FRANKLIN INSTITUTE LIBRARY PHILADELPHIA, PA. REFERENCE MODERN Moulding and Pattern -Making. 21 Practical Crcatise upon JPattcctt-S)|)op anH jFounUrp SSHorlt. BMBKACING THE MOULDING OF PULLETS, SPUR GEARS, WORM GEARS, BALANCE- WHEELS, STATIONARY-ENGINE AND LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDERS, GLOBE VALVES, TOOL WORK, MINING MACHINERY, SCREW- PROPELLERS, PATTERN-SHOP MACHINERY, AND THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLAS. TOGETHER WITH A L,ARGE COLLECTION OP ORIGINAL AND CABEFCLLy SELECTED RULES AND TABLES, FOR E VERY-DAY USE IN THE DRAWING-OFFICE, PATTERN- SHOP, AND FOUNDRY. WITH 165 ILLUSTRATIONS. BY JOSEPH P... My.I.LIN, M.E. D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets 1907 /ASS 1107 coptbioft. By D. van NOSTRAND ELECTROTYPED BT RAND, AVERY, AND COMPAKT. BOSTON, PEEFAOE. In the pages of this book I have given the result of many years of careful study, and actual personal experience, in the different branches, with the belief that it would be useful to my fellow-workmen. The success which has uniformly attended the several operations detailed at length renders them valuable to manufacturers of similar parts ; and those who may wish to follow the plans laid down, in their own practice, can rest assured that they are not merely theoreti- cal, or copied from other works with slight alterations of the text. I have followed every piece in detaU, from the drawing-room to the finished casting ready for the machinist. Knowing the great expense of such work, I have not dared to give mere speculations, which might or might not be practically possible. I have simply narrated the work of my hands ; and may say, without egotism, that those who have never undertaken work similar to that here described will find my methods expeditious and economical. It should be understood that I do not put this work forward as a complete guide to pattern-making in all its branches, but refer to this trade only as it is immediately connected with the part directly under discussion. JOSEPH P. MULLIN. Arlington, N.J., December, 1884. COInTENTS. CHAPTER I. Page The Position of the Draughtsman. — The Pattern-Maker and his Trade. — The Art of Moulding 1 CHAPTER n. Pattern-Shop Machinery. — The Wood-turning Lathe. — The Band-Saw. — The Circular-Saw. — The Buzz-Planer. — The Grindstone 7 CHAPTER III. Standard Pulleys. — Proportion of the Different Parts of Pulleys. — Table of Dimensions of Standard Pulleys from 6" to 20" inclusive. — Table of Dimensions of Standard Pulleys from 22" to 72" inclusive. — To draw Straight-arm Pulleys. — To draw Curved-arm Pulleys. — To draw S-shaped Arras. — Table of Dimensions of Standard Pulleys, having Extra Heavy Arms, from 6" to 60" inclusive, advancing by 2". — Pattern-making. — Moulding 16 CHAPTER IV. Moulding Large Internal Flanged Pulleys without a Pattern . 27 CHAPTER V. Moulding Double-armed Pulleys and Drums in Green Sand, Dry Sand, and Loam 33 V vi CONTENTS. chaptp:r VI. Page. Moulding Large Spur Gears with Sweeps and Segments . . 39 CHAFfER VII. Worm Gear. —Drawing, Pattern-making, and Moulding the Same 45 CHAPTER VIII. Moulding Large Sheave-Wheels, and forming the Rim with Sweeps ^0 CHAPTER IX. Moulding Fly- Wheels without a Full Pattern .... 55 CHAPTER X. Moulding Heavy, Wide-faced Band-Wheels, with Sweeps and Dry-Sand Cores 60 CHAPTER XI. Globe- Valves. — Drawing, Pattern-making, and Moulding.— Table of Dimensions of Globe-Valves, having Hexagonal Flanges, from i" to 2" inclusive. — Table of Dimensions of Globe- Valves having Round Flanges and Bolt-Holes, from 2i" to 5i" inclusive, advancing by i" CHAPTER XII. Cylinder Work. — Making the Patterns and Moulding Air-Com- pressor Cylinder CHAPTER XIII. The Locomotive Cylinder. — How to construct the Pattern and Core-Boxes. — Moulding, and setting the Cores . . .SO CONTENTS. Vll CHAPTER XIV. Page. Two Ways of Moulding Cylinders. — Pattern-making and Mould- ing Cylinder with Piston- Valves 87 CHAPTER XV. Casting Steam-jacketed Cylinders in Green Sand. — How to make the Patterns and Core-Boxes for Plain Slide- Valve Cylinders - 93 CHAPTER XVI. Casting Large Cylinders in Loam 103 CHAPTER XVII. Tool Work. — Pattern-making and Moulding Large Face-Plates . 107 CHAPTER XVIII. The Lathe Spindle, and how to mould it. — How to construct the Pattern and Core-Box 113 CHAPTER XIX. The Head-Stock. — How to make the Patterns, and mould the Same 122 CHAPTER XX. Mining-Machinery. — Casting Heavy Mortars for Stamp-Mills . 130 CHAPTER XXI. Moulding Large Hollow Castings in Dry Sand . . . ; 137 VIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXII. Page. The Screw-Propeller: how to make it. — Drawing. — The Method of laying out the Screw-Propeller. — To determine the Devel- opment of the Thread or Angle of the Blade. — To determine the Pitch of the Developed Screw on a Tangent Plane. — Pattern-making. — How to make the Sweep-Board, and lay out the Curved Guide-Board for the Outer Helix of the Blade. — Moulding. — Building the Brickwork, and moulding the Blades l"i exercised, or even understood, by too many so-calk d mechanics, in all the different trades. Now, I hold that manufacturers, superintendents, and foremen are largely to blame for this ; and if they would only stop to consider the matter, and trace out cause and effect, they would find that tliis want of original THK PATTERN-MAKER. 5 thought oil the part of the workmen is not only detri- mental to the interests of all concerned, but that they (the employers) have the remedy, principally, in their own hands; and while employers and managers of men have a right to expect the service of men's brains, as well as their hands, so the men have a right to expect that their employers will gladly and cheerfully accept that service. The man who says that if all mechanics were thinkers and inventors, there would be no use for such as he, simply makes a display of his own ignorance and lack of reasoning power. He, in fact, unwittingly takes off the mask in which impoverished thoughts ever array themselves, in the hope of giving mechanical emphasis to utterances which lack the impressiveness of argumentative force. Now, we cannot compel such a man to return to the abandoned field of logic, which he, at the outset, claimed exclusively as his; but we can, by force of reasoning, use him as an illustration of that class of employers who do not allow their men to think, and whose business suffers in consequence. Fortunately, there is another and more numerous class of employers and foremen. They are men who will accept suggestions or advice when it is given to benefit their own pockets. The superintendent or foreman who does not teach his men self-reliance, and who does not require them to do their own thinking in all matters appertaining to their trade, such as devising ways and means to accom- plish their work to the best advantage and in the most economical manner, is not fit to hold a responsible posi- tion ; and, in justice to himself, his employer and his fellow- workmen, he should step out, giving place to a more competent man. 6 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. THE ART OF MOULDING. While many of the above remarks with regard to the pattern-maker and his trade are applicable to the moulder, there are some facts still remaining to be added. "The fact is, the art of moulding — and it is an art — is never fully learned ; and the oldest and most com- petent moulder will freely admit that he does not, and never expects to, know it all. " I have stated that moulding was an art, and it is all I claim for it. I can say that there are moulders who have all the ardor of the artist ; men whose trade is to them a thing of the heart, and who give their whole mind to their work. Such men are as rare, and as diffi- cult to find as good civil engineers, draughtsmen, pat- tern-makers, painters, musicians, and engravers, but no more so. The moulder has sand, iron, coal, with their innumerable variations, to contend with in every new locality; and in many places the water he tempers his sand with affects the production of clear, sound cast- ings." Still he has surmounted all these difficulties, and to the moulder the engineering world is indebted for material assistance in some of its greatest mechanical achievements. Finally, while it is evident that the close connec- tion which exists between pattern-makers and .moulders renders their interests practically one, it is also obvious that both pattern-makers and moulders should under- stand drawing; and so, in order to attain a degree of proficiency in any one of these callings, we must have some knowledge of all. PATTEKN-SHOP MACHINERY. 7 CHAPTER II. PATTEEN-SHOP MACHINERY. — THE WOOD-TURNING LATHE. There is no other machine-tool manufactured that is of so much value in the pattern-shop as the wood- turning lathe ; and yet, generally speaking, there is no other which has received so little attention with regard to improvement, either from the constructors of wood- working machinery, or the purchasers of the same. Now, there are some reasons for this seeming neglect. First, the high speed which is always necessary for wood-turning; and the number and variety of tools, and the many peculiar positions in which they have to be held in order to produce the fineness of finish required in pattern- work, and also to comply with other essential conditions, such as the direction of the grain, and the different kinds of wood used for the construction of patterns, render many of the improvements to be found on other wood-working machinery almost im- practicable. It must also be remembered, that a hand-tool can be - sharpened in less time than it would take to remove the cutting-tool from a machine ; and, as keenness of edge is one of the most essential conditions of a turning-tool, the time occupied in sharpening it is an important consideration, Notwithstanding all these impediments, 8 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. however, there is yet plenty of room for improvements in the pattern-maker's lathe, and much work is now done by hand that might be advantageously done by a machine properly designed. Pattern-work, whenever possible, should have the benefit of accurate-working machinery, instead of hand- work ; and a pattern-maker's lathe, fitted with a light slide-rest, as shown by the annexed cuts (Figs. 1, 2, and 3), would be a very useful tool. This, or any like attachment to any common wood-turning lathe, would THE WOOD-TURNING LATHE. 0 enable the pattern-maker to trim and face all kinds of straight work as true as with an engine-lathe ; and by the addition of a swivel to the cross-slide, he could turn outside and inside bevels, tapers, etc. Fig. 1 is an end-view of the attachment ; Fig. 2 is a side-view; and Fig. 3 is a plan showing the lathe-shears, and the slide B with the cross-slide O removed. A represents tlie lathe-shears; B, the slide-rest fitted on the ways to slide easily ; C, the T-rest and tool-holder, sliding across the lathe on B. N o Fig. 2. By inserting a block between the clamp D and the rest B, C is, of course, held firm for turning straight work, and B at the same time is allowed to slide (by hand) on the lathe-shears A. A suitable tool f(n' general use, in connection with tlit; foregoing slide-rest, is shown at Fig. 4, and needs no further explanation. Fig. 5 is a very good representation of an ordinary wood-turning lathe. Now, the following changes and 10 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. additions to this lathe would render it infipitely more valuable, at least for pattern-makers' use. First, the shears should be made of iron, as shown at A, Fig. 1. Iron shears keep true, and the tailstock and tool-rest are more easily moved. Second, the cone should liave five different speeds. Third, the position O of the cone should be reversed ; or, in other words, the small end of the cone should be set towards the centre of the shears, or tailstock. This is in order to let the workman have a chance to turn his job both back and face, without having to take it out of the lathe, and Qhuck it a second time before finishing. Of course, THE WOOD-TURNING LATHE. 11 this cannot always be done, but it can be in a great many cases. In its present position, however, the work- man's hands, as well as the handle of the tool which he Fig. 4. may chance to be using, are liable to come in contact with the large section of the cone. Fourth, in addition to the two face-plates shown in the figure, we should MODERN MOULDING AND PyVTTKRX-M AKING. THE BAND-SAW. 13 have two screw or worm chucks, and one box-chuck, such as shown at A and B. Fifth, the outside or overhanging end of the cone-spindle should be quite as large in diameter as the inside or driving end, because it is on the overhanging end of the lathe that all the heavy work is done, such as fly-wheels etc. ; and so, of course, it should be very strong and rigid. In the jobbing-shop, or in any pattern-shop where iroii or other metal patterns are frequently made, a good drill-chuck and a supply of small twist-drills will also be very useful. THE BAND-SAW. The utility of the band-sawing ni;i chine is too well known to require any lengthy elucidation in these pages ; and when the table is provided with some such Fig. 6. device as shown at A, Fig. 6, and also made adjustable so as to permit cutting upon any angle between the level and forty-five degrees, it is, practically speaking, a perfect machine tool, at least for i)attern-makers' use. The circular-saw table, if properly designed, is a great labor-saver in the pattern-shop, and is especially valu- 14 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. able for preparing stock for pattern-work, frequently effecting a saving of twenty-five or thirty per cent in material. The circular-saw table, designed for pattern-work, should be made entirely of iron, and combine simplicity of arrangement with effectiveness. The table should be capable of universal adjustment, and provided with adjustable gauges for ripping and cross-cutting at any angle. In addition to the common practice of ripping and cross-cutthig, such a saw may be used for a great variety of purposes. By a proper adjustment of the gauges, grooves, shoulders and rabbets may be cut to any desired angle with almost perfect accuracy. Then again, if the gauge before mentioned, instead of being set parallel to the saw, is set obliquely to it, recesses may be sawed out, varying in elliptical form from a groove the width of the saw-kerf to a circle equal to the extreme diameter of the saw. One of the most valuable and useful machine-tools yet produced for pattern-shop use is the buzz-planer, or jointing-machine. It bears about the same relation to the hand or bench-plane of the present day that the modern flooring-machines do to the old-fashioned tonguing and grooving planes. It performs its work with great accuracy, as well as with great rapidity; and for simplicity, durability, compactness, and general adaptation to all the different requirements of the pat- tern-sliop, it has but few equals. Surface planing, jointing, bevelling, or cutting upon any angle what- ever, are all performed with equal facility and accu- racy ; and but a few minutes are necessary to change from one class of work to another. It is especially THE BAND-SAW. 15 useful in getting out staves for cylinder work, seg- ments for wheels, or other circles. In short, it is a good companion machine for the circular saw ; and in any pattern-shop where three or four men are employed, these two machines will pay for themselves in less than a year. The two machines can be bought and set up ready for use for three hundred dollars. In a shop employing three or four men, these two machines will be worth as much as one good man. Now, suppose the man works three hundred days in the year, and receives ^975 for his services, at the end of the first year we have a cash balance in favor of the saw and planer of $675, less the cost of power, oil, etc., 126.65 ; leaving a net balance of $658.85 ; and we have the two machines to boot, so to speak. The above calculation looks reasonable to me ; and I often wonder why so many shrewd business men con- tinue to convert pattern-makers into circular-saws and buzz-planers. Every pattern-shop should be provided with a good grindstone, and said stone should be kept in good con- dition. The old plan of letting pattern-makers worry along with tools ground on the stone in the machine- shop don't pay. The best workmen are always the men who have their tools in the best order, and they are the very men who detest going to grind them on a stone all cut and gouged out with cold-chisels and machine-tools. I don't believe the best workman that ever shoved a plane could do common justice to a respectable meat-axe on the average machine-shop grindstone. 16 iSIODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CHAPTER III. STANDARD PULLEYS. — DRAWING, PATTERN- MAKING, AND MOULDING. In order to transfer motion, or force, from one axis to another, belt pulleys are undoubtedly the most universally employed; and, although the various cir- cumstances of transmission render any fixed scientific principles or mathematical calculations with regard to dimensions impracticable, still some formula by which they may be drawn with such approximate correctness as to be sufficiently accurate for general purposes, is not only important but necessary. Figs. 7, 8, and 9 exhibit the proportion of the differ- ent parts of pulleys, and the method of drawing pulleys having straight, curved, or S-shaped arms. The thick- ness of metal around the shaft, in the hub of any size of pulley, is measured as B on the line of the diameter of the pulley from the base line A to the line of the diam- eter of the shaft. The length of the hub is determined by adding the thickness of the web to twice the length of i/', when measured from the base line A to the line of the face of the pulley on the line of the pulley's diameter, as shown at Fig. 7. The arc which forms the outline of the drawing for the side of the arm is struck with a radius equal to three-fourths of the width, as shown at Fig. 8. of drawing them, are shown at Fig. 9, and will be easily understood by the reader. 18 MODERN MOITLDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. The width of the arm at the hub, and the thickness Fig. 8. of the rim unfinished, will be found in the following tables : — TABLE OF DIMENSIONS FOR STANDARD PULLEYS From 6" to 20" inclusive, advancing by 1". Diameter op Pullet. Width op Arm at Hub. Thickness op Rim at Cen- tre. Thickness op Rim at Edge. Width across the Web. 6" 1" A" 3 // 3" 7" llV 6 // A" 3" 8" H" A" A" 3" 9" lA" A" A" 4" 10" A" A" 4" 11" A" 3 // 4" 12" If" A" 3 '/ 5i" 13" A" A" 5i" 14" 11" ij 3 // 5i" 15" 19'/ 5 '/ TS A" 5i" 16" If" 3" S 1// n 5i" 17" m" 3// ¥ V 5i" 18" If" 3// 111 ¥ 5f" 19" ir 3" 111 K3// 20" 2" 3// "S 1 // K3 II TO DRAW THE STRAIGHT ARMS. 19 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS FOR STANDARD PULLEYS From 22" to 72" inclusive, advancing by 2". Diameter of Pulley. Width op Arm at Hub. Thickness op Rim at Cen- tre. Thickness op Rim at Edge. Width Across tub Web. 22" 3// IS 1// 6i" 24" 21" 3'f f 1// ? 6i" 26" 93// 3ir 1// ¥ 6i" 28" 011/ ■^2 111 7" 30" 3" J 1// ? 7" 32" 2|" A" A" 7" 34" 97// ft 7" 36" 3" A" • 5 // 8" 38" 3i" A" 5 '/ 8" 40" 3i" A" 8" 42" 3|" ft 8" 44" 3i" ft 9" 46" 3f" 111 3// 9" 48" 3|" 1// ill 8 9" 50" 31" 1// ■f 3// 10" 52" 4" 1// 3// 8 10" 54" 4i" A" A" 10" 56" 4i" 9 // TS 7 // 16 11" 58" 4|" 9 V T5 7 // 16 11" 60" 41" 9 // T5 A" 11" 62" 4f" f" 1// 11" 64" 4f" 5ff ■5 1// "J 12" 66" 4|" 511 1// 2 12" 68" 5" 5// ? HI 2 12" W 5i" 5ir Iff 12i" 12" 5i" 511 1// 2 12i" TO DRAW THE STRAIGHT ARMS. First draw the circle representing the extreme diam- eter of the pulley, then draw the circle for the inner edge of the rim ; on this circle set off six points, and from these points draw radii lines to represent the centre 20 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. of the arms. Next strike the circles indicating the bore of the pulley and the outer edge of the hub ; then on each side of the radii or centre of the arm, on the circles of the diameter of the hub and inside edge of the rim, set off points to denote the width of the arm at the hub and rim, and from these points draw lines to show the edge of the arms. The arms should not meet the rim in a sharp corner, as shown in this small illustration, but the straight lines are joined to the circle by means of a small arc, which may be drawn to any size pleasing to the eye. In like manner, the arms at their base are united by an arc, which should be struck with a radius from some point on a line bisecting their angle. These curves should not again form angles at the points where they meet the straight lines, but should be so drawn as to touch the line of the web, and then merge imperceptibly into the straight lines indicating the edge of the arms. TO DRAW CURVED ARMS. On the circle of the outer edge of the rim, locate the point L for the centre of the arm ; then, with a radius equal to two-thirds of the radius of the pulley, draw the circle A, and from a point somewhere on this circle, with the same radius, strike the arc, bisecting the point L and the centre of the hub ; and on each side of this arc, on the lines of the diameter of the hub and the in- side edge of the rim, set off points to denote the width of the arm at the rim and base. We now add half the width of the arm at F to the former radius, and draw the arc a, bisecting the proper points on the diameter of the hub and inner edge of the rim. Then from the present radius take the full Fig. 9. To DRAW THE S-AEM. 21 width of the arm at and dl•a^y the arc m, and thus produce a complete outline of the arm. In this, as in all otlier forms of arm, the corners, as points of intersection at the hub and rim, should, of course, be filleted as mentioned when describing the method of drawing the straight arms. TO DRAW THE S-AEM. From the point T on the diameter, draw radii ; then, with a radius equal to one-quarter of the diameter of the pulley, strike the circle n ; and on this circle, from its intersection with the radius at a distance equal to its radius, set off the point d. At an angle of thirty- degrees from the radius we draw the line e, cutting the circle n and the centre of the hub. From the intersec- tion of n draw the line s, joining e and T. From the point at right angles with s, draw the line m, join d and w, cutting the circle n at the radius T. With the points d u for centres, draw the line which will rep- resent the centre line of the arm. From this line set off the width of the arm, the hub, the centre, and rim, and then with the proper radii draw the outlines of the arms, as shown in the figure. It frequently happens that pulleys are required to Fig. 10. have extra heavy arms ; and under such circumstances the following table of dimensions, and the form of arm 22 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. shown at Fig. 10, have been found good, and give perfect satisfaction when used in connection with the described method of drawing. TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD PULLEYS, Having extra heavy arms, from 6" to 60" inclusive, advancing by 2". Diameter op Thickness op Thickness op Thickness op Pulley. Rim. Arm at Rim. Arm at Hub. 6" w X 5 // rz li" X 1// 8" 1" X 31' 8 If" X 511 8 10" A" 1" X 311 8 13// X 511 J 12" A" lA" 1 6 X A" lA" X f " 14" A" lA" X A" lA" X 511 8 15" A" lA" X A" lA" X 511 -g 16" A" 1 6 li" X A" H" X 11// T6 18" 111 ¥ If" X A" 1 5// X w 20" Iff T 13// X 111 If" X w 22" 111 ? IS// X 511 ? 2" X i" 24" i" lA" X tt" 2i" X 1^11 16 26" 111 ? H" X 11// T5 2i" X li'/ 16 28" A" 15// X 11// TS 2i" X 1" 30" A" If" X 311 2f" X 1" 32" A" 2" X 21" X 34" 1" 2i" X V 2f" X 1 1" 36" 311 S 2i" X lA II 16 3" X U" 38" A'' 2|" X 15// 31" X \\" 40" A" 2|" X 1 QUI X lA" 42" ¥ 3i" X 1 111 4" X 1 3// 48" ¥ 3i" X lA" 4^ X HI" 52" A" 3f" X i¥ 4f" X 60" f" 3f" X 19// 5}" X 2" PATTERN-MAKING. Among the many methods of making standard pulley patterns, and moulding the same, I believe the following is the best : — PATTEKN-MAKING. 23 Make an iron pattern of rim, the diameter of pulley Fig. 11. required, and from 6'' to 8" face. (See Fig. 11.) Now "~[ -\ 7 . Fig. 12. make iron pattern of arms as shown at Fig. 12. The 24 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. arms should be an easy fit when put in place, say one- sixteenth slack. Drill a 1" hole in centre for hub- dowel, as shown at A, Fig. 12. Make a set of wooden patterns for all the different sizes of hubs required. Hubs should have a 1" hard-wood dowel-pin in the bottom of each, so that they will fit any size of pulley. MOULDING, Fig. 13 is a core or lifting-plate, made to fit between Fig. 13. the arms, leaving a margin of about f between the edge of the plate and the pattern. The difi'erent sec- tions are connected by a strong bridge, as shown at B. Three .or four of the sections should have a large and pointed dowel, or guide-pin C, cast on bottom. MOULDING. 25 Fig. 14 shows the rim moulded on the outside, and the arms and hubs set in position and moulded up to the F T u 6. I IT"! Fig. 14. centre. The core or lifting-plate, Fig. 14, is now set in place, and bedded down solid, as shown at Fig. 15. The Fig. 15. parting can now be made, and the centre filled in and rammed up level with top of mould. We are now 26 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. ready to put on cope-flask Fig. 16 ; fill in, ram up, and make gate in same. I E Fig. 16. We can now lift off cope JE, and draw the rim pattern ; then lift away the centre, and draw from the sand the patterns of arms and hub. Finish the mould, and set : ; Fig. 17. centre i), Fig. 17, back into position ; close down cope make runner, and it is ready to cast, as shown at Fig. 17. MOULDING PULLEYS WITHOUT A PATTEKN. 27 CHAPTER IV. MOULDING LARGE INTERNAL FLANGED PULLEYS WITHOUT A PATTERN. Nearly every jobbing and machine foundry, and pattern-shop also, has something to do with pnllev- Fig. 18. work. But they are not all equipped with a complete set of patterns, as illustrated in the preceding chapter ; 28 MODEKN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. and, even in those establishments where pulley-work is considered a specialty, they are not provided with a pattern for every form and size of pulley : in fact, such a thing would be almost impossible. Suppose a man comes along with a sketch of a pulley such as is shown at Fig. 18. This pulley must be 6 feet in diameter, 14" face, and be bored to fit a 31" shaft. The peculiar circumstances, and conditions with regard to the position in which this pulley has to be placed, as well as the speed at which it has to move, call for the casting to be as light as possible ; reference, of course, being had to strength, and the force to be transmitted. Few shops have standard patterns on hand that would fill the bill for such an order; and to make a full pattern would cost more than the cus- tomer would be willing to give for the whole job. By the system herewith illustrated, pulleys of any diameter or width of face can be moulded in either green or dry sand, or loam, with but little expense for pattern-making. Fig. 19 is a plan and side sectional elevation of the core-box for forming the hub-arm and inside of the rim. The depth of this box, when finished, must be equal to one-half the width of the face of the pulley, and must taper from one-sixth of the circumference of the inside of the rim of the pulley to the centre of the hub., as shown in the figure. The arc which forms the rim of the pulley should be equal in depth to half tlie width of the face of the pulley, less the thickness of the flange and fillet. On the top edge of this arc we set the loose segment shown at A, which will form the fillet, and project over for the flange, as shown at B. A half section of the centre bead, on the inside of the rim of MOULDING PULLEYS WITHOUT A PATTERN. 29 the pulley, and also a section of the arm and hub, must be set on the bottom, in the positions shown at C and J). The whole end or arc of the box should be made loose, and held in place with stout screws ; then, when the core has been made, and is ready to lift out of the Fig. 19. Hub Print box, the screws can be taken out, and the end removed, and thus avoid all danger of breaking the core. A plan of the core-frame is shown at Fig. 20. The circles, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, indicate the location of the holes or staples for inserting the hooks or lifting-irons. 80 MODEKN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING, Fig. 21 is a plan of the box for making cake cores, which are used for covering the edge of the rim of the pulley, as shown at Fig. 22. This box is a plain Fig. 20. frame, either screwed or nailed together, and open at both top and bottom. It should be about two inches Rg. 21. deep, and may be made to any convenient length, pro- viding a number of full cores will make a complete circle of the rim without cutting. MOULDING PULLEYS WITHOUT A PATTERN. 31 111 addition to the two core-boxes illustrated above, it is well to make a segment for the outside of the rim of the pulley. It is not necessary for this segment to be finished to any particular size ; but it should have a straight surface, parallel with the face, so that it may be used for the purpose of plumbing and setting the segment true when moulding, as shown at jP, Fig. 22. MOULDING. The cut (Fig. 22) showing half section of the mould, with all the cores set and the cope closed down, rep- resents the mode of sweeping or moulding this style of pulley in green-sand and dry-sand cores. The cut shows a hole dug in the floor to the depth of face required plus the thickness of the cake core shown at E. The bottom of this excavation is then rammed solid, and swept off level and smooth, as shown at G-. On this level surface we strike a circle — the diameter of the pulley — to serve as an approximate- guide for setting the segment F. When the bottom of the mould has been swept oif true, and the circle struck as described, we set the segment F to the line of the diam- eter of the pulley, as shown. It is then held firmly in place with strong braces from the centre of the mould. We then fill in the sand, and ram up the outside level with the top edge of the segment, as shown in part at H. The segment is then moved around to the next position, and moulded on the outside as before, con- tinuing the operation until a complete circle of the rim has been made. When the outside of the rim has been thus formed and finished, we are ready to set the hub core as shown in the figure. The cut shows one set of cores resting on the bottom 82 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. or bed of the mould. A part of the space below the hub core may, in some cases, be filled up with green sand in order to shorten the bottom end of the hub core as shown at J. When the bottom set of cores is placed in position, the top set can be put on without any trouble, and the joints of the cores made tight to avoid fins on the cast- ing. The rim of the pulley is then covered with the cake cores ^, the hub core set in place, and covered with a cake core, as shown. We are then ready to close down the cope, put on the necessary weights, and cast the pulley. For large sized pulleys, it is well to discard the seg- ment I', and build up the outside of the rim with loam, as it will be much smoother, and gives a better appear- ance to the casting. MOULDING WITH A FULL PATTEEK. 33 CHAPTER V. MOULDING DOUBLE-ARMED PULLEYS AND DEUMS IN GEEEN SAND, DEY SAND, AND LOAM. We now come to speak of double-armed pulleys, and will take for an example a large drum for an elevator engine. This class of work can be made in green sand, dry sand, or loam, as circupistances may determine, and either with a full pattern or with sweeps and cores. MOULDING WITH A FULL PATTEEN. For large sizes, or when the body of the pattern is too heavy to turn in an ordinary wood-turning lathe, it may be made in two pieces, and then fastened together with three strong bolts. These bolts can also be made to do duty as draw-irons. In the present example, the projection or ring A (Fig. 25) was made loose, as was also the flange B. The openings O between the arms and at each side of the ring A are made with cake cores. The body cores are made in twelve sections, six upper and six lower. When making the body core-box, the same principle is involved as illustrated by Fig. 19, in the preceding chapter. After making the proper exca- vation in the floor of the foundry, we put in a layer of cinders three or four inches thick; then five or six inches of sand ; then set the ring A, fill in, and ram up level with the top. This part of the mould must be 34 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. well vented downward to the cinders, which will take away all the gas from the bottom of the mould by way of the two three-inch pipes, as shown at Fig. 25. Now o set on the body of the pattern, and then place {and mould the segments of flange B, and make the partnng at centre of same. When this is done, set the miain MOULDING WITH SWEEPS AND LOAM. 35 part of the flask, fill in, mould up to the top of the llaugc, and make parting along the top of the pattern. Put on cope part of flask, fill in, ram up, and make three l^-inch feed-gates and four l|-inch risers. When this is done, lift off the cope, and draw from the sand the body of the pattern. Then lift away the main part of the flask, and draw the flange B and ring A. The cores are then put in position as follows : First set the bottom or ring core, and then the twelve cake cores 0. Now set the six lower sections of the body core, make joints, etc. This being done, set the upper sections of body core. The upper and lower body cores are set to half lap each other. Set hub core, and finish the mould. Close it up, and make feed channel. MOULDING WITH SWEEPS AND LOAM. At Figs. 23 and 24 we have shown the method of making a similar casting with sweeps and loam. Having set the step i>, and the spindle shown in Fig. 23, we get the strickle-board and bolt it to the arm F. With this we sweep off the form of the top of the mould or bottom of the cope, and on the surface so formed set the flask J", and mould it up as shown ; then lift it off, and dry it in the most convenient man- ner. We now make a hole in the floor of the foundry, and put in a layer of cinders three or four inches thick, set the vent-pipes shown at Fig. 24, and then fill the hole up with sand. We now put a cast-iron ring, with an inside diameter about two inches larger than the extreme diameter of the drum or pulley, and from seven to ten inches wide, and bed it in the floor, as shown at L. This ring makes a good bearing-surface for the brick-work, as well as a guide for the point of the and the brick-work built up, as shown, using the sweep MOULDING WITH SWEEPS AND LOAM. 37 W for a guide. When the outside of the drum or pulley has been thus built up in loam, it is hoisted off and dried, while the bottom and inside are being 38 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. moulded. The strickle-board T is then bolted to the spindle-arm ; and with it the bottom of the mould can be swept out to shape, using the core print and cast- iron ring L for a guide as to depth. When the bottom of the mould has been formed and finished, the cores may be set in the same order as for green-sand moulding, the loam-work lowered to position, the mould closed, and made ready to cast, as shown at Fig. 25. MOULDING LAKGE GEAK-WHEELS CHAPTER VL MOULDING LAKGE GEAR-WHEELS. Foe. the transmission of power by machinery, gear- wheels are frequently brought into action, and for standard work may be considered next in order to pulleys. Now, the manner of moulding any ordinary gear, where we have a complete pattern, is too well known Fig. 26. to require any notice in these articles. But suppose a special order comes in, and we want a gear-wheel 10 or 12 feet in diameter, 2^" pitch, and d" face. The quick- 4(5 BiODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. est and best way to make such a wheel is often of more than usual importance, and to make a full pattern is entirely out of the question. From among the various ways of making such wheels I have selected the following, which I will try to illustrate. Fig. 26 is the plan and elevation of a set of arms, for which, in many cases, it is advisable to make a full pattern. Fig. 27 shows a segment of the rim of the wheel, and a number of teeth attached. If the distance is not too great, it is well to make this segment long enough to take in two arms, as shown in Fig. 33. This, however, is not of much importance, as from fifteen to twenty teeth are generally a sufficient number. E GL- ■ O. Figs. 28 and 29. Figs. 28 and 29, or -E' and F, are " strickle " boards, MOULDING LARGE GEAR-WHEELS. 41 the utility of which will be seen when we come to the moulding part of our work. The face of the strickle- board E is made to fit the top of the rim at A, Fig. 32, and that of strickle F is the form of the inside of the rim at I), Fig. 27. Now, if we are pushed for time in the pattern-shop, or if for any other reason it is not convenient to make Fig. 30. a pattern for a full set of arms, as mentioned above, we should make a pattern of the hub and one arm, as shown at Fig. 30. In either case the hub and print must have a hole through the centre to fit the spindle used in the foundry. 42 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. MOULDING. Having prepared the floor, and set the spindle-step or bearing, we bed down the arm-pattern, and mould it up level with the top. We now take the strickle-board E, and bolt it to the arm of the spindle, as shown at Fig. 31. This will scrape off the top of the mould level Fig. 31. with the pattern, and leave the correct form for the bottom of the cope and top of the rim. We now take off the strickle, make parting, lay on the cope-flask, as shown at (r, Fig. 31, ram it up, and Fig. 32. lift it off again. This being done, take strickle-board i^iind bolt it to arm of spindle, as shown at i>. Fig. 32!. With this scrape away the sand around the outside o.f MOULDING LARGE GEAR-WHEELS. 43 the arms, leaving a level and smooth bottom for segment of rim and teeth. Having done so, set pattern of seg- ment in position, and press it down hard enough to leave the impression of the ends of the teeth in the sand ; or, what is perhaps better, shake a little flour between the teeth. Then lift it, and move it around from place to place until the circle is completed. Should Fig. 33. it fall short, or overreach a little in the circumference, it can be adjusted by a slight change in the diameter of the wheel. Having thus decided on the correct position for it, we set the segment, and ram up the teeth, as shown at Fig. 33. Then draw it from the sand, and move it around to the next position, ram it up again, and so on until the circle is completed. Then draw 44 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. from the sand the pattern of the arms, finish, and close the mould. When the pattern of hub and one arm is used instead of the full set of arms, as mentioned above, we must first take the strickle-board and scrape off the toj) of the mould, make parting, set on cope-flask (r, ram it up, and lift it away again. Then use strickle-board i\ as shown at i>, Fig. 32. Bed in and mould the hub and arm; then draw it from the sand, and move it around to the next position ; ram it up again, etc., until finished. You are then ready to use the segment of rim and teeth as before. \ WORM GEAR. 46 CHAPTER VII. WORM GEAR. — DRAWING, PATTERN-MAKING, AND I THINK it was Josh Billings who said, " Some people spend a great deal of time trying to twist the un twist- able, when they might as well sit down in a washtub, take hold of the handles, and try to lift the unliftable." Now, this worm gear is a twisted question, and one in which Josh's words have been almost verified, as it has been the cause of more discussion with regard to the proper method of drawing, pattern-making, and moulding the same, than any other form of gear. In consideration of this fact, I think the following, which has been proved to be good, will be of more than ordinary interest to some readers. Fig. 34 is a plan and sections of a screw and wheel, showing the two forms of teeth in general use, viz., the straight and concave, as shown at F and G-. In the small drawing here shown, the curves of the faces of the thread of the screw are portions of a cycloid gen- erated by the circle A, the diameter of which is half that of the pitch circle of the wheel, rolling on the pitch line BG ; and the curves of the faces of the teeth of the wheel are portions of the involute of the "jutch circle, MOULDING. DRAWING. 46 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKESTG. it is wider at the flank, and consequently stronger, and it is also better for moulding, as it draws from the sand much easier. WORM GEAR. 47 The manner of projecting the helix of the centre of the face of the tooth is shown at Fig. 37. The semi- circle represents the diameter of the body of the screw, or worm. Divide this into any number of equal parts, as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ; from H, set off half the length of the pitch of the screw, and divide it into a number of parts corresponding with those into which the circle has been divided, viz., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. From each of these points raise perpendiculars, and from the points correspondingly figured in the circle draw horizontals ; those intersecting will give the points through which the helix, forming the centre of the face of the concave tooth, may be traced. Now, by referring to Fig. 35, it will be seen that the pitch diameter at the end of the concave tooth is larger than it is at the centre of the tooth, and consequently travels farther when revolv- ing. For this reason, the end of the tooth should be made as much narrower than the centre of the tooth as the difference in the dis- tance of the travel may be, from where the tooth first comes in contact with the screw, until it leaves the same, as shown by the arrow EE, Figs. 34 and 36. The angle of the tooth is as the pitch of the screw to the pitch circle of the same. Example : pitch of screw, 2"; circumference of pitch circle, 121"; angle of tooth, 2" in 121". (See Fig. 35.) The pattern should be made to part through the centre of the teeth and rim, at J J", Fig. 34. The 12 3 4 5 6 7 T Fig. 37. 48 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. liubs should be loose, as they will draw from the sand easier. MOULDING. When moulding, use a two-part flask, bed the pattern in the floor, and make the parting at points of teeth AT, Fig. 38. Set on body of flask L, Fig. 39, fill in and Fig. 38. mould outside of the rim and between the teeth, and make the parting at points of the same, as shown at Fig. 39. Now put on cope iV", ram it up, and make the gate. Then lift off the cope, and draw the upper half of the pattern. While doing this the pattern must be turned to the right or left, as required, in exact ratio to the angle of the teeth. Lift the body-flask i, turn it over, and draw the remaining parts of the pattern. Set hub core, finish the mould, close it up, and you are ready to cast, as shown in Fig. 40. WORM GEAR. 49 There are other ways of making tliese gears : some use a two-part flask, and draw the pattern to the centre, while others prefer coring the teeth. Figs. 39 and 40. I might add that the above method also holds good in making angle-toothed gear. 50 MODERN MOULDING AND tATTEiiN-MAKlNG. CHAPTER VIII. MOULDING LARGE SHEAVE-WHEELS, AND FORMING THE RIM WITH SWEEPS. Many pattern-makers and quite a number of mould- ers have worked for years at their trades, and have never seen a sheave-wheel made without a complete pattern, and would not know how to make one if called Fig. 41. upon to do so. Although large sheaves are frequently used, we rarely require more than one or two alike; and, as the rim of such a wheel is an expensive pattern to make, it very seldom pays to do so. MOULDING LARGE SHEAVE-WHEELS. 51 For this reason I have concluded to illustrate the following method, by which wheels having any number of grooves can be made with but little expense for pat- terns, and scarcely any extra work while moulding : — Fig. 41 is the plan and elevation of a sheave-wheel with three grooves. For such a wheel, make a complete Fig. 42. pattern of hub and arms. The hub and ribs A, on the side of the pattern, must be loose ; and the ends of the ribs on both sides should be cut to the shape of the outside of the rim, as shown at B, Fig. 43. Fig. 42 is a core box for the centre groove. It is a plain box, open on the top, and a strickle-piece, C, used for scraping off the same. MOULDING. When moulding, bed the pattern in the floor deep enough to have sand for forming the top of the rim or bottom of copes, and then ram it up around the outside at B, Fig. 43, and level with the top edge of the arm. We now take the strickle-board and bolt it to the arm of the spindle, as shown at F, Fig. 43. With this scrape off the sand level with the top edge of the arms, and also form the outside of the rim of the wheel. Having done this, we put on the loose ribs and hub J.; set the cope flask, and ram it up, as shown at (r, Fig. 62 MODERl? MOtTLDING AND tATTERN-MAKlNO. 43 ; lift it off again, and draw the loose ribs A. When this is done, take strickle-board E, Fig. 44 (on which has been drawn a full-sized sketch of the rim of the wheel and the core print required, as shown at J), an, fill in the sand, and ram up the outside, set the hub core and cover it with cake core, as shown at P. Set on cope flask, ram it up, making feed-gates, risers, etc., as shown at Fig. 61. GLOBE-VALVES. 65 CHAPTER XI. GLOBE-VALVES. Figs. 63 and 64 represent a side section and end ele- vation of a common globe-valve ; and as globe-valves are an important detail in pattern-shop and foundry practice, they will afford a good subject for this article. (1 — — B ♦ Figs. 63 and 64. The following tables give the principal dimensions of globe-valves, from to 5^" inclusive : — 66 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF GLOBE-VALVES HAVING HEXAGONAL FLANGES: From J" to 2" inclusive. A B C E F G J M Ill 3/' J V 311 f 1" 2" A" 9 '/ 311 ¥ 1" 1 1 " If" 2i" If" 11" 2i" 2f" 3|" 4" 4i" Jf // T5 9 // T5 ¥ 1" 1 1" 1 1" If" 2i" A" -4c" rs 3// 8 3// 5 Ml 2 1 // 1// 311 ¥ 1" 1" 13// ^5 If" 2" 2\" 2|" r 1" 1 1" ^¥ 11" 2" 2i" 2i" 3i" 5// 8 311 ¥ 311 ¥ 1" 1 1" ^¥ 1 1" 1|" 2i" 511 3// ¥ 111 1 1" ■i? 1 1" l¥ 1 1" 1|" 2|" 1 // ¥ 111 ¥ i" i" 1// ¥ 111 ¥ 1// ¥ 3// ' if" if" 1^" li" If" 9 1 // 21" 3" 1|" If 2" 2\" 2f" 3i" 3J" 4i" TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF GLOBE-VALVES HAVING KOUND FLANGES AND BOLT-HOLES: From 2^" to 5^" inclusive, advancing by half-inches. A C D F G 7/ I J" K if L No. of Bolts. 2\" 3" ^" 4" 5" Kl// 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 3i" 3f" 4i" 5i" 5^' 6i" 6|" 1" 1" 1" 1 1" H" li" H" 7" 7|" 8f" 9|" lOi" 11" 111" 6i" 7i" 7|" 8f" 9" lOi" \\\" 3i" 3|" 4" 4i" 5" 5V 6i" 4f" 5i" 5i" 5f" 6" 6f" 6|" i" v 1" 1" 1" H" li" 6|" 1\" %\" 9" 9|" lOi" Hi" 1 // 1// 1// 5// 8 1" 1" f " 7" 8" 8" 10" 10" 12" 12" 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 The figures in the first column denote the size of the valve; and those under A, B, (7, i>, etc., exhibit the proportional dimensions of the parts marked with corresponding letters on the drawing. Thus, for a 21" valve, the total length over all is 10"; diameter of valve- stem, \"; diameter of flange, 6|"; diameter of bolts, |^"; number of bolts, 4 ; diameter of hand-wheel, 7", etc. GLOBE-VALVES. 67 Fig. 56 is a side elevation, while Fig. 66 may be called an auxiliary view, showing the pattern in the different stages of construction. As the pattern must be parted through the centre, we first get out two pieces of wood, face them true on one side, peg them together with two dowel-pins, and hold them in place with a stout screw. This screw should Fig, 65. be set so that, when the pattern is finished, it will be about the centre of the globe or body of the pattern, as shown at B, Fig. 66. The blocks, when thus prepared, must of course be large enough in diameter to allow for turning the globe, or body of the pattern ; also long enough to make the neck and prints, with a liberal allowance for cutting off at each end. In making small sizes of valves, we may say, up to 3i", that it is generally well to have the block long enough to make the branch : by so doing we can turn both the body of the pattern and the branch, while the 68 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. piece is in the lathe, and thus save the time that would be occupied in preparing the wood for the branch and chucking it in the lathe, if these parts were turned separately. On very small valves, — in fact, all the sizes given in the first table, — the flanges are generally hexagonal in shape, and may be cut out of the solid ; but, for the larger sizes, it is better to put them on in separate pieces, as shown at (7, Fig. 66. © 1 ® 1 o Fig. 66. Having prepared the wood as directed above, it may be put in the lathe, and rough4urned down to within about of the finished diameter. We then make a centre line around the body of the globe, as shown by dotted line i>, Fig. 66; and then at the proper dis- tance from this centre line, on each side, cut in the checks for receiving the flanges, as shown at U. The piece intended for the branch should in like manner be checked in for the flange, and also have a tenon turned on the bottom end as shown at F, Fig. 66. GLOBE-VALVES. 69 At this stage of the proceedings, the pattern is taken out of the lathe, and the screw which holds the pieces together may be removed, and the halves taken apart. The flanges may now be fitted in place, and held firmly with one or more screws, as shown at Q-. When this has been done, the halves of the pattern may be put together again, and secured in place with screws as be- fore. It is then put in the lathe, and turned to the finished size. Fig. 67. We now take out the pattern from the lathe, and at right angles with the parting; parallel with the cen- tre line of the body, we cut off the side of the sphere and also work out the recess to receive the tenon F, and in that manner put on the branch, as shown in the figure. At Fig. 67 we have shown a plan of the core-box required when the partition and valve-seat Fig. 1, follows with an equal thickness of metal around the circle of the valve-seat opening. 70 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. To make this box, we first get a piece of wood about one-half inch longer than the pattern including the prints, and of sufScient width and thickness to allow us to work out the sphere, and still liave about one inch oi thickness left on the bottom and sides of the same, as shown at H. We then mount the block upon a face-plate, and turn out the centre. When this has been done, we may take it out of the lathe, and cut it off to the right length ; taking care to have the centre of the sphere an equal distance from each end, so that, by reversing the posi- tion of the partitions and valve-seat, both halves of the core can be made from one box. If the block is not wide enough to make the opening for the branch, we shall then have to put on the exten- sion piece, shown at J. We then lay off the openings for the neck and branch, and cut them out by hand. In order to be able to reverse the position of the partitions, we must have two pairs, or four pieces; each piece being one-quarter of a circle. They may be turned out of two different pieces, and afterwards cut apart, and, when fitted in position, held so with a strip of wood made fast to the top edge and screwed to the face of the box, as indicated by the dotted lines and screw-heads shown at M. When the core has been made, and is ready to take out of the box, we remove the screws, and draw each piece separately, and then turn the core over, and li .t off the body of the box. Each half is thus made sepa- rately, and pasted together when dry. For small sizes of valves, or when there is a great number to be made from the same pattern, these parti- tions should be made of brass, as they will then keep GLOBE-VALVES. 71 their shape, and can be drawn from the sand more easily. MOULDING. Globe-valves may be cast in almost any position, either vertically or horizontally, — and some moulders even prefer to set them on an angle. A very good method of casting large sizes is shown at Figs. 68 and 69, and is as follows : — First take one half of the pattern, and lay it — face down — on a turn-over board. Then set in proper posi- f-ig. 68. tion the bottom section of the flask, shown in Fig. 68, fill it in, and mould it level with the top; turn it over, and make the parting at N. Then set the other half of the pattern in place, put on the cope flask, set the feed-gate and riser-pins, fill it in, and ram it up in the ordinary manner of doing sucli work. We now lift the cope ofl", and draw the pattern, then finish the 72 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. mould, cut the runners R, and set the core as shown in Fiff. 69. When this has been done, and the cope set Fig. 69. in place and made secure and tight, the mould is ready to receive the metal. CYLINDEK WORK. 73 CHAPTEE XII. CYLINDER WORK. There is no other mechanical term in the dictionary so comprehensive, nor one which covers such a great variety of forms, as the word "cylinder." And — com- paratively speaking — there are no other castings re- quired for the construction of general machinery in which the quality is of more importance than in cylin- der castings. A Fig. 70. Figs. 70 and 71 are a section and an end elevation of an air-cylinder for a large compressor ; and in that case it is necessary for the casting to be — practically speak- ing — perfect, as it has to stand an hydraulic test of a very high pressure. 74 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. As will be seen by the drawing, the cylinder is made in two sections; the inside or liner — which is sur- rounded by a water-jacket — being a separate casting turned and fitted to the body, the joints being made at the belts A. The outside, or body of the cylinder, has an opening Fig. 71. for a sediment door cast in the bottom, which is after- ward covered with a plate, as shown at Fig. 70. The pattern for the inside or liner is shown at Fig. 72. It has two draw-irons on the top end, as shown at JE; and the bottom flange and K print are made loose at the dotted line F. CYLINDER WORK. 75 Fig. 73 is a side elevation of the pattern for the body of the cylinders. The flanges, ribs, and feet are loose, as shown at dotted lines ; and the facing for sediment door and the boss on the top of the cylinder are also loose, and held in position with the dowels, as shown in the figure. A plan and section of the core-box for the sediment door opening is shown at Fig. 75. It is an open box, parted through the centre, and the top made concave to fit the body core of the cylinder. MOULDING. The plan of casting the inside or liner section of the cylinder is shown at Fig. 74. The bottom flange of the pattern and the print K are first set in the flask i, and rammed level with the top, where the parting must be made. The body flask iHf is then put on, and the pattern set in place, moulded level with the top edge of the flange, and parted at N. We are then ready to set on the cope P, ram it up, and set feed-gates and ^'9- '2. riser-pins, lift it off again, and draw the body of the pat- 76 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. tern ; while the bottom flange and print will, of course, remain in the mould until the body flask M is lifted off, when it can easily be drawn from the sand. We are now ready to flnish the mould. Set the body core, put the flask M back in place again, close down the cope, and make feed-gates and risers as shown. When moulding the body of the cylinder, first set Fig. 73. the pattern in the position shown at Fig. 76. By setting it thus, we have a chance to fill in and ram between the ribs and feet G- and H. When the section of the body flask R is set, as shown in the figure, we can then fill in and mould up to about the centre of the pattern. The section of flask S is then set in place, and moulded up to where the parting must be made. We are then ready 78 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. to set the top section of the flask, fill it in, and ram it up, as shown in the engraving. The mould must then be turned over, and the cope flask W, Fig. 77, put on, filled in, rammed up, and lifted off again. The pattern can then be drawn from the sand as follows : — First draw the top flange, and then the body of the cylinder ; the ribs, feet, bottom flange, and other loose pieces remain- in the mould. We may now lift off the body flask, _ — „^ — — — rp ^|g. vtj. Fig. 75. CYLINDER WORK. 79 and set it in the most convenient position to draw the different sections of the pattern still remaining in the sand. When the mould is finished, and the cores set, it is all closed up, as shown at Fig. 77, and the feed-gates and risers made much the same as those shown at Fig. 74. so MODERN MOULDING AND tATTEKN-MAKING. CHAPTER XIII. THE LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDER. Fig. 78 is a horizontal section of a locomotive cylin- der, showing the steam-inlet, port, exhaust, and other details. Fig. 79 is an end elevation, with the cylinder- Fig. 78. head removed. The figure also shows part of the saddle flange, which extends across the engine, and is bolted to the smoke-box ; while a section of the main frame, to which the side flange of the cylinder is bolted, is shown at A. ■ The steam-inlet, exhaust, and steam-ports are clearly shown in both the figures. The exhaust is, of THE LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDER. 81 course, to be made of larger dimensions, so as to carry away the greater volume of expended steam after it has driven the piston ; and, as shown in the end view, the steam-ports extend through nearly a third of the cir- cumference of the cylinder. The front and back covers are shown at HM^ Fig. 78, Fig. 79. and are slightly concave, in order to conform to the shape of the piston, and reduce the clearance. PATTERN MAKING. Figs. 80, 81, and 82 are three views of the pattern, and Fig. 83 represents the core-box for the extension or saddle of the cylinder. The pieces L T, which must be made of the size and form of the outside of the wall of metal required around the steam-inlet and exhaust cores, should be made loose, and held in place with dowel-pins or screws. It is not necessary to give any illustrations of the other core-boxes required; as the pattern makers can see all the different shapes and 82 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. Fig. 81. also see the cores set in the mould at Figs. 84 and 85, THK T-OCOMOTIVE CYLINDER. 83 SO that each individual can use his own judgment with regard to the best way to make the boxes, and be guided in his operations by different circumstances and the facilities at hand, such as lumber, wood-working machinery, etc. Fig. 80 is a front elevation of the pattern of the cylinder. The prints for the steam-inlet, ports, and exhaust cores are shown at Z, and D. The Fig. 82. pattern is made to part through the centre of the body of the cylinder, as shown by the dotted line 0 N. The flange A is made loose at the dotted line -R, Fig. 82, and sits in a rabbet, as shown at iV, Fig. 81. Fig. 82 is a plan of the pattern showing the valve-seat and the bottom of the steam-chest, and also the chip})ing strips on the face of the saddle. Fig. 81 is an end elevation of the pattern, and the correspondence of the letters with those 84 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAitlKG. of Fig. 82 will show tlie reader the different projections of the same parts ; thus, L is the joint for the end of the exhaust core. Having given the above description of the pattern, and how to make it, we will leave the pattern-making for the present, and turn our attention to an important part of this subject ; viz., — MOULDING. Fig. 84 is a sectional, end view of the mould, showing the shape of the flask and all the cores when they are set in their proper positions. Fig. 83. Fig. 85 is a plan of the mould with the cope lifted off, and the steam-inlet, exhaust, and steam-port cores set in place. As will be seen by Fig. 84, the flask is made with a jog or step, corresponding in shape to an end view of I he surface of the pattern, with the section Fig. 81, lifted off. When the large section of the pattern has been set in the position shown in Fig. 84, and the mould filled in and rammed up to the parting may be made level with the edge of the flask. The small section of the pattern is then set in place, and the cope flask put on ; THE LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDER. 85 the feed-gate and riser-pins set in the position shown in the figure, and the moiikl filled in and rammed level witli the top of the flask. We now lift off the cope, draw the pattern, finish the mould, and put it in the oven to dry. The manner of setting the cores is shown in Figs. 84 and 85, and is as follows : — We first set the core marked A, Fig. 84, and then l-ig. a4. the steam-inlet and exhaust and port cores, as shown at Fig. 85. All these cores must be held in position by strong wires run down through the bottom, and made fast on tlie outside of tlie mould ; and the outer ends of tlie port cores must be supported by chaplets. The point of the saddle core shown at Fig. 84 is supported by chaplets set firmly upon the dry-sand 86 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. cores, marked A, in the same figure ; and the large end is tied to the cope. The core for cutting out the metal between the side flange and the body of the cylinder is also tied to the cope, as shown at B. Fig. 85. We mould, may now set the cylinder body core, close the and prepare to cast the cylinder. TWO WAYS OF MOULDING CYLINDERS. ST CHAPTER XIV. TWO WAYS OF MOULDING CYLINDERS. At Figs. 86, 87, and 88, we have shown a 14x24 cylinder with piston-valve, and the valve-chest cast on. One part of the drawing shows the plan, side and end sections of the cylinder casting ; and another part rep resents the plan and side elevation of the pattern. Fig. 86. When the cylinder is to be cast horizontally, as shown at Fig. 92, the pattern should be parted through the centre of the body of the cylinder and valve-chest, and also through the upper part of the stand, where it joins the body of the cylinder. When it is to be moulded vertically, as shown at Fig. 93, the centre 88 MODERN MOULDING AND P ATTERN-MABJNG . belt and steam-inlet — in fact, all the bosses, etc.-' must be loose. Fig. 87. A plan and section of the valve-chest core-box are shown at Fig. 89. It is a half box ; and it will be seen Fig. 88. by the drawing that the body, port and exhaust cores are all made in one. The pieces of wood which form TWO WAYS OF MOULDING CYLINDEES. 89 the bottoms, divisions, and side of the port and exhaust cores, should be loose and an easy fit, so that they will come out of the body of the box with the core. They Fig. 90. Fig. 90 is a side and end section of the stand core- box. It is made just the sliape of the inside of the casting required, and all the brackets and pieces, i>, 90 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. which form the feet or bearing surfaces of the cylin der, are loose, and drawn from the core separately. A plan and section of the steam- inlet core-box is shown at Fig. 91. It requires very little explanation. It is an open box, and the top made concave to fit the valve-chest body core. MOULDING. A good plan of moulding such a cylinder as this is shown at Fig. 92. Many engine-builders object to cyl- inders being cast horizontally ; but in this case the metal which flows up and forms the stand, or foot of the casting, carries Fig. 91. m K 9^ Fig. 92. off all the dross and dirt from the valve-chest and the TWO WAYS OF MOULDING CYLINDERS. 91 body of the cylinder, and escapes through the four risers shown at E. When starting to mould this cylinder, first take the top section of the pattern of the cylinder and the valve-chest, and place it on a turn-over board, or some other level surface. Then put on the section of flask F, ram it up, and turn it over into the proper position, and make the parting at G ; then put on the bottom section of the pattern of the valve-chest and the body of the cylinder. The section of flask H may then be put in place, and rammed up to J, where the parting is made. The section of the pattern which forms the feet of the cylinder should be placed in position, and the flask K set on and rammed level with the top of the pattern, and the parting made at L. The cope flask may now be put on and rammed up. The method of casting the same cylinder vertically is shown at Fig. 93. In this case the end section of the pattern is first set in the lower section of the flask shown in the figure , the flask filled in, and rammed up around the prints, level with the lower edge of the flanges, and the parting made at M. The part of the flask iV^ is then put in place, and moulded up to P, where the parting is made. The main part of the pattern may then be put in position, and the flask R put on and moulded level with the top of the flange, and the parting made at S, We can then put on the cope, and ram it up. When this has been done, we are ready to open the mould, and draw all the different sections of Fig. 92a. 92 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. the pattern, finish the mould, and close it down. The mould is then opened, and the different sections of the pattern drawn from the sand. When this has been done, we may finish the mould, set the cores, close the mould, make risers and runner-box, and we are read}^ to cast, as shown in the figure. Fig. 93. When setting the cores, a space of about should be left between the port core and the cylinder body core. This allows the dirt, which would have a tend- ency to lodge under the sides of the ports, to pass between the cores, and be carried off by the risers T. STEAM-JACKETED CYLINDERS. 93 CHAPTER XV. CASTING STEAM-JACKETED CYLINDERS IN GREEN SAND. In our last article we dwelt to a considerable length upon the different methods of making the pattern and moulding cylinders with piston valves. And before Fig. 94. concluding this subject of cylinders, I think it will be in order to devote a little time to steam-jacketed cylin- ders, for the old reliable slide-valve engines ; and as the 94 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. slide-valve cylinder, in different forms, has run the com- mercial traffic of the world for years, and is at present in general use on all the marine and locomotive engines, and also on many stationary engines, the best method of making such cylinders is of more than ordinary interest. Figs. 94 and 95 represent the general drawing of a Fig. 95. steam-jacketed cylinder. The right-hand half of Fig. 94 is a sectional plan of the casting required, and the left-hand half is a plan of the pattern ; while Fig. 95 is a section of the cylinder, at the division line A. The pattern for such a cylinder as the one shown should be made to part through the centre, as shown by the dotted line B, Fig. 95 ; and the feet should be made loose, and part from the body of the pattern at STEAM-JACItETEt) CYLINDERS. 95 C, Fig. 95. The arc of the circle of the exhaust (iange, which projects beyond the flange of the valve-chest, as seen at i>, Fig. 94, must also be made loose, as it will have to be drawn in towards the centre of the mould after the body of the pattern has been drawn from the sand. The steam-jacket core print, shown at Fig. 94, should be 2^" thick, or in other words it should meas- ure from the outside edge of the print to the flange of the cylinder ; and the prints for carrying the body core, and also the one for the valve-chest core, should be at least 4" long. The steam-jacket core must be made in sections ; these sections may be made any con- venient width, say from ^" to 8". Fig. 96. A side and end section of the steam-jacket core-box is shown at Fig. 96 ; and, as will be seen by the drawing, it is made open on the top, and at each end the bottom is cut down the thickness of the metal required in the body of the cylinders. The object of this is to have the ends of the jacket cores project over to the body core, as shown at F, Fig. 103, and thus fill up the space between the jacket and the body cores, which would otherwise have to be filled with green sand, after the jacket cores were set in the mould. The bridges, which connect the steam-jacket with the body of the cylinder, are made by setting pieces in the core-box, as shown at a. Fig. 96. A plan and section of the valve-chest core-box are MODEiiN Moulding And f-ATTEftN-MAKiMG. shown at Fig. 97. For such a cylinder as this, only a half box is wanted ; and it must be the full width of tlie valve-chest, by half the depth. For instance, if the inside of the valve-chest is 12'' by 26", the box must be made 6" deep and 26" wide. Now, it sometimes hap- pens that the centre of the valve-chest is not level with the centre line of the cylinder; and in such cases it is necessary to make two boxes, one for the upper and one for the lower section of the core, as in all cases the core must be jointed at the centre line of the cylinder, Of the parting of the mould. Fig. 97. A good way to make the box shown in the figure is as follows. First, get out the lumber for the sides, ends, and bottom, and plane it smooth and true on one side and one edge. When this has been done, the sides may be gauged to the proper width, and then checked and screwed together, as shown at iZ^and J. The piece marked 7f , which is made to form the valve-seat, and lighten the metal on the outside of the port cores, as shown at M, Fig. 94, must be loose, and an easy fit. The piece L , which may be called the print for carry- ing the port and exhaust cores, is also loose, and should B^EAM-jACKETEiD CYLINDElRS. 97 be gained into the end of the box, and the piece as shown in the figure. Now, when the core has been made, L and K can be drawn from their places, and the impression filled with sand. This is done for the purpose of supporting the centre and edges of the core while it is being turned over, and the sand can be easily removed when the core has been dried. Then cover the core with a dry plate, turn it over, and lift off the box, finish the core, and it is ready for the oven. CENTER tINE OF CYLINDER Fig. 98. Fig. as. A sectional view of the port core-box is shown at Fig. 99, and a plan of the same, with the cover or loose pieces N and P removed, is shown at Fig. 98. The manner of putting this box together can be seen by the drawings, and therefore requires no explanation ; but vhe method of getting the proper forms and curves is of infinitely more importance. It is done as follows : The face of the end h should be struck with a radius equal to the distance from the centre line of the cylinder to the outside of the body core, or bore of the cylinder, i)8 Modern MOtlLDING and PAttEliN-MAKlNG. as shown at /; and the face c should be struck with a radius equal to the distance from the centre line of the cylinder to the face of the core ; and the inside of the cover P is struck with the same radius, plus the thick- ness of the core. The curve d must be an arc of a circle, struck with radii from the centre line of the cyl- inder, and graduating from c to e. The sides and ends a and h. Fig. 98, should stand the thickness of the core above the bottom of the box, and at a point equal to CENTER LINg OF CYLINDER Fig, 100. the distance from the centre line of the cylinder to the face of the valve-seat ; the bottom is cut back the thick- ness of the metal required between the port and exhaust cores, as shown at g. Fig. 99. For the better under- standing of this, it will be well to refer to Fig. 102, where the cores can be seen in the mould. The left-hand half of the exhaust core-box is shown at Fig. 100, and the drawing almost ex})lains itself. The arc of a circle marked h is struck with a radius STEAM-.TACKETED CYLINDEES. 99 equal to half tlie diameter of tlie body core, with the thickness of the metal required between the cylinder- body and exhaust cores added; and, in Hke manner, the bottom and sides of the box should correspond with the shapes of the same surfaces of the exhaust, as shown on the general drawing. Figs. 94 and 95. Fig. 101. MOTJLDING. The method of moulding is shown at Figs. 101, 102, and 103. Fig. 101 is a sectional end view of the mould, when closed and ready to cast ; Fig. 102 is a plan of the mould through the centre of the cylinder, showing all the cores set in their proper position ; and Fig. 103 100 MODERI^ MOULDING AND tATTERN-MAKlNG. is a plan of the mould when closed, showing the pour- ing-basin, and also the location of the risers, or flow- off gates, shown at R. The tirst operations when moulding this cylinder are Fig. 102. much the same as illustrated in the i)receding chapter ; .and, in like manner, the metal which flows up and forms the feet and flange of the exhaust opening, carries off aU the dross and dirt from the face of the valve-seat and the body of the cylinder and escapes through the STEAM-JACKETED CYLINDERS. 101 risers, or flow-off gates, shown at Fig. 103, and that insures good solid metal in all the working parts of the casting. When starting to mould this cylinder, first take the top section of the pattern of the cylinder and valve- O RO o Fig. 103. chest, and place it on a turn-over board. Set on the section of flask A, ram it up, turn it over, and put it in proper position, and make parting at B; next set on the bottom section of pattern of the valve-chest, and the body of the cylinder, including the feet. The sec- 102 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. tion of the flask marked C may then be put in place, and rammed up to D. The parting is now made along the top surface of the feet and between the same, and cut down to the exhaust, as shown in the figure. When the cope is in position, and rammed up, the mould is opened, and the different sections of the pattern drawn from the sand. After this has been done, we may finish the mould, set the cores, as shown at Fig. 103, and then close it down, as shown at Fig. 102. Should it be deemed well to cast such a cylinder vertically, we may follow (with very slight variations) the same method shown at Fig. 93, in the preceding chapter. CASTING LARGE CYLLNDEKS IN LOAM. 103 CHAPTEH XVI. CASTING LARGE CYLINDERS IN LOAM. No other method of making castings requires so httle pattern-making as loam-work. In fact, we can almost say that, in this branch of the business, the reg- ular pattern-maker is dispensed with entirely. Fig. 104. Fig. 104 is a sectional elevation of a large cylinder, intended to be cast in loam ; and, in this case, all that Fig. 105. is wanted from the pattern-shop is the loam-board (r, shown in Fig. 105. It might be called a templet for forming the outside of the casting required. MOULDING. Having made the proper excavation in the floor, and 104 MODEEN MOULDING AND PATTEEN-MAKING. set the spindle-step A, Fig. 106, get a sufficient number of stands, such as are shown at B, and set them quite solid and level in the bottom of the mould. Upon these place the strong cast-iron plate C. The outside diameter of this plate should be equal to that of the Fig. 106. brick wall required for the mould, and the hole in the centre about 6" or 8'' smaller than the inside diameter of the cylinder. The inside edge should have an angle of about 45°, as shown at D. Having thus prepared a good solid foundation for the brick wall, the spindle is set plumb, and held in CASTING LARGE CYLINDERS IN LOAM. 105 position by the brace E ; the loam-board (r, Fig. 105, being bolted to the arms F. We are now ready to build the brick wall, using the loam-board for a guide as to plumb, inside diameter, shape, etc. When the wall has been completed, it is lined with a coating of loam, shown at //; the board G being again used for the purposes mentioned above. When this has been consummated, and the loam- Fig. 107. board and spindle removed, we are ready to dry the mould. A good plan to do this is shown at Fig. 107, and requires very little explanation. The heat dries the mould as it rises from the fire, which has been kin- dled in the temporary furnace sliown in the figure. The method of making core-irons is sliown at Fig. 109. The bottom plate J is made to fit the hole in the centre of the foundation plate (7, Fig. 106. The 106 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. centre or lifting-bar K is made fast to the plate J, and the side wings L are held in position by the hinged arms M. The side wings L should be about I" thick, and any convenient width. When the brick core has been made, and coated with loam, as shown at Fig. 108, it is ready for drying. After the core and mould are both thoroughly dried, J Figs. 108 and 109. the fire is taken out of the bottom of the mould, the core is set in position, and the mould closed. Now, when the cylinder has been cast, and the metal just set, the side wings L may be drawn out of the brickwork of the core up into the position indicated by the dotted lines. Fig. 109. This allows the core to be pressed in by the sliriiikiige of the metal, and thus avoids the danger of breaking the casting. TOOL WORK. 107 CHAPTER XVII. TOOL WORK. — PATTERN-MAKING AND MOULDING LARGE FACE-PLATES. We now come to another important class of work, viz., machine tools ; and, for the first example, we will take the large face-plate, shown in section and eleva- tion at Figs. 110 and 111. The -j- marks are intended to represent the bolt- holes, which mnst be made square and cored out. Al- though not shown on the drawing, a number of these cores must be set between all the arms : this is in order to allow the lathe-man to put in the requisite number of bolts, to hold the work securely to the face-plate. A T-shaped core runs through the arm from the bore of the hub to the outside of the rim. An opening for in- serting the bolts through the back of the arm is shown at a. Fig. 111. All the projections d. Fig. Ill, also have a T-shaped core in the centre, as shown at e in the same figure. PATTERN-MAKING. For the purpose of casting such a large face-plate as this, the sections of the pattern illustrated in the an- nexed figure answer the requirements of the moulder quite as well as a full pattern, inasmuch as they are lighter, and consequently easier to handle and draw from the sand. 108 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. Fig. 112 represents the pattern of the hub. To make this pattern, we get out a number of pieces of 2" plank, joint the edges, and glue them all together. The pieces, when thus jointed and glued together, should make one piece so large that the disk A, or bottom of the pattern, could be cut out of it. We mount this disk upon a lathe-chuck, put it in the lathe, face it off, and build up with segments the rings B and C. When these rings have been built up to within about If' of the finished depth of the pattern at the bore, they must be covered with another disk made of 2" lumber. By referring to the figure, it will be seen that this disk has a bearing of only about f on the inside edge of the ring C, thus allowing a good margin or bearing for the segments, with which we build up the balance of the ring, or outside of the pattern. These segments cover the end grain of the wood, and so pre- vent the pattern fiom warping or changing its shape by shrinkage. When the pattern has been built up in the rough, as described, and the glue thoroughly dried, it may be turned to the proper size and shape. A plan and side elevation of the arm pattern is shown at Figs. 113 and 114. A full set of these arms will be required, and caji be made in the following manner. First prepare the wood for the bottom or Aveb part of the arms; it should be of a length sufficient to reach from the hub to the rim, equal in tliickness to that of the web, and about two or three inches wider than the arm. The inside end should be cut to fit the hub, and the outside end to fit the rim. Then run a gauge mark through the centre, and on each side of this gauge mark draw lines to I'epresent the edge of the arm. Now rip out the stuff for the arms, dress it 110 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. off to the desired width and thickness, put on the rib D, fitting pieces and cut the ends to fit the hub and rim. It is afterwards set to the representative lines on the web part, held firmly with hand screws, and when in that position the holes are bored for the dowel pins shown in Fig. 113. Fig. 114 is a plan and side elevation of the part d, shown on the general drawing. Fig. 115 is a plain block, made to the proper size and shape, and calls for no further explanation except that a full set will be needed ; in the present example, sixteen had to be made. One view of a section of the rim is shown at Fig. 116. These sections must be long enough to reach from centre to centre of the arms, and of a sufficient number to make a complete circle of the rim when set in position in the mould. A plan and end section of the arm core-box is shown at Fig. 117. The core e. Fig. Ill, can also be made in this box by stopping it off to the proper length. MOULDING. The method of moulding this face-plate is shown at Figs. 118 and 119. Fig. 118 is a plan showing the mould at different stages of procedure with the work ; and Fig. 119 is a sectional view, with the cores all set, and the mould closed and ready to cast. As shown in the engraving Fig. 119, this face-plate is moulded face down, which method insures sound metal, and a smooth surface on the face of the casting. When starting to mould this or any casting of a similar form, we first make a hole in the floor of the foundry deep enough to allow for a good bed for the TOOL WORK. Ill mould, which should be made with a layer of from Fij. 118. three inches to five inches of cinders or coke, covered 112 MODERN MOULDING AND f ATTEHN-MAKING. with about the same thickness of sand. This bed is then swept off smooth and level, as shown at JL, Fig. 118; the hub pattern placed in the centre of the bed ; and the bottom or web sections of the arm patterns and the segments for the rim are all set in position as shown at B, Fig. 118. Fill in the sand, and mould up the thickness .of the web between the arms as seen at C, and the full depth of the rim on the outside as shown at D, Figs. 118 and 119. The upper or back sections of the arm patterns, and all the scroll bosses and projections shown at may then be set in place, and the cope put on and m^oulded up, as shown at F in both the engrav- ings. Now lift the cope off, and draw all the patterns. The thick- ness of the web of sand standing between the arms as shown at 0 — which has answered instead of a pattern — must now be swept out, and the whole surface of the mould finished, and well vented downwards to the bed of cinders or coke. After finishing the mould, set the cores, close down the cope, and prepare to cast as shown at Fig. 119. THE LATHE SPINDLE. 113 CHAPTEE XVIII. THE LATHE SPINDLE. Fig. 120 is a sectional elevation of a large lathe spindle ; and in this chapter we will try to illus- trate a good way to make the pat- tern, and mould it or any other similar casting. This class of work should always be cast vertically; and, as it is necessary to have good sound metal in the main bearing, it should be cast with the large end down. The method of making the pat- tern is illustrated at Fig. 121. One half of the engraving represents the pattern when finished and put together, and the other half is a sectional view showing how each section of the pattern is built. The pattern was made in four sections, and parted at J., -B, and C. To make the large flange section marked D in the engraving, we first prepare a number of pieces of li" planks, and glue them together. Fig. 120. When these 114 MODERN MOtTLtUNG AfJD fATTERN-MAKlNG. pieces have been put together as directed, the piece should be large enough to allow us to cut out a disk about J" larger in diameter than the finished edge of the pattern. The disk is then mounted on a face plate, put in the lathe, and faced off. The balance of the thickness is then built up with two or more courses of segments as shown at C. When the glue has become thor- oughly dried, the pattern may be turned to the finished size. After the pattern has been turned to size and taken out of the lathe, there should be a number of stout screws put through the disk into the first course of seg- ments. These screws will assist the glue in holding the joint and prevent the pattern from changing shape and warping. We will now proceed to make the section of the pattern marked E in the engraving. This is done by what is called staving or lagg- ing, and is performed in the fol- lowing manner : — As in Fig. 122, with a radius equal to half the diameter of the pattern, less the thickness of the wood which we intend to use for the staves, draw the circle a; divide this circle into as many equal parts as there are to be staves in the Fig. 121. THE LATHE SPINDLE. 115 pattern; from these points draw the radial lines h c. If lines are drawn cutting the intersections of the radial lines with the circle, we produce a rectilinear figure having as many sides as the circle a has been divided into parts, which will be the size and shape to cut out the heads or pieces to which the staves must be fixed. The heads should be cut out of lumber sufficiently thick to stand the nails or screws which hold the staves in position, and they should also have a stout batten glued and screwed across the back. This will give additional stability to the pattern, and allow the moulder io insert rapping irons without any danger of splitting the heads. To determine tlie width and bevel for the staves, we take as a centre, and draw the circle e, or an arc thereof, a little larger in diameter than the intended pattern ; join the radial lines b touching the line of the circle, and we have the proper width and bevel for the staves when finished : so that, when preparing the staves in the rough, it will be necessary to cut them about an eighth of an inch wider, which will be ample stock for jointing the edges. The staves should be cut off at least half an inch longer than the finished pattern, the extra length being easily cut off in the lathe. 116 MODEtllir MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAILING. The staves may be prepared rapidly by tilting the saw-table to the angle required for the staves, and then adjusting the gauge to the correct width. Each time a stave is sawed, the board is reversed. This method not only effects a saving of time, but entails no loss of lumber. In building the pattern, each stave should be jointed on the edges and glued to its fellow and to the heads, to which latter they should also be nailed or screwed. When the pattern has been thus built up in the rough, it may be put in the lathe, turned to the finished diameter, and the rabbet cut on the ends to fit the chambers on the flange D and the collar jP, as shown at B and C, Fig. 121. The distance between the shoul- ders of the rabbets should be equal to the distance between the fillets on the flange and collar; for the fillets must be on the latter parts, in order to avoid cross-grain. The collar F being a plain ring, it may be built up with segments, and turned to the proper size and shape in the usual way of doing such work. We have now come to the last and most important section of the patterns, viz., the cone ; and, as this is the only chapter in which the cone has been introduced, we will take it as an example or illustration of the method of building cone-shaped patterns. The first step is to make a . full-sized sketch of the pattern, or a portion thereof large enough for us to determine upon the sizes and number of pieces of wood to be used in its construction. By referring to Fig. 121, it will be seen that a con- siderable portion of the small end of the pattern has to be made parallel ; and, in order to save lumber and time in turning, the staves are made in two lengths. The THE LATHE SPINDLE. 117 size and bevel of the staves for the parallel part of the pattern may be determined in the same manner as illustrated in Fig. 122. At Fig. 123 we illustrate the method of obtaining the size and bevel of the staves for the body of the cone. With a radius equal to half the diameter of the pat- tern at each end, less the thickness of the lumber that is to be used for the staves, describe the semicircles ef. Divide the semicircle / into half as many equal parts as there are to be staves in the pattern. From these points draw radial lines, as shown. If we now draw lines cutting the intersection of the radial lines with Fig. 123. the semicircles e/, we have a rectilinear figure which will represent the size and shape to cut the heads or end pieces. We now take A as a centre, and describe the semi- circle h m, or an arc thereof, a little larger than the finished diameter of the pattern ; join the radial lines, touching the lines of the semicircles Ti w, and we pro- duce an outline of the finished size and shape of the staves at each end, as shown in the figure , and the length can be taken from the full-sized sketch. Allow about half an inch in the length for cutting off in the lathe. 118 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEKN-MAKING. Get a piece of board, and cut a jog in one edge cor- responding in length and taper to that of the staves. If we now phace the board from which the staves are to be cut in this jog, and pass the whole across the circular saw, a stave will be cut off. Reverse the board endwise, and proceed as before until a sufficient number of staves have been cut off. The next step is to prepare a centre bar, upon which to build the pattern. This bar should be about 3'' square, and of sufficient length to reach through both the parallel and tapered parts of the pattern, as shown in Fig. 121. Having prepared the centre bar as directed, we cut a square hole through the centre of the head piece, just large enough to allow the bar to be put through. The head pieces are then put on the bar, and set in the posi- tion shown in the figure, and held firmly with nails or screws. The staves should now be glued and nailed on. When the glue has dried, the pattern thus built up in the rough is put in the lathe, and turned to the finished size. I may add, that, in addition to the required length of the casting, the pattern should have about four or five inches allowed for riser head, as shown at H. The prints should be loose, and held in position with dowel-pins. A half-core box should be made for this pattern ; but 't will be unnecessary to describe its construction in detail, as the process is much the same as that of build- ijjg the pattern, the staves being arranged on the inside of the heads instead of the outside, and worked out with a round-sole plane. 120 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. through A, showing the feed-gates and other parts of the mould, while Fig. 126 represents a plan of the pouring-basin. As will be seen by the engraving, the greater part of the mould is made in a pit; so that the first step is to make a hole in the floor the requisite depth, and wide enough to allow us to work on the outside of the flask. When the bed for the mould has been made in Fig. 125. the bottom of the pit, the pattern is set in position ; and then the first section of the flask is put on, filled in, and moulded up to A, where a parting is made. Each section of the flask is thus put on, filled in, and moulded up separately, until we come up to ^. The sections are then lifted off separately, finished, and set in the oven to dry. When every section has been thoroughly THE LATHE SPINDLE. 121 dried, the two bottom sections may be lowered into their place in the pit. The core must now be set in place, as it would be hardly possible to lower it down through the small opening in the centre of the third section of the mould, without injuring either the core Fig. 126. or the mould, or perhaps both. The other three sections of the mould may now be set on, and the pit filled in around the outside of the flasks, and rammed up level with the line of the floor, as shown at A, 122 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CHAPTER XIX. THE HEAD-STOCK. The engravings shown in this chapter represent the Fig. 127. head-stock of a fourteen-feet swing pit-lathe built by the Beckett & McDowell Manufacturing Company, THE HEAD-STOCK. 123 Arlington, N. J. , and it will answer for a good illus- tration of this class of pattern-making and moulding. Figs. 127 and 128 are end views, showing the form and thickness of the metal, and the bearing-caps set in place. Figs. 129 and 130 are the plan and side eleva- Fig. 128. tion of the casting, and they also serve to illustrate the method of constructing the pattern. PATTERN-MAKING. Although this pattern is moulded with the bearings down, as shown at Figs. 131 and 132, it is better to make it in two pieces, and part it through the centre of the bearings and the rib A, Fig. 130, as it will be 124 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. lighter to handle ; and, when set in position to mould, it can be fastened together with strong bars across THE HEAD-STOCK. 125 the ends, on the inside of the pattern, and held with rr — 9- -7- 14H"- 1 \l 81' ■ 4" No. 20 screws put in from the outside. Then, when 12G MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. the pattern has been moulded and drawn from the sand, it can be taken apart, and the rib A taken off and used for finishing or mending the mould, in case it should be damaged or broken while drawing the pat- tern. All the bosses a and extensions b for giving addi- tional length to the bearings should be loose, and held in position with slack dowel-pins that may be easily taken out with the hands. By referring to Fig. 132, it will be seen that the bearings are made with dry-sand cores, so that it will be necessary to make two core-boxes of different size. Fig. 131. A sectional end view of one of these boxes is given at Fig. 131, and the reader will comprehend at a glance how it is constructed. The inside of the casting must, of course, be cored out; and, as shown at Figs. 132 and 133, the core is in twelve sections, two for each end, and eight for the base of the casting. The core-boxes ought to be so constructed that only three will be recpiired to make all the cores, one for each end, and one for the base. The boxes for the end sections should be origi- nally made to suit the section marked A, Fig. 132. The part marked B must be loose, and sliould be held in position with screws or dowels. Then, when the core has been made, B must be taken out, and another piece THE HEAD-STOCK. 127 set in the box at the correct angle, to stop off the core for the other section as required. The base core-box is first made to suit the four middle sections, and loose pieces put in to stop off for the end sections. MOULDING. The method of moulding this head-stock is shown at Fig, 132. Figs. 132 and 133. Fig. 132 is a sectional view, and Fig. 133 represents a side view of the mould. Both the figures show the cores set in position, and the mould closed and ready to receive the metal. Having made the proper excavation in the floor, the bottom must be covered with a layer of cinders about four or five inches thick, and then five or six inches of sand, and upon this make the bed for the ends of the pattern. SEAt>-sa:ocg. be well vented downwards to the cinders, which will allow all the gas to escape through the 3i" pipe shown in Fig. 132. The sides of the mould should be rammed up square with the ends and level with the top of the pattern, leaving an opening of from two to three feet at each end. Cast-iron draw-back plates may then be set in the positions shown at C, and rammed up, making the two feed-gates, as shown in both the figures. After the cope flask has been placed in position and rammed up, as shown, it may be lifted off, and the ends of the mould drawn back and lifted out, finished, and set to dry. Having taken off the cope and ends of the mould, as stated, the body of the pattern can be drawn from the sand, and any loose bosses or facing pieces remaining in the mould can be drawn in towards the centre. The mould may be dried in a very similar manner to the one shown at Fig. 148, Chapter XXI. When the mould has been dried and finished, the cores may be set in place. The cores for the ends and base of the casting are set on chaplets, as shown at Fig. 132. The mould may now be closed, weighted, and made ready to cast. 130 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CHAPTER XX. MINING-MACHINERY. — CASTING HEAVY MORTARS FOR STAMP-MILLS. At Fig. 134 we have a front elevation and end sec- tion of a wet-crushing silver-mortar. The right-hand half of the elevation shows the front of the casting, and the left-hand half is a front view of the pattern. The pattern should be made in one piece, or, in other words, it should have no partings or loose pieces. The front, back, and ends must be made of good dry 2" lumber, well glued, and also held with 3" and 4" No. 12 screws. The inside of the pattern should be well bridged and braced with strong common lumber. The print A, for carrying the end of the green-sand or body core, should be at least 4" long ; and as the branch (where the ore is fed in) on the back of the mor- tar requires a dry-sand core, it is well to carry the print over, as shown by the dotted lines. Now, by referring to Fig. 137, it will be seen that the span B, Fig. 134, between the projection on the front of the mortar and the bottom flange, is made with a dry-sand core, so that the front of the projection must be carried down to the bottom of the pattern to form the print, as shown by dotted lines. Fig. 134, Now, as an end section of both these cores can be seen in the mould, at Fig. 137, it is not necessary to MINING-MACHINERY. 131 132 MODERN MOtTLDlKO AJ^D PATTEiUf-MAKlNG. give any other illustration, further than to say that the branch core-box is, of course, open on the top, and a strickle-board used to scrape the core-sand off level with the ends and side of the box ; and the core B is Fig. 135. made in a plain square box, vrith a piece the shape of the lip on the projection, and the flange on the bottom of the mortar set in the proper corners. When the projection on the front of the mortar is very long, it is better to make a flat dry-sand core the Fig. 136. full length of the opening between the wings on the front of the casting. A section of this core-box is shown at Fig. 135. As will be seen by the drawing, it is open on the top, and the pieces for forming the recesses for the wedges set in each end, as shown at JD. MINING-MACHINERY. 133 Some moulders would prefer to have these pieces made loose, and set m the top of the box, as it would save the trouble of turning the core over before setting it in the mould. When this core is set in position, the green-sand core rests upon it. In many cases, however, this core is not required, as the green-sand core runs clean through, and two small dry-sand cores are put in at the sides to form the recesses for the wedges, and projecting over far enough to balance. A section of the body core-box is shown at Fig. 136. This box should have a good solid foundation. As represented in the drawing, it is made as follows : — First, get out four pieces of scantling 3" X 5", and plane them square and true on one edge. When this has been done, get four or five pieces of 2" plank, and screw them fast to the 2>" X 5" scantlings ; on this foundation build the bottom of the box, as shown in the figure. The sides and ends must be made loose, and held in place by four 1" bolts. When the core has been made, these bolts can be drawn out, and the sides and ends of the box taken away separately. This leaves the core standing on the bottom of the box, from which it can be lifted without danger of breaking. The loose piece shown at E runs across the top of the box, and is used in order to keep the point F from breaking off. The piece shown at (x is also loose, and is the full length of the box ; it is put on for the pur- pose of holding the piece which forms the small flange on the inside of the casting. A plan of the cast-iron frame used for the purpose of supporting the green-sand body-core is shown at MODERN MOtTLDlKG AND fATTEKN-MAKlNG. MINING-MACHINERY. 135 Fig. 139. This frame should have two li" eye-bolts (fastened securely in the position shown by dotted lines, Fig. 137) to lift it by. When this frame has been placed in the core-box and rammed up level, the core should be well vented down- '->,BLOWER I'DIAM. I^TO LET OFF GAS, PLAN OF MOULD H O BLOWER I'DIAM. ■^TO LET OFF GAS. L! jQfEEDER IL kC C RISER RISER Fig. 138. wards, and then a layer of cinders, IJ" thick, laid on, and continued through tlie print, and up between the end of the print and the side of the flask, as shown in Fig. 137. This will carry away all the gas ; and the cin- ders and green-sand will allow the mortar to contract when cooling, and thus avoid the danger of breaking the casting. 136 MODEEN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. The method of casting the mortar is shown at Figs. 137 and 138, and requires very little explanation. As will be seen by the drawing, it is moulded in an iron flask. Two blowers 1" in diameter, to let off the gas, are shown at H H, Fig. 138. The main feeders J J Vl-n_JLJLJLJLJl^ (9 Aim PLAN OF CORE Fig. 139. should be W in diameter, and from each of these make two branch feeders 2^ X 1". The risers KKare 3" in diameter at the top, and taper down to 2" at the bot- tom. These may be fed with hand ladles, and pumped in with a rod till the metal sets. LARGE HOLLOW CASTINGS. 137 CHAPTER XXI. MOULDING LARGE HOLLOW CASTINGS IN DRY-SAND. Fig. 140 is a general drawing of a hopper for Walker's Patent Sulphurizing Furnace; and it will II II II II II 1 !C:^) UJ) (O; 1 II II Fig. 140. serve as a good illustration for this subject, viz., mould- ing in dry-sand. 138 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. A side and end elevation of the pattern is shown at Fig. 141. The body of the pattern has four strong draw-irons as shown at B; and the feet A and all the Fig. 141. facing pieces and points are loose, and held in position by screws and dowels. Fig. 142. Fig. 142 and 143 are the different side and end sec- LARGE HOLLOW CASTINGS. 139 tions and elevations of the centre, or body core-box. It is seen by the drawing, that the ends are made Fig. 143. loose, and held in place by the screws C and the four ^" bolts shown at D. Fig. 144 When the core is made, and ready to lift from th^ 140 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. box, the four bolts can be taken out, and the sides re- moved. When this has been done the screws (7 may be taken out, and the ends lifted away. This leaves the core standing in the bottom section of the box shown at Fiff. 142, from which the core can be lifted without the slightest danger of breaking. The jacket-core for the sides of the casting are to be made in three sections. The plan, side and end eleva- Fig. 145. tions of the box are shown at Fig. 144. By referring to the drawing, it will be seen that the box is made open at the top and bottom, and parted at both sides at and also at the end F, all the different sections being held in place by screws. The square end of the box should have four I" vent-holes bored, as shown at G. When making the core, the box should be set upon the dry-plate upon which the core is intended to be baked. Then, when the core is made and ready to draw, the screws which hold the box together at E and F can LARGE HOLLOW CASTINGS. 141 be taken out, and the different sections of the box removed without disturbing the core, when the dry- plate and core can be lifted and placed in the oven to dry. Fig. 145 is the plan, side and end elevations of the jacket core-box for the ends of the casting. It is a plain box open on the top ; and the hubs for forming the wall around the opening e «, Fig. 140, are loose ; Fig. 146, the square end is also loose at and has two |" vent-holes bored between the bridges K. When the core is ready to take out of the box, it should be cov- ered with a dry-plate, and turned over. After this has been done, take the screws out at and draw the square end and bridges- K ; then lift off the body of the box, and draw the hubs a e ; finish the core, and it is ready for the oven, LARGE HOLLOW CASTINGS. 143 MOULDING. Fig. 146 is ail end view of the mould, showing the pattern, gas vent-pipe, and steam-vents. When the proper excavation has been made in the floor, the bot- tom must be covered with a hiyer of cinders, about thick, and then 5" or 6" of sand, and upon this make the bed for the bottom of the pattern. This part of the mould should be well vented downwards to the cinders, which will take away all the gas from the bottom of the mould by way of the 4" pipe shown in the figure. Fig. 149. When the pattern has been set in position, and is ready to mould, set three 2^" vent pins at each side as shown. Fill in and ram up the sides square with the ends and level with the top of the pattern, leaving an opening of about two feet at each end. Cast-iron draw- back plates may then be set in the position shown by dotted lines if. Fig. 147, and rammed up as shown at 144 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. iV, making the two Ih" feed-gates shown at P. The cope flask B B, Figs. 146 and 147, may then be put on and rammed up, using |" gas-pipe for venting the body and jacket-cores. When the cope has been rammed up, it may be lifted off, and the ends of the mould drawn back to the position shown at MP; and, as one end has to be dried in the core oven, it may be lifted right Fig. 150. out of the mould, finished, and put in the oven at once. Having taken off the cope and ends of the mould as stated, the body of the pattern can be drawn from the sand, and the feet and facing pieces which will remain in the mould can then be drawn in towards the centre. The method of drying the mould is shown at Fig. 148. Having set the end M P and the cope back in place, build the temporary fire-box S, and kindle the I.A11GE HOLLOW CASTINGS. 145 fire ; the heat will dry the mould as it passes back from the fire to the smoke-fiue shown iu the figure. When the mould has been dried and finished, the cores set, and the mould closed, as shown at Figs. 149 and 150, it is ready to cast. 146 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CHAPTER XXII. THE screw-propeller: HOW TO MAKE IT. In order to lay out a screw-propeller, we must first •• ascertain the following dimensions : the kind of screw required, the extreme diameter, the number of blades, the thickness of the same, the width of the blade measured along a tangent at the extreme diameter, and the size and form of the hub. In this article I will illustrate a good method of drawing, pattern-making, and moulding a true screw ; in other words, a screw in which every equal portion of a revolution of the generatrix corresponds to an equal advance along the axis. This method (with slight variations) may be adopted for the construction of the different kinds of screw-propellers in general use. DRAWING. A method of laying out a screw-propeller is shown at Figs. 151, 152, and 153. Fig. 151 is an end view, and Fig. 152 is a side view; Fig. 153 shows the mode of determining the development of the thread or angle of the blade. The angle of the blade is as the pitch of the screw to the circumference of the same. Example : Circumference of screw, 54'. Pitch of same screw, 24'. Angle of blade, 24' to 54'; which 148 MODERK MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. To determine the pitch of the screw developed on a tangent plane, draw a vertical line through the points A B, Fig. 153, and set off on it (to a convenient scale) the length of the circumference of a circle, the radius of which is equal to half the diameter of the screw-propeller required. At this point draw the line B (7, equal to the pitch of the screw. If we now draw a line through the points A C, it will rep- resent the development of the thread, or Fig. 1B3. ^j^gjg of the blade on a tangent plane. We now take C, Fig. 151, as a centre, and describe the circle representing the end view of the propeller required. On this circle lay off the points B which we will assume represent an end view of the blade before the corners have been rounded off. Between the points B E lay off the aliquot parts 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and if necessary 1, 3, 8, and draw radii from thes& points. Now take 6 for a centre in the side view. Fig. 152, and lay off on each side of it the aliquot parts 7, 8, 9, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, points to the pitch corresponding to the same parts of the circle in Fig. 151. If from the points of the circle 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, in the end view, we draw the dotted lines joining the correspond- ing points in Fig. 152, the points so joined will of course represent the generating points, or outline of the blade in the side view. Now, if the lines drawn from the points 0, 1, 2, 9, etc., in the end view, and joining the corresponding numbers in Fig. 152, give the various points for the out- line of the blade in the side view, it of course follows that by nearly the same method of procedure we can THE SCREW-PROPELLEE. 149 develop a sectional or end view of any given point of the blade, as jP, (t, H, J, or K. PATTERN-MAKING. When a screw propeller is to be cast in loam, as in the present case, it is sometimes well to make a com- plete pattern of the hub : but for large sizes it is gen- erally built up in loam ; and, when such is the case, it will be -necessary to make a sweep-board, or templet, to guide the moulder in his operations. Such a templet is too simple to require any description or illustration. When a complete pattern of the hub is made, it must have a hole through the centre just large enough to be an easy fit on the spindle which the moulder uses when working on the job in the foundry. The principal work of the pattern-maker, however, consists in vozKing the sweep-boards and curved guide- boards, T^;/iich are necessary to the moulders in pro- ducing the correct form of the blade. Since the acting surface of the blade is made up of straight-line elements, or, as stated in the commence- ment of this article, every equal portion of a revolu- tion of the generatrix corresponds to an equal advance along the axis, it is evident that the same surface can be produced in loam by moving a straight-edged sweep- board along a guide-board having an acting surface which corresponds to the extreme helix of the blade. Such a straight-edged sweep-board is shown at X, Fig. 157. and needs no further explanation. Fig. 155 repre- sents the curved sweep-board for forming the back of the blade. The curved guide-board for the outer helix of the blade is shown at Fig. 156. The method of projecting 150 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERK-MAKING. the curved or working? surface of this board is shown at Fig. 154, and is as follows : — Draw the horizontal line M N. Let M represent the centre of the hub, or the element (7, Fig. 151 ; and with a radius equal to half the extreme diameter of the pro- peller, describe the arc OP. This will represent the element D E, Fig. 151, or, in other words, the actual limit of the blade. As the moulder will have to build a good margin of brickwork outside of the blade, we must take a radius of about 8" or 10" additional length, _i Ll A Fig. 154. and draw the arc 1 7. This will represent the inside corner of the acting surface of the guide-curve. We can now add the desired thickness of the guide-curve to the radius, and strike the arc representing the outside corner of the same. Set off, on the arc representing the inside corner of the curve, a number of aliquot parts, as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Let 3, 1, 7, represent THE SCREW-PKOPELLER. 151 the elements (7, 6, 0, 9, Fig. 151. Now draw the verti- cal line R S; and at S draw the horizontal line S T, equal to the pitch (or the corresponding part of it); and from 2^ draw the line cutting through the point U : this represents the developed helix. If we now draw the line 1 7 parallel to T b\ and the horizontal lines 7 8 and 1 9, join 8 and 9, as shown in the figure, we pro- duce a complete side view of the guide-curve. The point to which we now direct our attention is to project the end view. For this purpose we draw the vertical line X, equal to 1 9, and r— from the base line ^1, at a distance ^ equal to 7 8, make the point 7, and I ^; on the remainder set off a number I of aliquot parts corresponding in number to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. From '^jLI. the points draw the horizontal dotted lines, and from the corresponding points of the arc 1 7 drop perpendiculars. Through the various po'ints of intersection, draw the curved lines represent- ing the top edge of the guide-curve. If we now draw the horizontal line A, and the ver- tical lines C D, we have a complete drawing of the guide-curve required. It only remains for us to build up — either with staves or segments — a block of wood large enough for the purpose. Work it out to the proper shape, and we are ready for MOULDING. The method of moulding is shown at Figs. 157, 158, and 159, and is as follows: — In starting, the moulder first sets the step and spin- 152 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. die iVT, Fig. 157, and then adjusts the spindle-arm 0, to which he then bolts a straight strickle-board, and, with this, sweeps off a good level bed for the mould. He then removes the straight strickle-board from the Fig. 157. arm 0, and in its place adjusts the one marked i, and shown in the figure. The curved sweep-board for the back of the blade, THE SCREW-PROPELLER. 153 shown at Fig. 155, is then screwed to X, letting it pro- ject below the bottom edge just the thickness of the required metal in the blade. We will now take the curved guide-board, shown at Fig. 156, and set it in the position indicated by the dotted lines, and proceed to mould up the back of the Fig. 158. blade by building up the form of brick. This should be well bound together with iron rods, bolts, cement, and sand, as shown at J", Fig. 157. We can now spread the loam over this rough form of brick, and work it to the required shape by rotating the curved sweep-board (which has been adjusted for this purpose) around the spindle T. Then take off the curved sweep-board, and swing the arm 0 and sweep- board L around out of the way. Round off the cor- ners, as shown at B, and, in fact, finish the mould by hand, and then let it dry. 154 MODEEN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. After drying, the form of the blade is filled up with sand, and then swept off true with the straight sweep- board i, thus producing the acting surface of the blade. Then we are ready to remove the curved guide-board, make parting, and then cover the whole surface with loam, and upon this loam build the cope, as shown at iT, Fig. 158. While building the cope, great care should be taken to have it well vented, and a riser or flow-off set, as shown at R, Fig 159. Fig. 159. Remove the sand from the form of the blade after the cope has been lifted off. The blades are thus moulded separately; and when each section has been thoroughly dried and finished, we are ready to close the mould, set the hub-core JS, Fig. 158, make the joints tiglit and secure, and be tolerably sure of turning out a good casting. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 155 CHAPTER XXIII. WGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. — STEW- ART'S PATENT RAPID CUPOLA. It seems strange that so little has been done of late years to improve upon the somewhat crude and ineffec- tive arrangements which have so long constituted the "best practice " in the engineering of iron foundries. Engineers seem too frequently to have allowed the iron foundry pretty much to look after itself. Given a good pattern-shop, a well-equipped machine-shop, and an appropriately arranged erecting-shop, it was seem- ingly considered sufficient if the foundry was provided with a moderately good cupola of the old school, and ample crane arrangements. A new departure in cupola-practice, and in the engi- neering of foundries, which has recently taken place on both sides of the Atlantic, is, therefore, a matter of some interest and congratulation. Before presenting to the reader these two represent- ative — English and American — cupolas, I wish to express my most cordial thanks to the eminent engi- neers, Messrs. Alexander Stewart and Victor Colliau, who have kindly furnished me with drawings and par- ticulars of their inventions, together with other valu- able information. Neither of these gentlemen claims that the entire 156 MODF.RTsr MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. Fig. 160. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PEACTICE. 357 Fig. 161. features set forth in their inventions are new ; but with a knowledge of the various forms of melting used in England, the United States, and other countries, combined with their own experience gained from con- structing cupolas, they have, after many experiments, placed before iron-founders cu- polas possessing the double merit of rapid melting in connection with a comparatively low con- sumption of fuel. From a glance at the accom- panying illustrations, both meth- ods will be readily understood. The main feature of Stewart's patent rapid cupola lies in hav- ing its internal diameter reduced at the melting part. There are also several tuyeres arranged in three zones, termed the lower, middle, and upper zones, and respec- tively indicated in Fig. 163 by the letters A B C. In the top row, (7, each tuyere is provided with a shut-off valve. These three valves have their plugs connected with a malleable-iron pitch chain, and are opened or shut simultaneously, each to an equal extent, wzth. the one handle. All of the three rows of tuyeres are placed in com- munication with one another by means of an annular casing or air-belt. On each side of this air-belt is secured a cast-iron quarter-bend blast pipe A, Fig. 162, and to each bend is connected a turned shut-off valve B. Upon the air-belt is fixed a blast-pressure gauge 2>, to indicate the pressure of air in the cupola. The pipe -E', Fig. 160, conveys the hot blast from the receiver back to the cupola furnace. All the tuyeres are fastened to the shell rig. 162. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 159 with bolts and an asbestos ring ; and opposite each tuyere is provided a circular cover, which moves off and on, and when on is perfectly air-tight. These circular covers are provided with mica disks ; and'the respective areas of the three rows of tuyeres have been proportioned by experiment to give the most effective distribution of blast and of economical results. The cupola is arched over at the top, as shown in the illustration, but has an Fig. 163. Stewart's Patent Rapid Cupola: View of Lower Portion of Cupola enlarged to form Receiver. opening (shown in Fig. 162), fitted with a flap-door for the escape of the gases involved from the combustion of the coke. This arrangement is a most important one ; as it entirely obviates the danger and nuisance of sparks and cinders blowing out upon the neighboring property, which, when containingf, inflammable material, 160 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. is often placed in no little jeopardy where the. old system is in vogue. The flap-door can be set at any angle ; and consequently the sparks, etc., wliich are usually ejected in considerable quantities during blowing-off operations, may be deflected in any direction, or to the ground at the base of the cupola. The cupola is erected upon a cast-iron plate, which rests on four pillars. It is also provided with a drop bottom. The fixed receiver stands immediately in front of the cupola. It is constructed with a spout, and is of large enough proportions to contain the maximum quantity of melted iron that may be required from the cupola. When the fixed receiver is used, the molten metal may be run direct from it into the ladles, which may then be transported, by means of crane attachments, to the moulds. When the fixed receiver is employed, there- fore, no alteration in the pre-existing state of affairs in the moulding-shop need be made. But there is still another form of receiver which really forms part of the cupola itself, and consists essen- tially of an enlargement of the base, as illustrated in Fig. 163. In this case, which more nearly resembles the ordinary cupola, the arrangement of tuyeres, air- belt, valves, and other accessories, is the same as when an external fixed receiver is employed. The ejector valve, however, is not required, and the base of the cupola is fixed to a cast-iron base plate. Our engraving, Fig. 163, shows the cupola with the upper portion left off from the first joint above the air-belt. The cupola illustrated is one of the four-tons melting capacity per hour ; but Stewart's cupolas can be made of any capacity from one to twenty tons per hour. The one illustrated requires a bed of about four hundred- EiJGLlSH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 161 weight of coke, whereas ordinary furnaces take usually about thirteen hundred-weight. There is here, then, an initial saving of nine hundred-weight of coke. The approximate dimensions of a four-ton cupola, on Stew- art's system, are as follows : External diameter of shell, 4'; total height from ground line, 24'; height from ground line to under side of air-belt, 6' ; depth of air- belt, 2' 6" ; diameter of air-belt, 5' 6" ; melting part of cupola, 3' 6" deep by V 10" diameter, widening to an internal diameter of 3' in upper portion of cupola; thickness of lining at melting part, 1' 1" ; upper por- tion, 4i" ; internal diameter of receiver, 3' by 3' deep ; and height of tapping hole from ground line, 2' 3". A number of important advantages are claimed for this new cupola, and iron-founders will readily recog- nize their practical utility. First of all, in keeping with its name, the melting takes place rapidly and with great uniformity. Thus more rapid melting can be effected, and that, as we have al- ready pointed out, with a great reduction in the amount of fuel consumed. Further, there is an absence of flame at the top of the cupola, which remains compara- tively cool throughout, — a state of affairs obviously calculated to conduce to durability. No combustible gases are discharged, carbonic-acid gas alone escaping ; and the additional fuel thus obtained enables the smaller quantity of coke to suffice. At' a test made at Messrs. Rushforth & Co.'s, St. James's Foundry, Bradford, England, the results were highly satisfactory ; the rapidity with which the metal was run down being astonishing. The consumption of coke also, one hundred-weight to fourteen hundred- weight of iron, was much lower than is requisite with 162 MODEtiN MOtJLDING AKD PATTERN-MAKING. the ordinary cupola ; it being generally the practice to allow one-seventh the weight of the iron for fuel. This has, however, been improved by a subsequent test, a proportion of one hundred-weight of coke to eighteen hundred-weight of iron having been found sufficient. The following is a result of a test made March 8, 1884: — CUPOLA 4' DIAMETER; LENGTH OF SHELL, 19'. Time of lighting fire Put in coke for bed of cupola . . . Making up of door . Commenced char- ging Filled up cupola . Commenced blast- ing Metal running down Took away flrat metal in 35 min- utes after blast- ing Second metal taken Third metal taken . Fourth metal taken Finished charging . Finished blasting . 10.30 11.00 11.05 12.30 ] 1.05 1.15 1.40 2.15 2.30 2.35 2.15 2.35 Charge of Coke in pounds. Bed, 336 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 1,232 Charge of Iron in pounds 1,792 2,016 2,016 2,016 2,016 2,016 2,016 2,016 2,010 17,920 336 pounds. Fuel used for bed, coke . . Fuel used for fusion, coke . Total consumption of fuel Amount of iron melted in cupola . 17,920 pounds. 1,232 pounds. Speed of Blower in revolutions. 425 430 425 Pressure of water in inches. Time when taken. 1.10 1.40 2.15 Remarks. This was a melting of eight tons of iron with 1,232 pounds of coke, ill one hour and a half from starting to finishing blasting. The time taken to melt the iron, after having taken away the first ladleful of metal from receiver to tak- ing away last metal, was only 55 minutes. Note. — 14.54 pounds of iron to 1 pound of coke. Note. — Coke used, exclu- sive of bed, 896 pounds, and amount of iron melted, 17,920 pounds; or 1 cwt. of coke per ton of iron. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 163 Another test was made at Messrs. Haxby, Sewell, & Fleming's, Well Lane Foundry, Halifax, with a No. 5 CUPOLA, 4' 6" DIAMETER; SHELL, 16' 3". Time of lighting fire Put in coke for bed of cupola . . Making up of door Commenced char giiig .... Filled up cupola Commenced blast ing ... Metal running into ladle . . . Made up tapping- hole of receiver Took away first metal in 30 min utes after blasting Second metal taken Third metal taken . Fourth metal taken Finished charging . Finished blasting . 11.15 12.30 11.30 12.30 12.55 " 1.10 P.M 1.10 <• 1.40 2.10 2.30 2.55 2.25 2.55 Charge of Coke in pounds. Bed, 604 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 112 1,736 Charge of Iron in pounds. 1,866 1,866 1,866 1,866 1,866 1,866 1,866 1,866, 1,866, 1,866, 1,866, 1,866, 1,866, 22,399.2 504 pounds. 1,232 Fuel used for bed, coke . . Fuel used for fusion, coke . Total consumption of coke Amount of iron melted in cupola . 22,399 pounds. 1,736 pounds. Speed of Blower m revolutions. 370 410 416 Pressure of water in inches. Time when taken. 1.00 1.55 2.45 Remarks. The fire had not burned up, and was very dull at starting of the blast. The quality of coke was not the best. Each charge of metal consisted of about 1,344 pounds of pig and 522 pounds of good scrap- iron, broken from lathe-bed castings, etc. Ten tons of iron were melt- ed with 1,736 pounds of coke in two hours' time from start- ing to finishing blasting. The time taken to melt the iron, after having taken away the first ladleful of metal from receiver to taking away last metal, was only one hour and a quarter. Note. — 12.326 pounds of iron to 1 pound of coke. Note. — Coke used, exclu- sive of bed, 1,232 pounds, and amount of iron melted,22,399.2 pounds ; or 1 cwt. of coke per 18.181 cwt. of iron. THE COLLIATJ CUPOLA. Many of the advantages claimed in favor of the rapid cupola are also applicable to the Colliau cupola shown 164 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. in sectional elevation at Fig. 164, and in perspective elevation at Fig. 165. D, Fig. 164, represents the air- box, Gr G the lower tuyeres, F F the upper tuyeres ; E is the arch over the tap-hole L. F^ is the arch over the slag-hole K The line from F to J shows the inclina- tion of the upper tuyeres F F. K i& the inside brick Fig. 164. Sectional Elevation of the CoUiau Cupola. lining. The peculiar features of the CoUiau cupola are the proportions and arrangements of the upper and lower tuyeres. The lower tuyeres are rectangular, and are intended to furnish the air necessary to the com- bustion of the fuel. They are generally open during tlie fusion, but as they have gates inside of the air-box, they can be shut more ENGLISH AKD AMERltlAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 165 or less during the working to direct the blast more on one side than the other if necessary, or may be shut 166 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. The upper tuyeres are round, and point downwards. They are arranged to alternate with the lower tuyeres. Their inclination is proportionate to the diameter of the cupola in such manner that the blast from them will reach the focus of combustion produced by the lower tuyeres. They are closed when the blast is turned on, and opened when the iron shows at the tap-hole, and the cupola is plugged up to accumulate the first draught of iron. This is accomplished by moving the lever handle, which is shown on the top of the air-box. The opening of these tuyeres produces a downward blast of air (on the principle of a blow-pipe), and furnishes the oxygen necessary to the combustion of the hydro-carbon gas, which, without it, would be thrown off by the imperfect combustion of the fuel at the level of the lower tuyeres. This combined blast produces a melting point about 18" above the upper tuyeres, and nowhere else, concen- trating the heat in the smallest possible compass, so that the metal in fusion has less space to traverse while exposed to the oxidizing influence of the blast, thereby insuring tougher castings, and also perfect combustion of the inflammable gases (with corresponding economy of fuel), contrary to the usual practice of spreading the blast as much as possible. In the practical use of this cupola, there is no flame at the loading doors, and no turning-off of combustible gases at the top of the stack — carbonic-acid gas alone escaping (which is the product of perfect combustion). Meltings of ten to twelve pounds of iron, with one pound of fuel, are obtained in this cupola, according to the quantity of metal melted at a heat. Another point is the rapidity of melting, which increases as the operation is carried on instead ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 167 of decreasing, and also in giving hotter iron at the end than at the beginning. This is the reverse of all other cupolas. The following is the result of a test made at the works of the Detroit Car-wheel Company : — Certificate of quantities of Fuel used and Iron melted at the Foa)idry of the Detroit Car-wheel Company. Fuel used for bed, coke 1,500 lbs. Fuel used for fusion 6,900 " Total consumption of fuel 8,400 " Amount of iron melted in the cupola . . . 94,000 " 1/ighting . . 10 o'clock. 1 oading commenced 1 lasting . . 11.15 " I irst iron taken . 11.50 " I oading finished . 3.55 " I ropped bottom . 4.45 " 10 tons loaded at . 11.30 o'clock. 20 . 12.45 " 30 " " . 1..55 " 40 " " . 2.55 " .50 " " . 60 " " . 70 " " . 80 " " . This is a melting of forty-seven tons in four hours and thirty-five minutes, or ten and a half tons per hour, and over eleven pounds of iron to one pound of coke. It should also be noted that the first ten tons took one hour and fifteen minutes ; the second ten tons, one hour and ten minutes; the third ten tons, one hour, — show- ing a decrease of time as the operation advanced ; that is to say, a better working of the cupola at the end of the operation than at the beginning. The following is a statement giving total amount of iron melted, and coke used to melt the same, at the Rochester Car-wheel Works, during the month of sjeptember, 1883 ; — 168 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEEN-MAKING. Pounds Pounds 1883. Pounds Pounds 1883. Coke. Iron. Coke. Iron. Sept. 1 . . 4,850 49,708 Sept. 17 . . 5,500 59,024 " 3 . . 4,850 49,980 " 18 . . 5,500 59,024 4 . . 4,850 49,966 " 19 . . 5,500 59,041 5 . . 4,850 49,966 " 20 . . 5,500 59,041 " 6 . . 4,850 49,751 " 21 . . 5,500 59,041 7 . . 4,850 49,953 " 22 . . 5,500 59,041 8 . . 4,850 49,952 " 24 . . 5,500 59,041 " 10 . . 4,850 49,952 " 25 . . 5,500 59,041 " 11 . . 4,850 50,082 " 26 . . 5,500 59,041 " 12 . . 4,850 50,083 " 27 . . 5,500 59,041 " 13 . . 4,850 48,937 " 28 . . 5,500 59,041 " 14 . . 4,850 48,937 " 29 . . 5,500 59,041 " 15 . . 4,850 48,937 Total . . . 129,050 1,354,662 Just about lOi to 1 in twenty-five consecutive days. The advantages of the two cupolas illustrated may be summed uj) in the following manner: — 1st. A saving of from twenty to fifty per cent, of fuel, by securing more perfect combustion at the melting- point. 2d. The iron is improved by the melting, and a pure, uniform metal is obtained. 3d. Much greater rapidity of fusion, often doubling the ordinary cupola capacity. 4th. Hot fluid-iron all through the heat. 5th. Concentration of the fire in the smallest possible compass. The metal in fusion has less space to trav- erse while exposed to the oxidizing influence of the blast. This insures tougher castings, and less waste by oxidation in the furnace. 6th. The improvements can be applied to ordinary cupolas in a few days, and without difliculty. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CUPOLA-PRACTICE. 169 7th. By this process the cupola does not clog. Melt- ing is practically continuous as long as desired. One hundred tons of iron have been melted in one 58-inch cupola in six hours and a half, and the cupola remained in perfect condition at the end. 8th. A perfect "chilling iron" can be relied upon when desired. 9th. In the practical use of these cupolas, there is no fire to be seen at the loading doors, and no throwing- off of combustible gases — carbonic-acid gases alone escaping; the top of the cupolas being as cool as if there were no fire below. In brief, the operation of melting iron in foundries has at length been taken out of the realm of guess-work and uncertainty, and placed upon the ground-floor of plain, practical, economical common-sense. 170 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEKN-MAKING. CHAPTER XXIV. HINTS FOR DRAUGHTSMEN AND PATTERN-MAKERS. The surface of a sphere equals the square of the circumference multiplied by 0.3183. The diameter of a sphere equals the square root of its surface multiplied by 0.56419. The side of an inscribed cube equals the radius mul- tiplied by 1.1547. The diameter of a circle equals the square root of the area multiplied by 1.12838. The diameter of a sphere equals the cube root of its solidity multiplied by 1.2407. The circumference of a circle equals the diameter multiplied by 3.1416, which is the ratio of the circum- ference to the diameter. The area of a triangle equals the base multiplied by one-half of its height. The diameter of a circle equals the circumference multipled by 0.31831. The side of an inscribed equilateral triangle equals the diameter of the circle multiplied by 0.86, The surface equals the product of the diameter and circumference. The radius of a circle equals the circumference mul- tiplied by 0.159155. HINTS FOR DRAUGHTSMEN. 171 The circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.282 equals one side of a square of the same area. The area of a circle equals the square of the radius multiplied by 3.1416. The square root of the surface of a sphere multiplied by 1.772454 equals the circumference. The area of a circle equals one-quarter of the diame- ter multiplied by the circumference. The area of an ellipse equals the product of both diameters and .7854. The radius of a circle equals the square root of the area multiplied by 0.56419. The circumference of a sphere equals the cube root of its solidity multiplied by 3.8978. The side of a square equals the diameter of a circle of the same area multiplied by 0.8862. The side of an inscribed square equals the diameter multiplied by 0.7071. 172 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. TABLES OF AVEIGHTS AND MEASURES. LONG MEASURE. This table is used in measuring distances. The small- er units are the inch ( one inch. ) its sub- division. 12 inches make 1 foot (marked ft.). 3 feet make 1 ya.vd (marked yd.). 5^ yards make 1 rod or pole (marked rd.). 40 rods make 1 furlong (marked fur.). 8 furlongs make 1 mile (marked m.). 3 miles make 1 league (marked lea.). 67^ miles (nearly) ) make 1 degree (marked deg.) of the 60 nautical miles ) circumference of the earth. 360 degrees make 1 circumference (marked circ.). An acre contains 4,840 square yards. 209 feet long by 209 feet broad is 1 acre. A mile is 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards. A fathom is 6 feet. A cubit is 2 feet. A hand is 4 inches. A space is 3 feet. A span is 10| inches. 16^ feet make 1 rod. 4 rods make 1 chain. 10 chains make 1 furlong. SQUARE MEASURE. Square Measure is used for measuring surfaces. The square inch is the smallest unit in the table. TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 173 144 square inches (sq. in.) make 1 square foot (marked sq.ft.). SQUARE INCH 9 square feet make 1 square yard (marked sq. yd.). 30^ square yards make 1 square rod or perch (marked P.). 40 square rods make 1 rood (marked R.). 4 roods make 1 acre (marked A.). 640 acres make 1 square mile (marked sq. m.). SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. This measure is used in measuring timber and stone, and gives the unit for liquid and dry measure, and measures weights and coins. CUBIC INCH 1,728 cubic inches (cu. in.) make one cubic foot (marked cu. ft.). 27 cubic feet make 1 cubic yard (marked cu. yd.). 16 cubic feet make 1 cord foot (marked co. ft.). 8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet, make 1 cord of wood (marked C). 174 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. A pile of wood 4 feet high, 4 feet broad, jind 8 feet long makes one cord. 40 cubic feet of round timber, or 50 cubic feet of hewn timber, makes one ton. A box 3x4 inches, 2^ inches deep, contains one quart. A box 4x4 inches, 4| inches deep, contains one half peck. A box 8x8^ inches, 8 inches deep, contains one peck. A box 16xl()|^ inches, 13 inches deep, contains one bushel. A box 16 x 24 inches, 22 inches deep, contains one barrel. 282 cubic inches, one gallon of ale. 231 cubic inches, one gallon of wine. 268^ cubic inches, one dry gallon. 2,150-| cubic inches, one bushel. CLOTH MEASURE. • This measure is used in measuring cloth and other articles sold by llie yard. The yard and inch are the same in this as in Long Measure. 2^ inches (in.) make 1 nail (marked na.). 4 nails make 1 quarter of n yard (marked qr.). 4 quarters make 1 yard (marked yd.). 5 quarters make 1 ell English (marked E. E.). LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. This measure is used in measuring all kinds of liquids. The wine pint-cup will hold 28| cubic inches. 4 gills (gi.) make 1 pint (mai-ked pt.). 2 pints make 1 quart (marked qt. ). 4 quarts make 1 gallon (marked gal.). TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES. 175 63 gallons make 1 hogshead (marked hhd.). 2 hogsheads make 1 pipe (marked pi.). 2 pipes make 1 tun (marked tun). DRY MEASURE. This measure is used, in measuring grain, fruit, coal, salt, etc. A pint-cup of this measure contains 33| cubic inches. 2 pints make 1 quart (marked qt.). 8 quarts make 1 peck (marked pk.). ^ 4 pecks make 1 bushel (marked bu.). TROY WEIGHT. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, and jewels. The Troy pound is a piece of brass or other metal, which weighs as much as 22| cubic inches of water at a certain temperature. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight (marked pwt.). 20 pennyweights make 1 ounce (marked oz.). 12 ounces make 1 pound (marked lb.). APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. The Troy pound is sometimes divided differently to weigh medicines in mixing them. The pound, ounce, and grain are the same in Troy and Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple (marked sc.). 3 scruples make 1 dram (marked dr.). 8 drams make 1 ounce (marked oz.). 12 ounces make one pound (marked lb.). 176 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEHN-MAKING. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. This weight is used in all ordinary weighing. The avoirdupois pound is heavier than the Troy pound, 144 avoirdupois pounds being equal to 175 Troy pounds. 16 drams make 1 ounce (marked oz.). 16 ounces make 1 pound (marked lb.). 25 pounds make 1 quarter (marked qr.). 4 quarters, or 100 pounds, make 1 hundred weight (marked cwt.). 20 hundred weight make 1 ton (marked T.). COMMERCIAL MEASURE. 16 drachms 16 ounces 14 pounds 28 pounds 4 quarters 2,240 pounds 1 ounce. 1 pound. 1 stone. 1 quarter. 1 cwt. 1 ton. LIQUID MEASURE. 31^ gallons 63 gallons 42 gallons 84 gallons 252 gallons 1 barrel. 1 hogshead. 1 tierce. 1 puncheon. 1 tun. UNITED STATES MONEY. The units are coins of gold, silver, copper, and nickel, of fixed weight, size, and color. 10 mills make 1 cent (marked c). 10 cents make 1 dime (marked d.). 10 dimes make 1 dollar (marked $). 10 dollars make 1 eagle (marked E.). TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 177 ENGLISH MONEY. 4 farthings (far.) make 1 penny (marked d.). 12 pence make 1 shilling (marked s.). 20 shillings make 1 pound (marked £) . The coins of this table are gold, silver, and copper. A sovereign is a gold coin, — 1 pound or 20 shillings. A guinea is equal to 21 shillings. A pound is equal to $4.84 American money. MEASURE OF TIME. The natural units in this table are the day and the year. The smallest unit, the second, is the interval between two ticks of a clock, the pendulum being 39^^ inches long. 60 seconds (sec.) make 1 minute (marked min.). 60 minutes make 1 hour (marked hr.). 24 hours make 1 day (marked dy.). 7 day-s make 1 week (marked wk.). 365 days make 1 common year (marked yr.). 366 days make 1 leap year. 100 years make 1 century (marked c). The year is divided into twelve months. First month, January, has 31 days. ■ Second month, February, has 28 days ; in leap year, 29. Third month, March, has 31 days. Fourth month, April, has 30 days. Fifth month, May, has 31 days. Sixth month, June, has 30 days. Seventh month, July, has 31 days. Eighth month, August, has 31 days. Ninth month, September, has 30 days. Tenth month,- October, has 31 days. Eleventh month, November, has 30 days. Twelfth month, December, has 31 days. 178 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. MISCELLANEOUS TABLE, 12 units make 1 dozen. 12 dozen make 1 gross. 20 units make 1 score. 24 sheets of paper make 1 quire. 20 quires make I ream. METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AKD MEASURES. 179 THE FRENCH OR METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The great advantage of the French or metric system of weights and measures is the uniformity in the names and in the division of the units in the different tables. The division is the successive division into tentlis, after the manner of the eagle, dollar, dime, cent, and mill of the United States money. In addition to these advantages, this system has one table of weights instead of three ; one table for cubic,'liquid, and dry measure. The names of the units indicate what multiple or part of the principal unit they are. LONG MEASURE. The metre is the principal unit or basis of the table of Long Measure. The metre is 1 yard 3| inches, or ^^Too inches. 10 millimetres make 1 centimetre. 10 centimetres make 1 decimetre. 10 decimetres make 1 metre = 39y3^ inches (marked M.). 10 metres make 1 decametre (marked D.). 10 decametres make 1 hectometre (marked H'".). 10 hectometres make 1 kilometre (marked K'".). 10 kilometres make 1 myriametre = miles (marked M'".). 180 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. The prefixes milli, centi, deci, mean j-^-^-q, j^q, and respectively; the prefixes deca, hecto, kilo, myria, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, respectively. These are used in all the tables of this system. In commerce, the expres- sions, 10 metres, 100 metres, 1,000 metres, 10,000 metres, are invariably used instead of decametre, hectometre, kilometre. SQUARE MEASURE. The natural unit is the centiare, or square metre, equal to 1^ square yards (nearly). 100 centiares make 1 are =100 square metres. 10 ares make 1 decare. 10 decares make 1 hectare = acres, 2^ acres, nearly. CUBIC MEASURE. The unit of this table is the cubic metre = 1.3 cubic yards. This is called a stere when used in measuring wood, or hectolitre when applied to liquid or dry meas- ure, of which the principal unit is the litre or cubic decimetre = ^ quart, dry measure, and Ij^-^ of a quart, liquid measure. 10 millilitres make 1 centilitre =10 cubic centimetres. 10 centilitres make 1 decilitre. 10 decilitres make 1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = ^ of a dry quart, D.M., ly^ of a quart, L.M. 10 litres make 1 decalitre. 10 decalitres make 1 hectolitre. 10 hectolitres make 1 kilolitre or stere = 1 cubic metre. WEIGHTS. The principal unit is the gramme, or the weight of a millilitre of pure water when it is heaviest. The gramme is 15^^^^ grains avoirdupois. METillC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES. 181 10 milligrammes make 1 centigramme. 10 centigrammes make 1 decigramme. 10 decigrammes make 1 gramme = 15^^ grains avoir- dupois. 10 grammes make 1 decagramme. 10 decagrammes make 1 hectogramme. 10 hectogrammes make 1 kilogramme = 2^ lbs. avoir- dupois. 10 kilogrammes make 1 m3'riagramme. 10 myriagrammes make 1 quintal. 10 quintals make 1 millier or tonneau = 1 tons, nearly. TABLE OP FRENCH MONEY. 10 millimes make 1 centime. 100 centimes make 1 franc =19 cents and 3 mills United States money. 20 francs make 1 louis. 5 centimes make 1 sou. 5 francs are nearly one dollar. WEIGHTS. A franc in silver weighs 5 grammes. 40 five-franc pieces in silver weigh cue kilogramme. . L^'J, MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKINa. MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES AND TABLES. SHELLAC VARNISH FOR PATTERNS. Dissolve good shellac or seed lac in alcohol, making the varnish of any consistence desired. Note. — Shellac gives a pale cinnamon-colored varnish. Varnish made of seed lac is deeper-colored and redder. If colorless varnish is desired, use bleached shellac. GLUE AND CEMENTS. Glue is undoubtedly the most important cement used in the arts. Good glue is hard, clear (not necessarily light- colored, however), and free from bad taste and smell. Glue which is easily dissolved in cold water is not strong. Good glue merely swells in cold water, and must be heated to boiling-point before it will dissolve thoroughly. Great care must be taken not to burn it, and therefore it should always be prepared in a water-bath. CEMENT FOR LEATHER BELTING. Common glue and isinglass, equal parts, soaked for ten hours in just enough water to cover them. Bring gradually to boiling-heat, and add pure tannin until the whole becomes ropy, or appears like the white of eggs. Buff off the surfaces to be joined, apply this cement warm, and clamp firmly. MISCELLANEOUS llECIPES AND TABLES. 183 CEMENT FOR ATTACHING LEATHER TO METAL. Wash the metal with hot gelatine ; steep the leather in an infusion of nut-galls (hot) , and bring the two together. CEMENT FOR CAST-IRON. Take sal-ammoniac, 2 oz. ; sublimed sulphur, 1 oz. ; cast- iron filings or fine turnings, 1 lb. Mix in a mortar, and keep the powder dry. When it is to be used, mix it with twenty times its weight of clean iron turnings or filings, and grind the whole in a mortar ; then wet it with water until it becomes of conven- ient consistence, when it is to be applied to the joint. After a time it becomes as hard and strong as any part of the metal. IRON CEMENT FOR CLOSING THE JOINTS OF IRON PIPES. Take of iron borings, coarse powdered, 5 lbs. ; powdered sal-ammoniac, 2 oz. ; sulphur, 1 oz. ; and water suflScient to moisten it. This composition hardens rapidly ; but, if time can be allowed, it sets more firmly without the sulphur. It must be used as soon as mixed, and rammed tightly into the joints. BLACK VARNISH FOR CAST-IRON PATTERNS. For objects to which it is applicable, one of the best black varnishes is obtained by applying boiled linseed oil to the iron, the latter being heated to a temperature that will just char or blacken the oil. The oil seems to enter the pores of the iron, and after such an application the metal resists rust and corrosive agents perfectly. 184 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. BLACK VARNISH FOR IRON-WORK. Fuse 40 oz. of asphaltum, and add half a gallon of boiled linseed oil, 6 oz. red lead, 6 oz. litharge, and 4 oz. sulphate of zinc dried and powdered. Boil for two hours, and mix in 8 oz. fused dark amber gum and a pint of hot linseed oil, and boil again for two hours more. When the mass has thickened, withdraw the heat, and thin down with a gallon of turpentine. WHITE HARD VARNISH FOR WOOD OR METAL. Mastic, 2 oz. ; sandarach, 8 oz. ; elemi, 1 oz. ; Stras- bourg or Scio turpentine, 4 oz. ; alcohol, 1 quart. VARNISH FOR BRIGHT IRON-WORK. Dissolve 3 lbs. of rosin in 10 pints boiled linseed oil, and add 2 lbs. of turpentine. ALLOY FOR FILLING HOLES IN IRON. Bismuth, one part ; antimony, two parts ; lead, nine parts. This alloy expands in cooling, so that when a hole is filled with the melted alloy the plug is not loose when it is cold. MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER. To find the superficial contents of boards, planks, scant- lings, joists, and square timber, when the length is given in feet, and the width and thickness in inches. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width, and divide the product by 12; or, in other words, take 12 for the unity term of a fraction, and the length and width for the unit terra, and proceed in multiplication. Example 1. — How many feet are there in a board 24' long, 11" wide, and 1" thick? MISCELLANEOUS KECIPES AND TABLES. 185 Statement : — 2 X 11 = 22'. Example 2. — How many feet in a board 20' long and 16' wide? Statement : — 4 20 X 1% 3 = 26' 8". Simply f X 20 = 26' 8", or f x 16 = 26' 8". Example 3. — How many feet in 13 boards 24' long and 20" wide? Statement : — 2 = 520'. 1% The 12 is contained in 24 2 times ; 2 X 20 X 13 = 520, the number of feet. Example 4. — Find the contents, in board measure, of a plank 18' long, 10" wide, and 2" thick. Statement : — ;^^xiox^_ Example 5. — How many feet in 90 pieces of scantling 2" X 3" X 16' long? Statement : — 90X2X3x/^ ^^^^,^ 186 MODERJSi MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. Example 6. — How many feet in a stick of timber 7 x 10, and 16' long? Statement : — 2 7 X 10 X ■ 140', SQUARE AND ROUND TIMBER. To find the cubical contents of square timber. Rule. — Take 12 x 12 for the unity term of a fraction and the indicated product of the area of one end in inches, and the length in feet for the unit term. Examjde. — Find the cubical contents of a stick of tim- ber 16 X 16 X 36. Statement : — 4 3 16 X X _ For round timber, to reduce it to square timber. Rule. — From the mean diameter subtract its third part, square the remainder, and the product of that result into the length, divided by 12 x 12, gives the cubical contents in square timber. Note. — To find the mean diameter, add the two ends together, and divide by two. EXPANSION OF METALS. Metals expand by heat, and contract by cold ; and in almost all mechanical operations, unless the tendency to expand js allowed to act, very great strains are brought to bear upon tlie material. The following table sliows tha amount of expansion for metals per foot : — MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES AND TABLES. 187 Expansion per Degree Fah. Expansion from 32° TO 212°. .0000067 .00122 .0000069 .00124 .0000090 .00171 .0000160 .00294 Tin .0000190 .00217 Almost all solid bodies expand eqnall}' for each degree between freezing and boiling, or from 32° to 212° of Fahren- heit's thermometer. A bar of iron therefore, which is 12 feet long, by an increase of 60° of temperature becomes oU X 12 X .0000067 = 12.0048 feet in length. APPROXIMATE RULES FOR FINDING THE WEIGHT OF ROUND, SQUARE, AND RECTANGULAR BEAMS, BARS, ETC., OF CAST-IRON. Rule 1. — Multiply the square of the diameter in inches by the length in feet and 2.48, and the product will be the weight in pounds avoirdupois. The dimensions of a cast-iron ring being given, to find its weight : — Rule. — Multiply the breadth of the ring added to the mner diameter by .0074, and that again by the breadth and by the thickness, and the product will be its weight in hundred-weight. To find the weight of any cast-iron ball whose diameter is given : — Rule. — Multiply the cube of the diameter in inches by .1377, and the product will be the weight in pounds avoir- dupois. To find the diameter of a cast-iron ball when the weight is given : — Rule. — Multiply the cube root of the weight in pounds by 1.936, and the product will be the diameter in inches. 188 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. RULES FOR CALCULATING THE SPEED OF GEARS OR PULLEYS. In calculating for gears, multiply or divide by the number of teeth, as may be required. In calculating for pulleys, multiply or divide by their diameter in inches. The driving-wheel is called the driver, and the driven- wheel the driven. Problem 1. — The revolutions of driver and driven, and the diameter of driven, being given, required the diameter of driver. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of driven by its number of revolutions, and divide by the number of revolutions of the driver. Problem 2. — The diameter and revolutions of the driver being given, required the diameter of the driven to make a given number of revolutions in the same time. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide the product by the required num- ber of revolutions. Problem 3. — The diameter or number of teeth and number of revolutions of the driver, with the diameter or number of teeth of the driven, being given, required the revolutions of the driven. Rule. — Multiply the diameter or number of teeth of the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide by the diam- eter or number of teeth of the driven. Problem 4. — The diameter of driver and driven, and the number of revolutions of driven, being given, required the number of revolutions of the driver. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of driven by its number of revolutions, and divide by the diameter of the driver. MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES AND TABLES. 189 TABLE OF THE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF CHAINS. Inch. Weight per FOOT. Safe Weight in pounds. Inch. Weight per FOOT. Safe Weight in pounds. 1 8 3 T5 1 ¥ 5 16 3 8 7 16 1 9 16 0.17 0.38 0.67 1.08 1.55 2.11 2.7 3.42 250 560 1,000 1,500 2,250 3,050 4,000 5,050 1 3 ? 1 3 VS 7 ?r 1 5. T6 1 4.0 4.84 5.75 6.0 7.83 9.4 10.07 6,250 7,550 9,000 10,500 12,250 14,000 16,000 MELTING POINT OF METALS. Name. Degrees Fah. Authority. Platina .... 4,593 Antimony . . . 955-842 J. Lowthian Bell. Bismuth .... 487-507 Tin (average) . . 475 Lead 622-620 J. Lowthian Bell. Zinc 772-782 Cast-iron .... 2 786-1-^'^^^"^'^^^' \ Pouillet. ' (2,012-1,922, gray ) Wrought-iron . . 2,552-2,733, welding heat. Copper (average) . 2,174 190 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEEN-MAKING. AVERAGE SHRINKAGE OF CAST METALS. Steam-engine cylinders in 1' Steam-engine frames in 1' In pipes i" in 1' In thin brass y in 1' In thick brass in 1' 111 steel T¥"inr In copper i^" m V In tin in r In zinc tV in 1' In lead T^e" in 1' STRENGTH OF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION. fhe ultimate resistance in pounds per square inch of section, of various materials for construction, are as follows: — Name of Material. Resistance to Extension. ReRistance to Compression. Tensile strength in Practice. Comparative strength in Practice. White pine . 10,000 6,000 2,000 1,200 White oak 15,000 7,500 3,000 1,500 Rock elm . . 16,000 8,011 3,200 1,602 Wrought-iron 60,000 50,000 12,000 15,000 Cast-iron . . 20,000 100,000 4,000 20,000 PRACTICAL TABLES FOli GENERAL USE. 191 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. LAP-WELDED AMERICAN CHARCOAL IRON BOILER TUBES. External diame- ter. Standard thick- ness. Internal diameter. Internal circum- ference. External circum- ference. * Length of pipe per sq. ft. of in- side surface. * Length of pipt' persq. ft. of out- side surface. Internal area. External area. Weight per foot. Ina. Ins. Ins. Ins. Ins. Feet. Feet. Ins. Ins. Ihs. 1 0.072 0.856 2.689 3.142 4.460 3.819 0.575 0.785 0.708 H 0.072 1.106 3.474 3.927 3.455 3.056 0.960 1.227 0.900 H 0.083 1.334 4.191 4.712 2.863 2.547 1.396 1.767 1.250 n 0.095 1.560 4.901 5.498 2.448 2.183 1.911 2.405 1.665 2 0.098 1.804 5.667 6.283 2.118 1.909 2.556 3.142 1.981 2i 0.098 2.054 6.484 7.069 1.850 1.698 3.314 3.976 2.238 2^ 0.109 2.283 7.172 7.854 1.673 1.528 4.094 4.909 2.755 21 0.109 2.533 7.957 8.639 1.508 1.390 5.039 5.940 3.045 3 0.109 2.783 8.743 9.425 1.373 1.273 6.083 7.069 3.333 3i 0.119 3.012 9.462 10.210 1.268 1.175 7.125 8.296 3.958 0.119 3.262 10.248 10.995 1.171 1.091 8.357 9.621 4.272 3| 0.119 3.512 11.033 11.781 1.088 1.018 9 687 11.045 4.590 4 0.130 3.741 11.753 12.566 1.023 0.955 10.992 12.566 5.320 4^ 0.130 4.241 13.323 14.137 0.901 0.849 14.126 15.904 6.010 5 0.140 4.720 14.818 15.708 0.809 0.764 17.497 19.635 7.226 6 0.151 5.699 17.904 18.849 0.670 0.637 25.509 28.274 9.346 7 0.172 6.657 20.914 21.991 0.574 0.545 34.805 38.484 12.435 8 0.182 7.636 23.989 25.132 0.500 0.478 45.795 50.265 15.109 9 0.193 8.615 27.055 28.274 0.444 0.424 58.291 63.617 18.002 10 0.214 9.573 30.074 31.416 0.399 0.382 71.975 78.540 22.190 * In estimating the effective steam-heating or boiler surface of tubes, the surface in contact with air or gases of combustion (whether internal or external to the tubes) is to be taken. For heating liquids by steam, super-heating steam, cr transferring heat from one liquid or one gas to another, the mean surface of the tubes is to b« taken. 192 MODEEN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. WROUGHT-IRON WELDED TUBES. For Steam, Gas, or Water. Diameter. Actual Actual Weight per Number of Inside Outside Thickness. Foot of Threads per Diameter. Diameter. Length. Inch of Screw. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. lbs. "8 .270 .405 .068 •243 27 .364 .54 .088 .422 18 .494 .675 .091 .561 18 i .623 .84 .109 .845 14 1 .824 1.05 .113 1.126 14 1 1.048 1.315 .134 1.670 IH H 1.380 1.66 .140 2.258 lli U 1.611 1.9 .145 2.694 2 2.067 2.375 .154 3.667 2i 2.468 2.875 .204 5.773 8 3 3.067 3.5 .217 7.547 8 3i 8.. 548 4 .226 9.055 8 4 4.026 4.5 .237 10.728 8 4.508 5 .247 12.492 8 5 5.045 5.563 .2.59 14.564 8 6 6.065 6.625 .280 18.767 8 7 7.023 7.625 .301 23.410 8 8 7.982 8.625 .322 28.348 8 9 9.001 9.688 .344 34.077 8 10 10.019 10.75 .366 40.641 8 PRACTICAL TABLES FOE GENEEAL USE. 193 TABLE OF THE WEIGHT AND STEENGTH OF MANILA COEDAGE. Size Cir- cumference. Iticliesi Size Diameter, luclies. Weight of 100 fatliomB* Feet in one pound. Breaking strain of new ropes. Tarred Hemp. Weight of 100 fathoms. H f 31 20 For Top68 in usg ~ li 1 i 44 14 deduct 5 from these figures for chafing, etc. 40 If 60 10 75 2 f 79 7i 3,000 100 2i f 99 6 4,000 125 2i 122 5 5,000 155 2f 146 4 6,000 190 3 176 31 7,000 225 3i 270 3 8,500 265 3i 240 2i 9,500 300 3f li 275 11,000 355 4 ItV 305 2 12,500 405 4i If 355 14,000 455 4i li 395 li 16,000 500 5 -Is 490 H 20,000 630 5i 595 1 24,000 750 6 2 705 10" 27,000 910 6i 2i 825 Si" 31,500 1,050 7 2i 960 7i" 37,000 1,235 ^ 2i 1,100 6i" 42,500 1,400 8 2f 1,255 5^" 48,500 1,600 8i 2J 1,415 6" 54,500 1,820 9 3 1,585 4i" 61,500 2,050 194 MODERN MOULDl.,G AND PATTi:liN-M AKING. CAST-IRON PIPES, TWELVE INCHES LONG. Thickness of Metal. Bore. i" •All 1 II ■z . 8 3// 4 111 8 1" H" li" Inch. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 3.1 5.1 7.4 10.0 12.9 16.1 19.6 23.5 27.6 li 3.7 6.0 8.6 11.5 14.7 18.3 22.1 26.2 30.7 1^ 4.3 6.9 9.8 13.0 16.6 20.4 24.5 29.0 33.7 If 4.9 7.8 11.1 14.6 18.4 22.6 27.0 31.8 36.8 2 5.5 8.8 12.3 16.1 20.3 24.7 29.5 34.5 39.9 2i 6.1 9.7 13.5 17.6 22.1 26.8 31.9 37.3 43.0 2i 6.7 10.6 14.7 19.2 23.9 28.9 34.4 40.0 46.0 2| 7.4 11.5 16.0 20.7 25.7 31.1 36.8 42.8 49.1 3 8.0 12.4 17.2 22.2 27.6 33.3 39.3 45.6 52.2 3i 8.6 12.3 18.4 23.8 29.5 35.4 4L7 48.3 55.2 3i 9.2 14.2 19.6 25.3 31.3 37.6 44.2 51.1 58.3 3i 9.8 15.2 20.9 26.9 33.1 39.7 46.6 53.8 61.4 4 10.4 16.1 22J 28.4 35.0 41.9 49.1 56.6 64.4 4i 11.1 17.1 23.4 30.0 36.9 44.1 51.6 59.4 67.6 4i 11.7 18.0 24.5 31.4 38.7 46.2 54.0 62.1 70.6 4J 12.3 18.9 25.8 33.0 40.5 48.3 56.5 64.9 73.6 5 12.9 19.8 27.0 34.5 42.3 50.5 58.9 67.6 76.7 5i 13.5 20.7 28.2 36.1 44.2 52.6 61.4 70.4 79.8 5i 14.1 21.6 29.5 37.6 46.0 54.8 63.8 73.2 82.8 5| 14.7 22.6 30.7 39.1 47.9 56.9 66.3 76.0 85.9 6 15.3 23.5 31.9 40.7 49.7 59.1 68.7 78.7 88.8 6i 6i 16.0 24.4 33.1 42.2 51.5 61.2 71.2 81.2 92.0 16.6 25.3 34.4 43.7 53.4 63.4 73.4 84.2 95.1 61 17.2 26.2 35.6 45.3 55.2 65.3 76.1 87.0 98.2 7 17.8 27.2 30.8 46.8 56.8 67.7 78.5 89.7 101.2 18.4 28.1 38.1 48.1 58.9 69.8 81.0 92.5 104.2 7i 19.0 29.0 3!).J 49.9 60.7 72.0 83.5 95.3 107.4 7f 19.6 29.7 40.5 51.4 62.6 74.1 85.9 98.0 110.5 8 20.0 30.8 41.7 .52.9 64.4 76.2 88.4 100.8 113.5 8i 20.9 31.7 43.0 54.5 66.3 78.4 90.8 103.5 116.6 8^ 8| 21.7 32.9 44.4 56.2 68.3 80.8 93.5 106.5 119.9 22.1 33.6 45.4 57.5 70.0 82.7 95.7 109.1 122.7 9 22.7 34.5 46.6 59.1 71.8 84.8 98.2 111.8 125.8 9i 91 23.3 35.4 47.9 60.6 73.6 87.0 100.6 114.6 128.9 23.9 36.4 49.1 62.1 75.5 80.1 103.1 117.4 131.9 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAr> USE. 195 CAST-IRON PIPES, — Coiwlnded. Bore. i" 1" 1 ff "2 1" 4" r 1" li" qa 24.6 .37. 3 50.3 63.7 77.3 91.3 10.5.5 120.1 135.0 10 25.2 38.2 51.5 65.2 79.2 93.4 108.0 122.8 138.1 25.8 39.1 52.8 66.7 81.0 95.6 110.4 125.6 141.1 lyi-i 26.4 40.0 .54.0 68.3 82.8 97.7 112.9 128.4 144.2 10? 27.0 41.0 55.2 69.8 84.7 99.9 115.4 131.2 147.3 27.6 41.9 56.5 71.3 86.5 102.0 117.8 133.9 150.3 114- 28.2 42.8 57.7 72.9 88.4 104.2 120.3 136.7 1.53.4 1H 28.8 43.7 58.9 74.4 90.2 106.3 122.7 139.4 156.4 11^ 29.5 44.6 60.1 75.9 92.0 108.5 125.2 142.2 159.5 12 30.1 45.6 61.4 77.5 93.6 110.6 127.6 145.0 162.6 13 82.7 101.2 118.2 137.4 154.1 173.5 14 - - - 89.3 108.2 126.5 146.2 165.3 185.2 10 95.2 115.7 135.3 156.2 176.2 198.1 16 123.3 143.1 166.1 187.5 211.3 17 130.2 152.5 178.5 198.2 223.4 18 137.0 161.2 185.3 209.1 235.6 19 169.2 195.7 222.3 24T.1 20 178.1 205.2 233.2 2.59.0 21 214.1 243.5 273.2 22 223.0 254.8 285.4 23 233.4 265.5 298.3 24 245.2 277.5 310.6 ]s^OTE. — The first column is the bore of the pipes, ex- pressed in inches and parts of an inch ; and the remaining columns are the weights of the pipes under the different thicknesses in which they are placed. N. B. — Two flanges are generally reckoned equal to one foot of pipe. SIZE OP NAILS. The following table will show the length of the various sizes and the number of nails in a pound. They are rated " 3-penny " up to " 20-penny." The first column gives the 196 MODEKN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. number, the second the length in inches, and the third the number per pound : — Number. Length in inches. No. per pound. Number. Length in inches. No. per pound. 3-penny . 1 557 12-penny . 2 54 4-penny . 353 20-penny . 3^ 34 5-penny . 232 Spikes . . 4 16 6-penny . 2 167 Spikes . . 4i 12 7-pcnny . 2-k 141 Spikes . . 5 10 8-penny . 2i 101 Spikes . . 6 7 10-penny . 21 68 Spikes . . 7 5 TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON BALLS In pounds avoirdupois, from 1" to 12" diameter, and advancing by an eighth. Lbs. and Lbs. and Lbs. and Inch. Lbs. and Inch. Lbs. and Inch. parts. Inch. parts. Inch. parts. parts. parts. 1 .14 3i 4.72 22.91 71 64.09 10 137.71 .20 3i 5.29 5f 24.51 71 67.25 10-1 142.91 u .27 3i 5.80 5| 26.18 8 70.49 lOi 148.28 If .37 3f 6.56 51 27.91 8i 73.85 lOf 153.78 H .47 7.26 6 29.72 8i 77.32 m 159.40 n .59 31 8.01 6i 31.64 8f 80.88 lOf 165.16 11 .74 4 8.81 6i 33.62 8i 84.56 lOf 171.05 n .91 4i 9.67 61 35.67 8f 88.34 101 177.10 2 1.10 4i 10.57 6i 37.80 81 92.24 11 183.29 2h 1.32 4| 11.53 6f 40.10 8i 96.26 11-1 189.60 2\ 1.57 4i 12.55 61 42.35 9 100.39 lU 196.10 21 1.84 4§ 13.62 6i 44.74 9i 104.62 lit 2(b.(n 2i 2.15 4| 14.76 7 47.21 9i 108.98 iH 20;). 4.} 2& 2.49 41 15.95 7i 49.79 91 11.3.46 lit 216.32 21 2.86 5 17.12 7^ 52.47 9i 118.06 111 223.40 21 3.27 5i 18.54 7f 55.23 n 122.77 111 230.57 3 3.72 5i 19.93 7i 58.06 9! 127.63 12 237.94 3i 4.20 5i 21.. 39 7^ 60.04 9-J 132.60 PRACTICAL TABLES FOE GENERAL USE. 197 SQUARE IRON. Size. 1 ft. 2 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. Inch. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. i 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1,5 1,7 1.9 1 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.3 J 0.8 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.2 5.1 5,9 6.8 7.6 S 1..S 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.6 7.9 9.2 10.6 11.9 3 4 Q Q O.O i.O y.o 11.4 too 16.4 15.2 17.1 7 8 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.4 12.9 15.5 18.1 20.7 23.3 1 3.4 6.8 10.1 * 13.5 16.9 20.3 23.7 27.0 30.4 4.3 8.6 12.8 17.1 21,4 25.7 29.9 34.2 38,5 H 5.3 10.6 15.8 21.1 26.4 31.7 37.0 42.2 47.5 If 6.4 12.8 19.2 25.6 32.0 38.3 44.7 51.1 57.5 H 7.6 15.2 22.8 30.4 38.0 45.6 5.3.2 60.8 68.4 If 8.9 17.9 26.8 35.7 44.6 53.6 62.5 71.4 80.3 1 3 10.4 61.1 41.4 Ol.O 62.1 TZ.o 82.8 93.2 11.9 23.8 35.6 47.5 59.4 71.3 83.2 95.1 106.9 2 13.5 27.0 40.6 54.1 67.6 81.1 94.6 108.2 121.7 2^ 15.3 30.5 45.8 61.1 76.3 91.6 106.8 122.1 137.4 2i 17.1 34.2 5L3 68.4 85.6 102.7 119.8 136.9 154.0 2| 19.1 38.1 57.2 76.3 95.3 114.4 133.5 152.5 171.6 2^ 21.1 42.2 63.4 84.5 105,6 126.7 147.8 169.0 190.1 2f 23.3 46.6 69.9 93.2 116.5 139.8 163.0 186,3 209.6 2| 25.6 51.1 lo.l 102.2 127.8 loo. 4 178.9 204,5 /oU.U ■^8 27.9 55.9 83.8 111.8 139.7 167.6 195.7 223,5 251:5 3 30.4 60.8 91.2 121.7 152.1 182.5 212.9 243,3 273,7 3^ 33.0 66.0 99.0 132.0 165.1 198.1 231.1 264.1 297.1 3i 35.7 71.4 107.1 142.8 178.5 214.2 249.9 285,6 321.3 3| 38.5 77.0 115.5 154.0 192.5 231.0 269.5 308.0 346.5 3i 41.4 82.8 124.2 165.6 207.0 248,4 289.8 331.3 372,7 3| 44.4 88.8 133.3 177.7 222,1 266,5 310.9 355.3 399.8 3f 47.5 95.1 142.6 190.1 237.7 385,2 332.7 380.3 427.8 3| 50.8 101.5 152.3 203.0 253.8 304,5 355.3 406.0 456.8 4 54.1 108.2 162.3 216.3 270.4 324,5 378.6 432.7 486,8 4^ 57.5 115.0 172.6 2.30.1 287.6 345,1 402.6' 460.1 517,7 4i 61.1 122.1 183.2 244.2 305.3 366.3 427.4 488.4 .549.5 4| 64.7 129.4 194.1 2.58.8 323.5 388.2 452.9 517.6 582.3 4i 68.4 136.9 205.3 273.8 342.2 410.7 479.1 547.6 616.0 4f 72.3 144.6 216.9 289.2 361.5 433.8 506.1 578.4 650,7 198 MODERN MOTJLDtNG AND PATTERN-MAKING. SQUARE IRON, — Concluded. Size. 1 ft. 2 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. Inch. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 76.3 152.5 228.8 oUO. 1 ool.o A~\1 R to l.V> K'i'i S 000.0 OIU. I ftQa A OoO.t 80.3 160.7 241.0 321.3 401.7 482.0 562.3 642.7 723.0 5 84..5 169.0 2.53.4 337.9 422.4 506.9 591.4 675.8 760.3 H 88.8 177.6 266.4 355.1 443.9 532.7 621.5 710.3 799.1 5i 93.2 186.3 i!79.0 372.7 4D0.<5 ooy.u 7/tP> ^ 000.0 53. ^8 97.7 195.3 293.0 390.6 488.3 585.9 683.6 781.3 878.9 ^\ 102.2 204.5 306.7 409.0 511.2 613.*4 715.7 817.9 920.2 ^8 107.0 213.5 320.9 427.8 534.8 641.7 748.7 855.6 962.6 5f 111.8 223.5 335.3 447.0 558.8 670.5 783.2 894.0 1005.8 H 116.7 233.3 350.0 466.7 583.4 700.0 816.7 933.4 1050.0 Q 121.7 243.3 365.0 486.7 608.3 730.0 841.6 973.3 1095.0 132.0 264.1 396.1 528.2 660.2 792.2 924.3 1056.3 1188.4 142.8 285.6 428.4 571.3 714.1 856.9 999.7 1142.5 1285.3 6| 154.0 308.0 462.0 616.0 770.1 924.1 1078.1 1232.1 1386.1 s. A A '±.0 (1 Q y.o 13.9 18.6 23.2 27.9 32.5 37.2 41.8 i 3 5.1 10.1 15.2 20.3 25.3 30.4 35.5 40.6 45.6 i . Si 5.5 ILO 16.5 22.0 27.5 32.9 38.4 43.9 49.4 i H 5.9 1L8 17.7 23.7 29.6 35.5 41.4 47.3 53.2 ± 2 of O.O 12.7 19.0 25.3 31.7 38.0 44.4 50.7 57.0 1 2 ■i O.O Lj.O 20.3 27.0 33.8 40.6 47.3 54.1 60.8 i 4i 7.2 14.4 21.5 28.7 35.9 43.1 50.3 57.4 64.6 4i 7.0 1.5.2 22.8 30.4 38.0 45.6 53.2 60.8 68.4 X 2 44 8.0 16.1 24.1 32.1 40 1 48.2 56.2 64.2 5 8.4 16.9 25.3 33.8 42.2 50.7 59.1 67.6 76.0 5i 8.9 17.7 26.6 35.5 44.4 53.2 62.1 71.0 79.9 i 5i 9.3 18.6 27.9 37.2 46.5 55.8 6.5.1 74.4 83.7 i r)f 9.7 19.4 29.2 .38.9 48.6 58.3 68.0 77.7 87.5 i 6 10.1 20.3 30.4 40.6 50.7 60.8 70.9 81.1 91.2 1 1 2.1 4.2 6.3 S.4 10.6 12.7 14.8 16.9 19.0 8 n 2.6 5.3 7.9 10.0 13.2 15.8 18.5 21.1 23.8 PEACTICAL TABLES FOIl GENEEAL USE. 203 FLAT IRON, — Continued. Th'k. Wid. 1 ft. 2 ft. .3 ft. 4 ft. .5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. Inch. Inch. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. n 3.2 6.3 9.5 12.7 15.8 19.0 22.2 25.4 28.5 If 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 18.5 22.2 25.9 29.6 33.3 1 2 4.2 8.4 12.7 16.9 21.1 25.3 29.9 33.8 38.0 t 2i 4.8 9.5 14.3 19.0 23.8 28.5 33.3 38.0 42.8 t 2i 5.3 10.6 15.8 21.1 26.4 31.7 37.0 42.2 47.5 t 2f 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.2 29.0 34.8 40.7 46.5 52.3 t 3 6.3 12.7 19.0 25.3 31.7 38.0 44.4 .50.7 57.6 8 3i 6.9 13.7 20.6 27.5 34.3 41.2 48.1 54.9 61.8 8 3* 7.4 14,8 22.2 29.6 37.0 44.4 51.8 59.2 66.5 f 3i 7.9 15.8 23.8 31.7 39.6 47.5 .55.5 63.4 71.3 4 8.4 16.9 25.3 33.8 42.2 50.7 59.1 67.6 76.0 8 *z 9.0 18.0 26.9 35.9 44.9 53.9 62.9 71.8 80.8 8 ^2 9.5 19.0 28.5 38.0 47.5 57.0 66.5 76.1 85.6 8 10.0 20.1 30.1 40.1 50.2 60.2 70.2 80.3 90.3 5 10.6 21.1 31.7 42.3 52.8 63.4 73.9 84.5 95.1 8 5+ "T 11.1 22.2 33.3 44.4 55.5 66.5 77.6 88.7 99.8 .5-1- 11.6 23.2 34.9 46.5 58.1 69.7 81.3 92.9 104.6 8 12.1 24.3 36.4 48.5 60.7 72.9 85.0 97.2 109.3 f 6 12.7 25.3 38.0 50.7 63.4 76.0 88.7 101.4 114.1 1 1 2.5 5.1 7.6 10.1 12.7 15.2 17.7 20.3 22.8 f li 3.2 6.3 9.5 12.7 15.8 19.0 22.2 25.4 28.5 1 li 3.8 7.6 11 4 15.2 19.0 22.8 26.6 30.4 34.2 f 1* 4.4 8.0 13.3 17.7 22.2 26.6 31.1 35.5 39.9 1 2 5.1 10.1 15.2 20.3 25.3 30.4 3.5.5 40.6 45.6 1 2i 5.7 11.4 17.1 22.8 28.5 34.2 39.9 45.6 51.3 1 2i 6.3 12.7 19.0 25.3 31.7 38.0 44.4 50.7 57.0 i 2'f 7.0 13.9 20.9 27.9 34.9 41.8 48.8 55.8 62.7 i 3 7.6 15.2 22.8 30.4 38.0 45.6 53.2 60.9 68.4 1 H 8.2 16.5 24.7 33.0 41.2 49.4 57.7 65.9 74.2 1 Si 8.9 17.7 26.6 .35.5 44.4 53.2 62.1 71.0 79.9 f 3i 9.5 19.0 28.5 38.0 47.5 57.0 66.5 76.1 85.6 i 4 10.1 20.3 30.4 40.6 50.7 68.0 70.9 81.1 91.2 204 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. FLAT IRON, — Concluded. Th'k. Wid. 1 ft. 2 ft. .3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft. lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs IbR i 4i 10.8 21.5 32.3 43.1 53.9 64.6 75.4 86.2 97.0 f 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 57.0 68.4 79.9 91.3 102.7 f 4i 12.0 24.1 36.1 48.2 60.2 72.2 84.3 96.3 108.4 4 5 12.7 25.3 38.0 50.7 63.4 76.0 88.7 101.4 114.0 f 5i 13.3 26.6 39.9 53.2 66.5 79.8 93.1 106.5 119.8 i 5i 13.9 27.9 41.8 55.8 69.7 83.7 97.6 111.5 125.5 f 5f 14.6 29.1 43.7 58.3 72.9 87.4 102.0 116.6 131.2 4 6 15.2 30.4 45.6 60.8 76.0 91.2 106.5 121.7 136.9 1 .5.1 10.1 15.2 20.3 25.3 30.4 35.5 40.6 45.6 1 2 6.8 13.5 20.3 27.0 33.8 40.6 47.8 54.1 60.8 1 3 10.1 20.3 30.4 40.6 50.7 60.8 70.9 81.1 91.2 1 4 13.5 27.0 40.6 .54.1 67.6 81.1 94.6 108.1 121.7 1 5 16.9 33.8 50.7 67.6 84.5 101.4 118.3 135.2 152.1 1 6 20.3 40.6 60.8 81.1 101.4 121.7 141.9 162.2 182.5 The following table shows the weight of a square foot of different metal plates of thicknesses from to 1", advan- cing by j-V'- METAL PLATES. leths. Wrought Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Iron. Iron. Copper. Brass. Lead. Zinc. Tin. Silver. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 2.5 2.3 2.9 2.7 3.7 2.3 2.4 3.4 2 5.1 4.7 5.7 5.5 7.4 4.7 4.7 6.8 3 7.6 7.0 8.6 8.2 11.1 7.0 7.1 10.2 4 10.1 9.4 11.4 11.0 14.8 9.4 9.5 13.6 5 12.7 11.7 14.3 13.7 18.5 11.7 11.9 17.0 6 1,5.2 14.0 17.2 16.4 22.2 14.0 14.2 20.5 7 17.9 16.4 20.0 19.2 25.9 16.4 16.6 23.9 PRACTICAL TABLES FOE, GENERAL USB. 205 METAL TLATES, — Concluded. 16ths. Wrought Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Cast Iron. Irou. Copper. Brass. Lead. Zinc. Tin. Silver. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 8 20.3 18.8 22.9 21.9 29.5 18.7 19.0 27.3 9 22.8 21.1 25.7 24.6 33.2 21.1 21.4 30.7 10 25.4 23.5 28. G 27.4 36.9 23.4 23.7 34.1 11 27.9 25.8 31.4 30.1 40.6 25.7 26.1 .37.5 12 30.4 28.1 34.3 32.9 44.3 28.1 28.5 40.9 13 32.9 30.5 37.2 35.6 48.0 30.4 30.9 44.3 14 35.5 32.9 40.0 38.3 51.7 32.8 33.2 47.7 15 38.0 35.2 42.9 41.2 55.4 35.1 35.6 51.1 16 40.6 37.6 45.8 43.9 59.1 37.5 38.0 54.6 WEIGHT OF SOLID CYLINDERS OF CAST-IRON, 12" long, in pounds avoirdupois. Diam. Weight in Diam. Weight in Diam. Weight in Diam. Weight in Inches. pounds. Inches. pounds. Inches. pounds. Inches. pounds. a 1.394 2i 15.492 4^ 50.193 8 158.638 1 » 1.897 2^ 17.080 4| 55.926 8i 179.087 1 2.478 2-1 18.745 5 61.968 9 200.774 li 3.137 21 20.488 68.319 9i. 223.704 H 3.873 3 22.308 74.981 10 247.872 n 4.686 3i 24.206 5! 81.952 273.278 li 5.577 3i 26.181 6 89.234 11 299.925 6.545 3^ 28.234 6i 96.825 Hi 327.811 If 7.591 3i 30.364 6^ 104.726 12 356.935 li 8.714 3f 32.572 m 112.9.36 13 418.903 2 9.915 3f 34.857 7 121.457 14 485.830 2i 11.193 31 37.219 n 1.30.287 15 557.712 2i 12.548 4 39.660 139.428 16 634.. 552 2t 13.981 4i 44.771 7f 148.878 Cubic inches of cast-ii'on multiplied by .263 = pounds avoirdupois. Circular inches of cast-iiou multiplied by .2065 = pounds avoirdupois. 206 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. A TABLE CONTAINING THE CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, From 1 to 50 ft. , advancing by an inch ; also tlie side of a square of equal area, and the contents of each in imperial gallons and cubic yards, at 1 ft. in depth. Diameter Circum. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in in depth. depth. 1' 3' If" .7854 10|" 4.8946 .0291 1" 3' 4|" .9217 Hi" 5.7440 .0341 2" 3' 8" 1.0690 1' 1" 6.6620 .0395 3" 3' 11" 1.2271 1' li" 7.6472 .0454 4" 4' 2^" 1.3962 1' 2i" 8.7011 .0517 5" 4' 5|" 1.5761 1' 3" 9.8222 .0583 6" 4' Si" 1.7671 1' 3^" 11.0125 .0654 1" 4' 11|" 1.9689 1' 4|" 12.2701 .0729 8" 5' 2f" 2.1816 1' 5|" 13.5957 .0808 9" 5' 5|" 2.4052 1' 6-1" 14.9892 .0890 10" 5' 9" 2.6398 1' li" 16.4512 .0977 11" 6' 2i" 2.8852 1' 8|» 17.9025 .1068 2' 6' 3|" 3.1416 1' 9i" 19.5784 .1163 1" 6' 6i" 3.4087 1' 10^" 21.2430 .1262 2" 6' 9|" 3.6869 1' 11" 22.9767 .1365 3" 7' lOf " 3.9760 1' 11|" 24.7784 .1472 4" . 7' 3|" 4.2760 2' i" 27.2480 .1583 o ZO.OoOD .ibyo 6" 7' lOi" 4.9087 2' 2i" 30.5910 .1818 7" 8' 1|" 5.2413 2' 3|" 32.6637 .1941 8" 8' 4i" 5.5850 2' 4i" 34.8057 .2068 9" 8' 71" 5.9395 2' SJ" 37.0149 .2199 10" 8' lOf " 6.3049 2' 6^" 39.2921 .2335 11" 9' li" 6.6813 2' 7" 41.6378 .2474 9' 5" 7.0686 2' 71" 44.0515 .2618 1" 9' 8i" 7.4666 2' 8|" 46..5318 .2765 2" 9' 111" 7.8757 2' 9f" 49.0813 .2916 3" 10' 2i" 8.2957 2' lOi" 51.6988 .3072 4" 10' 5f" 8.7265 2' 11|" 54.3835 .3232 5" 10' 8f" 9.1683 3' i" 57.0994 .3395 G" 10' 11|" 9.6211 3' 1^" 60.9587 .3565 PRACTICAL TAt^LER FOR GENERAL USE. 207 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Con^inuecZ. Diameter Circura. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feel and in feet and jf^^rGO. in fcGt. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in iucties. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 11' 3" 10.0846 3' 2" 62.8472 .3733 8" 11' fiA" 10.5591 3' 3" 65.8043 .3911 9" 11' 93." 11.0446 3' 3i" 0 Og 68 8209 .4090 10" 12' 54-" 11.5409 3' 4*" 71.9228 .4274 11" 12' 34" 12.0481 3' 5^" 75.0837 .4462 4' 12' 6i" 12.5664 3' 6i" 78.3128 .4654 1" 12' 93.'/ 13.0952 3' 71" 0 ( g 81.6092 .4851 2" 13' 1" 13.6353 3' 8i" 84.9751 .505CI 3" 13' 4^" 14.1862 3' 9|" 85.8583 .5254 4" 13' 7i" 14.7479 3' 10" 91.9089 .5462 5" 13' lOi" 15.3206 3' 10^" 95.4779 .5674 6" 14' 1«" 15.9043 3' 11 J" 99.1155 .5893 7" 14' 4f" 16.4986 4' *" 102.8192 .6111 8" 14' 7^" 17.1041 4' 14" ^ -'8 106.5927 .6334 9" 14' 11" 17.7205 4' 2|-" 110.4341 .6563 10" 18.3476 4' 3^" ^ Og 114.3421 .6795 11" 15' 5J" 18.9858 4' 4^" '± '*4 118.3818 .7032 5' 15' 81" 19 63,50 4' 5i" 1 22 3653 .7272 1" 1 5' 1 1 4" 20 2Q47 4' 6" 1 26 47fi5 .7516 2" 16' 2f" 20.9656 4' 63-" '± Ug 1 ,30 6576 J.%j\Jt \J*J 1 \J .7764 3" 16' 5f" 21.6475 4/ 7s.// 1 34 9072 .8017 4" 16' 9" 22.3400 4' 84" 139.2228 .8275 5" 1 7' A" 23.U437 4' 94" 143 608.^ .8534 6" 17' ^J-" 4.' 10A" 148 nfi17 .8800 7" 17' fiS" 24 483.^ 4' 1 1 3^" 1 52 .581 1 .9071 8" 17' 9|" 25.2199 5' i" 157.1704 .9340 y K' 1 1.11 & 1^ 10" 18' 3|" 26.7251 5' 2" 166.5508 .9897 11" 18' 7^" 27.4943 5' 2|" 171.3444 1.0184 6' 18' 10^" 28.2744 5' 3f" 176.2060 1.0472 1" 19' 1\" 29.0649 5' 4f" 181.1324 1.0764 2" 19' 4|" 29.8668 5' 5i" 185.1298 1.1042 3" 19' 7i" 30.6796 5' 6|" 191.1952 1.1363 4" 19' lOf " 31.5029 196.3320 1.1667 5" 20' 1^" 32.3376 .5' 8i" 201.. 5279 1.1976 6" 20' 4|" 33.1831 5' 9^" 206.7970 1.2290 208 MODEBN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CmChBS, — Continued. Diameter Circum. Side of = • Imperial gal- Cubic ynrds in feet and .n feet and Area in feet. BC[uare in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7 OA/ Ql// qj. oWI 5' 10" 212.1376 1.2607 off OA' 1 1 1" 11-5 5' IQl" 217.5373 1.2928 21 ^8 5' llf " 223.0102 1.3253 10 l\ Of fi' fe" 228.4492 1.3582 11 Zl Of 0 i-O I ou 6' li" 234.1586 1.3926 7' 21 llf 6' 21" 239.8360 1.4254 1" jiZ o 6' 3i" 245.5781 1.4602 • 2" ZZ Of ^u. 0000 6' 4i" 251.3914 1.4940 3" fi' 5i" D Og 257.2725 1.5300 4 26 8 4.9 9'^R7 6' 6" 263.2191 1.5643 5 OQ' Oi" 1'^ 9099 ■iO. ^VJ^^ 6' 6i" U Ug 269.2361 1.6001 £?// o OO' ^^8" ±1 1787 6' 7i" 275.3216 1.6361 7" OO' 11" zrf 11 6' 8^" 281.4720 1.6728 8" ctif -\ Iff z4 If 6' 287.6928 1.7098 9 O/l' /ll" 24 4^ 47 17'^n 6' lOl" u iU8 293.9721 1.7471 10" 24 74 AO IQOft 6' Hi" 300.3362 1.7849 11" O/l' 1 A3 " 24 iUf 4Q 99qf5 7' 0" 306.7614 1.8231 8' OK' 11// 25 If KA OftKfl OU. ZDOO ' 8 313.2552 1.8617 1" OK' /I 5// 25 4g- 01.01 ft9 Oo.'lODZ 7' 3^" 333. 1390 1.9800 A If 4 Oft' ol" ZD ZJ 7' 4ft" 339.9007 2.0201 5" Od' K 1 // 2o O4 KK ftq7'7 00. DO ( 1 346.7341 2.0007 6" 0/^' Q3// 25 8f 74M 00. (101 7' fi4" 353.6354 2.1017 7" 26' Hi" 0 1 . oDZO •7' 71" 360.6009 2.1430 8" 27' 24" 58.9920 7' 8^" 367.6381 2.1850 9" 27' 5f" 60.1321 7' 9^" 374.3432 2.2698 10" 27' 9" 61.2826 7' 9|" 381.9031 2.3128 11" 28' i" 62.4445 7' lOf" 389.1541 2.4001 9' 28' 3i" 63.6174 7' llf" 396.4630 2.3562 1" 28' 6|" 64.8006 8' i" 403.8373 2.4000 2" 28' 9i" 65.9951 8' H" 411.2814 2.4443 3" 29' t" 67.2007 8' 2|" 418.7947 2.4889 4" 29' 3i" 68.4166 8' SI" 426.3722 2.53.39 5" 29' 7" 69.6440 8' 4^" 434.0214 2.5795 6" 29' lOi" 70.8823 8' 5" 441.7384 2.6263 fE ACTIO AL TABLES E'OE GENERAL TJSE. 209 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Continued. Circuni. oiae or — Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. • ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 30' Ik" 72.1309 8' 5^" 449.5197 2.6715 8" 30' 4|" 73.3910 8' 6f" 457.3727 2.7183 9" 30' 7^" 74.6620 8' 7#" 465.2935 2.7653 10" 30' llf " 75.9433 8' 8i" 473.2786 2.8128 11" 31' 1|" 77.2362 8' Qi" 481.3359 2.8607 10' 31' 5" 78.5400 8' lOi" 489.4612 2.9089 1" 31' 8^" 79.8541 8' Hi" 497.6501 2.9575 2" 31' Hi" 81.1795 9' i" 505.9106 3.0066 3" 32' 2,i" 82.5160 9' 1" 514.2397 3.0561 4" 32' 5^" 83.8627 9' 1|" 522.6323 3.1060 5" 32' 8|" 85.2211 9' 2-§-" 530.9978 3.1563 6" 32' llf" 86.5903 9' .3#" •■'8 539.6307 3.2070 7" 33' 2|" 87.9697 9' 4-i" 548.2271 3.2211 8" 33' 6^" 89.3608 9' 5i" V Off 556.8965 3 3096 9" 33' 9i" 90.7627 9' 6i" 565.2331 3.3615 10" 34' 1" 92.1749 9' H" 574. 4,q.^Q 3.4138 11" 34' Si" 93.5986 9' 8|" 583 3064 3.4665 11' 34' 6¥ 95.0334 9' 8|" 592 2481 3.5197 1" 34' 9|" 96.4783 9' 9|" 601.2529 3.5733 2" 35' J" 97.9347 9' lOf" 610 .3290 3.6272 3" 35' 4I" 99 4021 9' 11 1" 61 9 47.^8 3.6815 4" 35' 7i" 100 8797 10' I" 628 0822 3.7362 5" 35' 10|" 102.3689 10' 1|" 637 9629 3.7914 6" 36' IV' 103 8691 10' 2i" 647 3122 3.8470 7" 36' 4i" 1 05 3794 10' 3A" 6,56 7244 q 0090 8" 36' 7f" 106.9013 10' 4" 666.2089 3.9593 9" 36' 10|" 1 0S 4349 10' 5" 675 761 Q 10" 37' 2|" 109.9772 10' 5i" 685.3779 4.0732 11" 37' 5i" 111.5319 10' 6f" 695.0668 4.1308 12' 37' 8|" 113.0976 10' 7f" 706.8242 4.1888 1" 37' Hi" 114.6732 10' 8i" 714.6433 4.2471 2" 38' 2f" 116.2607 10' 9|" 724.5366 4.3059 3" 38' 5|" 117.8590 10' lOi" 734.4972 4.3651 4" 38' 8|" 119.4674 10' 111" 744.5208 4.4241 5" 39' 0" 121.0876 11' 0" 754.6179 4.4847 6" 39' 3i" 122.7187 11' r 764.7829 4.5451 210 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter j Circuin. | Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inclies. incties. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 39' 6|" 124.3598 , 11' U" 775.0102 4.0059 8" 39' 126.0127 11' 21" 785.3111 4.6()71 9" 40' t" 127.6765 11' 4" 795.6799 4.7287 10" 40' 3i" 129.3504 11' 41" 806.1116 4.7907 11" 40' 6§" 131.0360 11' 5-" 816.6163 4.8531 13' 40' 10" 132.7326 11' 6i" 827.1895 4.9160 1" 41' 1^" •134.4391 11' 7^" 837.8244 4.9792 2" 41' 4|" 136.1574 11' 8i" 848.5329 5.0428 3" 41' 7i" 137.8867 11' 8i" 8 859.3099 5.1106 4" 41' lOf" 139.6260 11' 9|" 870,1492 5.1713 5" 42' 1|" 141.3771 11' lOf" 881.0620 5.2361 6" 42' 4|" 143.1391 11' Hi" 892.0428 5.3014 7" 42' 8" 144.9111 12' 907.0859 5.3670 8" 42' 11^" 146.6949 12' 13// ^8 914.2026 5.4331 9" 43' 2i" 148.4896 12' 2i" 923.3871 5.4996 10" 43' 5i" 150.2943 12' Qi" 936.6340 5.-5653 11" 43' 8|" 152.1109 12' 4" 947.9551 5.6337 14' 43' llf " 153.9384 12' 4i" 959.3441 5.7014 1" 44' 2|" 155.7758 12' 5|" 970.7947 5.7694 2" 44' 6" 157.6250 12' 6i" 982.3190 5.8369 3" 44' 9J" 159.4852 12' 7i" 993.9117 5.9069 4" 45' i" 161.3553 12' 8|" 1005.5662 5.9761 5" 45' 3i" 163.2373 12' ^8 1017.2958 6.0458 6" 45' 6|" 165.1303 12' 10k" 1029.0920 6.1159 7" 45' 94" 167.0331 12' 11^" 1040.9502 6.1864 8" 46' 1" 168.9479 13' 0" 1052.8733 6.2573 9" 46' 4" 170.8735 13' H" 1064.8846 6.3286 10" 46' 7J" 172.8091 13' If" 1076.9462 6.4410 11" 46' 11 V 174.7565 13' 21" 1089.0825 6.4724 15' 47' li" 176.7150 13' 3i" 1101.2875 6.5450 1" 47' 41" 178.6832 13' 4|" 1113.4537 6.6178 2" 47' 7f" 180.6634 13' H" 1125.8943 6.6912 3" 47' 10|" 182.6545 13' 6^" 1338.3028 6.7649 4" 48' 2i" 184.6555 13' W 1149.7730 6.8390 5" 48' 5^" 186.6684 13' 8" 1163.3174 6.9126 6" 48' 8i" 188.6923 13' el" "8 1172.9304 6.9886 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. ^11 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter Circum. Area in feet. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and fi(juare in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 1" 48' 11|" 190.7260 1:5' 94" 1188.6054 7.0639 8" 49' 2|" 192.7716 13' 10|" 1201.3626 7.1396 9" 49' 5|" 194.8282 13' Hi" 1214.1693 7.2158 10" 49' 8¥ 196.8946 14' 3// 1227.0471 7.2923 11" 50' 0" 198.9730 14' H" 1236.9997 7.3693 16' 50' 3*" 201.0624 14' 2I" 1253.0208 7.4467 1" 50' 6i" 203.1615 14' S" 1266.1023 7.5245 2" 50' Of" 205.2726 14' Si" 1279.2588 7.6026 3" 51' ¥ 207.3946 14' 4J" 1292.4831 7.6812 4" 51' 3f" 209.5264 14' 54" 1306.7685 7.7602 5" 51' 6i" 211.6703 14' Of" 1309.1293 7.8396 6" 51' 10" 213.8251 14' 7i" 1332.5580 7.9194 ' 7" 52' W 215.9896 14' 8|" 1346.0471 7.9996 8" 52' 4V' 218.1662 14' 9i" 1359.6138 8.0802 9" 52' '8 220.3537 14' lOi" 1379.2442 8.1612 10" 52' lOi" 222.5510 14' 11" 1386.9378 8.2426 11" 53' If" 224.7603 14' 111" 1400.7061 8.3444 17' 53' 4|" 226.9806 15' r 1414.5430 8.4067 1" 53' 8" 229.2105 15' n" 1428.4398 8.4890 2" 53' 11|" 231.4525 15' 2r 1442.4119 8.5352 3" 54' ol// "8 233.7055 15' sr 1456.4526 8.6557 4" 54' 235.9682 15' 4|" 1470.5538 8.7395 5" 54' 8i" 238.2430 15' 5i" 1484.6303 8.8238 6" 54' lit" 240.5287 15' 6i" 1498.9748 8.9081 7" 55' 07// 242.8241 15' 7" 1513.2792 8.9234 8" 55' 6" 245.1316 15' ^" 1527.6601 9.0789 9" 55' 9|" 247.4500 15' 8f" 1542.1084 9.1642 10" 56' i" 249.7781 15' 9f" 1566.6171 9.2510 11" 56' 3i" 252.1184 15' lOi" 1571.2018 9.3377 18' 56' 6i" 254.4696 15' 111" 1585.8545 9.4248 1" 56' 91" 256.8303 16' r 1600.5664 9.5122 2" 57' 1// 8 259.2033 16' w 1615.3549 9.6000 3" 57' 4" 261.5872 16' 1630.2114 9.6884 4" 57' 's 263.9807 16' 1645.1277 9.7252 5" 57' lOi" 266.. 3864 10' 1660.1200 9.8661 G" 58' 13// ^8 268.8031 16' 4r l(i75.1809 9.9556 212 MODERN MOtJLDlKG AND tATiEtlN-MAKlNG. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CmChES, — Continued. Diameter ^ircum. in Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 58' 4|" 271.2293 16' 5f" 1690.3009 10.0451 8" 58' 7i" 273.6678 16' 6i" 1705.4977 10.1358 9" 58' lOf " 276.1171 16' 7|" 1720.7617 10.2261 10" 59' 2" 278.5761 16' 8i" 1736.0862 10.317(5 11" 59' 5|" 281.0472 16' 9i" 1751.4861 10.4091 19' 59' 8i" 283.5294 16' 10" 1766.9552 10.5011 1" 59' Hi" 286.0210 16' 11" 1782.4828 10.5933 2" 60' 2i" 288.5249 16' 11^" 1799.0871 10.6861 3" 60' 5f" 291.0397 17' i" 1813.7594 10.7792 4" 60' 8f" 293.5641 17' If" 1829.4914 10.8727 5" 60' 11|" 296.1107 17' 21" 1845.3005 10.9665 6" 61' 3i" 298.6843 17' 3|" 1861.0762 11.0610 1" 61' 6i" 301.2054 17' 4i" 1877.1120 11.1668 8" 61' 9|" 303.7747 17' 5i" 1893.1239 ll.ii509 9" 62' i" 306.3550 17' 6" 1909.2043 11.3464 10" 62' 3|" 308.9448 17' 7" 1925.3439 11.4424 11" 62' 6f" 3 11.. 5469 17' 7-1" 1941.5602 11.5384 20' 62' 9|" 314.1600 17' 8f" 1957.8451 11.6355 1" 63' li" 316.7824 17' 91" 1974.1879 11.7326 2" 63' 4i" 319.4173 17' loi" 1990.6086 11.8302 3" 63' Ti" 322.0630 17' 11-1" 2007.0966 11.9282 4" 63' Hi" 324.7182 18' i" 2023.6438 12.0266 5" 64' W 327.3858 18' li" 2040.2683 12.1254 6" 64' 4|" 330.0643 18' 2" 2056.9607 12.2246 7" 64' 7i" 332.7522 18' 2-1" 2073.7117 12.3241 8" 64' 11" 335.4525 18' 3f" 2090.5399 12.4241 9" 65' 2i" 338.1637 18' 4f" 2107.4361 12.5245 10" 65' 5|" 340.8844 18' 5f" 2124.3915 12.6253 11" 65' 8i" 343.6174 18' 6i" 2141.4236 12.7265 21' 65' llf " 346.3614 18' 7i" 2158.5242 12.8282 1" 66' 2f" 349.1147 18' 8i" 2175.6828 12.9301 2" 66' 5|" .351.8804 18' 9i" 2192.9186 13.0326 3" 66' 9" .354.6571 18' 10" •2210.2110 13.1354 4" 66' ^" 357.4432 18' 10|" 2227.5860 13.2386 5" 67' 31" 360.2417 18' llf" 2245.0362 13.3422 • 6" 67' 6V 363.0511 19' 1" 22()2.5344 13.4463 PRACTICAL TAlJLKS FOR GENERAL USE. 213 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF VUICLES, — Contimied. DiainetGr Circum. in Side of = Imperial gal C'ubic yards in feet and feet and Area in feet. square in Ions at 1 foot at 1 foot in in dies. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 1" 67' 9|" 365.8()98 19' If" 2280.1004 13.5507 8" 68' f" 368.7011 19' 2i" 2297.7452 13.6555 9" 68' 3|" 371.5432 19' 3|" 2315.4.572 13.7608 10" 68' 7" 374.3947 19' 4i" 2333.2277 13.8664 11" 68' lOi" 377.2587 19' 5i" 2351.0762 13.9725 22' 69' 1|" 380.1336 19' 51" 2368.9925 14.0800 1" 69' 4i" 383.0177 19' 6|" 2386.9663 14.1858 2" 69' 7|" 385.9144 19' 7f" 2405.0185 14.2931 3" 69' 101" 388.8220 19' 8I-" 2423.1387 14.4008 4" 70' 1|" 391.7389 19' 9i" 2441.3168 14.5088 5" 70' 5" 394.6683 19' 101" 2458.5728 14.6173 6" 70' 8i" 397.6087 19' 111" 2477.9074 14.7262 7" 70' 11^" 400.5583 20' i" 2496.2793 14.8354 8" 71' 2i" 403.5204 20' 11" ^8 2514.7391 14.9452 9" 71' 5|" 406.4935 20' 2" 2533.2674 15.0558 10" 71' S|" 409.4759 20' 2|" 2551.8538 15.1657 11" 71' 11|" 412.4707 20' 3|" 2570.5174 15.2766 23' 72' 3" 415.4766 20' 4i" 2589.2501 15.3880 1" 72' 6|" 418.4915 20' H" 2607.9390 15.4996 2" 72' 9|" 421.5192 20' 6f" 2626.9076 15.6118 3" 73' i" 424.5577 20' li" 2645.8435 15.7243 4" 73' 3|" 427.6055 20' sv 2664.8374 15.8372 5" 73' G|" 430.6658 20' H" 2683.9092 15.9505 6" 73' 9|" 433.7371 20' 10" 2703.0496 16.0643 7" 74' 1" 436.8175 20' 101" 2722.2466 16.1784 8" 74' 4^" 439.9106 20' 111" 2741.5228 16.2929 9" 74' li" 443.0146 21' r 2760.8669 16.4079 10" 74' 10|" 446.1278 21' H" 2780.2684 16.5232 11" 75' ]|" 449.2536 21' 2|" 2799.7484 16.6390 24' 75' 4i" 452.3904 21' 3i" 2819.2969 16.7556 1" 75' 71" 455.5362 21' 2838.9015 16.8717 2" 75' 11" 458.6948 21' 5" 2858.5859 16.9886 3" 76' 2^" 461.8642 21' 6" 2878.-3376 17.1060 4" 76' 5i" 465.0428 21' 61" 2898.1467 17.2608 5" 76' 8i" 468.2341 21' 7S" 2918.0349 17.3420 6" 76' 11|" 471.4363 21' 8f" 2937.9941 17.4606 214 MOBEIll^ MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CmCL'ES, — Continued. Diameter Circnm. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inclies. inclies. ft. and in. in deptli. depth. 7" 77' 2f" 474.6476 21' 2958.0038 17.5795 8" 77' Kin ''a 477.8716 21' 10|" 2978.0958 17.6989 0" 77' 9" 481.1065 21' Hi" 2998.2557 17.8187 10" 78' 484.3506 22' e" 3018.4729 17.9389 11" 78' 3i" 487.6073 22' 1" 3038.8686 18.3019 25' 78' 490.8750 22' 11" 8 3059.1330 18.1805 1" 78' 9i" 494.1516 22' 2|" 3079.5527 18.2385 2" 79' 1" 497.4411 22' 3f" 3100.0529 18.4237 3" 79' on 1/ '-'H 500.7415 22' 4|" 3120.6210 18.6687 4" 79' U" 504.0510 22' (Si" 3141.2458 18.7196 5" 79' lU" 507.3732 22' 6|" 3161.9497 18.7916 6" 80' H" 510.7063 22' 7i" 3182.7214 18.9150 7" 80' 41" 514.0484 22' 8i" 3203.5496 19.0388 8" 80' 71" 517.4034 22' 9" 3224.4579 19.1630 9" 80' 101" 520.7692 22' 91" 3245.4336 19.2877 10" 81' 1 7// 524.1441 22' 101" 3266.4860 19.4127 11" 81' 5" 527.5318 22' W 3287.6381 19.5382 26' 81' 530.9304 23' i" 3308.7582 19.6640 1" 81' 111" 534.3379 23' U" 3329.9937 19.7902 2" 82' ■^8 537.7583 23' 2|" 3351.3097 19.9169 3" 82' 5i" 541.1896 23' 3i" 3372.6935 20.0440 4" 82' 8f" 544.6299 23' ^8 3394.1535 20.1714 5" 82' 111" 548.0830 23' 5" 3415.6532 20.2993 6" 83' 3" 551.5471 23' Kin 3437.2415 20.4276 7" 83' 6^" 555.0201 23' 6f" 3458.8852 20.5562 8" 83' 9i" 558.5059 23' 71" 3480.6087 20.6854 9" 84' 3rr 8 562.0027 23' 8i" 3502.3008 20.8149 10" 84' Si" 565.5084 23' 9|" 3524.2483 20.9447 11" 84' 61" 569.0270 23' 101" 3546.1762 21.0750 27 84' 9|" 572.5566 23' 111" 3568.1727 21.2058 1" 85' 1" 576.0949 24' X" 8 3590.2234 21.3368 2" 85' 4i" 579.6463 24' 1" 3612.3557 21.4683 3" 85' 8|" 583.2085 24' 17// 3634.5553 21.6003 4" 85' 111" 586.7796 24' 2f" 3656.8104 21.7325 5" 86' U" 500.3(537 24' 3679.1465 21.8653 6" 86' 4" 593.9587 24 4i" 3701.5506 21.9984 PRACTICAL TABLES ¥0R GENEIiAL USE. 2l5 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRC'L'ES, — Continued. Diameter Ciicura. Side of •-= Imperial gal C^ubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square iu Ions at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and In. iu depth. depth. 7" 86' 7|" 597.5(525 24' 3724.0094 22.1319 8" 86' 11" GOJ.l 793 24' 6i" 3746.5493 22.2569 9" 87' n" 004.8070 24' 7|" 3769.1572 22.4002 10" 87' 5i" 608.4436 24' H" 3791.8205 22.5349 11" 87' 81" 612.0931 24' 9" 3814.5641 22.6701 28' 87' m" 615.7536 24' 9i" 3837.3764 22.8056 1" 88' 21" 619.4228 24' 101" 3860.2428 22.9415 2" 88' 5|" 623.1050 24' m" 3883.1903 23.0779 3" 88' 9" 626.7982 25' i" 3905.4063 23.2147 4" 89' k" 630.5002 25' If" 3929.2772 23.3154 5" 89' 3i" 634.2152 25' 2i" 3952.4291 23.4894 6" 89' 61" 637.9411 25' 3|" 3975.6489 23.6274 1" 89' w 641.6758 25' 4" 3998.9235 23.7457 8" 90' r 645.4235 25' 4|" 4022.4662 23.9045 9" 90' 3|" 649.1821 25' 5|" 4045.7028 24.0437 10" 90' 6|" 652.f )495 25' 6f" 4069.1813 24.1833 11" 90' 111" 656.7300 25' 71" 4092.3413 24.3249 29' 91' 11" ^4 660.5214 25' 8|" 4116.3693 24.4637 1" 91' 41" 664.3214 25' 9|" 4140.0509 24.6044 2" 91' 74" 668.1346 25' lOi" 4163.8148 24.7457 3" 91' 101" 671.9587 25' 11^" 4187.6466 24.8873 4" 92' If" 675.7915 26' 0" 4211.5326 25.0293 5" 92' 41" 679.6375 26' 1" 4234.4839 25.1717 6" 92' 8|" 683.4943 26' If" 4259.5364 25.2405 r 92' 111" 687.3598 26' 2|" 4283.6263 25.4577 8" 93' o3 // ^8 691.2385 26' 3f" 4308.7983 25.6014 9" 93' 5i" 695.1280 26' 4i" 4332.0376 25.7454 10" 93' 8|" 699.0263 26' 5|" 4356.3319 25.8898 11" 93' Hi" 702.9377 26' 6i" 4380.7077 26.0347 30' 94' 91// 706.8600 26' 7" 4405.1515 26.1800 1" 94' 6" 710.7909 26' 8" 4429.6488 26.3255 2" 94' 9i" 714.7350 26' 8i" 4454.2285 26.4716 3" 95' 3// 8 718.6900 26' 91" 4478.8760 26.6181 4" 95' 3i" 722.6537 26' lOf" 4503.5779 26.7649 5" 95' 61" 726.6305 26' 114" 4528.3612 26.9122 6" 95' 9f" 730.0183 27' 1" 4553.2132 27.0599 216 MODEKN MOULDmG AND PATTERN-MAKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CmCLBS, — Continued. Diameter Circum. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 1" 96' 734.6147 97' 4.578 1188 97 2070 0 4" 738 6242 97/ nil/ 4603 1060 27.3934 9" 96' 71" 742.6447 97/ olll 27.5153 10" 96' 746 6738 97/ All 46.53 271 1 27.6545 11" 7,^0 7161 97/ ^8 4678 4627 27 8043 •11' y 1 ASH 7.'S4 7694 97/ of 4703 7220 27.9544 1" 07' y t is." 7/18 831 1 97/ Afi." Of 4729 0354 28 1048 9// 07' y ( in''" 762 Q062 07' 4754 431 4 28 9557 oil 0 OQ' 9" 766 QQ21 97' 4770 8047 98 4070 4" Kill 1(1. UOUvJ 07' yj ^0,000 i rjf f) Oft' yo 03// 775.1944 97' 1 ni" lot AftQI 011 *±oo X • U X X *^ 98 71 00 zo. 1 luy C\" u OS' 111" 77Q ^1^1 OT' 1 1 1" lis 9S Sfi^l ^^l/ 1 99' C}5II ^8 U Aftft9 ^QQO ^tOOZ, Ot7l7t/ 90 rtlft'l zy.uiDo S" 99' 5f" 7ft7 f^i^Oft OQ' /8 7 // 8 00 lf?n(i Q" y 99' 8|" 7Q1 7^99 00' zo ■i fill If 00 "lO'lJ. zy.ozo-t 100' 0" 70-^ ft099 OQ' Ot^ll 21 00 J.77-1 1 1 " 100' ouu. uufj'i OQ' 3i AQRf{ 007 29.6320 09/ 100' 6|" ftOl 9J.Q^^ OQ' 29 7870 1 " J. 100' 91" OQ' K±ll Oj 29 94'''3 9" 101' 1" OQ' zo ^0 OOftO oil 0 101' 3f" OIU.OUOU oc' zb >7ll 7 30. 2543 4" lor fii" ft9i noni 28' 8" 'M 1 7 O'^^'l Oil* .UO'7*> ^0 41 07 Klf 0 101' 10" ZD Ql II 8|' (JX-iO.IOU./ ^0 'iA77 oU. 00 1 t 6" 102' 28' 9f" QA 79^1 7" 102' 4|" oOo.oOOo 28' lOf" OA QQOft 8" 102' ir 838.1082 28' iir 5223.0903 31.0410 9" 102' 101" 29' 1" "^O/LO 777 "i 01 1AQ« 01 . LuaO 10" 103' If" 846.6813 29' li" 5277.0178 31.3585 11" 103' 41" 850.9855 29' 2i" 5303.3416 31.5179 33' 103' 8" 855.3006 29' nSII ^8 5330.2333 31.6778 1" 103' Hi" 859.6240 29' OT II •^8 5317.1767 31.8379 2" 104' 2i" 863.9609 29' 4f" 5384.2043 31.9948 3" 104' 5|" 868.3087 29' 5|" 5411.2998 32.1595 4" 104' 8f" 872.6649 29' 6t" 5438.4476 32.3579 5" 104' iir 877.1 i.n46 29' 7i" 5465.6796 32.4827 6" 105' 2|" 881.4151 29' 8|" 5492.9789 32.6450 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 217 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF — Contimied. Diameter Oircum. yide of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. squaiu ill lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 10.-)' 6" 885.8040 29' H" 5520.3305 32.8075 8" 105' •-'8 890.2064 29' mi" 5547.7662 32.9706 9" 10()' i" 894.6196 2!i' 11" 5.575.2693 33.1340 10" 10(i' 31" 899.0413 29' nf 5602.8253 33.2978 11" 106' 6f" 903.4763 30' i" 5630.4643 33.4613 34' 106' 91" 907.9224 3 )' H" 5658. 1723 33.6267 1" 107' 7 II H 912.37(i7 30' .5685.9315 33.7917 2" 107' 4" 916.8445 3'>' 3^' 5713.7749 33.9572 3" 107' U" 921.3232 30' 4|" 574 L 6861 94.1231 4" 107' lOi" 925.8103 30' 5769.6497 34.2892 5" 108' 1|" 930.3108 30' 5797.6969 34.4559 6" 108' 41" 934.8223 30' 7" 5825.8115 34.62.30 7" 108' 7i" 939.3421 30' 7^" 585:5.9699 34.7904 8" 108' m" 943.8753 30' 8f" 5882.2308 34.95S3 9" 109' 2" 948.4195 30' 9|" 5910.5503 35.1266 10" 109' 5i" 952.9720 30' loi" 5938.9215 35.2952 11" 109' 8i" 957.5380 30' 111" 5967.3768 35.4643 35' 109' 111" 962.1150 31' i" 5989.9006 35.6339 1" 110' 2f" 966.7001 31' H" 6024.4750 35.8037 2" 110' 5f" 971.2989 31' 2i" 6053.1347 35.9740 3" 110' Q7// 975.9085 31' 3" 6081.8617 36.1447 4" 111' 0" 980.5264 31' Si" 6110.6405 36.3158 5" 111' 3i" 985.1579 31' 4|" 6139.5040 36.4873 6" 111' (Sir" 989.8003 31' 5^" 6168.4354 36.6592 7" 111' 9|" 994.4509 31' 6i" 6197.4180 36.8315 8" 112' i" 999.1151 31' 71" 6226.4833 37.0042 9" 112' 31" 1003.7902 81' 8ir" 6256.6205 37.1404 10" 112' 61" 1008.4736 31' 9^' 6284.8074 37.3609 11" 112' 10" 1013.1705 31' lOi" 6314.0785 37.5248 36 113' H" 1017.8784 31' 10^" 6343.4181 37.6992 1" ll;!' 4i" 102-2..5944 31' 111" 6372.8083 37.8738 2" ii:y 71" 1027.3240 32' r 6403.2831 38.0490 3" 113' If" 1032.0646 32' If" 6431.8265 38.2246 4" 114' 11" l(i3(i.8134 32' 2i" 6461.4211 38.4005 T)" 114' 1041.5758 32' 0.3// •'8 6491.1003 38.5761 (■)" 114' S" 1046.3-191 ') ' 41" 6520.8475 38.7537 218 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Conimwed DiamGter Circum. Side of = J.mperiai gal- v-/Ubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 114' lU" 1051.1306 32' 5i" 6550.6458 38.9.307 8" 115' 2i" 1055.9257 32' 6" 6580.5289 . 39. 1083 9" 115' 5|" 1060.7317 32' fti// "8 6610.4799 39.2863 10" 115' 9i" 1065.5459 32' nl II •8 6640.4820 39.4046 11" 115' lit" 1070.3738 32' 8f" 6670.5695 39.6435 37' 116' ^8 1075.2126 32' 9i" 6700.7249 39.8227 1" 116' 6" 1080.0594 32' lOi" 6730.9301 40.0220 2" 116' 9i" 1084.9201 32' 111" 6762.2220 40. 1822 3" • 117' i" 1089.7915 33' i" 6791.5806 40.3626 4" 117' 3i" 1094.6711 33' H" 6821.9902 40.5434 5" 117' 6i" 1099.5644 33' 2" 6852.4853 40.7246 6" 117' 91" 1104.4687 33' 21" 6883.0489 40.9062 7" 118' f" 1109.3810 33' 31" 6913.6623 41.0882 8" 118' 4" 1114.3071 33' 41" G944.3618 41.2706 9" 118' 71" '8 1119.2440 33' 51" 6975.1286 41.4.535 10" 118' lOi" 1124.1891 33' er 7005.9464 41.6366 11" 119' 11" 1129.1478 33' 71" 7036.8490 41.8203 38' 119' iV 1134.1176 33' 8i"- 7067.8208 42.0043 1" 119' 75// 1139.0953 33' 9i" 7098.8419 42.1887 2" 119' lOf" 1144.0868 33' 10" 7129.9489 42.3736 3" 120' 2" 1149.0892 33' 10^" 7161.1238 42.5588 4" 120' 5i" 1154.0997 33' Hi" 7192.5493 42.7444 5" 120' 81" 1159.1239 34' r 7223.6601 42.9305 6" 120' 111" 1164.1591 34' U" 7255.0395 43. 1459 7" 121' 2V 1169.2023 34' 2|" 7286.4687 43.3034 8" 121' 5f" 1174.2592 34' 3|" 7317.9833 43.4911 9" 121' 81" 1 1 7Q ^971 i. 1 i (7. 1 J. 34' 4i" 43.6417 10" 121' 111" 1184.4030 34' 5V 7381.1994 43.8668 11" 122' 3i" 1189.4927 34' 6" 7412.9185 44.0553 39' 122' 6i" 1194.5934 34' 6i" 7444.7054 44.2442 1" 122' 9i" 1199.7195 34' 71" 7476.6519 44.4340 2" 123' i" 1204.8244 34' 81" 7478.4626 44.6231 3" 123' 3|" 1209.9.577 34' 9i" 7540.4563 44.8123 4" 123' 61" 1215.0990 34' 1()|" 7572.4969 45.0036 5" 123' 91" 1220.2542 34' lU" 7604.0239 45.1946 6" 124' li" 1225.4203 35' i" 7636.8193 45.3859 PliACTlCAL* TABLES FOR GENERAL USB. 219 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter Circum. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards in feet and in feet and Area in feet. square in Ions at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 1" 124' ^4 1230.5943 35' H" 7669.0636 45.5775 8" 124' 7#" '8 1235.7822 35' 2" 7701.3946 45.7697 9" 124' lOi" 1240.9810 35' n" 7733.7935 45.9622 10" 125' If" 1246.1873 35' 3f" 7766.2423 46.1551 11" 125' 4#" 1251.4084 35' 41" 7798.7771 46.3484 40' 125' 11" '8 1256.6400 35' 51" 7831.3804 46.5422 1" 125' 11" 1261.8794 35' 6|" 7864.0324 46.7362 2" 126' 1267.1327 35' 7i" 7896.7709 46.9308 3" 126' 53// ^^8 1272.. 3970 3.-/ Si" 7929.5781 47.1257 4" 126' 8|-" 1277.6692 35' 9" 7962.4344 47.3211 5" 126' 1282.9553 35' 10" 7995.3774 47.5168 6" 127' 24" 1288.2523 35' 10|" 8028.2883 47.7130 1" 127' "8 1293.5.572 35' 111" 8061.4484 47.9095 8" 127' 9" 1298.8760 36' A// 8 8094.5952 48.1065 9" 128' i" 1304.2057 36' H" 48.3039 10" 128' 34" 1309.5433 36' 2|" 8161.0738 48.5016 11" 128' 6i" 1314.8949 36' 3i" 8194.4250 48.6998 41' 128' 9I-" 1320.2574 36' 4i" 8227 8441 48.8984 1" 129' 1325.6276 36' 5" 8261.3112 49.0973 2" 129' Q7// 1331.0119 36' 5i" 8294 8661 49.2967 3" 129' 7" 1336.4071 36' 6f" 8328 4890 49.4965 4" 129' 10|" 1341.8101 36' 71" 8362.1605 49.6967 Kll 0 IS// J 8 1347.2271 36' 8f" 8.S95 9192 49.8973 6" 130' H" 1352.6551 36' 9i" 8429 74fi5 50.0983 7" 130' 71" 13.58 0908 36' 101" 50 2997 8" 130' lOi" 1363.5406 36' Hi" 8497.5850 50.5015 9" 131' 17// -^8 37' V 10" 131' 5" 1374.4697 37' 1" 8565.6951 50.9063 11" 131' 8|" 1379.9521 37' 17// 8599.8614 51.1093 42' 131' 111" 1385.4456 37' 2f" 8634.0969 51.3128 1" 132' 2i" 1390.2467 37' 3f" 8664.0174 51.4906 2" 132' 5f" 1396.4619 37' H" 8702.7505 51.7208 3" 1.32' 8f" ♦1401.9880 37' 5i" 8737.1892 51.9257 4" 132' IfZ" 1407.5219 37' 6|" 877 L 6764 52.1304 5" 133' 3" 1413.0698 37' li" 8806.2509 52.3355 6" 133' 6|" 1418.6287 37' Si" 8840.8940 52.5418 220 MODERN MOULDING AND I'ATTERN-M AKING. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF VIUVLES, — (oiitiniwd. Diameter Circum. Side of = Imperial gal- in feet and ill feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot i n inches. inches. ft. and in. in depth. depth. 7" 133' 1424.1952 37' 9" 8875.5844 52. 7479 8" 134' i" 1429.7759 37' 02// •'8 8910.3634 52.9-546 {)" 134' 3#" 1435.3675 37' lOf" 8945.2102 53.1c, IS 10" 134' 6*" 1440.9668 37' HI" 8980. 1050 53.3691 11" 134' 91" 1446.5802 38' r 9015.()«78 53.577(1 4o' 135' 1" 1452.2046 38' H" 9050.1390 53.7853 1" 135' 41" 1457.8365 38' 2i" 9085.2370 53.9939 2" 135' 74" 1463.4827 38' 3i" 9120.3741 54.2030 3" 135' lOi" 1469. 1397 38' 4i" 9>55.6786 54.4126 4" 136' ^8 1474.8044 38' 5" 9190.9810 54.6224 5" 136' AS." ^¥ 1480.4833 36' 51" 9226.3719 54.8323 6" 136' nl n 's 1486.1731 38' 6S" 9261.7307 55.0434 7" 136' 11" 1491.8705 38'" 7|" 9297.3369 55.2544 8" 137' 21" 1497.5821 38' 8i" 9332.9316 55.8363 9" 137' 54" 1503.3046 38' 9|" 9368.5942 55.6779 10" 137' 03// '-'8 1509.0348 38' lOi" 9404.3048 55.8902 11" 137' 11S-" 1514.7791 38' Hi" 9440.1033 56.1029 44' 138' 2*" 1520.5344 38' 111" ^^8 9475.9703 56.3161 1" 138' hi" 1526.2971 39' 1" 9511.8835 56.5295 2" 138' 9" 1532.0742 39' ■17// ■^8 9547.8864 56.7435 3" 139' A" 1537.8622 39' 2i" 9583.9572 56.9578 4" 139' 3i" 1543.6578 39' 3|" 9620.0754 57.1725 5" 139' 64" 1 54Q 4776 39' 4i" 9656.2820 57.3.S77 b" 139' 9f" 1555.2883 39' 5|" 9692.5566 57.6033 7" 140' f" 1561.1165 39' 6i" 9728.8780 57.8191 8" 140' 31" 1565.9591 39' 7i" 9765.2891 58.0355 9" 140' IV' 1572.8125 39' 8" 9801.7675 58.2523 10" 140' lOi" 1578.6735 39' 8i" 9838.2932 58.4323 11" 141' li" 1584.5488 39' 9f" 9874.9081 58.6499 4.j' 141' 4|" 1590.4350 39' lOi" 9911.5909 58.9050 1" 141' 7i" 1596.3286 39' 111" 9948.3198 59.1233 2" 141' lOf" 1602.2366 40' V 9985.1384 59.3421 3" 142' ■11 n ■^8 16U8.1555 40' ll" 1.0022.025 59.5613 4" 142' 5" 1614.0819 40' 2i" 10058.958 59.7808 5" 142' Hi" 1()20.022() 40' 3i" 10095.980 60.0008 6" 142' Hi" 1625 9743 40' 4" 10133.071 60.2212 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. ^'ll OIRCUMFEKENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, — Contimied. Diameter Circum. Side of = Imperial gal- Cubic yards ill feet and iu feet and Area in feet. square in lons at 1 foot at 1 foot in inches. inches. ft. and in. iu depth. depth. 1" 14.^' 140 OR" 1631.9384 40' 41" *8 10170.208 60.4420 s" 14'V I'io •'t 1687.9068 40' 5f" 102t)7.485 60.6632 1 J.'V OS" 1648.8912 40' 6f" 10244.72!) 60.8848 10" 1i'^' 1 |2." 1649.8831 40' 7|" 10277.070 61.1008 1 1 " 1 A t' 14-i Off 1655.8892 40' sr 103 19. .501 61.3292 144' (U" 1661.9064 40' 9i" 10857.000 61.5521 1 " 1 11' 144 di." l(i67.9308 40' lOi" 10894.544 61.7752 14.3 8" f 1673.9698 40' Hi" 10482.179 61.9989 '\" f) 1 d^' 140 11)80.0196 41' 0" 10469. 8Sn 6-'.2229 X" 1686.0769 41' 7" 8 10507. 6: !1 62.4473 rJ' o 140 Q7" 1692. 1485 41' If" 10546.469 62.6722 a" 1 Afi' 140 11" 1698.2811 41' 2f" 10.588.376 62.8974 7" i 1 ll\' 14D 4X" 1704.8210 41' sr 10621.828 63.1280 Ql/ O 14U 74-" 1710.42.")4 41' 4|" 10659.371 63.3491 Q" 14D ins" lUf 1716.5-107 41' 5|" 10607.481 63.5756 in" 14.7' 14 i 1-1." 1722.6681 41' 6i" 10735.638 63.8021 147' At" 1728.801 )5 41' 7i" 10773.884 64.0296 AT 1 i 14.7' 14 ( 78" 1784.9186 41' 71" 10812.199 64.2573 1 " 1 147' 14 1 1 1 " 11 1741.1039 41' 8^" 10850.559 64.4853 148' 14o 9i" 1747.2738 41' 9f" 10889.010 64.7138 on 6 140 Kl// ot 1753.4545 41' lOf" 10927.528 64.9427 A" 148' sr 1759.6426 41' 11 v 10966.092 65.1719 5" 148' IH" 1765.8452 42' r 11004.747 65.4017 6" 149' 2f" 1772.0587 42' H" 11043.469 65.6318 7" 149' 5|" 1778.2795 42' 11082.237 65.8622 8" 149' Si" 1784.5148 42' ?r 11121.096 66.0931 9" 150' V 1780.7610 42' 4" 11160.022 66.3245 10" 150' 3i" 1797.0145 42' 41" 11197.994 66.5561 11" 150' n" 1803.2826 42' r>r 11238.057 66.7882 48' 150' 9i" 1809.5616 42' 6i" 11287.187 67.0208 1" 151' r' 1815.8477 42' 7i" 11316.362 67.2536 2" 151' :^f" 1822.1485 42' 8|" 11366.629 67.4870 3" 151' 61" 1828.4602 42' 9i" 11894.963 67,7209 4" 151' lOi" 1884.7791 42' l? E OF THE CAPACITY OF CISTERNS IN GALLONS For each 10" of depth. I)i;rti-li.-r i i loL^a. 'jallons. Diameter in feet. Gallons. Diameter in feet. Gallons. Diameter in feet. Gallons. ■/ 19.5 5 122.4 8 3 13.. 33 12 705.0 30.6 51 148.10 •353.72 13 827.4 44.06 0 176.25 9 39().5'> 14 959.6 .59.97 6^ 206.85 9i 461.4 15 1101.6 4 78.. 33 7 239.88 10 489.2 20 1958.4 4i 99.14 7i 275.4 11 592.4 25 3059.9 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 223 TABLE OF THE PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, From i" to 1" pitch. No. of teeth. t f A" 5// f 4" 1" 10 0.405 0.607 0.809 1.011 1.214 1.416 1.618 11 0.444 0.666 0.887 1.109 1.331 1.553 1.775 12 0.483 0.724 0.966 1.207 1.449 1.690 1.932 13 0.522 0.783 1.045 1.306 1.567 1.828 2.089 14 0.562 0.843 1.123 1.404 1.685 1.966 2.247 15 0.601 0.902 1.202 1.503 1.804 2.104 2.405 16 0.641 0.961 1.281 1.602 1.922 2.243 2.563 17 0.680 1.020 1.361 1.701 2.041 2.381 2.721 18 0.720 1.080 1.440 1.800 2.160 2.519 2.879 19 0.759 1.139 1.519 1.899 2.278 2.658 3.038 20 0.799 1.199 1.598 1.998 2.397 2.797 3.196 21 0.839 1.258 1.677 2.097 2.516 2.935 3.355 22 0.878 1.318 1.757 2.196 2.635 3.074 3.513 23 0.918 1.377 1.836 2.295 2.754 3.213 3.672 24 0.958 1.437 1.915 2.394 2.873 3.352 3.831 25 0.997 1.496 1.995 2.493 2.992 3.491 3.989 26 1.037 1.556 2.074 2.593 3.111 3.630 4.148 27 1.077 1.615 2.154 2.692 3.230 3.769 4.307 28 1.116 1.675 2.233 2.791 3.349 3.908 4.466 29 1.156 1.734 2.312 2.890 3.468 4.047 4.625 30 1.196 1.794 2.392 2.990 3.588 4.186 4.783 31 1.236 1.853 2.471 3.089 3.707 4.325 4.942 32 1.275 1.913 2.551 3.188 3.826 4.464 5.101 33 1.315 1.973 2.630 3.288 3.945 4.603 5.260 34 1.355 2.032 2.710 3.387 4.064 4.742 5.419 35 1.394 2.092 2.789 3.486 4.183 4.881 5.578 36 1.434 2.151 2.868 3.586 4.303 5.020 5.737 37 1.474 2.211 2.948 3.685 4.422 5.159 5.896 38 1.514 2.271 3.027 3.784 4.541 5.298 6.055 39 1.553 2.330 3.107 3.884 4.660 5.437 6.214 40 1.593 2.390 3.186 3.983 4.780 5.576 6.373 41 1.633 2.449 3.266 4.082 4.899 5.715 6.532 42 1.673 2.509 3.345 4.182 5.018 5.854 6.691 43 1.712 2.569 3.425 4.281 5.137 5.994 6.850 44 1.752 2.628 3.504 4..S81 5.257 6.133 7.009 224 MODERN MOULDING AND t ATTERN-MAKING. PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, i" TO 1", — Continued. No. of teeth. i" 1" 8 2 8 i" 1" 45 1.792 2.688 3.584 4.480 5.376 6.272 7.168 46 1.832 2.748 3.663 4. .579 5.495 6.411 7.327 47 1.871 2.807 3.743 4.679 5.614 6.550 7.486 48 1.911 2.867 .S.822 4.778 5.734 6.689 7.645 49 1.951 2.927 3.902 4.877 5.853 6.828 7.804 50 1.991 2.986 3.982 4.977 5.972 6.968 7.968 51 2.031 3.046 4.061 5.076 6.092 7.107 8.122 52 2.070 3.105 4.141 5.176 6.211 7.246 8.281 53 2.110 3.165 4.220 5.275 6.330 7.385 8.440 54 2.150 3.225 4.300 5.375 6.449 7.524 8.599 55 2.190 3.284 4.379 5.474 6.559 7.663 8.758 56 2.229 3.344 4.459 5.573 6.688 7.803 8.917 57 2.269 3.404 4.538 5.673 6.807 7.942 9.076 58 2.309 3.463 4.618 5.772 6.927 8.081 9.235 59 2.349 3.523 4.697 5.872 7.046 8.220 9.395 60 2.388 3.583 4.777 5.971 7.165 8. .359 9.554 61 2.428 3.642 4.856 6.070 7.285 8.499 9.713 62 2.468 3.702 4.936 6.170 7.404 8.638 9.872 63 2.508 3.762 5.015 6.269 7.523 8.777 10.031 64 2.548 3.821 5.095 6.369 7.643 8.916 10.190 65 2.587 3.881 5.175 6.468 7.762 9.055 10.349 66 2.627 3.941 5.254 6.568 7.881 9.195 10.508 67 2.667 4.000 5.334 6.667 8.000 9.334 10.667 68 2.707 4.060 5.413 6.767 8.120 9.473 10.826 69 2.746 4.120 5.493 6.866 8.239 9.612 10.985 70 2.786 4.179 6.572 6.965 8.358 9.752 11.145 71 2.826 4.239 5.652 7.065 8.478 9.891 11.304 72 2.866 4.299 5.731 7.164 8.597 10.030 11.463 73 2.905 4.358 5.811 7.264 8.716 10.169 11.622 74 2.945 4.418 5.890 7.3(i3 8.836 10.308 11.781 75 2.985 4.478 5.970 7.463 8.955 10.448 11.940 76 3.025 4.537 6.050 7.. 562 9.074 10.587 12.099 77 3.065 4.597 6.129 7.661 9.194 10.726 12.258 78 3.104 4.657 6.209 7.761 9.313 10.865 12.417 79 3.144 4.716 6.288 7.8 i).:l51 14.026 18.701 23.377 28.052 32.727 37.403 2m 9.:!yj 14.086 18.781 23.476 28.171 32.867 37.562 l).4:!0 14.145 18.860 23.576 28.291 33.006 37.721 2:58 9.470 14.205 18.940 23.675 28.410 33.145 37.880 2:!t) 9.510 14.265 19. ('20 23.774 28.529 33.284 38.039 240 9.550 14.324 19.099 23.874 28.649 33.424 38.198 241 9.589 14.3S4 19.179 23.973 28.768 33.563 38.357 242 9.02'.) 14.444 19.258 24.073 28.887 33.702 38.517 24:! 9.0(59 14.503 19.338 24.172 29.007 33.841 38.676 244 9.709 14.563 19.417 24.272 29.126 33.981 38.835 245 9.749 14.623 19.497 24..371 29.246 34.120 38.994 24 i 9.788 14.682 19.577 24.471 29.365 34.259 39.153 247 9.828 14.742 19.656 24.570 29.484 34.398 39,312 248 9.8(58 14.802 19.736 24.670 29.604 .34.538 39.472 24U 9.908 14.861 19.815 24.769 29.723 34.677 39.631 250 9.947 14.921 19 895 24.8(59 29.842 34.816 39.790 251 9.987 14.981 19.974 24.968 29.962 34.955 39,949 252 10.(J27 15.041 20.054 2.5.0(58 30.081 35.095 40.108 25:! 10.067 15.100 20.1.34 2.5.167 30.200 35.234 40.267 254 10.107 15. 1(50 20,213 25.2157 30.320 35.373 40.426 255 10.146 15.220 20.293 25.366 30.439 35.512 40.586 251) 10.186 15.279 20.372 25.465 30.559 35.6.52 40.745 257 10.226 15.339 20.452 25.565 30.678 35.791 40.904 258 10.266 15.399 20.532 25.664 .30.797 35.930 41.063 259 10.306 15.458 20.611 25.764 30.917 36.069 41.222 260 10.345 15.518 20.691 25.863 31.036 3(5.209 41,381 2(51 10.385 15 578 20.770 25.9(53 31.155 36.348 41.540 2(!2 10.425 15.637 20.850 26.062 31.275 36.487 41,700 263 10.4(55 15.697 20.929 26.1(52 31.394 36.626 41.859 2G4 l()..5i)4 1.5.7.57 21.009 26.201 31 513 3(5.7(56 42.018 205 10 544 15.816 21.089 26.361 31.(53:5 36.905 42.177 2m 10.584 15.876 21.1(58 26.4(50 31.752 37.044 42.336 2S0 MODERN MOULDING AND l>ATTEKN-MAKINa. PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, i" TO I", — Concluded. No. of i" 3" 311 111 1" teeth. 8 3 267 10.624 15.936 21.248 26.560 31.872 37.183 42.495 2(58 10.664 15.995 21.327 26.659 31.991 37.323 42.655 269 10.703 16.055 21.407 26.759 32.110 37.462 42.814 270 10.743 16.115 21.486 26.858 32.230 37.601 42.973 271 10.783 16.175 21.566 26.958 .32.349 37.741 43.132 272 10.823 16.234 21.646 27.057 32.468 37.880 43.291 273 10.863 16.294 vjl.725 27.156 32.588 38.019 43.450 274 10.902 16.354 21.805 27.256 32.707 38.158 43.609 275 10.942 16.413 21.884 27.355 32.826 38.298 43.769 276 10.982 16.473 21.964 27.455 32.946 38.437 43.928 277 11.022 16.433 22.043 27.554 33.065 38.576 44.087 278 11.062 16.592 22.123 27.654 33.185 38.715 44.246 279 11.101 16.652 22.203 27.753 33.304 38.855 44.405 280 11.141 16.712 22.282 27.853 33.423 38.994 44.564 281 11.181 16.771 22.362 27.952 33.543 39.133 44.724 282 11 221 16.831 22.441 28.0.52 33.662 39.272 44.883 283 11.260 16.891 22.521 28.151 33.781 39.412 45.042 284 11.300 16.950 22.600 28.251 33.901 39.551 45.201 285 11.340 17.010 22.680 28.350 34.020 39.690 45.360 286 11.380 17.070 22.760 28.450 34.139 39.829 45.519 287 11.420 17.129 22.839 28.549 34.259 39.969 45.678 288 11.459 17.189 22.919 28.648 34.378 40.108 45.838 289 11.499 17.249 22.998 28.748 34.498 40.247 45.997 290 11.539 17.308 23.078 28.847 34.617 40.386 46.156 291 11.579 17.368 23.158 28.947 34.736 40.526 46.315 292 11.619 17.428 23.237 29.046 34.8.56 40.665 36.474 293 11.658 17.488 23.317 29.146 34.975 40.804 46.633 294 11.698 17.547 23.396 29.245 35.094 40.943 46.792 295 11.738 17.607 23.476 29.345 35.214 41.083 46.952 296 11.778 17.667 23.555 29.444 35.333 41.222 47.111 297 11.817 17.726 23.635 29.544 35.452 41.361 47.270 298 11.857 17.786 23.715 29.643 35.572 41.500 47.429 299 11.897 17.846 23.794 29.743 35.691 41.640 47.588 300 11.937 17.905 23.874 29.842 35.811 41.779 47.747 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 231 TABLE OF THE PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, From li" to 3" pitch. No.of 1 teeth. li" H" If" o// 2 ol// zt Ol" 1 £> 15 3.006 3.607 4.209 4.810 5.411 6.012 7.215 16 3.204 3.844 4.485 5.126 5.767 6.407 7.689 17 3.401 4.082 4.762 5.442 6.122 6.803 8.163 18 3.599 4.319 5.039 5.759 6.479 7.198 8.638 19 3.797 4.557 5.316 6.076 6.835 7.594 9.113 20 3.995 4.794 5.593 6.392 7.192 7.991 9.589 21 4.193 5.032 5.871 6.710 7.548 8.387 10.064 22 4.392 5.270 6.148 7.027 7.905 8.783 10.540 23 4.590 5.508 6.426 7.344 8.262 9.180 11.016 24 4.788 5.746 6.704 7.661 8.619 9.577 11.492 25 4.987 5.984 0.981 7.979 8.976 9.973 11.968 26 5.185 6.222 7.259 8.296 9.333 10.370 12.444 27 5.384 6.460 7.537 8.014 9.691 10.767 12.921 28 5.582 6.699 7.815 8.931 10.048 11.164 18.397 29 5.781 6.937 8.093 9.2^9 10.405 1L561 13.874 30 5.979 7.175 8.871 9.567 10.763 11.958 14.350 -31 6.178 7.413 8.649 9.885 1L120 12.356 14.827 32 6.376 7.6.")2 8.927 10.202 11.478 12.753 15.303 33 6.575 7.890 9.205 10.520 11.835 13.150 15.780 34 6.774 8.128 9.483 10.838 12.193 13.547 16.257 35 6.972 8.367 9.761 11.156 12.550 13.945 16.734 36 7.171 8.605 10.040 11.474 12.908 14.342 17.211 37 7.370 8.844 10.818 11.972 18.266 14.740 17.688 38 7.. 569 9.082 10.596 12.110 18.623 15.137 18.164 39 7.767 9.821 10.874 12.428 13.981 15.534 18.641 40 7.966 9 559 11.152 12.746 14. .339 15.982 19.118 41 8.165 9.798 11.481 13.064 14.696 16.829 19.595 42 8.363 10.03(5 11.709 13.382 15.054 16.727 20.072 43 8.562 10.275- 11.987 13.700 15.412 17.124 20.549 44 8.761 10.513 12.265 14.018 15.770 17.522 21.026 45 8.960 10.752 12.544 14.836 It -..128 17.920 21.. 503 4(5 9.1.59 10.99) 12.822 14.6.54 16.485 18.317 21.981 47 9.. 3.57 11.229 18.100 14.972 16.843 18.715 22.458 48 9.556 11.467 18.879 15.290 17.201 19.112 22.935 49 9.755 11.706 13.6.57 15.608 17.559 19.510 23.412 232 MODERN MOULDING AMD PATTERN-MAKING. PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, 1^" TO — Continued. No. of teeth. H" H If o// O 1 '/ Q" O 50 9.954 11.945 13.935 15.926 17.917 19.908 23.889 51 10.153 12.183 14.214 16.244 18.275 20.305 24. .366 52 10.351 12.422 14.492 16.562 18.633 20.703 24.843 53 10.5.50 12.660 14.770 16.880 18.990 21.100 25.320 54 10.749 12 899 15.049 17.198 19.348 21.498 25.798 55 10.948 13.137 15.327 17.517 19.706 21.896 26.275 50 11.147 13.376 15.605 17.835 20.0(i4 22.293 26.752 57 11.. 346 13.615 15.884 18.153 20.422 22.691 27.229 58 11.544 13.853 16.162 18.471 20.780 23.089 27.706 59 11.743 14.(i92 16.441 18.789 21.138 23.486 28.184 (50 11.942 14.330 16.719 19. 107 21.496 23.884 28.661 61 12.141 14.569 16.997 19.425 21.854 24.282 29.138 62 1-2.341) 14.808 17.276 19.744 22.212 24.680 29 615 63 12.539 15.046 17.554 20.062 22.570 25.077 30.093 64 12.738 15.285 17.833 20.380 22.928 25.475 30.570 65 12.936 15.524 18.111 20.698 23.285 25.873 31.047 66 13.135 15.762 18.389 21.016 23.643 26.270 31.525 67 13.334 16.001 18.668 21.335 24.001 26.668 32.002 68 13.533 16.240 18.946 21.653 24.359 27.066 32.479 69 13.732 16.478 19.225 21.971 24.717 27.464 32.9.56 70 13.931 16.717 19.503 22.289 25.075 27.861 33.434 71 14.130 16.956 19.781 22.6U7 25.433 28.259 33.911 72 14.328 17.194 20.060 22.926 25.791 28.657 34.388 73 14.527 17.433 20.338 23.244 26.149 29.055 34.806 74 14.726 17.671 20.617 23.562 26.507 29.452 35.343 l'> 14.925 17.910 20.895 23.880 26.865 29.850 3.5.82.1 76 15.124 18.149 21.174 24.198 27.223 30.248 36.298 77 15.323 18.387 21.452 24.517 27.581 30.646 36.775 7S 15.522 18.626 21.731 24.835 27.939 31.044 37.252 79 15.721 18.865 22.009 2.5.153 28.297 31.441 37.73U 80 15.920 19.103 22.287 25.471 28.655 31.839 38.207 8r 16.118 19.342 22.5()6 25.790 29.013 32.237 38.684 82 16.317 19.581 22 844 26.108 29.371 32.635 39.162 83 16.516 19.820 23.123 26.426 29.729 33.033 39.639 84 16.715 20.058 23.401 26.714 30.087 3:!.4o0 40.116 85 16.1114 20.297 23.680 27.1 '(■>3 30.44.-) 33.828 40.594 86 17.113 20.536 23.958 27.381 30.S03 34.226 41.071 PEACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 233 PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, H" TO 3", — Continued. No. of teeth. 1 J." 1 J." 14" 2" 94" 21" q// 87 17.312 20.774 24.237 27.699 31.161 34.624 41.548 8.'^ 17.511 21.013 24.515 28.017 31.519 35.022 42.026 89 17.710 21.252 24.794 28.335 31.877 35.415 42.503 90 17.909 21.490 25.072 28.654 32.235 35.817 42.981 91 18.107 21.729 25.3-50 28.972 32.593 36.215 43.458 92 18.306 21.968 25.629 29.290 32.952 36.613 43.935 93 18.505 22.20(i 25.907 29.608 33.309 37.011 44.413 94 18.704 22.445 26.186 29.927 33.668 37.408 44.890 95 18.903 22.(i84 26.464 .30.245 34.026 37.806 45.367 96 19.102 22.922 26.743 30.563 34.384 38.204 45.845 97 19.301 23.161 27.021 30.881 34.742 38.602 46.322 98 19.500 23.400 27.310 31.200 35.100 39.000 46.80(1 99 19.699 23.638 27.578 31.518 35.458 39.397 47.277 100 19.898 23.877 27.857 31.836 3.5.816 39.795 47 754 101 20.097 24.116 28.135 32.155 36.174 40.193 4S.-_':!2 102 20.295 24.355 28.414 32.473 36.532 40. .591 4.^.709 103 20.494 24.593 28.692 32.791 36.890 4 .989 49.187 104 20.693 24.832 28.971 33.109 37.248 41.3S7 49.(i()4 iu5 20.892 25.071 29.249 33.428 37.60() 41.784 511.141 106 21.091 25.309 29.528 33.746 37.964 42.182 50.619 1(»7 21.290 25.548 29.806 34.064 38.322 42.580 51.096 108 21.489 25.787 30.084 34.382 38.680 4-'.97S 51..-)73 109 21.688 26.025 30.363 34.7" '1 39.038 43.376 52.051 110 21.887 26.264 30.641 35.019 39.396 43.774 .52.. 528 111 22.086 26.503 30.920 35.337 39.754 44.171 53.25 88.453 98.281 117.937 248 49.339 59.207 09.075 78.943 88.811 98.679 118.415 249 49.538 59.446 09 3-')4 79.201 89.169 99.077 118.892 2.50 49.737 .59.685 09.032 79.580 89.527 99.475 119.369 251 49.930 59.L,23 69.91 1 79.898 89.885 99.872 119.847 252 50. 135 60. 162 70. 189 80.210 90.243 100.270 120.324 253 50.334 00.401 70.468 80.535 90.601 100.668 120.802 254 50.533 00.640 70.7-16 80.853 90.959 101.066 121.279 255 50.732 60.878 81.171 91.318 101.464 121.757 256 50.931 61.117 71.303 81.489 91.676 101.862 122.2.34 257 51.130 61.35() 71.582 81.808 92.034 102.260 122.712 258 51.329 61.595 71.860 82.126 92.392 102.658 123.189 259 51.528 61.833 72 139 82.444 92.750 103.055 123.667 260 51.727 62.072 72.417 82.763 93.108 103.453 124.144 261 51.920 02.311 72 696 83.081 93.466 103.851 124.621 202 52.125 62.549 72.974 83.399 93.824 104.249 125.099 2ii3 52.323 62.788 73.253 83.718 94.182 104.647 125.576 2()4 52.522 63.027 73.531 84.036 94.540 105.045 126.054 2()5 52.721 63.266 73.810 84.354 94.898 105.443 126.531 2i)6 52.920 63.504 74.088 84.673 95.257 105.841 127.009 2i)7 53.119 63.743 74.367 84.991 95.615 106.239 127.486 268 53.318 63.982 74 045 85.309 95.973 106.6.S6 127.964 2()9 53.517 64.221 74.924 85.627 96.331 107.034 128.441 270 53.710 64.4 9 7-").i02 85.946 96.689 107.432 128.919 271 53.915 64.()98 75.481 815.264 97.047 107.830 129.396 238 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTEKN-MAKING. PROPORTIONAL RADII OF WHEELS, 1^" TO ^" ,- Concluded. No. of teeth. 11// 13// ■I? Q// O 1 // 2\" 3" 272 54.114 64.937 75.760 86.582 97.405 108.228 129.873 273 54.313 65.175 76.038 86.901 97.763 108.626 130.351 274 54.512 65.414 76.317 87.219 98.121 109.024 130.828 275 54.711 65.6.53 70.595 87.537 98.479 109.422 131.306 276 54.910 65.892 76.874 87.856 98.837 109.819 131.783 277 55.109 66.130 77.152 88.174 99.196 110.217 132.261 278 55.308 C6.3()!) 77.431 88.492 99.5.54 110.615 132.738 279 55.507 60.«( 8 77.709 88.810 99.912 111.013 133.216 280 55.705 66 84 (" 77.988 89.129 100.270 111.411 133.093 281 55.904 07.085 78.200 89.447 100.628 111.809 134. 171 282 56.103 67.324 78.545 89.7fi5 100.986 112.207 134.048 283 . 56.302 07.503 78.823 90.084 101.344 112.605 135.125 284 56.501 07.801 7i».102 90.402 101.702 113.002 135.003 285 56.7(X) ()8.040 7U.380 90.720 102.060 113.400 136.080 286 56.899 08.279 79.059 91.03!) 102.418 113.798 136.558 287 57.098 08.518 79.!)37 91.357 102.776 114.196 137.035 288 57.297 08.750 80.210 91.675 10.3.1.35 114.594 137.513 289 57.496 ()8.9U5 80.494 91.993 103.493 114.992 137.990 290 57.695 09.234 80.773 92.312 103.851 115.390 138.468 291 57.894 69.473 81.051 92.630 104 209 11.5.788 138.945 292 58.093 69.711 81.330 92 948 104. .507 116.185 139.423 293 ■58.292 69.950 81.008 93.267 104.925 116.583 139.900 294 58.491 70.189 81.887 9:!.. 585 105.283 116 981 140.377 295 58.690 70.427 82. 105 93.903 105.041 117.379 140.855 296 58.888 70.666 82.444 94.222 105.990 117.777 141.333 297 59.087 70.905 82.722 94.540 100.357 118.175 141.810 298 59.286 71.144 83.001 94.858 100.715 118.573 142.287 299 59.485 71.382 83.279 95.177 107.074 118.971 142.765 300 59.684 71.621 83.558 95.495 107.4.32 119.369 143.242 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GElCERAL USE. . ^39 A TABLE OF NUMBERS FOR OBTAINING THE RADIUS OF ANY WHEEL, HAVING ANY NUMBER OF TEETH, From to 6" pitch, advancing by eighths. Pitch. Multiplier. ritch. Multiplier. i" .0199 3i" .4973 i" .0898 3i" .5172 1" .0597 ^" .5371 I" .0796 3V .557 f" .0995 3f" .577 f" .1194 31" .5968 i" .1393 3|" .6167 1" .1591 4" .6366 li" .179 4i" .6565 li" .199 4i" .6764 If" .2188 4|" .6963 H" .2387 4^" .7162 .2586 4f" .7361 If" .2785 4f" .756 H" • .2984 4i" .776 2" .3183 5" .79.57 2i" .3382 5i" .8157 2i" .3581 5i" .8356 2|" .378 r,3// '-'8 .8555 2i" . .3979 5k" .8754 21" .4178 51" .8953 2|" .4377 5f" .9152 2r .4576 5i" .9351 3" .4775 6" .955 Rule. — Multiply the decimal number opposite the required pitch by the uumber of teeth, and the product will be the radius of the wheel. 240 •modern MOLTLniXd AND iwrt ERN-MAKINQ. TABLE OF DIAMETERS, f 'iHCUMFEKEfiCES, AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, And the contents in gallons (of 281 cubic inches) at 1 foot in de])th. Diameter. Oiicumfereiice. Area. Gallons. Inches. Inches. 1" 3.141(5 .7854 .040S4 V 3.5843 .9940 .05169 i" 3.9270 1.2271 .06380 r 4.3197 1.4848 .07717 V 4.7124 1.7671 .09188 r 5. 1051 2.0739 .10782 r 5.4978 2.4052 .12506 r 5.8905 2.7611 .14357 2" 6.2832 3.1416 .16333 V 6.6759 3.5465 .18439 i" 7.0686 3.9760 .20675 r 7.4613 4.4302 .23036 r 7.8540 4.9087 .25522 f" 8.2467 5.4119 .28142 4" 8.6394 5.9395 .30883 V 9.0321 6.4918 .33753 3" 9.4248 7.0686 .36754 i" 9.8175 7.6699 .39879 i" 10.210 8.2957 .43134 r 10.602 8.9462 .46519 ¥ 10.995 9.6211 .50029 r 11.388 10.320 .53664 r 11.781 11.044 .57429 V 12.173 11.793 .61324 4" 12.566 12.566 .65343 i" 12.959 13.364 .69493 13.351 14.186 .73767 r 13.744 15.033 .78172 ¥ 14.137 15.904 .82701 r 14.529 16.800 .87360 r 14.922 17.720 .92144 V 15.315 18.665 .97058 5" 15.708 19.635 1.02102 ^" 16.100 20.629 1.07271 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. f!J4l CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter. Circumference. Area. Gallons. Inches. Inches. i" l(i.493 21.647 1.12564 1" 16.886 22.690 1.17988 i" 17.278 23.758 1.23542 17.671 24.850 1.29220 f" 18.064 25.967 1.35128 1" 18.457 27.108 1.40962 f)" 18.849 28.274 1.47025 i" 19.242 29.464 1.53213 i" 19.635 30.679 1.59531 f" 20.027 31.919 1.65979 X II 20 420 33.183 1.72552 f" 20.813 34.471 1.79249 1" 21.205 35.784 1.86077 1" 21.598 37.122 1.93034 7" 21.991 38.484 2.00117 R 22.. 383 39.871 2.07329 i" 22.776 41.282 2.14666 1" 23.169 42.718 2.22134 J " 23.562 44.178 2.29726 t" 23.954 45.663 2.37448 1" 24.347 47.173 2.45299 1" 24.740 48.707 2.53276 8" 25.132 50.265 2.61378 1 n ft 2.5.515 51.848 2.69609 V 25.918 53.456 2.77971 3 '/ 8 26.310 55.088 2.86458 J " 26.703 56.745 2.95074 r 27.096 58.426 3.03815 r 27.489 60.132 3.12686 r 27.881 61.862 3.21682 9" 28.274 63.617 3.30808 V 28.667 65.396 3.40059 i" 29.059 67.200 3.49440 311 8 29.452 69.029 3.58951 111 29.845 70.882 3.68586 r' 30.237 72.759 3.78347 r 30.630 74.662 3.88242 24^ MODERN MOlTLDING AND PATtERN-MAKINCJ. CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter. Circuinfeience. A roa. 0 ill lODSt Inches. Inches. i" 31.023 iu.Ooo 10" 31.416 (0.!J-±U i" 31.808 OA CI K i" 32.201 o/.olo He* aj\j\jOO 1" 32.594 i" 32.986 oD.oyu S." 33.379 OO.D04 A AinPlQ ! ^ 1" 33.772 90.762 4.71962 1" 34.164 yz.ooo 4 89846 11" 34.557 95.033 4.94172 i" 35.950 97.205 i" 35.343 9y.40}i 1" 35.735 1A1 i?oo 101.623 36.128 1 AO OCiC\ 103. od9 5.40119 8 36.521 106.839 1" 36.913 108.434 O.OooD 1 1" 37.306 110.753 Feet. 0. loyio 1' 3' If" 1QKA 0.0 1 00 V 1" 3' 4|" 1' 2" 3' 8" 1.0690 1' 3" 3' 11" 1.2271 y. 1 (uo V 4" 4' 2^" 1..3962 1 0 441 q 1' 5" 4' 5|" 1.5761 11. (oOO 1' 6" 4' 85" 1.7671 1 91 ^0 10. ^lt)U V 7" 4' 11|" 1.9689 14.7241 1' 8" 5' 2f" 2.1816 ID. 0 L^O 1' 9" 5' 5|" 2.4052 17.9870 V 10" K/ C\ll 5 9 19.7414 V 11" 6' 2i" 2.8852 21.4830 2' 6' 3f" 3.1416 23.4940 2' 1" 6' 6^' 3.4087 25.4916 2' 2" 6' 9f" 3.6869 27.5720 2' 3" 7' f" 3.9760 29.7340 2' 4" 7' 31" 4.2760 32.6976 2' 5" 7' 7" 4.5869 34.3027 2' 6" 7' lOi" 4.9087 36.7092 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 243 CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter. Circumference. Area. Gallous. Feet. 2' 7" 8' If" 5.2413 36.1964 2' 8" 8' 4i" 5.5850 41.7668 2' 9" 8' 7I-" 5.9395 44.4179 2' 10" 8' 10|" 6.3049 47.1505 2' 11" 9' 1|" 6.6813 49.9654 3' 9' 5" 7.0686 52.8618 3' 1" 9' 8i" 7.4666 55.8382 3' 2" 9' 11|" 7.8757 58.8976 3' 3" 10' 2k" 8.2957 62.0386 3' 4" 10' 5i" 8.7265 65.2602 3' 5" 10' 8f" 9.1683 68.5193 3' 6" 10' Ui" 9.6211 73.1504 3' 7" 11' 3" 10.0846 75.4166 3' 8" 11' 6i" 10.5591 78.9652 3' 9" 11' 9|" 11.0446 82.5959 3' 10" 12' 5i" 11.5409 86.3074 3' 11" 12' 12.0481 90.1004 4' 12' 6f" 12.5664 93.9754 4' 1" 12' 9|" 13.0952 97.9310 4' 2" 13' 1" 13.6353 101.9701 4' 3" 13' 4i" 14.1862 103.0300 4' 4" 13' 7i" 14.7479 110.2907 4' 5" 13' lOi" 15.3206 114.5735 4' 6" 14' If" 15.9043 118.9386 4' 7" 14' 4f" 16.4986 123.3880 4' 8" 14' 7i" 17.1041 127.9112 4' 9" 14' 11" 17.7205 132.5209 4' 10" 15' 2i" 18.3476 137.2105 4' 11" 15' 5i" 18.9858 142.0582 5' 15' 8i" 19.6350 146.8384 5' 1" 15' llf " 20.2947 151.7718 5' 2" 16' 2|" 20.9656 156.7891 5' 3" 16' 5f" 21.6475 161.8886 5' 4" 16' 9" 22.3400 167.0674 5' 5" 17' i" 23.0437 172.3300 5' 6" 17' 3i" 23.7583 177.6740 5' 7" 17' 6|" 24.4835 183.0973 244 MODERN MOtfLDING AND PATTERN-MAKlKG. CIRCLES, — Continued. Diameter. Circumference. Area. Gallons. Feet. 5' 8" 17' 9|" CxK 0 1 Art 25.2199 Ib8.o045 5' 9" 18' f" r>f A£J^.» 25.9d72 -i f\ A -i AO A 194.1930 6' 10" 18' 3|" 2D.7251 -1 A A 0£!1 A 199.8d10 5' 11" 18' 7i" 27.494,i 205.olocJ 6' 18' lOi" 28.2744 ^i^ 1 A A 211.4472 6' 3" 19' 7i" 30.d79o AOA Af>ACi 6' 6" 20' 4|" 33.1831 248. loo4 6' 9" 21' 2|" 35.7847 2b7.Dl22 7' 21' Hi" ob.484b OQ^7 QAQO zo7.oUo.6 r 3" 22' 9i" 41.2825 OO8.727O r 6" 23' 6f" 44.1787 dti0.o8o9 r 9" 8' 24' 4J-" A^ ^ ^70A 47.1730 002.7000 25' li" 50.2656 375.9062 8' 3" 25' 11" 53.4562 o99.7dd8 8' 6" 26' 8|" 56.7451 424.t5D25 8' 9" 27' 5f" /lA ^ OA-1 60.1321 y4 ^ A 01 1 Q 44y.211o 9' 28' 3i" 63.6174 475.7ot)o 9' 3" 29' I-" 67.2007 502.55d6 9' 6" 29' lOi" 70.8823 5o0.08ol 9' 9" 30' li" 74.6620 558.3522 10' 31' 5" 78.5400 587.o5o4 10' 3" 32' 2|" 82.5160 ol7.U87o 10' 6" 32' llf " 86.5903 o47.55do 10' 9" 33' 9i" 90.7627 078.2797 11' 34' 6f" 95.0334 710.6977 11' 3" 35' 4i" 99.4021 74o.oDoo 11' 6" 36' li" 103.8691 776.7746 11' 9" OD 10^ 12' 37' 8|" • 113.0976 848.1890 12' 3" 38' 5i" 117.8590 881.3966 12' 6" 39' 3i" 122.7187 917.7395 12' 9" 40' f" 127.6765 954.8159 13' 40' 10" 132.7326 992.6274 13' 3" 41' li" 137.8867 1031.1719 13' 6" 42' 4|" 143.1391 1070.4514 13' 9" 43' 2i" 148.4896 1108.0645 14' 43' llf" 153.9384 1151.2129 PRACTICAL TABLES FOR GENERAL USE. 245 CIRCLES, — Concluded. Diameter. Circumference. Area. G-allons. Feet. 14' 3" 44' 9i" 159.4852 1192.6940 14' 6" 45' 6f-" 165.1303 1234.9104 14' 9" 46' 4" 170.8735 1277.8615 15' 47' H" 176.7150 1321.5454 15' 3" A^t H i\H ft 47' 10|" 182.6545 1365.9634 15' 6" 48' 8i" 188.6923 1407.5165 15' 9" 49' 5|" 194.8282 1457.0032 16' 50' 3i" 201.0624 1503.6250 16' 3" 51' 207.3946 1550.9797 16' 6" 51' 10" 213.8251 1599.0696 16' 9" 52' 7|" 220.3537 1647.8930 17' 53' ^" 226.9806 1697.4516 17' 3" 54' 2i" 233.7055 1747.7431 17' 6" 54' llf" 240.5287 1798.7698 17' 9" 55' 247.4500 1850.5301 18' 56' 6i" 254.4696 1903.0254 18' 3" 57' 4" 261.5872 1956.2537 18' 6" 58' 1|" 268.8031 2010.2171 18' 9" 58' 10|" 276.1171 2064.9140 246 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. The American standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, or 8^ pounds of pure water. A cubic foot contains 62.3 pounds of water, or 7.48 gallons. Pressure per square inch is equal to the depth or head in feet multiplied by .433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of one pound to the square inch. Multiplying imperial gallons by 1.2 will convert them into American standard gallons of 231 cubic inches. WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS. Per Cubic Foot. Per Cubic Foot. lbs. lbs. 62.3 116-144 137 144 112 178 Coal, anthracite (solid) 100 Common gravel . . 109 " " (broken) 57 102 " bituminous . . . 77-90 98 62-104 125 164-172 Common soil . . . 137 Plaster of Paris . . . 73.5 165 169-175 1 bushel of bituminous coal weighs 80 pounds: 28 bushels - 1 ton of 2,240 pounds. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 247 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. TABLE OF FKACTIONS OF A LINEAL INCH CONVEKTED INTO DECIMALS. 8th8. 32dg. 64ths. i=.125 1 = .03125 ^4- = .015625 if = .515625 i = .25 -= .09375 ^4 = .046875 n = .546875 i = .375 = .15625 ii = .078125 11 = .578125 i = .50 7 3i = .21875 ^4 = .109375 n - .609375 f = .625 ^2 = .28125 6^- = .140625 4 1 = .640625 f = .75 1 1 3 2 .34375 U = .17185 H = .671875 1 = .875 13 3-^ = .40625 M = .203125 i)4 = .703125 leths. 1 S 3^ = .46875 M = .2.34375 4.1 54 = .734375 -,V = .0625 il = .53125 = .265625 4 9 = .765625 = .1875 1 C) 3 = .59375 H = .296875 = .796875 A = -3125 2 1 = .65625 U = .328125 il = .828125 ,V .4375 u = .71875 M = .359375 B"4 = .859375 1% = .5625 II = .78125 U = .390625 = .890625 H = .6875 §2 = .84375 H = .421875 = .921875 il = 8125 fl .90625 H = .453125 i; 1 T)4 = .953125 H = .9375 li = .96875 gi = .484375 tl .984375 CONVEKSION OF FRACTIONS OF AN INCH INTO DECI- MALS OF A LINEAL FOOT. = 0.001375' V = 0.03125' ^h" = 0.00265' V = 0.04166' ^g" = 0.005208' 1" = 0.05208' h" =0.01041' 1" = 0.0625' i" = 0.02083' i" = 0.07291' 243 MODEEN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. A TABLE OF THE KECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS; Or, the decimal fractions corresponding to vulgar fractions of which the numerator is unity, or 1. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. 1 .5 1 1 A1 /17AKQQO .1)14705882 • ooooooooo 1 ■3^ A9777777Q 1 .014492754 1 t .ZD 1 S7 A07A07A07 iKiZ i\}Z i To .U14285714 1 i 9 • Z 1 TS .uzoolo (oy 1 7T .014Uo4ol7 t •lODDODOD 1 1 AOPCA -1 1 AOi? 1 72 1 T 1 ?(y .UzD 1 7? .Ulooyobo 1 1 TT AO 1 Q AAO A A 1 74 .013513514 111111111 1 ¥2 A09QAnPC0/i .Uzo(5uyoz4 1 7% A1 0000000 •013333333 1 1 .1 1 T^ AOOOCKQI .U2i.5ZOOol4 75 .013157895 1 nonononQi .uyuyuyuyi 1 TT .022727273 77 .012987013 . yJoooooooo 1 tV 1 7-S" .012820513 • U tOu^oV i 1 1 ¥6 A01 7oni 0 1 75 .012658228 1 ¥7 AOI O^iJi? 1 ■s"xr .0125 1 . UDODDODD < 1 AOAQOOOOO M2,W>66666 5T .012345679 1 1 AOA/f AQ 1 1 :S2 .01219ol22 1 T7 .UOoOiiOOZy 1 ■5U .02 ■S"3 .012048193 1 iV •UOOOODOOD 1 51 A1 ArtA7C?/*0 1 ST .011904762 1 •UOZDOlO (y 1 52 A1 nooAiTfin T5 .011764706 1 A PC 1 51 .0188o7y25 5V .011627907 1 .U4loiyU4o 1 5¥ .Ulo518ol9 57 .011494253 1 12 .045454545 1 55 .018181818 1 55 .011363636 1 5S^ .Ul 4 00 * i4o 1 5? .011235955 1 IT .041666667 1 57 .01754386 1 .011111111 .04 1 5^ .017241379 .010989011 iV .038461538 5^^ .016949153 1 ■52 .010869565 ^7 .037037037 1 ■50 .016666667 ^5 .0107o2688 iV .035714286 1 .016393443 1 ■5T .010638298 iV .034482759 ^2 .016129032 1 "55 .010520316 1 .033333333 1 .015873016 .010416667 1 sr .032258065 1 . B¥ .01.5625 .010309278 1 .03125 .015384615 1 55 .010204082 1 .030803030 .01.51.51515 1 55 .01010101 .029411765 bV .014925373 1 .01 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 249 RECIPROCALS OF l^VMBBUS, — Continued. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. 1 ToT OnQQOflQQ 1 T37 00790097 1 TT3" AnC7QAQ/(»7 .vUO (oUo4 1 1 TTf^ 1 T38 00794fi^?77 1 T7T .UUO (1 (1/0 1 T03 p \j\Jij 1 V/O 1 OO 1 T3^ 0071 Q494f^ .\J\j 1 l.o^^irkO 1 T7? 00'=;71 498R 1 nOQfil ii.^S.'i 1 TTff 007 1 498*17 1 T75 AAR«Q1 Q1 Q .UUOOolOlo 1 TTT 0070Q91QQ 1 T77 00i^fi4Q71 8 1 TO^ • v/V/ CfrtO t> v V fJ^ 1 TT2 0070499 1 TfS OOi^fil 7078 1 TSJ 1 TT-3' 1 T7^ J., Try? 1 TT? 1 TTff . UUOOOOOOD 1 TU'i 1 TTT 1 T^ AAKKO^QOO .UUOOZ'ioD/ _ 1 . TTC7 1 TTS 1 TSS AAK^QJ^KAK 1 ■ TTT 1 Tt7 OnfiJ^09791 1 T"S3 . UU0'±tKt4:O J. 1 TT^ .008928571 1 IIS Onfi7PiA7P^7 1 TJT 00^4Q478Q 1 TT3 1 TT¥ 00^71 140Q 1 TJZ AAfC/lAK/lAE 1 TT¥ 1 r57 00fifififififi7 1 T'g'S . WOO t Oo'it 1 TT5 .008695652 1 T5T 00rif>99517 1 T"g7 noi=;Q47fiQ4. 1 TT6 00S020fiQ 1 T'JS 00f^^7RQ47 1 TH 1 TT7 008547000 1 T53 • \J\J\J'JO0V-±O 1 1 STT 00'=>90100'i 1 TlJ .008474576 1 T3T oor)4Q:^500 1 T"50 00^9R^1 ^^8 1 ITS .00840.3361 1 l'S'5 006451613 1 T^T 00'^9^'^fi09 1 120 0083.333M3 1 1'5'S 0nft4109^ft 1 T'g^ Anfi9nQQQQ •UUOZUoOoo 1 TZT 008264463 1 1 I'Ss AAKI Q-1 1 T'Z^ 0081067^1 1 T5?" OOR'^901 1 4. 1 1 9T AAKI f^JfiOQ 1 T53 0081.30081 1 T3^¥ . UDOZoy oUo 1 l'S'5 AAKI 9QOAK 1 T2T 00806451 6 1 1 6 0 ool ;9'"> 1 T'S'S AAKI AOA/11 1 T2"5" .008 J 1 6 1 00fi91 118 1 TV7 00'i07R1 49 1 T5^ .007936508 J 162 OOni 79 8 A 1 T7"? OO^iO'^iO'^O'; 1 T27 .007874016 1 T^"3 .006134969 1 .005025126 1 T28 1 T^T .uubuy iool 1 .UUD 1 T2? .0077519.38 1 TSZ .006060606 ■27T .004975124 1 TSS .007692308 1 T66 .006024096 1 202 .004950495 jh .007633588 1 T67 .005988024 .004926108 1 Tsi .007575758 1 .005952381 1 2(JT .004901961 1 T3 3 .007518797 rh .00591716 1 2oir .004878049 1 T3T .007462687 1 IT 0 .005882353 1 20S^ .004854069 1 Tsf .007407407 1 17 I .005847953 1 20 7 .004830918 1 T36 .007352941 1 T72 .00.5813953 1 20 8 .004807692 250 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. RECIPKOCALS OF NUMBERS, — ConWnwecZ. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. .004784689 1 2T5 .004081633 1 21T .003558719 1 .004761905 1 2T¥ .004065041 1 2J2 .003546099 1 .0047393.36 1 2?7 .004048583 1 .003533569 1 212 .004716981 1 2¥8 .004032258 1 .003522127 1 2T3 .004694836 1 2?5 .004016064 1 28"5 .003508722 1 2T? .004672897 25?? .004 1 28? .003496503 1 2T"5" .004651163 2-51 .003984064 1 2?7 .003484321 1 .00462963 2^2 .00.3968254 2ij .003472222 1 2T7 .004608295 1 25? .003952569 1 2?-5 .003460208 .004587156 1 25? .003937008 .003448276 .00456621 1 253' .003921569 1 2"5T .003436426 ■22(T .004545455 25? .00390625 2^2 .003424658 1 22T .004524887 1 2-5"7 .003891051 2^5 .003412969 1 .004504505 2T15' .003875969 1 2-5? .003401361 1 223 .004484305 2t'5 .003861004 .003389831 1 22? .004464286 .003846154 2i? .003378378 .004444444 2^1 .003831418 1 2'57 .003367003 2^5 .004424779 2^2 .003816794 2W .003355705 2^7 .004405286 2^1 .003802281 2^^ .003344482 22? ,004385965 2^? .003787879 ^h'S .003333333 1 22'5 .004366812 2i3' .003773585 .003322259 1 230 .004347826 2^^ .003759398 152 .003311258 2?! .004329004 1 2BT .00374.5318 1 301 .00330133 1 232 .004310345 2^8' .003731343 1 SOT .003289474 1 23T .004291845 2i'5 .003717472 3?? .003278689 1 23? .004273504 27TT .003703704 .003267974 1 2T? .004255319 1 27T ,003690037 1 107 .003257329 21? .0042.37288 272 .003676471 1 301 .003246753 2iy .004219409 1 273' .003663004 1?? .003236246 .004201681 1 27? .003649635 1 ITTT .003225806 2i? .0041841 2^3 .003636364 i1t .003215434 1 2?7 .004166667 1 27? .003623188 1I2 .003205128 1 2¥T .004149378 2^7 .003610108 1 ITl .003194888 1 • 2?2 .0041.32231 1 27? .003597122 sh .003184713 .004115226 2H .003584229 3T1 .003174603 1 2??' .004098361 1 2^0 .003571429 ll? .003164557 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 251 EECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS, — Coniinwed!. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Number. X^ec] p rocal . Number. Reciprocal. 7TT .003154574 AAtlQOOQfil .OOJjooJsoOl 1 XT"? .003144654 I 750 .003134796 7T5" AAOQ1 AfiA1 .002olo9Ui 1 7^ AA9K=,7K/1C 'shs .003125 AAOOAQAQA 1 7'g7 AAOKt^1rt9 .yjyjzooxyjz .003115265 1 75T AAOQA1 1 O 1 757 TZT .00310559 ,002793290 1 753" AAOriqCA?-] .003095975 .0027oool5 1 755 AAO^QI fi/lf? .00308642 .002777770 1 TTBi AAOKOKOKO ^irs .003076923 .00277008.5 1 3UT .uu^oiooy^ .003067485 ^h: AAr»"7iiO/4 O 1 .0027D24dl I 75H" nr>9'^i 9^R^ . U\/.i 0 1 ^ t) UO .003058104 .002754821 1 755 AA9KAR9«« .00304878 .0027472o3 I ?T)0 nft9'=> .UUi&O .003039514 7i3- A A ^ O A ^ fj ZJ . 002739726 1 TOT nfl94QQ7fift •uUii^yo (OD .003030303 rss .00273224 1 40? AA9/(Q>7KCO .003021148 7iT .002724796 I nn94fti •uu^^oioy .003012048 76 8' .002717391 I 4TTT .003003003 7^If AA AT 1 AAOT .002710027 1 TUT AA9^AQ1 Qfl .002994012 7TTJ .002702703 L .UUii4DoU04 .002985075 ^TT .002695418 1 TOT riA9/lK'7AA9 .00297619 7T? .002688172 1 408 .uuz'iouyo .002967359 7f7 .002680965 1 T(T5 nA9/1/1/lQQQ .UUZ4:'±'±yOO .00295858 7T4 .002673797 1 TTtr AA94QAA94^ .002949853 3^0 .002666667 1 TIT AA9/10Qr\O .UUZ4ooUy .002941176 77^ r\/'\Ai^cr ATT .002659574 1 TT? 1 3T:t .002932551 7fT .00265252 1 TT7 AA9/( 91 OAQ .002933977 777 rvAA/^ A C K AO .002645503 1 TTT AA9/t1 K/IKQ 7|7 .002915452 7T7 .002638521 1 TTT .002409639 .002906977 .002601579 1 TTff 1 1 Ti'S .002898551 77T .002624672 1 TTT .002398082 .002890173 1 77¥ .002617801 .002392344 I 74T .002881844 1 7^7 .002610966 TT5 .002386635 1 ^iS .002873563 1 78? .002604167 .002380952 1 74¥ .00286533 1 78r .002597403 T^ .002375297 .002857143 1 7'^"B' .002590674 1 T2? .002369668 1 .002849003 1 :)h7 .002583979 Tk .002364066 3^7 .002840909 1 78 » .00257732 tIt .002358491 252 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS, — ConimwetZ. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. .002352941 1 .002169197 ¥^7 .002012072 .002347418 .002164502 1 .002008032 ■ih .00234192 .002159827 .002004008 .002336449 .002155172 TO^ .002 .002331002 .002150538 oh .001996008 .002325581 1 .002145923 .001992032 .002320186 1 .002141328 zh .001988072 .002314815 1 .002136752 1 3Tr¥ .001984127 .002309469 1 .002132196 .001980198 .002304147 I .00212766 .001976285 1 .002298851 1 ?7T .002123142 .001972387 1 .002293:.78 1 17Z .002118044 .001968504 1 .00228833 1 173 .002114165 1 .001964637 .002283105 1 .002109705 ZTS .001960784 .002277904 1 ¥73" .002105263 zh .001956947 1 .002272727 1 .00210084 zi^ .001953125 .002267574 1 f77 .002096486 1 ZX'S .001949318 1 .002262443 1 ?78 .00209205 1 "^T¥ .001945525 .002257336 1 T7? .002087683 1 ZTZ .001941748 1 .002252252 : .002083333 1 ZTS .001937984 1 .002247151 1 .002079002 1 ZT7 .001934236 .002242152 1 ¥82 .002074689 1 ZTS .001930502 .002237136 1 .002070393 1 ZT^ .001926782 1 .002232143 1 ?8¥ .002066116 zi's .001923077 1 .002227171 1 .002061856 1 5ZT .001919386 .002222222 1 .002057613 ^22 .001915709 1 .002217295 1 .002053388 1 523 .001912046 1 .002212389 1 .00204918 1 Z'2^ .001908397 1 .002207506 .00204499 1 Z2Z .001904762 1 .002202643 1 .002040816 zls .001901141 1 .002197802 1 ¥^ .00203666 1 "52 7 .001897533 1 5^6 .002192982 1 .00203252 5~2"f .001893939 1 Tl>7 .002188184 ?57 .002028398 1 52 5 .001890359 1 ^SS .002183406 ¥i¥ .002024291 1 530 .001886792 1 .002178049 1 .002020202 zir .001883239 .002173913 1 ¥35 .002016129 1 5^2 .001879699 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 253 EECIPROCALS OF ^VMB'EUS, — Continued. J? racLioii Decima.1 Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. 1 '53 3 .001876173 1 .001757469 .0016.52893 1 .001872659 ~"o .001754386 .001650165 1 ~53~S .001869159 1 ?i" 7 r .001751313 .001647446 1 .001865672 1 5 7 i .001748252 .001644737 1 537 .001862197 1 "6*7^ .001745201 .001642036 1 .001858736 .00174216 6T0 .001639344 1 .001855288 "6' 7 5^ .00173913 .001636661 1 .001851852 6~7 ' .001736111 .001633987 I .001848429 ST'f .001733102 .001631321 1 5¥2 .001845018 6~T¥ .001730104 .001628664 1 .001841621 1 .001727116 .001626016 1 .001838235 .001724138 ■ST"" .001623377 1 ZTo .001834262 six .00172117 STT .001620746 1 .001831502 _ 1 ^ .001718213 ■5T8 .001618123 1 .001828154 .001715266 .001615509 1 "518 .001824818 .001712329 _1_ 620 .001612903 1 ^ 4^ .001821494 .001709402 _1_ 6 21 .001610306 .001818182 . J- .001706485 ell .001607717 6 5 1 .001814882 ..-Ly .001703.578 i_ "^23 .001605136 1 5 5 2 .001811594 _J._ .00170068 _1^ .001602564 6 5 3 .001808318 .001697793 1^ .0016 5 5 4 .001805054 5^ 0 .001694915 .001597444 "B So" .001801802 "'IT .001692047 .001594896 6 5b .001798561 .001689189 ^1 .001592357 1 o'oT .001795332 .001686341 ^1^ .001589825 4-- .001792115 6 4 4 .001683502 ■5^0 .001587302 Th .001788909 1 s gvf .001()80672 1 «3"T .001584786 1 6 6 0 .001785714 .001677852 'S~J .001582278 TBT .001782531 1 6 9T .001675042 1 6 3J .001579779 .001779359 1 5 9 8 .001672241 ■si? .001577287 .001776199 1 8 99 .001669449 1 .001574803 1 fi"(5 4 .00177305 1 60'5' .001666667 1 63^ .001572,327 1 5 iTs .001769912 shr .001663894 1 Zsf .001569859 1 6-BB- .001766784 1 .00166113 1 6 3 8 .001567398 1 .001763668 .001658375 1_ 6 3 9 .001564945 .001760563 .001655629 .0015625 254 MODERN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. RECIPEOCALS OF NTJMB^^S, — Continued. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Nu mber. Reciprocal. N^umber. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. 1 .UU15d00d2 S77 .001477105 7T-S- .001402525 .0015570.32 67? .001474926 7T¥ .00140056 eis .00155521 S7? .001472754 JT5 .001398601 I .001552790 .001470588 7h .001396648 .001550388 .001468429 7T7 .0013947 .001547988 .001466276 7T?- .001392758 .001545595 .001464129 7T7 .001390821 .00154321 .001461988 727 .001388889 .001540832 .001459854 1 72T .001386963 .001538462 .001457726 722 .001385042 .001536098 ^¥7 .001455604 jis .001383126 .001533742 ■si's .001453488 72? .001381215 .001531394 ^^ig .001451379 jIs .00137931 si^ .001529052 ■^io .001449275 727 .00137741 .001526718 six .001447178 727 .001375516 .00152439 .001445087 Y^S .001373626 .00152207 .00144:3001 72? .001371742 .001519751 .001440922 7TS .001369863 si's .001517451 ■si? .001438849 1 .001367989 .001515152 .001436782 7^2 .00136612 .001512859 •5^7 .00143472 7T3 .001.364256 .001510574 .001432665 1 7J¥ .001362398 .001508296 .001430615 7i"5- .001360544 .001506024 jis .001428571 7^7 .001358696 .001503759 7ffT .001426534 7i7 .001356852 676 .001501502 772 .001424501 Y'kj .001355014 1 "S"67 .00149925 1 707 .001422475 1 7'57 .00135318 .001497006 77¥ .001420455 7i7 .001351351 si? .001494768 1 775 .00141844 Th .001349528 .001492537 777 .001416431 fhi .001347709 1 .001490313 1 777 .001414427 .001345895 .001488095 778 .001412429 .001344086 1 .001485884 77? .001410437 .001342282 77¥ .00148368 7T7 .001408451 7i^ .001340483 1 .001481481 71t .00140647 rir .001338688 1 67?" .00147929 1 7T2 .001404494 1 74T .001336898 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 255 KECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS, — Coniinwed. jp r£LCtion Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Number. Keciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. T4? .001335113 1 .001273885 1 ,001218027 TTT) .001333333 .001272265 .001216545 TST .001331558 1 7 8T .001270648 1 W3" .001215067 .001329787 .001269036 1 .001213592 rh .001328021 7 g 9 .001267427 rk .001212121 .00132626 7'^TJ .001265823 1 .001210654 .001324503 7^ .001264223 .00120919 .001322751 .001262626 ,001207729 T6T .001321004 yk .001261034 "rk .001206273 .001319261 .001259446 .001204819 1 .001317523 'TVs .001257862 1 .001203369 .001315789 I TWS .001256281 1 .001201923 7 61 .00131406 TUT .001254705 1 .00120048 .001312336 TT? .001253133 1 .001199041 TBI .001310616 I TU"? .001251364 sis .001197605 ,001308901 I .00125 .001196172 1 7 6 5 .00130719 1 .001248439 1 TJT .001194743 1 7 6 6 .001305483 1 .001246883 .001193317 1 TB7" .001303781 1 "S'tTT .00124533 1 .001191895 1 .001302083 .001243781 .001190476 7 6 9 .00130039 1 ,001242236 .001189061 .001298701 .001240695 1 .001187648 7 7 1 .001297017 .001239157 1 .00118624 7 7 2 .001295337 .001237624 .001184834 1 TT'J .001293661 ft k .001236094 1 .001183432 .00129199 .001234568 .001182033 1 AA1 onnooQ .OOliiyUo^o 1 ■5TT Oni 2.^.^046 • \J\J ± ^Otjyj rS:\J 1 .001180638 .00128866 .001231527 1 .001179245 1 TTT .001287001 Tk .001230012 ■si's .001177856 1 TT'S .001285347 .001228501 1 .001176471 1 .001283697 1 .001226994 1 .001175088 1 .001282051 .001225499 .001173709 T^T .00128041 tIt .00122399 .001172333 .001278772 .001222494 ■si? .00117096 .001277139 TTff .001221001 ^k .001169591 .00127551 .001219512 1 .001168224 256 MODEUN MOULDING AND PATTERN-MAKING. RECIPROCALS OF l^VMBERS, — Continued. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal or or or or or or Number. Reciprocal. Reciprocal. limber. Reciprocal. .001166861 ,001119821 ,001076426 si? .001165501 sij .00111o5d8 ■5T0 AA1 A^7CO£!A ,001075269 .001164144 J^S .001117818 AAi Pifl A 'i "i A .001074114 sio .001162791 slz .001116071 AAi A^TflAZJI . 001072951 j'ki .00116144 sii .001114827 1 ■5^ AA1 011 .00107 loll sij .001160093 ,001113586 AAi A^ A£J£3 /I .001070004 si's .001158749 si"5 ,001112347 "^■J3" .OOlOoyDiy .001157407 "50(5 ,001111111 ■jjfs .001068370 ,001156069 9^1 .001109878 .001067236 si's .001154734 .001108647 AAi A/?/3AAO .001066098 jzj .001153403 ■5ff¥ .00110742 si-? AAi A£? Ai?0 .001064963 sis .001152074 .001106195 AAi AZSOOO .00106383 - .001150748 -si's .001104972 1 ■ff4T AAi A£?0£*AA .001062699 fTU .001149425 .001103753 1 ■Enr^ AAi Aj3i efTi .001061571 JYl .001148106 .001102536 1 AAi r\£!/\A A C .001060445 872 .001146789 ■5^5 1 "544 AAi AKAOOO .OOlOoyozz 873 .001145475 .00110011 ■gi-o AAi AC OClAi .001058201 87¥ .001144165 .001098901 ■54-5 AAi AKhTAOA .001057082 JJ'5 .001142857 ^ .001091695 gi? AAi AerftAr»/* .001055966 ?7^ .001141553 -ST2 .001096491 ■gi¥ AAiA^ AOKCk .0010o4b52 ■§■77 .001140251 ■JT'S" AA^ AAC OA .00109529 A A i A E 0 ^7 /4 i .001053741 J7S .001138952 ■5T? AA1 A A A A Ari .001094092 ■g-ro AAi AK0/30C^ .001052632 sH ,001137656 ■9'r? AAI AAAOAA .001092896 AAi AC1 efAc; .001051525 ■J'TS' ,001136364 ■?!■?■ . .001091703 .00105042 ,001135074 ■5X7 .001090513 S)T3" .001049318 1 ■582 ,001133787 ■ffT? .001089325 .001048218 ■jis .001132503 .001088139 .00104712 ] 8 85 .001131222 .001086957 .001046025 J 8 83" .001129944 .001085776 1 "9 6T .001044932 ■ji'B" ,001128668 .001084599 1 .001043841 1 5"57 .001127396 ■553 .001083423 ■g'sg .001042753 1 "5"58 .001126126 1 ■92? .001082251 .001041667 .001124859 1 ■?)2'5 ,001081081 1 ■gu 1 .001040583 ,001123596 ■gif ,001079914 .001039501 1 ■g-5T ,001122334 ■927 ,001078749 .001038422 1 5^* .001121076 ■jil ,001077586 .001037344 DECIMAL EQUIVALEI^TS. RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS, — ConcZwded. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal 1 Fraction Decimal or or or or Ifumber. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. Number. Reciprocal. 1 tT7 7" .001023541 .001011122 [ ITBT) .001035197 I .001022495 .001010101 1 .001034126 ^TV .00102145 ■six .001009082 1 968 trig .001033058 1 Wo .001020408 .001008065 .001031992 gir .001019168 .001007049 .001030928 ww^ .00101833 .001006036 .001029866 si? .001017294 .001005025 .001028807 1 .00101626 ■si?' .001004016 .001027749 1 987 .001015228 .001003009 .001026694 ^TS .001014199 ■si"? .001002004 .001025641 1 y8T .001013171 ■si's .001001001 .00102459 1 U 8 8 .001012146 TfTffTJ .001 Catalog of Scientific Publicatio7^s . and Importations of the D. Van Nosti^and Cojupajiy, 2-^ Murray Street and 2'j Warren Street, New York. ABC CODE. (See Clausen-Thue.) ABBOT, H. L., Gen'l. The Defence of the Seacoast of the United States. Lectures delivered before the U. S. Naval War College. 8vo, red cloth $2 . 00 ABBOTT, A. V. The Electrical Transmission of Energy. A Manual for the Design of Electrical Circuits. 'New edition, re- vised and entirely rewritten. 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