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 Gift of the 
 
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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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 https://archive.org/details/handbooktocoinagOOrobe 
 
A HANDBOOK TO THE COINAGE 
 
 OF SCOTLAND. 
 
Interior of a Mint. 
 
 From a French engraving of the reign of Louis XII. 
 
A HANDBOOK 
 
 TO THE 
 
 COINAGE OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF EVERY VARIETY 
 
 ISSUED BY THE SCOTTISH MINT 
 
 IN GOLD, SILVER, BILLON, AND COPPER, 
 
 FROM ALEXANDER I. TO ANNE, 
 
 With an Introductory Chapter on the Implements and Processes Employed. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. D. ROBERTSON, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 GEORGE BELL ANI) SONS, 
 
 YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 1878. 
 
CHISWICK PRESS C. WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT, 
 CHANCERY LANE. 
 
TO 
 
 C. W. KING, M.A., 
 
 SENIOR FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, 
 THIS LITTLE BOOK IS 
 GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. 
 

CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface vii 
 
 Introductory Chapter xi 
 
 Table of Sovereigns, with dates, showing the metals in which each 
 
 coined xxix 
 
 Gold Coins I 
 
 Silver Coins 33 
 
 Billon Coins 107 
 
 Copper Coins 123 
 
 Appendix 133 
 
 Mottoes on Scottish Coins translated 135 
 
 List of Mint Towns, with their principal forms of spelling . 138 
 
 Index 141 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following pages were originally designed for my own 
 use alone, but the consideration that there must be many 
 collectors and owners of coins who would gladly give more 
 attention to this very interesting but somewhat involved 
 branch of numismatics — were they not deterred by having 
 no easily accessible information on the subject — has in- 
 duced me to offer them to the public. 
 
 My aim has been to provide a description of every coin 
 issued by the Scottish Mint, with particulars as to weight, 
 fineness, rarity, mint-marks, &c., gathered from the best 
 authorities, whom many collectors would probably not have 
 the opportunity of consulting, except in our large public 
 libraries ; at the same time I trust that the information 
 thus brought together may prove sufficient to refresh the 
 memory of the practised numismatist on points of detail. 
 
 Of these standard works, Lindsay’s valuable “View of 
 the Coinage of Scotland ” forms the groundwork of the 
 subject; but having been published more than thirty years 
 ago, it is naturally incomplete, and often incorrect. Two 
 supplements, bringing it down to 1868, add to its informa- 
 tion, but do not facilitate its use. 
 
 b 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Mr. Wingate’s “ Illustrations,” also published in 1868 — - 
 since which date very much has been discovered — contains 
 a description and figure of every variety in his very exten- 
 sive cabinet ; but it is only accessible to a few from the fact 
 of the plates having been destroyed after 150 impressions 
 had been taken. 
 
 The most recent work on the subject, Mr. Cochran- 
 Patrick’s “ Records of the Coinage of Scotland,” though 
 containing sixteen autotype plates with accompanying chro- 
 nological tables, presents merely, as it professes, a collection 
 of the records respecting the coinage, and not a description 
 of the coins ; moreover, its price must place it beyond the 
 reach of those who do not purpose studying deeply this 
 branch of the coinage. By those who do, this work will be 
 found to be the starting-point of a new era in Scottish 
 numismatics, sweeping away as it does a vast amount of 
 error and uncertainty by the unimpeachable testimony of 
 the ancient records. 
 
 While endeavouring to comprehend all the information 
 with regard to the coins themselves comprised in the 
 above-named works, together with the latest discoveries 
 described in the “ Numismatic Chronicle,” I have aimed 
 at being as concise as was consistent with accuracy. 
 
 In my subdivision into coinages I have mainly adopted 
 the arrangement of Lindsay and Wingate, modifying it to 
 suit the alterations prescribed by the records. I have 
 therefore recognized as distinct issues many changes of type 
 which are not noticed in those documents. 
 
 With respect to illustrations, I have figured almost all 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 the prominent varieties of type which occur np to Mary, 
 after which time the date on every coin is a sufficient 
 assistance for determining the issue to which it belongs. 
 
 In an introductory chapter I have given a description of 
 the various processes requisite for the production of a coin, 
 which I hope may prove of interest. 
 
 My best thanks are due to Mr. Cochran- Patrick for his 
 kindness in allowing me to make any use of his book that 
 I might wish. I have availed myself of this kind permis- 
 sion by drawing the larger number of the coins from his 
 beautiful plates, which present a collection of pieces in the 
 highest state of preservation. The representation of the 
 Norman Coiner [Fig. ii.] and the woodcut of the coin- 
 ing-press [Fig. iv.] were obtained from the same source. 
 
 JOHN DRUMMOND ROBERTSON. 
 
 Trinity College, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 June , 1878 . 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Until the introduction of the screw-press in the middle 
 of the sixteenth century — probably suggested by the inven- 
 tion of the printing-press — the process of coining in mediae- 
 val times had undergone little or no alteration from the 
 method employed by the ancients. This process is very 
 simple, and may be described in a few words. The lower 
 die, called the pile 1 or standard , was firmly fixed in a large 
 block of wood, similar to a butcher’s block. On this die 
 the obverse of the coin to be struck was always engraved, 
 because being the more important, from its bearing the 
 prince’s title, and usually his portrait, it was essential that it 
 should be perfectly steady in the striking. Upon this die was 
 then placed the flan? or blank piece of metal, which was to 
 
 1 The name pile , from the Latin pila, is very applicable to this die, 
 signifying that it was driven into the block. The expression “ cross and 
 pile,” which in some parts of England is a synonym for “ head and tail,” 
 has its origin in the name of this die, the pile of course signifying the 
 obverse, and the cross the other side, because that emblem appeared on 
 the reverse of all silver coins till the seventeenth century. 
 
 2 The word’ “ flan,” which in old French is spelt flaon, is derived from 
 flatum. The verb flare is regularly employed for casting metal in a 
 mould, and it was in this way that the blanks were prepared in Roman 
 times. The mint-masters were officially designated IIIviri. a. a. a. f. f. 
 i. e. Triumviri auro, argento, seri, flando, feriundo. 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 receive tlie impression, previously prepared "by processes to 
 be described later. Tbe moneyer, holding in his left hand 
 the upper die, or trussell , 1 2 on which the reverse of the coin 
 was engraved, then applied it to the flan, and gave it 
 several good blows with a hammer, which he held in his 
 right. If he had not succeeded in striking up a good im- 
 pression, the operation was repeated. Of course it was 
 necessary that the die should exactly correspond with the 
 impression already produced, otherwise the coin would be 
 “ double- struck.” This adaptation of the die to the 
 “ blank ” was termed in French rengrenner, from the fitting 
 of the engrailing ( grenetis ) of the coin into that of the 
 coining-iron. 
 
 The antiquity of these implements for coining money is 
 demonstrated by their appearing on Eoman coins before the 
 
 Fig. i. — D enier op Louis le Debonair . 2 
 
 Empire. “ Amongst the immense variety of implements 
 figured for mint-marks on the denarii of the family Eoscia 
 
 1 The word trussell is derived from the Italian torsolo, the diminu- 
 tive of torso, a broken stump. 
 
 2 The figure is copied from G. Conbrouse’s “ Monnaies Nationales de 
 France,” plate 32, fig. 8 ; another similar type will be found on pi. 171, 
 fig. 2. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 may be found tbe actual tools employed in striking the 
 piece. These are the die, slightly conical, on the one side, 
 and the hammer with heavy head and wide-spread ‘feather’ 
 on the other. It is a curious fact that Louis le Debonair — 
 a prince who in many other ways has left tokens of his 
 knowledge and love of art amidst the dense barbarism of 
 his times — has taken the hint from the Augustan moneyer, 
 and made a tasteful reverse to a denier out of a pair of dies 
 and two hammers — an elegant design, but rudely executed 
 by the artless engraver. The legend METALLVM shows 
 it to belong to the mint of Melle, a town of much impor- 
 tance under the Carlovingian kings.” 1 
 
 It will thus be seen that the engraver of the Carlovingian 
 die was acquainted with much the same description of 
 coining-iron as the Roman die-sinker — that the representa- 
 tion of the tools used by the Roman coiner was perfectly 
 intelligible to the moneyer of Louis le Debonair. It is at 
 least evident that the form of these implements had under- 
 gone but little change. The actual process of striking a 
 piece is thoroughly well represented in the accompanying 
 illustration. [Fig. ii.] 
 
 This quaint figure of a coiner at work occurs on the 
 capital of one of the pillars of the church of St. Georges-de- 
 Bocherville, near Rouen, which was built between 1050 
 
 1 This quotation forms part of some remarks by Mr. C. W. King, in- 
 serted in a paper on “ Coining and Coining Implements,” read by me 
 before tbe Cambridge Antiquarian Society, on March 18, 1878, from 
 which the greater part of this chapter is taken. (“Cambridge Anti- 
 quarian Society’s Communications,” vol. iv. part ii.) 
 
XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 and 1066 by George de Tancarville, Cbamberlain to Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror. The two dies — the lower one fixed 
 into its block of wood (cejpeau ) — and a hammer constitute 
 
 Fig. ii. — Norman Coiner at Work . 1 
 
 the whole apparatus of the moneyer in the middle of the 
 eleventh century. A glance at the Frontispiece will show 
 that no improvement or alteration had been made at the 
 commencement of the sixteenth century. This represen- 
 tation of a coining house is from an engraving 2 of the time 
 
 1 My drawing is taken, with his permission, from the woodcut in Mr. 
 Cochran-Patrick’s “ Records of the Coinage of Scotland,” vol. i. p. xlix. 
 
 2 The frontispiece is from a woodcut facsimile in Mons. E. Dumas’ 
 “ Notes sur remission en France des Monnaies decimales de bronze,” 
 p. lfr. (Paris, 1868.) The original forms one of a set of engravings re- 
 presenting the handicrafts at the commencement of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. It is four times the size of the present illustration. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 XV 
 
 of Louis XII. of France (1498-1515). A boy is assisting 
 the coiner by placing the flans between the dies, but the 
 implements employed are still precisely the same as those 
 
 Fig. iii. — F acsimile of a Woodcut in Holinshed’s 
 Chronicle. Edit. 1577. 
 
 of the old Norman. The same state of affairs is observ- 
 able in Fig. iii., which illustrates the interior of a mint 
 early in Elizabeth’s reign. 
 
 Although the mode of using the tools remained un- 
 altered, the form of the implements themselves was by no 
 means as invariable. A conical shape of die seems to have 
 been not uncommon in early times. In the “ Revue 
 
 c 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 XV i 
 
 Archeologique” for May, 1867, four Gaulish dies are 
 described, two of wbicb are stated to be conical. Both 
 of these are very small, measuring each abont in. 
 in height. One of them was for a denier of Togirix. 
 Of the other two, one was of the shape of a mush- 
 room, with a concave face and the edge turned over. The 
 fourth is of different construction, consisting of a disc of 
 iron, abont 1J in. in diameter, into which the actual die of 
 bronze is fitted. This seems closely to resemble the pile 
 of a pair of dies for a denarius of the Gens Cornelia, which 
 are in the British Museum. In this case, too, the obverse 
 die is imbedded in a cylinder of iron 3^ in. in diameter. 
 Bound the top of the cylinder, and made out of the same 
 piece of iron, runs a collar (pi in. in height, and about p in. 
 thick) for two-thirds of the circumference, the open space 
 being left to facilitate the insertion and removal of the 
 flan. The reverse die is fixed into a trussell, 9 in. in length, 
 the end of which is constructed to fit exactly into the collar 
 of the pile, the handle being finished off into an octangular 
 form for convenience of grasping it. This simple but 
 ingenious contrivance enabled the coiner without further 
 trouble to ensure the two dies exactly coinciding, while at 
 the same time the trussell was prevented from jumping 
 aside after receiving a blow, thus obviating all danger of 
 the coin being double- struck. In later times under Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, a movable collar was, according to Mr. 
 Hawkins, adopted for the same purpose, the result being 
 that the coins “ are uniformly round, of the same size, and 
 a pile of them is as perfectly cylindrical as one composed 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 XYll 
 
 of coins of the present day.” 1 If we come to later times, 
 there are a set of dies, 187 in number, extending over a 
 period from Edward III. to Henry VII., which were dis- 
 covered a good many years ago in one of the vaults of the 
 Eecord Office. They were in the usual proportion of very 
 nearly two trussells to one pile, the former die having the 
 chief part of the work ; some, in fact, were split from the 
 force of the blows. These dies have been described by Mr. 
 Field in Akerman’s “ Numismatic Chronicle ” (vol. vii. 
 p. 20) accompanied by a good plate. The piles usually 
 terminate in a spike, or tang, for the purpose of fixing 
 them into the block of wood. Besides these a trussell 
 for a single long-cross sterling of Alexander III. of Scot- 
 land has been figured by Mr. Cochran-Pat rick in his 
 “ Eecords of the Coinage of Scotland.” It is 3|- in. 
 long, nearly cylindrical, but somewhat smaller towards 
 the head. 
 
 Some piles were made tapering off into a wedge, instead 
 of having a tang, to fix them into the block, and from this 
 peculiar shape the officers, who had charge of them, doubt- 
 less derived their name of “ Custodes Cuneorum.” The 
 office of these “ Clerks of the Irons ” was one of great re- 
 sponsibility. It was their duty to receive every evening 
 all the dies which had been delivered to the coiners in the 
 morning, and to place them securely under lock and key. 
 So strict were these regulations, that under James V. of 
 
 1 This supposition is, I think, no doubt erroneous. The uniform 
 roundness of the coins would not depend upon a collar, but it points to 
 the use of some early form of flan-cutter. 
 
XV111 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Scotland, in 1519, tlie keys having been lost, an order of 
 the Lords of the Council was given authorizing the Trea- 
 surer to have the locks taken off, in order to deliver the 
 irons to the Earl of Arran, who had obtained a commision 
 to coin ; but this was only to be done in the presence of 
 the Privy Seal, Lord Erskine, and the Captain of Edin- 
 burgh Castle, although the Treasurer was himself to be 
 responsible for the safe keeping of the irons all the while 
 they were in use by the Earl of Arran. 1 Equal precautions 
 were taken when the dies were worn out, or a new. coinage 
 was to be introduced, to prevent the abduction of any of 
 the dies or puncheons. In 1451 we find it ordered “ that 
 the prouision be maid for the grauouris of yrnis, and now 
 incontinent ( < forthwith ) traist swome men pas furth and 
 resaif al the yrnis of the kingis strikaris bath of gold and 
 siluir togidder with the letteris of grauing fra the grauou- 
 ris, and befor the king and his consal thai be distroyit. 
 Ande the new yrnis that sal be maide sal be graiuin within 
 the cunye place.” 2 In the English mint faulty dies were 
 to be delivered to the Clerk of the Irons, and to be defaced 
 in presence of the Warden, Master and Comptroller, and 
 not otherwise. Many other instances could be quoted to 
 show how great was the care taken to prevent forgery, but 
 the foregoing will be sufficient to account for the rarity of 
 implements which were in such common use. 
 
 I now proceed to explain the manner in which the dies 
 themselves were prepared. This process has been fully 
 
 1 Cochran-Patrick, “ Records of the Coinage of Scotland,” yoI. i. p. 62. 
 
 a Ibid. vol. i. p. 20 (c. 13). 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 XIX 
 
 described by Benvenuto Cellini in his “ Oreficeria ” (chap, 
 vii.), and from it my remarks on this portion of the sub- 
 ject are in the main taken. Cellini lived from 1500 to 1571. 
 
 The first thing requisite for engraving a die was to pre- 
 pare a set of small puncheons or matrices (the “ letteris of 
 grauing” of the proclamation cited above), on which all 
 the separate parts of the coin required were engraved. 
 The head of the prince was usually made in two parts, 
 groups of figures or other objects being distributed over 
 as many matrices as the die-sinker deemed necessary. The 
 letters of the legend, the mint-marks, ornamentations, 
 bordering, and all other minor details were engraved sepa- 
 rately, each on its own puncheon. The puncheons were 
 made of the finest steel, and were prepared for engraving 
 in the following manner. After being filed to the right 
 shape the head was covered with a thick coat of a luting, 
 made out of a mixture of clay, pounded glass, soot, bole 
 armenian earth, and a little horse-dung, reduced to the 
 consistency of dough with human urine, and it was then 
 placed into a fire hot enough to anneal it perfectly, and 
 there was left by itself to cool, care however being taken 
 to ensure the fire keeping up its temperature all through 
 “ a whole winter’s night.” When removed from the fire 
 the head was rubbed perfectly smooth on a stone, and was 
 then ready to receive the engraving. The pile and trussell 
 were made of the best iron, with heads of pure steel, about 
 a finger’ s-breadth in thickness, fastened upon them, of the 
 size of the coin required. These heads were prepared for 
 engraving by exactly the same process as that just de- 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 scribed for the puncheons, and this being done, the posi- 
 tions which the portrait, letters, bordering, &c., were to 
 occupy were carefully marked out upon them with a pair of 
 compasses. The “ iron ” was then firmly fixed into a very 
 heavy block of lead, and was ready to receive the impres- 
 sions of the different matrices. First the more important 
 portions — the portrait, figures or arms — would be put to- 
 gether; then the letters, bordering, counter-marks, and 
 small details would be inserted till all was complete. The 
 weight of the hammer used for striking these impressions 
 was in proportion to the size of each puncheon ; the larger 
 ones, used for the portrait and the like, requiring a ham- 
 mer of about three pounds weight. This operation was 
 one which needed much practice and skill, for the greatest 
 care had to be taken to lift up the puncheon from the die 
 directly the blow was administered, for its rebounding 
 ever so little would leave a mark on the die, and conse- 
 quently blemish the work. When the engraving was com- 
 pleted, the die was filed all round the edge right up to 
 the bordering, at the same time being bevelled off consi- 
 derably, to prevent the edge turning up and the die be- 
 coming spoilt. It had now to be tempered, and in doing 
 so care had to be taken to subject it to no more heat than 
 was just sufficient to temper it, while it was especially im- 
 portant that it should throw off a fine scale, for otherwise 
 the work would be spoilt. This done, some of this fine 
 iron-scale, unmixed with any other substance, was put 
 upon a board, and the die was well-rubbed upon it, to 
 give it a polish, in order that the coin might leave the die 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 XXI 
 
 perfectly smooth and bright, the uneven parts and hollows 
 being treated with the same substance, thoroughly worked 
 into them with a piece of cork. With this last finish the 
 dies were ready to hand over to the coiner. Cellini men- 
 tions, as a proof of the expedition with which dies could 
 be prepared by this mode of procedure, that he was able 
 to stamp thirty dies, that is, piles and trussells, in one 
 day, whereas if he had prepared each die separately with 
 graving tools — stipplers, gravers, chisels — he could not 
 have finished two in the same time. 
 
 The screw-press or “ mill ” ( moulin ) which finally super- 
 seded the hammer was invented by a joiner, named Aubin 
 or Aubry Olivier, in 1553. His new machine was intro- 
 duced immediately into the French mint, and was used 
 with very great success, but owing to the discontent which 
 it caused among the guild of moneyers it had to be aban- 
 doned, and from 1585 was restricted to the striking of 
 medals. Much the same reason probably caused it to be 
 given up in England after being used for fourteen years, 
 from 1561, simultaneously with the hammer. Another 
 reason urged against its adoption was the temptation it 
 offered to forgers, because, working noiselessly, it did not 
 betray their secret to the neighbourhood, as did the clank- 
 ing of hammers in the old method. 
 
 “It is clear that this moulin of Aubry Olivier’s was the 
 complete coining-press, with horizontal lever heavily 
 loaded at each end to give the screw impetus in its descent 
 (hence also called halancier ) — for Cellini, in his chapter on 
 the striking ojt medals, talks of a press (la vite ) as in 
 
xxn 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 common use in the Roman mint early in the same century, 
 and extols its advantages over the old method, declaring 
 that by its means with a couple of turns of the screw he 
 could produce the same work as with a hundred blows of 
 the hammer. This vite , however, was a very simple ma- 
 chine, worked by a long arm attached to the screw, which 
 required the united force of four men to put it in action ; 
 the power of the lever not being assisted by the application 
 of the centrifugal force, where lies the great advantage of 
 the completed balancier. 
 
 “ Cellini’s description of the vite of his days, somewhat 
 hard to understand in his colloquial Tuscan, is much elu- 
 cidated by the discovery of one of these primitive machines 
 at Bourg-le-roi near Alenin (January 15, 1847). 1 It is 
 nothing more than a stout iron case ( etau ), 10 inches in 
 height, and slightly conical, having a long tang at the 
 base for the purpose of fixing it steadily in a block of 
 wood driven deeply into the ground. A slot , two inches 
 square, is cut through the middle of this case to receive 
 the dies, which likewise were made square and fitted 
 edgeways into a band, or collar of iron, so as to prevent 
 their slipping the one over the other. A male screw, 1-1 in. 
 thick, of iron worked through a female screw of copper 
 traversing the axis of the whole, and was turned by means 
 of a long spanner fitting on to its top. The other end 
 was thus brought to bear with great power upon the dies 
 placed evenly within the above-mentioned slot. 
 
 1 Described in a copious and most instructive Memoir by L. de la 
 Sicot&re, in the “ Revue Numismatique ” for 1847, p. 281. 
 
1NTR OB UCTOR Y CHAPTER. xxiii 
 
 “ The machine in question had evidently been employed 
 by a forger for the purposes of his nefarious trade, for it 
 was discovered a metre below the surface, carefully con- 
 cealed in some old foundations of a building, along with 
 the other instruments serving for its use.” 1 
 
 An unsuccessful attempt was made in 1616 by Nicholas 
 Briot to introduce a coining-press again into the French 
 mint. This machine appears to have worked on quite a 
 different principle. The coin seems to have been struck 
 by the action of engraved cylinders upon the flan, but the 
 whole matter is very obscure. Briot not long after came 
 over to England, and superintended the issue of a coinage 
 by means of the press both in Scotland and England. It 
 was first used in Scotland in 1687, and from its name, 
 “ milne and press,” was doubtless not the instrument of 
 his own invention, but something nearly resembling the 
 moulin. Warm or Yarin, Briot’ s successor in Paris, was 
 the means of definitely establishing the mill in the French 
 mint. His machine was an improvement of that of 
 Olivier, which had passed into his hands. The perfected 
 balancier, of which accompanying figure is a representation 
 [Fig. iv.] , is thus described by Boizard as in use in his time, 
 towards the end of the seventeenth century. 2 He says : 
 “ The flans are struck with a coining-press, to which the dies 
 
 1 These remarks, also Mr. King’s, are taken from my paper alluded to 
 above, page xiii., note. 
 
 2 The woodcut has been kindly furnished by Mr. Cochran-Patrick, from 
 his “ Records of the Coinage of Scotland.” An admirable illustration 
 of one at work may also be found in Le Blanc’s “ Traite historique deg 
 Monnoyes de France,” Amsterdam, 1692, on p. 87. 
 
 d 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 are fixed, the obverse to the lower, and the reverse to the 
 upper part of the machine. Each die is firmly secured in 
 a square box by means of screws and nuts. The flan being 
 placed upon the lower die, the beam is jerked round by 
 the ropes fastened at each end of it. This causes the large 
 screw which is attached to the beam to revolve and pass 
 into a nut in the body of the machine, the impetus lent 
 by the weights at each end of the beam turning the screw 
 with so much force that the upper die descends violently 
 upon the flan, which thus receives an impression on both 
 sides simultaneously .” 1 
 
 A third method of coining was with the “ monkey.” 
 This process was in use before the introduction of the 
 mill, but its origin is very obscure. It worked on the 
 principle of the guillotine, a heavy weight descending 
 suddenly between two upright guides upon the object to 
 be struck. Its use is now principally restricted to driving 
 piles, making buttons, pin-heads, &c. It has not, however, 
 been entirely discarded for striking money in modem times. 
 Mons. Dumas 2 says of it : “ It is not, perhaps, generally 
 known that, with the exception of the establishment of 
 Boulton and Watt, all the factories of Birmingham, which 
 make, besides buttons, such quantities of coins for every 
 country in the world, still employ the ‘ monkey’ ( mouton ) . 
 The men who work the instrument have arrived at such a 
 
 1 Boizard, p. 144. 
 
 2 “ Notes sur remission en France des Monnaies decimales de bronze ” 
 (p. 17), by Mons. E. Dumas, formerly Director of the Mints of Rouen 
 and Bordeaux. (Paris, 1868.) 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER . 
 
 XXV 
 
 pitch of skill, that they are able, in rapidity, at least, to 
 rival machinery. This apparatus in the hands of two 
 
 Fig. iv. — S crew Press. 
 
 From a copper-plate in Boizard’s “ TraiU des Monoyes.” 
 
 clever workmen — the one to manage the weight, and the 
 other to place the blanks — is capabfe, without the aid of 
 any other tools whatever, of striking forty or fifty flans, as 
 large as a franc, per minute.” In 1791 it was employed 
 for a short time in Paris to coin copper. 
 
XXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Having now described the modes of coinage, and the 
 implements used until the time when the issue of money 
 in Scotland ceased, it only remains for me to explain 
 briefly the process by which the flan was prepared for the 
 die. 
 
 The metal, properly alloyed and melted, was first of all 
 cast by means of sand moulds into plates somewhat thicker 
 than the coins required. These plates, after being cleaned, 
 were beaten out to the required thickness with a hammer 
 on an anvil. This uncertain and tedious process was 
 superseded by the introduction of a rolling-press in France, 
 an improvement also attributed to Aubin Olivier, but it 
 was not adopted in England till 1663. The sheet of 
 metal was rolled out between two steel cylinders, which 
 revolved by the application of horse-power. The cylinders 
 could be brought closer to one another by means of nuts 
 and screws, and thus the plates, rendered malleable by 
 being annealed, could gradually be brought down to an 
 exact and uniform thickness. 
 
 Before the invention of the flan-cutter — another improve- 
 ment introduced with the mill, and worked on much the 
 same principle — by which the blanks were cut out per- 
 fectly round and flat from the rolled-out sheet, the metal 
 plate was cut up into square pieces as wide as the dia- 
 meter of the future coin. After being straightened with 
 a few blows of a hammer, these squares were annealed, 
 and then cut down with a pair of shears to the approximate 
 weight, and rounded at the same time. When they had 
 been weighed and adjusted correctly, they were next held 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER . xxvii 
 
 fast — a number together, like a cylinder — between a pair 
 of pincers, and the little corners and irregularities were 
 rounded off with a hammer. The blanks, whether cut by 
 a flan-cutter, or made by the more primitive method, had 
 next to be “ blenched,” if of silver, or “ given a colour,” if of 
 gold. To effect this, it was first necessary to anneal them 
 again, after which they were immediately thrown upon a 
 copper sieve, and there left to cool. When cold they were 
 boiled in a copper vessel containing water mixed with 
 common salt and cream of tartar, and subsequently trans- 
 ferred to another vessel containing the same mixture to 
 complete the cleansing and to render them perfectly bright. 
 Next, they were again turned out into the copper sieve, 
 rubbed with cloths and some fine sand, and then rinsed 
 with cold water, after which it only remained to dry them 
 and polish them with rubbers, and they were then ready 
 to be coined. The same process was applied to blanks of 
 any metal. 
 

TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 SHOWING THE METALS IN WHICH EACH COINED. 
 
 Abbreviations : — g, gold j s, silver ; b, billon ; c, copper. 
 
 Alexander I 
 
 9- 
 
 s. 
 
 + 
 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 1107—1124. 
 
 David I 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1124—1153. 
 
 Malcolm IV 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1153—1165. 
 
 William 1. (the Lion) 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1165—1214. 
 
 Alexander II 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1214—1249. 
 
 Alexander III 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1249—1285. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1285—1292. 
 
 John (Baliol) 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1292—1306. 
 
 Robert I. (Bruce) ........ 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1306—1329. 
 
 David II. (Bruce) 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1329—1332. 
 
 Edward Baliol usurps 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1332—1341. 
 
 David II. (restored) 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1341—1371. 
 
 Robert II. (Stuart) 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1371—1390. 
 
 Robert III 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1390—1406. 
 
 James I 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1406—1437. 
 
 James II. ... " 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1437—1460. 
 
 James III 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1460—1488. 
 
 James IV 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1488—1513. 
 
 James V 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1513—1542. 
 
 Mary I 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 1542—1567. 
 
 James VI. (King of Scotland) .... 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 1567—1603. 
 
 Ditto (King of Great Britain) . . 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 1603—1625. 
 
 Charles I 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 1625—1649. 
 
 Charles II 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 1649—1685. 
 
 James VII 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1685—1688. 
 
 William II. and Mary II 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 1689—1694. 
 
 William II. (alone) 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 1694—1702. 
 
 Anne (before the Union) 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 
 — 
 
 1702—1707. 
 
 Do. (after the Union) 
 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1707—1714. 
 

PART I. 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
GOLD COINS. 
 
 DAVID II. 
 a.d. 1329—1371. 
 
 Noble. Olv. The king crowned, standing in a galley, 
 holding a sword in his right hand, and in his left a shield, 
 on which are the Scotch arms, david . dei . gra . rex. 
 scotorym. Rev. A cross fleuree in a tressure of eight 
 curves, ornamented with crowns, lions, etc. ihc . avtem. 
 
 TRANCIENS . P . MEDIYM . ILLORYM . IBA OT IBAT. 
 
 Rarity. Only two or three specimens are known, and as 
 they all differ somewhat from one another, they were pro- 
 bably only patterns. One fetched =£41 at Mr. Martin’s 
 sale in 1859. 
 
 ROBERT II. 
 
 a.d. 1371—1390. 
 
 Denominations. St. Andrew. Lion. 
 
 St. Andrew. Olv. The arms of Scotland, crowned. 
 
 ROBERTYS. DEI . GRACIA . REX . SCOT, SCTO OT SCOTO. Mint 
 
 mark, St. Andrew’s cross. Rev. A figure of St. Andrew, with 
 extended arms, between two fleurs-de-lis. dns . ptector. 
 
4 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 MS . LIBER. ; Or DNS . PROTEC, PTECTO Or PTECT . MS OT 
 MY. Z . LIB, LIBE OT LIBERATV., OT MS . I . LIBER . M., OT 
 MS . I . LBERAT. 
 
 Lion. Obv. The arms of Scotland, robertvs, roberty 
 
 or ROBERTS . DEI . G . REX . SCOTO Or SCOTOR., OT D . G. 
 R . SCOTOR., Or DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTT., Or DEI . GRACIA. 
 
 rex., or rex . scotorym. A rare variety has the outer 
 line of the shield composed of dots. Rev. A St. Andrew’s 
 cross, with fleurs-de-lis and trefoils in alternate angles. 
 
 XPC. REGNAT Or RIGNA . XPC . VIN, VINT, YINCT Or VIN- 
 
 cit. A very rare variety has the arms of Scotland in a 
 tressure ; another reads, robertvs . dei . g . rex . sco. 
 and on the rev. dns . ptector . ms . li., while another 
 has n . robertvs . d . g . rex . scot. 
 
 Weight. The St. Andrew weighs 38 grs. Lions 
 vary in weight from 38 to 19 grs. Probably they may 
 be divided into three classes, weighing originally 40, 30, 
 and 20 grs. 
 
 Rarity. The St. Andrew is very rare. The Lion with 
 the tressures, and the heavy Lion are exceedingly rare. 
 That of 30 grs. is not uncommon, while that of 20 grs. 
 is rare. 
 
 ROBERT III. 
 a.d. 1390—1406. 
 
 Denominations. St. Andrew. Half- St. Andrew. 
 
 St. Andrew. Two types. No. 1 has the cross ex- 
 
JAMES I. 
 
 5 
 
 tended to the edge of the coin, while in No. 2 it only 
 reaches the inner circle. Obv. The arms of Scotland, 
 crowned, robertvs, Roberts or robetvs . dei . gra. 
 rex . scotorvm, scttorym or scottoyrm. The short cross 
 type reads dei . gracia . rex . scotory, scottory or 
 scottorym. Rev. St. Andrew on the cross, xpc . regnat, 
 xpc . vincit . xpc. im, imp or impa. Type 2 reads 
 imperat. There is sometimes a nimbus round the saint’s 
 head. 
 
 Half- St. Andrew. Obv. The royal arms, as on the 
 St. Andrew, robertvs . dei . gra . rex . scotor or 
 scotmv. Rev. St. Andrew, with arms extended, but not 
 on the cross. xpc. regnat . xpc . yincit . xpc. im 
 or imp. 
 
 Weight. The St. Andrew weighs generally 60 grs., and 
 the Half, 33 or 34 grs. 
 
 Fineness. 22 carats fine. 
 
 Rarity. The Long-cross St. Andrew is common, the 
 Short-cross very rare. The Half- St. Andrew is exceedingly 
 rare. 
 
 JAMES I. 
 
 a.d. 1406—1437. 
 
 Denominations. Lion. Half-lion. 
 
 Lion or Demy. Obv The arms of Scotland in a lozenge- 
 shaped shield. M.m. a coronet, iacobvs or iacobs . dei . 
 gracia . rex . s, sc, st, sco, scot or scoto. A very rare 
 
6 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 variety reads i . acobvs . de . . i gracia . rex. sc. Rev. 
 A small St. Andrew’s cross between two fleurs-de-lis, en- 
 closed within a figure composed of six curves bending in- 
 wards, the points terminating in fleurs-de-lis. In the bend 
 of each curve is a quatrefoil. M.m. a cross, salvvm. 
 fac. popvlvm . tvvm . dne. Some omit due. Other readings 
 are fa. instead of fac ; poplvvm and popvlv ; d and dn. 
 for dne. Some have a. or r. after tvvm. One reads, savvm. 
 fac. popvm . tvvm . ir., and another, salvvi . fac. 
 popvlvs. tvvr. one. [Fig. 1.] 
 
 Fig. 1 . — Lion of James I. 
 
 Half-lion. Obv. Similar to the Lion, iacobvs . dei. 
 gra or gracia . r or rex . Rev. Also similar to the 
 Lion. M.m. on one a fleur-de-lis. salvvm . fac . popvlvm. 
 tv or TVVM. 
 
 Weight. The weight of the Lion is usually from 50 to 
 53 grs. and the Half in proportion. 
 
 Fineness. As Eobert III.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Lion is very common ; the Half -lion rare. 
 
JAMES II. 
 
 7 
 
 JAMES II. 
 a.d. 1437 — 1460. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1436 — 51 ; 2nd, 1451. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE.— 1436— 51. 
 Denominations. Lion or Demy. 
 
 Lion. Obv. The royal arms in a lozenge- shaped shield. 
 
 IACOBYS or IACBYS . DEI . GEACI Or GEACIA . EEX . S, SC 
 
 or scoto. Rev. A small St. Andrew’s cross between two 
 fleurs-de-lis, enclosed in a hexagon formed of curves bent 
 inwards, terminating at its points in fleurs-de-lis. Quatre- 
 foils in the bends of the curves, salvvm or salvm . fac. 
 popvlvm . tyvm, sometimes with dne, dni, dn or dii. added. 
 The mint mark is a coronet on the obv., and a cross on the 
 rev. Two annulets are often used on these coins under 
 James II. to divide the words of the legend. 
 
 Weight, etc. See under the second coinage. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1451. 
 
 Denominations. St. Andrew. Half- St. Andrew. 
 
 St. Andeew. Obv. The Scotch arms between two fleurs- 
 
 de-lis. IACOBVS . DEI . GEA Or GEACIA . EEX . SCOTTOEVM. 
 
 Rev. St. Andrew on a long cross, with crowned fleurs-de- 
 lis on either side, xpc . eegnat . xpc . vinct or vincit. 
 xp. Mint mark, a coronet on both sides. 
 
 Half- St. Andeew. Obv. The Scotch arms, not crowned. 
 
8 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 iacobvs . d . gra . rex . scotor. Rev. The saint on the 
 cross, between two crowns, xpc . regnat . xpc . vincit . xp. 
 On both sides m.m. a coronet. 
 
 Weight. The Lion is of the same weight as that of 
 James I. The St. Andrew weighs 54 grs., and the Half 
 in proportion. 
 
 Fineness. As Eobert III.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Lion is common. The St. Andrew is un- 
 common, whilst its Half is extremely rare. 
 
 JAMES III. 
 a.d. 1460—1488. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 1st, 1460. 2nd, 1475. 3rd, 1486. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. — 1460. 
 
 Denominations. St. Andrew. Half- St. Andrew. 
 
 St. Andrew. Obv. The Scotch arms crowned, between 
 two coronets. M.m. coronet, iacobvs . d . gracia . rex. 
 scotor., or dei . gra . rex . scottorvm. Rev. St. Andrew 
 
 Fig. 2. — St. Andrew of James III. 
 
JAMES III. 
 
 9 
 
 on his cross, between two fleurs-de-lis. M.m. a cross, but 
 on one a coronet. Another has a nimbus round the saint’s 
 head, salvvm . fac . popylym . tvym. [Fig. 2.] 
 
 Another type has on the obv. St. Andrew holding his 
 cross, iacobys . d . gracia . rex . sco. Bev. Arms of Scot- 
 land crowned between two fleurs-de-lis. salvym . fac. 
 
 POPVLYM . TYV . DNE OV DOE. 
 
 Half- St. Andrew. Obv. The Scotch arms crowned, 
 between two crowned fleurs-de-lis. M.m. coronet, iacobvs . 
 dei . gracia . rex. sco. Bev. St. Andrew on his cross, be- 
 tween two fleurs-de-lis, crowned, salvyiii . fac . pply. 
 
 TY . DN. 
 
 Weight , etc. See under the third coinage. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1475. 
 
 Denomination. Rider. 
 
 Rider. Obv. The king on horseback, with a sword in 
 his right hand, galloping to the right. One has a fleur-de- 
 lis in the field above the horse’s neck, iacobys . dei . gra. 
 rex . scotor. Mint mark, a St. Andrew’s cross, or none. 
 Bev. A plain cross extending to the edge, which divides 
 the legend into four quarters, surmounted by a crowned 
 shield, containing the arms of Scotland, salvvm . fac. 
 
 POPVLYM or POPLYM . TYYM . DNE. 
 
 Weight, etc. See under the third coinage. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE.— 1486. 
 Denominations. Unicorn. Half-unicorn. 
 
 Unicorn. Obv. A unicorn with a crown round his neck 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 supporting a shield containing the arms of Scotland, to 
 
 Fig. 3 . — Unicorn of James III. 
 
 which a chain and ring is attached, iacobvs . dei . gra 
 
 or GRACIA . REX . SCOTO, SCOTR, SCTORY, SCOTORY OT 
 
 scotorym. The mint marks are a cross, a cross-crosslet, 
 a fleur-de-lis, a coronet. Rev. A cross fleuree surmounted 
 by a star of twelve wavy points, exvrgat or exvgat. 
 
 DE Or DES . ET . DISSIPENT, DISIPENT, DISIPENTV OT 
 DIISIPENTVR . INIM, INIMICI OT NIMICI . E OT El. Or 
 EXYRGAT . DEVS . DISSIPENT, DISIPENTVR OT DISSIPENTVR. 
 
 inmici or inimici . e or eiys. The mint marks are a cross, 
 fleur-de-lis, coronet, or none. One very rare variety has 
 on the obv. exvrgat . de . et . disipent . nimici . e., and 
 on the rev. exvgat . de . et . disipentv or disipent. 
 nimici . e. [Fig. 3.] 
 
 Half-unicorn. Obv. Similar to the Unicorn, iacobvs. 
 
 DEI . GRACIA . REX . S, SC, SCO, SCT, SCOT, SCOTO, SCO- 
 
 torm or scotorvm. The mint marks are a cross, fleur- 
 de-lis, star and coronet, Y, or none. Rev. Also simi- 
 lar to the Unicom, exvrgat . ds, dns or devs . et . 
 
 DISIPT, DISIPENT, DISIPENTVR Or DIPNTVR . If, INI, 
 
 inimi, inime, iniii, inimic or inimici., sometimes 
 
JAMES IV. 
 
 11 
 
 with e or eivs. The mint marks are a cross, fleur-de-lis, 
 star and crown, two small crosses, or none. 
 
 Weight of the St. Andrew . . . . . 54 grs. 
 
 J5 
 
 Half- St. Andrew . . 
 
 . 27 
 
 
 >> 
 
 Eider 
 
 . 80 
 
 5J 
 
 
 Unicorn 
 
 . 59 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 Half-unicorn . . 
 
 . 29£ 
 
 >> 
 
 Fineness. The St. Andrews are 22 carats, the Unicorn 
 21 carats fine. The Eider’s fineness is not recorded. 
 
 Barity. Both types of the St. Andrew and the Half- 
 St. Andrew are exceedingly rare. The Unicorn is common, 
 except that with exvrgat on both sides, which is of ex- 
 treme rarity. The Half-unicorns are scarce, and that 
 which reads scotorvm and eivs and has the Eoman e is 
 excessively rare. The Eider is not uncommon. 
 
 JAMES IY. 
 a.d. 1488—1514. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1488. 2nd, 1496 — 1512. 
 
 EIEST COINAGE. — 1488. 
 
 Denominations. Eider. Two-thirds Eider. One-third 
 Eider. St. Andrew. Two-thirds St. Andrew. One-third 
 St. Andrew. 
 
 Eider. Obv. The arms of Scotland in a crowned shield 
 surmounting a plain cross, which reaches to the edge of the 
 
12 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 coin, iacobys . dbi . gra . rex . scottorvm. No mint mark. 
 Rev. The king on horseback, with drawn sword, galloping 
 
 to the left. SALYYM . FAC . POPYLYM . TYYM . DOMINE. 
 
 Mint mark, a cross-crosslet. 
 
 Two-thirds Eider. Obv. Similar to the Eider, iaco- 
 bys . DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTORYM OT SCOTTORYM. There is 
 
 a trefoil behind the rider. Rev. Also similar to the Eider. 
 
 SALYYM . FAC . POPVLYM . TVYM . DOMINE. M.m. a CrOSS- 
 
 crosslet. 
 
 One-third Eider. Obv. Similar to the Eider. No tre- 
 foil behind the horseman, iacobys . dei . gra . rex . scotorv 
 or scotorvm. Rev. Also similar to the Eider, salyvm. 
 
 FAC . POPVLYM . TVYM . DOMIN OT DOMINE. M.m. a CTOSS. 
 
 St. Andrew. Obv. The Scotch arms crowned, between 
 two fleurs-de-lis. iacobys . dei . gra . rex . scottorvm. 
 iiii. M.m. a crown. Rev. St. Andrew with a nimbus, on 
 his cross, which reaches to the edge, salvm . fac . pplvv. 
 tyym . dne. M.m. a crown. 
 
 Two-thirds St. Andrew. Obv. As the St. Andrew. 
 
 IACOBYS . DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTTORYM . IIII. Rev. Also as 
 
 the St. Andrew, salvvm . fac . pplvv . tyym . dn. Mint 
 mark, a crown on both sides. 
 
 One-third St. Andrew. Obv. Similar to the St. An- 
 drew. IACOBVS . DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTTORY . IIII. M.m. 
 
 a crown. Rev. As the St. Andrew, salvv . fac . pplvv. 
 tvv . dne. No mint mark. 
 
 Weight of the Eider 81 grs. 
 
 „ Two-thirds Eider ... 54 „ 
 
 „ One- third Eider . . . 27 „ 
 
JAMES IV. 
 
 IB 
 
 Weight of the St. Andrew 81 grs. 
 
 „ Two-thirds St. Andrew . 54 „ 
 
 „ One- third St. Andrew . 27 „ 
 
 These weights are not very certain. 
 
 Fineness. All 23 carats fine. 
 
 Rarity. The Two-thirds Eider is rare, the others all ex- 
 tremely rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1496— 1512. 
 
 Denominations. Unicorn. Half-nnicorn. 
 
 Unicorn. They are of exactly the same type as those 
 of James III., except that the legends on both sides are in 
 Roman letters. Obv. iacobys, iac.obys or iacobys. 4. 
 dei . gra . rex . scotorvm. Mint mark, a crown. An 
 extremely rare type has XC. under the horse, and others 
 more commonly X., probably an abbreviation of the 
 Greek word XPICTOC, Christ. The ring and chain is not 
 always present. Rev. exvrgat . devs . z . disipent . inimici. 
 
 EIY., Or ET . DISIPENT . NIMICI . E. ; Or EXVRGAT . DES . Z. 
 
 disipnt . inimici . ei. Mint marks, crown, mullet, or 
 none. Some have a mullet of five points, or a star of five 
 points, on the centre of the wavy star. One with XC reads 
 
 EXVRGAT . DEVS . ET . DISIPENT . NIMICI . E., and has 8b five- 
 
 pointed mullet in the centre, and is countermarked with a 
 cinquefoil in the third quarter. 
 
 Half-unicorn. Obv. Similar to the Unicom. A pellet 
 and an annulet below the unicorn, iacobvs . dei . gracia. 
 rex . scotorvm. Rev. Also similar, exvgat . devs . et. 
 
14 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 disipent . inimici . eiys. M.m. a crown on both sides, or a 
 star and crown. 
 
 Weight of the Unicorn 59 grs. 
 
 „ Half-unicorn .... 29^ „ 
 
 Fineness. 21 carats fine. 
 
 Rarity. Exceedingly rare. 
 
 JAMES Y. 
 a.d. 1514—1542. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 1st, 1517. 2nd, 1525. 3rd, 1539 — 
 40. The Kyal and St. Andrew are probably only patterns. 
 
 EIEST COINAGE.— 1517. 
 
 Denomination. Unicorn. 
 
 Unicorn. These pieces cannot be distingnished from 
 those of James IV. Mr. Cochran- Patrick thinks that per- 
 haps those which are conntermarked with a cinquefoil 
 should be assigned to this king. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1525. 
 
 Denominations. Ecu. Ryal. St. Andrew. 
 
 Ecu. Obv. The Eoyal arms crowned, between two small 
 St. Andrew’s crosses, iacobvs . 5 . dei . ora . rex . scotor 
 or scotorym. M.m. a star of six points. Rev. A cross fleuree 
 with a quatrefoil in the centre, and in each angle a thistle- 
 head. crycis . arma . sequamyr. M.m. a crown. A very 
 rare variety reads per lingnv . crvces or crycis . salvi. 
 
JAMES V. 
 
 15 
 
 svmvs., and another, envois . aema . salvvm. There is a 
 large coin of the same type as the Ecn which weighs 878 
 grs., probably a pattern. 
 
 Ryal. Obv. The bust and face of the king, crowned with 
 a double- arched crown, to the right. Behind his head the 
 letters CK joined together in cipher, perhaps intended to 
 read Iacobus. The words of the legend are divided by 
 two annulets, iacobvs . 5 . dei . ora . rex . scotor. Rev. 
 A cross fourchee, dividing the legend into quarters, sur- 
 mounted by a plain shield with the Scotch arms, villa, 
 edinbvrgh. M.m. a St. Andrew’s cross at the end of the 
 legend. Two annulets between the words. This coin is 
 probably a pattern in gold for the G-roat of James’ third 
 silver coinage. [See Fig. 20.] 
 
 St. Andrew. Obv. The arms of Scotland crowned, sur- 
 rounded by a collar of thistles and SS. iacobvs . 5 . dei, 
 g . r . scotorv . 1539. M.m. a cross. Rev. A short St. 
 Andrew’s cross, with a crown in the centre ; in the left 
 and right angles the letters i and r, and in the top and 
 bottom angles a thistle-head and a fleur-de-lis, respectively. 
 honor . regis . ivdicivm . diligit. M.m. a crown. The 
 words of the legend are divided by dots on both sides. 
 
 Weight, fineness, etc. See under the third coinage. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE.— 1539— 40. 
 
 Denominations. Bonnet-piece. Two-thirds Bonnet-piece, 
 One-third Bonnet-piece. 
 
 Bonnet-piece. Obv. The bust and face of the king 
 who wears a bonnet, to the right, and a collar of thistle- 
 
16 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 heads and ss. round the neck, iacobvs . 5 . dei . g . r . 
 scotorv . 1 . 5 . 3 . 9. Those of 1540 have no collar, and 
 
 Fig. 4 . — Bonnet-piece of James Y. 
 
 read iacobvs . 5 . dei . gra . r . scotor . 1540. They all 
 have m.m. a St. Andrew’s cross. Rev. The arms of Scot- 
 land crowned, surmounting a short cross fleuree. honor . 
 regis . ivdicivm . diligit. M.m. a cross. [ Fig . 4.] 
 Two-thirds Bonnet-piece. Obv. Like the Bonnet- 
 piece, and without the collar, iacobvs . d . g . r . scotorvm . 
 1 . 5 . 4 . 0. M.m. fleur-de-lis. Rev. The Scotch arms 
 crowned with an arched crown, between the figures 1 and 5. 
 
 HONOR . REGIS . IVDICIVM . DILIGIT. M.m. a CTOSS. 
 
 One-third Bonnet-piece. Obv. As the Two-thirds. 
 iacobvs . d . g . r . scotor . 1540. M.m. a fleur-de-lis. 
 Rev. Like the Two-thirds, but an open crown, honor 
 
 Or HON? . REGIS . IVDICIV . DILIGIT. 
 
 Weight of the Ecu 52i grs. 
 
 „ Bryal about 280 „ 
 
 „ Bonnet 88i „ 
 
 „ Two- thirds Bonnet . . 59 „ 
 
 „ One-third Bonnet . . . 29i „ 
 
 Fineness of the Ecu, 21 l carats ; of the Bonnet-pieces, 
 23 carats fine. 
 
MARY I. 
 
 17 
 
 Rarity. The Ryal, the St. Andrew, and the One-third 
 Bonnet are all extremely rare. The Bonnet of 1539 and 
 the Two-thirds are also very rare. The Bonnet of 1540 is 
 less rare. The ordinary Ecu is quite common ; at Mr. 
 Lindsay’s sale, 1867, one fetched J23, while the Per Lingnu 
 type fetched 9 gu. At the same sale, a 1540 Bonnet brought 
 7 gu. ; a Two-thirds Bonnet, 10 gu. ; and a One-third, poor 
 and pierced, <£3. 
 
 MARY I. 
 
 a.d. 1542— 1567. 
 
 Denominations. Ecu. Twenty- shilling piece. Lion and 
 Half-lion. Ryal and Half-ryal. Crown. They may be 
 divided into six issues. First, the Ecu, struck in 1543 ; 
 second, the Twenty- shilling piece of 1543 ; third, the Lions 
 and Half-lions, coined in 1553 and 1557 ; fourth, the Ryal 
 and Half-ryal, from 1555 to 1558 ; fifth, the Ducat of 
 1558, during her marriage with Francis as dauphin; sixth, 
 the Crown, struck in 1561, after the death of Francis. 
 
 Ecu. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned with a single 
 arched crown, between two mullets of five points, maria . 
 dei . ora . regina . scotorvm; M.m. a mullet of five 
 points. Rev. A cross fleuree, with a quatrefoil in the 
 centre, and a thistle-head in each angle, crvcis . arma . 
 seqvamvr. M.m. a crown. 
 
 Twenty- shilling piece. Obv. The arms of Scotland, 
 crowned with an open crown, maria . d . g . r . scotorvm . 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 1 . 5 . 4 . 3. M.m. a cross. Rev. Monogram of M R, 
 crowned with an arched crown, nnder which is a wavy star 
 of five points, ecce . ancilla . domini. M.m. a wavy 
 five-pointed star. Another has cinquefoil instead of the 
 wavy stars. 
 
 Lion. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned with an 
 open crown, between the letters i and g, the initials of the 
 Regent, James, Earl of Arran (Jacobus (Jubernator) . M.m. 
 cross, maria . dei . gra . r . scotorvm. Rev. Maria 
 Regina in cipher, crowned with an arched crown, between 
 two cinquefoils, diligite . ivsticiam . 1553. Another 
 variety, reading d . g . scotorvm . regina., has two 
 cinquefoils in place of i g on the obverse, and an arched 
 crown on both sides. Another, similar to the first, has 
 dei . g, two five-pointed mullets in place of i g on the ob- 
 verse, i g on the reverse, and no inner circle on either side. 
 A still more important variety reads, dei . gra . scotor . 
 regina . 1557. ' It has m r instead of i g on the obverse, 
 and Maria R. in cipher on the reverse, between two Mal- 
 tese crosses. The usual legend, but 1557. All these 
 varieties are of the highest rarity. 
 
 Half-lion. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned be- 
 tween i and g. maria . d . g . r . scotorvm. Rev. Mono- 
 gram M R, crowned, between two cinquefoils, diligite 
 ivsticiam 1553. M.m. a cross, or cross-crosslet. An ex- 
 tremely rare variety reads, maria . dei . gr . scotorv. It 
 has the date 1555, and a double-arched crown. 
 
 Ryal. Obv. The Queen’s head and bust, turned to the 
 
 left. MARIA , D or DEI . G . SCOTR Or SCOTOR . REGINA. 
 
MARY I. 
 
 19 
 
 On some m.m. a cross. Rev. The arms of Scotland, 
 crowned with a double-arched crown, iystvs . fide . viyit . 
 1555, 1557 or 1558. [Fig. 5.] 
 
 Fig. 5 . — Ryal of Mary I. 
 
 Half-ryal. Obv. Just like the Eyal. maria . dei . g . 
 scotor . regina. Rev. Also exactly as the Eyal, with the 
 dates 1555 and 1558. 
 
 Dijcat. Obv. The busts of Francis and Mary, face to 
 face, under a crown, fran . et . ma . d . g . rr . scotor . 
 delphin . vien. Rev. A cross, each limb of which is 
 formed of two dolphins entwined. In the centre is a small 
 St. Andrew’s cross, and a double-barred cross in each 
 angle. There is a small crown at the termination of each 
 limb, horym . tvta . fides . 1558. M.m. a cross. There 
 is no inner circle on either side. 
 
 Half-ducats were ordered of the same type, but none are 
 known to exist. 
 
 Crown. Obv. A shield, crowned with an arched crown, 
 bearing the arms of France, half effaced by those of Scot- 
 land. MARIA . DEI . GRA . SCOTORYM . REGINA . 1561. 
 Four crowned m’s, crosswise, between each a thistle, and 
 a pierced star of eight points in the x middle. exvrgat . 
 
20 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 DEVS . ET . DISCIPENTVK, . INIMICI . 1561. M.H1. SL Star of 
 
 eight points, or none. 
 
 Weight of the Ecu 52^- grs. 
 
 „ Twenty- shilling piece . 48 „ 
 
 „ Lion 78f „ 
 
 ,, Half -lion 89f- „ 
 
 „ Hyal 118 „ 
 
 „ Half-ryal 59 „ 
 
 „ Ducat 118 „ 
 
 Fineness of the Ecu, 21^ carats ; of the Twenty- shilling 
 piece, 23 carats. The rest are 22 carats fine. 
 
 Rarity. The Ecu, the Lion, the Half-lion of 1553, the 
 Eyal and Half-ryal of 1555 are the least rare ; of these 
 the Ecu and Lion are most easily obtainable. The others 
 are all excessively rare. At Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867 
 the following prices were obtained : for an Ecu, 4 guineas ; 
 for a Lion, =£6 10a. ; for a Half-lion, £6 15a. At Mr. Cuff’s 
 sale in 1854, a Twenty- shilling piece fetched £10 5a. ; and at 
 Mr. Martin’s in 1859, £6 2a. 6d. A Lion, with the cinque- 
 foils on the obverse, brought £105 at Mr. Wingate’s sale 
 in 1875 ; and at the same sale a Ryal of 1558 realized 
 £13 10a., and a Half-ryal, 1555, £24. 
 
 JAMES YI. 
 a.d. 1567— 1625. 
 
 Periods. The coins of this monarch may be divided into 
 two great periods, comprising (1) those struck previous to 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 21 
 
 his accession to the English throne in 1603, and (2) those 
 struck after that date. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 Coinages. Seven. 1st, issued in 1575 ; 2nd, in 1580 ; 
 3rd, in 1584 ; 4th, in 1588 ; 5th, in 1591 ; 6th, in 1593 ; 
 7th, in 1601. 
 
 The particulars as to weight , fineness , and rarity , are 
 given at the end of the period. 
 
 FIEST COINAGE. — 1575 — 6. 
 
 Denomination. <£20-piece. 
 
 Twenty- pound piece. Obv. The king’s bust, with 
 crowned head, to the right. He holds in his right hand a 
 drawn sword, and in his left an olive branch ; there is no 
 inner circle on either side, iacobvs . 6 . dei . gra . rex . 
 scotor. In the exergue below the bust is in. vtrvnque . 
 paratvs . 1575 or 1576. Rev. The arms of Scotland, 
 crowned with a double- arched crown, parcere . svbiectis . 
 & . debellare . svperbos., a motto taken from Yirgil, 
 Aen. vi. 853. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1580. 
 
 Denomination. Noble. 
 
 Noble. Obv. The king’s bust turned to the left ; the 
 head is bare, and there is a ruff round the neck. No inner 
 circle on either side, iacobvs . 6 . dei . gra . rex . sco- 
 
22 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 torvm. M.m. a crown. . Bev. The arms of Scotland 
 crowned, with 15 on one side and 80 on the other. 
 
 EXVRGAT . DE* . ET . DISSIP . INIMICI . EIYS. 
 
 THIED COINAGE.— 1584— 8. 
 
 Denominations. Lion. Two-thirds Lion. One-third Lion. 
 
 Lion. Obv. A lion sejant, crowned, holding a sword in 
 the right and a sceptre in the left paw (the royal crest of 
 Scotland), post . 5 . & . 100 . proa . invicta . manent . 
 hec. Bev. Fonr crowned ciphers of I. E. placed cross- 
 wise, with an S. in the centre, devs . iydiciym . tvvm . 
 regi . da . 1584, 1586 or 1588. On both sides there is 
 an inner circle, and m.m. a qnatrefoil, or cross of five 
 pellets. 
 
 Two-thirds Lion. Obv. Like the Lion, bnt mane. Bev. 
 Also similar to the Lion, bnt a large annnlet attached to 
 the inner circle, below the m.m. Date 1587, and m.m. a. 
 cross of five pellets. 
 
 One-third Lion. As the Lion on both sides, bnt date 
 1584 only, and m.m. a qnatrefoil. 
 
 EOUETH COINAGE.— 1588. 
 
 Denomination. Thistle Noble. 
 
 Thistle Noble. Obv. A ship, bearing a flag at the bow 
 and another at the stern ; the former inscribed with the 
 letter i, and the latter with 6. In the centre of the ship 
 are the arms of Scotland, crowned, with a thistle below. 
 
 IACOBVS . 6, or IACOBVS . DEI . GRATIA . REX . SCOTORVM. 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 23 
 
 M.m. a cross, or a quatrefoil. Rev. In a large rose, two 
 sceptres with crowns at each end placed in saltire, with a 
 large thistle in the centre. Outside the rose, thistle-heads 
 in each angle, and inside lions, florent . scept . pus . 
 
 REGNA . HIS . IOVA . DAT . NVMERATQ OT NVMERA. One 
 
 reads, florent . sceptra . pus . regia . hiis . iova . dat . 
 nvmera . q. M.m. a cross, or a quatrefoil. The dies were 
 engraved by Thomas Foulis. 
 
 FIFTH COINAGE.— 1591 — 3. 
 
 Denomination. Hat-piece. 
 
 Hat-piece. Obv. The king’s bust to the right, wearing 
 a high-crowned hat ; behind the head is a thistle. . iacobvs . 
 6 . d . g . r . scotorvm. Rev. A lion sejant turned to the 
 left, and crowned, holding aloft a sceptre in his right paw, 
 above which, in a cloud, are the Hebrew letters for jeho- 
 vah. The legend is . te . solvm . vereor . 1591, 1592 
 or 1593. M.m. on both sides, a cinquefoil. 
 
 SIXTH COINAGE.— 1593— 1601. 
 
 Denominations. Eider. Half-rider. 
 
 Eider. Obv. The king in armour, with a sword in his 
 right hand, riding to the right. . iacobvs . 6 . d . g . r . 
 scotorvm. The date in the exergue 1593, 1594, 1598, 
 1599 or 1601. Rev. The arms of Scotland crowned. 
 . spero . meliora. On both sides a quatrefoil for m.m. 
 
 Half-rider. The Half-rider is in all respects similar 
 to the Eider, the dates being 1593, 1594, 1599, 1601. 
 
24 
 
 GOLD COINS, 
 
 They all have m.m. a quatrefoil, except one of 1601, which 
 has a cross. 
 
 SEVENTH COINAGE.— 1601— 3. 
 
 Denominations. Sword- and- Sceptre. Half Sword-and- 
 Sceptre. 
 
 Sword- and- Sceptre. Obv. The arms of Scotland 
 crowned. . iacobvs . 6 . d . g . r . scotorym. Rev. A 
 sword and sceptre crossed in saltire ; on each side a large 
 thistle-head, a crown above, and the date below. . salvs . 
 popvli . syprema . lex. The dates are 1601, 1602, and 
 1603. The m.m. is the same on both sides, and is either a 
 quatrefoil or a cross of four dots. 
 
 Half Sword- and- Sceptre. The Half is in every re- 
 spect similar to the whole, the dates being 1601 and 1602, 
 and the m.m. a cross or a quatrefoil. 
 
 Weight of the 
 
 =£20-piece .... 
 
 Grains. 
 
 472i 
 
 Fineness , 
 
 Carats. 
 
 22i 
 
 
 Noble 
 
 94l 
 
 ff 
 
 21 
 
 
 Lion 
 
 ■^J 
 
 9° 
 
 ff 
 
 2H 
 
 . >> 
 
 Two-thirds Lion . 
 
 52± 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 
 One-third Lion . . 
 
 26 i 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 )) 
 
 Thistle Noble . . 
 
 118 
 
 ff 
 
 23* 
 
 >> 
 
 Hat-piece . . . 
 
 70 
 
 ff 
 
 22 
 
 it 
 
 Eider 
 
 ■VT 
 
 OO 
 
 •Hw 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 Half-rider . . . 
 
 39f 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 ft 
 
 Sword-&- Sceptre 
 
 79| 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 f> 
 
 Half Sword- &- Sceptre 39* 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 25 
 
 Rarity. The Thistle Noble is not uncommon. One 
 fetched 2 gus. at Mr. Cuff’s sale in 1854, and one =£4 at 
 Mr. Lindsay’s in 1867. The £20-piece is extremely rare. 
 One was sold for =£11 at Mr. Cuff’s sale, another for 
 £17 10s. at Mr. Foster’s in 1868* and Mr. Wingate’s 
 brought £85 in 1875. The Noble with the bare head is 
 also excessively rare, fetching £7 10s. at Mr. Cuff’s sale, 
 £6 5s. at Mr. Martin’s in 1859, and £80 at Mr. Wingate’s. 
 The Lion is very scarce, and its divisions are of the highest 
 rarity. At Mr. Wingate’s sale a Two-thirds Lion brought 
 £201, and a One-third, £205. The Hat-piece is by no 
 means common. One was sold for £5 at Mr. Hay Newton’s 
 sale in 1861, £10 and £35 being realized at the Lindsay 
 and Wingate sales respectively. The Eider is common, 
 but the Half-rider is very rare. One of 1593 brought 
 £10 2s. 6d. at Mr. Cuff’s sale, another of 1599, £7 at Mr. 
 Martin’s, and another of 1601, 6 gus. at Mr. Lindsay’s. 
 The Sword- and- Sceptre pieces and their halves are quite 
 common, except of the dates 1603 (and 4). 
 
 PERIOD II, 
 
 Coinages < Two. 1st, 1605 ; 2nd, 1610. 
 
 FIEST COINAGE.— 1605— 10. 
 
 Denominations. Unit or Sceptre. Double-crown. Britain 
 Crown. Half-crown. Thistle Crown. 
 
 Arms. As on the next coinage, except that the English - 
 
 E 
 
26 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 French arms occupy the first and fourth quarters, the 
 Scotch arms being placed in the second. 
 
 Unit. Obv. The king to the right, in armour down to 
 the waist, holding the sceptre in his right hand and the 
 globe in his left. He wears the Scotch crown, which differs 
 from the English in haying in the centre a fleur-de-lis, 
 between two crosses, instead of a cross between fleurs-de- 
 
 lis. IACOBYS . D . G . MAG- . BRIT . FRAN . &. HIB . REX. 
 
 Rev. The royal arms in a garnished shield, under a 
 Scotch crown, between the letters i. r. The legend is 
 fac i am. eos . in . gentem . vnam. M.m. on both sides, 
 a thistle. 
 
 Double-crown. Obv. The king’s bust to the right, 
 crowned as on the Unit, but without sceptre or globe. 
 ia. d . g . mag . brit . fran . et . hib . rex. Rev. The arms 
 in a plain shield, beneath a Scotch crown, between the 
 letters i. r. henricys . rosas . regna . iacobys. M.m. 
 a thistle. 
 
 Crown. Obv. Similar to the Double-crown, ia . d . g . 
 mag . brit . fran . et . hib . rex. Rev. Also similar. 
 HENRICYS . ROSAS . REGNA . IACOBYS . M.m. a thistle. 
 
 Half-crown. Obv. Similar to the Double-crown, but no 
 letters beside the arms, i . d . g . rosa . sine . spina. 
 Rev. Also similar, tveatvr . vnita . devs. M.m. a 
 thistle. 
 
 Thistle Crown. Obv. A double rose under a Scotch 
 crown, ia . d . g . mag . br . f . & . h . rex. Rev. A thistle, 
 similarly crowned, tveatyr . ynita . deys. M.m. a thistle 
 on both sides. 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 27 
 
 Weight of the Unit 
 
 154|4 grains. 
 
 Double-crown 
 Britain Crown 
 Half-crown . . 
 
 Thistle Crown 
 
 Currency. At Janies’ accession to the throne of Eng- 
 land, it was finally determined that the Scotch and English 
 money should be in the proportion of 12 to 1. Thus the 
 Unit, or twenty shillings English was equal to <£12 Scotch, 
 and the English shilling to 12s. Scotch, 
 
 Fineness. 22 carats. 
 
 Rarity. All scarce. 
 
 Denominations. Unit. Double-crown. Britain Crown. 
 Half-crown. Thistle Crown. 
 
 Arms. Four grand quarters. First and fourth, Or, a lion 
 rampant, gules, within a double tressure of the same, 
 fleuree and counterfleuree — for Scotland. Second grand 
 quarter, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis, 
 or — for France. 2nd and 3rd, Gules, three lions passant 
 guardant, or — for England. Third grand quarter, Azure, 
 a harp, or, stringed argent — for Ireland. It will thus be 
 seen that Scotland occupies two quarters, and this arrange- 
 ment was observed on all subsequent Scotch coinages, both 
 in gold and silver. [See Fig. 6.] 
 
 Unit. Obv. Exactly like the Unit of the last coinage. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. — 1610. 
 
28 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 Rev. Also similar, but with a shield of arms as above, 
 M.m. on both sides, a thistle. [Fig. 6.] 
 
 Fig. 6. — Unit of James VI.’s Second Coinage. 
 
 Double-crown. In all respects like the same piece of the 
 last coinage, except in having the arms as described above, 
 and in reading iacobvs. 
 
 Crown. Obv. Just like the Crown of the last coinage. 
 Rev. Also similar, henricvs . rosas . reona . iacob 
 or iacobvs. M.m., on the obverse only, a thistle. 
 
 Half-crown. Obv. Similar to the last Half-crown, 
 i . d . a . rosa . sine . spina. Rev. Also similar, tveatvr . 
 vnita . devs. M.m. a cinquefoil or thistle on the obverse, 
 and a thistle on the reverse. 
 
 Thistle Crown. Obv. Like the same piece of the last 
 coinage, but the letters i . r . on either side of the rose. 
 
 IA . D . G- . MAG- . BR . F . ET OT & . H OV HI . REX . Rev. 
 
 Also similar, but with i . r. at the side of the thistle. 
 tveatvr . vnita . devs . The mint marks are the same 
 on both sides, and are a thistle, a tun, or an escalop. 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last coinage. 
 
CHARLES I. 
 
 29 
 
 Rarity. The Unit and the Thistle Crown are not un- 
 common ; the others are extremely rare. A Double-crown 
 realized £5 17s. 6d. at Mr. Martin’s sale in 1859, and an- 
 other <£30 at Mr. Wingate’s in 1875. At Mr. Martin’s 
 sale a Unit fetched £1 16s., a Crown, £4 6s., and a Half- 
 crown, £1 15s. A Crown brought £3 18s. at Mr. Lindsay’s 
 sale in 1867. 
 
 CHARLES I. 
 a.d. 1625— 1649. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1625 ; 2nd, 1637. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE— 1625. 
 
 Denominations. Unit or Double-angel. Double-crown 
 or Angel. Britain Crown or Eive-merk piece. 
 
 Unit. Obv. The king in armour to the right, wearing 
 the Scotch crown, with the sceptre in his right hand, and 
 the orb in his left, carolvs . d . g . mag . brit . fran . & . 
 hib . eex. Rev. The Royal arms, as on the last coinage 
 of James VI., in a garnished shield, under a Scotch crown, 
 between the letters C. R. faciam . eos . in . gentem. 
 tnam. M.m. a thistle, sometimes on the obverse only. 
 
 Double- crown. Obv. In all respects similar to the 
 Double-crown of James VI.’ s last coinage, carolvs . d . g. 
 mag . brit . fran . et or & . hib . rex. Rev. Also simi- 
 lar to James VI.’ s Double-crown, but c. r. on either 
 side of the shield. henricvs . rosas . regna . iacobvs. 
 M.m. a thistle, sometimes on the obverse only. 
 
30 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 Crown. Similar to the Double-crown in every particular. 
 M.m. thistle on both sides. 
 
 The Thistle Crown and Half-crown were also ordered, 
 but I am not aware that any specimen exists. The other 
 pieces only differ in the name from James VI.’s last coinage, 
 the portrait even being that of Charles’ father. 
 
 Weight, etc. See the next coinage. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1637. 
 
 Denominations. Unit. Half-unit. Quarter-unit. Eighth- 
 unit. 
 
 Unit. Obv. Portrait of Charles I. to the right. He is 
 in armour and crowned, and holds the sceptre in his right 
 hand and the orb in his left. carolvs . d . g . mag. 
 britan . fran . et . hib . rex. M.m. a thistle. There 
 is a small b over the king’s crown. Dev. The Eoyal arms 
 in a plain shield, crowned, between the letters c. r. 
 crowned, his . pr^svm . vt . prosim. 
 
 Half-unit. Obv. The king, with flowing hair, crowned, 
 to the left. The bust extends to the edge, and there is a 
 small b below it. car . d . g . mag . brit . fran . et . 
 hib . rex. Dev. Similar to the Unit, vnita . tvemvr. 
 Some have lozenges under the c. r. 
 
 Quarter-unit. Obv. As the Half-unit. Some read 
 fr. Dev. Also similar, but without any lozenges. 
 
 Eighth-unit. Obv. Exactly as the Half-unit, car . u. 
 g . mag . brit . fran . et . hib . rex. Dev. Also similar, 
 but some have no c. r., and when present the letters are 
 not crowned, vnita . tvemvr. 
 
WILLIAM II. 
 
 31 
 
 This coinage was engraved by the celebrated Nicholas 
 Briot. 
 
 First Coinage. Weight of the Sceptre . 154 grs. 
 
 „ Half-unit 77 „ 
 
 „ Crown . . 38i „ 
 
 Fineness. 22 carats fine. 
 
 Barity. The Sceptre is rare, the Half-nnit very rare, and 
 the Crown exceedingly rare. A Sceptre fetched <£3 4s. and 
 £1 15s. at Mr. Cnff’s and Mr. Martin’s sales respectively. 
 
 Second Coinage. Weight of the Unit .... 154 grs. 
 
 „ Half -unit. .77 „ 
 
 „ Quarter-unit 384 „ 
 
 „ Eighth-unit 19£ „ 
 
 Fineness. 22 carats fine. 
 
 Barity. The Unit is very common, the Half is rare, the 
 Eighth very rare, and the Quarter extremely rare. At the 
 Cuff, Martin, and Lindsay sales, respectively, the Unit 
 sold for £3 5s., £1 13s., and 3 gus. ; the Half for 2 gus., 
 £1 9s., and <£5 10s. ; the Quarter for £2 11s., <£1 10s., and 
 c£4 8s. ; the Eighth for <£1 Is., £1, and £5. A Half- unit 
 fetched £11 5s. at Mr. Wingate’s sale in 1875. 
 
 WILLIAM II. 
 a.d. 1694— 1702. 
 
 No coins were struck in gold by any sovereign since 
 Charles I., and those of William II. end the series. 
 
32 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 Denominations. Pistole. Half -pistole. 
 
 Pistole. Obv. The king’s head, laureated, to the left, 
 under which is the sun rising from the sea. gvlielmvs . 
 dei . gratia. Rev. The Royal arms, as on the last coinage 
 of James VI., hut hearing on an escutcheon of pretence 
 the arms of Nassau. On either side the letters w and r, 
 crowned, mag . brit . fra . et . hib . rex . 1701. There 
 is no inner circle on either side. 
 
 Half-pistole. In every respect similar to the Pistole, 
 hut no sea under the sun. 
 
 These coins were struck from gold sent over hy the 
 Scottish African Company from the colony of Darien, in a 
 ship called the “ Rising Sun.” 
 
 Weight of the Pistole . 106 grs., current for <£12 Scotch. 
 
 „ Half-pistole 53 „ „ £6 „ 
 
 Fineness. 22 carats. 
 
 Rarity. The Pistole is rare, and its Half very rare. A 
 Pistole sold for £3 5s., and a Half-pistole for £3 12s. 6d., 
 at Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
PART II. 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
SILVER COINS. 
 
 ALEXANDER I. 
 a.d. 1107 — 1124. 
 
 It is difficult to assign coins with certainty to any king 
 previous to Alexander I. It is, moreover, my purpose to de- 
 scribe only those on which the best authorities are agreed. 
 I therefore commence by describing the Pennies ascribed 
 to this king. They have, Obv., a rude head of the king, 
 crowned, to the right, holding in his right hand a sceptre 
 fleuree. The legends are on both sides for the most part 
 obliterated, sometimes none are intelligible. The follow- 
 ing letters have been found : — on one, a . ; on another, 
 : : : xaii . ; on a third, a : : : aiii. Rev. A short cross 
 fleuree within an inner circle; a pellet in each angle. 
 Rude and unintelligible legends, probably the name of the 
 moneyer and mint-town. 
 
 Weight. They weigh from 19 to 24 grs. 
 
 Rarity. Extremely rare. One fetched £2 7s. at Mr. 
 Lindsay’s sale in 1867. 
 
36 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 DAVID I. 
 a.d. 1124—1153. 
 
 This king struck Pennies only ; their general appearance 
 is much the same as those of Alexander. They have on 
 the Obv. the king crowned, to the right, holding a sceptre. 
 The legend on the obverse, which is sometimes written 
 backwards, reads, davit rex, in whole or part. Rev. A 
 cross fleuree, generally with a pellet in each angle, but on 
 one there is a crescent enclosing pellets, with the pellet in 
 addition, and on another a circle enclosing a pellet, in each 
 angle. The legends are rarely intelligible, but some give 
 Berwick and Roxburgh as the mints. 
 
 Weight. 22\ grs., but sometimes a little more, equivalent 
 to 32 wheat-corns, according to Mr. Cochran-Patrick. 
 
 Fineness. 11^ parts fine silver to -j% of alloy, the old 
 English standard. 
 
 Rarity. Those on which the mints are illegible are rare, 
 those of Berwick very rare, and of Roxburgh extremely 
 rare. Those which have the unusual reverses are probably 
 unique. One of Roxburgh fetched <£10 at Mr. Wingate’s 
 sale in 1875. 
 
 Henry , Earl of Northumberland. 
 
 This prince, the son of David I., has several coins attri- 
 buted to him. They are of two types, one like his father’s 
 and the second like Stephen of England’s, who had given 
 him the earldom, and with whom he was very friendly. 
 
WILLIAM THE LION. 
 
 37 
 
 Those of the Scotch type have the letters h on one, and 
 . . nr on another, and were probably struck at Berwick. 
 The English type generally reads nencon ; one has . enci : 
 con, which is supposed to stand for Henricus Comes. They 
 # have Obv., the king crowned with a crown fleuree to the 
 right, and holding a sceptre fleuree, as on the Scotch type. 
 Rev. A cross-crosslet, having a cross connected with the 
 inner circle by a loop, in each angle. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Scotch type is of extreme rarity, the Eng- 
 lish rather commoner. One of the English type sold for 
 <£4, at Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867, and another Penny 
 brought £26 10s. at Mr. Wingate’s in 1875. 
 
 MALCOLM IV. 
 a.d. 1153—1165. 
 
 No coins can with any certainty be attributed to this 
 king. One given by Snelling — Coins of Isle of Man, No. 3 
 — Mr. Lindsay assigns to him. 
 
 WILLIAM THE LION. 
 a.d. 1165—1214. 
 
 Coinages. Three. All Pennies. 
 
38 
 
 SILVER COINS- 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Fig. 7 . — Penny of William I.’s First Coinage. 
 
 Obv. The king’s head to the left, wearing a crown flenree ; 
 a sceptre, variously shaped, in front. The king’s titles are 
 usually in French, and read rei . wilam, willam, willim 
 or willame, most frequently with le prefixed. Others 
 read wilame, willame or wilielmvs . rex or rx, and 
 one simply wilelmvs. This latter, which is unique, has 
 the head turned to the right, with crown and sceptre 
 fleurees, and fleurs-de-lis in the angles on the reverse. It 
 also has no inner circle on the obverse. The usual Rev. 
 has a short single cross, with a crescent enclosing a pellet, 
 which is attached to the inner circle by one or two stalks, 
 in each angle. There is sometimes a pellet in each angle in 
 addition. The legend gives the name of the moneyer and 
 mint. Pennies of this coinage were struck at Berwick, 
 Edinburgh, Perth, and Roxburgh. [Fig. 7.] 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David I.’s, but some weigh up 
 to 24 grs. 
 
 Rarity. The Berwick mint is rare, but the others are 
 
 very common. 
 
WILLIAM THE LION. 
 
 39 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— Probably 1195. 
 
 Fig. 8 . — Penny oe William I.’s Second Coinage. 
 
 Obv. The king’s bead to tbe left , usually with a crown 
 of pearls, and a sceptre on some in front. They read, le. 
 
 EEI . WIL, WILT, WILA, WILAM OT WILAME. ; Or WILEMS, 
 WILLEM, WILELMYS OT WILLELMVS . E, EX OT EEX. Tlie 
 
 legend appears retrograde on some ; one bas willelmvs . 
 eex. *c., retrograde; another bas tbe moneyer’s name on 
 both sides. Tbe Rev. presents great variety both in detail 
 and in tbe names of tbe money ers. Tbe type differs from 
 tbe first coinage in having a short double cross, tbe termina- 
 tions of which are bent back. In each angle is a star of five, 
 six, or (more rarely) seven points. Tbe mints are Edin- 
 burgh, Perth, and Eoxburgb. On some tbe moneyer’s name 
 alone appears. [Fig- 8.] 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David I.’s, rarely exceeding 
 23 grs. 
 
 Rarity. Those of Perth and Roxburgh, or witb no mint, 
 are very common; Edinburgh somewhat less plentiful. 
 Those having tbe legend retrograde are rare. There are 
 also some extremely rare varieties. 
 
40 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. 
 
 Obv. The king’s head, crowned with a crown of pearls, 
 to the right ; a sceptre in front, wilelmys or willelmvs . 
 rex. ; or le . rei . wilam or willam. Rev. Exactly simi- 
 lar to the second coinage. The money er’s name with or 
 without the mint. The legend is retrograde on both sides 
 on some. Roxburgh is the only mint. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the second coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Extremely rare. 
 
 ALEXANDER II. 
 a.d. 1214—1249. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, Short double cross ; 2nd, Long 
 double cross (1247). 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 This king struck Pennies only, and the few that are 
 known of the first coinage are all of the Roxburgh mint. 
 They may easily be distinguished from his later coinage 
 by their haying exactly the same type of reverse as that 
 which appears on the second and third coinages of William 
 the Lion. The Obv. exhibits many different types : — 1. A 
 bare head to the left, without sceptre. 2. As 1, but with 
 a sceptre. 3. As 2, but with a crown. 4. A bare head to 
 
ALEXANDER II. 44 
 
 the right, with sceptre. 5. As 4, hut crowned. The legends 
 are, alexande or alexsande rex ; or Alexander or 
 
 ALEXSANDER REX. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. All extremely rare. One sold for <£6 8s. 6d. at 
 Mr. Cuff’s sale in 1854, another for <£2 42s. 6d. at Mr. 
 Martin’s, in 1859, the same price being also obtained at 
 Mr. Liudsay’s sale in 1867. At Mr. Wingate’s, in 1875, 
 one brought 10 gus. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. — 1247. 1 
 
 There are three distinct types in this issue. 
 
 First Type. Obv. The king’s head, bare , to the right , 
 with a sceptre. Legend : alexande, Alexander, alex- 
 amder or alexannder . rex. Rev. A long double cross 
 pommee, usually with a pellet in the centre, and stars 
 of six points in the angles. I have seen one of this type 
 which has the terminations of the cross bent back into 
 hooks, and a pellet between the external curves. The 
 mints are Aberdeen, Berwick, Lanark, and Perth. 
 
 Rarity. All extremely rare. One fetched 15s. at Mr. 
 Lindsay’s sale in 1867. 
 
 1 I have not thought it necessary to advert to the long mooted question 
 of appropriating this coinage to Alexander II. or to his successor, as it has 
 been now satisfactorily, and I trust finally, set at rest by Mr. Cochran- 
 Patrick in the Introduction to his “ Records of the Coinage of Scotland,” 
 and more fully in a paper communicated by him to the Antiquarian 
 Society of Scotland in 1877. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Second Type. Obv. The king’s head, crowned , to the 
 right, with a sceptre, alexanderex., or Alexander, 
 rex. Rev. Exactly like the first type. The mints are 
 Aberdeen, Berwick, Edinburgh, and Perth. [Fig. 9.] 
 
 Fig. 9 . — Penny of Alexander II.’s Second Coinage, Type 2. 
 
 Rarity. Those of Perth are not uncommon, but the 
 others are very rare. 
 
 Third Type. Obv. The king’s head crowned, to the left, 
 with a sceptre. This type usually has Alexander . rex., 
 but the readings anlexandr, aelxander, alexndex 
 or alexadenr . rex., and alexanderex are found. Rev. 
 Exactly like the first type. Retrograde legends are of 
 very rare occurrence. The mints are Aberdeen, Annan, 
 Berwick, Dunbar, Dundee, Edinburgh, Eorres, Glasgow, 
 Inchaffray, Inverness, Montrose, Perth, Roxburgh, and 
 Stirling. 
 
 Rarity. Those of Berwick, Dunbar, Edinburgh, Perth, 
 and Roxburgh are common, but all the others are very 
 rare ; Dundee, Eorres, Inchaffray, and Inverness probably 
 unique. An Inverness Penny sold for =£21 at Mr. Win- 
 gate’s sale in 1875. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David I.’s, though some of 
 the third type weighs as much as 25 grs. 
 
ALEXANDER III. 
 
 43 
 
 .ALEXANDER III. 
 a.d. 1249—1285. 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. Earthing. 
 Penny. Obv. The king, crowned , to the left , with a 
 
 Fig. 10. — Penny or Alexander III. 
 
 sceptre. Alexander . dei . gra., more rarely dei . gcia, 
 gsia or grac. The spellings alexsander and alex- 
 sader also occur. One reads der . gra. Dev. A long 
 single cross, with stars or mullets 1 in the angles. The usual 
 legend is rex . scotorym., seldom scottorvm. On some 
 escossie . rex. appears ; these have a cross with a pellet in 
 each of its angles for m.m. The chief variations in this 
 coinage consist in the combinations of the mullets and 
 stars, and the number of points which they each have. The 
 uncommon legends on the obverse and reverse generally 
 occur together. This issue is of remarkably neat exe- 
 cution. [Fig. 10.] 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Exactly like the Penny. Alexander, 
 dei . gra. Dev. Also like the Penny, but two mullets of 
 
 A mullet only differs from a star in being pierced. 
 
44 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 six points in opposite angles, the other two plain, rex. 
 scotorvm. 
 
 Farthing. Obv. Similar to the Penny. Alexander . 
 rex. Rev. Also similar, with four mullets of six points. 
 
 SCOTORYM. 
 
 Weight. In the proportion of 22 a grs. to the Penny. 
 Fineness. As David I/s. 
 
 Rarity. The ordinary type of Penny is very com- 
 mon, but some of the combinations of stars and mullets 
 are very rare, as are also the unusual legends men- 
 tioned above. The Half-penny is not uncommon, the 
 Farthing very rare. 
 
 JOHN BALIOL. 
 a.d. 1292—1306. 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. 
 
 Penny. The type on both sides is exactly similar to 
 that of the Penny of Alexander III. Obv. iohannes. 
 dei . gr or gra. Rev. rex . scotorvm. One reads scoto- 
 ram. Those minted at St. Andrews have on the reverse, 
 civitas . andre, sandre or sandree. An extremely rare 
 variety has on the obv. i . di . gra . scotorvm . rx., and 
 on the rev. civitas . sandre. Another unique specimen 
 reads iones . dei . gra . gra., and rex . tortorvm. 
 
 Half-penny. Either exactly like that of Alexander III., 
 reading Obv., iohannes . dei . gra., and Rev., rex . sco- 
 
ROBERT BRUCE. 
 
 45 
 
 toevm. ; or on the Obv., dei . a., and mullets of six points 
 in every angle on the reverse. 
 
 Weight. They should be in proportion of 22J- grs. to the 
 Penny. 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The ordinary Penny is very common, that of 
 St. Andrews with the usual obverse is very scarce. The 
 others have been mentioned. The Half-penny is very rare, 
 particularly that with mullets in every angle. 
 
 ROBERT BRTJCE. 
 a.d. 1306 — 1329 . 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. Farthing. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king, crowned, to the left, with a 
 sceptre, exactly like the coinage of Alexander III. rober- 
 tvs . dei . gra . Rev. Long single cross, with a mullet in 
 each angle, scotorvm . rex. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Just like the Penny, robertvs. 
 dei . gra. Rev. Also similar, but mullets in two angles 
 only, scotorvm . rex. 
 
 Farthing. Similar to the Penny in every respect. 
 
 Weight of the Penny .... 21^ grs. 
 
 „ Half-penny . . 10J „ 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Penny is rather scarce ; the Half-penny is 
 very rare, and the Farthing excessively rare. 
 
46 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 EDWARD BALIOL. 
 
 No coins of tins usurper have as yet been discovered. 
 
 DAVID II. 
 a.d. 1329—1371. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Halfpenny. Farthing. 
 
 Fig. 11 . — Penny of David II.’s First Coinage. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s head, crowned, to the left, 
 with a sceptre in front, similar to the last reign, but of 
 ruder work, david . dei . gracia. Dev. A long single 
 cross, with mullets of six points in the angles, rex. 
 
 SCOTORM, SCOTORVM, SCTTORVM OT SCOTTORVM. The m.m. 
 
 (a cross) is not always present on the reverse. The elegant 
 rounded Lombardic character is now adopted, and the Roman 
 M and N are replaced by 5R and R. [Fig. 11.] 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Like the Penny. david . dei. 
 gracia. Dev. Also similar, but mullets of live points in 
 two angles ; the other two have three pellets, rex . sco- 
 
DA VID II. 47 
 
 toevm. One reads — obv. david . dei . gea . ex., and rev. 
 ayid . scottoe., with mnllets in two angles only. 
 
 Eaething. Obv-. Similar to the Penny, dayid . dei. 
 geacia. Rev. Also similar ; bnt four mnllets of five points. 
 eex . scotoevm. A unique specimen has — obv. moneta. 
 
 EEGIS . D., rev. AYID . SCOTTOE. 
 
 Weight. Probably 18 grs. to the Penny. 
 
 Fineness. Not so fine as preceding coinages ; but there 
 is no record of weight or fineness. 
 
 Rarity. The Penny is very common ; the Half-penny and 
 Earthing very rare. The moneta Earthing fetched <£1 at 
 Mr. Martin’s sale in 1859. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1358. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half- groat. Penny. Half- 
 penny. The workmanship of this coinage is very neat. 
 
 Geoat. Obv. The king’s head, crowned, to the left, 
 with a sceptre in front, enclosed in a tressnre of six or seven 
 arcs, leaving the bust free. dayid . dei . gea . eex. 
 scotoey or scotoevm. One has cotoevm. There are 
 many slight variations of ornamentation. Rev. A long 
 single cross, cutting a double legendary circle, with a 
 mullet pierced by a cinquefoil in each angle. The inner 
 circle contains the name of the mint. In the outer circle 
 is the legend dns . ptectoe . ms . libatoems. The mints 
 are Aberdeen and Edinburgh. A small d, or some other 
 privy mark, sometimes appears in one quarter of the 
 
 reverse. 
 
48 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Half- geo at. Obv. Similar to the Groat, david . dei. 
 
 GEA . EEX . SCOTOEY OT SCOTOEYM. One OHlits the GEA. 
 
 The tressnre has five or six points, and there are various 
 small ornamentations. Rev. Also similar to the Groat, 
 hut with plain mullets, dns . peotectoe or peosectoe. 
 meys. A small d in one quarter on some. Aberdeen and 
 Edinburgh are the mints. 
 
 Fig. 12 . — Penny of David II. ’s Second Coinage. 
 
 Penny. Obv. Similar to the first coinage, david . eex. 
 scotoeym. One has eee., and another omits the king’s 
 name. Rev. Also similar, but the mullets are pierced by 
 a cinquefoil, villa . edinbvegh, or abeedon. Sometimes 
 a small d in one angle, or a small cross. [Fig. 12.] 
 
 Half-penny. Similar to the Penny, david . dei. 
 geacia. Rev. Mullets of five points in two angles only. 
 villa . edinbvegh. This coin may belong to the first 
 coinage, which, except in giving the mint, it resem- 
 bles. 
 
 Weight. In proportion of 18 grs. to the Penny. 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat, Half- groat, and Penny 
 are very common. The Aberdeen Groat with seven arcs is 
 rare ; and all the rest are very rare, including those pieces 
 which have d in the angle of the reverse. 
 
DAVID II. 
 
 49 
 
 THIRD COINAGE.— 1366. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. The work- 
 manship is rather ruder than that of the last coinage, 
 and the form A is used instead of Tl. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Similar to that of the second coinage ; but 
 the head is larger , and there is frequently a mullet for 
 handle to the sceptre. The tressure consists of six arcs. 
 
 Fig. 13 . — Groat of David II.’s Third Coinage. 
 
 One is known with seven, david . dei . gra . rex . sco- 
 torvm. Rev. Also similar. An exceedingly rare one of 
 the Aberdeen mint has been discovered, but all the rest are 
 of Edinburgh. The outer legend is the same as that of 
 the second coinage. [Fig. 13.] 
 
 Half-groat. Obv. Just like the Groat, with a tressure 
 of six arcs. Rev. Similar to the Half-groat of the last 
 coinage. Edinburgh is the only mint, dns . protector . 
 
 MEVS. 
 
 Penny. Obv. Similar to the last coinage. The sceptre 
 generally has a mullet for handle, david . dei . gra . 
 rex . sc. Rev. Also similar, villa . edinbvrgh. One 
 reads david . dei . rex . scotorv. The two following 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 probably belong to a period of transition between the two 
 last coinages. No. 1, obv. david . rex . scotorvm. ; a 
 mullet-handled sceptre, — of the Edinburgh mint. No. 2, 
 
 obv. DAVID . DEI . ORA . R . SCOTOR. ; rev . VILLA . ABER- 
 DON. 
 
 Weight. Somewhat lighter than the second coinage. 
 Fineness. As David I/s. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat and Half- groat are very 
 common ; the Penny is a little scarcer. 
 
 ROBERT II. 
 a.d. 1371—1390. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. Half-penny. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Similar to the last coinage of David II. 
 (cf. Fig. 13). ROBERT VS . DEI . ORA . REX . SCOTOR, SCO- 
 torvm, scottorv or scottorvm. The tressure has six 
 arcs, except in one extremely rare instance, where seven 
 occur. There is a mullet for handle to the sceptre, and 
 almost always a small b behind the head, the initial of 
 Buonagio of Florence, the king’s mint-master. Rev. Also 
 similar, with mullets of five points in the angles, pierced 
 by cinquefoils. In the outer circle, dns . ptector . ms. 
 libator . m or ms. The mints are Dundee, Edinburgh, 
 and Perth. 
 
 Half-oroat. Obv. Similar to David II.’s third coin- 
 age. ROBERTVS . REX . SCOTORVM Or SCOTTORVM. ; Or, RO- 
 
ROBERT II. 
 
 51 
 
 BERTVS . DEI . GRA . REX . SCO, SCOTRVM, SCOTTOR, SCOT- 
 TORY, SCOTTORM, SCOTTOVM, SCOTTORVM OT SCOTORYM. One 
 
 reads robertvs . dei . gracia . rex . sc. Except in two 
 instances, the tressure has six arcs. The letter b often 
 occurs behind the head ; some have trefoils in the exter- 
 nal angles of the tressure. The sceptre frequently has a 
 mullet for handle. Rev. Similar to the Groat, dns . pro- 
 tector . MEVS. ; or, DNS . PTETCTOR . MS . LIRAT, OT MS. 
 LLATOR . MS. ; Or, DNS . PROTECTOR . M . LIRA. They OCCUr 
 
 of Dundee, Edinburgh, and Perth. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s head, crowned, to the left, as 
 the last coinage of David II. The sceptre is more fre- 
 quently without the mullet-handle. robertvs . rex. 
 
 SCOTO, SCOTOR, SCOTTO, SCOTTOR, SCOTTORM, SCOTTORV 
 
 or scottorvm ; one has robirtvs. Or robertvs . d. 
 g . rex . sc. Rev. A long single cross, with five-pointed 
 mullets, pierced by cinquefoils, in each angle. For le- 
 gend, the mint name of Dundee, Edinburgh, or Perth. 
 The small b rarely occurs behind the head. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Similar to the Penny, robertvs . 
 rex, or rex . s. Rev. The mint name. With exception 
 of a unique piece of Roxburgh, Edinburgh is the only 
 mint. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As David II.’s third coinage. 
 Rarity. The Dundee pieces are extremely rare; the 
 Penny unique. The Edinburgh Half-penny is rare ; the 
 Pennies of Edinburgh and Perth are common, the rest very 
 
 common. 
 
52 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 EOBEET III. 
 a.d. 1390 — 1406 . 
 
 Denominations. G-roat. Half-groat. Penny. Half-penny. 
 
 Fig. 14. — Groat of Robert III. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king’s bust, full-face, and crowned, 
 within a tressure of from six to nine arcs, extending on 
 some all round ; on others, terminating at the bust. The 
 legend is divided by various ornamentations, and the tres- 
 sures often terminate in trefoils or three pellets. On one, 
 the m.m. a fleur-de-lis occurs, instead of the usual 
 cross. They read robertvs . dei . gra . rex . scotr, sco- 
 
 TOR, SCOTORV, SCOTORVM, SCOTTOR, SCOTTRVM, SCOTTORV, 
 
 scottorvm or scottorvme. One has robertv. Others, 
 probably of a later date, from their legend and weight, 
 
 have ROBERTVS . DEI . GRACIA . REX . SC, SCO, SCOT, SCO- 
 
 tor or scotorv. These are more uncommon. Mr. 
 Wingate figures one of Aberdeen weighing only 27^- grs., 
 which reads robertvs . dei . g . rex . sctorvm. Rev. A 
 long single cross, dividing the double legendary circle 
 into quarters ; in each angle are three pellets. In the 
 
ROBERT III. 
 
 53 
 
 outer circle, dns . ptector . ms . libator. ms or (some- 
 times) m. Many variations of the last two words occur, 
 but these are rare. 1 One very rare variety reads dominvs. 
 protector . mev. On some the legend on both sides is 
 blundered, but this also seldom occurs. Groats were 
 coined at Aberdeen, Dumbarton, Edinburgh, Perth, and 
 Roxburgh. [Fig. 14.] 
 
 Half-groat. Obv. Similar in every respect to the 
 Groat, except only that the tressure has from six to eight 
 
 arcs. ROBERTVS . DEI . G, GR OT GRA . REX . SCO, SCTO, 
 SCOT, SCOTO, SCOTOR, SCOTORV, SCOTRVM OT SCOTORVM. 
 
 One has d.g., and another omits the dei before gra. Rev. 
 Also just like the Groat. In the outer circle dns . ptec- 
 
 TOR , MS . LIBAT, LIBATO, LIBATOR OT LIBERAT., Or 
 
 lbator or libator . m or ms. There are other blundered 
 readings, but of rare occurrence. One reads dns. pro- 
 tector . mevs. In the inner circle is the name of the 
 mint, either Edinburgh or Perth. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s bust, full-faced and crowned. 
 Rev . A long single cross, dividing the legendary circle 
 into quarters ; three pellets in each angle. There are two 
 types. No. 1 has obv. robertvs . dei . grc., or Robert, 
 dei . gracia., and rev. rex . scotorvm. No. 2 has obv. 
 
 ROBERTVS . REX . SCOT, SCOTOR Or SCOTORVM.; Or DEI. 
 
 gra . rex, or rex . s. ; or dei . rex . sco., and rev. the 
 name of the mint. They occur of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, 
 and Perth. 
 
 1 The following may be mentioned: — l., lbator., liberat., and 
 
 LIBERATOR. ; LDATOR . M. ; OY LIBATR, LBATOR OT LIBEATOR . MS. 
 
54 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Half- penny. In all respects like the Penny, and also 
 of two types. No. 1, obv. eobeetvs . dei . gea., rev. eex . 
 
 Fig. 15. — Half-penny of Robert III. 
 
 SCOTOEVM. No. 2, EOBEETYS . EEX . SC OT SCO., TGV . Mint 
 name. One of Perth has eobeeteys . de . . . . Edin- 
 burgh and Perth are the only mints. [Fig. 15.] 
 
 Weight. The Groats vary in weight from 27]- up to 52 
 grs. The Half-groat is generally about 20 grs. ; the Penny 
 weighs up to 14 grs., and the Half-penny about 6. 
 One of Edinburgh in my possession weighs 6]-, in fair 
 condition. (See Fig. 15.) 
 
 Fineness. The Groat and Half-groat are as David L*s, 
 but the others are only 2 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 1 iarity. The Groats, with seven and nine arcs in the 
 tressure, of Edinburgh and Perth are quite common. 
 The Edinburgh Half-groat is scarce. All the rest are very 
 rare, most particularly the first type Penny, and the Half- 
 pennies. 
 
 JAMES I. 
 a.d. 1406— 1437. 
 
 Only Groats have been discovered of this king in fine 
 silver, but it is very difficult to distinguish the silver from 
 the small fine billon pieces. 
 
JAMES I. 
 
 55 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king’s bust, usually with bare shoul- 
 ders, full-face and crowned. On his right side is a sceptre, 
 
 which terminates very rarely in a star or open quatre- 
 foil. Pieces of extreme rarity occur with the sceptre on his 
 left side, or with the shoulders clothed. The bust is en- 
 closed in a tressure of from seven to nine arcs. To the 
 right of the neck the letter i frequently occurs, while on 
 the neck small crosses and fleurs-de-lis often appear, the 
 words of the legend being usually divided by the same orna- 
 ments, which are a great characteristic of this coinage. 
 Mr. Lindsay remarks that “ the minute ornaments on the 
 coins of James I., consisting principally of fleurs-de-lis 
 trefoils, crosses, and pellets, are so numerous and varied, 
 that scarcely two coins are exactly similar.” The usual 
 legend is iacobvs . dei . tracia . rex . scotorvm. The last 
 word, which very seldom has the t doubled, is contracted 
 in every way from plain s upwards, icobvs . and gracia . 
 sometimes occur, the latter, or tracia, being very rarely 
 contracted. Some few other blundered spellings are to be 
 found. Rev. A long cross dividing the legends into quar- 
 ters, with fleurs-de-lis and three pellets in alternate angles. 
 Sometimes there is a fleur-de-lis on the centre of the cross. 
 
56 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 The ornaments dividing the legends and in the quarters of 
 the cross are as varied as they are on the obverse. The 
 outer legend usually reads dns. ptector, ptecotr or 
 ptecotor. ms. + . libator., sometimes with the addition 
 of m or ms. Other variations or blunders in the spelling, 
 too many to be enumerated, are often found. The inner 
 legend gives the name of the mint. One extremely rare 
 type has the circles composed of annulets ; another has the 
 king’s title on both sides. They were struck at Aberdeen, 
 Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Perth, and Stirling. 
 
 Weight. They weigh from 30 to 36 grs. ; one is known 
 of 41. 
 
 Fineness. Not recorded. 
 
 Uarity. Those of Edinburgh are quite common ; Perth 
 and Linlithgow are rare ; Stirling very rare. The Aber- 
 deen Groat is unique. One of Stirling fetched =£30 at 
 Mr. Wingate’s sale in 1875. 
 
 JAMES II. 
 a.d. 1438—1460. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 
 
 EIEST COINAGE.— Previous to 1451. 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Groat. These pieces resemble the Groats of James I., 
 but differ, as Mr. Lindsay remarks, “ in being of more 
 simple but bolder workmanship, in having always the 
 
JAMES II. 
 
 57 
 
 words Gracia and Liberat , or Liberator , and the words 
 separated by annulets.” The bust is sometimes clothed, 
 and does not always extend to the tressure, which has 
 eight or nine arcs. The legend on the Obv. is iacobvs. 
 
 DEI . GRACIA . REX . SCO, SCOTO, SCOTOR Or SCOTORYM. 
 
 Rev. Also similar to the Groats of James I. In alternate 
 angles of the cross are three pellets, and a fleur-de-lis. 
 The legend in the outer circle is dns . ptector . ms. +. 
 liberat or liberator. The only mint is Edinburgh, 
 (cf. Fig. 16.) 
 
 Large quantities of silver were coined into Pennies and 
 Half-pennies by this king as well as James I. If any 
 exist in fine silver with annulets between the words, they 
 would belong to this coinage. 
 
 Weight. As James I.’s. 
 
 Fineness. Hot recorded. 
 
 Rarity. A little scarcer than the Edinburgh Groats of 
 James I. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1451. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Within a tressure, usually of nine arcs, 
 the king’s full-face and bare bust ; he is crowned, but has 
 no sceptre. Small ornaments often appear in the field. 
 
 IACOBVS . DEI . ORA Or GRACIA . REX . SCOTORVM, SCOT- 
 
 torv or scottorvm. M.m. a crown. Rev. A long cross 
 dividing the legends into quarters.; in alternate angles 
 three pellets, and a crown. Small crosses, annulets, and 
 quatrefoils sometimes occur among the pellets. The outer 
 
 i 
 
58 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 legend is dns . ptector . ms . + liberator . ms. The 
 last is very rarely omitted or contracted into m. On one 
 protector appears. The mints are Aberdeen, Berwick, 
 Edinburgh, Perth, Roxburgh, and Stirling. M.m. usually 
 a crown, rarely a cross. 
 
 Half- groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat, with a tres- 
 sure of nine arcs, and m.m. a cross, iacob . dei . gracia. 
 rex . scotor or scottor. Rev. Also similar. M.m. a 
 crown, dxs . ptector . ms . + liberator. The only 
 mint is Edinburgh. 
 
 Penny. Mr. Cochran-Patrick figures a Penny of Edin- 
 burgh of this coinage, which has a small cross on each 
 side of the king’s head, and one among the pellets in each 
 
 angle of the reverse. M.m. a crown. 
 
 Weight of the Groat 59 grs. 
 
 „ Half-groat . . . 29i „ 
 
 „ Penny 14J „ 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat is common ; all the 
 others are extremely rare ; the Berwick Groat is unique. 
 The Half-groat and Penny are also exceedingly rare. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Similar to the last coinage. The king’s 
 bust is clothed , within a tressure of nine arcs, which ter- 
 minate at the points in fleurs-de-lis. The words are 
 divided by small crosses. M.m. a cross moline. iacobvs. 
 
JAMES III. 
 
 59 
 
 DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTTVM OV SCOTTORVM. Rev. Also 
 similar, dns . ptector . me . liberator . me . M.m. a 
 cross moline. The only mint is Edinburgh. 
 
 Weight. 59 grs. 
 
 Fineness. As David I/s. 
 
 Rarity. Yery rare. 
 
 JAMES III. 
 a.d. 1460—1488. 
 
 Coinages. Six. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Penny. Half -penny. All of 
 the Edinburgh mint. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king, full-faced and crowned, within 
 a tressure of seven arcs, which does not extend under the 
 bust. The words are divided by small crosses, iacobvs. 
 dei . gra . rex . scotorvm. M.m. a crown. Rev. A long 
 cross with three pellets in each angle, dns . ptector. 
 ms . + liberator . ms . M.m. a crown. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s full-face and bust, crowned, 
 in a circle, iacobvs . d . gracia . r. Rev. A long cross 
 and pellets. M.m. on both sides, a cross. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Similar to the Penny. iacovs. 
 dei . gra . rex . sc. Rev. Also similar, with the same 
 mint mark. 
 
60 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. Unrecorded. 
 
 Rarity. All extremely rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. Struck at Berwick and Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king full-faced and crowned, within 
 a tressure of from eight to ten arcs, which sometimes 
 does not extend under the bust. On some pieces of 
 Edinburgh the letter t occurs on the right side of the 
 neck, and a on the left. These are the initials of Alex- 
 ander Tod, the king’s coiner, iacobys . d . gra., or dei. 
 gr . rex . scoto or scotor. M.m. a cross, or cross 
 fourchee. Rev. A cross, with large blunt-pointed mullets 
 of six points, and three pellets with an annulet between 
 them, in alternate angles. dns . ptector . ms . + 
 
 LIBATOR, LBATOR, LEBER Or LIBERAT. It is a COIMEOn 
 
 characteristic of this coinage that the r is formed like a 
 b, as we usually find it on the light Groats of his English 
 contemporaries, Henry VI., and Edward IV., after 1470. 
 One figured by Lindsay and Wingate with ordinary r’s, 
 has a small cross on each side of the neck, and one be- 
 tween the pellets instead of an annulet. It reads 
 scotorym. and librty. and probably belongs to the next 
 coinage. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. Not recorded, but they seldom 
 exceed 40 grs. 
 
 Rarity. Edinburgh Groats are common, except those 
 
JAMES III . 
 
 61 
 
 with t. a. which are very rare. Berwick Groats are ex- 
 tremely rare. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. 
 
 Fig. 17. — Groat op James III.’s Third Coinage. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Similar to the last Groat, bnt of neater 
 work. The king’s bust is enclosed in a tressnre of from 
 seven to ten arcs ; he sometimes wears a crown of five 
 flenrs-de-lis of equal height, instead of the nsnal three. 
 The words, as on the last Groat, are divided by small 
 
 9 
 
 crosses- iacobvs . dex . gra . rex . scotorm or sco- 
 
 torvm. One with d. gra. has a z ( i . e. &) after scotorvm, 
 perhaps intimating the new addition of the Orkneys and 
 Shetlands to the Scotch dominions in 1469. Dev. Also 
 similar to the last Groat, but no annulets among the 
 pellets, and small mullets. dns . ptector .ms . z. 
 
 LIBATO, LIBERAT, LIBERATV, LEBERATO, LIBRATO OV LIB- 
 
 eatv. The mint mark on both sides is a cross. Groats 
 were struck at Berwick and Edinburgh. [Fig. 17.] 
 
 Half- groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat ; the tressure has 
 seven or eight arcs, iacobvs . d., or dei . gra . rex . scot 
 or scotorm. Dev. Also similar, dns . ptector or per- 
 
62 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 TECT0R . MS . Z . LIBERA, LIBERATO OT LIBATYR . MS. They 
 
 were also struck at Berwick and Edinburgh, and have 
 m.m. a plain cross. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s head, full-face, crowned. 
 iacobys . dei . ora . rex . so., or r. Rev. A long cross 
 with three pellets and six-pointed mullets in alternate 
 angles, with the name of the mint for legend. M.m. a 
 plain cross. They only occur of Edinburgh. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat is common, that of Ber- 
 wick rather rare. The Half- groat of Berwick is very rare ; 
 the others are extremely rare. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE. — 1475. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. They 
 were all struck at Edinburgh and all have m.m. a cross- 
 crosslet. A Half-penny was ordered. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Similar to the last, but the tressure, 
 which has seven or eight arcs, does not usually extend 
 under the bust. The king’s crown is formed of five fleurs- 
 de-lis of equal height, iacobys . dei . gra . rex . sco- 
 torm. The divisions between the words, when there are 
 any, are dots. Rev. Similar to the last Groat, but the 
 mullets have only five points, dns . ptector . ms . z. 
 libeatyr or LiBERTYR . ms. Sometimes mes. occurs. 
 
 Hale- groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat, but the tres- 
 sure has seven arcs, and the crown four fleurs-de-lis. On 
 some an i occurs above the crown, and one has in addi- 
 
JAMES III. 
 
 63 
 
 tion a at the right, and t at the left side of the neck. 
 
 IACOBYS . DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTORM OT SCOTORYM. Rev. 
 
 Similar to the Groat. Some have an i on the centre of the 
 cross, dns . ptector . ms . z . libatyr . ms. The letters 
 a. t. are the initials of Alexander Livingston and Thomas 
 Tod, master moneyers. 
 
 Penny. Those figured by Lindsay and Wingate seem 
 to have the crown as on the last coinage, and the words 
 divided by crosses. The m.m. is also a cross, so that it 
 is difficult to see why they should not belong to the third 
 coinage. They read iacobvs . dei . gra . rex . s. They 
 have, however, mullets of five points on the reverse. 
 
 Weight of the Groat 39*4 grs. 
 
 „ Half-groat . . . . 19- 7 „ 
 
 „ Penny 9*8 „ 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat is quite common ; the 
 others very rare. 
 
 FIFTH COINAGE. — 1483. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Within a tressure of eight arcs, which 
 extends only as far as the crown, the king, full-faced, 
 wearing a crown of nine points, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex. 
 scotor. Rev. Three pellets and a crown in alternate 
 angles of the cross, dns . ptector . mevs . et . li. The 
 words of the legends are divided by small crosses. The 
 mint is Edinburgh, and the m.m. a cross-crosslet. 
 
64 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight. 4 grs. 
 
 Fineness. As David I.’s. 
 
 Rarity. Extremely rare. 
 
 SIXTH COINAGE. — 1485. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Tlie king, full-faced, wearing a crown 
 composed of three fleurs-de-lis, in a tressure of from ten 
 to twelve arcs, which does not extend under the bust. 
 IACOBVS . DEI . GRACIA . REX . scot or scoto. Rev. In 
 opposite angles of the cross, a crown and a fleur-de-lis ; in 
 the other two angles, three pellets joined together by an 
 annulet, dns . ptect or ptecto . mevs . et . leb or 
 leba . m. ; one reads dns . protor . mevm . et . mevor. 
 The legends are divided by small stars. On both sides is 
 m.m. a cross-crosslet. They occur of Edinburgh only. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the fifth coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Extremely rare. 
 
 JAMES IY. 
 a.d. 1488—1514. 
 
 Coinages. Six. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE.— 1488. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king, full-faced, wearing a crown of 
 
JAMES IV. 
 
 65 
 
 five fleurs-de-lis, within a continuous tressure of twelve 
 arcs. The words are divided by double annulets, iacobvs. 
 di . gea . eex . scotoe. M.iu. a cross. Rev. A crown, and 
 three pellets, with an annulet between them in alternate 
 angles of the cross, dns . peotectoe . mevoevm. M.m. 
 a cross-crosslet. Struck at Edinburgh. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As James III.’s fifth coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Unique. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. — 1489. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half- groat. 
 
 Fig. 18 . — Groat op James IY.’s Second Coinage. 
 
 Geoat. Ohv. In a plain circle, the king, wearing a 
 double-arched crown, turned three-quarter face to the left. 
 A small privy mark, usually an annulet, often occurs in 
 the field. iacobvs . dei. (rarely de, di or die.) 
 
 GEACIA . EEX . COTE, COTEV, COTTEV, COTTO, SCOTEV Or 
 
 scotoev. The words are divided by double annulets. 
 Another type, reading scotoev., has the words divided by 
 small stars or crosses. M.m. a cross. Rev. Exactly like 
 the last Groat, with m.m. a cross-crosslet. The legend in 
 the outer circle is spelt, or rather mis-spelt, in every 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 imaginable manner, dns . proteoe., protetor., &c. m. 
 et . erato. is a common reading. Some have mevorvm. 
 or meyeorv. after Protector , as on the last coinage. One, 
 with the stars on the obverse, has dns . protector . m . et. 
 liberat . m. They were struck at Aberdeen and Edin- 
 burgh. [ Fig . 18.] 
 
 Half-groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat. Some with- 
 out ornaments between the words have iacobvs. (one reads 
 aicobys.) dei . gracia . rex . cot. The usual type has 
 annulets between the words, and iacobvs . die . gracia. 
 rex. One occurs with iiaobvs. Rev. Also similar, dns. 
 protector, protetor or proctor . m . et . e. The m.m. 
 is a cross, sometimes only on the obverse. They were 
 coined at Edinburgh only. 
 
 Weight of the Groat . . .4 grs. 
 
 „ Half-groat . 23|- „ 
 
 Fineness. As David I/s. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Groat is common ; the Half- 
 groat very rare. The Aberdeen Groat is extremely rare. 
 
 THIED COINAGE. — 1490. 
 
 Denominations . Groat. Half-groat. Both struck at 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Groat. Obv. Like the first coinage, but with thirteen 
 arcs in the tressure. iacobvs . di . gra . rex . co. Rev. 
 Also similar, but with a fleur-de-lis on the centre of the 
 cross. This mark, I think, decides this to be the third 
 coinage, for by the Act of Feb. 1490, that coinage was to 
 
JAMES IV. 67 
 
 have a sign and token to distinguish it from the first coin- 
 age. It reads dns . protetor . m . et . erato. 
 
 Half- groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat, bnt the crown 
 has four fleurs-de-lis, and the tressure has ten arcs, ia- 
 cobvs . di . gra . rex . scotorvm . q. Rev. Exactly like 
 the Groat, dns . proteetr . mevs. M.m. on both sides 
 a cross. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the second coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Both probably unique. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half-groat. Penny. All coined 
 at Edinburgh. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king crowned, and full-face, in a 
 tressure of seven or nine arcs, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex. 
 scottorv or scottorvm. M.m., on this side only, a crown. 
 Eev. Mullets of five points, and three pellets in alternate 
 angles of a cross fourchee. salvv . fac . popvlv . tvv 
 or tvvm . d or dne. 
 
 Half-groat. Obv. Similar to the Groat, with a tres- 
 sure of seven arcs, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex . scottor 
 or scottorv. Eev. Also similar, salvv . fac . popvlvv. 
 tv or tvv . DNE. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s full-faced bust, crowned, in a 
 circle, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex . scotto., or iabvs and 
 scottor. Eev. A plain cross, with mullets and pellets in 
 alternate angles, salvv . fac . pplvv . tvv . dne., or 
 salv . fac . pop . tvv. Man. on the obverse, a crown. 
 
68 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight of the Groat 
 
 Half- groat . . 
 
 Penny . . . 
 
 Fineness. Probably 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Groat is very rare, the others excessively 
 
 rare. A Penny fetched <£2 14s. at Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 
 1867. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half- groat. All struck at 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Fig. 19 . — Groat of Jambs IY.’s Fifth Coinage. 
 
 Groat. Obv. In all respects similar to the Groat of 
 the last coinage, iacobvs . dei . ora . rex . scottorv. 
 qt or qra. ; or scotorvm., or scottorvm. iiii. Rev. 
 Also similar, with the legend divided by small stars. 
 salvv . fac . popvlv . tvv . dne. Sometimes salvvm., 
 pplvm., popvlv., and tv. occur. Those with iiii. on the 
 obverse have salvvm . fac . pplvvm . tvvm . dne. Mm. 
 on the obverse, a crown. [Fig. 19.] 
 
 Half- groat. Obv. As the Groat, with tressure of seven 
 or nine arcs, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex . scottorv. iiii. 
 Rev. Like the Groat, salvv . fac . popvlvv . tv . dne. 
 
 FIFTH COINAGE. 
 
JAMES V. 
 
 69 
 
 Weight. Not recorded. 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine silver to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Groat with qua is somewhat scarce, the 
 others are very rare. The Half- groat is of extreme rarity. 
 
 SIXTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. Coined at Edinburgh. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king’s bust, full-faced, and clothed; 
 he is crowned and bearded, within a tressure of nine arcs. 
 iacobvs . 4 . dei . gea . rex . scotorv. M.m. a crown. 
 Rev. As the fourth coinage, exvrgat . devs . z. dissi- 
 pentvr. The letters are Roman. This coin was probably 
 a pattern. 
 
 Rarity. Excessively rare. One sold for £ 2 6s. at 
 Mr. Martin’s sale in 1859. 
 
 JAMES Y. 
 a.d. 1514—1542. 
 
 Coinages. Three ; all struck in Edinburgh. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. Half- groat. 
 
 Groat. Obv. The king’s three-quarter face to the right, 
 with a flat crown of five fleurs-de-lis, within a tressure of 
 seven to nine arcs, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex . sco, scot, 
 
70 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 SCOTOE, SCOTOE, SCOTOEY OV SCOTOEYM. Rev. A CrOSS 
 with foliated ends, in alternate angles of which are thistle- 
 heads and mullets of six points. The single legendary 
 circle gives the mint name, villa . edinbve or edinbvegh. 
 The m.m. on both sides is usually a cross, but a cross- 
 crosslet occurs. 
 
 Half- geo at. Obv. Similar to the Groat. The tressure 
 has seven, sometimes nine arcs, iacobvs . dei . gea . e 
 or eex. ; or eex . s, sc, scotoe or scotoevm. Rev. Also 
 similar to the Groat. M.m. a cross. 
 
 Weight. Not recorded, but they rarely exceed 33 grs. 
 to the Groat. 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Groat is not uncommon, but the Half- 
 groat is very rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1525. 
 
 Denomination. Groat. 
 
 Geoat. Ob v. In a circle the king’s portrait in profile 
 to the right ; he wears a collared open coat, and a double- 
 arched crown. The words are divided by two annulets. 
 iacobvs . 5 . dei . gea . eex . scotoe., or without 5. and 
 with scotoev. Rev. The arms of Scotland, surmounting 
 a cross fourchee. villa . edinbvegh or edinbevgh., the 
 words being separated by two annulets. M.m. a St. 
 Andrew’s cross. 
 
 Weight. 43 grs. 
 
 Fineness. 5 parts fine silver to 1 part alloy. 
 
JAMES V. 71 
 
 Barity. Without the numeral it is extremely rare, but 
 with it is not uncommon. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. — 152 7. 
 
 Denominations. Groat. One-third groat. 
 
 Fig. 20 . — Groat of James V.’s Third Coinage, Type 1. 
 
 Groat. Two types. No. 1. Obv. Exactly like the last 
 Groat, except that the king wears a single-arched crown. 
 IACOBYS . 5 . DEI . GRA. REX . SCOTO, SCOTOR OT SCOTORY. 
 
 Bev. Also similar. oppidy or oppidvm . edinbvrgi. 
 The words are divided by two annulets or three dots. 
 No m.m. [Fig. 20.] 
 
 No. 2. Obv. Like No. 1, but the king wears a closed 
 coat. IACOBVS . 5 . DEI . GRA . REX . SCOTOR, SCOTORV OT 
 scotorym. One reads iacbvs., another lacks the 5., and 
 a third has scotorvrv. Bev. Similar to the second 
 coinage, oppidy., seldom oppidvm . edinbvrgi. There 
 is no m.m., and the words are divided by three dots on 
 both sides. 
 
 One-third Groat. Obv. Similar to the second type 
 of Groat, iacobvs . 5 . dei . g, gr or gra . r. scoto, 
 scotor or scotory. One lacks the r. Bev. Also similar. 
 
72 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 oppidv . edinbyrgi. The words on both sides are divided 
 by colons. 
 
 Weight of the Groat 43 grs. 
 
 „ One -third groat . . 14| „ 
 
 Fineness. As the second coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Of the Groats, type 1 is very rare, but type 2 
 is quite common. The One-third is rare. 1 
 
 1 As I have adopted an arrangement of my own for these two last 
 coinages, I think it right to give my reasons for doing so. The records 
 show that a Groat was ordered in 1525 , and in 1527 a Groat with its 
 divisions into thirds. I have taken the Groat reading villa to be the 
 second coinage ( 1525 ), because that word occurs on the first and nearly 
 all previous coinages ; and because all subsequent coinages have oppi- 
 dvm, which first appears in this reign, I have placed those with this 
 reading posterior to it. This seems the most natural arrangement. I 
 have separated the Groats with oppidvm (third coinage) into two types, 
 the first resembling the second coinage in having annulets and an open 
 coat. This was probably soon suppressed, as it is very rare, and suc- 
 ceeded by type 2, which, like the One-third Groat, has a closed coat and 
 dots between the words. This Groat, as would be expected, is common, 
 seeing that the contract of 1527 was to last ten years. No Two-thirds 
 Groat exists, and the Third is rare. The chronological order of these two 
 coinages is then as follows, according to my arrangement : — 
 
 II. villa; double-arched crown; open coat; annulets. (Lindsay’s 
 Fourth.) 
 
 Ill a. oppidvm ; single-arched crown ; open coat ; annulets. (Lind- 
 say’s Third.) 
 
 Illb. oppidvm ; single-arched crown ; closed coat ; dots. (Lindsay’s 
 Second.) 
 
 I think this arrangement is corroborated by the increasing length of the 
 legends; it at least removes Lindsay’s difficulty of the coinage of 1527 
 being rarer than that of 1525 , although extending over five times as 
 many years. 
 
MARY I. 
 
 73 
 
 MAEY I. 
 a.d. 1542— 1567. 
 
 The coins of Mary are divided into five classes, corre- 
 sponding with the periods — 1st, before her marriage with 
 Francis ; 2nd, during her marriage with him ; 3rd, in 
 her first widowhood; 4th, during her marriage with 
 Henry, Lord Damley ; 5th, from Darnley’s death to her 
 dethronement in 1567. The first two classes may be 
 further subdivided into different coinages. With this 
 reign the Roman lettering is finally adopted. 
 
 CLASS L 
 
 Coinages . Three. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denomination. Testoon. 
 
 Testoon. Obv. The queen’s head, crowned, to the right, 
 in a double circle, maria . dei . gra . r. scotorvm. 
 M.m. a rose. Rev. The arms of Scotland, crowned, 
 between two mullets or cinquefoils, in a double circle. 
 da . pacem . domine . 1553. M.m. a cross. 
 
 Weight. 78 J grs. 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Testoon is very rare. A poor one sold for 
 <£3 10s. at Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867. The finest known 
 specimen fetched <£31 10s. at the Bentham sale in 1838, 
 and again <£61 at Mr. Wingate’s in 1875. 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1555. 
 
 Denominations. Testoon. Half-testoon. 
 
 Testoon. Obv. The letter m. crowned, between two 
 crowned thistle-heads ; with no inner circle, maria . dei. 
 g . scotor . regina . 1555. M.m. a cross, or cross 
 potent. Rev. The arms of Scotland, surmounting a 
 cross potent, delicie, dilici or dilicie . dni . cor. 
 hvmile. One has hvmilie. 
 
 Half-testoon. Obv. Exactly similar to the Testoon. 
 Rev. Also similar, but sometimes with an inner circle. 
 
 DELICIE or DILICIE . DNI . COR . HYMILE. 
 
 Weight. The Testoon weighs 118 grs. and the Half in 
 proportion. 
 
 Fineness. 3 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Testoon is not uncommon, but the Half is 
 very rare. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE.— 1556— 8. 
 
 Denominations. Testoon. Half-testoon. 
 
 Fig. 21 . — Testoon of Mary’s Third Coinage, Class I. 
 Testoon. Obv. Between the letters m. r., under which 
 
MARY I. 
 
 75 
 
 are sometimes annulets, the arms of Scotland, crowned ; 
 no inner circle. A very rare variety has an a below the r, 
 the initial of John Achesoun, Master of the Mint, maria, 
 dei. (rarely d.) g. scotor . regina. 1556, 1557 or 1558. 
 M.m. a cross potent. Rev. A cross potent with plain 
 crosses in the angles, in . virtvte . tva . libera . me. 
 1556, 1557 or 1558. Sometimes vertvte occurs. M.m. 
 a crown, rarely a cross potent. [Fig. 21.] 
 
 Half-testoon. Obv. In all respects like the Testoon, 
 except that a fleur-de-lis appears for m.m. Rev. Also 
 exactly similar. One has virtvt. M.m. a crown. 
 
 Weight of the Testoon . . . 94 i grs. 
 
 „ Half-testoon . . 47|- „ 
 
 Fineness. As the first coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Testoons are quite common, but the Half is 
 rather scarce. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 
 
 FIKST COINAGE.— 1558— 9. 
 
 Denominations. Testoon. Half-testoon. 
 
 Testoon. Obv. The arms of Scotland, impaled with 
 those of the Dauphin and Scotland in a plain shield, sur- 
 mounting. a cross potent, fran . et . ma . d or dei. 
 g . r.r . scoto or scotor . d.d . vien. M.m. a crown. 
 Rev. The cipher F. M., crowned between two double- 
 barred crosses, fecit . vtraqve . vnvm . 1558 or 1559. 
 M.m. a cross. 
 
76 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Half-testoon. In all respects like the Testoon, but 
 sometimes m.m. a cross on the obverse. [Fig. 22.] 
 
 Fig. 22 . — Half-testoon of Mart and Francis, First Coinage, 
 Class II. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Testoon is quite common, but the Half is 
 rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1560. 
 
 Denominations. Testoon. Half-testoon. Struck after 
 Francis’ accession to the French throne. 
 
 Fig, 23 . — Testoon of Mart and Francis, Second Coinage, Class II. 
 
 Testoon. Obv. The arms of Scotland impaled with 
 those of France in a plain shield, crowned, between a 
 cross and a St. Andrew’s cross, fran . et . ma . d . g. 
 
MARY I. 
 
 77 
 
 R.R . FRANCO . SCOTOR, SCOTORQ OT SCOTOR’B. M.m. 
 
 sometimes a cross. Rev. The cipher F. M., crowned, be- 
 tween a fleur-de-lis and thistle-head, both crowned, vicit. 
 leo . de . triby . iyda . 1560 or 1561. One has dd. for 
 de. Sometimes there is m.m. a St. Andrew’s cross, or an 
 anchor. [Fig. 23.] 
 
 Half-testoon. Obv. Like the Testoon, with scotorq 
 or scotor’b. M.m. sometimes a cross. Rev. Also similar. 
 One figured in Lindsay, of which two specimens are 
 known, bears the remarkable date 1565. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last coinage of Class I. 
 
 Rarity. The Half-testoon is rare. The whole is rather 
 common, except the strange pieces dated 1561, four speci- 
 mens only of which I know to exist. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 
 Denominations. Testoon. Half-testoon. 
 
 Testoon. Obv. The queen’s head and bust to the left, 
 wearing a widow’s cap. In a scroll under the bust is the 
 date 1561 or 1562. maria . dei . gra . scotorvm. 
 regina. Rev. The arms of France half effaced by those 
 of Scotland, in a plain shield, crowned, between two 
 crowned m’s. salyym . fac . popylym . tvvm . domine. 
 The readings domini and saalyym occur. M.m. a cross. 
 
 Half-testoon. Obv. In every respect similar to the 
 Testoon. mari or maria . dei . gra . scotorvm . regina. 
 Rev. Also similar. salyym . fac . popylym . tvvm. 
 
 DOMINE. 
 
78 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last coinage of Class I. 
 
 Rarity. The Testoon of 1561 is rare, the others very 
 rare, particularly the Half-testoon of 1562. A very fine 
 Testoon fetched <£9 at Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 Denominations. Ryal. Two-thirds Ryal. One-third 
 Ryal. 
 
 Ryal. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned, between 
 two thistles, within a circle, maria . & . henric . dei. 
 gra . r . & . r . scotorv. Rev. A crowned yew-tree, up 
 the stem of which a tortoise is creeping ; across the tree 
 is a scroll inscribed dat . gloria . vires. The trunk 
 divides the date 1565, 1566 or 1567. Outside the inner 
 circle is the legend exvrgat . devs . & . dissipent? 
 inimici . ei\ M.m. a thistle. 
 
 Fig. 24. — Two-thirds Ryal or Mary and Henry. 
 
 Two-thirds Ryal. Obv. Exactly as the Ryal. Rev. 
 Also similar, and with the same dates, but divs. and 
 inimci. occur. [Fig. 24.] 
 
MARY I. 
 
 79 
 
 One-third Eyal. Obv. Similar to the Eyal ; but 
 et between the words, and scotorvm. One has hen- 
 ricys. Rev. Also similar, but et and eivs. One reads 
 dissipentvr . and ei. The dates are 1565 or 1566.* 
 Weight of the Eyal . . 472 a grs. 
 
 „ Two-thirds . 315 „ 
 
 „ One-third. . 157-£ „ 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Eyals of 1565 and 1566 are quite common ; 
 both divisions of 1565, and the two-thirds of 1566, are 
 scarce. The others are extremely rare. 
 
 The coins of this and the next class go by the name of 
 Cruickston Dollars, either from the estate of Cruickston 
 having belonged to Lord Darnley, or because the tree on 
 the reverse is supposed to represent the famous yew-tree 
 which grew there. 
 
 CLASS V. 
 
 Denominations. Eyal. Two-thirds Eyal. One-third 
 Eyal. 
 
 Eyal. Obv. Exactly like the last Eyal. maria . dei. 
 gra . scotorv or scotorvm . regina. Rev. Also exactly 
 similar, with the date 1567. exvrgat . devs . & dissi- 
 
 PENT? INIMICI . EI*. 
 
 Two-thirds Eyal. In every respect like the Eyal. 
 One-third Eyal. Obv. Like the Eyal. maria . dei. 
 gra . scotorvm . regina. Rev. Also similar, exvrgat. 
 DEVS. & . DISSIPENT? INIMICI . El’ . 1567. ; OT ET., EIVS., 
 
 and 1566. 
 
80 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the last class. 
 
 Rarity. The Ryal and Two-thirds are rather uncommon, 
 the One-third is extremely rare. 
 
 JAMES VI. 
 a.d. 1567 — 1625. 
 
 Periods. The coinages of this king may be divided into 
 two distinct periods, which comprise respectively — I., the 
 pieces struck by him as king of Scotland, and — II., those 
 struck after his accession to the throne of England in 
 1603. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 Coinages. Eight. 1st, 1567 ; 2nd, 1572 ; 3rd, 1578 ; 
 4th, 1581; 5th, 1582; 6th, 1591; 7th, 1593; 8th, 1601, 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Sword Dollar or Thirty- shilling piece. 
 Two-thirds Sword Dollar. One-third Sword Dollar. 
 
 Sword Dollar. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned, 
 between the letters i . r., both crowned, within a circle. 
 iacobvs . 6 . dei . gratia . rex . scotorvm. One has I. 
 between Gratia and Rex. Rev. A sword erect, with a 
 crown on the point ; on one side is a hand pointing to the 
 value xxx . on the other. The sword divides the date 
 1567, -68, -69, -70, or -71. One mentioned by Wingate has 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 81 
 
 the extraordinary date 1561. The legend is pro . me, 
 
 SI . MEEEOE . IN . ME. 
 
 Two-thirds Dollar. Obv. Jnst like the Dollar. Rev. 
 Also similar, and with the same dates, 1567 to 1571. The 
 value xx . to the right of the sword. 
 
 One- third Dollar. Obv. As the Dollar. Rev. Also 
 similar, with the value x . and the dates 1567, -68, 
 -69, -71. 
 
 Weight of the Sword Dollar . . 47 2 j- grs. 
 
 „ Two-thirds Dollar . 315 „ 
 
 „ One-third Dollar . 15 7\ „ 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. Sword Dollars are plentiful ; the Two-thirds is 
 common, and the One-third rather less common. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Noble or Half-merk. Half -noble. 
 
 Noble. Obv. Within a circle the arms of Scotland 
 crowned, between 6 and 8. iacobvs . 6 . dei . gratia, 
 rex . scotorvm. Rev. An ornamented cross foliated, 
 with an open centre in which is a star of five points ; in 
 alternate angles of the cross are crowns and thistle-heads. 
 SALVVM . FAC . POPVLVM . TVVM . DNE . 1572, 1573, 1574, 
 1575, 1577 or 1580. M.m. a cross. 
 
 Half-noble. Obv. Exactly like the Noble, but the 
 arms between 3 and 4. Rev. Also similar, with the dates 
 1572, 1573, 1577. 
 
 Weight of the Noble . . ,105 grs. 
 
 „ Half-noble . . 52^ „ 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Fineness. Only 1 part of silver to 1 of alloy till 1576, 
 when it was raised to 2 parts fine to 1 alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Noble is not uncommon ; the Half is rather 
 scarce. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Double-merk or Thistle Dollar. Merk. 
 Dotjble-merk. Obv. The arms of Scotland, crowned. 
 iacobvs . 6 . dei . g . rex . scotorvm. Rev. A thistle with 
 large leaves between the letters I. R. nemo . me. 
 impvne . lacesset . 1578, 1579 or 1580. M.m. a crown. 
 There is no inner circle on either side. 
 
 Mere. Similar to the Donble-merk in every respect, 
 with the date 1580. 
 
 Weight of the Double-merk . . 343^ grs. 
 
 „ Merk .... 171^ „ 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Double-merk is very rare ; the Merk ex- 
 tremely rare. A Double-merk sold for £2 6s. at Mr. 
 Lindsay’s sale in 1867, while one fetched £21 10s. at Mr. 
 Wingate’s in 1875. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Sixteen- shilling piece. Eight- shilling 
 piece. Four-shilling piece. Two-shilling piece. 
 
 Sixteen- shilling piece. Obv. The arms of Scotland, 
 crowned, in an inner circle, composed of a fine line. 
 IACOBVS . 6 . DEI . GRATIA . REX . SCOTORVM. Rev. A thistle 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 83 
 
 with small leaves between the letters I. Rounder a crown. 
 nemo . me . impvne . lacesset . 1581. No m.m. or inner 
 circle. 
 
 Eight-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Sixteen- shilling 
 piece, but with no inner circle. iacobvs . 6 . dei. 
 gratia . rex . scotorvm. Bev. Exactly similar. 
 
 Four- shilling piece. Obv. As the Eight- shilling 
 piece, but scotor. Bev. Also similar. 
 
 Two-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Eight-shil- 
 ling piece, but dei . g . rex . scotorvm., or dei . gratia, 
 rex . scotor. Bev. Also similar, but with m.m. a cross. 
 
 Weight. Unrecorded. 
 
 Fineness. As the last coinage. 
 
 Barity. All extremely rare. An Eight- shilling piece 
 brought <£10 at the Forster sale in 1868, while £36 was 
 realized at Mr. Wingate’s in 1875, and at this latter sale 
 a Four- shilling piece also sold for £36. 
 
 FIFTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Forty- shilling piece. Thirty- shilling 
 piece. Twenty- shilling piece. Ten-shilling piece. 
 
 Forty-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust in armour 
 to the left ; he is crowned, and bears a sword erect in his 
 right hand. There is an inner circle on both sides, iaco- 
 bvs . 6 . dei . gratia . rex . scotorvm. Bev. The arms 
 of Scotland, crowned, dividing the letters I. R., and below 
 them the value, xl. s. The legend is honor . regis. 
 IVDICIVM . DILIGIT . 1582. 
 
84 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Thirty-shilling piece. Obv. Exactly similar to tlie 
 Forty- shilling piece. Rev. Also similar, but xxx. s., and 
 the dates 1582, 1583, 1584. 
 
 Twenty-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Forty- shilling 
 piece. Rev. Also similar, but xx. s., and the dates 1582, 
 1583, 1584. 
 
 Ten-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Forty- shilling 
 piece; one reads graatia. Rev. Also similar, but x. s., 
 and the dates 1582, 1583. 
 
 Weight of the 40- shilling piece . 
 
 „ 30- shilling piece . 
 
 „ 20- shilling piece . 
 
 „ 10-shilling piece . 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 of alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Forty- shilling piece is of the highest rarity. 
 The Thirty and Twenty- shilling pieces are quite common; 
 the Ten- shillings somewhat scarcer. At Mr. Martin’s sale 
 in 1859 a Forty- shilling piece sold for £20, and at Mr. 
 Wingate’s, in 1875, one realized <£85. 
 
 472a grs. 
 354f „ 
 236a „ 
 H8| „ 
 
 SIXTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Balance Half-merk. Balance Quarter- 
 merk. 
 
 Balance Half-merk. Obv. Between two thistle-heads 
 the arms of Scotland, crowned, iacobvs . 6 . d . g . r. 
 scotorym . 1591, 1592, 1593 or 1594. Rev. A balance, 
 behind which is a sword, his . differt . rege . tyran- 
 nvs. There is an inner circle, and m.m. generally a cinque- 
 foil on both sides. 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 85 
 
 Balance Quarter-mere. Like the Half-merk in 
 every respect. 
 
 Weight of the Half-merk . . . 71-f grs. 
 
 „ Quarter-merk . . 35^ „ 
 
 Fineness. 10a parts fine to 1 a parts of alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Half-merk is scarce, and the Quarter- 
 merk very rare. Pieces of 1598 or 1594 are especially 
 rare. 
 
 SEVENTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Ten-shilling piece. Eive-shilling piece. 
 Thirty-penny piece. Twelve-penny piece. 
 
 Ten-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust in armour, 
 bare-headed, to the right, iacobvs . 6 . d . g . r . scoto- 
 rvm. One has iacobs. Rev. A three-headed, leaved 
 thistle, with a crown above, nemo . me . impvne . laces- 
 sit . 1593, 1594, 1598 or 1599. One reads lacessi. M.m. 
 on both sides, a quatrefoil. 
 
 Eive-shilling piece. Obv. Exactly like the Ten- shil- 
 ling piece. Rev. Also like it, with the dates 1593, 1594, 
 1595, 1598, 1599. 
 
 Thirty-penny piece. Similar to the Ten-shillings in 
 all respects, except that one has scotorv, and another no 
 m.m. on the obverse. The dates which occur are 1594, 
 1595, 1598, 1599, 1601. One with the latter date has 
 m.m. a cross on the reverse. 
 
 Twelve-penny piece. Obv. Like the Ten- shilling piece, 
 but a pellet behind the head. Rev. Also similar, with the 
 dates 1594, 1595, 1596. 
 
86 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 94 £ 
 
 Mi 
 
 234- 
 
 grs. 
 
 n i 3 
 
 -rg- » 
 
 of the 10- shilling piece . 
 
 „ 5 -shilling piece . 
 
 „ 30-penny piece 
 
 „ 12-penny piece 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Ten-shillings is common; the Five-shil- 
 lings and Thirty-penny piece scarcer. The Twelve-penny 
 piece is extremely rare. 
 
 EIGHTH COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Thistle Merk. Half-thistle Merk. 
 Qnarter-thistle Merk. Eighth-thistle Merk. 
 
 Thistle Meek. Obv. The arms of Scotland, with a 
 large crown above, extending through the inner circle. 
 iacobvs . 6 . d . g . e . scotoevm. Rev. A leaved thistle, 
 crowned, eegem . iova . peotegit . 1601., 1602., 1603., 
 or 1604. 
 
 Half-meek. Obv. Like the Merk. Rev. Also similar, 
 with the dates 1601, 1602, and 1603. 
 
 Qtjaetee-meek. Similar to the Half-merk in every 
 respect, and with the same dates. 
 
 Eighth-meek. Same type as the Merk, with the dates 
 1601 and 1602. 
 
 Weight of the Merk .... 
 
 105 grs. 
 
 „ Half-merk . 
 
 52 i „ 
 
 „ Quarter-merk 
 
 26J „ 
 
 „ Eighth-merk 
 
 is* „ 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 
JAMES VI. 87 
 
 Rarity. The Merk is quite common, its division a little 
 scarcer. 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Issued in Feb., 1605, in accordance with a proclamation 
 dated Nov. 16, 1604. 
 
 Arms. As those of the next coinage, except that the 
 English and French arms occupy the first and fourth 
 quarters, those of Scotland being placed in the second 
 quarter. 
 
 Denominations. Sixty- shilling piece. Thirty- shilling 
 piece. Twelve- shilling ' piece. Six-shilling piece. Two- 
 shilling piece. Shilling. Half- shilling. 
 
 Sixty-shilling- piece. Obv. The king on horseback to 
 the right, holding a sword in his right hand. On the 
 caparison of the horse there is a crowned thistle-head. 
 
 IACOBVS . D . G . MAG . BEIT . FEAN . & . HIB . EEX. Rev. 
 
 The royal arms in a garnished shield, qv^j . devs. 
 conivnxit . nemo . sepaeet. On both sides there is a 
 thistle-head for m.m. 
 
 Thiety-shilling piece. In every respect like the 
 Sixty- shilling piece. 
 
 Twelve-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust to the 
 right, with xn. for the value behind the head. He wears 
 the Scotch crown, which has a fleur-de-lis between two 
 crosses ; and this, with the thistle m.m., constitutes the 
 
88 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 difference between the Scotch Twelve- shilling piece and 
 the English Shilling, the English crown having a cross 
 between two fleurs-de-lis. iacobvs . d . g . mag . brit. 
 fran . et . hi or hib . rex. Rev. The royal arms as on 
 the crown in a plain shield, qvje . devs . conivnxit . nemo, 
 separet. M.m. a thistle-head on both sides. 
 
 Six-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling 
 piece, but vi. behind the head. Rev. Also similar, but the 
 date is placed above the shield. 
 
 Two- shilling piece. Obv. A rose, crowned with the 
 English crown, i : d : g : rosa sine spina. Rev. A 
 thistle, crowned, tveatvr vnita devs. M.m. a thistle- 
 head on each side. 
 
 Shilling. Exactly like the Two- shilling piece, except 
 that the rose and thistle are not crowned. 
 
 Half- shilling. Obv. A rose. Rev. A thistle. No 
 m.m. or legend. 
 
 English. 
 
 
 Grs. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 d. 
 
 Weight of the 60- shilling piece, 464|4 ; current for 5 
 
 0 
 
 a 
 
 80- shilling piece, 232 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 12-shilling piece, 92f4 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 a 
 
 6- shilling piece, 46|4 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 2-shilling piece, 15ff 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 >> 
 
 Shilling, 7f4 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Half- shilling, 3ff 
 
 if 
 
 0 
 
 0i 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 
 
 
 Rarity. 
 
 All scarce. 
 
 
 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 89 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. 
 
 By proclamation, dated Dec. 9, 1609. 
 
 Arms. Four grand quarters. First and fourth, Or, a 
 lion rampant, gules, within a double tressure of the same, 
 fleuree and counter-fleuree — for Scotland. Second grand 
 quarter, quarterly, first and fourth, Azure, three fleurs-de- 
 lis, or — for France. Second and third, Gules, three lions 
 passant guardant, or — for England. Third grand quarter, 
 Azure, a harp, or, stringed argent — for Ireland. This 
 distribution is observed on all subsequent Scotch coins. 
 
 Denominations. Sixty- shilling piece. Thirty- shilling 
 piece. Twelve- shilling piece. Six- shilling piece. The 
 smaller coins of the last coinage continued unaltered. 
 
 Sixty-shilling piece. Obv. The king on horseback, 
 with a sword in his right hand, riding to the right ; on the 
 caparison of the horse is a crowned thistle-head, iacobvs. 
 d . g . mag . brit . fran . & . hib . rex. Rev. In a gar- 
 nished shield, the royal arms. . devs . conivnxit. 
 
 nemo . separet. M.m. a thistle-head on both sides. 
 
 Thirty- shilling piece. Exactly like the Sixty- shil- 
 ling piece in every respect. 
 
 Twelve-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, 
 to the right, with the value xn. behind the head, iacobvs. 
 d . g . mag . brit . fran . & . hib . rex. Rev. The royal 
 arms in a plain shield, qvje . devs . conivnxit . nemo, 
 separet. M.m. a thistle-head on both sides. 
 
 Six- shilling piece. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling 
 iSr 
 
90 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 piece, but vi. behind the head. Rev. Also similar, but 
 with the date 1622 over the shield. One, probably unique, 
 in my possession has the date 1613. 
 
 Weight , Currency , and Fineness. As the last coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Thirty- shilling piece is not uncommon ; 
 the Twelve- shilling piece is rare ; the Sixty- shilling and 
 the Six-shilling pieces, especially the latter, are extremely 
 rare. 
 
 CHAELES I. 
 a.d. 1625— 1649. 
 
 Coinages. Five. 1st, 1625 ; 2nd, 1636 ; 3rd, January, 
 1637 ; 4th, October, 1637 ; 5th, 1642. 
 
 FIEST COINAGE. — 1625. 
 
 Denominations. Crown or Three-pound piece. Half- 
 crown or Thirty- shilling piece. Twelve- shilling piece. 
 Six- shilling piece or Sixpence. Two- shilling piece or Two- 
 pence. Shilling or Penny. Half- shilling or Half-penny. 
 
 Three-pound piece. Ohv. Exactly like the last Sixty- 
 shilling piece of James VI. carolvs . d . g . mag . beit. 
 eran . & . hib . rex. Rev. Also exactly similar, this coin- 
 age only differing from James’ in the sovereign’s name. 
 
 Thirty-shilling piece. In all respects like the Three- 
 pound piece. 
 
 Twelve-shilling piece. Ohv. Similar to James YI.’s 
 
CHARLES I. 
 
 91 
 
 last Twelve- shilling piece, except in reading carolvs. Rev. 
 Also exactly similar. 
 
 Six-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling 
 piece, bnt the value vi. behind the bust. Rev. Also simi- 
 lar, with the date 1627, 1632 or 1633 above the shield. 
 
 Two-shilling piece. Obv. Exactly like James YI.’s 
 Two- shilling piece, c . d . g . rosa . sine . spina. Rev. 
 Also similar. 
 
 Shilling. Like the Two-shilling piece, except that the 
 rose and thistle are not crowned. 
 
 Half-shilling. Not to be distinguished from James 
 YI.’s. 
 
 Weight, Currency, and Fineness. As Janies YI.’s last 
 coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Twelve- shilling piece is rare ; the Six- 
 shilling and Three-pound pieces are extremely rare, while 
 the Thirty- shilling piece is not uncommon. The smaller 
 pieces are very scarce. At Mr. Ferguson’s sale in 1851, a 
 Three-pound and a Thirty- shilling piece fetched together 
 <£5 2 8. 6d. A Three-pound piece brought <£1 8s. at Mr. 
 Cuff’s sale in 1854. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1636. 
 
 Denominations. Half-merk. Forty-penny piece. Twenty- 
 penny piece. This coinage was struck with the hammer, 
 which easily distinguishes it from the fourth. 
 
 Half-mere. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, to the left, 
 extending to the edge of the coin. Behind the head is 
 
92 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 the value vi. 8. carolvs . d . g . scot . ang . fr . &. 
 hib . r. The legend commences from the bottom. Rev. In 
 a plain shield the Royal arms, crowned, christo . avspice. 
 regno. 
 
 Forty-penny piece. Obv. Similar to the Half-merk, 
 bnt xl., the value, behind the head, car . d . g . scot, 
 an or ang . pr . & . hi or hib . r. Rev. A leaved thistle, 
 crowned, salvs . reipvb . svprema . lex. ; or salvs reip. 
 svpr . lex. One has rex for lex. 
 
 Twenty-penny piece. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, 
 to the left, in a circle, and xx. behind the head. The 
 legend commences at the top. car . d . g . scot . ang. 
 er or fra . et or & . hib . r. Rev. A leaved thistle 
 crowned, ivst or ivstitia . thronvm . firmat. One has 
 ivstitiv . thronvm . frmat. Another blundered speci- 
 men reads oar . d . g . soot . ango . fr . hibr . re., and 
 
 ISIIIAM . RNVM . FIRMAR. 
 
 Weight of the Half-merk . . . . 51^ grs. (very nearly). 
 
 „ Forty-penny piece . 25f- „ 
 
 „ Twenty-penny piece 12ff „ „ 
 
 Fineness. As James IV.’s last coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Half-merk is scarce, but the others are 
 common. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. — January, 1637. 
 
 Denominations. Twelve- shilling piece. Six- shilling 
 
 piece. 
 
 Twelve-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, to 
 
CHARLES I. 
 
 93 
 
 the left, crowned, within a circle. The legend commences 
 at the top. carolvs . d . g . mag or magn . brit or 
 britan . fr or fran . & or et . hib . rex. The value XII. 
 is behind the bnst. M.m. a thistle. Rev. The arms in 
 a plain shield, crowned, between the letters C. R., both 
 crowned, qv.® . deys . conivnxit . nemo . separet. 
 M.m. a thistle or a circle. Both on this and other coinages 
 the small letters b or f occur with the mint mark under 
 the bust, or elsewhere ; these are the initials of Nicholas 
 Briot and George Foulis, chief officers of the mint. 
 
 Six-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling 
 piece, but the value vi. behind the head, carolvs . d . g. 
 
 MAG . BRIT . FR Or FRAN . ET . HIB . REX. M.m. a thistle, 
 
 or none. Rev. Two types. No. 1 has the crown passing- 
 through the inner circle, as on the Twelve- shilling piece. 
 No m.m. On No. 2 the crown is within the circle. M.m. 
 a thistle, qv^j . devs . conivnxit . nemo . separet. on 
 both types. One has sep. 
 
 This coinage was engraved by Briot, and struck with 
 the mill. 
 
 Weight, Currency, and Fineness. As James YI.’s last 
 coinage. 
 
 Rarity. Not uncommon. 
 
 FOURTH COINAGE.— October, 1637. 
 
 Denominations. Sixty- shilling piece. Thirty- shilling 
 piece. Twelve- shilling piece. Six-shilling piece. Half- 
 merk. Forty-penny piece. Twenty-penny piece. Of these 
 
94 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 the Sixty and Six- shilling pieces were not ordered till 
 1639. They were engraved and milled by Briot. 
 
 Sixty- shilling piece. Obv. The king on horseback, 
 to the left, with a drawn sword in his right hand. Some- 
 times there is ground under the horse, carolvs . d . g. 
 
 MAGN . BRITANN . FRANC . ET . HIBERN . REX. M.m. a 
 
 thistle, with a small b sometimes above it. Rev. A gar- 
 nished shield, crowned, containing the royal arms, q vie. 
 devs . conivnxit . nemo . separet. Some have m.m. 
 a thistle-head with b above it. 
 
 Thirty-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Sixty- 
 shilling piece, in all respects, carolvs . d . g . mag or 
 
 MAGN . BRIT OT BRITAN . FRAN . ET . HIB . REX. M.m. 
 
 a thistle or anemone. Rev. Also similar. M.m. a thistle 
 with or without the b. 
 
 Twelve-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, 
 crowned, to the left, extending through the inner circle to 
 the edge. The legend commences at the bottom. Behind 
 the head is the value xn. car . d . g . mag . brit or 
 BRITAN . FR OT FRAN . ET . HIB . REX. Rev. The amiS 
 in plain shield, crowned, between the letters C. R., both 
 crowned, qv^ . devs . conivnxit . nemo . separet. 
 
 Six-shilling piece. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling 
 piece, but vi. behind the head, car . d . g . mag . brit. 
 fran . et . hib . rex. Rev. Also similar in all respects. 
 One has nothing at the sides of the shield, and another 
 has crowned lozenges. 
 
 Half-mere:. Obv. Like the Twelve- shilling piece, but 
 vi. 8. behind the head. There is a small b under the bust. 
 
CHARLES I. 
 
 95 
 
 CAR . D . G . SCOT . ANG . FR . ET . HIB . R. Rev. Also 
 similar, christo . avspice . regno. Above the crown is 
 a small b. 
 
 Forty-penny piece. Obv. As the Half-merk, but xl. 
 behind the head, car . d . g . scot . ang . fr . et . hib. 
 r. A small b under the bust. Rev. A leaved thistle 
 crowned, salvs . reipvb . svprema . lex. One has c 
 and r, crowned, on either side of the thistle. Another 
 reads reipvblice. 
 
 Twenty-penny piece. Two types. No. 1, obv., like 
 the Forty-penny piece, but xx. behind the head. car. 
 
 D . G . SCOT . ANG . FR OT FRA . & OV ET . HIB . R. Some 
 
 have a small b under the bust. Rev. A leaved thistle 
 crowned, ivstitia . thronvm . firmat. An extremely 
 rare type had c. r., crowned, on either side of the thistle. 
 No. 2, obv., similar to No. 1, but car . d . g . mag . br. 
 fr . et . hi or hib . r or rex. Some have fr. for br. Rev. 
 Also similar, but ivst . thronvm . firmat. 
 
 Weight of the Sixty- shilling piece . 
 „ Thirty- shilling piece 
 
 „ Twelve- shilling piece 
 
 „ Six- shilling piece 
 
 „ Half-merk 
 
 „ Forty-penny piece . 
 
 „ Twenty-penny piece. 
 
 > As the first coinage. 
 
 f As the second coinage. 
 
 Currency and Fineness. As the last coinage but one of 
 James YI. 
 
 Rarity. The Sixty- shilling piece and Half-merk are 
 
96 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 rare ; the others are not uncommon. Sixty- shilling pieces 
 fetched J21 2s. and <£ 1 7s. at Mr. Cuff’s sale in 1854. 
 
 FIFTH COINAGE. — 1642. 
 
 Denominations . Three- shilling piece. Two- shilling piece. 
 
 Three-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, 
 to the left, in an inner circle, with a thistle behind the 
 head, cap . d . g . scot . ang . pean . & . hib . r. Dev. 
 The royal arms in a plain shield, crowned, salys . reip. 
 svpr . lex. M.m. a thistle-head. 
 
 Two-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, 
 to the left, with n. behind the head, car . d . g . scot. 
 AN or ANG . PE or FRAN . & . HIB . R. ; Or CAR . D . G . MAG. 
 brit . fran . et . hib . r. Bev. The arms of Scotland 
 crowned, ivst . thronvm . firmat. One has rrmat. 
 
 Weight of the Three- shilling piece, 23^ grs. (very nearly). 
 
 „ Two-shilling piece, 15i „ „ 
 
 Fineness. As James YI.’s last coinage but one. 
 
 Barity. The Three- shilling piece is very rare ; the Two- 
 shilling piece is not uncommon. 
 
 CHAELES II. 
 
 Restored 1660. E. 1684. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1664— 75 ; 2nd, 1675— 82. The 
 English crown is used on all Charles II.’ s silver coins. 
 
CHARLES II. 
 
 97 
 
 FIKST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Four-merk piece. Double-merk. Merk. 
 Half-merk. 
 
 Four-merk piece. Obv. The king’s bust, laureated. 
 and in armour to the right. Some have a thistle, or f, 
 (the initial of John Falconer, warden of the mint) under 
 the bust, some the thistle above the head and f below 
 carolvs . ii . dei . gra. Rev. The arms arranged cross- 
 wise in four shields, which contain, 1st and 3rd, the arms 
 of Scotland; 2nd, the arms of France and England, 
 quarterly ; 4th, the arms of Ireland. In each angle of 
 the cross are two linked c’s, crowned, and in the centre 
 the value, liii. 4. mag . br or bri . fra . et . hib . rex. 
 1664, 65, 70, 73, 74, or 75. 
 
 Two-merk piece. Obv. Similar to the Four-merk 
 piece, but the thistle does not appear above the head. 
 Rev. Also similar, with xxvi. 8. for the value, and the 
 dates 1664, 70, 73, 74, or 75. 
 
 Merk. Obv. Like the Four-merk piece, but usually a 
 thistle under the bust. Rev. Also similar. The value, 
 xiii. 4. in the centre of the cross. The dates are from 
 1664 to 1675 all inclusive. 
 
 Half-merk. Obv. Just like the Merk, with a thistle 
 under the bust. Rev. Like the Merk, but the value vi. 8. 
 The dates which occur are 1664, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 
 73, 75. 
 
 o 
 
98 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Weight of the Four-merk piece 429 grs. (very nearly). 
 
 „ Double-merk . 214a 99 „ 
 
 „ Merk .... 107^ „ „ 
 
 „ Half-merk . . . 53f- ,, „ 
 
 Currency. The Merk was current for 13s. 4<d. Scotch, 
 (13icZ. English). 
 
 Fineness. 11 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Merk and Half-merk are qnite common, 
 the Two-merks is not uncommon, hut the Eour-merks is 
 scarce. It is hard to obtain them in good condition. A 
 Eour-merk piece fetched £1 11s. at Mr. Cuff’s sale in 
 1854. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Dollar. Half-dollar. Quarter- dollar. 
 Eighth-dollar. Sixteenth-dollar. 
 
 Dollar. Obv. The king’s bust, laureated and draped, 
 to the left. Below the bust to the left is a small f. 
 carolys . n . dei . gra. Rev. The arms arranged cross- 
 wise in four crowned shields, which contain — 1st, the arms 
 of Scotland ; 2nd, the arms of England ; 3rd, the arms of 
 France ; 4th, the arms of Ireland. In each angle of the 
 cross is a leaved thistle, and in the centre two linked 
 c’s. SCO . ANO . FR . ET . HIB . REX . 1676, 79, 80, 81, 
 or 82. 
 
 Half-dollar. Obv. Exactly like the Dollar. Rev. Also 
 similar, with the dates 1675, 76, or 81. 
 
 Quarter- dollar. Just as the Dollar in every respect, 
 and with every date from 1675 to 1681 inclusive. 
 
JAMES VII. 
 
 99 
 
 One-eighth dollar. Exactly similar to the Dollar. 
 The dates which occur on it are 1676, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82. 
 
 One- sixteenth dollar. Obv. Similar to the Dollar, 
 without p. under the bust. Rev. A St. Andrew’s cross, 
 with a crown in the centre. In the first angle there is a 
 thistle ; in the second, a rose ; in the third, a lis ; and in 
 the fourth, a harp, ang . sco . fra . et . hib . rex . 1677, 
 
 79, 80, or 81. 
 
 grs. (very nearly). s. d. 
 
 Weight of the Dollar .... 429 ; current for 53 4 
 „ Half-dollar . . 214^ „ 26 8 
 
 „ Quarter-dollar . 107^ „ 13 4 
 
 „ Eighth-dollar . 53|- „ 6 8 
 
 „ Sixteenth- dollar 26j-§. „ 3 4 
 
 Fineness. As the first coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Dollar, its Half, and Eighth are not un- 
 common, the other two divisions are still commoner, but 
 none are very easily obtainable in fine condition. A Dollar 
 fetched £3 18s., at Mr. Cuff’s sale, in 1854 ; and a Half- 
 dollar, i>l 5s., at the same sale. 
 
 JAMES VIL 
 a.d. 1684— 1688. 
 
 Denominations. Forty- shilling piece. Ten- shilling piece. 
 Forty-shilling piece. Obv. The king’s bust, laureated 
 and draped, to the right. Below the bust is the value 40. 
 
100 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 iacobys . ii . dei . gratia. Bev. A shield under an 
 English crown, containing the same arms as on the last 
 coinage of James YI. mag . brit . era . et . hib . rex. 
 1687. The edge has the inscription nemo . me . impyne. 
 
 LACESSET. ANNO . REGNI . QVARTO OT QVINTO. That with 
 
 1688 has qyinto only. 
 
 Ten-shilling piece. Obv . Similar to the Forty- shilling 
 piece, but with 10. under the bust. Bev. The arms 
 arranged crosswise in four crowned shields, as on the 
 Dollar of Charles II. From the centre of the cross pro- 
 jects a St. Andrew’s cross, with a thistle, a rose, a fleur- 
 de-lis, and a harp at the extremities, mag . br . era . et. 
 hib . rex . 1687 or 1688. There is no inscription on the 
 edge. 
 
 There is a pattern Sixty- shilling piece, engraved by the 
 Ecettiers, similar in type to the Forty-shillings. The 
 original dies have been used in recent times to provide 
 collectors with specimens. 
 
 This king also adopted the English crown on his Scotch 
 coins. 
 
 Weight of the Forty- shilling piece . 285 grs. (very nearly). 
 „ Ten-shilling piece . 7l£ „ „ 
 
 Fineness. 11-^ parts fine to ~ of alloy. 
 
 Barity. The Ten- shilling piece is quite common, the 
 Forty- shillings not uncommon; the pattern Sixty- shillings 
 
 is rare. 
 
WILLIAM II. AND MARY II. 
 
 101 
 
 WILLIAM II. AND MAEY II. 
 a.d. 1689— 1694. 
 
 Denominations. Sixty- shilling piece. Forty- shilling 
 
 piece. Twenty- shilling piece. Ten- shilling piece. Five- 
 shilling piece. 
 
 Sixty-shilling piece. Obv. The busts of the king and 
 queen side by side, to the left. The king is laureated, and 
 under his bust is the value 60. gvlielmvs . et . mama, 
 dei . gra. Rev. The royal arms in a shield, under an 
 English crown, as on the last coinage of James VI., but 
 bearing the arms of Nassau on a scutcheon of pretence. 
 MAG . BE . FR . ET . HIB . REX . ET . REGINA . 1691. On the 
 edge is the inscription protegit . et . ornat. anno, 
 regni . tertio. Or 1692 with tertio or qvarto on the 
 edge. 
 
 Forty-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Sixty- 
 shilling piece, but 40. under the bust, and dei . gratia. 
 Rev. Also similar, with the dates 1689 primo or secvndo, 
 1690 secvndo, &c., to 1694 sexto inclusive. 
 
 Twenty-shilling piece. Obv. Exactly like the Forty- 
 shilling piece, but 20. under the king’s bust. Rev. Also 
 similar, but the dates 1691, 93, and 94. There is no in- 
 scription on the edge. 
 
 Ten- shilling piece. In all respects like the Twenty- 
 shilling piece, but 10. under the bust, and the dates 1690, 
 91, and 92. 
 
102 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 Five-shilling piece. Obv. Just like the Sixty- shilling 
 piece, but the value 5. under the king’s bust. One is 
 without the numeral. Rev. A cipher of W. M. crowned. 
 MAG . BR . ER . ET . HIB . HEX . ET . REGINA . 1694. The 
 specimen without the numeral on the obv. has Y. under the 
 cipher, and reads eeg . 1691. 
 
 Weight of the 60-shilling piece, 570 grs. (very nearly). 
 
 „ 40-shilling piece, 285 „ „ 
 
 „ 20-shilling piece, 142i „ „ 
 
 „ 10- shilling piece, 7l£ „ „ 
 
 „ 5- shilling piece, 85|- „ „ 
 
 Fineness. As James YII.’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Five and Ten- shilling pieces are quite 
 common; the Forty- shilling pieces are almost as plentiful; 
 but the Twenty and Sixty pieces are rather scarce. 
 
 WILLIAM II. 
 a.d. 1694 — 1702. 
 
 Denominations . Sixty- shilling piece. Forty- shilling 
 
 piece. Twenty- shilling piece. Ten- shilling piece. Five- 
 shilling piece. 
 
 Sixty- shilling piece. Obv. The king’ bust, laureated 
 and draped, to the left. Below the bust is the value 60. 
 gvlielmvs . dei . gratia. Rev. Similar to the same piece 
 of William and Mary, but with the Scotch crown, mag. 
 
ANNE. 
 
 103 
 
 Brit . fra . et . hib . rex . 1699. On the edge protegit. 
 
 ET . ORNAT. ANNO . REGNI . VNODECIMO. 
 
 Forty- shilling piece. Obv. Like the Sixty- shilling 
 piece, bnt 40. under the bust. Rev. Also similar with the 
 dates 1695 septimo to 1699 vnodecimo inclusive. 
 
 Twenty-shilling piece. Obv. Exactly like the Sixty- 
 shilling piece, but 20. under the bust. Rev. Also similar 
 with the dates 1695 to 1699 inclusive. There is no inscrip- 
 tion on the edge. 
 
 Ten-shilling piece. Like the last piece in every re- 
 spect, but 10. under the bust. 
 
 Five-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Sixty- shilling 
 piece, gvl . d . g . mag . br . fr . & . hib . rex. Under 
 the bust the value 5. Rev. A three-headed, leaved 
 thistle, crowned, nemo . me . impvne . lacesset . 1695. 
 The dates are from 1695 to 1702, inclusive, with the ex- 
 ception of 1698. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As the coins of William and 
 Mary. 
 
 Rarity. The Sixty- shilling piece is probably unique. 
 The others are all common, especially the Ten and Five- 
 shilling pieces. 
 
 AOTSTE. 
 
 a.d. 1702— 1714. 
 
 Coinages. Two. First, before the Union of the two 
 kingdoms in 1707 ; second, subsequent to the Union. 
 
104 
 
 SILVER COINS. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Ten-shilling piece. Five-shilling piece. 
 
 Ten- shilling piece. Obv. The queen’s bust, draped, 
 to the left. Below it is the value 10. On her bosom is a 
 thistle, anna . dei . gratia. Rev. The royal arms, as 
 on the last coinage of James VI., in a shield crowned with 
 the Scotch crown, mag . brit . fra . et . hib . reg . 1702 
 or 1705, or regina 1706. 
 
 Five-shilling piece. Obv. Similar to the Ten-shilling 
 piece, but 5. under the bust, anna . dei . gratia. ; or an. 
 
 D . G . MAG . BR . FR . & . HIB . R, OT M . BR . FR . & . HIB . REG. 
 
 Rev. Exactly like the same piece of William II., with the 
 dates 1705, 1706, 1707. One reads impune. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. As William and Mary’s. 
 
 j Rarity. Both common. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. 
 
 Denominations. Crown. Half-crown. Shilling. Sixpence. 
 
 Crown. Obv. The queen’s bust, draped, to the left. 
 Under the bust is the letter e, or e followed by a star of 
 six points, denoting the Edinburgh mint. This is the only 
 distinction between the Scotch and the English coins of the 
 same time, anna . dei . gratia. Rev. The royal arms 
 arranged crosswise in four shields, crowned with an English 
 crown, containing — 1st and 3rd, the arms of Scotland and 
 England impaled ; 2nd, the arms of France ; 4th, the 
 
ANNE. 
 
 105 
 
 arms of Ireland. The Star of the Order of the Garter in 
 the centre of the cross, mag . bri . fr . et . hib . reg. 
 1707 or 1708. On the edge of the coin is the legend decvs. 
 
 ET . TVTAMEN. ANNO . REGNI . SEXTO OT SEPTIMO. 
 
 Half-crown. Similar to the Crown in every respect, 
 but with the dates 1707, 1708, 1709. 
 
 Shilling. Exactly like the Half-crown, with the same 
 dates, but no inscription on the edge. 
 
 Sixpence. Just like the Shilling, bnt with the dates 
 1707, 1708 only. 
 
 Fineness. ll- 6 - parts of fine silver to of alloy. 
 Rarity. The pieces with the star are very rare, as are 
 also the Half-crown and Shilling of 1709. The others are 
 very common. 
 
 Weight of the Crown . 
 
 „ Half-crown 
 
 464^ grs. 
 
 Shilling 
 
 Sixpence 
 
 END OF PART II. 
 
PART III. 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
BILLON COINS. 
 
 Until the reign of James III. it is a matter of great diffi- 
 culty to say which coins are of billon and which of poor 
 silver. In these early reigns I have principally followed 
 the arrangements of Lindsay and Wingate. Mr. Cochran - 
 Patrick designates as billon only such pieces as were made 
 of equal parts of fine silver and alloy, or worse, and figures 
 none before the Placks of James III. 
 
 ROBEET III. 
 
 A.D. 1390 — 1406 . 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s bust, full-face, and crowned, 
 within a circle, robertvs . dei . ora . re or rex, or rex. 
 sc. M.m. a cross. Rev. A long single cross with three pellets 
 in each angle. The legend gives the mint town. They 
 occur of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Inverness. Mr. Lind- 
 say describes one in his First Supplement, which reads 
 obv. robertvs . dei . rex . sco., and rev. rob . dei . gra. 
 rex., and has the words divided by three lozenges. 
 
 Half-penny. Mr. Wingate attributes a Half-penny to 
 this king. The king’s name is not legible. It reads graci 
 
110 
 
 BILLON COINS, 
 
 only, but has on the rev. two angles vacant, the old distinc- 
 tion of the Half-penny. It appears to be of Edinburgh. 
 Weight and Fineness. Hot recorded. 
 
 Rarity. All of the highest rarity ; the Half-penny and 
 Inverness Penny unique. The latter sold for <£1 12s. at 
 Mr. Lindsay’s sale in 1867. 
 
 JAMES I. 
 a.d. 1406— 1487. 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s bust crowned, as Robert III.’s 
 Penny, iacobvs . dei . tracia . r. M.m. a cross. Rev.. 
 A cross with three pellets in each angle, and the name of 
 the mint (Edinburgh) for legend. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Similar to the Penny. The head 
 on some is very small, and on others very large, iacobvs. 
 dei . graci, or dei . gra . re or rex. The legends are 
 usually very imperfect and sometimes blundered. Rev. 
 Also similar to the Penny. Sometimes there are small dots 
 among the pellets. Edinburgh is the only mint. The 
 words of the legends are generally divided by two small 
 crosses. 
 
 Neither weight nor fineness is recorded, but they were pro- 
 bably of fine billon. 
 
 Rarity. The Half-penny is rare, the Penny exceedingly 
 
 rare. 
 
JAMES III. 
 
 Ill 
 
 JAMES II. 
 a.d. 1437 — 1460. 
 
 Denomination. Half-penny. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. Like the Penny of Kobert III. 
 iacobys . dei . gra . r. M.m. a cross. Dev. Also similar, 
 but some have an annulet between the pellets in two oppo- 
 site angles. The words are divided by two small crosses 
 or trefoils. They occur only of the Edinburgh mint. 
 
 Some of these pieces were probably as fine as 2 parts of 
 silver to 1 part alloy. 
 
 Rarity. Very scarce. 
 
 JAMES III. 
 a.d. 1460—1488. 
 
 Denominations. Penny. Half-penny. Plack. Half-plack. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king’s bust, crowned, sometimes with 
 a crown of five fleurs-de-lis of equal height, in a circle. 
 Some have small ornaments in the field. One reads iacobvs. 
 dei . gracia . rex., but the legend is usually blundered. 
 Rev. A cross, with three pellets in the angles. They were 
 minted at Aberdeen. 
 
 Half-penny. Obv. The king’s head and bust in a circle, 
 wearing a crown, which often has five fleurs-de-lis of equal 
 height. There is sometimes an annulet on each side of the 
 
112 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 neck, iacobvs . d or dei . gra . rex, or rex . s, sc or sco. 
 The legend is often blundered, though not badly. The words 
 are divided by one or two small crosses, or an annulet. Rev. 
 A cross, with three pellets in each angle. On some there 
 is a small cross, a dot, or an annulet among the pellets. 
 villa . edinbvrgh., variously abbreviated. M.m. a cross 
 on both sides. Mr. Wingate says of these pieces : “ The 
 variety of the half-pence seems endless, scarcely two being 
 alike.” 
 
 Place . 1 Obv. Within a tressure of four arcs, the arms 
 of Scotland, the bottom of the shield coinciding with the 
 lowest one. Above, and on each side of the shield, is a 
 crown. Some have trefoils in the two upper exterior angles. 
 The whole is within an inner circle, iacobvs . dei . gra 
 
 or GRACIA . REX . SCOTO, SCOTT, SCOTTO, SCOTORVM or SCOT- 
 
 torvm, in Lombardic letters. The words are divided by 
 small stars, one or two dots, trefoils, quatrefoils, or small 
 crosses. The m.m. are a cross, or a cross of dots. Rev. 
 A cross fleuree, the centre of which is composed of 
 an orle of four crescents, with a crown in each angle and a 
 St. Andrew’s cross in the centre, villa, (de.) edinbvrg 
 or edinbvrgh. The words are divided with the same orna- 
 mentations as the obverse. M.m. a cross or a crown. One 
 with a cross patee m.m. on both sides has also a cross patee 
 on either side of the arms on the obverse, [cf. Fig. 25.] 
 
 Hale-place. Obv. Similar to the Plack, or with a cross 
 patee on each side of the arms, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex. 
 
 1 The word “ plack ” is derived from the French plaque , a thin plate 
 of metal. 
 
JAMES IV. 
 
 113 
 
 s or scoto. One has iacbys and another iaobvs. The 
 words are divided by dots, crosses of dots, or by one or two 
 crosses. M.m. a cross. Rev. Also similar in all respects. 
 The words are usually not divided. 
 
 Weight. Unrecorded. 
 
 Rarity. The Plack and Half-penny are common; the 
 Half-plack is very rare, and the Penny is extremely rare. 
 
 JAMES IY. 
 a.d. 1488—1514. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1504 — 6 ; 2nd, 1512. 
 
 FIEST COINAGE. — 1504 — 6, 
 
 Denomination. Plack. 
 
 Plack. Obv. Similar to the Plack of James III., but the 
 Roman lettering is now adopted, iacobvs . dei . gra. 
 rex . SCOTOR.VM, rarely scottorvm. The words are 
 separated by trefoils, or one or two dots. M.m. a crown. 
 Rev. Also similar, but a five-pointed mullet in the centre 
 of the orle, and crowns and St. Andrew’s crosses in alter- 
 nate angles of the cross, villa . de . edinbvrg. No m.m. 
 Words divided by trefoils. 
 
 Weight and Fineness. Not recorded. 
 
 Rarity. Common. 
 
 Q 
 
114 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1512. 
 
 Denomination. Plack. 
 
 Fig. 25. — Plack of James IV.’s Second Coinage. 
 
 Place. Obv. Similar to tlie first coinage, iacobvs. 
 4 . dei . gra . rex . scotory or scotorym. Words divided 
 by points. M.m. a crown. Rev. Similar to tbe Plack of 
 James III. villa . de . edinbvrg. There are trefoils, 
 stars, or no ornaments between the words. M.m. a cross, 
 a crown, or none. [Dig. 25.] 
 
 Weight and Fineness. Not recorded. 
 
 Rarity. Scarce. 
 
 JAMES V. 
 
 Denominations. Bawbee 1 or Plack. Half-plack. Penny. 
 
 Place. Obv. A thistle-head, crowned, between I and 5. 
 There is an annulet over the I on some, iacobvs . d . g. 
 
 1 The word “ bawbee ” is derived from the French bas billon, base 
 billon. 
 
31 ARY I. 
 
 115 
 
 rex . scotorvm. M.m. a cross. Rev. A St. Andrew’s 
 cross, in the centre of which is a crown, between two 
 fleurs-de-lis. oppidvm . edinbvrgi. M.m. usually a fleur- 
 de-lis, but one has a thistle and another none. The words 
 are generally divided by dots. [cf. Fig. 27.] 
 
 Half-place. Obv. Similar to the Plack. iacobvs . d. 
 g . r . scotorym. Some have an annulet over the I or over 
 both I and 5. M.m. a cross. Rev. Also similar, with m.m. 
 a fleur-de-lis, or thistle-head. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The king, full-faced, and crowned in a 
 circle, iacobvs . dei . gra . rex, or rex . s. M.m. a 
 cross on both sides. Rev. A forked and foliated cross, with 
 quatrefoils in the angles. Legend: villa . edinbvrg., 
 variously spelt. 
 
 Weight of the Plack . . . . 29 1 grs. 
 
 „ Half-plack . . . 14J- „ 
 
 „ Penny .... (Not recorded). 
 
 Fineness. 3 parts fine to 9 parts alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Plack is common, but the Half-plack and 
 Penny are extremely rare. 
 
 MARY I. 
 
 a.d. 1542— 1567. 
 
 The billon coins of Mary may be divided into two classes, 
 comprising — 1st, those struck before her marriage, and 
 2nd, those struck during her marriage with Francis. 
 
116 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 1st, 1544 ; 2nd, 1554 ; 3rd, 1555. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE. — 1544 — 53. 
 
 Denominations. Bawbee. Half-bawbee. 
 
 Fig. 26 . — Stirling Bawbee of Mary’s First Coinage. 
 
 Bawbee. Obv. A thistle-head, between the letters 
 m. e. nnder an arched or open crown, maeia . d or dei. 
 G . E or EEGINA . SCOTOE, SCOTOEY OT SCOTOEYM. M.m. a 
 
 cross. Dev. Two types. No. 1. A plain or fluted St. An- 
 drew’s cross passing through an open crown, between two 
 cinquefoils, oppidym . edinbvegi. M.m. a fleur-de-lis 
 or a cinquefoil. No. 2. A cross potent, with a plain cross 
 in each angle, oppidym . stielingi or stieieliistgi. M.m. 
 a crown. There is an inner circle on both sides in each 
 case. Type 2. sometimes has the Lombardic 71 through- 
 out the obverse legend. [Fig. 26.] 
 
 Half-bawbee. Obv. In all respects like the Bawbee. 
 maeia . d . g . e . scotoeym. Dev. A plain or fluted St. 
 Andrew’s cross passing through an open crown, with a 
 
MARY I. 117 
 
 cinquefoil in the lower angle, oppidvm . edinbvrgi. 
 M.m. a fleur-de-lis, or a cinquefoil, [j Fig. 27.] 
 
 Fig. 27. — Half-bawbee of Mart’s First Coinage. 
 
 Weight of the Bawbee . . . 29 a grs. 
 
 „ Half -bawbee . . 14J. „ 
 
 Fineness. 3 parts fine to 9 parts alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Edinburgh Bawbee is quite common, the 
 Half -bawbee rather scarcer. The Stirling Bawbee is very 
 rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1554. 
 
 Denomination. Penny. 
 
 Penny. Obv. The queen’s full-face bust in a circle, 
 wearing an arched or open crown, maria . d . g . r . sco- 
 tory or scotorvm. M.m. a cross. Rev. A cross fourchee, 
 with crowns and cinquefoils in opposite angles. One has 
 a trefoil in one angle instead of a cinquefoil, oppidvm or 
 oppidy . edinbyr, ednbyr or edinbvrgi. Another type 
 has m.m. a lis and no inner circle on the obv., and reads 
 maria . d . gra . scotorym. On the rev. it has fleurs-de- 
 lis instead of cinquefoils in the angles, and oppidvm. 
 
 EDINBYRG. 
 
 Weight. 11a. grs. 
 
 Fineness. 1 part fine to 11 of alloy. 
 
 Rarity. Very rare. 
 
118 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 THIED COINAGE. — 1555 — 8. 
 
 Denominations. Lion or Hardhead. Penny. Plack. 
 
 Lion. Obv. An M., crowned, maria . d . g . scotor. 
 regina. M.m. a cross, or cross potent. Rev. A lion ram- 
 part, crowned, yicit, rarely vincit . veritas . 1555, 1556, 
 or 1558. No inner circles. 
 
 Penny. Obv. A cross potent, with crosses in the angles. 
 maria . d . g . scotor . regina. M.m. a cross potent, or 
 a pellet. Rev. In three lines across the field yicit. 
 yeritas. 1556. M.m. an open crown. 
 
 Place. Obv. The arms of Scotland, under an arched 
 crown, between the letters M. E. maria . dei . g . scotor. 
 reg or regina. 1557. M.m. a cross potent. Rev. A short 
 cross, the centre of which is an orle of four crescents, with 
 a cross in the centre ; in each angle is an arched crown. 
 seryio . et . ysv . teror. 1557. M.m. a fleur-de-lis. No 
 inner circle on either side. These pieces are often counter- 
 marked with a heart and star, the badge of the Earl of 
 Morton. 
 
 Weight of the Lion (1555) . . . 16 t 9 q grs. 
 
 Fineness of the Lions and Plack, 1 part to 11 alloy ; of 
 the Penny, 1 part fine to 15 parts alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Plack is common ; the Lion of 1558 is 
 scarce ; the others are very rare. 
 
 Do. (1556—8) 
 Penny . 
 
 Plack 
 
MARY I. 
 
 119 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 Denominations. Twelve-penny Groat. Lion or Hardhead. 
 
 Twelve-penny piece. Obv. The letters FM. in mono- 
 gram, crowned, between a dolphin and a thistle-head, both 
 crowned, fean . et . ma or map . d . g . r.r. scoto or 
 scotor . d.d. vien. M.m. a cross. Rev. A rectangular 
 compartment, between two double-barred crosses, containing 
 the legend iam . non . svnt . dvo . sed . vna . caro. in 
 four lines, whence their common name of “ Hon-sunts.” 
 Below is the date 1558 or 1559. M.m. a cross potent. Mr. 
 Cochran- Patrick says that no silver pieces of this type were 
 coined, but the metal certainly looks very good. 
 
 Lion. Obv. The letters F.M. in monogram, under a 
 crown, between two dolphins, fra or fran . et . m or 
 MA . D . G . R.R. SCO, SCOT OV SCOTO . D.D. VIEN. M.m. a 
 
 cross, or cross potent. Rev. A lion rampant, crowned. 
 vicit . veritas . 1558, 1559 or 1560. A hoard of some 
 thousands was found about twenty-five years ago reading 
 on the obv. et . ma . d . g . r . scot . d. d. vien., and 
 vicit . verita 58. on the reverse. 
 
 Weight of the Twelve-penny Groat . . 2 6 T ^ grs. 
 
 „ , I^ion 14f „ 
 
 Fineness. The Twelve-penny Groat is of equal parts of 
 silver and alloy ; the Lion is 1 part fine to 28 of alloy. 
 
 Rarity. The Hon- sunt is not uncommon; the Lions are 
 plentiful. 
 
120 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 JAMES YI. 
 
 A.D. 1567. 
 
 Coinages. Four. 1st, 1583 — 8 ; 2nd, 1588 — 9 ; 3rd, 
 1589 ; 4th, 1593. 
 
 EIEST COINAGE.— 1583— 8. 
 
 Denominations. Plack. Half-plack. 
 
 Place. Obv . The arms of Scotland under a crown. 
 iacob’ or iacobvs. (6.) d . g . r . sco or scotor. Dev. A 
 leaved thistle, crowned, oppid’ . edinb’. A very rare 
 variety has oppidvm . edinbvrgi. Another rare variety 
 has an inner circle on both sides. These pieces were called 
 “ Atkinsons ” after Thomas Achesoun, Master of the 
 Mint. 
 
 Half-place. Obv. Like the Plack. iacob . 6 . d . g. 
 r . sco. Dev. Also similar, oppid’. edinb.’ It is either 
 with or without the inner circles. There is a variety, per- 
 haps unique, with the mint name in full, which reads 
 iacobvs and scotor. 
 
 Weight of the Plack . . .28 grs. 
 
 „ Half-plack . . 14 „ 
 
 Fineness. 1 part fine to 3 parts of alloy. 
 
 Darity. The Plack with the mint in full is very rare ; 
 the Half-plack is extremely rare ; but the ordinary Plack 
 is quite common. 
 
JAMES VI. 
 
 121 
 
 SECOND COINAGE. — 1588 — 9. 
 
 Denomination, Hardhead. 
 
 Hardhead. Obv. The letters IE crowned, within a 
 circle, iacob . 6 . d . g . r . scoto. M.m. a quatrefoil. 
 Rev. The arms of Scotland, crowned, in a circle, vincit. 
 veritas. M.m. a cross between two points. 
 
 Weight. 231 grs. 
 
 Fineness. 1 part fine to 23 parts alloy. 
 
 Rarity. Not uncommon. 
 
 THIED COINAGE.— 1589. 
 
 Denominations. Lion or Hardhead. Half-lion. 
 
 Lion. Obv. Similar to the last Hardhead, iacob . 6. 
 d . o . r . sco or scoto. M.m. a cross. Rev. A lion ram- 
 pant, with two points behind it to indicate the value, two- 
 pence. vincit . veritas. M.m. a rose, a cross potent, a 
 cross, or a point. 
 
 Half-lion. Obv. IE in monogram, crowned, iacob. 
 6 . d . g . r . sco. Rev. Like the Lion, but no points, vincit. 
 veritas. M.m. a rose, or cross patee. 
 
 Weight of the Lion . . . 23-f- grs. 
 
 „ Half-lion . . ll± „ 
 
 Fineness. As the second coinage. 
 
 Rarity. The Lion is common, but its Half is exceedingly 
 rare. 
 
 R 
 
122 
 
 BILLON COINS. 
 
 EOUETH COINAGE. — 1593. 
 
 Denomination. Plack. 
 
 Place. Obv. A leaved thistle, surmounting two seeptres 
 in saltire, iacob . 6 . d . g- . b . sco. M.m. a quatrefoil. 
 Dev. A lozenge with, a thistle-head on each point, oppid. 
 edinb. M.m. an annulet. 
 
 Weight. 2Sf grs. 
 
 Fineness. 1 part fine to 11 parts alloy. 
 
 Rarity. Extremely rare. 
 
 END OF PART III. 
 
PAET IV. 
 
 COPPER COINS. 
 

COPPER COINS, 
 
 JAMES III, 
 a.d. 1460—1488. 
 
 This king ordered a farthing of copper, •which was to 
 have the cross of St. Andrew on one side and the crown 
 on the other. On one side, moreover, was to he the super- 
 scription of Edinburgh, while the other was to have an r 
 with James. This coin, so carefully described, has not 
 been discovered, and was probably not struck ; but Mr. 
 Cochran-Patrick assigns to this king a neatly executed 
 piece, about as large as his silver penny, having obv., the 
 king’s bust, crowned, in a circle, iacobvs . dei . gracia. 
 rex. Bev. A long single cross with fleurs-de-lis and 
 crowns in alternate angles, villa . edinbvrgh. The 
 m.m. on both sides is a fleur-de-lis. 
 
 JAMES YI. * 
 a.d. 1567— 1625. 
 
 The copper coins of this king may be arranged under 
 two periods ; — 1st, those struck by him as king of Scot- 
 
126 
 
 COPPER COINS. 
 
 land ; and 2nd, those issued after his accession to the 
 throne of England. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 1597. 
 
 Denominations. Twopenny piece. Penny. 
 
 Twopenny piece. Obv. The king’s bust, bareheaded, 
 to the right, iacobvs . 6 . d . g . r . scotorvm. Rev. 
 Three thistle-heads, oppidvm . edinbvrgi. 
 
 Penny. Obv. Like the Twopence, but with a pellet be- 
 hind the king’s head, and on one a dot in front of it. Rev. 
 Also similar. 
 
 Weight of the Twopenny piece . . 59 grs. 
 
 „ Penny 29i „ 
 
 Rarity. The Twopence is rare ; the Penny extremely 
 rare. 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE.— 1614. 
 
 Denominations. Turner or Twopence. Half-turner or 
 Penny. 
 
 Turner . 1 Obv. A three-headed thistle, iacobys . dei. 
 gra . mag . brit. Rev. A lion rampant, with two points 
 behind it to indicate the value, twopence, francie . et. 
 
 HIBERNIE . REX. 
 
 1 The word “ turner” is derived from the French tournois, the name 
 applied to a coin in France. 
 
CHARLES I. 
 
 127 
 
 Half-turner. Similar in every respect to tlie Turner, 
 except in having only one point behind the lion. 
 
 Weight of the Turner . . . .3 7^ grs. 
 
 „ Half-turner. . . 18 T ^- „ 
 
 Earity. The Turner is common, but the Half is very 
 scarce. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1623. 
 
 Denominations. Turner. Half-turner. 
 
 Turner. Obv. Similar to the last Turner, iacobvs . d. 
 g . mag . brit. Eev. Also similar, fran . & . hib . rex. 
 Two points behind the lion. 
 
 Half-turner. Exactly like the Turner, but with one 
 point behind the lion. 
 
 Weight of the Turner . . . 29i grs. 
 
 „ Half- turner . 14J- „ 
 
 Earity. As the first coinage. 
 
 CHAELES I. 
 a.d. 1625— 1649. 
 
 Coinages. Three. 1st, 1629; 2nd, 1632; 3rd, 1642. 
 
 EIEST COINAGE.— 1629. 
 
 Denominations. Twopenny piece or Turner. Penny. 
 Turner. Obv. Similar to the last Turner of James VI. 
 
128 
 
 COPPER COINS. 
 
 carolvs . d . Gr . mag . brit. Rev. Also similar, fran. 
 
 & . HIB . REX. 
 
 Penny. Similar to tlie Turner, but with one point be- 
 hind the lion. 
 
 Weight of the Turner . . . 29^ grs. 
 
 „ Penny . . . 14J- „ 
 
 Rarity. The Turner is common, but the Penny is rare. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.--1632. 
 
 Denomination. Turner. 
 
 Turner. Obv. Under a crown the numeral H. between 
 the letters *c r\ There are sometimes three lozenges 
 under the II. The whole in a circle, car . d . g . sco. 
 
 SCT or SCOT . ANG . FR Or FRA . ET . H, HI Or HIB . R. Rev. 
 
 A leaved thistle in a circle, nemo . me . impvne . laces- 
 set. The m.m. on the obv. are a lozenge, a saltire, a 
 lion, a trefoil, or a cross ; and on the rev. a saltire, a rose, 
 a lion, an annulet, three small crosses, a lozenge, or sun. 
 Some occur with the legend somewhat blundered. 
 
 A Penny of the same type was ordered, but was not 
 coined. This Turner was engraved by Nicholas Briot. 
 Weight. 13' 1 grs. 
 
 Rarity. Common. 
 
 THIRD COINAGE. — 1642. 
 
 Denomination. Turner. 
 
 Turner. Obv. Within a circle the letters C. R. under 
 a Scotch crown, car . d . g . scot . ang . fra . et . hib. 
 
CHARLES II. 
 
 129 
 
 e. Rev. A leaved thistle within a circle, nemo . me. 
 impvne . lacesset. M.m. a lozenge. 
 
 Weight. 44*3 grs. 
 
 Rarity. Common, bnt seldom in fine condition. 
 
 These coins being much counterfeited abroad, a proclama- 
 tion was issued by Charles II. in 1661 against the forgeries. 
 They are a rude imitation of the above coinage, of light 
 weight, reading on the obv ., sit . nomin . domine . benedi., 
 and on the rev., devs . peotectoe . nosteea. 
 
 CHARLES II. 
 a.d. 1649— 1684. 
 
 Coinages. Two. 1st, 1661 ; 2nd, 1677. 
 
 FIRST COINAGE.— 1661. 
 
 Denomination. Turner. 
 
 Ttjenee. Obv. Like the last Turner of Charles I., but 
 with the numeral ii. at the right of the C. R. cae . d . o. 
 scot . ang . p or fea . et . hib . e. M.m. a quatrefoil, a 
 star of six points, or none. Rev. Also similar in every re- 
 spect. M.m. a cross of four pellets, or none. 
 
 Weight and Rarity. As the third coinage of Charles I. 
 
 SECOND COINAGE.— 1677. 
 
 Denominations. Bawbee or Sixpenny piece. Bodle or 
 Turner. 
 
130 
 
 COPPER COINS. 
 
 Bawbee. Obv. The king, with draped bust, laureated, 
 to the left. The legend commences at the bottom, car. 
 
 II . D . G . SCO . AN or ANG . FR . ET . HIB . R OV REX. On 
 some there is a small f before the bnst. Rev. A leaved 
 thistle under a Scotch crown, nemo . me . impvne . laces- 
 set . 1677, 1678 or 1679. There is no inner circle on 
 either side. 
 
 Bodle. Obv. A sword and sceptre in saltire under a 
 Scotch crown. The legend commences on the left at the 
 sword-handle, and continues all round, car . ii . d . g. 
 sco . ang . fra or fran . et . hib . rex. Rev. A leaved 
 thistle, above which is the date 1677. nemo . me . im- 
 pvne . lacesset. No inner circles. 
 
 Weight. Not specified. 
 
 Rarity. As the first coinage. The Bodle is rather 
 scarcer than the Bawbee. 
 
 WILLIAM II. AND MARY II. 
 a.d. 1689— 1694. 
 
 Denominations. Bawbee. Bodle. 
 
 Bawbee. Obv. The busts of the king and queen, 
 draped, to the left, gvl . et . mar . d . g . mag . br . fr. 
 et . hib . rex . et . regina. M.m. a cross of five pellets, 
 or a star. Rev. Exactly like the Bawbee of Charles II., 
 with the dates 1691, 1692, 1693, and 1694. 
 
 Bodle. Obv. The letters W M in monogram under a 
 
 crown. D . G . MAG . BR . FR . ET . HIB . REX . ET . REGINA. 
 
WILLIAM II. 
 
 131 
 
 Rev. Like the Bawbee in every respect, and with the same 
 dates. 
 
 Weight of the Bawbee 189 grs. 
 
 „ Bodle . .... 68 „ 
 
 Rarity. The Bawbee is very rare, the Bodle common. 
 
 WILLIAM II. 
 a.d. 1694— 1702. 
 
 Denominations. Bawbee. Bodle. 
 
 Bawbee. Obv. The king’s bust, draped, to the left, gvl 
 
 or GVLIELMVS . D . G- . MAG . BR Or BRIT . PR Or FRA . ET. 
 
 hib . r or rex. Rev. A leaved thistle under a Scotch 
 crown, like Charles II.’s. nemo . me . impvne . lacesset. 
 1695, 1696 or 1697. 
 
 Bodle. Obv. A sword and sceptre in saltire, under a 
 crown, gvl or gvlielmvs . d . g . mag .br.fr. et. 
 hib . rex. Rev. Exactly like the Bawbee, nemo . me. 
 impvne . lacesset . 1695, 1696 or 1697. 
 
 Weight. As William and Mary’s. 
 
 Rarity. The Bawbee and the Bodle with the name in 
 full are very rare ; the other Bodle is common. 
 
 END OF PART IV. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 MOTTOES ON SCOTTISH COINS. 
 
 Christo auspice regno. I reign under the anspices of 
 Christ. 
 
 Christus (xpictoc, xpc.) regnat: Christus vincit: Christus 
 imperat. Christ reigneth : Christ conquereth : Christ 
 commandeth. 
 
 Crucis arma seguamur. Let ns follow the arms of the 
 Cross. 
 
 Da pacem, Domine. Grant Thy peace, O Lord. 
 
 Dat gloria vires. Glory gives strength. 
 
 Decus et tutamen. An ornament and protection. (On the 
 edge of some coins.) 
 
 Delicice Domini cor humile. The Lord’s delight is an 
 humble heart. 
 
 Deus, judicium tuum regi da. Give the king Thy judg- 
 ments, O God- (Ps. lxxii. 1.) 
 
 Diligite justiciam. Love justice. 
 
 Dominus (dns.) protector meus, et liberator meus. The Lord 
 is my defender and my deliverer, (cf. Ps. xviii. 2.) 
 
136 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Ecce ancilla Domini. Behold the handmaid of the Lord. 
 ( Luke i. 88.) 
 
 Exurgat Dens et dissipentur inimici ejus. Let God arise, 
 and let His enemies be scattered. ( Ps . lxviii. 1.) 
 
 Faciam eos in gentem unam. I will make them one nation. 
 (EzeJc. xxxvii. 22.) 
 
 Fecit utraque unum . Each has made the other one. 
 
 Florent sceptra piis : regna Ms J ova dat numeratque. The 
 rule of the pious flourishes : to them Jehovah gives 
 and numbers kingdoms. 
 
 Henricus rosas : regna Jacobus. Henry united the roses, 
 James the kingdoms. 
 
 Honor regis judicium diligit. The king’s honour loveth 
 judgment. (Ps. xcix. 4.) 
 
 Horum tuta fides. Their trust in one another is unshake- 
 able. 
 
 His differt rege tyrannus. The difference between tyrant 
 and king is marked by these (' i.e ., by Force and 
 Justice, as represented by the sword and the ba- 
 lance). 
 
 His prcesum, ut prosim. I am set over them to work them 
 good. 
 
 In utrunque paratus . Prepared for either course (i. e., 
 peace or war). 
 
 In virtute tua libera me. Deliver me in Thy goodness. 
 (cf. Ps. lxxi. 2.) 
 
 Jam non sunt duo , sed una caro. They are no more twain, 
 but one flesh. (Matt. xix. 6.) 
 
 Jesus (ihcoyc, ihc.) autem, transiens per medium illorum, 
 
APPENDIX. 137 
 
 ibat. But Jesus, passing through the midst of them, 
 went his way. (Luke iv. 30.) 
 
 Justitia thronum firmat. Justice consolidates a throne. 
 
 Justus fide vivit. The just man lives by faith. (Rom. i. 1 7.) 
 
 Nemo me impune lacesset. No one shall meddle with me 
 with impunity. 
 
 Par cere subjectis et debellare superbos. To spare the hum- 
 bled, and to crush the insolent. (Virgil, Aen. vi. 853.) 
 
 Per lignum crucis salvi sumus. Through the wood of the 
 Cross is our salvation. 
 
 Post 5 & 100 proavos, invicta manent hcec. After one hun- 
 dred and five predecessors, these remain unconquered. 
 
 Pro me : si mereor, in me. For me ; but if I deserve it, 
 against me. 
 
 Protegit et ornat. It protects and adorns. (On the edge 
 of some coins.) 
 
 Quce Pens conjunxit , nemo separet. What God hath joined 
 together, let no man put asunder. (Matt. xix. 6.) 
 
 Regem Jova protegit. Jehovah guards the king. 
 
 Rosa sine spina. A rose without a thorn. 
 
 Salus populi (or reipublicce ) suprema lex. The people’s 
 weal (or the weal of the State) is the highest of laws. 
 
 Servio et usu teror. I serve, and am worn by use. 
 
 Spero meliora. I hope for better things. (An allusion to 
 James YI.’s expectation of ascending the throne of 
 England.) 
 
 Te solum vereor. Thee only do I fear. 
 
 Tueatur unita JDeus. May God preserve them in unity. 
 
 Unit a tuemur. We preserve them in unity. 
 
 T 
 
138 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Vicit Leo de tribu Juda. The Lion of the tribe of Judah 
 hath prevailed. (Rev. v. 5.) 
 
 Vincit (or vicit) veritas. Truth vanquishes, or has van- 
 quished. 
 
 PRINCIPAL SPELLINGS OF SCOTTISH MINTS. 
 
 Aberdeen, a. ab. abbde. abbden. abe. aberden. Aber- 
 deen. ABERDENE. ABERDON. ABIRD. ABIRDEN. ARRDEN. 
 
 Annan, an. anhen. 
 
 Berwick, b. be. ber. berv. bervi. berwh. berwi. ber- 
 
 WIH. BERWIK. BEREWIC. BERWICI. BERWICIH. BER- 
 WICHI. BERWICCHII. 
 
 Dunbar, dnbare. 
 
 Dunbarton, dvnbertan. 
 
 Dundee, don. dvn. dvnde. 
 
 Edinburgh, e. ecinbvrgh. ed. eden. edenbvr. eddinbvg. 
 
 EDENEBV. EDENBEOVRGE. EDEINBEVR. EDEINBOVR. 
 EDINB. EDINBV. EDINBVR. EDINBRG. EDINBRVG. EDIN- 
 BVG. EDINBVRG. EDINBVRGE. EDINBVRGI. EDINBVRIH. 
 EDNEBVR. EDIBVRHGR. EEINBVRGI. EIDINBV. EIDINBVG. 
 EIDINBVR. EIINBVRGE. 
 
 Forres, fra. fre. 
 
 Glasgow } g. gla. 
 
 Haddington. (?) 
 
 Inchaff ray} ich. ihicfra. 
 
 Inverness, innernis. 
 
 1 The coins of these mints are of doubtful authenticity. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 139 
 
 Lanark, la. 
 
 Linlithgow, linlithc. linlithch. linlithco. 
 
 Montrose, m. myn. 
 
 Perth. P. PE. PEE. PEET. PEETE. PP. PE. PEET. PET. PT. 
 Roxburgh, e. eo. eoc. eocab. eocby. eocbye. eoce. 
 
 EOCEB. EOCEBY. EOCEBYE. EOCEBYEG. EOCESBY. EOCH. 
 EOCI. EOCMLXSEA. EOCX. EOHESB. EOE. EOEEE. EOX- 
 BYE. EX. 
 
 St. Andrews, andee. sandee. sandeee. 
 
 Stirling, steeling, stielingi. steeyeiyl. steeyele. 
 
 STEEYEYLI. STE. STEIYE. STIEIELINGI. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. on Mary’s third silver coinage, 75. 
 
 Achesoun, John, Master of the Mint, 75. 
 
 Achesonn, Thomas, Master of the Mint, 120. 
 
 Alexander I., silver coinage, 35. 
 
 Alexander II., silver coinages, 40. 
 
 Alexander III., silver coinage, 43. 
 
 Anne, silver coinages, 104. 
 
 Arran, James, Earl of, initials of, 17. 
 
 A. T. on the Half-groat of James III.’s fourth coinage, 63.; 
 “ Atkinsons,” why so called, 120. 
 
 B. 
 
 B. on Robert II. ’s silver coinage, 50 ; on Charles I.’s gold 
 
 coinage, 29 ; on Charles I.’s third and fourth silver 
 coinages, 93, 94. 
 
 Bawbee, derivation of, 114. 
 
 Billon, defined, -109. 
 
 Briot, Nicholas, chief engraver to Charles I., xxiii., 30, 93. 
 Buonagio of Florence, moneyer, 50. 
 
142 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 c. 
 
 Charles I., gold coinages, 28 ; silver coinages, 90 ; copper 
 coinages, 127. 
 
 Charles II., silver coinages, 97 ; copper coinages, 129. 
 
 “ C.K.” in cipher on Janies Y.’s Kyal, 14. 
 
 Counterfeit Turners, 129. 
 
 “ Cruickston” Dollars, why so called, 79. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. on David II.’ s second silver coinage, 47. 
 
 Darnley and Mary, silver coinage, 78. 
 
 David I., silver coinage, 86. 
 
 David II., gold coinage, 3 ; silver coinages, 46. 
 
 Darien, gold brought from colony of, 31. 
 
 E. 
 
 Edward Baliol, 46. 
 
 English and Scotch crowns, difference between, 25, 87. 
 
 F. on Charles I.’s third silver coinage, 93 ; on Charles II.’s 
 silver coinages, 97, 98. 
 
 Falconer, John, Warden of the Mint, 97. 
 
 Elan, derivation of, xi. 
 
 Eleur-de-lis, on the centre of the cross of James IV.’s 
 third coinage, 66. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 143 
 
 Foulis, George, Master of the Mint, 93. 
 
 Foulis, Thomas, Master of the Mint, 22. 
 
 Francis and Mary, gold coinage, 18 ; silver coinage, 75, 76. 
 
 H. 
 
 Heart and star, countermark, 118. 
 
 Henry, Earl of Northumberland, silver Pennies of, 36. 
 Henry, Lord Hamley, and Mary, silver coinage, 78. 
 
 I. 
 
 I. on James I/s Groats, 55 ; on the Half-groat of James 
 III.’s fourth coinage, 62. 
 
 I.G. on the Lion of Mary I., 17. 
 
 J. 
 
 James, Earl of Arran, initials of, 17. 
 
 James I., gold coinage, 5 ; silver coinage, 55 ; billon coin- 
 age, 110. 
 
 James II., gold coinages, 7 ; silver coinages, 56 ; billon 
 coinage, 111. 
 
 James III., gold coinages, 8 ; silver coinages, 59 ; billon 
 coinage, 111 ; copper coinage, 125. 
 
 James IV., gold coinages, 11 ; silver coinages, 64; billon 
 coinages, 113. 
 
 James V., gold coinages, 14 ; silver coinages, 69 ; billon 
 coinage, 114. 
 
144 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 James VI., gold coinages, 20; silver coinages, 80; billon 
 coinages, 120 ; copper coinages, 126. 
 
 Janies VII., silver coinage, 99. 
 
 John Baliol, silver coinage, 44. 
 
 L. 
 
 Livingston, Alexander, moneyer, 63. 
 
 M. 
 
 Malcolm IV., 37. 
 
 Mary I., gold coinages, 17; silver coinages, 73 ; billon coin- 
 ages, 115. 
 
 Mary II., see William II. and Mary II. 
 
 Morton, Earl of, his badge nsed as a countermark, 118. 
 Mullet and star, difference between, 43. 
 
 N. 
 
 “ Non-sunts,” why so called, 119. 
 
 Northumberland, Henry, Earl of, silver coinage, 36. 
 
 O. 
 
 Orkneys and Shetlands, possibly alluded to, 61. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pile, derivation of, xi. 
 
 Plack, derivation of, 112. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 145 
 
 R. 
 
 R. formed like B. on James III.’s second coinage, 60. 
 
 “ Rising Sun,” name of a skip, 31. 
 
 Robert I., silver coinage, 45. 
 
 Robert II., gold coinage, 3 ; silver coinage, 50. 
 
 Robert III., gold coinage, 4 ; silver coinage, 52 ; billon 
 coinage, 109. 
 
 Roettiers, engravers to the Mint, 100. 
 
 S. 
 
 Scotch crown, described, 25, 87. 
 
 Shetlands and Orkneys, possibly alluded to, 61. 
 
 Star and mullet, difference between, 43. 
 
 T, 
 
 T.A. on James III.’s second silver coinage, 60. 
 
 Tod, Alexander, moneyer, 60. 
 
 Tod, Thomas, moneyer, 63. 
 
 Trussell, derivation of, xii. 
 
 Turner, derivation of, 126. 
 
 Turners, counterfeit, 129. 
 
 W. 
 
 William I., silver coinage, 38. 
 
 William II., gold coinage, 31 ; silver coinage, 102 ; copper 
 coinage, 131. 
 
 TJ 
 
146 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 William II. and Mary II., silver coinage, 101 ; copper 
 coinage, 130. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. or XC. on Janies IV.’s Unicorn, 13. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yew-tree at Cruickston, 79. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Z. at the end of the legend of the Groat of James III.’s 
 third coinage, 61. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT, 
 
 CHANCERY LANE. 
 

 
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