicircle into any number of equal parts from the points; draw lines parallel to AB, as 1, 2, 3, &c. Set oflF the line ABC, fig. 50, equal in length to the circumfer- ence of the Pipe ; erect the lines AE, BD and CF at right angles to AC ; set off on each side of BD the same number of equal dis- tances, as in the semicircle BCD, and from the points draw lines parallel to BD, as 11, 22, 33, &c. Make BD equal to AB, and EA and CF equal to ED ; also, each of the parallel lines, bearing the same figures as 11, 22, 33, &c. Make GI and HJ equal to GD; also, each of the lines bearing the same figures as 11, 11, 22, 22, &c. ; thea a line traced through the points will form the required pattern. Edges to be allowed FOE DESCEIBING PATTERNS. 61 Pig. 50. ?.- A38765432 1 Q [ Z Z4 56 78 9c 52 PEACTICAL EULES PIPES To describe a Pattern for a T Pipe^ the Collar to he Smaller than the Main Pipe. Pig. 51. AI2 3 4- 6 7 &q|OS Let the circle OH, fig. 51, equal the large pipe, AB, CD, the Branch or Collar ; describe the semicircle AEB ; divide the semi- circle into any number of equal parts ; from the points, draw lines parallel to AC, as 1, 2, 3, &c. FOB DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 53 Pig. 52. TC C9 / ,.- / - c» / - .^ ■s^ fa i ^ '\ ■ - \ c \_1- A o .\ .- . \ -c^ \ ^ ^ \ s \ 9\ Ci — • — , < Set off the line ABC, fig. G2, equal in length to the circumfer- ence of the elbow AB ; erect the perpendicular lines AD, BE and CF ; set off on each side of BE the same number of equal dis- tances, as in the semicircle AGB ; from the points draw lines par- allel to BE ; make BE equal to BC ; make AD and CF equal to AF ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures as 11, 22, 33, &c. ; then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. Edges to be allowed. Patterns for Elbows may be described at any angle, by any of the Rules for cutting Elbow patterns ; in laying out Elbow pat- terns let AB equal diameter of the Elbow, and BCD the angle 64 PRACTICAL UULK3 ELBOWS. To describe an Elboio Pattern at any angle. Ma3 7 a ^m Let ABCD, fig. 68, be the given Elbow ; draw the line AB at right angle to BF ; draw the line EF ; describe the semicircle AGB ; divide the semicircle AGB into any number of equal parts; from the points draw lines parallel to BF, as 1, 2, 8, &c. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 65 Fig. 64. cc !rt «J Set off the line ABC, fig. 64, equal in length to the circumfer- ence of the Elbow AB ; erect the perpendicular lines AF, BE and CD ; set off on each side of BE the same number of equal dis- tances, as in the semicircle AGB ; from the points draw lines parallel to BE, as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, &c. ; make BE equal to BF ; make AF and CD equal to AE ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, &c. Then a line traced through the point will form the pattern, Edges to be allowed. 66 PEACTICAL EULBS ELBOWS. To describe a Pattern for an Elbow in Three Sec- tions. 3 218 Let ABED, fig. 66, be the given elbow ; draw the line FC ; make FK equal to one-half the diameter of the elbow, with F as a cen- tro ; describe the arcs GL ; divide the arc GL into four equal parts ; draw the lines FH and FJ ; also, the line JH ; draw the line AB at right angles to BO ; describe the semicircle AMB ; divide the semicircle into any number of equal parts ; from the points draw lines parallel to BH, as 1, 2, 3, &c. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 07 Fig. 66. (S =r ot =3 Set off the line ABC, fig. 66, equal in length to the circumference of the elbow AB ; erect the perpendicular lines AD, BH and CE ; set off on each side of BH the same number of equal distances as in the semicircle AMB ; from the points draw lines parallel to BH ; make BH equal to BH; make AD and CE equal to AN ; also, each of the parallel lines beairing the same number as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, &c. ; then a line traced through the points will form one of the sections ; make DF and EG equal to EJ ; then reverse section No. 1, and place D at G and E at F, and trace a line fron G to F, this will form section No. 2 and 3. Edges to be allowed. 68 PRACTICAL RULES ELBOWS IN FOUR SECTIONS. To describe a Pattern for an Elbow in Four Sections. Aaay 6 5 4- 3 21 Let ABED, fig. 67, be the given elbow ; draw the line FC ; make FM equal in length to one-half the diameter of the elbow, with F as a centre ; describe the arc KL ; divide the arc KL into three equal parts; draw the lines FH and FI; also the line IH di- vide the section HK into two equal parts, and draw the line FG ; draw the line AB at right angles to BC ; describe the semicircle ANB ; divide the semicircle into any number of equal parts, from the points draw lines parallel to BO, as 1, 2, 3, &c. FOR DESCKIBING PATTERNS. 69 Set off the line ABO, fig. 68, equal in length to the circumfer- ence of elbow AB ; erect the linc3 AF, BD and CE ; set off on each side of the line BD the same number of equal distances as in the semicircle ANB ; from the points draw lines parallel to BD as 1, 1, 2, 2, &c. ; make BD equal to BG ; make AF and CE equal to AJ ; also, each of the parallel lines, bearing the same number as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, &c. ; then a line traced through the points will form the first section ; make FG and EJ equal to HI ; reverse sec- tion No. 1 ; place E at G and F at J ; trace a line from G to J ; make GH and JI equal to PO, fig. 6Y, or to DK, fig, 68 ; take Sec. No. 1, place F at IT and E at I, and trace a line from H to 1, this forms Sec. No. 3 and 4. Edges to be allowed. 70 PRACTICAL EULES ELBOWS. To describe a Pattern for an Elbow in Five Sections. Pig. 69, _B M b 5 4 3 2 19 Let ABED, fig. 69, be the given elbow ; draw the line FO ; make FL equal in length to one-half the diameter of the elbow, with F as a centre ; describe the arc GM ; divide the arc GM into four equal parts, and draw the lines FJ and FH ; also, the line IH ; divide the section GH into two equal parts, and draw the line FK ; draw the line AB at right angle to BO ; describe the semicircle ANB ; divide the semicircle into any number of equal parts ; from the points draw lines parallel to BO, as 1, 2, 8, &c. FOB DESCKIBING PATTERNS. n Pig. 70. — -il< L A876543EI 31 2.345 6730 Set off the line ABC, fig. 70, equal in length to the circumfer- ence of the elbow AB ; erect the perpendicular lines AL, BD and CK ; set off on each side of BD the same number of equal dis- tances as in the semicircle ANB ; from the points draw lines paral- lel to BD as 1,1, 2,2, &c. ; make BD equal to BK; make AF and CE equal to AO ; also, each of the parallel lines bearing the same number, as 1,1, 2,2, 3,3 &c. ; then a line traced through the points will form Sec. 1; make FG and EH equal to HI ; reverse Sec. 1, place E at G and F at H, and trace a line from G to H ; make GJ and HI equal DM in fig. 70 ; take Sec. 1 and place E at I and F at J, and trace a line from J to I ; make JL and IK equal to III ; reverse Sec. 1, and place E at L and F at E, and trace a line iVoni L to K, this completes Sec. No. 4 and 6; this completes the pm- terns; when elbows are to be of heavy iron and riveted, punch tin.' holes for the rivets on the lines FE, GH, JI and LK. allowing fur the lap each side ou sections No. 2, S, and 4. 7 72 PRACTICAL KULES ELBOWS. To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Elbow. Let AB and CD, fig. 71, equal large end of elbow, DHB the angle ; make HF equal CG, and EF equal AB ; make JK equal the small end of the elbow ; draw the lines BK and AJ, continue the lines until they intersect at I ; describe the semicircles AB and JK ; divide the semicircles into the same number of equal parts; from the points draw lines, as 1, 2, 3, &c. On any line, as AB, fig. 72, with the radii IK and IB ; describe the arcs HI and CD ; set off CAD equal in length to the circum- ference of the large end AB ; draw the lines CB and DB ; set off on each side of AB the same number of equal distances as in the semicircle AB ; from the points draw lines cutting the centre at B ; make AE equal to BL ; make CF and DG equal to AM ; also^ each of the lines bearing the same figure as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, &c., then a line traced through the points will form the pattern. Edges to be allowed. FOB DESCRIBING PATTERNS. ?a /piiy a T b s tt astB 74 rR.VCriCAL RULES * 3 inh\ hfeint « ^ FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 15 BOILER COVER. To describe an Oval Boiler Cover. Ei'e';t the line DC ; make FD equal to oue-half the lengta of the boiler bottom before the edge is turned; describe the circle IIDI one-eight of an inch larger in diameter than the breadth of the bottom; let FG be three-eights of an inch; then apply the corner of the square on the line AB, allowing the blade to cut the circle at I and the tongue at the point G ; draw the lines GB, BH, also the lines GA, AH; allow one-eight of an inch for an edge, as shown by the dotted lines, the cover will be the same size as the bottom or pit. 76 PKACTICAL KULES FLANGE. To describe a Pattern for a Flange for a Pipe that goes, on the Roof of a Building^ asfg. 59. Fig 74. Fig. 75. Let ABC, fig. 74, be the pitch of the roof; make DE equal to tne diameter of the pipe ; describe the circle FG ; make FG the same in diameter as the pipe ; draw the line FG ; set off on the line FG any number of equal parts ; from the points draw lines at right angle to FG as 1, 2, &c. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 77 Pig. 76. Set off the line HI, fig. 76, equal in length to DBE in fig. 74 , sot off on the line HI the same number of equal parts as in the line FG ; from the points draw lines at right angle to HI ; set off on each side of HI the same distance as on each side of the line FG in fig. 75, as 1, 1, 2, 2, &c. ; a line traced through the points will form the piece to be cut out ; when there is to be an edge turned up, it must be allowed inside of the line traced. The same rule is applied to describe a pattern for a flange for fig. 57 ; make KI, fig. 76, equal BF, fig. 57, theu proceed the same as described above. 78 PRACTICAL RULES OCTAGON OR SQUARE TOP OR COVER. To describe an Octagon or Square Top or Cover. Pig. 77. Describe a circle, three-quarters of an inch larger in diameter than a circle that will cut each corner of the article the top or cover is for; set off the squares from B to C ; take one half of the largest square ; and \with B and C as centres, describe arcs G and H ; then with A as centre, describe the arc cutting the square at I and the arc D ; where the arcs GD and HD intersect, draw the lines AE and AF, also the lines BE and CF. rou DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 19 STEAMER COYER. To describe a Steamer Cover. Pig. 78. Describe a circle one inch larger in diameter than the hoop after the edge is h;id off; lay the hoop on the pkte, allowing an edge each side, as shown by the diitance between the two circles and tbe dot on the line AG, the circle DE representing the hoop : take the distance from A to the dot on the lino AO, and set off three times the distance on the outer circle, as from A to B ; draw the lines AC and BO, cutting the centre at 0. Edges to ibc allowed. ^ .;\f,Vt/\>f PRACTICAL EULES C'>iAn OVAL. To describe an Ellipse or Oval, having one Two Diameters given. On the intersection of the two diameters as a centre, with a radius equal to one-half the difference of the two diameters, de- scribe the arc AB, and from B as a centre, with half the chord ACB, describe the arc CD ; from E as a centre with the distance ED cut the diameters at FF and DD ; draw the lines FO, FO, FO, FO ; then from F and F as centres, describe the arcs 00, and 00 ; also, from D and D as centres, describe the smaller arcs, 00 and 00, which will complete the ellipse as required. FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS. ' ' ' 'JTt: ) OYAL. To drmo an Ellipse with the Rule and Compasses, tJie transverse and conjugate Diameters being given; that iSy the Length and Width. Fig. 80. Let AB be the transvese or longest diameter ; CD the conjugate or shortest diameter ; and the point of their intersection, thai; is the centre of the ellipse. Take the distance 00 or OD ; and, taking A as one point, mark that distance AE upon the line AO ; divide OE into three equal parts, and take from AF, a distance EF, equal to one of those parts ; make OG equal to OF with the radius FG, and F and G as centres; strike arcs which shall inter- sect each other in the points I and H ; then draw the lines HFK, HGM, and IFL, IGN" ; with F as a centre, and the radius AF, de- scribe the arc LAK; and, from G as a centre, with the same radius, describe the arc MBN ; with the radius IIC, and H as a centre, describe the arc KCM ; and from the point I, with the radius ID, describe the arc LMD. The figure ACBD is an ellipse, formed o/ four arcs of circles. 82 PKACTICAL RULES ELLIPSE. To find thQ Centre and the ttco Arcs of an Ellipse. Let ABCD be an ellipse, it is required to find its centre ; draw any two lines, as EF and GH, parallel and equal to each other ; bisect these lines as in the points I and K, and bisect IK as in L from L, as a centre, draw a circle cutting the ellipse in four poins, 1,2,3,4, now L is the centre of the ellipse ; but join the points 1, 8, and 2,4 ; and bisect these lines as in M and N; draw the line MN", and produce it to A and B, and it will be the transverse axis draw CD through L, and perpendicular to AB, and it will be the conjugate or shorter axis. FOB DESCRIBING PATTERNS. 83 To find the Radius and Versed Sine for a given Frustrtim of a Cone. Multiply the slant height by one-half the diameter of the large end, and divide the product by one-half the difference of the two ends, and the quotent is the radius ; the versed sine is found by multiplying the altitude by one-half the diameter of the large end ; and dividing the product by one-half the difference of the two ends ; then substract the quotent from the radius, and the remainder is the versed sine. The diameter AB equal 12 inches ; CD equal 8 inches ; the slant height DB equal 10 inches, required the radius 10 X 6 = 60 -; 2 «= 30 inches radius. The diameter AB equal 12 inches ; CD equal 8 inches ; the al- titude I 0, 9.79 inches required versed sine, 9.79 X 6 = 58.74 -^ 2 == 29.07 ; 30 — 29.37 =- .03 versed i inc. 8 Geometry ia the science which investigates and dem»ni»«raies the properties of lines on surfaces and solids ; hence, Practicai. Gkometry is the method of applying the rules of science to prac- tical purposes. From any given pointy in a straight line, to erect a perpendicular ; or, to maJce a line at right angles with a given line. On each side of the point A, from which the line v,|^ is to be made, take equal distances, as AB, AC ; and from B and D as centres, with any distance greater than BA, or CA, describe arcs cutting each other at D ; then will the line AD be the perpcn- '8 A C' dicular required. X When a perpendicular is to he made at or near Chfy end of a given line. With any convenient radius, and with any ,C, distance from the given line AB, describe a ,/ portion of a circle, as BAG, cutting the giv- y>\ en point in A ; draw, through the centre o/" /•• the circle N, the line BNO ; and a line from /^^ j the point A, cutting the intersectioa Kt 0, '>. -_V_-_ ..J the perpendicular required. [84] B-^N . PRACTICAL GEOMETEY. 85 To do the same otherwise From the given point A, with any con- venient radius, describe the arc DCB ; from D, cut the arc in C, and from C, cut the aro in B ; also, from C and B as centres, describe arcs cutting eacli other in T ; then will the line AT be the perpendicular as required. N'ote. — When the three sides of a triangle are in the proportion of S, 4, and 5 equal parts, respectively, two of the sides form a riglit angle ; and observe that in each of these or the preceding problems, the perpendiculars may be continued- below the given lines, if necossarUy required. To bisect any given Angle. From the point A as a centre, with any ra- dius less than the extent of the angle, describe an arc as CD ; and from and D as centres, de- scribe arcs cutting each other at B ; then will the line AB bisect the angle as required. To find the centre of a Circle or JRadms, that shall cut any three given points, not in a direct line. From the middle point B as a centre, with any radius, as BC, BD, describe a portion of a circle, as CSD; and from R and T as cen- /\\\ ' ///'\ tres, with an equal radius, cut the portion of p/ \\,| {// \ the circle in CS and DS ; draw lines through / j\T^ where the arcs cut each other ; and the inter- ' ' section of the lines at S is the centre of the circle as required. To find the length of any given arc of a Circle. With the radius AC, equal to Jth the length of the chord of the arc AB, and from A as a centre, cut the arc in C ; also from B as a centre, with equal ra- dius, cut the chord in B ; draw the line CB; and twice the length of the line is the length of the arc nearly. 86 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. Throucjlh any given 2)oint, to draw a tangent to a circle. Let the given point be at A ; draw the line AC, on which describe the semicircle ADC ; draw the line ADB, cutting the cir- cumference in D, which is the tangent aa required. To draxo from or to the circumference of a circle lines tending towards the centre, when the centre is inaccessible. Divide the whole or any given portion of the circumference into the desired number of eq parts ; then, with any radius less than the distance of two divisions describe arcs cutting each other, as Al Bl, C2, D2, &c. ; draw the lines CI, B2, D3, &c., which lead to the centre as required. To draw the end lines. As AR, FR, from C describe the arc R, and with the radius CI, from A or F as centres, cut the former arcs at R, or R, and the lines AR-, FK, will tend to the centre as required To describe an arc, or segment of a circle of large radii. Of any suitable material, construct a triangle, as ABC ; make AB,BC, eacli equal in length to the chord of the arc DE, and height, twice that of the arc BB. At each end of the chord DE fix a pin, and at B, in the triangle, fix a tracer, (as a pencil,) move tiio triangle along tlio pins as guides ; and the traces will dt'scribe t!ie aic n quired. rPwVCTICAL GEOMETRY. 87 Or otherwise. Draw the chord ACB ; also, draw the line HDI, parallel with the chord, and equal to the height of the segment ; bi- sect the chord in C, and erect a — t t 3 \c~i T~r i the perpendicular CD ; join AD, DB ; draw AH perpendicular to AD, and BI perpendicular to BD, erect also the perpendiculars A?t, B?t; divide AB and III into any number of equal parts; draw the lines 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, «&c. ; likewise divide the lines A ?i, B ?j, each into half the number of equal parts; draw lines to D from each division in the lines A w, B ra, and through where they intersect the former lines, describe a curve, which will be the arc or segment required. To describe an Elliptic arch^ the Width and Bise of Span been given. Bisect with a line at right angles the chord or span A B ; erect the per- 9 pendicular A q, and draw the line y D a ^x equal and parallel to AC ; bisect AC ^> and A q mr and n ; make C I equal to CD, and draw the line Ir q ; draw also the line w s D ; bisect s D with a line at right angles, and meeting the line CD in g ; draw the line g q, make CP equal to C k, and draw the line g F i ; then from gr as a centre, with tlie radius g D, describe the arc s D i; and from k and P as centres, with tlie radius A k, describe the arcs A s and B i, which completes the arch as required. Or, Bisect the chord AB, and fix at right angles any straight guide, as be; prepare, of any suitable material, a rod or staff, equal to half the chord's length, as c? c// from the end of the staff, equal to the height of the arch, fix a pin e, and at the extremity a tracer/; move the staff, keeping its end to the guide and the fixed pin to the cliord ; and the tracer will describe one-half the arc required 88 PEACTICAL GEOMETRY. To describe a JParabola, the dimensions been given. Let AB equal the length, and CD the breadth of the required parabola ; divide CA, CB into any number of equal parts ; also, divide the perpendiculars A a and B b into the same number of equal parts; then from a and b draw lines meeting each division on the line ACB, and a curve line drawn through each intersec- tion will form the parabola required. To obtain by measurement the length of any direct line, though intercepted by some 7naterial object. Suppose the distance between A and B is required, but the riglit line is intercepted by the object C. On the point d, with any convenient radius, describe the arc c c, make the arc twice the radius in length, through whieJi draw the line dee, and on e describe another arc equal in length to once the radius, as eff; draw the line efr equal to efd; on r describe the arc _;* j, in length twice the radius; continue the lino through rj, which will be a right line, and d e, or e r, equal the distance between dr, by which the distance between A and B is obtained as required. 7h inscribe a7iy Regidar Polygon in a given circle. Divide any diameter, as AB, into so many equal parts as the polygon is required to have sides ; from A and B as centres, with a radius equal to the diameter, describe arcs cutting each other in C ; draw the line CD througli the second point of division on the diameter p. and the line DB is one side of the polygon required. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 89 To construct a Square iqyon a given right line. From A and B as centres, with the radius AB, describe the arcs Ari.BcJ, and from c, with an equal radius, describe the circle or po\tion of a circle cd, AB, he ; from hd cut the circle at e and c ; draw the lines Ae,Bc, also the line si, vf hich completes the square as required. To form a Square equal in area to a given triangle. Let ABC be the given triangle ; let fall the perpendicular BJ, and make Ae half the height (ZB ; bisect eC, and de- scribe the semicircle enOi ; erect the perpendicular As, or side of the square, then A s < a; is the square of equal area as required. To form a Square equal in area to a given rectangle. Let the line AB equal the length and breadth of the given rectangle ; bisect the line in e, and describe the semicircle ADB ; then from A with the breadth, or from 13 with the length, of the rectangle, cut the line AB at C, and erect the per- a c 2 b pendicular CD, meeting the curve at D, and CD equal a side of the square required. To find the Length for a rectangle whose area shall be equal to that of a given Square^ the Breadth of the rectangle being also given. Let ABCD be the given square, and DE the given breadth of rectangle ; continue the line BC to F, and draw the line D'F ; also, continue the line DC to (/, and draw the line Ag parallel to DF ; from the inter- section of the lines at g, draw the line gd parallel to DE, and J. , •r '&d parallel to Dg ; then YiJ)dg is the rectangle as required. DO PRACTICAL GEOjMETRY. To bisect any given Triangle. Supose ABO the given triangle ; bisect one of its sides, as AB in c, from wliich describe the semicircle A?-B ; bisect the same in r, and from B, with the distance Br, cut the diameter AB in v; draw the line vy parallel to AC, which will bisect the triangle as required. To describe a Circle of greatest diameter in a given triangle. Bisect the angles A and B, and draw the intersecting lines AD, BD, cutting each other in D ; then from D as centre, with the distance or radii DC, describe the circle Ce/, as re- ^ quired. To form a Mectangle of greatest surface in a given triangle. Let ABC be the given triangle ; bisect any two of its sides, as AB, BC, in e and d ; draw the line eJ; also at i-ight angles with the line ed, draw the lines fp,dp, and eppd is the rectan- gle required. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS TO FRACTIONAL PARTS OF LINEAL MEASUREMENT. One Inch the Integer or Whole Number. 96875 are equal to 1 & 32 .46875 9375 l&i'e .4375 90625 i&32 .40625 875 1 .375 84375 4&3' .34375 8125 4&16 .3125 78125 f &32 .28125 75 f .25 71875 i&s's .21875 6875 f &16 .1875 66G25 i&32 .15625 625 f .125 59375 i&3'2 .09375 5625 i&16 .0625 53125 i&3J .03125 6 4 f &3' I & 1« I & 32 i &3'2 i-& .J. i & 33 i i&32 Owe Foot or 12 Inches the Integer. 9166 are equal to 11 8333 10 75 9 6<;66 8 5833 7 5 6 4166 5 3333 4 25 , 8 1666 are equal to 2 inches. 0833 I " 07291 " I " 0625 " f " 05208 " i •' 04166 " i " 03125 " f " 02083 " i " 01041 " 4 " 91 DEFINITIOKS OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS. Sign of Equality, and signifies as 4 -^ 6 == 10. + Addition, " as 6 + 6 = 12, the Sum. (( Substraction^ " as 6 — 2=4, " Remainder, X Multiplication, " as 8 X 3=24, " Product. -4- " Division, " as 24 -f- 3 = 8 or '3 == 8. y' ^i Square Root, '• Evolution or Extraction of Square Root. 62 " to be Squared, " thi^i 8» = 64 Involution, or 73 » to be Cubed, " thus 33 = 27 the Raising of Powers. [92] m MiNSOKATioN is that branch of Mathematics which is employed in ascertainuig the extension, solidities and capacities of bodies capable of being measured. MENSURATION OF SURFACES. To Measure or Ascertain the quantity of Surface in any Might lined figure, whose Sides are Parallel to each other, as figs. 1, 2 and 3. Square. 1. Rectangle. 2. Ehomboid. 3. 7 Rule. — Multiply the length by the breadth or perpendicular height and the product will be the area or superficial contents. Application of the Hule to Practical purposes. The sides of a square piece of iron is 9-J inches in length re- quired the area. Decimal equivalent to the fraction ^ = .875. (See page Ql), aud 9.875 X 9-875 = 97.5, &c., square inches the area. [93] 94 MENSURATION OF SURFACER. 2. The length of a Roof is GO ft. 4 in., and its width 25 ft. 3 in. required the area of the Koof. 4 iuches = 333 and 3 inches = .25, (See table of equivalents,) hence, 60.333 X 25.25 = 1523.4 Square feet the area. TKIANGLES. To find the Area of a Triangle when the base and perpendicular are given, fig. 3. Rule. — Multiply the base by the perpendicular height, and half the product is the area. The base of the triangle, fig. 4, ADB is 3 feet 6 inches in length, and the height, DC, 1 foot 9 inches required the area. 6 inches = .5, and 9 inches = V5 ; 3.5X1. 75 hence =3.0625 Square feet the area, 2 Any two sides of a Might Angled Triangle being given to find the third. Fig When the base and perpendiculars are given to find the hypothenuse. Add the square of the base to the square of the perpendicular, and the square root of the sum will be the hypothenuse. The base of the triangle, fig. 5, AB is 4 . feet, and the perpendicular BC 3 feet, then -^ 4t 4- S« = 25, -/ 25 = 5 feet the hypothenuse. "When the Hypothenuse and Base are given, to find the Perpendicular. From the Square of the hypothenuse, subtract the Square of the base, and the Square of the remainder will be the perpen- dicular. MKNSUKATION OF SUKFACES. 05 The hypothonutJC of the tiianglo, fig. 5, AC, is 5 feet, and tli« base, AB, -i feet; then 5«— l^ = 9, and Vi) — 3 the perpeu- dicuhir. When tliG Ilypothenxise and the Perpendicular are f/iven to find the base. From tlie Square of the hypothenuse subtract the square of the poipendicular and the square root of the remainder will be iho base. 96 MENSUKATIOK OF SURFACES. OF POLYGONS. To find the Area of a Begular Polygon. Rule. — Multiply the length of a side by half the distance from the side to the centre, and that product by the number of sides ; the last product will be the area of the figure. Example. — The side AB of a regular hexagon is 12 inches, and the distance therefrom to the centre of the figure, dc, is 10 inches ; required the area of the hexagon. 10 Pig. X 12 X 6 =- 360 sq. in. = ^ sq. feet. ins. To find the Area of a Regular Polygon, when the Side only is given. Rule. — Multiply the square of the side by the multiplier op- posit to the name of the Polygon in the 9th column of the follow- ing Table, and the product will be the area. Table of angleis relative to the construction of Repular Polygons with the aid of the Sector, and of co-effieients to facilitate their construc- tion without it ; also, of co efficients to aid in finding the area of the figure, the nde only being given. Names. No. Angle of at sides centre. Angle at circum. Perpn'n. side being 1. Leugth of side rad's being 1. Radius of circl',8ide being 1. Ead.'of cii-.perp being 1. Area being 1. Triangle, 3 120° 60° 0.28868 1.782 .5773 2. 0.43a012 S-;uare, 4 90 90 0.5 1.414 .7071 1.414 1. Pt-ntagon, 6 72 108 0.6882 1.175 .8506 3.238 1.720477 Hrxagon, 6 60 120 0.866 1. 1. 1.156 2.598076 Heptagon, 7 54 128i 1.0382 .8672 1.152 1.11 3.633912 Octagon, 8 45 135 1.2071 .7654 1.3065 1.08 4.828427 Nonagon, 9 40 140 1.3737 .684 1.4619 1.06 6.181824 Decagon, 10 36 144 1.5388 .618 1.618 1.05 7.694208 Undecagon, 11 82i 147-5 11 1.7028 .5634 1.7747 1.04 9.36564 Dodecagon, 12 30 150 1.866 .5176 1.9318 1.037 11.196152 NoTB — " Angle at centre" means the angle of radii, passing from the centre to the circumference, or corners of the figure. " Angle at circumference" means the angle which any two adjoining Bides make with each other. MENSURATION OF SURFACES. 07 THE CIRCLE AND ITS SECTIONS. Observations and Definitions. 1. The Circle contains a greater area than any other plain fiu'iirc bounded by the same perimeter or outline. 2. The areas of Circles are to each other as the squares of tlieir diiimetors ; any Circle twice the diameter of another contains luur t'vpes the area of the other. 3. The radius of a circle is a Straight line drawn from the centre to the circumference, as r^D, fig. 7. 4. The diameter of a circle is a Straight line drawn through the centre and terminated both £;■ ways at the circumference, as ABC. 5. A chord is a Straight line joining any two points of the cir- cumference, as EF. 6. The Versed sine is a Straight line joining the chord, and the ciifumfereuce as GH. 1. An arc is any part of the circumference, as AEH. S. A Semicircle is half the circumference cut off by a diameter, as AIIC. !• A Segment is anr portion of a circle cut off by a chord, as Ei:i'". 10. A Sector is a part of a circle cut off by two radii, as CBD. General Mules in delation to the Circle. 1. Multiply the diameter by 3.1416 the product is the Circum- ference. 2. Multiply the circumference by SI 831, the product is the di- ameter. 3. Multiply the square of the di/imetcr by .7854, and the pro- duct is the area. 98 MENSURATION OF SUEFACES. 4. Multiply the square root of the area by 1.128SY, the product is the diameter. 5. Multiply the diameter by .8862, the product is the side of a Square of equal area. 6. Multiply the side of a square by 1.128, the product is the diameter of a circle of equal area. Application of the JRules to Practical Pmyoses. 1. The diameter of a circle being 5 ft. 6 inches, required it cir- cumference. 5.5 X 3 1416 == 17.27880 feet tho circumference. 2. A straight line, or the circumff^rcnce of a circle being 17.27880 feet required the circle's diameter corresponding thereto. 17.27880 + .31831 = 5.5000148280 feet diameter- 3. Tlie diameter of a circle is 9f inches; what is its area iti square inches ? f).S7.-3« = 87.89, &c. y .7854 — 69.029, &e., inches the area. 4. What must the diameter of a circle be to contain an area equal to 69.029296875 square inches. y 69.02929, &c., = 8.3091 >< 1.12837 = 9.375, &c., or 9-| inchas the diameter. 5. The diameter of a circle is 15^ inches ; what must each side of a square be, to be equal in area to the given circle ? 15.5 X .8862 = 13.73, &c., inches length of side. 6. Eacli side of a square is 18.736 iiiciics in lonpjtli. what iim.'^t the diameter of a cii'cle be to cimtain an arta (.(jual tu the ji,i\t.u square. 13.^36 X 1.128 = 15.49 &c, or 15| inches the diameter. Any chord and versed sine of a circle being given to find tho diameter. Rule. — Divide the sum of the squares of the chord and versoti sine by the versed sine, the quotent is the diameter of eorrc.'^- ponding circle. F i .T . 8 . 7. The chord of a circle AC, fig. 8, equal 8 f.'tt., and the versed sine, BD equal 1^ feet, re- quired the circles diameter. 83 ^_ 1.52 = 66.25 -f. 1.5 ==44.16 feet the diameter. A' MKNSURATION OP SlTUFACKS. 09 8. In the curve of a railway, I stretched a liiie 80 foet in h^ngth, and *.\'.f distance fiom the line to the curve I found to be 9 inches, required tlie circles diameter. 80« + .75^ = 640 5625 -^ 2 = 820.28, &c.,feet tlie diameter. To find the Length of any arc of a circle. R0LE. — From eight times the chord of half the arc, pubtuict the chord of the whole arc, and one-third of the r^ ft., DA and DC each equal 14 ft., and the chord AC equal 16 ft., 8 inches; also the perpendicular ED equal 7^ feet. 16.666 X 7 5 19.5 X 7 == 136.5 feet the area of the sector, = t>J.49 feot the area of the triangl ■, 136.5 ■ area of l!i" segment. 6t:!.49 — 74 01 feet the i^AAf!^' -W,0 MJBIiSUEATlON OP SURFACES. To. find the area of the space contained between tipo ■:.(•; oiicminc Circles 07' the area of a Circular lii/i'/. Rule. — 1 Multiply the sum of the inside and out side diametcis by their difference and by .7854 the product is the area. nd is Pig. 11. Rule 2. — The difF.rence of the areas of f.he two circles will be the area of the Ring on space. Suppose the external circle AD, fig. 11, equal 4 ft., and the internal circle BG 2^ ft., requu'ed the area of the space contained between them or area of a Ring. 4 + 2.5 = 6.5 and 4 — 2.5 = 1.5 hence, 6.5 X l-f> X •'^854 =- 7.65 ft., the area ; or, The area of 4 ft., is 12.566 ; the area of 2.5 is 4.9081. (See table of areas of circles.) 12.566 — 4.9081 =^ 7.6579 the area. To find the area of Elli2)se or Oval. Rhle. — Multiply the diameter together and their product by .7854. An oval is 20 inches by 15 inches what are its superficial contents 20 X 15 X -7854 = 235."62 inches the area. To find the circutnference of an Elli2yse or Oval. RpLE. — Multiply half the sum of the two diameters by 3.1416, the product will be the circumference. Example. — An oval is 20 inches by 15 inches what is its cir- rumference. 20 + 15 =17.5 X 3.1416 = 54.978 inches the circumference. MEXSURATION OF SUBFAjCJ£Sv> . ^^^\ OF CYLINDERS. -^^ A i< ^.>. '^ To find the Convex Surface of a (Jylhder. Rule. — ^Multiply the circumference by the height or Izngtli the product will be the surface. Example. — The circumference of a cylinders is 6 ft , 1 inches and its length 15 ft., required the convex surface, 6.833 X 15 ==- 94.996 square feet the surface. OF CONES OR PYRAMIDS To find the Convex Surface of a Right Cone or Pyramid Rule. — Multiply the perimeter circumference of the base by the slant height, and half the product is the slant surface if the sur^ face of the entire figure is required, and the area of the base to the convex surface. Example. — The base of a Cone, fig. 13, is 5 ft, diameter and the slant height is 7 feet, what is the convex surface ? 15.70 X 7 5 X 3.1416 =-15.70 circumference of the base and «=54.95 2 square feet the convex surface. To find the Convex Surface of a Frustrmn of a Cone or Pyramid. Rule. — Multiply the sum of the circumference of the two endfi by the slant height, and half the product will be the slant surface. The diameter of the top of a Frustom of a Cone, fig. 14, is 3 ft., the base 5 ft., the slant height 7 ft. 3 inches, required the slant surface. 25.12X7.25 9.42 + 15.7 -= — - — ■ =- 91.06 square ft., the slant surface. 102 MENSURATION OP SUKFaCES. OF SPHERES. To find the Convex Surface of a Sphere or GU/he^ jig. 12. Fi R0i,E — Multiply the diameter of the Sphere by its circumference, and the product is its sur- face ; or, Multiply the square of the diameter by 8.14- 16, the product is its surface. k What is the Convex Surface of a glob'', fij ft., in diameter? 6.5 X 3.1416 X 6.5= 132.73 square feet; or, 6.5* ^42.25 X 3.1416 =- 132.73 square feet the Convex surface. \ *\vs«:. MENSURATION OF SOLIDS AND CAPACL TIES OF BODIES. To find the Solidity or capacity of any figure in the Cubical Form. Rule. — Multiply the length of any one side by its breadth and by the depth or distance to its opposite side, tlie product is the Bolidity or capacity in equal terms of measurement. Example. — The side of a cube is 20 inches, what is the solidity ? 20 X 20 X 20 »= 8000 cubic inches ; or, 4.6296 cubic feet ncai ly. A Rectangular tank is in length 6 feet, in breadth 44- feet, and in depth 3 feet, required its capacity in cubic feet; also its capacity in U. S. Standard gallons. 6x4.5X3 = 81 cubic feet, 81 X 1728 = 139968 -:- 231 =605.92 gallons. MENSURATION OF SrLTDS. 103 OF CYLINDERS. To find the Solidity of Cylinders. Rui.K. — Multiply the area of the base by the height, iiud the product is the solidity. Example. — The base of a cylinder is 18 inches, and the height is 40 inches — what is the solidity ? 18^ X •'?8o4 X 40 = 101'78.7840 cubic inches. To find the Contents in Gallons of Cylindrical Vessels. RcLE. — Take the dimensions in inches and decimal parts of nn inch. Square the diameter, multiply it by the height, then mul- tiply the product by .0034 for Wine gallons, or by .002785 tor Beer gallons. Example. — How many U. S. Gallons will a Cylinder contain, whose diameter is 18 inches and length 30 Inches. 18* X SO = 9720 X .0034 == 33.04, &c., gallons. OF CONES AND PYRAMIDS. To find the Solidity of a Cone or a Fyramid. Fig. 13, D Rule. — Multiply the area of the Base by the perpendicular height, and -J- the product will be the Solidity. Example. — The base of a cone, fig. 13, is 2 J ft., and the height is 3 J feet, what is the Solidity. 2.'25 X -7854 X =^'i& ■ = 407 cubic feet the Solidity. 3 ^ 104 MENSURATION OF SOMDS. To find the Solidity of the Frustruni of a Cone. Rule. — To the Product of the dia'.mtors ef the ends, add J the pquare of ■ the difference of the diftnietcrs ; multiply the sum by .7854 and the product will be the mean area between the ends, which multiplied by the perpendicular's height of the Frustrom, gives the Solidity. Pig. 14 Example. — The diameter of the large end of a Frustrom of a Cone, fig. 14, is 10 feet, that of the smaller end is G feet, and the perpendicular height 12 feet, what is the Solidity ? 10— 6 =4? = 16 -^ 3 := 5.8S3 sq. of differ- ence of ends ; and 10X6 + 5.333 = 65.333 X .^854 X 12 = 615.75 cubic feet the Solidity. To find the Contents in XI. S. Standard Gallons of the Friistrum of a Cone. Rule. — To the product of the diameters in inches, and decimal parts of an inch of the ends, add ^ the square of the difference of the diameters Multiply the sum by the perpendicular height In inches and decimal parts of an inch, and mu'.tip'y that product by .0034 for Wine gallons, and by .002785 for Beergallons. Example. — The diameter of the large end of a Frustrum of a Cone, fig. 14, is 8 feet, that of the smaller end is 4 feet, and the p'^rpendicular height 10 feet — what is the Contents in U. S. Stan- dard gallons ? 96 — 48 = 4S2 = 2304 -^ 3 _ 768 ; 96 X 48 + 768 = 53T6 X 120 X .0034 =2193.4 gallons. ME^SURATIOX OF ^'OLIDS, 105 To find the Solidity of the Frustrum of a Pyramid. Fig Rule. — Add to the areas of the two ends of the Frustrum, the square root of their product, and this sura multiplied by -J of the perpendicular height will give the Solidity. Example. — What is the Solidity of a hexagonal pyramid, fig. 15, a side of the large end AB, buing // fe-S^ 12 feet, and one of the smaller ends 6 feet, and the perpendicular height 8 feet ? 874.122 + 93.63 =, 1^84991.63 = 590.811 374.122 + 93.53-^ 1058. .463 X 8 690.811 = = 2822.568 Cubic ft. the Solidity. To find tlie Solidity of a Sphere. Rule. — Multiply the Cube of the diameter by .5236 and the pro- duct is the Solidity. Example. — What is the Solidity of a Sphere, fig. 15, the dianie- ter being 20 inches ? 20» = 8000 X .5236 =4188.8 Cubic inches the Solidity. iflWis &i Weight of Square Itolled Iron, from 1-4 Inch to 12 Inches, and 1 I^oot in length. S.jse in AVeight In Size in Weiglit In Size in Weight in Inches. Pounds- 0.2 Inches. Pounds Inches. Pounds. i 3ir 35.7 61 142.8 1 0.5 3f 38.5 6f 154.0 k 0.8 ^k 41.4 7 165.6 f 1.3 3f 44.4 7i 177.7 4 1.9 31 47.5 71 190.1 ^ 2.6 3* 50.8 n 203.0 1 3.4 4 54.1 8 216.3 li 43 4i 57.5 81- 230.1 li 5.3 4i 61.1 8+ 244.2 i| 6.4 4f 64.7 8f 258.8 i| -7.6 ■ 4* 68.4 9 273.8 '1 8.9 4f 72.3 9i 289.2 If 10.4 4i 76.3 H 305.1 H 11.9 4i 80.3 9f 321.3 2 13.5 5 84.5 10 337.9 2i 15.3 5i 88.8 lOJ 355.1 2i 17.1 5i 93.2 101 372.7 2f 19.1 5f 97.7 lOf 30O.6 2^ 21.1 Bi 102.2 11 409.0 2| 23.3 5f 107.0 Hi- 427.8 2| 25.6 5i 111.8 111 447.0 2| 27.9 5i 116.7 iif 466.7 % S0.4 6 121.7 12 486.7 ...3 33.0 6i 132.0 106 TABLES OF WEIGHT, ETC. 107 Weight of Flat Boiled Iron from 1-8x1-2 Inch to 1 X G Inches. Thick Widlh. W.Ightin Pounds. Tliiok: Width: Weight In Founds. Thick: Width: Welphi IB Po.nul.: i i 0.211 1 4 5.1 5 ~3~ 6.9 i f 0.264 1 4J 5.4 8 n 7.4 i f 0.316 f 4i 5.7 J 3i 7.9 i 1 0.369 f 41 6.0 ¥ 4 8.4 i 1 0.422 f 5 6.3 ft 8 4J 9.0 i li 0.475 1 5i 6.7 5 4^ 9.5 i 1 0.8 f 5J 7.0 8 43 10.0 1 u 1.1 f 5i 7.3 8 5 10.6 k u 1.3 f 6 7.6 8 r 1 3 11.1 i If 1.5 i 1 1.7 5 5i 11.6 J 2 1.7 i u 2.1 I s 53 12.1 i- 2i 1.9 i l5 2.5 5 3 6 12.7 1 2^ 2.1 i li 8.0 i 1 2.5 i- 21 2.3 i 2 3.4 I u 3.2 I 3 2.5 i 2i 3.8 1 li 3.8 i 3i 2.7 \ 2J 4.2 1? 4.4 i 31 S.O I 2i 4.6 i 5 2 5.1 Jr 31 3.2 1 2 3 5.1 ? 2i 5.7 i- 4 3.4 i 3J 5.5 5 2i 6.3 i 4ir 3.6 J 3i 5.9 2-3 70 ^ 4i 3.8 i z'i 6.3 5 3 7.6 Ir 4f 4.0 \ 4 6.8 5 3i 8.2 i- 5 4.2 1 4J 7.2 4 8i 8.9 i- H 4.4 J 4i 7.6 5 33 9.5 Jr bl 4.6 i 4£ 8.0 4- 2 4 10.1 1 4 55 4.9 \ 5 8.4 4j 10.8 J. 6 5.1 I 6i 8.9 4J 11.4 1 1 1.3 \ 5j 9.3 i 43 12.0 1 11 1.6 I 5j 9.7 I 5 12.7 f IJ 1.9 \ 6 10 1 % 5i 13.3 f a 2.2 1 1 2.1 i 5i 139 § 2 2.5 f u 2.6 % 53 14.6 1 2J 2.9 f u 8.2 6 15.2 t n 3.2 f It 3.7 li 5.1 f n 3.5 t 2 4.2 2 6.8 f 3 3.8 f 2J 4.8 S 10.1 t Si 4.1 f 2J 5.3 4 13.5 1- 3J 4.4 f 2i 5.8 p 16.9 1 35 4.8 f 3 6.3 6 20. S 10 108 TABL.'OS OF WEIGHT, ETC Wchjlit of Hound Rolled Iron from 1-4 Inch to 12 Inches in Dlatneter, and 1 foot in Length. P'ameter in Inches, 1-d 38 1-2 58 8-4 7-8 1 1 1-8 1 1-4 1 3-8 1 1-2 1 5-8 1 3-4 1 7-8 2 2 1-8 2 1-4 2 3-8 2 1-2 2 5-8 2 8-4 2 7-8 3 3 1-8 3 1-4 3 3-8 3 1-2 3 5-8 3 3-4 3 7-8 4 4 1-8 4 1-4 4 8-8 4 1-2 4 5-8 Weight in Pounds. 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.1 9.3 10.6 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.7 18.8 20.1 21.9 23.9 25.9 28.0 80.2 32.5 34.9 37.3 39.9 42.5 45.2 48.0 50.8 53.8 66.8 Diameter in Inches. Weight in Fonnds. 4 3-4 60.0 4 7-8 63.1 5 66.8 5 1-8 69.7 5 1-4 73.2 5 3-8 76.7 5 1-2 80.3 5 5-8 8-1.0 5 3-4 87.8 5 7-8 91.6 6 95.6 6 1-4 103.7 6 1-2 112,2 6 3-4 121.0 7 130.0 7 1-4 139.5 7 1-2 149.3 7 3-4 159.5 8 1C9.9 8 1-4 180.7 8 1-2 191.8 8 3-4 203.3 9 215.0 9 1-4 227.2 - 9 1-2 239.6 9 3 4 252.4 10 266.3 10 1-4 278.9 10 1-2 292.7 10 3-4 306.8 11 321.2 11 1-4 836 11 1-2 3.51.1 11 3-4 366.5 12 382.2 TAV.I.KS; or AVEIGIIT, ETC. 109 Wc'ujht of a Square Foot of Wrought Iron, Cop^ per and Lead^ from 1-16 to 2 Inches thick. Wrought Iron, Copper, Hard Rol'd. Lead. Hard Rol'd. 1-16 2.517 2.890 3.691 1-8 5.035 5.741 7 382 3-16 7.552 8.672 11.074 1- 4 10.070 11.562 14.765 5-16 12.588 14453 18.456 8-8 15.106 17.344 22.148 7-16 17.623 20.234 25.8:59 1-2 20.141 23.125 29.530 9-16 22.6.-9 26.106 33.222 5-8 25.176 28.906 36.913 11-16 27.694 31.797 40.604 3-4 S0.211 34.688 44.296 13-16 32.729 37.578 47.987 7-8 3.5.247 40.469 51.678 15-16 87.764 43.359 55.370 1 40.282 46.250 59.061 li 45.317 52.031 6(3.444 H 50.352 57.813 73.826 If 55.SS7 63.594 81.210 n 60.422 69.375 88.592 H 65.4 5S 75.156 95.975 If 70.493 80.938 103.35ii n 75.528 86.719 110.740 2 80.563 92.600 118.128 110 tagi.es of weight, etc. Weight of Copper Bolts from 1-4 e.ci, NeaUEST FRiCTIOX OF PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT, THE AREAS OP CIRCr.ES, IN INCHES, AND DECIMAL PARTS, LI&EWISE IN FEET AND DECIMAL PARTS, AS MAY CE REQUIRED. Rules that may render the following Tables more generally useful. 1. Any of the areas in inches, multiplied by -04328, or the areas in feet multiplied by 6-232, the product is the number of imperial gallons at 1 foot in depth, 2. Any of the areas in feet, multiplied by -03704, the product e((ual the number of cubic yards at 1 foot in depth. [Ill] 112 CIRCUMFEEENCES AND Ditt. In Circum. Area in Side of Dia in Cir. in Area In Area In inch. in incjh. eq. inch. = sq. -0554 inch. It. in. 8q. inch. aq. ft. 1-16 -196 -0030 4 in. 1 0^ 12-566 -0879 1-8 -392 -0122 -1107 41 1 01 13-364 -0935 3-16 -589 -0276 -1661 H 1 13 14-186 -0993 1-4 -785 -0490 -2115 4j 1 13 15-033 -1052 5-16 -981 -0767 -2669 H 1 2| 15-904 -1113 3-8 1-178 -1104 3223 ^ 1 2h lG-800 -1176 7-16 1-374 -1503 -3771 H 1 21 17-720 -1240 41 1 3i 18-6G5 -1306 1-2 1-570 -1963 -4331 5 in. 1 3| 19-G35 -1374 9-16 1-767 -2485 •4995 5| 1 4i 20-629 -1444 5-8 1-9G3 -3:)G8 -5438 5| 1 4^ 21-647 -1515 11-16 2-159 -3712 -6093 5^ 1 41 22-690 -1588 3-4 2-356 -4417 -6646 5^^ 1 5i 23-758 -1663 13-16 2-552 -5185 -7200 5t 1 5i 24-850 -1739 7-8 2-748 -6:)i3 -7754 53 1 6 25-967 -1817 15-16 2-945 -6903 -8308 •^8 1 6^ 27-108 -1897 1 in. 3i -7854 7 8 6 in. 1 61 28-274 -1979 li 3,1 -9940 1 & 3-32 G^ 1 7i 29-4G4 -2062 U 3i 1-227 1 in. Gi 1 7s 30-679 -2147 U H 1-484 1 3-16 Gi 1 8 31-919 -2234 IJ 4i 1-7G7 1 5-16 6^ 1 8i 33-183 2322 n 5| 2-074 1 7-16' H 1 83 34 471 -2412 13 5^ 2-405 1 9-16' G3 1 9^ 35-784 -2504 u 5| 2-761 1 11-16 61 7 in. 1 91 37-122 -2598 2 in. 6i 3-141 n 1 10 38-484 -2G93 n 61 3-546 u n 1 10^ 39-871 -2791 2i 7 3-97G 2 in. n 1 103 41-282 -2889 2j 7^ 4-430 2 i 7^ 1 lU 42-718 -2990 4 7i 4-908 2 3-16 '^5 1 uh 44-178 ■3;;92 2^ 81 5-412 2 5-16 "^'i 1 111 45-663 -3196 2J 81 5-939 2 7-16 n 2 0^ 47-173 ■ 3299 n 9 6-491 2 9-16 8 in. 2 03 2 11 48-707 50-265 -3409 3 ill 9? 7-068 21 -3518 3i 93 7-669 23 8ff 2 1^ 51-848 .3629 H IfJi 8-295 2J 8| 2 11 53-456 -3741 3i 10| 8-946 3 in. 85 2 2i 55-088 -3856 3i 11 9-621 3i 8^ 2 2| 56-745 -3972 n UJ 10-320 3i 8^ 2 3 58-426 .4089 33 Hi 11-044 3g 84 2 3;! 69-132 -4209 3J 121 11-793 3 7-16 8i 2 3i 61-862 .4331, AREAS OF CIRCLES. 113 Din. la Cir in Area in Area in Din. In Cir. in Area in Area of Inch. ft. ■ In. sq. inch. sq. ft. inch. ft. in. sq. inch. eq. ft. 9 in. 2 4i 63-617 -4453 14 in. 3 "'tF 153-9.38 1-0775 9| 2 41 C5-396 -4577 141 3 85 156-699 1-0968 n 2 5 67-200 -4704 IH 3 8i 159-485 i 1-1193 9^ 2 51 69-029 -4832 14^ 3 n 162-295 1-13G0 91 2 H 70-882 -4961 14J 3 9J 165-130 1-1569 9| 2 61 72-759 -5093 14| 3 9| 167-989 1 1749 9? 2 6^ 74-662 -5226 14J 3 lOi 170-873 1-1901 9^ 2 7 76-588 -5361 i^ 3 102 173-782 1-2164 ]Oin. 2 75 78-540 •5497 15 in. 3 IH 176-715 1-2370 m 2 7j 80-515 -5636 15| 3 m 179-672 1-2577 lOi 2 8i 82-516 -5776 15i 3 111 182-654 1-2785 ]0^ 2 81 84-540 -5917 152 4 Oi 1S5-661 1-2996 lOJ 2 85 80-590 -6061 15J 4 0| 188-092 1-3208 ]0| 2 9i 88-664 -6206 15| 4 1 191-748 1-3422 103 2 95 90-702 -6353 15i 4 1^ 194-828 1-3637 ]0| 2 101 92-855 -6499 151 4 11 197-933 1-3855 11 in. 2 101 95-033 -6652 16 in. 4 2i 201-062 1-4074 Hi 2 lOJ 97-205 -6874 161 4 25 204-216 1-4295 in 2 lU 9D-402 -6958 16J 4 3 207-394 1-4517 11h 2 11? 101-623 -7143 162 4 31 210-597 1-4741 llj 3 Oi 103-809 -7290 161 4 34 213 825 1-4967 lis 3 0^ lOG-139 -7429 161 4 4| 217-077 1-5195 Hi 3 Og 108-434 -7590 I6i 4 45 220-353 1-5424 111 3 U 110-753 -7752 16| 17 in. 4 4 5 55 223 654 226-980 1-5655 12 in. 3 1| 113-097 -7916 1-5888 12^ 3 2 115-466 -8082 I'^l 4 53 230-330 1-6123 12^ 3 21 117-859 -8250 17| 4 61 233-705 1-6359 122 3 2i 120-276 -8419 172 4 6J 237-104 1-6597 m 3 3i 122-718 -8590 1?^ 4 6| 240-528 1-6836 12| 3 3S 125-185 -8762 17| 4 75 243-977 1-7078 12 J 3 4 127-676 -8937 17^ 4 7i 247-'150 1-7321 12| 3 45 130-192 -9113 171 18 in. 4 4 8^ 8^ 250-947 254-469 1-7566 13 in. 3 45 132-732 -9291 1-7812 13^ 3 5i 133-297 -9470 181 4 8| 258-016 1-8061 13i 3 5a 137-880 -9642 m 4 H 261-587 1-8311 13J 3 6 140-500 -9835 182 4 n 265-182 1-8562 13i 3 65 143-139 1-0019 181 4 102 268-803 1-8816 13| 3 6i 145-802 1-0206 18| 4 101 272-447 1-9071 131 3 71 148-489 1-0294 18J 4 10| 276-117 1-9323 13J 3 7i 151-201 1-0584 181 4 lU 279-811 1-95S6 114 CIRCUMFERENCES AND ni.i iu Ci r. In Area in Area ia inch, fi. in. sq. int-li. sq. ft. 19 in. 4 lit 283-529 1-9847 19| 5 287-272 1-9941 I9i 5 0^ 291-039 2-0371 J9J 5 0| 294-831 2-0637 191 5 H 298-G48 2-0904 19f 5 n 302-489 2-1172 in 6 2 30G-355 2 1443 19| 5 25 310-245 2-1716 20 in. 5 21 314-lGO 2-1990 201 5 3i 318-099 2-2265 20i 5 8! 322-0G3 2-2543 20^ 5 4 32G-051 2-2822 20^ 5 M 330-064 2-3103 20| 5 4:i 334-101 2-3386 20 1 5 51 338-1G3 2-3G70 20| 5 5 5^ 342-250 2-3956 21 in. 5J 34G-3G1 2-4244 21i 5 Off 350-497 2-4533 21i 5 6J 354-657 2-4824 2U 5 71 358-841 2-5117 2I5 5 r. 363-051 2-5412 21^ 5 n 367-284 2-5708 2U 5 8i 371-543 2-6007 211 5 8? 375-826 2-630G 22 in. 5 91 380-133 2-6608 221 5 91 384-4C5 2-6691 221 5 9| 388-822 2-7016 22J 5 lOi 393-203 2-7224 221 5 log 397-608 2-7632 22 i 5 11 402-038 2-7980 221 5 Hi 406-493 2-8054 221 5 111 410-972 2-8658 23 in. 6 01 415-476 2-8903 231 6 Of 420-004 2-9100 23i 6 1 424-557 2-9318 231 6 11 429-135 2-9937 231 6 H 433-737 3-0129 23| 6 21 438-3G3 3-0261 23] G 2ff 443-014 3-0722 23^ 6 3 447- 690 0-1081 Dia. in Cir. in Area In Area io ft. in. ft. in. Eq. inch. sq. ft. 2 9 6 3g 452-390 3-1418 2 0{ G 41 4G1-8C4 3-2075 2 01 6 4| 471-436 3-2731 2 01 6 5i 481-lOG 3-34)0 2 1 G 61 490-875 3-4081 2 li 6 71 500-741 3-4775 2 n 6 81 510-706 3-5468 2 H 6 81 520-7G9 3-6101 2 2 6 91 530-930 3-6870 2 21 6 101 541-189 3-7583 2 2k 6 111 551-547 3-8302 2 2iJ 7 562-002 3-9042 2 3 7 03 572-556 3-97J1 2 31 7 15 583-208 4-0500 2 3| 7 21 593-958 4-1241 2 3i 7 31 604-807 4-20,J0 2 4 7 31 015-753 4-2760 2 41 7 4i 626-798 4-3.J21 2 4J 7 51 637-941 4-43 J2 2 41 7 Gi 649-182 4-5083 2 5 7 7 660-521 4-5861 2 5:1 7 71 671-958 4-66G5 2 51 7 8i 683-494 4-7467 2 5j 7 91 695-128 4-8274 2 G 7 101 706-860 4-9081 2 61 7 11 718-690 4-9901 2 61 7 11] 730-618 50731 2 6:^ 8 0} 742-644 5-1573 2 7 8 11 754-769 5-2273 2 71 8 21 766-992 5-3264 2 71 8 21 779-313 5-4112 2 7^ 8 3] 791-732 5-493.2 2 -8 8 41 804-249 5-585;) 2 8'[ 8 5. 816-865 5-6729 2 81 8 61 829-578 5 7G01 2 81 8 61 842-390 5-8491 2 9 8 7| 855-300 5-9398 2 91 8 81 868-308 6-0291 2 91 8 91 881-415 6-12JI 2 91 8 10 894-619 6-21:^9 AREAS OF CIRCLES. 1]5 Dia. in Cir. In Area in Area In Din in c r in Area In Area ia ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. SIJ. ft. ft. ill. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. 2 10 8 lOi 907-922 6-3051 3 8 11 6i 1530-53 10-559 2 lOi 8 11^ 921-323 6-3981 3 8i 11 7 1537-86 10-679 2 10^ 9 0^ 934-822 6-4911 3 81 11 n 1555-28 10-800 2 lOJ 9 11 948-419 6-5863 3 8i 11 8i 1572-81 10-922 2 11 9 1| 962-115 6-6815 3 9 11 9j 1590-43 11-044 2 Hi 9 2j 975-908 6-7772 3 9i 11 lOi 1608-15 11-167 2 111 9 3^ 989-800 6-8738 3 9| 11 m 1625-97 11 291 2 111 9 4i 1003-79 6-9701 3 95 11 115 1643-89 11-415 3 9 5 1017-87 7-0688 3 10 12 0| 1661-90 11-534 3 Oi 9 51 1032-06 7-1671 3 lOi 12 H 1680-02 11-666 3 OJ 9 61 1046-35 7-2664 3 101 12 2 1698-23 11-793 3 OJ 9 7^ ] 060-73 7-3662 3 10^ 12 2J 1716-54 11-920 3 1 9 Si 1075-21 7-4661 3 11 12 3s 1734-94 12-048 3 H 9 9 1089-79 7-5671 3 m 12 43 1753-45 12-176 3 1^2 9 9| 1104-46 7-6691 3 111 12 5i 1772-05 12-305 3 11 9 101 1119-24 7-7791 3 lit 12 6 1790-76 12-435 3 2 9 II3 1134-12 7-8681 4 12 Qi 1809-56 12-566 3 2i 10 01 1149-09 7-9791 4 Oi 12 71 1828-46 12-097 3 2| 10 OJ 1164-16 8-0846 4 01 12 8i 1847-45 12-829 3 2S 10 n 1179-32 8-1891 4 0:1 12 91 1866-55 12-962 3 3 10 21 1194-59 8-29511 4 1 12 9| 1885-74 13-095 3 3i 10 3i 1209-95 8-4026 4 U 12 m 1905-03 13-229 3 31 10 4 1225-42 8-5091 4 11 12 111 1924-42 13-364 3 31 10 41 1240-98 8-6171 4 13 13 Oi 1943-91 13-499 3 4 10 51 1256-64 8-7269 4 2 13 1 19G3-50'l3--635 3 4i 10 6J 1272-39 8-8361 4 21 13 11 1983-18 13-772 3 4^ 10 7i 1 288-25 8-9462 4 2J 13 2tt 2002-96|l3-909 3 4J 10 8 1304-20 9-0561 4 2i 13 3^ 2022-84:14-047 3 5 10 82 1320-25 9-1686 4 3' 13 4i 2042-821 14-186 3 5J 10 91 1336-40 9-2112 4 31 13 5 2062-90 14-325 3 5J 10 lOi 1352-65 9-3936 4 31 13 5| 2083-07 14-465 3 52 10 lU 1369-00 9-5061 4 3i 4 4 13 13 6i 7f 2103-35 14-606 3 6 10 Hi 1385-44 9-6212 2123-72' 14-748 3 6i 11 03 1401-98 9-7364 4 41 13 8^ 2144-19' 14-890 3 6^ 11 li 1418-62 9-8518 4 41 13 8i? 2104-75 15-033 3 6J 11 2i 1435-36 9-9671 4 43 13 9^ 2185-42 15-176 3 7 11 3 1452-20 10-084 4 5 13 101 2206-18j 15-320 3 n 11 31 1469-14 10-202 4 51 13 IH 2227-05 15-465 3 n 11 4i 1486-17 10.320 4 51 14 2248-01 15-611 3 T£ 11 5J 1503-30 10-439 4 5J 14 0| 2269 06 15-757 116 CIRCUMFERENCES AND Cia. In Cir .in Area in Area in Dia- in Ci. in Area in Area in «. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft. in. ft. in. 6q. inch. Bq. ft. 4 6 14 u 2290 22 15-904 5 4 16 9 3216-99 22-333 4 61 14 25 2311-48 16-051 5 4i 16 9? 3242-17 22-515 4 6h 14 H 2.332-83 10-200 5 4^ 16 m 3267-46 22-021 4 6J 14 4 2354-28 16-349 5 H 16 Hi 3292-83 22-8l]0 4 7 14 M 2375-83 16-498 5 5 17 0| 3318-31 23-043 4 7i 14 51 2397-48 16-049 5 51 17 01 3343-88 23-221 4 V, 14 Ql 2419-22 16-800 5 51 17 I3 3369-50 23-330 4 V^ 14 n 2441-07 16-951 5 5i 17 21 3395-33 23-578 4 8 14 n 2463-01 17-104 5 6 17 3i 3421-20 23-758 4 8i 14 81 2485-05 17-257 5 6i 17 41 3447-16 23-938 4 Si 14 H 2507-19 17-411 5 6h 17 41 3473-23 24-119 4 Si 14 lOi 2529-42 17-565 5 Qi 17 51 3499-39 24-301 4 9 14 11 2551-76 17-720 5 7 17 6,1 3525-20 24-483 4 9i 14 lis 2574-19 17-876 5 n 17 n 3552-01 24-006 4 91 15 0| 2596-72 18-033 5 1i 17 s 3578-47 24-850 4 9-i 15 Is 2619-35 18-189 5 'ii 17 8i 3605-03 25-034 4 10 15 H 2642-08 18-347: 5 8 17 9f 3031-08 25-220 4 10| 15 n 2664-91 18-506: 5 8i 17 log 3658-44 25-405 4 101115 35 2087-83 18-665' 5 8^117 m 3685-29 25-592 4 10^ 15 ^ 2710-85 18-825 i 5 8i 17 111 3712-24 25-779 4 11 15 51,2733-97 18-0:5 5 9 18 0? 3739-28 25-004 4 lU 15 61 2757-19 19-147 5 n IS 1^ 3760-43 26-155 4 lU 15 6| 2780-51 19-309 5 n 18 2i 3793-07 26-344 4 11;! 15 n 2803-92 19-471 19-635 5 5 9i 10 18 31 3821-02 26-534 5 15 si 2827-44 18 3| 3848-46 20-725 5 0^ 15 9i 2851-05 19-798 5 m 18 4s 3875-99 20-91 6 5 0} 15 10 2874-76 19-903 5 101 18 5^ 3903-63 27-108 5 Oi 15 lOJ 2898-56 20-128 5 10^ 18 H 3931-36 27-301 5 1 16 llf 2922-47 20-294 5 11 18 7 3959-20 27-494 5 U 16 0^ 2946-47 20-401 5 111 18 n 3987-13 27-088 5 li 16 1? 2970-57 20 029 5 11^ 18 8| 4015-10 27 883 5 1? 16 1| 2994-77 20-797 5 US 18 9? 4043-28 40T1-51 28-078 5 2 16 2"j 3019-07 20-965 6 IS 10| 28-274 5 21 16 3|i3043-47 21-135 6 Oi 18 ll's 4099 83 28-471 5 21 16 4i 3067-96 21-305 6 Oil 18 115 4128-25 28 063 5 2i 16 51 13092-56 21-476 6 03 19 01 4150-77 28 806 5 3 16 5|'3Jl7-25 21-647i 6 1 19 li 4185-39 29 005 5 31 .1.3 6i;3I42-04 21-819 6 n 19 21 4214-11 29 204 5 31 16 7^13166-92 21-992 6 n 19 2| 4242-92 29 4iiO 5 32 16 8k 3191-91 22-166 6 n 19 31 4271-83 29-0U5 AREAS OF CIKCLES. 117 DIa. In Cir . in Are ft la Area in Din- In Cii . In Area in Areu In ft. in. fi. in. sq. inch. .q. ft. ft. in. ft. in. eq. inch. sq. 11. 6 2 19 4i 4300-85 29-8G7 6 8 20 Ui 502G-2G 34-906 6 2i 19 5i 4329-95 J30-0G9 6 81 21 01 5058-02 35-125 6 2| 19 6 4359-lG 30-271 6 8^ 21 0| 5089-58 35-344 6 2i 19 Qi 4388-47 30-475 6 81 21 I5 5121-24 35-564 6 3 19 '^1 4417-87 30-679 G 9 21 2^ 5153-00 35-784 3.i 10 8iT 4447-37 30-884 6 9i 21 n 5184-86 36-006 6 31 19 9ij 4476-97 31-090 6 9^ 21 4 5216-82 36-227 6 3i 19 19 9i lOJ 4506-67 4536-47 31-296 31-503 6 9rJ 21 42 5248-87 36-450 6 4 6 10 21 5^ 5281-02 36-674 6 4i- 19 11^ 4566-30 31-710 6 lOi 21 65 5313-27 36-897 6 4^ 20 O'r 4596-35J31-919 | 6 10^ 21 n 5345-62 37-122 6 4i 20 U 4626-44 32-114 6 10^ 21 n 5378-07 37-347 6 5 20 1| 4656-63 32-337 6 11 21 83 5410-62 37-573 6 5i 20 2:-; 4G86-92 32-548 6 ll'f 21 9^ 5443-26 37-700 6 5J 20 3i 4717-30 32 759 6 m 21 IQl 5476-00 38-027 6 51 20 H 4747-79 32-970 6 Hi 21 11 5508-84 38-256 6 6 20 5 4778-37 33-183 6 6| 20 5^ 4809-05 33-396 6 6i 20 6i 4839-83 33-619 6 6J 20 •?5 4870-70 33-824 6 7 20 8| 4901-68 34-039 6 li 20 8| 4932-75 34-255 6 7^ 20 9^ 4963-92 34-471 | 6 U 20 lOJ 4995-19 34-688 1 118 CIUCUMFEKENCKS AND Di«. Ill Circum. in Area in ft. Diam in Circum. In Area in ft. ft. and iu. i(. and in. it. and in. ft. and in. 7 21 Hi 38-4846 10 31 5 78^5400 1 22 3 39-4060 1 31 81 79-8540 2 22 61 40-3388 2 31 llJ- 81-1795 3 22 9i 41-2825 3 32 2f 82-5190 4 23 Of 42-2367 4 32 51 83-8627 5 23 2i 43-2022 5 32 81 85-2211 6 23 H 44-1787 6 32 llj S6-5903 7 23 11 45-1656 7 33 2| 87-9697 8 24 U 46-1638 8 33 61 89-3668 9 24 41 47-1730 9 33 9i 90-7627 10 24 71 48-1926 10 34 0? 92-1749 11 24 10? 49-2236 11 34 3J 93-5986 8 25 1^ 50-2656 11 34 6| 95-0334 1 25 4| 51-6178 1 34 n 96-4783 2 25 n 52-3816 2 35 01 97-9347 3 25 11 53-4562 3 35 41 99-4021 4 26 21 54-5412 4 35 7i 100-8797 5 26 5i 55-6377 5 35 lOi 102-3689 6 26 8f 56-7451 6 36 U 103-8601 1 26 n^ 57-8628 7 36 4| 105-3794 8 27 2 -J 58-99:^0 8 36 73 106-9013 9 27 5J 60-1321 9 36 101 108-4342 10 27 9 61-2826 10 37 2i 109-9772 11 28 Oi 62-4445 11 37 5i 111-5319 9 28 3i 63-6174 12 37 8f 113-0976 1 28 6? 64-8006 1 37 Hi 114-6732 2 28 Sj 65-9951 2 38 21 116-2607 3 29 Of 67-2007 3 38 52 117-8590 4 29 n 68-4166 4 38 81 119-4674 5 29 7 69-6440 5 39 121-0876 6 29 101 70-8823 6 39 3J 122-7187 V 30 1? 72-1309 7 39 6g 124-3598 8 30 4i 72-3910 8 39 9i 126-0127 9 30 7J 74-6620 9 40 0| 127-6765 10 30 HI 75-9433 10 40 3J 129-3504 11 31 li 77-2362 11 40 61 1 131-0360 AREAS OF CIKCLKS. iia PI». In Circiim in Area Id ft. ft. snd ill. li. nnd in. l.S 4!) 10 132-7326 1 41 U 134-4391 2 41 45 13G-1574 3 41 7| 137-88G7 4 41 10^ 139-G2G0 5 42 1| 141-3771 6 42 4J 143-1391 7 42 8 144-9111 8 42 lU 146-6949 9 43 2i 148-4896 10 43 5^ 150-2943 11 43 81 152-1109 14 43 llj 153-9484 1 44 21 155-7758 2 44 6 157-G250 3 44 91 159-4852 4 45 Oi 16L-3553 5 45 31 1G3-2373 6 45 Gt 1G5-1303 7 45 9J 167-0331 8 46 01 168-9479 9 46 4 170-8735 10 46 71 172-8091 11 46 Hi 174-7565 15 47 11 176-7150 1 47 4^ 178-6832 2 47 li 180-G634 3 47 lOJ 182-G545 4 48 2i 184-6555 5 48 5| 18G-G684 6 48 8i 188-G923 7 48 m 190-72G0 8 49 2| 192-7716 9 49 5J 194-8282 10 49 8J 196-8946 U 50 198-9730] 11 Didin In Circum. In Aran in ft . ft. Hint in. ft. 81 d in. 16 50 3^ 201-0624 1 50 Ci 203-1615 2 50 9ff 205-2726 3 51 Oh 207-3946 4 51 3i 209-5264 5 51 61 211-0703 6 51 10 2 13-8 i 51 7 52 n 215-9896 8 52 M 218-1662 9 52 n 220-3537 10 52 101 222-5510 11 53 u 224-7603 17 53 41 226-9806 1 53 8 229-2105 2 53 111 231-4625 3 54 21 233-7055 4 54 5J 235-9682 5 54 8^ 238-2430 6 54 lU 240-5287 7 55 2? 242-8241 8 55 6 245-1316 9 55 9i 247-4500 10 56 Oi 249-7781 11 56 3J 252-1184 18 ~7 6J- 254-4696 1 56 91 256-8303 2 57 0| 259-2033 3 57 4 261-5872 4 57 •71 263-9807 5 57 lOi 2G6-3864 6 58 Ij 268-8031 7 58 4,1 271-2293 8 58 7| 273-6678 9 58 lOi 276-1171 10 59 2 278-5761 11 59 H 281-0472 120 SIZES OF TlN-ATAUn. JSizes of Tin-ware in form of Frustrum of a cotic r.i». Diam. Diam. Height. Siie. DIsio. IHam. Height of top. of bot. i 2 qt. of top. of bot. 20 qt. IH in 13 in 8 in 9 in 6 in 3f in 16 " 18 Hi 6i 3 pt. 8i 5f 2f 14 u 15i H H 1 " H 4 as 10 " I4f 11 H Pie 9 7* If 6 " 12f 9 4 DISH KETTLES AND PAIU. Size. Diam. of lop: Diam. of bot. Height. Size. Diam. of top. Diam. of bot. Height, 14 qt. 10 " 18 in 9 in 1 9 in 8 6 qt, 2 " 9J in H in 4 6iin 4 COFFEE POTS Size. Diam. of top. Diam. of bol. Height. Size, Dinm. of top: Diam. of bot. Heigh., 1 gal. 4 in 7 in 8^ in 3 qt. 3^ in ! 6 in 8J in WASH BOWLS. of top. L;\ I ge Wash Bowl 11 Cullndpi' 11 Small Wash Bowl 9i Milk Strainer ! 91 Diam, of bol^ 5^ in. H 5J Height, 5 in 5 3i 3i filZKS OF TIN-WARE. 121 DIPPERS. ElM, Dtam, of top; Drnm, of bot, Height. Size, Diiini, of top; Diam; of bol, Height; i g'-ll- 6i in 4 in 4 in 1 pt. 4j in 3f in 21 in MEASURES. Size, IMani, of lup ; tiam, of bl.t. Height, Size. Diam. of top; Dinm, of bot, Heighi, 1 gill, i " 1 qt. 6^ in 4 3} 4 H in 8 5^ 1 pt. 2i in 2f 3J in 2| 4iir. H DBUGOISTS' AND LIQUOR DEALEUS' MEASURES. Size. Diam. of topL Dinm. of but. Ilei-l.t. i Kal.' |1 qt. Diam. of top. Diam. of bot. Heighi 6 gal. 3 " 2 " I " 8 in 1 6 3f i;5i- in llj 8^ I2f in 8| 7i 3iiu 2i 2 H 6^ in H 4 H in 4 H 122 TABLES OF WEIGHT, ETC. American Lajy Weled Iron Boiler Flues, Manufao- lured by the Reauixg Ikon CoiirANY. Outside W. G. Weisht per Outside \V, G, Weight per Difvnieler. Nos. Fout.al.oMt, Diameier, Sir Nia: Foot, about Uin. 16 1 lb. 11 4 H 15 1 1-10 H 10 4J H 14 H 4 10 H 2 13 2 5 9 n 2i 12 2i 6 8 10 2i 12 2| 7 7 13 2i 11 H 8 6 3 11 H Table of Effects upon Bodies by Heat. FAHRKNBEIT. Cast Iron thoroughly smelts at 2754" Fine Gold melts line Silver melta Copper melta Brass melts Zinc melts Lead melta Bismuth rai'lts Tin melts Tin and Bismuth equal parts Tin 3 parts Bismuth 5 and Lcail 2 melt 1983° 1850° 2160° 1900° 740° 594° 476° 4'21° 28;:° 212° ■WATER 123 WEIGHT OF WATER. l cubic inch is equal to .03G17 pounds. I'i ciibic inches is equal to .434 pounds. 1 cubic toot is equal to 62.5 pounds. 1 cubic foot is equal to 7 50 U. S. gallons. 1.8 cubic feet is equal to 112.00 pound.s. 35. 84 cubic fiet is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 1 Cylindrical inch... is equal to .02842 pounds. 12 Cyluidrical inches . is equal to .341 pounds. 1 Cylindiical foot, . . . is equal to 49.10 pounds. 1 Cjiind.ieal foot, . . . is equal to 6.00 U. S. gallons. 2. 282 Cylindrical feet ... is equal to 11200 pounds. 45.64 Cylindrical feet .. is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 11.2 Imperial gallons .. is equal to 112.00 pounds. 224 Imperial gallons ... is equal to 224ti.OO pounds. 13.44 United States galls, is equal to 112.00 pounds. 268.8 United States galls, is equal to 2240.00 pounds. Centre of pressure is at two-thirds depth from surface. EFFECTS PRODUCED BY WATER IN AN AERIFORM STATE. When water in a vessel is subjected to the action of fire it readi- ly imbibes the heat, or fluid p\inciple of which the fire is the im- mediate cause, and sooner or latter, according to the intensity of the heat, attains a temperature of 212'' Fahrenheit. If, at this point of temperature, the water bo not enclosed, but exposed to atmospheric pressure, ebullition will take place, and steam or vapor will ascend through the water, carrying with it the superabundant heat, or that which the water cannot, under such circumstances of pressure, absorb, to be retained, and to indicate a higher temper- ture. Water, in attaining the aeriform state, is thus uniformly confined to the same laws, under every degree of pressure ; but, as the pres- sure i'^ augmented, so is the indicated temperature proportionately elevated. Hence the various densities of steam, and correspond iiig drgreea of elastic force. 124 WATEK. PRACTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER. By analysis it is ascertained, that water is composed of the gases oxygen and hydrogen in a state of chemical union ; its dis- tinguishing properties, like that of other liquids, being nearly incompressible gravity, capability of flowing, and constant tend- ency to press outwards in every direction ; also that of being easily changed by the absorption of caloric to an aeriform state of any required density or degree of elastic force: hence the prin- ciple of the hydraulic press, the water-wheel, the steam engine, &(!. Effects produced by Water in its Natural State. Because of liquids possessing the properties of gravity and capability of flowing freely in every direction, sides of vessels, flood gates, sluices, &c., sustain a pressure equal to the product of the area multiplied by half the depth of the fluid, and by its gravity in equal terms of unity. But when a sluice or opening through which a liquid may issue is under any given continued head, the pressure is equal the pro- duct of the area multiplied into the height from the centre of the opening to the surface of the fluid. Example 1. — Required the pressure of water on the sides of a cistern 18 feet in length, 13 in width and 9 in depth. The terms of measurement or unity are in feet ; 1 cubic foot ol water = 62-5 lbs. ; hence, 18 X 9 X 2 + 13 X 9 X 2 — 558 X 4-5 X 62.5 = 156937.5 lbs. weight of water on bottom =18X18X9X62.5 = 131625 lbs. Example 2. — Required the pressure on a sluice S feet square, and its centre 30 feet from the surface of the water 3 X 3 X 30 X 62.5 = 16875 &s. pressure. HEAT. 1 2? HEAT. Effects of Heat at certain Temperatures. — Griee. Tin and Bismuth, equal parts, melt at 283 degrees, Fahrenheit ; tin melts at 442 ; polished steel acquires straw color at 460 ; bis- muth melts at 470; sulphur burns at 500; oil of turpentine boils at 500; polished steel acquires deep blue color at 680 ; lead melts at 594 ; linseed oil boils at 600 ; quicksilver boils at 660 ; zinc melts at 700; iron, bright red in the dark at 752 ; iron, red-hot in twilight at 884; red heat fully visible in daylight at 1077; brass melts at 3807; copper melts at 4587 ; silvers melts at 4717 ; gold melts at 5237 ; welding heat of iron, from 12777 ; welding heat of iron, to 13427; greatest heat of smith's forge 17327; cast iron begins to melt at 17977 ; cast iron thoroughly melted at 20577. TEMPERING. The article after being completed, is hardened by being heated gradually to a bright red, and then plunged into cold water; it is then tempered by being warmed gradually and equably, either over a fire, or on a piece of heated metal till of the color corresponding to the purpose for which it is required, as per table below, when it is again plunged into water. Corresponding Temperature. A very pale straw - 430° Lancets ) Straw - - - 450° Razors f Darker straw - - 470° Penknives > All kinds of wood tools Yellow - - - 490° Scissors \ Screw taps. Brown yellow - - 500°^ Hatchets, Chipping Chisels, Slightly tinged purple 520°|- Saws. Purple ... SSO'') All kinds of percussive tools. Diiik purple - - 550° „ . Blue "^ \ . . 570°i ^P""g^- Dark blue - - 600° Soft for saws. To Temper by the Thermometer. Put the articles to be tempered into a vessel cantaining sujBScient quantity to cover them, of Oil or Tallow ; Sand ; or a mixture of 8 parts bismuth, 5 of lead, and 3 of tin, the whole to be brought up to, and kept up at the heat corresponding to the hardness required, by means of a suitable thermometer, till heated equally throngh- out; the articles are then withdrawn and plunged into cold water. If no thermometer is available, it may be observed that oil or tallow begins to smoke at 430° or straw color, and that it takes fire on a light being presented, and goes out when the light is with- drawn, at 570° or blue. 126 PROPERTIES OF AIR. EFFECTS PRODUCED BY AIR IN ITS NA- TURAL AND ALSO IN A RAREFIED STATE. The weight or pressure of the atmosphere is equal to the weig]it of a column of water o4 feet in height, or to a column of mercury 30 inches in height, or to 14.7 lbs. average per square inch, at a mean temperature. But air, like all other gases, is rendered light- er by the application of heat ; for then the particles o*' the mass are repelled from each other, or rarefied, and occupy a greater space. Rarefied air, being specifically lightest, mounts above that of common density ; hence change of temperature, and the prin- ciple cause of winds. Table of the Expansion of Atmospheric Air by Heat. Decrees of Bulk. Deg:ree3 of Bulk. Decrees of Bulk. Fahrenheit. Fahvenheii. Fahrenheit. 32° 1000 650 1077 100° 1 1 52 3.5 1007 70 1089 120 1194 40 1021 75 1009 140 1235 45 1032 80 1110 160 1275 50 1043 85 1121 180 1315 55 1055 90 1132 2tiO 1364 fiO 1066 95 1142 212 1376 The pressure or gravity of the atmosphere, being equal to a column of water 34 feet in heicht, is the means or principle on which rests the utility of the coninion pump, also of the syphon and all other such hydraulic applications. In a pump, the inter- nal pressure on the surface of the liquid is removed by the action of the bucket ; and as by degrees the density becomes lessened, so the water rises by the external pressure to the above named height; and at such height it will rcmnin, unless, by some de- rangement of consi ruction taking place, the atmospheric fluid is allowed to enter and displace the liquid column. But observe, if the temperature of the water or other liquid be so elevated that eteam or vapor arisi* through it, then, according to the vapor's ac- cumulation of density, may the action of the pump be partially or wholly destroyed ; and the only means of evasion in such cases is, to place the working bucket beneath the surface of the liquid which is required to be raised. TIN PLATES. 127 Size , Length, Breadth and Weight. Eranil Mark- No. of Shoels LeiiRtt nnd ^v iuhl per ill lii.x. Breadth. IJux. Inches. Inches. Cwt qr. lbs. 1 c 225 14 by 10 ^ 1 X 225 1-4 by 10 1 1 XX 225 14 by 10 1 21 1 XXX 225 14 by 10 2 14 . 1 XXXX 225 14 by 10 ■'■ 3 7 1 XXXXX 225 14 by 10 2 1 XXXXXX 225 14 by 10 2 21 . D C 100 17 by I2i 3 14 D X 100 IV by 12i 1 14 D XX 100 17 by 12i 1 1 1 D XXX 100 17 bv 12i 1 2 D XXXX 100 17 b> 12i 1 2 21 D XXXXX 100 17 bv 12i 1 3 14 D XXXXXX 100 17 by 12^ 2 0- 1 S D C 200 15 by 11 1 I 27 S D X 200 15 by 11 1 2 20 S D XX 200 15 by 11 1 3 13 S D XXX 200 15 by 11 2 6 S D XXXX 200 15 by 11 2 27 S D XXXXX 200 15 by 11 2 1 20 S D XXXXXX 200 15 by 11 2 2 13 Crystallized Tin-Plate. Crystallized tin-plate, is a variegated primrose appearance, pro- duced upon the surface of tin-plate, by applying to it in a heated state some dilute nitro-muriatic acid for a few seconds, then wash- ing it with water, drying, and coating it with lacker. The figui-es are more or less beautiful and diversified, according to the degree of heat, and relative dilution of the acid. Place the tin-plate slightly heated over a tub of water, and rub its surface with a sponge diped in a liquor composed of four parts of aquafortis, and two of distilled water, holding one of common salt sal ammoniac in solu- tion. Whenever the crysiallino spangles seem to be thoroughly brought out, the plate must be immersed in water, washed cither with a feather or a little cotton (taking care not to rub off the film of tin that forms the feathering), forthwith dried with a low heat, and coated with a lacker varnish, otherwise it loses its lustre in the air. If the whole surface is not plunged at once in cold water, but if it be partially cooled by sprinkling water on it, the crystalliztion will be finely variegattd with large and small figures. Similar results will be obtained by blowing cold air through a pipe on the tinned surface, while it is just passing from the iused to the solid state. 128 WEIGHTS OF LEAT> PIPES, ETC. List of Calibre and Weights of Lead Pipe. Calibre. ■Weight Av. Calibre. Weight Av. per ?t. length. per foot. lengm. IhB. 01. ft. lbs. oz ft. iin light .... 8 300 1|- in. medium . 5 4 28 Strong . . . 12 225 strong . . . 6 4 24 ex. strong 1 4 120 ex. strong 7 2 21 1 in light .... 12 225 Ifin. ex. light . 3 12 42 medium .. 1 150 light 4 8 33 strong . . . 1 8 100 medium. . 5 8 27 ex. strong 2 •75 strong . . . 6 8 23 J in light .... 1 150 ex. strong 8 4 18 medium . . 1 4 120 2 in. ex light . 4 8 33 strong . . . 1 12 85 light 5 8 27 ex. strong 2 7 60 medium. . 7 21 f in ex. light . 1 4 120 strong . . . 8 18 light .... 1 12 85 ex. strong 9 8 15 medium . . 2 4 65 U in. 3 16 thick 7 13 15 strong 2 8 60 J thick . . 8 13 15 ex. strong 3 50 5-16 thick 13 11 15 |in ex. light . 1 8 ImO f thick .. 16 12 15 liglit 2 75 3 in. waste. . . 6 15 medium .. 2 8 60 3 16 thick 9 5 15 strong . . . S 50 i thick .. 12 10 15 ex. strong 3 10 .43 5 16 thick 16 15 1 in ex light . 2 4 65 •I thick . . 19 11 15 light .... 2 12 55 Si^ in. J thick . 15 15 medium . . 3 8 45 5-16 thick 18 5 15 strong . . . 4 38 f thick .. 21 12 15 ex. strong 3 12 42 1\Q thick 26 41 15 U in ex. light . 2 12 55 4 in. waste. . . . 5 6 15 light 3 4 40 J thick .. 16 12 15 medium .. 4 38 5-16 thick 21 15 strong . . . 4 8 33 f thick . . 25 4 15 ex. strong 6 25 7-16 thick 80 15 1| in. ex. light . 3 8 45 4^ in. waste. . . . 5 12 15 light .... 4 4 35 5 in. waste. . . . 8 15 Calibre c& Weights of Fountains or Aqueduct Pipes. fsiy light Lead Pipe for Hydraulic Rams, and for conducting water at long dis- tances, under sliglit pressure or head of water. i- inch I inch ^ inch i inch 6 1600 f inch 1 2 550 8 1200 |1 inch 1 12 400 10 1000 li inch 2 250 12 900 1^ inch 2 4 200 ■WEIOllTS OF riPES, ETC. 129 To ascertain the Weights of Pipes of various Metals^ and any Diameter required. Thich, Wr'ght Copper. Load. Thick. Wr'ght Copper. Lead ioch. Iron. Inch. Iron. 1-32 .326 .38 .483 5-32 1.627 1.9 2.417 1-10 .653 .76 .967 8-16 1.95 2.28 2.9 3-32 .976 1.14 1.45 7-32 2.277 2.6G 3.383 1-8 1.3 1.52 1.933 1-4 2.6 3.04 3.867 R'TLE. — To the interior diameter of the pipe, in inches, add the thicliness of the metal ; multiply the sum by the decimal number opposite the required thickness and under the metal's name ; also by the length of tlie pipe in feet ; and the product is the weight of the pipe in pounds. 1. Required the weight of a copper pipe, whose interior diameter is 2J inches, its length 20 feet, and the metal \ of an inch in thick- ness. 2.25 + .125 = 2.375 X 1.52 x 20 = 72.2 fcs. Weight of a Square Foot of Sheel-Iron^ Copper, and Urass, as per JBirmingham Wire Gauge. Ko. of Iron. Copper. Brass, No. of Iron. Galv. Copper. Brass. Guage. Guage. Iron- 1 12.5 14.5 13.75 16 2.62 3. 2.9 2.75 2 12. 13.9 13.2 17 2.20 2.69 2.52 2.4 3 11. 12.75 12.1 18 1.92 2.31 2.15 2.04 4 10.5 11.6 11. 19 1.75 2.07 1.97 1.87 5 9. .10.1 0.61 20 1.54 1.75 1.78 1.69 6 8.34 94 8.93 21 1.4 1.5 1.62 1.54 7 7.5 8.7 8.25 22 1.25 1.32 1.45 1.37 8 6.86 7.9 7.54 23 1.13 1.19 1.3 1.28 9 6.29 7.2 6.86 ' 24 1.02 1.06 1.16 1.1 10 5 62 65 6.18 i 25 .9 1. 1.04 .99 11 5. 5.8 6.5 26 .8 .96 .92 88 12 4.5 5.08 4.81 27 .75 .88 .83 .79 13 4. 4.34 4.12 28 .65 .75 .74 .7 14 3.23 3.6 3.43 29 .58 .69 .«! .61 15 2.97 3.27 3.1 UQ -V *- WEIGUTS OF VARIOUS SU INSTANCES. Recd'pitulatlon of Weights of Various Substances. Cast iron Wrought iron. . . Sccei Copper L'-.id Brass Tin White pine . Sale water (sea). Fresh waier . . . . Air Steam Cubic feet in lb3. I Cubic inch in lbs. 450.55 .2607 486.65 .2816 489.8 .2834 555. .32118 708.85 .41015 537.75 .3112 456. .263 29.56 .0171 64.3 .03721 62.5 .03616 .07529 .03689 Cast Iron expands resooo of its length for one degree of heat ; greatest change in the shade, in this climate ;-,-.-- of its length ; exposed to the sun's ravs, ,-i— ; shrinks in cooling from — to . . of its length ; is crushed by a force of 93.000 lbs. upon a square inch ; will bear, without permanent alteration, 15.300 ibs. upon a square inch, and an extension of y---- of its length. Weight of modulus of elasticity for a base of an inch square, 18,400,000 &9. ; height of modulus of elasticity, 5,750,000 feet. Wrought Iron expands nyooo ^^ '^^ length for one degree of heat ; will bear, on a square inch, without permanent alteration, 17,800 Bbs., and an extension in length of ,4^^ ; cohesive force is diminished 3-^^ by an increase of one degree of heat. Weight of modulus of elasticity for a base of an inch square, 24,920,000 lbs. ; height of modulus of elasticity 7,650,000 feet. \Trie following Receipts are selected from " Ure's Dictionary," " Cooley's Cy- clopedia," " Muspratt'3 Chemistry," and other valuable sources.] JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. Japanni.no is the art of covering bodies by grounds of opaque coJors in vurnisli, wliicli may be afterwards decorated by printing or gilding, or left in a plain state. It is also to be looked upon in another sense, as that of ornamenting coaches, snuff boxes, screens, &c. All surfaces to be japanned must be perfectly clean, and leather should be sti'etched on frames. Paper should be stiff for japanning. The French prime all their japanned articles, the English do not. This priming is generally of common size. Those articles, that are primed thus, never endure as well as those that receive the japan coating on the first operation, and thus it is that those ar- ticles of japan work that are primed witli size when they are used for some time, crack, and the coats of japan fly off in flakes. A solution of strong isinglass size and honey, or sugar candy, makes a good japan varnish to cover water colors on gold grounds. A pure white priming for japanning, for the cheap method, is made with parchment size, and one-third of isinglass, laid on very thin and smooth. It is the better for three coats, and when the last coat is dry, it is prepared to receive the painting or figures. Previous to the la.-t coat, however, the work should be smoothly polished. When wood or leather is to be japanned, and no prim- ing used, the best plan is to lay on two or three coats of varnish made of seed-lac and resin, two ounces each, dissolved in alcohol and strained through a cloth. This varnish should be put on in a warm place, and the work to be varnished should, if po.ssib'e, be warm also, and all dampness should be avoided, to prevent the varnish from being chilled. When the work is prepared with the above composition and dry, it is fit for the proper japan to be laid on. If the ground is not to be whits the best varnish now to be used is made of shellac, as it is the best vehicle for all kind of colors. This is made in the proportions of the best shellac, five ounces, made into powder, steeped in a quart of alcohol, and kept 12 [1311 K52 PRACTICAL KECEIPTS. at a gi'iitlc heat for two or three days and shaken fn'(]iii>ntly. nftor which '.he solution must be filtered througli a flannel bug, and kept in a well corked bottle for use. This varnish for hard japanning on copper or tin will stand for ever, unless lire or hammer be used to burn or beetle it off. The color to bo used with shellac varnish may be of any pig- ments whatever to give the desired shade, as this varnish will mix with tny color. WHITE JAPAN GROUND. To form a hard, perfect white ground is no easy matter, as the substances which are generally used to make the japan hard, have a tendency, by a number of coats, to look or become dull in brightness. One white ground is made by the following composition : white flyke or lead washed over and ground up with a sixth of its weight of starch, then dried and mixed with the finest gum, ground up in parts of one ounce gum, to half an ounce of rectified turpentine mixed and ground thor- oughly together. This is to be finely laid on the article to be jiip- anned, dried, and then varnished with five or six ccats of the fol- lowing : two ounces of the whitest seed-lac to three ounces of gum- anima reduced to a fine powder and dissolved in a quart of alcohol. This lac must be carefully picked. Yov a softer varnish than this, a little turpentine should be added, and less of the gum. A very good varnish and not brittle, may be made by dissolving gum- anima in nut oil, boiling it gently as the gum is added, and giving the oil as much gum as it will take up. The ground of white var- nish may of itself be made of this varnish, by giving two or three coats of it, but when used it should be diluted with pure turpen- tine. Although this varnish is not brittle it is liable to be indent- ed with strokes, and it will not bear to be polished, but if well laid on it will not need polishing afterwards ; it also takes some time to dry. Heat applied to all oils, however, darkens their color, and oil varnishes for white grow very yellow if not exposed to a full clear light. GUM COPAL. Copal varnish is one of the very finest varnishes for japan- ing purposes. It can be dissolved by linseed oil, rendered dry by adding some quicklime at a beat somewhat less than will boil or decompose the oil by it. This solution, with the addition of a little turpentine, forms a very transparent varnish, which, when properly applied and slowly dried is very bard and durable. This varnish is applied to snuff boxes, tea boards and other utensils. It also preserves paintings and renders their surfaces capable of reflecting light more uni- formly. If powered copal be mixed in a mortar with camphor, it softens aad becomes a coherent mass, and if camphor be added to alcohol PRACTir'AL RECKIPTS. 133 it boi'nincs an oxotllciit solvent of oopsil liy iuMiii'ji; the copal well gioiiml. ;iiid cinployinj; a tolorabk' dcgieo ol' lioat, having tlie vessel well eorked whieli must have a lonif neek for the allowance of expansion, and the vessel must oidy be about onefouitli lilled with the mixture. Copal can also be incorporated with turpen- tine, with one part of powdered copal to twelve parts of pure tur- pentine, subjeead to the heat of ii sand-bath for several days in a long necked mattress, shaking it frequently. I Copal is a good varnish for metals, such as Cm; the varnish mu~t I be dried in an oven, each coat, and it can be colored with some ' substances, but alcohol varnish will mix with any coloring mattei. i For white japans or varnishes, we have already shown that line chalk or wliite lead was used as a basis, and the varnishes coated over it. To japan or varnish wb.ite leather, so that it may be elastic, is aUogether a dift'erent work from varnishing or japanning wood or metal, or papier mache. For white leather oil is the principal ingredient, as it is well known that chalk is extensively used to give white leather its pure color, or speaking more philosophically, its fair colorless whiteness. White leather having already the basis of white varnish, it should get a light coat of the pure varnish, before mentioned, and dric d well in the oven, or a coat of the oil copal will answer very well. This being well dried, boiled nut oil nicely coated and successively dried, will make a most beautiful white varnish for leather, not li- able to crack. This cfuality takes a long time to dry, and of course is more expensive. Coarse varnish inay bo made of boiled linseed oil, into which is added gradually the acetate of lead asadiier. This addition must be done very cautiously as the oil will be apt to foam over. A better and more safe drying mixture than the mere acetate of lead, is, to dissolve the acetate of lead in a small quantity of water, neutralize the acid with the addition of pipe clay, evaporate the seiinnent to perfect dryness, and feed the oil when gently boiling gradually with it. These varnishes or japans^ as far as described, have only refer- ence to white grounds. There is sojae nice work to be observed, and there is much in applying the virnishes at the right time, knowing by the eye the proper moment when the mixture is perfect, or when to'add any ingredient. These things requite practice. BLACK GROUNDS. Black grounds for japans may be made by mixing ivory black with shellac varnish; or for coarse work, lamp black and the top coating of common seedlac vainish. A common black japan may be made by painting a piece of work with drying oil, ( oil mixed with lead,) and putting the work into a stove, not 100 hot, but of such a degree, gradually rai^ing the heat and keep- 134 PRACTK.'AL RECEIPTS. ing it up for a long time, so as not to burn the oil and make h blister. This process makes very fair japan and requires no pol- ishing. BLACK JAPAN. Naples asphaltura fifty pounds, dark gum-amime eight pounds, use, add linseed oil twelve gallons, boil, add daiJc gum amber ten pounds, previously fused and boiled with linseed oil two gallons, add the driers, and proceed as last. Used for wood or metals. BRUNSWICK BLACK. 1. Foreign asphaltum forty-five pounds, drying oil six gallons, litharge six pounds, boil as last, and thin with twenty five gal- lons of oil of turpentine. f/«eci for ironwork. &c. 2. Black pitch and gas tar asphaltum, of each twenty-five pounds, boil gently for five hours, then add linseed oil eight gallons, litharge and red lead, of each ten pounds, boil as before, and thin with oil of tur- pentine twenty gallons. Inferior to the last, but cheaper. BLUE JAPAN GROUNDS. Blue japan grounds may be formed of bright Prussian blue. The color may be mixed with shellac varnish, and brought to a polish- ing state by five or six coats of varnish of seed-lac. The varnish, however, is apt to give a greenish tinge to the blue, as the varnish has a yellowish tinge, and blue and yellow form a green. When- ever a light blue is desired, the purest varnish must always be used. SCARLET JAPAN. Ground vermilion may be used for this, but being so glaring it is not beautiful unless covered over with rose-pink or lake, which have a good effect when thus used. For a very bright crimson ground, safflower or Indian lake should be used, always dissolved in the alchohol of which the varnish is made. In yjlaco of this lake, carmine may be used, as it is more common. The top coat of varnish must always be of the white seedlac, which has been be- fore described, and as many coats given as will be thought prop- er ; it is easy to judge of this. YELLOW GROUNDS. If turmeric be dissolved in the spirit of wine and strained through a cloth, and then mixed with pure seed-lac varnish, it makes a good yellow japan. Saffron will answer for the same purpose in the 6;:me way, but the brightest yellow ground is made by a primary coat of pure crome yellow, and coated successively with the varn- ish. Dutch ])ink is used for a kind of cheap yellow japan ground. If a little driigon's blood be added to the varnish for yellow japan, a most beautiful and rich salmon colored varnish is the result, and PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 1 "5 by these two mixtures ull the shades of flesh-colored japans are produced. GREEN JAPAN GROUNDS. A good green may be made by mixing Prussian blue along with the eromiite of lead, or with turmeiic, or orpimen'' (sulphuret of arsenic) or ochre, only tlie two should be ground together and dis- solved in alcohol and applied as a ground, then coated with four or Sve coats of shellac varnish, in the manner alre:idy described. A vei'y bright green is mnde by laying on a ground of Dutch metal, or leaf of gold, and tlun coating it over with distilled ver- digiis dissolved in alcohol, then the varnishes ou the top. This is a splendid green, brilliant and glowing. ORANGE COLORED GK0UND3. Orange grounds may be made of yellow mixed with vermillion or carmine, just as a bright or rather inferior color is wanted. The yellow should always be in quan^'ity to make a good full color, and the red added in proportion to the depth of shade. If there is not a good full body of yellow, the color will look watery, or bare, as it is technically termed. PURPLE JAPAN GROUNDS. This is made by a mixture of lake and Prussian blue or carmine, or for an inferior color vermilion, and treated as the foregoing. When the ground is laid on and perfectly dried, a fine coat of pure boillcd nut oil 'hen laid on and perfectly dried, is a good method to have a Japan, not liable to crack. But a better plan is to use this oil in the varnish given, the first coat, after the ground is laid on, and which should contain considerable of pure terpentine. In every case where.oil is used for any purpose for varnish, it is all the better if turpentine is mixed with it. Turpentine enables oils to mix with either alcohol or water. Alkalies have this property also. BLACK JAPAN. 1. Asphaltum three ounces, boiled oil four quarts, burnt umber eight ounces. Mix by heat, and when cooling thin with turpentine. 2. Amber twelve ounces, asphaltum two ounces; fuse by heat, add boiled oil half a pint, resin two ounces; when cooling add sixteen ounces oil of turpentine. Both are used to varnish metals. JAPAN BLACK FOR LEATHER. 1 . Burnt umber four ounces, true asphaltum two ounces, boiled oil two quarts. Dissolve the asphaltum by heat in a little of the oil, add the burnt umber ground in oil, and the remainder of the oil, mix, cool and thin with turpentine. Flexible. 2. Rhellnc one p.u f, wood naphtha f.jur parts, dissolve, and color with lampblack. Indexible. inO PRVfTlCAI, RECEIPTS. TItAKSPARENT JAPAN. Oil of turpentine four ounces, oil of lavender three ounces, cam» plior one-half dracinn, copal one ounce; dissolve. Used to japan im, but quick copal varnish is mostly used instead. JAPANNERS' COPAL VARNISH. Pale African copal seven pounds, fuse, add clarified linseed oil one half gallon, boil for five minutes, remove it into he topen air, add boiling oil of turpentine three gallons, mix well, strain it into the cistern, and cover it up immediately. Used to varnish furni- ture, and by japanners, coacemakers, &c. Dries in 15 minutes, and may be polished as soon as hard. TORTOISE SHELL JAPAN. This varnish is prepared by taking of good linseed oil one gal- lon, and of umber half a pound, and boiling them together until the oil becomes very brown and thick, when they are strained through a cloth and boiled again until the composition is about the consistence of pitch, when it is fit for use. Having prepared this varnish, clean well the copper or iron j)!ate or vessel that is to be varnished, (japanned.) and then lay vermillion, mixed with shellac varnish, or with drying oil, diluted with turpentine, very thinlv on the places intended to imitate the clean parts of the tor- toise shell. When the vermillion is dry brush over the whole with the above umber varnish diluted to a due consistence with tur- pentine, and when it is set and firm, it must be put into a stove and undergo a strong heat for a long time, even two weeks will not hurt it. This is the ground for those beautiful snuff boxed and tea boards which are so much admired, and those grounds can be decorated with all kinds of paintings that fancy may suggest, and the work is all the better to be finished in an annealing oven. PAINTING JAPAN WORK. The colors to be painted are tempered, generally, in oil, T.hich should have at least one-fourth of its weight of gum sandarach, or mastic dissolved in it, and it should be well diluted with turpen- tine, that the colors may be laid on thin and evenly. In some instances it does well to put on water colors or grounds of gold, which a skilful hand can do and manage so as to make the woik appear as if it was embossed. These water colors are best prepar- ed by means of isinglass size, mixed with honey, or sugar candy. These colors when laid on must receive a number of upper coata of the varnish we have described before. JAPANNING OLD TEA-TRATS. First clean them thoroughly with soap and water and a little rot- ten stone ; then dry them by whiping and exposure at the fire. Now, get seme good copal varnish, mix with it some bronze pow- rUACTICAL RECEIPTS. 137 der, and apply with a brush to the denuded parts. After which set the lea-tray in an oven at a heat of 212° or 300" until the var- nish is dry. Two coats will make it equal to new. JAPAN FINISHING. TIio finishing part of japanning lies in laying on and polishing the outer coats of varnish, which is necessary in all painted or simply ground colord japan work. When brightness and clearness arc wanted, the white kind of varnish is necessary, for seed-lac varnish, which is the hardest and most tenacious, imparts a yellow tinge. A mixed varnish, we believe, is the best for this purpose, that is, for combining hardness and purity. Take then three ounces of seed-lac. picked very carefully from all sticks and dirt and washing it well with cold water, stirring it up, pouring it off, and continuing the process until tliu water i-uns oft' perfectly pure. Dry it and then reduce it to powder, and put it with a pint of al- cohol into a bottle, of which it must occupy only two thirds of ita space. This mixture must be shaken well together and ihc bottle kept at a gentle heat (being corked) until the lac be dissclvcd. When this is the case, the clear must be poured off, and the re- mainder strained through a cloth, and all the clear, strained and poured, must be kept in a well stopped bottle. The manner of using this seed-lac varnish is the same as that before dtsciibcd, and a fine polishing varnisii is made by mixing this with pure white varnish. The pieces of work to be varnished for finishing should be placed near a stove, or in a warm, dry room, and one coat should be perfectly dry before the other is applied. The varn- ish is applied by proper brushes, beginning at the middle, passing the stroke to one end and with the other stroke from the middle to the other end. Great skill is displayed in laying on these coats of varnish. If possible the skill of hand should never cross, or twice pass over in giving one coat. When one coat is dry another must be laid over it, anil so on successively for a number of coats, so that the coating should be sufficiently thick to stand fully all the polishing, so as not to bare the surface of the colored work. When a sufficient number of coats are thus laid on, the work is fit to be polished, which, in common cases, is commenced with a rag dipped in finely powdered rotten stone, and towards the end of the rub- bing a little oil should be used along with the powder, and when the work appears fine and glossy a little oil should be used alone to clean off the powder and give the work a still brighter hue. In very fine work, French whiting should be used, which should be washed in water to remove any sand that might be in it. Pumice stone ground to a very fine powder is used for the first part of polishing, and the finishing done with whiting. It is always best to dry the varnish of all japan work by heat. For wood work, heat must be sparingly used, but for metals the varnish should be dried in an, oven, also for papier mache and leather. The metal will Btanti the greatest heat, and care must be taken not to darken by 138 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. too high a temperature. When gold size is nsed in guilding for japau work, where it is desired not to liave the gold shine, or ap- pear burnished, the gold size should be used with a little of the spirits of turpentine and a little oil, but when a considerable d«- giee of lustre is wanted without burnishing and the pripiiration necessary for it, a little of the size along with oil alone should l)C used. VARNISHES,— MISCELLANEOUS. Different substances are employed for making varnish, the ob- ject being to produce a liquid easily applied to the surface of cloth, paper or metal, which, when dry, will protect it with a tine skin. Gums and resins are the substances employed for making varn- ishes; they are dissolved either in turpentine, alcohol, or oil, in a close stone ware, glass or metal vessel, exposed ro a low heat, as the case may require, or cold. The alcohol or turpentine dissolv- es the gum or resin, and holds them in soluiion, and after the up- plication of the varnish, this mixture being mechanical, the moist- ure of the liquid evaporates, and the gum adheres to the article to which it is applied. The choice of linseed oil is of peculiar consequence to the var- nish-maker. Oil from fine full-grown ripe seed, when viewed- in a vial, will appear limpid, pale, and brilliant; it is mellow and sweet to the taste, has very little smell, is specifically lighter than impure oil, and, when clarified, dries quickly and firmlv, and doe.s not materially change the color of the varnish when made, but ap- pears limpid and brilliant. The following arc the chief Resins employed in the manufacture of Varnishes AMUKH. This resin is most distinguished for durability. It is usuiiilv < !' some shade of yellow, traiispari'nt, hard and moderately toui^ii. Heated in air, it fuses at about 649° ; it burns with a clear llaiue, emitting a pleasant odor. AMME. This is imported from the East Indies. The large, transparent, pale-yellow pieces, with vitreous fracture, are best suited for var- nish. Infef ior qualities are employed for manufacturing gold-size or j.ipanblack. Although superior to amber in its capacity for drying, and cq\ial in hardness, varnish made from anime deepens In color on exposure to air, and is very liable to crack. It is, however, much used for mixing with copal varnish. rRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 139 This is a gura-resin but little used in varnishes, on account of its costliness. COLOPHONY. This resin is synonymous with arcanson and rosin. When th® resinous juce of /"i?;?** iSi/lvesiris and other varities is distilled, colophony remains in the retort. Its dark color is due to the ac-tion of the lire. Dissolved in linseed oil, or in turpentine by the aid of heat, colophony forms a brilliant, hard, but brittle varnish. This is a gum-resin of immense importance to the varnish-maker. It consists of several minor resins of diiferent degrees of solubility. In durability, it is only second to amber. When made into var- nish, the better sorts become lighter in color by exposure to air. Copal is generally imported in large lamps about the size of potatoes. The clearest and palest are selected for what is called hodi/-c/um ; the second best forms carriage-gum; whilst the lesidue, freed from the many impurities with which it is associated, con- stitutes tvorst quality, fitted only for japan-black or gold size. In alcohol, copal is but little soluble ; but it is said to become more so by reducing it to a fine powder, and exposing it to atmos- pheric influences for twelve months. Boiling alcohol or spirit of turpentine, when poured upon/t>7fs hard in 12 to 24 hours. 3 Clear- est and palest African copal eight pounds; fuse, add hot and pale drying oil two gallons, boil till it strings strongly, cool a little, and thin with hot rectified oil of turpentine three gallons, and immediately strain into the store can. Very fine. Both the above arc used for pictures. 4. Coarsely-powdered copal and glass, of each four ounces, alcohol of 90 per cent one pint, cnmphor one- half ounce; heat it in a water bath so that the ))nbbles may be counted as they rise, observing frequently to stir the mixture ; when cold decant the clear, i/sa/ for pictures. 5. Copal melted and dropped into water three ounces, gum sandarach six ounces, mastic and Chio turpentine of each two and one half ounces, powdered ghiss four ounces, alcohol of 85 percent, one quart; dis- solve by a gentlo heat. Used foi metal, chairs, &c. All copal varnishes are hard and durable, though loss so than those made of amber, but they have the advantage over the latter of being paler. They are applied on coaches, pietu.'cs, polished metal, wood, and other objects requiring good durable varnish 2. COPAL VARNISH. Hard copal, 300 parts ! drying linseed or nut oil, from 125 to 250 parts ; oil of turpentine, GOO ; these three sub-stances are to be put into three separate vessels ; the copal is to be fused by a somewhat sudden application of heat ; the drying oil is to be heat - edin a tenipei-aiurc a little luider ■bullirion, and is to be added l»y sni dl portions at a time to t!ie melted copal. When this com PRACTICAL KICCEIPTS. 143 bin'.tio:i is m.iilo, and tlu> IwMt a little abated, the csscnee of tur- pentine, likewise previously iieatod, is to be introdueed by degrees; some of tlie volatile oil will be dissipated at first, but more being aiUk'd, the union will take place. Great care must be taken to prevent the turpentine vapor from catching fire, which might occasion serious accidents to the operator. When the varnisli i? m:tdj and has cooled down to about 180 degrees of Fah., it may be strained through a filter, to separate the impurities and undis- solved copal. Almost all varnish makers think it indispensable to combine the drying oil with the copal before adding the oil of turpentine, but in this they are mistaken. Boiling oil of turpen- tine combines very readily with fused copal ; and, in some cases, it would probably be preferable to commence the operation with it, adding it in successive small quantities. Indeed, the whitest copal varnish can be made only in this way: for if the drying oil has been heated to nearly its boiling point, it becomes colored, and darkens the varnish. This varnish improves in clearness by keeping. Its consistence may be varied by varying the proportions of the ingredients within moderate limits. Good varnish, applied in summer, should become so dry in twenty-four hours that the dust will not stick to it nor receive an impression from the fingers. To render it suffi- ciently dry and hard for polishing, it must be subjected for several days to the heat of a stove. 3. COPAL VARNISHES. 1. Melt in an iron pan at a slow heat, copal gum powdered, eight parts, and add balsam copaiva, previously warmed, two parts. Then remove from the fire, and add spirits of turpentine, also warmed beforr'hand, ten parts, to give the necessary consist- ence. 2. Prepared gum copal ten parts, gum mastic two paits, finely powdered, arc mixed with white turpentine and boiled lin- seed oil, of each one part, at a slow heat, and with spirits of tur- pentine twenty parts. 8. Prepared gum-copal ten parts, white turpentine two parts, dissolve in spirits of turpentine. Gum-copal ia prepared or made more soluble in spirits of tur- pentine, by melting the powdered crude gum, afterwards ag^ia powdering, and allowing lo stand fo:' some time loosely covered. CABI.NET VARNISH. Copal, fused, fourteen pounds; linseed oil, hot, one gallon; turpentine, hot, three gallons. Properly boiled, such a varnish will dry in ten minutes. TABLE TARNISH. Damma resin, one pound; spirits of turpentine, two pounds ; pamplior, two hundr.d grains. Di'^^.'st th'^ mixture for twenty-four hours. TiM' decxuted porlioii is fit for iuimediatc use. 13 144 PRACTICAL UECEIPT3. COMMON TABLE VARNISH. Oil of turpentine, one pound; bees' wax, two ounces; coloplj ony, one drachm. COPAL Varnish fok /nside work. 1. Pounded and oxidixcd copal, twenty-four parts; spirit of tiir f.ontine, forty parts ; camphor, one part. — 2. Flexible Copal Vnr- nish. Copal in powder, sixteen parts; camphor, two parts; oil of lavender, ninety parts. Dissolve the camphor in the oil, heat the latter, and stir in the copal in sutcessive portions until complete solution takes place. Thin with sufl&cieut turpentine to make it of pioper coasistence. BEST BODY COPAL VARNISH FOR COACH MAKERS, &C. This is intended for the body parts of coaches and other similar vehicles, intended for polishing. Fuse eight lbs. of fine African gum copal, and two gallons of clarified oil, boil it very slowly for four or five hours, until quite stringy, mix with throe gallons and a half of turpentine; strain off and pour it into a cistern. If this is too slow in drying, coach makers, painters and varnish-makers have introduced to two pots of the preceding varnish, one made as follows- eight lbs. of fine pale gum-animc, two gallons of clari- fied oil and three and a half gallons of turpentine. To be boiled four hours. COPAL POLISH. Digest or shake finely powdered gum copal four parts, and gum camphor one part, with cither to form a semi-fluid mass, and then digest with a sufiBoient quantity of alcohol, WHITE SPIRIT VARNISH. Sandarach, 250 piirts ; mastic, in tear.-, 64; elemi resin, 32; turpentine, 6-1 ; alcohol of8'. per cent, 1000 pai'ts, by measure. The turpentine is to be added after the resins are dissolved. This is a brilliant varnish, but not so hard as to bear polishing. WHITE HARD SPIRIT VARNISHES. 1. Gum sandarach five pounds, camphor one ounce, rectified spirit 65 over proof) two gallons, washed and dried coarsely- pounded glass two pounds ; proceed as in making mastic varnish ; when strained add one quart of very pale turpentine varnish. Very fine. 2. Picked mastic and coarsely-ground glass, of each, four ounces, sandarach and pale clear Venice turpentine, of each three ounces, alcohol two pounds; as last. 3. Gum sandarach one pound, clear Strasburg turpentine six ounces, rectified spirit (65 over p. oof) three pints- dissolve. 4. Mastic in tears two ounces, sandarach eight ounces, gum elemi one ounce, Strasburgh or Scio turpentine (genuine) four ounces, rectified spirit (65 over proo*) one quart. Used on metals, iic Polishes well. PRACTICAL REfiCIPTJl J 45 WIIITK VARNISH. 1. Tender copal seven and one-half ounces, camphor one ounce, fllcohol of i)5 per cent, one quurt ; dissolve, then add mastic two- ounces, Venice turpentine one ounce ; dit'solve and strain. Ve'v v.liite, drying, and capable of bein;^ polished when hard. Used for toys. 2. Sandarach eight (iunc!^s, mastic two ounces, Caiuida balsam four ounces, alcohol one quart. Uned on paper, wood, oi linen. SOFT BRILLIANT VARNISH. Sandarach six ounces, elemi (genuine) four ounces, anime one ounce, camphor one-half ounce, rectified spirit one 'quart; as before. The above spirit varnishes are chiefly applied to objects of the toilette, as work-boxes, card-cases, &c., but are also suitable to ether aiticle.s, whether of paper, wood, linen, or metal, that re- quire a brilliant and quick-drying varnish. They mostly dry al- most as soon as applied, and are u-^ually hard enough to polish in 21 hours. Spirit varnishes are less durabl-j and more li.able to crack than oil varnishes. BROWN HARD SPIRIT VARNISUES. 1. Sandarach four ounces' pale seed Inc, two ounces, elemi (true) one ounce, ah ohoi one quart ; digest with agitation till dis- solved, then add Venice turpentine two ounces. 2. (luni sandar- ach three pounds, shellac two pounds, rectified spirit, (€3 over proof,) two gallons ; dissolve, add turpentine varni>h one quart; agitate well and strain. Very fine. ?>. Seed lac and yeilow resin, of each one and one-half pounds, rectified spirit two gallons. TO PREPARE A V^ RNISII FOR COATING METAL*. Digest one part of bru'sed copal in two partsof absolute alcohol; but as this varnish dries too quickly it is preferable to take one part of copal, one part of oil of rosi-mary, and twu or three paits of absolute alcohol. This gives a cl< ar varnish as limpid as water. It should be applied hot, and when dry it will be found hard and durable. TO VARNISH ARTICLES OF IRON AND STEEL. Dissolve 10 parts of clear grains of mastic, 5 parts of camphor, 1.^ parts of sandarach, and 5 of oil mi, in a sufficient quantity of alcohol, and apply tliis varnish without heat. The articles will not only be preserved from rust, but the varnish will retain its trans parency and the metallic brilliancy of the articles will not b ' obscured. VARNISH FOR IRON WORK. Dissolve, in about two lbs. of tar oil, lialf a pound of asphaltum, autl a like quant. Cy of pounds d iisin, ini.x hot in an iron kettle. 146 PKACTTCAL RECEIPTS. oare being takon to prevent any contact with the flame. When cold the varnish is readv for use. This varnish is for out-door wood and iron work, not for japanning leatlier or cloth. BLACK VARMSn FOR IRON WORK. Asphaltuni forty-eight pounds, fusi-, add boiled oil ten galIo7is, red lead and lith:irge, of each seven pounds, dried and powdered ' wliite copperas three pounds, boil for two hours, then add dark gum amber (fused) eight puuiids, liot linseed oil two gallons, boil for two hours longer, or till a little of the mass, when cooled, may be rolled into pills, then withdraw the heat, and afterwards thin down with oil of turpentine thirty gallons. i/sc(iforthe iron- work of carriagijs, and other nice purposes. BRONZE VARNISH FOR STATUARY. Cut best hard soap fifty parts, into fine shaving*?, dissolve in boihng water two parts, to whieh add the solution of blue vitriol fifteen parts, in pure water sixty parts. Wash the copper-soap with water, dry it at a very slow heat, and dissolve it in spirits ol turpentine. AMBER VARNISHES. 1. Amber one pound, pale boiled oil ten ounces, turpentine one pint. Render tht- amber, placed in an iron pot, semi-liquid by heat; then add the oil, mix, remove it from the ti;e, and when cooled a little, s'.ir ill the turpentine. 2. To the amber, melted as above, add two ounces of sh Uae, and proceed as before. This varnish is ratlier dark, but remarkably tough. The first form is the best. It is used for the same purposes as copal var- nish, and form- an excellent, article for covering wood, or any other substance not of a white or pale cotor. It dries well, and is very hard and durable. AMBER VARNISH, BLACK. Amber one pound, boiled oil one-half pint, powdered asphaltu/n six ounces, oil of turpentine one pint. Melt the amber, as before described, thun add the asphalium, previously mixed with the cold oil, and afterwards heated very hot, mix well, remove the vessel from the fire, and when cooled a little add the turpentine, also made warm. Each of the above varnishes should be reduci d to a proper con- sirtLcnee with more turp ntiiie if requir. d. The last form produces the beautiful black vnrni.sh used by the coaehmiikers. Some manu- faeturers"omit the whole or part of the asphalium, and u.se the same quantity of clear black rosin instead, in which case the color i. brought up by lampblack reduced to an impalpable powder, or previously ground verv fine with a little boiled oil. The varnish made in this way, hicks, however, that richness, brilliancy, and depth of blackness imparted by asphaUuiu. PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 147 ▲MBKB TARNISII£S. f. (Pale.) Amber pale and transparent six pounds, fuse, add hot clftnfied linseed oil two gallons, boil till it strings strongly, cool a little, and add oil of turpentine four gallons. Pale as copal var- nish; Roon becomes v(>ry hard, and is the most durable of oil var- nishes; but requires time before it is fit for polishing. When wanted to dry and harden quicker, "drying" oil may be substituted for linseed, or "driers" mav be add:d during the boiling. 2. Amber one pound ; melt, add Scio turpentine one half pound, transparent white resin two ounces, hot linseed oil one pint, and afterwards oil of tuipentine as muih as sufficient; as above. Very tough. 3. (//an/. ) Melted umber four ounces, hot boiled oil oue quart- as before. 4. {Pale.) Very pale and transparent amber four ounces, clarified lidseod oil and oil of turpentine, of each one pint ; as before Amber varnish is suited for all purposes, where a very hard and durable oil varnish is required. The paler kind is superior to copal varnish, and is often mixed wiih the latter to increase it3 hardness and durability. BLACK VARNISH. Heat to boiling linseed oil varnish ten parts, with burnt umber two parts, and powdered asphaltum one part, and when cooled dilute witb spirits of turpentine to the required consiste^nce. VARNISn FOR CERTAIN PARTS OF CARRIAGES. Sandarach, 190 parts; pale shellac, 95 ; resin, Tio ; turpentine, 190 ; alcohol, at 85 per cent, loOO parts, by measure. COACH VARNISH. Mix shellac sixteen parts, white turpentine three parts, lamp- black sufficient quantity, and digest with alcohol ninety parts, oil of lavender four parts. MAHOGANY VARNISH. Sorted gum-anime eight pounds, clarified oil three gallons, liiharge and powc'ered dried sugar of lead, of each one-lbunh pound ; boil till it strings well, then cool a little, thiu with oil oi turpentine five and one-half gallons, and strain. TARNISH FOR CABINET MAKERS. Pale shellac, 750 parts; masiic, 64; alcohol, of 90 per cent, 1000 parts by measure. The solution is made in the cold, with the aid of frequent stirring. It is always muddy, and is employed without being filtered. With the same resins and proof spirit a varnish is made for the bookbinders to do over their morocco leather. 148 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. CEMENT VARNISH FOR WATER-TIGHT LUTING. White tuipentine fourteen parts, shellac eighteen parts, resi» Bix parts, digest with alcohol eighty parts. THE VARNISH OF WATIN FOR GILDED ARTICLES. Gum-lac, in grain, 12.5 parts; gamboge, 125; dragon's blood, 125; annotto, 125 ; saffron, 32. Each resin must be dissolved in 1000 parts by measure, of alcohol of 90 per cent; two separate tinctures must be made with the dragon's blood and annotto, in 1000 parts of such alcohol ; and a propei proportion of each phouJd be added to the varnish, according to the shr.de of golden color wanted. CHEAP OAK VARNISH. Clear pale resin three and one-half pounds, oil of turpentine one gallon; dissolve. It may be colored darker by adding a little fine lampblack. VARNISH FOR WOOD-WORK. Powdered gum sandar-ach eight parts, gum mastic two parts, eeed-lac eight parts, and digest in a warm place for some days with alcohol twenty-four parts, and finally, dilute with sufficient alcohol to the required consistence. DARK VARNISH FOR LIGHT WOODWORK. Pound up and digest shellac sixteen parts, gum sandarach thiity- two parts, gum mastic (juniper eight parts, gum clenii eight parts, dragon's blood four parts, annotto one part, with white turpentine sixteen parts, and alcohol two hundred and fifty-six. Dilute with alcohol if required. VARNISH FOR INSTRUMENTS. Digest seedlac one part, with alcohol seven parts, and filter. VARNISH FOR THF WOOD TOYS OF SPA. Tender capal, 75 parts; mastic, 12.5 ; Yenice turpentine, 6.5; alcohol, of 95 per cent, 100 parts by measure ; water ounces, for example, if the other parts be taken in ounces. The alcohol must be fir.«t made to act upon the copal, with the aid of a little oil of lavender or camphor, if thought fit; and the solution being passed through a linen ''loth, the mastic must be intoduced. After it is dissolved, the Venice turpentine, previously melted in a water- bath, should be added ; the lower the temperature at which these operations are carried on, the more beautiful will the varnish be. This varnish ought to be very white, very drying, and capable of being smoothed with pumice-stone and polished. VARNISHES FOR FURNITURE. The simplest, and perhaps the best, is the solution of shellac only, but many add gums sandarach, mastic, copal, arable, bon- rnATTirAL receipts. 149 jainin, kc, fioiii the idoa tliat tliey eontribiito to the effect. Gum urabic is certainly never requiied if the solvent be pure, because it is insoluble in either rectified spirit or rectified wood nnplulia, the menstrua employed in dissolving the gums. As spiiit is sel- dom used on account of its expense, most of the following are mentioned as solutions in napiitha, but spirit can be subsiiiuted when thought proper. 1. Shellac one and a half pounds, naphtha one gallon ; dit^solve, and it is ready without filtering. 2 Shellac twelve ounces, cop.. I tiiree ounces, (or an equivalent of varnish) ; dissolve in one gallon of naphtha. 3. Shellac one and a half pounds, seed-lac and saiid- aracli each founr ounces, mastic two ounces, rectified spirit one gallon; dissolve. 4. Shellac two pounds, benzoin four ounces, spiiit one f'allon. 6. Shellac ten ounces, seed-lac, sandarach, and copal varnish of each, six ounces, benzoin three ounces, naphtha one gallon. To darken polish, benzoin and dragon's-blood are used, turmeric and other coloring matters are also added; and to make it lighier it is necessary to use bleached lac, though some endeavor to give this effect by adding oxalic acid to the ingredients, it, like guui arable, is insoluble in good spirit or naphtha. For all ordinary purposes the first form is best and least troublesome, while its appearance is equal to any other. TO FRENCH POLISH. The wood must be plac3d level, and sand-papered until it \s quite smooth, otherwise it will not polish. Then provide a rubber of cloth, list, or sponge, wrap it in a soft rag, so as to leave a handle at the back for your hand, shake the bottle against the rubber, and in the middle of the varnish on the rag place with your finger a little raw linseed oil. Now commence rubbing, in small ciieular strokes, and continue until the pores are fiilled, charging the rub- ber with varnish and oil as required, until the whole wood has had one coat. When dry repeat the process once or twice until the surface appears even and fine, between each coat using fine sand- paper to smooth down all irregularities. Lastly, use a clean rub- ber with a little strong alcohol only, which will remove the oil and the cloudine 'S it causes ; when the work will be complete. rUKNITURE POLISHES. New wood is often French-polished, Or the following may be tried : Melt three or four pieces of sandarach, each the size of a wal- nut, add one pint of boiled oil, and boil together for one hour. While cooling add one drachm of venice turpentine, and if to thick a little oil of turpentine also. Apply this all over the furniture, and after some hou;'S rub it off; rub the furniture daily, without applying fresh varnish, except about once in two months. Water does not injure this polish, and any stain or scratch may be again covered, which cannot be done with French-polish. 150 PEACTICAL EECEIPTS. FURNITURE GLOSS. To give a gloss to household furniture, various compositions are used, known as wax, polish, creams, pastes, oils, &c. The follow- ing are some of the forms used : FURNITURE CREAM. Bees-wax one pound, soap four ounces, pearlash two ounces, soft water one gallon ; boil together until mixed. FURNITURE OILS. 1. Acetic acid two drachms, oil of lavender one-half drachm, rectified spirit one drachm, linseed oil four ounces. 2. Linseed oil one pint, alkanct i"oot two ounces ; heat, strain, and add lac var- nish one ounce. 8. Linseed oil one pint, rectified spirit two ounces, butter of antimony four ounces. FURNITURE PASTES. 1. Beeswax, spirit of turpentine, and linseed oil, equal parts: melt and cool. 2. Bees-wax four ounces, turpentine ten ounces, alkanet root to color ; melt and strain. 3. Bees-wax one pound, linseed oil five ounces, alkanet root one-half ounce ; melt, add five ounces of turpentine, strain and cool. 4. Bees-wax four ounces, resin one ounce, oil of turpentine two ounces, Venetian red to color. ETCHING TARNISHES. 1. White wax, two ounces; black and Burgundy pitch, of each p.ie-half ounce ; melt together, add by degrees powdered asphul- tum two ounces, and boil till a drop taken out on a plate will breuk when cold by being bent double two or three times between the fingers; it must then be poured into warm water and made into small balls for use. 2. {Hard Varnish.) Linseed oil and mastic, of each four ounces ; melt together. 3. {Soft Varnish.) Soft linseed oil, four ounces; gun benzoin and white wax, of each one-half ounce ; boil to two-thirds. VARNISH FOR ENGRAVINGS, MAPS, ECT. Digest gum sandarach twenty parts, gum mastic eight parts, camphor one part, with alcohol forty-eight parts. The map or en- graving must previously receive one or two coats of gelatine. VARNISH TO FIX FNGRAVINGS OR LITIIOGUAPHS ON WOOD. For fixing engravings or lithographs upon wood, a varni-h called mordant is usee in France, which differs from others chiefly in con- taining more Venice turpentine, to make it sticky ; it consists of sandarach, 250 parts; mastic in tears, 64; rosin, 125; Venice tur- pentine, 250 ; alcohol, 1000 parts by measure. VARNISHES FOR OIL PAINTINGS AND LITHOGRAPHS. 1. Dextrine 2 parts, alcohol 1 part, water 6 parts. 2. Varnish for drawings iuhI ruliogrnphs : dcxtiine 2 parts, alcohol | part, PRACTICAL KECEIPTS. 151 water 2 part^. These should be prepared previously with two or three coata of thin starch or rice boiled and strained through a cloth. Varnish for oil paintings. Digest at a slow heat gum sandaruch two parts, gum mastic four parts, balsam copaiva two parts, white turpentine three parts, with spirits of turpentine four parts, alcohol (95 per cent) 50 56 parts. BEAUTIFUL TAR.\ISH FOR PAINTINGS AND PICTURES. Honey, 1 pint ; the whites of two dozen fresh hen's eggs ; 1 ounce of good clean isinglass, 20 grains of hydrate of potassium i ounce of chloride of sodium ; mix together over a gentle heat of 80 or 90 degrees Fah. ; be careful not to let the mixture remain long enough to coagulate the albumen of the eggs; stir the mix- ture thoroughly then bottle. It is to be applied as follows: one table spoonful of the varnish added to half a table spoonful of good oil of turpentine, then spread on the picture as soon as mixed. MILK OF WAX. Milk of wax is a valuable varnish, which may be prepared as fol- lows : — Melt in a porcelain capsule a certain quantity of white wax, and add to it, while in fusion, an equal quantity of spirit of wine, of sp. grav. 0-830; stir the mixture, and pour it upon a large porphyry slab. The granular mass is to be converted into a paste by the muller, with the addition, from time to time, of a little al- cohol ; and as soon as it appears to be smooth and homogeneous, water is to be introduced in small quantities successively, to the amount of four times the weight of the wax. This emulsion is to be then passed through canvas, in order to separate such particles as may be imperfectly incorporated. The milk ot wax, thus pre- pared, may be spread with a smooth brush upon the surface of a painting, allowed to dry, and then fused by passing a hot iron (salamander) over its surface. When cold, it is to be rubbed with a linen cloth to bring out the luster. It is to the unchangeable quality of an encaustic of this nature, that the ancient paintings upon the walls of Herculaneum and Pompeii owe their freshness at the present day. CRYSTAL VARNISHES. 1. Genuine pale Canada balsam and rectified oil of turpentine, equal parts ; mix, place the bottle in warm water, agitate well, set it aside, in a moderately warm place, and in a week pou/ off the clear. f/W for maps, prints, drawings, and other articles of pa- per, and also to prepare tracing paper, and to transfer engravings. 2. Ma«tic three ounces, alcohol one pint ; dissolve. Used to fix pencil drawings. ITALIAN VARNISHES. 1. Boil Scio turpentine till brittle, powder, and dissolve in oil ol turpentine. 2. Ciinada balsam and clear white resin, of each six ounces, oil of turpentine one quart; dissolve, r/sa/ for prints, &o 162 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. BlZE, OR VARNISH, FOR PRINTERS, ETC. Best pale glue and white curd soap, of each 4 ounces; hot water 3 pints; dissolve, then add powdered alum 2 ounces. Used to size prints and pictures before coloring them. MASTIC VARNISHES. 1. (Fuie.) Very pale and picked gum mastic five pounds, glass pounded as small as barh-y, and well washed and dried two and one-half pounds, rectified turpentine two gallons ; put them into a clean four gallon stone or tin bottle, bung down securely, and keep rolling it backwards and forwards pretty smartly on a counter or any other solid place for at least four hours; when, if the gum is all dissolved, the varni-h may be decanted, strained through mus- lin into another bottb, and allowed to settle. It should be kept for six or nine months before use, as it thereby gets both tougher and clearer. 2. (Second Qualiiy.) Mastic eight pounds, turpentine four gallons; dissolve by a genth' heat, and add pale turpentine varnish one half gallon. 3. Gum mastic six ounces, oil of turpen- tine one quart; dissolve. Mastic varnish is used for pictures, &c. ; when good, it is tough, hard, brilliant, and colorless. Should it get ^^ chilled " one pound of well-washed silicious sand should be made moderately hot, aril added to each gallon, whicli must then be well agitated for five minutes, and a'terwards allowed to settle. INDIA-RUBBER VARNISHES. 1. Cut up one pound of India rubber into small pieces rnd dif- fuse in half a pound of sulphuric ether, which is done by digi ^f- ing in :t glass flask on a sand bath. Then add one pound pale lin- seed oil varnish, previously healed, and after settling, one pound of oil of turpentine, also heated beforehand. Filter, while yd warm, into bottles. Dries slowly. 2. Two ounces India rubber finely divided and digested in the same way, with » quarter of a pound of camphcne, and half an ounce of naphtha or benzole. When dissolve add one ounce of copal varnish, which renders it more dural)le. Principally for gild- ing. 3. In a wide mouthed glass bottle, digest two ounces of India rubber in fine shavings, with one pound 5f oil of turpentine,- dur- ing two days, without shaking, then stir up with a wooded spatula. Add another pound of oil of (urpentiiie, and digest, with frequent agitation, until all is dissolved. Then mix a pound and a half of this solution with two pounds of very white copal-oil varnish, and a pound and h half of well boiled linseed oil, shake and digest in a sand bath, until they have united into a good varnish. — For mor- occo leather. 4. Four ounces India rubber in fine shavings are dissolved in a covcied jar by means of a sand bath, in two pounds of crude ben- rKACTICAL llECEIl'TS. l')3 zolf, and thcii mixed with four pounds of hot linseed oil varnish, and a half pcuiul of oil of tur[)L'ntin('. Dries very well. 5. Flexible l'«r«is/t.— Melt one pound of rosin, and add gradu- ally half a pound of India rubber in very fine shavings, and stir until cold. Then heat again, slowly, add one pound of linseed oil varnish, heated, and filter. 6. ^no^/ipr.— Dissolve one pound of gum dammar, and a half pound of India rubber, in very small pieces, in one pound of oil of turpentine, by m^ans of a water bath. Add one pound of hot oil varnish imd filter. 7. India rubber in small pieces, washed and dried, are fused for three hours in a close vessel, on a gradually heated sand bath On removing from the sand bath, open the vessel and stir for ten minutes, then close again, and repeat the fusion on the following day, until small globule appear on the surface. Strain through a wire sieve. 8. Varnish for Water proof Goods — Let a quarter of a pound of India rubber, in small pieces, soften in a half pound of oil of tur- pentine, then add two pounds of boiled oil, and let the whole boil for two hours over a slow coai fire. When dissolved, add again six pounds of boiled linseed oil and one pound of litharge, and boil until an even liquid is obtained It is applied warm. 9. Gutta Percha Varnish. — Clean a quarter of a pound of Gutta Percha in warm water from adhering impurities, dry well, dissolve in one pound of rectified rosin oil, and add two pounds of linseed oil varnish, boiling hot. Very suitable to prevent metals from oxidation. BLACK VAUMSn FOR HARNESa Digest shellac twelve p.ms, white turpentine five parts, gum sandarach two parts, lam[)bhiek one part, with spirits of turpen* tine four parts, alcohol ninety-six parts. BOILED OIL OR LI\SEED-OIL VARNISH. Boil linseed oil sixty parts, with litharge two parts, and white vitriol one part, each finely powdered, until all water is evaporated. Then set by. Or, rub up borate of manganese four parts, with some of the oil, then add linseed oil three thousand parts, and heat to boiling. DAMMAR VARNISH. Gum dammar ten parts, gum sandaraeh five parts, gum mastic one ])art, digest at a low heat, occasionally shaking, with spirits of turpentine twenty parts. Finally, add more spirits of turpentine .o give the consistence of syrup. COMMON VARNISH. Digest shellac one part, with alcohol seven or eight parts. WATERPROOF VARNISHES. Take one pound of flowers of sulphur and one gallon of linseei oil, and boil them together until they are tlioioiiglily combined. 134 rUACIICAI. rvECKIl'TS, This forms a good varnish for waterproof toxtile fabrics. Another is made with four pounds oxjdo of lead, two pounds of lampblack, five ounces of sulphur, and ten pounds of -India rubber dissolved in turpentine. These substances, in such proportions, are boiled together until they arc thoroughly combined. Coloring matters may be mixed with them. Twilled cotton may be rendered water- proof by the application of the oil sulphur varnish. It should be applied at two or three different times, and dried after each opera- tion. VAKNISHES FOR BALLOONS, GAS BAGS, ETC. 1. India rubber in shavings one ounce ; mineral naphtha two lbs. ; digest at a gentle heat in a close vessel till dissolved, and strain. 2. Digest one pound of Indian rubber, cut small, in six pounds of oil of turpentine for 7 days, in a warm place. Put the mixture in a water bath, heat until thoroughly mixed, add one gallon of warm boiled drying oil, mix, and strain when cold. 3. Linseed oil one gallon ; dried white copperas and sugar of lead, each three ounces; litharge eight ounces ; boil with constant agitation till it strings well, then cool slowly and decant the clear. If too thick, thin it with quicker drying linseed oil. GOLD VARNISn. Digest shellace sixteen parts, gum sandarach, mastic, of each three parts, crocus one part, gum gamboge two parts, all bruised, with alcohol one hundred forty four parts. Or, digest seed-lec, sanda.r.ch, mastic, of each eight parts, gamboge two parts, drag- on's blood one part, white turpentine six parts, turmeric four parts, bruised, with alcohol one hundred twenty parts. WAINSCOT TARNISH FOR HOUSE PAINTING AND JAPANNING. Anime eight pounds; clarified linseed oil three gallons; litharge one-fourth pound; acetate of lead one-half pound; sulphate of cop- per one-fourth pound. All these materials must be carefully but thoroughly boiled to- gether untill the mixture becomes quite stringy, and then five and a half gallons of heated turpentine stirred in. It can be easily deepened in color by the addition of a little gold-size. , IRON WORK BLACK. Put 48 Bbs. asphaltura into an iron pot, and boil for 4 hours ; during the first 2 hours, introduce 7 Bis. litharge, 3 lbs. dried cop- peras, and 10 galls, boiled ; add l-8th lb. run of dark gum, with 2 galls, hot oil. After pouring the oil and gum, continue the boiling 2 hours, or until it will roll into hard pills, like Japan. When cool, thin it off with 80 galls, turpentine, or until it is of proper con- sistence. BLACK JAPAN VARNISH. Bitumen, 2 ounces ; lampblack, 1 ounce ; Turkey umber, -J ounce ; acetate of lead ^ ounce ; Venice turpentine, i ounce ; boil- PRACTICAL RKCEJPTS. 155 ed oil, I'i ounces. Molt the turpentine and oil together, carefully stiriiiji; in the rest of the ingredients, previously powdered. Siui- met all together for ten miniites. Tinware is japanned with Colored Copal Varnish, and then bak- ed in an oven until the varnish becomes perfectly dry and hard. Varnishes may be colored with any of the pigments used in oil painting. LEATHER TARNISH. Durable leather varnish is composed of boiled linseed oil, in which a drier, such as litharge, has been boiled. It is colored with lampblack. This varnish, is used for making enamelled leather. Common leather varnish, which is used as a substitute for black- ing, is made of thin lac-varnish colored with ivory black. VARNISH FOR SMOOTH MOULDING PATTERNS. Alcohol, 1 gall.; Shell Lac, 1 lb.; Lamp or Ivory Black, suflScient to color it. FINE BLACK VARNISH FOR COACHES. Melt in an Iron pot, Amber, 32 ozs.; Resin, 6 ozs.; Asphaltum, 6 ozs.; Drying Linseed Oil, 1 pt.; when partly cooled add Oil of Turpentine, warmed 1 pt. LACKERS. GOLD LACKER. Put into a clean four gallon tin, one pound of ground turmeric, one and a half ounces of gamboge, three and a half pounds of pow- dered gum sandarach, three quarters of a pound of shellac, and two gallons of spirits of wine. When shaken, dissolved, and strained, add one pint of turpentine varnish, well mixed. RED SPIRIT LACKER. Made exactly as the gold lacker with these ingredients ; two gallons of spirits of wine, one pound of dragon's blood, three pounds of Spanish annotto, three and a quarter pounds of gum sandarach, and two pints of turpentine. PALE BRASS LACKER. Two galls, spirits of wine ; 3 oz. Cape aloes ; cut small 1 fi>. fine pale shellac ; 1 oz. gamboge, cut small ; no turpentine ; — varnish made exactly as before. But observe, that those who make lack- ers frequently want some paler and some darker ; and sometimes inclining more to the particular tint of certain of the component ingredients. Therefore, if a 4 oz. phial of a strong solution of each ingredient be prepared, a lacker of any tint can be produced at anv time. 14 156 peac;tical ekckipts. LACKER FOB TIN. Any good lacker laid upon tin gives it the appearance of copper or brass. It is made by coloring lac-vii,rnish with turmeric to im- part the color of brass to it, and with annotto, to give it the color of copper. If a tin plate is dipped into molten brass, the latter metal will adhere to it in a coat. LACKER TARNISH. A good lacker is made by coloring lac-varnish with turmeric and annotto. Add as much of these two coloring substances to the varnish as will give it the proper color; then squeeze the var- nish through a cotton cloth, when it forms lacker. DKEP GOLD COLORED LACKER. Seed-lac three ounces, turmeric one ounce, dragon's blood one- fourth ounce, alcohol one pint ; digest for a week, frequently shak- ing, decant and filter. Lackers are used upon poIii?hed metals and wood to impart the appearance of gold. If yellow is required, use turmeric, aloes, saffron, or gamboge ; for red, use annotto, or dragon's blood, to color. Turmeric, gamboge, and dragon's blood, generally afford a BuflScient range of colors. LACKERS FOR PICTURES, METAL, WOOD OR LEATHER. 1. Seed-lac eight ounces, alcohol one quart ; digest in a close vessel in a warm situation for three or four days, then decant and strain. 2. Substitute lac bleached by chlorine for seedlac. Both are very tough, hard, and durable ; the last almost colorless. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING LACKER. Mix the ingredients ana let the vessel containing them stand in the sun, or in a place slightly warmed three or four days, shaking it frequently till the gum is dissolved, after which let it settle from twentv-four to forty-eight hours, when the clear liquor may he poured off for use. Pulverized glass is sometimes used in making lacker, to carry down the impurities. LACKER FOR DIPPED BRASS. Alcohol, proof specific gravity not less than 95-xOOths, 2 galls.; ?eed-lac, 1 lb.; gum copal, 1 oz.; English saffron, 1 oz.; annotto, I oz. LACKER FOR BRONZED BRASS. To one pint of the above lacker, add. gamboge, 1 oz ; and after mixing it add an equal quantity of the first lacker. DEEP GOLD COLORED LACKER. Best alcohol, 40 ozs. ; Spanish annotto, 8 grs. ; turmeric, 2 drs. ; ehel-lac i oz. ; red ganders, 12 grs. ; when dissolved add spirits ol turpentine, 30 drops. PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 157 OOLn CIII.ORKD LACKER, FOU BRASS NOT DIPPED. Alcohol 4 galls. ; turmeric, 3 lbs. ; gamboge, 3 ozs. ; gum san- daracli, 7 lbs. ; shellac, 1 J lb. ; turpentine varnish, 1 pint. GOLD COLORKI) LACKICR FOR DIPPKD BRASS. Alcoliol, 36 ozs. ; seed-lac, <> ozs. ; amber, 2 ozs. ; gum gutta, 2 ozs. ; I'ed sandal wood, 24 grs. ; dragon's blood, 60 grs. ; Oriental saffron, 36 grs, ; Pulverized glass, 4 ozs. GOOD LACKER FOR BRASS. Seed-lac, 6 czs. ; amber or copal, 2 ozs. ; best alcohol, 4 galls. ; pulverized glass, 4 ozs. ; dragon's blood, 40 grs. ; extract of red sandal wood obtained by water, 30 grs. LACKER FOR DIPPED BRASS. Alcohol 12 galls. ; seed-lac, 9 lbs. ; turmeric, 1 lb. to a gallon of the above mixture . Spanish saffron, 4 ozs. The saffron is to be added for bronze work. GOOD LACKER. Alcohol, 8 ozs.; gamboge, 1 oz.; shell lac, 3 ozs.; annotto, 1 oz.; Eolution of 3 ozs.; of seed lac in 1 pint of alcohol ; when dissolved add ^ oz. Venice turpentine, Joz dragon's blood, will make it dark; keep it in a warm place four or five days. PALE LACKER FOR TIN PLATE. Best alcohol, 8 ozs.; turmeric, 4 drs.; hay saffron, 2 scs.; dragon blood, scs.; red sanders, 1 scs.; shell lac, 1 oz.; gum sanderach, 2 drs.; gum mastic, 2 drs.; canada balsam, f drs.; when dissolved adc spirits of turpentine, 80 drops. RED LACKER FOR BRASS. Alcohol, 8 galls.; dragon's blood, 4 lbs.; Spanish annotto, 12 lbs.; gum sanderach, 13 lbs.; turpentine, 1 gall. PALE LACKER FOR BRASS. Alcohol, 2 galls.; cape aloes cut small, 3 ozs.; pale shellac, 1 lb.; gamboge, 1 oz. REST LACKER FOR BRASS. Alcohol, 4 galls., shell lac, 2 lbs.; amber gum, 1 lb.; copal, 20 0Z3.; seed lac, 3 lbs.; saffron, to color; pulverized glass, 8 ozs. COLOR FOR LACKER. Alcohol, 1 qt.; annotto, 4 ozs. LACKER FOR PILOSOPniCAL INSTRUMENTS. Alcohol, 80 ozs.; gum gutta, 3 ozs.; gum sandarac, 8 ozs., gum elemi, 8 ozs.; dragon's blood, 4 ozs; seed lac, 4 ozs.; terra mcrita, 3 ozs.; saffron, 8 grs.; pulverized glass, 12 oz.s. 158 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. ARMENIAN OR DIAMOND CEMENT. This article, so much esteemed for uniting pieces of broken glass, for repairing precious stones, and for cementing them to watch cases .and other ornaments, is made by soaking isinglass in water until it becoms quite soft, and then mixing it with spirit in which a little gum mastic and ammoniacum have been dissolved. The jewellers of Turkey, who are mostly Armenians, have » singular method of ornamenting watch cases, &c., with diamonds and other precious stones, by simply glueing or cementing them on. The stone is set in silver or gold, and the lower part of the metal made flat, or to correspond with the part to which it is to be fixed ; it is then wanned gently, and has the glue applied, which is so very strong that the parts so cemented never separate ; this glue, which will strongly unite bits of glass, and even polished steel, and may be applied to a variety of useful purposes, is thus made in Turkey : — Dissolve five or six bits of gum mastic, each the size of a laige pea, in as much spirits of wine as will suiBce to render it liquid ; and in another vessel, dissolve as much isinglass, previously a little softened in water, (though none of the water must be used.) in French brandy or good rum, as will make a two- ounce vial of very strong glue, adding two small bits of gum albanum, or ammoniacum, which must be rubbed or ground till they are dissolved. Then mix the whole with a sufficient heat. Keep the glue in a vial closely stopped, and when it is to be used, set the vial in boiling water. Some persons have sold a composi- tion under the name of Armenian cement, in England ; but this composition is badly made •, it is much too thin, and the quantity of mastic is much too small. The following are good proportions : isinglass, soaked in water and dissolved in spirit, two ounces, (thick) ; dissolve in this ten giains of very pale gum ammoniac, (in tears,) by rubbing them to- gether ; then add six large tears of gum mastic, dissolved in the least possible quantity of rectified spirit. Isinglass, dissolved in proof spirit, as above, three ounces; bot- toms of mastic varnish (thick but clear) one and a half ounces ; mix well. When carefully made this cement resists moisture, and dries col- orless. As usually met with, it is not only of very bad quality, but gold at exorbitant prices. CEMKNT FOR MENDING EARTHERN AND GLASS WARE. 1. Heat the article to be mended, a little above boiling water heat, then apply a thin coating of gum shellac, on both surfaces of the broken vessel, and when cold it will be as strong as it \va3 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 159 oviginnlly. 2. Dissolve gum shellac in alcohol, apply the solution, and hind the parts firmly together until the cement is perfectly dry. CEMENT FOR STONEWARE. Another cement in which an analogous substance, the curd or caseum of milk is employed, is made by boiling slices of skim-milk cheese into a gluey consistence in a great quantity of water, and then incorporating it with quicklime on a slab '** U' it is iinfinlslictl, ami free from oil, pickle it in strong sul- phuric acid, dip in pure nitric acid, and then in the old acid, after which it will be ready for ormeloing. TO KEPAIR OLD NITRIC ACID ORMOLU DIPS. If the work after dipping appears coarse and spotted, add vitriol till it answers the purpose. If the work after dipping appears too smooth, add muriatic acid and nitre till it gives the right appear- ance. The other ormolu dips should be repaired according to the re- ceipts, putting in the proper ingredients to strengthen them They should not be allowed to settle, but should be stirred often while using. VINEGAR BRONZE FOR BRASS. Vinegar, 10 galls. ; blue vitriol, 3 lbs. ; muriatic acid, 3 lbs. ; corrosive sublimate, 4 grs. ; sal ammonia, 2 lbs. ; alum, 8 ozs. BROWN BRONZE DIP. Iron scales, 1 lb.; arsenic, 1 oz. muriatic acid, 1 lb.; zinc, (solid,) I OZ. Let the zinc be kept in only while it is in use. GREEN BRONZE DIP. Wine vinegar, 2 qts. ; verditer green, 2 ozs. ; sal ammoniac, 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. ; alum, -J- oz. ; French berries, 8 ozs. ; boil the Ingredients together. AQUAFORTIS BRONZE DIP. Nitric acid, 8 ozs. ; muriatic acid, 1 qt. ; sal ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; alum, 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. ; water, 2 galls. Add the salt after boil- ing the other ingredients, and use it hot. OLIVE BRONZE DIP, FOR BRASS. Nitric acid, 3 ozs; muriatic acid, 2 ozs; add titanium or palla- dium ; when the metal is dissolved add 2 galls, pure soft water to each pint of the solution. BROWN BRONZE PAINT FOR COPPER VESSELS. Tincture of steel, 4 ozs. ; spirits of nitre, 4 ozs. ; essence of den- (li, 4 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; water I pint. Mix in a bottle. Ap- l)ly it with a line brush, the vessel being full of boiling water var- nish after the application of the bronze. BRONZE FOR ALL KINDS OF METAL. Muriate of ammonia (sal amoniac), 4 drs. ; oxalic acid, 1 dr.; vinegar, 1 pint. Dissolve the oxalic acid first. Let the work be clean. Put on the bronze with a brush, repeating the operatio*; as many times as may be necessary. BRONZE PAINT FOR IRON OR BRASS. Chrome green, 2 lbs. ; ivory black, 1 oz. ; chrome yellow, 1 oz. ; good japan, 1 gill ; grind all togi^her and mix with linseed oil. 172 PUACTlC'Al. KECEIPTS. TO BRONZE GUN BARRELS. Dilute nitric acid with water and rub the gun barrels with it; lay them by for a few days, then rub them with oil and polish them with bees-wax. SILVERING BY HEAT. Dissolve 1 oz. of silver in nitric acid; add a small quantity of salt; then wash it and add sal ammoniac, or 6 ozs. of salt and white vitriol; also J oz. of corrosive sublimate, rub them together till they form a paste, rub the piece which is to be silvered with the paste, heat it till the silver runs, after which dip it in a weak vitriol pickle to clean it. MIXTURE FOR SILVERINfJ. Dissolve 2 ozs. of silver with 3 grains of corrosive sublimate; add tartaric acid, 4 lbs. ; salt, 8 qts. SEPARATE SILVER FROM COPPER. Mix sulphuric acid 1 part ; nitric acid, 1 part ; water, 1 part boil the metal in the mixture till it is dissolved, and throw in a li'cie salt to cause the silver to subside. SOLVENT FOR GOLD. Mix equal quantities of nitric and muriatic acids. CniNESE WHITE COPPER. Copper, 40.4 ; nickel, 31.6 ; zinc, 25.4; iron, 2.6 parts. MANnEIM GOLD. Copper, 3 ; zinc, 1 part and a small quantity of tin. ALLOY OF THF STANDARD JIEASURES USED BY TOE BRITISH GOVERMErT Copper 576 ; tin, 69 ; and brass, 48 parts. BATH METAL. Brass, 32 ; and zinc, 9 parts. SPECULHM METAL. Copper, 6 ; tin, 2 ; and arsenic, 1 part or, copper, 7 ; zinc, H : and tin, 4 parts. BLANCHED COPPER. Copper, 3 ; and arsenic, -J- part. COMMON PEWTER. Tin, 4 ; Lead, 1 part. BEST PEWTER. Tin, 100 ; antimony, 17 parts. A METAL THAT EXPANDS I\ COOLING. Lead, 9 ; antimony, 2; bismuth, 1 part. This metal is very use ful in filing small defects in iron castings, &c. queen's METAL. Tin, 9; antimony, 1 ; bismuth, 1 ; lead, 1 pm-t. MOCK PLA'lINUM. Brass, 8 ; zinc, 5 paits. PllACTlCAL RECEIPTS. 173 MOCK fiOLD. Fuse togotiior copper, 16; plutimim, 7 ; zinc, 1 part. When etcel is alloyed witli 1-500 part of platinum, or with 1-000 part of silver, it is rendered much harder, more malleable, and better adapted for every kind of cutting instrument. Note. — In making alloys, earn must be taken to have the more infusible metals melted first, and afterwards add the others. COMPOSITION USED IN WELDING CAST STEEL. Borax, 10; sal ammoniac, 1 part; grind or pound them roughly together ; then fuse them in a metal poi over a clear fire, taking care to continue the heat until all spume has disappeared from tlie surface. When the liquid appears clear, the composition is ready to be poured out to cool and concrete ; afterwards being ground lo a line powder, it is ready for use. To use this composition, the steel to be welded is raised to a heat which may be expressed by " bright yellow;" it is then dipped among the welding powder, and again placed in the fire until it attains the same degree of heat as before, it is then ready to be placed under the hammer. CAST lEON CEMENT. Clean borings, or turnings, of cast iron, 16 ; sal ammoniac, 2 ; flour of suiphur, 1 part; mix them well together in a mortar and keep them dry. When required for use, tnke of tlie mixture 1 ; clean borings, 20 parts ; mix thoroughly, and add a sufficient quantity of water. A little grindstone dust added improves ihe cement. KLUID FOR TINNING IRON, COPPER, BRASS AND ZINC. To 1 quart of muriatic acid add small pieces of zinc, until bub- bles cease to rise ; add 2 ounces ground sal ammoniac. For tin add 2 parts water. 174 STKEXGTII OF MATEKIALS — GKIF.U AND OTHERS. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. \^From Grier^s Mechanic's Calculator, c&c] Bar of Iron. — The average breaking weight of a Bar of Wrought Iron, 1 inch sqiuive, is 25 tons ; its dasticity is destroy- ed, however, by about two-fifths of that weight, or 10 tons. It is extended within the limits of its elasticity, .0(10096, or onc-ten- thousundth part of an inch for every ton of strain per square inch of sectional area. Hence, the greatest constant load should never exceed one-fifth of its breaking weight or 5 tons for every square incli of sectional area. The lateral strength of wrought iron, as compared with cast iron is as 14 to 9. Mr. Barlow finds that wrought iron bars, 3 inches deep, 11-2 inches thick, and 33 inches between the sup- ports, will carry 4 1-2 tons. Bridgss. — The greatest extraneous load on a square foot is about 120 pounds. Floors. — The least load on a square foot is about 160 pounds. KooFS. — Covered with slate, on a square foot, 51 1-2 pounds. Beams. — When a beam is supported in the middle and oaded at each end, it will bear the same weight as when supported at both ends and loaded in the middle; that is, each end will bear half the weight. Cost Tror) Beams should not be loaded to more than one-fifth of their ultimate strength. The strength of similar beams varies inversely as their lengths ; that is, if . beam 10 feet long will support 1000 pound.s, a similar beam 20 feet long would support only 500 pounds. A beam supported ar one i(les; so, for instance, a beam, one of whose sides is double the width of the other, will carry twice as much if placed on a narrow side, as it would if laid on the wide one. In a piece of round timber ( a cylinder) the power of suspension is in proportion to the diameters cubed, and inversely as the length; thus a beam with a diameter two or three times longer than that of another, will carry a weight 8 or 27 times heavier respectively than that whose diameter is unity, the mode of fastening and load- ing it being similar in both cases. The lateral strength of square timber is to that of a tree whence it is hewn as 10 : 17 nearly. A considerable advantage is frequently secured by using hollow cylinders instead of solid ones, which, with an equal expenditure of materials, have far greater strength, provided only that the solid part of the cylinder be of a sufficient thickness, and that the work- manship be good ; especially that in cast metal beams the thickness be uniform, and the metal free from flaws. According to Eytelwein, such hollow cylinders arc to solid ones of equal weight of metal as 1.212 : 1, when the inner semi-diameters is to the outer as 1 : 2; ITS STIlEKCTll UV :.;ATi:UlAl-S dl.IKU AND OTIIEKS. iiccording to Tiodgold as 17 : 10, wlieu the two seiiii-diametois are to each other as 15 : 25, and as 2 : 1, when they arc to each other as 7 : 10. A method of increashig the suspensive power of timber supported Ht both ends, is, to saw down from -J- to -^ of its depth, and forcibly drive in a wedge of metal or hard wood, until the timber is slightly raised at the middle out of the horizontal line. By experiment it was found that the suspensive power of a beam thus cut 1-3 of its depth was increased l-19th, when cut ^ it was increased l-29th, and wnen cut S-4th through it was increased l-87tb. The force required to crush a body increases as the section of the body increases ; and this quantity being constant, the resistance of tiie body diminishes as the height increases. According to Eytelwein's experiments, the strength of columns or timbers of rectangular form in resisting compression is, as 1. The cube of their thickness (the lesser dimension of their sec- tion). 2. As the breadth (the greater dimension of their section). 3. inversely as the square of their length. Cohesive power of Bars of Metal one inch, sr^-uare, in Tons. Iron, Swedish bar 29.20 Copper, wrought in.SO Do., Russian bar 26.70 Gun metal 10.23 Do., English bar 25.00 Copper, cast 8.51 Steel, cast 59.93 Brass, cast, yellow 8.(>1 Do., blistered 59.43 Iron, cast. .". 7.87 Do., sheer 50.97 Tin, cast 2.11 Relative Stringth of Cast and Malleable Iron, It has been found, in the course of the experiments made by Mr. Hodgkinson and Mr. Fairbairn, that the average strain that cast iron will bear in the way of tension, before breaking, is about seven tons and a half per square inch; the weakest, in the course of 16 trials on various descriptions, bearing 6 tons, and the strongest 9 3-4: tons. The experiments of Telford and Brown show that malleable iron will bear, on an average, 27 tons ; the weakest bear- ing 24, and the strongest 29 tons. On approaching the breaking point, cast iron may snap in an instant, without any previous symp- tom, while wrought iron begins to stretch, with half its breaking weight, and so continues to stretch till it breaks. The experiments of Hodgkinson and Fairbairn show also that cast iron is capable of sustaining compression to the extent of nearly 50 tons on the square inch ; the weakest bearing 36|- tons, and the strongest 60 tons. In this respect, malleable iron is much inferior to cast iron. With 12 tons on the square inch it yields, contracts iti length, and expands laterally ; though it will bear 27 tons, or more, without actual fracture. Rennie states that cast iron may be crushed with a weight of 93,000 lbs., and brick with one of 562 lbs. on the square inch. INDEX PAGE Air, effects of. 1-0 Alcohol 1-tO Alloy for bells of clocks 1(56 Alloy for cymbals aiul gongs 106 Alloy for journiil boxes 165 Alloy for tools 166 Alloy, fusible 169 Alloy used by the British 172 Amber 138 Amber varnishes 146, 147 American lap welded iron boiler flues 122 Angle, to bisect 85 Anime , 138 Aqua fortia bronze dip 171 Aqueduct pipes, calibre, etc 128 Arc 07 Arcanson 139 Architectural ornaments in relief.... 169 Arc, to describe 86 Arc, to find length 85, 99 Area of circle, to find 97 Area of circular ring, to find 100 Area of ellipse, to tiud 102 Area of polygon 96 Area of sector, to find.. 99 Area of segment, to find 99 Areas of circles Ill Areas, to find 93 Arithmetical signs 92 Armenian cement 168 Artificial gold 165 Ascertaining weight of pipes 129 Ascertain outlines of dome, etc 28 Balloons, varnishes for 154 Bar of iron, sti-ength of. 174 Bath metal 172 Beams, strength of 174 Bell metal I(i7 Bells of clocks, alloy for 166 Benzoin 139 Best pewter 172 PAoa Bisect triangle, to 90 Black amber varnish 146 Black grounds 133 Black japan 134, 135 Black japan varnish 154 Black solder 170 Black varnish 147 Black varnish for harness 153 lilaik varnish for iron work 146 Blanched copper 165, 172 Blue japan grounds 134 Bodies, capacities of 102 Bodies, effects of heat on 122 Body, gum 139 Body varnish 144 Boiled oil varnish 163 Boiler cover 75 Boiler flues 122 Boilers, cement for 160 Bolts, weight of copper 110 Bottle corks, cement for 160 Bowls, wash, sizes of 120 Brand marks 127 Brass, bronze paint for 171 Brass dipped, gold colored lacker for.. 157 Brass, dipping acid 170 Brass fastened to glass with cement. 162 Brass for turning 167 Brass lacker 155 Brass, lacker for 157 Brass, lacker for bronzed 156 Brass, lacker for dipped 156, 157 Brass not dipped, gold colored lacker. 157 Brass, pale lacker for 167 Brass, red lacker for 167 Brass, rest lacker for 167 Brass, solder for 169 Brass, vinegar bronze for 171 Brass, weight of. 129 Brick, resisting power of....". 178 Bridges, strength of. 174 Britannia 167 Britannia metal 169 (179.1 ise IN.DEX*, PAGE Brilich gDrei'a.^iient aili.y.-..^..'......j;. 172 Biitis'n ^hm ^'..../.....':..^ ;. "......rl64 Bi'iitei, line, io mejistirp,.;..; ,. '^.,.'..'.. ', S8 Bronze'd brass, lacker fur ... 156 Bronze for all metals 171 Bronze for brass 171 Bronze metal 167 Bronze varnish for statuary 146 Brown bronze dip 171 Brown bronze paint 171 Brown hard spirit varnish 145 Browning gun barrels 165 Brunswick black 134 Cabinetmaker's varnish 147 Cabinet varnish 14o Calibre of lead pipe 128 Carriages, varnish for parts of. 147 Can top 5 Capacities of bodies 102 Carriage gum 139 Casks, water tight cement for 161 Casting britannia metal 167 Castings, cement for holes in 160 Cast iron beams 174 Cast iron cement 173 Cast iron, expansion of. 130 Cast iron, resisting power of 178 Cast steel, composition for welding.. 173 Cement, metallic 164 Cement, miscellaneous 158 Cement varnish 148 Centre, to find 85 Centre and arcs of ellipse, to find... 82 Cheap cement 160 Chemical apparatus cement 1-59 China cement 160 Chinese white copper 172 Choice of oil, for varnish. 138 Chord 97 Circle in triangle, to describe 90 Circle, mensuration of 97 Circles, tables of circumferences Ill Circular ring, to ^nd area of 100 Circular roofs, covering of. 25 Circumference of circle, to find 97 Circumference of ellipse, to find 102 Circumferences of circles, tables of.. Ill Cisterns, water tight cement for 16] Clocks, alloy for bells 166 Coachmaker's varnish 144 Coaches, fine black varnish for 155 Coach varnish 147 Coating metals, varnish for 145 Cock metal 167 Coffee pots, sizes of. 120 Cohesive power of bars of metal 178 Colophony 139 Color for lacker 157 Column, strength of 175 Common pewter 172 Common varnish 153 Cone 3 Cones or pyramids 101, 103 I , . PAQIt I f!o'utents/jf frustrumof cone, to find 104 I Coii/ox scrface of cone, to find 101 (loMvx srrfacc of cylinder, to find.. lOi Convex surface of frustrum of Cono, to find 101 Convex surface of globe, etc 102 Copal 139 Cnjial polish 144 Cupiil varjiish 136 Cupal varnishes 142, 143, 144 Cupper, blanched 165, 172 Copper bolts, weight of 110 Copper, brown bronze paint for 171 Coppersmith's cement 160, 161 Copjier, silvering powder for 165 Copper, solder for 169 Copper, to separate from silver 172 Copper, weight of 109, 129 Cords, strength of. 176 Cornice 44 Cover a dome, to 26, 27 Covering of circular roofs 25 Covers 78, 79 Cracks in wood, cement for 162 Cream, furniture 150 Crystallized tin plate 127 Crvstal varnishes 151 Cubes 102 Cutting glass 16.3 Cylinders 101, 103 Cylinders, solidity of. 103 Cylinders, strength of 175 Cymbals, alloy for 166 Dammara Dammar varnish Decimal equivalents Deck flange Deej) gold colorefl lacker Definition of signs Definitions in circles Describing patterns, rules for Dextrine Diameter Diameter of circle, to find 97, Diamond cement Dipped brass, lacker for 156, Dipiiers, sizes of Dipping acid Dipping metal DiiTctic.iis f.ir making lacker Dish kt'ttli-s. sizes of. Dour-, to Cover 26, 27 Druggists' measures, sizes of. Earthenware cement Effects of air Effects of heat on bodies Effects of steam Elbow at any angle Elbow at right angles Elbow in three sections Elbows 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, Elbows in four sections 139 153 91 5 156 92 97 3 164 97 98 158 1.57 121 170 170 156 120 , 28 121 158 126 122 123 64 62 INDEX. 181 PAGE Elbows in five sections 70 Electrical apparatus cement l.']9 Elemi lot) Ellipse 80 Ellipse, to draw 80, 82 EUijise, to tind area of 102 Ellipse, to fiiul circumference of. 102 Elliptic arch, to describe 87 End lines, to draw 86 Engineers' cement IfiO Engravings on wood, to fix 1.50 Engravings, varnish for loO Envelop for a cone 3 Envelop for frustrum of a cone 6 Equivalents, decimal 91 Essence varnishes 141 Etching varnishes 150 Expansion of air by heat 126 Expansion of cast iron 130 Expansion of wrought ir»n 130 Eytelwein's experiments 178 Fastening blades, files, etc., cement for 162 Files 166 Fine black varnish for coaches 155 Finishing japan 137 Flange 76 Flat rolled iron, weight of. 106 Flexible varnish 153 Floors, strength of. 174 Flues, American boiler 122 Fluid for tinning metals 173 Fo\intain pipes, calibre, etc 128 Fractured bodies, cement fur 162 French polish 149 Fruit cans, sealing wax for 164 Frustrum of a cone 46 Frustrum of cone, to find solidity or Contents 104 Frustrum of pyramid, to find solidity 105 Furniture cream 100 Furniture gloss 150 Fu. uiture oils 150 Furniture pastes 150 Furniture polish 149 Furniture varnishes 148 Fusible alloy 169 Fusible metals 164 Galvanizing 166 Gas-bags, varnishes for 154 Gas fitter's cement 162 Geometry, practical 84 German silver 168 Bilded articles, varnish for 148 Glass cutting 163 Glass, tr.ansparent cement for 161 Glassware cement 168 Globe 102 Gloss, furniture 150 Glue, liquid 163, 164 Gold, artificial 165 Gold colored lacker 156, 157 PAGH Gold lacuer 155 Gold, manheim 172 (juld, mock 173 Gold solder 106 Gold, solder for 169 Gold, solvent for 172 Gold varnish 154. Gongs, alloy for 166 Good cement 101 Good lacker for brass 157 Green bronze dip 171 Green japan grounds 135 Orier on heat 125 Gun barrels, browning 165 Gun barrels, to bronze 172 Gum copal 132 Gutta-percha varnish 153 Gutter mitre joints 40, 41, 42 Handles, britannia metal for 168 Ilardeniug for britannia 167 Hard solder 170 Hard varnish 144 Hard white metal 169 Harness, varnish for 153 Heat 125 Heat, effect of on bodies 122 Heat, expansion of air by 126 Hodgkinson and Fairbairn's experi- ments 178 Holes in castings, cement for 160 House varnish 1.54 Hydraulic cement paint 162 Imitation of silver 168 Impervious cement 162 Impressions, metal for taking 169 India-rubber varnishes 152 Inside work, varnish for 144 Instrument varnish 148 Iron, bronze paint for 171 Iron pots, cement to mend 161 Iron, relative strength of cast and malloiible 178 Iron rust cement 169 Iron, strength of bar 174 Iron tubes, cement for 160 Iron, varnish for 145 Iron, weight of, 106, 107, 108, 109 Iron Work, black 164 Italian varnishes 151 Ivory, cement for 100 Japan black, for leather 135 Japan finishing 137 Japanners cupal varnish 136 Japanning 131 Japanning old tea-trays 136 Joining metals and wood, cement for 162 Journal boxes, alloy for 165 Lac 139 Lacker 142 Lacker, color for 157 '/.A.^V'x 182 INDEX. t\^>- PAGE Laclcer 'farnish 15U Lackers 1»5 Lackers for pictures, metal,wood,etc. 156 Lamps, etc., britannia metal for 168 Lamp top 40 Lea.i pipe 128 Lead, weight of 109 Leather, bhick for 1.35 Leather, cement for 161 Leather, lackers for 156 Leather varnish 155 Length of broken line, to measure... 88 Length of rectangle, to find 89 Lining metal for boxes of oars 168 Linseed oil, choice of. 138 Linseed oil varnish 153 Liquid glue 163, 164 Liquor measures, sizes of. 121 Lithographs on wood, to fix 160 Lithographs, varnishes for 150 Luting, watertight lis Mahogany varnish 147 Making lacker 166 Malleable iron, relative strength of. 178 Manheim gold 172 Maps, varnish for 150 Marble cement ICl Marble worker's cement 161 Marine glue 163 Mastic 139 Mastics > 169 Mastic varnishes 152 Materials, strength of. 174 Measurements of tin 127 Measures, sizes of. 121 Mensuration 93 Mensuration of surfeces 93 Metal bars, cohesive powers of 178 Metal for taking impressions 169 Metal, fusible 1(J4 Metal, good britannia 167 Metal, lackers for 166 Metallic cement 164 Metals, strength of. 170 Metals, varnish for 145 Metal and wood, cement for joining. 162 Metal that expands in cooling 172 Methylamed spirit of wine 140 Milk of wax 151 Mitre joints 40, 41, 42, 44 Mixture for silvering 172 Mock gold 173 Mock platinum 172 Models proportioned to machines, strength of. 175 Mother of pearl, cement for 160 Naphtha 140 O.ak varnish 148 Observations on circle 97 Octagon 38, 46 FAOB Octagon lamp top 46 Octagon or square top 78 Oil, choice of. 138 Oils, furniture 150 Oil paintings, varnishes for 150, 151 Oil varnishes 141 Old tea-trays, japanning 136 Olive bronze dip 171 Orange colored grounds 135 Or-molu 165 Or-molu dipping acid 170 Ornaments in relief. 159 Outlines of covering of a dome 28 Oval 7, 12, 13, 16, 19, 22, 23, 80, 81 Oval boiler cover 75 Oval, to find area of 102 Oval, to find circumference of. 102 Pails, sizes of. 120 Paint for wire work 16.3 Painting japan work 136 Pale brass lacker...,. 155 Pale lacker for brass 157 Pale lacker for tin plate 157 Pans, cement to mend 161 Pans, sizes of. 120 Parabola, to describe 88 Pastes, finniture 150 Pattern for a frustrura of a cone 6 Pattern for a tapering oval, 7, 12, 13, [16, 19 Patterns, rules for describing 3 Perpendicular 84, 85 Pewter 172 Pewterer's solder 170 Philosonhical instruments, lackers for...t ■. 157 Pictures, lackers for 156 Pinchbeck 168 Pipe, collar on side of main 56 Pipe, collar smaller than main 52, 54 Pipe for flat surface 58 Pipe for two flat surfaces 60 Pipes 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 53, 60 Pipes at any angle 50 Pipes at right angles 48 Plated metal, silver solder for 170 I'lates, strength of 175 Platinum, mock 172 Plumbers' cement 160 Plumbers' solder 170 Polish, French 149 Polish, furniture 119 Polygons, mensuration of 96 Polygon, to inscribe 88 Pots, coffee, sizes of 120 Power, cohesive, of metal bars 178 Practical geometry S4 Piactir:,! n'Ceipts 1.31 Pivp.nv,! liipiid glue 103 Pi ciiaiin;;- lnass for dipping; 17C Printers' varnish 152 Properties of water 124 v Piirplo japan grounas 135 Pyiiiniids 10, lu3 Queen's metal 172 Radius 97 Radius and sine of frustrum of cone, to lind S3 Razor (jaste 163 Receipts, practical 131 Rectangle 36 Rectangle base with circular top 34 Rectangle base with square top 32 Rectangle, to find length 89 Rectangle, to form in triangle 90 Red brass for turning 167 Red lacker for brass 157 Red spirit lacker 155 Red tombac 168 Registers, britannia metal for 16S Relative strength of cast and malle- able iron 178 Relief, ornaments in 159 Repairing old nitric acid ormolu dips 171 Resius, to make varnishes 138 Rest laiker for brass 157 Right lined figure, to find surface... 9.? Rolled iron, weight of. 106, 107, 108 Roofs, covering circular 25 Roofs, strength of. 174 Ropes, strength of. 174 Rosin 139 Round rolled iron, weight of 108 Rules for describing patterns 3 Rusting, to prevent 106 Sandarach 140 Scarlet japan 134 Sealing wax for fruit cans 164 Sector 97 Sector, to find area of. 99 Segment 99 Segment of circle, to describe 86 Segment, to find area of 99 Semicircle 97 Sheet iron, weight of 129 Signs 92 Silver colored metal 168 Silver, imitation of. 168 Silrering by heat 172 Silvering powder 165 Silver solder 170 Silver, solder for 169 Silver, to separate from copper 172 Size for printers 152 Sizes for tin ware 120 Smooth moulding patterns, varnish for 155 Soft brilliant varnish 145 Soft gold solder 106 Soft solder 169 Solder for steel joints 166 Solders 169 Bolidity of cone, to find 103 INDEX. \ ^-^ " '183"r; Solidity of cylinders, to find.-..^r:-..-r.."'W3 Solidity of frustrum of cone, to find. 104 Solidity of frustrum of pyramid, to find.' 105 Solidity of sphere, to find 105 Solids, mensuration of 102 Solvent for gold 172 Spanisli tutania 169 Spa, wood toys of, varnish for 148 Speculum metal 172 Spheres 102 Spheres, to find solidity 105 Spinning, britannia metal 168 Spirit of wine 140 Spirit varnishes 140 Spoons, britannia metal for 168 Spouts, britannia metal for 168 Square 30 Square article, tapering 29, 30, 31 Square base with circular top 31 Square rolled iron, weight of. 106 Square, to construct 89 Square, to form equal to rectangle... 89 Square, to form equal to tria'iigle.... 89 Statuary, bronze varnish for 146 Steam, effects of 123 Steamer cover 79 Steel joints, solder for 166 Steel, varnish for 145 Strength of cords 170 Strength of materi.als 174 Strength of metals 176 Strength of woods 176 Stoneware cement 159 Surface of cylinder, to find 101 Surfaces, mensuration of. 93 Table of effects of heat on bodies 122 Table of expansion of air by heat.... 126 Table.s of circumferences of circles... Ill Tables of weights 106 Table varnish 143, 144 Tangent, to draw 86 Tapering article 32, 34, 36 Tajiering elbow 72 Tajjering octagon top 38 Tapering oval in four sections 7 Tapering oval in two sections 13, 16 Tapering oval, straight sides, etc. ..19, 21 Tapering square article 29, 30, 31 Telford and Brown's experiments.... 178 Tempering 125 Tempering by thermometer 125 Thermometer, to temper by 125 Tin lacker 156 Tinman's solder 170 Tinning metals, fluid for 173 Tin plate, pale lacker for 157 Tin plates -127 Tin ware, sizes of. 120 Tombac 168 Tools, alloy for 166 Tortoise shell japan 136 Transparent cement for glass 161 / 184 INDEX. PAGE rriuis|iiueut japan 136 Tiiuiit;k's, mensuration of. 91 Tiianj^U', to bisect 90 Tiiaiii;lc, to describe circle in 90 Tiiai!f;lc, tofinci area 94, 95 Trianuli', to form rectangle in 90 Tulii', strength of. 176 Turin-ntine 140 Tutania 1C9 Varley's mastic 159 Varnishes, miscellaueous 138 Varnish for lacker 156 Varnishiug 131 Versed sine 97 Vessels, to find contents 103 Vinegar bronze for brass 171 Wainscot varnish 154 Wash bowls, sizes of. 120 Water-proof goods, varnish for 153 Water-proof varnishes 153 Water, properties of. 124 Water-tight luting, varnish for 148 Water, weight of. 123 WHtin, varnish of, for gilded articles 148 PAGE Weight of lead pipe 128 Weight of water 123 Weight of iron, etc 129 Weight of pipes, to ascertain 129 Weights, table of. 106 Welding cast steel, composition for. 173 White japan ground 132 White solder 109 White spirit varnish 144 White varnish 145 Wire work, paint for 163 Wood, cement for ciacks in 162 Wood, lackers for 156 Woods, strength of. 176 Wood, to fix engravings, etc., on 150 Wood toys of spa, varnish for 148 Wood-work varnish 148 Wood and metals, cement for join- ing 162 Wrought iron, expansion of. 130 Wrought iron, weight of. 109 Yellow brass for turning 167 Yellow dipping metal 170 Yellow grounds 134 Yellow solder IQb CATALOGUE PRACTICAL Al MmiC BOOKS mSM CAM! BlIRD & GO, Industrial Publishers and Booksellers, NO. 810 AVAL NUT STREET, i»mLA.r>EiL.i»iriA.. *®* Any of the Books comprised in this Catalogue will be sent hy mail, free of postage, at the publication price. *i" A Descriptive Catalogue, 96 pages, 8vo,, will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will furnish the publisher with his addi-ess. ARLOT.— A Complete Guide for Coach Painters. Translated from the French of M. Arlot, Coach Paiiit\;r ; for eleven years Foreman of Paintinj; to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. To which is added an Ap- pendix, containing Information respecting the Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing in the United States and Great Britain. l2mo $1.25 ARMENGAUD, AMOROUX, and JOHNSON.— The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial De- sign, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing Companion : Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical Engineering and Archi- tectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengand tlie elder. Prof, of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Armengand the younger, and Amoroux, Civil EngiTieers. Rewritten and arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and examples of the most useful and generally employed nieclianism of the day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of " The Practical Mechanic's .Tournal." Illustrated by 50 folio steel plates, and 50 wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to. . . , . $10.00 1 2 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S 'CATALOGUE. ARROWSMITH.— Paper-Hanger's Companion : A Treatise in wlucli the Pnicticul OiKTutious of the Trade are Sys- tematically laid down : with Cojiious JJirections Preparatorj^ to Paper- ing; Preventives against the Eflect of Damp ou Walls ; the Various Cements and Pastes Adapted to the Several Purposes of the Trade ; Observations and Directions for the Panelling and Ornamenting of Rooms, etc. By James Akrowsmith, Author of "Analysis of Dra- pery," etc. 12mo., cloth $1.25 ASHTOW.— The Theory and Practice of the Art of De- signing Fancy Cotton and Woollen Cloths frora Sample : (Tiving full Instructions for Reducing Drafts, as well as the Methods of Spooling aud JIaking out Harness for Cross Drafts, and Finding any Reiiuired Reed, with Calculations and Tables of Yarn. By Frederick T. Ashton, Designer, West Pittsfield, Mass. With 52 Illustrations. One volume, 4to $10.00 BAIRD.— Letters on the Crisis, the Currency and the Credit System. By Henry Carey Baird. Pamphlet 05 BAIRD. — Protection of Home Labor and Home Pro- ductions necessary to the Prosperity of the Ameri- can Farmer. By Henry Carey Baird. 8vo., paper 10 BAIRD. — Some of the Fallacies of British Free-Trade Revenue Reform. Two Letters to Arthur Latham Perry, Professor of History and Politi- cal Economy in Williams College. By Henry Carey Baird. Pam])hlet. ........... 05 BAIRD.— The Rights of American Producers, and the Wrongs of British Free-Trade Revenue Reform. By Henry Carey Baird. Pamj)hlet 05 BAIRD. — Standard Wages Computing Tables : An Improvement in all former Methods of Computation, so arranged that wages for days, hours, or fractions of hours, at a specified rate per day or hour, may be ascertained at a glance. By T. Spangler Baird. Oblong folio .' ?5.00 BAIRD.— The American Cotton Spinner, and Mana- ger's and Carder's Guide : A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Dimensions and Speed of jMachinery, Draught and Twist Calculations, etc. ; with notices of recent Improvements : together with Rules and Examples for making changes in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Compiled from the papers of the late Robert H. Baird. i2mo. $1.50 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 3 BAKER.— Long-Span Railway Bridges : Coiiiprisiiiu: lllve^tigatiolls of the Comiiaralive Tlieorotical ami Prac- tit-al Advantages of the various Adoj)te(l or Proposed Type Systems of Coiistruction ; with numerous Formulie and Tables. By B. Baker. ll'mo .S2.00 BAUERMAN.— A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron : ('oiitaiMiii'4 ()ntliiies of the History of Iron Manufacture, Methods of Assay, and Analysis of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of Iron and Steel, etc., etc. By H. Bauerman, F. G. S., Associate of the Pvoyal School of Mine.s. First American Edition, Picvised and En- larged. With an Appendix on the Martin Process for Making Steel, from the Report of Abram S. Hewitt, U. S. Commissioner to the Universal Exjwsition at Paris, 1.S07. Illustrated. 12rao. . §2.00 BEANS.— A Treatise on Railway Cvirves and the Loca- tion of Railways. By E. W. Beans, C. E. Illustrated. 12mo. Tucks. . . $1.50 BELL.— Carpentry Made Easy : Or, The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System. With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church S]nres, etc. Comprising also a System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable Tables. Illustrated by 38 plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By William E. Bell, Architect and Practieaf Builder. 8vo. . $5.00 BELL.— Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting : An Ex])erimental and Practical Examination of the Circumstances which determine the Capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature of the Air, and the proper Condition of the Materials to be operated upon. By I. LowTHiAX Bell. Illustrated. 8vo. . . $6.00 BEMROSE.— Manual of Wood Carving : ■Witli Pi-netical Illustrations for Learners of the Art, and Original and Selected Designs. By WiLLlAM Bemrose, Jr. With an Introduction by Llewellyn Jewitt, F. S. A., etc. With 128 Illustrations. 4to., cioth $3.00 BICKNELL.— Village Builder, and Supplement : Elevations and Plans for Cotta'.es, Villas, Suburban Residences, Farm Houses, Stables and Carriage Houses Store Fronts, School Houses, Churches, Court Houses, and a model .Tail ; also, Exterior and Interior details for Public and Private Buildinss, with ap})roved Forms of Contracts and S))ecitications, including Prices of Building Materials and Labor at Boston, ^lass., and St. Louis, Mo. Containing 75 ])Iates drawn to scale; showing the style and cost of building in dilferent sections of the country, being an original work comprising the desii^nis of twentv leading ;irchiteots, re]iresenting the New Eng- land, Middle, Western, and Southwestern States. 4to. . $12.00 4 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. BLENKARN.— Practical Specifications of Works exe- cuted in Architecture, Civil and Mechanical Engi- neering, and in Road Making and Sewering : To which are added a series of praetieally useful Agreements and Re- ports. By John Blenkakn. llhistruted by 15 hirge folding plates. 8vo $y-*jo BLINN.— A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copperplate Workers : Containing Rules for describing various kinds of Patterns used by Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-plate Workers; Practical Geometry; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, etc. ; Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles ; Japan, Varnishes, Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc., etc. By Leroy J. Blinn, Master Mechanic. With over 100 Illustrations. 12mo $2.50 BOOTH.— Marble Worker's Manual: Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in general, their Cutting, Working, and Polishing; Veneering of Marble; Mosaics; Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, Stuccos, Cements, Receipts, Secrets, etc., etc. Translated from the French by M. L. Booth. With an Appendix concerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth. $1.50 BOOTH AND MORFIT.— The Encyclopedia of Che- mistry, Practical and Theoretical : Embracing its application to the Arts, iletallurgy, Mineralogy, Ge- ology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By James C. Booth, Melter and Retiiier in the United States Mint, Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted by Campbell Morfit, author of " Chemical Manipulations," etc. Seventh edition. Royal 8vo., 978 pages, with numerous Avood-cuts and other illustrations. . ?5.00 BOX.— A Practical Treatise on Heat: As applied to the Useful Arts ; for the Use of Engineers, Architects, etc. By Thomas Box, author of " Practical Hydraulics." Illustrated by 14 plates containing 114 figures. ]2mo $4.25 BOX.— Practical Hydraulics : A Series of Rules anacity, a finished land surveyor without the aid of a teacher. By Ani>reav Duncan. Illustmte'd. 12mo., cloth. . . . $1.25 DUPLAIS. — A Treatise on the Manufacture and Dis- tillation of Alcoholic Liquors : Comprising Accurate and Complete Details in Regard to Alcohol from Wine, Molasses, Beets, Grain, Rice, Potatoes, Sorghum, Asphodel, Fruits, efe. ; with the Distillation and Rectification of Brandy, Whis- key, Rum, Gin, Swiss Absinthe, etc., the Preparation of Aronuitic Wa- ters, Volatile Oils or Essences, Sugars, Syrups, Aromatic Tinctures, Liqueurs, Cordial Wines, Eft'erveseing Wines, etc., the Aging of Brandy and the Imjirovement of Spirits, witli Cojiious Directions and Tables for Testing and Reducing Spirituous Liquoi-s, etc., etc. Translated and Editei^I from the French of MM. DirPLAlS, Aino et Jenne. By M. McKennie, M.D. To which are added tlie United States Internal Revenue Regulations for the Assessment and Collection of Taxes on Distilled Spirits. Illustrated by fourteen folding plates and several wood engravings. 743 pp., 8vo $10.00 DUSSAUCE.— A General Treatise on the Manufacture of Every Description of Soap : Comprising the Chemistry of the Art, with Remarks on Alkalies, Sa- ponifiable Fatty Bodies, the apparatus necessary in a Soap Factory, Practical Instructions in the manufacture of the various kinds of Soap, the assay of Soaps, etc., etc. Edited from Notes of Larme, Fontenelle, Malapayre, Dufour, and others, with large and important additions by Prof. H. Dussauce, Chemist. Illustrated. Inone vol.,8vo. . $10.00 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 9 DUSSAUCE.— A General Treatise on the Manufacture of Vinegar : Tht'divtioul ;ui(l Practical. Cmiiprisiiiir the various Methods, hv the Slow ami the (^>uick Processes, with Alcohol, Wine, Ciraiii, Malt, Cider, Molasses, and IJeets ; as well as the Fabrication of Wood Vinegar, etc., etc. l>y Prof. li. DlssAUCE. In one volume, Svo. . . .'^.").(»0 DUSSAUCE.— A New and Complete Treatise on the Ai'ts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing : Conii)rising all the Discoveries and Improvements made in France, Great Britain, and the United States. Edited from Notes and Docu- ments of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, Dessables, Labarraque, Payen, Rene, De Fontenelle, Malapeyre, etc., etc. By Prof. H. DUS- SAUCE, Chemist. Illustrated by 212 wood engravings. 8vo. ^25.00 DUSSAUCE.— A Practical Guide for the Perfumer : Being a New Treatise on Perfumery, the most favorable to the Beauty without being injurious to the Health, comprising a Description of the substances used in Perfumery, the FormulsB of more than 1000 Prepa- rations, such as Cosmetics, Perfumed Oils, Tooth Powders, Waters, Extracts, Tinctures, Infusions, Spirits, Vinaigres, Essential Oils, Pas- tels, Creams, Soaps, and many new Hygienic Products not hitherto described. Edited from Notes and Documents of Messrs. Debay, La- nel, etc. With additions by Prof. H. DusSAUCE, Chemist. 12mo. $3.00 DUSSAUCE.— Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulminating Powders. By Prof. 11. DUSSAUCE. 12mo $3.00 Dyer and Color-maker's Companion: Containing upwards of 200 Eecei]>ts for making Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now in exist- ence ; with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, AVashing-oflF, and Finishing the Goods. In one vol., 12rao. . $1.25 EASTON.— A Practical Treatise on Street or Horse- power Railways. By Alexander Easton, C. E. Illustrated by 23 plates. 8vo., cloth $2.00 ELDER.— Questions of the Day : Economic and Social. By Dr. William Elder. 8vo. . $3.00 FAIRBAIRN.— The Principles of Mechanism and Ma- chinei'y of Transmission : Comjirising the Principles of ]\Iechanism, Wheels, and Pulleys, Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Coupling of Shafts, and Engaging and Disengaging Gear. Bv Sir WiLLlAM Fairbairn, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.'S. Beautifully illustrated by over 150 Avood-cuts. In one volume, 12mo. ......... $2.50 FORSYTH.— Book of Designs for Headstones, Mural, and other Monuments : Containing 78 Designs. By JAMES FoR.SYTH. With an Introduction by Charles Boutell, M." A. 4to., cloth $5.00 10 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. GIBSON.— The American Dyer: A Practical Treatise on the Coloring of "Wool, Cotton, Yarn and Cloth, in three parts. Part First gives a descriptive account of the Dye Stuffs ; if of vegetable origin, where ])roduced, how cultivated, ami how prepared for use; if chemical, their composition, specific gravities, and general adaptability, how adulterated, and how to de- tect the adulterations, etc. Part Second is devoted to the Coloring of Wool, giving recipes for one hundred and twenty-nine different colors or shades, and is supplied witli sixty colored samples of Wool. Part Third is devoted to the Coloring of Raw Cotton or Cotton Waste, for mixing with Wool Colors in the Manufacture of all kinds of Fabrics, gives recipes for thirty-eight different colors or shades, and is supplied with twenty-four colored samples of Cotton Waste. Also, recipes for Coloring Beavers, Doeslvins, and Flannels, Avith remarks upon Ani- lines, giving reci2>es for fifteen different colors or shades, and nine samples of Aniline Colors that will stand both the Fulling and Scour- ing process. Also, recijjes for Aniline Colors on Cotton Thread, and i-ecipes for Common Colors on Cotton Yarns. Embracing in all over two hundred recipes for Colors and Shades, and ninety-four samples of Colored Wool and Cotton Waste, etc. By Richard H. Gibson, Practical Dyer and Chemist. In one volume, 8vo. . , $12.50 GILBART. — History and Principles of Banking : A Practical Treatise. By James W. Gilbaet, late Manager of the London and Westminster Bank. With additions. In one volume, 8vo., 600 pages, slice}:) $5.00 Gothic Album for Cabinet Makers : Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Illustrated by 23 large and beautifully engraved plates. Oblong . . $3.00 GRANT. — Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the Beet. By E. B. Grant. 12mo $1.25 GREGORY.— Mathematics for Practical Men : Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, and Civil Engineers. By Olinthus GREGORY. 8vo., plates, cloth $3.08 GRISWOLD.— Railroad Engineer's Pocket Compan- ion for the Field : Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and Angles, Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary Tables for Engi- neers ; also the art of Levclliiiix from Preliminary Survey to the Con- struction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer, together with Numerous Valuable Rules and Examples. By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks . . • $1.75 GRUNER. — Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena. By M. L. Gruner, President of tlie General Council of Ivlmes of France, and lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines. Translated, with the Author's sanction, with an Appendix, by L. D. B. Gordon, F.R.S.E.. E.G..?. Illustrated. 8vo. . . . $2.50 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 11. GUETTIER.— Metallic Alloys: Boiuj^ a. rractical Guide, to their Chemical and Pliysical Properties, their Preparation, Composition, and Uses. Translated from the French of A. GfETTlEli, Engineer and Director of Foundries, author of" La Fouderie en Fi'ance," etc., etc. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. In one volume, 12mo .$3.00 HARRIS. — Gas Superintendent's Pocket Companion. By n.VKRTS & Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, 1115 and 1117 Cherry Sti'cet, Philadelphia. Full bound in jiocket-book form $2.00 Hats and Felting: A Practical Treatise on their Manufacture. By a Practical natter. Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, etc. Svo. . . . $1.25 HOFMANW.— A Practical Treatise on the Manufac- tiire of Paper in all its Branches. By Carl IIofmann. Late Superintendent of paper mills in Ger- many and the United States; recently manager of the Public Ledger Paper JMills, near Elkton, !Md. Illustrated by 110 wood engravings, and five large folding plates. In one volume, 4to., cloth; 398 pages $15.00 HUGHES. — American Miller and Millwright's Assist- ant, By Wm. Carter Hughes. A new edition. In one vol., 12mo. $l./>0 HURST. --A Hand-Book for Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in Building: Containing Formulse useful in Designing Builder's work, Table of Weights, of the materials used in Building, Memoranda connected with Builders' Avork, Mensuration, the Practice of Builders' Measure- ment, Contracts of Labor, Valuation of Property, Summary of the Practice in Dilapidation, etc., etc. By J. F. HilRST, C. E. ' Second edition, pocket-book form, full bound $2.50 JERVIS.— Railway Property : A Treatise on the Construction and Management of Railways ; de- signed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, to tlie holders of this class of property ; as well as Railway Managers, Officers, and Agents. By JoiiN B. Jervis, late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Croton Aqueduct, etc. In one vol., 12mo., cloth $2.00 JOHNSTON.— Instructions for the Analysis of Soils, Limestones, and Manures. By J. F. W. .loiiNSTON, 12mo, 38 12 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. KEENE.— A Hand-Book of Practical Gauging : For the Use of IJoginners, to wliich is aililcd, A Chapter on Distilla. tion, describing tlie process in operation iit tlie Custom House ibi- ascertaining the strength of wines. By James B. Keene, of H. M. Customs. 8vo. $1.25 KELTjEY. — Speeches, Addresses, and Letters on In- dustrial and Financial Questions. By Hon. AViLLIAM 1). Kelley, M. C. In one volume, 544 pacres, 8vo $b.00 KENTISH. — A Treatise on a Box of Instruments, And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry and Loga- rithms, including Practical Geometry, Hun'cying, Measuring of Tim- ber, Cask and Malt Gauging, Heights, and Distances. By Thomas Kentish. In one volume. 12mo. $1.25 KOBELL.—ERNI.— Mineralogy Simplified : A short Method of Determining and Classifying Minerals, by means of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way. Translated from the last German Edition of E. VoN KoBELl,, with an Introduction to Blow-jiipe Analysis and other additions. By Henri Erni, M. D., late Chief Chemist, Department of Agriculture, author of " Coal Oil and Petroleum." In one volume, 12mo. .... $2.50 LANDRIN.— A Treatise on Steel: Comjn-ising its Theory, Metallurgy, Properties, Practical Working, and Use. By M. H. "c. Landri'n, Jr., Civil Engineer. Translated from the French, with Notes, by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engi- neer. With an Appendix on the Bessemer and the Martin Processes for Manufacturing Steel, from the Report of Abrum S. Hewitt, United States Commissioner to the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. In one volume, 12mo. $3.00 LARKIN.— The Practical Brass and Iron Founder's Guide : A Conci.se Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals and their Alloys, etc. : to which are adther ]\Iuseums, the Exhibitions of LSol and lSt)2, and the best Eng'iu^n and Foreign works. In a series of one hundred exquisitely drawn I'lates, containing nuiny hundred examiiles. By Robert Newbeky. 4to $15.00 NICHOLSON.— A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding : Containing full instructions in the different Branches of Forwa?ding, Gilding, and Finishing. Also, the Art of Marbling Book-edges and Paper. By J.\MES B. Nicholson. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth. $2.25 NICHOLSON.— The Carpenter's New Guide: A Complete Book of Lines for Carpenters and Joiners. By PETER Nicholson. The whole carefully and thoroughly revised by H. K, Davis, and containing numerous new and improved and original De- signs for Roofs, Domes, etc. By Samuel Sloan, Architect. Illus- trated by 80 plates. 4to. $4.50 NORRIS.— A Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers and Machinists : Comprising the Proportions and Calculations for Constructing Loco- motives ; Manner of Setting Valves ; Tables of Squares, Cubes, Areas, etc., etc. By Septimus Norris, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. New edition. Illustrated. 12mo., cioth $2.00 NYSTROM.— On Technological Education, and the Construction of Ships and Screw Propellers : For Naval and Marine Engineers. By JoHN W. Nystrom, late Act- ing Chief Engineer, U. S. N. Second" edition, revised with additional matter. Illustrated by seven engravings. 12mo. . . $1.50 O'NEILL.— A Dictionary of Dyeing and Calico Print- ing: Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Processes in use in the Art of Dveing and Printing Textile Fabrics; M'ith Practical Receipts and Scientitic Information. By Charles O'Neill, Ana- lytical Chemist ; Fellow of the Chemical Society of London ; Member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester ; Author of " Chemistry oif Calico Printing and Dyeing." To which is added an Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their apjdication to Dyeing and Calico Printing. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. With an Ap- pendix on Dyeing and CJalico Printing, as shown at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 18G7. In one volume, 8vo., 491 pages. . $(j.00 16 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. ORTON.— Underground Treasures : How and "Where to Find Them. A Key for the Ready Determination of all the Useful Minerals withiu the United States. By JAMES Okton, a. M. Illustrated, 12mo $1.50 OSBORN. — American Mines and Mining: Theoretically and Practically Considered. By Prof. H. S. OSBOEN. Illustrated by numerous engravings. 8vo. {In 2}repuration.) OSBORN.— The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel : Theoretical and Practical in all its Branches ; Mitli s]»ecial reference to American Materials and Processes. By H. S. Osboen, LL. D., Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. Illustrated by numerous large folding plates and wood-engravings. Svo. $15.00 OVERMAN.— The Manufacture of Steel : Containing the Practice and Princii)les of Working and Making Steel. A Handbook for Blacksmiths and Workers in Steel and Iron, Wagon Makers, Die Sinkers, Cutlers, and Manufacturers of Files and Hard- ware, of Steel and Iron, and for Men of Science and Art. By Fred- erick Overman, Mining Engineer, Author of the " Manufacture of Iron," etc. A new, enlarged, and revised Edition. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer $1.50 OVERMAN.— The Moulder and Pounder's Pocket Guide : A Treatise on Moulding and Founding in Green-sand, Dry-sand, Loam, and Cement; the Moulding of Machine Frames, Mill-gear, Hollow- ware, Ornaments, Trinkets, Bells, and Statues ; Description of Moulds for Iron, Bronze, Brass, and other Metals ; Plaster of Paris, Sulphur, Wax, and other articles commonly used in Casting; the Construction of Melting Furnaces, the Melting and Founding of Metals ; the Com- position of Alloys and their Nature. "With an Appendix containing Receipts for Alloys, Bronze, Varnishes and Colors for Castings ; also, Tables on the Strength and other qualities of Cast Metals. By Fred- erick Overman, Mining Engineer, Author of " The Manufacture of Iron." With 42 Illustrations. 12mo $1.50 Painter, Gilder, and Varnisher's Companion : Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, Glass-Staining, Graining, Marbling, Sign-Writing, Gilding on Glass, and Coach Painting and Varnishing ; Tests for the Detection of Adulterations in Oils, Colors, etc. ; and a Statement of the Diseases to which Painters are peculiarly liable, with the Simplest and Best Remedies. Sixteenth Edition. Revised, with an Appendix. Containing Colors and Coloring— Theoretical and Practical. Comprising descriptions of a great variety of Additional Pigments, their Qualities and Uses, to which are added. Dryers, and Modes and Operations of Painting, etc. Together with Chevreul's Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. 12rao.., cloth. $1.50 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 17 PALLETT.— The Miller's, Millwright's, and Engineer's Guide. By IIeney Pallett. lllustrateil. In (inc volume, 12nio. $3.00 PERCY.— The Manufacture of Russian Sheet-Iron. By John- Pkiuy, M.D., F.H.S., Leotiurr on :Mc'tallurLr7 'it tho Royal ydiool of .Minus, and to Tlu' Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich; Author of " Metalluruy." With Illustrations. Svo., paper iiU cts. PERKINS.— Gas and Ventilation. Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking by Gas. Including Scientific Heljis to Engineer-students and others. ' With Illustrated Diagrams. By E. E. Pekkins. 12mo., cloth " $1.25 PERKINS and STOWE.— A New Guide to the Sheet- iron and Boiler Plate Roller : Containing a Series of Tables showing the Weight of Slabs and Piles to produce Boiler Plates, and of the Weight of Piles and the Sizes of Bars to produce Sheet-iron ; the Thickness of the Bar Gauge in decimals; the Weight j)er foot, and the Thickness on the Bar or Wire Gauge of the fractional parts of an inch ; the Weight per sheet, and the Thickness on the Wire Gauge of Sheet-iron of various dimensions to weigh 1 12 lbs. per bundle ; and the conversion of Short Weight into Long Weight, and Long Weight into Short. Estimated and col- lected by G. H. Perkins and J. G. Stowe $2,50 PHILLIPS and DARLINGTON.— Records of Mining and Metallurgy ; Or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Agent and Smelter. By J. Arthur Phillips, Mining Engineer, Graduate of the Imperial School of Mines, France, etc., and John Darlington. Illustrated by numerous engravings. In one volume, 12mo. . . $2.00 PROTEAUX.— Practical Guide for the Manufacture of Paper and Boards. By A. Proteaux, Civil Engineer, and Graduate of tiie School of Arts and Manufactures, and Director of Thiers' Paper Mill, Puy-de-Dome. With additions, by L. S. Le Normanu. Translated from the French, Avith Notes, by Horatio Paine, A.B., M.D. To which is added a Chapter on the Manufacture of Paper from Wood in the United States, by Henry T. Broavn, of the " American Artisan." Illus- trated bv six plates, containing Drawings of Raw Materials, Machi- nery, Plans of Paper-.Mills, etc., etc. Svo $10.00 REGNAULT.— Elements of Chemistry. By M. V. Regnaui.t. Translated fron» the French by T. FORREST Betton, ^[. D., and edited, with Notes, by .TamES C. BOOTH, Melter and Refiner U. S. Mint, arul Wm. L. Faher, Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by nearly 700 wood engravings. Comprising nearly 1500 pages. In two volumes, 8vo,, cloth, . . . $7,50 r^VlA,^!^ \-^ •>, .r-lt"-'^'^-''' 1 -JfS^ HKVuy CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. !E4rEIaJ,CA'* Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Portland Cement : By Henry Reid, C. E. To which is added a Translation of M. A. Lipowitz's Work, describing a New Method adoj)ted in Germany for Mannfacturing that Cement, by W. F. Reid. Illustrated by plates and wood engravings. 8vo. . " $6.00 RIPFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.— A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Var- nishes. By M M. RiFFAULT, Veegnaxtd, and Toussaint. Revised and Edited by M. F. Malepeyre and Dr. Emil Wi>X'KLER. Illustrated. In one volume, Svo. {In j>r(puration.) RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.— A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Colors for Painting : Containing the best Formula? and the Processes the Newest and in most ( icneral Use. By M M. Riffault, Vergnaud, and Toussaint. Revised and Edited by M. F. Malepeyre and Dr. Emii. Win'CKLER. Translated from tlie French by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engi- neer. Illustrated by Engravings. In one volume, 650 jmges, Svo. $7.50 ROBINSON.— Explosions of Steam Boilers: How they are Caused, and how they may be Prevented. By J. R. Robinson, Steam Engineer. 12mo $1."25 ROPER. — A Catechism of High Pressure or Non- Condensing Steam-Engines : Including the Modelling, Constructing, Running, and Management of Steam Engines and Steam Boilers. With" Illustrations. By Stephen Roper, Engineer. Full bound tucks . . , $2,00 ROSELEUR.— Galvanoplastic Manipulations : A Practical Guide for the Gold and Silver Electro-jdater and the Galvanoplastic Operator. Translated from the French of Alfred RosELEUR, Chemist, Professor of the Galvanoplastic Art, Manufactu« rer of Chemicals, Gold and Silver Electro-plater. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated bv over 127 Engravings on wood. 8vo., 495 pages ' $6.00 IjST'This Treatise is the fullest and by far the best on this subject ever published in the United States. SCHINZ.— Researches on the Action of the Blast Furnace. By Charles Schinz. Translated from the German with the special permission of the Author by Willlvm II. Maw and MoRiTZ Mul- LER. With an Appendix written by the Author expressly for this edition. Illustrated by seven plates, containing 28 figures. In one volume, ]2nio, r . , i , , . . . $4.25 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CAT.^L^KvE. <^l SHAW.— Civil Architecture : BeiiiL,' a Complete Theoretical and Priictical System of Cuildin,!?, con- taining the Fundamental PriueiiJles of the Art. By Edwakd Siiaw, Arciiitect. To Avhieh is added a Treatise on Gothic Architecture, etc. By Thomas W. Silloway and Geokge M. IIakding, Architects. The whole illustrated by One Hundred and Two quarto 2)lates finely engraved on cojij^c'r. Eleventh Edition. 4to., cloth. . §10.00 SHUNK.— A Practical Treatise on Railway Curves and Location, for Young Engineers. By AVILI.IAM F. SliUNK, Civil Engineer. 12mo. . . $2.00 SLOAN.— American Houses : A variety of Original Designs for Rural Buildings. Illustrated by 26 colored Engravings, with Descriptive References. By Samuel Sloan, Architect, author of the " Model Architect," etc., etc. Svo. $2.50 SMEATON.— Builder's Pocket Companion: Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Architecture; with Pi-actical Rules and Instructions connected with the subject. By A. C. Smeaton, Civil Engineer, etc. In one volume, 12mo. $1.50 SMITH.— A Manual of Political Economy. By E. Pesiiine Smith. A new Edition, to which is added a full Index. 12rao., cloth $1.25 SMITH.— Parks and Pleasure Grounds: Or Practical iSJ^otcs ou Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks, and Gardens. By Charles H. J. Smith, Landscape Gardener and Garden Architect, etc., etc. 12mo. $2.25 SMITH.— The Dyer's Instructor: Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cotton, A\'ool, and Worsted, and Woollen Goods: containing nearly 8u0 Receijits. To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding ; and the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, and Handkerchiefs, and the various Mordants and Colors for the diftcrcut styles of such work. By David Smith, Pattern Dyer. 12mo., cloth. .' . . $3.00 SMITH.— The Practical Dyer's Guide: Comprising Practical Instructions in the Dyeing of Shot Cobour£js, Silk Striped Orleans, Colored Orleans from Black Warps, Ditto from AVhite Warps, Colored Cobourgs from "White Warj)s, Merinos, Yarns, AVoollen Cloths, etc. Containing nearly 300 Receipts, to most of which a Dyed Pattern is annexed. Also, A treatise on the Art of Padding. By David Smith. In one volume, Svo. Price. . . $25.00 STEWART.— The American System. Speeches on the Tariif Question, and on Internal Improvements, princi- pally delivered in the House of Representatives of the Ignited States. By Andrew Stewart, late M. C. from Pennsylvania. With a Portrait, and a Biographical Sketch. In one volume,' Svo., 407 pages. $3,00 20 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. STOKES. — Cabinet-maker's and Upholsterer's Com- panion : Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making and Up- holstery, with Familiar Instructions, illustrated by Examples for attaining a Proficiency in the Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabi- net-work; the Processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl-work ; the Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, etc. Direc- tions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnishing; to make French Polish; to prepare the Best Glues, Cements, and Comj^ositions, and a number of Receipts particularly useful for workmen generally. By J. Stokes. In one volume, 12mo. With Illustrations. . $1.25 Strength and other Properties of Metals: Rejiorts of Experiments on the Strength and other Properties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the Machines for testing Metals, and of the Classification of Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ord- nance Department U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of War. Illustrated by 25 large steel i>lates. In one volume, 4to. . $10.00 SULLIVA]^.— Protection to Native Industry. By Sir Edward Sullivan, Baronet, author of " Ten Chapters on Social Reforms." In one volume, Svo $1.50 Tables Showing the Weight of Round, Square, and Flat Bar Iron, Steel, etc.. By Measurement. Cloth. 63 TAYLOR.— Statistics of Coal : Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in Arts and Mauufaclures ; with their Geographical, Geological, and Commercial Distribution and Amount of Production and Consumption on the American Continent. With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Manu- facture. By R. C. Taylor. Second edition, revised by S. S. Hal- DEMAN. Illustrated by five Maps and many wood engravings. 8vo., cloth $10.00 TEMPLETON.— The Practical Examinator on Steam and the Steam-Engine : With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged for the Use of Engineers, Students, and others. By AVm. Templeton, Engineer. 12mo $1.25 THOMAS.— The Modern Practice of Photography. By R. W. Thomas, F.C.S. Svo., cloth 75 THOMSON.— Freight Charges Calculator. By Andrew Thomson, Freight Agent. 24mo. . . . $1.25 TURNING: Specimens of Fancy Turning Executed on the Hand or Foot Lathe: With Geometric, Oval, and Eccentric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting Frame. By an Amateur. Illustrated by 30 exquisite Photographs. 4to $3.00 ITENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 21 Turner's (The) Companion: Contiiiiiing Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, iind Eccentric Turn- ing: also various Plates of Chucks, Tools, and Instruments ; and Di- rections for using the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and Circular Rest ; with Patterns and Instructions I'or working them. A new edition in one volume, 12mo. $1.50 URBIN.— BRULL.— A Practical Guide for Puddling Iron and Steel. By Ed. Ukbin, Engineer of Arts and Manufactures. A Prize Essay read before the Association of Engineers, Graduate of the School of Mines, of Liege, Belgium, at the Meeting of 1865-0. To which is added A COMPARISOX OF TJIE RESISTING PROPF.RTIES OF IRON AND STEEL. By A. Brull. Translated from the French by A. A. Fesquet, Che- mist and Engineer. In one volume, 8vo $1.00 VAILE. — Galvanized Iron Cornice-Worker's Manual; (.'ontuining Instructions in Laying out the Different jNIitres, and fla- king Patterns for all kinds of Plain and Circular Work. Also, Tables of Weights, Areas and Circumferences of Circles, and other Mattel calculated to Benefit the Trade. By Charles A. Vaile, Superin- tendent " Richmond Cornice Works," Richmond, Indiana. Illustra- ted by 21 Plates. In one volume, 4to S^5.00 VILLE.— The School of Chemical Manures : Or, Elementary Principles in the Use of Fertilizing Agents. From the French of M. George Ville, by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engi- neer. With Illustrations. In one volume, 12 mo. . . $1.25 VOGDES.— The Architect's and Builder's Pocket Com- panion and Price Book : Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, Duo- decimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of U. S. Measures, Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and various other Materials, (Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes, and Dimen- sions of Wood, Brick, and Stone ; and a full and complete Bill of Prices for Carpenter's Work ; also. Rules lor Computing and Valuing Brick and Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By Frank W. Vogdes, Architect. Illustrated. Full bound in pocket- book form $2.00 Bound in cloth. . 1-50 WARN,— The Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor: For Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and Tin-Plate Workers, etc. Contain- ing a selection of Geometrical Problems; also. Practical and Sini])le Rules for describing the various Patterns required in the ditt'erent branches of the above Trades. By Reuben II. Warn, Practical Tin- plate Worker. To which is added an Appendix, containing Iiistrnc- tions for Boiler ^Making, Jlensuration of Surfaces and Soliils, Rules for Calculating the AVeis^lits of different Figures of Iron and Steel, Tables of the Weights of Iron, Steel, etc. Illustrated by 32 Plates and .37 Wood Engravings, ^vo. $3.00 22 HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. WARNER. — New Theorems, Tables, and Diagrams for the Computation of Earth- Work : Designed for the use of Engineers in Preliminary and Final Estimates, of Students in Engineering, and of Contractors and other non-profes- sional Computers. In Two Parts, with an Appendix. Part 1. — A Practical Treatise ; Part II.— A Theoretical Treatise; and the A])pen- dix. Containing Notes to the Rules and Examijles of Part I. ; Expla- nations of the Construction of Scales, Tables, and Diagrams, and a Treatise upon Equivalent Square Bases and Equivalent Level Heights. The whole illustrated by numerous original Engravings, comj)rising Explanatory Cuts for Definitions and Problems, Stereometric Scales and Diagrams, and a Series of Lithographic Drawings from Models, showing all the Combinations of Solid Forms which occur in Railroad Excavations and Embankmerts. By John Wabnek, A. M., Mining and Mechanical Engineer. 8vo $5.00 WATSON.— A Manual of the Hand-Lathe: Comprising Concise Directions for working Metals of all kinds, Ivory, Bone and Precious Woods ; Dyeing, Coloring, and French Polishing ; Inlaying by Veneers, and various methods practised to produce Elabo- rate work with Dispatch, and at Small Exijense. By Egbert P. Watson, late of " The Scientific American," Author of " The Modern Practice of American Machinists and Engineers." Illustrated by 78 Engravings $1.50 WATSON.— The Modern Practice of American Ma- chinists and Engineers: Including the Construction, Application, and Use of Drills, Lathe Tools, Cutters for Boring Cylinders, and Hollow Work Generally, with the most Economical Speed for the same ; the Results verified by Actual Practice at the Lathe, the Vice, and on the Floor. Together with Worlvshop Management, Economy of Manufacture, the Steam- Engine, Boilers, Gears, Belting, etc., etc. By Egbeiit P. Watson, late of the " Scientific American." Illustrated by 8(3 Engravings. In one volume, V2mo $2.50 WATSON.— The Theory and Practice of the Art of Weaving by Hand and Power: With Calculations and Tal)les for the use of those connected with the Trade. By JoiiN Watson, Manufacturer and Practical Machine Maker, illustrated by large Drawings of the best Power Looms. 8vo ' ."jilO.OO WEATHERLY.— Treatise on the Art of Boiling Su- gar, Crystallizing, Lozenge-making, Comfits, Gum Goods. V2mo $2.00 WEDDING.— The Metallurgy of Iron; Theoretically and Practically Considered. By Dr. Hermann Wed- ding, Professor of the Metallurgy of Iron at the Royal Mining Academy, Berlin. Translated by^iJiiLlus Du MoNT, Bethlehem, Pa. Illustrated by 207 Engravings on Wood, and three Plates. In one volume, bvo. {In press.) HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 23 WILL.— Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis. By Professor IIeinricii Will, of Giessuii, Germany. Seventh edi- tion. Translated by CHARLES F. Himes, Ph. D., Professor of Natu- ral Science, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. . . . !pl.50 WILLIAMS.— On Heat and Steam : Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, and Explosions. By Charles Wye Williams, A. I. C. E. Illustrated. 8vo. $3.50 WOHLER.— A Hand-Book of Mineral Analysis. By F. W\iHLER, Professor of Chemistry in tlie University of Giittin- gen. Edited by Henry B. Nason, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Illustrated. In one volume, 12mo . $3 00 WORSSAM.— On Mechanical Saws: From the Transactions of the Society of Engineers, 1869. By S. W. WORSSAM, Jr. Illustrated by 18 large plates^ 8vo. . . $:i. GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00060 4344 "Ill •WL.» ■ iMiiiiiiiJI^iUiij miiivi, i,,!i/h|i5i«i{ 1'- !!i.l!IJ!)!.!lMi.