^^^!^c*,:')?^:'^?^p*^'*^^'=--^:5^fe^^ :,-^-^s^^ ^^^/ ^/;^^^ // 'V/^ / •z y V ^■Z- ■/ 1"V- ^'Z't^ /• /^ '^-^■ •^_^ ^ ^'>/^^^--^/: /;^-^ '^-r^ 1/ - ' /. y^ /y 07^:1 ^.-,^2 ra.Ay/Ty^/y^^y- / :^^^y/AtC^'%.?r^O'Z^%Tn"'^AaV._^ 3 h u ^^/ \" w / 3^r 2 r NEW SYSTE ^ O R, A N ANALYSIS O F ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY Wherein an Attempt is made to divefl: Tradition of Fable; and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity. In this W O R K is given an H I S T O R Y of the BABYLONIANS, CHALDEANS, EGYPTIANS, CANAANITES, HELLADIANS, I O N I A N S, L E L E G E S, DORIANS, P E L A S G I : ALSO OF THE SCYTHE, I N D O S C Y T H /E, ETHIOPIANS, PHENICIANS. The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firft Ages, trom the Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Cir- cumllances of great Confequence, which were lubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. VOL. I. By JACOB BRYANT, Formerly of King's College, Cambridge ■, and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke of Marlborough, during his Command abroad ; and Secretary to him as Mafter General of his Majefty's Ordnance. LONDON: Printed for T. PAYNE, Mews -Gate-, P. E L M S L Y, in the Strand; B. WHITE, in Fle et-str e et^ and J. WALTER, Ch AR ing-cross. M.DCC.LXXIV. ^^ ( V ) PREFACE. Epicharmus, IT is my purpofe in the enfuing work to give an account of the firft ages ; and of the great events, which hap- pened in the infancy of the world. In confequence of this I (hall lay before the Reader, what the Gentile writ- ers have faid upon this fubjeft, collaterally with the accounts given by Mofes, as long as I find him engaged in the general hiftory of mankind. By thefe means I fhall be able to bring furprifing proofs of thofe great occurrences, which the facred penman has recorded. And when his hiflory becomes more limited, and is confined to a peculiar people, and a private difpenfation ; I ftiall proceed to (hew, what was fubfequent to his account after the migration of families, and the dif- perfion from the plains of Shinar. When mankind were multiplied upon the earth, each great family had by Vol. I. b divin; VI PREFACE. * divine appointment a particular place of dellination, to which they retired. In this manner the firil: nations were conftituted, and kingdoms founded. But great changes were foon effected ; and colonies went abroad without any re- gard to their original place of allotment. New eftablifh- ments were foon made j from whence enfued a mixture of people and languages. Tliefe are events of the higheft confequence : of which we can receive no intelligence, but through the hands of the Gentile writers. It has been obferved by many of the learned, that fome particular family betook themfelves very early to different parts of the world ; in all which they introduced their rites and religion, together with the cuftoms of their coun- try. T hey reprefent them as very knowing and enterprizing : and with good reafon. They Vv^ere the firft, who ventured upon the feas, and undertook long voyages. They fhewed their fuperiority and addrefs in the numberlefs expeditions, which they made, and the difficulties, which they fur* mounted. Many have thought that they were colonies from Egypt, or from Phenicia ; having a regard only to the fettlements, which they made in the weft. But I fhall fhew hereafter, that colonies of the fame people are to be found in the moft extream parts of the eafl: : where we may obferve the fame rites and ceremonies, and the fame tradi- tional hiftories, as are to be met with in their other fettle- ments. The country called Phenicia could not have fuf- iiced for the effecting all, that is attributed to thefe mighty adventurers. It is neceffary for me to acquaint the Reader, that the wonderful people, to whom I allude, were the ' Kara Br/sy Sv^oron ^^■na-jj-ov. Eufebii Chron. P. lo. See alfo Syncellus. 5 defcendants PREFACE. Vll defccndants of Chus ; and called Cuthites, and Cufeans. They flood their ground at the general migration of fami- lies : but were at laft fcattered over the face of the earth. They were the firfl: apoflates from the truth ; yet great in worldly wifdom. They introduced, wherever they came, many ufeful arts ; and were looked up to, as a fuperiour order of beings : hence they were ftiled Heroes, Dgemons, Heliadse, Macarians. They were joined in their expeditions by other nations ; efpecially by the collateral branches of their fa- mily, the Mizraim, Caphtorim, and the fons of Canaan. Thefe were all of the line of Ham, who was held by his pofterity in the higheft veneration. They called him Amon : and having in procefs of time raifed him to a divinity, they worihiped him as the Sun : and from this worfhip they were ftiled Amonians. This is an appellation, which will conti- nually occur in the courfe of this work : and I am autho- rized in the ufe of it from Plutarch ; from whom we may infer, that it was not uncommon among the fons of Ham. He fpecifies particularly in refped to the Egyptians, that, when any two of that nation met, they ufed it as a term of ho- nour in their * falutations, and called one another Amoni- ans. This therefore will be the title, by which I fliall choofe to diPcinguifli the people, of whom I treat, when I fptak of them colledively : for under this denomination are included all of this family ; whether they were Egyp- tians, or Syrians, of Phenicia, or of Canaan. They were a people, who carefully preferved memorials of their ancef- * AiyvTTTiw^TT^oi aAAnAes tm p////c«T« A,wy)' ^^Pno-^xh IfiS ct Ofiris. P. 255' h 2 tors J viii PREFACE. tors i and of thofe great events, which had preceded their difperfion. Thefe were defcribed in hieroglyphics upon pillars and obeliflcs : and when they arrived at the know- ledge of letters, the fame accounts were religioufly main- tained both in their facred archives, and popular records. It is mentioned of Sanchoniathon, the moft ancient of Gentile writers, that he obtained all his knowledge from fome writ- ings of the Amonians. li was the good fortune of Sancho- 7iiathony fays ^ Philo Biblius, to light upon fome ancient Amo- nian records^ which had hee7i freferved in the innermoft part of a temple^ and known to very few. Upon this difcovery he applied himfelfwith great diligence to make himfelf mafter of the con- tents : and havings by divejling them of the fable and allegory, with which they were obfcured^i obtained his purpofe.^ he brought the whole to a co7iclufon. I lliould be glad to give the Reader a flill farther infightinto the fyftem, which I am about to purfue. But fuch is the fcopeof my inquiries, and the purport of my determinations, as may poflibly create in him fome prejudice to my defign : all which would be obviated, were he to be carried flep by ftep to the general view, and be made partially acquainted, according as the fcene opened. What I have to exhibit, is in great meafure new : and I (hall be obliged to run coun- ter to many received opinions, which length of time, and general ailent, have in a manner rendered facred. What is * 'O ^% ivfAJioiX'^v roii aTTo rwv ccS'utcov w^nQeia-it' a7r'jxcv(poii AMMOTNEHN ypafji.fJia.cn (jvyneifjievoi?, a S'fi ax nv irctn yt'UPiftx, rnt' fxa^na-iv aTravrmv ccviei VCKrai' xai Tg/o; firi^iti tyi yr^ayfj. art to. tov y.at* a^^ai f*.vvov xai t«5 aMn- yo^iai exiroS'ctiv ToivvafAevoi, i^mva-a.To tw T^c^iciv. Eufeb. Pra^p. Evang. L. i, c. 9 p. 32. truly PREFACE. IX truly alarming, I fliall be found to differ not only from fome few hiftorians, as is the cafe in common controverfy ; but in fome degree from all : and this in refped: to many of the moft effential points, upon which hiflorieal preciiion has been thought to depend. My meaning is, that I muft fet afide many fuppofed fads, which have never been contro- verted : and difpute many events, which have not only been admitted as true ; but have been looked up to as certain £eras, from whence other events were to be determined. All our knovvledge of Gentile hiftory muft either come through the hands of the Grecians ; or of the Romans, who copied from them. I (hall therefore give a full account of the Helladian Greeks, as well as of the lonim, or lonians, in Afia: alfo of the Dorians, Leleges, and Pelafgi. What may appear very prefumptuous, I fhail deduce from their owr^ hiftories many truths, with which they were totally unac- quainted ; and give to them an original, which they certainly did not know. They have bequeathed to us noble mate- rials, of which it is time to make a ferious ufe. It was their misfortune not to know the value of the data, which they tranfmitted, nor the purport of their own intelligence. It will be one part of my labour to treat of the Pheni- cians, whofe hiftory has been much miftaken : alfo of the Scythians, whofe original has been hitherto a fecret. From, fuch an elucidation many good confequences will, I hope, enfue : as the Phenicians, and Scythians have hitherto af- forded the ufual place of retreat for ignorance to fkelter it- felf. It will therefore be my endeavour to fpecify and dif- tinguilh the various people under thefe denominations ; of who mi X PREFACE. whom writers have (o generally, and indlfcriminately fpoken. I fliall fay a great deal about the Ethiopians, as their hiftory has never been compleatly given : alfo of the Indi, and Indo-Scythae, who feem to have been little rep-ardcd. There will be an account exhibited of the Cimmerian, Hyperborean, and Amazonian nations, as well as of the people of Colchis : in which the religion, rites, and original of thofe nations will be pointed out. I know of no writer, who has written at large of the Cyclopiaus. Yet their hiftory is of great antiquity, and abounds with matter of confequence. I fhall therefore treat of them very fully, and at the fame time of the great works, which they performed; and fubjoin an account of the Leflrygons, Lamii, Sirens, as there is a clofe correfpon- dence between them. As it will be my bufmefs to abridge hiftory of every thing fuperfluous, and foreign ; I fliall be obliged to fet afide many ancient lawgivers, and princes, who were fuppofed to have formed republics, and to have founded kingdoms. I cannot acquiefce in the ftale legends of Deucalion of Theffaly, of Inachus of Argos, and ^gialeus of Sicyon ; nor in the long line of princes, who are derived from them. The fuppofed heroes of the firft ages in every country are equally fabulous. No fuch conquePcs were ever atchieved, as are afcribed to Ofiris, Dionufus, and Sefoftris. The hiftories of Hercules, and Perfeus, are equally void of truth. I am convinced, and hope I fhall fatisfacftorily prove, that Cadmus never brought letters to Greece : and that no fuch perfon exited as PREFACE. xi as the Grecians have defcribed. What I have faid about Sefoftris and Ofiris, will be repeated about Ninus, and Se- miramis, two perfonages, as ideal as the former. There never were fuch expeditions undertaken, nor conqueds made, as are attributed to thefe princes : nor were any fuch , empires conftltuted, as are fuppofed to have been eflablifiied by them. I make as little account of the hiftories of Sa- turn, Janus, Pelops, Atlas, Dardanus, Minos of Crete, and Zoroafter of Bad-ria. -Yet fomething myfterious, and of moment, is concealed under thefe various charaders : and the inveftigation of this latent truth will be the principal part of my inquiry. In refped to Greece, I can afford cre- dence to very few events, which were antecedent to the Olympiads. 1 cannot give the leaft affent to the Rory of Phryxus, and the golden fleece. It feems to me plain be- yond doubt, that there were no fuch perfons as the Gre- cian Argonauts : and that the expedition of Jafon to Col- chis was a fable. After having cleared my way, I fhall proceed to the fources, from whence the Grecians drew. I lliall give aa account of the Titans, and Titanic war, with the hiftory of the Cuthites and ancient Babylonians. This will be ac- companied with the Gentile hiftory of the Deluo-e, the mi- gration of mankind from Shinar, and the difperlion from Babel, The whole will be crowned with an account of an- cient Egypt ; wherein many circumflances of high confe- quence in chronology will be ftated. In the execution of the whole there will be brought many furprizing proofs in confirmation of the Mofaic account : and if v/ill be found from xu PREFACE. (lom repeated evidence, that every thing, which the divine hiftorian has tranfmitted, is moft affuredly true. And though the nations, who preferved memorials of the Deluge, have not perhaps ftated accurately the time of that event ; yet it will be found the grand epocha, to which they referred ; the higheft point, to which they could afcend. This was efteemed the renewal of the world ; the new birth of man- kind; and the ultimate of Gentile hiftory. Some traces may perhaps be difcernible in their rites and myfteries of the an- tediluvian fyftem : but thofe very few, and hardly perceptible. It has been thought, that the Chaldaic, and Egyptian ac- counts exceed not only the times of the Deluge, but the 2era of the world : and Scaliger has accordingly carried the chronology of the latter beyond the term of his artificial * period. But upon enquiry we fhall find the chronology of this people very different from the reprefentations, which have been given. This will be fhewn by a plain and pre- cife account, exhibited by the Egyptians themfelves : yet overlooked and contradicted by the perfons, through whofe hands we receive it. Something of the fime nature will be attempted in refpedl to Berofus ; as v/ell as to Abydenus, Polyhiftor, and Apollodorus, who borrowed from him. Their hiftories contained matter of great moment : and will afford fome wonderful difcovcries. From their evidence, and from that, which has preceded, we fhall find, that the Delucre was the p^rand epocha of every ancient kingdom. It is to be obfervcd, that when colonies made anywhere a fet- " He makes it exceed the sra of the Mofaic creation 1336 years. See Mar- Ihim's Canon Chrcn. F. 1. tlement, PREFACE. Xlll tlement, they ingrafted their antecedent hiftory upon the fubfequent events of the place. And as in thofe days they could carry up the genealogy of their princes to the very fource of all ; it will be found, under whatever title he may come, that the firft king in every country was Noah. For as he was mentioned firft in the genealogy of their princes, he was in aftertimes looked upon as a real monarch ; and reprefented as a great traveller, a mighty conqueror, and fovereign of the whole earth. This circumftance will ap- pear even in the annals of the Egyptians : and though their chronology has been fuppofed to have reached beyond that of any nation, yet it coincides very happily with the ac^ counts given by Mofes. In the profecution of my fyftem I fliall not amufe the Reader with doubtful and folitary extrads ; but colled: all, that can be obtained upon the fubjeft, and fhew the uni- verfal fcope of writers. I fliall endeavour particularly to compare facred hiftory with profane, and prove the gene- ral affent of mankind to the wonderful events recorded. My purpofe is not to lay fcience in ruins; but inftead of defolating to build up, and to redlify what time has im- paired : to diveft mythology of every foreign and unmean- ing ornament; and to difplay the truth in its native limpli- city : to fliew, that all the rites and myfteries of the Gen- tiles were only fo many memorials of their principal an- ceflors ; and of the great occurrences, to which they had been witneffes. Among thefe memorials the chief were the ruin of mankind by a flood ; and the renewal of the world in one family. They had fymbolical reprefentations, by Vol. I. c which xiv PREFACE. which thefe occurrences were commemorated : and the an- cient hymns in their temples were to the fame purpofe. They all related to the hiftory of the iirft ages j and to the fame events, which are recorded by Mofes. Before 1 can arrive at this elfential part of my enquiries, I mufl: give an account of the rites and cuftoms of ancient Hellas ; and of thofe people, which I term Amonians. This I niuft do in order to {hew, from whence they came : and from what quarter their evidence is derived. A great deal will be faid of their religion and rites : alfo of their towers, temples, and Puratheia, where their worfhip was performed. The miftakes likewife of the Greeks in refpe61; to ancient terms, which they flrangely perverted, will be exhibited in many inftances : and much true hiftory will be afcertained from a detcdion of this peculiar mifapplication. It is a circumftance oi great confequence, to which little attention has been paid. Great light however will accrue from examining this abufe, and obferving the particular mode of error : and the only way of obtaining an inlight muft be by an etymological procefs, and by recurring to the primitive language ol the people, concerning whom we are treating. As the Amonians betook themfelves to re- gions widely fcparated ; we fliall find in every place, where they fettled, the fame wor{hip and ceremonies, and the fame hiftory of their anceftors. There will alfo appear a ?reat fimilitude in the names of their cities and temples : fo that we may be aftlired,. that the whole was the opera- tion of one and the fame people. The learned Bochart faw this; and taking for granted, that the people were 5 Phenicians, PREFACE. XV Phenicians, he attempted to interpret thefe names by the Hebrew language ; of which he fuppofed the Phenician to have been a dialedl. His defign was certainly very ingenious ; and carried on with a wonderful difplay of learning. He failed however : and of the nature of his failure I fhall be obliged to take notice. It appears to me, as far as my reading can afford me light, that moft ancient names, not only of places, but of perfons, have a manifeft analogy. There is likewife a great correfpondence to be obferved in terms of fcience ; and in the titles, which were of old be- ftowed upon magiftrates and rulers. The fame obfervation may be extended even to plants, and minerals, as well as to animals ; efpecially to thofe, which were efteemed at all facred. Their names feem to be compofed of the fame, or fimilar, elements ; and bear a manifefl relation to the relio-ion in ufe among the Amonians, and to the Deity, which they adored. This Deity was the Sun : and mofl of the an- cient names will be found to be an allemblage of titles, bellowed upon that luminary. Flence there will appear a manifeft correfpondence between them : which circumitance is quite foreign to the fyfiem of Bochart. His etymolo- gies are deflitute of this collateral evidence: and have not the leaft analogy to fupport them. In confequence of this I have ventured to give a hft of fome Amonian terms, which occur in the mythology of Greece ; and in the hiftories of o'-.hcr nations. Mofl: an- cient names feem to have been compofed out of tiiefe ele- ments : and into the fame principles they may be again re- c 2 iolved xviii PREFACE. Hence has arifen the demand, tts fw> which has been re- peated for ages. It is my hope, and my prefumption, that fuch a place of appulfe may be found : where we may take our ftand ; and from whence we may have a full view of the mighty expanfe before us : from whence alfo we may defcry the original defign, and order, of all thofe objeds, which by length of time, and their own remotenefs, have been rendered fo con fu fed and uncertain. PLATES. PLATES. Vol. First. With the Pages, which they are to face. I. '^i ^HR E E reprefentations of Mount Argceus^ called now J. Mount Argau^ near Tyana and Ca^farea Taurica : by which it appears to have been an hollow and inflamed mountain. Taken from coins of Patinus, Seguinus, and others. To front Page 251 II. Temple of Mithras in the mountains of Perfia near Chil- minar and the plain of the Magi, from Le Bruyn. Vol. 2d. Plate 158. Temples in the rock near the fame plain, from Le Bruyn. Plate 166, 167. p. 224 in. Petra Mithrcs^ or Temple of Mithras^ in the fame region : from Thevenot. Part 2d. c. 7. ^'232 IV. The Jhlp of IJjs with the Ark and Paterce, from Pocock's Egypt. Plate 42. A fecond Defcription of the fhip of Ills, &c. p* 2^2 V. Temple of Mithras Petrceus from Le Bruyn. Plate 158. p, 294 VI. A reprefentation of two ancient Fire-Towers : the one at Tor one ^ from Goltzius, Plate 24. Vol. I, c 4 The XX The other ot Cronus in Sicily, from Paruta. In Monte Pelegrino, Taxis quadratis. 90. Ancient Triatuce from Vaillant, Paruta, and others, p, 410 VII. Ophis Thennuthis Hve Ob Bafilifcus ^gyptiacus : The royal and facred Serpent of Egypt, together with a priefl: worfhiping : copied from the curious fragments fent over by the Hon. Wortley Montague, and depofited in the BritiQi Mufeum. Alfo reprefentations of the ferpent Canuphis, or Cneph. ^.478 Vill. Serpentine Deity of Periia limilar to Cneph in Egypt, from Kiempfer and Le Bruyn. Alfo Serpentine devices from China, Periia, and Egypt. p. 488 IX. The Head of Medufa from a gem in the colledion of his Grace the Duke of Marlborough. j^. 512 X. Two Heads irom Goltzius. — Upon the laft page. ERRATA. ERRATA. Page Line iio 18 A comma after />&^. 147 15 dtk Strabo. 162 16 for Jamblicus read Jamblichus paffim. 167 6 frefix the numerals 51 to ct,K\a,. 190 s /or favou read favour. 202 24 /hr ttyvctiov read ciyvAlw. 207 note 58, before L. 3 t/t/ert Nonnut. 225 23 before is rn/fr/ it. 239 ««/f 14, for lAH^oilS^m read nitroitJ'lf. 242 22 fir tti/.cricrc(.i Tnv Mec^paiav i^ajpxf^ nroi AiyvTTTOi'^ MsT'^xi/x, eSx<7i- Xsuaev iv ccuTYi T>i MsT^a/a, Eufeb. Chron. P. 17. Ms^pccifx of the LXX. Jofephus calls the country of Egypt Meftra. Tw yxo Aiyvmrov Meq^^m; Kxi Msq-pufrii r-di AiyvTrTim a-zo-su'Tas, c< Txwnv oix^vTii^ 3caAa/-c£r.- Ant. Jud. L. I. c. 6. §. 2, which 8 radicals: which is meant the land of Metzor, a different rendering of Myfor. Sanchoniathon alludes to this perfon under the name of "° Micw^, Mifor ; and joins him with Sydic : both .which he makes the fons of the Shepherds Amunus, and Magus. Amunus, I make no doubt, is Amun, or Ham, the real father of Mifor, from whom the Mizraim are fuppoled to be defcended. By Magus probably is meant Chus, the father of thofe worfhipers of fire, the Magi : the father alfo of the genuine Scyths, who were ftiled Magog. The Ca- naanites likewife were his offspring : and among thefe none %vere more diftinguiflied, than thofe of Said, or Sidon ; which I imagine is alluded to under the name of Sydic. It muft be confeffed, that the author derives it from Sydic, juftice : and to fay the truth, he has, out of ancient terms, mixed fo many feigned perfonages with thofe that are real, that it is not poflible to arrive at the truth. N I M R O D. It is faid of this perfon by Mofes, that he was the fon of CuHi. "' ^A7id Cujh begat Nmirod : he began to be a mighty one. in the earth : he ivas a i?2ighty hn7tter before the Lord : wherefore it is faid^ even as Ninirod^ the mighty hunter be- fore the Lofd, And the beginning of this kifigdom was Babel. " Apud Eiifeb. Pra?p. Evan. L. i. c. lo. p. 36. riierapolis of Syria was called Magog, or rather the city of Magog. It was alfo called Bambyce. Ccele (Syria) habct — Banibycen, qux alio nomine Hiera- polis vocatur, Syris vero Magog. Plin. Hifl. Nat. L. 5. §. 19. p. 266, ■*_' Genefis. c. 10. v. S, 9. Hence called tiiQco.4o xwnyoi, xxi T.yx-, AiO;^^' Chronicon Pafchale. P. 28. His -RADICALS. g His hlftory is plainly alluded to under the charader of Alo- rus, the firft: king of " Chaldea ; but more frequently under the title of Orion. This perfonage is reprefented by Homer as of a gigantic make ; and as being continually in purfuit of wild *' beafts. The Cuthite Colonies, which went weft- ward, carried with them memorials of this their anceflor ; and named many places from him : and in all fuch places there will be found fome peculiar circumftances, which will point out the great Hunter, alluded to in their name. The Grecians generally ftiled him *^ Ng^^wcT, Nebrod : hence places called by his name are expreffed Nebrod, Nebrodes, NebrifTa. In Sicily was a mountain Nebrodes, called by Strabo in the plural *^ Ta Ns^^oo^ri o^t\. It was a famous place for hunting ; and for that reafon had been dedicated to Nimrod. The poet Gratius takes notice of its being flocked with wild beafts : *" Cantatus Graiis Acragas, vida^que fragofum Nebrodem liquere fer^e. And Solinus fpeaks to the fame purpofe : '-^ Nebrodem dams - UDC.3T0V ya's.^-xr'BcirTt?\ex AXeapov sv LccCvXun XaA/ajoc. Eufeb, Chron. p. 5. ex ApoUodoro. The fame from Abydenus. Eufeb. Chron. P. 6. Ev ran a^ 'EKXrjVoop Ka^u.lA. Ai&olMsv (a compound of Aith El), nsmvfMsm. Ai^ivog, mTt- yog. Ai&ov, T^ctfJiTr^ov. Ai^oov-x (of the fame etymology, from Aith-On) (Jt^sXavdj Trv^Cf^^Yi. ^^ Ai^og, kcojilcl. The Egyptians, when they confecrated any thing to their Deity, or made it a fymbol of any fuppofed attribute, called it by the name of that attribute, or " emanation : and as there was fcarce any " Apocalyps, c. 9. v. 1 1. '^ The Sun's dilk ftiled A/Jg4 : ' 'iTTTTSuiov (Xiitt)S'ov oAov TToAov AIGOIII AISKHf. Nonnus. L. 40. v. 371: Ai^ioTTtx.iS'ai. Atovuaov-. Avcot^iuv. aX?^oi rov on-oy. aAAoj rnv A^niAU-. He- fychius. Altered to AiGovra -n-onSa. by Albertus. s"" The Egyptian Theology abounded with perfonages formed from thefe emanations, who according to Pfellus were called Eona, Zwss, A'Qmn. See lambiichus, and Pkllus, and Damafcius, thing, RADICALS. ig thing, but what was held facred by them, and In this man- ner appropriated ; it neceffarily happened, that fevcral objedls had often the fame reference, and were denominated aUke. For not only men took to themfelves the facred titles ; but birds, beads, fifhes, reptiles, together with trees, plants, ftones, drugs, and minerals, were fuppofed to be under fome parti- cular influence; and from thence received their names. And if they were not quite alike, they were however made up of elements very fimilar. Ham, as the Sun, was ftiled ^^ Ait ; and Egypt, the land of Ham, had in confequence of it the name of Ait, rendered by the Greeks Aericc : E}tKrj§ri (^s AiyvKro;) KCfA As^/a, kcli Ilorapa, nai Ai^iOTridy koli 59 AETIA. One of the moft antient names of the Nile was Ait, or AsTo^. It was alfo a name given to the Eagle, as the bird particularly facred to the Sun: and Homer alludes to the original meaning of the word, when he terms the Eagle ^° KiBTog cn^m. Among the parts of the human body it was appropriated to the ^' heart : for the heart in the body may be efteemed what the Sun is in his fyftem, the fource of heat and life, affording the fame animating principle. This word having thefe two fenfes was the reafon why the Egyptians made a heart over a vafe of burning incenfe an emblem of their country. ^^ AiyvTTTov Js y^a^poneg ^vyjarrjaiov Kocio^s- '^ Stephanus Byzanr. • " Scholia on Dionyfuis. V. 239, What it alluded to, may be feen from other autliors. ^° Homer. Iliad. O. V. 690. 'O g!'9?^//o?, y.xi Trvpu^^K. Hefychiiis. " H^xct^Six. Ecymolog. Magnum ex Orione, in Athribis. '"hey exprefs it after the manner of the lonians, who always deviated from the original term. The Dorians would have called It with more propriety Ath» ^' Hcrus Apollo. L. i. c. 22. p. 38. D 2 f/oi; 20 RADICALS. VQV i(i)y^oi(pii) Hecc. HefychiuS. *' Macrobii Saturnalia. L. i.e. 23. fignified RADICALS. 25 fio-nlfied 7tC'():iTog. and itfi'Mevm-. and in a fecondary meanlna' it denoted a ciiicf, or prince. We may by thefe means redlify a miftake in Philo, who makes Sanchoniathon fay, that Adodus of Phenicia was king of the country. He renders the name, Adodus : but we know for certain that it was exprefied Adad, or Adadus, in Edom, Syria, and Canaan. He moreover makes him /Sac/Asi)? ©sa'i/, King of the Gods : but it is plain, that the word Adad is a com- pound : and as the two terms, of which it is made up, are precifely the fame, there {hould be a reciprocal refemblance in the tranflation. If Ad be a chief, or king ; Adad fhould be fuperlatively fo, and fignify a king of kings. I fhould therefore fufpedl, that in the original of Sanchoniathon, not (^ci(ri?\svg 0S&.I;/, but ^0Lfc^, and A(xj&'foi'. Azor and Azur was a common name for places^ w.here Puratheia were conftruded. See Hyde. Relig. Perf c. 3. p. 100. halationSi^. RADICALS. 29 halations. The Elyfian plain near the Catacombs in Egypt flood upon the foul Charonian canal : which was fo noifome, that every fetid ditch and cavern was from it called Charo- nian. Afia Proper comprehended little more than Phrygia, and a part of Lydia ; and was bounded by tlie river Halys. It was of a moft inflammable foil ; and there were many fiery eruptions about Caroura, and in Hyrcania, which latter v/as fliled by the Greeks KSzavy.Bro. Hence doubtlefs the region had the name of '^ Afia, or the land of fire. One of its mofc ancient cities, and moft reverenced, was Hierapolis, famous for its hot " fountains. Here was alfo a facred ca- vern, failed by "° Strabo Plutonium, and Charonium ; which lent up peftilential effluvia. Photius in the life of Ifidorus acquaints us, that it was the temple of Apollo at Hierapolis, within whofe precinds thefe deadly vapours arofe. ' Ey 'is^^TToAs; TYig ^^vyiag 'h^ov TtV K7:o7\7^xvogy vtto cs tqv vaoi/ Kccva^oLTioy vitayisno^ ScivoL(n[j.'dg crjotTrvoag ttcc^s'^o^svov. Ht fpeaks of this cavity as being immediately under the edifice. Four caverns of this fort, and Ailed Charonian, are men- tioned by * Strabo in this part of the world. Pliny fpeaking of '^ The country about the Cayfter was particularly named Afia. Aa-ia iv ?veip.'jnn KaiJ-r^ii aw.^i pssyta. Homer. Iliad. B. v. 461^ Gf thefe parts fee Strabo. L. 13. p. 932. ^' licoLircAii — vS'^fjLcoy vS'acTuv ttoAamv TrA'Sdirctj cctto ry ti^a ttoXXo. i^av, Stephanus Byaant. '^txvriva. f;yoj'T«. Strabo. L. 13. p. 933. ' Damafcius apod Phutium m Vita Ifidor, c. 242. - At Hierafolis, Achaiaca, Ma^nefia, and ^:yus. Strabo. L, 12. p. 868. 3© RADICALS. of fonie Charonian hollows in Italy, fays that the exhala- tions were infupportable. ^ Spiracula vocant, alii Cha?'omas fcrobes, mortiferum fpiritum exhalantes. It may appear won- derful ; but the Amonians were determined in the iituation both of their cities and temples by thefe ftrange phasnomena. They efteemed no places fo facred, as thofe, where there were fiery eruptions, uncommon fleams, and fulphureous exhala- tions. In Armenia near ■* Comana, and Camifena, was the temple of ^ Anait, or fountain of the Sun. It was a Perfic and Babylonifh Deity, as well as an Armenian, which was honoured with Puratheia, where the rites of fire were parti- cularly kept up. The city itfelf was named Zela : and clofc behind it was a large nitrous lake. In fhort, from the Amo- nian terms, Al-As, came the Grecian aAo?, aAa?, a.'Kg ; as from the fame terms reverfed (As-El) were formed the La- 4'Oi T? y.a.1 'Hfa? xat to XAPflNION ccvt^ov uTn^xsi/Jieyov tb ccAaa?, ^ctuy.x<^oi' TM (pvast. Strabo. L. 14. p. 960. ' Plin. H. N. L. 2. c. 93. Spiritus lethales alibi, aut fcrobibus emifTi, aiit ipfo loci fitu mortiferi : alibi volucribus tantiim, ut Sora6le vicino urbi tradu : alibi prater hominem cseteris animantibus : nonnunquam et homini ; ut in Sinueflana -agro, et Puteolano. Spiracula vocant, alii Charoneas fcrobes, mortiferum fpi- ritum exhalantes. Strabo of the fame: ©u/-x.C^;«, xap' m Acovov e^t a7r>iha.iov tipov, XAP^NION ^iyofy.ii'oi'y oAg6^is^'(.vTo. Jofcphus de B. J. I, i. c. 33. Alefa, urbs et fons Siciliie. Solinus. c. xi. The fountain was of a wonderful jiature. '* Strabo. L. 5. p. 385. ev ery RADICALS. 33 every thing became petrified. The river '' Silias in India would fuffer nothing to fwim. The waters of the "*■ Salaffi in the Alps were of great ufe in refining gold. The fountain at '^ Selinus in Sicily was of a bitter faline tafte. Of the fait lake near *" Selinoufia in Ionia I have fpoken. The foun- tain Siloe at Jerufalem was in fome degree '^ fait. Ovid mentions Sulmo, where he was born, as noted for its '* cool waters : for cold ftreams were equally facred to the Sun as thofe, which were of a contrary nature. The fine waters at iEnon, where John baptized, were called "' Salim. The river Ales near Colophon ran through the grove of Apollo, and was efteemed the coldeft ftream in Ionia. " AKng TTOTOLfJLog -vJ/yp^^oTaTo^ Tm sv l(^na,. In the country of the Alazonians was a bitter fountain, which ran into the " Hypanis. Thefc terms were fometimes combined with the name of Ham ; and expreiTed Hameles, and Hamelas ; con- traded to Meles and Melas. A river of this name watered the '' Strabo. L. 15. p. 1029. '♦ Strabo. L. 4. p. 314. '' Strabo. L. 6. p. 421. '* Strabo. L. 14. p. 951. Here was a cavern, which fent forth a mod pefti- kntial vapour. Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 278. '■' Voyages de Monconys. Parte 2dc. p. 38. " Sulmo mihi patria eft, gelidis uberrimus undis. Ovid. Triftia. L. 5. Eleg. 10. y. 3.' '' John. c. 3. V. 23. Hi' S'g xcti Icoavfiii Sxttti^cov ev AivMy g^^-w 2aAe//x.* ,fo denominated by the ancient Canaanites. *" Paufanias. L. 7. p. §25- The city Aries in Provence was famed for medi- cinal waters. The true name was Ar- Ales, the city of Ales : it was alfo called Ar-EI-Ait, orArelate. " Herodotus. L. 4. c. 52. Vol, I. F region 34 RADICALS. region of Pamphylia, and was noted for a moft cold and pure " water. The Meles near Smyrna was equally admired. *3 X^jLv^mioig Js 7:orccfj.og MsXTj^' A^ sg'i Ka7 a^w, ^Yioaivu ; a^aAesr, ^spjAov; a^a, «a-fo- Aoi ', aJ^tjiiTii^ dt ^iisca ix Tm ^iw^iai. Hefychius. SAN, RADICALS. 35 SAN, SON, Z A N, Z A A N. The mofl: common name for the Sun was San, and Son ; exprefled alfo Zan, Zon, and Zaan. Zeus of Crete, who was fuppofed to have been buried in that Ifland, is faid to have had the following infcription on his tomb : -^'OJg fJLEyoLg KSiTCii Zaj/, ov Aid KDiXYincatn, The lonians exprefled it Z»]i', and Zr.va, Hcfychius tells us, that the Sun was called Xawg by the Babylonians. It is to be obferved that the Grecians in foreign words continually omit- ted the Nu final, and fubflituted a Sigma. The true Baby- lonifli name for the Sun was undoubtedly Saa'j/, oftentiines exprefled Sway, Soan. It was the fame as Zauan of the Si- donians ; under which name they worlLiped Adonis, or the Sun. Hefychius fays, Za.vcimgy &Bog Tig sv Xi^upi Who the Deity was, I think may be plainly feen. It is mentioned by the fame writer, that the Indian Hercules, by which is always meant the chief Deity, was ftiled Dorfmes : Ao^cra- VYig 'H^a,KMg vraf h^oig. The name Dorfanes is an abridg- ment of AdorSan, or Ador-Sanes, that is Ador-Sol, f/je lord of light. It was a title conferred upon Ham; and alfo upon others of his family ; whom I have before mentioned to have been colledively called the Baalim. Analogous to this they were likewife called the Zaanim, and Zaananim : and a tem- "' Cyril, contra Juliaiuim. L. lo. p. 342, And lamblich. in vita Pytha- gor£e. Zai' K^ora. Ladlantii Div. Inftitut. L. i. c. 11, p. 53. Zar, Zfi/s. Hefychius. F 2 pie 36 RADICALS. pie was ereded to them by the ancient Canaanites, which was from them named '' Beth-Zaananim. There was alfo a place called Sanim in the fame country, rendered Sonam'% ^(f^vafJL, by Eufebius ; which was undoubtedly named ia honour of the fame perfons : for their pofterity looked up to them, as the Heliada^, or defcendants of the Sun, and de- nominated them from that luminary. According to Hefy- chius it was a title, of old not unknown in Greece ] where princes and rulers were ftiled Zanides, ZcLVik;^ 'Hys[U,QVsg, In ^' Diodorus Siculus mention is made of an ancient king of Armenia, called Barfanes ; which fignifies the offspring of the Sun. We find temples ereded to the Deity of the fame purport ; and ftiled in the lingular Beth-San : by which is meant the temple of the Sun. Two places occur in Scripture of this name : the one in the tribe of ManafTeh 5 the other in the land of the Philiflines. The latter feems to have been a city ; and alfo a temple, where the body of Saul xvas expofed after his defeat upon mount Gilboa. For it is faid, that the Philiflines ^* cui off his head, and ftripped off his armour — ajid they put his armour in the houfe of Aptorethy and they faflened his body to the wall of Bethfan, They feem to have fometimes ufed this term with a reduplication : for we read of a city in Canaan called " Sanfanah ; by which is fignified a place facred to the mofl: illuftrious Orb of day» »9 Jolhua. c. 19. V. ^2- Judges, c. 4. v. 11. AlfoTzaanan. Micah.c. 1. v. 11. Soils Fons. 30 Relandi Palseftina. V. 2. p. 983,. "" Diodorus Siculus. L. 2. p. 90. 3* I Samuel, c. 31. v. 9, 10. -' Jolhua. c. 15. V. 31. -f ,ce^ i^:-3. f'-^i-<' Some RADICALS. J7 Some ancient ftatues near mount Cron'us in Elis were by the natives called Zanes, as we are told by Paufanias : ^* KoLhovvrca (Tg VTTO rm STn-)(j£^im Zxveg They were fuppofed to have been the ftatues of Zeus : but Zan was more properly the Sun J and they were the ftatues of perfons, who were deno- minated from him. One of thefe perfons, ftiled Zanes, and Zanim, was Chus : whofe pofterity fent out large colonies to various parts of the earth. Some of them fettled upon the coaft of Aufonia, called in hter times Italy ;. where they wor- fhiped their great anceftor under the name of San-Chus, Silius Italicus fpeaking of the march of fome Sabine troops,, fays, " Pars Sancum voce canebant Audlorem gentis. Ladtantius takes notice of this Deity. ^^ i^gyptii liidem Mauri Jubam, Macedones Cabirum — Sabini Sancum colunt. He was not unknown at Rome, where they ftiled him Zeus Piftius, as we learn from Dionyfius of HalicarnafTus r ^' Ey 'Is^w Av yoL^ KctKsiv ris^tra^ rov 'HKioi/. Many places were facred to this Deity, and called Cura, Curia, Curopolis, Curene, Cu- refchata, Curefta, Cureflica regio. Many rivers in Perfis, Media, Iberia, were denominated in the fame manner. The term is fometimes exprefled Corus : hence Corufia in Scy- thia. Of this term I fhall fay more hereafter. COHEN or CAHEN. Cohen, which fcems among the Egyptians and other Amonians to have been pronounced Cahen, and Chan, fig- nified a Prieft ; alfo a Lord or Prince. In early times the office of a Prince and of a Prieft were comprehended under one character. ^'^ Rex Anius, Rex idem hominum, Phcebique Sacerdos. This continued a great while in fome parts of the '^^ world ; efpecially in Afia Minor, where even in the time of the Ro- mans the chief prieft was the prince of the ** province. The ■" Plutarch, in Artaxerxe. P. 1012. ■*' Virgil, ^neis. L. 3. v. 80. Majorum enim hsc erat confuetudo, ut Rex eflct etlam Sacerdos, et Pontifex: unde hodieqiie Imperatores Pontifices dicamus. Servii Scholia ibidem. "*^ Oi S liQiii TO TTCiXixicv f/,sv S wx<^ai TLvsi iiTuv. Strabo. L. 12. p. 851, It is fpoken particularly of fome places in Afia Minor. •»® Pythodorus, the high prieft of Zela, and Comana in Armenia was the king of the country. Hr 'h^eui Kv^im ruv TravTuv- Strabo. L. 12. p. 838. term RADICALS. 41 term was fometimes ufed with a greater latitude ; and de- noted any thing noble and divine. Hence we find it pre- fixed to the names both of Deities and men ; and of places denominated from them. It is often compounded with Athoth, as Canethoth ; and we meet with Can-Ofiris, Can-ophis, Can-ebron, and the like. It was fometimes ex- preffed Kun, and among the Athenians was the title of the ancient priefts of Apollo ; whofe pofterity were ftiled Kyy- viocci, Cunnidae, according to Hefychius. KvuviS'cx.ij ysvog ev AdYivri'o; h^svg. Proclus fays, that it was the title of the priefts ; and particularly of him^. who preiided in the college of Neith at Sais.. BEL and B A A L. Bel, Bal, or Baal, is a Babylonlfh title, appropriated to the Sun; and made ufe of by the Amonians in other countries; particularly in Syria and Canaan. It fignified Kv^iog, or Lord, and is often found compounded with other terms ; as in Bel-Adon, Bclorus, Bal-hamon, Belochus, Bel-on ; (from which laft came Bellona of the Romans) and alfo Baal-fhamaim, the great Lord of the Heavens. This was a title given by the Syrians to the Sun : ^^ Tov 'UXiov BssAcrajU-Jii/ ndK^Tiy, £^1 Tra^a ^qlvi^i Kv^iog Ov^ava, Zsvg k itaf 'EKMj >«'«o-JcorTf?, /-oire Tis i^iv * Kfovof, \JOfiTi Tii e^iv B«Aof. Idem, '• Pfalm 92. V. 10. ■" Pfalm 1 12. V. 9. ■'* Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 25. '^' Luke, c, I. V. 69. 'vation RADICALS. 47 fjatkn to the world. The Greeks often changed the nu final into figma : hence from keren they formed K^a.7i7\iT}io;. It fhould have been rendered Ov^o;^ Oubus ; for Ov^onog is a pofleilivc, and not a proper name. The Deity fo deno- minated was efteemed prophetic : and his temples were ap- plied' to as oracular. This idolatry is alluded to by Mofes,^' who in the name of God forbids the Ifraelites ever to en- quire of thofe demons, Ob and Ideone : which fliews that it was of great antiquity. The fymbolical worfliip of the fer- pent was in the firft ages very extenlive ; and was introduced into all the myfleries, wherever celebrated : ^° Yiy.PCL ircf^ri ■7-jJiJ )/Ofj,i(^'jlJ.Bvm TtOL^ vyjv Qb^'J O^IS (Tv^^o}^'jy y.sya zca '■^ Huetii Demonllratio. P. Sj. ''' Orus Apollo, c. I. p. 2. Some have by miftike altered this to Guoaiov. ■*'' Leviticus, c. 20. v. 27. Ueiiteronomy. c, 18. v. 11. TranQated a charmer, or accnfulter zvllh fa.T.iUar fpirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. Tunc etiam ortJE funt opiniones, et fententis ; et inventi funt cxeis augures, et reagni divinatores, et fortilegi, et inquirentes Ob et lideoni, et requirentes mortuos. Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. i. c. 2. p. 48. from M. Maimonides in more Ncbuchim. •• Juftin Martyr's fecond Apology. P. 6. Of ferpent worfliip fee Eufebius. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 40, 41. And Clementis Alexand. Cohort. P. 24. Arnobius. L. 5. ./Elian. L. 10. c, 31. of the Afp. Herodotus. L, 2. c. 74. RADICALS. 49 y,V5-YjPiov CiVCty^X(peTa.i. It is remarkable, that wherever the Amonians founded any places of worfhip, and introduced their rites, there was generally fome flory of a ferpent. There v^as a legend about a ferpent at Colchis, at Thebes, and at Delphi : likewife in other places. The Greeks called Apollo himfelf Python, which is the fame as Opis, Oupis, and Oub. The woman at Endor, who had a familiar fpi- rir, is called ^' 3i», Oub, or Ob ; and it is interpreted Py- thonifla. The place, where fhe refided, feems to have been named from the worfhip there inftituted : for Endor is com- pounded of En-Ador, and lignifies Pons Pythonis, the foun- tain of light, the oracle of the God Ador. This oracle was probably founded by the Canaanites; and had nev^r been totally fuppreil'ed. In ancient times they had no images in their temples, but in lieu of them ufed conical flones or pillars, called BaiTvKioc ^ under which reprefentation this De- ity was often worfhipped. His pillar was alfo called ^' Abad- dir, which fhould be exprefied Abadir, being a compound of Ab, 31K, and Adir ; and means the ferpent Deity, Addir, the fame as Adorus. It was alfo compounded with On, a title of the fame Deity : and Kircher fays that Obion is ftill among the people of Egypt the name of a ferpent. j^Sy Ob Mofi, Python, vox ab ii^gyptiis fumpta ; quibus Obion ho- *' I Samuel, c. 28. v. 7. 31H rhyi- ^' his called Abdir, Abadir, and Abaddir by Prifcian. He fuppofes the ftone Abaddir to have been that which Saturn Iwallov/ed inftead of his fon by Rhea. Abdir, et Abadir BaiTt^Ao'-. 1. i. and in another part, Abadir Deus tit. Dicitur et hoc nomine lapis ille, quern Saturnus dicitur devorafie pro Jove, quem Grasci BainvAcv vocant. 1. 2. H dicque 50 RADICALS. dieque ferpentem fonat. Ita *' Kircher. The fame alfo occurs in the Coptic lexicon. The worfhip of the ferpent was very ancient among the Greeks ; and is faid to have been introduced by Cecrops. ^^ Phiiochorus Saturno, et Opi, pri- mam in Attica ftatuifle aram Cecropem dicit. But though fome reprefent Opis as a diftind Deity ; yet ^^ others intro- duce the term rather as a title, and refer it to more Deities than one: Callimachus, who expreffes it Oupis; confers it upon Diana, and plays upon the facred term : " OvTTi, aj'acro"' svooiri. It is often compounded with Chan ; and exprefled Cano- pus, Canophis, Canuphis, Cnuphis, Cneph : it is alfo other- wife combined ; as in Ophon, Ophion, Oropus, Orobus, Ino- pus, Afopus, Elopus, Ophitis, Onuphis, Ophel. From Ca- neph the Grecians formed Cyniphius, which they ufed for an epithet to Ammon : *^ Non hie Cyniphius canetur Ammon, Mitratum caput elevans arenis. *' Bochart. Hierozoicon. 1. i. c. 3. p. 22. *■♦ Macrobius. Saturnalia. 1. i. c. 10. p. 162. «' The father of one of the goddeffes, called Diana, had the name of Uph. Cicero de Natura Deorum. 1. 3. 23. It was conferred upon Diana herfelf, alfo upon Cybele, Rhea, Vefta, Terra, Juno. Vulcan was called Opas. Cicero de Nat. Deor. 1. 3. Ops was elleemed the Goddefs of riches : alfo the Deity of fire: CItti civaaaa, irvpa. tt^oQuoo?, ttu^ ti'^o Toyv wocuv. Hefychius.^ Tm A^-Tifxiv ©pastes BtvS'etciv, K^nres S'i Aiktuvocv^ Aa-x.iS'xiy.ovm S'i Ouirtv (KccAHai.) Palsphatus. c 32. p. 78. 8' Callimachus. Hymn to Diana, v. 204. ^■' Sidonius ApoUinaris. Carm. 9. v. 190. On RADICALS. 51 On the fubjed of ferpent worlliip I fhall fpeak more at large in a particular treatife. A I N. Ain, An, En, for fo it is at times exprefiedj Signifies a foun- tain ; and was prefixed to the names of many places, which were fituated near fountains, and were denominated from them. In Canaan near the fords of Jordan were fome ce« lebrated waters ; which from their name appear to have been of old facred to the Sun. The name of the place was ^^ iEnon, or the fountain of the Sun ; the fame, to which people reforted to be baptized by John : not from an opi- nion, that there was any fandity in the waters; for that notion had been for ages obliterated ; and the name was given by the Canaanite : but ^' yohi baptized in ^no7i near to Salim^ becatife there was much water there : and they came^ and were baptized. Many places were ftiled An~ait, An-abor, Anabouria, Anathon, Anopus, Anorus. Some of thefe were fo called from their fituation : others from the worfhip there eftablidied. The Egyptians had many fubordinatc Deities, which they efteemed fo many emanations, ctTTOi^pQicciy from their chief God; as we learn from lamblichus, Pfellus, and Porphyry. Thefe derivatives they called '^° fountains, and *® Aivuv syjvi m ^oiKufj.. Eufebiiis de locorum nominibus in facru Script. Ain On, fons folis. Salem is not from Salem, peace, but troai Sal, the Sun, the Sol of the Latines. Salim, Aqua; folis ; alfo Aquae falfs. *' St. John. c. 3. V. 23. '• Pythagoras ufed to fwear by TirpxxTw vrscycti' cturx'-d ■pveriv;. See Stanley of the Chaldaic Philofophy, and Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. c. i. p. 135. H2 Kxi 52 RADICALS. and fuppofed them to be derived from the Sun ; whom they looked upon as the fource of all things. Hence they formed Ath-El, and Ath-Ain, the '' Athela, and Athena of the Greeks. Thefe were two titles appropriated to the fame perfonage, Divine Wifdom ; who was fuppofed to fpring from the head of her father. Wherever the Amo- nian religion was propagated, names of this fort will oc- cur ; being originally given from the mode of worfhip ellablifhed ''. Hence fo many places ftiled Anthedon, An- themusj Ain-{heme(h, and the like. The nymph OEnone was in reality a fountain, Ain-On, in Phrygia ; and facred to the fame Deity : and agreeably to this fhe is faid to have been the daughter of the river '^ Cebrenus. The ifland -^Egina was named ^^ OEnone, and OEnopia, probably from its worfhip. As Divine Wifdom was fometimes ex- preffed Aith-Ain, or AoYiva. j fo at other times the terms were reverfed, and a Deity conftituted called An-Ait. Temples to this Goddefs occur at Ecbatana in Media : alfo in Mefo- potamia, Perfis, Armenia, and Cappadocia ; where the rites of fire were particularly obferved. She was not unknown Ka( 7r>!7 )) 7r«7 wi', -koci Trnyoov irei^cLi diraauv. Oracle concerning the Deity, quoted in notes to lamblichus. P. 299. '' Athenagor. Lcgatio. P. 293. '' The Amonians dealt largely in fountain worfhip : that is in the adoration of fubordinate demons, which they fuppofed to be emanations and derivatives from their chief Deity. They called them Zones, Intelligences, Fountains, &c. St-e Pfellus and Stanley upon the Chaldaic Philofophy. P. 17. c. 3,. See Prcclus on the Theology of Plato. L. 5. c. 34. p- 315. " Edita de magno flumine Nympha fui. Ovid. Epift. 5. v. 10. Some make her the daughter of Cebrenus ; others of the river Xanthus. 'IPlin.N. H. L. 4. c. 12. among RADICALS. 53 among the ancient Canaanites ; for a temple called Beth- Anath is mentioned in the book of " Jofhua. Of thefe tem- ples, and the Puratheia there eflablifhedj accounts may be feen in many parts of Strabo. I have mentioned, that all fprings and baths were facred to the Sun : on which account they were called Bal-ain ; the fountains of the great Lord of Heaven ; from whence the Greeks formed BoLKctysid : and the Romans Balnea. The fouthern feas abounded formerly with large whales : and it is well known, that they have apertures near their noflrils, through which they fpout water in a large ftream, and to a great height. Hence they too had the name of Bal Ain, or Balasnas. For every thing uncommon was by the Amonians confecrated to the Deity, and denominated from his titles. This is very apparent in all the animals of Egypt. The term Ov^cLVog^ Ouranus, related properly to the orb of the Sun ; but was in aftertimes made to comprehend the whole expanfe of the heavens. It is compounded of Our- ain, the fountain of Orus; and {hews to what it alludes, by its etymology. JVIany places were named Ees-ain, the re- verfe of Ain ees, or Hanes : and others farther com- pounded Am-ees-ain, and Cam-ees-ain, rendered Amifene, and Camifene : the natural hiftories of which places will ge- nerally authenticate the etymology. The Amonians fettled upon the Tiber: and the ancient town Janiculum was originally named »* Camefe ; and the region about it Ca- mefene : undoubtedly from the fountain Camefene, called " Jofhua. c. -. 19. V. 38. '' Macrobius. Sat. 1. i. c. 7. p. 151. afterward 54 RADICALS. afterward Anna Perenna, whofe waters ran into the facred pool 9^ Numicius : and whofe priefts were the Camoens. I am fenfible, that fome very learned men do not quite approve of terms being thus reverfed, as I have exhibited them in Ath-ain, Bal-ain, Our-ain, Cam-ain, and in other examples : and it is efteemed a deviation from the common ufage in the Hebrew language ; where the governing word, as it is termed, always comes firft. Of this there are many inftances ; fuch as Ain-Shemefh, Ain-Gaddi, Ain- Mifhpat, Ain-Rogel, &c. alfo Beth-El, Beth-Dagon, Beth- Aven, Beth-Oron. But, with fubmiflion, this does notaffedthe etymologies, which I have laid before the Reader : for I do not deduce them from the Hebrew. And though there may have been of old a great fimilitude between that lan- guage, and thofe of Egypt, Cutha, and Canaan : yet they were all different tongues. There was once but one lan- guage among the fons of men '^ Upon the difperfion of mankind, this was branched out into dialects ; and thofe again were fubdivided : all which varied every age ; not only in refped: to one another ; but each language differed from its felf more and more continually. It is therefore im- poffible to reduce the whole of thefe to the mode, and ftandard of any one. Beiides, the terms, of which I fuppofe '■' Fontis ftagna Numici. Virg. 1. 7. 150. Egeria eft, qux prjebet aquas, Dea grata Camcenis. Ovid. See Plutarch. Numa. '* It is my opinion that there are two events recorded by Moles, Gen. c. 10. throughout; and Gen. c. 11. v. 8. 9. One was a regular migration of mankind in general to the countries allotted to them : the other was a difperfion which re- lated to fome particulars. Of this hereafter 1 fhall treat at large. 2 thefe RADICALS, 55 thefe names to be formed, are not properly in regimine ; but are ufed adjedively, as is common almoft in every language. We meet in the Grecian writings with '' 'EAA>]!/a i^^cLToVy 'EA- AaJ^a ^iccKBKTov, £(r^B lamblichus de Myfter. Se£t. 8. c. 3. p. 159. I 2 Deity 6o RADICALS^. Deity of the Romans. ^ Secundus, (Vulcanus) Nilo natii% Phas, ut iEgyptii appellant, quern cuflodem effe iEgypti volunt. The author of the Clementines defcribes him much to the fame purpofe. '° AiyvTrTioi h o/xojw? — to ttv^ i^m ^L(X.X£KTCf)^^ci SKct7^s(rav, e^^YiVSVBTOLi 'iri(poLig'o;. " Huetius takes notice of the different ways, in which this name is expreiled : Vulcano Pthas, et Apthas nomen fuiffe fcribit Suidas. Narrat Eufebius Ptha ^Egyptiorum eundem efle ac Vulcanum Grascorum : Patrem illi fuiffe Cnef, re- rum opificem. However the Greeks and Romans may have appropriated the term, it was properly a title of '^ Amon :: and lamblichus acknowledges as much in a '^ chapter, wherein he particularly treats of him. But at the fame time i't related to fire : and every place, in the compoHtion of whofe name it is found, will have a reference to that e]e-- ment, or to its worfhip.. ' Cicero de Natura Deorum. L. 3. c. 22. '° Auttor Clementinorum. Horn. 9. P. 687. Gotelerii. " Huetii Demonftratio Evan. P. 8S. '* It is fometimes compounded, and rendered Am-Apha; after the. Ionic man- ner exprcficd HjM.«(f«-, by lamblichus H^«(p. Kstr' aXXiw St ra^iy tt^otccttsi Gg-sv H,a/)(p. Seit. 8. c. 3. p. 158. Hemeph was properly Ham-Apha, the God of fire. It was alfo rendered Gamephis, K •** P.aulanias, L. 2. p. j8o. ftiled 62 RADICALS. filled '^ Acpsr^oi : and Mars '^ Aphseus was worfliiped in Arcadia. Apollo was likewife called '' Acpj^Tw^ : but it was properly the place of worfhip ; though Hefychius otherwife explains it. Aphetor was what the ancient Dorians exprefied Apha-Tor, a "fire tower or Prutaneum ; the fame, which the Latines called of old Pur-tor, of the like fignification. This in aftertimes was rendered Pr^torium : and the chief per-^ fonsj who officiated, Pr^tores. They were originally priefls of fire ; and for that reafon were called " Aphetse : and every Prastor had a brazier of live coals carried before him, as a badge of his office. AST, AST A, EST A, HESTIA. Aft, Afta, Efla, fignified fire, and alfo the Deity of that element. The Greeks exprefled it Efia, and the Romans, Vefta. Plutarch, fpeaking of the facred water of Numicius being difcovered by the prieftefTes of this Deity, calls them the virgins of *'" Heflia. Efta and Afta fignified alfo a fa- cred '7 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 242. fiippofed to be named from races. '^ Paufanias. L. 8. p. 692. or A((:veio?, as feme read it. In like manner Acf'SaAa zcci A'pSa.ix, EKocm. Stephanus Byzantinus. '' CjEfms Rhodig. L. 8. c. 16. A^/jtw^, 6 ev roa AeAqioa Qeoi, Auflor An- tiquus apud Lilium Gyraldum. Syntag. 7. *° Thefe towers were oracular temples ; and Hefychius exprefly fays, A^pn- Topiia, fxavTeicc. AtpJiro^c?, tt po Fuitque Aad filius Arami, filius Shemi, filius No?e. The author 3» Reineccii Syntagma, Clafs. 6. cxxii. p. 458. '=i El-Samen was probably the name of the chief temple at Zama ; and com- prifed the titles of the Deity, whom the Numidians worlhiped. El Samen fig- nifies Deus Cceleftis, or Ccelorum : which El Samen was changed by the Ro- mans to iElia Zamana. '♦ 'It^sov H ii XaAJ^aoi clto t8 Sw/a y^a.-ixyovTai^ ff a xcci A^^aa/A. Syncelli Chronograph. P. 98. '' Eutychii five Ebn PatricilHift. Vol. i. p. 60. of RADICALS. 67 of the Chronicon Pafchale fpeaks of '* Chus, as of the line of Shem : and Theophilus in his treatife to Autolycus does the fame by ^'' Mizraim. Others go farther, and add Canaan to the ^^ number. Now thefe are confefTedly the immediate fons of " Ham : fo that we may underfland, who was properly alluded to in thefe paffages under the name of Shem. M A C A R. This was a facred title given by the Amonians to their Gods; which often occurs in the Orphic hymns, when any Deity is invoked. '^° KAu^f, McLKd^ TlaicLVj rirvozroi/Sj ^oi^s Avkwsv. Many people affumed to themfelves this title ; and were ftiled '''' MoLKd^sg, or Macarians : and various colonies were fuppofed to have been led by an imaginary perfonage Macar, '" Ex. TW q:'j?\.r,i T'd S/)|M. Xow oi^cfxccn, Ai^n-^. Chron. Pafchal. P. 35. ''' 'Eieoci cTg vtoi Trs "^Tiy. — ovofxciTi Mi^pxsi/x.. Theophilus ad Autolyc. L. 2. p. 370. =^ Alii Shemi filiuin faciunt Canaanem. Relandi Paljeftina. V. i. p. -, -' The fons of Ham -, Culh and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. Genefis, c. 10. V. 6. Hani is the father of Canaan. Genefis. c 9- v, 18, 22. From Sam, and Samen, came Summus ; and Hercules Summanus ; Samabe- thi, Samanrei, Samonacodoma. "*" Orphic. Hymn. 33. ■*' Orphic, Hymn. 7. So Ea9s Maxao, to Hercules, and to Pan. KAt;9; Maxaa, to Dionufus. Alfo Muxccp Nwoeys. KAu6;, Maxx^, (ruvoui-j to Corybas the Sun. Orphic. Argonaut, v. 42. K 2 or 68 RADICALS. or *' Macareus. In confequence of this we find, that the- mod ancient name of many cities and iflands was Macra, Macris, and "^^ Macaria. The Grecians fuppofed the term- Macar to fignify happy ; whence Ma.Kx^s<; osoi was interpreted' smoLi^on; -. but whether this was the original purport of the word, may be difficult to determine. It is certain that it' was a favourite term : and many places of fanftity were de- nominated from it. Macar, as a perfon, was by fome ef- teemed the offspring of "^^ Lycaon : by others the fon of *^ iEolus. Diodorus Siculus calls him "^^ Macareus, and fpeaks of him as the fon of Jupiter. This term is oftea. found compounded, Macar-On : from whence people were "" Diodorus Sicului. L. 5. p. 327, 328. We read of Macaria in the Red Sea. Plin. L. 6. c. 29. To Tvpy.atov ocoi, xai Mctxctoix. Diodorus Sic. L. 3.; p. 173. ■»■♦ Cyprus was called Maxa^^a, with a town of the fame name. Ptolem. X.efbos Macaria. Clariflima Lefbos ; appellata Lana, Pelafgia, Aigeira, iEthi-- ope, Macaria, aMacareo Jovis nepote, Plin. L. 5. c. 31. and Mela. L. 2. c. 7.. p. 209. Oao-Dv Asa^ofavot) Mccxxpc^ iSoi svroi ispyei. Homer. Iliad. H. v. 544. Rhodes called Macaria. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. A fountain in Attica was called Macaria. Paufanias. L. i. p. 79. Part of Thrace, Macaria. Apollbnius Rhod. L. i.v. 1115. A city in Arcadia, Macxctpiai. Steph. Ryzant. Maxa^, a king of Lefbos. Clement. Cohort. P. 27. An ifland of Lycia, Macara. Steph. Byzant. The Macares, who were the reputed fons of Deucalion, after a deluge fettled" in Chios, Rhodes, and other iflands. Diodorus Sic^ L. 5. p. 3474 ■*' Paufanias. L. 8. p. 602. He fpeaks of Macaria the daughter of Hercules. L. I. p. 80. ■♦' Paufanias. L. 10. p. 896. '♦'' Diodorus. L. 5. p. 347. Mccx.}v vrj^og. It was certainly an Amonian facred term. The inland city Oafis ftood in an Egyptian province, which had the ^^ fame name : fo that the meaning mull not be fought for in Greece. This term was fometimes exprefled as a feminine, Macris, andJ Macra : and by the Grecians was interpreted longa , as if it related to extent. It was certainly an ancient word, and- related to their theology : but was grown fo obfolete, that the original purport could not be retrieved. I think we may- be aflured that it had no relation to length. Euboea was o£ old called Macris ; and m,ay be looked upon as compara- tively long: but Icarus, Rhodes, and Chios, were likewife called fo: and they did not projed: in length more than the- illands. in their 5' neighbourhood. They were therefore not •*' 'Oi'Xccrfoi, y^ TT^oTe^of ??V€yovMax^uv(z?. Strabo, Lj, 12. Sannij-^ai'i-ifj means Heliadas, the fame as Macaroncs. Max^wiffj near Golchis, ot vvv XcLvvoi. Stephanus Byzant. "*' The fame as the Cadmeum. Maaapojv yno'oi^ n oinpoTroAn tcov ev EoicoTta, ©■flQoiJV TO TcLXatov, a>i 6 na^^fJttviS^rii. Suidas. Diodorus Siculiis. L. 5. p. 347. Maxa^wy rvaot near Britain and Thule. Scholia in Lycophron. V. 1200. AsS' imiv ^loLKaoctiv vntrait Torn ttso tcv apifov Of the Theban Acropolis, Tzetzes in Lycophron. V. 1 194» '° Herodotus. L. 3. c. 16. l'_ Macra, a river in Italy. Plin. L. 3. c. 5, 4. deno- 7C) RADICALS. denominated from their figure. There was a cav^ern in the AcropoHs of Athens, which was called Macrai, according to Euripides. The fame author fhews manifeftly, that it was a proper name ; and that the place itielf was fliled Macrai. This was a contra6lion for Macar- Ai, or the place of Macar : All thefe places were for a religious reafon fo denominated from Macar, a title of the Deity. M E L E C H. Melech, or, as it is fometimes exprefled, Malech, and Mo- loch, betokens a king ; as does Malecha a queen. It was a title of old given to many Deities in Greece ; but in after times grew obfolete, and mifunderflood : whence it was of- ten changed to fxsi?\i')(pg, and [xsiT^i'^iog, which fignified the gentle, fweet, and benign Deity. Paufanias tells us, that Ju- piter was ftiled MsiKi'^iog, both in ^^ Attica, and at 's Argos : and in another part of his work he fpeaks of this Deity under the fame title, in company with Artemis at Sicyon, " Euripides in lone. V. 937. EiGo. TrpoaSoppBi-jrer^cci Mccx^oci KxAncrt yi;i avccxTH Ai^i^d. Ibid. Paufanias informs us that the children of Niobe were fuppofcd to have been here flain in this cavern. *' Euripides ibid. Alfo in another place he mentions '* Z^^ixCcMi Se rov Kmcraov fwfcos £T"' ctp^xiri Mf;A/;v;/y Atoi. Paufanias. I,. I. p. 9. '"' i'.uiianiis. T... 2. p. 154, En RADICALS. 71 s^Eg-i h Zsvg Msihi')(iogy mi A^Tsyjg ovoixa^oijisvn ITaT^wa. He mentions, that they were both of great antiquity, placed in the temple before the introdudlion of images : for the one was reprefented by a pyramid, and the other by a bare pillar: Uv^ct[Xi^i Js MsiAiyiiog, ri^s movi sg-iv simu-y,svn. He alfo fpeaks of fome unknown Gods at Myonia in Locris called Qsoi MsiT^i-^iOi : and of an altar with an infcription of the fame purport, ^^ ^(^yog ©buov MsiXi'^im. Rivers often had the- name of Melech. There was one in Babylonia, generally exprefled Nahar Malcha, or the royal ft ream : thefe too were often by the Grecians chano-ed to MsiKi'^oi. The foregoing writer gives an inftance in a ^^ river of Achaia. Malaga in Spain was properly Malacha, the royal city. I take the name of Amalek to have been Ham ^' Melech abbreviated : a title taken by the Amalek- ites from the head of their family. In like manner I ima- gine ^° Malchom, the God of the Sidonians, to have been a contra6lion of Malech-Chom, licc(nKsvg 'HKiog : a title o-iven to the Sun ; but conferred alfo upon the chief of the: Amonian *' family. '* Paufanias. L. 2. p. 132, ^ Paufanias. L. 10. p. 897. '^ Paufanias. L. 7. p. 573. " The country of the Amakkites is called the land of Ham. i. Chronicles. G. 4. V. 40. *° I Kings, c. 1 1. V. 33. " I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Chamerims with the priefts ; and them that worfliip tiie hoft of heaven upon the houfe tops, and them that woifhip, and that fwear by the Lord, and tha^ Iwear by Malcham. Zephaniah. c. i. v. 4, 5. A N A C. 72 RADICALS, A N A C. Anac was a title of high antiquity, and feems to have teen originally appropriated to perfons of great ftrength, and flature. Such people in the plural were ftiled Anakim ; and one family of them were to be found at *^ Kirjath-Arba. Some of them were likewife among the Caphtorim, who fettled in Paleftina. Paufanias reprefents Afterion, whofe tomb is faid to have been difcovered in Lydia, as a fon of Anac, and of an enormous fize. *' E?T<5, AorifMi' at riepcrcit. ibidem. 78 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 189. " Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. "" Callimachus calls the idand Afterie -^xy-of a-apoi'. Ar^p"', TrovToa xxxov cacoov. This by the Scholiaft is interpcetcd zxP'^uut^ov' bac it certainly means a Rock, Hymn, in Delon. v. 225. 'S.xp'jiviS' a TTirpai^ '/I a.1 Six. irxXxiormx x(^}jvuixi ^pva, Hefych. !^ Callimachus. Hymn to Zeus. v. 22. L 2 Druids, '^^ RADICALS. Druids, by whom the oak was held fo facred. Hence Di- odorus Siculus fpeaking of the priefts of Gaul, ftiles them ^T' ^[^(^(r 0(^01 ^ ^^(fkoycii. — Ts^iTTocg riiJi,ooy,s'JOi, ng 2}API2NI- AA2 ovo^dt^ao'i. This is one proof out of many how far the Amonian religion was extended: and how little we know of Druidical vvorfhip, either in refped: to its effence or its origin. U C H. Uch, T/f, exprefied alfo Ach, Och, O^a, was a term o£ lionour among the Babylonians, and the refl: of the progeny of Chus ; and occurs continually in the names of men and. places, which have any connexion with their hiftory. I have fhevvn in a former ^"^treatife that the fhepherds, who ruled in Egypt, were of that race j and that they came from Babylonia, . and Chaldea. Eufebius informs us, that their national title was ^' Tkov^to; ; or, as it was undoubtedly exprefled by the. people themfelves, T/i/iOftrof, Uc-Cufus. It is a term taken no- tice of by Apion, and Manethon ; and they fpeak ot it as a word in the facred language of the country, which fignified a king J ^'^ ^K, KOL^' Is^ccv yAwrcrai/ jSacrtAsa, CYifxcfAVBL I wonder that this word has been pafled over with fo little notice ; as it is of great antiquity ; and at the fame time of much impor- tance in refpedl to etymology. Uc-Cufus fignified the royal or noble Cufean : and as it was a word in the facred language of Egypt, we may from hence learn what that language was ; and be affured that it was the primitive language of Chus, the ** Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 30S. ** See Obfervations and Inquiries npon ancient Hiftory. P, 196.. *' Eufebii Prsep. Evang. L. 10. c, 13. p. 500. *6 Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 13. p. 445. fimic RADICALS, 77 fame as the ancient Chaldaic. It was introduced among the Mizraim by the Auritae, or Cuthites, together with their rites, and rehgion : hence it obtained the name of the facred lan- guage. Diodorus Sicuhis affords ^'^ evidence to the fame pur- pofe : and it is farther proved by HeHodorus ; who favs that the facred charaders of Egypt, and thofe of the Cuthites in Ethiopia were the ^' fame. This term occurs very often a- mong the titles, of which the Babylonifli names are compofed;, fuch as Ochus and Belochus. Among the Egyptians it is to be found in Acherez, and Achencherez ; which are the- names of two very ancient princes. Acherez is a compound of Ach-Ares, Magnus Sol j equivalent to Achorus, another name of the fame Deity, affumed in like manner by their kings, The latter was fometimes exprefied ^' Achor, Acho- ris, Ochuras, Uchoreus : which are all the fame name di- verfified in different ages, and by different writers. As priefts took the titles of the Deities whom they ferved, Lu- can has very properly introduced a prieft of Egypt under the name of Achoreus : 5" quos inter Achoreus, Jam placidus fenio, fradifque modeftior annis. The name of Ofiris feems to have been Uc-Sehor, and Uc-Sehoris. According to Hellanicus, if a perfon had in. Egypt made enquiry about the term Ofiris, he would not have been underftood : for the true name was '' Ufiris. Philo *7 Diodorus Siculus. L. 3. p. 144. ^* Heliodori ^thiopica. L. 4. p. 174. •''9 Achor, Gsss oiTrofjLvioi. Clement. Alexandr, Cohortatio. P. 33. 9* Luean. L. 8. v. 475. '' \f!C(.iog was honoured; which names were more com- monly exprefled K/ppa, and Ktppajo?, The people of Cyrene are faid by Palaephatus to have been originally Ethiopians or Cuthites. They, as well as the Egyptians, worfhiped the Sun: under the title of Achur, and Achor : and like them efteemed him the * QSog ccTTo^viog, From the God Achur we may infer that * Strabo, fpeaking of the river Cur, or Cyrus. L. ii. p, 764. ' Quid tibi cum Cyrrha ? quid cum Permeflidos undd ? Martial. L. i. Epigram. 77. v. 11. Phocaicas AmphifTa manus, fcopulofaque Cyrrha. Lucan. L. 3. v. 172. K7A, oiKCi 0ea. Hefychius. Eai6»A, bcioi vctQi. Suidas. " Elifa, called Eliza, Elefa, Eleafa, EKixax. i Maccab. c. 9. v. 5- and c. 7.- V, 40. often contrafted Lefa, Lafa, &c. 60 Pocock's Travels. Vol. 2. p. io6. Syria^ RADICALS. ^7 Syria^ that retain their ancient names. Of this Balbecl^ or ra- ther Balheit^ is an i7ij}ance ; which Jigjiijies the houfe or temph of Baal, Gulielmus Tyrius, fo called from being bifhop of Tyre, who wrote of the Holy war, alludes to Baalbec, under the name of "* Balbeth. He lived in the eleventh century, and died anno 1127. According to lablonfky, Bee and Beth are of the fame meaning. Atarbec in Egypt is the temple of Atar or Athar ; called Atarbechis by ^'' Herodotus. The fame is Athyr-bet, and ftiled Athribites (A^^£;/3;t»5j) by *^^ Strabo. The inner recefs of a temple is by Phavorinus and Hefychius called Bcutj}?, Bsri^?, Bst/?, fimilar to i^n rra among the Chaldeans. It was the crypta or facred place, where of old the everlafting fire was preferved. Hefychius obferves, Bstj}?, to azoK^vipov ^iB^og ra 'Is^a. Bet-Is fio-nifies the place of fire. It is faid of Horapollo by Suidas, that he was a native of Phainubuth in Egypt, belonging to the nome of Panopolis : ' ^ €l^oL7roXKm ^a,im^vds(t)g ;io;|Otjj; th TloLvoToKiVd NofjLu. Phai- nubuth is only Phainabeth varied, and fignifies the place facred to Phanes ; which was one of the mod ancient titles of the Deity in Egypt. So Pharbeth was an abbreviation of Pharabeth, or the houfe of Pharaoh. G A U, expreffed C A U, C A, and C O. Gau likewife is a term which fignifies a houfe ; as we learn *' lablonfky. Vol. i. 1. i. c. i. p, 4. dc Gulielmo Tyrio, ex libro 21. c. 6. ** Herodotus. L. 2. c. 41. *3 Strabo. L. 17. p. 1167. Vol. I, O from 98 RADICALS. from Plutarch, The great and decifive battle between A}ex^ ander and .Darius is generally faid to have been fought at Arbela. But we are affured by this writer, that it was de:T cided at Gaugamela*^ He fays, that Gau fignified in the language of the country a houfe : and that the purport of the word Gaugamela was the houfe of a camel. This name, it feems, was given to the town on account of a tribute exv aded for the maintenance of a camel, which had faved the life of fome king, when he fled from battle : and the reafon why the victory of Alexander was adjudged to Arbela, arofe from its being more famous than the other place : for Gaugamela was not of fufficient repute : therefore the honour of this vidlory was given to Arbela, though it was according to fome five hundred, according to others fix hundred ftadia *^ from the field of battle. I have not now time, nor is it to my purpofe, to enter into a thorough difcuffion of this point: I will only mention it as my opinion, that Arbela and Gau?- gamela were the fame place. The king alluded to is faid by " Strabo to have been Darius the fon of Hyllafpes. But is it credible, that fo great a prince, who had horfes of the far *■* Tat/Ta y-ev ovv 'E^aToSuvrA l(^ooY,y.iv' rnv cTg (/.iyaMv ^a^nv vrgoi AapSiOf cvK iv Ap^nXoii — aMa iv T avy afj-nhon yniaBxt avviiriciv' any.ocnsiv j'e (pccaii/ ctxiv Ka^-nAa Twi'cT/aAfjcToi'. Plutarch, vita Alexand. Vol. i. p. 683. Strabo fays the fame. E<^i f^ev ow tottos sina-nfAOi aTcs, xa/ TouvofAo.' fxi^s^^ fj.wiv^sv ycc^ sq'i Ka/x)jAa otKOi. L. 10. p. 1072. "''0< fJi£v roc TrKHq-ct. ivyy^a.-\a.vTei P^eyaan; oTt e^axocisi c^aSiSi airf^si^ Qi^s TO. e^^a^ii^cc, oTi a Trsi'TccxoaiBi. AAAa ev Tauyajx-nKon ya.^ yiveadai tw fJiK^w t^oc tw Troraf/.u Be//. KocfJuT^T^ov cctto rng ^LCLKOViag 7r^c(rY}yo^£vov. He mentions E^[/.r,i,' — Ka^i7.oi, 0; ^'ji^bivaioi. Steph. Byzantinus. 2o< I'BCiST \nro%riTO(.t. Homer. Iliad. 17. v. 234." Vol. I. P nifies io6 -RADICALS. nifies the priefts of the Sun. In Arcadia, near the eruption of the river EraGnus, was a mountain, clothed with beau- tiful trees, and facrcd to Dionufus. This alfo was called '" Chaon, the place of the Sun ; and was undoubtedly fo named from the ancient worfhip : for Dionufus was of old efteemed the fame as Ofiris, the Sun. There was alfo a place called *' Chaon in Media, and Syria ; Chaonitis in Mefopotamia; and in all thefe places the fame worfhip prevailed. So Caballis, the city of the Solymi, was named from Ca-bal, the place of the god Bal, or Baal. It is mentioned by Strabo. In like manner Caballion, in GaHia Narbonenfis, is a compound of Ca-Abelion, a well known Deity, whofe name is made up of titles of the Sun. Thepriefls of this place were fliled ^^ Salies ; the region was called Xaoiia^a ; un- doubtedly from Cha-Our, (mNJ fome temple of Ur, eredled by the Amonians, who here fettled. Canoubis in Egypt was a compound of Ca-Noubis ; Cabafa in the fame coun- try, Ca-Bafa ; called by many Befa, the Befeth of the Scrip- tures, a Goddefs well known in Egypt. She had a temple in Canaan called ^' Beth Befa. Cuamon, near Efdraelon, is a compound of Cu-Amon, the place or houfe of Amon: ^' 26tJ^ T8 K.vcLiJLU]VOi, There was a temple in Attica called Cu- amites ; and a perfonage denominated from it. The hiflory ^® Paufanias. L. 2. p. 166. 8' It is called Chau-On, Xauwr, by Steph. Byzantinns, from Ctefias. Xxvav, 'ywca. ry.i M««rxit/oice.To a.v iwiii 01 tcov Aa>^i?cav i]y€fj(.avei Aiyuvniot Sxynen. Herod. L. 6. c. 54. Of their original and hiftory I fhall hereafter give a full account. " Ottoctx S'e aSovcru' iv ru npurae.i'etUy (fuvn iJ.iv s-T' «ut&)!' « i^'jicm. Paufanias» I.. 5. p. 416. '* Turn primum fubiere domes -, domus antra fuerc. Ovid. Metamorph. L. i. v. 121. Vol. I. Q^ a I'^ii^^ 114 RADICALS. a kind of religious horror. A cavern of this fort was at Lacedsmon, with a building over it ; of which in aftertimes they made ufe to confine malefactors. It was called Ka^aJV;?, j or as the Spartans expreffed it, Kaiaoa^, the houfe of death. '^ KoLioL^ag h^riimmov — ro 7:ol^ol KctKs^oLiiJLOvioig. Cai figni- fied a cavern : Adas, which is fubjoined, was the Deity, to whom it was facred, efteemed the God of the infernal regi- ons. He was by the lonians, &c. expreffed Ades, and Hades ; and by other nations Ait, and Atis. Hence thefe caverns were alfo ftiled KatsTS?, and KaiSTOi. The author above quoted gives us the terms varioufly exhibited : "^ Ka/eroi.— *Oz OLTto r(^v (TSKT^m fOJ'^fJ'Oi Ka/sTo/ Myonai. Kai KaioL^oLg 70 ce(r[JLooTr}^iov snev^sv, to tcol^ol AaKsiaiixouioig, (TT^fikoLioi^, Hefychius renders it in the plural, and as a neuter : KcuccTcty o^vyfJUXTd. Whether it be compounded Cai-Ait, Cai-Atis, or Cai-Ades, the purport is the fame. The den of Gacus was properly a facred cave, where Chus was worfhiped, and the rites of fire were '^ pradifed. Cacus is the fame name as Cufcha in Ethiopia, only reverfed. The hiftory of i-t was obfolete in the days of Virgil ; yet fome traces of it ftill remained. Strabo fays, that many people called thefe caves, Kwo/, '* Strabo. L. 8. p. 564, Ic is mentioned by Thucydides: Es ror Ka.ici^cx.i;B7rf^ t85 xcczv^yHi ey.Ca.^- X^tv Stuiceto-av {01 AcLXi-^cctfj.ovioi.) L. I. C. 134' It is expreffld KgacTa? by Paulanias ; who fays that it was the place, dbwn which they threw Ariftomenes, the Meflenian hero. L. 4. p. 324. '* Strabo. Ibidem. .*' Huic msriilro Vulcanus erat pater : illiL',s atros Ore Yomens igncs, magna fe mole ferebat. Virgil, lEu. L. 8. v. igT,. Evioi R A D I C -^ L S. 115 EpioiKmvg ^/.c^KKov ra toiolvtol fioihoi){j,scra \sye v. 239. and Steph. Byzantinus. and RADICALS. iiy and pafled freely to the ka. The place of eruption was called An-choa, which fignifies Fontis apertura. The latef Greeks exprefled it Anchoe"^. KaAe/raf ^' 6 totto? hyuQYi eg-i Js KifXYiV 6[j,mviJ,og. The etymology, I flatter myfelf, is plain j and authenticated by the hiftory of the place. From Cho, and Choa, was probably derived the word XoUogy ufed by the apoftle. *^ 'O TT^mog avd^ooTTOQ sk yng. Xo'i/.og' ^svrs^og civ^^(^7rog o Kv^iog £$ ov^ar<5. Oiog 6 Xoi- Hogy mi TOiccvToi oi Xokoi. Hefychius obferves, Xohog, 7:rikivogy yi]ivog. From hence we may perceive, that by Cho was originally meant a houfe or temple in the earth. It was, as I have fliewn, often expreflied Gau, and Go ; and made to flgnify any houfe. Some nations ufed it in a ftili more extended fenfe ; and by it denoted a town, or village,. and any habitation at large. It is found in this acceptation among the ancient Celta;, and Germans, as we learn from- Cluverius. "^ Apud ipfos Germanos ejufmodi pagorum ver- naculum vocabulum fuit Gaw ; et variantibus dialedis, p'lw, gew, gow, gow, hinc — Brifgaw, Wormefgaw, Zurichgow,, Turgow, Nordgavv, Andegaw, Rhingaw, Hennegow, Wefl- ergow, Ooftergow. The ancient term Hv^yocy Purgos, was *■* Xaa^wa Se yivvSiv—'ii itccTo rov TroTcciJ.av—ii'Ta i^^'/vri^ev m tuv £7rt(px~- viiccv itcLTcx. Acx.vjij.va.v Tiii Aoy.oiS'oi Tiif ai^i)— KaAf/Tai J^' o tottos AyKoii x.tA. Strabo. I,. 9. p. 623. Iris called Anchia by Pliny. N. H. L. 4. c. 7. As both the opening, and the ftream, which formed the lake, was called An-choe ; it fignified cither ions- ■fpelanc£e, or fpelunca fontis, according as it was ada^ ted. ''' 1 Corinchianj. c. 15. v. 47, 48. *' Ckiverii Germaniie Antiq. L. i. c. 13. p. 91. Vol. I. Q^ i ^ properly ii8 RADICALS. properly Pur-Go ; and fignified a light-houfe, or temple of fire, from the Chaldaic Pur. PARTICLES. Together with the words above mentioned are to be found in compofition the particles Al and Pi. Al or El, for it is differently exprefled in our charaders, is ftill an Arabian prefix: but not abfolutely confined to that country; though more frequently there to be found. The Sun iix, was called Uchor by the people of Egypt and Cyrene ; which the Greeks expreiTed A^w^, Achor. He was worfhiped with the fame title in Arabia, and called Al Achor. *^Geor- gius Monachus defcribing the idolatry, which prevailed in that country before the introduction of the prefent religion, mentions the idol Alachar. Many nations have both exple- tives and demonftratives analogous to the particle above. The pronoun Ille of the Romans is fomevvhat fimilar : as are the terms Le and La of the French : as well as 11 and El in other languages. It is in compofition fo like to HA, the name of 'HAiO?, the Sun, that it is not always eafy to diftino-uifh one from the other. The Article Pi was in ufe among the ancient Egyptians, and Cuthites, as well as other nations in the eaft. The na- tives of India were at all times worfhipers of the Sun ; and mfed to call themfelves by fomeof his titles. Porus, with whom *■" Beyeri Additamenta to Selden de Diis Syris. P. 291. Achor near Jericho. Jofhiia. c. 15. v. 7. Alexander RADICALS. 1x9 Alexander engaged upon the Indus, was named from the chief objeigy mi ^aXri^ov. From this miltake aroie fo many boy-deides ; among whom were even Jupiter and Dionufus : " AvTov rov A\srYiV oi Aijl- (pi(T(Tsig rojv AvccKtm KcOKEfJLSvctJV Hai^oov. 'OLTiveg 6s @bc>:v sitip 01 ApoLKTBg UoLi^sgy ov KOLTOL T ctVTOL s<^iv s/^>ijU,£yoy. 1 he people oj An phi jj a perform a ceremony m honour of perfons^ filled Afiacl^'^ P aides ^ or Royal Boys ; hut who thefe AnaEles Pat- des were, is matter of great uncertainty. In fliort -the au- thor couid not tell : nor could the yjriefts alTord liim any fa- tisfadory information. There ar^ nany inftanccs in Pau- '* Plutarch: Qu^ftiones Graces. V. p. 296. *■" Paufanias. 1. i. p. 83 Amphilucus was a tide of L.-e Sun. '^ Pauianias. 1. i. p. 4. in like manner, ra(foL tuv I(pifj(.e^i^r.:s Kai AKuim irM^KiV' Paufanias. 1. 9. p. 754. " Prgclus in Platonis Parmenidcm : See Orphic Fragment of Gefner. p. 406. A twofold reafon may be given for their having this chara.f!.cr : as will be Ihewn hereafter. '*° Paufanias. 1. io. p. 896. Many inflances of this fort are to be found in this writer. Vol. I. R ^^^f^ias 122 RADICALS. fanias of this nature : v/here divine honours are paid to the unknown children of fathers equally unknown. Herodotus tells us, that, when he difcourfed with the priefts of Thebes about the kings, who had reigned in Egypt; they defcribed them to him under three denominations, of Gods, of heroes, and of men. The laft fucceeded to thofe above, and were mere mortals. The manner of fucceflion is mentioned in the following words : ^' Ili^(j^^iv BK lii^i^i^iog ysyovsyoLi — koli ovts sg ^sovj ours b? H^ojcl ciPDL^ri(rc(,v OLVj^g {oi KiyvTtrm.) There are many flrange and contradidtory opinions about this '^'' paffage ; which, if I do not deceive myfelf, is very plain ; and the purport of it this, /ifter the fabulous accounts, there had been an uninterrupted fucceJftQ7t of Piromis after Piromis : a?jd the Egyptians referred none of thefe to the dyiiafties of either the Gods or Heroes, who were fuppofed to have firft popffed the country. From hence I think it is manifeft, that Pi-romis fignifies a man. Hero- dotus indeed fays, that the meaning of it was /taAo? xaya^o^, a perfon of a fair and honourable charaBer : and fo it might be taken by implication ; as we fay of a native of our own country, that he is a true, and ftaunch ^^ Englifhman : but -»' Herodotus. 1. 2. c. 143. -»' See Reland, Diflertatio Copt. p. 108. Jablonfky Prolegomena in Pantheon iEgyptiacum : p. 38. Alfo Weflelinge, Notes on Herod. 1. 2. c. 143. 43 This was certainly the meaning : for Plato, fpeaking of the native Grecians in oppofition to other nations, ftilcd Ba^^a^o/, makes ufe of the very expreffion : n&AA« ixsi' « 'EMas, f?;>', w Kgfws, ev « eveta-i ttov a.yoc.^:iL aaS'^iiy tto^^o. S's xxi tx 7(>iv QafsL^oivysvr^ In Phsdone. p. 96. A the RADICALS. 123 the precife meaning is plain from the context ; and Piromis certainly meant a man. It has this iignification in the Cop- tic : and in the '^'^ Prodromus Copticus of Kircher, II/^wp) Piromi, is aman\ and feems to imply a native. Pirem Ra- cot is an Alexandrine, or more properly a native of Racotis called Rafchid, and Rofetta. Pirem Romi, are ''^ Ro- mans. By means of this prefix we may be led to underftand what is meant by Paraia in the account given by Philo from Sanchoniathon : who fays, that Cronus had three fons in the region of Paraia : "^^ E-j/smi^JiiTay Jg aoLi bv Uctoccia. K^ovca T^sig 7ta.mi, Paraia is a variation of P'Ur-aia ; and means literally the land of Ur in Chaldea ; the region from whence ancient writers began the hiftory of mankind. A crocodile by the Egyptians was among other names called *^ Sap^o? : and the name is retained in the Coptic, where it is expreffed "^^ Pi- Souchi. This prefix is fometimes expreffed with an afpirate. Phi : and as that word fignifies a mouth, and in a more extenfive fignification, fpeech and language, it fometimes may caufe a little uncertainty about the meaning. However, in mod places it is fufficiently plain. Phaethon, a much miftaken ■<♦ Kircher. Prodromus Copticus. p. 300 and p. 293. ■♦' Kircher. Prod. p. i()^. '■ ■♦' Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb, Prjep. Evan. 1. i.e. 10. p. 37, '»■' Damafcius : Vita Ifodori, apud Photium. Cod. ccxlii. *^ Jabbnflcy : Pantheon Egypt, v. 2. 1. 5. c 2. p. 70, R 2 per- 124 RADICALS. psiTonag.?, was an ancient title of the Sun, a Compound of rlii-Ath-On. Bacchus war. called Phi-Anac by the My- fian?, rendered by the poets '^^ Phanac and Phanaces. Hanes was a title o^ the fame D^ity, equally rcvxrcnced of old, and compounded Ph' Planes. It figniiied the fountain ol light : a:id from it was derived Phan'i-s of Pgvpt : alfo ^a/j'W, ^zi'Big^ ^ai/z^og: and from Ph'ain on, Fanum. In (l^iort thefe particles occur continually in v/ords, which relate to religious rites, and the ancient adoration of lire. They are generally joined to Ur, by v/hich that element is denoted. From P'L^r Tor came Prce- tor and Prsetorium, among the Romans: from P'Ur-Aith, Purathi and Purathela among the Afiatics. From P'Ur-tan, TT.'vrayBi';^ and TrpvTa'JSix amonr^ the Greeks of Hellas : in wliich Prutaneia there were of old facred hearths, and a per- petual fire. The antient name of Latian Jupiter was P'ur, by length of time changed to Puer. He was the Deity of fire; and his minifters were ftiled Pueri : and becaufe many of them were handfome youths feledled for that office, Puer came at length to fignify any young perfon. Some ol the Romans would explain this title away, as if it referred to Jupiter's childhood : but the hidory of the place will fliew ■♦' Aufonius. Epigram. 30. Kircher fays, that Pi in the Coptic is a prefix, by which a noun is known to be mafculine, and of the fingular number : and that Pa is a pronoun pofleffive. Paromi is Vir meus. It may be ib in the Coptic : but in ancient times Pi, Pa, Phi, were only variations of the fame article : and were indilFerently put before all names ; of which I have given many inftances. See Prodromus. Copt, P- 303- , that RADICALS. 125 that it had no fuch relation. It was a proper name, and retained particularly among the people of Prasnedc. They had undoubtedly been addided to the rites of fire; for their city was fiid to have been built by Calculus, the fon of Vulcan, who was found in the midft of fire : 5° Vulcano genitum pecora inter agreflia Rc^rem, Inventumque focis. They called their chief God Pur: and dealt particu- larly in divination by lots, termed of old Purim. Cicero takes notice of this cuPiom of divination at Pra3nefl:e • and defcribes the manner, as well as the place: bi:t gives into the common miflake, that the Purim related to Jupiter's childhood. He lays, that the place, where the procefs was carried on, was a facred inclofure, ^' is cIl hodie locus fcptu.^, religiofe propter Jovis Ptieriy qui laclens cum Jiinone in gremio i^or/^/«^ mammara appetens, cafbillime colitur a A-la- tribus. This manner of divination was of Chaldaic original, and brought from Babylonia to Prasneffe. It is mentioned in Efther, c. 3. v. 7. They cafi: Pur before Ham.an, that he might know the fuccefs of his purpofes againft the Jews. Wherefore they call thefe days Purim after the name of Pur '\ c. 9. v. 26. The fame lots of divination being ufed at Pra^- nefte was the occafion of the God being called Jupiter Pur. This in aftertimes was changed to Puer : whence we find infcriptions, which mention him under that naaie; and at '• Virgil, ^neid. 1. 7. v. (>■](). " Cicero de Divinatione. 1. 2. " See aifo V. 28, 29, 31, and 32. th'' 126 RADICALS. the fame time take notice of the cuftom, which prevailed in his temple. Infcriptions Jovi Puero, and Fortunas Primi- geniae Jovis " Pueri are to be found in Gruter. One is very particular. 5"^ Fortunse Primigenias Jovis Pueri D. D. Ex S RT E compos fadus Nothus Ruficanae L. P. Flotilla. That this vi^ord Puer was originally Pur may be proved from a well known paffage in Lucretius : ^^ Puri faepe lacum propter ac dolia curva Somno devindi credunt fe attollere veftem. Many inftances, were it neceflary, might be brought to this purpofe. It was a name originally given to the priefls of the Deity who were named from the Chaldaic niK, Ur : and by the ancient Latines were called P'uri. At Praenefte the name was particularly kept up on account of this divi- nation by ^^ lots. Thefe by the Amonians were ftiled Pu- rim, " Gruter. Infcript. Ixxvi. n. 6. '•♦ Ibid. Ixxvi. n. 7. BONO DEO PUEROPOS- P O R O. Gruter. Infcrip. p. Ixxxviii. n. 13. " Lucretius. 1. 4. v. 1O20. 5' Propertius alludes to the fame circumftance : Nam quid Praeneftis dubias, O Cynthia, fortes ? Quid peiis JExi mcenia Telegoni : 1. 2. eleg. 32. v. 3. What RADICALS. 127 rim, being attended with ceremonies by fire; and fuppofed to be efFeded through the influence of the Deity. Prasnefte feems to be a compound of Puren Efta, the lots of Efta, the Deity of fire. Thefe are terms, which feem continually to occur in the ancient Amonian hiftory : out of thefe moft names are com- pounded ; and into thefe they are eafily rcfolvable. There are fome few more, which might perhaps be very properly introduced : but I am unwilling to trefpafs too far, efpe- cially as they may be eafily taken notice of in the courfe of this work. I could wifii that my learned readers would afford me fo tar credit, as to defer pafling a general fentence, till they have perufed the whole : for much light will ac- crue ; and frefli evidence be accumulated in the courfe of our procedure. A hiflory of the rites and religion, in which thefe terms are contained, will be given ; alfo of the times, when they were introduced ; and of the people, by whom they were difFufed fo widely. Many pofitions, which may appear doubtful, when they are firft premifed, will, I hope, be abundantly proved, before we come to the clofc. In refpedl to the etymologies, which I have already offered and confidered, I have all along annexed the hiftories of the perfons and places fpoken of, in order to afcertain What in the book of Hefter is filled Purim, the feventy render, c. 9. v. 29. (ppBpat. The days of Purim were ftiled ^ohpcli — Ti S^ix/.iKTcu av-rcov jc«As>Ta{ q,cnpxi. fo inc. 10. The additamenta Graca mention — . ;;»' 7r^ox.fi/w«j«!' f:rsUj mafculum, et virile: and the word Theos, God, undoubtedly the Theuth of Egypt, from u.SciV, to run'^ Innumerable derivations of this nature are to; " Herodotus. 1. 2. c. 4. and 1. 2. c. 52. cLTrfX-o/Aaa to. Bvofj.a.'rcL Tii'. Tifiphone, Ttirojv (puvv, Athene quafi aG«iaTo?. Hecate from (xotrov centum. Saturniis, quafi facer, la?. See Heraclides Ponti- cus, and Fulgentii Mychologia. See the Etymologies alfo of Macrobius. Saturnalia. 1. i.e. 17. p. 189. M^o-czi' quafi o/j.-d uaai. Plutarch de Fraterno Amore. v. 2. p. 480. ^i* ri(xc-i(ia.}h (Cicero Trcccriqiixivstvrx jj.aniicc. Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. . V. 2.p. 799._ ''" Euftathius on Dionyfius : Treomyi^u;?. Ut Jofephus rCifte obfervat, Grcecis fcriptoribus id in more ell, ut peregrina, et barbara nomina, quantum licet, ad Grscam formam emoUiant : fic illis Ar Moabitarum eft A^eaxoAisi Botfra, }j-jp7a.; Akis, A')-^^-^;; Aftarte, Atpocco^)); torrens Kifon, Xsz/zapposTair Kiaaccv; torrens Kedron, Xg//aarpo5 Twr Kslpo."/; et taliawfff/ kgvi^' Bochart. Geog. Sacra. 1. 2. c. 15. p. 11 1. We are much indebted to the learned father Theophilus of Antioch : he had great knowledge ; yet could not help giving way to this epidemical weaknefs. He mentions Noah as the fame as Deucalion, which name was given him from calling people to righteoufnefs : he ufed to fay, JeuTr xaAa J/y.a? Gtos ; and from hence, it feems, he was called Deucalion. Ad Antol. 1. 3. " Plato inCratylo. p. 409. S2 oya f.C/.Tdy 132 ETYMOLOGY. cvo^aroLj OLKKb^g ts koli oi vxo Toig Ba^^a^oig niKsvrsg^ TTcn^ct Tiwr Boi^^oL^ojv £iXn

7tvovc 7ra^a6?ocT< im ^i^tctv rtTrei^ov Qspfx,x. TrAnoa-iv au- Xoi? £5c TTiTpni v-^nMi in bciAa.TTo.i' (^ii}^eiTa.t. Agatharchides de Rubro mari. p- 54. EiTcc aAAxc TToKiv Apaivow' ut Herodo- tus. 1. 2. c. 33. *° See Cluverii Germania. *' Beatus Rheninus. Reium Germanic. I. 3. '* It is called by the Swils, Le Grand Brenner: by the other Germans, Der grofs Verner. Mount Ctenis, as we term if, is properly Mount Chen-Is, Mons Dei Vul- cani. It is called by the people of the country Monte Canife : and is part of the Alpes Cottiffi. Cluvcr^ Ital. vol. i. \. i. c. 32. p. 337. Mons Genebcr. Jovij. E e 2 the 2! 2 The Analysis op Ancibi^t MYTHOLocy. the Alpes ; for fome of that family were the firft v/ho paf^d them. The merit of great performances was by the Greeks generally attributed to a fingle perfon. This paiTage there- fore through the mountains is faid by fome to have been the work of Hercules: by others of Cottus, and ^^ Cottius. From hence this particuW branch of the mountains had tkc name of Alpes Cottias ; and the country was called Regio Cottiana : wherein were about twelve capital ^* cities. Some of that ancient and facred nation, the Hyperboreans, are faid by Pofidonius to have taken up their refidence in thefe parts. ^^ Th^ 'TTTS^'oo^sag — oiksiv irs^i toL(; AKttsk; rr,g IrcxXioLg. Here inhabited the Taurini : and one of the chief cities was Comus. Strabo ftiles the country the land of *^ Ideonus, and Cottius. Thefe names will be found hereafter to be very re- markable. Indeed many of the Alpine appellations were Amo- nian j as were alfo their rites : and the like is to be obferved in many parts of Gaul, Britain, and Germany. Among other evidences the worfhip of Ills, and of her facred fhip, is to be noted ; which prevailed among the Suevi. *^ Pars Sue- vorum et Ifidi facrificat : unde caufa et origo peregrine facro, ^' See Marcellinus. 1. 13. c. 10. p. Tj. and the authors quoted by Cluverius. Italia Antiqua above. They are ftiled hKiren Staxiai by Procopius : Rerum Goth. 1. 2. Marcellinus thinks, that a king Cottius gave name to thefe Alps in the time of Auguftus, but Cottius was the national title of the king; as Cottia was of the nation : far prior to the time of Auguftus. '* Pliny. 1. 3. c. 20. Cottianse civitates duodecim. ®' Scholia upon ApoUonius. 1. 2. v. 677. ®^ Taxw!' Si eq-t Kxi n t« Uiovvayv^ x.ai n ra Kotti'j. Strabo. 1. 4. p. 312. ®'' Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum. parum The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 213 parum comperi ; nifi quod fignuin ipfum in modum Liburnze figuratum docet advedtam religioneni. The flilp of liis was alio reverenced at Rome : and is marked in the ^* calendar for the month of March. From whence the myftery was derived, we may learn from ^^ Fulgentius. Navigium Ifidis iEgyptus colit. Hence we find, that the whole of it came from Egypt. The like is fliewn by ^° La)y iiOLi sv N(xjw Aioi/vrci). When in procefs of time they began to ered: temples, they were ftill determined in their fitualion by the vicinity of thefe objtds, which they com- prehended within the Hmits of the facrcd enclofure. Thefe melancholy recclTcs were efteemcd the places of the highcft fandity : and fo greatly did this notion prevail, that in af- tertinies, when this pradice had ceafed, ftill the innermoR: part of the temple was denominated the cavern. Hence the Scholiaft: upon Lycophron interprets the words 7ra^ mi^d in the poet, ^ Ta? scroJTaTL'? TOTra? ra ;/aa. The caver ji is the inncrmo/l pLwe of the temple. Paufanias fpeak- irg of a cavern in Phocis fays, that it was particularly facred to Aphrodite. ^ A^^O(JiTJ] ^' b^bi bv tTTfrM^u) ri[j,a,g. hi this caver?i divifte honours vcere paid to Apl^rodite. Par- naiTus was rendered holy for nothing more than for thefe unpromifmg circumftances. 'h^OTT^STf^g o Ii%^vci(rTvyy. f /t>//ifiu\i III f/i,- ri'c/i /iiuir The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 225 into the caverns, and faw feveral ftone coffins. But this was merely conjedlural : for the things, to which he alludes, were not in the Oiape of coffins, and had undoubtedly been placed there as cifterns for water, which the Periians ufed in their no6lurnal luftrations. This we may in great meafure learn from his own words : for he fays, that thefe refervoirs were Iquare, and had a near refemblance to the bafons of a foun- tain. The hills, where thefe grottos have been formed, are probably the fame, which were of old famous for the flranp-e echoes, and noifes heard upon them. The circumfcance is mentioned by Clemens Alexandrinus^', who quotes ir from the writers, who treated of the Perfic hiftory. It feems that there were fome facred hills in Perils, where, as people pafTed by, there were heard ffiouts, as of a multitude of people : alfo hymns, and exultations, and other uncommon noifes. Thefe founds undoubtedly proceeded from the priefts at their mid- night worfhip : whofe voices at that feafon were reverberated by the mountains, and were accompanied with a reverential awe in thole v/ho heard them. The country below was called, Xw^ct ro^v Maywy, the region of the Magi. The principal building alfo, which is thought to have been a palace, was a te^nple ; but of a different fort. The travellers above fay, that.is called Iftachar : and Hyde repeats it, and tells us, that it fignifies e rupe fumptum, feu rupe ccnflans faxeum palatium : and that it is derived from the Arabic word fachr, rupes, in the eighth ^' conjugation. I '" Clemens Alex^rdrinu?. 1 6. p. 756. '* Hyde de Religione Vet. Perfar. p. 506. Vol, I. G g am 226 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. am forry, tliat I am obliged to controvert this learned man's opinion, and to encounter him upon his own ground, about a point of oriental etymology. I am intirely a ftranger to the Perdc, and Arabic languages ; yet I cannot acquiefce in his opinion. I do not think, that the words e rupe fump- tum, vel rupe conflans faxeum palatium, are at any rate ma- terials, out of which a proper name could be conftru(5led. The place to be fure, whether a palace, or a temple, is built of ftone taken from the quarry, or rock : but what temple or palace is not ? Can wc believe that they would give as a proper name to one place, what was in a manner common to all ; and choofe for a charaderiftic what was fb general and indeterminate ? It is not to be fuppofed. Every fy mbol, and reprefentation relates to the worfhip of the country : and all hiftory fhews that fuch places were facred, and fet apart for the adoration of fire, and the Deity of that element, called Ifta, and Eil:a." Ifta-char, or Efta-char is the place or tem- ple of iRa or Efta ; who was the Heftia, Ef ia, of the Greeks, and Vefta of the Romans. That the term originally related to fire we have the authority of Petavius. ^+ Hebraica lingua iTkS ignem fignificat, Aramasa HniyN qua voce ignem a Noemo vocatum Berofus prodidit: atque inde fortaflis Gr^ci Eg'ia.g originem deduxerunt. Herbert therefore with great propriety fuppofes the building to have been the temple of ^^ Anaia, or Anais ; who was the fame as Hanes, as well as '' See R idlcals. p. 62. 5+ ?V;avius in F.piphanium. p. 42. -'Kerberi'c Travis, p. 138. Heftia. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 227 Heftla. Procopius, fpeaking of the facred fire of the Per- fians, fays exprefly, that it was the very fame which in af- te.times the Romans worfhipped, and called the fire of Heftia, or VeOa. '* TsTo e^t, to ttv^, otts^ 'Eg-ixv smKovnoy Kcci £(r£^ono sv roig v^e^oig '^(^ovoig Fca[jLa,ioi, This is farther proved from a well known verfe in Ovid. '^ Nee tu aiiud Veftam, quam vivam intellige flammam. Hyde renders the term after Ksmpfer, Ifta : but it was more commonly expreffed Efta, and Afta. The Deity was alfoftiled Aftachan, which as a mafculine fignified Sol Dominus, five Vul - canus Rex. This we may infer from a province in Parthia, re- markable for eruptions of fire, which was called ^^ Afta-cana, rendered by the Romans Aftacene, the region of the God of fire. The ifland Delos was famous for the worlhip of the fun : and we learn from Callimachus, that there were tradi- tions of fubterraneous fires burfling forth in many parts of it. " ^uKog a,7ra,v )ca.rB(p?\B^cigj sttsi Trs^ucctiso ttv^i. Upon this account it was called '^°Pirpile; and by the fame poet Hiftia, and Heftia, fimilar to the name above. '^' Ig-ir], a; vn- f- tempered, they fancy they fee JpeSlres and hear voices. Thus they take pains to confirm the di/lemfer, which puts them upon fuch trials. Such was the painful exercife which Maghmud undertook in fanuary this year ; and for this purpofe he chofe a fubter- raneous vault. In the beginning of the next month, tvhen he came forth, he was fo pale, disfigured, and emaciated, that they hardly knew him But this was not the worji effeB of his de- votion. Solitude, often dangerous to a melancholy tur7i of thought ^ had under the circiun fiances of his inquietude, and the flrancai 'Pias, xat Tifj.ivo-, rm' eynxXvaiv OAu/>t7r/a5. Paufan. 1. i.p. 43- In Achaia : Aios OAu^wx^a mos. Paufan. 1. 2. p. 123,. At 24-0 Ths Analysis of Anciei-jt Mytmologv. They were all locked upon to be prophetic; and fuppofcd to be tlie relicence of the chief Deity, under whatever deno- mination he was fpecifi^d, which was generally the God of light. For thefe oracles no place was of more repute than the hiil at Delphi, called Omphi-El, or the oracle of the Sun. But the Greeks, who changed Al-omphi to Olympus, perverted thefe terms in a manner ftill more ftrange : for findins them fomtwhat fmiilar in found to a word in their own language, their caprice immediately led them to think of oiJL^vJ^Oi, a navel, which they fubftituted for the origi- nal word. This they did uniformly in all parts of the world ; and always invented fome flory to countenance their miftake. Hence, whenever we meet with an idle ac- count of a navel, we may be pretty fure that there is fome allufion to an oracle. In refpeft to Delphi, they prefumed that it was the umbilicus, or center of the whole earth. The poets gave into this notion without any difficulty : Sopho- cles calls it '5 [jLS(ro^(pctXc(. Fy]? (J^anzix : and Euripides avers that it was the precife center of the earth : At Delos : OAw7r£;ot', Toir-.i sv AwAaj. Stephanus Byzantinus. E]f/.ej'ov Ag-j;ca, toutq tivxi to ev fjnaa 'ym 7rot.a-vji a.u- ToiKiyiaiv o< AtXQpoC ^ittLvuran re 3ca< o/^^aAos TI2 £v tu vam rnxiyco/xeyoi. Paufan. 1. 10. p. 835. It is defcribed by Taiianus, but in a different manner. Ev ru rejAivu ro An- ro'i^B Ko.Xinct.i Tii o/x(p«Ao5. 'OcTe o//.(paAos Tafos £jcient Mythology. 243 The ^tolians were ftiled umbilical j and looked upon them- fekes as the central people in Greece, like thofe of Delphi. But this notion v/as void of all truth in every inftance which hasbe^en produced; and arofe from a wrong interpretation of an- cient terms. What the Grecians ftiled Omphalus was certainly Ompha-El,the fame as Al-Ompha; and related to the oracle of Ham or the Sun : and thefe temples were Prutaneia, and Puratheia, with a tumulus or high altar, where the rites of fire were in ancient times performed. As a proof of this etymo- logy moft of the places filled Olympian, or Omphalian, will be found to have a reference to an oracle. Epirus was cele- brated for the oracle at Dodona ; and we learn from the antient poet, Reianus, that the natives v/ere of old called Omphalians : There was an Omphalia in Elis ; and here too was an ora- cle mentioned by '^Pindar andStrabo: "^ Trjv h B7Citw!' (piPovTii rov biov 'uj^oayasiv ccvTofAxnas, otth acyci to tb d^s isviaoc. rav 7ro^e:ai'. Diodorus. 1. 17. p. 528. it is obiervable, that this hiftorian does not mention an omphalus : but fays, that it was a ftatue, ^cavov^ which was carried about. j9 Bochart. Canaan. 1. i.e. 40, divine The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 2A.g divine intercourfe, which the Egyptians fliled Omphi. This was communicated to Pharaoh by a dream: for the Omphi was efteemed not only a verbal refponfe, but alfo an inti- mation by '^° dreams — Ofz^pY], cprifxri ^^^oLy ^sicc xKriOCi)v — ovst- ^H (pccvrciG'fMCira,. Hefychius. So it likewife occurs in Eufe- bius; who quotes a paPiage from the oracles of Hecate, wherein the Gods are reprefented, as infenfibly wafted through the air like an Omphean vifion. '^' Tag Js fiso-ag jjLB(TOLT0ioH/x.ej'«f. P, 56^. Vol. I. K k 3 vrigj 254 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 'JrSj Kcii ni^^J:J^. We have a fimilar account from Clemens Alcxandrinus. -^ AirjyJicou r^^JLiv koli rr^g a?J.rig [JLoivTiicrig, [jlolK- Aoj/ <3s (JLCLViJU^g^ Tx ap(;^!05'a p(^^)05'iOf *«, Tov KXx^iov, top Hv^iqv, Tov A|t/,^;a^sw, rov A(xesv tbtov, kcci €cii- ^ov v.aoii v.oS'^a.i'a.t — 7r^ou.otCii. Apollo de defeftu Ora- culor. apud Eufebium. Prjep. Evang. 1. 5. c. 16. p. 204. '♦ Hymn to Venus of Salamis. See Homer Didymi. vol. 2. p. 528. The names of the facred hymns, as mentioned by Proclus in his X^w^-oMaflt/aj were Ha/ai'ts, ASvpaf/£'.cy AtTwi';?, lo Bax-X'^i't 'T7ro^^nfA,oi.TcCf Eyy-wfjuoc^ Emx- Tjjca. Photius. c. 236. p. 983. 5 Amphi, The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 257 Amphi was a term of long {landing ; the fenfe of which was no longer u'nderftood : yet the found was retained by the Greeks, and ufed for a cuftomary exclamation. In refped; to the more antient exordia above quoted, efpccially that of Terpander, I take the words to be an imitation, rather than a tranflation, of a hymn fung at Delphi in the ancient Amo- nian language : the found of which has been copied, rather than the fenfe, and adapted to modern terms of a different meaning. I make no doubt but that there were many ancient hymns preferved in thofe oracular temples, which were for a long time retained, and fung, when their meaning was very imperfedly known. They were for the moft part compofed in praife of Ham, or the Sun: and were fung by the Ho- meridae, and lamidse. They were called after his titles, Ad, Athyr, Amphi, which the Grecians expreffed Dithyrambi. They were drains of joy and exultation attended with grand proceffions : and from the fame term ditlArambus was de- rived the ^^Tixv^cc ^si/j TTo^Tf/j -^^sc/^y^svog Tra^ig-ccfai Il3i A N O T 2 0EOIS SHTHPSIN THE P TON nAllIZOMENON. The narrow fcreight into the Euxine fea was a paflage of difficult navigation. This was the reafon, that upon each fide there were temples and facred columns credled to the Deity of the country in order to obtain his alTiftance. And there is room to think, that the pillars and obelifks were made ufe of for beacons, and that every temple was a Pharos. They feem to have been ere6led at the entrance of harbours ; and upon emi- nences along the coafts in mofl countries. The pillars of Her- cules were of this fort, and undoubtedly for the fame purpofe. They were not built by him ; but eredled to his honour, by people, who wcrfhipped him, and who were called Her- culeans. ^ E^og ya^ 'nOLhoLiov vttyi^^s to ri^£(rSca roiHTng Ofing^ y.a^oLTTS^ 01 V-fiyivoi Triv fj^XiJa s^sfajy tyjv stti Tea iro^O- ^w zzi[j,si/Y}Vi TTV^yov Ti. Kc.i IlsAw^o; Ksyo^svog TTV^yog av- TiKSiTcii TY] TOLVTrj g-^Ki^i. For ii ivas a cujlo?)!^ fays Strabo, among the ancients to ereB thtf& kind of la?id-marksy fuch as "•Scrabo. 1. 17. p. 1 141. ' Strabo. 1. 3. p. 259. 4. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 263- the pillar at Rhegium near the foot of Italy : which is a kind of tower., a?id was raifed by the people of Rhegium at the freight where the pajfage was to Sicily. DireEily oppofite flood afiother building of the fame forty called the tower of Pclorus. Such Pillars were by the Iberians ftiled Herculean, becaufe they were facred to Hercules; under which title they worfhipped the chief Deity. Some of thefe were near Gades, and Onoba^, Kar Ovo^olv Trig l^n^iag: others were eredled ftill higher, on the coaft of Lulitania. This caufed an idle dif- pute between Eratofthenes, Dicsearchus, and ''others, in order to determine which were the genuine pillars of Hercules; as if they were not all equally genuine ; all denominated from the Deity of the country. Two of the moft celebrated flood upon each lide of the Mediterranean at the noted palTage called fretum Gaditanum — /!:aTa tol ccK^ct th Tro^^fMs. That on the Mauritanian fide was called Abyla, from Ab-El, pa- rens Sol : the other in Iberia had the name of ^ Calpc. This was an obeliilc or tower, and a compound of Ca-Alpe, and fignifies the houfe, or cavern of the fame oracular God : for it was built near a cave ; and all fuch recelTes were efteemed to be oracular.. At places ol this fort mariners ufed to come on fliore to make their offerings ; and to inquire about the fuccefs of their voyage. They more efpecially reforted to * Strabo. 1. 2. p. 258. '' Strabo. Ibidem. On-Ob. Sol. Pytho. Onoba, regio Solis Pytlionis. ® Strabo calls the African pillar Abyluca; vvhicii is commonly rendered Abila. — Krio; Si i^nAccs UTTiAaSoy mv KctA-rw, v.ai r-nu A^oAuxa — xtA. Ibidem. Ab- El-Uc, and Ca-Alpe. Calpe is now called Gibel-Tar, or GibraUer: which name relates to the hill •where of old the pillar flood.. ihofe 264. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. thofe towers, and pillars, which flood at the entrance of their own havens. Nobody, fays '" Arrian, will venture to quit bis harbour without paying due offerings to the Gods, and invoking their favour. Helenus in Virgil charges ^neas, whatever may be the confequence, not to negledl confulting the oracle at Cuma. " Hie tibi nequa morge fuerint difpendia tanti, Quamvis increpitent focij, et vi curfus in altum Vela vocet, poiTifque finus implere fecundos, Quin adeas vatem, prccibufque oracula pofcas. The illand Delos was particularly frequented upon this ac- count ; and the failors feem to have undergone fome fevere difcipline at the altar of the God, in order to obtain his fa- vour. • " A^-s^iYj, TToT^v^uofjis, itoXvTOKirB^ rig h crs vcLvrrig EfJLTTo^o; AiyoLiQio TCOL^rikv^s vt]i ^S3/^ U^iv y.syoLv yj «s. v. 380. M m 2 with 268 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. with CIppi, and altars. Thefe were originally mounds of earth, and lacred to the Sun ; upon which account they were called Col-On, or altars of that Deity. From hence is de- rived the term Colona, and KoAw^ii. It came at laft to de- note any nees or foreland ; but was originally the name of a facred hill, and of the pillar which was placed upon it. To fay the truth there was of old hardly any headland, but what had its temple or altar. The Bofporus in particular had numbers of them by way of fea-marks, as well as for facred purpofes : and there were many upon the coaft of Greece. Hence ApoUonius fays of the Argonauts : " H^i (Jg vii xxi ?'.ii'.sria-a'ir iTrtaxoyro;. And in another place: Tp;5 Sexcx. to; TTTo^.ieupx kcci ax, fi'x lluoyci' oTuctaaco. Callimachus. Hymn to Diana. HaTria, Moii^^l^iJi, Ajyjioo-JCOTrg, ;^agaa;a. Ibid. v. 259. ** riotvyi ovv r,' AypoiTxi Si S'\)o iroXiii (pwt, tuv fj^iv ai'ca, rm' S'e xcctoo' ff / tTg x.xi IraA^as ait^a, j^ Ai/jluv. Steph. Byzant. KoAe/TflM fAsy oiiv xai axfiot ris hfji.Tihoi. Strabo of Samos. 1. 14. p. 944. 4 ,( according The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 275- according to Hecatceus in his Europa, Ampelus was the nmm of a city in Liguria. 'There was likewife a fro7no?itory in the diJlriB of Tor one called Ampelus: a like promontory in Samos: another in Cyrene, Agrcetas mentions two cities there^ an up- per^ and a lower ^ of that 7tame. There was likewife a har- bour in Italy fo called. We read of a city ^' AmpeloefTa in Syria, and a nation in Lybia called Ampeliot^e : A|ar£?a60Tat h e^vog Ai^vrii;, Suidas. Alfo Ampelona in Arabia : and a promontory Ampelufia near Tingis in Mauritania. In all thefe places, however diftant, the Amonians had made fettlements. Over againft the ifland Samos ftood the lacred promontory, Mycale in Ionia. This too was called Ampelus, according to Hefychius, as the paflage is happily altered by Albertus, and others. Ap^TsAo^, [LTr)(cuTi^ kcli, olh^ol MvKOihTii;^ r^yovv o^sg. From the words riyovv o^ag one might infer, that Ampelus was no uncommon name for a mountain in general ; fo far is certain that many fuch were fo denominated : which name could not relate to cc^TTsKogj the vine ; but they were fo called from the Deity, to whom they were ^^ facred. Many of thefe places were barren crags, and rocks of the fea, ill fuited to the cultivation of the "^^ vine. And not only emi- nences ''Ampelufia called Koorrm axpov. Ptolemy. 1. 4. fo named according to StraboaTTo Kwrsw;', or Kwra/wr, not far from a city Zilis, and Cota. See Pliny. 1. 5.C. I. Promontorium Ocean! extimum Ampelufia. Pliny. 1. 5. c.i. Ampelona. Pliny. 1. 6. c. 28. ■ ^' Atto Afj-TTS/.a a.y.^Ti'i iin Ka.va.^^a.nn' axpnu. Herodotus. L 7. c. 123, Ajw.7reAo5 axca, in Crete. Pcolcmy. See Pliny. 1. 4. c. 12. ^"^ In Samos was Afc^eAss ax^a* i<^i Se s;c evuyos. Scrabo. L 14, p. 944- N n 2 Some 2/6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. nences were fo called, but the ftrand and fliores alfo for the fame reafon : becaufe here too were altars, and pillars to this God. Hence we read in Hefychius i A^Ttshoi; — OLiyioLhog — Kv^Yivctrng cLiyicO\og. By A7Jipelus is fignijied the fea Jhore\ or Am-pelus among the people of Cyrene Jig7tifies the fea Jhore. From what has been faid, we may be afTured, that Am- pelus, and Omphalus, were the fame term originally ; how- ever varied afterwards, and differently appropriated. They are each a compound from Omphe ; and relate to the oracular Deity. Ampelus at Mycale in Ionia was confeffedly fo de- nominated from its being a facred ^* place, and abounding with waters, by which people, who drank them, were fup- pofed to be infpired. They are mentioned in an ancient oracle quoted by Eufebius^' : Ey d^ih^JL'^v yvaXoig MvKOLKrjG'iov EN0EON v^(£^. I have mentioned that all fountains were efteemed ficred ; but efpecially thofe which had any praeter- natural quality, and abounded with exhalations. It was an univerfal notion that , a divine energy proceeded from thefe effluvia ; and that the perfons, who refided in their vicinity, were gifted with a prophetic quality. Fountains of this na- ture from the divine influence, with which they were fup- pofed to abound, the Amonians ftiled Ain Omphe, five Some places were called more fimply Ampe. See Herodotus of Ampi in the Perfian Gulf. 1. 6. c. 20. AuTTii of Tzetzes. See Cellarius. y Mvx.a/\yK ^ca^iov lepm'. Herodotus. 1. I.e. 148. "Prjep. Evan. 1. 5. c. 16. fontes The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.' 277 fontes Oraculi. Thefe terms, which denoted the fountain of the prophetic God, the Greeks contracted to Ny^^j], a Nymph: and fuppofed fuch a perfon to be an inferior Goddefs, who prefided over waters. Hot fprings were imagined to be more immediately under the infpedion of the nymphs : whence Pindar ftiles fuch fountains '^° 0£^,aa Ny^^ai/ A8T^a. The temple of the Nympha; lonides in Arcadia flood clofe to a fountain of great *' efficacy. The term Nympha will be found always to have a reference to +* wa- ter. There was in the fame region of the Peloponnefus a place called Ny^^a?, Nymphas ; which was undoubtedly fo named from its hot fprings: *' Karapps/rai yoL^ v^olti . Ny|Ct(pa^ : for Nytnphas — abounded with waters. Another name j'" Pindar. Olymp. Ode 12. Nu/Ji.(pxi sicri iv Tu (p^exrt. Artemidorus Oneirocrit. 1. 2. c. 23. aXynp.a.Tc>}v Trctv-rMv ioc;j.xTx- Paiifanias. 1. 6. p, 510. ■** Kvf/,:iix.ct, and Aaroa, are put by Hefychiiis, as fynonomous. Omnibus aquisNymphse funt prsfidentes. Servius upon Virgil. Ecloo-. i. Thetis was ftiled Nympha, merely becaufe fhe was fuppofed to be water. Thetidem dici voluerunt aquam, unde et Nympha dida eft. Fulgentij My tholog. c. viii. p. 720. ■♦' Paufanias. 1. 8. p. 670. Young women were by the later Greeks, and by the Romans, ftiled Nym- phas-, but improperly. Nympha vox, Gra:corum Nt;/x(pa, non fuit ab origine Virgin! five Puelte propria: fed folummodo partem corporis denotabat. ^gypcijs, ficut omnia animalia, lapides, frutices, acque herbas, ita omne mem- brum atque omnia corporis human! loca, aliquo dei titulo mos fuit denotare. Hinc cor nuncupabant Ath, uterum Mathyr, vel Mether : et fontem fsmi- neum, ficut et alios fontes, nomine Aia Omphe, Greece ry/zipM, infignibant : quod ab 2yS The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. name for thefe places was Ain-Ades, the fountain of Ades, or the Sun : which in like manner was changed to Na/aJW, Naiades, a fpecies of Deities of the fame clafs. Fountains of bitumen in Sufiana and Babylonia were called Ain-Aptha, the fountains of Aptha, the God of fire : which by the Greeks was rendered Naptha, a name given to ^"^ bitumen. As they changed Ain Omphe to Numpha, a Goddefs; they accord- ingly denominated the place itfelf ^UfXtpsiov, Nymphaum : and wherever a place occurs of that name, there will be found fomething particular in its circumftances. We are told by ^^ Pliny, that the river Tigris, being flopped in its courfebythe mountains of Taurus, lofes itfelf under ground, and rifes again on the other fide at Nymphaeum. According to Marcellinus it feems to be at Nymphaeum, that it finks into the earth. Be it as it may, this, he tells us, is the place where that fiery matter called naptha iffued : from whence.: lib iEgyptijs ad Graecos derivatum eft.— Hinc legimus, N^^/^if}) Tr^iyn, xai vio- •}-a.iJici yvvriy pvfjt.(},w Ss xccAnai xtA. Suidas. riap Afimxioii rj ra Aioi fxmvp^ Nuixpi. Ibidem. '** Naptha is called Apthas by Simplicius in Categoric. Ariftotelis. Kat o A for the advantage of its waters. There was a Nym- pliaeum at Rome mentioned by Marcellinus. " Septemzo- dium celebrem locum, ubi Nymphaeum Marcus condidit Im- perator. Here were the Thermie Antonianas. As from Ain Ompha came Nympha; fo from Al Ompha was derived Lympha. This differed from Aqua, or common water, as being of a facred, and prophetic nature. The ancients thought, that all mad perfons were gifted with divination; and; they were in confequence of it filled Z^ymp/jaiL From what has preceded, we may perceive that there once; "■ Dion is Hiftoria Romana. Johannis Rofin : Antiq. 1. 3. c. 11.. "Pau&nias. I.9. p. 718.. 'i4 Evagrius. 1. 3. c. 12. " Marcellinus. 1. 15- c 7. p. 6.8. exifted The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 281 exifted a wonderful refemblance in the rites, cuftoms, and terms of worfhip, among nations widely feparated. Of this, as I proceed, many inftances will be continually produced. I have already mentioned, that this fimilitude in terms, and the religious fyftem, which was fb widely propagated, were owing to one great family, who fpread themfelves almoft univerfally. Their colonies went abroad under the fandtion and diredion of their priefts ; and carried with them both the rites and the records of their country. Celfus took no- tice of this ; and thought that people payed too little atten* tion to memorials of this nature. He mentions particularly the oracular temples at Dodona, at Delphi, at Claros, with thofe of the Branchidsi and Amonians : at the fame time paffing over many other places, from whofe priefts and vo- taries the whole earth feemed to have been peopled'*. Ta y^v AfJLiJLoovogy VTTo fxv^iCf^v Ts aXKm dsoTT^oTrm Tr^osi^rifJisvcij vp" oov STTisiKoog 7i:oL(rct yr\ KOLrmii^r]^ tolvtoc fjLSi^ ovhvi Koyui ri&svToci. As colonies went abroad under the influence, and direclion of their tutelary Deities ; thofe Deities were ftiled 'ilye[xovsgi and A^^yiysTai : and the colony was denominated from fome facred title of the God. A colony was planted at Miletus ; of which the condudling Deity was Diana. ^''Xs yaa TTQiYiTdJo NriKsvg 'H.ys(J.oi/r,v. This Goddefs is ftiled ttoAv- TTToAif, becaufe this office was particularly afcribed to her ; '' Celfiis apud Originem. 1. 7. p. 333. See alfo Plutarch, de Oraculorum defedln. '' Callimachus. Hymn to Diana, v, 226. Vol. I. O o 282 The Analysis op Ancient MyTHOLOcr.. and {lie had many places under her patronage, Jupiter ac- cordingly tells her : ^* T^ig haoL roi TrroXisd^x^ kcli sk svol yrv^yov OTrafrcw. Thrice ten fair cities fhall your portion be, And many a (lately tower. Apollo likewife was called OiKTigrig and A^^JiysTJ]?, fronj being the fuppofed founder of cities ; which were generally built in confequence of fome oracle. KTi^ofj^sPccig' avTog is dsfJLSiKici ^oi^og v(poLivBi, 'Tis through Apollo's tutelary aid, That men go forth to regions far remote, And cities found : Apollo ever joys In founding cities. What colony, fays *° Cicero, did Greece ever fend into ^to- lia, Ionia, Afia, Sicily or Italy, without having firft confulted about every circumftance relative to it, either at Delphi, or Dodona, or at the oracle of Ammon. And Lucian fpeaks to the fame purpofe. *' Ovre ^roAsa? icKiipVi ah. rsi'^eoL. rs^is'ooiXXono tt^iv olh Jjj ^ra^a MctnBooy oLKHtroa img-ot. People "jDOiild not venture to build cities^ nor even ratfe the wallsy till they had made proper e?iquiry amo?ig thofe^ who were- prophetically gifted^ about the Juccefs of their operatio?ts. '' Callimachus. ibid, v, 33. " Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 56.. *" Cicero de natuia Deorum. 1. 1. •' Lucian, Aftrolog- v. i. p. gg^s PATORL ( 283 ) P A T O R and P A T R A. I Cannot help thinking that the word ^raTJi^, pater, when ufed in the reHgious addrefTes of the Greeks and Ro- mans, meant not, as is fuppofed, a father, or parent; but related to the divine influence of the Deity, called by the people of the eaft, Pator, as I have ' fhewn» From hence I fhould infer, that two words, originally very diftindt, have been rendered one and the * fame. The word pater, in the common acceptation, might be applicable to Saturn ; for he was fuppofed to have been the father of all the Gods, and was therefore fo entitled by the ancient poet Sulpitius. ' Jane pater, Jane tuens, Dive biceps, biformis, O, cate rerum fator, O, principium Deorum. But when it became a title, which was beftowed upon Gods of every denomination, it made Jupiter animadvert with fome warmth upon the impropriety, if we may credit Lucilius : ' See in the former treatife, infcribed Ojnp; * Are not all the names, which relate to the different ftages of manhood, as well as to family cognation, taken from the titles of priefls, which were originally ufed in temples; fuch as Pater, Vir, Virgo, Puer, Mater, Matrona, Patronus, Frater, Soror, AJ'fAcpos Kaccs ? ' Verfes from an ancient Choriambic poem, which are quoted by Terentianus Maurus de Metris. O O 2 Ut 284 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, * Ut nemo fit noftrum, quin pater optlmus Divom eft : Ut Neptunus pater, Liber, Saturnus pater, Mars, Janus, Quirinus, pater, omnes dicamur ad unum. And not only the Gods, but the Hierophantae in moft tem- ples ; and thofe priefts in particular, who were occupied in the celebration of myfteries, were ftiled Patres : fo that it was un- doubtedly a religious term imported from Egypt, the fame as Pator, and Patora, before mentioned. I have taken notice, that the Paterae of Curtius were the priefts of Hamon : but that writer was unacquainted with the true meaning of the word ; as well as with the pronunciation, which feems to have been penultima produdla. The worfhip of Ham, or the Sun, as it was the moft ancient, fo it was the moft uni- verfal of any in the world. It was at firft the prevailing re- ligion of Greece ; and was propagated over all the fea coaft of Europe ; from whence it extended itfelf into the inland provinces. It was eftabliftied in Gaul and Britain ; and was the original religion of this iftand, which the Druids in after times adopted. That it went high in the north is evident from Aufonius, who takes notice of its exifting in his time. He had relations, who were priefts of this order and de- nomination: and who are on that account complimented by him in his ode to Attius Patera ^ Rhetor. Tu Boiocafns ftirpe Druidarum fatus, Si fama non fallat fidem, ♦ Lucilii Fragmenta. » Ode of Aufonius to Attius Patera Rhetor in Profeflbrum Burdigalenfium commemoratlone. Ode 10. Beleni- The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 285 Beleni facratum ducis e templo genus, Et inde vobis nomina, Tibi Paterae: fie miniftros nuncupant Apollinares Myftici. Fratri, Patrique nomen a Phsebo datum, Natoque de Delphis tuo. He mentions, that this worfliip prevailed particularly in Armorica ; of which country his relations were natives, * Nee reticebo Senem, Nomine Phcebicium,. Qui Beleni uJEdituus, Stirpe fatus Druidum, Gentis Arraoricae^ Belin, the Deity, of whom he fpeaks, was the fame as ' Bel and Balen of Babylonia, and Canaan ; the Orus and Apollo of other nations. Herodian takes notice of his being wor- fhiped by the people of Aquileia ; and fays, that they called him Belin, and paid great reverence, efteeming him the fame as * Apollo. The true name of the Amonian priefls I have {hewn to have been Petor or Pator ; and the inftrument,. which they held in their hands, was ftiled Petaurum. They ufed to dance round a large fire in honour of the Sun, whole orbit * Aufonius. Ode 4. ' He is called Balen by ^fchylus. Perfas. p. 156. BaAwr, ao-^atoi BaA«»'. * EsA/j' ii •A.a.Ayai r'drov' aiQaat Se V7re^(^-jcui^ AttoAAoovcc Sirxi SiAovrti, HerO' dian. 1. 8. of the Aquileians. Infcriptio vetus Aquileis re^crta. APOLLINI. BELENO. C. AQUI- LEIENS. FELIX. they ,28^ The Analysis of Anci&nt MvTnoLOGV. they affected to deTcribe. At the fame time they exhibited other feats of adivity, to amufe the votaries, who reforted to their temples. This dance was fometimes performed in ar- mour, efpecially in Crete : and being called Pyrrhic was fup- pofed to have heen fo named from Pyrrhus, the fon of Achil- les. But when was he in Crete ? Befides it is faid to have been pradlifed by the Argonautic heroes before his time. It was a rengious dance, denominated from fire, with which it was accompanied. ' AiJL(pi, h ^oLiofjLevoig sv^v yp^^ sgyi^ranot It vvas originally an Egyptian dance in honour of Hermes ; and praclifed by the Patarae or Priefts. In fome places it was efleemed a martial exercife; and exhibited by perfbns in armour, who gave it the name of Betarmus. We have an inftance of it in the fame poet. '" AfJLV^ig Js vsoi O^(prjog amy/j XKOL'^^cnzg BriTct^^jLou suottXiov o^'^r\ avTcci TSaew ey. TB ffjpa.vn. Paufanias, 1. 9. p. 786. '' Euripides in lone. v. 935. See Radicals, p. 67. Macsr. *° Clemens Alexand. Strom. 1. i. p. 358. ■' Paufanias. 1. 10. p. 825. Vol. L P P They 290 THJi Analysis of Ancient Mythology. They called him Petor, and Pctros ; and his temple was fliled Petra. This they oftentimes changed to T^i^og ; fo lit- tle did they imderftand their own mythology. There were however fome writers, who mentioned it as the name of the Sun, and were not totally ignorant of its meaning. This we may learn from the Scholiafi: upon Pindar. -^ Us^i CB T8 KvoL^oLyo^a yevoy.euov Ev^iZi^i]V i^v.^tirr^v ^ TLsr^ov si^yizsvoli rov Aiog 7:B(pvKU}';^ a^g 7^yii(n, TayraXog^ KQ.^vta(r< TrsT^oiv, AXvQ'su'i '^fjtrsoL^g (ps^o^svav. If then the name of the Sun, and of his temples, was among the ancient Grecians Petros, and Petra ; we may eafily account for that word fo often occurring in the accounts of his wor- {hip. The Scholia above will moreover lead us to difcover, whence the ftrange notion arofe about the famous Anaxagoras of Clazomenas ; who is faid to have propheiied, that a fione would fall from the Sun. All, that he had averred, may be feen in the relation of the Scholiafi: above : which amounts " Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8. -' Scholia in Findar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8, only The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 291 only to this, that Petros was a name of the Sun. It was a word of Egyptian original, derived from Petor, the fame as Ham, the liimus of the ancient Greeks. This Petros fome of his countrymen underflood in a different fenfe ; and gave out, that he had foretold a ftone would drop from the Sun. Some were idle enough to think that it was accompliilied : and in confequence of it pretended to Oiew at i^gofpotamos the very ^'flone, which was faid to have fallen. The like ftory was told of a ftone at Abydus upon the Hellefpont : and AnaxacToras was here too fuppofed to have been the prophet *^ In Abydi gymnaiio ex ea caufa colitur hodieque modicus quidem (lapis), fed quem in medio terrarum cafurum Anaxa- goras praedixifle narratur. The temples, or Petra here men- tioned, were Omphalian, or Oracular : hence they v/ere by a common miftakc fuppofed to have been in the center of the habitable globe. They were alfo HKi^aroi IlsT^c:i : which Elibatos the Greeks derived from ^aim defcendo ; and on this account the Petra were thought to have fallen from the *^ Sun. We may by this clue unravel the myflerious ftory of Tantalus ; and account for the puniQiment, which he was doomed to undergo. -* Ko^w y bKsv Atolv vTrs^oTrXovj ** Diogenes Laertius : Vita Anaxagorse. "' Pliny. 1. 2. c. 58. p. 102. *■■ HAiCaroi' TreTcay they conftrued kAjV a"^ riAm ^xtyofJi-n'oV. *' Pindar. Olympic. Ode i. p. 8. Pp2 Tav 292 liiE Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Toy aei fxsvoiym ks^olKoli; ^x7\si» The unhappy Tantalus From a fatiety of hmffoaaiR i>-£^ Underwent a cruel reverfe. He was doom'd to fit under a huge flonej Which the father of the Gods Kept over his head fufpended. Thus he fat In continual dread of its downfal, And lofl: to every comfort. It is faid of Tantalus by fome, that he was fet up to his. chin in water, with every kind of fruit within reach : yet hungry as he was and thirfty, he could never attain to what he wanted ; every thing, Vv^hich he caught at, eluding his ef- forts. But from the account given above by *^ Pindar, as well as by ^° Alcccus, Alcman, and other writers, his punifh- inent coniifted in having a ftone hanging over his head ; which kept him in perpetual fear. What is fliled ?^/^o?, was- I make no doubt originally Petros ; which has been mifin- terpreted a ftcne. Tantalus is termed by Euripides a/ioAa^o^ Tr\v yAwcro-av, a man of an ungovernable tongue : and his hif- tory at bottom relates to a perfon, who revealed the myfte- ries, in v/hich he had been 3' initiated. The Scholiafc upon; *' lev vTiP xiqxx.Xa.i TavraXs xSov. Pindar. Ifthm. Ode 8. p. 482. '° AAJcafcf, xcci AAn/xxy At^ov fcctriv STra.icacuSnx.1 TarraAw. Scholia upon Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 3. Ihvi Myit TO To^fvy.a, Kcct cryict fJLdv^ccve aiyvu Antholog. 5 Lycophron The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 293 Lycophron defcribes him in this light ; and mentions him as a prieftj who out of good nature divulged fome fecrets of his cloifter ; and was upon that account ejedied from the fo- ciety^'. 'O TcuiTaXog sv(rs^rig aon Cso;/9?3? Toa.oiC.iTQv «>\.Kn>^oi(Tiv. Homer. Iliad. ;>j^. v. 126. Ai9jM.3Ta<, Sv/^))y'j^3tj iTTi ra Ai9i ojj.vwTei. Hefychius. facred l*late\ r^yt'/N/i/t- (1/ i^Jitlu'as Fetj'ajua; (-// //^<' f Ut>////A >ni/t- ('f >/uu,u //, ' •/ ^'i/ilUl . t/Vi-V/, . ','/,'/•,-//, T The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 295 facred to Zeus, and called Sar-On : and Pctra in its original fenfe being a temple, muft be looked upon as an afylum. But this term was not confined to a rock or cavern : every ora- cular temple vi^as ftiled Petra, and Petora. Hence it pro- ceeded that fo many Gods were called ©jOi UsT^ctLOi^ and Uar^Cfioi. Pindar fpeaks of Pofcidon Petraios; ^9 JJcn Hou-Si- ^capog Usr^ctrs : under which title Neptune was worfhiped by the ThefHilians : but the latter was the more common title. We meet in Paufanias with Apollo Patroiis, and with ^° T.m MziKix^og, and A^Ts^a/? YIoLr^m ; alfo ^' Bacchus Uccr^wogj Zeus Patroiis, and Vefta Patroa, together with, other inftances. The Greeks, Vv'henever they met with this term, even in regions the moit remote, always gave it an interpretation ac- cording to their own preconceptions; and explained dsot riaT^wo/, the oracular Deities, by Dii Patrii, or the Gods of »' Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 248. T]iTca.i:.i Ti[j.a.Tai Vioaii^'oiv Tcc^a. ©eTTaXoi?' Scholia ibidem. ••* Zeus was reprefemed by a pyramid : Artemis by a pillar. FJupcCiUiS'i Je-o Mii^^-^io':^}] cTg Kni'teq-ii' ii^°t-'^y-i'''»- Paufan, 1. 2. p. 132. ■♦' Paufanias. 1. i. p 104, According to the acceptation, in which lunderftand the term, we may account for fo many places in the eaft being (tiled Petra. Pcrfis, and India, did not abound with rocks more than Europe : yet in thefe parts, as well as in the neighbouring regions, there is continually mention made of Petra: fuch as HcTcex. XitnyJlou in Sogdiana, Petra Aornon in India, y.ai ^w rn O^h (F/gTrat), ot c/g Aact/zaCy,- Strabo. 1. 11. p. 787. Petra Abatos in Egypt: Uijpx NaSctraicc in Arabia.. Many places called Petra occur in the hiftory of Alexander •.'HAuv S-i xaillsTrcc; (o-jysai apoS'pa. i->t ir^'j^'^ai-ai. Strabo. 1. i 1. p. 787. They were in^ reality facredi eminences, where of old they worlhiped ; which in aftertimes were fortified. Every place ftiled Arx and Ay-poiroXn was originally of the fame nature. The fame is to be obfervcd of thcfc ftiled Purgoi. the 3296 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. the country. Thus In the Palmyrene Infcription two Syrian Deities are charaderized by this title. *'A r A I B £2 A 12 KAI MAAAXBHA^ UATVaolX 0EOIS. Cyrus in his expedition againft the Medes is reprefented as making vovvs*^ 'E^io, lioLX^wa,^ koli Au Uolt^'^Wj Kctiroig aA- Aoi? @eoig. But the Perfians, from whom this hiflory is pre- fumed to be borrowed, could not mean by thefe terms Dii Patrii : for nothing could be more unneceffary than to fay of a Perlic prince, that the homage, which he payed, was to Perfic Deities. It is a thing of courfe, and to be taken for granted ; unlefs there be particular evidence to the contrary. His vows were made to Mithras, v/ho was fliled by the na- tions in the eaft Pator ; his temples were Patra, and Petra, and his feftivals Patrica. Nonnus gives a proper account of the Petra, v/hen he reprefents it as Omphean, or oracular : EiCSTi viriTtioc^oio y(o^iig l^^vTaTo Baxp/8. At Patara in Lycia was an oracular temple : and Patrae in Achaia had its name from divination, for which it was fa- mous. Paufanlas mentions the temple, and adds, '^^' Tl^o Jg th 'l£^8 Tcg ArjfJLrir^og zgi irY^yTi (jlolpts^ov os bwolv^ol eg-iP av^zvosg. Bejo?'e the iefnple is the fount ai?! of Demeter — and in the temple an oracle.^ which never is k?iO'von tofaiL •♦' Gruter. Infcript. Ixxxvi. n. 8. *'Xenophon. KvpH7ra.tSs;c(, *^ Nonnus. Dionyfiac. 1. ix. p. 266. ♦' Paufanias. )< 7. p. ^j^. The The Analysis of Ancient Mvthology. 297 The offerings, which people in ancient times ufed to pre- fent to the Gods, were generally purchafed at the entrance of the temple; efpecially every fpecies of confecrated bread, which was denominated accordingly. If it was an oracular temple of Alphi, the loaves and cakes were ftiled '»■* Alphita. If it was expreiTed Ampi, or Ompi ; the cakes were Ompai*'', 0|a9ra< : at the temple of Adorns *', Adorea. Thofe made in honour of Ham-orus had the name of •^^ Homoura, Amora, and Omoritas. Thofe facred to Peon, the God of licrht, were called ^° Piones. At Cha-on, which lignilies the houfe of the Sun, 5' Cauones, Xa^w^s;. From Pur-Ham, and Pur- Amon, they were denominated Puramoun, ^^ liv^oL^av, From Ob- ^^ AA$ITON, TO a.7ro vexi jf^A2;MA, ■\st.iq'a.oivoj -noneAaiM QtQpiyiJ.iyct. Ibidem. *^ Fine flour had the facred name of Ador, from Adorns the God of day, an Amonian name. "♦' 'OMOTPA, crSfji.iS'aAi; I^Gij, yw.£A( £;^so-cj, ycxi crmc(.fj(.jv. Hefych. AMOPA, anfJi.iia.Xis I(p6)7 aw fLiXni. Ibidem. 'OMOPITA2, a^To? iit TTUoou S'lrpnpMvou yeyovu^. Ibid. Alfo AfJiopSnact, Amorbits. See AthenjEus. 1. 14. p. 646. "TIIOISES, 7rAa5tBCTg5. Hefychius. Pi-On was the Amonian name of the Sun : as was alfo Pi Or, and Pe-Or, *' XATQNAS, cc^TBi eXaiCfj aracpv^ocfjivTw; x.j.Jjtyci. Suidas. ''' The latter Greeks exprefled Puramoun, Purameus. riTPAMOTS, a cake. Hi- Flu^ay.as ttol^x roig TrccXctr^n iinvr.uoi. Artemi- dorus. 1. i. c. 74. Kcct S'lxypuTrPnacti fj.ix^' '^'"' ^« sXa.iJ.^xvi tov TrupocfjL^vTcc. Schoi. Ariftoph. 'iTTTrea, Vol. L 0.9 See 298 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Ob-Elj Pytho Deus, came " Obelia. If the place were a Petra or Petora, they had offerings of the fame fort called Petora, by the Greeks expreffed ^""Hitv^ct, Pitura. One of the titles of the Sun was El-Aphas, Sol Deus ignis. This El- aphas the Greeks rendered Elaphos, BKct(pog-j and fuppofed it to relate to a deer : and the title El-Apha-Baal, given by the Amonians to the chief Deity, was changed to gXatpj^boAo?, a term of a quite different purport. El-aphas, and El-apha- baal, related to the God Ofiris, the Deity of light : and there were facred liba made at his temple, fimilar to thofe above ; and denominated from hiiji EAccipot, Elaphoi. In Athensus we have an account of their compofition, which confifted of fine meal, and a mixture of fefamum and honey. " EAa- ] ayBV rm olv^^(/}v Ti^u^v s^oiri- (Tct^si/ avTYi XoLvwpocg. ktK. I have mentioned, that they were fometimes called Petora, and by the Greeks Pitura. This probably was the name of thofe liba, or cakes, which the young virgins of Babylonia, and Perfis, ufcd to offer at the fhrine of their God, when they were to be firft proflituted : for all before marriage were obliged to yield themfelves up to fome ftranger to be de- flowered. It was the cuftom for all the young women, when they arrived towards maturity, to fit in the avenue of the temple with a girdle, or rope, round their middle; and what- ever paflenger laid hold of it was entitled to lead them away. This pradice is taken notice of, as fubfifling among the Ba- bylonians, in the epiftle afcribed to the prophet Jeremiah ; which he is fuppofed to have written to Baruch. v. 43. Aios yvvcciKsg Trs^iSs^JLefai (ryyivioL su rang o^oig synoL^riVTOLi ^ypwcr^f Ta niTTPA* otolv k Tig oLvrm cK^s.Ky.vhio'cL vi^o vvog rm 7ro(.^ci7ro^Bvo[j,syoi)p zoi^^-rj^riy Tr,v 7rXri(nov oi/si^ii^si^ on UK Yi^imcti, l^j Amvaov iv axrn'iaa-i TrwcfiTrov : apud Eufeb. P. E. 1. 9. c. 27. 5 colle The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 309 colle * ZemifTo asdes dicata eft fpecie rotunda. In fhort all the Gods were one, as we learn from the fame Orphic Poetry : , ' 'Ei? Zsvgi Biq A;'Jj5^, hg 'HAiogt iig Aiovvrog 'Eig $iog Bv 7roLns](]" 'Exag^yo? AttoAAwi/) ^\g Qsog Sfiv. There were to be fure a number of flrange attributes, which by fome of the poets were delegated to different perfonages : but there were other writers, who went deeper in their re- fearches ; and made them all center in one. They forae- '' Hermefianax. It may be worth while to obferve below, how many Gods there were of the fame titles and departments, flaiowos Aioivaioi. Hefychius. Pseonia Minerva, Plutarch, de decern Rhetoribus. riaAa/uwv HcaxAw. Hefychius. Itnnp Trai'TW, Aa-xXnTrie, ^iairoioi Y[cliolv. Orphic. H. S6. noo-E/cTwf la.T^'-A iv Tjji'u). Clement. Cohort, p. 26. Olen, the mod ancient mythologift, made Eilithya to be the mother of Eros: fo that Eilithya and Venus mull: have been the famej and confcquently Diana. Mjixera Ef&'Tcs V^iXi^vxv eivcct. Paufan. 1. 9. p. 762. Adonim, Attinem, Ofirim et Horum aliud non effe quam Solem. Macrobius Sat. 1. I. c. 21. p. 209. Janus was Juno, and ftiled Junonius. Macrob. Sat. 1. r. c. 9. p. 159. Lunam •, eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Pro- ferpinam dicunt. Servius in Georgic. 1. i. v. 5. Aftartc, Luna, Europa, Dea Syria, Rhea, the fame. Lucian. de Syria Dea. Kgioi A^it^atov rov ccutov x,cci Atx zat Att&AAw vofAi^ovrn. xtA. Athenago- ras. p. 290. 'HAfO:;, 'ZiJi. Sanchoniathon. Eufeb. P. E. lib. i. c. x. p. 34. 'HA«3f, Kpoyoi. Damafcius apud Photium. c. 242. 4 times The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. on times reprefented this fovereign Deity as Dionufus : who ac- cordingj to Aufonius was worfhiped in various parts under different titles j and comprehended all the Gods under one ehara£ler. ''^ Ogygia me Bacchum vocat ; Ofyrin ^gyptus putat : Myll Phanacem nominant : Dionyfon Indi exiftimant : Romana Sacra Liberum ; Arabica Gens Adoneum ; Lucanianus Pantheon. Sometimes the fupremacy was given to Pan, who was ef- teemed Lord of all the elements. *^ Ilcii/cx, kolKoj, K^ars^ov NofMioVi iiO(r^oio rs the Mother of the Gods : riej-i rm 'X,'"^°'-'^ lavTiK csCttat jjsv coi sin ttxv tw A(p^o~ SiTiify a'-s fxnTSpx 6ecw)', 7rc1x.1Aa.1i xcci ty^wpion ovofj-xai Tr^oaayo^svoviii. Ptol. Tetrabibl. 1. 2. *' Apud Calvum Aderianus. Macrob. Sat. 1. 3. c. 8. Putant eandem ma- rem efle ac foeminam. Ibidem. '* Apud Auguftin. de Civitate Dei. 1. 4. c. 11. and 1. 7. c 9. The author of the Orphic verfes fpeaks of the Moon as both male and female. Av^ofxivt) y.a.i AsiTrofxivn, ^n'Aume xai apa'/jv. Hymn 8. v. 4. Deus LuHLis was worfhipcd at Charras, Edcfla, and all over the eaft. *' Synefius* Hymn 3. g. 26. Edit. H. Steph. The The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 315 And the like chara<3:er is given to the ancient Deity Mior9 ) P H OE N I X and P H OE N I C E S. AS there has been much uncertainty about the purport and extent of thefe terms ; and they are of great confequence in the courfe of hiftory ; I will endea- vour to ftate their true meaning. Phoinic, or Poinic, was an Egyptian, and Canaanitifh term of honour ; from whence were formed Oo/j/iJ, (^oiviKsg, ^oinKosig of the Greeks, and Phoinic, Poinicus, Poinicius of the Romans ; which were af- terwards changed to Phoenix, Punicus, and ' Puniceus. It was originally a title, which the Greeks made ufe of as a pro- vincial name : but it was never admitted as fuch by the peo- ple, to whom it was thus appropriated, till the Greeks were in polTeflion of the country. And even then it was but par- tially received : for though mention is made of the coaft of Phoenice, yet we find the natives called Sidonians, Tyrians, and ' Canaanites, as late as the days of the Apoftles. It was an honorary term, compounded of Anac with the Egyptian prefix ; and rendered at times both Phoinic and Poinic. It fignified a lord or prince : and was particularly aflumed by ' In all ancient accounts of the Romans the term was exprefled Poini, and Poinicus. Poinei ftipendia pendunt, Poinei fiint folitei fos facrificare puellos. Ennius. Annal. vii. Afterwards it was changed to Paenus, and Punicus. ' Simon the Canaanite. Matth. c. lo.. v. 4. Alfo the woman of Canaan. Mat* thevv. c. 15. V. 22. 4j the 320 The Analysis of AncienV Mythology. the Tons of Chus and Canaan. The Myfians feem to have kept nearefl to the original pronunciation, who gave this title to the God Dionufus, and called him Ph'anac. ' Ogygia me Bacchum vocat, Ofirin JEgyptus putat, Myfi Phanacem. It was alfo conferred upon many things, which were ef- teemed princely and noble. Hence the red, or fcarlet, a colour appropriated to great and honourable perfonages, was ftiled Phoinic. The palm was alfo fliled Phoinic, ^oivi^ : and the ancients always fpeak of it as a flately and noble tree. It was efleemed an emblem of honour ; and made ufe of as a reward of vidtory. Plurimarum palmarum homo, was a proverbial expreflion among the Romans, for a foldier of merit, Pliny fpeaks of the various fpecies of palms ; and of the great repute, in which they were held by the Babylo- nians. He fays, that the nobleft of them were ftiled the royal Palms ; and fuppofes, that they were fo called from their being fet apart for the king's ufe. But they were very early an emblem of royalty : and it is a circumftance in- cluded in their original name. We find from Apuleius, that Mercury, the '^ Hermes of Egypt, was reprefented with a palm branch in his hand : and his priefts at Hermopolis ufed to have them ftuck in their ^ fandals, on the outfide. The ' Aufonius. Epigram. 25. Ph'Anac, the Great Lord. •♦ Apuleius. 1. xi. p. 246. ' Zachlas adeft ^gyptius, propheta primarius, et cum dido juvenem quempiam lintcis amiculis inteftum, pedefque palmeis baxei's indutum, et aduf- que derafo capice, producit in medium. Apuleius. 1. 2. p. ^g. Goddefs The Analtsts of Ancient Mythology. 321 Goddcfs ^ Ifis was thus reprefented : and we may infer that Hermes had the like ornaments ; which the Greeks millook for feathers, and have in confequence of it added wings to his ^Qtt. The Jews ufed to carry boughs of the fame tree at fome of their feftivals ; and particularly at the celebration of their nuptials : and it was thought to have an influence at the birth. Euripides alludes to this in his Ion ; where he makes Latona recline herfelf againft a Palm tree, when fhe is going to produce Apollo and Diana. EvSx XO'^BV^OLTOL (rSfJLv' sM'YSVU'CiTO AOLTOJ. In how great eflimation this tree was held of old, we may learn from many pafTages in the facred writings. Solomon fays to his efpoufed, ' how fair and how phafa7it art theu^ Love^for delights : thy fiat ure is like a Palm tree. And the Pfalmift for an encouragement to holinefs fays, ' that the righteous Jhali Jlourijh like the Palm tree : for the Palm was fuppofed to rife under a weight ; and to thrive in proportion to its being '° deprefled. There is pofTibly a farther allufion in this, than may at firft appear. The ancients had an opi- nion, that the Palm was immortal : at leaft, if it did die, it * Pedes ambrofios tegebant foleae, palmae viftricis foliis intext^. Ibid. 1. 11.. p. 241. ■" Euripides in lone. v. 920. * Cantic. c. 7. v. 6. * Plalm 93. V. 12. '" Plutarch Sympofiac. 1. 8. c. 4.'. Adverfus ponaera relurgit. GcUius. 1. 3. c6. Vol. L T t reco- 32 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. recovered again, and obtained a fccond IKe by renev/al. Hence the ftory of the bird, filled the Phcenix, is thought to have been borrowed from this tree. Plin}', ia defcribing the {pecies of Pahn, ftiled Syagrus, fays, " Mirum de ea acce- pimus, cum Phcenice Ave, qux putatur ex hujus Palmar ar« crumento nomen accepiffe, iterum mori, et renafci ex feipfa. Hence we find it to have been an emblem of immortality among all nations, facred and prophane. The blefled in heaven are reprefented in the Apocalypfe by St. John, " as {landing before the throne in white robes with branches of Palm in their hands. The notion of this plant being an emblem of roy- alty prevailed fo far, that when our Saviour made his laft en- trance into Jerufalem, the people took branches of Palm trees, and accoftcd him as a prince, crying, '^ Hofanna — hlejfed is the Kt?ig of Ifrael. • The title of Phoinic feems at firft to have been given to perfons of great ftature : but in procefs of time it was con- ferred upon people of power, and eminence, like ai'a^ and ai'UKTsg among the Greeks. The Cuthites in Egypt were ftiled Royal Shepherds, BaCiXs;? noifJLSi/sg, and had tlierefore the title of Phcenices. A colony of them went from thence to Tyre and Syria : hence it is faid by many writers, that Phoenix came from Egypt to Tyre. People, not confider- " Pliny. Hift. Nat.l. 13. c. 4. 'le^ov 'HAia to outov, aytip^v li ov. Juliani Imp. Orat. v. p. 330. " Revelations, c. 7. v. 9. nfgiiCgCA»/xgyo« c^ohui AeuJta?, ««< ^owKii iv txh ^ifTiV CCVTIOV. ''John. c. 12. V. 13. 4 ing The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 323 ing this, have been led to look for the fhepherd's origin in Canaan ; becaufe they were fometimes called Phoenices. They might as well have looked for them in Greece; for they were equally ftiled '* 'EKhnvsg, Hellenes. Phoenicia, which the Greeks called ^Oinzrj^ was but a fmall part of Ca- naan. It was properly a flip of fea-coaft, which lay within the jurifdidiion of the Tyrians and Sidonians, and fignifies Ora Regia ; or, according to the language of the countiy, the coaft of the Anakim. It was a lordly title ; and derived from a {lately and auguft people. All the natives of Canaan feem to have afiumed to themfelves great honour. The Philiftines are fpoken of as '^ Lords, and the merchants of Tyre as Princes : whofe grandeur and magnificence are of- ten alluded to in the Scriptures. The prophet Ezqkiel calls them the princes of the fea. ^^ 77je/i all the princes ofthefea JJjall come dowtt from their thro?2es^ and lay away their robes ^ and put off their hroidered gar?ne?2ts. And Ifaiah fpeaks to the fame purpofe. ^' Who hath taken this coiinfel again]} lyre, that crowiting city, whofe 7nercha7tts are princes : whofe traffickers are the ho7iourable of the earth? The fcripture term by which they are here diftinguifhed is cunt:?, Sarim : but the title which they afiumed to themfelves was Ph'anac or Ph'oinac, the Phcenix of the Greeks and Romans. And as it was a '* ExxaicTf-ztaTi; cTyrasq-K/a floty.ivsi 'EAAw'SS Batr/Afi?. Syncellus. p. 6i. " ,The Lords of the Philillincs ; and the princes of the Philiftines. i Samuel. c.,29. V. 2, 3, 4. " Ezekiel. c. 26. v. i6. " Ilaiah. c. 23. v. 8. Ezekiel'. c. 28. v. 2. T t 2 mere 324 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology." mere title, the facred writers of the old teflament never make life of it to diftinguifh either the people or country. This part of Canaan is never by them called Phoenicia : yet others did call it fo ; and the natives w^ere ftilcd Phoenices before the birth of Homer. But this was throuo;h miftake : for it was never ufed by the natives as a provincial appellation. 1 have fhewn, that it was a title of another fort, a mark of rank and preeminence : on this account it was aflumed by other people ; and conferred upon other places. For this reafon it is never mentioned by any of the flicred writers be- fore the captivity, in order to avoid ambiguity. The Gen- tile writers made ufe of it; and we fee what miftakes have enfued. There were Phoenicians of various countries. They were to be found upon the Sinus '^ Perficus, upon the Sinus '' Arabicus, in Egypt, in " Crete, in " Africa, in" Epirus, Herodotus brings the Phoenicians from the Mare Erythrsum ; by which he means the Sinus Perficus. L. 7. c. 89. I. i. c. i. " Philo, mentioning the march of the Ifraelites towards the Red fea, and the Amalekices, adds j I'SfxovTca J" auiw i>omy.is. De V. Mofis. voL 2. p. 115. '^itntcvv Ka!fA.;i, in Edom. Procopius. Perfic 1. i. c. 19. *" Phoenicus, in Crete. Steph. Byzant. *' A^oifix.>j. Strabo. L 7. p. 495. Mount Olympus in Lycia was ftiled, by way of eminence, Phoinic. OXvy.Tui TToAiS fA.iyee.?\.H km o^oi o/nuvufjiovj o Jtai ^oti'txoui v.xKsna.i. Strabo. 1. 14. p. 982. Bochart fuppofes, Phoenic and Phoenices (^o/wxes) to be derived from Beni Anac, changed to Pheni Anac, i, e. the fons of Anac : but how can this be applicable to a mountain ; or to the Palm tree .? I am happy however that in a part of my etymology, and that a principal part, I am countenanced by that learned man. Bilhop Cumberland derives it from Anac torquis. Orig. p. 302. and The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 3.2^ and even in Attica. ""^ <^QiviKsg — ysvog ri A^irir/j(n. There is a 7' ace of people called Phcenicians among the '"' Athenians. In {hort, it was a title introduced atSidon, and the coafl; adjoining, by people from Egypt : and who the people were, that brought it, may be known from feveral paflages in ancient hiftory : but particularly from an extradl in Eufebius. *^ Oo/yi^ KCLi KacT- jito?, aTTo ®f^'j}v T(/)v AiyvKTim s^sX^onsg en; t^v Xu^iccv^ Tv^h KCLi liiomog SocccriXsvov. Phoenix a7id Cadmus j retiring from Thebes in Egypt towards the coafl of Syria^ fettled at Tyre a?id Sidon^ and reigned there. It is faid, that *^ Belus carried a colony to the fame parts : and from what part of the world *^ Belus muft be fuppofed to have come, needs not to be explained. Euripides ftiles Cepheus the king of Ethio- pia, the fon of Phoenix : and ApoUodorus makes him the fon of Belus : hence we may infer that Belus and Phoenix were the fame. Not that there were any fuch perfons as Phoenix and Belus, for they were certainly titles : and under the charaders of thofe two perfonages. Colonies, named Be- lidae and Phoenices, went abroad, and fettled in different parts. Their hiftory and appellation may be traced from Babylonia to Arabia and Egypt : and from thence to Ca- naan, and to the regions in the weft. It were therefore to be wiftied, that the terms Phoenix and Phoenicia had never *' Hefychius. ** A city and mountain in Boeotia called Phcenice : the natives Phoenicians. Strabo. 1. 9. p. 639. *' Chron. p. 27. *' Syncellus. p. 126. from Eufebius. *' BmAos aTr' Euf'tJiras. xtA. Nonnus, been 326 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. been ufed in the common acceptation ; at leaft when the di£~ courfe turns upon the more ancient hiftory of Canaan. When the Greeks got pofieffion of the coail: of Tyre, they called it Phoenicia: and from that time it may be admitted as a provincial name. In confequence of this, the wri- ters of the New Teftament do not fcruple to make ufe of it, but always with a proper limitation; for the geo- graphy of the Scriptures is wonderfully exa6l. But the Greek and Roman writers often fpeak of it with a greater latitude; and include Judea and Paleftina within its borders : and fometimes add Syria, and Idume. But thefe countries were ail feparate, and diftind ; among which Phoenicia bore but a fmall proportion. Yet fraall as it may have been, many learned men have thought, that all the colonies, which at times fettled upon the coaft of the Mediterranean, were from this quarter : and that all fcience was of Phoenician original. But this is not true according to their acceptation of the term. Colonies did fettle ; and fcience came from the eaft: but not merely from the Sidonian. I fhall fhew, that it v^^as principally owing to a prior and fuperior branch of the fa- mily. A D D E N Of the PALM TREE. H OE NIX was a colour among horfes. They were ftiled Phoenices, and *^ Phceniciati, from the colour of the Palm tree, which they refembled j and upon the ^^ Bcchart, Hierazoican. 1. 2. c. 7. fame The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 327 fame account had the name of Spadices. This, according to Aulus Geilius, was a term fynonymous with the former. *' Rutilus, et Spadix Phocnicii (Tvvmv^og^ exuberantiam fplen- doremque fignilicant ruboris, quales funt frudus Pahxis- ar- boris, nondum fole inco6li : unde fpadicis et Phoenicei no- men eft. ^^ Spadix, CTrao/^, avulfus eft a Palma termes cum frucStu. Homer, defcribing the horfes of Diomedes, fays, that the one was Phoenix, or of a bright Palm colour, with a white fpot in his forehead like a moon. ^' 'O; 1:0 [JLsy ccKKo to Baicti are ufed for Palm-branches by St. John. ^^' Ta ^cciot tojv OoiPiKOdv. And it is mentioned by the author of the book of Maccabees, that the Jews upon a folemn occafion entered the temple. " Msra OLivsosocg mi, ^c^i(£V. And Demetrius writes to the high prieft, Simon, '^^Tov gstpccvov top "^^vcovp koli Triv Bcchriv, a aTTSfs^Aarg, Keao^ifT^s^oL. Coronam auream et Bainem, qu« mififtis, accepimus. The Greeks formed the *' Geilius. 1. 2. c. 26. '" Geilius. Ibidem. '' Iliad 4 V. 454. °* John. c. 12. V. 13. " I Maccab, c. 13 v. 51. '* I Maccab. c. 13. v. Z7' word 328 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. word bair>5 from the Egyptian Bai. The Romans called the fame colour Badius. '^ Varro, fpeaking of horfes, mentions, Hie badius, ille gilvus, ille Murinus. As the Palm tree was fuppofed to be immortal ; or at leaft, if it did die, to revive, and enjoy a fecond life, the Egyp- tians gave the name of Bai to the foul : ^* Er* (^£v yct^ to. ** Varro apud Nonium Marcellum, ** HorapoJlo. L. i. c. 7. p. 11. OF ( 329 ) OF THE Term CAHEN, The COHEN, | n d, of the Hebrews. IH A V E before taken notice, that the term Cahen de- noted a Prieft, or Prefident : and that it was a title of- ten conferred upon princes and kings. Nor was it confined to men only : we find it frequently annexed to the names of Deities, to fignify their rule and fuperintendency over the earth. From tliem it was derived to their atten- dants, and to all perfons of a prophetical or facred charadter. The meaninp- of the term was fo obvious, that one would imagine no miftake could have enfued: yet fuch is the per- verfenefs of human wit, that we find it by the Greeks and Romans conftantly milapplied. They could not help imagin- ing from the found ol the word, which approached nearly to that of /£t;wi/ and canis, that it had fome reference to that animal : and in confequence of this unlucky refemblance they continually mifconftrued it a dog. Hence we are told by Vol. I. U u ^lian 330 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, ' iElian and * Plutarch not only of the great veneration paid to dogs in Egypt, and of their being maintained in many, cities, and temples ; in which they certainly exceed the truth : but we are moreover afiured, that the people of Ethi- opia had a dog for their king : that he was kept in great ftate; being furrounded with a numerous body of officers and guards ; and in all relpedls royally treated. Plutarch fpeaks of him, as being ^ csixvoog 7:^Q(rK.vvoiJ,BVog, worfhiped with a degree of reHgious reverence. The whole of this notion took its rife from a mifmterpretation of the title above. I have mentioned, that in early times Cahen was a title univer- fally conferred upon priefls and prophets : hence Lycophron, who has continually allulions to obfolete terms, calls the two diviners Mopfus and Amphilocus, K.vycLg. * Ao/a/Js psi^^wp Ilv^oL^is TT^og SK^oKcci; AvroKTovoig (rcpayoLKn Ari^aim KTNEI^ Upon which the Scholiaft obferv^es ; Kvvsg oi MavTSig : fy Cunes are meani Diviners : and again Kvvccg A.7to70\mog rag [xansig sittsiu. The Poet by Y^vv&jg means the minijiers and prophets of Apollo. Upon this the learned ^ Meurfius obferves, ' JElian de Animalibus. 1. 7. c. 60. He cites Hermippus and Ariftode for vouchers. Edi'05 iivctt (px.ati' AaioTToji', cth, xvcov ^ctaiAeust, xcci CocaiAsui Trpoaayofajract, ya.1 ispcc xa.1 rif/.cci e^st fao-/Agwv. Ai'J'ges J": -Tr^aao-ova-it', ociri^ ■/^yejjt.Q'n yroAeoov T^oo-yj^ft, xut x^^yaif. Plutarch adverfus Stoi'cos. vol. 2. p. 1064, ' Ibid. ■♦ Lycophron. v, 439. / Comment, upon Lycophron. p. 68. 5 that The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 331 that Lycophron had here made ufe of a term imported from Egypt: fo that, I think, we cannot be miftaken about the purport of the word, however it may have been perverted. The name of the Deity Canouphis, expreffed alfo Canu- phis, and Cnuphis, was compounded with this term. He was reprefented by the Egyptians, as a princely perfon, with a ferpent entwined round his middle, and embellifhed with other chara6leriftics, relating to time and duration, of which the ferpent was an emblem. Oph, and Ouph, fignified a ferpent in the Amonian language : and the Deity was termed Can-uph, from his ferpentine reprefentation. The whole fpecies in confequence of this were made facred to him, and fliled Canyphian. To this Lucan alludes, when in fpeaking of the Seps he calls all the tribe of ferpents Ciny- phias pefles : ^ Cinyphias inter pefles tibi palma nocendi. Canuphis was fometimes expreffed Anuphis and Anubis : and, however rendered, was by the Greeks and Romans con- tinually fpoken oi as a dog: at leafl: they fuppofed him to have had a dog's head, and often mention his ^ barking. But they were mided by the title, which they did not underftand. The Egyptians had many emblematical perfonages, fet off with heads of various animals, to reprefent particular vir- tues, and affedions; as well as to denote the various attributes of their Gods. Among others was this canine figure; which I have no reafon to think was appropriated to Canuph, or * Lucan. Pharfalia. 1. 9. v. 787, ■' Aufa Jovi noftro latrantem opponere Aniibim. Propert. I. 3. El. 11. JE§«5 i^i i^tv y,wo7rCiAnii ca^/.w, y.ai Kvyw vroAif;, f." n Ai'st;?/? TiiJbcx/T'Xi-, yea 7::i zv(7i iiy.yi, y.at ctm TeraxTa* t:« isja. Strabo. 1. 17. p. 11 66. U u 2 Cneph. 332 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Cneph. And though upon gems and marbles his name may be fometimes found annexed to this characlerj yet it muft be looked upon as a Grecian work, and fo denominated in. confequence of their miftaken notion. For we muft make a material diftinclion between the hieroglyphics of old, when Egypt was under her own kings ; and thofe of later date, when that country was under the government of the Greeks : at which time their learning was greatly im- paired, and their ancient theology ruined. Horus Apollo affures us, if any credit may be given to what he fays, that this canine figure was an emblem of the earth : * OiiVdlJLZvriV Y^c(.(poneg kvvokb^clKov ^c^y^oKpso-i. When they ^iiooidd defer ibe the earthy they faint a Cunocephalus. It could not therefore, I (liould think, in any degree relate to Canuphis. The fame ' writer informs us, that under the figure of a dog, they reprefented a prieft or facred fcribe, and a prophet ; and all fuch as had the chief management of funerals : alfo the fpken, the fmell, fneezing ; rule and government, and a magiftrate, or judge : which is a circum- fcance hard to be believed. For as hieroglyphics were de- figned to diftinguifh, it is fcarce credible, that the Egyp- tians fliould crowd together fo many different and oppofite ideas under one character, whence nothing could well cnfue but doubt and confufion. Befides, I do not remember, that in any group of ancient hieroglyphics the figure of a dog occurs. The meaning of this hiflory, I think, may be with a ' '^iKiw^v cTg ^'^aipoyTSs', H OIKOTMENHN, •-) y^cLij.iJiOL-Tia.^ w /e^ea:, /; ocynv^ » v.oXvfjiQov,y.uvoy.;?j [?■. £W KaffKwr, X(xGai AiQosj fcilicet R«<- ivAc^. Mofcopulus. p. 5. The Bsetuliis was the moft ancient reprefentation of the Deity. See Apollon. Rhod. Schol. ad L. 1. v. guj. tians The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 33^ ti'ans found out the particular periods of the Sun and Moon, Thefe did not, like other animals, die at once, but by piece- meal ; fo that one half of the animal was oftentimes buried, while the other half '* furvived. He moreover afliires us, that they could read and write: and whenever one of them was introduced into the facred apartments for probation, the prieft prefented him with a '^ tablet, and with a pen and ink, and by his writing could immediately find out, if he were of the true intelligent breed. Thefe animals are faid to have been of infinite ufe to the ancient Egyptians in determining times and feafons : for, it feems, they were in fome particular func- tions the moft accurate, and pundual of any creatures upon earth, '^ Per aequinoclia enim duodecies in die urinam red- dere, et in node '^ compertus (Cunocephalus), a^quali inter- ftitio fervato, Trifmegifto anfim dedit diem dividendi in duodecim partes aequales. Such is the hiftory of thefe won- derful '^ animals. That Apes and Baboons were amoncr the Egyptians held in veneration is very certain. The '* Ou, xa^a.7r?p roc Xoiira. ^o ix. £i' « jM.gr «. fjt.ict TsAeuTa, arw xa; Tara?: aAAa jj.iioi ccvzccv xaO ixoe.q'm rijuspocv isxpa/uiii'GV vtto to-aSut; of Hellanicus Lefbius. Athenseus. 1, 15. p. 6S0. called Be- bon, Lttw), by Manethon. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 371. 276. Babon was thought to have been the fame as Typhon: by ibme efteemed a female, and the wife of that peifonage. Plutarch, ibid. The Ape and Monkey were held facred, not in Egypt only, but in India-, and .likewife in a part of Africa. Diodorus Sicul. 1. 20. P. ygs. Maffcus men- tions a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys Pagoda. Hifloiia Ind. 1. I. p. 25: and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the na- tives Vaiellc; in which monkeys were kept out of a religious principle. See Balbiltinerari^.m. them The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 337 them Caph. Thefe, as they were facred to the Sun, were farther denominated Caph-El, and fometimes Caph-Aur, and Caph-Arez. The term Caph-El, which often occurs in hiftory, the Greeks uniformly changed to Ks^aAy^, Cephale : and from Cahen-C:iph-El, the facred rock of Orus, they formed KvpoKE(py,KY}^ and Kv:^ozs(;:ccXo; ; which they fuppbfed to relate to an animal with the head of a dog. But this Ca- hen-Caph-El was certainly fome royal feminary in upper Fgypt ; from whence they drafted novices to fupply their col- leges and temples. Thefe young perfons were before their introdudion examined by fome fuperior priell ; and accord- ingly, as they anfwered upon their trial, they were admitted or refufed. They were denominated Caph-El, and Cahen« Caph-El, from the academy, where they received their firft inftru6lion : and this place, though facred, yet feems to have been of a clafs fubordinate to others. It was a kind of infe- rior cloifter and temple, fuch as Capella in the Romifn church ; which, as well as Capellanus, was derived from Egypt : for the church in its firft decline borrowed largely from that country. That there was fome particular place of this fort fituated upon a rock, or eminence, may, I think, be proved from Martianus Capella : and moreover that it was a feminary well known, v/here the youth of Upper Ep-ypt were educated. For in defcribing the fciences under differ- ent perfonages, he gives this remarkable account of Di- aledica upon introducing her before his audience. "" Heec fe educatam *' Martianus Capella. L. 4. fub initio. Aftronomia is made to fpeak to the fame purpofe. — Per immenfa fpatia fe- VoL. I. X X ciilorum. 338 The Analvsis of Ancient Mythology; educatam dicebat in j^gyptiorum Rupe \ atque in Parme- nidis exinde gyranafium, atque Atticam demeaffe. And Johannes Sarilburienfis feems to intimate, that Parmenides obtained his knowledge from the fame quarter, when he mentions " in Rupe vitam egific. In this fliort detail we have no unplealing account of the birth of fciencein Egypt ^ and of its progrefs trom thence to Attica. It is plain, that this rupes jEgyptiaca could be nothing elfe but a feminary, either the fame, or at leaft {imilar to that, which I have be- fore been defcribing. As the Cunocephali are faid to have been facred to Hermes, this college and temple were proba- bly in the nome of Hermopolis. Hermes was the patron of Science, and particularly ftiled Cahen, or *' Canis : and the Cunocephali are fiid to have been wor{l:»iped by the people of that ^'^ place. They were certainly there reverenced : and this hiftory points out very plainly the particular fpot alluded to.. Hermopolis was in the upper region ftiled Thebais : and Guloriim, ne profana loquacitate vulgarer, ^gyptiorum claufa adytis occulebar. Martianus Capilla. L. 8. "Johannes Sariiburienfis Metalogic. L. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno. 1639. He fpcaks of Parmenides, as if he were a native of Egypt : and feems to have underftood, that Parmenides took up his refidence in the Egyptian fcminary, in- order to obtain a thorough knowledge in fcience. Et licet Parmenides ^gyp- tius in rupe vitarn egerit, uc rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos ftudii ha- b'jit fucceflbres, ut ei inventionis fuse totam fere prseripuerint gloriam. '' Hermes v/as the fame as Anubis Latrator. Jablonfky. L. 5. c. i. Kura (Ttfiiii' ruTTTu cT' i'}^. Anaxandrides apud Athensum. L. 7. p. 300. 'EpfJLYiv itvva. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. *♦ Strabo. L. 1.7. p. 11 67. KwoxffaAo;' /g (r/^itjo-nO'E^/AOTroAiTai. there. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 339 there was in this difl;ri6l a tower, fuch as has been ''^mentioned. It was in after times made ufe of for a repolitorv, where they laid up the tribute. This may have been the rupes lEgyp- tiaca, fo famed of old for fcience; and which was tiie feat of the Chancephalim, or Cunocephalians. It is faid of- the Cunocephali, that when one part was dead and buried, the other ftiil furvived. This can relate to nothing elfe but a fociety, or body politic, where there is a continual decrement,' yet part ftill remains ; and the whole is kept up by fuccellion. It is an enigma, which particu- larly relates to the prieflhood in Egypt : for the facred office there was hereditary, being vefted in certain families ; and when part was dead, a refidue flill '^ furvived, who admitted others in the room of the deceafed. '^ ETTsav^sTig CLTro^cLi/i'j, TUTH TTCcig ccniy.v.T 1^0.7 M. The fons, we find, fupplied the place of their fathers; hence the body itfelf never became extindt, being kept up by a regular fucceilion. As to the Cunocephali giving to Hermes the iirft hint of dividing the day into twelve parts from the exaclnefs, which was obferved in their *^ evacuations, it is a furmife almoft too trifling to be difcufled. I have fliewn, that the Cunocephali were a facred college, whofe members were perfons ot great learn- *''Eo,w.oxoAiTi;«;) (^vAax>i. Strabo. ihid. *" Analogous to this we read in Herodotus, that the Perfian brigade, whofe deficiencies were fupplied by continual recruits, was fliled xGxiccto^, immortalis. Herodotus. 1. 7. c. 8 j. It confided often thoufand men. *■" Herodotus. L. 2. c. 27- *' AooS'ey.a.Tis rv.epa.i v.aSi iv.x^m u^ccv OTPKI K-jroze^xAsf. Horapollo. L. I.e. 16. X X 2 ing : 340 Thk Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOcy. ing : and thdr fociety feems to have been a very ancient in- ftitution. They were particularly addided to aftronomical obfervations ; and by contemplating the heavens, ftiled Ou- ran, they learned to diflinguifh the feafons, and to divide the day into parts. But the term Ouran the Greeks by a flrange mifconception changed to s^siv ; ot which miftake they have afforded other inftances : and from this abufe of terms the iilly iigment took its rife. The Cunocephali are not to be found in Egypt only, but in India likewife; and in other parts of the world. Hero- dotus *^ mentions a nation of this name in Libya : and fpeaks of them, as a race of men with the heads of dogs. Hard by in the neighbourhood of this people he places the AfcspaKoij men with no heads at all : to whom out of hu- manity, and to obviate fome very na-ijral diftreffes, he gives eyes in the breaft. But he feems to have forgot mouth and ears, and makes no mention of a nofe : he only fays, '' AKSipcMiy oi sv f ll^£c^/^' o^pQoi'h^sg z'^onsg. Both thefe and the Cunocephali v/ere denominated from their place of refi- dence, and from their worfhip : the one from Cahen-Caph- El, the other from Ac-Caph-El: each of which appellations is of the fame purport, the right noble, or facred ^° rock of the Sun. Similar '■^ Herodor. L. 4. c. 193. Upon the Mare Krythrseumy IS'pufj.acKvvoj-xKpxXuv y.x^^'^fj.ii'oj'. Strabo. L. 16. p. U20. Alfo Pliny. L. 6. c. 30. and L. 7. c. 2. of Cunocephali in Ethiopia and. India, *'Herodot. L. 4. c. 191. '"Many places were named Cunocephale : all which will be found upon en- quiry to have been eminences, or buildings fituated on high, agreeably to this etymology. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 341 Similar to the hiftory of the Cunocephali, and Accphali, is that of the Cunodontes. They are a people mentioned by SoHnus and Ifidorus, and by them are fuppofed to have had the teeth of dogs. Yet they were probably deno- minated, like thofe above, from the objedl of their worlhip, the Deity Chan-Adon ; which the Greeks exprefied Kvi/o^ojv and ftiled his votaries '' Cunodontes. The Greeks pretended, that they had the iife of the fphere, and were acquainted with the zodiac, and its after- ifms very early. But it is plain from their miflakes, that they received the knowledge of thefe things very late ; at a time when the terms were obfolcte, and the true purport of them not to be obtained. They borrowed all the fchemes under which the ftars are comprehended, from the Egyp- tians ; who had formed them of old, and named them from circumftances in their own religion and mythology. They had .particularly conferred the titles of their Deities upon thofe flars, which appeared the brightest in their hemifphere. One of the mod remarkable and brilliant they called Cahen Se- etymo'ogy. KvyG(jy.i:px/\.v, AO'f'OS m (Bidaa-KiOLi. Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. L. 17. K'jrcoi'3.^ which in the original hiftory was undoubtedly a l]iep- ierd king. foften The Analysis of Ancient MvTHOLocy. 3^5 foften, and qualify what is mentioned, by faying, *^ Ov ycc^ KV^iOjg Tov 'E^[jLYii/ KTNA KByaTiv (0; KiyvTcrioi) : by which this learned writer would infinuate, that it was not fo much the name of a dog, as the qualities of that animal, to which the Egyptians alluded. Plutarch thought by this refinement to take off the impropriety of conferring fo bafe a name upon a Deity. But the truth is, that the Egyptians neither be- ftowed it nominally ; nor alluded to it in any degree. The title, which they gave to Hermes, was the fame, that they beftowed upon Hercules: they expreffed it Cahen, and Co- hen ; and it was very properly reprefented above by the Greek term Xco;/, Chon. It is faid of Socrates, that he fometimes made ufe of an uncommon oath, (jLoc top kvi'ck., jcoli TOV "^riVOCi by the dog and the goofe : which at firfl does not feem confiftent with the gravity of his charadter. But we are informed by Porphyry, that this was not done by way of ridicule : for Socrates efteemed it a very ferious and religious mode of atteftation ; and under thefe terms made a folemii appeal to the fon of +^ Zeus. The purport of the words is ob\'ious : '^^ Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. P. 355 ■^^ Qui'e 'Xooy~pccTr,i -rov xuicc y.ixi tov x^vcc o/MVi S7ra.iC,sy. Porphyry de Aftinen- tia. L. 3. p. 286. It is faid to have been firft inftituted by Rhadamanthus of Crete : Ey.sXsva-e ( Vcc^afAccvQv^} xccrcc x^i'oi, Kxi Kwoi., xcci K^m of/.vwa.i. Euftathius upon Homer. Odyff. T. P. 1 871. See Ariftophan. 0^r<9g-. Scholia, v. 521. O/y.^i/ra/ xiXiuaai (Pa.iay.cciOin') •^ywoi^ v_xi ■Kvvce., y.tX. from Socrates. L. 12. de Rebus Creticis. The ancient Abantes of Euboea ftiled Zeus himfelf Cahen ; called in after- times Censeus. There was a promontory of the fame name : Kmany kkomt/i^ Vol.1. Yy ^,;v 34^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. obvious : and vyhatever hidden meaning there may have been> the oath was made ridiculous by the abfurdity of the terms. Befides, what poiTible connexion could there have fubfifted between a dog and a Deity ; a goofe and the fon of Jove ^ There was certainly none : yet Socrates, like the reft of his fraternity, having an antipathy to foreign terms, chofe to rcprefent his ideas through this falfe medium ; by which means the very eflence of his invocation was loft. The Ion of Zeus, to whom he appealed, was the Egyptian Cahen abovementioned ; but this facred title was idly changed to KVVOL KQLi YYivcij a dog and a goofe, from a limilitude in found. That he referred to the Egyptian Deity is manifeft from Plato, who acknowledges, that he fwore, +^ |W.a rov kvvcl 7Q'J AiyVTrr^ii^v ^sov. By which we are to underftand a Ca- hen of Egypt. Porphyry exprefly fays, that it was the God Hermes the fon of Zeus, and Maia : '^^ KccTcc Toy 73 Aiog Kca Mcciag tcoh^ol siiotsiro top o^/.ov. I cannot account upon any other principle than that, upon which I have proceeded, for the ftrange reprefen- tation of Apollo, and Bacchus, gaping with open mouths. So it feems they were in fome places defcribed. Clemens of Alexandria mentions from Polemon, that Apollo was thus (!tov (A^avTWj-) Steph. Byzant. Here Hercules was fuppofed to Rave facrificed after his conquefl: of y^ichalia. Vidlorab jEchalia Censeo facra parabat Vota Jovi. Ovid. Metamorph. L. 9. V. 136. Sophocles in Trachin. V. 242. mentions, B&juy<, t£A>;t' iyy.a^Ta. YLwatoiAiu "♦^ Plato in Gorgia. Vol. i. p. 482. ^' Porphyry. L. 3. p. 286. fo correded by Jablonflvy. l^. v. c. i. p. 10. exhibited The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 3^7 exhibited : ^° TloXeixoov Jg fcsy^iVoroi; hTCoK'Kmog oihv oiycx.KfjL(x., And we are told, that a gaping '' Bacchus was particularly worfliiped at Samos. They were both the fame as the Egyptian Orus ; who was ftiled Cahen-On, Rex, vel Deus Sol ; out of which Cahen-On the Grecians feeni to have formed the word Xaivctjv : and in confequence of it, thefe two Deities were reprefented with their jaws widely ex- tended. This term was fometimes changed to Koivog^ com- munis : hence it is that we fo often meet with y.oii^oi Qsoiy and KQiVQi ba)|U.o/, upon coins and marbles : alfo fioivog 'E^^Yig, And as Hermes was the reputed God of gain, every thing found was adjudged to be KOivog, or common. ^* AAA' s^iho-ot EjaTTiJ//]?, 'E^fi'rig zoiuog, S(pri ^vyccrrj^. 5^ Koivov sipcui Tov 'E^^riv, Notwithftanding this notion fo univerfally received, yet among the Grecians themfelves the term aoiuog was an an- cient title of eminence. ^^ KoiJ/o^, Ascttotjij. Coinos fig- fiijies a lord a72d majler : undoubtedly from Cohinus ; and that from Cohen. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the inftances which might be brought of this nature. Of this, I think, I am aflured, that whoever will confider the uncouth names both of Deities, and men, as well as of places, in the light recommended; and attend to the mythology " Clementis CohoTtatio. P. 32. " Pliny. L. 8. p. 446. '- Anthologia. L. i. Epigram. 144. " Theophraft. Charadl. i* Hefychius. Y y 2 tranf- 34^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. tranfmitted concerning them ; will be able by thefe helps to trace them to their original meaning. It is, I think, plain, that what the Grecians fo often interpreted Kvvsg^ was an ancient Amonian title. When therefore I read of the brazen dog of Vulcan, of the dog of Erigone, of Orion, of Geryon, of Orus, of Hercules, of Amphilochus, of Hecate, I cannot but fuppofe, that they were the titles of fo many Deities ; or elfe of their priefls, who were denominated from their office. In fhort the Cahen of Egypt were no more dogs, than the Pater?e of Amon were bafons : and though Diodo- rus does fay, that at the grand celebrity of ^^ Ids the whole was preceded by dogs, yet I cannot help being perfuaded that they were the priefts of the Goddefs. By this clue we may unravel many intricate hiftories tranjf- mitted from different parts. In the temple of Vulcan near mount JEtn2i there are faid to have been a breed of dogSj which fawned upon good men, but were implacable to the bad. ^^ Inde etiam perpetuus ignis a Siculis alebatur in ^t- nffio Vulcani templo, cui cuftodes adhibiti funt facri canes, blandientes piis hominibus, in impios ferocientes. In the celebrated gardens of Eledlra there was a golden dog, which fhewcd the fame regard to good men, and was as inveterate to others. " X^v)T>t. Anto- ninus Liberalis. C. ^5. p. 180. to: 350 The Analysis of Ancien-t Mythology. to refide in the infernal regions. From hence he was fup- pofed to have been dragged to light by Hercules of Thebes. The notion both of Cerberus and Hades being fubterraneous Deities took its rife from the temples of old being fituated near vafl: caverns, which were efteemed pafTages to the realms below. Such were in Meffenia, in Argolis, in Bithynia, and at Enna in Sicily ; not to mention divers other places. Thefe temples were often named Kir- Abor ; and the Deity Chan- Ades ; out of which terms the Greeks formed Tov Ks^bS^ov KWOL ada ; and fabled, that lie was forced into upper air by Hercules through thefe infernal inlets. And as temples fimilar in name and Htuation were built in various parts, the like hiftory was told of them ail. Paufanias takes notice of this event, among other places, being afcribed to the cavern at *' Tcenarus ; as well as to one at ^* Trcezen, and to a third near the city ^' Hermione. The Poet DionyGus fpeaks of the feat being performed in the country of the Marianduni near Colchis. Xs^crii/ oLvzKzoixzvov ^syaKrjTo^og 'H^a/iA/^oj, But however the Deity in all thefe inftances may have been ' Paufania-s of Txnarus. L. 3. p. 275. ''- ■ of Trcezen. L. 2. p. 183. *' - of Hermione. L. 2. p. 196. ** Dionyf. n?^:;;^)!:. V. 791. This temple ftood, according to Diodorns Sicu- lus and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians near the Acheriifian Cherfo- aefe. Sec Scholia to Dionyfius above. 5 degraded The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 351 degraded to the regions of darknefs, yet he was the God of light, Kvu-dOYi^-y and fuch was the purport of that name. He was the fame as Apollo, as may be proved from the Cunidae at Athens, who were a family fet apart for his fervice. Ki»mJa/, ysvog A&r]i/i^(rivj sj ov 6 k^avg th Kvvvis ATToKKmog. Helychius. 77)e Cun?iidai are a fa- mily at Athens ; out of which the priefl of Apollo Cunnius is chofen. He ftiles him Apollo Cunnius : but the Cunidai were more properly denominated from Apollo Cunides, the fame as Cun-Ades. Pofeidon was exprefly ftiled Cun-Ades; and he was the fame Deity as Apollo ; only under a differ- ent title, as I have fhewn. Kyj/aJ"/]? Iloo's/Jwy K^tiVtiTiV £t/- ^iiro. Hefychius. Pofeidon was worfoiped at Athens under' the title of Cun-Ades. Though I have endeavoured to fliew, that the term, of which I have been treating, was greatly mifapplied in being fo uniformly referred to dogs ; yet I do not mean to infinu- ate, that it did not fometimes relate to them. They were diftinguifhed by this facred title, and were held in fome de- gree of ^^ veneration : but how far they were reverenced is not eafy to determine. Herodotus " fpeaking of the fandity of fome animals in Egypt, fays, that the people in every fa- mily, where a dog died, fhaved themfelves all over: and he mentions it as a cuftoni ftill fubfifling in his own time. Plu- tarch^^ differs from him. He allows, that thefe animals v/ere at *' Oppida tota canem venerantur. Jvivenal. Sat. 15. v. 8. ' Diodorus. L. i. p. i6. *' Herodotus. L. 2. c. dS. 'U^lutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. P. 368. one 352 The Analysis of Axcient Mythology. one time efteemed holy ; but it was before the time of Cambyfes : from the aera of his reigii they were held in ano- ther light : for when this king killed the facred Apis, the dogs fed fo liberally upon his entrails without making a pro- per diftindion, that they loft all their fandlity. It is of lit- tle confequence, whichever account be the trueft. They were certainly of old looked upon as facred ; and efteemed emblems of the Deity. And it was perhaps with a view to this, and to prevent the Ifraelites retaining any notion of tliis nature, that a dog was not fuffqred to come within the precin£ls of the temple at ^^ Jerufalem. In the Mofaic law the price of a dog, and the hire of a harlot are put upon the fame level. *' Ihou JJmlt 7iot bri?7g the hire of a whorc^ or the price of a dog^ into the hoiife of the Lord thy God for aiiy vow : for both thefe are an abotniiiation to the Lord thy God. Toconcl-ude : The Dog in Egypt was undoubtedly called Cahen, and Cohen ; a title by which many other animals and even vegetables were honoured, on account of their beino- confecrated to fome Deity. The Greeks did not con- fider, that this was a borrowed appellation, which belonged to the Gods, and their Priefts ; and was from them extended to many things held facred. Plence they have continually referred this term to one objc6l only : by which means they have mifreprefented many curious pieces of hiftory ; and a number of idle fables have been devifed to the difparagement of all that was true. ** E^w v.vvii was a proverbial exprcffion among the Jews. ^•''Deuteronomy. C. 23. v. 18, OF < 353 ) O F G H U S S T I L E D X P T S O S, and X P T £ A £2 P. AMONG the difFerent branches of the great Amo- nian family, which fpread themfelves abroad, the fons of Chus were the moft confiderable ; and at the fame time the mofi; enterprifiing. They got accefs into countries widely diftant ; where they may be traced under different denominations, but more particularly by their fa- mily title. This we might expeft the Greeks to have ren- dered Chufos, and to have named the people XvTaiot, Chu- faei. But by a fatal mifprifion they uniformly changed thefe terms to words more familiar to their ear, and rendered them X^yo'o?, and X^vcrsiog, as if they had a reference to gold. I have before mentioned the various parts of the world, where the Amonians fettled ; and efpecially this branch of that family. Their moft coniiderable colonies weft ward were in Ionia, and Hellas j and about Cuma, and Vol. I. Z z Liguria 354 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Ligiiria in Italy; and upon the coaft of Iberia in Spainv. 'i"iiey were likevvife to be found in Cjrene; and ftill farther in Mauritania, and in the iflands oppofite to that coaft. In the nortli they were to be met with at Colchis, towards' the foot of Mount Ciucafas, and in mofl: regions upon the* coafi: of the Euxine fea. In the hiflories of thefe countries the Grecians have conflantly changed Chufos, the Gentile- name, to ChrufoSj X^V(ro; ; and Chus-Or, Ghuforus, to X^y- trw^, Chrufor : and in confcquence ot this alteration they have introduced in their accounts of thefe places fome legend- about gold. Hence we read of a golden fleece at Colchis ;. golden apples at the Hefpcrides ; at ' Tartefius a golden.: cup ; and at Cuma in Campania a golden branch: Aureus et foliis, et lento vimine, ramus. Something fimilar is obfervable in the hiftory of Cyrene.- The natives were not remarkable for either mines, or mer- chandife : yet Pal^ephatus having mentioned that they were Kara yspog A/^/otsj, Ethiopians by extradion, that is, Cu- feans, fubjoins: -EiTi Js (r(po^PCi p/^t;croi. Pindar in celebrat- ing each happy circumflance of the Infjl^ Fortunataj men- tions, that there were trees with branches of gold : ' AvJe^.cc. OB Y^^V(T^ (p7\syBi. The river Phafis in Colchis was fuppofed * In this 2:olden cup Hercules was fuppofed to have pafTed over the ocean. Xputrgo:— — SiTTccf, iv u rov cti'ttiavov Si?.7ripu.aei' UcctxAyj;. Apoliodorus. L. 2. p. 100. There was likcwife in the fame place a flory about a golden belt. Philo- Aratus : Vita ApoUon. L. 5. p. 212. * PalcEphatus. Edit. Elz. 1642. p. y6. the author would not fay afoJ''-a ttAw- c-ioi., but keeps to the ancient term ;^fi;joi, though it is fcarce lenfe. 'Pindar. Olymp. Ode 2. 7-^9. cf. P. 25. to The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ^-^^ to have abounded with gold : and the like was pretended oF the Flermus and Pa6loliis in Ionia. Not only the Poets, but many of the graver '^ hiftorians fpeak of their golden fands. Yet there is reafon to doubt of the fail: for not one of them produces any good voucher for v;hat they fuppofe. They do not mention any trade carried on, nor riches accru- ing from this lucky circumftance : fo that there is no reaforl to think, that one grain of gold was gathered from thefe ce- lebrated ftreams. Among the fcveral iflands occupied by this people were Rhodes, and Delos. In the former the chief city is (Iild to have been blefied with (liowers of gold. ^ Ejj^x TiOTS ^^S'^s ^socv BoL(n?^svg o ^syotg '^PVTOLig vi:poLh(r(n TrrJ^ii/. At Delos every thing was golden, even the flippers of the God. X^VfTea. iiofA ret its^iKci^ 7roAoyjvi7.s, * Xct;(70(pf^8(7i fi' gjc T8 KavxaaB TroXKcti Tr'AycLt -^nyixa cx.(pxve<;. Appian de Eello Michridat. P. 242. Salauccs, an ancient king of Colchis, was faid to have abounded with gold. Pliny. L. ^2' ^•^5- P- 614. Arrian fuppofes that they put fleeces into the rivers to intercept (4">/t-'a a(j^aig ) this imperceptible mineral : and that from hence arofe the fable of the Golden Fleece. ' Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7. p. 64. * Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, V. 34. In like manner there was a fhower of gold at Thebes in Bceotia. Pindar fpeaks of Jupiter j<^va-u> y.ia-oivxriGy it(poiTct. Ilthm. Ode 7. p. 476. ' Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. V. 260. Z Z 2 X^VQ-Ou 2^6 The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOGie. We find, that the very foil and foundations of the iflanci' were golden : the lake floated with golden waves : the olive tree vegetated with golden fruit i. and the river Inopus, deep as it was, fwelled with gold. Homer in a Hymn to the fame perfonage reprefents the whole more compendioufly by faying, that the ifland was weighed down with treafure :. I have before mentioned, that the Amonians fettled in Ligu-^ ria : and in confequence of it the Heliadas are reprefented as weeping not only amber, but gold. PhiloftratuSj fpeaking of a particular fpecies of fir-trees in Boetica, fays, that they dropped blood, juft as the Heliada; upon the Padus did ' gold. Chus by the Egyptians and Canaanites was fliled Or- Chus, and '" Chus-Or ; the latter of which was exprefled by the Greeks, analogous to the examples above, X^ya'w^y ® Homer. Hymn to Apollo. V. 135. ' Tiivx-m eiS'oi he^oy' A6im'3—/.xi tk AsaCicii tottos* x.at riai'/ifanria rm Ajifxvj a.KpeoTiiPioi-—x.ati ev Biuvpta.^ xcci iri^t Xa'Ax.ii^Gvz, xai Tm Kocpicci' -fCcci ev T/1 ' AKrKo.Pva.ai'i I Aco^iov yreS'iov xcu iv EXXna-TrovTM' iq-i y.txiai^n X«pp3M;cro5 Tijs IvS'ixw ev Se t>i exros ravya hSix.ri. Stephanus Byzant. See alfo yLouasTrohn ibidem. ^' Cedrenus. P. 12. '■' Strabo. L. 16. p. 1095. '' Hoftman Lexic. " Plutarch de fluminibus. P. 1151. The original name was Chrufaor, which had no relation to a golden ftream : at leaft that part of it was fo named which rs.n through the city Maftaura. See Stephanui Byzant. Ma'^ccv^'x.. given The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 361 given on account of any fuch circumftancc ; but the notion was inferred from the name. It is apparent that this repeated miftake arole in great meafure from the term Chufus and Chrufus being fimilar : whence the latter was eafily convertible into the former ; which to the Grecians appeared a more intelligible, and at the fame time a more fplendid, title. But there was ftill another obvious reafon for this change. Chus was by many of the eaftern nations exprefied Cuth ; and his poflerity the Cuthim. This term in the ancient Chaldiiic, and other Amonian languages, fignified ^° gold : hence many cities and countries, where the Cuthites fettled, were defcribed as golden, and were reprefented by the terms Chrufos and Chrufe. Thefe, as I have fhewn, had no relation to gold, but to Chus, who was reverenced as the Sun, or Apollo ; and was looked upon as Dionufus; but may more truly be efteemed Bacchus. Hence, when the poet Dionyfius men- tions the ifland Chrufe in ^' India, his commentator obferves ; X^ucrj] VYi(rogj ?\£yofjLSVYi ^Toog^ y} ^iol ro '^^V(Tov (ps^siv, yi kcltcl rov AiQi/v>. '' Joft-phiis contra Apion. L, i. c 14. -' Juftin Martyr mentions this : Uyvit) ya^ xxi -rijj.ivoi "Xcva-rii A(po'j^tTHi sv AiyvTTTCfj ^ y7n' J'la my ivytfiKxr TH 'KoiAx.^. Philoftratus. Vita Apollon. L, 3. p. J 55. niiftakcn The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 365 miftaken for XclKkq;^ brafs ; and made the very '^° rocks and rivers abound with that mineral. And yet, that the old miftake about gold may not be omitted, he concludes with a ftrange antithefis, by faying, that the natives efteemed their country Chrufinis, or golden, from the quantity of *' brafs. It has been my endeavour to prove that what the Grecians reprefented by Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor, fhould have been exprefled Chus, Chufos, and Chufor, called alfo Chus- Orus. Chus was the fon of Ham ; and though the names of the Grecian Deities are not imiformly appropriated, yet Ham is generally looked upon as 'HA;o?, the Sun ; and had the title Dis, and Dies : hence the city of Amon in Egypt was rendered Diofpolis. If then Chrufos, and Chrufor, bcj^ as I have fuppofed, Chus ; the perfon fo denominated muR' have been, according to the more ancient mythology, the fon of Hejius, and Dios. We find accordingly that it was fo. The Scholiafl upon Pindar c.vprelly fays, '^^ Ato^ TtCLK; X^V(ro<;. And in another place he is faid to have been the offspring of Helius, who was no other than Cham. ''^ E;^ hictg KOLi 'Tttz^lovo; 'HA/o?, £;i Js 'HA<8 X^V(rog, Magia and incantations are attributed to Chus, as the inventor ;. and they were certainly lirft pradifed among his fons : henc3 it is faid by Sanchoniathon, '^^ Tov X^-jtrw^ Aoya^ afTKYiO'cii KCti ■'° The Petra, and Pagoda were the fame : both names for temples. *' This miftake arofefrom Cal-Chus beino; ftiled the region of the Cuthim. ■** Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 259. ^'' Scholia upon Pindar. Ifth. Ode 5. p. 462. ■♦''Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb : Prsep. Evan. L. i. c. 10, p. 35. 5 e7:mixi;\ 3-66 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. gTTwJa?, Kdi fjLXVTSiccg. He was however efteemed a great be- nefadlor ; and many falutary inventions were afcribed to him. He had particularly the credit of being the firfl: who ven- tured upon the feas ; *' U^ci)Tqv rs ttolvtoov oD/d^d^TToci/ wKsvg'xi. Whether this can be faid truly of Chus himfelf, is uncer- tain : it agrees full well with the hiftory of his fons ; who, as we have the greateft reafon to be aflured, were the firft great navigators in the world. •♦' Sanchoniath : ibid. OF ( 3^7 ) O F CANAAN, C N A A N, and X N a S s And of the Derivative X T K N O S. U C I A N tells us, that refleding upon the account given ofPhaethon, who fell thunderftruck into the "-* Eridanus, and of his fifters, who were changed to poplars, weepingamber, he took a refolution, if hefhould ever be near the fcene of thefe wonderful tranfadlions, to inquire among the natives concerning the truth of the ' ftory. It fo happened, that, at a certain time, he was obliged to go up the river above mentioned : and he fays, that he looked about very wiftfully ; yet to his great amazement he faw neither amber, nor poplar. Upon this he took the liberty to aik the people, who rowed liim, when he fliould arrive at the amber-dropping trees: but it was with fome diffi- culty that he could make them underftand, what he meant. He then explained to them the flory of Phacthon : how he ■ borrowed the chariot of the Sun ; and being an awkward cha-- ' Lucian de Ekdro. Vol. 2. p. 523. Edit. Salmur-iu riotcer,. 36S The Analysis cf Ancient Mythology, rioteer, tumbled headlong into the Eridanus : that his {Ifters pined away with griet ; and at lafl: were transformed to trees, the fame or which he had juft fpoken : and he afiured them, that thefi: trees were to be found fomewhere upon the banks, weeping amber. Who the deuce, fays one of the boatmen, could tell you fuch an idle flory ? We never heard of any charioteer tumbling into the river ; nor have we, that I know of, a fingle poplar in the country. If there were any trees hereabouts dropping amber, do you think, mafter, that we would fit here day after day, tugging againfl: ftream for a dry groat, when we might ftep afliore, and make our fortunes fo eaiily ? This affected Lucian a good deal : for he had formed fome hopes of obtaining a little of this pre- cious commodity ; and began to think that he mufl: have been impofed upon. However as Cycnus, the brother of Phaethon, was here changed to a fwan, he took it for granted that he fhould find a number of thofe birds, failing up and down the ftream, and making the groves echo with their melody. But not perceiving any in a great fpace, he took the liberty, as he pafTed onward, to put the queftion again to the boatmen ; and to make enquiry about thefe birds. Pray, gentlemen, fays he, at what particular feafon is it that your fwans hereabouts fing fo fweetiy ? It is faid, that they were formerly men, and always at Apollo's fide j being in a manner of his privy council. Their fkill in mufick mufl have been very great : and though they have been changed into birds they retain that faculty, and, I am told, fing mofl melodioufly. The watermen could not help fmiling at this account. Why, fir, fays one of them, what ftrange ftories you The Analysis of Ancient Mythologv. 369 you have picked up about our country, and this river ? We have pHed here, men and boys, for years : and to be fure we cannot fay, that we never faw a fwan : there are fome here and there towards the fens ; which make a low dull noife : but as for any harmony, a rook or a jackdaw in com-^ parifon of them may be looked upon as a nightingale. Such are the witty ftridures of Lucian upon the flory of Phaethon, and Cycnus, as defcribed by the poets. What- ever may have been the grounds upon which this jfidiion is founded, they were certainly unknown to the Greeks ; who have raifinterpreted what little came to their hands, and from fuch mifconftrudion devifed thefe fables. The ftory, as we have it, is not uniformly told. Some, like Lu- cian, fpeak of fwans in the plural ; and fuppofe them to have been the minifters, and attendants of Apollo, who af- lifted at his concerts. Others mention one perfon only, called Cycnus ; who was the reputed brother of Phaethon, and at his death was transformed to the bird of that name. The fable is the fame whichever way it may be related, and the purport of it is likewife the fame. There is one mif- take in the ftory, which I muft fet right before I pro- ceed ; as it may be of fome confequence in the procefs of my enquiry. Phaethon is reprefented by many of the poets as the offspring of the Sun, or Apollo: *Sole fatus Phaethon. But this was a miftake, and to be found ehieily among the Roman poets. Phaethon was the Sun. It was a title of Apollo ; and was given to him as the God of light. This is manifeft from the teflimony of the more early * Ovid. Metamorph. L. r. v. 751. Vol. I. B b'b Greek 370 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Greek poets, and particularly from Homer, who uies it in this acceptation. ^ OyJgTOT oLvrag In refpe Hold your peace^ for the day is- holy : neither be ye grieved. Such was the prohibition given- to the Ifraelites : but among the Canaanites this fhew of for- row was encouraged, and made part of their '' rites. The ' Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 19. p. 520. ' Jofeph. Antiq. L. 1 1. c. 5. p. ^(>i, '"' Nehemiah. C. 8. v. 9. " I Efdras. C 9. v. 52, 53. " Nehemiah. C. S. v. 11. " Sanchoniathon alludes to the fongs o£ Canaan, and their great fweetnefs», ■when. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. -^^3 The father of this people is reprefentcd in the Mofaic hif- tory, according to our verfion, Canaan : but there is reafon to think that by the Egyptians and other neighbouring na- tions it was exprefled Cnaan. This by the Greeks was ren- dered X^oca?, and Xmg ; and in later times Xvx, Cna. "^ Xvcc., 8Tw?/i <^oiviKr\ sJcaXsno — ro s&n/.ov Xuccog. We are told by Philo from Sanchoniathon, that '^ Ifiris the Egyptian, who found out three letters, was the brother of Cna : by which is meant that Mizraim was the brother of Canaan. 1 have taken notice more than once of a particular term, Tk^ Uc ; which has been paffed over unnoticed by mofi: writers ; yet Is to be found in the compolition of many words ; efpecially fuch as are of Amonian original. The tribe of Cuili was ftiled by Manethon, before thepafiage was depraved, TK}tov(rog, Uch, fays this author, in the facred language of Egypt fig- nifies a '^ king. Hence it was conferred as a title upon the God Sehor, who, as we may infer from Manethon and '^ Hel- lanicus, was called Ucfiris, and Icfiris; but by the later Greeks the name was altered to Ifiris and Ofiris. And not only the God Sehor, or Sehoris was fo expreffed ; but Cnas, or Canaan, had the fame title, and was ftiled Uc-Cnas, and when he is in an allegorical manner fpeaking of Sidon ; whom he makes a per- fon, and the inventrefs of harmony. Atto S\- floi'Ta ywerai SJw:', >) xaQ' VTrp^o.- Xw iuZMi'iai TTo&nyi v/jlvov cfHih^iv. Apud Eufeb. P. E. Lib. i. c. 10. p. 38. '* StQphanus Byzant. ''Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb, L. i. c, lo. p. 39. '* T-'i. xccb' li^ccv yXeaa-a-xv €xa-tAex (Ty)fJiouvu. Jofephus contra A p, L. i.e. ji^ p. 445- " Ofiris, To-/picTua.?iicn—e<:^i xxi ttoXh Eo'ct.iov opoi ApyBu Ibid. Ar-Achnaion is the hill of Canaan, or the Ca- naanitifh mount. "■' See Radicals, P. 89. and The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. qyr and KvKvsiog. Befides all this, the fwan was undoubtedly the infigne of Canaan, as the eagle and vulture were of Eo-ypt, and the dove of Babylonia. It was certainly the hierogly- phic of the country. Thefe were the caufes which contri- buted to the framing many idle legends; fuch as the poets improved upon greatly. Hence it is obfervable, that where- ever we may imagine any colonies from Canaan to have fet- tled and to have founded temples, there is fome flory about fwans : and the Greeks in alluding to their hymns, inftead of TKKvaov a,(rfxci^ the mufick of Canaan, have introduced nv/JSiov a(r|Ua, the finging of thefe birds: and inftead of the death of Thamuz lamented by the Cucnaans, or priefts, they have made the fwans fing their own dirge, and foretell their own funeral. Wherever the Canaanites came they introduced their national worfhip : part of which, as I have fhewn, confifted in chanting hymns to the honour of their country God. He was the fame as Apollo of Greece : on which account Lucian, in compliance with the current notion, fays, that the Cycni were formerly the affef- fors, and minifters of that Deity. By this we are to under- ftand, that people of this denomination were in ancient times his priefts. One part of the world, where this notion about fwans prevailed, was in Liguria upon the banks of the Eridanus. Here Phaethon was fuppofed to have met with his downfall: and here his brother Cycnus underwent the metamorphofts, of which we have fpoken. In thefe parts fome Amonians fettled very early ; among whom it appears, that there were many from Canaan. They may be traced by the migi 37^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. mighty works, which they carried on : for they drained the river towards its mouth ; and formed fome vaft canals, called FoiTx Philiftinze. Pliny fpeaking of the entrance into the Eridanus fays, *" Inde oftia plana, Carbonaria, ac fofli- ones Philiftinn?, quod alii Tartarum vocant : omnia ex Philif- tinaj fofra2 abundatione nafcentia. Thefe canals were un- doubtedly the work of the Canaanites, and particularly of fome of the Caphtorim, who came from Philiftim : and from hence thefe outlets of the river were named Philiftinas. The river betrays its original in its name : for it has no relation to the Celtic language ; but is apparently of Egyptian or Canaan- itifh etymology. This is manifeft from the terms, of which it is made up: for it is compounded of Ur-Adon, five Orus Adonis ; and was facred to the God of that name. The ri- ver fimply, and out of compofition was Adon, or Adonis : and it is to be obferved, that this is the name of one of the prin- cipal rivers in Canaan. It ran near the city Biblus, where the death of Thamuz was particularly lamented. It is a circum- ftance taken notice of by many authors ; and moft patheti- cally defcribed by Milton. '^ Thammuz came next behind, "Whofe annual wound in Lebanon allur'd The Syrian damfels to lament his fate In amorous ditties all a fummer's day : While fmooth Adonis from his native rock /' Ran purple to the fea; fuppos'd with blood Of Thammvz yearly wounded. *' Pliny. L. 3. p. 173. *' Milton. Paradile Loft. L". i.v. 445. See alfo Ezekiel. C.8. v. 14. It The Analysis of Ancient Mythologv. 377 It is faid, that the Eridanus was fo called firft by *^ Pherecy- des Syrus : and that my etymology is true, may in great mea~ fure be proved from the ^^ Scholiaft upon Aratus. He fKews, that the name was of Egyptian original, at leaft confonant to the language of Egypt ; for it was the fame as the Nile. It is certain, that it occurred in the ancient fphere of Egypt, from whence the Grecians received it. The great effuiion of water in the celeftial fphere, which Aratus fays was the Nile, is flill called the Eridanus : and as the name was of oriental original, the purport of it muft be looked for among the people of thofe parts. The river Strymon in Thrace was fuppofed to abound with fwans, as much as the Eridanus : and the ancient name of this river was Palaeftinus. It was fo called from the Amonians, who fettled here under the name of Adonians, and who founded the city Adonis. They were by the later Greeks fliled after the Ionic man- ner Edonians, and their city Edonis. ^^ Sr^y^awy TTOTcciJLog eg-i Trig ®^cLKT,g /cctra ttoXiv HJwwtJot, Tr^orriyo^svsTo Js Tt^oTs^oif lLlciX!Xi<^iPog. 77je Strymon is a river of Tl^race, which rwis by the city Edonis : it was of old called the river Palaflinus, In thefe places, and in all others, where any of the Canaaii- ites fettled, the Grecians have introduced fome flory about fwans. Some of them feem to have gained accefs at Delphi : as '* Hyginus. Fab. 154. P. 266. not. 7. 'Ergpsi J £ (patri, cfixxiSTaTcc a-jTOf £«'«< NiiAov. Eratofthenes. Catafterifm. 37. ^' Ko(.Kina.i Se vtto tmv ey^copicov Bv^s^voi, At") vxtioi <^s S/xat N£/Aof nvcci t&c KciTii-yi^.Gixet'ov. Scholia in Aratam. P. 48. ^'' Plutarch de Fluminlbus. \ui, 2. p. 1154. Vol. L C g c did 3 7^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. did likewlfe others from Egypt : and by fuch was that oracle firft founded. Egypt among other names was called Ait, and Ai Ait, by the Greeks cxprefled Abtiol : '^ EkM^^I ^b — KCLi AETIA. The natives in confequence of it were called AsT/o;, and AsTa/ j which was interpreted eagles. Hence we are told by Plutarch, that fome of the feathered kind, ei- ther eagles or fwans, came from the remote parts of the earth, and fettled at Delphi. ^^ Azrovg Tiw.?, n KvKmg, uj Ts^sv-- TixvB n^KTzs, fJLvdoAoyau'iv OLTTO 7(j)v oDi^m TT^g yrig sin 7o ^e- (Toy (ps^opLSPsg sig rccvro (rv[jL7rs(r£iv Uv^oi its^i rov zoiAsfjisvov OfX(pctMv, Thefe eagles and fwans undoubtedly relate to co- lonies from Egypt and Canaan. I recolledl but one philo- fopher ftiled Cygnus: and, what is remarkable, he was of Canaan. Antiochus the Academic, mentioned by Cicero in his philofophical works, and alfo by '' Strabo, was of Af- calon in Paleftine, and he was furnamed Cygnus, the fwan : which name, as it is fo circumftanced, muft, I think, necef- farily allude to this country. As in early times colonies went by the name of the Deity, whom they worfhiped ; or by the name of the infigne, and hieroglyphic, under which their country was denoted ; every *'' Euftathiiis in Dionyfium. V. 239. See Steph. Byzant. AiyvTTToi. Plutarch ■3-£f< rooy eK?<.€Aoi7roTuv ^ptit^yj^tuv. Vol. i. p. 409.. '' Strabo. L. 16. p. nor. There was fiippofed to have been a perfon in> Theflaly named Cycnus, the fon of Apollo. He lived upon a lake Uria ; which was fo called from his mother. Inde lacus Hyries videt, et Cycneia Tempe, Qtias fubitus celebravit olor. Ovid. Metam. L. 7. v. 371. Uria was alfo a river in Boeotia : and here was a Cycnus, faid to have been the- fon of Pofeidon. Paufan. L. 10. p. 831. depredation The Analysis of Ancient MvTHOLOGy. 079 depredation made by fuch people was placed to the ac- count of the Deity under fuch a device. This was the man- ner in which poets defcribed things : and in thofe days all wrote in meafure. Hence, inflead of faying that the Egyp- tians, or Canaanites, or Tyrians, landed and carried off fuch and fuch perfons ; they faid, that it was done by Jupiter in the fhape of an eagle, or a fwan, or a bull : fubftituting an eagle for Egypt, a fwan for Canaan, and a bull for the city of ^° Tyre. It is faid of the Telchines, who were Amonian priefts, that they came to Attica under the condu6l of Ju- piter in the fhape of an eagle. ^' Aisrog rjysiJLovsvs ^i" aids^og OLvrnviro; Zevg. By which is meant, that they were Egyptian priefls ; and an eagle was probably the device in their ftandard, as well as the infigne of their nation. Some of the fame family were to be found among the At- lantes of Mauritania ; and are reprefented as having the fhape of fwans. Prometheus in ^fchylus fpeaks of them in the commifTion, which he gives to lo, ^^ Tou mufl go, fays he, as '■' 'E^a.Savra. S'i IlcciTitpctiK Aja yevii^xi fxev Tav^oy' ivv S'e ecSTov kxi xukvov. Porphyry de Abftin. L. 3. p. 285. Ha vuu exeivos xbtos ^ ir'd S'ou kukvos ; vra ^ou axiroi 'Zsw. Clemens. Alex. Cohort. P. 31, '' Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 24. p. 626. ■'* npoiFopyoveicx. TreS'iccKi^si'Vii ira 'Ai (poPxtS'Si pdi'dci, S'twaiot xo^ai^ Tpeis y.ux.vofji.o^(f/ot,x.otvov Q,upi iKrnfjiivxi. j^fchyli Prometheus. P. 48. 'Ai (xsc (po^xiJ'g? r^ui — si^ov nS'oi Kvkvcdv. Scholia ibidem. ^jo-iL'jv »v oLvtio Ku&mouoi' QiSi Kupw^aisi stara yivoi y.iv iitrtv ASiOTTBi. Palxpha- tus. Edit. Elz. P. 76. C c c 2 far 380 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. far as the city Cijlheiie In the Gorgonian plains^ where the three Phorcides refide^ thofe ancient venerable ladies^ who are in the Jhape offwansy and have but one eye ; of which they make afe in common. This hiftory relates to an Araonian temple founded in the extreme parts of Africa : in which there were three prieftefles of Canaanltifli race ; who on that account are faid to be in the fhape of fvvans. The notion of their having but one eye among them took its rife from an hieroglyphic very common in Egypt, and probably in Canaan : this was the reprefentation of an eye, which was faid to be engraved upon the pediment of their " temples. As the land of Canaan lay fo opportunely for traffic, and the emigrants from moft parts went under their condudl, their hiftory was well known. They navigated the feas very early, and were neceflarily ac- quainted with foreign regions ; to which they muft at one time have betaken themfelves in great numbers, when they lied before the fons of Ifrael. In all the places, where they fettled, they were famous for their hymns and mufick : all which the Greeks have transferred to birds ; and fuppofed, that they were fwans, who were gifted with this harmony. Yet, fweet as their notes are faid to have been, there is not, I believe, a perfon upon record, who was ever a witnefs to it. It is certainly all a fable. When therefore Plutarch tells us, ^' Tare «Ta, v.a.1 Ta; o(f CccAjwhs 01 S njxf-i^Ydvm s§ uA>?; Ttfjctcis )ca8jp K^wyfiog. And Lucretius confefles, that the fcreaming of a crane is not quite fo pleafing : '^^ Parvus ut eft, Cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor : Wliich however is paying them no great compliment. To thefe refpedlable perfonages I muft add the evidence of a mo- dern ; one too of no fmall repute, even the great Scaliger. He fays, that he made a ftridl fcrutiny about this affair, when in Italy ; and the refult of his obfervations was this: ■*^ Ferrariae multos (cygnos) vidimus, fed cantores fane malos, neque melius anfere canere. '*'^ 'O (fg l''Ivi'S"io?(pnaiv AAg^aj'jTpo? Troh^^on reKiurutrt 7rttpzx.oXHB>ia-as hk aJtw- crat aSovTMv. Athenaeus. L. 9. C. II. '*'' Epigram, in Erinnam. L. 3. p. 2S0. H. Sieph. ** Lucretius. L. 4. v. 182. *' See Voffius de Idol. Vol. 2. 1. 3.1c. 88. p. 12 12. and Pierius de Cygij'ts. P. 254. OF 385 ) OF TEMPLE SCIENCE. "^ H E Egyptians were very famous for geometrical knowledge : and as all the flat part of their country was annually overflowed, it is reafonable to fuppofe that they made ufe of this fcience to determine their lands, and to make out their feveral claims, at the retreat of the waters. Al^any indeed have thought, that the confuflon of property, which muft for a while have prevailed, gave birth to prac- tical ' geometry, in order to remedy the evil : and in confe- quence of it, that charts and maps were firfl delineated in this country. Thefe, we may imagine, did not relate only to private demefnes ^ but included alfo the courfe of the Nile in its various branches ; and all the fea coaft, and its inlets, with which lower Egypt was bounded. It is very certain, that the people of Colchis, who were a colony from Egypt, had charts of this fort, with written defcriptions of the feas and fliores, whitherfoever they traded : and they at one time carried on a moft: extenflve ' Herod. L. 2. c. 109, TecofjLerpiixi t£ av Iucstch y^yoyxtriv (qi Atyjimoi.) Clemens. Strom. L. i.^ ,p, 361. Vol. I. D d d commerce. 386 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. commerce. We are told, fays the * Scholiaft upon Apollo- nius, tbat the Colchians ftill retain the laws and cuftoms of their forefathers : and they have pillars of ftone, upon which are engraved maps of the continent, and of the ocean : EtcTi Js, (pr^triy KOLi vofJLOi Ttcc^ avraig to^v li^oyovm^ zoli Sri'^Aa/, sv dig yr,; zoli OccKa.(r(rrig OLVOLy^c/L(pcLi eiri. The poet, upon, whom the above writer has commented, calls thefe pillars, iiv^bsig: which, we are told, were of a fquare figure, like obelifks : and on thefe, he fays, were delineated all the paf- fages of the fea j and the boundaries of every country upon the earth. ' 'Ot ^Yi 701 y^oLTFToLg T^ars^ocv s^sv si^vonat Kv^^eoLgj iu; svi 7tcL(roLi 0^01 j koh ttsi^cct £OL(riv 'Ty^i]g TSj T^oL(pt^Ti]g rg, itB^i^ B7riysi(r(roizsvoi..—-< X&'fo>'p«\vi?yu^coi yw -jriva^i ts ■^elc/ixs TYSV moioS'ov, y.xt Tf.i Twy ttlvxy-MV ccvccypcc(pce.c ovy. AiyuTrriAH (/.qvov^ aAAx xat 2"''-v8a.ii; Hi Sxvy.x jJHraS^ovvat -ii'^tMasi: Euftath. Prasf. Epift. to Dionyf. P. 12. ■' iEgyptios primos omnium tarn coslum quam terram elic dimcnlbs : ejufque rei fcientiam columnis incifam ad poftcros propagaffe. Pccavii Uranalcna. P. 121. taken from Achilles Tatius. * Homer. OdyfT. L. a. v. 52. ' The Atlanrians were ftiled Ouoccnoore<:, or fons of heaven. The head of the family was fuppoled to be the brother of Saturn. Diodorus. L 3. p. 193. D d d 2 family 388 The Analysis of Ancient Mythologt. family of Ham. They had great experience in fea aftairsj- and the poet tells us, that they knew all the. foundings in the great deep. E^s; ^s TS Kiovy.g avrog iTjey had alfo long pillars^ or ohelijks^ which referred to the fea ; and upon whfh was delineated the whole fy fern both of heaven and earth \ cty^^pigy all aroti7id\^ both on the front of th^ obelifky and on the other fJes. Y^iovzg Kocy/s were certainly maps, and hiftories of the univerfe; in the knowledge of which the Atlantians feem to have inftrucled their brethren the Herculeans. The Grecians in their accounts, by put- ting one perfon for a people, have rendered the hiflory ob- fcure; which otherwife would be very intelligible. There is a pafTage in Eufebius, which may be rendered very plain, and to the purpofe, if we make ufe of the clue above-men- tioned. ' 'H^oJ'oto? h Xsysi tou H^a;i?.=a [xamv koli (pvtruov y£VO[JL£]jQy TfCL^ct ArXanog ts Ba^^a^iS'TS <^^vyog ^iOihysBoLi Tcng 73 Kac^B Kiovag. This may be paraphrafed in the fol- lowing manner ; and with fuch latitude will be found per- fedlly confonant to the truth. The Herculea7is were a peo^ pie much given to divination^ aiid to the fludy of nature. Great part of their knowledge they are thought to have had tranf- mitted to them from thofe Atlafiiians, who fettled in Phrygiay efpecially the hifory of the earth a?id heavens ; for all fuch knowledge the Atlantians had of old confgned to pillars a?td obelifks in that country : andfrofu them it was derived to the Hercttlea^is, The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 389 IIerculea7iSy or Heraclidce^ of Greece. The Atlantians were efteemed by the Grecians as barbarous : but they were in re- ality of the fame family. Their chief anceftor was the father of the Peleiadas, or lonim ; of whom I fhall hereafter have much to fiy : and was the fuppofed brother of Saturn. The Hel- lenes, though they did not always allow it, were undoubtedly of his race.- This may be proved from Diodorus Siculus, who gives this curious hiftory of the Peleiadce, his offspring. '° Tat^ra; h ixiysKrccg' roig sv^vsg-ccToig 'H^oca-i KCfj Ssotg a^- yj\y'ig Kctra-cnvcti rs irXsig-a yevag roov ai^^^ooTrooVj rsji'srctg Tag Ji' ct^STriy Qsag Kcti 'H^wa$ ovoi-m^snccg. — nct^a^A?]cr£a)? Je KCii rc.g 0L7\?.cf.g AjKavri-^OLg yznT\i AiyvTTTog) itora^ov Trim — NsiAoj/ KCLT^nfMSvoi/. It was probably a name given by the Cuthites, from whom, as will be hereafter fhewn, the river Indus had the name of Phifon. " floTapi ovoy,ccg-oi h^og^ KOLi ^SKTuVj NsiXog, KCLi Trim. The two mojl celebrated rivers are the Indus ^ the fame as the Phifon, and the Nile, ischich is called the Gehon. The river alfo of Colchis, rendered Phafis, and Phafm, was properly the Phifon. The Nile be- ing of old ftiled Oc-Gehon, and having many branches, or arms, gave rife to the fable of the fea monfter ^geon, whom Ovid reprefents as fupporting himfelf upon the whales of the ocean. '^'^ Balaenarumque prementem iEgaeona fuis immania terga lacertis, '^ Diodorus. L. i- p. 17. " P. 30. ""Cliron. Pafchale. P. 34. Zonaras. P. 16. See Salmafius upon Solinus. C. ^,5' concerning Ogen. Alfo Windelini Admi- randa Nili. P. 12. and 16 *' Metamorph. L. 2. v. 9. The The Analysis of Ancient Mythologv. 29i The Scholiaft upon Lycophron informs us farther, that the river had three names ; and imagines, that upon this ac- count it was called Triton. " T^trojv o Ns^Ao?, oTi r^ig jw,£T- ooi/ofjict^rj' Tt^ors^ov ycn^ Q.K£0(.vog ccv bkolXbito^ ^svts^ov Asro;' — TO Js NsiXo; vsov s^i. I fliall not at prefent controvert his etymology. Let it fuffice, that we are affured both by this author, and by others, that the Nile was called Oceanus : and what is alluded to by Pherecydes is certainly a large map or chart. The robe, of which he fpeaks, was indeed a Pharos, Oa^o^ ; but a Pharus of a different nature from that which he de- fcribes. It was a building, a temple, which was not con- ftrudled by the Deity, but dedicated to him. It was one of thofe towers, of which I have before treated ; in which were defcribed upon the walls, and otherwife delineated, £lyYjVog Kcci QyriVii ^ct)y,0Lrc(,^ the courfe of the Gehon, or Nile ; and the towns, and houfes upon that river. I imagine that the fhield of Achilles in Homer was co- pied from fomething of this fort, which the Poet had feen in Egypt. For Homer is continually alluding to the cuftoms, as well as to the hiftory, of that kingdom. And it is evi- dent, that what he defcribes on the central part of the Ihield, is a map of the earth, and ol the celeflial appear- ances. '' Ev fJ,Bl/ TaiOLV £TSV^\ SV J" Ov^M'Ol/j sv Js ^olTkocu'u'clv. Ev (^' snOsi nOTAMOIO pycc ^svog aKEANOIO. The ancients loved to wrap up every thing in myftcry and '^' V. 119. " Iliad. L., 18. V. 483. and v. 606. Vol. I. E c e . fable : 394 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, fable t they have therefore defcribed Hercules alfo with ^ robe of this fort : *' n.Ol}Cl?',OV SlfJLCC tpS^CfiVj rVTTQV AlSs^Og, SIKOVOL KcAP02. Oai'Ta o-xa ^i&s-auim cc?^?\.'»yooiia-ai- e^ioAoyrcrSi', Aac wi' cctto rnf ra "Kay. Tr^c(pmitcci' Strom. L. 6. p, 767. In the former verles from Nonnus we may fee the method of deviation. Pharos a tower is taken for Pharos a garment; and this altered to '^trcav: and after all, the genuine hiftory is difcernable, notwithftanding the veil which is fpread over it. The author fays, that at the bottom iv/.?M^on Xnco-.o? of the well woven garment, flowed the Ocean, which furrounded the world. This is certainly a mirinterpreta;ion of the term fxpoi- and in the original wricino-^, ■whence thefe verfes were copied, the hiftory related to a tower : and it was at the foot ]^w Yl^odTevg, koli ttol^ol liiv^a^ct) T^irm Toig A^yovoLvroiig. Paufanias mentions a tradition of a " Triton near Tanagra, who ufed to molefl: women, when they were bathing in the fea; and who was guilty of other a6ls of violence. He was at laft found upon the beach overpowered vviih wine ; and tiicre flain. This Triton was properly a Tritonian, a prieft: of one of thefe temples : for the priefts appear to have been great tyrants, and oftentimes very brutal. This perfon had ufed the natives ill ; who took advantage of him, when over- powered with liquor, and put him to death. The term Tor in different parts of the world occurs fome- times a little varied. Whether this happened through mif- take, or was introduced for facility of utterance, is uncer- " Scholia upon Lycophron. V. 754. *' Paufanias. L. 9. p. 749, tain. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 407 tain. The temple of the Sun, Tor Heres, in Phenicia was rendered T^iYj^Yig, Trieres : the promontory Tor-Ope-On in Caria, Triopon : Tor-Hamath in Cyprus, Trimathus : Tor- Hanes in India, Trinefia : Tor-Chom, or Chomus, in Palef- tine, Tricomis. In ancient times the title of Anac was often conferred upon the Deities ; and their temples were ftiled Tor Anac, and Anac- Tor. The city Miletus wa& named " Anadoria : and there was an Heroiim at Sparta called Ava^ZTo^O]/, Anadoron i where Caftor and Pollux had particular honours, who were peculiarly fliled Anades. It was from Tor- Anac that Sicily was denominated Trinacis andTrinacia. This in procefs of time was ftill farther changed to Trinacria ; which name was fuppofed to refer to the tri- angular form of the ifland. But herein was a great miftake^ for the more ancient name was Trinacia, as is manifeft from. Homer : '^ 'OTTTrors Ji] 7r^c;)TQV 7rs?\0L(rrig evspysa price. T^ivoLKiTi vri(rca. And the name originally did not relate to the ifland in ge- neral, but to a part only; and that a fmall diftrid near ^tna. This fpot had been occupied by the firft inhabitants, the Cyclopians, Leftrygons, and Sicani : and it had this name from fome facred tower, which they built. Callima- "" Paufanias. L. 7. p. 524. Aeiy.i is T3J fj-ccAcL yLccAov Ava-x.ropov. Callimachuus. Hymn to Apollo. V. yj. ^' Homer. Odyfl". A. V. 105. Strabo fuppofes Trinakis to have been the mo- dern name of the ifland -, forgetting that it was prior to the time of Homer. L. 6. p. 407 : he alfo thinks, that it was called Trinacria from its figure: which is a miftake» 5 . chus 4o8 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. chus calls it miftakenly Trinacria; but fays that it was neaf JEtna.j and a portion of tlie ancient Sicani. ""* Ave (5" a^' Ai Af/.ufiuvYi, v.a.1 eu^vi v.a.T sxuvo vS^x^ atfiSXiiosv, o xat t»c eTriy.P'.vcriv i(r^iv i% Afj.viJiuvni. Scholia in Euripidis PhcEnilT. V. 155. ^° Eufebius, Prasp. Evan. L. 3. c. 1 1. p. 1 13, Vol. I. G g g fame 4IO The Analvsis of Ancient Mythology. fame temple had different names from the diverdty of the God's titles, who was there worfliiped. It was called Tor- Caph-El ; which was changed to T^iKB(pa,Koc^ juft as Cahen- Caph-El was rendered zv^ydKBipciKog : and Cerberus was from hence fuppofed to have had three heads. It was alfo ftiled Tor-Keren, Turris Regia ; which fullered a like change with the word above, being exprefTcd r^iKCL^-^vog : and Cahen Ades or Cerberus was from hence fuppofed to have been a triple-headed monfter. That thefe idle figm.ents took their rife from names of places, ill expreffed, and miiinterpreted, may be proved from Palasphatus. He abundantly fhews, that the miftake arofe from hence ; though he does not point out precifely the mode of deviation. He firft fpeaks of Ge- ryon, who was fuppofed to have had three heads, and was thence ftiled t^ikb^olKo;. ^' Hv Js Toioyh rsra' 7:o?^i; sg'iv sv Tw Ev^ivca TTovrtc T^i/.cc^riVicc kolKh^svyi zX, The purport of the fable about Geryones is this. There was upon the Pontus Eu- xinus a city named Tricarenia : and from thence came the . hiftory Vr\epom ra T^mcc^Yimj of Geryon the Tricarenian, which was interpreted j a man with three heads. He mentions the fame thing of Cerberus. ''- AsyacTi Trs^i Ks^^s^s, o)g kvocv ^y, S'^m r^Biq KS(^y.Xc/.g' ^■r\hov h on zcti 8Toj oltto t/]? ttoAsw^ bkM^Y] T^iKd^Tii/og, mTTB^ o TYi^von^g. Tloey fay of Cerberus^ that he was a dog with three heads : but it is plain that he was fo called from a city naiiied Tiicaren^ or Tricare?2ia^ as well 3' Palasphatus. P. 56. ^ Pal^phacus. P. g6. as The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 411 as Geryo7ies. Palaephatus fays very truly that the ftrange notion arofe from a place. But to ftate more precifely the grounds of the miftake, we muft obferve that from the an- cient Tor-Caph-El arofe the blunder about r^i}i£(pccXog ^ as from Tor-Keren, rendered Tricarenia, was formed the term t^mcL^Yivog : and thefe perfonages in confequence of it were defcribed with three heads. As I often quote from Pal^phatus, it may be proper to fay fomething concerning him. He wrote early : and feems to have been a ferious, and fenfi.ble perfon ; one, who faw the abfurdity of the fables, upon which the theology of his country was founded. In the purport of his name is fignified an antiquarian ; a perfon, who dealt in remote refearches : and there is no impoflibility, but that there might have ca- fually arifen this correfpondence between his name and writ- ings. But, I think, it is hardly probable. As he wrote againfl; the mythology of his country, I fliould imagine that TLyJkoLKpoLTog^ Palaephatus, was an affumed name, which he took for a blind, in order to fcreen himfelf from perfecu- tion : for the nature of his writings made him liable to much ill will. One little treatife of ^^ Palasphatus about Orion is quoted verbatim by the Scholiaft upon ^'^ Homer, who fpeaks of it as a quotation from Euphorion. I fhould there- fore think, that Euphorion was the name of this writer: but as there v/ere many learned men fo called, it may be diffi- cult to determine which was the author of this treatife. '* Palasphatus. P. 20. »Mliad. 2. V.486. G g g 2 Homer, 412 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, Homer, who has conflrudled the nobleft poem, that was ever framed, from the ftrangefl: materials, abounds with al- legory and myfterious defcription. He often introduces ideal perfonages, his notions of which he borrowed from edifices, hills, and fountains ; and from whatever favoured of wonder and antiquity. He feems fometimcs to blend together two different characters of the fame thing, a borrowed one, and a real ; fo as to make the true hiftory, if there fhould be any truth at bottom, the more extraordinary, and enter- taining. I cannot help thinking, that Otus and Ephialtes, thofe gi- gantic youths, fo celebrated by the Poets, were two lofty towers. They were building to Alohim, called ^"^ Aloeus ; b.ut were probably overthrown by an earthquake. They are fpoken of by Pindar as the fons of Iphimedeia ; and are fuppofed to have been flain by Apollo in the illand Naxos» '' Ev Js Nagw Q,TQV, acfj crs, ToKy^ccBig E)^og a^a^cc, '♦ Diodorus Siculus. L. 5, p. 324. 5' Pindar. Pych. Ode 4.. p. 243. '' Homer. OdyfT. A. V. 306, 2 'EPVSOC^Qi The Analysis of Ancient MyxHOLOGY. 413 Edao^, cnap iJLr,.zog ye ysvio^TV svvBo^yvioi. Homer includes Orion in this defcription, whom he men- tions elfewhere; and feems to borrow his ideas from a fi- milar objed, fome tower, or temple, that was facred to him. Orion was Nimrod, the great hunter in the Scriptures, called by the Greeks Nebrod. He was the founder of Babel, or Babylon ; and is reprefented as a gigantic perfonage. The author of the Pafchal Chronicle fpeaks of him in this light. ^^ Na^^M^r^yajTCij rov rriv Boi^vKwnoiv KTiTccvTci — ovtivol aoLha- (Tiv D.pimci. He is called Alorus by Abydenus, and Apollo- dorus ; which was often rendered with the Amonlan prefix Pelorus. Homer defcribes him as a great hunter ; and of an enormous ftature, even fuperior to the Aloeidas above men:- tioned. ^* Toy Js fjisr Q,^iooyoi n£?vw^wy si(rsvQiri(Tciy Qri^oLg o^H siKsvna Kotr OL^r&ohXov Kei^Jimo!.. The Poet ftiles him Pelorian ; which betokens fomething vafi-, and is applicable to any tovv^ering perfonage, but particu lariy to Orion. For the term Pelorus is the name, by which the towers of Orion were called. Of thefe there feems to have been one in Delos : and another of more note, to which Homer probably alluded, in Sicily ; where Orion was par- ticularly reverenced. The flreight of Rhegium was a dan- gerous pafs : and this edifice was ereded for the fecurity of "Chron. Palchale. P. 36. N^S^c.-l ^hiio tv Cinaivx. Cedrcnus. P. 14,' i! Homer. Odyff. A. V. 57 it thofcj 4^4 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. thofe, who were obliged to go through it. It flood near Zancle ; and was called "^' Pelorus, becaufe it was facred to Alorus, the fame as '^° Orion. There was Jikevvife. a river named from him, and rendered by Lycophron '^' Elorus. The tower is mentioned by Strabo ; but more particularly by Diodorus Siculus. He informs us that, according to tlie tra- dition of the place, Orion there refided j and that, among other works, he raifed this very mound and promontory, called Pelorus and Pelorias, together with the temple, which was fituated upon it. ''' £lpi(jom Tr^oT-^oou-oLi, to koltcl t/jV IIsAw- ^Jimrod. See Radicals. P. 9. notes. ■♦' EA(w^&5, €pBx -^u^^ov £x.Cx^Aei TTorov. Lycophron. V. 1033. PeS^u)' 'EAw^a tt^oShv. Idem. V. 1 1 84. 'O irorxfjioi 6 'EAco^oc ur^e to ovoixa. ctTTo Tivoi f^aa-iXfMi 'Ea&i^h. Schol. ibid. There were in Sicily many places of this name •, UsS fiv 'EAco^ior. Diodorus. L. 13. p. 148. Elorus Caftellum. Fazellus. Pec. 1. L. 4. c. 2. Via Helorina. EAwoos ttoA*?. Cluver. Sicilia Antiqua. L, i.e. 13. p. 186. t*^ Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 284. by The Analysis of Ancient Mythology/ 41^ By the Amonians were called Pator and Patara. This temple of Orion was undoubtedly a Pator ; to which mariners reforted to know the event of their voyage, and to make their offerings to the God. It was on this account filled Tor Pator ; which being by the Greeks exprefTed T^iTrarcf)^, tripator, gave rife to the notion, that this earthborn giant had three fathers. Thefe towers near the'fea were made ufe of to form a judo-- ment of the weather, and to obferve the heavens : and thofe, which belonged to cities, were generally in the Acropolis, or higher part of the place. This by the Amonians was named Bofrah; and the citadel of Carthage, as well as of other cities, is known to have been fo denominated. But the Greeks by an unavoidable fatality rendered it uniformly ''* ^v^cra,, burfa, a fkin : and when fome of them fucceeded to Zancle '^^ in Sicily, finding that Orion had fome reference to Guran or Ouranus, and from the name of the temple ^T^i- Trarw^j judging that he mufl have had three fathers, they immediately went to work, in order to reconcile thefe differ- ent ideas. They accordingly changed Ouran to a^Siv j and thinking the mifconffrued hide by^ccc no improper utenfil for their purpofe, they made thefe three fathers cooperate in a moft wonderful manner for the produdlion of this ima- ^' Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 1 3, p, 356, "*■* Kara fj-Sarji' Ss t))v ttqMv n ay.ooircKi?^ r;v ejcaAaj' Cuoo-av^ Q(pous l/.xvui odiat,. Strabo. L. 1 7. p. 1 1 89. See alfo Juftin. L. 18. c. 5. and Livy. L. 34. c. 61. ■" 'Layx/oi iTohii HixiP'Au.i — a.:To Zx-j^xAaTa ynyei'Bi. Stcphanus Byzant. 4 gifiary ' 4i6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ginary perfon ; inventing the moil flovenly legend, that ever was devifed. '^^ T^sig (^soi) tb (r(pa.ysnog ^oog ^v^u-/} syii^Yi)/,orci vzk^ov. He fays, that it was >about an acre in length ; and ot a thicknefs fo remarkable, as that two perfons on horfeback when they rode on the op- poflte fides, could not fee one another. Each fcale was as *® Er'cTg Tci5 g/gi^g XXI ^u)ov •J7re^(piis-, AiovvjB ctyxXixoc.^ m hS'ot S'jov. Aoa- i-ifVX'ji vTTSp rciv a.y.pMv 7n^£^?^nfJ.ii'Di' Kxt urnAiaKS TUi IvSojv uyiAxi. xtA. Maximus Tyr. Diflert. 8. C. 6. p. 85. *' Strabo. L. 15. p. 1022. ^ MaJCfa irsi lav. E/' tcvtctj Si YloiiiSmnoi I'^cpit rov i^pcaovroc ■TrlTTooy.cTa. opaG»i'a< leapov, panxoi -c^tSov ti xai ■7rXs')^iciiov^ Trac^oi Si, coad' iTTTrixi Ixarg^w- fisc 7ra<'a<7"a)'Ta« aAAijAbs /x/i Jcaosf ai'" yc(.a\J.a. Si, i'^j-' e^.tTrvroi' Ss'^a^cu, t»5 Se -1 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, lisps. Serpents are faid to have infefted ^^ Cyprus, when it was occupied by its iirft inhabitants : and there was a fearful dra- gon in the ille of ^° Salamis. The Python of ParnaiTus is well known, which Apollo was fuppofed to have flain, when he was very young : a (lory finely told by ApoUonius. ^' 'Q.g TTors Trsr^arri vtto hi^aA lioL^ntTfToio K'd^og em sti yv^vog, sti 7r?^ozixy.oiTi ysyri^ctjg. After all, this dragon was a ferpent temple ; a tumbos, rv^JL^oog^ formed of earth, and efteemed of old oracular. To this Hyginus bears witnefs. ^' Python, Terrze filius, Draco ingens. Hie ante Apollinem ex oraculo in monte Parnafib re- fponfa dare folitus eft. Plutarch fays, that the difpute between Apollo and the Dragon was about the privilege of the place. ^* Oi AsX(p'j:]/ §so?'.oyQi vofM^ii(rii^ snav^a ttots tt^oc ociv T6-J 0£6O TCSPi T8 ^^iif/j^ja ^CL'^TiV ysvs^c/j. From hence we may perceive, that he was in reality the Deity of the temple ; though the Greeks made an idle diftinclion : and he was treated with divine honours. ^'^ IlvSoi fXiv ovv o A^x/mv q Ylv^iog ^^TiU'/.svsTOii, kcli m O^so)g jj zcn'riyv^ig KCirc(,yysh.7\sra.t "" E/) J''e7r' iDdV A'toc? (psvycov oim : " 'O Xsi^xvog ^log 7j:oLfnvB^r\^}iBi' ILzvc;. yct^ mi Xsi^d^'J aJ^sAcpoi : but he brings nothing in proof of what he alledges. It is moreover incredible, were we to fiip^ pofe fuch a being as Chiron, that he fbould have had pupils' from fo many different ^^' countries. Befides many of them,. who are mentioned, were manifeftly ideal perfonagesi For not to fpeak of Cephalus and Caftor, Apollo was a Deity ; and jEfculapius was the ^^ like : by fome indeed efteemed the- fon of the former ; by others introduced rather as a title, and. '» Pyth. Ode 4. p. 244; ■'5 Ibid. p. 246. ■"* Juftin. Martyr deMbnarchia. P." 42.. ''' Ue Venar. P. 972. ■^ iEfculapius was of Egypt. Gephakis is faid to have lived in the time of Cccrops uuTox^m': or, as fome fiy, in the time of Eredlieus ; many centuries be- fore Antilochus and Achillesj who were at the ficge of Troy. " j^ifculapius was th'eSun. luifcb. Pr.tp. Evang. L. 3. p. 112. annexed 438 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, annexed to the names of different Gods. Ariftides ufes it as fuch in his invocation of ^* Hercules : Iw, UctKXV, 'H^clkXz;^ A(rxA»]Ti5 : and he alfo fpeaks of the temple of Jupiter -^fcu- lapius, Aio^ A^rKKriTrm vim. It was idle therefore in the Poets to fuppofe that thefe perfonages could have been pupils to Chiron. Thofe, that were inftrudled, whoever they may- have been, partook only of Chironian education ; and were taught in the fame kind of academy : but not by one per- fon, nor probably in the fame place. For there were many of thefe towers, where they taught aftronomy, mufic, and other fciences. Thefe places were likewife courts of judica- ture, where juftice was adminiftered : Vv'hence Chiron was faid to have been (piKoip^ovzm^ koli ^iKCCiorciTog : ^' 'Ov Xsi^oov B^i^QL^e ^'.KOLiorarog Ksnccv^wv, The like charadter is given of him by Hermippus of B^ry- tus. *° 'OvTog Ei? T£ ^imio AvotyeiM y^ac(pa.i. Harpocration. The treafiiry we may fuppofe to have been a part of the temple. often The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 44, o often made ufe of for courts of judicature, called tt^vtcjzio.^ and przetoria ; whither the ancient people of the place re- forted, to determine about right and wrong. Hence it is that Caftor and Pollux, two names of -the fame perfonage, were fuppofed to prefide over judicial affairs. This depart- ment does but ill agree with the general and abfurd charac- ter, under which they are reprefented : for what has horfe- manfhip and boxing to do with law and equity ? But thefe were miftaken attributes, which arofe from a mifapplication of hiftory. Within the precindls of their temples was a pa- rade for boxing and wreftling ; and often an Hippodromus. Hence arofe thefe attributes, by which the Poets celebrated thefe perfonages : The Deity, originally referred to, was the Sun. As he was the chief Deity, he muft neceflarily have been efteemed the fupervifor and arbitrator of all fublunary things : On this account the fame province of fupreme judge was con- ferred on his fubftitute Caftor, in conjun6bion with his brother- Pollux : and they were accordingly looked upon as the confer- vators of the rights of mankind. Cicero makes a noble appeal to them in his feventh oration againft Verres ; and enlarges upon the great department, of which they were prefumed to be pof- feffed : at the fame time mentioning the treafures, which were depolited in their temples. '°° Vos omnium rerum forenfium, '' Homer. Iliad. F. v. 237; " Homer. OdylT. M. v. 323. «°° Cicero in Verrem. Orat. 7, Seft. ulr. L 1 1 2 tonll" 444- '^^^ Analysis of Ancient Mythology confiliorum maximorum, Jegum, judiciorumque arbltri, et tefles, ccleberrimo in loco PR^TORII locati, Caftor et Pollux 3 quorum ex templo quoeftum fibi ifte (Verres) et prce- dam inaximam improbiflime comparavit — ^teque, Ceres, et Libera — a quibus initia vkx atque vidus^ legum, morum,. manfuetudinis, humanitatis exempla hominibus et civitatibus. data ac difpertita elTe dicuntur. Thus we find that they are at the clofe joined with Ceres, and Libera ; and fpoken of, as the civilizers of the world : but their peculiar province, was law and judicature. Many inflances to the fame purpofc might be produced ;^ fome few of which I will lay before the reader. Tropho- nius, like Chiron and Caftor, was a facred tower; being compounded of Tor-Oph-On, Solis Pythonis turris, rendered Trophon, and Trophonius. It was an, oracular temple, fi- tuated near a vaft cavern : and the refponfes v/ere given by^ dreams. Tirefias, that ancient prophet, was an edifice of the fame nature : and the name is a compound of Tor-Ees, and Tor-Afis ; from whence the Greeks formed the word Tire- fias. He is generally efteemed a diviner, or foothfayer, to whom people applied for advice: but it was to tlie temple that they applied, and to the Deity, who was there fuppofed to refide. He was moreover faid to have lived nine ages i till he was at laft taken by the Epigoni, when he died. The truth is, there was a tower of this name at Thebes, built by. the Amcnians, and facred to the God Orus. It ftood nine ages, and was then demoliflied. It was afterwards repaired, and made iife of for a place of augury : and its fituation was The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4.45- was clofc to the temple of Amon. '"" ©ri^cnoig Js ijlstol ra Ajoc- pLoovog 70 'Ig^oj/, oioovo(rK07rsiov rs Tsi^sms KoCks^evov. Tirefias according to Apollodorus was the fon of Eueres, '" 'Evr\^Yig, or, according to the true Dorian pronunciation, Euares, the fame as the Egyptian Uc Arez, the Sun. He is by Hyginus- fi:iled'°' Eurimi filius; and in another place Eurii filius, Paftor. Eurius, Eurimus, Euarez, are all names of the Sun, or places facred to him ; but changed to terms of relation by not being underflood. Tirefias is additionally ftiled Paftor ; becaufe all the Amonian Deities, as well as their princes, were called Shepherds : and thofe, who came originally from Chaldea, were ftiled the children of Ur, or Urius. By the fame analogy we may trace the true hiflory of Teram- bus, the Deity of Egypt, who v^as called the Shepherd T^rambus. . The name is a compound of Tor-Ambus, or Tor-Ambi, the oracular tower of Ham. He is faid to have been the fon of Eufires, '°^ Eycre/^a ra IlQ(rB'J(xvog', and to have come over, and' fettled in Theffaly near mount Othrys. According to Anto- ninus Liberalis he was very rich in flocks; and a great mu- iician, and particularly expert in all pafloral meafure. To him they attributed the invention of the pipe. The mean- ing of the hiftory is, I think, too plain, after what has pre- ceded, to need a comment. It is fabled of him, that he was at laft turned into a bird called Cerambis, or Cerambix. '°' Paufanias. L. 9. p. 741. . '°* Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 154. '°3 Hyginiis. Fab. 68, and 75. ^"4 Amonin. Liberalis Metamorph. c. 22.;. Terambua 44^ The Analysis op Anciekt Mythology. Terambus and Cerambis are both ancient terms of the fame purport: the one properly expreffcd is Tor-Ambi ; the other Cer-Ambi, the oracular temple of the Sun. I have taken notice that towers -of this fort were the repo- iitories of much treafure ; and they were often confecrated to the Ophite Deity, called Opis and Oupis. It is the fame, which Callimachus addreffes by the title of '°-' Ovm, Ai/acj-' evooTTi : and of whom Cicero fpeaks, and ftiles Upis : '°^ quam Grasci Upini paterno nomine appellant. The temple was hence called Kir-Upis ; which the Grecians abridged to r^VTTs;: and finding many of the Amonian temples in the north, with the device of a winged ferpent upon the frontal, they gave this name to the hieroglyphic. Hence, I imagine, arofe the notion of T^VTrsg^ or Gryphons ; which, like the dragons aboveraentiorted, were fuppofed to be guardians of treafure, and to never fleep. The real confervators of the wealth were the prieds. They kept up a perpetual fire, and an unextinguifhed light in the night. From Kir Upis, the place of his refidence, a priefl was named Grupis ; and from Kir-Uph-On, Gryphon. The Poets have reprefented the Grupes as animals of the ferpentine kind ; and fup- pofed them to have been found in countries of the Arimaf-r plans, Alazonians, Hyperboreans, and other the mofl: nor- thern regions, which the Amonians pofTefTed. In fome of '°5 Hymn, in Dian. V. 204. "^ Cicero de Nat. Deorum. L. 3, 23. She is fuppofed to be the fame as Diana. KaAycr; Je rw Aprsyiv ©pccxsi E=;'J^£;a)', Kfi]Tii Si Atx-Tvyxu, AccKsSaifj^sytot Si Quttiv. Patephatus. C. 32. p. 78. 1 the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 447 the temples women officiated, who were denominated from the Deity, they ferved. The Scholiafi: upon Callimachus calls the chief of them Upis; and ftiles her, and her aflbciates, Ko^ag '°7 'TTTS^^Q^SEgy Hyperborean young women. The Hyperboreans, Alazonians, Arimafpians, were Scythic na- tions of the fame family. All the ftories about Prome- theus, Chimsra, Medufa, Pegafus, Hydra, as well as of the Grupes, or Gryphons, arofe in great meafure from the facred devices upon the entablatures of temples. '°7 Scholia in Callimach. Hymn, in Dianam. V. 204. Q.TrtyyXai'Ey.xi'pyrji—'iiiroov'TTrepSopiMi'. Paufan. L. 5. p. 3920 Metuenda feris Hecaerge, Et Soror, optatum numen venantibus, Opis. Qaudian in Laudes Stilic, L. 3. v. 253.;: T A P H. ( 449 ) TAPH, TUPH, TAPHOS. THERE was another name current among the Amonians, by which they called their Ao^po;, or high places. This was Taph ; which at times was ren- dered Tuph, Toph, and Taphos. Lower Egypt being a flat, and annually overflowed, the natives were forced to raife the foil, on which they built their principal edifices, in order to fecure them from the inundation : and many of their facred towers were ereded upon conical mounds of earth. But there were often hills of the fame form con- ftruded for religious purpofes, upon vi^hich there was no building. Thefe were very common in Egypt. Flence we read of Taphanis, or Taph-Hanes, Taph-Ofiris, Taph-Ofiris parva, and contra Taphias, in Antoninus ; all of this country. In other parts were Taphioufa, Tape, Taphura, Tapori, Ta- phus, Taphofus, Taphitis. All thefe names relate to high altars, upon which they ufed oftentimes to ofler human fa- crifices. Typhon was one of thefe ; being a compound of Tuph- On, which fignifies the hill or altar of the Sun. To- phet, where the Ifraelites made their children pafs through Vol. I. M m m fire 450 The Analysis of Ancient MythoIogy. fire to ' Moloch, was a mount of this form. And there feem to have been more than one of this denomination ; as we learn from the prophet Jeremiah. "■ They have built the high f laces of Tophet^ nvhich is i?t the valley of thefon of Hin- noin^ to burn their fons^ and their daughters in the f re. And in another place : 7 hey have built alfo the high places of Baal ^ to burn their fons with f re for burnt-offerings unto BaaL Thefe cruel operations were generally performed upon mounts of this fort ; which from their conical figure were named Tuph, and Tupha. It feems to have been a term current in many countries. The high Perfian ^ bonnet had the fame name from its fhape : and Bede mentions a parti- cular kind of ftandard in his time ; which was made of ■ plumes in a globular fhape, and called in like manner,* Tu- pha, vexilli genus, ex confertis plumarum globis. There was probably a tradition, that the calf, worfhiped by the Ifraelites in the wildernefs near Horeb, was raifed upon a facred mound, like thofe defcribed above : for Philo Judseus fays, that it was exhibited after the model of an Egyptian Tuphos : ^ K^yvKricLKB [j,i[/.rjfL(x, Tv^a. This I do not take to have been a Grecian word ; but the name of a facred orbi- cular mount, analogous to the Touphas of Perfis. i '2 Kings, c. 23. V. 10. 2 Chron. c. 28. v. 3. * C. 7. V. 31. and c. 19. v. 5. There was a place named Tophel (Toph-EI) near Paran upon the Red fea. Deuteron. c. i. v. i. ' Zonar. V^ol. 2. p. 227. Ttcpccf >c«Af< Srifx.oti'rti xcti TroXvi ay^^coTroi. ♦ Bedas Hift. Anglic. L. 2. c. 16. ' De legibus fpecialibus. P. 320. The Greek, term 7v^ct xcct Taf-yv ccvTki {'Zmvoi) Ssixwdcri. Lucian.de Sacrificiis. V. i. p. 355'- '♦•Maximus Tyrius. DilTert. 38. p. 85, tOD 456 Ths Analysis op Ancient Mythology. to be counted. '^ AKKcc yot^ eiriom fxoi rag 7r^o(TKVV8fJLsmg vfJLiv rxpag, sfJLoi ^zv ov^' Trctg olv a^KS(rri '^^ovog. But after all, thefe Tatpoi were not tombs, but 7^Q(poi ^CL<^ozihig^ conical mounds of earth ; on which in the firft ages ofFerings were made by fire. Hence Ty(pw, tupho, fignified to make a fmoke, fuch as arofe from incenfe upon thefe Tupha, or eminences. Befides, if thefe were deified men, who were buried under thefe hills ; how can we explain the difficulty of the fame perfon being buried in different places, and at different times ? To this it is anfwered, that it was another Bacchus, and another Jupiter. Yet this ftill adds to the difficulty : for it is hard to conceive, that whoever in any, country had the name of Jupiter, ffiould be made a God. Add to this, that Homer and Hefiod, and the authors of the Orphic poetry, knew of no fuch duplicates. There is no hint of this lort among the ancient writers of their nation. It was a refinement in after ages ; introduced to obviate the diffi- culties, which arofe from the abfurditles in the pagan fyftem. Arnobius juflly ridicules the idle expedients, made ufe of to render a bafe theology plaufible. Gods, of tlie fame name and charadler, were multiplied to make their fables confift- ent ; tliat there might be always one ready at hand upon any chronological emergency. Hence no difficulty could arife about a Deity, but there might be one produced, adapted to all climes, and to every age. '*' Aiunt Theologi veflri, et vetuftatis abfcondita; conditores, tres in rerum na- '' Clementls Cohort. P. 40. '* Arnobius contra Gentes. L. 4. p. 1 J5. Clem. Alexand. Cohort. P. 24. tura The Analysis of Ancient Mvthology. 457 tura JovTs eflc -quinque Soles, ct Mcrciirios quinque. Aiunt iidem Theologi quatuor efle Viilcanos, et tres Dianas ; JEkuhpios totidem, et Dionyfos quinque ; ter binos Hercu- les, et quatuor Veneres ; tria genera Caftorum, totidemquc Mufarum. But Arnobius is too modeft. Other writers infift upon a greater variety. In refped to Jupiters, Varro accord- ing to Tertullian makes them in number three hundred. '^ Varro trecentos Joves, five Jupiteres, dicendum, ■ in- troducit. The fame writer mentions forty heroes of the name of Hercules ; all which variety arofe from the caufes above afligned : and the like multiplicity may be found both of kings and heroes ; of kings, who did not reign ; of he- roes, who never exifted. The fame may be obferved in the accounts tranfmitted of their moll early prophets, and poets : fcarce any of them ftand fingle : there are duplicates of every denomination. On this account it is highly requiflte for thofe, who fuppofe thefe perfonages to have been men, and make inferences from the circumftances of their hiftory, to declare explicitly, which they mean ; and to give good reafons for their determination. It is faid of Jupiter, that he was the fon of Saturn ; and that he carried away Europa, before the arrival of Cadmus. He had afterwards an amour with Semele, the fuppofed daughter of Cadmus : and they mention his having a like intimacy with Alcmena an age or two later. Alter this he got acquainted with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus : and he had children at the fiege of " Tertullian, Apolog. c. 14. YliV(70f/.oci Si an Ka.yo), ca oiv^o-jiTri, Toaoi 'ZavH h^iaKQVTcci, Theoph, ad Au» tolyc. L. I. p. 344. Vol. I, N n n Troy, 458 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Troy. If we may believe the poets, and all our intelligence comes originally from the poets, Jupiter was perfonally in- terefted in that war. But this interval contains little lefs than two hundred years. Thefe therefore could not be the ad ions of one man : on which account I want to know, why Sir Ifaac Nevv'ton '^ in his chronological in- terpretations choofes to be determined by the ftory of Jupi- ter and Europa, rather than by that of Jupiter and Leda. The learned '' Pezron has pitched upon a Jupiter above one thoufand years earlier, who was in like manner the fon of Saturn. But Saturn, according to fome of the befl: mytho- logifts, was but four generations incluUve before the jera of Troy. Latinus, the fon of Faunus, was alive fome years after that city had been taken ; when JEncas was fuppofed to have arrived in Italy. The poet tells us, " Fauno Picus pater : ifque parentem Te, Saturne, refert ; Tu fanguinis ultimus audlor. The feries amounts only to four, Latinus, Faunus, Picus, Saturn. What authority has Pezron for the anticipation of which he is guilty in determining the -reign of Jupiter ? and how can he reconcile thefe contradidory hiflo- ries ? He ought to have given fome good reafon for letting afide the more common and accepted accounts ; and placing thefe events fo "' early. Shall we fuppofe with the critics and commen- tators that this was a prior Jupiter? If it Vi^ere a different perfon, '® Newton's Chronology. P. 151. '' Pczron. Antiquities of nations, c. 10,1/, 12. " Virgil. iEn. L. 7. v. 48. *' Sir Ifaac Newton fuppofes Jupiter to have lived after the divifion of the kingdoms in Ifrael ; Pezron makes him antecedent to the birth of Abraham, and even before the AlTyrian monarchy. the The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLocy. 459 the circumftances of his life fliould be different : but the per- fon, of whom he treats, is in all refpeds fimilar to the Jupiter of Greece and Rome. He has a father Saturn ; and his mo- ther was Rhea. He was nurfed in Crete ; and had wars with the Titans. He dethrones his father, who flies to Italy ; where he introduces an age of gold. The mythology con- cerning him we find to be in all refpeds uniform. It is therefore to little purpofe to fubflitute another perfon of the fame name by way of reconciling matters, unlefs we can fup- pofe that every perfon fo denominated had the fame relations and connexions, and the fame occurrences in life reiterated : which is impofTible. It is therefore, I think, plain, that the Grecian Deities were not the perfons " fuppofed : and that their imputed names were titles. It is true, a very ancient and refpedlable writer, "^ Euhemerus, of whom I have before made mention, thought otherwife. It is faid, that he could point out precifely, where each god departed : and could particularly fliew the burying-place of Jupiter. Ladantius, who copied from him, fays, that it was at CnofTus in** Crete, ** Arnobins has averyjuft obfervation to this purpofe. Omnes Dii non funt : quoniam plures Tub eodem nomine, quemadmodum accepimus, efle non poiTunt, &c. L. 4. p. 136. *' Antiquiis Audtor Euhemerus, qui fuit ex civitate Meflene, res geftas Jovis, et cjeterorum, qui Dii putantur, collegit ; hiftoriamque contexuit ex titulis, ec infcriptionibus facris, qus in antiquiffimis templis habebantur-, maximeque in fano Jovis Triphylii, ubi auream columnam pofitam efle ab ipfo Jove titulus indicabar. In qua columna gella fua perfcripfic, ut monumentum efl*et pofteris rerum fuarum. Ladant. de Falfa Relig. L. i. c. 1 1. p. 50, (Euhemerus), quern nofter et interprctatus, et fecutus eft praster castercs, En- nius. Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. i. c. 42. *'* Ladlantius de Falla Relig. L. i. c. 1 1. p. 52. N n n 2 Jupiter, 460 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Jupiter, jetate pefTum aAa, in Creta vitam commutavit. — SepLilchriim ejus eft in Creta, et in oppido Cnoffo : et di- citur Vefta hanc urbem creaviffe : inque fcpulchro ejus eft infcriptio antiquis Uteris Grascis, Zai/ K^ovov. If Jupiter had been buried in Crete, as thefe writers would perfuade us, the accounts would be uniform about the place where he was de- pofited. Laclantius, we find, and fome others, fay, that it was in the city Cnoflus. There are writers who mention it to have been in a cavern upon "^ Mount Ida : others upon Mount *'^ Jafius. Had the Cretans been authors of the no- tion, they vi^ould certainly have been more coniiftent in their accounts : but we find no more certainty about the place of his burial, than of his birth ^ concerning which Callimachus could not determine. - Zey, (Ts J" sv A^hcl^iti. He was at times fuppofed to have been a native of Troas, of Crete, of Thebes, of Arcadia, of Elis: but the whole arofe from the word Ta^o? being through length of time mifunderftood: for there would have been no legend about the birth of Ju- piter, had there been no miftake about his funeral. It was a common notion of the Magnefians, that Jupiter was bu- ried in their country upon Mount Sipylus. Paufanias lays, that he afcended the mountain, and beheld the tomb, which *i Varro apudSolinum. c. 16. '* Epiphanius in Ancorato. P. 108. Cyril, contra Julianum. L. 10. p. 342. See Scholia upon Lycophron, V. 1194. *7 Callimach. Hyn:in. in Jovem. V. 6. was The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 461 was well worthy of ^^ admiration. The tomb of' Ifis in like manner was fuppofed to be at Memphis, and at Phil« in upper Egypt: alfo at Nufa in Arabia. Oiiris was faid to have been buried in the fame places : likewife at Tapho- firis, which is thought by Procopius to have had its name, 5" becaufe it was the place of fepulture of Ofiris. The fame is faid of another city, which was near the mouth of the Nile, and called Taphofiris parva. But they each of them had their name frorh the worfhip, and not from the inter- ment of the Deity. This is plain from the account given of the Tcc(pog (ir/^iJ'o?, or high altar of Ofiris, by Diodorus ; from whom we learn that Bufiris and Ofiris were the fame. ^' The Grecians i fays this author, have a 7iotiony that Biijiris in Egypt ufed to facrijice Ji rangers : not that there was ever fuch a kmg, as Bufiris ', but the Tci]an' ei'ia^'-iiacit Tot> l^v^oi' ou ra Ea!7iA£&-? ov^jixctZ^oiJiiVB B'^aipiSoi, a??i.cc rou OjtotS'ci rccipQU racvTHf i^'Ci'Toi Till' TrcoarQocicci' ■x.o.'xcl t);>' txv ey^ojoiaiv S icchctrov. Strabo likewife fays, that there was no fuch king as Bufiris. L. 17. p. 1 154. firis, 462 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. iiris was only a variation for Ofiris : both were compounded of the Egyptian term ^* Sehor, and related to the God of day. Hence the altars of the fame Deity were called indif- ferently the altars of Oiiris, or Bufiris, according as cuftoin prevailed. I have in a former chapter taken notice of the Tarchons and Dracontia in Syria, and other parts : which confided of facred ground inclofed with a wall, and an altar or two at the upper part. Such an inclofure is defcribed by Paufa- . nias, which muft have been of great antiquity : hence the hiftory of it was very imperfectly known in his time. He is fpeaking of Nemea in Argolis ; ^^ ?!ear whichy fiys h^^JIands the temple of Nemea7i 'Jupiter ^ a JlruBure truly wonderful^ though the roof is now fallen in. Round the temple is a grove of cyprefs ; in which there is a tradition that Opheltes was left by his nurfe upon the grafs^ and in her abfence killed by a ferpent. — hi the fajne place is the tomb of Opheltes , furrounded with a wall of flo7ie ; aiid within the inclofure altars. There is alfo a mound of earth f aid to be the tomb of LycurguSy the father of Opheltes. Lycurgus is the fame as Lycus, Lycaon, Lycoreus, the Sun : and Opheltes, his fuppofed offspring, is of the fame purport. To fay the truth, ^^ Opheltes, or, as it fhould be expreffed, Ophel-tin, is the place ; and Ophel the Deity, Sol Pytho, whofe fymbol was a ferpent. Ophel- 5* Bou-Sehor and Uch- Sehor are precifely of the fame purport, and fignify the great Lord of day. *' Paiifanias. L. 2. p, 144. '='♦ Altis. Eaaltis, Oroinis, Opheltis, arc all places compounded with fomc title, or titles, of the Deity. tin . The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 463 tin was a Taphos with a Ts^jisvog, or facred inclofure : it was a facred mound to the Ophite Deity ; hke that which was ' inclofed and fortified by ^^ Manafleh king of Judah ; and which had been previoujQy made ufe of to the fame purpofe by ^^ Jotham. A hiftory limilar to that of Opheltes is given of Archemorus ; who was faid to have been left in a garden by his nurfe Hyplipyle,-and in her abfence flain by a ferpent. Each of them had feftivals inftituted, together with facred games, in memorial of their misfortune. They are on this account by many fuppofed to have been the fame perfon. But in reality they were not perfons, but places. They are however fo far alike, as they are terms, which relate to the fame worfhip and Deity. Opheltin is the place, and altar of the Cphire God above mentioned : and Archemorus was undoubtedly the ancient name of the neighbouring town, or city. It is a compound of Ar-Chemorus ; and fignifies the city of Cham-Orus, the fame who is ftiled Ophel. In many of thefe places there was an ancient tradition offome perfon having been injured by a ferpent in the beginning of life ; . which they have reprefented as the ftate of childhood. The mythology upon this occafion is different : for fometimes the perfonages fpoken of are killed by the ferpent : at other times they kill it : and there are inftances where both hiflo- ries are told of the fame perfon. But vs^hatever may have been the confequence, the hiftory is generally made to refer " 2 Chron. c. 33. v. 14. '' 2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. On the wall (r»"in) of Ophel he built ranch : or rather on the Comah, or facred hill of the Sun, called Oph-El, he built much. 4. to 464 The Analvsis of Ancient Mythology; , to a {late of childhood. Hercules has accordingly a conflift with two ferpents in his cradle : and Apollo, who was the •fame as Python, was made to engage a ferpent of this name at ParnaffuSj when he was a child ; " Ka^og, ewf, ETI TTMNOS, sn TrXomfjLOKn ysy^j^ocg* Near mount Cyllene in Arcadia was the facred Taphos of ^^ i^^putus, who was fuppofed to have been ftung by a fer- pent. -ffiputus was the fame as lapetus, the father of man- kind. In the Dionuiiaca the priefts ufed to be crowned with ferpents 5 and in their frantic exclamations to cry out ^' Eva, Eva ; and fometimes Evan, Evan : all which related to fome hiftory of a fcrpcnt. Apollo, who is fuppofed by mofl to have been vidor in his conflid with the Pytho, is by Por-= phyry faid to have been flain by that ferpent i Pythagoras affirmed, that he faw his tomb at Tripos in '^° Delphi ; and wrote there an epitaph to his honour. The name of Tripos is faid to have been given to the place, becaufe the daughters of Triopus ufed to lament there the fate of Apollo. But Apollo and tlie Python were the fame ; and Tripus, or Triopus, the fuppofed father of thefe humane " Apollon. Rhodii Argonaut. L. 2. v. 709. Apollo is faid to have killed Ti- tyus, Ba'jrafs eojv. Apollon. L. i. v. 760. 3^ To;- J'g Tou AiTTurov ra(pov aToiiS'ri/jia?ii^cci^€ci(ra.fJiiji'—e^ifjiivouv ym X'^y-d, cv y.eyct, Xiuov ^i^vriS'i iv xvyAcc vre^ie^ofJiSyov. Paufan. L. 8. p. 632. AtTTurt'A' TvyiSor, celebrated by Homer^ Iliad. /3. V. 605. Anrvroi fuppofed to be the fame as Hermes. Naos 'Epy.8 AnrvrB near Te- gea in Arcadia. Paufan. L. 8. p. 696. Part of Arcadia was called Aittvtis. "Clemens Alexand. Cohort. P. 11. AnTiy-y-iroi ion cp7iv iiroXcXv^ovrSi "E-iixv^ Etiai' y.T/\. ^' Porphyrii Vita Pythagoras. m ers. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 465 lifters, was a variation for Tor-Opus, the ferpent-hill, or temple ; where neither Apollo, nor the Python were flain, but where they were both worfhiped, being one and the fame Deity. '^^ UvQoi fxsv ovv A^OLJCCtiv Ilv^iog ^^rirnevBTOLiy Kcn TH O^soog Yi TTocvriyv^ig Kcx.roLyfs?^Ksro(.i Uv^icx.. At Python (the fame as Delphi) the Pythian Dragon is worjhiped ; and the celebrity oftheferpent is Jiiled Pythian. The daughters of Triopus were the prieftefles of the temple ; whofe bufincfs it was to chant hymns in memory of the ferpent : and what is very remarkable, the feftival was originally obferved upon the feventh "^^ day* The Greeks had innumerable monuments of the fort, which I have been delcribing. They were taken for the tombs of departed heroes, but were really confecrated places : and the names, by which they were diftinguifhed, 'fhew plainly their true hiftory. Such was the fuppofed tomb of "^^ Orion at Tanagra, and of Phoroneus in ^'^ Argolis ; the tomb of *^ Deucalion in Athens ; and of his v/ife ** Pyrrha in Locris : of '^^ Endymion in Elis : of Tityus in ♦* Panopea : of Afte- 41 Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. +» The Scholiaft upon Pindar feems to attribute the whole to Dionufus, who firft gave out oracles at this place, and appointed the feventh day a fefti- val. E»' u -arfwTcs A/o^oo-65 ibtfJii'^ivaf, xai ate- jXTf « a<; T(>iO(J(v rov Viuuuvcc, ccycc- vt^srat Tov riuGiJtoc ayova. kutu 'EQS^ofJiriv ^r^fxioav. Prolegomena in Find. Pyth. p. 185. 43 Paufanias. L. 9. p. 749, 44 Paufan. L. 2. p. 155. 45 Strabo; L. 9 p. 651. 46 Strabo. Ibidem. 47 Paufan. L. 5. p. 376- 4« Paufan. L. 10. p. 806. Vol. I. O o o xion 466 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, lion in the ifland '^' Lade: of the Egyptian ^'' Belus in Achilla. To thefe may be added the tombs oF Zeus in Mount Sipylus, Mount lafius, and Ida : the tombs of Ofiris in various parts : and thofe of Iii§, vvliich have been enume- rated before. Near the iEaceum at Epidaurus v/as a hill, reputed to have been the tomb of the hero ^' Phocus. This ^aceum vi^as an inclofure planted with olive trees of great antiquity ; and at a fmall degree above the furface of the ground was an altar {acred to iEacus. To divulge the tra- ditions relative to this altar would, it feems, be an high profanation. The author therefore keeps them a fecrer. Juft before this facred feptum was the fuppofed tomb of Phocus, coniiPcing of a mound of raifed earth, fenced round with a border of ftone work : and a large rough ftone was placed upon the top of all. Such were the rude monuments of Greece, which were looked upon as fo many recepta- cles of the dead : but were high altars, with their ficred TS[XBir,, which had been ereAed for divine worfliip in the mcfl: early times. The FIclladians, and the Perfians, were of the fame ^'" family : hence we find many fimilar rites fub- ♦? Paufan. L. i. p- 87, 50 At Patr^e, fj.i/htAu AiyuTrrin tb B/jAs. Paufan. L. 7. p. 578. i' Paufanias. L. 2. p. 179. 5* Herodotus. L. 7, c. 150. and L. 6. c. 54, ' Plato in Alcibiad. i"". Vol. 2. p. 120. Upon Mount Mrenalus was faid to have been the tomb of Areas, who v.as the father of the Arcadians. Eq-i Jg Ma;i'«Ai/; Suc^iiy.f^o^, nScx. re xiiraf - At^«?5 «?' oxj i 'n TTcci'Tii eTTixXnani v.a'K'-.ovTa.i. Oraculum apud Paufan. L. 8. p. 616. fiftino: The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 467 (ifting among the two nations. The latter adhered to the purer Zaba'ifm, which they maintained a long time. They ereded the fame facred Tupha, as the Grecians : and we may be aflured of the original purpofe, for which thefe hills were raifed, from the ufe, to which they put them. They were dedicated to the great fountain of light, called by the Perfians, Analt : and were fet apart as Puratheia, for the celebration of the rites of fire. This people, after they had defeated the Sacas in Cappadocia, raifed an immenfe Comah in memorial of their vidory. -' Strabo, who defcribes it very minutely, tells us, that they chofe a fpot in an open plain ; where they reared a Petra, or high place, by heaping up a vaft mound of earth. This they fafhioned to a conical fi- gure ; and then furrounded it with a wall of ftone. In this manner they founded a kind of temple in honour of Anait, Omanus, and Anandrates, the Deities of their country. I have mentioned that the Egyptians had hills of this nature : and from them the cuftom was tranfmitted to Greece. Ty- phon, or more properly Tuphon, Tvcpoov, who was fuppofed to have been a giant, was a compound of Tuph-On, as I have before mentioned ; and fignified a facred ^* mount of the fun. Thofe cities in Egypt, which had a high place of But what this fuppofed tomb really was, may be known from the fame author: To Se ^ooDiov TUTOySiucc. Tacpoi et^i Td Aox.aS'oi, JtaAoycTO' 'HActA. '* Typhon was originally called Vnytvrt;^ and by Hyginus Terras Filius. Fab." 152. p. 263. Diodorus, L. i, p. 79. he is ftiled Tm Iik e^xiijio?. Antoninus Liberal, c. 2j. O o o 2 this ^68 The Analysis of Ancient Mythologv. this fort, and rites in confequence of it, were ftiled Typlio- nian. Upon fuck as thefe they facrificed red haired men, or men with hair of a hght colour ; in other words ftrangcrs.. For both the fons of Chus, and the Mizraim were particu- larly dark and woolly : fo that there could be no furer mark. than the hair to diftinguifli between a native and a foreigner., Thefe facrifices were offered in the city " Idithia, ^^ Abaris,, •^ HeliopoHs, and Taphofiris ; which' in confequence of thefe. offerings were denominated Typhonian cities.. Many writ- ers fay, that thefe rites were performed to Typhon. at the ^^ tomb of Oliris. Hence he was in later times fup- pofed to have been a perfon, one ot immenfe fize: and he was alfo efteemed a " God. But this arofe from the. common miftake, by which places were flibflituted, for the Deities there worfliipcd. Typhon was the Tupha, or al- tar, the fuppofed tomb of the God : and the offerings were.- made to the Sun, ftiled On ; the fame as Ofiris, and Bu- firis. As there were Typhonian mounts in many parts, ha was in confequence of it fuppofed to have been buried in; different places : near mount Caucafus in Colchis ; nean the river Orontes in Syria ; and under lake Serbonis. Ty- ■" Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. P. 380. '* Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. p. 460. '^ Porphyry de Abftinen. L. 2. p. 225. There was Ucrpa. Tv((,xovl(x. in Caucafus. Etymolog. Magnum. Tvcpm' Tv- Kctvxaa'd ev xih/xoict/, Tvcpccoi'pj o7i Ost^j?. Apollon. L. 2. V..12J4, '^ Diodorus Sicul. L. i. p. 79. " n«pj}>o<'B(7< Dvaiocti xat Trgot^vvdai {rov Tv^uya}. Plutarch. Ifis e.t Ofiris.. p. 362. phon. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 469 plion, or rather Typhonian worfhip, was not unknown in the region of ^° Troas, near which were the Scopiili Ty- phonis. Plutarch mentions that in the Phrygian Theology Typhon was eftecmed the grandfon of Ifaac or If^ac : and- fays that he was fo fpoken of ev Toig (P^vyioi? " y^aaixcLTiv, But all terms of relation are to be difregardcd. The pur- port of the hiftory was this. The altar was termed Tuphoa Ifiac, five Bwp? l^ioLKog., from the facra Ifiaca, which were performed upon it. The fame Ifaac or Ifseac was fometimes rendered ^lacus, and fjppofed to have been a fon of the. river Granicus. ** ^facon umbrofa furtim peperiffe fub Ida Fertur Alexirhoe Granico nata bicorni. The ancient Arcadians were faid to have been the offspring of ^^ Typhon, and by fome the children of Atlas ; by which was meant, that they were people of the Typhonian, and Atlantian religion. What they called his tombs were cer- tainly mounds of earth, raifed very high, like thofe which have been mentioned before : only with this difference, that fome of thefe had lofty towers adorned with pinnacles, and bat- tlements. They had alfo carved upon them various fymbols ; and particularly ferpentine hieroglyphics, in memorial of the God, to whom they were facred. In their upper ftory was a perpetual fii-e, which was plainly feen in the night. I have *° Diodorus Sicul. L. 5. p. 338.. " Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. P. 362. Icra/axa tb 'H^aJcAeas a Tv^t^r- ^» Ovid. Metamorph. L. 1 1. v.- 762, '5 Ewe; St uTTo TB Tuq^ooycc, uVo Ss ArAarTss Sei^xyopxi Sipmiv. Schol. Apol- lon. L. 4- V. 264. iTiea:- 470 The Analysis of Ancient Mythologv. mentioned, that the poets formed their notions about Otus and Ephialtes from towers : and the idea of Orion's ftupen- dous bulk was taken from the Pelorian edifice in Sicily. The gigantic ftature of Typhon was borrowed from a like obje6l : and his charafter was formed from the hieroglyphi- cal reprefentations in the temples filled Typhonian. This may be inferred from the allegorical defcription of Typhoeus, given by Hefiod. Typhon and Typhoeus, were the fame perfonage : and the poet reprefents him of a mixed form, being partly a man, and partly a monftrous dragon, whofe head confifted of an affemblage of fmaller ferpents, Hv sKdTov KSi*EAAnr<>c>i ovcjj.ct i^i^ AiroAXvon: Revelations, c. 9- v. 1 1. " Revelations, c. 20. v. 2, Abadon fignines ferpens Dominus, vel Serpens Dominus Sol. »^ Daniel Heinfius. Ariftarchus. P. n. »« Eufeb. P. E. L. ]. p. 4«> 42- ^^ o 1 Odtatcuch 478 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Odateuch of Oftanes: and moreover, that in Perils and In other parts of the eaft they ereded temples to the ferpent tribe, and held feftivals to their honour, efteeming them "©sy^ TH? fjLsyifovgy Kou OL^YTiy^i; rm oT^m^ the fupr erne of all Gods^ mid the fuperintenda?its of the whole wofld. The worfliip began among the people of Chaldea. They built the city Opis upon the ^^ Tigris, and were greatly addided to divi- nation, and to the worfhip of the ferpent **. Inventi funt ex iis (Chaldeis) augures, et magi, divinatores, et fortilegi, et inquirentes Ob, et Ideoni. From Chaldea the worfhip pafled into Egypt, where the ferpent Deity was called Can- oph, Can-eph, and C'neph, It had alfo the name of Ob, or Oub, and was the fame as the Bafilifcus, or Royal Ser- pent ; the fame alfo as the Thermuthis : and in like manner was made ufe of by way of ornament to the flatues of their '^ Gods. The chief Deity of Egypt is faid to have been Vul- can, who was alfo ftiled Opas, as we learn from ^* Cicero. He was the fame as Ofiris, the Sun ; and hence was often called Ob-El, five Pytho Sol : and there were pillars facred to him with curious hieroglyphical infcriptions, which had the fame name. They were very lofty, and narrow in com- parifon of their length ; hence among the Greeks, who co- '* Eufeb. ibidem. TaSs aura xai Otp-ccvK jctA. *3 Herod. L. 2. c. 189. alfo Ptolemy. *4 M. Maimonides in more Nevochim. See Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. i. c. 3. p. 49. »5 Oucaioi',© ST'fK 'EAAjji'/t'x Bao-jAihi///r>rn,i n'tj //iitt^uyto, ct/ui t ItJiw r//t>t^ jL^ff/i/i/iran/f The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 479 pied from the Egyptians, every thing gradually tapering to a point was ftijed Obelos, and Obelifcus. Ophel (Oph-El) was a name of the fame purport : and I have fliewn, that many facred nKJunds, or Tapha, were th\is denominated from the ferpent Deity, to whom they were facred. Sanchoniathort makes mention of an hiftory, which he once wrote upon the worOiip of the ferpent. The title of this work according to Eufebius was, *^ Ethothion, or Etho- thia. Another treatife upon the fame fubjedl was written by Pherecydes Syrus, which was probably a copy of the for- mer ; for he is faid to have compofed it, *^ tcol^cl ^oiviKm Kcx.^ hoiv Tag oL(po^iJ.ctgy from fome frevious accounts of the Phenki- ans. The title of his book was the Theology of Ophion, ftiled Ophioneus ; and of his worfhipers, called Ophionida?,. Thoth, and Athoth, were certainly titles of the D'eity in the Gentile world : and the book of Sanchoniathon might very poflibly have been from hence named Ethothion, or more truly Athothion. But from the fubjed, upon which it was written, as well as from the treatife of Pherecydes, I fhould think, that Athothion, or Ethothion, was a miftake for Ath-opliion,-a title which more immediately related to that worfhip, of which the writer treated. Ath was a facred- title, as I have fhewn : and I imagine, that this diflertation did not barely relate to the ferpentine Deity ; but contained accounts of his votaries, the Ophitae, the principal of which were the fons of Chus, ' The worfhip of the Serpent began among »■ Fnisp. Evan. L. i. p. 41.. »8 Eufcb, fupra. them ;, 480 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. them ; and they were from thence denominated Ethoplans, and Aithopians, which the Greeks rendered Aid iOTTSg . It was a name, which they did not receive from their complexion, as has been commonly furmifed ; for the branch of Phut, and the Lufiim, were probably of a deeper die : but they were fo called from Ath-Ope, and Ath-Opis, the God, •which they worfhiped. This may be proved from Pliny. He fays that the country Ethiopia (and confequently the people) had the name of ^thiop from a perfonage who was a Deity — ab *' ^thiope Vulcani filio. The iEthiopes brought thefe rites into Greece: and called the ifland, where they firft eftablifhed them, ^"Ellopia, Solis Serpentis infula. It was the fame as Euboea, a name of the like purport ; in which ifland was a region named jEthiopium. Euboea is properly Oub-Aia^ and fignifies the Serpent-Iiland. The fame worfhip prevailed among the Hyperboreans, as we may judge from the names of the facred women, who ufed to come annually to Delos. They were priefteffes of the Tau- rjc Goddefs, and were denominated from her titles. "' OvTTig Ts, Aojw Ts, KOLi Evoituv 'EKOLS^yri. Hercules was efteemed the chief God, the fame as Chronus ; and was faid to have produced the Mundane egg. He was reprefented in the Orphic Theology under the mixed fym- bol of a ^' lion and a ferpent : and fornetimesof a ^' ferpent '-' L. 6. p. 345- *° Scrabo. L. 10. p. 683. Ic was fiippofcd to have had its name from El- lops, the Son of Ion who was the brother of Cothus. =' Callimachus. H. in Delon. V. 292. Evxiojv, Eva-On, Serpens Sol. ''■ Athenagoras. Legatio. P. 294. Hoa-xA»j X^oio?. *• Athenag. P. 295. HcciK^ns ©£js — cT^axw;' eA/xras. only. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 481 only. I have before mentioned, that the Cuthites under the title of Heliadae fettled at Rhodes : and, as they were Hi- vitcs or Ophites, that the ifland in confequence of it was of old named Ophiufa. There was likewife a tradition, that it had once fwarmed with ^'^ ferpents. The like notion pre-' vailed almoftin every place, where they fettled. They came under the more general titles of Leleges and Pelafgi: but more particularly of Elopians, Europians, Oropians, Afo- pians, Inoplans, Ophionians, and ^thiopes, as appears from the names, which they bequeathed ; and in moft places, where they refided, there were handed down traditions, which alluded to their original title of Ophites. In Phry- gia, and upon the Hellefpont, whither they fent out colo- nies very early, was a people ftiled Oipioysi/sigy or the fer- pent-breed ; who were faid to retain an affinity and cor- refpondence with ^' ferpents. And a notion prevailed, that fome hero, who had conducted them, was changed from a ferpent to a man. In Colchis was a river Ophis ; and there was another of the fame name in Arcadia. It was fo named from a body of people, who fettled upon its banks, and were faid to have been condudled by a ferpent : '^ Tov riys^oi/cc ysi/sc^on ^^ccKonoL, Thefe reptiles are feldom found in iflands, yet Tenos one of the Cyclades was fuppofed to have once fwarmed with them. " Ev rn Tr,yy, (J,icf. Vj)v KvukAv vrjtrcf, '* It is faid to have been named Rhodus from Rhod, a Syriac word for a ferpent. Bochart. G. S. P. 369. '' Ei'TauBo. fj.v^uiii-1 T«? Otfij') ei'5(? (Tvyyevfixv Ttvcc iyjiv iroci ry; opui. Strabo, L. 13. p. 8.80. Ophiogense in Hellefponto circa Parium. Pliny. L. -j. p. 371. '^ Paufan. L. 8. p. 614. 5' Ariftoph. Plutus. Schol. V. 718. Vol. I. Q^q q Q^sig '82 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. o^si cTg: a-TsNiiAsxa Ku/cAwttos. Scholia in Apollori. L. 4. v. 268. Nilus Deorum maximus. Huetii Demons. Evang. Prop. 4. P. in.. ^° AiyjTTTis 'Ziu, Ns/As. Athenosus. L. 5. p. 203. Vulcanus — Nilo natus, Opas, ut iEgyptii appellant. Cicero de Natiira Deor, . L. 3. c. 22. Hence NuAos KvkAoo^ muft have been the chief Deity ; and the Cyclopians his votaries and priefts. tieiAoio rifj.st'oi Kp:)i'ijce,. Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 239. He was no other than Ouranus, and Coelus.* I ftiled The Analysis of Ancient Mythology; 495 filled " Anakim, and were defcended from thefons of Anac : fo that this hiftory, though carried to a great excefs, was probably founded in truth. They were particuldrly famous for architedlure ; which they introduced into Greece, as we are told by " Herodotus : and in all parts, whither they came, they erected noble ftrud:ures, which were remark- able for their height and beauty : and were often dedicated to the chief Deity, the Sun, under the name of tlorus, and P'elorus. People were fo ftruck with their grandeur, that they called every thing great and ftupendous, Pclorian. And when they defcribed the Cyclopians as a lofty towering race, they came at laft to borrow their ideas of this people from the towers, to which they alluded. They fuppofed them in height to reach to the clouds ; and in bulk to equal the promontories, on which they were founded. Homer fays of Polyphemus, Av^^i ys (Tiro^oLycp, aXha ^m vXyisvti. Virgil fays of the fame perfon, '* Ipfe arduus, altaque pulfat fidera.. As thefe buildings were oftentimes light-houfes, and had in their upper flory one round cafement, Argolici clypei, aut " Arsf"^!'? "•'=' Ara-zCTo,-, who was buried in the ifland Lade near Miletus, is mentioned as a gigantic perfonage by Paufanias. L. i. p. 87. Large bones have been found in Sicily ; which were probably the bones of elephants, but have been efteemed the bones of the Cyclopians by Kircher and Fazellus. Fazellus. Dec. 1. L. I. c. 6. " Herodotus. L. 5. c, 61. He alludes to them under the name of Cad- mians. " OdyfT. 10. V. 190. '4- .^neid. L. 3. v. 6ig, Phoebeas 496 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Phoebcre lampadis inftar, by which they afforded light in the nicrht-feafon : the Greeks made this a charafteriftic of t> ' the people. They fuppofed this aperture to have been an eye, which was fiery, and glaring, and placed in the middle of their foreheads. Hence Callimachus defcribes them as a monflrous race : '^ mvoL risAw^a, Oasa ^iivoy7\Y\voL cromsi ktol tbt^ol^qbiw. The Grecians have fo confounded the Cyclopian Deity with his votaries, that it is difficult to fpeak precifely of either. They fometimes mention him as a fingle perfon ; the fame as Nilus of Egypt, who was efteemed the father of the Gods. At other times they introduce a plurality, whom they ftill reprefent as of the higheft antiquity, and make the brethren of Cronus : '^ }LvKX(/)7ts; — oi OL^Xtpoi nrcLV ra K^oj/a, T8 TTxiT^og T8 Aiog. Proclus in Photius informs us, that, according to the ancient mythology of the Au6tores Cyclici, the giants with an hundred hands, and the Cyclopes were the firfl: born of the '^ Earth and Coelus. But in thefe hiftories every degree of relation has been founded upon die furmifes ; and is uniformly to be fet afide. The Cyclo- '5 Hymn in Dian. V. 51. Mai'05 /*' o^O«A//oo« fjiea-TCf) eTrsx-SiTo jxirMircp. Hefiod. Theogon, V. 143. Clemens AJexandrinus tells us, that Homer's account of Polyphemus is bor- rowed from the charafter of Saturnus in the Orphic poetry. Strom. L. 6. p. 751. •* Scholia in ^fchyl. Prometh. P. ^6. pian The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 497 pian Deity was '* Ouranus, and the Cyclopians were his priefts and votaries : fome ot whom had divine honours paid to them, and were efteemed as Gods. Upon the Ifthmus of Corinth was an ancient temple ; which feems to have been little more than a roLtpo; or high altar, where offerings were made to the Cyclopian '' Deities. People of this fa- mily fettled upon the fouthern coaft of Sicily at Camarina ; which fome have fuppofed to have been the Hupereia of Homer, where the Pheacians once refided. 'Ol TT^lV (JiSV TTOT SVOLIOV SV SV^V^O^C^ 'TTTS^SlOty But there is no reafon to think, that the city Hupereia was in Sicily ; or that the Pheacians came from that country. The notion arofe from a common miftake. All the Greek, and Roman, Poets, and even Strabo with other refpedable writers, have taken it for granted, that the Cyclopians of Hom.er were near ^tna in Sicily. Others except to their being near JEtna ; and infift, that they were in the vicinity of Erix upon the oppofite part of the ifland. But Homer does not once mention the ifland during his whole ac- count of the Cyclopes : nor does Ulylles arrive in Sicily till after many fubfequent adventures. That there were ^^ E^ yii aurcu {Qv^xvct)) rpsii ttxiScx. f q ivct:(x-x.iiaiv hccLTovTcx.ysirciii xxi rpsii he~ f8~ a-rori-A.-Tnai Kt/xAwTraj. Proekis in Photio. C. ccxxxix. p. g82. Euripides makes them the fons of Oceanus. iv 01 fx-oi'MTTii TTOvria iraiSiiQi'd Kt;3f AiWTTgs oiycBo- ccvrp gp),v., av^^oxTovoi. Cyclops. V. 2 r. i9Kc:i, w rivui Asyeiu ttoAh' OvpioLV. Alexar.d. Polyhift. apud Eufeb. Prsp. Evan. L. 9. p. 418. ' ** Natalis Comes. L. 9. p. 510. By the Celcse are meant thofe of Iberia : i^.- yovot TiTi)iii of Callimachus. =^3 Lycoph. V. 659. Appian mentions a nation of Cyclopians in Illyria, who were near the Pheacians. there- The Analysis of Ancient MvTiroLOGy. 400 therefore filled Char-On from the God, who was there wor- fliiped ; and after the Egyptian cuftom an eye was engraved over its portal. Thefe temples were fometimes called Charis, "^Xa^ig; wliich is a compound of Char-Is, and hgnihes a prutaneion, or place facred to Hephaftus. As the rites of iire were once almoft univerfally pradifed, there were many places of this name, efpecially in '' Parthia, Babylonia, and Phrygia. The Grecians rendered Char-Is by Xot^ig, a term in their own language, which fignified grace and elegance. And nothing witnefles their attachment to ancient terms more than their continually introducing them, though they were ftrangers to their true meaning. The Arimafpians were Hyperborean Cyclopians ; and had temples named Charis, or Charifia, in the top of which were preferved a perpetual fire. They were of the fame family as thofe of *5 Sicily, and had the fame rites; and particularly worfhiped the Ophite Deity under the name of ** Opis. Arifteas Procon- nefius wrote their hiftory ; and among other thinos men- tioned that they had but one eye, which was placed in their graceful forehead. *3 The liba made in fuch temples were from it named Charifia. XxPicrioi't tii'oi TrAaxBi'Twr. Hefych. *♦ In Parthia, KoMwxj;, Xapn. Appian. Syriac. P. 125. ^pvyicci TToAis Ka^is. Steph. Byzant. Charifias in Arcadia. Ibid. The idand Cos, called of old Caris. Ibid. *' Herodotus. L. 4. c. 13, A/j/fixaTr-.t;? «i'/'ca5jM.a(o(p9aA;W3?. Strabo. L. i. p. 40. Tcx^x Se r.cci tks f/.cvo^ufxccTbi K'jxPvojTrcci f.x. rm X^'Akth '* OuTTtirei Aofw re, xxi iuxim 'Exxeo-) «. Callimacli. H, in Delon. V. 292. ^co The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. How could the front of a Cycloplan, one of the mofl: hide- ous monfters that ever poetic fancy framed, be ftiled grace- ful ? The whole is a miflake of terms : and what this writer had mifapplied, related to Charis, a tower ; and the eye was the cafement in tKe top of the edifice, where a light, and fire were kept up. What confirmed the miftake was the reprefentation of an eye, which, as I have mentioned, was often engraved over the entrance of thefe temples. The chief Deity of Egypt vvas frequently reprefented under the fymbol of an eye, ^* and a fcepter. I have obferved, that Orion was fuppofed to have had three fathers, merely be- caufe a tower, facred to him in Sicily, and called Tor-Pator, was altered to T^iTTCtTW^ ; which change feemed to counte- nance fuch an opinion. The Cyclopians were of the fame region in that ifiand ; and their towers had undoubtedly the fame name : for the Cyclopians were fliled *' T^iTOTars^s?, and were fuppofed to have been three in number. Some fuch miftake was made about the towers ftiled Charis : whence the Grecians formed their notion ot the Graces. As Charis vvas a tower facred to fire j fome of the Poets have fuppofed a nymph of that name, who was beloved by *' Cafaubon. not. In Scrabon. L. i. p. 40. iMsiwTra (^^arov A^i/xxairoy. iElchyl. Prineth. P. 49. ** Tor ya.0 CacriAex xcci xvpioy Oaioiv o<^ba.X[xoj jca< o"3C/)TT^ ypa(p8aiy. Plu- tarch. Ifis et Ofiris. P. 354. »9 Lycophron. V. 328. See Suidas. itXo^oooi T^troTraTOPcci TravTui' yeyovivat tt^cotus. Etymolog. Mag. See Meurfii not. in Lycophron. V. 328. 'Penan T^tirxT^'d (pocaya.ru KccvJ'aoyoi. Vulcan. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. roi Vulcan. Homer fpeaks of her as his wife : 3° Xa^ig KaA)^, r> u)7rvis irs^aXviog A^Jipyvrizig. But Nonnus makes her his miftrefs; and fays, that he turned her out of doors for her jealoufy. ^' E;i h ^o^'j^v s^ioczs Xa^iv ^ri7^Y;[j.oyc(, vvmnv. The Graces were faid to be related to the Sun, who was in reality the fame as Vulcan. The Sun among the people of the eaft was called Hares, and with a guttural Chares : and his temple was ftiled Tor-Chares. But as Tor-Pator was changed to Tripator ; fo Tor-Chares was rendered Tri- chares, which the Greeks expreffed T^iy^a^ig ; and from thence formed a notion of three Graces. Cicero fays that they were the daughters of night, and Erebus : but Antima- chus, more agreeably to this etymology, maintained, that they were the offspring of the Sun and light ; ^* AiyX-fig /.ca *HAi8 ^vycaz^cig. Thefe feeming contradictions are not diffi- cult to be reconciled. The Amonians, wherever they fettled, were celebrated '° Iliad, 'x. V. 382. and H. V. 275. See Paufan. L. 9. p. 781. '' Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 29. p. 760. The Graces and the Furies (Charites et Furi^) were equally denominated from the Sun, and fire ; and in conlequence of it had join: worfhip in Arcadia. Paufan. L. 8. p 669. Charis, Xai>i=, of the Greeks was the fame perfonage as Ceres of rhe Romans. She was alfo called Damcter, and efteemed one of the Furies. Paufan. L. 8. p. 649. 3* Paufanias. L, 9. p. 781. So Coronis is faid to have been the daughter of Phlegyas. Paufan. L. 2. p. 170: and Cronus th^ Ton of Apollo, L. 2 p. 123. Chiron the fon of Saturn; Charon the fon of Erebus and night. The hero Charifius, the fon of Lycaon, which Lycaon was no other than Apollo, the God of light. Thefe were all places, but dcfcribed as perfonages 5 and made the children of tlie Deity, to whom they were facred. for 502 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. for their fuperiority in fcience; and particularly for their ilcill in building. Of this family were Trophonius, and his brother Agamedes, who are reprefented as very great in the profeflion. They were truly wonderlul, fays ^^ Paufanias, for the temples, which they eredled to the Gods; and for the irately edifices, which they built for men. They were the architeds, who contrived the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the treafury conftrudled to Urius. They were, I make no doubt, fome of thofe, who were filled Cyclopians ; as the people under this appellation were far the mofl eminent in this way. When the Sibyl in Virgil fhews i5)neas the place of torment in the fhades below, and leads him through many melancholy recedes, we find that the whole was feparated from the regions of blifs by a wall built by the Cyclopians. The Sibyl accordingly at their exit tells him, ^* Cyclopum eduda caminis Maenia confpicio. From hence we find that they were the reputed builders of the infernal manfions ; which notion arofe from the real buildings, which they eredted. For all the ideas of the an- cients about the infernal regions, and the torments of hell, were taken from the temples in each country ; and from the rites, and inquifition, pradifed in them. But the Cyclo- pians were not merely imaginary operators. They founded feveral cities in Greece ; and conftrudcd many temples to SS Aeif'Bs ©6015 Tg I'fpa xaTao"X£U3C(7acrG«/, xcci (iccT ihiioc ccv^^mttoh' xai yap Tu AttoAAwj'i tov Naor uKQlofji.nca.yTo Tot' ev AeA?- o;5, xcci Tptei tqv QncroLvoov, Paufan. L. 9. p. 785. Turres, ut Ariiloteles, Cyclopes (invcnerunt). Pliny. L. 7. c, 56. «♦ Virgil, ^n. L. 6. v. 630. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 503 the Gods, which were of old in high repute. They were fo much efteemcd for their fkill, that, as the SchoHaft upon Statius obferves, every thing great and noble was looked upon as Cyclopian : ^^ quicquid magnitudine fua nobile eft, Cyclopum manu dicitur fabricatum. Nor was this a fidlion, as may be furmifed ; for they were in great meafure the real architedls. And if in the room of thofe portentous be- ings the Cyclopes, Ky;iAw7rs?, we fubflitute a colony of peo- ple called Cyclopians, we fhall find the whole to be true, which is attributed to them ; and a new field of hiftory will be opened, that was before unknown. They were un- doubtedly a part of the people fliled Academians, who re- fided in A,ttica ; where they founded the Academia, and Ceramicus, and introduced human facrifices. Hence we are informed, that the Athenians in the time of a plague facrificed three virgin daughters of Hyacinthus at the tomb Ger^eftus, the ''^Cyclops. But Gerseftus was not a perfon, but a place. FsfiCtig'O'; is a fmall variation for Ker-Aftus ; and fignifies the temple of Aftus the God of fire. It was cer- tainly the ancient name of the place, where thefe facrifices were exhibited : and the Taphos was a Cyclopian altar, upon which they were performed. The Cyclopians are faid to have built the ancient city Mycene, which Hercules in Seneca threatens to ruin. — ^^ quid moror ? majus mihi 35 Lutatius Placidus in Statii Theba'id. L, i. p. 26. ^' Tecs 'TccKiyba y.opai-—i7ri roi' Fe/jx/^a xa KuxAwros rcc(poy ycxTea-fpoc^av ^ Apojlodorus. L. 3. p. 205. ■-' Hrrcules furens. Ad. 4. V. ^^6. Bellum 504 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Bellum Mycenis reftat, ut Cyclopea Everfa manibus msnia noliris concidant. Nonnus fpeaks of the city in the fame Hght : The gate of the city, and the chief tower were particularly afcribed to them : '^ KukKootto^v h koli roLvroL s^ycL bivoli ?£- ynd'iv. 7l)eje too are reprefented as the work of the Cjclopians. They likewife built Argos; which is mentioned by Thyefles in Seneca as a wonderful performance. ''* Cyclopum facras Turres, labore majus humano decus. All thefe poetical hiflorics were founded in original truths. Some of them built Hermione, one of the moft ancient ci- ties in Greece. The tradition was, that it was built by ''^ Hermion the fon of Europs, or Europis, a defcendant of Phoroneus, and Niobe ; and was inhabited by Dorians, who came from Argos : in which hiflory is more than at firft appears. The city flood near a ftagnant lake, and a deep cavern ; where was fuppofed to be the moft compen- dious paffage to the (hades below : ''- Tr,v B\g aJa zciTa,^a.(nv (Tvyro^Qy. The lake was called the pool of Acheruda ; near '' Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 41. p. io6S\ Euripides ftiles the walls of Argos Uvfana: 'Ircc Tii^ia. Acciiocj¥.ux?i.u7rii , ovpxi'ix I'ifj.oi'Toii. Troades. V. 10S7. "Paufanias. L. 2. p. 146. ^° Seneca Thyefies. Aft. 2. V. 406. - TTcAswi 'Epy-ioviiiyeriaQai (faav E^fj.iorct YLvcooiroi. P'aufan. L. 2. p. 191. -♦•■ Strabo. L. 8. p. 573, It was inhabited by people particularly ftiied'AAif^?, or men of the Tea ; who were brought thither by Druops Areas. to The Analysis of Ancient Mytmologv. 505 to which and the yawning cavern the Cyclopians chofe to take up their habitation. They are faid to have built ^' Ti- ryns ; the walls of which were efteemed no lefs a wonder than the ** pyramids of Egypt. They muft have refided at Nauplia in Argolis ; a place in fituation not unlike Hermi- one above mentioned. Near this city were caverns in the earth, and fubterraneous paflages, confifting of *' labyrinths cut in the rock, like the fyringes in Upper Egypt, and the maze at the lake M-aeris ; and thefe too were reputed the work of Cyclopians. Paufanias thinks very truly, that the Nauplians were from Egypt. ** H^ccv Js 01 NoLVTrXisig, SfJLot ^OKBiH^ AiyuTrrioi tol TCoiKoLioTe^oi. The Nauplians feem to ms to have been a colofiy fro7n Egypt in the more early times. He fuppofes that they were fome of thofe emigrants, who came over with Danaiis. The nature of the works, which the Cyclopians executed, and the lake, which they named Acherulia, fhew plainly the part of the world, from whence they came. The next city to Nauplia was Tr.vxX'xiix-oiv \Jiiv i^tv loyov. P. 169. See Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. '^H'Xj'^oli S'kx. Kvy.?^co7roop, *"* To. Tit^^^'i Ta er Tiovvbi—o'jS's ovtcc eAaTToros QavfJLXTOi {toou rivPXfJuJ^iai'). Paufanias. L. 9. p. 783. ^' Ecpi^vs ^s T>i Nat>7rA/a, xa er7r«Aaia, y.ai 01 sv auTon oixoS^o/^yiTor^txSupn^oi. Kvx.7\(/i-iriia. ^'' orowa^aa/;'- Strabo. L. 8. p. ^S"/. •♦'' Paufanias. L. 4. p. 367. ^'' EfJiot (x.iv ovv Atyvimov (pxivSTXi, Kxi ov^xfJ.005 EAAjjhjc^v ovofAX riooi iivm. xtA. Paufan. L. 2, p. 181. Vol. I. T 1 1 edly 5o6 Th,r Analysis of Ancient Mythology. edly had been here introduced. So that every circumftance witneffes the country, from whence the Cyclopians came. Hence when '^^ Euripides fpeaks of the walls of ancient Mycene, as built by the Cyclopians after the Phenician rule and method : the Phenicians alluded to were the ^oiviKBg of Egypt, to which country they are primarily to be referred. Thofe who built Tiryns are reprefented as feven in number ; and the whole is deferibed by Strabo in the following man- ner. '^' Tl^W^i O^IJLriT/j^lW Y£-fi(jOL(T()cii ^QKSl H^OtTO^, KOLl TSl'^l'-- 'X^^^cig, T^S(pofJisvovg az TYig rsyvrig. PrcBtus feems to have been the jirfi^ who made ufe of Tiryns, aS' a7i harbour \ which place' he walled round by the ajf} fiance of the Cyclopians. They zvere feven i?i number, filed Gafrocheirs ; and lived by their la- hour* Hefychius in fome degree reverfes this ftrange name, and fays, that they were called Eyp^^s/^oyafs^s^. The Gre- cians continually miftook places for perfons, as I have fhewn. Thefe feven Cyclopes were, I make no doubt, feven Cyclo- pian towers built by the people, of whom I have been treat- ing. Some of them flood towards the harbour to afford light to fhips, when they approached in the night. They^ were facred to After, or ^°Afl:arte; and ftiled Aftro-caer, and; Caer,- •♦' KuxA&JTTWF faogo.- Eurip. Plerc. Furens. V. 944." ■" Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. '"Many places were denominated from After; fiich as Afteria, Afterion,' Afteris, Aftrsa, Aftarte. See Steph. Byzantinus. Acre^icp, xoA/s QeT-raXix:-— ii ivy riipt-ff/a. Idem. A;= Acs The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 507 Caer-After; out of which the Greeks formed Fag'^o^s;^, and 'Ey^si^oyocg-ri^ ; a ftrange medley made up of hands, and belHes. Strabo in particular having converted thefe buildings into fo many mafons, adds, ^' Faj'S^o^s/^a?, t^s- (poi^svag SK Ti^g reyniYig, Tloey were hojieft bellyhanded mcfi^ indujlrious people^ who got their livelihood by their a?~t. Thefe towers were eredled likewife for Purait, or Puratheia, where the rites of fire were, performed : but Purait, or Puraitus, the Greeks changed to Il^onog ; and gave out that the towers were built for ^^ Prcetus, whom they made a king of that country. I imagine, that not only the common idea of the Cyclo- pians was taken from towers and edifices ; but that the term Ky;«AwY, and Ky;£Aw7riM7reia, t' s^a- vicc Tfi^ect. Euripid, Eledtra. V. 1158. ^* Both Cuclops, and Cuclopes, was the name of a place. We may there- fore, I think, be pretty well afilired, that the Cyclopians were from hence de- nominated. And as facred places had their names from the Deity, to- whom they were dedicated, it is very probable, that the Cuclopian towers were named from Ccelus Ops, the Deity there worshiped : for I have fliewn, that this peo- ple were the reputed children of Ouranus, and Ccelus. theiV The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 509 their mufick, the Peoniaiis for pharmacy, and the Edoni- ans for their rites and worOiip. Thofe, who went under the name of Cyclopes, probably introduced architedure ; for which art they feem to have been every where noted. There was a fountain in thefe parts, of which Ariftotle takes notice, as of a wonderful nature. ^^Ei/ (5^£ Ky;eAw^iTot^0^a?< mi roig oL'h'Koig oixoior otolv 7 KyKpiddiSoi : by the ancient Dorians exprelTed Kaipwcr/cTo;, from Kccq^-lais. ** Orphic Hymn. 31. V. 10. *' Hymn. 10. V. 10. Metis was the fame as Pan. Meed-Ous, whence came Msiovaa., is exaftly analogous to Cotinoiifa, Ai- thoufa, Alphioiifa, Ampcloufa, Pithecoufa, Scotoufa, Arginoufa, Lampadoufa, Amathoufa, Ophioufa, Afteroufa ; and fignifies the temple of Metis, or divine wifdom. After-Ous was a temple on Mount Caucafiir: Amath-Ous, the fame in Cyprus : Ampel-Ous, a temple in Mauritania : Alphi-Ous, in Elis : Achor- Ous, in Egypt : all dedicated to the Deity under different titles. '"* 'X.aaf/.xai Xiovreion roc rojv leouf QuoocfAXTct, KocriJLHa-iy (0; AiyvTnioi.) Plu- tarch. Ifis etOfiris. P. -^66. 4 tion : . 312 The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOGv; tion : and there is reafon to think, that the device upon Charopian temples was fometimes a lion. Homer undoubt- edly had feen the fierce figure of this animal upon fome fa- cred portal in Egypt ; to which he often alludes, when he Ipeaks of a Charopian lion. ^^ A^KToiTj ay^Ts^oi rs Sys;, ^a^OTTot re Asovrsg. The devices upon temples were often efteemed as talifmans, and fuppofed to have an hidden, and falutary influence, by ^vhich the building was preferved. In the temple of Mi- nerva at Tegea was fome fculpture of Medufa, which the Goddefs was faid to have given, olpolXoctov s; tov '^olvtol k^o- .vov sivoLi (^rr]v 7:67\iv) ; to preferve the city from ever being taken in war. It was probably from this opinion, that the *' Athe- nians had the head of Medufa reprefented upon the walls of their acropolis : and it was the infigne of many cities, as we may find from ancient coins. The notion of the Cyclopes framing the thunder and lightning for Jupiter arofe chiefly from the Cyclopians engraving hieroglyphics of this fort upon the temples of the Deity. Hence they were repre- fented as perfons, *' OdyfT. A. v. 6 10. It is a term which feems to have puzzled the commen- tators. Xaco7ro<, g7r(7rA))5<.TiKcj, (po€e^oi. Scholiaft. Ibid. It was certainly an Amonian term : and the Poet alluded to a Charopian temple. T«5 cT' w T^eii x.ipcc^.at.1, fJLisc u.iv ;)^a5o7ro;o AeocToj. Hefiod. Theogon. V. 321, Homer in another place mentions, Auxccv y.XccyyriVy ^acpoTTCoy t£ Aeoi'Twr'. Hymn. £15 Mwre^a figwc. V. 4. As a lion was from hence ftiled Charops, (o from another temple it was named Charon. Xa^au- c Agwi'. Hefych. Achilles is ftiled AiXH-mni Xapuv, X^ycoph. V. 260. a martial Charonian Lion.^ &« Paufan.L. 8. p. 696. i] Paufan. L. 1. p. 49- 3 Oi V\M.' 1\ M E U U ^ A .- f'^iiffu^ ^SAifi-rceye^i^. ' r^r'rv)!! iJ The Analysis of Ancient Mytholqgv. 513 Oi ZriH fynriv t £^o(rc(.i/, tsv^olp ts hs^olvvov. The Poets confidered them merely in the capacity of black- fmiths, and condemned them to the anvil. This arofe from the chief Cyclopian Deity being called Acmon, and Pyrac- mon. He was worfhiped under the former title in Phry- gia ; where was a city and diftrid called Acmonia, men- tioned by Alexander '' Polyhiftor. The Amazonians paid the like reverence : and there was a facred grove called Ac- monium upon the ^° Thermodon, which was held in great repute; He was by ibme looked upon as the offspring of heaven ; by others worfliiped as Ouranus, and Ccelus, the heaven itfelf : and Acmonides was fuppofed to have been his ^' fon, whom fome of the mythologifts made the ruling fpi- rlt of the earth. Hence Simmias Rhodius introduces Divine Love difplaying his influence, and faying, that he produced "^ HeTiod. TheogOn. V. 141. Scholia ApoUon. L. i. v. 73a KyxAwTE^TcTf An uiv SiSoxii ^pouTJw, Kxi x~cx7r>]t'yy~o^mnlct crvvBea. Diodorus Siculus, L. i. p. 333. fays, that fome made the Idsi Daftyli ten in number ; others an hundred. ■" Clemens Alexand. Strom. L, i, p. 401. Strabo. L. 10. p. 725. ■"* Strabo. L. 10. p. 715. They are by Tatianus AflTyrius fpoken of as the Cyclopes, and the fame invention attributed to them, Xa.^.x.evsiv KuxAuTrti {tii^a.^c(.v). P. 243. Fabricam ferrariam primi excogitarunt Cyclopes. See Hoffman. Ferrum." '^ KujcAoiTrei, Q^axikov iuvoi^ avro KvxAuTroi QuotXiui ^tus otofxx^o/jiSvot.—' -TvXitovii ^i ctvTU'v iv T>) K.B^-miS'i wccv .fg APISTOI TEXNITAI. Schol. in Euripid. Oreft. V. 966. 2 Mention 5i<3 The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOGY. their works, ^* that there was a time, when they were held in high eftimation. They were denominated from their worfhip: and their chief Deity among other titles was ftiled Acmon, and Pyracmon. They feem to have been great in many fciences : but the term Acmon fignifying among the Greeks an anvil, the Poets have limited them to one bafe department, and x;on{idered them as fo many black- fmiths. And as they refided near iEtna, they have made the burning mountain their forge: '' Ferrum exercebant vafto Cyclopes in antro, Brontefque, Steropefque, et nudus membra Pyracmon. Mention is afterwards made tuv ex. rm Ka^«T-^ Sp^. v^ -■A -i ^ u /■^ r \ H^ IV \ X \ n.*r*i s \ \ J. I r^ ^' V :iJi^sr>fC»: m^^^L^^^ „/,■■».■ I ''. :X>^dri