AUTHENTIC EDITION. PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR AND SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ALSO, A GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR AND CHICAGO. BY JAMES WILSON PIERCE, D. D., LL. D. WITH INFORMATION FURNISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION OF THE WORLDS FAIR. profusely IWustratefc. BALTIMORE: R. H. WOODWARD AND COMPANY i8 93 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY R. H. WOODWARD AND COMPANY. CONTENTS PART I. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. A Sketch op the City of Chicago. PART II. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. Auditorium Building. Auditorium Theatre. Central Music Hall. Auditorium Hotel. . Grand Pacific Hotel. Palmer House. Permanent Art Building. Art Collections. Grand Opera House . Havlin’s Theatre. Board of Trade Building.",. Libby Prison Museum . City Hall. Cook County Court-House. First National Bank. Chamber of Commerce Building. Tacoma Building. Temperance Temple. Bridges. iii PAOH I 42 42 42 43 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 48 49 49 5 ° 52 52 52 53 IV CONTENTS. Viaducts. “Rookery”. Masonic Temple • • • •. Potter Palmer. ...•■•• Grant Statue, Lincoln Park.' Haymarket Massacre.‘ Haymarket Square. Logan Statue. . Michigan Avenue... Grand Boulevard . Michigan Boulevard. • New Building of Chicago Herald .... Ashland Block . Columbus Building. . Water Works. Von Linne Statue. Water Towers.. • • • Post-Office.. Union Stock Yards. Grain Elevators. Washington Park Club. Armour Mission. University of Chicago. Chicago Light. Crib and Breakwater Lights. Grosse Point Light. The Public Library. Hotels. Chicago Athenaeum. Cook County Hospital. First Regiment, I. N. G.. Prairie Avenue. Farwell Hall. . McCormick Harvesting Machine Company Newspapers. Columbian Association. German Society of Chicago. Ogontz Association. Baptist Missionary Training School . . . Railroad Transportation. PAGE 53 54 56 58 61 64 66 66 69 69 72 72 • 74 ■ 74 ■ 77 • 77 ■ 78 . 81 . 82 ■ 85 • 89 . 90 . 90 • 93 • 94 • 94 • 94 • 96 • 96 • 98 . 100 . 101 . 104 . 104 106 109 . 110 . 112 • i'3 116 CONTENTS. v PAGE Illinois Central Railroad.120 Wisconsin Central Lines.120 Grand Central Depot.122 The Union Depot.123 Pullman.124 Pullman Palace Car Company. 141 PART III. THE PARK SYSTEM. Conservatories. I 5 2 South Parks.■ *.> 5 8 Douglas Park.15 8 Drexel Boulevard.15 8 Garfield 'Park.160 Jackson Park.162 Lake Shore Drive. 162 Lincoln Park.166 Lincoln Park Palm-House.168 Michigan Avenue Boulevard.168 Oakwood Boulevard.168 Washington Boulevard.168 Washington Park.170 PART IV. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Bird’s-Eye View of ExppsiTiON. 19 ° Description of the Administration Building. 192 Description of the Government Building.195 Description of the Naval Exhibit.197 Description of the Woman’s Building. 201 Description of the Machinery Hall . 207 Description of the Manufacturers’ and Liberal Arts Building . . . 210. Y1 CONTENTS. PAGE Description op the Electrical Building. 3 Description op the Transportation Buieding. 219 Description op the Haee of Mines and Mining. 2 5 Description op the Agricueturae Building. 232 218 The Live Stock Exhibit. _ 240 Forestry. .241 The Dairy. The Horticultural Building. 244 . . . 247 Floriculture. The Fisheries Building. 249 Live Fish Display. 232 The Art Palace. 254 The Casino and Pier. 261 The State Buildings and Exhibits. 262 The Territories. 2 77 A Group of State Buildings. . Other Buildings. . Special Attractions. 2 ^ 2 Archaeology and Ethnology.282 Government Exhibit.. Indian Exhibit. 282 Novel, Quaint and Curious Things.282 Physician's Bureau op Service.288 Model Post-Office Building. 288 Little Ship “ Santa Maria ”.289 Street in Cairo.289 Palais Indian Tea Home. 289 Foreign Exhibits. 291 PART V. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION— (Continued). A Stately Procession.. Ceremonies in the Park.322 Music and Prayer.. Facts about the Fair.. President Cleveland.328 CONTENTS. vii PAGE The Exhibition Opened.. In the Irish Village.. Crushed in the Throng.. * 33 1 The Woman’s Building.. Mrs. Palmer’s Address.. Voices from Abroad.. 1492— The Prophesy . 339 How to Spend a Week at the Fair... 343 First day—A View of the Grounds. 343 The State and Foreign Buildings.. Second Day—The Manufactures Building. 348 Third Day— Modern Inventions. 349 Fourth Day—The Produce of the Fields. 349 Fifth Day—Woman’s and Children’s Building. 35 1 Sixth Day—A Tour of the Midway Plaisance. 35 * Mechanical Contrivances.. Glimpses of Foreign Life. 355 The Home of the Eskimos .». 357 Winter Sports of the Innuits. 357 In the Turkish Village.. Sedan Chairs. 3< ’° The Grand Bazar.. The Great Rug Room .. “Mr. Faraway Moses”.-. 3 6 3 The Bedchamber.. . The Mohammedan Ceremony.366 A Visit to the Theatre.. The Costume .. 369 A Pasha’s Palace. . Great Cannon on Exhibition.. The Children’s House. 373 Bartholdi’s Columbus. 378 How the Statue was Cut. 379 Railroads at the Fair... Dawn of Engine Making.... Pullman Company’s Exhibit. 3 8 4 , Canada’s Fine Train . j87 How the English Travel. 388 Continental Cars and Engines.. Northern Pacific’s Exhibit. 39 1 CONTENTS. viii PAGE Mercury Outstripped. 393 The Ethnological Display at the Fair.. Guns Old and New. 400 Guns with Histories. 402 Modern Rifles. 402 Rapid-Firing Guns. 4C 3 Art at the Exposition. 405 The United States Exhibit.. The English Exhibit. 415 Germany. 424 Austria. 42 7 Holland. . Sweden. 43 ° France. 43 2 Jan Van BEERS, THE Pride OF BELGIUM. 435 From Distant Hands .. 43 & Algerian Cork.438 Cape Colony .... 439 Australian Colonies. 439 Diberia’s Curious Products.441 Ecuador’s Fine Exhibit. 44 2 Sweden and Holland. 444 Japan’s Exhibit.444 Dore’s Bronze Vase.445 A Labor of Love. 447 Irish Art Metal Work.448 Shoe and Leather Industry at the Fair.451 Women in the Field of Literature.454 The Educational Exhibit.460 Manual Training .463 Japanese Agricultural Display.475 Norway’s Exhibit.480 Quackahl Indian House.481 A Timber Country.486 Sugar Making. 487 Ftvb Kinds of Timber .488 Gold Mining Industry.488 Roar Like a Bear. 4 8 9 The Old Liberty Bell.. The De Witt Clinton Railroad Train.'., Q[ LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS. PAOE Bird’s-Eye View of the City of Chicago. Frontispiece. Tacoma Building. 3 Grand Pacific Hotel. 7 Plymouth Church. 11 The City Hall. *5 Interior View of Auditorium Hotel. l 9 Interior View of the Casino. 2 3 Dining-Room of the Auditorium Hotel. 2 7 Interior of Board of Trade. 3 1 Havlin’s Theatre. 35 Corner of State and Madison Streets. 39 Indian Monument. 4 i Auditorium Hotel. 43 Interior View Auditorium Hotel. 44 Dining-Room of the Palmer House. 47 Libby Prison Museum. 48 Relic of Old Court-House after the Fire . So The Temple—Woman’s Christian Temperance Publishing House ... 5 ' Interior of present Rookery Building. 54 The Rookery Building. 55 Lincoln Statue. 57 Residence of Potter Palmer. 59 ' Grant Statue. 62 Residence of Mr. C. V. Farwell. ^3 Grant Statue. 6 4 Policeman’s Monument. 6 5 Haymarket Square—Point of Anarchist Riot, May, 1886. 67 The Lafayette Statue. 68 Grand Boulevard. 7 ° Michigan Avenue Boulevard. 71 Chicago Herald Office. 73 View on State Street. 75 ix X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Von Linne Statue. Schiller Monument. Chicago Water Works. Sol’s Clock. Jackson Park Bridge. Stock Yards. Scene in Lincoln Park . . . . Garfield Park. Armour Elevator. Indian Monument. Washington Park Fountain . . A Scene on the Canal ■ • • • ■ Oakwood Drive. Drexel Monument . The metropole Hotel . • • • Jackson Park Pavilion • • • World’s Fair Globe. Sea Wall. Scene in Lincoln Park . . . Church of the Messiah . . . Sol’s Clock. Jackson Park Beach. South Park Flag . Gates Ajar. Dearborn Street Depot . . . South Park Lake . Scene in the Dock. Dearborn Avenue Church . . Floral Design in South Park In the Stock Yards. Scene in Lincoln Park . . . The Sheldon Residence . . . South Park Scenery. St. James’ Church. Lincoln Park Lake. Stock Yards. ... World’s Fair Globe. Sol’s Clock. Beach Front . Floral Design. 77 78 79 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 91 92 93 95 97 98 99 101 102 103 105 106 107 108 no in 114 US 117 119 121 123 125 127 129 13° 131 133 134 LIST OR ILLUSTRATIONS. XI Scene in South Park. In the Bear Pits. Lincoln Park Flowers. Lincoln Monument. Douglas Monument. In the Zoo. Lincoln Park iJily-Beds. Bartlette Residence. Among the Lilies. Commercial National Bank, Dearborn Street South Park Lily Ponds. The Conservatory . Lake Shore Drive. Scene in Lincoln Park. Jones Residence. In Garfield Park .. Nickerson Residence. Abstract Building. In Lincoln Park. Auditorium Boxes. Board of Trade. Bird’s-Eye View of Exposition Grounds . . . Shipping Yards.. Menadnock Building. Chamber of Commerce. Interior of Auditorium Theatre. Administration Building. Government Building. Prairie Avenue. Woman’s Building. Chicago University—when completed .... Machinery Hall. Manufactures and Liberal Arts. Electrical Building. Central Music Hall. Transportation Building. Mines and Mining Building. Art Institute. Masonic Temple. Agricultural Building. • • i 35 . • 136 138. 159 • • 139 . . 142 143-14S . • 144 • • i45 • • 147 . . 149 . • i 5 > . . 152 ■ • 153 15S-156 . . 160 . . 161 . . 165 167-170 . . 169 . . 172 ■ • 174 ■ • 179 . . 182 . . 185 . . 188 • • 193 . . 196 • • 199 . . 202 • . 205 . . 208 . . 211 . . 214 . . 217 . . 220 . . 224 . . 227 . . 230 • • 233 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xii PAGE . 236 Post-Office. 239 La Salle Street. 242 Washington Park Race Track. .. 245 Horticultural Building. .24b Fish and Fisheries Building. 251 Street Scene . . 2 55 Art Palace. „ .25a Auditorium Curtain. . 260 Palmer House. .263 Randolph Street . „ .266 Great Northern Hotel. .260 Pullman Building. Illinois Central R' R* Tracks. 7 Marshall Field’s Building. 275 Auditorium Office. 278 Gunther’s Confectionery. . . 281 .284 Armory . Lake Front, Michigan Avenue. 287 . . 2QO Ashland Bank . . . ^ First National Bank.. . Venus... 3 2 3 A Feather in her Cap. 3 2 6 Evening.. The Dying Gladiator.. 33 2 Group in Agricultural Building .. 335 Laocoon—Vatican, Rome. 338 Angel of Tears. 34 i Angel of Peace. 1 • • • • 344 David. 347 Wine. 35 ° Beer.* * *. 353 Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella.356 A Geographical Dispute.359 Beethoven at the House of Mozart.362 Moses . .365 Hide and Seek.368 The Brother’s Solo.371 The Twins.. The Soldier’s Dream. .. Sour Grapes ..380 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xm PAGE Columbus Asking Permission of the Prince of Rabida Adagio. Departure of Columbus for America. Scene in Horticultural Hare. On the North Side of Main Building.. • on the Alert. ... . Entrance to Department of Electricity. North Entrance Agricultural Building. Love Grown Cold. At the Fair with our Artist—Scenes No. 1-17. Leon as it Now Is. Independence Bell on the Way to Railroad Station, The De Witt Clinton Railway Train. Shoe and leather Building. ... Scene in Midway Plaisance. German Exhibit—Manufactures Building. An Exhibit in Horticultural Building. View in Illinois State Building—Made of Grain . . Bird’s-Eye View in Manufactures Building . View in Manufactures Building. An Exhibit in Agricultural Building. .383 . 386 . 389 . 392 . 392 .395 . 398 . 398 . 401 ...... 404-452 . 455 Philadelphia 45 s . 461 . 464 . 467 . 470 . 473 . 476 . 479 .482 .485 PREFACE. T HE Story of Aladdin and his lamp is among the most wonderful in the literature of fable, and in history the story of Chicago stands among the most marvel¬ lous for great and rapid growth in the annals of the Old and New World. Chicago has sprung into existence “ like magic.” Its history proves the old adage that truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. All eyes are now turned towards this great city of the West because therein is to be held, in 1892-1893, The World’s Columbian Exposition, by which the nations of the earth are to unite in celebrating the 400th anniversary of one of the greatest events in all history—the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492. In this volume will be found not only a minute account of the Great Exposition, but also a historical sketch of Chicago, and a description of that city as it is to-day in its greatness. Many books have been written upon these subjects, but in this one volume are collected all the most important facts, which are presented in a very attractive and enter¬ taining way, and which makes this work rank among the ?ery best of its kind. xiv The Publishers. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE' CITY OF CHICAGO. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S FAIR. PART I. A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ATTHEW ARNOLD lias called the American people unin¬ teresting because “they had no ancient monuments of man’s industry and devotion ; no historic past to inspire reverence and kindle imagination; nothing to throw a misty haze over the crude strong realism of the present.” I would like first to ask a question. “Does he consider, for instance, the building of a city like the subject of our sketch, to be done without industry and devotion?” Beyond doubt there were both in the very highest de¬ gree ; true their product is not very ancient, but what is there in the natural order of things that would put such a premium on the one and such a discount on the other. And as for reverence; I wonder if there is more reverence, true and sincere, in the breasts of the English nation for their entire historic past than there is in the hearts of the American people for the history of the few short years em¬ braced by the greatest of all wars, the war of the Revolution. Imagination ! It isn’t possible for a single person within the bounds of such a country, compelled by the force of circumstances to daily remember our past, to live in our present, and to contemplate our future, to be without an imagination the most vivid. 1 2 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. I acknowledge, and with pride, that as a nation our imagination has been schooled by necessity to be practical as well as theoretical, but for all that it is imagination, purest and best. Who is the o-reater, a man like Moore who dreams of a Utopia, or one who brings his imagination within the bounds of reason and creates one? Faults we have, and many of them ; mistakes we have made, and grievous ones; but to be turned down as commonplace and uninter¬ esting, impossible! Mr. Arnold, your criticism is a poor one, poorer for you than for us. Let us leave Mr. Arnold and his unjust criticism and see if we can find something of interest and profit in a short description of one of our greatest cities ; a city the story of whose building will one day vie with “Aladdin and his lamp.” It has been said, and truly, “that there is not on record an achievement of human intellect, skill and industry that will bear comparison with the transformation of a dis¬ mal swamp in the midst of a trackless desert, within the space of a human life, into one of the mightiest and grandest cities of the globe.” We will pass over the discovery of the present site and its early history very briefly. The world first became acquainted with the Chicago river, or portage, by a map made by the Frenchman, Joliet, who discovered it in 1673. The first settler was a fugitive San Domingo slave, named Pointe De Sable. How he escaped his master and reached Louisiana, and afterwards made his way through the wilderness to this point is not known, but that he was settled in a cabin at the mouth of the Chicago river and was leading the life of a trapper there in 1779, is a settled fact. Quite a settlement sprang up. Le Mai bought out De La Sable. Under him the business and the settlement improved. He in turn was bought out, in 1804, by Jno. Kinzie, the first “promi¬ nent citizen.” About this time the government owned a small tract of land here, six miles square, ceded to it by the Indians. On this land, in the midst of the wilderness, owned by the Indians and claimed by both English and French, Fort Dearborn was erected. This TACOMA BUILDING. 4 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. move was bold if not reckless. Under tlie stress of the disastrous defeats and the general uprising of the Indians in the Northwest, during the war of 1812, the fort was evacuated, and most of the retreating garrison were killed by the Indians. This broke up, for a time, the settlement of the Chicago portage. The fort was rebuilt in 1814. The government at this time also ordered a survey of the water courses between the Chicago and Illinois rivers. Jno. Kinzie and family returned, and again the place had white inhabitants. In 1830 Chicago was still what it always had been—a military post and fur station. It boasted twelve habitations. The old log fort (with its garrison of two companies of United States troops), the fur agency, three taverns (patronized largely by idle, drunken In¬ dians, who made things lively as long as their fur money lasted), two stores (also largely patronized by Indians), a blacksmith shop, the house for the interpreter of the station, and one occupied by Indian chiefs. It boasted a large and varied population, never the same two days in succession, yet always the same. Most of them were Indians, to be sure, but then there was little else there but Indians and—mud. Some historian has said that at that time as many Indian trails marked the prairie and concentrated at the agency house as there are railroads now terminating in the city of Chicago. Once a year John Jacob Astor sent a schooner to the post to con¬ vey supplies to it and to take away the year’s product of fur. Once a week in summer, and twice a month in winter, a mail rider brought the news of the great world to this little outpost of humanity. Let us pause a moment and glance at two pictures (1832-92) drawn by Mr. Kirkland in his “Story of Chicago.” Point of obser¬ vation, the top of the old block-house. x ^3 2 a lonely, weedy streamlet flows eastward past the fort, then turns sharp to the right and makes its weak way by a shallow, fordable ripple, over a long sand-bar, into the lake a half mile to the southward. At his feet, on the river bank, stands the United States, agency storehouse. Across the river, and a little to the eastward, is the old Kmzie house, built of squared logs, by Pointe De Sable, A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 5 nearly forty years ago: now repaired, enlarged and improved by its owner and occupant, John Kinzie. A canoe lies moored to the bank in front of the house ; when any of the numerous Kinzies wish to come to the fort they can paddle across ; when any one wishes to go over he can halloo for the canoe. Just west of Kinzie’s house is Duillemette’s cabin, and still further that of John Burns. Oppo¬ site Burns’ place (near South State Street), a swampy branch enters the river from the south ; and on the sides of this branch there is a group of Indian wigwams. The north side of the river is all woods, except where little garden-patches are cleared around the human habitations. The observer may see the forks of the stream a mile to westward, but he cannot trace its branches, either 1 River Guave ’ to the north, or ‘ Portage River ’ to the south, for the trees hide them. Near him, to the west and south, sandy flats, grassy marshes and general desolation are all he can see. (Will that barren waste ever be worth more than a dollar an acre ?) ’ ’ 1892.—“Close-at hand one sees the streamlet, now a mighty channel, a fine, broad, deep water-way running straight between long piers out into the lake ; and stretching inland indefinitely ; bordered by elephantine elevators; spanned by magnificent draw-bridges each built of steel and moved by steam ; carrying on its floods propellers of 100,000 bushels of grain capacity. Looking north, west and south, he sees serried ranks of enormous buildings towering for miles and miles, each one so tall as to dwarf the fort and block-house to no¬ thingness. He sees hundreds of miles of paved streets, thronged with innumerable passengers and vehicles moving hither and thither, meeting and impeding each other, so that sometimes so many try to pass that none can pass ; all must wait until the uniformed guardians of the peace bring order out of chaos. Every acre of ground in sight is worth millions of dollars.” The real history of the place begins here. The tide of emigra¬ tion turned toward the west. Her waste places were taken up rapidly under the “ Homestead Act” ; Chicago began to assume the appear¬ ance of a thrift}' village ; and from that time on, though interrupted 6 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. now and then by dreadful calamities, her course has been steady upward and onward. In 1833 there were no less than fifty families trying to solve the two great problems of how to rid themselves of Indians and mud. The Indians were finally disposed of in ’35 by the common Uncle who bought their land and sent them beyond the Mississippi, and Chicago was rid of them forever. “Walking in the imposing streets of Chicago to-day, how difficult to realize that fifty years have hardly elapsed since the red men were dispossessed of the very site on which the city stands, and were toted off in forty days to a point now reached in fifteen hours.” How they solved the mud problem we will explain later. In 1834, when the whole town turned out on a wolf hunt and succeeded in killing about fifty, the records give the number of in¬ habitants as 2,000. In 1835 there were 3,000. Mr. Parton in speak¬ ing of this time gives a graphic sketch of the town and the people which we will quote at length. “The motive must have been powerful which could induce such large numbers of people to settle upon that most uninviting shore. A new town on a flat prairie, as seen from car windows, has usually the aspect which is described as God-forsaken. Wagon-wheels had obliterated the only beauty the prairie ever had, and streaked it with an excellent article of blacking. There may have been twenty little wooden houses in the place ; but it is ‘ laid out ’ with all the rigor of mathematics ; and every visible object, whether animate or inani¬ mate, the pigs that root in the soft, black, prairie mire, the boys, the horses, the wagons, the houses, the fences, the school-houses, the steps of the stores, the railroad platform, are all powdered or plastered with disturbed prairies. If, filled with compassion for the unhappy beings whom stern fate seems to have cast out upon that dismal plain, far from the abodes of men, the traveler enters into conversa¬ tion with them, he finds them all hope and animation, and disposed to pity him because he neither owns any corner lots in that future metropolis, nor has intellect enough to see what a speculation it GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL 8 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. would be to buy a few. What a pity ! You might as well pity the Prince of Wales because he is not yet king.” But, for all the hope and animation of the inhabitants, for many years in all prairie towns it was shunned the most by those who were looking for the pleasant and the beautiful and, no wonder, if there be any truth in the following quotation also from Mr. Parton. “The prairie on that part of the shore of Lake Michigan appears to the eye as flat as the lake itself, and its average height above the lake is about six feet. A gentleman who arrived at Chicago from the South in 1833, reports that he waded the last eight miles of his journey in water from one to three feet deep,—a sheet of water extending as far as the eye would reach over what is now the fashionable quarter of Chicago and its most elegant suburbs. Another traveler records, that, in 1831, in riding about what is now the very center and heart of the business portion of the city, he often felt the water swashing through his stirrups. Even in dry summer weather that part of the prairie was very wet, and during the rainy season no one attempted to pass over it on foot. ‘ I would not have given sixpence an acre for the whole of it,’ said a gentleman, speaking of land much of which is now held at one thousand dollars a foot. It looked so unpromising to farmers’ eyes, that Chicago imported a considerable part of its pro¬ visions from the eastern shores of Lake Michigan as late as 1838. This Chicago now feeds States and Kingdoms.” Many people ignorant of its real situation are at a loss to account for the startling growth of the place. If they will follow us for a brief space we will try to show them not only that it is not mysterious but that under existing circumstances it could not have been otherwise. The only recommendation the place gave to the first settlers was the inlet which offered a chance for a harbor on the coast of a very stormy and dangerous lake, an advantage offered by no better sites. The inlet, or river as it is called, is simply a cutting of the lake into the soft prairie ; it was 100 yards wide and ran three quarters of a mile straight into the prairie where it divided into two branches, one run¬ ning north and the other south and both parallel with the lake shore. A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 9 These branches extended several miles each. It was originally twenty feet deep, but the inouth was so obstructed that only very small ves¬ sels could enter; but nature had done her share and it only wanted the engineer and the dredge to make it capable of receiving the largest ships that sail the lake and to give to the city forty miles of wharves. Situated at the southern end of Lake Michigan, from eight hundred to nine hundred miles from the principal ports on the At¬ lantic seaboard ; twenty-four hundred and fifty miles from San Fran¬ cisco, directly on the natural highway from East to \\ est, and from the great northwestern States to the Atlantic ; having all the advan¬ tages of a seaport town combined with those of a great inland feeder, it is not strange Chicago has grown with the development and ac¬ cessibility of that wonderful region, of which it is the great depot, exchange, counting-house and metropolis. Well might these prairies so long considered a wilderness and left to the trapper, the Indian and the buffalo, be called the “treasure- house” of nature, for there is no known spot on this globe where she has been so lavish in the variety and quantity of what man needs for the sustenance and the decoration of his life, or where she has placed fewer and smaller obstacles in his way. “That is the region ■where a deep furrow can be drawn through the richest mould for thirty miles or more, without striking a pebble, a bog, or a root; and under almost every part of which there is deposited some kind of mineral coal, clay, stone, lead, iron—useful to man. Besides being well wa¬ tered by rivers, nowhere is it so easy to make artificial highways roads, railroads and canals.” The climate although occasionally extremely warm or cold is on the whole remarkably pleasant and healthy. The air is cool and bracing through most of the summer; hot nights are # rare. In fact, there is none better. There is, no doubt, a great deal of truth in the theory that the wonderful growth of the city can be attributed in pai t to the stimulating atmosphere which arouses all the latent energy in the human system and makes possible the hard mental and ph\ sical labor of the people. jO PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD-S FAIR. In 1837 the whole country was depressed and Chicago did not escape; for five years there was no increase in her population. Her real estate boom fell flat; corner lots, river fronts and lake borders found no buyers. It is said that there are millionaires in Chicago to¬ day only because they could not sell their land at any price during those years of depression and despondency. It was during this dark period (1837 to 1842) that Chicago made her first shipments of salt meat and wheat. In 1838 some reckless fellow shipped thirty-nine two-bushel bags of wheat across the lake; next year 4,000 bushels were exported ; the next 10,000; and in 1842 it jumped to 600,000. The grain was brought in great canvas-covered wagons, prairie schooners, from the surrounding country, some of it coming as far as one hundred and fifty miles and shipped by the lake. Before Chicago had a railroad or a canal she shipped two and a half millions of bushels of grain in one year and sent back most of the wagons that brought it loaded with merchandise. The canal connecting the Chicago river with the Illinois, and through that river the Mississippi, was finished in 1848. This opened up a large area hitherto not profitable to cultivation. A scheme for a railroad to Elgin was proposed, but opposed by almost every one ; they argued that if a road was built to Elgin the farmers would sell their grain and buy their merchandise there, and thus ruin the town. How blinded to their own interests ! They did not see their entire success depended on their accessibility to the Eastern States and to the great prairie world. At last, after many difficulties, the road was put through by the perseverance of a few men. Compare the policy of the people then and now. When in 1853 the road paid a dividend of 11 per cent, and it was found that Chicago had trebled its population in six years after the opening of the canal, and that every mile of railway had poured its quota of wealth into Chicago’s coffers, then the truth took posses¬ sion of the whole mind of the city and became its fixed idea, that every acre with which it could put itself into easy communication must pay tribute to it forever. From that time on there has been no PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 12 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. pause, no hesitation; she saw her vocation was to put every good acre in all that region within ten miles of a railroad, and to connect every railroad with a system of ship-canals terminating in the Missis¬ sippi or the Atlantic Ocean.” Since then all the surplus force and revenue of Chicago has been expended in making itself the centre of the great system of railroads and canals that it is to-day. “The Forties saw the beginning, in a small way, of nearly all the great institutions Chicago now enjoys. In 1841 the first water¬ works were built. The first propeller was launched in 1842, in which year the exports were for the first time greater than the im¬ ports. The first book compiled, printed, bound and issued is said to have been in 1843. The first meat for the English market was packed in 1845. In *846 the River and Harbor convention met, and Chicago was made a port of entry. In 1847 the first permanent theatre was opened (Rice’s, south side of Randolph street, between State and Dearborn streets), and McCormick’s reaper factory was started. In 1848 the first telegram was received, being a message from Milwaukee, and later the ‘ Pioneer,’ the first locomotive, was landed from the brig ‘ Buffalo ’ and started out on the Galena railway. In the same year the Board of Trade was established and the canal opened. In 1849 the ‘Chicago & Galena Union Railroad’ was opened to Elgin.” Certainly this is a good showing for ten years. Let us notice here briefly this first railroad, for without this power of steam to annihilate distance all her natural advantages would count for little. As mentioned above, the first locomotive arrived in 1848 on the brig “Buffalo.” It was a small affair, built by Bald¬ win, of Philadelphia, weighed only ten tons and had two drivers, instead of four, six or eight, now used. The entire equipment of the road consisted of this engine, five flat cars and one box car. On No¬ vember 20 the first train drew out of Chicago amid the cheers of the people who had little to lose and the forebodings of most of those who had much. At the present time over ninety thousand miles of railroad centers in Chicago. She is “the greatest railway depot in the uni- A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 13 verse—more passengers arrive and depart, more merchandise is re¬ ceived and shipped there daily than in any other city on the globe.” 1849 was the year of the great flood ; all the bridges were swept away, vessels and canal boats broken into kindling by the ice and the wharves ruined. The Democrat stated the losses as follows: Damage to bridges, $15,000 ; to vessels, $58,000 ; to canal boats, $50,000 ; to wharves, $5,000. Total, $108,000. In this age, when the cost of a single bridge or vessel far exceeds the total, the loss seems inconsider¬ able, but to a thoughtful person there is a deal of history in it. At this time the long disputed and vexing question of the respec¬ tive rights of landsmen and sailors came to a judicial adjustment. When Lake Street Bridge was begun, its opponents appealed to Judge Drummond, of the United States District Court, for an injunc¬ tion, relying on the right of the General Government to keep from obstruction the navigable waters under its control. The complaint was dismissed, the learned judge holding that “the right of free navigation is not inconsistent with the right of the State to provide means of crossing the river by bridges or otherwise,” when the wants of the public require them. But for a long time there was still trouble ; when a favorable wind would blow the vessels would steam up the river in a line that would keep the draw open for hours. This caused great inconvenience and delay to those who happened to want to cross. This trouble is now obviated by the tunnels and by keep¬ ing the bridges open for land travel at certain times. Thus we see Chicago well started on her way as a commercial centre ; as we have seen she receives the products of the prairies and ships them East, she receives merchandise from the East and supplies the prairies, but here she is confronted by a new problem—that of economy in transportation. When “prairie schooners” conveyed the grain and the cattle came afoot, when it took a month, under favorable circumstances, to reach the Atlantic Coast, she never gave the matter a thought, but as her facilities increased it did not take her long to see the vast importance of the question ; and how thoroughly she has mastered it. The first step was by sending away 14 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. a great part of wheat in the shape of flour. The output in 1867 was 30^000 barrels ; in 1891 it was nearly 5,000,000. , But it is in the transportation of corn that the most surprising economy is effected. “A way has been discovered of packing fifteen or twenty bushels of Indian corn in a single barrel. The ‘corn crop,’ as Mr. S. B. Rug. gle once remarked in Chicago, ‘ is condensed and reduced in bulk by feeding it into an animal form—more portable. The hog eats corn, and Europe eats the hog. Corn thus becomes incarnate ; for what is the hog but fifteen or twenty bushels of corn on four legs ? ’ ” The business of pork-packing, as it is called, which can only be done to advantage on a large scale, has attained enormous proportions in Chicago, started in 1840, and there were nearly nine million hogs received into Chicago in 1891, about one-third of the entire product of the west. Some of these establishments do a business of one mil¬ lion dollars a week. Chicago not only largely supplies this country but sends a great deal abroad. Her dealings in beef are even larger than in pork; for a number of years the larger part of the fresh beef consumed in our Eastern cities is Chicago dressed. The western steer is an awkward piece of “raw material” to handle. In will he is perverse, and his power of resistance is not to be despised, and despite his ugliness he must be shown the great¬ est consideration; he must not be injured or bruised in any way ; he must have two pails of water every twelve hours and he cannot go long without a large bundle of hay. Chicago has reduced the hand¬ ling of these millions of live animals to a science. That is, they are handled with the greatest possible convenience to man and the least possible inconvenience to the animal. Her methods cannot but be admired and approved. (See Stock-yards later.) In the “Standard Guide to Chicago,” the following very funny description of one of the “guides” at the stock-yards is given. There is one particular guide at the stock-yards frequently pointed out as an extremely interesting fellow. This is ‘Old Bill,’ the bunko steer. He is perhaps the most depraved animal in existence. There is no element of brotherly love or patriotism in his nature. THE CITY HALL. 16 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. His duty at the yards is to guide droves of cattle to the slaughter¬ houses ' He has mastered his little act; reduced steering steers to a science. Every day he takes his post near one of Armour’s packing¬ houses and waits until it is necessary to drive a herd of cattle up the viaduct to the killing rooms. He then joins the drove, ingratiates himself into their good will, and tells them that he knows a good pas¬ ture not far away. At his suggestion the cattle think about it and finally resolve to let him lead them there. Bill, the bunko steer, laughs softly and a cruel look lights his eyes. He lopes off through the mud towards a large gate not far away. Following after him are a hundred or more cattle, every one entertaining a vision of gently swelling hills covered with long wavy blue-grass and sweet clover blossoms. Bill leads them to this gate and allows the herd to go through it, while he steps aside and avoids the rush. As the dust of the rush clears off a little a familiar figure is observed slowly strolling away from the gate. It is ‘Bill.’ On his face is no remorse as he saunters back to his post of duty near a tall fence. He is then ready to betray a couple hundred more of his unsuspecting relations.” Many people rank the packing business the first of Chicago’s industries; this is a great mistake, because her trade in lumber is equally as important and her manufactories are more valuable than the two put together. The prairies are without timber. Chicago brings lumber from the upper lakes and sends it all over the prairies. In 1890, she dis¬ posed of 2,000,000,000 feet of pine lumber and 3,000,000,000 shingles. Think of the houses that much lumber would build ! To economize transportation there are firms that sell ready-made houses, stores, churches, etc., and villages for that matter, and will send them securely packed to any part of the country', express paid, on the receipt of price. What more can any one ask ? When we left Chicago itself, some pages back, to describe her industries, she was nothing more than a thriving country village. Great changes have taken place. Her population has increased from thirty thousand in 1850, to one million three hundred thousand in A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 17 1891. From 1876 to 1891 there were sixty thousand buildings erected, at a cost of three hundred and ten million dollars, with a street frontage of two hundred and eighty-six miles. Her area in 1835 was nearly three square miles, now it is nearly eighteen square miles. The city frontage on the lake is twenty-two- miles and on the river fifty-eight. The distance between North Seventy-first street, being the northern city limit, and One Hundred and Thirty-ninth street, being its southern limit, is twenty-four miles. The city at its broadest point is ten and one-half miles wide. State street has the greatest extension north and south, running from North avenue to the south city limits, eighteen miles ; Eighty-seventh, the greatest western extension, running the entire width of the city. Her entire mileage of streets is two thousand two hundred and thirty-five. The city is no longer a quagmire. For many years, after Chicago had become a flourishing town, the “one unequaled, uni¬ versal, inevitable, invincible thing about the place was—mud.” Mired wagons were an every day sight in the streets. A stage-coach stuck fast and immovable for days has a sign near it “no bottom here.” One gentleman says he saw a lady who was trying to cross Randolph Street at La Salle, leave both shoes in the mire and only reach the sidewalk in her stockings. He does not say, however, that he swam out and rescued those dirty pedal appendages; he must have been a very modest or a very ungallant man. The people were in despair, since water will only run down hill, and part of the town was below the level of the lake. “The first effort at drainage was a curious experiment. Lake Street was exca¬ vated to the depth of three feet, deepest in the middle, and planks laid from sidewalk to centre. This did admirably in dry weather. In ‘wet spells’ the planks were unfortunately not submerged; they were afloat, and under the impact of the wheels and hoofs sent up streaks and shoots of vileness indescribable.” Then they tried open ditches, but this was as great a failure as the other. Many were the experiments and many the failures. They could not help it; the 2 18 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. whole prairie was at fault. At last they awoke to the fact that nothing could be of any permanent good short of raising the whole town & At onee a higher grade was established, to which all new buildings were required to conform; this was not high enough, a higher one was ordered; even this did not answer, and a third raise was ma de. So that now the city stands nearly sixteen feet above the original prairie. Think of this task of lifting a city like this out of the mud and water high enough, not only, to make drainage possible but perfect , and to give cellars-they had none before—in which books and merchandise can be stored with safety. To us it seems in¬ credible. “During the term of years, while Chicago was going up out of the mud of the prairie to its present elevation, it was the best place in the world in which to develop the muscles of the lower half of the body.” A street would be raised say six feet; then the old houses would be in the ditch; the new ones of course on the same grade as the street; so, if a man wanted to be neighborly steps had to be built. “The ups and downs of life in Chicago ” was long a standing joke. This state of affairs did not last long with the better class of people and buildings. The people are too energetic and have too much public spirit. One of the greatest undertakings along this line was the raising bodily, of the huge Tremont House, a solid hotel as large as the Astor, from its foundations to the proper level. Speaking of this gigantic task, Mr. Kirkland, in his story of Chicago says: “With the trouble came (once more!) the remedy. A contractor was found willing to raise the whole great high building (the Tremont House) to its new grade, without even interrupting its business. The cellar was vacated, huge timbers were introduced and placed so as to take upon themselves the weight of sustaining walls, five thousand jack-screws were placed under the timbers, and a small army of men detailed to work by word of command, one man to four screws. Then, at a signal by the whistle of the foreman, each man gave each jack-screw one-lialf turn; and the whole structure, by imperceptible steps, rose in the aii', the bricklayers building up the walls as fast as INTERIOR VIEW OF AUDITORIUM HOTEL. 20 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. there came spare space wherein to lay a course of brick. It was said the guests did not know they were mounting toward the sky. How¬ ever that may be, not a wall was cracked, not the slightest accident or untoward event took place to interfere with the entire and perfect success of the novel experiment. ’ ’ To quote still farther the same author : “ Soon after, the entire brick block of stores facing south on Lake street, and reaching from Clark to La Salle street, was similarly treated, and these were only specimen instances of a great undertaking ; the lifting of a whole city out of the slough of Despond on to dry ground. “This enterprise benefited Chicago indirectly, thus: A young man, born in central New York in 1831, grown up without wealth and educated without help, having a widowed mother dependent on him for support, had bravely undertaken a large contract for the raising of buildings along Erie Canal to the new plane made necessary by the canal enlargement then recently effected. The knowledge of the great task to be done in Chicago in the direct line of his experience brought him out to the West, and he became the leading house raiser in Chicago. That man was George M. Pullman. After making much reputation and a little money in his original business, he turned his attention to the greater job of improving the system of long-dis¬ tance travel, and began, in a small way, the enterprise w'hich has revolutionized the passenger-carrying of the country, and, to some extent, of the whole world.” Another problem closely allied to this is the question of sew¬ age. This is a continual source of worry and menace. It has confronted them for years and confronts them yet, but their indomit¬ able energy and resolution will win here as it has in every other case. “ In the remote past, the overflow of the waters of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan ran through the Mississippi south to the Gulf of Mexico, instead of as now—northeast through the Gulf of St. Law¬ rence to the Atlantic. At the same time Lake Erie was emptying into the Atlantic through Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence ; not by the Niagara, but by the Dundas valley, a channel not far from the A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 21 line of the present Welland canal. Then, at some epoch unknown and for some cause unguessed, the Detroit strait and the Niagara strait were opened, Lake Michigan slowly fell about thirty feet, and its outlet (now ‘the Divide,’ at Summit, close to the city limits, twelve miles southwest of the court-house) gradually filled up witli mixed deposit; so that to-day the dry bed of Mud Lake is the sole remaining representative of the once great southward waterway. Within a few years, long before the close of the nineteenth century, the old order of things must be re-established and mighty Michigan once more find its waters flowing southward. The hand of man will compel it again to turn in its bed, and lie with its head to the north and its foot to the south as of old. The canal which is to be built as an outlet will carry a stream of water 160 feet wide, 18 feet deep, flowing 2)4 miles an hour. Through this canal the largest steamers might float, but it is not intended that passage through shall be pro¬ vided for them, because the locks by which they would have to de¬ scend (151)4 feet) to reach the Illinois river are too small and the river itself is far too shallow for their accommodation. Some Mississippi boats can come to us, but our stately ships cannot go to them. Each must break bulk in Chicago. Also—an important consideration- light draft gunboats may pass and repass freely between the great lakes and the great river. As we stand now, any nation having con¬ trol of the St. Lawrence and the Welland canal has at least the high¬ way necessary to command Lake Erie, St. Clair, Huron and Michigan with all that lies on their shores. To accomplish the ends desired will cost the Sanitary District (practically the city of Chicago) about $20,000,000. “The one great object of this ship canal, however, is to dispose of Chicago sewage. When the population was small, the city was drained by the Chicago river and the lake. Years ago it became apparent that a change would have to be made in this respect. The course of the Chicago river is naturally into Lake Michigan, but pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, in the southwestern part of the city, which lift an average of 40,000 cubic feet per minute into 22 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GLIDE '10 THE ll OKLD S PAIR. the Illinois and Michigan Canal, causing, under ordinary conditions, a perceptible current away from the lake. The water thus pumped into the canal flows south to the Illinois river and thence to the Mississippi. Pumping works at Fullerton Ave., on the north branch of the Chicago river, force water from the lake into that stream, diluting its contents, and furnishing the head needed for a flow toward the Bridgeport pumps. This means of disposing of the city’s sewage is wholly inadequate to its needs, and the pollution of the water sup¬ ply of the city is constantly menaced. Measures have therefore been taken to construct a large gravity channel as an outlet for the sew¬ age of Chicago into the Illinois river. The Chicago Sanitary District has been formed by act of Legislature of the State of Illinois ; nine trustees have been elected to supervise the construction of a channel; a corps of engineers has been set at work making preliminary sur¬ veys, and plans are being perfected for a channel which will answer the double purpose of disposing of the city’s sewage and establishing a navigable waterway for the interchange of commerce between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River.” Thus, by one operation, the pumping is obviated, the canal is improved, the river is purified, and the city is rendered more salu¬ brious. The Chicago River will at length be a river; only, it will run backwards. The question of pure water is an important one. Previous to 1854 it was pumped out of the lake ; but the increase in population, the introduction of sewerage, together with the establishment of packing houses, distilleries, etc., caused such a change in the quan¬ tity of filth flowing into the lake that complaint began to be made of impurity and offensiveness in the supply from the pumping works. Soon it became so grave that it could no longer be neglected.” At this time, be it remembered, the water was taken into the pumping well directly from the lake shore, a few piles being driven around the inlet about close enough together to exclude a young whale. The small fry of the finny tribe passed freely inward, and if they were lucky, they passed out again; if unlucky, they were sucked INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CASINO. 24 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. up by the pumps and driven into the pipes, where they made their way into the faucets of private houses,—even the hot-water faucets, in which case they came out cooked, and one’s bath-tub was apt to be filled with what squeamish citizens called chowder. About this time a most sensational article appeared in the Times , gravely asserting that we were all cannibals, eating our ancestors. For, it said, the cemetery being on the lake shore, a half mile of the pump¬ ing works was subject to overflow and abrasion by the waves; where¬ fore the fishes were fed on the dead at the cemetery, were sucked into the pumps, and were then fed to the living in the city! Of course this was fun ; but it had a lasting effect and made easier the bold experiment that followed. It was an experiment, because not only had no such expedient ever been tried before, it had never been thought of. The method they employed is something to be proud of, not for its magnitude, but for the simplicity, originality and boldness of the idea. They ran a tunnel two miles out into the lake, and pumped the water from the bottom of the lake into the mains. The distance is long enough to give them pure water be¬ yond all doubt or accident. For many years Chicago was only an exchange, a buyer and a seller on a large scale. She depended on the East for all her manu¬ factured merchandise, and made nothing herself. Their first efforts were in the line of rough agricultural implements ; now there is one firm that turned out last year 121,780 reapers and mowers. This is about one machine every minute of the day, every working day of the year. Think of it! “Even in this day of gigantic achievements the manufacture and sale by a single establishment of nearly 122,000 machines for cutting grass and reaping and binding grain, during the briefly passing period of twelve months, is a wonderful perform¬ ance. Had this great number reference merely to such implements as the old-time hand sickle and scythe, it would still be no small feat; but when it is remembered that these are modern machines to be drawn by horses, and that their weight is from 650 to 1300 pounds each, the fact is most stupendously presented; but, being a fact, A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 25 must stand upon the pages of recorded history.” This firm manu¬ factures more than one-third of the world’s entire output of grain and grass-cutting machines. “One of the curiosities in the possession of the McCormick Company is a time-worn and weather-beaten specimen of the original Reaper, as invented by the late Cyrus H. McCormick,—the first practical machine that ever entered a harvest field and the admitted type and pattern after which all others are modeled. What volumes the storm-buffeted old landmark speaks to the gray-haired man of the middle West! Why, to watch the old McCormick Reaper was the delight of his earliest boyhood, and, standing in its august pres¬ ence now, he lives over again the sunny days of life’s June, the while the dear remembered faces of father and mother come back to him, and in fancy he feels the ‘touch of a vanished hand,’ hears the * sound of a voice that is still! ’ ” This is only an example ; at the present time there is hardly an article of any importance, for railroad construction, for farming, for house building or decoration, for clothing, necessary or ornamental, that is not made in Chicago. At present there are 3307 manufac¬ turing firms, with an actual capital employed of $210,302,000. These employ 180,870 people, pay $104,904,000, and their product is valued at $567,012,300. “July 3, 1871, was a ‘ showery day, ’ that is to say, one and a half inches of rain fell. From that time to October 9, 1871, but two and a half inches fell in all. In other words, in the ninety-eight days there was only a total rainfall equal to a day and two-thirds of showers, about one-fourth the average supply at that season of the year. Such dryness, if perpetual, would make a desert of the grand prairie. Meanwhile, the southwest wind, the hot haze-laden, the thirsty, the grass-killer, the corn-ripener, the hay-fever-breeder, the western sirocco —in short, the prevailing prairie breeze which, even in ordinary seasons, blows strongly and steadily, perhaps four days out of five the year round, and perhaps nine days out of ten during the summer, leaving its mark on the trend of the branches of every 26 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. plastic tree, from the willow to the cottonwood : this blast blew with¬ out ceasing. “It turned the prairies brown and dry as old hay, so that they lighted to the touch, and burned as long as a blade or a leaf was in the fire’s path. The prairie fires ignited the grass in meadow and the hay in stack, the grain in rick and the corn in shock. The wind sucked all the moisture out of the forests, so that by the square mile and the township, they burned alike the grass and the crops. It turned all the wood in wooden Chicago into tinder; and as soon as the fittest moment came, turned the tinder into flames and ashes.” Chicago had then a population of about 334,000. The city limits were, Fullerton avenue on the north, the lake on the east, Thirty-first street on the south, and Western avenue on the west, about eighteen square miles, or 11,520 acres. The north side had chiefly wooden buildings, varying from elegant homesteads, occupy¬ ing a whole square, to the miles of small, cheap tenements, each usually standing alone, gable towards the street, and only a few feet from its neighbors on each side, from which it was separated by huge pine fences. The pavements were wooden, but not inflammable; while the sidewalks, almost entirely of pine plank, were generally raised, and allowing a free circulation of air beneath, and fit to burn like a box of matches. “The business part of the south side also contained a great num¬ ber of wooden buildings; and even the brick structures were, as a rule, of flimsy build, with wooden floors, doors, windows, lathing and roofs. Of the west side no account need be made, except to say that from Jefferson to De Koven streets, to the South Branch, every thing was wooden. Worst of all and most disastrous (and insane), the water-works (at the foot of Chicago avenue) had a wooden ceiling to its engine room, and a wooden roof covered with a thin layer of slate. “The fire of 1871, broke out 011 Sunday night, October 8th. There had been on the previous evening an extensive conflagration in the west division, involving a heavy loss of propertv in the lumber DINING ROOM OF AUDITORIUM HOTEL. AMD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. district. The firemen had worked upon the blaze for many hours, finally succeeding in subduing it. The department, however, was pretty well exhausted when an alarm was sounded at nine o’clock on the following Sunday evening. The fire was caused by the upsetting of a little lamp, in a stable, in the vicinity of De Koven and Jefferson streets, west of the river, and south of Van Buren street. Whether the lamp was kicked over by a cow belonging to Mrs. O’Leary is a question that has never been satisfactorily settled. The fire first crossed the river at Van Buren street, and soon enveloped the old gas works on Adams street, where the Moody and Sankey Tabernacle afterwards stood, and where stately wholesale houses now tower towards the sky. From that moment the business section of the city was doomed, for the wind blew a perfect gale, and every moment added to the heat and fury of the conflagration, which marched steadily on, devouring granite blocks with the same ease as it destroyed wooden shanties. About one o’clock in the morning it had reached and wiped out the Chamber of Commerce Building; shortly afterwards it had swallowed up the Court-House, whose bell tolled to the last minute. Then in one column, it pursued its furious course eastward, laying Hooley’s Opera House, the Times Building, Crosby’s fine Opera House and many other noble structures in ashes. Then it moved toward the northeast, and then attacked the whole¬ sale district at the foot of Randolph street, carrying away the Cen¬ tral Depot, the ruins of which are still standing. Then it formed a junction with another branch of the main column after the latter had demolished the Sherman House, the Tremont House and other mag¬ nificent buildings in its path. Then there was a general onslaught upon the city’s centre from the left column which laid low all the buildings lying west of La Salle street, including the Oriental and the Mercantile buildings, the Union Bank, the Merchants’ Insurance Building, where Gen. Sherman had his headquarters, the Western Union Telegraph office, and the solid and magnificent blocks of com¬ mercial houses that lined La Salle street in those days. By morning there was not one stone upon another in this great business centre. A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 29 The right column of the fire is described as having started from a point near the intersection of Van Buren street and the river, where some wooden buildings were ignited by brands from the west side. This column had the advantage of a large area of wooden buildings, say Colbert and Chamberlin, ‘ on which to ration and arm itself for its march of destruction.’ It gutted the Michigan Southern Depot and the Grand Pacific Hotel, and destroyed other handsome struc¬ tures in the vicinity. Passing along the Post Office, the Bigelow House, the Honore Block, McVicker’s new Theatre, the Tribune Building, Booksellers’ Row, Potter Palmer’s store, occupied by Field & Reiter, and all the smaller or less conspicuous structures on the road, it branched off and destroyed the handsome residences and churches on Wabash avenue, and was finally stayed in its southern course at Congress street. The fire crossed over to the north division about half past three in the morning, and among the first buildings to go down was the engine house of the water-works, which, fool¬ ishly, had been roofed with pine shingles. The fire was carried here by burning brands which must have traveled a mile and a half in advance of the conflagration. ‘ This was the system ’ say Colbert and Chamberlin, ‘by which the north side was destroyed: blazing brands and scorching heat sent ahead to kindle many scattering fires, and the grand general conflagration following and finishing up.’ The north side was left a mass of blackened ruins by morning. Only at the lake and the northern limits of the city was the fire stayed. The district burned over was bounded on the north by Fullerton avenue, on the west by Halsted street to Chicago avenue and from that point south on Clinton street, on the south by Twelfth street and on the east by Lake Michigan. The total area burned over was nearly three and a third square miles; number of buildings destroyed, 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about 200; loss, not including the depreciation of real estate or loss of busi¬ ness, estimated at $190,000,000; recovered by insurance, $44,000,000. One year after the fire many of the best business blocks were rebuilt; five years after the fire the city was handsomer and more prosperous 30 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. than ever; ten years after the fire nearly all traces of the calamity had disappeared. . The finding of a large mass of molten iron by workmen exca¬ vate for the new Masonic temple in 1890, called attention to the fact that there were a number of interesting collections of relics of the t fire in Chicago. The most interesting and ornamental monu¬ ment of the fire is the “Relic House,” well-known to North Side and Lincoln Park visitors. In 1872, when the “leavings” of the fire could be had for the asking or the trouble of picking them up, a man named Rettig conceived the idea of building a small cottage out of such material as a melted mixture of stone, iron and other metals. The queer structure was built at North Park Avenue and Cential street. Ten years ago it was removed to its present site, near the junction of Clark Street and North Park Avenue, (take North Clark Street cable line), Philip Vinter, becoming the proprietor. Four years afterwards the “Relic House” passed into the hands of its present owner, William Lindemann, who has added a refreshment parlor to the saloon, and made quite a rustic spot out of the relic. I he only ruin of the ’71 fire, which remains standing, is on a large vacant lot between Nos. 907 and 915 North Clark Street, a few doors north of the “Relic House,” on the opposite side of the street. The ruin consists of three sections of red brick wall with stone foundations, showing where the chimneys, doors and windows, formerly were. The lot is owned by Hugh H. White, a lawyer, who lives in Evans¬ ton. The Chicago Historical Society has a large collection of fine relics, some from the ruins of the society’s building, which was then near the corner of Ontario Street and Dearborn Avenue, but most of the relics are donations from Maria G. Carr, Mrs. E. E. Atwater, and various business firms who were burnt out. The Historical Society also has the key to the vault door in the office of the Assistant Treas¬ urer of the United States at Chicago, which was destroyed, together with $1,500,000 in currency, and the books and the vouchers in the office. The key was presented to Henry H. Nash, Cashier. Large oil paintings of Gen. Grant, J. Young Scammon, and Miss Sneed (the INTERIOR OF BOARD OF TRADE. 32 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. woman wlm Napoleon thought, was the most beautiful in the world,) which were saved from the fire, adorn the walls of the society’s rooms. Mrs. Carr’s collection is a curious one, among the burned, melted, scorched and twisted things, being a bunch of forks, a mass of type, bunch of tacks, pack of cards, a lot of knitting needles, a spool of thread from Field, Leiter & Co.’s dry goods house at Madison and Franklin Streets, hooks and eyes, a package of buttons, three jew’s harps, thimbles, marbles, a bundle of melted glass, a piece of glass from Bowen Bros., Fake Street; an old fashioned clay pipe, china doll’s head, three crucibles, a door bell, pen-knives, one being fouud under the site of a pulpit; a package of glass beads from Schweitzer & Beer’s store, a bundle of screws, a walking cane without head or ferrule, necks of glass bottles from Jasger’s place, and a package of slate pencils from the Western News Co.’s place. In Mrs. Atwater’s collection is a lump of black stuff, which was coffee once upon a time, labeled, “ Browned too Much,” remnants of the stock of a toy house, china dolls and playthings, bundle of hair pins, scissors, rosaries without the crucifix, glass beads, and a jet necklace well preserved, a box of charred biscuits from the ruins of Dr. Rice’s church, a lot of stained and plain window glass from various city churches, and a variety of blackened cups and saucers from the ruins of crockery houses. The city records were burned with the Court-house. No living man could lay claim legally to one foot of the burned district ; only the “abstracts of titles” remained, and these were held by private parties. The narrative of the saving of these “abstracts,” as given by John G. Shortall, the owner and saver of them, is of intense interest. He had returned from church and was about to retire when he noticed the reflection of a great fire ; he watched it for a short time and, surprised at its magnitude, determined to go. So impressed was he that he took his hat and started, not even waiting to change the house jacket he had on for a coat. He joined with the crowd and hurried to the scene of the conflagration. The fire even then A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 33 was beyond control; the crowd could do little but retreat before it; they were completely awed ; the noisy stage was long since passed ; they worked in silence ; not a sound was heard except the roar of the flame and the crackling of the timbers. Out of curiosity he timed the burning of a house about fifty by seventy-five feet, two stories, with a sort of attic—“a very fine house, one of the best of those days.” It was destroyed absolutely in eight minutes. The wind had risen to a gale ; the whole air was filled with movable embers and with hundreds—thousands—of larger pieces of burning material that had been wrenched away by the wind, and were being hurled along through space, northwesterly, towards his office, one mile away. The building in which his office was situated had a wooden cornice, wooden casings, and all the front windows had awnings. The thought occurred to him that those awnings would be a likely place for embers to lodge; in that case the building was doomed. He determined to cut them down. Not being able to find the jani¬ tor he broke in the door and finally succeeded in cutting them loose, but of what use was the removal of a half dozen awnings when the whole front of the building was covered with them. Only one course was left, and that was to procure a truck and remove his valu¬ ables in toto. By this time the street was full with streams of peo¬ ple ; all sorts of vehicles, trucks, wagons were flying northward be¬ fore the fire. He engaged truck after truck at their own price, but they never returned. At last by force he obtained a small wagon; this was soon filled, and yet not one-fifth part of the books to be saved had been brought down ; at this trying moment a friend sent him a large double team truck; at last, after hours of struggling, they had what they wanted. By this time the fire was very near ; the glowing embers fell like hail ; the air was fairly filled with fire. I he truck was soon loaded by the help of some of his clerks who gathered around him. Then a new difficulty presented itself in the report that General Sheridan and his soldiers were about to blow up the building at the corner diagonally opposite. The driver of the truck concluded he would not stay and be blown up for all the people in 3 34 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Chicago. Mr. Shortall did not blame him at all, but gave him his choice between the explosion of the building and the explosion of the revolver he held cocked in his fingers, The dri\er was a very sensi¬ ble man ; he reconsidered the matter and reversed his decision. When they started the building was on fire. During the last hour of their stay the court-house and all its contents was burned down. Only once during this terrible ordeal was the judgment of this gentleman at fault; we will give it in his own words : “At one time during these moments (while waiting for the return of the trucks) that seemed as years, a most providential thing occurred, well worth considering. I tried to get into the court-house at its eastern door, with the intention of carrying our books in for safety, never dream¬ ing of the possibility of its destruction—a large stone building, iso¬ lated as it was. I found that east door locked, and I could not get the key. Had I found it all our books would have shared the fate of the Public Records they duplicated.” . . . “Then we started, all being safely stored on the truck. There were two prisoners who had been allowed to escape from the jail (then in the court-house) and I had one of these two on each side of my overladen truck to hold the books on. I formed the apex of the group, with my pistol, cocked still in my pocket, and directed the truckman to drive forward through the rain of fire, so as soon as possible to get to windward of it; and we worked to eastward and southward, through the dense crowds of people who were fleeing towards the north, until we got finally through the fire and brought our precious books down to my house and gratefully stowed them away in safety—in safety if the wind should continue southwest, and not change, of which there was much and natural fear. “When we arrived at home, my jail-birds, the truckman and I carried the books in, piling them up in the hall library and parlor— got them in any way. There must have been two hundred record volumes and this I may say, in parenthesis, that it took three trucks to carry those books back again, to where we lodged after the fire, when we built our vault for them in a basement on Wabash Ave. »6 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. We lost nothing from the truck in that savage passage of wind and fire and insanity. ’ ’ When the problem of rebuilding came up, the first question was, < 1 Who will lend money where titles cannot be shown of records ? ’ “This agitation was soon quelled by the passage through the legisla¬ ture of what is called ‘The Burnt Record Act,’ which provided for the use of abstracts of titles, and other documents (though in private custody) as foundation for the new records, and as proof of ownership under certain careful restrictions. Suits brought under this act had a calendar of their own, and were tri'ed more promptly than other cases. This was the first great step towards perfect relief; the next was the liberal and reasonable course of the ‘abstract men.’ Luckily for Chicago these ‘ abstract men ’ were gentlemen, and instead of taking advantage of the situation they only charged a reasonable price for reasonable service. “Then came the question whether the city could build, and business credit be re-established by a set of ruined merchants. In answer to this doubt came a cloud of telegrams from Eastern whole¬ salers and manufacturers reading in this wise : ‘ We suppose you are burned out. Order from us what goods you want, and pay us when you can.’ Many a man who, dry-eyed, had seen his property bum, felt the tears surging up, as he spelled out tins message.” A law was passed forbidding the erection of wooden buildings within the city limits ; there was some bitter opposition to this ; the people thought their burden was heavy enough. But, find one oi them to-day who will deny its wisdom. Within six weeks after the fire two hundred and twelve permanent stone and brick buildings were in course of erection in the Southern Division alone. Between Dec. i, 1871, and Oct. 1, 1872, there were twelve hundred and fifty building permits issued. The total amount spent for building in the first year was $45,000,000, but for all this show of progress the years 1873 to 1878 were years of extreme business depression ; some going so far as to call them years of disaster, but this is a great mistake, be¬ cause years of economical repair and renewal cannot rightly be called A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 37 disastrous. In 1873, the imports were $300,000,000 more than the exports ; indicating wild extravagance in the use of foreign luxuries. This was soon checked by the ‘ ‘ hard times ’ ’ and economy took its place. Debts were liquidated and the balance restored, so that in 1878 the exports were $300,000,000 above the imports. The process of contraction was not one of destruction, but of reconstruction. Strange it is, but true, that every check which Chicago has ever met, be it war, pestilence or (money) famine, flood, fire or scandal, has only marked a pause in her progress, a halt to gather strength for a higher leap. A great and splendid city has risen from the prairie, in full view of all the people, who watch, criticize, compare, suggest. How nar¬ row the man who, familiar with the facts, can give anything but commendation ! But with all her greatness she stands among great cities an infant. We have tried to describe “the infant;” allow us to give an idea if possible of her maturity : Date. Population. Per Cent. Increase. i860 . . . . . 109,000 . . . . . OO 1865 . . . . 178,000 . .... 65 1870 . . . . . 306,000 . .... 72 1880 . . . . 491,000 . . . . . 62 1886 .... j 0 ^ 000 ■ •••• 35 1890 . . . . 1,098,000 . • ••• 55 If as many people come to Chicago during the next three decades as came during the last three, the business man of 1920 will see about him a population of over 10,000,000 of people. Chicago has erected since 1876, 56,240 buildings at a cost of $255,298,879; t. e., the average each year has been about 4 OI 7 buildings, at an average cost of $18,235,634. At this rate, thirty years from now Chicago will have built 120,510 new buildings, at a cost of $547,069,020. But during 1889 alone 7590 buildings were put up at a cost of $31,516,000; and during 1890, 11,608 were put up at a cost of .$47,322,100. The average number for the two years was 9598. 38 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. Should this average hold good for thirty years, in 1920 there would be 287,940 new buildings, which will have been erected at a cost of $1,182,571,500. The great question respecting Chicago and all other places under heaven is, What is the quality of the human life lived in it? It is well to have an abundance of beef, pork, grain, wool and pine boards so long as these are used as a means to an end, and that end is the production and nurture of happy, intelligent, virtuous and robust human beings. This alone is success; all short of this is failure. Cheerful, healthy human life,—that is the wealth of the world; and the extreme of destitution is to have all the rest and not that. The stranger, therefore, looks about in this busy, thriving city, and endeavors to ascertain above all else how it fares there with human nature. In Chicago, as everywhere, human nature is weak and ignorant, temptable and tempted; and in considering the influ¬ ences to which it is there subjected, we must only ask whether those influences are more or less favorable than elsewhere. We thoroughly believe that Chicago is learning to interpret this great question aright. Those beautiful temples dedicated to religious worship, those excellent schools of every grade, those local benevolences, those ceaseless battlings with vice, that instinct of decoration, that conscientiously conducted press, those libraries and book-stores, all attest that Chicago does not mean to laboriously cherish the shell of the nut of life and throw the kernel away. It is our impression that human nature there is subject to influences as favorable to its health and progress as in any city of the world, and that a family- going to reside in Chicago from one of our older cities will be likely to find itself in a better place than that from which it came. PART II. DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST IN CHICAGO. T HE traveled stranger, to whom the great cities of the world are familiar, however he may become impressed with the manners and customs of our people, or with their methods of doing, business, and however loth he may be to admit the justice of our claims to pre-eminence in other respects, must acknowledge that this is the best built city in the universe to-day. For nearly twenty years, or since the great fire of 1871 swept over the business center of the city, and laid it in ruins, architecture in Chicago has been steadily marching forward, until we are enabled in 1891 to point out some of the grandest achievements of the art to be found on the face of the earth. CHARACTER OF CHICAGO BUILDINGS. —The character of the great buildings erected during recent years in Chicago demon¬ strates that architects have risen to the plane of the highest construc¬ tive knowledge in structures. It is not enough to use a material guaranteed by the maker, but Chicago architects themselves now employ engineers for the special purpose of examining and testing each and every piece and passing their individual opinion upon it in a written report, and only such as is accepted by these engineers is used in the buildings. So essential and necessary is this department of architectural engineering considered, that specialists are sent to the mills which furnish the iron and steel structural shapes and beams for buildings, and the metal is not only tested in the ingot, but the strength of resistance is ascertained for every finished beam. The result of all this gives to Chicago buildings which are not only .theoretically safe, but known to absolute certaintv to be safe down to 40 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 41 the last cubic foot of masonry and the last cubic inch of steel. In this respect Chicago is unique, and it is a common remark in Eastern and foreign cities, among those actively engaged in building, that Chicago to-day erects the best-built structures ever known, and with the notable distinction that she does it with the closest economy in material and time. That is to say, that it is a fact that in Chicago INDIAN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park). buildings the quality is better, the distribution of material is more skillful and the buildings are naturally more reliable. The buildings have all been constructed fire-proof to a degree surpassing those erected under old methods. Not only are steel and iron used for sup¬ ports for girders and for joists, but they are covered with fire clay, which is so disposed that air chambers are left next to the iron or steel in every case, making it impossible for the metal to be ever- heated, even by the hottest fires. 42 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. AUDITORIUM BUILDING.— Among the many magnificent structures of Chicago, the Auditorium is the greatest. It is the most famous building on the American continent. At once a grand opera house, a superb hotel and a mammoth office building, there is not to be found on the face of the earth a pile that will compare with it. It represents the modern idea, as the Coliseum at Rome represented the ancient. It is in construction representative of Chicago as a city, where art, beauty and utility are so strongly defined though nearly always blended on every side. Cost of building, #3,500,000 ; with ground, $5,000,000. AUDITORIUM THEATRE. —The theatre of the auditorium building is justly entitled to the distinction of being the best equipped for stage purposes, the handsomest in interior decorative work, the most perfect in acoustics and the most convenient and comfortable for audiences in this or any other country. Architects and artists of in¬ ternational fame have lauded its merits and its beauties. Thousands from foreign shores, who have visited it during the various notable performances which have been given within its walls, have been sur¬ prised at its size and magnificence, and gave willing testimony to its superiority over their own famous places of amusement. CENTRAL MUSIC HALL.— The Central Music Hall Block was erected in 1879 by a stock company, its list of stockholders compris¬ ing many of the wealthiest and best known citizens of Chicago. Its object was “to promote religious, educational and musical purposes, the culture of the arts, and to provide for public amusements and en¬ tertainments.” The leader in this enterprise was its first manager, the late George B. Carpenter, whose experience and success as a man¬ ager, well qualified him for the task. The architect chosen for the building was Mr. D. Adler, of the firm of Adler & Sullivan. It has a frontage of 125 feet on State street, and 150 feet on Randolph street, its central location rendering it easily accessible from all parts of the city. It is built of gray cut stone, has a wide and massive entrance of white marble, is six stories in height, and contains, besides the large auditorium from which the building derives its name, a small AUDITORIUM HOTEL. 44 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. recital hall, known as Apollo Hall, twelve stores, seventy offices, and a perfectly appointed photograph studio. CASINO.— Located on Wabash avenue, near Adams street. This is conducted after the manner of the Berlin Panopticon, and is prin¬ cipally an exhibition of wax works. Delightful place to spend an hour. There is a stage performance every afternoon and evening. Lyman B. Glover, business manager. Admission to all parts of the house 25 and 50 cents ; children 25 cents. INTERIOR VIEW (Auditorium Hotel). AUDITORIUM HOTEL. —Situated on Michigan avenue and Congress street; occupies entire eastern half of the great Auditorium structure. It is under the management of the Auditorium Hotel Company, J. H. Breslin, of New York, president; R. H. Southgate, vice-president and manager. The building which it occupies is the IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 45 grandest on the continent, and was prepared to meet the require¬ ments of a great high-class hotel without regard to labor or expense. GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL.— Located on La Salle, Jackson and Clark streets. The Jackson street front almost faces the Board of Trade. The Clark street front faces the general post-office. The La Salle street front faces some of the immense office buildings in the Board of Trade center. The main entrances are on La Salle and Clark streets. The ladies’ entrance is on Jackson street. This building was scarcely completed in 1871 when the great fire swept it out of existence in a single night, although its construction was almost wholly of iron, stone and glass. It was immediately rebuilt and opened to guests in June, 1873. Although acknowledged to be one of the finest hotels in the world when completed, it has under¬ gone many improvements since then. PALMER HOUSE. —Located on the southeast corner of State and Monroe streets, in the heart of the city, with a frontage on State street, Monroe street and Wabash avenue. Main entrance on State street; ladies’ entrance on Monroe street. The building occupies about one-half of the entire block. It covers an area of 76,550 square feet; is nine stories in height, has 708 rooms and accommodates usually from 1,000 to 2,400 guests. The grand rotunda of the hotel is 64 feet wide, 106 feet long and 36 feet in height. The dining room is one of the most elegant in Chicago. The parlors and wait¬ ing rooms are superbly furnished. The entire furnishings and fit- tines of the house are of the first order. PERMANENT ART BUILDING.— Now in course of construc¬ tion, on the Lake Front, site of the old Inter-State Exposition Build¬ ing, main entrance to face Adams street. Within easy walking distance of all railroad depots, street car terminals, hotels, etc., in the heart of the business center. This magnificent structure takes the place of the present Art Institute, Michigan avenue and Van Buren street, which passes into the possession of the Chicago Club. The design of the new institute was prepared by Architects Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, and was subjected to changes at the hands of the Commit- 46 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. tee on Buildings. The structure has a frontage of 320 feet on Mich¬ igan avenue; the main depth is 175 feet, with projections making an arc 208 feet in depth. The plan is that of a parallelogram. It consists of two galleries, the first being devoted to plaster casts, sculptures, busts, models, etc. ; the second to pictures, being lighted by sky-lights from above. ART COLLECTIONS. —Private art collections in Chicago are very numerous and very extensive. This is strikingly evident at each recurring exhibit of loaned pictures at the Art Institute or else¬ where. The annual exhibits at the Inter-State Exposition, now a thing of the past, by reason of the changes necessarily pending the World’s Columbian Exposition, have grown Iroin year to year, until they promise to rank among the best in the country. Steps have been taken to erect a permanent Art Hall on the Lake Front, in which these annual exhibitions will be continued. This building will be erected for the Columbian Exposition, but will be constructed in such a manner as to be acceptable to the city as a permanent building after the exposition closes. GRAND OPERA HOUSE. —Centrally located on the east side of Clark, between Randolph and Washington streets, opposite the Court¬ house, close to all the leading hotels and convenient to railroad de¬ pots and street-car terminals. Harry L. Hamlin, manager. HAVE LIN’S THEATRE.— Located on the west side of Wabash Avenue, between Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. John A. Have- lin, lessee ; J. S. Hutton, manager. This was originally Baker’s Theatre. It is a popular resort and deservedly so. The theatre building is quite an ornament to the section of the city in which it is located ; and the theatre is conducted as a high-class place of amuse¬ ment. Seating capacity, 2,000; stage, 50x65; proscenium opening, 36, to loft, 67. The building is fire-proof and was constructed at a cost of $300,000. BOARD OF trade BUILDING.— Situated at the foot of La Salle, on Jackson street, between Sherman street and Pacific avenue, in the heart of the business center, and only a short walk from the DINING ROOM OF THE FARMER HOUSE. 48 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. great hotels, railroad depots and street car terminals. The immense size and architectural beauty of the structure will attract the stran¬ ger’s attention. It covers an area of 200 by 174 feet ; and is built of gray granite. The beautiful front is surmounted by a tower which tapers to a pinnacle 322 feet above the pavement. On the top of this tower is the largest weather-vane in the world, a lake schooner 15 UIBBY PRISON MUSEUM. feet in length, with rigging in proportion. From the street below it does not appear to be a fifth of this size. LIBBY PRISON MUSEUM. —Located on Wabash Ave., between Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets. One of the principal permanent attractions of the city. The original Libby prison (transported from Richmond, Va., and put up, brick after brick, just as it stood during the War of the Rebellion, when used as a prison for Union soldiers) IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 49 is enclosed within massive walls, bnilt after the manner of the middle ages (see illustration). Among the attractions offered in Libby Prison are the following : Portraits in oil of all the leading Northern and Southern generals and statesmen ; all kinds of firearms used in America, from colonial times to the present period ; the finest collec¬ tion of shot and shell used in American warfare; the original first dispatches of war from Generals McClellan, Grant, Hooker, Sherman, etc. ; the original acceptance of tlie command of the Confederate Army by Generals Lee and Stonewall Jackson; original portraits of Abraham Lincoln and Mrs. Lincoln, with relics and mementos ; the stove, goose and shears used by Andrew Johnson when working as a tailor in Tennessee ; the original will made by John Brown an hour before his execution; the very' rare curiosity of two bullets that met in mid-air in battle at Petersburg; the finest collection of historic chairs in America; the original photographs of scenes in Sherman’s march from Atlanta to the sea; the original commission of Jeff. Davis to Congress in 1845 i also ^is commission in the war with Mexico ; the wheel of Commodore Perry’s flag-ship, “Powhatan,” that opened the ports of Japan to the world; the original Arctic clothing used in the Greely relief expedition. Admission, 50 cents; children half- price ; open day and evening. CITY HALL is one of the most central, as well as one of the most prominent, structures in the city. This building and the Cook County Court-house, adjoining, stand upon the site of the first Court¬ house erected in Chicago, and also upon the site of the Court-house destroyed in the great fire of 1871. The old Court-house stood in the center of the block, and was surrounded by a green lawn in the nature of a park. It was a handsome building as buildings went in those days, and had a tower in which there was a clock and a great bell. This bell rang out in doleful peals on the fatal Sunday night in Octo¬ ber, 1871, almost up to the moment the tower became enveloped in flames. After the fire the bruised and battered bell was taken from the ruins by an enterprising firm and worked up into souvenirs. COOK COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. —Occupies the entire east half 4 50 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. of the block bounded by Washington, Dearborn, La Salle and Clark Sts in the center of the business district of the South Side, the west half being occupied by the City Hall. This magnificent pile was erected in 1876-77 at a cost of about £3,000,000, and is one of the RELIC OF OLD COURT-HOUSE AFTER THE FIRE. handsomest public buildings in the county. It is at present four stories in height, and two additional stories are to be added during the present year at a cost of $275,000. In this building are located the County, Probate and various Circuit and Superior courts, the Law Library, and all the County offices, except that of the State’s (or prosecuting) attorney, which is located in the Criminal Court build¬ ing, North Side. FIRST NATIONAL, BANK. —At the date of incorporation, the First National Bank had a capital of $100,000. Its officers 52 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. were: president; E. Aiken; cashier, E. E. Braisted. It then stood number 8 in the order of National Banks. The capital of the bank was soon increased to $1,000,000. In 1867, Presi¬ dent Aiken died, and was succeeded by Samuel M. Nickerson, who has held the office ever since. In 1868 Lyman J. Gage was appointed cashier. The fire of 1871 destroyed the bank’s building, which stood at the southwest corner of State and Washington streets. This building was at once rebuilt, and was occupied until the bank moved into its present magnificent structure, which was erected especially for its accommodation, and with a view to the convenient transaction of its immense business. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING.— This structure occu¬ pies the site of the old Chamber of Commerce which was erected im¬ mediately after the fire and which was occupied by the Board of Trade until the great commercial edifice at the foot of the street was com¬ pleted. The new Chamber of Commerce building is in many respects the finest commercial structure in the world and certainly one of the grandest office buildings in the United States. The property upon which it stands cost $650,000, and the building itself has cost Messrs. Hannah, Lay & Company, the owners, over $1,000,000. TACOMA BUILDING —towering above its surroundings to the dizzy height of twelve clear stories. This was among the first of the modern sky-scrapers erected in Chicago. The corner which it oc¬ cupies was for years covered by a tumble-down brick building put up in haste after the fire. It was wiped out to make room for the “Tacoma.” From the twelfth story we are able to obtain a splendid bird’s-eye view of the city, and we can see far out on Lake Michigan, if the smoke isn’t too dense. This is a colony of offices. TEMPERANCE TEMPLE. —“The Temple,” is one of the sights of Chicago, and the equal of any one of the many magnificent structures that now adorn the city. In style it is a combination of the old Gothic and the more modern French. For the first two stories the material used is gray granite with a dash of pink running through it. Above that is used pressed brick and terra cotta. This IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 53 harmonizes nicely with the granite, taking on a tone and color the same, with the exception that it will be a darker pink. The frontage on La Salle street is 190 feet, while on Monroe it is 90 feet. In shape the temple is somewhat novel and might be likened to the letter H. It consists of two immense wings united by a middle por¬ tion or vinculum. On La Salle street is a court seventy feet long and thirty feet wide, and on Monroe street a similar one of the same length and eighteen feet deep. Facing the grand entrance and ar¬ ranged in a semi-circle are eight great elevators, and from the front court rise two grand stairways leading clear to the top of the building. A central hall extends north and south on each floor and a transverse one also extends into the wings. The lower courts and halls are resplendent with marble mosaic paving, while plain marble is used in the upper halls. In height the temple is a “sky-scraper,” extending thirteen stories toward the heavens. BRIDGES. —The Chicago river being navigable for lake vessels, and intersecting the heart of the city, a large number of bridges have been required. No less than forty-five now span this small stream. Nearly all are swinging bridges, and many of them are operated by steam. Steel construction has been employed in the bridges most recently erected. Among these, the Adams street bridge is a notable structure. It is a four-track bridge, 259 feet long on center truss, and 57 feet in width. This bridge is two feet three inches lower at the east end than at the west end, and, at the same time is reversible, the turn-table track being set on a grade of one in 115. Some doubts were expressed as to its feasibility when the plan was proposed, but the city engineers say that no bridge in the city works better than this one. The Rush street draw is one of the longest in the world. The Lake, Wells and Jackson street bridges are handsome structures. The present bridge at Madison street is to be moved to Washington street, and one of the finest bridges in the city erected in its place. VIADUCTS. —In few instances do railroads enter the city above or below the street level. Grade-crossings are the rule. Engineers 54 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. have long sought to remedy this state of affairs, which will probably be accomplished in time ; but, meanwhile, some relief is being pro¬ vided at the most dangerous crossings by the erection of viaducts. There are thirty-five of these structures in the city, the longest and finest of which is on Twelfth street, extending from Clark street to Wabash avenue, crossing the tracks of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company, and costing $209,736. INTERIOR OF PRESENT ROOKERY BUILDING. “ROOKERY.” After the great fire of 1871 the municipality erected for temporary use a two-story brick building on the half block bounded by La Salle, Adams and Quincy streets, and the alley be¬ tween La Salle and Clark streets and called it the City Hall. It was also occupied by the Courts. The structure was put up in great haste and without regard to architectural beauty. It is stated that pigeons used to flock to the building, induced thither by a glass roof 56 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. which surmounted a disused water tank which occupied the center of the structure and by the oats which fell from the feed-bags which the fire marshals used for their horses on the Quincy street side. The story goes that one day a gentleman marched into Mayor Medill’s office to complain of the pigeon nuisance and spoke of the building as a “rookery.” Whether this was the real origin of the term or not, the newspaper reporters got into the habit of calling the building the “rookery,” and it was generally understood that they alluded to the dilapidated condition of the structure, which from the day it was finished began to fall to pieces. At any rate the name clung to it as long as the building stood, and when the present magnificent struc¬ ture took its place its owners decided to retain it. LAKE AND river FRONTAGE. —The city has a frontage on Lake Michigan of twenty-two miles and a river frontage of about fifty- eight miles, twenty-two and one-half miles of which are navigable. LAKES ANI) RIVERS. —There are three lakes within the pres¬ ent city limits containing an area of 4,095.6 acres, as follows: Calumet Lake 3,122 acres, Hyde Lake 330.8 acres, the portion of Wolf Lake lying within the city limits 642.8 acres. Of these Calumet and Wolf are navigable. There are two rivers within the corporate limits ; the Chicago river, with north and south branches, which divide the city into districts known, respectively, as the North, South and West “Divisions” or “Sides”—and the Calumet river, with Big and Little Calumet rivers, which penetrate the extreme southern part of the city. MASONIC TEMPLE. —This most marvellous structure, taken as a whole, is in the center of the business district. The idea of a grand Masonic temple in Chicago had been encouraged by Western Masons for the last twenty years. Numerous agitations of the pro¬ ject were started but fell through, partly for want of some one who was willing to take the responsibility, and partly because the money could not be raised. For, though the Masons as individuals are wealthy, the lodges are kept poor by their liberal charities and funeral expenses. In 1873 Norman T. Gassette, then eminent com¬ mander of the Apollo Commandery, renewed the agitation of this IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 57 subject, in connection with a special effort to secure for the site of such a temple the lot at the northeast corner of Dearborn aud Mon¬ roe streets, on which the Stock Exchange now stands. But there was no adhesiveness among the Masons whom he was able to interest in the scheme, and the old trouble of a lack of money killed it. The last and successful effort in behalf of this enterprise originated in December, 1889, when Gil W. Barnard and Dr. J. B. Fatrich, of LINCOLN STATUE (Lincoln Park). Van Rensselaer Lodge, issued a call for a meeting of prominent Masons to consider this subject. This call had several other names appended to it, among which was that of Mr. Gassette, and was addressed to sixty Masons. The meeting took place in Mr. Bar¬ nard’s office in the same month. The result was that General John Corson Smith appointed a committee of ten, with Mr. Gassette as chairman, to select a location for a Masonic Temple, to devise ways 58 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. and means for erecting the building and to report to a meeting of the craft to be held subsequently. The committee addressed itself to the task with great energy, and about a month later a meeting of 120 members of the craft was called at the Oriental Consistory preceptory to hear their report and consider their recommendations. The com¬ mittee in the meanwhile had had several sites offered them, but had definitely selected the lots at the northeast corner of State and Ran¬ dolph streets. The report was heard and approved in many particu¬ lars, and the committee- was discharged. Immediately thereafter, however, the meeting appointed Norman T. Gassette, Amos Grannis and E. R. Bliss a committee to carry out the plan that had been pro¬ posed. There was no particular organization and everything devolved on this committee, with no instructions but to “go ahead.’’ The committee took the meeting at its word and went ahead in the most approved fashion. In less than a month, without any organiza¬ tion or corporate authority whatever, it had purchased the site for $1,100,000 and opened books for stock. On April 4th, the Secretary of State issued articles of incorporation to the Masonic Fraternity Temple Association, with Norman T. Gassette, Amos Grannis, E. R. Bliss, John Buehler and C. H. Blakely as directors. The officers subsequently elected were: Norman T. Gassette, president; Amos Grannis, vice-president; E. R. Bliss, secretary; and Warren G. Purdy, treasurer. The company was capitalized at $2,000,000, and the price of stock was fixed at $100 per share. The building is pro¬ nounced to be one of the finest in the world. POTTER PALMER. —While the citizens’ meetings and the city council meetings were passing resolutions and enacting meaningless ordinances, Mr. Palmer was developing a plan for the widening of State street, in his own mind. This plan was a simple one. He carried it out. How? By presenting the city of Chicago with the frontage, taken from his own lots, necessary to give this section of State street a uniform width. He did it modestly. It was done so quickly and so quietly that the citizens and the city council were taken by surprise. There was no further business, so far as State residence: of potter palmer. 60 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. street was concerned, before them, and they adjourned. The sacri¬ fice made by Mr. Palmer was a great one. Every foot of the prop¬ erty he so generously gave away for the public good represented a large sum of money. Nobody has ever heard him speak of it, how¬ ever. Only old citizens remember it now. Potter Palmer’s gener¬ osity made State street what it is to-day, for if it had not been widened the retail business would have long since sought another avenue not far away. And while I am on this subject, I want to say to you, not exactly what I think about Potter Palmer, but what all Chicagoans who know anything about this man feel. To Potter Palmer, more, perhaps, than to any living man, is due the present greatness of Chicago. His influence has always been a mighty, if a silent force, in the development of this city. He has never lost faith in her future. Time and again his counsel, his judgment and his purse have saved the credit of the community abroad. When the reaction which followed the civil war set in, when values became demoralized, when the shrinkage in prices destroyed the capital of some of the strongest houses in existence here, Potter Palmer stood as firm as a rock between our merchants and bankruptcy, and com¬ pelled their creditors to make fair and honorable terms. After the great fire, though one of the heaviest sufferers, he was one of the first to step into the debris and proclaim that Chicago should not only be rebuilt, but should arise from its ashes greater than ever. The story of the rebuilding of the Palmer House, which we will see farther down the street, if properly told, would read like a fairy tale. By day and night, under the blaze of the sun and in the glare of torches and calcium lights, the work never ceased until the magnificent structure was completed. Practically penni¬ less, then, and for years afterward, Potter Palmer commanded un¬ limited credit at home and abroad. The man’s integrity was his capital, and it secured for him the means whereby he has been enabled, during the past twenty years, not only to retrieve the fortune he had lost in a single night, but to build up a new and a greater one. The great retail houses which we see on either side IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 61 of the street, as far as the eye can reach, have all grown up during a remarkably brief period. The oldest of them, in comparison with European houses are merely in their infancy. We will have to stand close to the edge of the sidewalk or we will be carried along by the crowd. I don’t think you ever saw so many well-dressed people anywhere. Most of them are ladies. There is a good deal of what the world calls style to be seen along here at all hours of the day. MARSHALL FIELD & CO. —You have heard of Field’s before. Everybody in this country has, and, in commercial circles at least, the house is known throughout the civilized w r orld. It is not only the greatest dry goods establishment in this country, but greater than any in existence abroad. This is the retail store; the whole¬ sale house we will see later on. Perhaps you remember that the style of the firm only a few years ago was Field, Leiter & Co. Mr. Eeiter retired, and Mr. Field remained, forming a new part¬ nership, and great as the house was when the dissolution took place—a dissolution, by the way, which surprised and startled the country at the time—it is three times as great to-day. The American merchant, who in point of wealth and vastness of business deal¬ ings must be ranked first among “the rich by honest brains and industry,” is a man whose name is unfamiliar to most readers. His home is not in New York but in Chicago, and even there he is personally little known in comparison with the prominence to which his position in the business and social world entitles him. He is the head of the great house of Marshall Field & Co., general merchants. GRANT STATUE, LINCOLN PARK.— Situated on the North Shore Drive, Lincoln Park. A magnificent monument to the memory of the great general of the Civil War. The sculptor was Louis T. Rebisso, an exile from his native land for the part he took in striving to establish a republic in Italy. Whilst the signs of public mourning were still visible in Chicago there was a spontaneous movement for the erection of a monument to General Grant. To suggest was to PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. act; to act was to execute. Within a year the requisite fund was subscribed, and an award of $200 made to Rebisso of Cincinnati for presenting' the most acceptable design. The result is before the public in the unique equestrian group unveiled amid the impressive ceremonies of October 7, 1891. There have been many attempts in sculpture to image General Grant, but we can recall none more suc- GRANT STATUE (Lincoln Park). cessful than Mr. Rebisso’s. The physical proportions of the majestic figure are as faultless as the facial expression. Grant was about five feet seven inches high, with a well-knit frame, the image of con¬ scious strength and matchless endurance. He had a square and spacious forehead, a strong lower jaw and firm-set lips. His hair and whiskers were always worn short. His habitual expression indicated repose and firmness, without assumption or severity. No more im- ‘ I RESIDENCE • OF MR. C. V. FARWELL. 64 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S FAIR. posing and successfnl specimen of monumental art graces any city in the United States. HAYMAKKET MASSACRE. —Night of May 4, 1886. The title is a misnomer. The tragedy recalled to mind by the name in reality occurred on Desplaines St., between the Haymarket and the alley which runs east from Desplaines St., south of Crane Brothers’ man¬ ufacturing establishment. The wagon from which the anarchist speakers addressed the mob stood directly in front of Crane Brothers' GRANT STATUE (Lincoln Park). steps, about eight feet north of this alley. The bomb was thrown from the mouth of the alley and exploded between the second and third companies of policemen, as the six companies were halting close to the wagon. The bomb thrower unquestionably made his escape through the alley, which connects with another opening on Randolph St., east of the Haymarket. Seven policemen were killed outright, or died shortly afterward of their wounds, as a result of the explosion. A large number of policemen were badly and perma¬ nently injured. How many of those in the mob were killed or died IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 65 afterward of the injuries they received in the police fusillade which followed the explosion has never been known, for their bodies were quietly buried and their wounds concealed by their friends whenever possible. The arrest of the leaders, Fielden, Spies, Engel, Lingg, Neebe, Schwab, Fischer, the searching of the Arbeiter Zeitung office, on the east side of Fifth Ave., near Washington street, and the dis- POLICEMAN’S MONUMENT (Haymarket Square). covery there of a vast supply of dynamite, arms, bombs and infernal • machines; the discovery of bombs in different paits of the city, under sidewalks, in lumber yards and at the homes of the anarchists; the sensational surrender of Parsons, who had taken flight on the night of the massacre ; the long trial, the speeches, the sentence, the appeal; the refusal of the Supreme Court of the United States to interfere; the efforts made to have the death sentence commuted, the day of execution, the nth of November, 1887; the shocking Go PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. suicide of the “ tiger anarchist,” Lingg, in liis cell at the jail; the hanging of Parsons, Spies, Engel and Fischer, the commutation of the death sentences of Fielden and Schwab to life imprisonment, all contributed toward the popular excitement which followed the fatal 4th of May and continued until the gallows and the prison had per¬ formed the parts assigned them by the law. The executed anarchists are buried at Waldheim Cemetery. The cell in which Lingg com¬ mitted suicide is directly in front of the “cage’ 5 in the county jail. The other anarchists occupied cells in the same row. The police monument at the intersection of Randolph and Desplaines Streets, (Haymarket Square) was erected by the citizens of Chicago in honor of the brave officers who risked or sacrificed their lives in defense of the law, and in commemoration of the death of anarchy in this city. HAYMARKET SQUARE. —That portion of West Randolph street between Desplaines and Halsted streets, West Side. Near the east end of the square for many years stood the West Side Market House, a part of which was occupied as a police station. The square is now entirely open, the police monument being the only obstruction in the broad thoroughfare. To the north of the monument, on Desplaines street, the bomb was thrown on the night of May 4, 1886. J. V. FARWEUTj COMPANY. —The great dry goods house of J. V. Farwell & Co., one of the largest in the world, and doing a busi¬ ness of over §40,000,000 per annum, was incorporated as a stock com¬ pany on December 13, 1890; the board of directors are : C. B. Farwell, J. K. Harmon, J. V. Farwell, Jr., J. T. Chumasero, F. P. Potter, J. E. Downs and S. Farwell. The officers are: C. B. Farwell, presi- ‘ dent; J. K. Harmon, vice-president; J. V. Farwell, Jr., treasurer; J. T. Chumasero, secretary. LOGAN STATUE. —To be erected to the memory of the late General and Senator, John A. Logan. Soon after the death of Gen. Logan, in 1887, the Illinois Legislature passed an act appropriating §50,000 for a monument of John A. Logan and for the appointment of commissioners therefor. The monument was to be erected “at such point in the City of Chicago or elsewhere in the State of Illinois HAYMARKET SQUARE—POINT OF ANARCHIST RIOT, MAY, 1886. 68 PICTURESQUE CHICA GO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. as may be selected by liis widow,” and the commissioners were authorized and empowered to receive proposals and to contract for the completion of such monument and to receive subscriptions there¬ for. It was further provided, that if the place selected for the monu¬ ment should be a public park, the commissioners in charge of such park should be “authorized, empowered, and directed to place the THE LAFAYETTE STATUE- monument upon a site so selected by said widow, and to provide that such monument shall be made the permanent resting place of the re¬ mains of said John A. Logan and of his widow after her death. When the bill was passed in 1887 it was the intention to erect the monument-some place in the South Parks. The commissioners, or a majority of them, expressed an intention to erect the pedestal, and it was proposed to enlarge the appropriation for the monument by IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 69 popular subscription ; by subscription among the veteran soldiers and among the friends and admirers of the dead soldier-statesman. But, as time passed on, there were no subscriptions from any source, and the promoters of the project came to the conclusion that the $50,000 appropriated by the State would be the only available fund. MICHIGAN AVENUE. —Formerly a residence street along the Lake Park, has changed materially within a few years. It is now Michigan Boulevard. It will probably become the great hotel avenue of the city. At present some of the grandest structures in Chicago are located along its west side. At Adams street is the Brunswick, and on the opposite corner is the Pullman building, which is more or less of a hotel. On the northeast corner of Jackson street is located the Argyle apartment building, which is really a large family hotel. North of it, on the ground owned by the Jennings estate, and occu¬ pied by Leroy Payne’s stables, there will be a hotel. On the south¬ west corner is the Leland, and then the Richelieu. Next comes the Beaurivage, which has been remodeled into a hotel by the owner, L. J. McCormick, who will call it the Victoria. These three hotels occupy the entire block between Jackson and Van Buren streets. At the northeast corner of Congress street is the greatest of all, the Audi¬ torium. Within three or four years the Auditorium Hotel Company will acquire possession of the Studebaker building, which adjoins it on the north, and which will be re-arranged so as to be suitable for hotel purposes. Between Harrison and Twelfth streets there are several large apartment buildings which answer the same purpose as family hotels. At Park Row and Twelfth street is the site selected for the new hotel, which will rival the Auditorium. The Batclielder interests will build at Twenty-second street, and at Twenty-third street the magnificent Hotel Metropole is being builded. There will be at the southeast corner of Thirty-fifth street a large apartment building. These different enterprises are gradually changing Michi¬ gan avenue from a thoroughfare of fine residences to a semi-business street which has no parallel in Chicago. GRAND BOULEVARD. —This is one of the fashionable drives 70 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO TIIE WORLD'S FAIR. of the South Side. Commencing at the southern extremity, where it joins Washington Park, we will walk up. Among the handsome residences we pass to the right and left are those of Judge H. M. Shepard, Mr. Charles H. Aldrich, Brice Worley, John W. Conley, Mark Webster, William W. Peck, H. E. Henderson, Patrick McManus, S. J. Gorman, Norman T. Cassette, J. H. Campbell, S. P. Family, E. Frankenthal, J. McMahon, Judge Gwyue Garnett, John GRAND BOULEVARD. F. Finerty, George E. Cole, and, as the political calls say, “many others. ’ ’ I have not asked you to go through the south parks with me, because you have all the information I can give you regarding those beautiful places in your possession already. I will let you take the parks in yourself later in the evening, and we will wind up our day’s trip now by walking west on Thirty-ninth street, and north on MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD. T2 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Michigan boulevard. All of the streets running north and south and east and west in this neighborhood are interesting to the visitor, for they are beautifully built up and inhabited by people of means and culture. We can only notice them casually as we pass, however. From Thirty-ninth street, north to Twenty-second street, the east and west streets, with one or two exceptions, are considered desira¬ ble residence avenues. Especially is this the case with Thirty- third, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth streets. The latter is a bou¬ levard connecting Grand and Michigan boulevards. Passing west on Thirty-ninth street, we admire the cheerful aspect of the houses and find ourselves on MICHIGAN BOULEVARD. —Michigan avenue is the popular name; but the street is a boulevard and under the control of the park commissioners. Prairie, Calumet, Eake, Ellis, Grand, the Lake Shore Drive or Ashland,—Michigan is the finest of them all. What a magnificent stretch of perfect roadway! Stately and elegant are the residences of the boulevard, with their handsome lawns and their wide-spreading shade trees, rising on either side until the street nar¬ rows to a beautiful country lane a mile to the north ! The roadway is as level as the top of a billiard table. Here are some of the finest mansions in the city,—mansions of the new and golden epoch in Chicago’s history. NEW BUILDING OF CHICAGO HERALD.— There is probably not another building devoted to the publication of a newspaper in the world equalling it in magnificence, and certainly there is none other in which so much attention has been given to completeness of detail. On entering the imposing counting-room, the visitor will at once notice the fine Italian stone mosaic with which the floor is hand in¬ laid, the counter of black Belgian marble, surmounted with black iron, wrought in graceful designs, and the sixteen columns of genuine Sienna marble; also the Italian marble wainscoting. They will also be interested in the working of the automatic tubes, which convey advertising matter to the composing-room and news matter to the ed¬ itorial floor. Passing four long distance telephones, entrance is had IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 73 to the visitor’s gallery, overlooking ten Titanic presses. Next in point of interest is the composing-room, to which the visitor ascends in either of the two great elevators, framed in hand-wrought iron, and which travel up a shaft walled from top to bottom with the finest Italian marble. The walls of the composing-room are white enam¬ eled, and it is finished throughout in marble, iron and oak. Even CHICAGO HERALD OFFICE. the type stands are of iron, with the monogram of The Herald wrought in gold in each, and there are cases for 180 men on straight composition, to say nothing of those employed on advertising copy. Electric calls at each case connect with the copy-box, in the front of which is a perforated peg rack where are assorted sings, numbered on both sides for every compositor, and by which the copy cutter tells at a glance what and how many men are working on “time” copy. 74 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. An aerial railway takes advertising copy from the copy-box to the “Ad” department, and the proof from thence to the proof-readers. Electric call speaking tubes connect the principal departments of the building. The foreman’s office is on an elevated platform, from which he can survey his entire force. Every compositor has a clothes locker, and the marble closets are unsurpassed in elegance by those of any hotel. Filtered ice-water, with a solid silver, gold-lined drinking cup, a restaurant finished in marble and oak, and provided with read¬ ing tables and library, are other provisions for the compositors. Four hundred electric lights illuminate this department, adjoining which is the stereotyping-room with its two-ton metal-pot, improved mailing machine, matrix drying and matrix trimming machines. A Turkish bath and marble-walled toilet-room is one of the luxuries afforded to the workers in this room. ASHLAND BLOCK. —Located on the northeast corner of Clark and Randolph streets. Planned by Architect D. H. Burnham. Property leased from A. G. Alexander, of Louisville, Kentucky, by R. A. Waller, of this city, and L. Broadhead, of Kentucky, for a term of years. This building is sixteen stories high, with a frontage on Clark street of 140 feet and 80 feet on Randolph street. The exterior is classical. The windows of the lower stories are recessed and end in an arch at the third story. The principal entrance is from Clark street and is twenty-one feet wide. This extends to a height of two and a half stories and is finished in terra cotta of a deli¬ cate design. The first story has eight stores on the Clark street side and three on Randolph street. The second floor contains several spacious banking rooms 17 feet high and the remaining floors are divided into about 350 offices. Seven elevators are placed in the rear hall of the building. This building was ready for occupancy in May, 1892. COLUMBUS BUILDING. —To be erected on the southeast cor¬ ner of State and Washington streets, after plans by W. W. Boying- ton. The structure will be fourteen stories high, two floors being contained in the ornamental space above the cornice. It will cover ALI5TERS VIEW ON STATE STREET. 70 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. tlie lot, with its frontage of ioo feet on State street and 90 feet on Washington street. It will be constructed of stone, steel and terra cotta, after the best models. A main feature will be the two stores on the ground floor, on either side of the main entrance. Each will be forty feet wide. The decorations and fixtures will cost $175,000. At the rear of each will be a glass mosaic, one showing Columbus at the Court of Isabella and the other his landing in America. The contract for these mosaics has been placed in Venice. The ceiling beams of the stores will be of bronze, supporting Mexican onyx ceil¬ ings. Over the entrance to the building a ten-foot bronze statue of Columbus will be placed, which is now being made at Rome. The floors throughout the building are to be of mosaic. The height of the tower from the sidewalk to the top of the glass globe will be 240 feet. The globe on top is to be of opalescent glass, with the continents marked in color, with a cut jewel loca¬ ting Chicago, to be lighted with a 3000-candle-power electric lamp. The style of architecture in detail is Spanish renaissance. The various coats of arms of Spanish royalty will be shown in the cornice and elsewhere. Work will be begun May 1st, and the structure will be completed May 1, 1893. The building will cost about $800,000. THE “CRIB.” —The original crib is situated about two miles out in Take Michigan, almost directly east of the foot of Chicago avenue. “The Man at the Crib,” is Captain Charles McKee, who, with his family, has spent eleven years in that desolate, wave- washed and tempest-battered granite home. He has reared a family of five girls and one boy, all of whom are married, except one girl. Besides his wife and daughter, three men and a dog occupy the crib at present. The crib-keeper’s quarters are comfortable. During the winter months, when ice floes threaten to clog the grated mouth of the water tunnel, his duties are as severe as they are important. There are thousands of visitors at the crib during the summer months ; in the winter it is sometimes difficult to reach it with the city supply boat. The visitor can take an excursion boat, steam or sail, on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren street. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 77 VOX IiINXE STATUE. —Erected to the memory of Carl von Linne, or Li imams, as the world calls him, an illustrious native of Sweden. The statue is of bronze, of heroic size, on a white marble pedestal, and it overlooks the little common near the foot of Fuller¬ ton avenue. The spot is one of the prettiest in the park. The monument is encircled with fine trees, and it looks south over a fine expanse of landscape. It cost the Linnaean Monument Association VON LINNE STATUE (Lincoln Park). which built it $22,000, aud is one of the handsomest monuments in the West. The statue was unveiled May 23d, 1891. WATER-WORKS. —The water-works of Chicago are among the wonders of the city, not alone because of their magnitude, but because of the magnificent engineering features which they present to the intelligent or curious visitor. The great central pumping works of the system are as follows : Foot of Chicago Avenue, North Side. These works are at the Southern end of the Lake Shore drive. West Side works, corner of Blue Island Avenue and Twenty-second street. Central pumping station, West Harrison street; between 78 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Desplaines and Halsted streets. To visit the different “cribs” situ¬ ated in Lake Michigan, during the summer months, take excursion boats on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren street. The fare for round trip is 25 cents. The area of Chicago is about 18 r square miles, the greater part of which is thickly populated, requiring good facilities for au abundant supply of water. This is drawn from Lake Michigan by a number of separate water-works, all of which are SCHILLER MONUMENT (^Lincoln Lark). operated upon the same plan. Owing to the perfectly level plain upon which Chicago is built, there is no natural elevation available for the establishment of reservoirs. The water, when drawn from the lake, is pumped directly into the mains against a stand-pipe head of about 100 feet. WATER TOWERS —For the benefit of those who do not under¬ stand the principles of water distribution in a great city, the following CHICAGO WATER WORKS. 83 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. * explanation is given: A tunnel from the crib in the lake is built on an incline so that the water pours into a well under the water-works. In getting there it has been allowed to fall several feet below the level of the lake. When the pumping is light, of course the water rises in the well to the level of its source—the lake—but in Chicago the demand is so strong that the pumps keep the water in the well several feet below that in the lake, raising the water from a distance maybe sixteen feet below lake surface. After the pumps have thus raised the water their work, is just begun. They must now force it out the mains and into the houses, just as an ordinary well pump, with the valve in the bottom of the well instead of up near the pump handle, brings the water to the pump spout. The use of the tower is now»shown. Take away a section of the masonry and there remains an upright pipe. A description of the West Side water¬ works tower will serve as an illustration. There the stand-pipe is five feet in diameter and about 167 feet high. It is made of plate boiler iron about five-eighths of an inch thick, and looks like an or¬ dinary engine boiler, except in length. When the water passes the valve in the pump it passes through the main pipe close by the base of this tower, or may pass under the tower. An opening allows the water to run out of the pipe into the tower stand-pipe. At the West Side works there are four of these main pipes, all opening into the stand-pipe. Now comes the essential part, which is very simple, when understood. The pumps are started, .say at a pressure of forty pounds to the square inch of surface. The water is forced out along the mains, and through the opening into the tower stand-pipe. That will raise the water about two and one-third feet in the stand-pipe for each pound of pressure, which is about ninety-three feet for the forty pounds. The weight of the water in the pipe represents that power, and stands there as an elastic spring or cushion, rising and falling, equalizing the pressure on the water faucets and pipes. If every one having faucets on the main should close them, the water pumped in the main would have an escape through this pipe, and the result can be imagined—the pipe wouldn’t hold it very long if the IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INIEREST. SI pumps were not stopped. But there is an indicator, like the hands on the face of a clock, which shows just how much water is being drawn, or how much of the power is used, and the engineer regulates his pumping accordingly. After the above explanation it may be simply stated that the stand-pipe in the water tower furnishes an equalizer, so that when an engine is running at a given rate of speed or pressure, the turning on or off of a few more or less faucets by SOL'S CLOCK ('South Park). consumers may not seriously and too suddenly affect the pressure and supply. POST-OFFICE. —The limits or jurisdiction of the postmaster oi the Chicago Post-office covers less than one-third of the area of the city proper, the outlying offices being entirely distinctive, and having postmasters of their own. The central or general office is located in the business portion of the city. It has eleven carrier stations and 6 82 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S LAIR. twenty sub-postal stations, distributed at various points within said jurisdiction. The force employed consists of about 769 regular car¬ riers, 200 substitute carriers, 842 regular clerks, sixty substitute cleiks, and about 90 persons in charge of sub-stations and stamp agencies, making a total of 1701 paid employes. Of this force, 105 carriers, 57 horses and 52 wagons are employed in the collection of the mail from the street letter-boxes. JACKSON PARK BRIDGE. UNION STOCK YARDS. —Located on South Halsted street, in the former town of Lake, now within the corporate limits, about five and one-half miles southwest of the City Hall. The Union Stock Yards were organized and opened in 1865. The Stock Yards Com¬ pany at the present time own 400 acres of land—320 acres in one block and eighty acres in outlying lots. The larger tract is devoted to the stock yards; some 200acres being devoted to yards, etc., while the balance is occupied by railroad tracks and car sidings. Before you, as you enter the main archway, is a town with twenty miles of streets, twenty miles of water-troughs, fifty miles of feeding-troughs STOCK YARDS. 84 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE IVOR ED'S FAIR. and about seventy-five miles of water and drainage pipes. Besides the regular water-works supply there are a number of artesian wells, having an average depth of 1230 feet. The plant of the Union Stock Yards Company proper costs about $4,000,000. Present capital about $23,000,000. The plants of the various packing companies cost, it is estimated, in the neighborhood of $10,000,000. During the year 1891, 3,250,359 cattle, 205,383 calves, 8,600,805 hogs, 2,153,537 sheep, and 94,396 horses were received at the yards, the total value of which was $ 39 , 434 , 777 - There were slaughtered 2,184,095 head of cattle, 157,052 calves, 5,638,291 of hogs, and 1,465,332 sheep. The shipments of live stock from the yards were 1,066,264 cattle, 48,331 calves, 2,962,514 h°g s ) 688,205 sheep, 87,273 horses. The Stock Yards to-day are one of the wonders of the world. Twenty great trunk railroads, fed by hundreds of branches which stretch like a mighty octopus over the laud, deliver and carry away the raw and manufactured articles which arrive at and depart from this spot. During the early morning the Western roads are busy unloading their freight of cattle, hogs axrd sheep, while in the afternoon the Eastern roads are equally busy taking delivery and loading up the stock that is going to Boston, New York and countless other points. At the packing-houses the work goes on all day-one train following another carrying away the finished product of the butcher and packer. The Stock Yards Company own all the railroad tracks (over 150 miles in all), and do all the switching or shunting connected with the business of the Yards. Every railroad company has a direct communication with the Yards, either through its own tracks or by the Belt line ; at any rate, they can all get there without trouble, and no delays take place. The yards can accommodate, at their fullest capacity, over 30,000 cattle, 200,000 hogs, 30,000 sheep and 4,000 horses, and while at times they are taxed to their fullest limit, yet as a rule the stock is well and carefully looked after. As the trains come rolling in, the Company take charge of the stock ; and its location, name of firm to whom consigned, description, etc., are detailed in the office of the Company. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 85 Some idea of the magnitude of operations at the stock-yards may be formed from the following figures with reference to the great house of Armour & Co. The firm did a business amounting to $66,000,000 during the year ending April i, 1891. The hogs killed by the house numbered 1,714,000; cattle, 712,000; sheep, 413,000. Armour & Co.’s employes numbered during this period 7,900, and the aggregate wages paid was $3,800,000. The firm had 2,250 refrigerator cars. The total area covered by the buildings of the firm was fifty acres ; total floor area of buildings, 140 acres ; chill room and SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. cold storage area, forty acres; storage capacity of buildings, 130,000 tons. The Armour Glue Works made 7,000,000 pounds of glue within the same period, 9,500 tons of fertilizers, grease, etc. The ground covered by the buildings of this department cover fifteen acres, and the number of employes is 600. GRAIN ELEVATORS. —The visitor to Chicago will be sur¬ prised and interested by a visit to some of the great grain elevators of the city. The greatest elevators in the world are to be found here, and they are more numerous than in any other city on earth. A few figures in relation to one of them will serve as a description for all. 86 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. A grain elevator of the first class costs about $500,000; 12,000,000 feet of lumber is consumed in its construction; the outside brick wall is sixteen inches thick; a fire wall, two feet thick, usually divides the building in the middle; the height is. about 155 feet; length, 155 feet; as a protection against fire iron ladders run' this 'entire height and on all floors there are electric push buttons communicating with annunciators in engine room, and in the latter department there is also a fire pump with a capacity equaling that of four steam fire engines. Two hundred bar- SCENE IN GARFIELD PARK. rels of water, each accompanied by a couple of iron pails, are scat¬ tered about over different floors, and twenty-two chemical fire extin¬ guishers are placed at convenient stations throughout the structure; forty-five fire plugs, to each of which is attached 1,000 feet of two and one-half-inch rubber hose, together with fourteen fire alarm boxes, about complete the precautionary measures for combating the devouring element; the superintendent and chief engineer are loca¬ ted at opposite extremities of the bulky framework, the one in a separate brick office building, with an electric instrument within ARMOUR ELEVATOR. 8 , PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. reach, by which he is enabled to converse with the heads of depart¬ ments, and the other in a large two-story, fire-proof brick building, where he takes pleasure in showing visitors a little bottle of river water after it had been transmogrified in passing through the granite filter. Once every week a fire drill is ordered, the time of turning in an alarm for which is known only to the watchman in charge. When the alarm is sounded every man takes his place, but no water is thrown. These drills demonstrate that the structure may be del¬ uged with water in exactly seven seconds. It requires 100 employes to run a grain elevator; to move the ponderous machinery a 1,000 horse-power compound Corliss engine is required, making fifty-six revolutions per minute without varying one revolution in a day’s run. This is one of the most elaborately finished pieces of mechan¬ ism in existence, and was constructed at a cost of $50,000. The diameter of the drive-wheel is twenty feet, and that of the shaft eighteen inches. Crank pins fourteen inches in diameter and four¬ teen-inch steel pins are provided, the momentum of which adds impetus to the work of the engine. The main belt is of rubber, 200 INDIAN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park). IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 89 feet in length and five feet in width. It is the largest bit of rubber ever manufactured from any material by any firm for any purpose, requiring special machinery in its construction. The chimney of the elevator has a 14-foot base and an altitude of 154 feet. WASHINGTON PARK CLUB.— Situated at South Park avenue and Sixty-first street. Take Cottage Grove avenue cable line. Or¬ ganized 1883. Occupies an unpretentious though commodious club WASHINGTON PARK FOUNTAIN. house, within easy access of the Washington club racing park, south of Washington park. It is a combination of the higher class of sporting, country and city clnbs, members of nearly all the other leading clubs being connected with it. The club house is more in the nature of a rendezvous than a resort, and is handsomely fitted up for the comfort of the members and the ladies of members’ families. The racing meetings of the Club are of national celebrity. 90 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO A HD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. ARMOUR MISSION.— Located at Butterfield and Tlnrty-tliird streets. Take State street cable line. Directors—Philip D. Armour, J. O. Armour, William J. Campbell, John C. Black, P. D. Armour, Jr., Edwin Barritt Smith; Rev. Howard H. Russell, pastor; estab¬ lished in November, 1886. This magnificent charity owes its origin to a provision in the will of the late Joseph E. Armour, bequeathing $100,000 for the founding of such an institution. He directed that the carrying out of his benevolent design should, be chiefly intrusted to his brother, Mr. Philip D. Armour, who, accepting the trust so imposed, has given to it the same energetic and critical attention that he has given to his private affairs. He has greatly enlarged upon the original design and in consequence has added enough from his own resources to his brother’s bequest of $100,000 to make the present in¬ vestment about $1,000,000. Armour Mission is incorporated under the laws of Illinois. In addition to the Mission building proper, the Armour Mission corporation owns the Armour Mission Plats, consist¬ ing of 194 separate flats. » The entire revenue derived from the rental of these flats is used for the maintenance of the Mission and its de¬ partments. The corporation also owns adjoining ground upon which Mr. Armour has recently erected a manual training school, not yet ready for occupancy. The Mission is a broad and wholly non-secta¬ rian institution. It is free and open to all, to the full extent of its capacity, without any condition as to race, creed or otherwise. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.— The newest thing in the city is the new University of Chicago. The old institution of that name, after a struggle for existence for nearly thirty years, succumbed to financial difficulties in 1886, and suspended its educational work. So profound, however, was the conviction that Chicago was the ideal lo¬ cation for a great institution of learning, that efforts began to be made almost immediately looking to the establishment of a new uni¬ versity. It was soon found that John D. Rockefeller was interested in the project. In 1888 the Baptists of the United States organized the American Baptist Educational Society, and elected Fred. T. Gates its corresponding secretary. Mr. Gates soon became persuaded that SCENE ON THE RIVER. 92 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the first great work for the new society to undertake was the estab¬ lishment of a new university in Chicago. He and Mr. Rockefeller entered into correspondence, and to their conferences with each other Chicago owes its university. In May, 1889, the Education Society resolved to undertake the raising of $1,000,000 to found a well- equipped college in this city. Mr. Rockefeller at once made a sub¬ scription of $600,000, conditioned on the subscription being increased to a full $1,000,000 within one year. T. W. Goodspeed was associ¬ ated with Mr. Gates in the effort to raise the $400,000 required by this condition. Not only was this done within the time specified, but $150,000 more than was required was secured. Marshall Field gave a site of a block and a half valued at $125,- 000, but now worth much more than that sum. To this gift from Mr. Field there has since been added two and a half blocks, making OAKWOOD DRIVE. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 93 the present site four blocks. The intersecting streets have been va¬ cated by the city council so that the site consists of a solid block 802 by 1,261 feet, or nearly twenty-four acres. CHICAGO LIGHT. —Chicago light is located on the inner pier, north side of Chicago river; was established in 1859; is a third order fixed white light, in a black skeleton iron tower ; visible sixteen miles. This is the principal one of seven lights maintained by the government as aids to navigation near the mouth of the Chicago DREXEL MONUMENT (Drexel Boulevard). river. The harbor here is the most important on the lakes, with a greater average number of daily arrivals and departures during the season of navigation than any other in the United States. This city is in the ninth light-house district, with Commander Charles E. Clark, United States Navy, as inspector, and Major William Ludlow, of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, as engineer. The eleventh district formerly embraced the three great lakes—-Michigan, Huron, and up to the national line of Superior. The ninth is a divi¬ sion of the eleventh district. It includes all aids to navigation on 94 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Lake Michigan, Green Bay and tributary waters lying west of a line drawn across the Straits of Mackinac at the narrowest part east of McGnlpin’s Point light station. Since the boundary of the district was established a fog signal has been placed at Old Mackinac Point, in the Straits, which is also included in the ninth district. CRIB A NT) BREAKWATER LIGHTS. There are two lights on the old breakwater, both established in 1876 ; one of these, the south light, is a fifth order light, and the north is a lens lantern. At the new breakwater there are three lights, tubular lanterns, tended by two laborers. The light on the old north pier is a sixth order light, and has a fog bell struck by machinery. Calumet light, at South Chicago, is on the outer end of the pier north of Calumet river, eleven miles southeast of Chicago breakwater. It is a fourth order light, red, thirty-three feet above lake level, and is visible about twelve miles. It was established in 1873. Formerly it was in a tower rising above a structure on shore, but was in 1876 removed to its present quarters, which is fully a mile out on the pier. A beacon light is established at the old Crib. This light-house is provided and maintained by the city of Chicago. GROSSE POINT LIGHT —The best light and light-house near Chicago is that at Grosse Point, just north of Evanston. It was es¬ tablished in 1873, and as it now stands complete has probably cost the Government more than $100,000, in addition to the expense of maintenance. Grosse Point light is a second order, fixed white coast light, varied by a red flash every three minutes, the regularity of the flashes being controlled by clock-work. The “lantern” is a pris¬ matic lens, equaling in power 163 candles, and this feature of the outfit alone cost $15,000. The tower, from the water’s level to the centre of the lens, is 120 feet, being built of brick and having ninety- nine piles placed beneath the stone foundation. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. —The Public Library occupies the entire fourth floor of the City Hall (excepting council chamber). Was founded in 1872. The library contained on January 1st, 1892, 171,709 volumes, and the collection is increasing by purchase and metropole hotel. 96 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. donation at the rate of somewhat over 10,000 volumes annually. Its literary treasures, many of which can not be duplicated at any cost, are at the lowest estimate valued at $275,000. With an annual cir¬ culation and consultation of over 1,500,000 volumes, it leads the cir¬ culation of the free public libraries of the country. At the Paris Ex¬ position of 1889 it received the distinguished honor of an award of a gold medal, on an exhibit consisting of the annual report, finding lists and a volume showing in detail the administration of the library in every department. A reading-room is maintained, which last year was patronized by 500,000 visitors, 450,000 periodicals being given out across the counter. There are also reference departments, including general, patent and medical, which are consulted by thou¬ sands of people in search of special knowledge, annually. HOTELS. —There are at present between fourteen and fifteen hun¬ dred hotels in the city of Chicago, including small and large, and houses of all grades, but excluding lodging houses, boarding houses and distinctively family hotels, where no transients are received. The united capacity of these hotels is estimated at 175,000. It is believed that they could, if pressed, accommodate 100,000 additional guests. But this will not be necessary. Numerous immense hotels are either projected or being constructed at the present time. The spring of 1893 will find Chicago ready with ample hotel accommodations for 500,- 000 guests. Neither the boarding houses, nor houses where furnished rooms may be rented, nor lodging houses, are considered here. Outside of the hotels there are eating houses or restaurants and cafes, with an estimated feeding capacity at the present time of 25,000 per¬ sons daily. CHICAGO ATHEMUM. —In the summer of 1 890 this honored institution, which has justly been called “The People’s College,” entered upon the most promising period of its history, at the opening of its twentieth year. At that time the Board of Directors, composed of some of the best known and most influential citizens, with Ferd. W. Peck, Esq., as president, secured a valuable property 91 X97 feet at 18 to 26 Van Buren street, one of the choicest locations in the city, IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 97 which has been enlarged to a seven-story building and fitted up in the most attractive style, with all desirable conveniences. The property was purchased for $200,000, besides which $90,000 have been ex¬ pended in the improvements. Situated in the very heart of the city,, close to the Art Institute, and in the same grand square on which the Auditorium stands, it is destined to become a recognized educational center, and one of Chicago’s most beneficent institutions. The Athe- JACKSON PARK PAVILION. nseuin entered its new home in March, 1891. From the date of its organization in October, 1871, its animating spirit has been philan¬ thropic. Though a private corporation, it has always maintained the Athenaeum solely for the public good, having been chartered as an institution not for pecuniary profit. The benefits that it has bestowed upon this city cannot be over-estimated. Open daily throughout the year, and five evenings a week for nine months of the year, with an 7 93 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S FAIR. able corps of twenty-nine teachers and a large list of studies all elec¬ tive—young men and women may enter at any time, without exam¬ ination, and receive the desired instruction at moderate cost. COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL. —Situated between Wood, Harri¬ son, Lincoln and Polk streets, West Side. Take Ogden Avenue, Taylor street, or Van Buren street car. One of the largest public hospitals in the world. It is conducted under the management of a world’s fair globe. Warden, appointed by the County Commissioners. The visitors will be much interested by a walk through the spacious wards and corri¬ dors of this immense institution. The Cook County Hospital was established in 1865, though it did not begin its work until January, 1866. Previous to that time the city had been accustomed to board its sick at Mercy Hospital. But in January, 1866, it fitted up two wards in the old City Hospital, at the corner of Eighteenth and THE SEA WALL. 100 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Arnold streets, and moved to them twelve patients from Meicy Hos¬ pital. These wards were soon filled and additions to the building were erected. But very soon these also were overcrowded, and in 1876 the institution was removed to its present location, at the corner of West Harrison and Wood streets. The new buildings, which were not all erected at the same time, consist now of a long administration build¬ ing of imposing appearance, and a pavilion of four wards, mid a wing of three wards on each side of it, with generous spaces between all these buildings, conducing greatly not only to their appearance, but to the light, ventilation and comfort of the wards. They are situated on a lot containing twelve acres of ground. During the six months ending January 1, 1889, there were received and treated 3> 2 55 cases, and during the six months ending July 1, 1889, 3,903 cases, showing an increase of 648. As there were 435 patients present on January 1, 1889, and 488 on July 1, 1889, the number in the hospital during the two periods respectively was 3,690 and 4,391. So that, as large as the institution is, it is only a matter of time when its vast accommodations will have to be increased to keep pace with the growing wants of the city. FIRST REGIMENT I. X. G.— Organized in August, 1874. At the first meeting held in behalf of the undertaking forty-eight men enrolled themselves. In January, 1875, having grown into seven companies, the regiment took quarters on Lake street, adopted its uniform—the same it wears to-day—and received its equipment of arms from Springfield. In February of that year the regiment was assembled and bivouacked in the armory during the Relief and Aid Society riotous demonstration. On May 13th it made its first public appearance with 520 men in line. Since that day its popularity has never waned. In 1877, during the railroad riots, the regiment twice dispersed mobs at the point of the bayonet without firing a shot. In 1878 the First removed to its armory on Jackson street. During the riots of November, 1886, at the Union Stock Yards and other points in the city, the regiment was called into service to quell dis¬ order. Since then its history has been one of peace and continued IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 101 prosperity. The enrollment at present is 650 men. 'Upon the rolls of the regiment is no small number of names which have won renown on bloody fields. PRAIRIE AVENUE. —Prairie avenue is the avenue of avenues in Chicago. There are people, and very nice people, and very wealthy people, and I might add very exclusive people, living on other avenues, but on no avenue in the city are there to be found " SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. the homes of as many people whose names are so closely allied to the enterprise, the progress and the culture of Chicago. The Sweenie residence is on our left as we move south, and we pass the homes of Josiah H. Boyer, Joseph L. McBirney, Walter H. Wilson and John H. Hamline, on the same side of the avenue. On the other side are the handsome residences of John G. Shortall, Henry L. Frank of P. E. Studebaker, the wagon and carriage manufacturer. Next OF THE MESSIAH. 102 CHURCH IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 103 door to him lives William R. Sterling. A little further down is Mr. Granger Farwell’s place, and opposite is the home of the great coal merchant, Robert A. Law. South of Mr. Farwell’s are the homes of Hugh J. McBirney and Isaac M. Linville, and the residence of George M. Pullman is a noble mansion, but far from being the home which you supposed Pullman lived in. Mr. Marshall Field’s is an elegant, but unostentatious mansion. Like the homes of the SOL’S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). neighboring millionaires, there is nothing about P. D. Armour s residence suggestive of the great wealth of its owner. It is a hand some dwelling as to exterior; as to interior, it is fitted up with a regard to comfort principally, but at the same time an air of genteel refinement and elegant luxury pervades every part of it. From this point south we pass, on either side of the avenue, the homes of many of the leading people of Chicago. As a rule the dwellings are mod 104 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORTHS PAIR. est. The new fads in architecture, or what Joe Gargery might have called architectitooralooralism, have not found their way into favoi along here to any great extent as yet. The street is as quiet as a country lane. Even the banana man’s voice is hushed. No noise breaks the dignified stillness of Prairie avenue, save the occasional whirr of an Illinois Central suburban train as it flies by the back yards of the buildings on the east side. Although close to the busi¬ ness center, the numerous annoyances of city life are practically left behind by the busy men who make their homes here when they enter its secluded and sedate precincts. FAKWELL HALL. —A celebrated assembly room, and the Young Men’s Christian Association. Farwell Hall in its time has held many notable gatherings. It was here that P. P. Bliss, the composer of sacred music and sweet singer, delighted vast audiences day after day for months during the great Moody & Sankey revival period. Yes, lie’s dead. Went down with his wife and a score of others in the horrible Ashtabula railway accident. Here Moody and Sankey have held forth frequently, and here also, Francis Murphy has preached gospel temperance to multitudes. Others equally well- known have been heard from the platform, among them no less a personage than George Francis Train. It was in Farwell Hall that the bolt occurred among Republicans which resulted in the defeat of Grant and the nomination of Garfield in 1880. The Young Men’s Christian Association uses this hall frequently for large gatherings, noonday prayer meetings, etc. Passing over La Salle street we come upon the fronts of two blocks of buildings which will probably be transformed during the next three years. This part of Madison street is not up with the times. Restaurants, billiard halls, saloons, second-hand book stores, news-stands, etc., monopolize it. McCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY.— Cyrus H. McCormick, president; Eldridge M. Fowler, vice-president; E. K. Butler, general manager. Offices, corner Wabash avenue and Congress street; works four miles southwest, on the south branch of JACKSON PARK BEACH. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Iu6 the Chicago river, at the corner of Blue Island avenue, accessible from the business center of the city, via Blue Island avenue street-car line. This immense establishment is of such magnitude in itself, and of such world-wide scope in its influences, as to make it the paragon of the nineteenth century business enterprise. SOUTH PARK FRAG. NEWSPAPERS. —There are published in Chicago 24 dailies, 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies, and 14 quarterlies, making a total of 531 daily and periodical newspapers. The fact was disclosed in the last report of the postmaster general that the quan¬ tity of newspapers mailed by the publishers at the Chicago post-office equalled the amount mailed at Boston, Cincinnati, New Orleans, IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 107 Buffalo and Baltimore combined, or at St. Bonis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore combined, and also at Phila¬ delphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati combined, or in the entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Bolt is combined, amount¬ ing to 20,000,000 pounds of serial matter. The newspapers of Chicago have contributed wonderfully to the growth, to the prosper- GATES AJAR (Washington Park). ity and to the fame of the city. To her great dailies is Chicago par¬ ticularly indebted for the intelligent and wide-spread publicity they have given her at home and abroad. TRIBUNE. —Bocation of publication office, southeast corner o Madison and Dearborn Sts. The Chicago Tribune Company, pro¬ prietors. Joseph Medill, editor-in-chief. The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper, with every equipment necessary to the success u IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 109 conduct of a great journal. It has the advantages of age and experi¬ ence, and the means to present to the public the fullest and most reliable information of events transpiring in the world. Its building, erected after the great fire of 1871, on the site of the former structure, was planned and completed for the home of a great newspaper. There is no facility lacking. Its presses, manufactured to order, com¬ bine the very latest improvements, and have the speed necessary to supply any demand that may arise. In every department where mechanics are important, the Tribune is unsurpassed. In its arrange¬ ments for the collection of news the Chicago Tribune acknowledges no superior in its profession. Its correspondents, many of whom have a national reputation for their intimate knowledge of, and prominence in, political and social affairs, are under instruction to deliver to the Tribune , up to the latest hour in every morning of the year, impar¬ tial and full reports of every event, regardless of expense. Its finan¬ cial reports are relied upon by bankers, capitalists and operators; its record of occurrences at home makes it a family daily; its political and literary features are among the ablest and most discriminating in the country. COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATION— Principal object the improve¬ ment of the home through the enlightenment of housekeeping as to scientific sanitation, relative value of various foods, and the most hygienic and economical method yet discovered of preparing them. There has been some concern lest women should, as their horizon widened, rush as a mighty, one-minded multitude out from their homes and leave the liearthside deserted. The widespread and enthu¬ siastic interest which has been awakened by the proposition of the founders of this association to afford housekeepers reliable scientific information which will enable them to conduct their households more successfully shows that women first of all are anxious to improve their homes and that with all their gettings they greatly desire to get the understanding which will enable them to do so. The association numbers about one hundred members and is really the outgrowth of the committee on household economics o HO PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the world’s'congress auxiliary, of which Mrs. John Wilkinson is chairman and Mrs. Thomas F. Gane vice-chairman. The members of the committee on household economics are elected by the general committee of the world’s congress auxiliary and its meetings aie open only to its members. The meetings of the Columbian Housekeepers’ Association are open to any one interested in their work. GERMAN SOCIETY OF CHICAGO. —The German Society of Chicago (Deutsche Gesellschaft von Chicago, Ill.) was established in the month of May, 1854, under the name of Society for the Protec¬ tion and aid of German Immigrants (Huelfs-Verein fuer Deutsche Einwanderer), and owed its origin to the fact that both the vast increase and the growing importance of German immigration to this country called for some means of protection to those immigrants who south park lake. Ill SCENE IN THE DOCK. 112 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. were ignorant of our language and the peculiar conditions of this country, and who, on that account, might easily be taken advantage of by the dishonest and unscrupulous in our community. OGONTZ ASSOCIATION. —Founded by the Chicago Alumnae of the Ogontz School in 1891, who conceived the idea, m the name of their alma mater, of a lunch room for self-supporting women. The following plan was adopted: each active member subscribed- 4 10 m annual dues, and each associate member subscribed $15, while many added their gifts of furniture, table furnishings and books. In addi¬ tion friends and well-wishers added greatly to their contributions by placing their names upon the guarantee fund. In February, 1891, all arrangements were finally completed. Two sunny rooms were selected on the thirteenth floor of the new Pontiac building, which ■ stands in the midst of the printing district, on the corner of Dear¬ born and Harrison Streets. One room was tastefully fitted for a reading and reception room, and provided with an excellent assort¬ ment of books, magazines and games; also tables, comfortable chairs and a piano. Over this room three or more members of the Ogontz Association preside daily ; one to attend to the books, which may be taken from the library if returned within two weeks, and one to act as cashier. Others play, sing, or assist in making the lunch hour pleasant, and become acquainted with the members of the Lunch Club. A monthly payment of ten cents entitles any wage-earning girl or woman to full membership, and enables her to obtain a wholesome lunch at small expense. Tea, coffee or milk is sold for two cents, home¬ made sandwiches or rolls or cake for five cents. During the summer ice cream and iced tea are served, and through the winter hot bouillon is furnished. The light and pleasant lunch-room, which opens from the read¬ ing room, is well supplied with neat tables and chairs, muslin cur¬ tains and a cupboard for china. At one end stands the lunch-counter, behind which gleam tea and coffee urns. Here each member re¬ ceives from the matron, assisted by one of the members of the Ogontz IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 113 Association, her order, accompanied by a check, and is at liberty to seat herself at any table. Many prefer to bring their own luncheon, and desire only a cup of tea or coffee. BAPTIST MISSIONARY TRAINING SCHOOL.— Located at 2411 Indiana Ave. The first school established in this country de¬ voted to the training of young women for missionary work is the one located in Chicago, conducted by the Women’s Baptist Home Mission Society. The society itself is exceptional in being the first organ¬ ization of the kind composed wholly of women, and was the result, of a pressing demand from all parts of the country for missionary work, which only women could do, among women and children. Thirteen years ago so urgently was this need set forth by Miss Joanna P. Moore, who had been a nurse during the war, and remained in New Orleans on her own responsibility to work among the colored people ; also by Mrs. C. R. Blackall, who had spent some time in the Indian Territory, and who declared that the need there was epito¬ mized by an Indian woman, who said to her, “We want to live like Christian women, but we don’t know how: ” and others, who saw in different parts of the country the necessity of work among the women and children of the foreigners, who were then, as now, pouring into this country at the rate of seven and eight hundred thousand per annum, that the ladies of the several Baptist churches in the city decided to organize a society for this work. The representatives of the different churches throughout the country, excepting those from Boston, were in favor of making Chicago the headquarters of the organization, not only because it had its inception here, but be¬ cause of the central location. The New England women, however, decided to organize a separate society. The society organized here now has between thirty and forty thousand regular members, and was last year in receipt, from all sources, of between $60,000 and $70,000. WATER TRANSPORTATION. —A large number of steamers ply between this city and points on all of the lakes, and on the St. Lawrence river during the summer season. These in many instances carry passengers. 8 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 115 Although Chicago is termed an inland city, because it is nearly a thousand miles from the ocean, it possesses vast marine interest through its location on Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great lakes stretching along our northern frontier. The magnitude of the lake traffic is shown by the statistics collected by the government. A limited means of water communication in a southern direction is enjoyed in the Illinois and Michigan canal, extending from Chicago FLORAL DESIGN IN SOUTH PARK. to the Illinois river, navigable for light craft thence to the Mississippi river. The freight transported over this route in 1889 aggregated 917,047 tons. An ambitious scheme in this direction, which has been undertaken by the city of Chicago, contemplates the construc¬ tion of a grand water-way not less than 160 feet wide and not less than eighteen feet deep from Lake Michigan to Lockport, Ill., for the improvement of low-water navigation of the Illinois and Mississippi 116 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. rivers as well as to afford sanitary relief to Chicago. It is expected that the United States government will co-operate in making the connecting rivers navigable for large vessels, so that the lake and the Mississippi river traffic may interchange. Another water-way, called the Hennepin canal, is projected across the upper part of the State of Illinois, also to connect with the Mississippi river. The Goodrich Line is the pioneer and leading line of the lake steamers, comprising the most elegant, most modern, as well as the safest steamships which ply Lake Michigan. Founded in 1856 by Capt. A. E. Goodrich, and ten years later incorporated under the laws of Wisconsin. Docks foot of Michigan Avenue. The steamers of the Goodrich Transportation Company ply between Chicago and all ports on Lake Michigan and Green Bay, forming regular lines during the navigation season. RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION. —The railroads, however, are the chief factor in conducting the trade and commerce of Chicago. No other city in the world is so well supplied with railroad lines. Twenty-six independent roads run out of the city, diverging to all parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico. These railroads, with their branches and immediate connections, have a total length of over half of the total mileage of the railroads of the country. A belt railroad encircling the city connects with all lines, enabling freight to be easily transferred from one to another without breaking bulk. The immense traffic of this character, however, has so far outgrown the facilities afforded by the belt road referred to that two other intercepting lines have sprung into existence, one of which en¬ circles the city at a distance of twenty-five to forty miles from it. This line is known as the “Joliet Cut-Off.” The third belt road, which is known as the Chicago and Calumet Terminal, traverses part of the intermediate territory, intersects a number of important rail¬ roads, and will ultimately connect with all lines. To still further facilitate the interchange of freight cars among the various railroad lines, a great union transfer yard is being constructed on the west side of the city. These railroads and their belt-line connections have *1 *■- IN THE STOCK YARDS. 118 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. established a multitude of junction points in the immediate vicinity of Chicago, possessing transportation facilities of the most complete character for industrial enterprises. Raw materials originating on the route of any railroad are thus easily delivered to a factory on any other line by a short transfer, practically taking every Chicago rail¬ road to the doors of every Chicago factory. Manufacturing products are likewise distributed without difficulty over the region traversed by every railroad line. These facilities have stimulated the growth of an unusually large number of manufacturing towns as suburbs of Chicago. Among such suburbs the town of Pullman has become famous by reason of its having been built with a special view to pro¬ viding workmen with comfortable homes, pleasant surroundings, and everything necessary for their convenience and social enjoyment. RAILROADS. —Chicago is practically the terminal point of all the great trunk lines of railway, North, South, East and West, in the United States, the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. Nearly all the railway systems of the continent have, either directly or by proprietary connections, sought and obtained an entrance to this city and a share in the immense traffic which centers here. Over ninety thousand miles of railway center in Chicago at the present time, and it is conceded to be the greatest railway depot in the universe; more passengers arrive and depart ; more mer¬ chandise is received and shipped here daily than in any other city on the globe. Illinois, of which Chicago is the metropolis, has the greatest railway mileage of any State in the Union—14,017 miles. ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. —This is the greatest submarine tunnel in the world. It extends from Port Huron, Michigan, under the St. Clair river to Sarnia, in the Canadian Province of Ontario, and con¬ nects the Grand Trunk Railway system of Canada with the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway and its connecting and associate lines. The tunnel proper is a continuous iron tube, nineteen feet and ten inches in diameter, and 6025 feet in length (or a trifle over one mile). The approaches, in addition to the tunnel proper, are 5,603 feet in length, making all told a little over two miles. This great inter- IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OP INTEREST. 119 national undertaking was completed at a cost of $2,700,000, and opened for freight traffic October 27th, and for passenger traffic De¬ cember 7, 1891. The tunnel is lighted by incandescent electric lamps, placed at suitable intervals. By reason of the method of con¬ struction employed, and the material (iron) used therein, the tunnel is absolutely water-tight. As illustrating the accuracy of engineering SCENE IN EINCOLN PARK. skill, and without entering into lengthy details, suffice it to say that the construction of the tunnel was begun and carried on from both the American and Canadian sides of the river simultaneously, and when the' edges of the tunnel shields met midway under the river bed, the total errors in lines were found to be too small for measure rnent. Trains of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway are haule through the tunnel by coke-burning engines especially constructed for the purpose. They are said to be the largest engines in the _ _ _ 120 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S PAIR. world. The entire weight of the engine and tender rests upon ten drive-wheels. The weight of one of these monster engines in actual service is found to be approximately one hundred tons. ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD.— The great and only rail artery connecting Lake Michigan with the Grilf of Mexico , one o± the principal and one oi the most ably managed lines in the United States. Miles of railroad operated during the year ending June 30, 1891, 2,875; cost of operation, $11,890,366.21 ; gross earnings, $1 ;,- 881,554.77; net earnings, without deducting rentals or taxes, $5,- 991,188.56. The history of this road is identical with that of the State of Illinois, to the prosperity of whose people it has contributed in a very large measure. The charter under which the corpora¬ tion was organized exempts the company’s property from taxa¬ tion in this State, but requires a payment to the State, in lieu thereof, of 7 per cent, of the gross receipts of the original railroad, 705.53 miles in length, or the lines from Chicago to Cairo (364.90 miles and from Centralia, Ill., to Dubuque, Iowa, 340.63 miles). The sum so paid during the years from 1855 to 1890 amounted to $12,365,618. In this period the stockholders of the company received, in cash dividends, $64,782,357' The vast amount of money which the Illinois Central Railroad Company has turned into the State treasury very materially assisted the latter in liquidating the indebtedness contracted during the War of the Rebel¬ lion, and in meeting the regular annual expenditures of the com¬ monwealth for educational, charitable and other purposes. The Governor of the State of Illinois is, ex officio , one of its di¬ rectors. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES.— Although forming the con¬ necting link between the Northern Pacific railroad system and Chicago, and although operated by the latter company as lessee, the Wisconsin Central lines, familiarly but incorrectly regarded by the public as the Wisconsin Central Railroad, must be referred to separ¬ ately. In April, 1890, a contract lease was made by and between the Wisconsin Central Company, the Wisconsin Central Railroad Com- -- 121 THE SHELDON RESIDENCE. 122 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. pany, and the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, whereby the lat¬ ter company obtained a lease of all the lines of railroad owned and controlled by the Wisconsin Central lines between the cities of Chicago and St. Paul and Ashland, including the lines of railroad, real estate and terminal facilities of the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad Company in the city of Chicago, thus giving to the North¬ ern Pacific Company a complete line from St. Paul to Chicago, with ample terminal facilities in the latter city. This combination of interests was deemed by the directors of the Northern Pacific of the utmost importance, as giving access to the city of Chicago by a line of its own ownership and possession, with unsurpassed terminal facil¬ ities. While the terms of the lease relieve the Wisconsin Central from operating details, it leaves the building of branches, feeders, and all extensions of, and permanent improvements upon, the Wis¬ consin Central lines, to be jointly agreed upon by the lessor and lessee, and to be actually constructed by the Wisconsin Central com¬ panies. The development of the land grant and management of the iron properties remain in the exclusive control of the Wisconsin Cen¬ tral Railroad Company. The Wisconsin Central, from its inception, has been peculiarly identified with Wisconsin, its growth and pro¬ gress. Almost nine-tenths of the mileage of the system is within the borders of that State, and its principal offices are located at Milwaukee. GRAND CENTRAL depot. —No visitor to Chicago can escape having pointed out to him among the greatest attractions of the city, the magnificent Grand Central Depot, located at the corner of Fifth avenue and Harrison street. It is one of the best specimens of the highest type of modern architecture to be found in the world. Where this grand pile rises to-day the Bridewell or City Prison stood years ago. The site was long given up to stone and coal yards; it was for years one of the most uninviting spots in the city. The erec¬ tion of the Grand Central Depot has made it one of the most attrac¬ tive, and gradually the old buildings, which still stand in the vicinity, are giving place to structures which comport with the dig- IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 123 nity and grandeur of tlie great railroad station. It is more familiarly known as the Wisconsin Central Depot than by any other name. THE UNION DEPOT. —The ground covered by this railway station extends from Madison street on the north to Van Buren street on the south, and covers about a block in width along the river front. This depot has been frequently referred to before, and it only remains to be said here that it is one of the handsomest in the coun- SOUTH PARK SCENERY. try, and that its train shed is the largest in existence. On the west side of Canal street, and particularly in the vicinity of Madison, is a block of buildings which has long been not only a disgrace to the west division of the city, but to all Chicago. It is covered in part by tumble-down frame buildings, and in part by lodging houses of the lowest description, and the vicinity is the resort of idlers, thieves and vagabonds generally. The lodging houses have frequently been the scene of crimes which have shocked the community, and they have been as well a menace to the general peace of the city in times of 124 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. riot and disorder. In these lodging houses, also, have been colo¬ nized at various times men who have been hired to do disreputable work at the polls. To our right is the old Washington Hotel, a landmark which will shortly disappear to make room for an elegant block of buildings. Beyond this, at the northwest corner of Canal street, is a handsome European hotel, and further on is the Gault House, one of the oldest and best known hotels in the city. From this point to Union street there is not much to be seen that reflects credit on the west side, or that will interest the visitor. PULLMAN. —Pullman to-day presents the most advanced and improved example of city construction which the world has seen, and it is carefully studied for its suggestive value by men of science, capitalists, economists, and students of social science throughout the world. Pullman is unquestionably one of the greatest attractions Chicago has to offer her visitors. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Calumet, fourteen miles south of the Court-house. The extreme length of the town is about two miles in a north and south direction, and it is half a mile in average width. The surface of the streets around the arcade is about nine feet above the lake level, permitting good basements for building. The land rises to the north and west, and the surface at the foundry is fifteen feet above the lake level. All improvements in the way of draining, paving, sewerage, gas and water preceded the population, or were put in when the houses were built. Pullman has a population of 11,783, and 6,000 operatives are employed in ail the industries here, and their average earnings are $2 a day, or over $600 a year each. These earnings averaged $610.73 each in the Pullman industries for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1891. In no other place are all workmen so well provided for as here. This beautiful town is the “pet” of Mr. Pullman; it is his “hobby,” if the complete realization of an ideal can be so termed. As long as it was merely an idea it received scanty approval, but now that it is a fact there are none to be found who ever had the slightest doubt of the ultimate success of the undertaking. 126 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The idea was. not a new one to Mr. Pullman, but it was not until 1880 that it began to take physical shape, architectural, mechanical, commercial, industrial and sociological detail. The perfect success of the plan is no doubt largely due to the fact, first, that Mr. Pullman was working out his own plan, and second, it was his pihilegeto work out that plan with no one to meddle and object. No doubt if some of our larger cities had been planned on a similar basis it would be better for those cities; this may not be a democratic idea, but study the history of this model village and draw your own conclu¬ sions. Mr. Pullman is a man of strong character and broad views. He welcomes knowledge from every source, but in his own affairs he proposes to be his own master. 1 ‘ So, having ample power, though little sympathy or encouragement, he managed every detail, and ever since success has crowned the work there is no man who disputes with him the credit of devising it, or arranging its details down to the smallest particulars.” The tract of land now “Pullman,” at the beginning of 1880, was a lonely waste of low, nearly level, grassy prairie on the west shore of hake Calumet, fourteen miles south of the center of Chicago. The principal advantage it has was that it was crossed lengthwise by the Illinois Central and Michigan Central Railways. It has taken just ten years to change this unpromising plain into the most exquisite, best regulated manufacturing town in the world. It has nearly eight miles of paved drained streets, including a grand boulevard 100 feet wide, abutting on the lake ; twenty-five blocks of brick dwellings along these streets, capable of housing 1,750 families ; an arcade building 256x164 feet in size, containing all the stores of the place, the bank and post-office. The second story is used for offices, the library and theater; and the third floor holds lodge-rooms for societies; it is heated throughout by steam ; a handsome and well- kept hotel, that can accommodate 100 guests; school-houses, where 1,000 pupils a day can be taught; a water-tower 195. feet high, on top of which is a large boiler iron tank which holds half a million gal¬ lons ; this is always kept filled for use in case of fire, and only for fire IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 12- use. A market I ioxioo feet in size, with stalls for meat, vegetables, fish, poultry, etc.; and in its upper story a public hall with a capacity of 600; gas works connecting with every house in town ; green-houses for furnishing the town, its parks and gardens with flowers and shrubs. Brick-yards with a capacity for turning out 30,000,000 bricks a year; the clay for them is dredged from the bottom of the lake; the bricks are all 'machine-made. Ice-houses, holding 24,000 LINCOLN PARK LAKE. tons of ice; lumber yards covering eighty acres; about fifty different kinds of lumber are used here, and nearly half a million dollars’ worth is always kept on hand; this lumber is obtained from South America, Central America, Mexico and from half the States of the Union. Finally, the soul of the whole and the reason of its existence, the great Pullman Car Works, the Union Foundry, the Drop Forge and Foundry, the Street Car Works, the Terra-Cotta Works, the Standard 12 i PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Knitting-mills, the Columbia Screw Factory, the Allen 1 aper Car- wheel Works, the Calumet Paint Manufacturing Works, the Pullman Iron and Steel Works, and other enterprises. It is perhaps too much to say that any one mind could grasp in advance each of these details; but the idea contained the plan and potentiality of them all, and laid the broad and deep foundations on which they could rise, have risen and are constantly growing. Then, too, Mr. Pullman’s designing mind has seized each position and made it a stepping-stone for each further advance. It has been his daily thought and nightly dream, and nothing has seemed to him too good and great for his model town. The car shops furnish cars of every description, and have a capacity of turning out each week 3 sleepers, 12 passenger cars, 240 freight cars and several street cars, the number depending upon the value of the cars (making about 4 cars an hour during working hours). The other industries furnish, with the exception of glass, blankets, car springs and plushes used in upholstery, everything used in the construction of the best cars; all marble work, glass embossing, mirror-making and electro-plating are done here. The total value of the finished product from all the manufactories at Pull¬ man is about $15,000,000 a year. This comes by the labor of about 5250 operators, whose average earnings are $2 a day. Of these only a few are children (perhaps 200 in all), and still fewer women, of whom only 150 are employed. Some of the latter hold clerkships; some work in the upholstering rooms, and some in the knitting-mill. In selecting the architectural style to be followed at Pullman, it was deemed necessary to choose one that could be adapted to the great variety of buildings devoted to different uses. In general terms the style employed might be designated the round arched or Romanesque, without the Byzantine details of the great shops and principal buildings. It may be said that the buildings suggest a simplified modification of the Queen Ann style of architecture. Turning now to the less obvious features, one finds still more to admire. The sewerage and surface drainage preceded the popula- STOCK YARDS. 130 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S I AIR. tion, being established at the same time when the dwellings were building. The surface drainage carries the rainfall into Lake Calu¬ met. The sewerage proper is a separate system, connecting with every sink and cesspool, and taking the entire sewage from the houses and shops. Kach house is supplied with sanitary plumbing. The sewage is conducted below the surface to a huge tank beneath the water tower, whence it is pumped and piped (r,800,000 gallons world’s fair globe. a day) to the Pullman farm, three miles away to the southwest, to be used as a fertilizer. The sewage tank is thoroughly ventilated through pipes debouching above the top of the water tower, and has, besides, a connection with the tall chimney of the boiler house, which outlets combined produce a down draught in all the sewer openings. The town has no evil odors. The water supply does not come from the water tower, as many IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 131 suppose, but from the Chicago water system. The town has fifteen miles of water mains. The Pullman farm consists of 140 acres, thoroughly piped and underdrained for the reception, purification and utilization of the Pullman village sewage. Hydrants are so placed that the distri¬ bution can be conveniently done. All organic matter in the sew¬ age is taken up by the soil and the growing vegetation, and the SOL’S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). water (which is, of course, by far the greater mass) runs off through underdrains to the ditches, and they deliver it pure and clear as spring water, into the Calumet river. In winter the sewage runs upon one field or one filter-bed, and then on another, the filtering process appearing as perfect as in summer. Thus are the waste products largely transmuted by vital chemistry into luxurious vege¬ table forms. The most profitable crops have been found to be 132 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. onions, cabbage, potatoes and celery. One acre takes care ot the sewage of one hundred of the population. This solution answers one of the problems so often propounded in relation to the sewage of Chicago, namely : ‘ ‘ Why not utilize it for fertilization ? ” At one acre to the hundred of population, it would require twelve thousand acres to dispose of the sewage of Chicago, twenty square miles from which settlers would have to be excluded. At some future time, when lands naturally fertile and spontaneously productive shall have grown more scarce and distant, this may be effective ; but now it is a manifest impossibility. Even in old Europe, where there are at least 150 sewage farms, there is scarcely one which pays expenses of handling, instead of the large profit which might be expected from a free gift of unlimited manure. The difficulty seems to be in the impossibility of rotting or properly composting the crude elements of the sewage. The Pullman farm pays a reasonable profit. One of the most admirable features of the town true it is a negative one is that there are no saloons, no gambling houses and no almshouse, and as a natural sequence I suppose, though I do not know posi¬ tively, no jail. They have a cemetery ; but it is not a paying invest¬ ment. The growth of the “ City of the Dead” is very, very slow. Now, some people who have no doctor friends, who are not inter¬ ested in some cemetery company, or in a coffin or tombstone estab¬ lishment will think this a great advantage; but to most of us com¬ mon mortals (we are a race of vampires) it is a great defect. The absence of drinking shops is due to the fact that the Com¬ pany has not parted with its realty ; in fact, this policy was adopted to prevent just such evils. Whenever and wherever public senti¬ ment is up to it, they can exclude any evil by popular consent ; but in this case the promoters preferred to take no chances, and “prohibition prohibits” in Pullman, however it may struggle, prevail, triumph and fail elsewhere. Do not misunderstand me ; no one is prevented from drinking, only they must go elsewhere for it. Just outside of the town limits there are drinking places by beach front 134 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. FLORAE DESIGN (Lincoln Park). At Pullman personal liberty of thought is associated with that of action. Religion is not assailed and dwarfed by patronage— certainly not by opposition. There are eight places of worship in town, representing as many shades of sectarian belief. Each is entirely sustained by the voluntary contributions of its members. The company built, at the outset, a beautiful green-stone church, but it is rented to a congregation like any other edifice or tenement. Good order in the community is always maintained, without in- the scores, with plenty of customers; so drunkenness is not un¬ known ; but it is marked, exceptional and disgraceful. The oper¬ ators know which of them are drinkers and which are not, and form their likes and dislikes accordingly; but the management leaves it all to them, taking no cognizance of the matter. Free¬ dom is held to be the only condition for a healthy, stable giowth of morals, intelligence and wealth. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 135 terfering with the freedom of the individual, so long as his freedom does not trespass on the liberty of another. There has never been an y attempt (by the founders) to set up any religious denomination in the town. There was a church building constructed at the outset, but it was rented to a society which represented the majority in the town. SCENE IN SOUTH PARK. Within a stone’s throw of the green-stone Presbyterian Church is a new building put up by the Catholics. In addition to this the Swedish Lutheran and other denominations have rooms where ser¬ vices are held. There is no artificial stimulus anywhere. ere are no lectures given to the workmen. Neither politics nor religion has any part in the administration ; that is left to the m i\ 1 ua day is a day of relaxation ; many go to church ; many go to ie a -e shore and take part in the out-door games. The town gave a sun IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 137 Democratic majority at the last election. The men know that they are perfectly free from criticism on the part of the management, whatever result is declared at the polls. The Pullman Loan and Savings Bank is the local financial de¬ pository of the Company, and also the custodian of the voluntary hoards of the citizens. Its savings deposits in 1891 amount to $467,981.45, in the names of 1,828 depositors. The average sum held by each savings depositor in 1884 was $145.43. In 1890 it had grown to $243.97, an< ^ ’ n 1891 is $256. By purchases in the immediate vicinity, 885 of the operatives are freeholders in their own right. In all 2,297 live outside the town. All employed are free to live where they please, but Pullman town is always full. No reserve or “hospital money” or “insurance fund” is exacted by the Company, nor are any store accounts collected on the wages pay-roll. (The Company is not interested in the shops except as landlord of the shop-keepers.) The only deductions from the earned wages are rents due by those who occupy Company houses or flats. The position of the city already built is about half a mile in width, and is two miles from the north to the south end of the town. The successive blocks are unlike, giving pleasing changes to the views along any street. There are now about seven miles of paved streets and twelve miles of sidewalks. At intervals of thirty feet shade trees are planted along both sides of the streets, and 011 the main streets flowers are grown around the trees. Open places planted with shrubbery and flowers really constitute a long park, in the midst of which the homes of the people stand. The monumental buildings and vast shops in the long stretches of meadow, walks and shrubbery emphasize the park features of Pullman. There is one style of flats having from two to four rooms each, which rent for from six to nine dollars a month. Of these there are now six buildings, each containing twelve families, one building con¬ taining twenty-four families, two containing thirty-six families, and one containing forty-eight families. There is not a room in these build ings which has not one or more windows, giving residents abundance of LINCOLN PARK FLOWERS. and the advantages in them are usually set forth as follows: The tenant secures a home for a lower rent, and is brought nearer his place of work and business. In case of sickness and trouble he has help close at hand; the common hallway is lighted and the whole building cared for by a janitor, services which cannot be rendered in single houses. By accommodating many families upon a small tract of land, men are able to reduce their living expenses to a minimum, while all have the advantage of living upon improved streets and in 133 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. fresh air and light. These flats and their surroundings are kept in order by the Company. Blocks 14 by 27 and 30 contain 300 flats, each apartment containing from two to five good rooms and its pro¬ per proportion of basement. Still another style of flats is seen where every family has a separate entrance, and is accommodated with five good rooms and a basement. These flats rent for from $14.00 to $16.00 a month. There is now a tendency in cities to build flats, mMM LINCOLN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park) 140 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. close proximity to parks and gardens. Of course separate sinks, water-taps and closets, all inside the houses, are provided for every family. There is a variety of single houses with rents ranging all the way from $16 to $50 a month. These houses are adapted to the needs of men receiving from $2 a day to $5,000 a year. The average rental of all the tenements in Pullman is only $14 a month. ‘ ‘ The connection of the Pullman Company with the so-callecl labor riots was short but full of interest for the moment, and sugges¬ tive for the future. Pullman industries were a shining mark, and the elements of destruction would score a brilliant victory if they could lay them low. Therefore the attack was expected, and it carae —from the outside, of course. With a shrewdness worthy of them, the assailants chose as the weakest point in the industrial cita¬ del, the cabinet shop, which was largely filled with foreigners, not yet imbued with the ‘ American Idea. ’ “The foreign idea of irresponsible conflict between labor and capital, and of ‘Internationalism’ as the only refuge of the former from the oppression of the latter, these men had either brought over with them or readily absorbed from the plausible talkers sent among them. The mass of other workmen, not so much convinced by argu¬ ment as moved by brotherly feeling, consented to join in the demand for an eight-hour day and other proposed changes, and at an ap¬ pointed time a committee called on Mr. Pullman to lay that demand before him. The committee, as usual in such cases, was chosen mainly from the men known to, and respected by their employers but contained also some of the ‘ walking delegate ’ element, men who had entered the employment on purpose to interfere with it. Mr. Pullman, recognizing easily the ‘outsiders,’ invited a statement of their position. They had free scope to ask what they had determined on, and to enforce the demands by such arguments as they thought best. When they had entirely covered the ground he expressed him¬ self thus: ‘ ‘ That they evidently entertained the deliberate purpose of either IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 141 controlling the works or stopping them. The latter they might do, but to what purpose ? When work stopped wages stopped. How would their families fare ? The Company would live, doing its work elsewhere or not doing it at all. As to the former, the Company was satisfied with its present 'management and proposed to be as free in its actions as were its employes in theirs.” This was all. Mr. Pullman was kind, but firm. After their interview he refused to discuss the matter again. They knew his decision ; it was unalterable. The men “went out, ’ ’ stayed two weeks and returned to their work. Since then things have gone smoothly ; differences there are frequently, but they are settled in free discussion between the management and the operatives. These conferences are carried on in a friendly—not servile—spirit, and sometimes result in convincing the one party, sometimes the other; oftenest in a com¬ promise of conflicting interests and claims. “The historian is not the prophet, but it may be said without undue presumption that if -if the path in front of Pullman proves as fair to the foot as its vista appears to the eye, then the enterprise sounds the key-note for the full and final chorus of concord between labor and capital. In that case its founder has, single-handed, built the enduring monument of the passing nineteenth century ; a pyra¬ mid, the broad, deep ground course whereof is human nature, while its sunlit cap-stone is peace.” PULLMAN PALACE CAB COMPANY.-Main office, Pullman building. President, George M. Pullman. Directors, George M. Pullman, Marshall Field, J. W. Doane, Norman Williams and O. S. A. Sprague, of Chicago; Henry C. Hulbert, of New York, and Henry R. Read, of Boston. One of the greatest corporations in the world. PART III. FARK SYSTEM. unpHE splendid park system of Chicago, constituting (with its connecting boulevards), one of the most extended in the world, took its rise in the construction of Lincoln Park, and this in its turn was the offspring of the cemetery established in 1835, north of and adjoining what is now North avenue. In all, . burial place included sixty acres of what was once sand hill and pme forest, but became, by the care of lot owners, a fine and well-ordere graveyard. The city also owned sixty acres north of and adjoining the burial place. In i860 the council passed an ordinance or 1 c mg the sale of lots and the interment of dead in the last name^ 144 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S PAIR. and in 1864, another ordinance setting apart the same for a public park. The latter ordinance also forbade the sale of more lots in the first plot, and the interment of bodies on the part not sold—the Potter’s field. To-day in the appearance of the magnificent park, with its statues, fountains, hills, dells, lakes, streams, flower-beds, palm-house, menagerie, and miles of roads and paths, there is almost nothing to indicate that it was once the burial place of uncounted thousands of our fellow-citizens, many of whom, no doubt, accidentally LINCOLN PARK LILY-BEDS. omitted in the removal, still sleep beneath its surface. Nothing, ex^ cept a single tomb, that of the old Couch estate, to which, for certain reasons, the Park Commissioners never obtained title; this remains silent and grim, as if to remind the pleasure-seekers that ‘in the midst of life we are in death.’ This park besides having the advan¬ tage of being the first, has also the peculiar and inestimable advan¬ tage of a Take Shore drive. The Lincoln Park Commissioners were shrewd enough to see and profit by this opportunity at once ; almost the first outlay they made was in preparing a drive-way along the Park 146 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. front. This served a double purpose; it reconciled the people to the increase in taxes, and it shut out and made forever impossible the alternative of the Lake Shore for a railway entrance to the city. “It is easy to perceive that a range of wind-swept sand lulls is an unpromising place for a park, but hard to conceive of the im mensity of the task of subduing it to verdure and beauty. On the other hand, there are some compensatory features; the sand is easy to move by plow and scraper, and is a self-draining material when re¬ duced to the desired form. On the whole, one would rather attack for park purposes warm sand than cold, refractory soaked clay or hardpan. A design once fixed on, with a pond here and there to be excavated, a hill or two or three to be brought low, a mound to be raised, a slope to be graded, a ridge to be ranged, numberless flower beds to be started, a hot-house, a conservatory, a green-house, a palm-house, a boat house, a tool and machinery house, a keeper’s dwelling and barn to be built—all these things and a thousand others being laid out for deliberate achievement, the thing goes on step by step, and the change, to an occasional visitor, seems almost magi¬ cal. 100,000 cubic yards or more of clay make a substratum to the grass plots; ten thousands of loads of black soil and the fertilizing city street sweepings make the top dressing; thousands of trees, home grown and imported, soon stand in orderly confusion, and be¬ hold ! ‘ The wilderness blossoms as the rose.’ ” There are 2,236 miles of streets, and some fifty miles of boule¬ vards in Chicago, the latter connecting the surrounding cordon of attractive parks. The city is proud of the chief streets, which are 60 to 100 feet wide, with State street 125 feet wide. They are straight, cross at right angles, are mathematically as nearly level as drainage will permit, are generally well lighted and paved, and in the busi¬ ness section are bordered by solidly constructed buildings ; while the residential section displays very fine dwellings, and Michigan avenue, at the lake front, is one of the handsomest foliage bordered streets of residences in the world. The outskirts are beautified by twenty parks, making with the miles of connecting boulevards a semi-circle PARK SYSTEM. 147 around the city, having each end resting upon the shore of the lake. Nature gave to the monotonously flat prairie around Chicago no scenic charms excepting the glorious view over Lake Michigan. It has been a most admirable thing for the city that somebody has been able to pause in the universal and engrossing chase after the almighty dollar long enough to design these pleasant parks. The broad expanse of prairie was low, level, and treeless originally, but abundant foliage has been planted, and art has made little lakes and AMONG THE LILIES. miniature hills ornamented by attractive flower gardens and shrub¬ bery. There are nearly 2,000 acres of these parks, the system begin¬ ning on the northern verge, with Lincoln Park on the lake front, covering 250 acres, and stretching around to the South Park, and thence down to Washington and Jackson Parks, the latter fronting for almost two miles on the lake shore in the southern part of the city. Large sums have been spent in their care and development, and about $2,000,000 additional will be spent on these parks in anticipa¬ tion of the fair. The Drexel Boulevard, which is the favorite drive- 148 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. way to the South Park, 200 feet wide, is the most handsome of the connecting roadways, and is among the celebrated avenues of Amer¬ ica. A magnificent fountain, surmounted by a bronze statue of the late Francis M. Drexel, the founder of the noted Drexel banking firm, adorns its entrance. This broad parkway has a fine carriage road on either side of a central walk for pedestrians, the latter wind¬ ing among picturesque gardens, and the whole boulevard being well shaded, though the trees are still young. Washington Park, beyond IN THE ZOO (Lincoln Park). the South Park, contains 371 acres, Jackson Park 586 acres, and the broad midway plaisance, connecting them, 80 acres. These three are the grounds devoted to the World’s Fair, and, combined, cover 1,037 acres, the chief buildings being located in Jackson Park. The park system proper is under control of the commissioners, elected by the courts. The parks under the supervision of these commissioners are maintained by direct tax upon the respective divi¬ sions of the city. Under the control of the city government are a number of small parks, squares and “places” which are maintained COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK, DEARBORN STREET. 150 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. at the expense of the city treasury. This chain of paths and boule¬ vards gives one of the finest drives in the world, and there is no reason in the world why it should not be, for no expense was Spared in its construction and no expense is spared in keeping it up. Besides it is as autocratic as the private park of an English noble¬ man ; no vehicle that would injure its surface or mar its beauty is allowed upon it. “Under the provisions of the park acts, any street boulevard is placed under the control of the Park Board, as to its care, govern¬ ment and use, and the Board can assess adjacent propelty for its re¬ imbursements. The Board thereupon forbids the use of the roadway for business travel, and even for funerals except so far as absolutely necessary to the residents on the street itself. The Board must be applied to for permission by any railway which desires to cross its boulevards; in short, the whole length of each is treated as part of the park. This is not looked upon with favor by the residents on the parallel streets near by, as it not only gives the favored avenue a cer¬ tain glory and distinction, but also throws on the other roadways more than their share of the public business, the traffic which is heavy, dirty, noisy, unsightly, undesirable and pavement wearing. Still, they submit, perforce with as good a grace as may be, ‘it is for the city’s good.’ ” Only a very few years ago, complaint to the effect that the great parks of the city were too far removed from the people, and practi¬ cally inaccessible to the very class whom they were intended to serve was general. Now, however, they are becoming the nuclei around which the populous districts are growing. In a few years, instead of being on the outskirts of the city, they will be breathing places in its interior. “It is unquestionable that the park and boulevard system of Chicago was planned and carried out far ahead of the city s actual needs. In truth, even at the present time, they are beyond all pro¬ portion to the use made of them. Large expanses of park are lonely solitudes, except on some special feast day. Long stretches of boule- PARK SYSTEM. 151 vards are as inappropriate to their respective neighborhoods as would be a cathedral in a country village. This being so when the city has long passed the million mark, how almost absurd must they have seemed when they were laid out encircling, though far away from a town of only 300,000 souls! But, all this being true, it only proves the projectors to have had the gift of second sight. If it had not been done when it was it would have been impossible ever after- SOUTH PARK LILY PONDS. wards. In spite of the loudly-blamed greed of the property owners, (who in general, though not invariably, got every penny they could,) land was bought at prices far below present values. The limit of permitted rates of assessment (between one and two cents on the hun¬ dred dollars of value) gave, at first, very scanty means for improve¬ ments and sinking-funds; but as surrounding lands and lots rise, (partly by aid of the parks and boulevards themselves,) the same old rates gave generous yearly sums to successive Boards, while the less- ?52 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. ening of the debt, by calling in bonds for the sinking-funds, reduced year by year the interest charges, so that in the Columbian year the whole system will be substantially clear of incumbrance, while the available funds will authorize expenditures not less than magnificent. Not only has this generation planned for the next and its successors a princely pleasure ground, it has bought it and paid for it, and devises it to the future free of the usual purchase money mortgage.” CONSERVATORIES. —Winter visitors will find the conserva¬ tories of the different parks among the most attractive sights in the THE CONSERVATORY. city. These conservatories are open during all seasons, and are in charge of a skilful corps of gardeners chosen by the several park boards. The new greenhouse, propagating house, and palm house at Lincoln Park will attract the attention of the visitor. Among the curious things to be seen within its walls is a sago palm 100 years old that came from Mexico many years ago; a tree fern 15 feet high; a very large date palm, and a Carludoniea palmata in bloom. Mr. Stromback, the chief gardener, gives some interesting facts in refer- LAKE SHORE DRIVE. 13 4 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. ence to the water-lilies that have proven so attractive outdoors during the past summer. The large lily with the tub-like leaves, \ ictoria Regia, is annually raised from seeds, a single pod having been known to contain 435 seeds. It is a night bloomer, and the blossom is quite fragrant. Some of the other water lilies are also night bloomers, while some open in day-time. The water in the basins in which they are grown flows from the engine house near by, after being heated to something like 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The managers of Lincoln Park have the honor of being the first to bring these wonderful lilies to Chicago. The greenhouse at Lincoln Park is now one of the largest and most beautiful in the country. The new palm house, re¬ ferred to elsewhere, is completed. The propagating departments are themselves worthy of the attention of all lovers of plants and plant culture. Some magnificent chrysanthemums, ferns, and orchids are seen here. More people visit Lincoln Park greenhouses than any of the others. Nothing could excel the delicious sense of refined taste pervading the conservatory at Washington Park, with its bank of chrysanthe¬ mums presenting a symphony in color, its aquarium half hidden be¬ neath the delicately traced fern fronds that spring from the margin and gracefully bend and reflect in the mirrored surface, and its giant palms forming leafy frescades suggestive of tropical luxuriance and love-making. That remarkable aquatic production, the water hya¬ cinth, is cultivated here extensively, and the round balls are seen like Limniades, or, what are more generally known, ducks, swimming about in the basins on top of the water. Upon entering the green¬ house the large stock of diminutive variegated-leaved plants intended for next summer’s lawn decorations are observed in a room by them¬ selves, laid off systematically in designs, so as to make a pretty dis¬ play, thus utilizing a hitherto neglected agent for indoor ornamenta¬ tion. In the cactus-room is a great assortment of that peculiar plant. A striking novelty in the palm-room is a plant from the West Indies bearing an edible fruit. The fruit is said to be like honey, quite palatable and much sought by natives of the islands, but owing to the PARK SYSTEM. 155 frailty of its rind it cannot be successfully transported to this country. The outside covering resembles that of the American custard apple or pawpaw. One of the most popular conservatories in the public parks is that at Garfield. Here is to be found one of the largest assortments of orchids in the city. The greenhouse contains a date palm of SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. extraordinary dimensions—probably the largest specimen of that par¬ ticular variety of palm in all Chicago. The stock of agaves or cen¬ tury plants is very full, and one of these plants, the gardener asserts, is known to be thirty-two years old. Decidedly the handsomest and costliest conservatory at any of the parks is the new $50,000 edifice recently erected by the West Chicago Board of Commissioners at Douglas Park. The new build- 156 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. ing is filled with an immense quantity of rare plants. In the east wing is a large circular basin of water, in which are grown aquatic productions, including the Victoria Regia lily. Last summer this plant flourished in the basin in a way it has never been known to do 'before in the city, its leaves having reached the remarkable size of 7^ feet. Above the basin and ranged in a circle around the margin KINCOEN PARK SCENERY. are suspended in baskets a splendid collection of that unique exotic, the pitcher plant, nearly all of them in bloom and no two alike. A eucalyptus, growing in free ground indoors, measuring 47 feet in height, is one of the numerous attractive sights to be witnessed in the famous Humboldt Park conservatory. The greenhouses at Hum¬ boldt are among the largest and handsomest to be found anywhere. At the threshold are caught glimpses of banks of color and vistas of verdure of the most entrancing character, and the air is richly per- JONES RESIDENCE. 158 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. fumed by heliotrope, tuberose, and orange blossoms a veritable para¬ dise. In the palm-room, the central plateau resembles a miniature tropical forest, and ranged around this are fern-covered and vine-clad rockeries calculated to revive memories of dense woodlands. The fernery, a separate room, is, without doubt, one of the most artistic creations of the conservatory, being arranged to show to the best ad¬ vantage those lovely contrasts which are a prominent peculiarity in the foliage of this class of plants. SOUTH PARKS. —Washington Park, Jackson Park and Mid¬ way Plaisance are known collectively and familiarly as ‘ The South Parks.” The cost to the city of the ground which they cover was $3,208,000. They are as yet in their infancy, but even now they rank among the finest parks in the world. DOUGLAS PARK.— Area, 179-79 acres; situated four miles southwest of the Court-house ; bounded on the north by West Twelfth street, on the south by West Nineteenth street, on the east by Cali¬ fornia avenue and on the west by Albany avenue. The district in the vicinity of this park was almost entirely destitute of residences ten years ago. Within a decade it has been built up, however, until those who have not visited the section for four or five years, or even two years, would hardly recognize it as the same. The popularity of the park, which has always been a beautiful piece of ground, has in¬ creased with the growth of the neighborhood and the improvement of the streets and drives in the vicinity. Douglas Park is beautifully laid out, well wooded and admirably situated. It has been cared for nicely of late years, and its lawns and flower beds bear evidence of skillful attention. Some of the avenues through this park are not surpassed by any in the city. The lake covers an area of seventeen acres. There is a handsome boat-house and refectory here. Douglas Park also has a medicinal artesian well with properties similar to those at Garfield and Humboldt Parks. The conservatories and propagating houses are among the largest of the system. Vast im¬ provements are promised for Douglas Park within the next two years. DREXEL BOULEVARD. —The eastern entrance to Washing- PARK SYSTEM. 159 ton Park commences at Oakwood boulevard and the junction of Cot¬ tage Grove avenue and Thirty-ninth street. It is a double driveway, 200 feet wide for its entire length, running south to Drexel avenue and southwest from that point to the park. Through the centre is a wide strip of sward, covered here and there with beautiful shrubs, rose bushes and mounds. Upon the latter, which are interspersed LINCOLN PARK FLOWER BEDS. with flower-beds of beautiful design appear, during the summer sea¬ son, unique figures wrought from flowers and foliage, and which attract thousands of sight-seers annually. At the intersection of Drexel avenue is a magnificent bronze fountain, presented by the Messrs. Drexel of Philadelphia, in memory of their father, after whom the boulevard was named. On either side of the driveways are to be seen some of the handsomest mansions and prettiest villas of Chicago. 100 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S LAIR. GARFIELD PARK. —Area 185.87 acres, situated four miles di¬ rectly west of the Court-house; bounded by Madison street on the south, Cake street on the north, and running a mile ancf a half west from the head of Washington boulevard. This was formerly known as Central Park. The name was changed in memory of President Gar¬ field. The lake in the centre of the park covers an area of 17 acres. IN GARFIELD PARK. The park is extremely picturesque, the drives and promenades being laid out in the most enchanting manner. The boat-house is one of the finest to be seen in the park system. There is a handsome foun tain here, the gift of Mrs. Mancel Talcott, and an artesian well which furnishes half the city with medicinal mineral water. It is 2,200 feet deep, and discharges at the rate of 150 gallons per minute. The water is recommended for ansemia, diseases of the stomach and kid¬ neys, and rheumatic disorders. Garfield Parkis beautiful as it is, but NICKERSON RESIDENCE. 162 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. just at present it is receiving the attention of West Side citizens, who contemplate making many improvements. JACKSON PARK. —Area 586 acres ; about eight miles from the Court-house; bounded by Lake Michigan on the east; Stony Island avenue on the west; Fifty-sixth street on the north, and Sixty- seventh street on the south. This beautiful park has been brought into great prominence of late by reason of its selection as the site for a portion of the Columbian Exposition. About one-third of the park has been improved up to the present year, although immense works have been in progress for some time in preparing the unimproved portion for the public. These works include excavating and dredg¬ ing for the chain of lakes which are to have connection with Lake Michigan ; bridge and breakwater construction; leveling and em¬ banking, and landscape gardening on an extensive scale, the im¬ proved portion of the park at the northern end. Here there is a broad stretch of sward which has been used frequently as a parade ground by the militia, and by large picnic parties. This is sur¬ rounded or hemmed in by a wooded avenue of great beauty, which opens upon a sea-wall and a beautiful view of Lake Michigan. There is erected here an immense shelter, of great architectural beauty, where thousands may, on occasion, be protected either from the heat of the sun or from a sudden rainfall. The trees and shrub¬ bery in the improved part of the park, as well as the flowers, are very attractive, although the variety which one finds in some of the other parks is lacking. The number of trees and shrubs in the unimproved portion is comparatively small. About Sixty-first street there is one clump of oaks and maple, shot here and there with bunches of fiery sumac. There is another and a larger grove west and north of this. Beyond there, except for a few small bunches and a fringe along the west fence, the unimproved portion is unbroken by wood. LAKE SHORE DRIVE. —This is the grandest boulevard drive in Chicago. Beginning at North Side Water-Works on Pine street, its skirts the lake to the northern extremities of Lincoln Park, where it connects with Sheridan road, which is nearly completed for 25 PARK SYSTEM. 183 miles along the north shore. Before reaching the park some of the most magnificent mansions in the city are passed on the left. On the right is a fringe of sward, dotted with flower-beds and covered with beautiful foliage in the summer months. The lake beats against an embankment to the right, and frequently the spray is dashed across the flower-beds when the sea is high. Reaching the park you pass through beautiful avenues until you strike the drive again. Here vast improvements are being made. Some years ago the State Legislature gave the Lincoln Park Commissioners the right to issue bonds for $300,000 with which to defend the shore line against the encroachments of storm-tossed Lake Michigan. With that sum as a nucleus the commissioners designed and began work on a system of improvements which, when completed, will have cost a sum many times that raised from the original issue of bonds. Enough has now been finished to give a general idea of the work as it will appear when a continuous sea-wall will extend from Ohio street to almost the ex¬ treme northern limit of the city. The work was commenced in the Spring of 1888 at the foot of North avenue. Several hundred feet out in the lake a line of piles was driven. Powerful dredging-ma¬ chines were placed in position and slowly but surely acre after acre was reclaimed from the lake. It is at this point that the Lake Shore Drive joins the boulevard now in course of construction. It will be finished this year. The breakwater proper rests on piles driven thirty- five feet into the sand. On this foundation granite blocks are laid and securely cemented. Back of this starts the paved beach, forty feet in width, slanting at an angle of about twenty degrees until it meets the granilethic promenade. This promenade is the most at¬ tractive feature of the improvement and is destined to become famous. Imagine a twenty-foot promenade, smooth as glass, three miles in length, with Lake Michigan vainly striving to scale the paved beach to the east of it, and a grand boulevard lined with carriages to the west of it; a promenade commanding on one side a magnificent view of the lake, and on the other a prospective of Lincoln Park with all its natural and acquired beauties. There is nothing rigid in the lines of 1G4 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. the promenade or boulevard. Without detracting from the attiactive- ness of the sweeping crescent described by the sea-wall at Jackson Park, it must be said that the sinnous curves marking the contour of the Lincoln Park beach, promenade, boulevard and canal, are more artistic and pleasing. The old shore-line has been followed as nearly as possible. It is hard to improve on nature. With the shifting sands as the only obstacle to cheer their course, the waves have drawn along the beach curves such as would delight a follower of Hogarth. When they planned the outlines of the drive-way the com¬ missioners wisely decided to follow nature. They have made no mistake. The objective point is Diversey avenue, the northern limit of the park. Here the regatta course will end, but the sea-wall and boulevard will be continued by the people of Lake View, who propose to make the Sheridan Road and the Lake Shore Drive continuous. The sea-wall will be extended to Byron avenue, opposite Graceland Cemetery. It is thought that the park commissioners will be able to complete their part of the work by the commencement of next winter. They will then have added ioo acres to the area of the park, and have given to Chicago a boulevard and regatta course unequaled in the world. Between the new boulevard and the park there will be three connecting points. There will be land connection at the north and south ends of the park and a bridge at a point opposite Webster avenue. The canal will connect with the lake at two points, one opposite Wisconsin street and the other at Fulton avenue. The boulevard will cross these connections on steel swinging bridges of a special construc¬ tion. It will be several years before the dreams of the designer will be fully realized. Rows of shade trees will be planted to the east of the boulevard, and between the trees and the edge of the regatta course the sloping lawn will be beautified in the highest style of the landscape gardener’s art. Between the west shore of the regatta course and the present Lake Shore Drive is a tract of land now piled high with stone and pine bark. This will be made one of the finest features of the park. Planked thus on either side by verdure-decked banks, the canal will wind its sinuous course towards what was Fisher’s garden. At 166 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. no point will this placid stretch of water be less than 150 feet in width, while the average is nearer 200. At the ends it is widened to 350 feet, so as to permit boats to make a sweeping turn. Hardly less important is the improvement contemplated by the Lincoln Park Commissioners and the property owners who own the land fronting the lake between Elm and Oak streets. The sea-wall ends at Elm street on the south. With it the Lake Shore Drive practically comes to an end. The problem which has ever confronted the boards of park commissioners is to connect the North and South Side boulevard systems. In a recent message to the city council, Mayor Cregier suggested that Michigan boulevard be connected with a viaduct ex¬ tending over the Illinois Central tracks and crossing the river at some point between Rush street and the lake. An expensive plan ; there seems to be no other available. It is proposed to swing the boulevard out into the lake, starting at Elm street. It will curve out 1,000 feet from the present line and strike the existing beach at the foot of Ohio street. The Lake Shore Drive has for years been the fashionable rendezvous of the North Side. Thousands of carriages line the beau¬ tiful embankment on summer afternoons. LINCOLN PAKIt. —Area, 250 acres, two and a' half miles in width by one and a half miles in length ; bounded by Lake Michigan on the east; Clark street on the west; North avenue on the north, and Diversey street on the south. The southern portion was formerly a cemetery tomb of the Couch family remains; all others were long since removed. First board of commissioners appointed in 1869, since which time it has been under State supervision. There is embraced within this small piece of territory perhaps more attractions than can be found in any park of the country. Where nature left off art began, and the two have contributed toward making Lincoln Park the most charming in the city. The visitor will be delighted with the undu¬ lating character of the ground, the gracefully winding and curving avenues, which stretch out in every direction; the beautiful lakes, the handsome bridges, the splendid foliage, the magnificent statuary, the gorgeous banks, beds and avenues of choicest flowers, the rare and park: system. 167 wonderful shrubbery, the pretty little dells, knolls and nooks, that lie half concealed beneath the noble trees, and last, though not least, with the zoological collection, which has contributed in no small de¬ gree toward making Lincoln Park famous. Here we find the Grant monument, facing Lake Michigan on the Lake Shore drive. This magnificent work of art was presented by the citizens of Chicago, and cost $100,000. Here, also, is the Lincoln statue, by St. Gaudieur, facing the main entrance, a splendid likeness of the great president, IN LINCOLN PARK. and pronounced one of the finest pieces of sculpture in the world. This statue cost $50,000, and was presented, together with a drinking fountain, by the late Eli Bates. Here, also, are the “Indian Group” in bronze, presented by the late Martin Ryerson; the La .Salle monu¬ ment, presented by Lambert Tree, and the Schiller monument, pre¬ sented by German residents of Chicago. An entire day may be spent pleasantly by the visitor in Lincoln Park. The great conservatories, 168 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE IVOR ID’S PAIR. flower-beds and zoological collection, can hardly be seen in less time. There is a comfortable refectory in the boat-house on the main lake. IjINCOLX PARK PALM-HOUSE. —The plan of the palm-house just erected at Lincoln Park, drawn by Architect Silsbee, shows a beautiful structure of steel and glass, light, airy and picturesque, sixty feet high, resting upon a bowlder foundation of split granite. The main building is 168x70 feet, with a rear extension of seventy feet, making the entire length of the structure 238 feet. In front of the main building there is to be a lobby 25x60 feet, which is ap¬ proached by a vestibule twenty feet square. The interior of the main building shows an unbroken stretch, save a few light support¬ ing iron columns for the glass roof. The conservatory is in the rear of the palm-house. It is thirty feet wide. At the extreme north end is a room 30x60 feet, which will be exclusively devoted to the cul¬ ture of orchids. This room will be further beautified by a sort of observatory tower built of pressed brick and terra-cotta trimmings. The building will be erected on two terraces northeast of the present canal vista and the animal’s summer quarters. The terraces occupy the space due north of the present green-houses. The latter struc¬ ture will be removed as soon as the new palm-house is completed. The main approach to the palm-house will be from the floral gardens. The new house will cost $60,000. MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD.— Michigan avenue, from Jackson street on the north to Thirty-fifth street on the south, a distance of three and a quarter miles. It is 100 feet wide from curb to curb, and skirts the Lake Front Park, the site for a portion of the Columbian Exposition. Formerly the ultra fashionable residence street of the city. Now undergoing a transformation. OAKWOOD BOULEVARD. —Connects Drexel and Grand boulevards; 100 feet wide and half a mile long. It enters Grand boulevard at Thirty-ninth street, and touches Drexel boulevard at its intersection with Cottage Grove avenue. WASHINGTON BOULEVARD.— The continuation of West Washington street, west from Halsted street to Garfield Park, and AUDITORIUM BOXES. 170 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. the driveway from the center of the city to the parks and boulevards of the West Park System. Passes through Union Park, a beautiful square. This boulevard is lined for the entire distance of nearly three miles with handsome residences. Large shade trees and a con¬ tinuous strip of green sward fringe either side of the avenue. On Washington boulevard are many fine churches. The Chicago Theo- SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. logical Seminary is passed at Union Park and Warren avenues, the Episcopalian Seminary on the north side, west of California avenue. WASHINGTON PARK. —Area, 371 acres; situated about one and a quarter miles west of Take Michigan and about six and a half miles southeast of the Court-house ; bounded on the east by Kanka¬ kee avenue, on the west by Cottage Grove avenue, on the North by Fifty-first street and on the south by Sixtieth street. The finest of Chicago’s parks, more by reason of its magnificent entrances, Drexel PARK SYSTEM. 171 and Grand boulevards, than by any great natural or artificial attrac¬ tion of its own, although its flower beds are the most beautiful of any. It lacks many of the advantages which are enjoyed by Lincoln and Jackson Parks, the contiguity of the lake being of itself one of the greatest charms of the two last named. It can not boast of a zoo¬ logical garden that will compare with Lincoln Park, nor of the magnificent monuments that are making the north shore park classi¬ cal ground. But South Park has statelier trees, grander avenues, more sweeping perspectives, more charming drives than any other park in the city. It has the famous “Meadow,” a stretch of velvety sward that covers ioo acres and the “Mere,” with its thirteen acres of water, picturesquely sparkling behind long lines of ancient oaks and elms, and bathing the emerald banks of the mounds and knolls which almost conceal it from the view of the passing visitor. It has also its great conservatory and its splendid stables, which cover 325 x 200 feet. It has its delightful refectory, known as the “Retreat,” where refreshments are served for man and beast, but its flower gar¬ dens are its greatest boast. During the months between May and November, the best exhibition of the landscape gardening art in the world are seen. Flowers and foliage are made to do, in the hands of the gardener, what the brush and palette accomplish for the aitist. The designs are changed annually, and are always original, always interesting and always lovely. 172 BOARD OD TRADE. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. i73 PART IV. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. T HE idea of holding a World’s Fair at some point in the United States, in celebration of the four hundreth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, was first seriously consid¬ ered in the summer of 1889, and it quickly received popular approval. As soon as it seemed probable that such a Fair would be held, several cities, notably New York, Chicago, St. Louis and Washington, en¬ tered into a spirited rivalry to be designated as the place of its loca¬ tion, and urged their respective claims before Congress with all the force and influence they could command. It was apparent from the start, almost, that either New York or Chicago, would be selected. Chicago, with characteristic energy, formed an organization—The World’s Fair Columbian Exposition, embracing the most substantial business men, raised more than $5,000,000 by subscription, and pledged itself to increase the amount to $10,000,000 to be expended in behalf of the fair. Chicago’s superiority in many respects as a place for holding the Exposition was admitted, and after some discussion she was selected. The buildings of The World’s Columbian Exposition, as pro¬ vided by Act of Congress, were to be dedicated on October 21st, 1892, the recognized anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. The Exposition, which will be the greatest universal fair the world has ever seen, will be formally opened to the public on May 1, 1893. The gates will be closed October 26, 1893. Everything will be in readiness for each of these events. The pre¬ paration for the dedicatory ceremonies have been made upon an elaborate scale, and the great buildings of the exposition will be com¬ pleted and opened for the reception of the exhibits at the time named. From October 21st, 1892 to May 1st, 1893, the work of re¬ ceiving and placing exhibits, and in making ready generally for the opening of the display will be carried on without intermission. The management of the Exposition includes four organizations; 1. National Commission (authorized by Act of Congress). 175 176 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 2 . World’s Columbian Exposition (organized under laws of State of Illinois). n . 3 . Board of Lady Managers (authorized by Act of Congress). 4 World’s Congress Auxiliary. The National Commission, which is a supervisory body is com¬ posed of eight commissioner*-*! large, with alternates, appointed L the President, and two commissioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, appointed by the President on nomination of their respective Governors This com¬ mission has held four sessions, and has now practically delegated its authority to eight of its members who constitute a Board of Refer¬ ence and Control, and who act with a similar number selected from the World’s Columbian Exposition. _ The World’s Columbian Exposition, as its corporate name reads, is composed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, elected annually by the stockholders of the organization. To this body falls the duty of raising the necessary funds and of the active management of the Exposition. Its committees supervise the various departments into which the work has been divided. The Board of Lady Managers is composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, and nine from the city of Chicago. It has supervision of woman’s participation in the Exposi¬ tion and of whatever exhibits of woman’s work may be made. The participation of women in the Exposition promises to be one of its most interesting as well as novel features. With a commodious and imposing building, designed by a young lady architect, and with abundance of money, and with full recognition, indorsement and aid by the United States Government, and the Exposition Directory, the women have an opportunity of showing in the most signal manner, the condition of their sex throughout the world, what are the achieve¬ ments of woman in the various branches of human endeavor, and what is her adaptability to different occupations and lines of indus¬ trial and charitable work. Under the direction of the Board’s Presi¬ dent, Mrs. Potter Palmer, the work of organization, and of enlisting the interest of women throughout the United States and in foreign countries, has progressed to a most satisfactory stage. The World’s Congress Auxiliary is an authorized adjunct of the World’s Fair, and aims to supplement the exposition which that will make of the material progress of the world by a portrayal of the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 177 “wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, edu¬ cation, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increas¬ ing the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind.” This constitutes the intellectual and moral branch of the Exposition. Its motto is, “ Not matter, but mind,” and it is organized to provide for the presentation, by papers, addresses and discussion, of the mental and moral status and achievements of the human race. Under its auspices, a series of congresses will be held in Chicago during the progress of the Exposition, in which, it is already assured, will par¬ ticipate a great many of the ablest living representatives in the vari¬ ous fields of intellectual effort and moral endeavor. The auxiliary embraces between fifteen and twenty main departments, such as literature, government, education, music, science, art, engineering, etc., in each of which are subdivisions. A program is being arranged for congress in each of these departments and divisions, in which specialists and advanced thinkers may participate in discussing the vital and important questions, and presenting the best and latest achieve¬ ments of the human mind in each. During the Exposition, the aux¬ iliary will have the use of a magnificent permanent art palace, which the Chicago Art Institute, aided by the Exposition Directory, erects on the lake front. This will have two large audience rooms, each of 3,500 capacity, and from twenty to thirty smaller rooms, of capacity ranging from 300 to 7 5 o* The great Auditorium will also be utilized for the larger congresses, and numerous other halls are available when required. Each congress will be supervised by a committee of persons actively interested in its particular field, acceptance of such responsibility having already been given. The prospects are that fully 100 congresses altogether will be held. It is the intention to publish their proceedings in enduring form. I. The grounds of fraternal union in the language, literature, domestic life, religion, science, art, and civil institutions of different peoples. II. The economic, industrial and financial problems of the age. III. Educational systems, their advantages and their defects; and the means by which they may be adapted to the recent enormous increase in all departments of knowledge. IV. The practicability of a common language, for use in the commercial relations of the civilized world. 12 178 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. V. International copyright and the laws of intellectual property and “^^ r “ gration and naturalization laws, and the proper inter¬ national privileges of alien governments, and their subjects, or CltlZ Vjj The most efficient and advisable means of preventing or decreasing pauperism, insanity and crime ; and of increasing produc¬ tive ability prosperity and virtue throughout the world , VIII International law as a bond of union and a means of mutual protection; and how it may best be enlarged, perfected and authoritatively expressed. . . .. IX The establishment of the principles of judicial justice, as the supreme law of international relations, and the general substitu¬ tion of arbitration for war in the settlement of international contro- The Director General is the chief executive officer of the Ex¬ position and the work is divided into the following great departments: ' A. Agriculture, Food and Food Products. Farming Machinery and Appliances. . B. Viticulture, Horticulture, and Floriculture. C. Live-stock, Domestic and Wild Animals. D . Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing. E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. F Machinery. G. Transportation Exhibit: Railways, \ essels, \ eludes. H. Manufactures. J. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. K. Fine Arts: Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Archi¬ tecture, Music and the Drama. M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention, and Collective Exhibits. N. Forestry and Forest Products. O. Publicity and Promotion. P. Foreign Affairs. It is hard to realize the magnitude and magnificence of this dis¬ play because there has never been anything of the kind that can be compared to it. Looking over the list of great international fairs, we see at once SHIPPING YARDS. 180 „ Ar „ rriTDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. PICTCJRESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE _ _ • * ;tion of 1889 was the largest in every way ever that the Pans Expontio tl case) no comparison can be held ; and while (even this b of the oth er will he of made, yet the figures of the one interest. . ■ nnc i expenditures of the Paris Ex- p „ s itIn% fi rSSr^eip.s, » 9 , 900 .°°o; expenses, r feet in width and leer in wium —— — mi ic palace of Arts cost $1,350,- 500,000 and covered eleven _ l5 o,ooo, and the improve- 000, the Palace of the French Section $i^5 , ^ ments in the parks an gar the Exposition management, and ornaments devised an p architecture. The Indian nearly all nations contri of New Caledonia, Tunisian Min- dwellings, street in Algie ’ Dairies Dutch bakeries, etc., which aret, Turkish village English It is hardly were scattered over the P f hic h so much has been necessary to mention the Eiffel Pow , o w occupied a more written. The structure is 984 _ n paHs for the past three prominent placeman y ' ^ ^ the largest number years. The number o ^ of an art an d industrial ex- that has ever cont ^ ut ^ d States was represented by no less than position before. The U estimated that Americans ..750, and received 94 - awards.^ ItwM *** of paris ^ tk alone emptied r f e °Si revenue in the Bank of France rose enor- ®rr P ote iinra.es gave the total number of strange. Paris during the Exposition at 1,500,000. The various railroads reported an mcrease over the sm mM ,. r T o„o nAn hi the number of passengers car of the preceding year of 1,878,747 f The City of ried, and in receipts an increase of 66.ooo.ox Tta fj| c s. Paris Omnibus Company reported an increas 4 . ' J The Cab Company transported 39,097,111 perso ; Nov. ,, ,88,, the same period in the oiiTn’es »f iTSS areTnown t biased in revenue at a «£ Sing rate. Among the interesting things dtscovered was that THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 181 the consumption of meat increased 3,278,871 pounds and of wine 3,162,227 gallons. The total excess of the receipts of the theatres over the corresponding six months of the previous year was 10,867,- S55 francs. It was estimated that the total gain to Paris must have exceeded 500,000,000 francs. The Exposition of 1889 gave very gen¬ eral satisfaction to visitors from all countries. Paris never looked better. The republic positively outshone the empire. There was not so much glare and brilliancy as during the Exposition of ’67; there was less of tinsel and less of surface display, but the Parisians were evidently more contented, a spirit of patriotic regard for the government pervaded the masses, and strangers felt whatever appear¬ ance of prosperity they witnessed was genuine. It was found in the spring of 1892 that the practical develop¬ ment of the World’s Columbian Exposition had expanded away be¬ yond the calculations of the public and the managers of the enter¬ prise. This was the natural result of the determined effort made on all sides to eclipse everything that had been attempted before in the way of an international fair. The preparations for the greatest event of the nineteenth century were carried out upon a scale commen¬ surate with this determination. Everything was to be better, greater and grander than the world had ever seen before, and as the grounds were laid out and the mammoth buildings began to assume form, it was seen that the management, instead of falling short in its prom¬ ises and pretensions, had in every particular exceeded them. The plan and scope determined by the National Commission involved an expenditure upon the part of the local directory of about $10,000,000. It was soon evident that $20,000,000 would be nearer the amount which Chicago would be called upon to lay out 011 this gigantic en¬ terprise, and that this latter sum would quite likely represent only fifty per cent, of the whole amount to be spent before the gates of t le Exposition would be thrown open. The government outlay upon the federal exhibit easily exceeds $2,000,000, and additional appropri¬ ations it is thought will be necessary. The States of the Union (begin¬ ning with Illinois, which appropriated $800,000, and which was o - lowed by Pennsylvania and New York with $300,000 each, and >y a number of less wealthy commonwealths by sums ranging from $100,- ooo to $150,000) have added not less than $3,000,000 to the outlay. The appropriation of foreign nations aggregates about $200,000. The international character and importance of the World’s Fair will be THE WOULD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 133 understood clearly when it is learned that the first sums set aside for their exhibits by such nations as Japan, Mexico and Brazil amounted to $630,000, $750,000 and $300,000 respectively. . . . The Exposi¬ tion grounds cover an area of 633 acres, having a frontage of two miles on Eake Michigan. The largest building is about one mile in circumference, and its central aisle has a clean span of 368 feet and is 206 feet high. The Machinery Hall of the Paris Exposition, if placed within this aisle, would have a space 6 feet wide on each side and 11 feet on each end, with 50 feet clear for ventilation above its roof. There were used in the construction of this building 6,000 tons of iron and steel. These figures may mean much or little to the visitor, but for the purpose of comparison it may be stated that the Eiffel Tower required but 7,000 tons, and only 3,600 tons were used in the Brooklyn Bridge, and 5,600 tons in the great railroad bridge at St. Louis. The heroic dimensions of all the buildings have only lately been realized as they have appeared in their finished state and perfect outlines. The Exhibition buildings, including annexes, required a consumption of 18,000 tons of iron and steel. The buildings pri¬ marily projected, including landscape improvements, were contracted for at a saving of about $2,500,000 from the architects’ estimates, but the growing necessities of the enterprise required the erection of others not at first contemplated at a cost of about $1,900,000. I he total floor space of the great Exposition buildings (not including the foreign, State or special buildings) is 6,320,000 square feet or 155 acres. For the protection of these buildings and their contents, and to supply fountains and all the daily requirements within the grounds, the management provided for a possible supply of 64,000,000 gallons of water daily, which is carried through twenty miles of mains from six inches to three feet in diameter. For supplying power for ma¬ chinery, etc., the management provided for boilers having a watei evaporating capacity equal to 25,000 horse-power and engines for gene¬ rating electricity, 18,000 horse-power; for driving line shafting and isolated exhibits, 2,000 horse-power ; for compressed air, 3t 000 horse¬ power, and for pumps 2,000 horse-power. Electrical force is supplied as power to the amount of 3,000 horse-power, i'he system of sewage projected is extensive and complete. The arrangements are made for the treatment of 6,000,000 gallons of sewage every twenty-four hours, the precipitated matter of which is burned and only clear water allowed to escape. 184 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S LAIR. The estimated cost of the completed structures, including lund- ine esumcu fomnnal facilities, police and fire stations, scape, statuary, 01111 for the com fort and convenience of and all that may 0 f the cost of administration, which opened *. ***** Ma y ” >•»»» <* the world out progress ,n arcll i,ect s of the United /orh City, one front Boston, “ r r- by whom the & . , ■ con f er ence with the distinguished buildings were determined, m comerenc landscape architects, Messrs. Olmsted & Co., of Boston, and Chief o Construction D. H. Burnham, on the Committee on Grounds and Buildings. The Paris Exposition cost about ^,5°o,oco The C m ca <>o Exposition, including administration and all other expenses, will probably be from $17,000,000 to $18,000,000. In addition o This there will be perhaps from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 expended by the General Government and by the various States A reason¬ able estimate of the amount of money that will be spent for all pur¬ poses may be fairly stated to be $22,000,000 to $23,000,000. chief buildings of the Fair are located m Jackson I ark. Many of the minor buildings, special exhibits, etc., were pro¬ vided for with space in Washington Park and on Midway Plaisance. Jackson Park is beautifully situated on the lake shore seven lin es southeast of the City Hall, and embraces 586 acres Washington Park is a mile or more nearer and has 371 acres. Midway Plaisance has 80 acres. Thus a total of 1,037 acres 1S available for the Exposi¬ tion The spacious grounds of the Washington Driving Park Asso¬ ciation, adjoining Washington Park on the south, may be used for certain stock exhibits. To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water two plants were put in, one with capacity of 24,000,000 gallons a day, and the other of 40,000,000 gallons. Thus 64,000,000 gallons a day are available. A system for drainage, believed to be adequate and perfect, was adopted. Plans adopted for lighting the 111 ings and grounds provided for 138,218 electric lamps, of which 6,766 are arc lamps of 2,000 candle-power each, and 131,452 incandescen , 186 A nrn rurnF TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GLIDE IV in , Th electric lighting cost something like $ s Tl ami" ten Emeu as extensive as was employed a, the Pans Uosition. of the Exposition baild- inos and grounds it is necessary that the v.s.tor should lean, some, tog of the details. The dimensions and cost of the tnagmfi cent rnettu-es which rear their beantiful domes on all srdes of you w,11 he i toesting. The following condensed table w.ll convey tins rnfor- niation in a compact and intelligible form. _ _ — BUIEDINGS. dimensions [area INi IN FEET. I ACRES. I Manufactures and Liberal Arts. /J 7 ^ Administration .... Mines. Electricity .. Transportation .... “ Annex Woman’s. x 500 Art Galleries.•. too x 200 “ Annexes (2) . i-ox -oj Fisheries . 135 dihm’r “ Annexes (2). v „„st Horticulture.; • Greenhouses (o) 262 x 262 330 x 700 345 x 6 9 ° 256 x 960 42s x 900 199 x 38S 165 X 365 135 diam’t 250 x 998 24 x 100 Machinery. Inn x cco 490 x 550 100 x 461 77 x 84 146 x 250 503 x 800 300 x 550 125 x 450 2:8 x 528 125 X 300 Dairy . • •. ... 65x200 Live Stock (3) ._. nr* . “ Pavilion. 283 x 443 “ Sheds.. Annex 1 ‘ Power House .... “ Pumping Works . . • 1 Machine Shop . . . Agriculture. • 1 Annex. “ Assembly Hall, etc Forestry. Saw Mill. Casino . . Music Hall 120 x 250 U. S. Government . 1 345 x 4 X 5 “ Imitation Battle-ship.69.23 x 348 Illinois State. 160 x 450 “ Wings. 3°-5 1.6 5.6 ll 1 8.8 ) 1.8 I 3-7 l i i- 1 1 i -4 1 •8 1 5-7 •5 9.6 \ 6.2 J ) V 2.1 9.2 ) 3-8 I 1- 3 2- 5 •9 •5 • 9 ) 2.8 40. ) •7 l ■7 I COST. 51 , 503,003 435,020 265,000 401,000 370,000 138,000 670,000 224,000 300,000 25,000 1 , 200,000 : 35,000 618,000 100,000 100,030 35,000 30,020 335 , 00 ° *210,000 153-8 3-3 •3 1.7 ! .2 ) 1 59-4 #7,041,000 400,000 100,000 250,000 7,791,000 Including connecting peristyle. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 187 Two of the last named buildings were erected at the expense of the United States Government, and one at the expense of the State of Illinois, but these must be classed among the great Exposition structures. The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres. The Fine Arts building has 7,885 lineal feet, or 145,852 square feet of wall space. All of the annexes are scarcely less imposing and architecturally beautiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds which cover an immense area as indicated, are constructed as inex¬ pensively as possible without marring the general architectural effect. The power houses, pumping works, etc., are exhibits in themselves. There are several Exposition buildings in addition to those named, but these are mentioned in another connection. Among them are a Press building, in which every possible convenience and accommoda¬ tion for the press representatives of the world is provided ; and a re¬ production of the Spanish convent, La Rabida, in which a wonder¬ fully complete collection of Columbus relics and allied exhibits are gathered. The total cost of the Exposition structures alone is esti¬ mated at $8,000,000. Of course, it is understood, no reference is made here either to the numerous State or foreign buildings or to structures for the accommodation of special exhibits. These of themselves form a very important part of the Exposition. The visitor will naturally be desirous of taking in the entire Exposition at one journey, if possible, before entering upon special views. The most delightful means by which the visitor may reach the Exposition grounds will be by steamboat on Lake Michigan. A ride of six miles from the embarking point on the Lake Front Park, with the towers and gilded domes of the Fair buildings constantly in sight, will take him there. In the western part of the group stands the Illinois Building costing $350,000. Just south of the foreign and State buildings stands the Fish and Fisheries Building, 700 feet in length, and flanked at each end by a curved arcade connecting it with two octag¬ onal pavilions, in which is seen the aquaria and the tackle exhibit. The total length is r, 100 feet, and the width 200 feet. This build¬ ing, designed by Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, is in the Spanish style, and conspicuous because of a liberal use of color. A little further south across an area of the lagoon is the United THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 189 States Government Building, measuring 350 x 420 feet, and hav¬ ing a dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. It is constructed of stone, iron and glass, classic in style, covers four acres, and cost $400,000. On the lake shore east of this building and in part in the inter¬ vening space, the government has a gun battery, a life-saving station complete with apparatus, a lighthouse, war balloons, and a full-size model of a $3,000,000 battle ship of the first class. Steaming by the Government exhibits the visitor will come abreast of the largest building of the Exposition—that of Manu¬ factures and Liberal Arts. It measures 1,700 x 800 feet, with two interior courts. This building, which is of the French renais¬ sance style, was designed by George S. Post, of New York. Extending westward across the park, is a long avenue or court, several hundred feet wide. To the right, at the entrance of this grand avenue, is the great building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and farther back the other attractions already referred to. To the left is the Agricultural Building, measuring 800 by 500 feet, designed by Architect McKim, of New York. Passing the Agricultural building, the visitor will come to the great Machinery Hall, which lies to the westward of it, and which is connected with it by a horseshoe arcade, doubling a branch of the lagoon. It is nearly identical with it in size and cost, but differs from it considerably in appearance, being serious, impressive and rich in architectural line and detail, and the best work of its design¬ ers, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston. Opposite Machinery Hall, and north of it in the centre of the “Long Walk,” stands the Exposition Administration Building. This is one of the most imposing, and, in proportion to its size, by far the most inexpensive one of the large structures. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, President of the American Institute of Architects, is its designer. It is adorned with scores of statuary figures, and sur¬ mounted by a gilded dome rising 250 feet, or about the height of the Auditorium tower. In it are the offices of the National Commission and Local Directory, and the headquarters of all the numerous offi¬ cials connected with the management and administration of the Ex¬ position. To the northward of the Administration building, on either side and facing the grand avenue, are two more immense buildings, one 190 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. for tile Electrical and tl.e other for the Mining exhibit. These are about equal in sire, covering each a little more than five acres , n Both are of French renaissance. The former was de¬ signed by Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, the latter by S. S. Beman, of Chicago. North of these buildings m the mam lagoon is an island of twenty or thirty acres m area To the southward of the line of buildings which are arranged along the south side of the grand avenue is a vast open expanse which is devoted to the live stock exhibit Here immense stock buildings, a show ring and whatever else will contribute to the suc¬ cess of the live stock feature of the Exposition are to be found. Jackson Park resembles a right-angled triangle m shape. The visitor has thus far, on his tour of inspection, traversed the lake shore or hypothenuse of the triangle, and across the southern end 01 base. It remains only to turn towards the north and note the struc¬ tures ranged along the perpendicular. The first one arrived at is the Transportation Building. This is Romanesque in style and one of the largest of all, measuring 960 by 256 feet, exclusive of a great annex in the rear, which covers nine acres. North of this is the Horticultural Building, another immense structure, 1,000 by 250 feet, with three domes, one at each end and a large one at the center. . , r Still farther north and directly opposite the park entrance of Midway Plaisance stands the Woman’s Building, which is one of the chief objects of interest on the grounds. The exterior design was furnished by a woman architect, Miss S. G. Hayden, of Boston. Here the lady managers have their headquarters, and here is col¬ lected a wonderful exhibit illustrating the progress and attainments of women in the various branches of industry. Passing the Woman’s Building the visitor can turn toward the northeast and inspect the Foreign and State buildings in the northern porrion of the park. _ BIRD’S EYE VIEW. —The power of the pen is proverbial, but how inadequate and feeble an instrument it is to describe the picture presented by a bird’s eye view of the Exposition Grounds and Buildings. Such beauty, such grace, such coloring ! Does there exist to-day, has there ever existed, either on the canvas of the painter or in the brain of the poet, an ideal paradise that will compare with this reality? Spread out beneath him lie more than six THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 191 hundred acres, upon which has been expended all the wealth of experience in art and science. The very essence of all that is elegant and unique in landscape gardening, grouped here and there are scores of graceful and imposing edifices, making a magnificent array of struc¬ tures, which embody the best conceptions of America’s greatest architects. Bordering this scene, and adding not a little to it, is Lake Michigan, one of the grandest of inland lakes. There is nothing to add, nothing to wipe out. Could a picture be more perfect ? To the north one sees a village of palaces; these are the buildings of Foreign Nations and some of all states of the Union. It is pictur¬ esque in the extreme because here are embodied the different tastes and characteristics of the world, national and provincial. This group is one of the most interesting parts of the exposition. These buildings are ranged on wide curving avenues, connected by numerous walks ; they occupy about ioo acres of the park beautifully laid out; each building has ample grounds of its own, with lawns, flower-beds and shrubbery. In front of the park, extending eastward into the Lake 1200 feet we see the great pier with its enclosed harbor dotted here and there by the picturesque little pleasure boats of all epochs and nations. The harbor bounded on the east, far out into the lake, by the long columned facade of the Casino,’ in whose free space crowds of men, women and children, in holiday attire, protected by its ceiling of gay awnings, look east to the lake and west to the long vista between the main edifices as far as the gilded dome of the Administration build¬ ing. The first notable object of this vista is the colossal statue of Liberty rising out of the lagoon at the point where it enters the land, protected by moles which carry sculptured columns emblematic of the thirteen original States of our Union. Beyond this, beyond the first of many bridges, lies a broad basin, from which grassy terraces and broad walks lead on the north, to the south elevation of the enormous Main Building, and on the south to the structure dedicate 1 to agriculture. This Main Building, devoted to manufactures and liberal arts, stretches northwest one-third of a mile, The long, low lines of its sloping roof, supported by rows of arches, is relieved by the central dome over the great main entrance ; and emblematic statuary and floating banners will add to its festive character. The north elevation of the classic edifice devoted to agriculture, 192 *ATn rIJTDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE , , hphind Corinthian columns, supporting a series of long arcade be t iViprallv adorned with shows a long arcade be in or domes Liberally adorned with arches and *5“ “ teWldiig, by'its shnpiicity, sculpture aud enuc expressive of pastoral serenity and "utTihSLce a statue'of Ceres offers hospitality tothe the cential point . f et j nto the air it stands m the columned stones o its ‘ d itll sta tuary and fountains, centre of a spacious open plaza adorn down to the „ith flowemteds and teriace^s p^ ^ ^ buildings devoted to lagoonsu North P ^ brist ling with points and pinnacles, ™”f toTntrap fro.il tlm air the intangible element whose achievements “ "‘sotTh of'the plaza is the machinery stall with its power-house Soutli 01 p d j t h e western limit of t the so„,h-t corner gtil f further north, lying TeTofthe north branch of the lagoon Horticulture. F & . , , devoted to the novel and iuterest- Spectator can looh upward through the clear BUILDING.-The Administration Building is the finest at the Fair, it being- generally conceded tha this structure is the gem and crown of the Exposition Buildings. Its location is at the west end of the great court in the southern part of the site looking eastward, across the open space and the Lagoon ’ . n ■ nf i 4-1,as pier Its great gilded dome forms one outwards, the Casino and the Pi • g g edifice cost of the most conspicuous objects of the Exposition. This edifice cost /Jo oT The architect is Richard M. Hunt of New York Presi¬ dent’ of the American Institute of Architects, to whose estabhshe reputation it is a notable contribution. The building covers an area of P 2 SO feet square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, stand- in- ft each angle of its square ground plan, and connected by a great central dome 120 feet in diameter and 260 feet high. The center each facade has a recess 93 feet wide, within which is a grand en¬ trance to the building. The general design is m the style of the Tn THE WORLD'S FAIR. 194 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AN D G ___ „ The lower story, comprising the pavilions, is Trench renaissance, me of heroic proportions, Doric in order of “'“f " h and hnvfng the great tiers of the surrounded by a lofty balus r > scu l pt ure. The second story angle of each pavilion ,« d of P the Ionic order, 65 feet with its lofty and spacious ££ntral rotun da, which is 175 feet 1Ughl bei Tb^nroctagonal base, 40 feet high upon which rises square. Above is * . out . tops a il the others. the great dome. This bu b edifice, which are There are four entrances, otre^on each^srd^^ ^ ^ by 50 feet wide and 50 feet h g , P j the rear of these arches circular arched screens of glass, giving are entrance doors and ^ face of these screens, at the SS 2 £ r ffi "atgauet.es cornn.unicating with the different ^interior effects of this ““” 17 sp.tdtihlS £ ternal features will even encee ^ betwe e„ every two entrances, exterior. A hall or lopa . 3 ° ^ ^ rotunda , and giving connecting the u ^ broad circular stairways and access to offices be * P the rotun da is octagonal in form, swift running elevat _ eight enormous arched openings, the first story being ^ of the grea t entrances, Above corresponding m sue J ^ - n width) t he panels of which are these arches is a fnez 7 carv ed in low relief and covered filled with tablets, borne by figures carved ml^ feet in with commeinorative mscnp i°ns^ ^ dom£ risin g f ro m the height, rises above the, ba1 ^ feet f rom the floor below, ?U < dome1s t elridie t d 'whhTep panelings, richly moulded, and the - e,s are fflled wiff, *^ “ £ MET* S" 2s tS 7«t celebrated domes of a similar character „ "" The'corner pavilions are four stories in height, and are each divided into large and small offices for the various De^rhnente Administration, and into lobbies and toilet rooms. The ground contains, in one pavilion, the Fire and Police Departments, with cells THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 195 for the detention of prisoners; in the second pavilion are the offices of the Ambulance Service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign Department and the Information Bureau; in the third pavilion, the Post-Office and a Bank, and in the fourth the offices of Public Com¬ fort and a restaurant. The second, third and fourth stories contain the Board rooms, the Committee rooms, the rooms of the Director-Gen¬ eral, the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and of the United States Columbian Commission. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.— This building is erected by the United States Government at a cost of $400,000, for its own use and exhibits. One-half of the building on the south is devoted to the exhibits of the Post-office Department, War De¬ partment, Treasury Department and the Department of Agricul¬ ture, the Smithsonian Institute, the Fishery Commission and the Interior Department. The exhibit of the Department of Justice extends from the rotunda to the west end of the building, and that of the State Department, from the rotunda to the east end of the structure. Assistant Secretary Nettleton, of the United States Treasury, has charge of the Treasury Department Exhibit, and has arranged for exhibits of the Mint, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Super¬ vising Architect of the Treasury, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Bureau of Statistics, the Eife-saving Board, the Light¬ house Board and the Marine Hospital. Some of the most interesting exhibits among these are by the Mint. A complete group of the coins made by the United States, and a collection of coins of foreign countries; by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, a number of photographs all of the public buildings of the Capital, including some of the original designs of Capitol dome and extension by the distinguished architect, Thomas U. Walter, LL. D. ; by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, new bills under framing, including samples of every bill of every denomi¬ nation that the United States Government now authorizes as money ; a life-saving station built and equipped with every appliance and a regular crew who will go through all the life-saving manceuvers; and by the Coast Survey, of a huge map of the United States, about 400 feet square, or about the size of a square of city property, — “accu¬ rately constructed of plaster of Paris and placed horizontally on the Exposition grounds with a covering over it, with galleries and path- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 197 *T" ways on the inside to allow visitors to walk over the whole United States without touching it, and built on a scale showing the exact height of the mountains, the depth of the rivers and the curvature of the earth. ’ ’ The War Department will exhibit lay-figures of officers and men of the United States Army, of all grades, mounted, on foot, fully equipped in the uniform of their rank and service; besides will show the uniforms worn during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and thirty-one figures showing the uniform of the Mexican War. There will be also shown the use of the telephone on battle¬ fields ; the heliograph which annihilates distance ; and all means of army signalling with the batteries, lines, cables, bombs, torches, and every other contrivance now in use in the army. By the arrange¬ ment of Col. Whipple, of the Ordnance Department, huge guns and explosives will be exhibited, and at special times daily there will be regular battery drills and loading and firing of pieces; many of the guns used being the finest of their kind in the world. For the use of the Medical Bureau a hospital tent will be provided, operated by a corps of hospital nurses and doctors. The Government Building is classical in style, bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other Government build¬ ings at Washington, was designed by Architect Windrim, is con¬ structed of iron and glass, and covers an area of 350 by 420 feet. Its most prominent feature is a central octagonal dome, 120 feet in diam¬ eter and 150 feet high. The building fronts west and is approached on the north by a bridge over the lagoon. Its location is near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon and of the area reserved for the foreign nations and the several States, and east of the Woman’s Building and of Midway Plaisance. The allotment of space to the several departments’ exhibits of the Government are as follows: War Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agricultural, 23,250 square feet; Inte¬ rior, 24,000 square feet; Post-office, 9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20,000 square feet, and the Smithsonian Institute, balance of space. The treasures of the latter are so numerous that it will be a task for its officers to select articles for exhibition for the world’s great fair. THE NAVAL EXHIBIT. —For the Naval Exhibit a protect¬ ing pier and breakwater have been extended into the lake, above the landing pier, behind which the United States will make a naval ex- 198 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. Mbit A. model of a coast defend “tle^ Wng commuted upon a stone and concrete wh ich forbids a naval force or to observe the treaty w g to be on the great vessel of either England or the Unite ^ ^ tQ the inven . lakes. This causes muc 1 coin t ^ a t u tbe United States is tion of the following bon moi ah ’ t ’ but must have it in the not content with a war vessel s the abs act, but ^ ^ & concrete. ” A naval training-ship is also ^ ^ ^ ^ full complement chebea ’ Exhibition is to come to Chicago. Afac- tory from the Chelsea caravel Santa Maria , m simile has been built m that discovered Amer- which Columbus sailed on thei fatehd v y g York Harbori ica . She win J“ r a a ; e ?wa TLZ up the lakes to Chicago, m October, 1892, ai will be Washington. In S::r,at:Vam=:?= h P o„ «. ^ - - original trauth is that mad. by the United Unique among structure which, to all outward States Navy Depar merit. It* m ^ new coast . line appearance, is a fat 1 , , 1 b tbe United States Bureau battle-ships, the deS ^^! gP f the N J y Department, and now in :L”Suc“o„ a^stof nearly */ooo,L each by Cramp & Son, Philadelphia. andI the Union^ 4 “ ^“fron, in f * founded by water and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The structure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship. SuetUK gunj to- rets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets ^ ^ ^.her with chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., a aU appliances for working the same. Officers seamen, m chan cs and marines are detailed by the Navy Department during the Exh bhion and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great as the complement of the actual ship. The crew give certain drills, esoeciallv boat, torpedo and gun drills, as m a vessel of war. The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battle-ship, PRAIRIE AVENUE. 200 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. to wit: length, 348 feet, and width, midships, 69 feet 3 inches; from water-line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart-house and the boats At the forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower, called the “military mast,” near the top of which are placed two circular “tops” as receptacles for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in each of these tops.. The height from the water-line to the summit of this military mast is 75 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling. The battery mounted comprises four 13-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon; four 6-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns ; six 1-pounder rapid-firing guns; two Gatling-guns and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of these are placed and mounted respec¬ tively as in the genuine battle-ship. The superstructure contains the cabins, staterooms, lavatories, lactrines, mess-rooms, galle} and fittings, mess-table for crew, lockers, berthings, and also shows the manner in which officers and enlisted men live, according to the rules of the United States Navy. On the deck and bridge of the superstructure the manner in which the rapid-firing guns, search¬ lights, beats, etc., are handled, is shown. The entrance to the conning tower is from the deck of the vessel, in which are. all the appliances that the captain has at his command when taking the ship into action and during the progress of a battle at sea. An electric light plant is provided and arrangements made for heating with steam. On the berth deck are the various articles usual to the hull, machinery and ordnance; ordnance implements, including electrical machines, gun-carriage, motors and range-finders; models showing typical warships of the past and present; samples of the provisions, clothing, bunting, flags, and naval stores in general in short, all the supplies that go to make up the outfit of a man-of-war. ■ The costumes of the sailors of the Navy from 17 75 to are exhibited by janitors dressed in those suits of clothing. On the star¬ board side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. This imitation battle-ship was designed by Frank W. Grogan, THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 201 architect of the U. S. Naval Exhibit, under the direction of Capt. Meade, U. S. Navy, and Lieut. Tussing, U. S. N. The idea of having a structure to represent a inan-of-war, manned with all appli¬ ances in position is new, and was conceived by Capt. R. W. Meade. Nothing of the kind has ever been attempted before, and the cost of this curious and original structure is about $100,000. THE WOMAN’S BUILDING.— The Woman’s Building is de¬ scribed as a new project upon an extended scale in exhibitions, and is a spacious structure designed to display woman’s special achieve¬ ments and work. A committee of ladies presided over most capably by Mrs. Potter Palmer, the wife of one of Chicago’s most prominent citizens, has this in charge, and they propose organizing similar committees of ladies abroad and soliciting foreign exhibits. The design is to show the best things done by women. The building has a central gallery for the special display of the brilliant and artis¬ tic things done by women in art, authorship and handicraft. In other rooms there will be exemplified the charitable and industrial work carried on by women, where they labor for the benefit of hu¬ manity, in hospital service, kindergartens and schools, as housewives, and in cookery. The great achievements of famous women will have full representation, and as exhibition within this building will be upon special invitation based upon merit, this is expected to be a most attractive part of the Fair. At any rate, the ladies are enthu¬ siastic about its prospective success, and they only fear that their building, which covers nearly two acres, may be found far too small for what they will have to put into it. ‘ ‘ Encompassed by luxuriant shrubs and beds of fragrant flowers, like a white silhouette against a background of old stately oaks, is seen the Woman’s Building, situated in the northwestern part of the Park, separated by a generous distance from the Horticultural Building on the one side, and the Illinois State Building on the other, and facing the great lagoon with Wooded Island as a vista. A more beautiful site could not have been selected for this daintily designed building.” There was a large number of designs for the building prepared by women architects from all parts of the land. The President of the Board of Lady Managers selected from them all the sketch by Miss Sophia G. Hayden, whose sketch showed harmony of grouping and gracefulness of details, which indicated the architectural scholar. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 203 and to whom was awarded the first prize of one thousand dollars and also the execution of the design. The second prize was given to Miss Lois L. Howe, of Boston, and the third to Miss Laura Hayes, of Chicago. Miss Hayden, who is a graduate, with high honors, of the School of Technology, in Boston, went from there to Chicago, and personally made the plans and elevations for the building. The lagoon, directly in front of the structure, takes the form of a bay about 400 feet in width, from the centre of which a grand land¬ ing- and staircase leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Cross- ing this terrace other staircases give access to the ground, four feet above, on which, about 100 feet back, the building is situated. Flower beds, in artistic designs and low shrubs, cover the first ter¬ race, forming, together with the creamy white balustrades rising from the water’s edge, and also in front of the second terrace, a charming foreground for the fine edifice. Four hundred feet is the extreme length of the principal facade, the depth of the building being two hundred feet. Italian renaissance is the style selected. This large edifice consist of a center pavilion flanked at either end with corner pavilions connected in the first story by open arcades, forming a shady promenade the whole length of the building. The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This pavilion, forming the main triple arched entrance with open colonnade in the second story, is finished with low and beautiful proportioned pediment enriched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions being like the rest of the building, two stories high, with a total elevation of 60 feet, have each an open colonnade added above the main cornice. Here are located the Hanging Gardens, and also the Committee rooms for the use of the Board of Lady Managers. The structure is adorned with an open rotunda 70 by 65 feet reaching to the full height of the building and covered by a richly ornamented skylight. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into this rotunda, which is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, as delicate and chaste in design as the exterior, the whole having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admitting abundance of light to all rooms facing this interior space. On each side of the main entrance and occupying the entire space of the curtains and on the first floor, are located on the left hand a model hospital, on the right a model kin¬ dergarten, each occupying 80 by 60 feet. On the floor of the south 204 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. pavilion is the retrospective exhibit, the one on the north, to reform works and charity organization, and each of these floors is So by 200 feet The curtain opposite the main front contains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. Ladies’ parlors, committee rooms and dressing rooms are located on the second story above the main entrance and curtains, and all leading to the open balcony 1,1 front and commanding a splendid panorama of almost the entiie ground The crreat Assembly-room and Club-room is on the second floor of the north pavilion. The Assembly-room is provided with an elevated stage. A model kitchen, refreshment rooms, reception rooms, etc., are in the south pavilion. The building is encased with 11 staff, ’ ’ the same material used on the rest of the buildings, and as it stands with its mellow decorated walls bathed in the bright sunshine the women of the country are justly proud of the result. The Board of Lady Managers was not created without some mis¬ givings, nor encouraged without some fears. Established prejudices had to be overcome, numerous barriers removed and countless ob¬ structions swept away before the necessary recognition was secured. The election of Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago, a beautiful, an in¬ tellectual, and above all, an energetic woman, has contributed from the outset to establish the character of the undertaking and to insure its success. Mrs. Palmer infused life into the movement, inspired the women of the world with her own enthusiasm, planned a sys¬ tematic campaign, and conducted the executive department of the board with a degree of judgment that marked her as a person of won¬ derful administrative ability. The woman of fashion, the leader of society, the devoted wife of one of the most prominent and wealthiest citizens of Chicago, her conduct of the great responsibility which was placed upon her shoulders not only surprised but amazed those who were actively employed in other departments of the Exposition, and who for that reason could understand and appreciate the magnitude of the task which she was called upon to perform. The women of every country on earth were invited to take part in this exhibit; Mrs. Palmer communicated with the female sover¬ eigns and with the consorts of sovereigns in foreign countries, asking for their assistance; the women of every State and territory in the North American republic were organized into Boards ; the women of Canada, of Mexico, and of the South American Republics were brought into correspondence; not a moment nor an opportunity was CHICAGO UNIVERSITY, WHEN COMPLETED. 206 _ ..m r-rrrn P TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO in* lost in creating an interest in the Women’s department everywhere, ^ in the Woman’ s gilding exhib¬ its could only be entered there by invitation from the Board of Lady ianatrs The space at its disposal was comparatively small and Managers, mi f select and distinguished the ° design of the Women’s exhibit, as outlined by Mrs^Palmej 6 wills follows: The Board wished to mark the firs, olrt'Jpadon of women in an important national enterprise by pre- participation show their progress made in every country S'timworM during the century in which educational and other privi. ws hive been granted them and to show the increased usefulness tlilt has resulted from the enlargement of their opportunities. The Board decided that in the general Exposition buildings, where the competitive exhibits were placed, « would not separate te exldb t of women’s work from that of me,,, for the reason that as women are working side by side with men i. all the factories of he Hid it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to dmdethe finished rlsult of their combined work; nor would women be satisfied h nrirea unless they were awarded without distraction as to sex I„d asllie result of fair competition with the best work shown. They are striving for excellence, and desire recognition only for demon¬ strated merit. In order, however, that the enormous amount of work being done by women might be appreciated, a tabulated statement was procured and shown with every exhibit, stating the proportion of woman’s work that enters into it. The application blanks sent out +n manufacturers contained this inquiry. Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit women had another op¬ portunity of displaying work of superior excellence m an advan¬ tageous way in the Woman’s building, over which the Board of Lady Managers exercised complete control. In its central gallery is grouped the most brilliant achievements of women from every country and in every line of work. Exhibits here were admitted only by invitation, which was considered the equivalent of _ a prize. No sen¬ timental sympathy for women caused the admission of second-rate objects for the highest standard of excellence was here strictly main¬ tained.’ Commissions of women organized in all countries as auxilia¬ ries to the Board of Lady Managers were asked to recommend objects of special excellence produced by women, and producers of such sue- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 207 cessful work were invited to place specimens in the gallery of the Woman’s Building. The platform for the guidance of commissions and organizations throughout the world who desired to cooperate with the Board of L,ady Managers was laid down as follows: 1. To procure, for competition in the main buildings, a representative exhibit showing the work of women in all the varied occupations in which they engage. 2. To procure as far as possible statistics as to the amount of woman’s work that enters into every exhibit, and interesting data connected with the same. 3. To recommend to the Board work of such supreme excellence as to be worthy of admission to the gallery of the Woman’s Building. 4. To recommend to the Board such women as have the requisite expert knowledge to serve on various juries of award. 5. To see that the educational work being carried on by women, from the primary to the highest branches of education, is exhibited when possible, and when not possible that it be illustrated by means of maps, charts, photographs, monographs, relief models, etc. 6. To see that the charitable and philanthropic work, as well as that to promote recreation, healthfnlness, reform, etc., inaugurated by women, is either exhibited or made matter of record as above. 7. To aid in giving suitable publicity to the plans of the Board of Lady Managers in all the leading papers, through the agency of press women when possible. 8. To aid in the collection of a loan exhibit of old lace, embroideries, fans, etc. 9. To secure books written by women for the woman’s library, especially such as relate to the exact sciences, philosophy, art, etc. 10. To secure from every country a chronological exhibit, showing the evo¬ lution and progress of woman’s industries from the earliest time to the present. THE MACHINERY HALL. —Machinery Hall is second only to the Administration Building in the magnificence of its appear¬ ance. It is 850 by 500 feet. It presents the appearance of a grand church and palace of the old world combined and on the largest scale, and was designed, with the other buildings on the great plaza where it stands, with a view to making a grand background for display, and in order to conform to the general richness of the court and add to the strik¬ ing appearance, the two facades of the Machinery Hall in the court are rich with colonnades and other features. The design follows classical models throughout, the detail being followed from the renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Colum¬ bian celebration. An arcade in the first story admits passage around THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 the buildings under cover, and as in all other buildings, the front is formed of “staff’’ colored to an attractive tone ; the ceilings are en¬ riched with strong color. A colonnade with a cafe at either end forms the length between Machinery and Agricultural Halls, and in the center of this colonnade is an archway leading to the Cattle Exhibit. From this portico there extends a view nearly a mile in length down the lagoon, and an obelisk and fountain in the lagoon for the southern point of view. Machinery Hall with the Machinery Annex, somewhat, smaller but of similar construction, and the Power House cost nearly one million and a quarter dollars. Machinery Annex is on the west of Machinery Hall, and is an annex in fact and not a detached edifice. The Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the length of the machinery building to nearly 1,400 feet, making it the second largest of all the Exposition Buildings, the great manufac¬ tures structure alone exceeding it in size. It is spanned by three arched trusses and the interior presents the appearance of three railroad train houses side by side, surrounded on all sides by a gallery fifty feet wide. An elevated traveling train runs the entire length of the long naves for moving machinery. The location of the Hall is at the extreme south end of the Park, midway between Fake Michigan and the west line of the Park. It is west across the lagoon from the Agricultural Building, and just south of the Administration Building. Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, are the architects. All the power for running the machinery is supplied from the separate Power House, adjoining Machinery Hall, which will contain the steam-boilers, the engines and the dynamos, provision being made to supply the largest amount of electrical power ever made. A number of steam-engines of various types will furnish 16,000 horse¬ power, operating the dynamos for light and power, and driving the shafting. It is only in Machinery Hall and Annex that steam-power will be used. All the power elsewhere will be required here con¬ trasts with the 6,000 at the Paris Exposition, and the 1,456 horse¬ power Corliss engine driving the machinery at the Philadelphia Cen¬ tennial Exposition. The display of machinery is large and more interesting than any ever made before in an International Exposition. The electrical machines are confined, of course, to the electrical department, and 14 210 .A rn rnrDF TO THE WORLD'S FAIR . PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GLIDE iu in ome of the mining machinery to the mines and mining department, ^-e rt he,«s Lty .inch of r ^ r,heX. of fr ° m ■» - most ponderous machines of ,he a g e is to he seen t»£ :* c annexes and everything is m mouon. itce witTt’he great diversity shown in the cons,rue.,on of engrnes, some of which exhibit movements that he httle dreamed of. The nations oT the earth are in competition here. England, Germany ' Holland Belgium and other European countries have sent the best examples of their machinery, and the United btates makes before » <■„% ..h, s trated Machinery is doing everything, and more than the hands of inan were employed in doing a century ago. Some of the ingenious contrivances one would imagine almost think, so thoroughly do ley perform the task assigned them. Here the machinery used m every branch of manufacture is in operation. The arrangement is perfect and from the trains which move around the budding above, the visitor can take a splendid observation of the entire exhibit T enormous extent of space under roof m the buildings devoted to machinery, in round numbers nearly eighteen acres, is proof of the Appreciation of the importance of this branch of the Exposition by th£ THEMANOTACTUBES AM) LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.— The mammoth structure of the Great Columbian Exposition is the MANUFACTURES and Lib E ra L Arts Building. It is symme tacal throughout in its proportions. It is the largest exposition building ever constructed, being 1,688 feet long by 788 feet wide, and coven in- nearly thirty-one acres. A gallery fifty feet wide extends around the entire building inside, on all four sides, by which is added more than eight acres to the floor space available for exhibits, and making the total floor area of the building forty acres m all. In addition to this there are eighty-six smaller galleries, twelve feet wide, project¬ ing from the great gallery, from which can be seen the vast array of exhibits and the throng of people on the floor below An avenue fifty feet wide extends throughout the length of the building, on the main floor, called “ Columbia Avenue;” and this is crossed at right 212 TJCTURESQUE CHICAGO AMD OUWE TO THE WORLDS FAIR angles at the center by »»»«■“ a ^‘’“ d ^nd^he^ area' covering this u, ' ra ““ its „„e hundred and fifty feet from l 3 g ronnd 40O Tt« iteel trusses for the roof will contain more metal by 5 tS ornamentation cost I his giganuc cut , , Tt occupies-a most ad- one million five hnndre t "U»n ^ ^ lawns and promenades vantageons position, *“ g £ ot ,,er’exposition buildings,-on the between; and rehthv y aIld tl ^ , a g„ 0 „ separating it from Wo^edt,™-south the £££££££*£ £ r,:i:rd ^ - th ' r^rior appearance the building * covered wid^ st £ and so treated as to be made torepres of ^ ^tlal and .nuns and immense mches^arejppa_^ ^ ^ bnildfag . bn“ho“eT he corners and midway at the sides of the structure ate grantwith their lofty arches and piers of elaborate design and orna- ““S MAmFACTOMS AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING is in the Corinthian styde of architecture, and in point of being severely classic exS ear y all of the other edifices. The long array of columns “Marches which its facades present is relieved from monotony by verv elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figu , symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous a very attractive part. Designs showing in relief the seals of the dif¬ ferent States of the Union and of various foreign nations also in the ornamentation. These, of course, are giga portions The Agricultural Building perhaps is y which has a more elaborately ornamental exterior than has this c - bSS rSn g is regarded as one of the marvels of the Exposi¬ tion, for its architectural success. George B. Post, of Ne the ^^exaggeration to say that one might spend an entire month in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, giving en _ 1 day to the inspection of exhibits without seeing all that is displayed THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 here. The term “World’s Fair” maybe appropriately applied to this department alone, for here are the evidences of the progress of mankind in every section of the habitable globe. Whatever ma¬ chinery or inventions may have accomplished; whatever the soil may have produced or the produce of the soil nourished, the results are here. Science, art and industry have their special departments ; steam and electricity are represented fully ; but these may be denominated causes; the effects of all our knowledge in science, art and industry, of the inventions in electrical and steam force, in navigation, in transportation, in culture, are made manifest in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Here are the higher products of the age, the necessaries and luxuries of the civilized world. If the visitor, after passing through the Art, Agricultural, Machinery, Forestry, Horticultural and all the other departments and sections, is desirous of obtaining an insight into the results of man’s achievements in all these branches of intellectual development and refinement, he will find it in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. The Liberal Arts department alone covers an immense space, and here the educa¬ tional institutes and all that enters into educational systems of the various countries are fully represented. THE ELECTRICAL BUILDING. —The Electrical Building has all the imposing appearance to qualify it to stand among the noble structures about it devoted to older arts and sciences. There will be represented in it a wonderful growth in a very short period of time. This structure has an open portico running along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order of architecture forming an open screen in front of it. Its various pavilions are furnished with windows and balconies. The exterior orders are richly decorated in details, and friezes, pediments, panels and spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief with architectural motifs; the general tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. The architects have designed the building in its details and gen¬ eral outlines so that they might be capable of producing an illumina¬ tion by night on a scale hitherto unknown, the flag-staffs, the open porticos, all being arranged with this in view. By day a fine effect is produced by the color of the exterior which is like marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decor¬ ated with scagliola and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 215 This building is 351 feet wide and 769 feet long, the major axis running north and south. It fronts south on the great quadrangle or court, north on the lagoon, east opposite the Manufactures Building, and west the Mines Building. The general plan is as follows: A longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched roof with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch and clerestory- windows. A flat roof covers the rest of the building, averaging 62 feet in height and provided with skylights. The second story is composed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres. The exterior walls of this building are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, and resting upon a sylobale 3 feet 6 inches. Thus it is seen that these columns extend throughout the first and second stories. The total height of the walls from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. There are two great semi-circular projections to the structure, flanked by two towers 195 feet high, and the north pavilion is placed between these two projecting portions of the building. The great semi-circular window is the central feature of the edifice, and above it 102 feet from the ground, is a colonnade forming an open loggia or gallery-, commanding a view over the lagoon and all the north por¬ tion of the grounds. There are central pavilions on the east and west which are com¬ posed of towers 168 feet high. In front of these two pavilions is a great portico composed of the Corinthian order with full columns. On the south there is a a pavilion semi-circular in form, 78 feet in diameter and 103 feet high. The opening of this niche is framed by a semi-circular arch, which is crowned by a gable or pediment with smaller gables on the returns and surmounted by an attic, the whole reaching the height of 142 feet. In the center of this niche, upon a lofty- pedestal, is very appropriately placed, a colossal statue of Franklin, “whose illustrious name intimately connects the early history of the Republic with one of the most important discoveries in the phenomena of electricity-.” Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City-, are the architects. The cost of this structure is $375,000. 216 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The Electrical Department of the Columbian Exposition will be a revelation to even those who attribute almost miraculous powers to the great force. A hundred thousand incandescent lamps placed harmoniously about the grounds and buildings, and 10,000 arc lamps distributed advantageously to light up the beautifu aic 11 ec- ture and pleasing landscape, would alone furnish almost a fauy spec¬ tacle: but combine with these, electric fountains, pointing rainbow sprays toward the sky, glittering lamps of many colors sparkling under the clear waters of the lagoons and at night setting out 111 all their dainty colorings the floral beauties and the most brilliant kaleid¬ oscope will fade in an every-day dull contrast. The Electrical Building itself is beautiful beyond description. Beside general ornamentation made under the direction of the chief of that department each exhibitor has been on his mettle to outdo his neighbor in uniqueness of design and grandeur m result. rhe lay¬ ing out of arbitrary aisles in the building resulted in leaving a circu¬ lar space thirty feet in diameter in precisely the center of the building. This space was the most desirable of course, and upon designs for it nearly twenty firms set at work. One firm, engaged in the business of artistic lighting, undertook to construct a great tower reaching to the dome of the building, 160 feet in height, the whole to be made of Bohemian crystal, vari-colored and in hundreds of dainty designs, all lighted from within by opalescent and tinted incandescent globes wrought into figures, designed to contrast pleasingly with the shim¬ mering exterior. . Other exhibitors designed evanescent arches of incandescent lamps to span the main aisles of the building, the designs being so constructed that the figures could be changed instantaneously from a switch board hidden from view at the exhibitor’s space. The best talent was secured by the larger electrical companies for the work of preparation of the department exhibit, and #2,000,000 were appropri¬ ated for the purpose. A model house has been built to demonstrate in actual operation every economic application of electricity for use in the home. Thomas A. Edison, the greatest of living electrical inventors, has been deeply interested in this department. His company it is be¬ lieved has invested half a million dollars in its display. All of the great electrical companies, telegraph and telephone companies, street railway and lighting and machinery companies of CENTRAL MUSIC HALL. 218 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO ARD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the United States and the world at large are represented in the Elec¬ trical Building. An especially good display of engines and dynamos comes from England, and in fact the leading features of the electrical exhibition held in London in 1892 are all here. Eugene and laid Champion, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, have a series of electrical fireworks for the Exposition. Neither gunpowder, dynamite, nor other explosive material is used in producing the dazzling effects. Among the novelties is a model light house prepaied for the World s Fair by Sauter, Harle & Co., of Paris. The German electrical firm of Shuckertt & Co., of Nuremberg, makes a general exhibit in the electrical department, and, at the same time, gave one of the Shuckertt ground glass reflectois for the ser¬ vices of the Exposition, and asked that it be given a prominent loca¬ tion in a convenient point to light the lake shore and the harbor of the Exposition. A complete system, demonstrating the European idea of long-distance transmission, is exhibited. A large multiphase dynamo of the five-wire system is also among the European exhibits. A 1,500 horse-power direct current dynamo, a 500 horse-power alter¬ nating current dynamo, and a 1,000 horse-power motor are features of the exhibition of the Siemens & Halske Company. A new street¬ car motor for conduit operation, developed by Herr Hasselwander, of Germany, the Buda-Pesth conduit railway of Siemens & Halske, and a number of storage battery systems of different European firms are likewise exhibited. The electrical display made by Siemens & Halske, of Germany, is probably the most extensive and costly ever witnessed. I11 this connection it might be well to say that the following is the arrangement of electric lights : Arc lights—Machinery Hall, 600; Agricultural, 600; Electricity Building, 400; Mines and Mining Building, 400; Transportation Building, 450; Horticultural Hall, 400; Forestry Building, 150; Manufactures Building 2,000. The Fine Arts Building is completely lined with incandescent lamps, and one mile of wall space, on which pictures are hung, is lighted. The number of lamps is 12,000. There are no arc lights in this building. The Woman’s Building is lighted by both systems. It was decided to place in it 180 arc lights and 2,700 incandescent lamps. The re¬ ception and dressing rooms are furnished with the incandescent lamps. The Administration Building is supplied with 1,000 incandescent lamps. The Machinery and Agricultural Annexes are supplied with THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 219 arc lights. Each building is furnished with wires for incandescent lighting in order to accommodate the exhibitors. The saw mills are run by electricity. The Manufactures Build¬ ing is supplied with electric power, and the saw mill employed there is worked by that force. At the Paris Exposition but three build¬ ings were furnished with electric light. Each structure at the World’s Columbian Exposition has a plant which may be used night and da) r . In all there are used, approximately, 127,000 electric lamps, of which 7,000 are arc, of 2,000 candle power each, and 120,000 in¬ candescent sixteen candle power lamps. To run the plant 22,000 horse-power is required. The World’s Fair directors spent $1,- 000,000 for these electric plants. Exhibitors are not required to pay anything for light, except in cases where they call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction department. It was the aim of the management to make the World’s Fair site and the buildings one grand exemplification of the progress that has been made in electricity. The electrical exhibits are con¬ fined to a few of the buildings, but on every hand there is a dis¬ play of electricity. The grounds, including the water-ways, the wooded island, the streets and avenues, and boulevards approach¬ ing the World’s Fair site, are all lighted by electricity, and in harmony with the general effect which it is desired to produce. The great structures of the Exposition are turned into a panoramic view at night by the aid of powerful electric search lights. On the gilded dome of the Administration building, on the centre pavilion of the Casino, and at other suitable points these search lights are placed. During the evenings on which the Exposition is open, the lights are turned on the several main buildings and water-ways so as to flood them with a sudden burst of electric splendor. Glimpses of the outlines of woods, water and buildings suddenly flash before the eye. And this panoramic view may be had from different points of observation. THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. —The Transportation Building is a long structure and is much of the Romanesque in its style of architecture. It is exquisitely refined and simple in archi¬ tectural treatment, although it is very rich and elaborate in detail. Its interior is treated much after the manner of a Roman Basilica, with broad nave and side aisles. The roof is iir three divisions, the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 221 middle one rising much higher than the sides, with a beautiful arcaded clerestory. The cupola, exactly in the centre of the build¬ ing, rises 165 feet from the ground. The main entrance is an im¬ mense single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree with carv¬ ings, bas-reliefs and mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful, yet quiet color climax, treated entirely in leaf, and called the ‘ ‘ Golden Door. ’ ’ There are numerous other entrances and with them are grouped terraces, seats, drinking fountains and statues. This leads to the central open space, surmounted by a cu¬ pola rising 165 feet, and reached by eight “lifts” which will be themselves exhibits. These carry visitors to the galleries running along the sides of the building. The remainder of the architectural composition falls into harmony with the highly-wrought entrance, and is duly quiet and modest in treatment. The main building of the Transportation Exhibits is 960 feet front by 256 feet deep, and will ex¬ tend westward to Stony Island avenue. Adjoining on the west is the Transportation Annex, a triangle of nine acres, consisting of one-story buildings, each 64 feet wide, set side by side. These will contain in spaces 16 feet wide, long railway lines, to exhibit trains of both freight and passenger cars and engines. This display is expected to be stupendous, and hence the large space devoted to it. There will be at least 100 locomotives arranged so that each will face a central avenue, making a fine perspective effect. Everything in the way of transportation is expected to be exhibited, ranging from a baby car¬ riage to a huge “Mogul” engine. Technically this exhibit will in¬ clude everything comprised in class G of the official classification. It forms, with other buildings, the northern or picturesque quad¬ rangle. It is situated between the Horticultural Hall and the Mines Building. Its arcial relation is with the Manufacturers’ Building on the east side of the quadrangle ; the central feature of each of the two buildings being on the same east and west line. The cupola of the Transportation Building, viewed from the lagoon, will form the effective southwest accent of the quadrangle, while from the cupola itself, reached by eight elevators, the Northern Court, the most beautiful effect on the entire Exposition, may be seen in all its glory. These elevators of themselves will natur¬ ally form a part of the Transportation Exhibit, and as the} will also carry passengers to galleries at various stages of height, a fine view of the interior of the building may be easily obtained. The 222 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO A,YD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. main galleries of this building will prove quite accessible to visitors because of the abundant placing of passenger elevators. If we add to the effect of the exhibits the architectural impres¬ sion given by the long vista of richly ornamental colonnades, it may be easily imagined that the interior of the Transportation Building will be one of the most impressive of the Exposition. A transfer railway with 75 foot tables will run the entire length of the structure and immediately west of the main building, to assist in the placing of exhibits. Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, are the architects. The Transportation Building cost about $300,000. For the first time in the history of world’s fairs it was decided to give the science of transportation in its broadest meaning that atten¬ tion to which its importance entitles it. Every method of transpor¬ tation, except the back of the mule and the foot of man, is shown. The development of modern transportation has been so recent and rapid that its significance has hardly been understood. Already its early history is in many instances fading away or utterly lost. Judged by their relations to the every day life of the world, no other industry surpasses it in utility or equals it as a power in the progress of civilization. Considered from the stand-point of the amount of capital invested, it overshadows every other industry. Prof. Arthur T. Hadley of Yale College says : “The railroads of to-day are worth from $25,000,000,000 to $30,- 000,000,000. This probably represents one-tenth of the total wealth of civilized nations, and one-quarter, if not one-third, of their in¬ vested capital. It is doubtful whether the aggregate plant in all manufacturing industries can equal it in value. The capital engaged in banking is a trifle beside it. The world’s whole stock in money of every kind—gold, -silver and paper—would purchase only a third of its railroads.” If to the railroads be added the shipping of the world and all means of conveyance on common roads, the magnitude of the in¬ terests represented in this department of the World’s Columbian Ex¬ position may be fairly estimated. It was the intent of this department that it should fully and fairly present the origin, growth and development of the various methods of transportation used in all ages and in all parts of the world. As far as possible the means and appliances of the barbarous and semi-civilized tribes are shown by specimen vehicles, trappings and THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION . craft. Past history is illustrated by relics of the earlier days. The development of water craft, from the crudest forms to the modern ocean steamship; of the wheeled vehicles from the first inception of the idea of the wheel to their present seeming perfection ; and of that greatest of all means of transportation—the railway—is also further illustrated by accurate models, drawings, plans, and designs, in case where the actual apparatus, appliance or machine itself could not be exhibited. It was the aim of this department to keep the historical feature clearly in view, and even to magnify it. By so doing the greatest exhibition of the actual means of transportation employed throughout the world to-day stands out in high relief by contrast, and the wonderful achievements of recent years bear more weighty testimony to the genius of the age in which we live. Exhibits in this department are divided into six general classes —railways, intramural transit, carriages and other vehicles for com¬ mon roads, bicycles, aerial and pneumatic machines, and marine transportation. Of these the railways, as most important, demand most space. A space of over eight acres is devoted to this interest. The plan adopted provides for the best possible utilization of space. Exhibitors have every opportunity for showing their appliances and devices to the best advantage. As far as possible, arrangements were made by joint agreement for showing everything in its proper place and relations. Eocomotive appliances are best shown on locomo¬ tives and the appurtenances and furnishings of cars on cars. It is believed that nearly all of the establishments engaged in locomotive, car and bridge building are represented. A large number of the leading railways of the world also make exhibits of their standard roadbed, track, and equipment. Street railways—surface, underground, and elevated—are shown very completely in this de¬ partment. A large portion of the floor space of the Transportation building proper is devoted to the display of carriages and vehicles for common roads. Bicycles, the most recent of all road vehicles, receive the atten¬ tion to which their popularity and rapidly increasing use entitle them. Transportation through the air and by means of air is yet in a comparatively undeveloped condition. Whatever is worthy in past achievements is sent here, and whatever there is of present success or future promise. Whether or not this realm is ever conquered by THE WORLD'S COL UMBIAN EXPOSITION. 225 human ingenuity, the subject will ever be a fascinating one. Mont¬ golfier’s early attempts in this field are exemplified, and the modern schools for the training of aeronauts have space allotted to them. Every known method of transportation on water is shown in this division. Small craft of all kinds are exhibited in full size; ves¬ sels, from the nature of the case, must be shown by models. For fuller illustration, drawings, plans and paintings are shown. Much attention is given to the merchant marine. The navigation of the inland waters of the world, especially the great lakes and rivers, is illustrated more fully than in any previous exposition. THE HALL OF MINES ANI) MINING.— The MINES AND Mining Building is of classic architecture. The architect, S. S. Beman, of Chicago, has followed mainly the early Italian renais¬ sance, with which he has taken sufficient liberty to adapt it to its place in a great general Exposition. A decided French spirit per¬ vades the exterior design; but it is kept subordinate. Its plan is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, etc. This building is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide, and its location is at the southern extremity of the Western Lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and Transportation Buildings. There are entrances at the sides; but two grand entrances are placed at the ends, north and south, each no feet high, their enor¬ mous arched ways richly embellished with sculptural decorations, emblematic of mining and its allied industries, and opening into a vestibule 88 feet high. To the right and left of each entrance inside start spacious flights of stairs leading to the galleries, which are 60 feet wide, 25 feet from the ground floor, and lighted on all sides by large windows, and from above by a high clerestory extending around the structure. The main front south looks out on the great Central Court, and the north front on the western and middle lakes and a beautiful thickly wooded island. Each corner of the building is a spacious square pavilion, each being surmounted by a dome, and the entire roof is of glass, elevated 100 feet above the floor, and all lighted by arched windows extending through the galleries. The cantilever system applied to the roof is the only one used in the Exposition buildings excepting the laxedomes, and not been used before for the support of roofs as in the Mines Building. 226 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly deco¬ rated arcades forming an open loggia on the ground floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor level, which com¬ mands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward and the great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide and 230 feet long, and from them is had access to the building at numerous points. The loggias on the first floor are faced with marbles of different kinds and hues, which will be con¬ sidered part of the Mining Exhibit, and so utilized as to have mar¬ ketable value at the close of the Exposition. The loggia ceilings will be heavily coffered and richly decorated in plaster and color. The ornamentation is massed at the prominent points of the facade. The exterior presents a massive, though graceful appearance. The great space of the interior is one story high and 630 feet long by 230 feet wide, with an extreme height of 100 feet at the cen¬ ter & and 47 at the sides. This is spanned by steel cantilever roof trusses supported on steel columns placed 65 feet apart longitudinally and 115 feet and 57 feet 6 inches transversely, thus leaving clear space encumbered with only 16 supporting steel posts. The canti-levers are of pin connection to facilitate erection. The inner and higher ends of the cantilevers are 46 feet apart, and the space between them is spanned by riveted steel trusses with an elliptical chord. The exterior of this structure, like that of all the others, will be made of “staff,” similar to that used in facing the recent Paris Ex¬ position buildings. The cost of the Mines Building is $250,000. This large building is to contain a most interesting exhibition of the minerals and metals of this country, with the methods and appliances for mining and working them. In no other department of the World’s Columbian Exposition, perhaps, is seen a greater diversity of exhibits than that of Mines and Mining. Not only is there a dazzling array of diamonds, opals, emer¬ alds and other gems, and of the precious metals, but a most exten¬ sive collection of iron, copper, lead, and other ores, and of their product; of coal, granite, marble, sandstone and other building stone; of soils, salt, petroleum, and, indeed, of almost everything useful or beautiful belonging to the mineral kingdom. The mineral resources and products, not only of this country as a whole, but of each State and section as well as of foreign countries is of the most complete and representative description. 22S PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The exhibit of coal at the Exposition, of course, is qualitative rather than quantitative. Not only are the different varieties of coal which the different localities produce, shown, but chemical analyses of each and the results of tests determining economic value and adap¬ tability to various uses. The coal resources of the different States and sections are shown by geological maps and drawings giving con¬ figuration, stratification, etc., which render apparent the extent and accessibility of the coal beds and veins. So, too, as regards iron. The most strenuous efforts were made to have an exibit worthy of that great branch of industry'. This country is now the first nation in the world in iron production, hav¬ ing recently forged ahead of Great Britain, its only real competitor. Our production of pig iron now exceeds 10 , 000,000 tons annually, or nearly four times what it was ten years ago, and the production of steel now aggregates about 5,000,000 tons a year, a growth of nearly 300 per cent, in the decade. The development of the iron resources of the Southern States has been especially great and rapid. Another exhibit which is very extensive and varied is that of building stone. Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone and bluestone in scores of colors, are shown by the finest specimens procurable. Nearly every State has quarries of native material of excellent qual¬ ity. From one to half a dozen of twenty or more recognized varieties of granite, for example, are quarried in twenty-eight states, Massa¬ chusetts, Maine, California and Connecticut being the largest pro¬ ducers. The value of the granite output in 1889 was $14,464,095, an increase of more than $9,000,000 over that of 1880. Limestone is quarried in almost every State, Pennsylvania and Illinois taking the lead. The value of the output in 1889 was $19,095,179. This is ex¬ clusive of the output of marble, which, as is well known, is a species of limestone, the quarrying of which in a number of the States is an important and extensive industry. Sandstone, including bluestone, was quarried in 1889. to the value of $11,758,081. One of the greatest attractions of the mines department of the Exposition is the remarkable collection of minerals owned by Profes¬ sor A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia. It is the finest private collection in the world, a complete history of mineralogy, and is so arranged that the mineralogy of the States is shown. This collection was shown at the Centennial, at London, and at Paris, and in each in¬ stance received the highest award. THE WORLD” S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 229 The Canadian Copper Company, of Sudbury, Canada, makes a mineral exhibit which includes the Canadian Company’s exhibit. In its exhibit the government geological survey places on view a sort of synoptic picture of the mineral resources of this country. Big chunks of native gold and silver are shown just as they were dug out of the earth, together with remarkable ores of all sorts, particularly those of what are called “ economic minerals, ” such as iron, copper and tin. Accompanying these are maps drawn for the purpose at assisting the illustration. Professor Clarke, the distinguished chem¬ ist and mineralogist, was given charge of the whole matter, and he collected a wonderfully fine assemblage of precious and semi-precious stones also, which form part of the display. This collection, although it is largely composed of gems found in the United States, is not lim¬ ited to those. Dozens of big boxes and trays full of such jewels of all sorts were sent from the National Museum. Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., whose display of minerals was one of the features of the Louisville Exposition, consumes 5,000 square feet of space for his mineral cases, and sends enough to fill 10,000 feet in a geological display. The exhibit of coal, iron ore, building stone and clays from Indiana is very extensive. There is also a special cabinet exhibit of what may be called commercial min¬ erals. Gov. J. V. Aycardi, of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the World’s Fair a beautiful piece of carved marble, a bas relief repre¬ senting the landing of Columbus, which was presented to the State of Panama, nearly ninety years ago, by the Empress Josephine, who, at the same time, gave the colossal bronze statue of Columbus which now stands in Aspinwall. Pueblo, Col., makes a special exhibit. The celebrated Westerman and Briggle collection of gold specimens is seen, among other things. The Columbian Exposition appropriately and properly yields a conspicuous place to the mining display. Interest centers in the Mining building as a museum of those metals and minerals that were such an incentive to the enterprise of the great Spanish voyager. More especially because here is placed an historical exhibit, illustrat¬ ing by means of models, drawings, or original tools and appliances themselves, the successive advances made in the metallurgical ait from the primitive methods in vogue among the natives of the new world at the time Columbns landed. The evolution of the metallurgical industry is illustrated by THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION'. 231 relics of early days. Mexico furnishes some of the old-fashioned Catalan forges for ironmaking with their crude hammers and water blasts. Catalonia was a province in Spain where this antique imple¬ ment was first employed and from which skilled ironmongers were exported to the new world. This primitive affair will make a strong contrast with the modern improved forging press of 4,000 tons worked by 2,000 horse-power engines and commanded by traveling cranes capable of lifting 150 tons. The iron industry of the United States has much to show for its development since the days of Columbus. It was as early as 1619 that a London Company sent over to Virginia 100 persons skilled in the manufacture of iron. On the banks of the James River they established the first works for the smelting of ores in America, and erected one of the Catalan forges. Unfortunately the colony was, within a few years, annihilated by Indians and the works demolished. The first blast furnace in Maryland dates back to 1724, and was christened the “Principio.” Some years ago two pigs of iron bearing the lettering “Principio, 1751,” were raised by fishermen from the Patapsco river. One of the pigs is exhibited at the fair. The growth of Bessemer steel operations is the most stupendous fact in the development of the metallurgical industries. In 1865 two Bessemer converters combined gave a total annual product of 500 pounds. In 1890 there were eighty-two and the product over 4,000,000 tons. This great expansion is to be accounted for largely through the perfection of the machinery used in these processes. The most striking illustration of this is seen in the iron and steel section of the Mining building. In a conspicuous place is exhibited the original steel converter, upon which, in 1857, Mr. Kelly, of Ken¬ tucky, obtained his patent. In comparison with this relic is placed the ponderous equipment of a steel plant, presented either by a model or by a working apparatus. There are blast and puddling furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, rolls, steel trains, and every conceivable pro¬ cess of manufacture together, flanked by artistically arranged stacks of the product in its various forms of bars, rods, sheets, wire, etc. The mineral exhibit from Michigan is sure to attract much at¬ tention. This includes, besides extensive collections from museums, etc., granites, marble, and other building material of rare and beautiful qualities, but which have not yet been marketed to any great extent; raw material from the iron mines, m plates 69 to 70 23 ’> PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO HIE WORLD'S PAIR per cent, pure, as taken from the mines; and especially, specimens of copper, which, in its pure state, is found only in the Michigan mines A copper exhibit, the “largest and most extensive ever attempted ” is made by the Calumet and Hecla mines. It includes “obelisks of pure copper ranging in weight from fifty to five hundred pounds, also quantities of wire and sheet copper that has been drawn and rolled from the native metal just as it was taken from the mines; rods of copper bent into different shapes, and even tied into knots, as one would tie a cravat, withoht breaking or splintering, as would be the result of such an operation on the copper produced by other mines and containing an alloy which renders it less ductile. A curious fact concerning the silver deposits sometimes found in the copper, is, that nature has welded the silver and copper together without* mixing them, whereas no process has ever been discovered by mineralogists by which the same thing can be done artificially. Examples of & this phenomena are included in the exhibit.” Nearly all the mineral-producing states of the Union make large exhibits. Geological societies at home and abroad are well repre¬ sented. 1 I HE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. —Standing very near the shore of Lake Michigan and almost surrounded by the lagoons that lead from the lake into the Park is the magnificent structure known as The Agricultural Building. It is classic renaissance in its style of architecture, and is 600 feet wide, and 800 feet long, its longest dimensions being east and west. The north side of the structure is almost on a line south of the Pier extending into the lake on which stand the heroic columns emblematic of the Thirteen Ori¬ ginal States. The front of the building runs for its entire length along the lagoon. On the east the building faces a harbor for plea¬ sure boats. On the west is a continuation of the lagoons, for the whole length of the front. For a single story building the design is bo d and heroic The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade, xv nle on both sides of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. There is a pavilion on each corner and in the center of the building, the center one being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by curtains, ormmg a continuous arcade around the top of the building. The mam entrance is 64 feet wide, and its vestibule leads to the rotunda 100 feet ,11 diameter. The dome is mammoth in its proportions, 234 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. being 130 feet high and 100 feet in diameter, and made of glass. In the main vestibule statuary is placed, having for design the illustra¬ tion of the Agricultural industry. And about all the entrances similar designs are grouped in the most elaborate manner. I he comer pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that of three women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe. This immense structure covers more than nine acres of ground, and together with the Dairy and Forestry Buildings, which cover 7 and 4.5 acres respectively, costs about $1,000,000. The idea is new as agricultural interests are promoted by this Exposition. A large building stands on the south of the Agricultural Building, de¬ voted to a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. It is near the Elevated Railroad. Like the other important buildings of the great Exposition it is a very handsome structure. On the first floor are located—A Bureau of Information ; suitable Committee and other rooms for different live stock associations of every character; two large and handsomely equipped waiting-rooms for ladies, lounging- rooms for gentlemen, and ample toilet facilities. From this floor broad stairways lead to the Assembly room in the second story, which has a seating capacity of 1,500. Lectures will be provided by quali¬ fied persons upon Agricultural subjects. Here will be set forth the theories to be illustrated in the other buildings. The building and annexes devoted to the Agricultural exhibit, which include the products of the soil, agricultural implements, machinery, etc., will attract great attention from those visitors who are interested in this branch of industry. The history of no previous Exposition attested such general interest among all classes of people as to the general character, extent, the benefit it is believed will follow, and the possibilities for good awaiting agriculturists from the exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Exposition. A great advancement has been made since the Philadelphia Centennial Expo¬ sition in all branches of farm work. Since that time the Depart¬ ment of Agriculture has been given a position in the Cabinet; has attained a firm foothold in the estimation of the people, and has not only become one of the most prominent of the government depart¬ ments, but has been productive of most beneficial results to the commerce of our country, and every one engaged in farm work. Another advance in agricultural work is the Experiment Stations THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 235 that are now connected with the Agricultural Colleges of the country, supported by the Government, with trained scientists and educators at their head, their work reaching out into all the fields of scientific research, seeking to assist in a practical way those engaged in farm- work and to advance the standard of excellence in this great industry to a foremost place in the estimation of mankind. The subject of irrigation and its possibilities has, within a few years, become one of intense interest, and this Exposition presents the subject in such a way that it will attract very great attention. The great advance made in the study of dairying and the successful breeding of live stock has been one of the marvels of the past decade, and with the impetus that will be given these industries by the Dairy School and the immense Live Stock exhibit at the Exposition, the good result likely to follow cannot be estimated. The interest throughout the country in beautifying road ways by tree planting, the setting aside by several of the State legislatures of one day in the year to be devoted to this purpose, known as Arbor Day, and the encouragement given this excellent practice in the com¬ mon schools ; the popularity of and interest taken in Farmers’ Insti¬ tutes throughout the country by the farming community, are all indicative of the rapid advancement that has been made in agricul¬ tural pursuits since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The present Exposition is the focusing point at which all the best results, the thought, intelligence, and energy of those interested in the great problems connected with the agricultural life is centered. As an instance : the question of the production of sugar from sorghum and the sugar beet is one that is attracting great interest in many sections of the country, notably in the west. The Experiment Stations in connection with the Agricultural Department at Washington are devoting time and attention to this work and the results that are shown in the Exposition, as to what can be done with an acre of ground devoted to producing sugar from these products is a source of wonder and amazement to the visitor. It attracts attention to the localities adapted to this industry, and is the means of building fac¬ tories and their industries connected with the production of sugar in this manner. The South is represented at the Exposition by so great a variety of products that one ceases to wonder at the great material advance¬ ment made by that part of the agricultural area of the country. One THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 237 purpose of the Exposition of 1893 was to show to the assembled world such a magnificent result of the energy, advancement and cul¬ ture of our agricultural population. For the first time in the history of Expositions, a magnificent building is devoted entirely to the use of agricultural organizations, with a splendid auditorium or lecture-room in which to meet and deliberate. The products of every State in the American Union and of nearly every colony and country on earth are collected here. The arrangement of the exhibits will excite the wonder and compel the admiration of the visitor. Taste of the highest order has been dis¬ played in every section, and the interior of the great agricultural building is a scene of enchanting beauty. Illinois makes a magnifi¬ cent display in this department. In the Agricultural implement and machinery section Chicago takes first place. Here are produced the greatest harvesters known. The McCormick Harvester Company has made the leading exhibit at many international expositions, and has eclipsed itself at this one. The State Board of Agriculture of Illinois has offered the prizes to exhibitors in this form : All samples shown in this class are to become the property of the Board of Agriculture, from which selections will be made for the purpose of exhibition at the World’s Fair. For the best and largest display from any county in each of the grand divisions of the State of Illinois, $200 ; second prize, $150 ; third prize, $100. All counties competing, but failing to receive one of the foregoing prizes, will each be paid $50 by an award of that amount to the best and largest display sent from them respectively. There were expended on the display of farm products of the State of Illinois the sum of $20,000. The exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations of the United States is not one of the least interesting features of the Chicago Ex¬ position. One portion of the proposed exhibit, which is to attract general attention, is an experiment station in operation , with its office, laboratories, etc., illustrating how the indoor work of a station is actually carried on. In another portion of the exhibit each station presents, by means of maps, diagrams, pictures, sets of publications, etc., a full statement of its location, equipment, lines of work, etc., so that the visitor can, if he desires, follow out in detail the history and the work of any particular station. The main feature, however, is a topical exhibit of the work of the stations as a whole. In this is 238 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. made not the full showing of the work of any single station, but a unified exhibit showing the kind of work done by the stations, the way in which they do it, and some of the more important results which they have reached. The preparation of the exhibit was in the hands of the Committee of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations co-operating with the United States Department of Agriculture. Live Stock. —The Live Stock Exhibit will open upon June 2, 1893, with the kennel show, which will undoubtedly comprise the largest and finest collections of dogs ever seen. The rules adopted by the Live Stock Department provide only for dogs of unquestioned pedigree, and even in such cases applications will be considered strictly upon their own merits, by a committee of three experts. The kennel clubs and dog fanciers of both Europe and America are deeply interested in the exhibition, and those best informed say not less than 3,000 dogs will be exhibited. The various kennel clubs propose to sup¬ plement the already handsome premium list by a number of very hand¬ some medals. Lord Bute, reputed to be the biggest dog in the world, and the winner of twenty-six first prizes in cups at various bench shows, will be placed on exhibition. Lord Bute is a pure-blooded St. Bernard and is owned by Knowles Croskey, proprietor of the Menthon Kennels, Phcenixville, Pa. He is a noble dog, bred in England, and cost the present owner $3,750. He is thirty-six inches high and weighs 247 pounds. Members of the Mascoutah Kennel Club, of Chicago, expect to play the part of host to the various kennel clubs of the country which may visit the Exposition. The club passed resolutions calling upon similar clubs in all parts of the world to make a special effort to create an interest in the World’s Fair. The period devoted to the exhibition of animals for awards is as follows: Cattle, Sept. 11 to 27 ; horses, jacks and jennets, Aug. 24 to Sept. 27; sheep and swine, Oct. 2 to Oct. 14; kennel show of dogs June 12 to 17; poultry, pigeons, pet stock, etc., Oct. 18 to 30. Ex¬ hibitors of horses and cattle must accompany their application with pedigree of animals offered for entry. This written evidence implies a description or pedigree in the standard live stock records. Animals unregistered, but which have some peculiar value, historical or other¬ wise, may be exhibited, but may not compete for prizes. The exhibit of blooded and fat cattle, sheep, swine, horses, etc., Mag BflMH STR EET. S A LEE L A 239 240 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE IVOR ED'S FAIR. it is expected, will be the greatest ever held in this country. Cattle and horses will be here from England, France and Germany, at least. Some magnificent Normans are expected. Every State in the Union will send contributions. Prizes will be given, sometimes by the State boards and sometimes by private people for the best exhibits. The great stables of trotting hoises in France and many famous English racers will be here. England, Ireland and Scotland will send over larger exhibits than they have ever made at a foreign exposition before. Forestry. —The Forestry Building is in appearance the most unique of all the Exposition structures. Its dimensions are 200 by 500 feet. To a remarkable degree its architecture is of the rustic order. On all four sides of the building is a veranda, supporting the roof of which is a colonnade consisting of a series of columns com¬ posed of three tree-trunks each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and others smaller. All of these trunks are left in their natural state, with bark undisturbed. They are contri¬ buted by the different States and by foreign countries, each furnish¬ ing specimens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of the building are constructed of slabs with the bark removed. The win¬ dow frames are treated in the same rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main entrances are elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material and workmanship being contributed by several prominent lumber associations. The roof is thatched with tan and other barks. The visitor can make no mistake as to the kind of tree-trunks which form the colonnade, for he will see upon each a tablet upon which is inscribed the common and scientific name, the State or country from which the trunk was contributed, and other pertinent information, such as the approximate quantity of such timber in the region whence it came. Surmounting the cornice of the veranda and extending all around the building are numerous flagstaff's bearing the colors, coat of arms, etc., of the nations and States represented in the exhibits inside. The forestry display, like the Forestry Building, is one of the most unique of the Exposition. It is likewise comprehensive and instructive. Forestry is rapidly becoming a vital subject of study, both for the States of the Union and the nation at large. As a science it is perhaps more feebly developed in the United States than in any other civilized nation. The depletion of our natural forests is THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 241 alarming to those who have made this subject a study, and a rational forest management is becoming a necessity in our civil governments. The forestry exhibit at the Fair will probably give more instruction and arouse more interest in this vital question than anything else possibly could. The plan followed out in this department is simple. The government makes the exhibit which treats of forestry as a science, while the States make exhibits which have for their object the illustration of existing forestry conditions. The plan of the ex¬ hibit is the work of Dr. B. E. Fernon, Chief of the Forestry Division of the Government Department of Agriculture, and one of the highest authorities on the question. By his plan the States make an exhibit showing the forestry resources of the country, and methods of forestry development, wood-working and all industries relying on forest products and the work necessary to forest management. The government exhibit is calculated to give the student of forestry a comprehensive viewof the subject. The government shows all the trees native to the United States—about four hundred and twenty- five species—and the most important of these trees—about one hun¬ dred species—are elaborately exhibited. This exhibit also shows the nature of raw wood materials, the difference of structure and quality of woods grown in different sections. There is shown a collection of fruits and seeds, planting tools, illustrations of planting methods and statistics of forest management. In the construction of the Forestry Building, the idea of exhibit¬ ing the woods of the different States was beautifully carried out. Many foreign nations have contributed to this picturesque ex¬ hibit. There are trees from Asia, Australia and all parts of South America among these specimens of growth of which people read but never see. The orange, lemon, banana, fig, rubber, palm, cork, date, calisaya, tar, and every species known is represented here. As in the Agricultural and Horticultural departments, the exhibits of the different States and countries are grouped. The Dairy. —The Dairy Building, by reason of the exception¬ ally novel and interesting exhibits it will contain, is quite sure to be regarded with great favor by World’s Fair visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be considered one of the most useful and at¬ tractive features of the whole Exposition. It was designed to contain not only a complete exhibit of dairy products but also a Dairy School, in connection with which will be conducted a series of tests for 16 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 243 determining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as milk and butter producers. The building stands near the lake shore in the southeastern part of the park, and close by the general live stock exhibit. It covers approximately half an acre, measuring 95x200 feet, is two stories high and cost $30,000. In design it is of quiet exterior. On the first floor, beside office headquarters, there is in front a large open space devoted to exhibits of butter, and farther back an operating room 25x100 feet, in which the Model Dairy will be conducted. On two sides of this room are amphitheatre seats capable of accommodat¬ ing 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold storage rooms for the care of the dairy products. The operating- room, which extends to the roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese exhibits will be placed. The rest of the second story is devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlooking the lake. The Dairy School, it is believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. This department belongs properly to the agricultural exhibit, but it has been deemed advisable to separate them. No feature of the Exposition, probably, possesses greater interest or value to the agriculturist than the Dairy School. The school includes a contest between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk giving and butter and cheese producing. Each herd is charged each day with food consumed accurately weighed, and is credited with the milk, butter and cheese produced. Manufacturers of dairy utensils and appliances gladly furnish all that is required in their line. Ac¬ commodations are provided so that spectators may view the processes of butter and cheese-making. The tests and all details of management are under rules prepared by a committee composed of one member from each of the dairy cattle associations in the United States, three from the Columbian Dairy Association, three from the Agricultural Colleges and U. S. Experi¬ mental Stations, and one from the manufacturers of dairy utensils. The manufacture of the product takes place in the Dairy build¬ ing, in an operating space 25x100 feet, above which on either side is a gallery which accommodates fully 5 °° spectators. The school, in all probability will continue through four months, and each partici¬ pating herd is represented by a given number of cows. The results of 244 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. this test and of the exhibition which will be made of the latest and most advanced scientific methods known in connection with the feeding and care of cattle, the treatment of milk and the production of butter and cheese, cannot fail to be of very great value to the dairy interests of this country. These interests, it is scarcely necessary to state, are of enormous importance and extent and, indeed are scarcely surpassed by any other branch of industry in respect of the amount of money invested. It cannot be doubted that the Exposition Dairy School will cause a more economic and scientific management of the dairy interests of the entire country and consequently a greater return from the capital and labor invested. Representatives of seven breeds of dairy cattle have furnished herds for the test which will be the longest in duration, and the most thorough and exhaustive so Jar as cows are concerned that has ever been held. From twenty-five to fifty gilt-edge cows of each of the dairy breeds of Devons, Brown-swiss, Short-horn, Guernseys, Red- polled and Jerseys will contest with each other for the prizes which will be awarded both to herds and individual cows. THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.— The HORTICULTURAL Hall faces east upon the largest lagoon, immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, and has in front a flower terrace for an outside display, including tanks for nym- pheas and the Victoria Regia. The structure is 1,000 feet long with a width of 286 feet, and cost $400,000. The front of this terrace, having a low parapet between large vases, borders the water, and has a boat landing at the center. The plan of this fine hall included a central pavilion, with two end pavilions, each connected to the cen¬ ter by front and rear curtains, thus forming two interior courts. These courts, each a parallelogram of a half-acre, will be decorated in colors and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. A crystal dome surmounts the central pavilion 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, and under this will be the palm house. The curtains will contain the liot-houses and the plants under glass. There are gal¬ leries in the end pavilions, designed for cafes, being surrounded by arcades giving charming views over the grounds and the interior, which will present an attractive floral and horticultural display. The exhibits in this building consist of all the varieties of plants, vines, seeds, horticultural implements, etc. The roof will be of glass not far removed from the plants, so that those plants requiring sun- 246 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. shine light will be provided for, while provision is made to heat such parts as need it. The front curtains and space under the galleries are designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of light. The exterior of the building is in “staff,” tinted in a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior of the courts. The cost of this building was about $300,000, and W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, is the architect. The horticultural display is greater and grander than anything ever attempted before. The description already given of the magni¬ ficent Horticultural Building indicates in itself the great atten¬ tion which the management has given to this branch ol the Fair. While only portions of buildings or small structures have been devo¬ ted to horticultural displays heretofore, the World’s Columbian Ex¬ position has created an immense, beautiful and cosy structure, and dedicated it to this purpose. To the Horticultural Department belongs the distinction of the first installed exhibit of the Exposition. This consists of three great trees, an elm, an ash, and a sugar maple, which were planted near the Horticultural Hall. The elm is seventy-five feet high, two feet in diameter and weighs ten tons. Mr. Peterson, the Rose Hill nurseryman, planted these trees as a permanent exhibit, the planting and transferring requiring 22 men, 12 horses and the expenditure of $600, all of which was at Mr. Peterson’s individual expense. The States of the Union have contributed some wondrous ex¬ hibits to the Horticultural display, such a collection of fruit as perhaps has never been seen before. The great fruit-bearing states from New York to California and from Michigan to Louisiana have rivaled each other in the extent and costliness of their exhibits. California as was to be expected takes the lead. Missouri, New York, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Virginia, Florida, in fact, every state in the U nion, has exhibited its specialties in fruit growing magnificently. The immense oranges of Louisiana, Florida and southern California are brought into contrast with the beautiful grapes of Missouri, the big red apples of Michigan, the mammoth watermelons of Mississippi and Georgia, and the luscious strawberries of southern Illinois. The Citizens’ Association of California alone occupies two and a half acres and makes a wonderful exhibit. The Southern California World’s Fair Association has a space 88 by 270 feet in which an ex- THE WORLD'S COL UMBIAN EXPOSITION. 247 hibition of oranges trees in full bloom is to be seen. Five acres out doors for oranges, lemons, limes, etc., and 3,000 square feet of table space for an exhibition of fruits were also granted this association. England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austra, Russia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in fact every country in Europe, as well as portions of Asia, Africa, Australia and all the Latin-American Republics and the numerous colonies are represented here. The Michigan peach orchard in full bearing is not the least attractive fea¬ ture. The exhibits are changed frequently, and the odor of the tropics mingles with that of the temperate zones. Floriculture. —The floral exhibit is to be found in the Horti¬ cultural Building also and it passes description. Not only the republics and colonies of the American continents, but the nations and colonies of the earth, have contributed toward making this the most gorgeous display ever beheld by man. All of the State horti¬ cultural societies, the royal and imperial horticultural societies of European nations, the associations of nurserymen everywhere, and the owners of private conservatories and hot-houses in every part of the world, have taken an active interest in this beautiful display. It re¬ quired five acres in addition to the original allotment of space to accommodate the floral exhibits. The space at first intended for the Indian exhibit on the Wooded Island was given over to a rose garden ; 20,000 feet of space are given to an exhibit of flower seeds alone ; five acres are given over to a nursery exhibit; two beautiful greenhouses, one of them 1,000 feet long and 24 wide and the other 500 by 600 were added to the space in the summer of 1892. Half a million pan¬ sies, one hundred thousand roses, and millions of other flowers, including every known variety and species, are seen at the Exposi¬ tion. The horticultural exhibit is on a scale never before attempted in the history of the world. Mr. Thorp, of the floricultural division, estimated that the equipment of the Horticultural Building, including the purchase price of plants, would be $350,000, and the total ex¬ pense of the display $750,000. The floriculturists of the country donated a large share of the plants. Ten of the sixteen acres of ground on the wooded island are planted in flowers. The shores aie left wild for scenic effect, and the waters around the margin are bright with water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, while the in¬ terior is planted with roses, rhododendrons, and lilies, besides a variety of wild flowers, preserved in a nursery. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 249 In addition to all this the roof of the Woman’s Building, the interior of nearly all the department, State and foreign buildings, the grounds surrounding them, the beautiful terraces along the lagoon, etc., are all decorated with flowers. THE FISHERIES BUILDING. —The Fisheries Building is, as far as the exterior of the structure is concerned, in the Spanish Romanesque style of architecture 'contrasting agreeably with the classic architecture of the neighboring buildings. The length of the building is 1,100 feet and the width 200 and cost about $200,000. There are two smaller polygonal buildings or wings connected with the main or middle structure and curving outward at either end. This gives a concave curve to the group which has a most pleasing effect. It is built on a banana-shaped island, and subdivided into three parts to conform to the curved shape of the island on which it stands. The general Fisheries Exhibit is in the central part of the building. In one of the polygonal buildings is the exhibit of the angling paraphernalia, and in the other is the water pool and aquaria, in which live fish are displayed and which constitute a wonderful ex¬ hibit. Marine fishes are transported to Chicago from the coast in sea water. An addition of 3,000 gallons of pure sea water was required for the supply on each trip. The building for the display of live fish is circular, 134 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the Marine Fisheries Build¬ ing and in a great curved corridor connecting the two. A rotunda 60 feet in diameter is in the center of this building, and under this rotunda, and in the middle of it, is a basin or pool 20 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss, lichens and other aquatic plants. Crystal streams of water gush from the clefts and crevices in the rocks and fall upon the reeds, rushes, and orna¬ mental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. Gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench and others swim in this pool. Here also are ten large aquaria and a number of smaller ones. From the rotunda one side of the large series of aquaria may be viewed, which are ten in number and have a capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gallons of water each. Passing out of the rotunda and into a great corridor or arcade, the opposite sides of this series of great tanks, another line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 700 to 1,000 gallons each in capacity, can be viewed by passing through a great corridor about 15 feet in 250 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. width and reached from the rotunda through the entrance. The glass fronts of the aquaria are in length about 575 feet, through which the fish may be seen swimming in their native element, and have 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a panorama never before seen in any exhibition, being the finest exhibition of the kind ever seen in the Jnited States, and rival the great^ permanent aquariums of the world, not only in size but in all other re'spects. The United States Govern¬ ment Fish Commission will provide much of this display. These aquaria have a capacity of 18,725 cubic feet of water, or 140,000 gallons, which weighs 1,192,425 pounds or about 600 tons. Of this large quantity 40,000 gallons is, including reservoirs, used for the Marine Fxliibit. In the entire salt water circulation, including reser¬ voirs, there are 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plant for the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate and each has a capacity of 3,000 gallons per hour. The sea watef is supplied by the United States Fish Commission from Wood’s Hall Station, and the fresh water supply is secured from Lake Michi¬ gan. The sea-water supply is obtained by evaporating the necessary quantity to about one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water to restore it to its proper density is supplied from Lake Michigan. To the close observer the exterior of the building cannot fail to be exceedingly interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, exerted all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modil- lions, brackets, cornices and other ornamental details, using only fish and other sea forms for his motif of design. The roof of the build¬ ing is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing color. One of the most interesting exhibits at the World’s Columbian Exposition is that of Fish and Fisheries. Therein not only will visitors of piscatorial inclinations find much to engage their atten¬ tion, but others who have been wont to regard “fishy” and “incred¬ ible” as synonymous and equally inconsequential terms will un¬ doubtedly have reason to change their minds as to the interesting features of a fish display after visiting this department of the Expo¬ sition. The Fisheries Building is a corner where the public will wish to linger, a spot where it will be possible to realize the words of John Bunyan when he wrote : You see the way the fisherman doth take To catch the fish, what engines doth he make ! hvboavbe: A STREET SCENE. 252 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. Behold how he engageth all his wits, Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks and nets. Much has been said and written of the magnificence of the World’s Columbian Exposition, by way of comparison with previous expositions, which it is proposed to eclipse. l ire immense strides made in every department of art, science and industry during the second half of the present century have been fittingly illustrated at the various international expositions held since the late Prince Con¬ sort of England inaugurated the great Eondon Exposition of 1851. Everything that science has rescued from the depths of ocean, sea, lake or river, is displayed at the fisheries exhibit. Inhabitants of deep-sea grottoes ; the coral animal—builder of islands and conti- tinents; sea anemones, that blossom miles below the surface of the ocean ; monstrous devil-fish, sharks and other terrors of the deep are seen, beside the speckled beauties of stream or lake, the plebeian catfish, perch and sucker, suggestive of the boyish angler and the shallow stream. From ocean depths are brought specimens of sub¬ aqueous life so marvellously delicate and so richly beautiful that the microscope will only reveal in part their wondrous beauty and film¬ like tracery. The methods, too, by which the mysteries of the deep are penetrated, the paraphernalia of the United States Fish Commis¬ sion, the inventions by which the finny tribe is cultured, the won¬ derful progress made in the art of fish farming, in addition to the implements of commercial fishing and the latest tackle for angling— all these are displayed to their fullest extent. Not the least interesting portion of the exhibit is the Aquarial or Five Fish Display. This is contained in a circular building, 135 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the main Fisheries building, and in a great curved corridor connecting the two in the center of the circular building is a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or pool about twenty-six feet wide, from which arises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss and - lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes and ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench and other fishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in number, anti have a capacity of seven thousand to THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 2o3 twenty-seven thousand gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda by the entrances, a great corridor or gallery is reached, where on one hand may be viewed the opposite side of the series of great tanks, and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 to 1500 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is about fifteen feet wide. The entire length of the glass fronts of the aqua¬ ria is about 575 feet or over 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a panorama never before seen in any exhibition, and rival the great permanent aquariums of the world not only in size, but in all other respects. The total water capacity of the aqtiaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40,000 gallons are devoted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circula¬ tion, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plant for the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate, and each have a capacity of 3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea water is secured by evaporating the necessary quantity at the Woods Hall station of the United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus re¬ ducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density is supplied from Lake Michigan. In transporting the marine fishes to Chicago from the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 gal¬ lons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip. It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the upper part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty is made of supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken from the water. This is a practicable and most excellent illustration of our fisheries, and this special work is so conducted as to give those who patronize fish dinners at the Exposition a bettei conception than the majority of them now have of the value offish as food. Under the direction of Henry Elliott, the only artist who has ever drawn and painted the seal and walrus in their native haunts, an interesting exhibit for the World’s Fair was prepared by the Smithsonian Institution. This exhibit consists of models in papier mache representing the fur seal and walrus fisheries on the Alaskan coast. The animals represented, as well as the men who catch them, are modeled in clay. One of the models shows a seal “drive.” This 254 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. model includes hundreds of mimic seals which Aleuts are driving along to the killing grounds by waving cloths and shouting. Another illustrates a “rookery” on which the full grown seals, bellowing and pugnacious, have hauled up out of the surf upon the islands to breed. Another model shows a hauling ground of bachelor seals. The kill¬ ing of seals is also shown, a group of Aleuts being represented in the act of smashing their heads with clubs. There is also represented a number of hair seals, which are not useful for their fur, but merely for food supply to the natives of that region. The walruses, now rapidly becoming extinct, are also reproduced in material that gives them a remarkably life-like appearance. Hundreds of models in clay are made of these animals, in order to represent the different species and sizes of each. They are cast in papier maehe and painted. THE ART PALACE.— The Fine Art Gallery is intended to be a perfectly safe depository for the art collection, and it and the United States Building will be, considering size, the costliest structures of the Fair. Many of the art exhibits herein contained will probably be bought for the permanent gallery Chicago intends establishing after the Fair is over, as its memento. Among the paintings already here is Moro’s picture of Columbus, executed in 1540, and bought in Uondon to exhibit at the Fair. The Art Building is in reality a group of galleries. The chief structure is cruciform with a nave 320 feet long by 96 feet wide, and transepts stretching 500 feet. The four exterior angles are filled in with lower constructions, thus making it a parallelogram or oblong, 500 feet by 320 feet, with a wide projecting portico in the middle of each side, the roof extending from all the cornices back to a central dome, and intersected north, east, south and west by a great nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, and at the intersection of which is the great dome 69 feet in diameter. This magnificent structure is in the Grecian-Ionic style of architecture and is a pure type of the most refined classic architecture. It is 125 feet to the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of famous fig¬ ures of winged Victory. The transept has a clear space through the center of 60 feet being lighted entirely from above. On either side are art galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor. The cost of this Art Palace is between $500,000 and $600,000 and was planned in the World’s Fair Construction Department, under the eyes of Sup¬ ervising Architect D. H. Burnham and Chief Designer P. B. Atwood. 256 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. On the main floor of the nave and transept the collections of sculptures are displayed, and on the walls of both the ground floors of the galleries are ample areas for displaying the paintings and sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept are filled up with small picture galleries. And around the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide forming a con¬ tinuous promenade around the classic structure. Separated from the main gallery, and 100 feet distant on the east and west sides, are two annexes, each 320 feet by 120 feet. These annexes are one-storied and divided into large and small galleries. The annexes are brought forward so that the whole group surrounds three sides of a court 300 feet by 700 feet, which will be made an attractive feature. The architect of the annexes in its facade at least, is George W. Root. The entrance to the main building is by four great portals, richly ornamented with architectural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of steps. The walls of the loggia of the colonnades are highly decorated with mural paintings, illustrating the history and progress of the arts. The frieze of the eastern walls and the ped¬ iments of the principal entrances are ornamented with the sculptures and portraits in bas-relief of the masters of ancient art The general •tone or color is light gray stone. The building, though of a tempo¬ rary character, is necessarily fire-proof. The main walls are of solid brick covered with “staff,” architecturally ornamented, while the roof, floors and galleries are of iron. This palatial structure is beautifully located in the northern portion of the Park, with the south front facing the lagoon. Beauti¬ ful terraces separated the structure from the lagoon. They are orna¬ mented with balustrades, with an immense fight of steps leading down from the main portal to the lagoon, where there is a landing for boats. The north front faces the wide lawn and the group of State buildings. Groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art, such as the Choriagic monument, the “Cave of the Winds,” and other beautiful examples of Grecian art, ornament the immediate neighborhood of the building. The ornamentation also includes statues of heroic and life-size proportions. It was the general impression for some time after the holding of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago had been decided upon that the department of Fine Arts would be the weakest. The point was THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAX EXPOSITION. 257 ■ raised that Europe would not contribute its art collections or any considerable portion of them for the reason that Chicago was gener¬ ally believed abroad to be a city far removed from the centre of edu¬ cation and culture in the United States. This point was raised, however, by persons who under-rated European knowledge with re- o-ard to Chicago. It very soon became evident that the choice of Chicago as the location of the World’s Fair was not only received favorably abroad, but with more satisfaction than if New York had been selected, and by no class was the selection of Chicago received with more satisfaction than by that interested in the development of art. Scarcely had the invitations to foreign governments been sent out by the State department before applications for space began to pour in. The amount of wall space asked by England, France, Ger¬ many, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Russia and other Euro¬ pean States was greater than they had consumed at the last Paris Exposition, and was a pleasant surprise to the Exposition manage¬ ment. In 1892 Halsey C. Ives, chief of department, made a six months’ tour through Europe. He visited every important art cen¬ ter on the Continent, and returned convinced that England, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland and Italy would make magnificent dis¬ plays. The Art Building, as planned, had approximately 125,000 square feet of space for pictures. This was exclusive of the space allotted to Sculpture and Statuary. Mr. Ives found that 200,000 square feet would be necessary for pictures. He based his opinion upon the fact that early in 1892 all the available space had been practically con¬ signed, while a dozen foreign countries at least were still to be heard from. ’France alone had asked for 82,000 square feet. Eighty-two thousand square feet for an art exhibit was more than twice the com¬ bined amount asked for by England and Germany. The former secured 20,000 square feet and the latter a like amount. Belgium asked for 8,000 square feet; Holland, 3,000 ; Denmark, 3,000; and Japan 2,000, making a total of 56,000 square feet.. It became neces¬ sary, therefore, that the two annexes to the building should be con¬ siderably enlarged. Even with the additional space the visitor will find that the walls and floors of the magnificent building are crowded. No one thing exhibited at the Centennial attracted more general attention, or was more distinctly remembered than the “Sleeping Iolanthe,” in butter, by Mrs. Caroline S. Brooks. Since that won- 17 7 'HE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 259 derful success, the artist lias done several notable bits in a character¬ istic vein, the best known being “Lady Godiva,” a bas-relief which was also in butter. The World’s Columbian Exposition, however, has another, and a full length ‘ ‘ Sleeping Iolanthe ’ ’ in marble. Mrs. Brooks worked upon the exquisite creation for several years, and found difficulty in securing a block of marble, flawless in quality, which should also be large enough. The statue of Shakespeare, by William Ordway Partridge, in¬ tended for Lincoln Park, and the statue of Alexander Hamilton, intended for Boston, by the same sculptor; a life-size portrait of Columbus, by Sallus, the celebrated painter of Ecuador; two ancient Greek vases made of baked clay and which are twenty-two centuries old; a marble tablet representing the landing of Columbus, from Colon, United States of Colombia; the Spitzar art collection, the most comprehensive collection of European art in the world, and valued above $4,000,000 ; an immense display of ceramics from many nations; the $10,000 portrait of Columbus, executed by the famous Moro in 1540; the display of the American Society of Wood En¬ gravers which attracted so much attention at the last Paris Exposi¬ tion ; displays by the etchers of the United States and foreign coun¬ tries ; the display of the National Lithographers’ Association ; an im¬ mense exhibit by the photographers of this and other countries ; the paintings of G. A. P. Healy, the famous American artist; the large and valuable collection of Rudolph Crenan, of Leipsic, representing scenes and incidents in the life of Columbus; the greatest paintings of France, Germany, England, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other European nations; the choicest specimens of art from Asiatic, Australian, African and South American centers; the rarest and most costly sculptures, statues, arts, etc., from the greatest galleries in the world, and the most impressive collection of the works of American artists, will be among the attractions of the Art Building. Architecture is represented strongly in the Art Building. The American Institute of Architects took a decided stand in favor of making the exhibit a prominent and a worthy one. This Institute in¬ cludes in its membership all the well-known names, in different parts of the country, of men to whom the growth of American architecture, as distinguished from mere building and construction, is due, and of which they are to-day the honored representatives. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 261 The rules governing the Art exhibit may be briefly stated as fol¬ lows: ‘‘All work to be admitted must be originals, with the excep¬ tion that casts from original works by modern artists are placed in the same class with original figures and groups in marble. There will be three sections in the department—an American section, a sec¬ tion for foreign countries that are represented by a commission, a section comprising private collections and the works of artists from countries not represented by a commission. All works must be ex¬ amined by the official jury before they can be admitted. Progress in American art and architecture is to be a special feature of the ex¬ hibit.” THE CASINO AND PIER.— The Pier, extending out into Lake Michigan from the eastern extremity of the Grand Court or avenue running from the Administration Building to the lake, is one thousand feet long and eighty feet wide. At the extremity of the Pier is the beautiful Casino. Along the shore from which the Pier projects runs a beautiful promenade large enough to hold the thousands of visitors that will throng it during the fair. _ From the Pier will be in full view me entire line of Exhibition Build¬ ings. Passenger steamers will ply to and fro from the Pier and the Cit>. The architecture of the Casino is of the Venetian order, and was planned by Architects Burling and Whitehouse, of Chicago. It is a composite structure embracing nine pavilions, and is meant to be a repre¬ sentation, on a small scale, of Venice in the waters of Lake Michigan. It is built on piles, and is 180 bv 400 feet. It has nine pavilions two stones high, except in the middle, where the central pavilion rises to the height of 180 feet. The communication between the nine pavilions, separated as they are by water, is by means of gondolas and bridges, m imitation, as far as possible of the way of getting about in Venice. The aspect is truly Venetian,—with its gondolas, bridges and water. In front of the Casino is the harbor for small pleasure boats, night this harbor is lighted by incandescent lamps sunk beneath the surface of the water. A gallery fifty-six feet wide surrounds the central pavilion, while at the west end of the Pier stands thirteen columns de¬ signed by sculptor St. Gaudens to represent the Thirteen Original States of the Union. „ , ... The material of the Casino is of wood, and the walls are covered with ‘‘ Staff,’ ’ in resemblance of marble, highly and variously colored, At the Casino the visitor will be furnished with excellent music an light refreshments, as well as permitted a view of water, city and exposi¬ tion palaces while enjoying the cool breezes. 262 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS.— Sites for buildings, or space for special exhibits were allotted by the Exposition management to every State and Territory of the American Union. Every one of them is represented in some manner on the Exposition grounds ; most of them creditably, some of them magnificently. The foreign visitor must under¬ stand that each of the States and Territories is perfectly independent in all such matters, and that it is only by a vote of the respective State or Territorial Legislatures, involving the appropriation of funds to meet the expenses of the exhibit, that action could be taken. It is a matter in which neither the Federal government nor a neighboring state or territory can interfere. Some of the State legislatures were generous in their appropriations ; some delayed action until the last moment. As a rule, when the legislatures failed to act, or when their action was considered inadequate to the importance of the event, private citizens contributed, in order that their States should not be left out in the cold or misrepresented by a poor display. Chicago being the chief city of the State of Illinois’ the latter commonwealth very naturally takes the lead among her sisters. The Illinois building is one of the grandest on the grounds, and the Illinois exhibit ranks among the first. For convenience sake the State buildings and State exhibits are arranged alphabetically rather than with regard to their prominence, politically or otherwise. The following is a description of some of the State buildings. Alabama.— Provision was made for a state building for Alabama. The state is represented in miniature at the Exposition by a series of comprehensive relief maps. It is proposed to show the mineral deposits, cotton belt, vegetable farms and everything else of interest in the state on a series of maps covering 20,000 square feet. Besides this an exhibit of the state’s industries and products will be found grouped in the Department buildings. Alabama likewise con¬ tributed to the general display. Arkansas. — Arkansas has no special state building, but she makes an ex¬ hibit of her industries and products that will be representative and worthy. While the legislature did nothing toward furthering the exhibit of the state, the citizens organized and the result is apparent to the visitor. Arkansas also contributed to the general Exposition. In the forestry display there are some noted specimens of her pine trees. In the agricultural building also she has made a creditable showing. California.— The California building is characteristic of the great Pacific Coast State, picturing in its exterior the California of the Padres, and in its interior the California of to-day. While the architect has closely followed the old mission style, he has interjected enough of the more ornate Moorish to relieve the somewhat somber effect of the old churches, and he gives the required light and roominess. Therefore there is a charming simplicity of detail. Outside there is a clear story with a great, flat central dome as the crowning feature and a roof-garden to heighten the semi-tropical appearance. From the ground to * 264 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the eaves is fifty feet and to the highest point of the roof proper sixty-five feet, while the elevation of the dome is eighty feet. Those portions of the roof not devoted to the garden are closely copied after the quaint adobe buildings of the early Spanish settlements, with genuine earthen-ware tiles, deep red in color, semi-cylindrical and overlapping. The dome and middle portions are tiled with iron plates curled and shaped like the original roofing. The material of the walls is wood, treated with some sort of cement and worked into a close imita¬ tion of the yellowish-gray adobe of the old days. On the four corners and flank¬ ing the dome are towers designed after the mission belfries, and in them are swung some of the old Spanish bells which have outlived the Padres and their crumbling churches. The interior carries a gallery giving an area equal to two- thirds of the ground floor. This is set apart for offices, which are grouped so as to command a clear view of the main floor. The ground-plan is one vast exhi¬ bition hall, the arrangement of compartments conforming to the extent of the displays as decided upon by the Commissioners. The total floor space is 100,000 square feet, of which the gallery affords 40,000, the extreme measurements of the building being 500 feet by 110 feet main width. The cost of the building is $75,000. A wonderful exhibit is presented by California. The state has long been famous for the size of its trees, some of which are the largest in the. world. This exhibit is nothing more nor less than a complete railway car, excepting only the trucks, fashioned and carved from the trunk of a “Sequoia Giganta,” or big tree of Tulare county. The originators of the idea are Messrs. Doyle, Meyers and Bachman, of the county named. The tree used is about twenty-eight feet in diameter and something more than four hundred feet long. The immense log was cut down to the size of a car, or about eleven feet square and fifty-five feet in length. All this had to be done by hand with long saws made expressly for this purpose. It was then hollowed out inside by first cutting doors at each end, working out the insides and polishing the inside surface ; the roof is the natural bark of the tree. The material taken from the inside and cut off in squaring the log was manufactured into useful little souvenirs of this wonderful produc¬ tion. A full-sized railway car made of but a single piece of wood will surely be a feature of great interest. California will show as a part of its exhibit the finest collection of minerals in the United States. Instead of making a special collection, as was done for the New Orleans, Philadelphia and Paris expositions the state sends the magnificent collections belonging to the State Mining Bureau Museum. The State University had the collection of the State Geological Sur¬ vey, the Voy collection, Hanks collection, Keene collection, and several others. These are all classified, arranged, identified and labeled. Each county and dis¬ trict in the state is properly represented. Every department of the mining in¬ dustry has its separate place with locality indicated. No other state or territory of the Union has any such collection as belongs to California now. Among the exhibits from Southern California is a model constructed to illustrate irrigation. Of course the California exhibit is one of the greatest and grandest on the grounds. The state appropriated $300,000, and every cent of this, and a great deal more, has been spent in securing an exhibit worthy of the golden state. The wine and fruit exhibits alone are superb. Besides California’s special dis- 7 HE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 267 play she has contributed largely to every other department of the Exposition, and the visitor will be amazed at the extent of her resources. The state’s vari¬ ous exhibits are mentioned in connection with the different departments. Colorado. —This young state has a granite and marble palace. The Colo¬ rado Marble and Mining Company contributed the material for the building. Besides the mineral, agricultural and educational exhibits, the flora and fauna of the state are shown in great completeness. More than 1,000 specimen plants were pressed ; nearly 200 varieties of fruit were duplicated perfectly in wax and more than 2,000 species of insects were mounted long before the Exposition was opened. Colorado contributed largely to every department of the Exposition- The women of Colorado subscribed $10,000 for the purchase of Powers’ famous statue “The last of his race,” which appears in connection with the Colorado exhibit. The statue represents a dying buffalo with an Indian standing by its side with uplifted spear. This state makes a specially fine mineral exhibit. The exhibit of Colorado is both technical and economic in its character, and forms a popular and massive display of the state’s resources in ores, building stone, coal, iron, commercial clays,’gold and silver. Connecticut.— The state of Connecticut made no appropriation for the World’s Fair, but $50,000 was raised by general subscriptions, the city of Hart¬ ford contributing alone $10,000. This money has been spent in a manner that insures Connecticut a favorable representation in the several departments, and also a special exhibit. Delaware.— The little state of Delaware lost no time in subscribing its loyal adherence to the World’s Columbian. Exposition, and considering the ex¬ tent of its area opened its coffers with a liberality which is highly compliment¬ ary to its citizens. The first donation was $10,000, which was to be followed by a further sum of $15,000. It occupies a position in the Exhibition buildings, hut its headquarters will be in the space allotted in Jackson Park to the different states. The building which is constructed wholly of native woods and mate¬ rials of the state of Delaware, is very picturesque and elaborately finished, measuring 58 feet by 60 feet. The cost was $7,500. A room in the building is fitted up in Colonial style, with hangings, pictures, and furniture all in repre¬ sentation of Colonial days. There are figures in clay of the old Swedes’ Church in Wilmington, Barratt’s Chapel, near Frederica, the home of Methodism, and Christ Church, near Laurel. Old Swedes’ Church was founded in 1699 at a cost of /800. Barratt’s Chapel, located in Kent county, near Frederica, and eleven miles south of Dover, was founded in 1780. Christ Church, Broad Creek about two miles east of Laurel, Sussex county, was built more than a hundred years ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint. It has the high-backed pews, the chancel at one end, the servants’ gallery at the opposite en , \\ 11 e midway on the east side is the lofty pulpit, and immediately below are the read¬ ing-desk and the clerk’s desk. The first consignment of Delaware s exhibit comprised six cars loaded with native woods, three cars from Sussex, two rom Kent, and one from New Castle counties. The consignment was placarded “ From the World’s Fair Commissioners of'Delaware to the Columbian Exposi¬ tion, Chicago.” This was one of the earliest consignments received Fmjrida.—T he design of the Florida state building is modeled after old 268 GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 269 Fort Marion, which is one of the most picturesque as we'l as the oldest structure in North America, and an interesting relic of Spanish conquest in the new world. Begun in 1620, when the Pilgrim Fathers were landing at Plymouth Rock, this curious four-bastioned fortress was ancient long before the white man reared his cabin on the spot on the shores of Lake Michigan which is now a center of in¬ terest throughout the civilized world. The form of the building renders it pecu¬ liarly well adapted for the display of Florida’s varied resources, the mast and ramparts affording opportunity for a series of sunken and hanging gardens of remarkable interest. The cost of building and exhibit was $100,000. In addi¬ tion to her special exhibit, Florida occupies three acres of space in the exhibition of flowers. . , , mj _ ,, ,. . Georgia. —Georgia has a handsome building and a creditable display, the cost of which was provided by private subscription. The sum of $100,000 was raised by the citizens of the state. The state is represented in nearly every de¬ partment of the Exposition. . . Idaho— Idaho has a state building peculiar to herself. Recognizing the folly of attempting to compete with the older states in the erection of an elabo¬ rate building, she constructed one somewhat rustic in appearance and costing SIS 000. In its exhibit Idaho pays special attention to the mining industry. It may not be generally understood, but the fact remains that the state has con¬ tributed $175,000,000 of money in gold and silver to increase the wealth and en¬ rich the commerce of the land. It produces one-half the lead product of the United States. In consideration of these facts a special effort was made to have a mining exhibit commensurate with the importance of the state as a valuable mineral producer. The state legislature appropriated $20,000. Private citizens contributed $100,000 additional. * Illinois. —The state of which Chicago is the chief city very naturally takes the lead among her sisters, both as regards her special building and her exhibit. Aside from private contributions which were numerous the state legislature appropriated $800,000 to defray the expenses to ^ Illinois building has come to be looked upon as one of the structures of the Exposition. It occupies one of the most favored spots on the grounds m the »T«rn " improved •• portion of Jackson Park, »h«« on north fcr nearly one mile there is « view of a beautiful water-way, and on « » * east are the unique buildings of other states and foreign nat « Illmom was the first state to be ready with it. ^ ««ar expended $250,000. The building, with its ... . h j channel where the boat-house formerly stood on the artificial lake, a^ ^djham1 about sixty feet wide was extended from the southeast portonM ^ this lake The grand entrance to the building faces this water-way, and pas sengers up this channel discover the i. end of the route. The structure is placed on a terrace lou * stone front of the entrances there are stone terraces^ the terraces north steps leading down to the roadway. The &g from this point m ay be and south, the south the more important of .’ . as well as the water- viewed the panorama of all the magnificent Fair m ’ the material way. The building is embellished with fine carving and statuary, the material 270 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. being cast blocks of approved composition. It is thoroughly lighted, first from the side windows, whicn are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permit cases to be placed against the walls ; second, with skylights placed in the flat roof of the side aisles ; and third with continuous skylights on the ridge of a pitched roof or nave. Ventilation is provided for through windows placed a story above the flat aisle roof and the foot of the sloping roof over the nave. The building is constructed of'Illinois stone, brick and steel. The Memorial hall and school w T ere formerly designed to be separate buildings, but it was decided to incorporate them in the main structure. Fountains and flowers decorate the adjacent grounds, and allegorical statuary finds a place in the decorative features of the building. The interior of the structure is appro¬ priately ornamented. There are no competitive exhibits in the Illinois state building. It is “a collective, departmental exhibit for the state, which shall illustrate its natural resources, together with the methods employed and results accomplished by the state in its municipal capacity through its several depart¬ ments, boards, commissions, bureaus and other agencies in the work of pro¬ moting the moral, educational and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far as such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition.” A feature is a model common school-room of high grade, fully equipped and furnished, under the direction of the state superintendent of public instruction. This includes the following : An illustration of the methods and results of educational work as pursued in che normal universities, the public, technical and art schools and the high schools of the state ; an exhibit by the University of Illinois of the equipment, methods of instruction and achievements of that institution in its several departments ; an exhibit of the educational and industrial work as con¬ ducted in the state charitable institutions. There are also collections, correctly classified and labeled, illustrating the natural history and archaeology of the state ; an exhibit by the state fish commission of native and cultivated live fish, with hatchery and appliances and equipments for transportation, models of fish¬ ways in use ; also a special collection of the cultivated products in the several branches of agriculture; architectural drawings (with elevations) of every public building erected and now used or maintained in whole or in part by the state ; also maps, charts, diagrams and tables for the state, and, so far as practicable, for each county. In the memorial hall, which is fire-proof, there are placed such relics and trophies belonging to the state as the governor has designated. The control and general management of the exhibit devolves upon the state board of agriculture. The board in turn invited the co-operation of Illinois members of the national commission and of the board of lady managers. There are three entrances—the prominent one to the south, one to the west facing the Midway Plaisance, and the other on the north end of Memorial hall from the boat landing or the edge of the lagoon. The building in the main is 160 feet wide by 450 feet long, with the school-house, about 75x60 feet, taken out of the east end and within the building. The dome is 72 feet in diameter and about 200 feet high, with a lookout about 80 feet high and another in the lantern about 175 feet high. The side walls are 47 feet high, while the center wing on the south is 72 feet high, and both ends 54 feet, with a still higher pro¬ jection in the center. On the north the Memorial hall forms a wing 50x75 feet, THE PULLMAN BUILDING. 271 272 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. • _, a _ ed the executive offices in a wing 75x123 feet, carried while on the soutP‘ hall in the third story. In addition to these up three 1stornes, I^ Qf the four CO rners for the departmental officers. offices, there are o There is a gallery around, inside and outside The Memorial hall has a gallery. There is a ga j of dome piers for ^viewing the ex en trance of the Illinois building is from The figure w ic 1 Lr °* It is a dra ped figure with arms outstretched, and hf called ^ffitSs Welcoming the Nations/’ Another allegorical group to be seen on this garbed ’i,'"trailing robXis pictured coming from earthHkea new Pallas Athene springing full-armed front the forehead of Zeus, Nvmphsof the lake, the forest and the stream attend the nativity of fair Chicago and all their unstinted offerings are poured out in glad profusion at t h e fS of the new queen and goddess. ‘ La Salle and his Companions and 1 are other groups that will command attention and admiration. l,u“ by Taft X .wave groups in a,., and the «... One of the most interesting features of the Illinois exhibit is the Worthen collection of fossils and library. There is a splendid coal exhibit here showing the product of the Illinois mines. The state fish commission is well repre¬ sented among the exhibits ; there are exhibits of the state charitable and crimi¬ nal institutes 1 of the various products, and mineral and industries ; a geolog.ca exhibit, an emergency hospital exhibit, a kindergarten exhibit an educational exhibit besides great displaysoffn.it and flowers Illinois does not confine her exhibits to this building, however. Her competitive exhibits will be found in every department of the Exposition. The following was the apportionment of the funds at the disposal of the state commission : woman s exhibit, $ 0,000 ; construction, $.95,800; statuary, $. 7 ,7°o; architect’s fees, $u, S oo; grounds and exterior ornamentation, $io,oco; interior furnishing, $60,500; normal and com¬ mon schools, and university, $30,000; board of chanties, $20,000; natural his¬ tory geology, archaeology, $40,000; fish commission, $5,000; agriculture, etc., S^ooo- live stock, $40,000; horticulture, $20,000; agricultural drawings, maps, etc’ $27000- state and county statistics, $8,000; printing and stationery *30,000; administration, including cost of ceremonies, receptions, expenses of board, salaries, freight transportation, rents, care of buildings, contingencies, etc., $175,000. . r Indiana. _ The World’s Fair commissioners of Indiana offered prizes 01 $300 $200 and $100 respectively for the first, second and third best plans for the Indiana building. The building cost about $25,000, and it contains about 6,000 square feet of floor space. Instead of costing $25,000 the building when completed is said to have cost double this sum. Indiana is represented in every department of the Exposition, and everywhere creditably. Iowa. — “ The Blue Grass Palace ” of Iowa is one of the attractive novelties of the Exposition. The state appropriated a preliminary sum of $50,000, which was greatly increased to meet the expenses of the Iowa building and exhibit. The Iowa building, a handsome structure, cost alone $25,000. The corn, educa¬ tional, horticultural, mechanical and industrial exhibits generally of the state are among the attractions of the Exposition. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 273 Kansas. — The Kansas state building is cruciform in design, two stories high, and cost $ 20,000. It is constructed entirely of Kansas material. The building consists of 13,934 square feet. There are 4,058 square feet in the rear for the natural history exhibit of the state university ; 3,340 square feet in the front of the building for headquarters accommodations, leaving a balance of 6,336 square feet for odd bits in the center of the building. The second floor contains 3,840 square feet for exhibits and 3,340 square feet in the front of the building for further consideration. The building combines the idea of a club¬ house and a building for the state exhibit. Kansas contributes largely to the attractions of nearly every department of the Exposition. Aside from the state appropriation, her citizens raised by private subscription $150,000 to defray the expenses of a creditable exhibit. Kentucky.— Kentucky is represented by a handsome building and a wor¬ thy exhibit. She contributes to every department of the Exposition. The legislature appropriated $100,000, and private citizens contributed generously. Louisiana. —Louisiana is represented in many of the departments of the Exposition. Her exhibits are not as complete as they should be, but they are not unworthy of the great gulf state. Maine.— The Maine building is constructed entirely of native granite, and cost $10,000. The building is used principally as a club or reception house. Maine contributes exhibits to every department of the Exposition. Massachusetts. —The designers took for their model the old Hancock house that stood for so long a time the most familiar structure on Beacon street, Boston, and which is an admirable representative of the old colonial residence, with such modifications only as the purposes of the structure demand. The reproduction of this type of our architecture is a happy idea, and will undoubt¬ edly meet with general appreciation. The cost of reproduction was about $40,000. The building is used exclusively as a state headquarters and club house. Massachusetts contributes very largely to every department of the Ex¬ position, particularly to the art, educational, horticultural and mechanical dis¬ plays. The exhibit of the state cost $75,000. Maryland. — The Maryland building, a reproduction of the state house, is constructed of granite, and cost $35,000. Maryland’s canning and oyster inter¬ ests are represented on a large scale. The canned goods exchange of Baltimore has a canning house in which a practical illustration of the work done is given. The exhibit of the state, aside from the building, cost $30,000. Michigan. —The legislature of Michigan appropriated $20,000 for the State Exposition building, but most of the material was contributed, so that the structure, as it stands, represents an outlay of about $50,000. Its dimensions are 100x140 feet. The building is constructed wholly of Michigan materials. Minnesota. — The Minnesota building is one of the handsomest on the grounds, a prize of $500 having been awarded the successful architect. The legislature subscribed only $50,000, but this sum was increased to $150,000 by private subscription. Every county in the state contributed generously, and the result is a creditable building and a creditable exhibit in nearly every de¬ partment of the Exposition. Mississippi. — M ississippi makes a very creditable showing, particularly m 18 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 275 the agricultural and horticultural departments. The state and citizens sub¬ scribed generously toward the exhibit. Missouri.— The exhibit of the state of Missouri is one of the most exten¬ sive at the Exposition. The state is rich in agricultural and mineral land, and besides, is one of the foremost of the manufacturing states of the Union. The state very early applied for 20,000 square feet of space in the horticultural de¬ partment alone. The Missouri building cost $50,000, and is one of the hand¬ somest structures of the state group. The state originally appropriated $250,000, but this was increased to $500,000, an appropriation equal to New York’s. Montana.— The legislature of this young but wealthy state appropriated originally $50,000 for the state’s exhibits. Later on this amount was doubled. Montana’s exhibits will be found principally in the department of mines and mining. One of the interesting exhibits from the state is a relief map of Butte, the greatest mining camp in the world. The state board set aside $5,000 for the woman’s exhibit. Nebraska. — The style of Nebraska building is Romanesque, and its arrangement combines to a remarkable degree the qualities of utility, beauty and small cost for construction. The building covers 9,652 square feet, not including a large veranda on the side adjoining the little lake. The agricul¬ tural and general exhibit is arranged in a hall 100x60 feet. Facing the exhibit hall on the first floor are offices, balconies and a lobby. The exhibit from this state is one of the grandest to be seen. Nebraska is represented particularly in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry departments. Nevada. —Nevada is represented almost wholly in the mines and mining department. New Hampshire.— This state is represented in every department of the Exposition notably in the geological and mining displays. New Hampshire also contributes valuable works of art and exhibits for the educational display New JERSEY. — The appropriation of this state was $70,000, a portion of which was set aside for the building of a state headquarters. The state has contributed exhibits to every department of the Exposition. New York.— New York appropriated $300,000 to defray the cost of its building and exhibit at the World’s Fair. This amount was increased later on, and greatly added to by private subscriptions. There was considerable delay on the part of New York, and active work did not begin until the spring ot 1892. From that time on, however, New York’s interest in the Exposition lacked nothing in enthusiasm. The building of the state of New \ or - repre sents, with very slight modifications, the historical old Van Rensselaer resi¬ dence, which was for so long a time one of the most familiar landmarks in Gotham. New York contributes, of course, to every department of the hair, and more largely than any other American state excepting, per aps, mois. Her exhibits are prominent in the art, agricultural, horticultural, musical, e ec- tricity, mechanical and manufactures departments. , . North Carolina.— North Carolina has reproduced for its building what is known as the “Tyron Palace.” This structure, cbnstructed of material broug from England the middle of the eighteenth century, is a fine type of colonial architecture. A circular colonnade connects upon the right an e o PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S-FAIR. ,„.i„ building Uvo similar rr tssssSSSXS* f *-r of *• US C htoRTl^lTl tants. The southeast quarter furnishes room for a hospital. In this hospita are three wards, 39x19 feet each. Two wards are for male patien s anc one ° female patients. The hospital is complete in all appoint nen.s. < j- S ° V \ t of the building, running west from the hospital, is devoted to the fire depart¬ ment. Here are located steam and chemical engines, police patrol-wagons ambulances, fire and police alarm offices, stalls for horses, ete. Running east and west through the center of the building is a driveway eighteen feet wide. 284 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. On the west side of the structure, between the driveway and the fire department, is stable room for twenty horses and a number of carriages and other vehicles. Across the driveway, just north, are police headquarters. Here Col. Wright will assemble his Columbian Guards. Cells for lawbreakers are also provided. The northwest section of the building is devoted to a large restaurant, The upper story is largely used for dormitories. Convent of La Rabida. —It may be remembered that early in 1492 Columbus, while traveling on foot and in a desti¬ tute condition, applied for food at the Franciscan convent of La Rabida in Spain, and was kindly and hospitably received. The prior of the institution, Father De Marchena, was a man not only of education and culture, but of large influ¬ ence with Queen Isabella. Columbus explained his plans for the discovery of the new continent to the prior, who became interested, and secured for him a reception at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, who were then in camp with the besieging army in front of Grenada. There is little doubt but that for the timely assistance of the good abbot Columbus would have completely failed in his endeavors to secure assistance to discover the new world, as he had previ¬ ously failed in his endeavors to obtain aid from the governments of Spain and Portugal. A fac-simile of the convent, costing $50,000, is among the structures on the grounds. It is alluded to elsewhere. Shoe and Leather Building and Mineral Display Building.- —These are located in the grand central court of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Their dimensions in feet are 325x425 each, and their cost $100,000. It was the original- intention to leave two great open courts in the center of the Manufactures building, each about 400 by 500 feet. After the shoe and leather industries of the country made such a deter¬ mined fight for the building, and agreed to raise all the money necessary to put it up, it was decided that the two buildings named could be erected in the court which it was originally intended to decorate with flowers and fountains. The buildings are one story high, and are separated from the walls of the main building by streets about fifty feet wide. Bridges. —The bridges over the lagoon and canals are all worthy of attention, and have been constructed at a great ex¬ penditure of time, labor and money. The cost of the viaducts and bridges was $125,000. Lavatories, Closets, Etc. —The lavatories, closets, etc., at the World’s Fair required the expenditure of between $450,000 and $500,000. There are 3,000 closets, 2,000 urinals and 1,500 lavatories, The contract for the construction and care of all these was said to be the largest contract of the plumbing description ever let. At the Centennial and the Paris Expositions the plumbing and sani¬ tary precautions were very unsatisfactory. It was the determination that they should be as perfect as possible at the Chicago Exposition. Streets in Reproduc¬ tion, etc. —Many-streets, villages, etc., in imitation of streets and villages in foreign towns and countries, are reproduced. These will represent portions of North, South, and Central America, streets in Cairo, Egypt, etc., all of which are referred to elsewhere. Towers. —The decorations of the towers involves a great deal of attention and a great optlay. The towers, it is seen, are not bare shafts of iron, but their exterior framework is surrounded with an additional structure which makes them appear like columns of masonry. At the first landing of the tower on the pier, 200 feet high, will be a big clock with bells and chimes. At the second landing, 250 feet high, is an electric plant and an GUNTHER'S CONFECTIONERY. 286 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. immense searchlight for giving panoramic views of the Exposition grounds and buildings. Religious Exhibits Building.— The Evangelical Alliance (at this writing) proposes the erection of a great building for religious exhibits. Band Stands. —Visitors to the World’s Fair will find on every hand bands of music for their entertainment. Fifteen music-stands are provided for the accommodation of the different bands anxious to visit the Exposition and make music for the visitors Natatorium. —A natatorium, or swimming school, will be found directly west of the location assigned to the Dutch Settlement on Midway Plaisance Its dimensions are 200 by 250, and cost $60,000. Bank. The Chemical National Bank has established a branch in the Administration building for the accom¬ modation of visitors. Additional Buildings.-Ns up to the very last moment changes were made in the general arrangements for special buildings, it is im¬ possible to enumerate them all in this connection. Two handsome structures, however, in addition to those already named, will be found by the visitor m all probability—one for the accommodation of the brick tile and terra cotta manu¬ facturers, the other for exhibits of heavy machinery, such as drop hammers, forges, etc. SPECIAL ATTRACTIONS.— In addition to the many other useful and attractive features of the exhibition, the following will be found of special interest to the visitor : Archaeology and Ethnology. —All possible phases of pre-historic man in America and the life of the aborigines at the time of the landing of Colum¬ bus are illustrated at the World’s Columbian Exposition by the department of Archaeology and Ethnology. Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Harvard University, is the chief of this department and is pronounced the most competent man in America for the position. Government Exhibit. —The Government Exhibit has been treated in this volume in connection with the several departments, under the head of “Fish and Fisheries,” “Battle Ship,” “Naval Exhibit,” “Post Office,” “Indian Exhibit,” etc. Indian Exhibit.— This exhibit is partly under the direction of the United States’ Government, and partly under the direction of Prof. Putnam, chief of the Archaeological and Ethnological department. Novel, Quaint and Curious Things. —There are many novel, quaint and curious things exhibited. These include exhibits—sometimes in the department buildings, sometimes in the state and foreign buildings, and some¬ times in the special exhibits made by private individuals, firms and corpora¬ tions. The following comprise the most conspicuous of these exhibits, and include such features as “A Street in Cairo,” “Bazaar of All Nations,” “ Esquimaux Village,” strange things from foreign lands, antiquities, etc. Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhibited. A bell 790 years old, from Carthagena, Columbia, South America, is on exhibition. Capt. William A. Andrews, known as “the Lone Voyager,” from his trips in his wonder¬ ful little boats, Nautilus, keel fifteen feet, and Dark Secret, keel twelve feet, makes an exhibit in the Marine department of the World’s Fair. The Very Rev. Doctor Peralta, Bishop of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the World's RHODE ISLAND. IDAHO. IOWA. TIIE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 289 Fair his very remarkable historical and ethnological collection, which has been for some years in a museum connected with the bishop’s palace. Australia contributes the most wonderful astronomical clock that has ever been exhibited. It was constructed in New South Wales. This clock is in many respects similar to the celebrated time piece at Strassburg, showing numerous figures during the hour and performing many marvellous mechanical feats. The case is forty feet high, by twenty-five feet square and is made of colonial cedar. Captive Balloon Ascensions may be made from the grounds or from grounds in the vicinity daily. The “ Bazaar of all Nations ’’ is established near Midway Plaisance. Persons having a concession to sell goods in the bazaar were allotted space in which to erect buildings suitable for the purpose. These buildings were expected to be erected in the style of architecture that prevails in the country in which the articles are produced. H. W. Young, of Augusta, Ill., sends a Bible printed in 1615, the ownership of which in this country he has traced back to 1660. Some novelties may be seen around the California and other buildings. The Monterey Cypress, a yel¬ low fir tree in feet high, a California “ Big Tree,” and others, are visible out¬ side the forestry' exhibit. A continuous clam-bake is one of the attractions which epicurean visitors will find at the Exposition. One of the two old sunken vessels in Lake George is on exhibition as a relic. Van Ilouteii & Zoon, the manufacturers of cocoa at Weesp, Holland, set apart $ 100,000 with which to make an exhibit. The Hercules Iron Company was granted the privilege of constructing and operating a cold storage warehouse on the Exposition grounds. It has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet, and cost $150,000. The congregation of the little colored church at Haleyville, in Cumberland County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic. It is the bell that has for years called them to church. In the year 1445 the bell, it is said, hung in one of the towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada the bell was taken away by' the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen Isabella, who in turn presented it to Columbus, who brought it to America on his fourth voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the island of New Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena and carried the bell on board the French pirate ship, La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of St. Andreas shortly afterward and the wreckers secured the bell as part of their salvage. Captain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to this coun¬ try, and presented it to the colored congregation of the Haleyville church. The bell weighs sixty-four pounds and is of fine metal. Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany', has contributed his extensive collection of paintings, sketches and photographs, representing scenes in the life of Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the new world. W. L. Libby & Son Company, of Toledo, Ohio, were granted a concession for the operation of a big cut-glass factory. The Company invested between $50,000 and $75,000 on its plant, which is located at 59th street, in the Midway Plaisance, on a plat of land 150 bv 250 feet. One of the events of the Exposition will be a Cy'clist’s parade, in which many of the 24,000 members of the League 19 Hi ilBHBBi THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 291 of American Wheelmen will take part. The date will be announced in due season. Among the transportation exhibits are coaches used in the early days of railroading, formed after the style of stage coaches, and many other curiosi¬ ties, sent by the Old Colony railroad company. An East Indian village and exhibit occupies 200,000 square feet of space on Midway Plaisance. It is con¬ ducted by the East Indian Exhibit Co. A reproduction of the famous Eddy- stone Lighthouse may be found by the visitor on the lake shore, used as an ex¬ hibit and a beacon light. John W. Stiles & Co., of Spokane, Wash., was granted a concession for the reproduction of an Esquimaux village on the Expo¬ sition grounds. M. O. Jaensch, of Wahoo, Neb., sends a valuable collection of arms. The collection includes 100 pieces, including swords, pistols, guns, etc. Not the least interesting feature of the government exhibit at the Fair is the fast flight of carrier pigeons. Captain R. E. Thompson, of the signal ser¬ vice, has this feature of the display in charge, and at frequent intervals he will liberate birds for flights to within 200 miles of Chicago. George W. Childs, the Philadelphia philanthropist, has taken a great interest in this feature of the government display, and offers a prize valued at $100, which will be on exhibi¬ tion at the Fair, to the owner of the bird making the greatest distance in one day. The first cotton gin made by Eli Whitney is exhibited by the New Orleans Machinery Company, which also makes an extensive exhibit of cotton gins, sugar mills and other machinery. Dr. West, a collector of curios at Antigonish, Nova Scotia, is entitled to the credit of having shipped to the Columbian Expo¬ sition the first exhibit from a foreign country. It consists of useful and orna¬ mental articles purchased from the Antigonish Mountain Indians. The first locomotive ever used is exhibited in the Transportation Department. Other curiosities connected with the early days of steam transportation are also to be found there. The first map of the world ever made is exhibited. Pope Leo consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere map, and was begun in 1494 and finished in 1529. W. A. Alexander and Louis Gelder, representing the insurance associations of Chicago, were granted space, 50 by 100 feet, to construct a building to con¬ stitute an exhibit of the most improved methods of fireproof construction and the appliances used in saving goods from burning buildings. The building may be occupied by a salvage corps during the Fair. The Western Union Telegraph Company exhibit, handsomely framed, the first telegraph message ever sent, which was in May, 1844. The message was received by Prof. Morse at the Capitol in Washington, from an assistant in Annapolis. It is seen in the Elec¬ tricity Department. One of the exhibits that the Baltimore & Ohio road makes in the Electricity Building is a model of the first telegraph wire strung along that line by Morse. The line was nine miles long, and extended from Baltimore to Relay Station. The line was laid in a lead pipe. An eagle measuring almost 20 feet between wing tips perches above the main entrance of the Manufacturers’ Building. The old gunboat “Niagara,” which was sunk in Massasauga Bay, Erie Harbor, in 1812, is exhibited. The Manufacturers’ Club, of Philadelphia, has a building constructed entirely of material made by members of the club, as headquarters for manufacturers. A building in the form of an iceberg in which to make a polar exhibit is projected. 292 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S PAIR. One of the novelties of the Fair is a building 200 feet square used as a skating rink. This rink is to be supplied with a 16-inch layer of ice summer and winter by artificial means. A Government Life Saving Station is on exhibition A magnificent microscope was made by the Munich Poeller Physical and Optical Institute for the Chicago Exposition, at a cost of *8,750. It possesses a magni¬ fying power of 11,000 diameters. John McAdams & Co., of Brooklyn, exhibit on Lake Michigan a device to prevent boats from coming in collision It is a marine brake, powerful enough to stop boats running at a high rate of speed. A o-enius at Muhlenberg, Pa.,completed a marvellous clock for exhibition at the Fair Around the dial is a railway track, on which a miniature locomotive makes the round every five minutes. It requires a magnifying glass to see the delicate machinery. Sir Walker Bullard contributes the finest collection of native Maori curiosi¬ ties and paintings in the world. Maj. John Wilson, of Auckland, has brought a colony of Maoris to the Exposition. The United States Consul to Menaa, Yucatan, sent to the Exposition a Maya house, with its native inmates and their belongings, and a Maya potter who makes native vessels in public. Meteoric stones of various sizes are exhibited. One of the finest specimens was sent from Marengo, Ill. Charles P. Southard, of New Jersey, has erected a model home valued at $2,000, built through the medium of a co-operative building loan association. Models of all the warships of the United Stales Navy are shown in the battle-ship Illinois, in which is made the naval exhibit of the government at the World’s Fair. A concession was granted to M. Stepanni to erect the Moorish Palace. One of the many attractions which are exhibited m this palace is $1,000,000 in gold coin in one pile. A space 200 by 250 is used for the palace, which cost $400,000. There is a $60,000 natatorium in operation on the Expo¬ sition grounds. It includes bath-rooms, a swimming pool, a cafe, and a stand for the sale of cigars and flowers. This concession was granted to L. J. Kadish of Chicago. _ , , ,. , The most gruesome exhibit at the Exposition is that made by the National Prison Association. The exhibit is a comprehensive expose of the devices and methods employed for inflicting punishment from the beginning of history to the present time, and shows the progress which humanity has made, in the quality of mercy. A special building is used for the exhibit, and in it is arranged cells of every description, many of them reproductions of places which have detained persons famous in history. Mr. Sell, the London advertising agent, exhibits specimens of all the leading newspapers of the world which j have been printed during the last two centuries. The Clayden model of the* ocean currents is exhibited by the Navy department. This is a kind of huge scientific tank show. Mrs. Lou Barnes, of Vicksburg, granddaughter of the late Col. J. W. Nailor, sends the samples of cotton which her grandfather ex¬ hibited at the World’s Fair in London in 1851, and at the New York Crystal Palace in 1853, with the medals awarded him at each. The cotton is still well preserved. A panorama of the Volcano Killean, of Hawaii, is exhibited on the around. The original volcano has a crater one-half mile in diameter, in which there is constant volcanic action. The exhibit is under the auspices of the Hawaiian Government. * slM LAKE FRONT, MICHIGAN AVENUE. 294 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. A full-sized model of the Parthenon @f Athens is one of the most interest¬ ing of the Exposition buildings. It contains the World's Fair in miniature. A company embracing several very wealthy men will operate a permanent circus after the style of the Hippodrome in Paris. A building, with seating capacity of 5,000, and having a garden on the roof, has been erected, and the attraction will'be in operation to entertain World's Fair crowds. Among the wonderful things to be seen is a petrified log from Oregon. This is probably the largest petrifaction ever exhibited. Abusinessh.ou.se in Chicago has established a physicians bureau of service and information, which it proposes to make of great value to the medical profession who may visit the Exposition. A tribe of African Pigmies may be seen by the visitor at the midway plaisance. A chronometer, supposed to have been the property of one of Pizarro’s men, recently found in Ecuador, is exhibited. A perfect reproduction of a street in Pompeii, the pavement of which is made of lava from Vesuvius, showing several houses as they appeared before the eruption which destroyed the place, together with relics, etc., is among the attractions. The visitor to the Exposition will have an opportunity of learning among other things, just how a first-rate post-office is managed. A working model of such an office is a part of the U. S. Government exhibit. It is a branch of the central Chicago Post-office so far as mails are concerned, but entirely independent in its exhibition features. It handles all mails of officials, exhibitors, and others to and from the Exposition grounds, and has a special delivery service of its own. In the model post-office building heretofore referred to is located the Government postal museum. Among this collection are the most interesting foreign exhibits. The building erected on the grounds by the publishers of Puck is one of the most interesting attractions of the Fair. It shows fully every detail of the process of editing and publishing a humorous paper. A miniature model of the town of Pullman, 30x80 feet, is a part of the exhibit made by the Pullman Palace Car Company. The State of Ohio sends a number of valuable and interesting relics of the Mound Builders. These are from 100 mounds in Ohio and are 20,000 in number. Saginaw, Mich., has a miniature reproduction of a Salt plant. The cottage in which George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends or Quakers, was born, in Leicestershire, England, was brought over and appears on \ the Fair Grounds. A cast-iron slack trough which was captured by General Sam Houston from Santa Anna, at the battle of San Jacinto, has been sent from Texas. The old locomotive “ Sansom,” built in England in “the thirties ’’ by the celebrated Timothy Hackworth and brought to this country in 1838, is shown in the Transportation Building. When Columbus was made a prisoner in San Domingo, the governor who arrested him feared there might be an attempt at rescue. So he trained a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a World's Fair representa¬ tive, recovered it, and with the permission of the Governor of San Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on exhibition. A very novel feature of the Historical Exhibit at the Exposition is a fac- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 297 simile reproduction of the little ship “ Santa Maria,” in which Columbus sailed. It is proposed that the vessel will be taken to Washington after the Exposition and there anchored in the park south of the White House. Shakspeare’s historic home at Stratford-on-Avon is also reproduced here and is located on the space set apart for the British Government exhibit. No side shows are permitted within the Exposition grounds. The Directory decided that the entrance fee shall entitle the visitor to see everything within the inclosure. There are, however, several theatres built and kept running, at which the finest talent in the world appears, and visitors who choose to attend the performances have to pay an admission fee. Such sights as “A Street in Cairo” is free, but natives of oriental countries in a few cases are allowed to charge a small fee to special performances of a theatrical nature. A silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, sends a piece of silver which is an exact reproduction of the Agricultural building. It is eight feet wide, contains a quantity of silver valued as bullion at $10,000, and is valued at $20,000. A $10,000 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the property of the State Museum of Michigan, is shown at the Fair. This model was made and pre¬ sented by the Calumet and Hecla Copper Company. Some magnificent statues adorn the grounds. Notable among these is the statue of Franklin, at the main entrance to the Electricity building ; the statue of Columbus, belonging to the city of Baltimore ; and the statue of Columbus, by St. Gaudens, at the entrance to the Administration building. A colossal statue cf the Republic rises from the basin in front of the Administration build¬ ing. This is by Daniel C. French, of New York. An immense wooden box, bound in iron, was recently found at Helsinfors, in Finland, by workmen engaged in excavating in the cellar of an old house. Upon opening the box the men found that it contained a large parchment and a quantity of pieces of iron of odd shapes. Being unable to make out the con¬ tents of the parchment, they carried it to Mr. Rizeff, the nearest magistrate, who found that it was written by Father Suger, one time minister to Louis VII., of France. It was an elaborately written treatise upon the use of steam as a mo¬ tive power, and further examination revealed that the bits of iron were numbered parts of a rudimental but complete steam engine. The pioneer steam engine has been put together, and is exhibited. The concession for the reproduction of “ A vStreet in Cairo,” was granted to George Panyolo, of Egypt. The space occupied is 600 by 300 feet. The location is the Midway Plaisance. The exhibition is open to visitors, free of cost, except upon occasions of a special street spectacle, as, for example, during the passing of the wedding procession, which will form one of the features of the display. One of the most novel buildings at the Paris Exposition was the tea house erected by the Palais Indian Tea House Company, of London. This same con¬ cern has constructed on the Exposition grounds a series of tea houses which are finer than anything seen at Paris. The leading theatrical managers of the country will probably erect a build¬ ing in which theatrical and musical entertainments may be given during the progress of the Fair. An exact reproduction of the Tower of London, costing $250,000, will probably be one of the attractions of the Fair. The North Ameri- THE WORLD'S COL UMBIAN EXPOSITION. 200 can Turner Bund displays gymnastic apparatus, literature on the subject of physical exercises and development, and representations of gymnastic organi¬ zations. Eight days during each month of the Exposition the Turners give gymnastic exhibitions. The Washington Park Club perfected arrangements for a most notable race meeting during the Fair. The stakes in the American Derby are $50,000 ; in the “ Queen Isabella” one mile for three-year-old fillies, $25,000 : in the “ Columbus Handicap ” for three-year-olds upwards, $25,000 ; in a race for two-year-olds, $25,000 ; and large stakes are provided for a number of other races. The racing track is close by the World’s Fair grounds. Waukesha mineral water is furnished to consumers on the Exposition grounds at one cent per glass. Space of 8,000 square feet was granted the White Star Steamship Co., for an exhibition of models of the “Greyhounds” of its line. Similar exhibits are made by other ocean steamship lines. A Wild West Show will be given near the Exposition grounds daily, but it will have no con¬ nection with the Exposition. The location of the show is south of the Exposi¬ tion grounds. One million signatures of people directly or indirectly connected with the Exposition are being collected by the World’s Fair Mammoth Auto¬ graph Album Co. Copies of these collections of autographs will be bound in three volumes of 2,500 pages each, to be presented, respectively, to the President of the United States for the Smithsonian Institution, to the Governor of Illinois for the State Library, and to the Mayor of Chicago for the City Public Library. The names will be collected from all parts of the world. FOREIGN EXHIBITS.— The civilized world, sections of the semi- civilized and many portions of the uncivilized, are represented at the World’s Columbian Exposition. The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 has a stronger claim upon the term Universal than any of its predecessors. For the first time in history the great nations of Europe are able to exhibit their progress in science, art, and industry, on what maybe justly termed neutral ground. The political and social rivalry which has ever been a menace to different nations in international expositions heretofore, finds no place here. While the United States comes into competition with all nations, in every department of human activity, the narrow environments and prejudices which exist abroad are unknown here, and every nation is certain to be treated fairly, impartially and justly, not only in the allot¬ ment of position and space, but in the distribution of honors. The foreign department of the Exposition, from the beginning, has been intelligently and wisely managed. The sending of a commission into the countries of Europe in 1891 was the most politic and judicious step that could have been taken. The effect of their mission was felt almost immediately. Europe was awakened to a sense of the importance and magnitude of the World’s Fair, and upon the return of the commission two of the greatest empires on earth—England and Germany—sent representatives to inquire further into the status of the enterprise and to report to their respective governments the result. The reports of Sir Henry Wood and James 300 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Dredge, on the part of England, and of Herr Wermuth, on the part of Germany, as well as the active interest these envoys have since taken in the success of the Exposition, are fresh in the minds of the public. Not only has their friendship and enthusiasm interested the exhibitors of the two empires named, but they have stimulated every European nation, many of which, for a time, at least, were inclined to be apathetic. The visit of the ambassadors of foreign nations accredited to Washington in 1891 also served to enlighten the Old World as to the magnitude of the preparations being made here. Eater on, the sending of additional commissioners—notably the departure of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham and T. B. Bryan for southern Europe—served to renew the interest of foreign nations in the World’s Fair. The organization of a Eatin-American Commission likewise resulted in bringing the Spanish-American republics into line, and the exhibits made by our neighbors on this continent demonstrate how well the bureau having this department in charge has been conducted by Mr. W. B. Curtis. Finally the appointment of Walker Fearn as chief of the foreign exhibits department gave an impulse to this branch of the executive service of the Exposition, the favorable effects of which have continued to be felt up to the present time. The passage of the McKinley bill by Congress for a time had a depressing effect upon the prospects of the Exposition. Foreign manufacturers were inclined to hold aloof, in the hope, perhaps, that by so doing the government might be influenced in the direction of more liberal customs laws ; but as our system of government can not be thus influenced, and as foreign governments and foreign manufacturers began to realize that outside pressure of this kind would probably have an effect quite contrary to that which was desired, they gradually accepted the situation and set about making the best of it. It has been decided that agents in this country of articles manufac¬ tured in foreign countries cannot have the same entered for exhibition as American products. Although the capital of residents of the United States may be employed in the manufacture of such goods, the exhibits will have to be entered as foreign ones and space be assigned for them by the World’s Fair Commission of the country in which the articles are produced. The following are the nations and colonies represented at the World’s Columbian Exposition, with all information concerning their respective exhibits in possession of the Exposition management: Algiers. —The Governor of Algiers has taken a deep interest in the Expo¬ sition. It was the wish of exhibitors in that colony to have a distinct sub-sec¬ tion of the French exhibit. The Algiers display is novel and brilliant. It may be seen in the French section. 302 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. Argentine Republic.— The President of the Argentine Republic appointed a World's Fair Commission early in 1891, and no time was lost in collecting and forwarding exhibits. The sum of $100,000 was placed at the disposal of the commission and visitors can readily see how judicious^ this sum was expended. The Argentine display is a handsome one. Australia. —Australia is one of the most important exhibitors at the World’s Fair. Not less than 1,000,000 feet of space were demanded by her exhibitors, and this was placed at their disposal. New South Wales took a lively interest in the Exposition from the first, as did New Zealand and Queen- land. The merchants and manufacturers of Sydney and Melbourne were enthusiastic, and the public of Australia in general determined upon making a display which should attract the attention of the world to the progress the great island is making. Austria. —The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a little late in responding to the President’s invitation, but finally decided to participate, although not offi¬ cially. The premier notified the U. S. minister that the Empire would give its utmost support to anything that private parties might do toward making an exhibit. Private interests at once took up the matter, and the exhibits from Austria and Hungary in the several departments of the Exposition are fully up to the standard established by the great powers of Europe. As a strong evidence of her friendship, Austria postponed the International Art Jubilee, which was to occur in 18931 until 18941 so that it should not inteifere with the World’s Fair. Belgium.— Belgium from, the first displayed the greatest interest in the World’s Fair, and determined upon taking an active and conspicuous part in the Exposition. She made a grant of 600,000 francs, and has sent an art exhibit much more extensive than that displayed at the last Paris Exposition. Belgium is represented in all the leading departments. A supplementary grant of 300,000 francs was made to aid the private exhibitors. Bolivia. —Bolivia has an excellent exhibit. It is among the best from the Latin-American Republics. Bolivia’s appropriation for the Fair was $150,000. Brazil.— The government of Brazil makes a magnificent display. The cost of the exhibit was over half a million dollars. The Brazil building is in itself a leading attraction. In addition to the $550,000 appropriated by the Federal government of Brazil, $250,000 were appropriated by the different states of the Republic. Brazil’s exhibits will be found in the art, agricultural, forestry, horticultural, floricultural and other departments, and always occupying a con¬ spicuous and creditable position. British Columbia.— British Columbia is represented by a building.which is a novelty in architecture, composed of every variety of wood known to the British Columbia forests. British Columbia is represented in nearly all of the principal departments. British Guiana. —British Guiana appropriated $20,000 for an exhibit and appointed a commission to collect and display the same. A space of 60x30 feet is allotted to the exhibit from this colony, close to the exhibit and building of the Dominion of Canada. The location was chosen by British Guiana so as to afford an opportunity for contrasting its exhibits with those of other British THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 305 American colonies. A local exhibition of the resources of British Guiana was held previous to the shipment of the exhibits to this country, so that the choicest might be selected. British Honduras. —This colony makes an excellent exhibit, consisting principally of woods, plants, fruits, tropical flowers, native minerals, etc. British West India.— The display made by British India in various departments and sections is an interesting one. Exhibits from Burmah are particularly attractive. The commissioner for British West Indies was granted 25,000 square feet of space. Much of the exhibit from these colonies consist of tropical plants, etc., which are to be seen in the horticultural department. Bulgaria.— Bulgaria has a surprisingly fine art and industrial display. The kingdom is represented worthily for the first time at an International Exposition. Canada. —Canada early in 1892 asked for 96,000 square feet of space, but this did not represent the total space desired. In the fine arts and fisheries annexes additional room was necessary. Canada was granted in all about 100,000 square feet. Ceylon. —Ceylon has a special building on the grounds. Among the attractions of its display is a large tea house. Chile.— The position of Chile as to its participation in the World’s Colum¬ bian Exposition long remained in doubt. The impoverished condition of the country, and the stagnation of its trade due to the recent revolution, compelled the government to abandon its original design of appropriating $100,000 to defray the expenses of an exhibit, but it is believed she will be creditably represented. China.— Owing to certain diplomatic troubles between the United States and China, caused by the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, it was doubted for some time whether China would participate in any way in the Exposition. But the government of the Empire, while giving no official countenance to the Exposition, it was understood, would assist private exhibitors substantially. Later on it was announced that China would subscribe $200,000 and $50,000 to defray the expenses of a private exhibit. The Chinese government authorized Tao Tai, the representative of the custom service at Shanghai, to remove all export duties on exhibits intended for the World’s Fair. Later still the Chi¬ nese government announced through its minister at Washington that its Em¬ bassy to this country would eventually be made a commission to represent China at the World’s Fair and see that the rights of its citizens were thoroughly protected. The general indications are that China will be represented in many of the important departments of the Exposition and will probably erect a build¬ ing on the grounds. Colombia. — Colombia's display is particularly attractive. Its building is modeled after the capitol at Bogota. The exterior is in imitation of the sand¬ stone of which the capitol is built, while the interior is finished in the valuable hardwoods of the country, comprising more than a hundred varieties. Costa Rica. — Among the first exhibits received in Chicago for the World’s Fair of 1893, were ten cases of curios and antiques collected in Costa Rica by the Latin-American bureau. Lieut. Scriven was specially detailed to make the 20 306 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. cUi'-The SbfbTta c“b. is pri»cip«Uy remarkable for tire wonderful floral and' horticultural s P®f'b lel ' s "^'^^■^^'^'grkm^^epm'tnients^'f'the «* ‘3il“ -T g b.°S“Si« comprises co.trib.tio.s to .early .1, de- p„,“.ts, and particularly to those of fine arts, .gric.lt.m The sum of $55,000 was set apart by Denmark m order to show as a leading feature of its exhibit a Danish dairy complete ’ Dutch West INDIES.-The Dutch colonies of the West Indies, composed 01 the Islands of Curacoa, St. Martins, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Eustache and Saba, are reoresented by special exhibits m several departments. Ecuador -The President of Ecuador early in 1892 decreed that the Gover¬ nor of each state of the Republic should collect and forward to Quito exhibits of alTkinds musing the riches and the productions of the country. The Consul- General of the United States in Quito directed the Consuls and Vice-Consuls and Consular Agents at different points in Ecuador to assist the Governors of states fn every way possible in the collection of articles relating to commerce with exterior countries. The best of these exhibits so collected and exhibited m Suito during the National Exposition held there in 1892, were forwarded to Chicago. The President of Ecuador also named Commissioners to Chicago, and a sufficient sum was appropriated to meet the expenses. The state of Esme¬ ralda makes a special exhibit of gold and gold ores from the mines of Ibarra, rubber, and other lowland products. The department of Guayaquil also has a special exhibit. Ecuador has her own building on the grounds. Ecuador is represented in many of the leading departments. Engeand.— England made application for 200,000 square feet of floor space for exhibits, or nearly five square miles. This was equal to the space asked for by Germany, and indicated at an early day the international character of the Exposition. The exhibits from England are on a greater and grander scale than were ever seen before outside of London Expositions. England contributes to every department of the Fair. It is unsettled, at this date, whether the Irish exhibit shall be included in England’s. The Scotch exhibit certainly will. Both of these kingdoms contribute very creditable displays. _ France.— France asked for 25,000 square feet of space for its picture exhibits alone The leading men of France became interested in the Columbian Expo¬ sition early in 1892, and from that time on the collections made in France and forwarded to this country gave every assurance that France would maintain her pre-eminent position among the industrial nations of the world. France occu¬ pies 100,000 square feet in the manufactures, 10,000 in the machinery, and 10,000 in the live stock departments. The first appropriation made by France for the expenses of the exhibit amounted to 3,250,000 francs, or about $650,000. Germany.— The demand of Germany for 200,000 square feet of floor space early in 1892 indicated pretty clearly the intentions of that empire with regard THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 309 to the Columbian Exposition. The interest of the people of Berlin, Dresden, Leipsig, Stuttgart, Nuremburg, Hamburg, and, in fact, of all the leading com¬ mercial, manufacturing, art and educational centers of Germany, has been cen¬ tered in the Columbian Exposition for over two years. The first appropriation made by the German government to defray the expenses of its exhibit amounted to 900,000 marks. This, however, was quickly swallowed up, and large addi¬ tional appropriations became necessary. Greece;.— The financial situation in Greece prevented that kingdom from doing what it would have liked to do in the way of sending an art exhibit to the Columbian Exposition. It proposed a display of casts and models of the Greek art schools, the value of which, it is said, can scarcely be overestimated, and asked that the Columbian Exposition Company pay a sum ranging between $20,000 and $ 200,000 for this proposed exhibit. This proposition is referred to under the head of Art department. Guatemala. — Guatemala started out by appropriating $100,000 in gold to defray the expenses of its exhibit at Chicago. Later on an appropriation of $20,000 was added to pay for the erection of a suitable building to be used as headquarters for this republic. The greatest interest in the Exposition was manifested in Guatemala from the first. This country contributes its national band to the Exposition. It will perform daily. This band is the third largest in the world, that of Austria being first and the Mexican National Band being second. It is composed of 200 performers. Hayti. — The congress of Hayti appropriated $25,000 for its exhibits. Frederic Douglas, the celebrated American negro, is in charge of the Haytian display, which is a very creditable one. Holland. —The Netherlands not only contribute one of the finest collec¬ tions of paintings from the Dutch masters, but are represented in the Liberal Arts and Mechanical departments quite fully. Some of the most unique and interesting exhibits displayed at the Exposition came from Holland. Honduras.— The exhibits of Honduras are very attractive and interesting. One of the measures adopted in that country for raising the necessary funds was the establishment of a national lottery. The exhibits forwarded are classi¬ fied under the heads Minerals, Wood, Agriculture, Drugs, Animal Kingdom, Ethnology, Industries and General Information, and include a geological col¬ lection showing the mineral wealth of Honduras in building stone as well as in such semi-precious stones as opals, etc. India. — No money was appropriated by the Indian government, but the viceroy declared he would encourage private exhibitors in every way possible. Indian exhibits began to arrive early in 1892. Several Indian princes will attend the Exposition. Ireland. —An effort was made by the Irish members of Parliament to sep¬ arate the Irish from the British exhibit, and to secure an independent subsidy from the crown. Before this question was determined the Countess of Aber¬ deen, a patriotic Irish lady, took the matter of collecting an exhibit of Irish industries in hand, and raised between $15,000 and $20,000 in this country, her object being to have an independent room in the Women’s "building. Italy. —The United States was not on amicable diplomatic terms with 310 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Italy in i8or, and there was no resumption of relations until late in 1892 This was the result of the Italian massacre in New Orleans. Accordingly it was feared that Italy would take no part in the Exposition. Commissioners Hig¬ ginbotham and Bryan visited southern Europe m 1892 and paid P^ular attention to Italy. Before they returned an entente cordiale was established, and they brought back assurances that Italy would do her part toward giving an international complexion to the World’s Fair. The king as o icia y rec ognizedthe Exposition by the appointment of a World’s Fair Commission. Although no appropriation will be made, the government will m all probability transport Italian exhibits without cost to exhibitors. Japan.— Japan leads all foreign countries in the amount of its appropria¬ tion for the World’s Fair. The empire of the Mikado was willing to spend more money in making an exhibit in 1893 than many of the countries of Europe, so far as their appropriations were first reported. Exposition offi ci al s were both surprised and pleased to receive authoritative information that the Japanese Parliament had set aside $630,765 for a display at the Fair. 1S thorough and shows everything of interest which the ingenious people of Japan manufacture or otherwise produce. In appropriating the money the Par la¬ ment took occasion to authorize its expenditure as follows : During the year 1891, $51,495 ; 1892, $313,098 ; 1893, $241,536; 1894, $24,636. Japan made a novel proposition for the consideration of the World’s Fair management. It offered if a suitable location should be granted, to reproduce a building of the most ancient style of architecture of Japan, and make to the city of Chicago a gift of the structure at the close of the World’s Fair. The offer to do this came from the Japanese government. The estimated cost, including the elaboration of the gardens about it, was figured at $100,000. This edifice, with all its surround¬ ings, will be tendered to the city of Chicago as a permanent monument of Japanese architecture and landscape gardening. Japan was given 40,000 square feet for the purpose indicated in the north end of the wooded island. In addition to this Japan consumes over 90,000 square feet; in the Manufactures building, 35,000 ; Agricultural building, 4,000; Fine Arts, 2,000 ; Mines and Mining, 750 ; Forestry, 350 ; Bazaars, 42,000. Japan makes a magnificent display in all of the principal buildings, and has a Japanese tea house on the lake front and a bazaar on the Midway Plaisance. Madeira. —The Governor of Madeira accepted the invitation to participate in the Exposition early in 1892, and the work of collecting an exhibit began at once. The display made by this province is worthy of attention. There are numerous Columbus relics in the exhibit. Mexico. —The nearest Republican neighbor of the United States makes one of the most prominent as well as one of the handsomest displays in each of the great departments of the Exposition. It was announced quite early that $2,000,000 would be expended upon the exhibit of this Republic, and the fact that the first appropriation amounted to $750,000, which was intended merely to be preliminary, justified this prediction. The Mexican exhibits are to be seen in nearly every department of the Ex¬ position. The floral display of the Republic is one of the handsomest to be seen in the Horticultural Building. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 311 Morocco. —The Moorish minister of foreign affairs communicated with the United States Consul at Tangier immediately on receipt of the invitation to participate in the Exposition and asked that space be reserved for Morocco. Hassan Ben Ali took charge of the exhibit. Morocco makes a very interesting showing in the transportation department, where some horses, saddles, and other equestrian equipments from that country are displayed. Newfoundland. —The colony of Newfoundland participates in the Ex¬ position and makes an independent display close to that of the Dominion and other English colonies. It is also represented largely in the fisheries de¬ partment. Nicaragua. — Nicaragua set aside $30,000 for her display at the Exposition. It is the best exhibit the country has ever made. Senor Don Sallaverri, who had charge of Nicaragua’s exhibit at Paris, arranged the country’s display here. Norway and Sweden. —The amount raised in Norway and Sweden, in¬ cluding government and private subscriptions towards defraying the expenses of the exhibit, was about $150,000. It is understood that Norway and Sweden will each have a building on the grounds. Panama. —The little government of Panama is well represented in the dif¬ ferent departments, especially in that of horticulture. The marble slab pre¬ sented by the Empress Josephine to Panama, and many other novel and curious articles are exhibited. Paraguay. — The government of Paraguay very speedily accepted the in¬ vitation to participate, and the president of the republic was authorized to use whatever public funds he deemed necessary to enable Paraguay to make a proper exhibit. The republic makes an excellent display. Persia.— The government of Persia as a first evidence of friendship toward the Exposition lifted the export duty on all goods sent to the World’s Fair and all goods which might be purchased and returned to that country by visitors to the Exposition. This was looked upon at the time as a most liberal concession. The most important portion of the Persian exhibit is to be seen in the Manu¬ factures Building, where there is a magnificent display of carpets, rugs, shawls and fabrics from that country. Ivories, curios and contributions to the art and other departments are also numerous. The representative of the Shah of Persia is M. E. Spencer Pratt, formerly United States Minister to Persia. PERU.— The exhibit made by Peru is certainly equal to that made by any of the Latin-American republics, with the exception, perhaps, of Mexico and Brazil. A national exposition was held at Lima in May, 1892. This was known as a “ Congress of Producers.” The exhibition continued several months, and when it closed the entire exhibits were shipped to Chicago. The first appropri¬ ation made by Peru amounted to $25,000. Russia.— Although one of the most dreadful famines of recent years pre¬ vailed throughout the Empire during the greater part of 1892, the interest of the Russian Government and people in the Columbian Exposition was not per¬ mitted to languish. The Imperial Government appointed a commission of which the famous Count Tolstoi, the novelist and statesman, was a member, and the work of preparation, though hindered by the depressed financial condition of the Empire, went steadily on. The Russian Government undertook to bear 312 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. all expenses for transportation and insurance of private exhibits. Every ex¬ hibitor, whether from European or Asiatic Russia, who had goods of historic, artistic or economic value to offer worthy of a place in the Exposition was encouraged to send them. Russia is represented in every one of the leading de¬ partments in a manner befitting the greatness of the Empire. Roumania. —Roumania contributes exhibits to the Art and several other departments. Her display is in every way more prominent than at the last Paris Exposition. San Domingo. —Many interesting relics from this island are on exhibition. The most valuable and the most interesting perhaps is the first church bell that ever rang out in the New World. It was presented to the colonists of the first settlement of San Domingo by Queen Isabella in appreciation of the fact that the first settlement bore her name. There is also an exact reproduction of the cross which Columbus raised immediately upon landing. The material of the cross is the same exactly as that which Columbus nailed up, having been taken from the wood of a building erected in 1509. There are also in this col¬ lection fac-similes of the doors which close the cells in which the bones of Co¬ lumbus repose. The collection of relics is very extensive and is contained in a building erected for this special purpose. Sandwich Islands.—A separate building is devoted to exhibits of the government of Hawaii. The collection in the department of agriculture, from these islands, include rice, arrowroot, sugar cane, sugar models and machinery for making sugar, photographs of mills, coffee in the berry, in the shell, cleaned and growing. In the forestry department are shown trees of every description and in the horticultural department a great variety of fruit. In the floricul- tural department many beautiful palms are exhibited, and in the department of viticulture will be found a display of grapes, preserved fruits of every descrip¬ tion, dried or in alcohol or in syrups. The Islands are also represented by fish, fish products and manufactures, including gold ornaments, palm leaf, bamboo, feather work, artificial flowers, seed work, etc. Servia. —The kingdom of Servia sends a large and interesting display, a great portion of which was taken from the government museums and stores, and of articles such as ancient armor, tapestries. Siam. —The kingdom of Siam charged the commissioner of agriculture to charter one or more vessels and load them with the products of the farms, mines, forests and manufactories of that country and ship them to Chicago. The exhibit which is made here eclipses that made at the Paris Exposition, where it carried off the honors of the Oriental section. South Africa. —The exhibits from South Africa include those of the British colonies, Orange Free States and other settlements. These are scattered through the various departments of the Exposition. Cape Colony alone appro¬ priated $25,000, and the De Beers Company a like amount. Zanzibar exhibits among other things a score of pigmies from the east coast of Africa. South America. —The exhibits from South America include those from all of the so-called Latin-American republics, and are referred to here under the headings of the different countries represented. In the spring of 1892 commis¬ sioners had been appointed and appropriations made to pay the expenses of rep- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 315 resentation of the South American republics which exceeded in the aggregate the sum of $2,000,000 more than had been provided up to that time by the United States, with Illinois excepted, South Sea Islands. — The South Sea Islands are represented at the Expo¬ sition. The nature of their display was not known to the Exposition manage¬ ment when this book went to press. Spain.— It is but natural that Spain should have taken more than an ordi¬ nary interest in the World’s Columbian Exposition, designed as it is to cele¬ brate the most glorious achievement in the history of that nation—the discovery of America. For many reasons, however, but principally because the financial situation in Spain is depressed, the display made by that country does not compare favorably with that by other European nations. Spain is represented in nearly all of the principal departments. The Queen Regent of Spain sends a portrait of the youthful king. Many of the jewels and other possessions of Ferdinand and Isabella are exhibited in the Spanish collection. Switzerland. —There was considerable feeling manifested in Switzerland against the United States and the World’s Fair, owing to the passage of the McKinley bill, which it was claimed would have the effect of depressing the trade of that country. Besides it was held that to exhibit the expensive and complicated pattern of embroideries would result in having the trade of Swiss manufacturers injured by cheap imitations, as had been the case at Paris. The sentiment in Switzerland, however, underwent a very decided change upon the arrival of the Columbian Commission. The importance of the World’s Fair, and the gigantic nature of the enterprise having been laid before them, the manufacturers quickly decided to make an exhibit, and the government was called upon to make a suitable grant. Among the attractions of the Swiss exhibit is a magnificent display made by the watchmakers of that country. Switzerland is represented in nearly every department of the Exposition. Trinidad. —Trinidad was the thirty-first nation to accept an invitation to participate in the Columbian Exposition. The display made by this little country is very interesting and creditable. Turkey. —Enthusiasm for the World’s Columbian Exposition and material assistance in making it an international affair, strangely enough came at the beginning from nations that were not expected to participate to any great ex¬ tent. This fact was particularly exemplified in the cases of Japan and Turkey. The Turkish flag was the first foreign flag hoisted at the World’s Fair grounds. This event occurred on September 20, 1891, with appropriate ceremonies. The flag was raised on the site which Robert Levy, of Constantinople, secured for his Turkish specialties. The Sultan took a great personal interest in the Ex¬ position, and gave orders concerning certain exhibits which make a showing of Turkish progress in science and education. He officially signified his con¬ sent to the erection of a mosque, to be used by Mussulmans for religious ser¬ vices during the Exposition. The supervision of the construction of the mosque was committed to the imperial Turkish commissioner and cost $3,000. The merchants of Smyrna occupy about 1,000 square feet of space in an ex¬ hibit of the finest Turkish rugs and carpets. Turkey is represented in nearly every one of the leading departments. The Turkish commissioner is Hakki 316 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Bey, translator at tlie imperial palace, and Falini Bey, of the general post-office, is sub-commissioner. In addition to these, other representatives of the Turkish government and Imperial Palace are daily on the grounds. Uruguay.— The display of the government of Uruguay is in charge of the rural association, and is one of the most interesting to be seen, the Rural As¬ sociation of Paraguay is an important national organization, and has spared no pains or expense in making the exhibit creditable. This association managed the Uruguay display at Paris. The republic is well represented in the agricul¬ ture, live-stock and educational departments. DEDICATION DAY PROGRAMME.— The dedication of the World’s Columbian Exposition took place October 21, 1892. The pro¬ gramme agreed upon for the first three days devoted to the festivities was as follows: 1. March for orchestra. Written for the occasion by John K. Payne. 2. Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Brooks, of Massachusetts. 3. Report of the World’s Columbian Commission by the Director- General. 4. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of the World’s Fair Columbian Exposition to the President of the World’s Columbian Commission. 5. Chorus, “ The Heavens Are Telling ”—Haydn. 6. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of World’s Columbian Commission to the President of the United States. 7. March and chorus from “The Ruins of Athens”—Beethoven. 8. Dedication of the buildings by the President of the United States. 9. Hallelujah chorus from the Messiah—Handel. 10. Dedicatory Oration by the Hon. William C. P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. 11. Dedicatory Ode. Words by Miss Harriet Monroe; music by E. A. McDowell. 12. “ Star-Spangled-Banner ” and “America,” with full chorus and orchestral accompaniment. 13. National salute. DEDICATION OF T HE BUILDINGS, ETC.— In the dedicatory exercises on the 12th, the completed buildings were tendered by the Presi¬ dent of the Exposition to the National Commission. President T. W. Palmer accepted them on behalf of that body and at once presented them to the President of the United States, who fittingly responded. The dedicatory oration followed. Much attention was given to the musical portion of the programme. This included the dedicatory ode and or¬ chestra marches written for the occasion. These and other numbers, in¬ cluding 1 ‘ America ’ ’ and ‘ 1 Star-Spangled Banner, ’ ’ were rendered with full choral and orchestral accompaniment. THE WORLD'S COL UMBIAN EXPOSITION. 317 In April, 1893, a grand international naval review, preliminary to the opening of the Exposition, as provided for by Act of Congress, will be held in New York harbor. FIRE WORKS. —For a consideration of $25,000 Mr. James Payn, of London, gave a display of fire-works at the dedicatory ceremonies, that excelled in magnificence anything of the kind ever attempted. There were three displays on as many nights. The first night’s programme included a salute of 100 aerial maroons, four and one-half inches in diameter, fired from iron mortars. Following this was a grand device, re¬ presenting Chicago’s welcome to all the nations of the earth. Then came Columbus and his departure from Spain, and a floating star-spangled banner, which remained in the air for hours. On the second night a grand device in honor of the army and navy was given. A scene from the battle of Lake Erie was selected. After this was shown a prismatic fountain, a reproduction of the Capitol at Washington and many other equally striking and beautiful pictures. On the third night was shown a reproduction of the facade of the Administration building and devices showing the portraits of the Exposi¬ tion officials. The grand display was closed with an illumination of the entire Lake Front from Van Buren Street to Jackson Park, together with the lagoons and the canal with a crowning device representing the Goddess of Peace surrounded by Science, Art and Literature, with glimpses of the Brooklyn bridge, the Eiffel Tower and other famous structures. MILITARY DISPLAY. —Fifteen thousand troops at least, with all the crack artillery companies in the country, were present for the week of the World’s Fair dedicatory ceremonies. The display of troops was par¬ ticularly impressive, and there was the greatest display of artillery here ever brought together in one place in the United States si ice the close of the Civil War. Ohio sent 1,000 men, Indiana 500, Illinois 3,000, Mis¬ souri 500, Iowa 500, Minnesota 500, Wisconsin 1,000, Michigan 1,000. This makes atotal of 8,500 troops specially invited. In addition there were 5,000 regulars of the United States army. The encampment lasted from Oct. 11 to Oct. 14 inclusive. The Ex¬ position management furnished quarters and subsistence during the encampment. Beyond the number of men of the National Guard of the United States army indicated, the Governors of many of the States were accompanied by their guards. The entire cost of the encampment is estimated at $30,000. The reasons for inviting the Governors of the States adjoining or near to Illinois to send the specified allotment of troops was because of their proximity. In the summer of 1893 there will be another encampment, 318 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR, when it is expected that troops from a distance will be present. Gen. Nelson A. Miles will have charge of the military display. PROCESSION OP CENTURIES.— After months of deliberation the joint committee representing the National Commission and Board of Directors adopted twenty-four floats, which formed the procession of centuries. These floats were drawn around through the canals and lagoons of Jackson Park on dedication night. They were built at an average expense of $3,800 each, or a total cost of $91,200. Following is the list of floats : 1. The Stone Age; representing the cliff-dwellers and the Toltecs. 2. The Bronze Age ; representing the Aztecs and the mound-builders. 3. The Aboriginal Age; representing the American Indians. 4. Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. 5. Departure of Columbus from Palos. 6. The discovery of America. 7. Columbus before the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella presenting natives and the strange products of the new country. 8. English Cavaliers and the Settlement of Jamestown. 9. Hendrick Hudson; Discovery of the Hudson river; Dutch Settle¬ ment at New Amsterdam. 10. Landing of the Pilgrams. 11. Illustration of early Puritan Life. 12. Ferdinand de Soto; Discovery of the Mississippi. 13. Pere Marquette, Chevalier La Salle, and the Northwest. 14. Washington and his Generals. 15. Signing the Declaration of Independence. 16. Union of the Colonies; the thirteen original States; the sister¬ hood of the great Republic; welcoming the Territories to the constella¬ tion of States. 17. “Westward the course of empire takes its way.” 18. The genius of invention ; application of steam, etc. 19. Electricity and electric appliances. 20. War; representing valor, sacrifice, power, death, devastation. 21. Peace; representing tranquillity, security, prosperity, happiness. 22. Agriculture. 23. Science, art and literature. 24. Universal freedom of man; equal rights; law and justice; lib¬ erty enlightening the world. _JtM . .. Fam.ly Oor Hotel Ounij Hotel Orem Hotel Enoe. Hotel Ingra ifnoQts! ]|aOOaS WASHINGTON namm □□jaaoi JOLUMBIA Tnnnns- ini' jannmi anon. ffiQQQSj PERSPECTIVE MAP OF CHICAGO Locating WORLD'S FAIR GROUNDS PRINCIPAL HOTELS In that Vicinity INDEX TO HOTELS Chicago Beach Hotel KINZIE PART V. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. T HE Columbian Exposition, the thirteenth and greatest of World’s Fairs, was opened May i, by President Cleveland, in the presence of members of his cabinet, officials of the various States, distinguished representatives of foreign countries and a great throng of American citizens. The attendance was estimated by D. H. Burnham, director of works, at 300,000 persons. The morning opened misty, but the sky brightened as the day advanced, and the necessity for holding the services indoors was averted. As the exercises progressed the sun shone forth in full splendor, and the long spell of bad weather was over. The mud was so plentiful that the hundreds of planks laid over the roadway had little effect. The President received the foreign commissioners and visited several of the buildings. He left for Washington at 5 o’clock in the evening. The Woman’s Building was opened with impressive ceremo¬ nies. Mrs. Potter Palmer and the Dutchess of Aberdeen made speeches. The Missouri and Iowa State buildings were also dedicated. A STATELY PROCESSION. The procession of officials and invited guests to the grou ids, escorted by military, was an imposing one. National Commissioners P. A. B. Widener, of Pennsylvania, and Bradley B. Smalley, of Ver¬ mont, with Directors Thomas B. Ryan and James W. Ellsworth for company, occupied the first carriage. In the second carriage were Commissioners Gorton W. Allen and Geo. H. Barbour, Directors Chas. Henrotin and Wm. B. Kerfoot. Next to them rode Commis¬ sioners V. D. Groner, of Virginia, and James Hodges, of Maryland, and Directors Ketcham and Lawrence. The fourth and fifth carriages were also jointly occupied by commissioners and local directors, while 21 321 322 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. in the sixth were Director-General and Director of Works George R. ^ftesidmhClevek^and Presidents T. W. Palmer, of the World’s Columbian Commission, and H. N. Higginbotham, of the World’s Columbian Exposition, were m the seventh carriage. Vice-President Stevenson rode with two World’s Fair ex-presidents, Lyman G Gage and William T. Baker ; Secretary Gresham rode with IS. ational Com¬ missioner Davidson B. Penn ; Secretary Carlisle with George V. Mas- sev of Delaware ; Secretary Herbert with Charles H. Schwab , Sec retary Hoke Smith with Commissioner J. W. St. Clair, of West Vir¬ ginia, and Secretary Morton with Director H. B. Stone. The foreign division was headed by the Duke of Veragua; the first vice-president of the commission, ex-Governor Waller, of Connecti- C ut • the first vice-president of the exposition, Ferd. W. Peck, and Commander Dickens, of the United States Army. The Dutchess of Veragua was escorted by Mrs. Potter Palmer, president of the board of lady managers, and by Mrs. Commander Dickens. The ducal party was succeeded by carriages occupied by Ambassador to England Thomas F. Bayard and ex-Minister to Belgium Lambert Tree, Major- General Miles and aides, Admiral Gherardi and aides and Governor Altgeld. The carriage of Mayor Harrison, who was accompanied by three members of the board of aldermen, brought up the extreme rear. CEREMONIES IN THE PARK. The ceremonies took place on a stand in front of the Administra¬ tion Building, commanding a view of the grand basin crowded with gondolas and steam launches loaded down with spectators. In the foreground, over the heads of the people, could be seen the imposing McMonnie’s fountain, typifying old Father Time steering his craft with a scythe. Far in the distance loomed up the colossal gold statue of the Republic, and beyond it again the inspiring peristyle crowned by the Columbian arch and the heroic figures of the Quadriga, and near them the imposing facades of the Casino and Music Hall. Im¬ mediately on the right were the buildings devoted to agriculture and machinery ; on the left the colossal structures dedicated to manufac¬ tures and electricity. From the centre of the platform proper there radiated a special stand, and upon this were chairs for President Cleveland, Vice-Presi¬ dent Stevenson, the Duke of Veragua and his party, and the higher 324 THE COLUMBIAN EXrOSITION. , , . , 0 f the Fair. Immediately in the rear were Se " assigned to the members of the diplomatic corps, while to their right and left the other officials and guests. In the space assigned to celebrities from foreign countries a remarkable group attracted general attention. One was a medium. Sd man, with swarthy complexion, piercing black eyes and high cheekbones. This was a genuine East India rajah, Dado Su Aina, who occupies the distinguished position of secretary of state for the Sultan of Johore, on the Malay Peninsula Near by, clad in long black robes, theffi heads surmounted by curiously shaped black hats were Ye Chayum, Jeung Kiung Won and Yi Shmg Su, the royal commissioners from Corea. Talking earnestly with one of these was Caesar Gondra, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the republic of Paraguay, and towering over the slight form of the latter his Excellency Prince de Gloukovskoy, chamberlain to to his Majesty the Czar and general imperial commissioner of Russia. Baron Fava, Italy’s minister plenipotentiary, sat a little distance awav with the Marquis di Rudini. Representing the Dominion of Canada was a notable group, comprising the acting premier, Mack¬ enzie Bo well, Minister of Public Works Quinet and Minister of Agriculture A. B. Angeans. In the centre of the group of lady managers were the Princess Maria Schach Oskay, maid of honor at the court of the Czar, and Mine. Somet Sepkin, also a representa¬ tive of the Russian court and of the imperial institutions of the Em¬ press Marie. Conspicuous also in the forefront of the throng below the platform were the Duchess of Buckingham, the Earl and Countess of Craven and the Counts Bela, Zichy and Honekhein. MUSIC AND PRAYER. It had been intended to preface the speech-making with a grand chorus of 1,000 voices, but owing to an oversight in drawing the plans of the platform this feature was eliminated, and in its place was rendered a Columbian march, composed for the occasion by Prof. John K. Paine. Theodore Thomas wielded the baton, and 600 instru¬ ments responded to his wand. As the music died away the blind chaplain of the United States Senate, Rev. Dr. W. H. Milburn, was led forward to the front of the platform by his adopted daughter, Miss Cora Gemley, and asked the blessing of God on the Exposition. The young lady has been his THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 325 constant and faithful attendant for many years. In this circumstance there was afforded a link between the United States and its friends of the Dominion of Canada, the young lady being a daughter of the late Rev. John Gemley, for many years one of the foremost divines of Ontario. Miss Jessie Couthoui, a Chicago elocutionist, in clear, impressive tones that could be heard distinctly by the two thousand guests upon the platform and which penetrated far into the throng, read the poem of the day, entitled “The Prophecy,” written by W. A. Croffut, a journalist of Washington. Hearty applause rewarded the reader as she retired, and it was renewed when the orchestra rendered the “Rienzi” overture by Wagner. FACTS ABOUT THE FAIR. Director-General Davis arose from his seat, and after bowing to the Chief Magistrate and those surrounding him, faced the assem¬ blage. After the applause had subsided he said : ° “ This enclosure, containing nearly 700 acres, covered by more than 400 structures, from the small State pavilion, occupying an ordi¬ nary building site, to the colossal structure of the Manufactures and Liberal Art Building, covering over thirty acres, is filled and crowded with a display of the achievements and products of the mind and hand of man such as has never before been presented to mortal vision. “ The habits, customs and life of the peoples of our own and foreign lands are shown in the variegated plaisance. Those stately buildings on the north are filled with the historical treasures and nat¬ ural products of our several States. The artistic, characteristic and beautiful edifices, the headquarters of foreign commissions, surround¬ ing the gallerv of fine arts, which in itself will be an agreeable sur¬ prise to the American beholder, constitute the grand central zone of social and friendly amenities among the different peoples of the earth. “Surrounding this grand plaza, where we stand, and reaching from the north pond to the extreme south, is the great mechanical, scientific, industrial and agricultural exhibition of the resources and products of the world. “ The number of exhibitors will exceed 60,000 when everything- is in place. The citizens of our country are proud and always will be proud of the action of the Congress of the United States of Am- THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 327 erica in authorizing and directing this celebration to take place, for the appropriations of more than five millions of dollars in its aid and for the unswerving support and encouragement of the officers of the government. “ A sum in excess of six million of dollars has been raised and expended by the States and Territories for their official use in pro¬ moting their own interests conjointly with the general success of the exhibition. “ More than six million of dollars has been officially appropri¬ ated by foreign governments for their commissions in furtherance of participation in the Exposition. The great nations of Europe and their dependencies are all represented upon these grounds. The gov¬ ernments of Asia and Africa and the republics of the Western Hem¬ isphere, with but few exceptions, are here represented. “To the citizens and corporations of the city of Chicago, who have furnished $i 1,000,000 as a contribution, and, in addition, have loaned the management $5,000,000 more, are due the grateful acknowledgment of our own people and of all the honored guests who share with us the advantages of this great international festival. “ To the women of Chicago and our great land, whose prompt, spontaneous and enthusiastic co-operation in our work turned the eyes of the world toward the Exposition as toward a new star of the East—an inspiration for womanhood everywhere—we extend our cordial and unstinted recognition. “ It is our hope that this great Exposition may inaugurate a new era of moral and material progress, and our fervent aspiration that the association of the nations here may secure not only warmer and stronger friendships, but lasting peace throughout the world. “ The grand concerted illustration of modern progress which is here presented, encouragement of art, science, of industry, of com¬ merce has necessitated an expenditure, including the outlay of our exhibitors, largely in excess of $100,000,000. We have given it our constant thought, our most devoted service, our best energy, and now, in this central city of this great republic, on the continent discov¬ ered by Columbus, whose distinguished decendants are present as the honored guests of our nation, it only remains for you, Mr. President, if in your opinion the Exposition presented here is commensurate m dignity with what the world should expect of our great country, to direct that it shall be opened to the public, and when >ou touc 328 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. this magic key the ponderous machinery will start in its revolu¬ tions and the activities of the Exposition will begin. ’ ’ PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. Wb m President Cleveland arose foreigners and natives alike joined in the acclaim to the highest representative of the sovereign people of the republic. There was a flutter of white handkerchiefs from the ladies’ side of the platform, and instantly it was taken up by the thousands of the sex that occupied the gondolas and launches on the water far in the ‘distance. At last, when throats and arms alike were tired, and a semblance of quiet had once more come over the throng, he commenced his address. He said : “I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which befit this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enterprise and activity, and in view of the magnificent evi¬ dences of American skill and intelligence we need not fear that these congratulations will be exaggerated. We stand to-day in the presence of the oldest nations of the world and point to the great achievements we here exhibit, asking no allowance on the score of youth. “ The enthusiasm with which we contemplate our work intensi¬ fies the warmth of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher civilization. “We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best impulses of our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny which our faith promises gladly welcome the opportunity here afforded us to see the results accomplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the field of man’s im¬ provements, while in appreciative return we exhibit the unparalleled advancement and wonderful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the triumphs of a vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have built these splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular government, whose grand propor¬ tions are seen throughout the world. We have made and here gather together objects of use and beauty, the products of American skill and invention, but we have also made men who rule themselves. It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are engaged, as we co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise EVENING 330 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. devoted to human enlightenment, and in the undertaking we here enter upon we exemplify in the noblest sense the brotherhood of “ Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives life to this vast Exposition is now set m mo¬ tion so at the same instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity and the freedom of mankind.” THE EXHIBITION OPENED. As the last words fell from the President’s lips he pressed his finger upon the electric button on the table before him. This was the signal for a demonstration difficult of imagination, and infinitely more so of description. At one and the same instant the audience burst into a thundering shout, the orchestra pealed forth the strains of “The Hallelujah Chorus,” the wheels of the great Allis engine in Machinery Hall commenced to revolve, the electric fountains in the lagoon threw their torrents toward the sky, a flood of water gushed forth from the McMonnies fountain and rolled back again into the basin, the thunder of artillery came from the vessels in the lake, the chimes in Manufacturers’ Hall and on the German Building rang out a merry peal, and overhead the flags at the tops of the poles in front of the platform fell apart and revealed two gilded models of the ships in which Columbus first sailed to American shores. At the same moment hundreds of flags, of all nations and all colors, were unfurled within sight of the platform. The largest was a great “Old Glory,” which fell into graceful folds from the top of the centre staff in front of the stand. The roof of the Manufacturers’ Building was gorgeous in red gonfalons, while the Agricultural Build¬ ing was dressed in ensigns of orange and white. It was a wonderful scene of transformation, and amid it all cannon continued to thunder and the crowd to cheer. It was fully ten minutes before the demon¬ stration subsided. Then the band played “ America,” and the exer¬ cises were at an end. A lunch was served in the Administration Building, to which the officials and guests were invited. The President received the foreign commissioners and visited the different buildings. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 331 IN THE IRISH VILLAGE. At the close of the Presidential reception to the foreign commis¬ sioners, Mr. Cleveland, accompanied by Secretary Gresham, drove to the Irish village on the Midway Plaisance. Here he was entertained by the Countess of Aberdeen, who was assisted by Lady Arnot and her daughter, Clara Arnot, and the Misses Brown, Emmet and Walsh, four decided pretty natives of the Emerald Isle. In Rush Brook, the special cottage of the Countess of Aberdeen, the President accepted a cup of tea, which he drank with evident relish, while the harpist of the village, Miss Flora Sullivan, rendered the “Harp That Once Through Tara’s Halls” and other distinctively Irish selections. Before departing for the Woman’s Building the President was introduced to Hon. Archibald John Majoribanks, brother of the Countess, and several other distinguished natives of the Emerald Isle. CRUSHED IN THE THRONG. The bad police arrangements were shown in an unfortunate man¬ ner for many people. A handful of Columbian guards had been de¬ tailed for duty to keep the inside border of the mass of humanity from encroaching on the press seats, which were arranged below the grand stand on either side. Not even a rope was strung along the line of the grand stand to keep a passageway clear for the newspaper men and ambulance corps. The pushing and crowding at the northeast end of the Adminis¬ tration Building soon became so severe that many women fainted, while others became so sick that they had to be lifted bodily over the railing into the press seats until the arrival of the Red Cross Corps with the wheel chairs. Colonel Rice, commander of the guards, or¬ dered all the captains of the guards who were mounted to force and maintain a passage and hold the mass of people in check. The mounted officers were not numerous enough to do the work, and the situation became critical. While the poem was being read it looked as though a panic with fatal consequences could not be averted. The guards were powerless, their work being no more effectual than child’s play. The people farther back in the crowd knew that there was more room in front and they kept swaying to and fro, and finally succeeded in closing the passageway almost throughout the length of the grand stand. GLADIATOR. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 338 Women continued to faint, and the weaker ones who were get¬ ting in a fainting condition were lifted over the heads of the crowd by the guards and newspaper men into the press seats and grand stand, reserved for distinguished guests. City police mingled with the guards and endeavored to quiet the excited, swaying mass within bounds of personal safety. Before the ceremony was half over twenty women and half as many men had been removed unconscious to the hospital, where a corps of physicians was in waiting. Most of the helpless ones had simply fainted, but a number were suffering from more serious injuries received in the jam. President Higginbotham realized the gravity of the situation, and while the orchestra was playing he arose from his seat, advanced to the edge of the platform and raised his hands above his head in a mute appeal to the assembled thousands. He cried out at the top of his voice, “Keep cool,” but his words were not heard far. His appeal had a salutary effect, however, as the centre and rear portions of the wedged-in mass refrained from pushing toward the frail bar¬ riers. Yet the hospital chairs continued to be forced through the almost blocked passageway to carry out the sick women and children. Others, braver and stronger, fought against the physical strain and were able to hold their ground, with the aid of liberal doses of brandy supplied by the Red Cross Corps. The multitude continued to sway to and fro, and the air was filled with the shrieks of the women, the hoarse shouts of the men, the cries of the little children, of whom there were many hundreds if not thousands, and the warning cries of the occupants of the grand stand. With the view of facilitating the disposal of the throig President Higginbotham escorted Mr. Cleveland and the ducal party from the platform with all possible haste, but this did not suit the temper of the spectators and they yelled, “ Come back ; we want to see more of the President.” Finally, by breaking into the throng from a half dozen points, the Columbian guards succeeded in turning it into half as many channels, but not before the section of the platform occupied a few moments before by the President and his party had been turned into a harbor of refuge for no less than twenty-six sick or unconscious women and children. 334 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. THE WOMAN’S BUILDING. The most satisfactory feature of the day’s proceedings, from a feminine standpoint, was the formal dedication of the Woman’s Building. The grand march by Jean Ingoborg von Bronsart, of Weimar, Germany, was followed by prayer by Miss Ida Hullin. Miss Frances Ellicott, of London, England, favored the assembled women with a dramatic overture, after which Mrs. Potter Palmer delivered an address. MRS. PALMER’S ADDRESS. Mrs. Palmer said in part: “ On this occasion of the tormal open¬ ing of the Woman’s Building, the board of lady managers is singu¬ larly fortunate in having the honor to welcome distinguished official representatives of many of the able foreign committees and of the State boards which have so effectively co-operated with it in accom¬ plishing the results now disclosed to the world. ‘ ‘ Experience has brought many surprises, not the least of which is an impressive realization of the unity, of human interests, notwith¬ standing differences of race, government, language, temperament and external conditions. The people of all civilized lands are studying the same problems. Each success and each failure in testing and developing new theories is valuable to the whole world—students, political economists, humanitarians, employers and employed. ‘ 1 Of all existing forms of injustice there is none so cruel and inconsistent as is the position in which women are placed with regard to self-maintenance, the calm ignoring of their rights and responsi¬ bilities which has gone on for centuries. “If the economic conditions are hard for men to meet, subjected as they are to the constant weeding out of the less expert and steady hands (who are thereby plunged into an abyss of misery), it is evi¬ dent that women, thrown upon their own resources, have a frightful struggle to endure, especially as they have always to contend against a public sentiment which discountenances their seeking industrial employment as a means of livelihood. “The theory which exists among conservative people that the sphere of woman is her home, that it is unfeminine, even monstrous, for her to wish to take a place beside or to compete with men in the various lucrative industries tells heavily against her, for manufactu¬ rers and producers take advantage of it to disparage her work and 336 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. obtain her services for a nominal price, thus profiting largely by the necessities and helplessness of their victims. That so many should cling to respectable occupations while starving and following them, and should refuse to yield to discouragement and despair, shows a high quality of steadfastness and principle. These are the real hero¬ ines of life, whose handiwork we are proud to install in the Exposition, because it has been produced in factories, workshops and studios under the most adverse conditions and with the most sublime patience and endurance. “Realizing that woman can never hope to receive the proper recompense for her services until her usefulness and success are not only demonstrated, but fully understood and acknowledged, we have taken advantage of the opportunity presented by the Exposition to bring together such evidences of her skill in the various industries, arts and professions as may convince the world that ability is not a matter of sex. Urged by necessity she has demonstrated that her powers are the same as her brother’s, and that like encouragement and fostering care may develop her to an equal point of usefulness. ’ ’ Mrs. Potter expressed thanks to the Emperess, of Russia, the Queen of Italy, the Queen of England, the Queen Regent of Spain, the Empress of Japan, the Queen of Siam, and other exalted persons for their sympathy and assistance. Queen Victoria sent an exhibit of the work of her own hands. VOICES FROM ABROAD. A jubilate by Mrs. H. H. A. Beecher, of Boston, was the next feature of the programme. Addresses were then delivered by the Duchess de Veragua, of Spain; the Countess Di Brazza, of Italy ; Mrs. Bedford Fernwyck, of England; Duchess of Aberdeen, of Scotland and Ireland, and the Princess Schachoffsky, of Russia. The Countess of Aberdeen said in part: I am proud to think that I am here as the representative of the two countries in which I can claim a share of nationality—Scot¬ land and Ireland. “ Women have counted for much in the histories of both these countries, and I think we can show by our exhibits that our peasant women do much for our national industrial reputation in both instances. We hope to show in the Irish village the work of Irish THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 337 peasants in the process of being made, and here in the building we show specimens of their finished work, thus bringing home to the minds of the visitors the fact that all these beautiful hand-made laces and embroideries which adorn the garments and the palaces of the wealthy are manufactured in Irish cabins, as well as the ordinary linens and woolens which are needed. “We expect much good to come from this splendid opportunity of exhibiting our goods which you in the New World have afforded us, and we know you will rejoice in the thought of whatever pros¬ perity you may thus bring into lowly homes and lives full of the pathos of poverty, but to whom just a very little sunshine will mean perfect happiness amidst the hills and vales which they love so. “But our expectation by no means rests here. We are looking with eager expectation to the results which will flow out to all nations of the world from the arrangements you are making for the meeting of the representative women of all countries. It is much when the women of one country will thus meet one another face to face, and learn to know one another and to realize what is being done to for¬ ward the common cause of humanity, but when now we see before us the women workers and thinkers of the world coming together from all climes to prove their sisterhood and to find new and rich sources of common strength from which they may gather inspiration wherewith they may render higher and holier and more fruitful service to their own homes and to the world than has yet been dreamed of, how can we but linger on the threshold in expectancy of what we feel may yet prove the discovery of a new world, more potent m possibilities for the race than even that wonderful new world, whose discovery we celebrate to-day. “Will this indeed not be so if the women of the world, stimu¬ lated by what they will here see, of what has been accomplished by their sex under imperfect conditions, and perceiving the grandeur of their vocation and the splendour of their opportunities, go forward united in spirit and fired with a common devotion and faith to serve the day and generation with a service with which past ages have never yet been blessed. ’ ’ THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 339 1492—THE PROPHESY. Columbian Exposition Ode, by W. A. Croffut, of Washington, I). C. The following is the ode, by W. A. Crofiut, Fh. D., read at the opening of the Columbian Exposition to-day. Sadly Columbus watched the nascent moon Drown in the gloomy Ocean’s western deeps. Strange birds that day had fluttered in the sails, And strange flowers floated ’round the wandering keel, And yet no land. And now, when thro’ the dark The Santa Maria leaped before the gale And angry billows tossed the caravels As to destruction, Gomez Rascon came With Captain Pinzon thro’ the frenzied seas, And to the Admiral brought a parchment scroll, Saying, “ Good Master, read this writing here— An earnest prayer it is from all on board, The crew would fain turn back in utter fear; No longer to the Pole the compass points, Into the Zenith creeps the Northern Star; You saw but yester-eve an albatross Drop dead on deck beneath the flying scud. The devil’s wind blows madly from the east, Into the land of Nowhere, and the sea Keeps sucking us adown the maelstrom’s maw; Francisco says the edge of earth is near, And off to Erebus we slide unhelmed. East Sunday night Diego saw a witch . Dragging the Nina by her forechains west, And wildly dancing on a dolphin’s back ; And as she danced, the brightest star in heaven Slipped from its leash and sprang into the sea Eike Lucifer, and left a trail of blood. I pray thee, Master, turn again to Spain, Obedient to the omens, or, perchance, The terror-stricken crew, to escape their doom, May mutiny and”- “ Gomez Rascon, peace !” Exclaimed the Admiral, “ thou has said enough, Now, prithee, leave me. I would be alone.” Then eagerly Columbus sought a sign In sea and sky and his lonely heart, And found, instead of presages of hope, The black and ominous portents of despair. 340 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The wild wind soared around him and he heard. Shrill voices cry, “ Return ! Return ! Return ! ” He thought of Genoa, and dreams of youth, His father’s warnings and his mother’s prayers, Confiding Beatriz and the prattling babe, The life and mirth and warmth of old Castile, The tempting comfort of the peaceful land, And sad winds moaned, “ Return ! Return ! Return As thus he mused he paced the after deck And gazed upon the luminous waves astern. Strange life was in the phosphorescent foam, And thro’ the goblin glow there came and went, Like elfin shadows on an opal sea, Prophetic pictures of the land he sought. He saw the end of his victorious quest; He saw ablaze on Isabella’s breast The gorgeous Antillean jewels rest, The islands of the west, He saw invading Plenty disposess Old Poverty, the land with bounty bless, And through the wailing caverns of distress Walk star-eyed Happiness. He saw the Bourbon and Braganza prone For ancient error tardy to atone, Giving the plundered people back their own And flying from the throne. He saw an empire radiant as the day, Harnessed to law, but under Freedom’s sway, Proudly arise, resplendent in array. To show the world the way. He saw celestial peace in mortal guise, And, filled with hope and thrilled with high emprise, Lifting its tranquil forehead to the skies, A vast republic rise. He saw beyond the hills of golden corn, Beyond the curve of Autumn’s opulent horn, Ceres aud Flora laughingly adorn The bosom of the morn. He saw a cloth of gold across the gloom, An arabesque from Evolution’s loom, And from the barren prairies’ driven spume Imperial cities bloom. 342 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. He saw an iron dragon dashing forth On'pathways east and west and south and north, Uniting fondly in beneficent girth Remotest ends of earth. He saw the lightning run an elfin race, Where trade, and love, and pleasure interlace, And severed friends in Ariel’s embrace Communing face to face. He saw Relief through deadly dungeons grope, Foes turn to brothers, black despair to hope, And cannon rust along the grass-grown slope, And rot the gallows rope. He saw the babes on Labor’s cottage floor, The bright walls hung with luxury more and more, And Comfort, radiant with abounding store, Wave welcome at the door. He saw the myriad spindles flutter round ; The myriad mill wheels shake the solid ground ; The myriad homes where jocund joy is found, And Love is throned and crowned. He saw exalted Ignorance under ban, Though panoplied in force since time began, And Science, consecrated, lead the van, The Providence of man. The pictures came and paled and passed away, And then the Admiral turned as from a trance, His lion face aglow, his luminous eyes Lit with mysterious fire from hidden suns : Now, Martin, to thy waiting helm again ! Haste to Pinta ! Fill her sagging sails, For on my soul hath dawned a wonderous sight. Lo ! thro’ this segment of the watery world Uprose a hemisphere of glorious life !— A realm of golden grain and fragrant fruits, And men and women wise and masterful, Who dwell at peace in rural cottages And splended cities bursting into gloom— Great lotus blossoms on a flowery sea. And happiness was there, and bright winged hope, High aspiration, soaring to the stars ! And then methought, O Martin, thro’ the storm, A million faces turned on me and smiled. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 343 Now go we forward ! Fear avaunt! I will abate no atom of my dream, Though all the devils of the under world Hiss in the sails and grapple to the keel ! Haste to the Pinta ! Westward keep her prow, For I have had a vision full of light ! Keep her prow westward in the sunset’s wake From this hour hence and let no man look back ! ” Then from the Pinta’s foretop fell a cry, A trumpet song, “ Light, ho ! Light, ho ! Light, ho ! ” HOW TO SPEND A WEEK AT THE FAIR. So vast, varied and many are the attractions of the Columbian Exposition, that visitors must proceed on some definite plan if they wish to gain any clear idea of the whole display. Otherwise they will have reason to regret, when too late, that they forgot or over¬ looked many important features. Most visitors will probably have not more than one week in Chicago, although the Fair well deserves six months of constant sight-seeing, and thoroughly seen, would be in itself a liberal educa¬ tion. A plan, therefore, well devised for each and every day, will prove of great service. FIRST DAY—A VIEW OF THE GROUNDS. Let us suppose that the visitor has secured lodgings and is now at one of the six entrance gates, or, better still, is landed at the pier from the lake-side, guide-book in hand, and note-book and pencil in pocket. How shall the first day best be spent ? Certainly in seeing the grand buildings, the external aspects of the Fair, the architecture, the beauty of the grounds, the statuaiy, the fountains, the whole panorama of effect. Do not hurry here, whatever else you have to cut short. Take time—take the early, cool morning hours if possible, for calm con¬ templation of these veritable wonders. Fet this great poem of human art and effort so impress itself on the mind as to remain there to the end of your days. Do not be diverted by the hurrying crow s, but commune with your own thoughts. At each distinctly new prospect sit down for a few minutes on a bench, and so absorb t e views as they unfold. THE COLUMBIANEXPOSITION. 345 The great Building of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts may well be the point of departure for this first day’s walk. It will be best not even to enter it on this day, save to walk along the great outer colonnades. Now you come to the lofty statue of the Republic, the calm, majestic embodiment of the Genius of America. It stands on the basin near the south end of the Liberal Arts building. On the left— facing the Basin—you catch glimpses of the pale-blue lake, from between the white Corinthian columns of the Peristyle, flanked on either hand by Music Hall and the Casino, where one may well pause to listen to the music which will be performed here on most days of the Fair. Passing around the foot or lake end of the Basin and turning westward, we confront the noble Building of Agriculture, its swell¬ ing dome surmounted by St. Gauden’s famous statue of Diana. Next comes Machinery Hall, in many respects the most beauti¬ ful of the buildings, with its pleasing combinations of classic and Moorish architecture. From within resound the whir and rattle of machines ; but these for this day shall be passed by. Turn then to contemplate the towering dome of the Administra¬ tion Building where the Executive Offices of the Exposition are located. Pass between two other buildings, that on the left devoted to Mining, and this on the right to Electricity in all its myriad scientific and mechanical applications. Before us now opens a truly imposing panorama—canals, bridges, flowers, shrubbery, fountains, stretching away for half a mile. Back a little at our left rises the long front of the Transportation Building, with its “Golden Door.” Farther to the north, on that same side, swells the immense dome of Horticultural Hall ; a palace of flowers, palms, ferns, grottoes and fountains. Directly across the Lagoon from the Horticultural Hall stands the substantial United States Government Building, its dome pur¬ posely suggesting that of the Capitol at Washington. Beyond it on the left, still looking northward, is placed the pretty Fisheries Build¬ ing of Gothic aspect; while over against it, across the Lagoon, rises the chaste, severely plain architecture of the Women’s Building. 316 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. THE STATE AND FOREIGN BUILDINGS. Farther down the vista on the right, the view is intercepted in part by the mellow tints of the largest of all the State Buildings, that of Illinois. Its eastern wing is outlined against the beautiful white Art Gallery which approximately heads the great park-way and closes in the view northward. Nowhere in the world can so magnificent a plaza be found, enclosed by architecture so colossal and imposing. One can but regret that it is to endure but a single year. For this reason it should be the more carefully observed. It will now be well to cross by one of the Rialto bridges to Wooded Island, or Rose Island, sixteen acres in extent, situated in the midst of the great Lagoon, where are the “ Hooden ” and other Japanese exhibits in the midst of flower-gardens. Afterwards, walking more deliberately, one may approach, in turn, each of the six buildings last above named, and inspect them more closely. Previously we had taken but a distant view of them from the foot of the grand park-way. Several hours will be found to have elapsed already, and refresh¬ ment at some of the many restaurants may by this time be needed. Afterwards, take an excursion of a mile or more among the numer¬ ous State Buildings, which form a small city of themselves, and a very handsome one, at the north end of the grounds. While here one should visit the Eskimo Village, or Innuit Colony, located in the extreme northwestern corner of the grounds, where some sixty Eskimos may be seen at home. A trip to the buildings of various foreign nations, situated mainly at the northeast side of the grounds, can now conveniently be made, and the model of a Battle-Ship, the Illinois , which it is difficult to believe is only a brick structure, built up from the bottom of the lake, may be visited at the pier hard by. Thence, passing down the water front of the Liberal Arts Build¬ ing, there may yet be daylight for visiting the Convent of La Rabida, associated historically with the sadly troubled life of Columbus ; the Forestry Building, the Krupp Gun House, the Leather Building, the Stock Pavilion, the Sawmill and the Cattle Sheds. Some of these may have to be neglected, or given but a cursory glance, in passing ; for by this time the eyes and feet of visitors will 348 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. be alike tired. Yet if this programme be adhered to, the best of the outward aspects of the Fair will have been seen. SECOND DAY—THE MANUFACTURES liUIUDING. The visitor may now be said to have seen the Fair in its out-of- door aspects. Next come the more especially interesting indoor features. One full day of the six should be devoted to the immensely varied exhibits in the great Building of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts. A month, indeed, might be spent here. The building itself is a Fair, one had almost said a city, of streets, shops and stores. It covers the area of a good-sized farm. Forty-four acres of floors are loaded and adorned with the most beautiful specimens of human handiwork, from all over the world. Shall I enable the boys for whom I write, to gain a better idea of this immense structure, when I say that six full games of base-ball, each on a regulation “field,” might be played at once on the main floor, with a space for batting so unrestricted that a ‘ ‘ home run ’ ’ might be made on each field simultaneously ? Three Coliseums like that of ancient Rome might be set down side by side on this interior space, with room for St. Peter’s Church in addition ! Or if you think that the vast crowds that are to congre¬ gate here this year will leave you no room to move about, you may be reassured when you are told that the entire standing army of imperial Germany might be assembled beneath this vast roof ! All this great area is full of the most elegant and costly articles in the world. Truly, the visitor needs to be here as early as the gates are opened, on this day, if he is to see a hundredth part of this varied wealth. To specify here even the nature of the exhibits is impossible. No one could see them all in a month, much less in a day. Each visitor may best give attention to the things that have special interest for him, and the Official Guide-Book will direct him to their location. This day in the Building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts will tire the eyes often, and time and again it will be advisable to with¬ draw to the colonnade on the lake-side to rest and to take the breeze. When food is needed it may be found across the great canal, at the Dairy cafe southward of La Rabida ; or at the “Clam-Bake” across the northern canal, near the Fisheries Building. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 349 THIRD DAY—MODERN INVENTIONS. The plan for this day will be much more extended than that of yesterday. It should include Machinery Hall, the Mines, Electricity and Transportation Building—to each one of which an entire day might well be devoted by visitors able to spend three or four weeks instead of one at the Fair. . , There will be time for no more than a leisurely walk amidst the thousands of clattering machines which cover the seventeen acres of floor space in Machinery Hall. Do not forget the power-house, m the rear where are located the immense battery of boilers, and the twenty- four’ thousand horse-power engines that set all these machines in motion. . , c Leaving Machinery Hall we may next enter the lofty portal of the building devoted to Electricity, less noisy than the one we have left, but not less complex. Here are nearly ten acres of Electric Dynamos, Batteries, Telegraphs, Signals, Heaters, Forges, e e- phones, Motors and Lights, and other subtle devices of which our fathers knew nothing, but which enter into the every-day life of thlS ParalMand abreast of the Electrical Building stands the Mining Building, to which we may next take our way. Here are displayed all those varied devices by which men pierce the rugged mountain lodes, and wrench the metals from the iron grasp of Nature. Here are ores, gems, crystals, coal, coke, petroleum, natural gas, gold silver, tin, nickle, minerals in general. Here are stamps or crus e , assay and mining apparatus, boring and drilling machinery. It is a display which one might probably visit for study' every day for a week. But we must cross over to the Golden Door of the Tra- portation Building, where for two hours more we shall find our atte - tion absorbed by palace cars, locomotives, road engines steam^ craft yachts, naval construction, flying-machines pneumatic tubes, short, all the devices of modern travel at high speed. FOURTH DAY— THE PRODUCE OF THE FIELDS. Go first to the Building of Agriculture, one of the most beautiful structures on the grounds. Beneath its ample roofs lie spread out eighteen acres of exhibits, of interest to all, and of ■especial interest to the farmer, ranchman and gardener. Here, amidst a calm, sugges- THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 351 tive of green fields and pastures, we find cereals, grasses and forage plants, sugars and confections, dairy products and foods, fanning tools and farm "buildings, pure and mineral waters—innumerable articles suggestive of country life and country quiet. Two or three hours will be occupied in gaining even the most general conception of them. Next, we may well go to see the exhibit of live stock beneath the forty acres of sheds in the rear, to the southward. Here are horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, swine, dogs, cats, ferrets, raboits and many wild animals. A hurried view of them will occupy two or three hours more of our day ; and we shall have to hasten past the Stock Pavilion, for perfonning animals, with no more than a glance inside it. Finally, pass up through the grounds, northward, to Horticul¬ tural Building, amidst whose lovely flowers, palms, grottoes and fount¬ ains the two last hours of the afternoon may appropriately be spent. FIFTH DAY. Some particularly pleasing spectacles have been purposely reserved for the last two days of the week. Two hours of the morn¬ ing of the fifth day may be spent at the Women’s and Children’s buildings, neighboring one another, to the north of Horticultural Hall. The exhibit in the Women’s Building is designed to represent the progress of women from the earlier, darker ages of humanity to the present era, and to illustrate some of what may be called the public services of the sex. There is a model hospital and model kinder¬ garten, as well as parlors fitted to illustrate the comforts of home. Another department is devoted to those organizations of reform and charity of which women have ever been the champions. In another wing there is a model kitchen ; and in the open air on the roof, whence a grand view of the grounds is obtained, are t le “hanging gardens,” with pleasant cafes attached. At the Children’s Building near by may be seen all manner of famous toys, including the ‘ ‘ talking doll.’ Here also are mo nurseries, kindergartens, children’s kitchens, creches, etc. . is a place to which the little ones will beg to return, time and again The chief interest of this morning’s excursion, however, will be centred at the Fine Arts Building, with its spacious Annexes, where are to be seen five acres of the master-pieces of the world s greatest painters, sculptors, etchers, carvers and other artists. Never before 352 THE COL UMBIAN EXPOSITION. has so varied and extensive an Art display been collected under one roof. Hours will pass like moments here. Yet time must be economized, this afternoon, to visit the Fish¬ eries Building, where all the boys, at least, will be captivated by the illustrations of sea-fishing and angling, fresh-water fishing, and fish culture. Hiving fish, large and small, of almost every known kind, fill the great tanks of the aquaria, some of which have a capacity of forty thousand gallons. If possible, an hour more of the afternoon must be given to the interior of the stately United States Government Building, located across the canal immediately south of the Fisheries. Here are cannon, Gatling guns, shells and projectiles of every sort ; a mint, showing specimens of every coin made by the United States ; and also exhibits from every other department of the general government. SIXTH HAY—A TOUR OF THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE. The Midway Plaisance is the Bohemian wing of the World’s Fair. It was a happy thought of the Directors to separate from the Exposition proper all those features that fall within the category of “Shows”—and place them somewhat apart and by themselves, where they can be seen or omitted at the pleasure of the visitor. Midway Plaisance is a tract seven-eighths of a mile in length by two hundred yards in width, extending away eastward at right angles from Jackson Park, the site of the main Exposition. It is enclosed, as are the Exposition grounds ; and the same ticket of admission suffices for both. But extra admission fees are charged by the proprietors of all the amusing special “Concessions” which constitute the attractions of the Plaisance. Here, then, all may spend a little money in recreation, or in the restaurants with which the place abounds. All the “Shows ” and “Sights” here are eminently proper, while not a few possess merits which commend them, especially to young folks. MECHANICAL CONTRIVANCES. The Sliding Railway extends along the entire south side of the Plaisance. It is not an inclined plane, as the name might suggest, but resembles an ordinary elevated railroad. Here, by purchase of a ticket, the visitor may ride at the rate of a hundred miles per 354 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. hour. A speed of a hundred and sixty miles an hour has, indeed, been claimed for the train. The motive power is water under high pressure. The cars have no wheels, but are provided with shoes which fit closely to rails about eight inches wide. Connected with each shoe is a pipe through which water at a pressure of one hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch is forced out betwixt the surface of the rail and the shoe, thus continuously lifting the shoe on a film of water about a sixteenth of an inch in thickness. Joined with every second car of the train, there is a turbine motor driven by water from the same large pipe, which extends beneath the track. The motors impel the train, which glides onward very easily and smoothly, since it literally rests on the water film between the rail and the car shoe. The Captive Balloon.— In the car of a large, strong balloon, which is securely anchored by long lines, visitors who have aerenautic tastes may make a voyage skyward, ascending fifteen hundred feet— five hundred feet higher than the celebrated Eiffel'Tower. If the day chosen for the ascent be clear, a fine view of the Exposition grounds, the lake and city of Chicage may be obtained. A party of fifteen persons may ascend at one time. The Ferris Wheel. —This is a prodigious counterpart of those “ swing-wheels ” often seen at country fairs ; an open, vertical wheel with swinging seats, attached at the perimeter, which keep their equilibrium and yet alternately ascend and descend as the wheel revolves. The wheel at the Plaisance is two hundred and fifty feet in height, or diameter, the axis resting on opposite towers, each one hundred and thirty feet high. It is an enormous affair of its kind, with immensely heavy castings, and altogether is estimated to weigh fully two thousand tons. The effect of its revolution will be some¬ thing quite thrilling. The Tower of Babel. —This odd structure is said to have a height of four hundred feet and a diameter at the base of one hundred. It is designed neither as a joke, nor as a burlesque of the modern Chi¬ cago hotel or business block, although many of these approximate it in height. Like that upon the Plain of Shinar this tower is provided with a gradually ascending walk which appears to coil about the structure THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 355 like the threads of a screw, by means of which the visitor may reach the top. But unlike the tower of ancient days, so far as recorded, there is, in addition, a double track electric railway and a swiftly-run¬ ning elevator for the benefit of degenerate modern muscles. An extensive view is to be had from the top story of the Tower, where there is hung a pleasing chime of bells. The Glass Factories. —An exhibit of a more practical sort is the Glass Works. There are two of these factories at the Plaisance : one where the manufacture of Venetian glassware, by native workmen, will be illustrated ; the other displaying the blast furnace and methods of an American Company. At the American establishment, fifty or more workmen from Toledo will be constantly employed. Very beautiful glassware will be for sale here. The Natatorium. —A large swimming-pool is inclosed within a building two hundred and fifty by one hundred and ninety feet, where one may take a real * 1 swim ’ ’ in water of agreeable tempera¬ ture, and afterwards refresh himself at a cafe beneath the same roof. Boys who go to the Fair will find this Natatorium a very attractive addition to the “ features.” GLIMPSES OF FOREIGN LIFE. The Dahomey Village. —The Amazons, or female soldiers of the King of Dahomey, have an historic notoriety which has been renewed within the last two years by reports of their desperate con¬ tests with the French army of invasion. Assurances are given that a detail of the warlike “ladies” will do garrison service at the Daho¬ mey village on the Plaisance. The mode of life, house, cookery, etc., of the Dahometans will also be illustrated by forty or fifty of these singular Africans, who will live there during the summer much as they live in their own country. The Hagenbeck Animal Show. —This is a German “ conces¬ sion,” where visitors may witness the performances of a trained tioupe of seventy or more lions, tigers, leopards, dogs, elephants, cattle and horses. The trainers have a world-wide renown, and many of the feats performed by the animals are little less than marvellous. The attractions mentioned are but a small part of those which will stud this broad avenue of the Plaisance, on either hand. There are to be a German Village, an Austrian Village, a Malay Campong, a Tunisian Village and a Turkish Village; a Dutch Set- COI/UMBUS AT THE COURT OF FERDINAND AND ISABEEEA. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 357- tlement, and an East India Settlement; an Ice Railway ; a Japanese Bazaar ; a Moorish Palace, and a Street in Cairo ; a Pompeiian House ; a Minaret Tower; and a Panorama of the Volcano of Kilauea. THE HOME OF THE ESKIMOS. The Eskimo Village, called also the Husky Village and the Iunuit Colony, is located in the extreme northwestern corner of the Exposition Grounds, near the 57th Street entrance. It is surrounded by a green fence ; and the fence signifies that a small admission fee has to be paid before entering. No resentment need be felt against the parties who control the colony, however, on this account, since they are obliged to pay the World’s Fair directors liberally for the privilege of exhibiting it. Moreover, how, without some sort of bar¬ rier and an admission fee would it be possible to protect the little set¬ tlement from being overwhelmed by the crowds of sight-seers ? An area of several acres is thus inclosed, including a pond, where will be displayed during the summer the Eskimo modes of boating in kayaks and oomiaks , also fishing and seal capture. The village is composed of nine or ten families ; in all about sixty persons ; men, women, boys, girls, and one little baby, only three weeks old—the quaintest mite of humanity imaginable. Each family resides in a cabin covered with bark or with moss ; and there is also a topek , or lodge, of walrus-skin, pitched on birchen poles, in which—at present writing—are laid up kayaks , harpoons, paddles, nets; sleeping-bags,—in short, the complete outfit of an Innuit hunter. On the other side of the inclosure are the dog-pens, where one may see very fine specimens of the strong, thick-haired, draught dogs, along with some very pretty puppies. Numbers of handsome dogs are running about the village. Still others are attached to sledges in couples, by collar-straps and long traces of green hide. WINTER SPORTS OF THE INN FITS. During the winter season a great many young people from the neighboring city have enjoyed the novelty of a sledge-ride after Eskimo dogs, in charge of a Husky driver, generally a boy fourteen or fifteen years of age, provided with a prodigiously heavy whip, not less than fifteen feet in length, the loud crack of which resounds through the village like a pistol-shot. 358 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Five of tlie men, three of the women and a number of the girls and boys have already learned to speak English with considerable fluency ; and when the visitor has become a little familiarized with their appearance, he will find that they are by no means lacking in intelligence, shrewdness, or even in humor. The three older men evince a candor and good sense with regard to their situation at the Exposition and their sojourn in the United States, which do great credit to their powers of observation and judgment. They converse sensibly and give one the impression that they accept the fact that they are a part of the Fair, and hence must tolerate with patience and good humor the sometimes impertinent curiosity of sight-seers. None the less, it is well for the visitor to bear in mind that these denizens of the far north are fellow-creatures, entitled to the courte¬ sies of life, and that their domiciles, though humble, should not be rudely entered without knocking and a courteous word, asking per¬ mission to do so. For surely we would not wish to give these people the impression that Americans are a very numerous tribe of savages. Several of the larger girls are comely and attractive in appear¬ ance.; and as for the boys,—well, they are good, hearty boys, in just a little danger, perhaps, of learning too many things from their Chicago contemporaries. When this was written they had not discarded their winter garb of seal-skin for summer clothing. It is decidedly handsome, and in the ordinary sense “expensive,” apparel, of a pearl-gray color, flecked and tinged with darker tints of the fur. What especially commends it to the eye is its warmth, utility and fitness to the climate for which it has been devised. It consists of a frock, trousers, moccasins and hood, with under¬ wear of fox fur; and the style of dress for the two sexes appears not to differ much, save in the matter of ornamentation, bindings and borders, and in the hoods attached to the collar of the frock. IX THE TURKISH VILLAGE. The Turkish Village, which is under the management of Mr. Robert Levy, of Constantinople, occupies a space about half-way down the length of the Midway Plaisance on the left of the broad thoroughfare. Unlike most of the foreign villages, it is not shut off ftom the road by high walls and gates, and one can have the satis- A. GEOGRAPHICAL DISPUTE. 360 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. faction of seeing the outside at least of all the buildings without the payment of a fee. The scene represented is an adaptation of a square with its sur¬ rounding buildings in the Stamboul quarter of Constantinople. On the street front, stands a restaurant, a “Damascus palace,” a cafe- concert, and some smaller refreshment booths. These structures are of wood, painted brilliantly if not artistically. Bright blue is the prevailing tint, this being a favorite color for the decoration of many of the houses along the shores of the Golden Horn. A little beyond these gaudy buildings in the southwest corner of the village is a white mosque with dome and slender minaret, a miniature copy of that mosque in Constantinople to which the Sultan goes in state every Friday to perform his devotions. Back of this little temple and serv¬ ing to form one side of the square, is a long building, part of which is devoted to a display of fine rugs and part to the exhibition of a beautiful Persian tent and other curiosities. At right angles with this is the grand bazar facing the courtyard which lies between it and the buddings on the street. In the center of this courtyard or square rises an obelisk, whose sides are covered with curious hieroglyphics. This is a fac-simile of an obelisk in the Hippodrome at Constanti¬ nople, the erection of which dates back to the days of the founder of flip In the northeastern corner of the grounds and behind the res¬ taurant is a Turkish theater, while back of the bazar is a row of arti¬ sans’ houses, whose upper rooms serve as lodging places for some of ;-—- ouup, wiicic practical demo: different industries of the people. SEDAN CHAIRS THE COLUMB[AN EXPOSITION. 361 of the Oriental conveyances in the favor of a conservative public. Only a modest amount of custom is expected by the manager for his sedan chairs. He has brought but fifty of them from Constantinople, and even some of these are kept as a reserve supply, for each requires two men to propel it, and there are not more than sixty bearers among the villagers. A few days ago when I visited the village I questioned the over¬ seer of these men a little, and found that there were only eight Turks among them, while all the rest were Armenians. “Topous,” the overseer, a bright-looking Armenian, who has been a dragoman in Constantinople, and speaks very good English, explained the reason for the preponderance of his race over the Turks in this way. The Turks, he said, were altogether too religious to be useful. As good Mohammedans they must pray fives times a day, and I could judge for myself how much time they would have left for work. It would never do for patrons to be unceremoniously deposited on the ground in their chairs of state when the hours for worship came around, while their pious carriers hurried to the mosque to offer their petitions to Allah. He preferred, therefore, to rely for actual service upon his own people, who were Christians, and who could postpone their devotions till a convenient season. THE GRAND BAZAR of this mimic Stamboul contains the booths of thirty or forty mer¬ chants, whose wares consist of beautiful embroideries, gay-colored slippers, jewelry, olive-wood knick-knacks, candies, preserves, and all other manufactures for which the Turks are celebrated. The prices attached to these articles are very reasonable, when we consider the duty that has been paid by the dealers on goods which they wished to offer for sale at the Fair. A well-known character among the merchants of this bazar is old “ Faraway Moses,” whom Mark Twain has immortalized in his “Innocents Abroad.” Very proud he is of his distinction, and if questioned as to his identity, he says : “If you do not believe that I am he, look on page 382 of the book.” In fact, in spite of the changes wrought by time, a resemblance can still be traced between the face of the Turk there portrayed, who objected so strongly to being called “Ferguson ” and that of the old Constantino¬ ple merchant who has come with his associates to the Exposition. I had seen BEETHOVEN AT THE HOUSE OF MOZART. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 363 “MR. FARAWAY MOSES,” as I was instructed to call him, a year ago in Constantinople, and so, after renewing my acquaintance, I ventured to ask him whether his visit to Chicago had thus far been a success. I had unwittingly touched upon an unpleasant subject. Not only had his customers been few and far between, but the people who did not come to buy turned over his choicest embroideries, and said: “ Is this made by hand? Is that made by hand?” Then, when he answered in the affirmative, and told them, “Yes—by hand-machine,” they would touch their foreheads, as if to say, ‘ 1 He is mad. ” “ They understand nothing,” continued the old man, waxing wroth at the remembrance of his trials. ‘ ‘ If they say they write by hand, do they mean by the hand alone? No; but by a machine—a pen, in the hand. So, also, are my goods made by a machine in the hand, and they are -called hand-embroideries. ” Then he proceeded to show me table covers, curtains, jackets and various other articles of his stock in trade, all so beautiful and so exquisitely worked that I did not wonder at the vexation caused him by unappreciative visitors. One of the finest exhibitions in the bazar has portieres, prayer rugs and fine embroideries of marvellous beauty and richness, and a valuable collection of antiquities and curiosities. Among these are numerous coins, a model of the Hippodrome obelisk made in silver and steel, a medicine chest with silver-mounted fittings said to have belonged to Francis II. of France, a bowl whose decora¬ tion proclaims it as dating from the earlier part of the Byzantine period, fine articles of faience, samples of oisel6 work, and an ‘ ‘ ark of the covenant,” a casket of silver-gilt more than eight hundred years old, which once belonged to a high-priest, and which is sur¬ mounted by figures of two angels, while its sides are covered with repousse work representing scenes from sacred history. At least, I was told that these curious figures were characters with which we are all familiar, but although, I am possessed of a reasonable amount of imagination, I should never have been able to trace the resemblance without assistance. Leaving the grand bazar by the south door, I had only to cross a graveled path to find myself at the entrance of THE GREAT RUG ROOM. Here is a display calculated to engender covetousness in the 364 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. hearts of many. I should have written ‘ ‘ in the hearts of all. ’ ’ If I had not overheard an elderly woman say to her daughter as she glanced at the treasures spread before her: “Well, I must say, I never saw any beauty in them Turkish rugs so, concluding that many men, and many women also, have many minds, I have quali¬ fied my statement. There are rugs as hangings on the walls, rugs heaped up in corners, and rugs spread out on a portion of the floor, which is roped off from the rest of the room lest it should be trodden by feet profane. In this space the most beautiful rug is an Ushak silk carpet, twenty-nine feet long and twenty-six feet broad, and valued at $2,000. The groundwork or floor is of the softest, richest blue imaginable, while the border is a combination of harmoniously blending colors. This is one of the most expensive of the modern rugs in the collection, though there are antiques worth twice or three times its value. There are two smaller Ushak carpets spread near it, one whose prevailing tint is a dull gold, and another blue, like its mammoth neighbor. The rugs in this exhibit are all manufactured by the inhabitants of the little towns in the vicinity of Smyrna. Smyrna is the market¬ place for these commodities, and hence they are often called by the general name of Smyrna rugs, but to be exact, one should designate the different varieties by the names of the different villages of Asia in which they were made. The rugs of Nefeez, Ferah, Parlak, Na- zyk, Yordes, Hamidiek, Demirdjik and Ushak are among the most celebrated for their beauty and value. At the end of this long room, opposite the principal rug display, is a little pavilion, the walls and ceiling covered with costly hang¬ ings, the floor spread with soft Oriental carpets, and the front, which is otherwise open into the room, protected from the invasion of the crowd by a low fence or screen of carved wood. The pavilion is fitted up to represent THE BEDCHAMBER of the daughter of a Turkish Sultan. The bedstead itself is magnifi¬ cent. It is of solid silver, curiously wrought, and weighs three thou¬ sand pounds. The metal employed in its manufacture is worth alone $35°>°°o, while its delicate workmanship, as well as the fact that it once belonged to the sister of Abdul Mamond II., render this regal couch of immense value. A few other articles of furniture, suitable 366 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. for the adornment of the bedroom of an Oriental princess, are also arranged in the pavilion, but, though interesting in themselves, they are quite overshadowed by the magnificence of the silver bed. Next to the rug room is an apartment set aside for the exhibition of a wonderful tent, bought from the Persians. It is fine enough to have belonged to a shah, and to have been used by him for his sum¬ mer outing among the mountains. There is one large room for the owner and his family, and another smaller one for servants. The material of the tent is a soft cloth, almost entirely covered with em¬ broidery done by hand. Delicate open-work in the embroidery is arranged to form something like latticed windows, through which the light and air can be admitted. The interior walls of the tent are decorated with pictures of Persian women, and altogether it is a most elaborate affair. A little later, by some change of partition walls, the pavilion containing the princess’ silver bed and this Persian tent are to be included in one room to which a small entrance fee will be charged. Close by the rug emporium stands the mosque, and hap¬ pening to be in its vicinity about the noon hour, I waited a few min¬ utes that I might see THE MOHAMMEDAN CEREMONY. At twelve o’clock the turbaned priest ascended into the balcony surrounding the minaret, and, in loud and monotonous voice, called the faithful to prayer. The Turks were already performing their ablutions. There are no fountains provided for them here as in Con¬ stantinople, at which they can wash their heads, their hands and their feet before addressing their petitions to Allah, but a water-pipe, with faucet attached on the outside of one of the buildings in the yard, although not especially ornamental, seems to answer every purpose. The door of the mosque is left open, but a wooden fence about the steps serves to keep at a respectful distance the crowd that usually assembles to see the faithful at their devotions. The floor of the tem¬ ple is covered with prayer rugs, one being an especially fine antique, lamps are hung by chains from the ceilings, and the altar is at the east, that the worshipers may turn their faces toward distant Mecca. The Mohammedans, kneeling on the rugs, touch their foreheads to the floor and recite their prayers, paying no heed to the spectators, who too often forget that they are looking, not at a show prepared THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 367 for their benefit, but at a real religious ceremony, the sincerity of whose participants should at least command their respect. It was one of the stipulations in the contract made for the Turkish exhibit that the Mohammedans should show their peculiar form of worship. At the corner of the village farthest distant from the mosque is the theatre. Musicians at the entrance play upon their native instru¬ ments with a perseverance which commands admiration, though the melody produced is of a somewhat weird and erratic character. A man standing near them, who has evidently been chosen for office on account of the penetrating quality of his voice as well as for his familiarity with the English tongue, announces the attractions which are to be seen within. A VISIT TO THE THEATRE. The performance was a Kurdish drama, preceded by orchestral music, by singing and by dancing. It was all very good. The playing and singing was rather peculiar, to be sure, and to Anglo- Saxon ears there was a marked similarity in the selections rendered. The dancing-girls are, for the most part, from Damascus, and per¬ formed the native dances in a highly creditable fashion. There was a graceful, flexible moving of the head, a sinuous motion of the shoulders and arms, an undulation of the body, but a scarcely perceptible change in the position of the feet. This was the dance most applauded—“ The Damascus Dance.” But there followed others which were more like what we are accustomed to consider dancing, though there was nothing in the least resembling ballet. The dancing-girls were dressed in long and rather heavy garments, wore a profusion of silver chains and other ornaments, and sometimes accompanied their movements with the clapping of castanets. The play that followed the terpsichorean prelude was a melo¬ drama, and the acting was very good. The dialogue and monologue were in an unknown tongue, to be sure, but the audience had no cause for complaint, as they were furnished with hand-bills on which the argument was printed in English, while, to further help matters out, an interpreter stood by the stage and explained in a loud voice what was taking place. This running commentary was quite amus ing, and the interpreter seemed to enjoy the joke as much as the hearers, for he smiled sympathetically as he delivered his well-rounded Eng¬ lish sentences, as, for instance: “Now he doth deplore his love. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 369 “ Now he doth regret that his obstinacy hath brought him into such a case. ’ ’ The theatre was quiet and orderly, and I have heard many mention the excellent character of all its entertainments. One of the girls has been considered the best dancer in Damas¬ cus, and receives a salary of two hundred and fifty dollars a week during her engagement in this country. The “ Damascus Palace,” as one of the buildings in the street- front is placarded, is quite well worth the quarter which is charged for a sight of its contents. The whole of the enclosure is not occu¬ pied by the palace. The plan of the exhibition is to show the oppo¬ site extremes of life in and about Damascus. The visitor first enters a Bedouin camp, and is introduced to some of the customs of this no¬ madic people. Under the shadow of the dingy tents are to be seen the cooking arrangements, the looms and the various rude household utensils. The Bedouins seem to take a friendly interest in those who visit them. There are only three tents, and I saw but five grown persons and one child as their occupants. Two of the men are rather fine specimens of their race, and the women would not be bad-look¬ ing if they were a trifle cleaner and had not painted or tattooed their faces. The child is a pretty baby-girl about a year old, who sleeps as peacefully on her dirty pillow or smiles as brightly from her father’s arms, as if she were in her own land, instead of being here as part and parcel of a World’s Fair. She has little round cheeks and beau¬ tiful brown eyes, whose brilliancy her mother has already tried to heighten by smearing their lower lids with black paint. The Bedouins perform for their visitors’ entertainment various evolutions, among which is a sword dance. Bread is mixed and baked in thin sheets on the primitive cooking apparatus, and is then passed to those who choose to partake. It is quite good, and tastes like a cross between water-crackers and toast. THE COSTUME of the men is peculiar, and I have heard it graphically described as a sheet with a bed-quilt over it and another sheet over that. Their hair is long, and falls in little braids and stringy locks from under their turbans, but they have clear, dark eyes and very good features. The palace, which represents the dwellings of the rich in Damas- , opens from the camping-ground of the Bedouins. It is one large 24 cus, 370 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. room the center occupied by a fountain said to be six hundred years old ' The basin of this fountain is of mosaic, the stones having been brought from three different cities, Damascus, Aleppo and Mecca. The floor about this fountain should be tiled, and a portion of the tiling is shown, but the packing-case containing the rest was lost on the way to America. The walls are of wood, but are painted so that, at first glance, one thinks that they are covered with stamped leather. Nearly up to the ceiling, which is very high, are shelves, on which are placed vases and other Oriental bric-a-brac. On the right and left of the entrance space are raised platforms, furnished with luxurious divans extending the length of the three walls. The divans, against the middle walls or those opposite the edge of the platform, are very high while those at the sides are much lower. The covering of the couches on the left platform is of blue velvet with heavy gold orna¬ mentations, and that on the right is of scarlet satin with silver deco¬ rations. The room is to represent A PASHA’S PALACE, and much of the furniture is very old, and once belonged to a real pasha of Damascus. The left platform or room is where the pasha would receive his guests, seated on the high middle divan and inviting those of most exalted rank to sit beside him, while the humbler guests occupied the lower places. The room on the right of the entrance would be for the women of the household, and would be separated from the rest of the apartments by screens. The man¬ ager of the exhibit explained that he had almost made up his mind to say, in future, that both rooms were for the women. The Ameri¬ can ladies who visited his model palace informed him that the more handsomely decorated of the two ought to be assigned to the fair sex. He was quite willing to make the desired change, if it would please them, though in Damascus the lords and masters would have been the more sumptuously lodged ; but there seemed such a difference of opinion as to whether red satin or blue velvet were the more desira¬ ble upholstery that he had been at a loss how to adjust matters satis¬ factorily. There are many curiosities to be seen among the furnishings and decorations of these rooms, and interesting explanations of the vari¬ ous articles are given by the men in attendance. THE BROTHER’S SOLO. 372 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. THE “GREAT ZEIBEK,” who in his brilliant costume, is one of the most noticeable person- Tes ta the Turkish village. He is the sole representative at the Ex- Son of a war-like race which for many years ml,ab,ted the n oun- tainous passes of Eastern Asia, but is now fast becoming extinct. In fo mer dU, the Zeibeks were of great service to the government m helping to protect the cities from the depredations of robber-bands, but, by reason of much fighting, their numbers were gradually lessened, till now few of the race remain. These are a farming people, who still assume the costume of their forefathers on all holiday occasions. This dress has always been noted for its magnificence throughout Tur- kev. The Zeibeks are men of great size, but in complexion they vary some having comparatively fair skin, blue eyes and light hair, and some being dark as the average Turk. In religion they are, as a race, Mohammedans, though there are, of course, exceptions. This special Zeibek, who is a chief of his tribe, is a Christian and is now a citizen of Smyrna. He can speak eight languages, and has acted as dragoman for many years for families traveling through parts of Asia and Africa. He does not always travel m costume, but often wears his brilliant dress at the request of the party for which he is acting as escort, for a Zeibek is known throughout the East and is invariably treated with deference by the natives. These facts con¬ cerning the people and himself I learned from the Zeibek in the Turkish village, who is by no means a formidable individual in spite of his clothes. He is called Alfred Melloni, having received a Chris¬ tian name at baptism. It was expected that thirty of his country¬ men would have joined him at the Exposition, and would have.given exhibition of their various customs, but here, as in many other cases, a “monopoly” interfered with cherished plans, and the Zeibek is alone in his glory. GREAT CANNON ON EXHIBITION. At the suggestion of the German Emperor, Herr Krupp, the famous manufacturer of great guns, has expended about a million of dollars upon his exhibit of cannon and other arms at the World’s Fair. A large building has been erected especially for this purpose, placed between the building for the Feather Industries and the Convent Of Fa Rabida. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 373 The chief interest of this warlike display will center in an enormous rifled cannon said to weigh two hundred and sixty-four thousand pounds, or a hundred and thirty-two tons—“long tons”— which is asserted to be the largest cannon ever cast, or at least the longest and heaviest. In the forward turret of the British Battle-ship Sans Pareil are mounted two cannon of a hundred and ten tons each. H. M. S. Victoria , lately sunk in the Mediterranean by her sister ship Camper- down, also carried a like armament ; while guns of a hundred tons and of sixty-eight tons each are now common not only in the English navy, but on the battle-ships of France and Italy. This one hundred and thirty-two ton gun exhibited by Krupp is a breech-loading steel rifle, forty-eight feet in length, having a calibre of sixteen and a half inches. The diameter of the piece near the breech-block is six feet and four inches. The conical, chilled steel projectile weighs exactly a ton, and the charge of powder near eight hundred pounds. So that, speaking of it as a rifle, we may say that the cartridge for this mammoth shooter weighs well nigh three thousand pounds. Fired with the maximum charge of powder the piece is estimated to have a range of from fifteen to sixteen miles. It is almost needless to say that the use of steam or water is required to hoist the projectile to the chamber of the gun when it is to be loaded. From the factory at Essen it was transported to the sea upon a steel ‘ ‘ bridge ’ ’ mounted upon two very strong cars, having steel frames and sixteen wheels each. On arrival at Baltimore the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad received it from the steamship and loaded it on a similar bridge and two cars, constructed after the German model. Thence it was drawn as a special train to the Exposition grounds at Chicago, where it will remain on exhibition until November next. Compared with this huge gun, the largest cannon exhibited b) the United States at the Fair appear like mere toys. One of these, however, is far from being a plaything from any ordinary point of view. It is a twelve-inch breech-loading rifle, weighing about sixty tons, thirty-feet six inches in length, and throws a projectile of a thousand pounds. Four hundred and sixty pounds of powder are burned every time it is fired ; and the range is estimated to be nearly or quite ten miles. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 375 THE CHILI)BBti’S HOUSE. Were the children forgotten when people were considering how to make the Fair attractive to every one ? By no means. On the contrary, they have a house built and furnished on purpose for them. It has been built wholly from gifts of those who love children and desire that they, as well as the older folks, may be represented at the Exposition, and may enjoy the idea that there is one building which is in a peculiar sense their home, and the place where all that interests them is exhibited. It is a beautiful building, containing eight or ten large well- lighted rooms, or salons, decorated delightfully with pictures, panels and friezes, in blue and gold. In front there is a handsome fountain in marble, made in Eondon, under the direction of Miss Frances Willard and Miss Gordon. The design is that of a little girl holding out a cup of cold water. Within the house, first of all, in a pleasant nursery-like room, we are allowed to visit a creche , or baby garden, which is so fortunate as to be in the personal care of Miss Maria M. Love, of Buffalo, whose name is of itself a pledge of fitness. Here are to be seen all those things which pertain to the wants, necessities, joys, sorrows and pleasures of the youngest children. It is a model of what a nursery should be ; and throughout the Fair instruction will be given here as to the most approved methods of dressing, feeding, “doctoring” and amusing very little people. There is also an exhibition of the Japanese methods of caring for infants in the flowery isles of the far eastern seas, and more novel still, the methods of the Pueblo Indian mothers of New Mexico. Incidentally there is an exhibition of the cradles of various nations and races, and the pursery amusements of Guatemala and of distant Paraguay are displayed. The French toy makers, moreover, have a room forty feet long by twenty in width, in which are shown to American children all the curious toys of France; and they are indeed something wonderful in their variety. In another room is a model kindergarten ; and in still anothei a children’s kitchen, where it is enough to make one laugh outright to see little girls not more than six or eight years of age learning to cook ; while others are taught to make cakes, to boil, to bake, to sweep, to dust, make beds and perform other household duties. 376 THE COLUMBIAN EXFOSITION. For older children, in another room there is a Swedish work¬ shop, where wood-carving is taught, and boys learn to handle carpen- t er > g tools* In the library, which is in charge of Mrs. Clara Doty Bates, are to be seen scores of famous picture-books, and also a great array of juvenile magazines and periodicals, American, English, French and German, together with a large number of books for young people, by the most popular authors. But perhaps the most interesting feature of all is the room where, by authorization of the State of Pennsylvania, is an illustration of the method by which little children who are unfortunately born deaf- mutes are successfully taught to speak and converse like other children. This philanthropic endeavor is in charge of Miss Mary Garrett of Philadelphia. The Assembly room is furnished as a children’s auditorium, with little chairs, settees and a stage, where stereopticon lectures, with a wonderful collection of views, of a great variety of interesting and instructive subjects, are given by the older boys, assisted by girls. Among the decorations on the panels of the different rooms are many scenes from “Grimm’s Fairy Tales,” illustrating the exploits of “Jack the Giant-Killer,” and “ Little Red Riding-Hood.” Across the ceiling are artistically depicted the Signs of the Zodiac. Finally and topmost, the broad roof of the house is fitted up as a play-ground, or play-garden, with a strong wire netting set up around the parapet to guard the young visitors from accident. Here there are flowers, vines, arbors and—it is said real birds, butterflies and squirrels. An Arboreal Palace.—T hat a building more than five hundred feet in length, by two hundred in width and propor¬ tionately lofty, could have been constructed entirely of logs, poles, saplings and withes—wooden pins taking the place of iron bolts and rods—is another of the wonders of the World’s Fair grounds. Such architecture is in remarkable contrast with that of its imposing neighbors in “staff” andiron. Appropriately in contrast, since in this arboreal palace is lodged the timber and woods exhibits of America. Here is to be seen rustic architecture on a colossal scale ; the triple rows of pillars which support the encompassing piazzas are so many huge tree-trunks with the bark on them, just as they were felled 877 THE SOLDIER’S DREAM. 378 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. in the forests ; other great logs form the door-frames and the jambs of alcoves • the walls are of slabs, and the interior partitions of thousands of saplings, inwrought in rude yet pleasing diagonal work. More than two and a half million feet of timber are said to have been used in the construction. Even the roof is of the bark of trees. \ veritable temple of Pan and all sylvan divinities ! A shrine to which it is the aspiration of the builders that the American people •nay come, and, coming, awake to a realization of the grandeur of our country’s’forests, and the necessity of preserving them from that ruthless wholesale destruction which has already so sadly marred the beauty and disturbed the climate of the national domain. BARTHOLDI’S COLUMBUS. As a work of art it excels anything that has appeared in this country purporting to represent Columbus, and no other work of this size produced in silver is to be compared with it. The statue was designed by Bartholdi especially for exhibition by the Gorham Company at the Fair. It is a little larger than life size, its height being a trifle more than six feet, and it stands on a silver pedestal about a foot high. The navigator is represented as catching the first glimpse of America, his right arm and index finger being extended in full length in the direction of the unknown land. He holds a globe and compass in his left arm and hand as though he had just been making calculations as to his whereabouts. Back of his left foot are a coil of rope and an anchor. His cloak is blown apart in front by the wind, and the attitude of the figure is one of heroic confidence; it seems to say: “It is there, as I told you.” The metal is finished in the oxidized form which permits effects in light and shade that could not be had if polished. The statue was cast at the works of the company in Providence, R. I., but the model was done at the studio of the sculptor in Paris. Manager Bruce Bonny said of the process: “The sculptor first made in clay his complete model exactly as it was to appear in the finished statue. Then a mold was taken of the model by applying a heavy layer of plaster of paris. The plaster mold was then removed in arched sections, so that, being removed, they could be placed together to form a complete figure with the outlines of the interior. From this mold a plaster of paris cast was made, thus reproducing in plaster the identical figure first modeled THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 37 $ in clay. The plaster cast, covered first with a coating of shellac to prevent the absorption of moisture, was then ready for the founder, and in this form was shipped from the studio of the sculptor at Paris to the works of the Gorham Company at Providence. At the foundry the plaster cast was first put on a soft bed of sand and covered with a layer of molder’s sand, shaped into arched sections, as was the plaster mold, and a sand mold thus formed which could be taken off the cast and put together again. An outside frame of sand, beaten hard over the sections, served to keep the layer intact. After this step was completed the sections were removed, and a coating of liquid plumbago, or black lead, was applied to the inner surfaces. HOW THE STATUE WAS CUT. “The molder’s, or French sand is of a peculiar nature, contain¬ ing the qualities of a pliable clay and a coarse sand, which will allow, by its porous composition, the escape of gases generated in the interior. The lead-coated sections, after being put together, were secured by perforated iron pipes running through the figure in all directions, like a veinous system. ‘ ‘ A second cast was then made from the second mold by packing the mold full of sand mixed with a flour paste, so that the particles of sand would cohere, the sand model being held together and in place by the iron pipes which traversed the interior of the mold. Again the sections of the sand mold were removed, the plumbago still adhering and remaining on the interior surface. The sand model or core, bared from the outside shell, was then shaved down to a depth corresponding to the thickness of metal in which the statue was to be cast, and then painted with a layer of plumbago as the interior of the shell or mold. Both shell and core were then ready for the oven, and after being subjected to a three day’s bake they were dry enough for the operation of pouring. “Then the sand shell was built up again over the core, and the whole fastened and held together by an iron frame. Thus the final mold for the casting consisted of the space bounded on the outside by the sand mold, giving the exact outlines of the original plaster and clay models, and on the inside by the sand core, which had been reduced in all parts, corresponding to the depth of metal to be cast. The entire mold was then covered with a heavy outside coating ot sand, through which channels were cut leading to all parts of the THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 381 interior space. These channels were for the purpose of causing an even and rapid distribution of metal, and extended from the top or mouth of the mold, where the metal was poured, through the outside layer, in tortuous, pipe-shaped passages to the various parts of the mold. “ Four black lead crucibles containing the ton and a quarter of precious metal were placed in the furnaces after the completion of the final mold. After about four hours the molten contents of the crucibles were at a white heat, and all was in readiness. One by one each crucible was lifted by a chain fall and the contents poured into a large iron bucket, and thence the molten metal was carried to the huge mold buried in sand. After a few hours the casing was sufficiently cool to allow the removal of parts of it, enough to show to experienced eyes that the casting was practically perfect.” RAILROADS AT THE FAIR. Not alone the railroad companies, but the manufacturers of everything used in track or on train, from a locomotive to a coupling pin, have combined to make the railway exhibit at the Fair at once complete and interesting. Men of technical knowledge, who desire to complete their education in their specialty by examination and comparison of late improvements, have the products of the work¬ shops of the world spread before them, while the general visitor finds hitnself introduced to luxuries of travel of which he may have been ignorant. The western extension of the Transportation Building is wholly devoted to rolling stock and railway appliances and devices. Side by side, on tracks extending the length of the structure, are locomotives of all American makes, with some from European factories. Model cars of all varieties are open for inspection, with several complete trains. To the practical railway man perhaps the most interesting of all the exhibits is that of the Baltimore and Ohio road, showing the birth, development and perfection of the locomotive. In long rows extend models and originals of the engines that have become historic. Joseph York tells the story to the visitor. He is to be found seated on the Traveler, a veteran engine of the grasshopper type, which was built for the Baltimore and Ohio road fifty-six years ago by Phineas Davis, and only retired from active service that it might be brought to Chicago. Mr. York is proud of his engine and of his S82 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. service of many years with the Baltimore and Ohio road. If the visitor desires, from this old gentleman he can obtain a complete history of the locomotive, commencing with its birth and ending with its latest development. The start is made with the revival by Sir Isaac Newton in 1680, of an idea set forth by Hero of Alexandria some 1800 years pre¬ viously. It was thought a boiler blowing steam through a narrow nozzle would propel a wagon on which the apparatus might be mounted, on the principle that the recoil of a gun follows the igni¬ tion of gunpowder in its charge. In other words, the resistance of the surrounding air was to be utilized. Perhaps Sir Isaac’s carriage moved, although one looking at the reproduction of the device would hardly think so. DAWN OF ENGINE MAKING. Of later date—1690—is Dennis Papin’s application of the steam engine to the propulsion of a road wagon. A reproduction is shown of a machine constructed on this principle for military service by a French army officer in 1770. Further along is shown by reproduction the original grasshopper engine, constructed by Janies Watt, the father of the steam engine, in 1784. Two of Richard Trevithick’s conceptions are reproduced, one of importance as introducing the connection from the crosshead to the driving wheel, the other being now recognized as the first rail¬ road locomotive. Sections of the original rails are shown, short, rusted pieces of D iron, with the masses of stone, which preceded the wooden ties of the present. From Trevithick’s machine one passes to a steam dredge that Oliver Evans constructed near Philadelphia in 1804. To move his scow to the water he mounted it on wheels, and made connection with rope belting. Early in the history of the locomotive a burning question was the ability of a smooth wheel to hold to the rail with sufficient force to drag a heavy load. In 1814 one Blenkinsop constructed an engine provided with a cogwheel, which fitted into a rack placed by the side of one of the rails, while Runton exploited a device whereby iron legs working between the tracks pushed the engine forward. Whether or not the smooth wheel would answer was settled forever in 1829, when Stevenson’s engine, the Rocket, which is reproduced in the exhibit, won in the competition with four others. COLUMBUS ASKING LEAVE OF THE PRINCE OF RABIDA TO GO TO DISCOVER AMERICA. 384 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. TVlp fir , t locomotive run on American soil, named the Stower- bridge Lion purchased by Horatio Allen, of New York, m .toft for fte Mawa« and Hudson Canal Company, is reproduced exactly. 5 ? L of the grasshopper type. Peter Cooper tried h.s hand at engtne S “ °L and the Baltimore and Ohio road rn 1830 ran as an exper- Tment an engine constrneted under h.s supervision, this being tlie fiTl’ocomotfve to run on this road. It is a curious looking affair , . - fart i: n p. ciiccess but Phineas Davis, of York, Pa., did betteTinT83 2 , constructing a movable engine for the Baltimore and Ohio road. This was the beginning of a senes of engines of genuine merit proved by service of half a century and more. The grass¬ hopper engines are curious affairs. There are numerous specimens in ? the exhibit, all resembling more or less an old fire engine p aced on a flat car. The cylinders are vertical, the piston rods moving up tlTld During these years improvements in engine building from which gradually has been evolved the magnificent machine of to-day, are shown in the exhibit of the Baltimore and Ohio road, the finish bang made in the M. M. Baldwin, No. I, made m 1876 for exhibition at the Centennial Exposition. _ Differences are shown progressively m detail. The epoch when the first horizontal replaced the vertical boiler is set forth, as is the engine in which steam was first turned up the stack to cause draught, ' replacing the clumsy device in which a blower, turned by exhaust steam, furnished air to assist in the combustion of the coal, these behm the most radical differences between the grasshopper and the present type. Phineas Davis perfected the grasshopper. He was killed on one of his engines, but Ross Winans took up the wor - where he dropped it and completed the locomotive. This is the story in brief of the exhibit of the Baltimore and Ohio road, as explained by the custodian. PULLMAN COMPANY’S EXHIBIT. From the products of the laborious toil of the inventors wno made travel possible it is but a step at the Fair to other masterpieces that make travel a luxury. In the splendid exhibit of the Pullman Palace Car Company is shown advancements in art as well as mechanics. Two trains, with various sample cars, with tin latest of improvements and finest of decorations and finish, comprise the major THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 385 portion of the exhibit. Entering the night train of five cars, full vestibule, even to the engine, in the front of the combination bag¬ gage car is seen an engine and dynamo for electric lighting. Behind the baggage compartment is the general smoker, elaborately fitted up in Byzantine style and provided with barber shop and bath, the finish of the lavatory being in onyx, as is now customary with the com¬ pany in all its first-class cars. A desk and library are provided. Passing to the diner, it is noticed that the vestibules are extended to the full width of the car, the steps being concealed until needed, when they are exposed by lifting a section of the flooring. Beyond the kitchen and pantry is a splendidly decorated dining-room with tables, each seating four. The finish is in vermilion wood, a new variety, elaborately carved. At the end of the car is a cupboard and ornamental center-piece, wrought iron grill work, of fine design, made in Chicago, entering into the general scheme of decoration. Next is the drawing-room sleeper, containing ten beds and two private cabinets. Magnificent upholstery and artistic wood-work are seen at their best. Spaciousness is obtained in that the line of the upper berths, when closed, is kept farther from the cen ter of the car than was possible formerly. In the rear is the bridal chamber, finished in white enamel and gold, with hand-made embroidery of Bohemia. Next comes the composite sleeper, with ten separate rooms, each made distinctive by a different scheme in color and design in the decorations, which are of the highest order. Complete toilet appli¬ ances are provided for every room. The last car of the train contains twelve beds, ladies’ bathroom, with shower, and a ladies’ parlor with a desk; at the extreme end of this car is an observation platform, from which twenty passengers can view the country. Many devices, each small in itself, perhaps, help to the general effect. The electric lights, for instance, are shaded by silk fringe. Vases are scattered on stands throughout the cars, proving that the makers are satisfied of freedom from lateral motion. Entrance floors are paved with rubber mosiac, a new idea of easily appreciable merit. Ropes of various colors replace the cumbersome draperies of the past. The en¬ tire train, in fact, is a model of luxury, convenience and comfort. The Pullman Company’s exhibit includes also a day train, show¬ ing a postal car, a parlor car, and a day coach. Specimens of cars for street traffic ate shown, including a double-decked electric car, 25 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 387 such as are in use in Washington, and a sample of a new motor car, in which gas is used to create electric power. In addition to its exhibit of cars the company shows a reproduction in miniature of Pullman, with the workshops and all other buildings, including residences. . CAHAUA’S FINE TRAIN. The Canadian Pacific road is represented by a passenger train, with sleeper, first-class day coach, colonists’ car, dining and baggage cars, and engine. J. H. Hall, a conductor of the road, is on duty, ready not to punch tickets but to show visitors through the train. All the cars are vestibuled and lighted by electricity. The finish and decoration of the diner is superb. White mahogany, with bronze tablets for ornamentation, with linen, silverware, crystal and china on the spread tables, create a pleasant effect of light and cleanliness. Thirty persons can be seated at the tables. The sleeping-car is a model of comfort, of the type familiar to all travelers, but brought up to date by modern improvements. The finish of the first-class day coach is in quarter-sawed oak, the seats having backs arranged rather for comfort than economy of space. This car is divided into three sections by two arches, which create an impression of spacious¬ ness foreign to cars of the usual pattern. There are two smoking compartments, one at either end of the car, and the usual toilet con¬ veniences. In the colonists’ car, what is called in this country an emigrants’ sleeper, many improvements are found. The seats are comfortable and the beds furnished with good bedding. In finish and decoration the car is superior to many first-class day coaches. All the cars are finished without and within with oil and varnish, no paint being used in any form. This is a specimen train, being a duplicate of those now in service on the road. Each of the cars are 14 feet 10 inches high by 10 feet 3^2 inches wide. The sleeper is 78 feet long, and weighs 98,000 pounds. The locomotive is known as a ten-wheel engine. It weighs 106 tons when loaded, and the cylin¬ ders are 19x24 inches. Steam from the boiler heats the train, and the customary bell cord is replaced with a pneumatic device. Elec¬ tricity is provided from storage batteries, charged before the train starts. In reference to light and heat, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul road makes an interesting exhibit in one of its special tenders. This is a square, box-like car, with iron sides and concrete floor, for 388 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. the greater extent, containing an engine, boiler and dynamo. To two trains on this road, each of ten cars, the tenders are regularly attached, furnishing the necessary steam for heating and electricity for 200 incandescent lights, each of sixteen candle power Great strength has been supplied the tender, which would withstand a shock at greater force than would be required to wreck the tram. As the tender is isolated from the baggage car by iron doors, a conflagation in the event of an accident would be practically impossible. HOW THE ENGLISH TRAVEL. Turning from luxury in travel as developed in America, where great distances have brought into use every device for the alleviation of fatigue, in the exhibit of the London and Northwestern railway, of England, the visitor sees how different conditions have worked to different ends. There are two cars and a locomotive. To one un¬ accustomed to travel abroad the very exterior of the coaches suggests discomfort. That such is not the case, during short trips at least, is proved by examination. One of the coaches known as first-class, composite, is divided into five compartments, two each of first and third class and one of second class. The difference between the classes is chiefly of comfort, the luxury of the first class not being the cause of its superiority, but the fact that but five people are seated in it, instead of nine, who are crowded into the same space in the third-class apartments. No amount of description will make perfectly clear the points of difference between an American and an English car, as is evinced by the expressions of surprise heard when visitors examine the ex¬ hibit. Entrance is had to fairly roomy compartments running across the car from doors on either side. Inside the effect would be that of an ordinary coach were it not that the settee on one side is broken by a passage-way leading to a lavatory. Comfort is possible if lux¬ urious upholstery, good ventilation, and electric light, with a silk night-cap attached to shade the light when passengers desire to sleep, make comfort; but the roominess of a Pullman is replaced by what is little better than a well-padded box into which people are crowded, without an approximation to the freedom of a Pullman, where refuge in the smoking-room will escape a disagreeable companion or a promenade through the train furnish exercise. Doors from either side of the compartment lead to a platform similar to that on open DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS TO DISCOVER 390 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. street cars on which the guard moves back and forth. The doors are locked, but can be opened by lowering the windows, reaching out and turning the handle. It is all very odd and not quite so conven¬ ient as it might be. If, however, but two or three people happen to occupy one coach, comfort must be great. This can usually be secured by an extra payment. But it must always be remembeid the largest trip on the Northwestern and allied lines, practically from one end of the island to the other, only consumes from eighteen to twenty hours. _ , Second and third class travelers are well provided for in that they travel in the same car, though in different compartments from first- class passengers. Between a well-filled coach oi the customary American pattern and a third class compartment with nine occupants, preference would be given the latter in many cases. Those of the English who like to take a nap stretched at length, instead of sitting up, can ride on the London and Northwestern road in a splendid sleeping saloon car, patterned on the American model. One of these coaches is shown, which is well up to the standard of American cars in all but size. At either end is a lavatory, the center of the car being taken up with three state rooms, accommodating ten persons in all, and a stateroom for two attendants. The finish and decoration is elaborate, a feature being oblong boxes fitting under berths for the storage of clothes. Trains on this road are drawn by fine engines. That attached to the two cars of which a description has been attempted being of three cylinder, compound, express passenger type, the high pressure cylinder being fifteen inches in diameter, with stroke of twenty-four inches. The driving wheels are seven feet in diameter. Typical of the performance of English engines is the record of the Lord of the Isles, a veteran with 789,306 miles to its credit, which was sent to the Fair by the Great Western Railway of England. This engine was made in 1851, and stopped running in i88r. Its great driving-wheels of eight feet diameter rested on trucks seven and one-quarter feet apart. As this extreme width of guage has been abandoned, the locomotive has clearly outlived its usefulness. CONTINENTAL, CARS AND ENGINES. For the royal Prussian state railways the makers have furnished a splendid exhibit, consisting of locomotives, a regular passenger car THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 391 divided into four compartments, a day coach, a flat car, and a coal car. A side view is given of the compartment car with the interior partly exposed. In a general way this view conveys an idea of the typical European car. It differs from the English coach described above in that the conductor seats himself in a windowed observation box placed at the front of the car. The compartments in the German coach are connected two and two, being first and second class. One washroom thus does duty for two compartments. The finish and decoration are good, but hardly sumptuous in comparison with the luxurious interiors of the best American cars. I.ighting is by gas, ventilation apparatus is Oi a superior order, and there is a switch by which the steam-heating apparatus is controlled by the passengers. The day coach is a beautiful affair, with finishings of blue stuffs picked out with gilded metal work, the ceiling being frescoed. In addition are shown the various compartments opening on the step, along which the conductor passes in collecting fares, which he receives through the windows in the doors, which he opens for the purpose. In the exposed portion the seats facing one another are shown, with the space between compartments, which is occupied by the lavatories. One of the locomotives of this exhibit may readily be made the subject of comparison with a standard American engine by the visitor. NORTHERN PACIFIC’S EXHIBIT. Something out of the ordinary is the exhibit of the Northern Pacific railroad. Two cars have been fitted up as showrooms in which are to be seen the products of the Northwest. Other exhibits are of stock cars, which cover several tracks. These are of various styles, with appliances for feeding and watering cattle. Among various devices for expediting train service are steam snow-shovels, mighty engines that are used to burrow through drifts, doing in a few lours work that an army of men would require days to accomplis . n interesting exhibit is that of a tilting flat car. The engineer y a lever turns on air from the reservoir of his brake apparatus, and the car tips its load at the side of the track. A ballasting machine is a so shown. Crushed stone is dropped from one car and distributed evenly between the rails by a car that follows. In the main aisle of the transportation building are interesting THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 393 exhibits. Prominent among these is a double-decked platform, showing the various appliances of the Johnson Railroad Signal Com¬ pany. By a working model and section of a switch, full sized, the interlocking switch system is displayed. Another feature is the electric interlocking system, employing tablets and staves, for the safe operation of single-track railroads. The Westinghouse Air-Brake Company has a splendid exhibit of appliances located opposite the signal station described above. MERCURY OUTSTRIPPED. Outside the transportation building and in such close proximity to the Fair entrance from the terminal of the Alley “ E ” road that no visitor should miss it, is engine No. 999, the flyer of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, with the cars of the train. This is the engine with a record of a seven-mile run at the rate of 112 miles per hour, with Matt Sawyer for engineer and Edward France for fireman. Engine No. 999 is an eight-wheel passenger locomotive. The cylinders are 19 x 24-inch stroke. The drivers are four in number, 7 feet 2 inches in diameter, tire 3 inches thick by 5^ inches wide. The engine truck wheels are 40 inches in diameter. The weight on the four driving wheels, loaded, is 84,000 pounds, and on engine truck, 40,000 pounds. The boiler is of the wagon top type, 58 inches in diameter at the smallest ring. The total heating surface is 1,930 square feet, with a grate surface of 30 7-10 square feet. The boiler is designed to carry 190 pounds pressure to the square inch. The tender has a capacity of six and three-quarter tons and carries 3,587 gallons of water. The weight, loaded, is 80,000 pounds, making the total weight of engine and tender 204,000 pounds. The engine, truck, and tender have air brakes. A part of the exhibit of the New York Central road is the De Witt Clinton, the first locomotive run in New York State, which was built at the West Point foundry in New York city in 1831. She was mounted on four wheels, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter. There were two cylinders five and one-half inches in diameter by sixteen inch stroke, and the weight of the engine was about six tons. The boiler had thirty copper tubes two and one-half inches in diameter. This engine was run on a trial trip on the Mohawk and Hudson 394 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. River Railway at various times from July 2, 1831, until Aug. 9, when the hist regular excursion trip was made. Many of the best men of the State rode in the coaches, among them being Erastus Cornin- and Thurlow Weed. The engineer was David Matthews, who gave the signal for starting by blowing on a tin horn. The coaches resemble old stage coaches with seats inside and on top. Take all in all the railroad exhibit at the Fair is complete, elegant artistically, wonderfully interesting from the mechanical standpoint, and of vast service in showing the history of the most important ’application of the steam engine to the use of man. THE ETHNOLOGICAL DISPLAY AT THE FAIR. A writer of profound perception has said that the proper study of man is man, or words to that effect, and perhaps it is some kindred interest which leads visitors to linger in the ethnological display which the Smithsonian Institution has made in the government building. At any rate, it is a wonderful collection of aboriginal Americans and their works, and its glass cases are daily surrounded by dense throngs of spectators. Along the North and South aisle the Smithsonian has ranged two lines of cases filled with wax figures representing various types of the true American, he who occupied this continent before the white man came to despoil him of his birthright. These figures were made by scientific men, and are not only faithful in size, color and cast of countenance, but the expressions on the faces are suited to the attitude or the temporary occupation of the subject. While the figures are molded in wax they are decked out in the genuine garments and ornaments worn by the types they represent, many of these having been gathered by army men and special agents of the Smithsonian during a long series of years. It was inevitable that much of an exhibit of this kind would be familiar, but there is so much else of the strange and curious that an enthusiast might spend weeks in this department alone. Most people, for example, have the impression that the Indian had 110 historical record, but that is refuted by the display of some picture writings in which the red man left a lasting account of events and ceremonies of long ago. A buffalo skin 6x6 feet is covered with a pictograph description of a battle. The horses are something like the American school boy’s—“an animal with four corners and a leg under each 395 ON THE ALERT. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. :l9t> corner”-—but they are not to be mistaken for anything else. The men are drawn in crude outlines, and the use .of nine drumsticks at the end of a hand may indicate a redundancy of fingers, judged from the Grecian standards, but art is a realm of imagination, and we must take results as we find them. Some sticklers may question the accu¬ racy of gnus that are flying in mid-air and going off withou any visi¬ ble human aid, but that is a detail which does not hamper the Indian understanding. Near by is a calf skin, four feet broad, which is cov¬ ered with records of dances and religious ceremonies. These are col¬ ored, and are ornamented with porcupine quills dyed m hues that challenge the art of the civilized dyer. Not far away is the figure of a crow, in the act of recording the story of a battle. Before him is a white skin, the fur still on the under side. The scribe kneels to his work, resting a part of his weight on his left hand, while he makes his drawings with the right, using pointed sticks dipped into colors gathered from the field.-,. Some aesthetic souls may criticise the art which represents yellow horses and blue men, but that is an incident not worth quibbling about. Colonel Garrick Malley, of the regular army, has described robes of this kind that bear the historical records of the Indians for periods of more than ioo years. One of the most interesting figures represents a Chippewa shaman in his medicine lodge in the act of writing an incantation on the inner surface of a piece of prepared piece of bark. The shaman is cross-legged and bending over the bark, which he holds in his left hand while he draws his designs with a stick in the right. The old man is surrounded by the tambourine, drum, rattle-box, and other noisy implements of his profession, and his attire is worthy an in¬ terested study. Much has been written of the degradation of the squaw, and this collection gives a vivid illustration of her toilsome life. In one of the larger cases are represented two women dressing hides. Before one, suspended from a pole resting on forked sticks in the ground, is a buffalo hide, and she is laboriously scraping the meat from the inner side with a stick and a piece of stone. The other is kneeling before a hide and tediously pounding it into pliability with a heavy stone club. The groups represent the eastern and the western Eskimos. The dress of the former has been modified somewhat by contact with the THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 397 whites, but those from Alaska are dressed only in deerskin, caribou, marmot and beaver. One of the alcoves not far away is filled with the arms, implements and playthings of the pygmies of the frozen north. The reader may not recognize boats under the names kaiaks and umiaks, but the models leave no room for doubt. It may sur¬ prise many people to learn that the Eskimos wear an armor, but here are samples on exhibition. One is made of rows of ivory pieces like the bones of a minstrel end man, which are bound together with sinews. Another is made of bits of iron, and it is worthy remark that it very much resembles certain kinds of Japanese armor in its form and construction. Lieutenant Peary says the Eskimos are merely animals who can talk, but that is the license of a traveler who is expected to tell won¬ derful stories. The dance masks are liable to throw a nervous man into delirium tremens. All are crudely carved from wood. One, twenty inches in length, resembles a turtle in form, with a face in white painted in the center. It has a handle for carrying, and is tipped with feathers, making a cumbersome and hideous object. A second looks like the face of an Indian twisted half around by a cyclone or the toothache. A third, with the mouth cut from ear to ear and with shoe pegs for teeth, apparently represents a shark; a third takes the form of a wolf’s head, and others would make first- class hoodoos. The Eskimos are dreadfully wasteful of their walrus ivory. They use the tusks for ice-picks, and wooden shovels are tipped with ivory for cutting edges. Pieces of this material are fash¬ ioned into the form of animals and used to throw to the birds. They are fastened to buckskin strings and thrown at water fowl, which become entangled and are thus captured. Even dolls and needle- cases are made of this ivory. One of the wax groups represents a party of Kiowa children at play, and it evokes cries of “Isn’t that cunning?” and “Oh, how cute! ’ ’ from the ladies. Two boys are going out to play at the wheel game, and the little girls are playing hide and seek about a teepee of deerskin. One of the girls has a pet dog, and another carries a doll made of rags and skins and decorated with beads. The expression on the faces are wonderfully life-like, and excite general comment. One of the strangest figures is that of an Aztec using the drill with which those ancients made fire and bored the holes in their rude beads. The Pueblos, a family akin to the Aztecs, still live in New ENTRANCE TO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY. 398 NORTH ENTRANCE, AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 399 Mexico very much the same as they did before Columbus discovered America, and they are represented by pottery and pictures. The Hupa Indians of Northern California are represented by a family group that also appeals strongly to the sympathies of the ladies. It contains a mother and two children, the youngest a baby who is strapped into a comfortable and pretty wicker-work basket of fine construction, a receptacle that a civilized baby might envy. At the head of this collection are two figures that Frank Rem¬ ington and “Buffalo Bill” might covet. One represented a mounted warrior in the full panoply of war, and the other shows the squaw on the march with two children on the horse with her, and two others riding with the household belongings on the pack which drags behind them. Near by is an Apache family, representing a tribe who have been in contact with the whites for over 300 years without adopting any of their ways. The aborigines of Alaska and British America are represented by a remarkably large variety of religious, warlike and domestic articles gathered in their midst. Here are medicine charms, the fetishes of witch doctors and the rattle boxes of shamans, some in the form of birds, fishes and animals, and all crudely carved. There are attract¬ ive looking spoons made from single pieces of goat’s horns, which are bent into shape by being steamed and pressed in molds. Bits of ivory are carved in many curious forms and inlaid with abalone shells. Here are the wooden masks used in their religious ceremonies, and seal clubs carved with the totems of their owners, and with heads fashioned into the semblance of sea lions. If gamblers want points on a new game with less expensive implements than a roulette outfit they they can get them here. The Tlinkit Indians use little sticks, and one of them hides a number in one or more stacks of bark tow. The other player guesses whether the number is odd or even, or tries to locate the particular pile of tow in which they are concealed. He wins or loses a corresponding number of sticks, according to the quality of his guess, and the two gamblers keep up this performance until one loses all his sticks, when he hands over the object at stake. In a collection comprising thousands of pieces it is possible, of course, only to mention a few and refer to the others in a general way. To the student unable to visit Washington this exhibit is of special convenience, and he who is only interested as his curiosity is stirred will find here material to keep him engaged for hours. 400 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. GUNS, OLD AND NEW. Encircling the central division of the space occupied by the War Department in the Government Building at the World’s Fair, is a fringe of old guns. All are black with age, or reddened with rust: Puny weapons, are they, when contrasted with the great twelve-inch rifle. Insignificant, when viewed with but a passing glance. Yet any one of them could tell, were its mouth gifted with speech, more of the glory and sorrow, the pomp and horror, the pride and despair of war, than all the fine new armaments of the Nations. Sometimes one of the girls at the cartridge machine will stop her work to call the attention of the visitor to these silent memorials. Comparatively few, however, seem to care for what war was, because of interest in what war will be, should it come. The veterans hunt up their old comrades, however, and fraternize with them, for these old gnns and a stand of battered muskets are full of interest to men with memories of thirty years ago. At the southwestern corner of the inclosure is seen the gun that fired the first shot at Fort Sumter. Most people regard this as being the first shot fired during the war. Even if, as is said, some one down in Texas burnt powder previously, this old cannon opened active hostilities. It is a four-pounder, marked with a brass or bronze eagle in the center. It is unmounted. As a companion piece to this old cannon is the gun that fired the last shot against the Confederate forces. This is a wrought-iron rifle of three-inch bore. Its weight is 815 pounds. Its record is that it fired the last shot at the battle of Appomattox Court-house, prior to the surrender of Lee’s army in 1865. It was the left piece of Elder’s battery, Battery B, First United States Artillery. Of the other old cannon, one is a bronze English flint lock, with three-inch bore. There is a Chinese breech-loader of the fourteenth century, a standing monument of the adage, ‘ 1 There is nothing new under the sun.” There is displayed, also, a veteran of the Mexican war in a bronze six-pounder. The bronze French gun Lafayette, presented to the United States, is also in the exhibit, and others in¬ cluding a gun the British forces surrendered at Yorktown. A novelty is an old-fashioned Colt’s revolving cannon, with six shots, the cali¬ bre being two inches. LOVE GROWN COLD. 402 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. GUNS WITH HISTORIES. Relics from the battlefields are not numerous, but whatever there is possesses interest. There is the stump of an oak tree that was cut down by musket balls during the battle of Spottsylvania Court-house, May 12, 1864. A wheel is shown with its war record in detail. Other relics of the rebellion are shown in a stand of bent, shattered, and rusted muskets, gathered from many battlefields. Several have bullets imbedded in the metal of the barrels. There are specimens of the balls fired from Fort Sumter on April 13, 1861. To mark clearly the difference between what is thought warlike to-day and the weapons of the past, an exhibit of modern arms is made in close proximity to the old guns just described. In an up¬ right case are- models of most of the famous European makes, not ail, however, of the latest model. A Martini-Henry is an ugly looking weapon, with a sword bayonet having saw-teeth on one side. The Springfield breech-loader, model of 1873, is shown with a trowel bay¬ onet. It has been the aim of the government to show the advance in gun-making from the earliest times to the present. That this end may be attained, on the east wall of the building is arranged a series of old guns, which work up through the centuries, passing the arms just described, to the most recent models, which are arranged con¬ venient for handling on a horizontal platform. The oldest of all is a Chinese wheel-lock pistol. Next comes an Arabian matchlock. There is a smooth-bore matchlock of the four¬ teenth century and a weighty wheel-lock rifle of 1520. The growth of the flint locks, invented in the sixteenth century, is shown. An Albanian musket and a fine Arabian piece, with -a barrel fully six feet long, is shown. There is a matchlock from India, a stand of old locks of all patterns, specimens of swivel guns and a table of shot of all kinds. Specimens of glass cannon balls are shown, chain-shot that has seen service, and a curious contrivance called a turbine-shot, which is cylindrical and has a hole passing through the center. Among these relics is a little French howitzer, mounted on a stand which would make an interesting paper-weight, but in modern war¬ fare would be insignificant. MODERN RIFEES. Of the recent arms, the Krag-Jorgenson, approved for the service in the army of the United States, is of greatest interest. In the ex- THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 403 hibit of the patent office is shown the approved gun of the model of Feb. 21, 1893. The gun is of thirty calibre, sighted for 2,000 yards, and adapted to the use of smokeless -powder. The barrel is thin, it having been found unnecessary to use the cooling jacket that was formerly thought necessary. The breech-block has a double motion, and can be removed and thrown away on pressing the trig¬ ger fully home, so that the piece can be rendered useless, if its owner is obliged to discard it. The “clip,” or repeating reservoir, holds five cartridges. From a repeater the gun can instantly be converted into a single-shot weapon. The new model has several improvements over the older style of Krag-Jorgenson as used abroad. Patent rights will be secured for the use of the United States government, and the guns manufactured here. Smokeless powder, it is said, is a complete suc¬ cess. A Springfield rifle is shown, calibre 30, with 36^ grains of powder, penetration at twenty yards was nineteen and a half inches in an oak block, crossing the grain, and twenty-four and a half inches going with the grain. The Springfield rifle was selected for the test, to prove that guns now in use can be converted and used without danger from the rapid ignition of the powder. The most recent models of European countries are all of the same general type as that of the gun approved for use in this country. Smokeless powder is favored, the use of small calibres, and the loading 1 ‘ clip ’ ’ entering the lock from side or bottom appearing in all the rifles. RAPID-FIRING GUNS. Of modern ordnance there are many examples. Noticeable are the rapid-firing guns. Of these the most numerous are of the Hotch¬ kiss type. Guns of this make are calibred for balls running from eight pounds to thirty-three pounds, fitting a four-inch calibre. For the field there is a piece throwing a ball weighing 13.2 pounds 6,000 yards with a charge of smokeless powder, the initial velocity being 3,200 feet per second. For naval use a fine rifle is made to throw a three-inch fifteen-pound shell 5,000 yards. There are hydraulic cyl¬ inders to take up the recoil and a shoulder whereby the gunner can ami and discharge his piece. From ten to twelve shots per minute can be fired. Small pieces are made for use in mountain warfare, so arranged that they can be carried on pack animals. They are shown THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 405 in the War Department mounted on mules. Some of the Hotchkiss g U n S are exhibited on the man-of-war on the lake shore east of the Government Building, while the company has a special exhibit in the Transportation Building. Here is shown a stand of shells, with card¬ board imitations of the new smokeless power. One of the best of the naval guns fires seventy one-pound shells per minute. The big 12-inch rifle receives much attention from the visitors. This gun weighs fifty-two tons, fires a projectile weighing 1,000 pounds, the charge of powder being 450 pounds. Its length is thirty- six and a half feet, and it cost the government $52,000. It was man¬ ufactured at the Watervliet arsenal at West Troy, N. Y. This is the largest gun made in America. There is also a United States 8-inch breech-loading steel rifle on service carriage. ART AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. American Art First. —You might visit the United States section first—its familiar scenes are sure to please—for there is some art that is tiresome in the German exhibit, much that is bad sent by Italy, Spain, Denmark, Norway, and some very soul¬ less, mindless, mediocre stuff shown by France. But American art is refined, healthy and genuine. There has been some cause for fear that our artists might become the cuckoo among the nations of art ; for as she never builds a nest of her own, but lays her eggs in that of some other bird for it to hatch out, so our young artists have shown such a propensity for foreign nurture that it became possible that France, or Germany, or Holland might stamp our output of art with her own crest, till we should cease to have a national impress. But this collection of two thousand five hundred products of brush and pencil shows that for the most part this superstition has not been well founded. Winslow Homer, the Walt Whitman of the brush, stands as firm as an oak for American subject. So does George De Forest Brush, our Gerome. Note these two painters’ works and that of George Inness, of Abbot H. Thayer, F. D. Millet, W. M. Chase, Frank Fowler, F. W. Benson, T. W. Dewing. Selection, however, is quite impossible ; but do not allow prejudices toward any one class of art to prevent your admiration of the collection as a harmonious whole. 406 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The Loan Collection of Foreign Paintings owned in the United STATES.— In addition to our progress as an art produc¬ ing nation, during the last decade America has become rich in the possession of much of the best foreign art of to-day. The American millionaire’s picture-buying proclivities are becoming proverbial abroad. When the authorities found that the foreign nations were only sending works by living artists, and not including all of them, so that not only do we miss from the French exhibit Millet and Meissonier, but also Geroine and Puvis de Chavannes, they arranged to avail themselves of these treasures in America. Museums and private collections have supplied over a hundred masterpieces ! It is very true these are not comprehensive exponents of what we own (the collection has all the appearance of having been made in a hurry), yet they give us the higher examples of French art than do the French themselves. This perusal of the Loan Collection will acquaint you with the standard against which to gauge that seen in English, French, German, Austrian, Dutch and Swedish departments, supplying as it does an opportunity to study much that is classical in Nineteenth Century art. We have the eccentric Puvis de Chavannes, Gericault, Delacroix, Courbet and Fromentin ; as well as Fortuny’s celebrated “ Beach at Portici,” Michetti’s “Springtime,” “A Sewing Bee in Holland” by von Uhde, Cazin’s “The Expulsion from Paradise,” and Lefebvre’s “LaCigale.” Alma Tadema’s “Reading Homer” is hung near “ In the Book Stall,” by his master, Baron Leys. The healthy Knaus is flanked by the poetic Israels. The superb Jules Breton, “ The Lark,” is a strong rebuke to vulgarity, which is so dominant in the French section. Manet is satisfactorily represented by the ‘ ‘ Dead Toreador. ’ ’ GerOme seems more of a colorist in “ L’ Eminence Grise ” than in the “Serpent Charmer.” The latter hangs near Ingres’ “ Cardinal Bibbiena Introducing Raphael to His Niece.” Geroine refused to study under Ingres, but it is easy to see that he was none the less influenced by his manner of painting. The Constables, which we miss in the English section, are here hung in juxtaposition with Daubigny, Rousseau, Millet, Diaz, and Dupre, and others of the so-called Barbizon school which he, though an Englishman, so strongly influenced for good. Best French Examples. —The French really exhibit no single picture which can command our consideration. Jules Breton’s “The AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST— Scene No. 2. 407 40S THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Pardon of Kergoat ” (351) will be more interesting on account of our having seen “ The Lark,” and Carolus Duran’s portraits may be compared with that of Madame Modjeska in the Loan Collection. English Gems. —In the English department we have an array of important works: Watts’ “Love and Life” and “Love and Death,” Sir Frederick Leighton’s “Garden of the Hesperides,” Her- komer’s “Last Muster,” Holl’s “The Earl of Spencer,” Elizabeth Butler Thomson’s “Roll Call,” Millais’ “The Ornithologist” and “ Bubbles,” and Shannan’s portraits. And no one, after having seen the “Reading of Homer ” in the Loan Collection, will miss the three Alma Tademas. Russia not in Place. —The Russian exhibit not being ready at this date, I cannot say what pictures should be seen there, but doubtless the contributions by Constantine Makovsky will be inter¬ esting, as well as Repine’s “Cossacks’ Answer,” while Jacoby, Peroff and Litovtchenko are celebrated names. Aivazovosky is a prolific marine painter ; but, judging from his work recently exhibited in New York, his art is that of yesterday. I believe that Verestchagin will not be represented, which is a pity. Dutch Pearls. —Holland gives us “ Alone in the World,” by Israels ; “ Plowing,” by Mauve ; “Woman and Child,” by Neuhuys; “The Angelus,” and “ Portrait of Queen of Holland,” by Vos. Harmonious Sweden. —■ Sweden, like the United States, should be considered in its entirety, though Liljefors’ “Hunter” and ‘ ‘ Foxes ’ ’ are pictures that stand out as attractive compositions. Zorn is a strong painter, but there is no one canvas of his I can select for special mention. Germany’s Big Canvases. —In the German exhibit there are some pictures important for their largeness, such, as Keller’s “Apoth¬ eosis of William I ; ” Hildebrand’s “ Tullia,” driving over the body of her father ; von Uhde’s “ Announcement to the Shepherds ; ” Schuch’s “William II,” on horseback. And there are pictures that have historical interest, like von Werner’s “Berlin Congress,” in which are portraits of Bismarck, Prince Gortschakoff, Lord Beacons- field, Schuwaloff, Lord Salisbury and other celebrated diplomats who figured in that important council. Menzel’s “ Rolling Mill ” gives one an opportunity to study the work of one of Germany’s greatest genre artists. We know Knaus, DefFregger, Max, in this country ; but heretofore Menzel, as a painter, has not been seen. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 409 But the liveliest pictures in the German department are Koner’s portrait of Emperor William II.; Max’s Katharina Emerich ; Har- burger’s “In the Cellar Lenbach’s portrait of Prince Bismarck, Mrs. Vilma Palarghy’s portrait of Kossuth ; Knaus’ portraits of Mommsen, Helmholtz, and “ The Duel Behind the Fence.” And now for a more detailed consideration of the exhibits of the several countries. THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT. It is lack of vulgarity and of the commonplace that characterizes our productions. Turn to the northeast corner of gallery 9, and study “ The Virgin Enthroned” (954), by Thayer, and “Mother and Child” (222), by Brush, and we find the keynote of this refinement. Unless one can feel that not one spot of these superb canvases contains an iota of vulgar coloring, one cannot easily be in sympathy with American art. Dewing, somewhat less robust, is still poetical. Whistler on the one hand, Winslow Homer on the other, join to complete this harmony, though it must be said that Whistler’s unfinished study of a girl (1,104) is a signal piece of bravado. Since a single picture separates J. G. Brown’s “Pull for the Shore” (212) from Winslow Homer’s “ Lost on the Grand Banks” (575), it permits one making a distinc¬ tion between the commonplace and the poetical. The comparison is not unjust, since Mr. Brown’s picture is as strong an example of that side of art as could be selected. It is real, American, and thoroughly good. But Winslow Homer is more. He a poet where Brown is a reporter. As I have said, Winslow Homer is the Walt Whitman among our painters. He is a self-taught painter, and though his black and whites, published in Harper's Weekly and Appleton's Home Journal , in the seventies, brought him prominently before the public, his early paintings were crude in color ; but of recent years his work has so improved as to bring him in the very foremost rank of American artists. His poetic appreciation for the beauties of nature in every form, moonlight or sunlight, sea or rock, has the intense beauty of truth. He is astoundingly, startlingly truthful. Mr. Sargent easily leads the portrait painters. We should dislike to pick out any separate example, but taking him in the aggregate ( he becomes the ideal painter for painters. A modern Velasquez, he THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 411 draws with his color. Jules Stewart, in “The Hunt Ball” (940), and portrait of the Viscountess de'Gouy d’Arcy (939), would be apt to take second place, were one not inclined to feel that he will soon be out of fashion. Chase has his own interest as a manipulator of the brush, but nearly all his subjects seem to be posing. Mr. Gaugengigl, of Boston, will surprise Westerners and New Yorkers at least on account of the workmanlike and well-rounded finish of his work. F. D. Millet makes a better showing, also, than one would have expected. He is to be complimented on the selection of American subjects. In ideal miniature-like painting Mowbray makes a good showing. In room 8 we find 1 ‘ The Flagellants ’ ’ (690), by Carl Marr. This will be one of the star pictures of the exhibition, together with Brozik’s “ Fenstersturz at Prague.” One may have his personal opinion as to whether so disagreeable a subject as the former is worth so many square feet of canvas, but one can hardly deny that the painting of it is a triumph for American art. The picture represents a troop of flagellants, those fanatic companies of pilgrims of the Middle Ages, administering scourgings upon one another in the name of Christianity. However offensive this subject may be it is hardly as sickening as Julian Story’s picture of “Mile. De Sombreuil” (943), who was obliged to drink a glass of blood in order to save her father’s life during the French Revolution. It seems as though gallery 8 were made a sort of tribunal of the doubtfully beautiful, since we also have here Mr. Alexander Harrison’s “Bathers” (523) and “In Arcadia” (522). Eliminating the nude figures from these pictures we have perfect refinement, superb tonal qualities, wonderful effects of realism ; but we fancy the general verdict given Mr. Harrison will be that while in his landscapes and marines he paints like a poet, he paints the nude like a boor. Kenyon Cox has usually come in for a share of that criticism which has been aimed at American nudes, but in this room his “Painting and Poetry” (296) seems flat and uninspiring, and none of his exhibits will challenge as much criticism as one would have expected. As we pass through the galleries, especially No. 37, 38, and 39, old favorites from the New York annual exhibitions loom up before us. Here is Douglas Volk’s “ Puritan Girl; ” G. Gaul’s “ Charge of the Battery;” Ulrich’s “In the Land of Promise.” Walter Shir- law’s “Sheep Shearing in the Bavarian Highlands” (911) appears 412 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. , . , ■ the Bell;” it is still brilliant in more modern than his luning tne cen, color but it seems overcrowded in composition. The landscapes of George Inness are mostly hung together, and he makes a fine showing. He has individuality as a colorist , he wmaut Lteni burning. He paints as Honrce Greeley wrote. Unluckily, John EaFarge, our greatest colorist, is but poorly repre sented. His “ Nicodemus and Christ” in oil is not what it is in S,a 7Ltge is disappointing, Vedder is more so. He is an original 6oure in American art, iris illustrations to tire Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam ” being perhaps the greatest illustrations ever made for any book It is a great pity that Houghton, Mifflin & Co. did not take the pains to exhibit the originals, for Mr. Vender's leathery paintings do not give him any position among the colorists. In some of the smaller rooms we find highly successful hangings, notably that about Sargent’s portrait of Ellen Terry. We fin m gallery No. 4 a collection of early American art which is sober, refined, free from crudeness, even if for the most part dry and hard. In is gallery vou must notice at least the work of Hunt and Fuller, the fathers of what is best in our art of to-day. Then you have a water color room to examine, and you need hardly be told that America takes first rank in the production of water colors. Besides, there are more Sargents, Frank Fowler’s portrait of Walker Shirlaw, a Freer, a Frank Benson, W. E. Picknell’s “Road to Concarneau Curren “Windy Day,” Gari Melclrers’ “The Pilots,” and landscapes by Tyron, Hasbrouck, Rehn, and Palmer, to be seen. It is a pleasant excuse for omitting nine-tenths of the good things that the merest enumeration of them would exceed the most generous allowance of space. ^ In sculpture America shows her wholesome taste. We hav French’ s grand 11 Death and the Sculptor ; ’ ’ El well’s sweet Dickens and Little Nell; ” Adams’ beautiful portrait bust. Our Illustrators. —Since the Centennial that department of the graphic arts wherein we have made the most unique advancement, it has grown up like Jack’s beanstalk, is that of black and white, or let us say more truly—“illustrating,” for quite recently our magazine draughtsmen have taken to using water color in place of monotone. Such was the case in Mr. Smedley’s illustration of the Fair Grounds done for Scribner's magazine. With the exception of Vedder, most AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST— Scene No. 414 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. of our illustrators are represented. Here is Abbey, Bacher, Blum, Birch Castaigne, Church, Cox, Day, Edwards, Fenu, Frost, Gaul, C D Gibson W. H. Gibson, Kemble, Low, Parsons, Pyle, Reinhart, Remington, Smedley, Alice Barber Stevens, Thulstrup, Wenzell, Wiles. Cox and Low have done more serious work than is shown, and we miss Mary Hallock Foote and Jessie Curtis Shepherd. Equally representative is our rich collection of etchings and wood engravings. No Surprises.— Beyond the fact that the American exhibit shows that we take no second place in the art of the world, there is no great surprise in store for us. Most of our best art comes from New York or Boston. Carl Marr’s large canvas will doubtless make his name known to many who were not acquainted with him before. But the best art comes from just the men we should have supposed it would have come from, and with the exception of three or four who, like Homer and Inness, can hardly be said to have studied in any school, the work is that of the younger men who have studied in France and Germany. The West has not sent us any prodigies, and no artist has done for any section of our country what a group of our writers did for California before the Centennial, and a younger group has done for the South more recently. The mountains of Idaho and Washington, the plains of Dakota, the rivers of Colorado have not furnished the subject for any great painting. Thomas Moran (1152) has no youthful follower. Our Absent Friends. —Among the painters of note missing from the American section are: F. E. Church, Albert Bierstadt, Wil¬ liam and James Hart, William Beard, J. H. Dolph and Thomas W. Wood, the president of the National Academy of Design. From a technical point of view, the work of none of these men would have added to the weight of the exhibition. But it is to be regretted that at least Church and Bierstadt could not have been represented. In the pioneer days of American art these men did herculean work in building the foundation upon which our younger men have erected a magnificent edifice. Had it not been for the work of the former, that of the latter would have been a lower building ; and though it may be true that this pioneer work was in a measure rough hewn, it may be said, without fear of contradiction, that it was never gross, was always refined, showing a love for nature and a respect for her. There is much in the work of the younger men that, though not lacking in technical quality, does not show refinement or good taste. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 415 To this category belong the nudes of Mr. Alexander Harrison, and the painful hospital scene by Mr. Thomas Aiken, the Zola of our art. While John La Large is represented in the painting department, it is to be regretted that, because the authorities did not make proper pro¬ visions for its exhibition, none of his stained glass is shown. Of all departments of American art that of stained glass has made the greatest stride in the world’s estimation. In Munich, Paris, and London the LaFarge glass carries all before it. THE ENGLISH EXHIBIT. Herkomer’s “Last Muster.” —Beginning in gallery 18, the largest of the British section, and turning to the right we find ‘ ‘ The Last Muster” (213), by Prof. H. Herkomer, an historical painting known to many by engravings. Herkomer was born in Bavaria, but lived most of his life in England and represents adequately a middle place in the English school, having neither the overfinish of the older men nor the impressionistic tendencies of the younger. Up to the time of the painting of this picture he was principally known as an illustrator, having drawn for the London Graphic. This subject, pensioners of the British Army attending service at the Chelsea Hos¬ pital, on account of the red coats of the soldiers was difficult to paint, but he successfully coped with the task and kept the scarlet coats “down” in color. Its subject, not always understood, is that of a veteran who has just passed away at the service, and has taken his departure in the form of tranquil sleep. He is the end figure on the second bench. The subject has sometimes been explained as being the possible last muster of all the veterans. Herkomer is represented in gallery 17 by two celebrated portraits usually known as 11 The Lady in Black” and “The Lady in White,” now entitled “Entranced” and “Miss Grant.” Herkomer’s style is his own. A portrait of this artist by his nephew, Herman G. Herkomer, is found in 216. Genre and Portraiture. —Herkomer’s “Last Muster,” and his two portraits strike the keynote of two branches of art in which the English are particularly strong—modern genre and portrait paint¬ ing. In the former, J. E. Millais is pre-eminent. His “Ornitholo¬ gist” is to childhood what “The Last Muster” is to old age. An elderly scientist, with his five children or grandchildren around him, is explaining to them the genus of a bird. It is a sweet picture. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 4X7 The children’s faces are comely and pure, the profile of the eldest being particularly girlish. If photographed or given in black and white, the undulating outline of her features, the luscious lips and the curly hair would make this acceptable as representing an ideal of girlhood. This facility in producing such types of beauty, often reproduced in mezzotint (a favorite reproduction which in its velvety aspect covers many a sin of harsh outline or jagged juxtaposition of planes) has brought the painter great renown. With his position secured, and always in demand of the market, he has been careless of learning oil painting, and we do not find in these children’s faces such examples of modeling and strength of values that we find in works like those of Herkomer. His faces are without planes, his colors are simply darker in shadow than in light, his flesh tones are white and pink; but in the sweetness of his types, the simplicity of his compositions, we have a culture which has helped to keep English art exceedingly pure. It has not become, as the French art has, vol¬ uptuous and sensuous. We thank the English for having painted the harem. Millais’ other subject, “Bubbles” (337), in room 15, is familiar to many on account of its having been reproduced in color as an advertisement for a famous soap firm. In his “Shelling Peas,” “Lingering Autumn,” “Sweet Emma Moreland,” the artistic care¬ lessness of touch and tendency to slur over the modeling, texture or “value,” is more perceptible. In two landscapes in which his individuality of style is less marked, they represent the portrayal of detail which Ruskin so vehemently pleaded for when Millais was forming his style. The public would not find in the pale color of “A Portrait Group” (361), by W. Q. Orcliardson, the same sweetness of color as in Millais. It is questionable if the ordinary spectator would recog¬ nize the flesh of the baby as really flesh and blood. But in this sole example of Orcliardson’s we find a grace and sureness of outline and tonal qualities missing in Millais. Orchardson’s refinement reminds us of the high place occupied by portraiture in England. Turning to No. 223, the portrait of the Earl of Spencer, by Frank Holl, we find a virile example. The work is dignified, sober, robust; the head strong in modeling. He is also represented by the portrait of the artists Samuel Cousins and John Tenniel. The color of the face in this latter portrait brings to mind the 418 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. division that we may make between Holl, a leading portrait painter, a man of gigantic talent, and Watts, a man of stupendous genius. The Giant Watts. —Watts’ “Browning” and “Walter Crane” satisfy but they do not force upon us the unique quality of Watts’ genius as did the portraits in the collection of his work in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art some years ago, when Browning kept company with Tennyson, Leslie Stevens, Sir Frederick Leighton, Lord Lytton, together with a galaxy of London beauties. Luckily, however, his ideal composition, “ Love and Life (486), and Love and Death” (487), in room 14, proclaim his poetical tendencies. In these Watts fairly transcends his British compeers. His color is not that of nature—he does not try to imitate the pink of the flesh, the green of grasr and the blue of sky but is rather that of poetry, selected for the sake of harmony or to express his “feeling.” He paints through the mind, not through the eye. It is not in color he is strongest. It is the grace of his line, the simplicity of his composi¬ tion. In his “Francesca and Paolo ” (488) the beauty of the line is particularly perceptible, but the death pallor in each of the figures is not calculated to make it a popular picture in an exhibition of this kind. Sir Frederick Leighton’s “Faultless Elegance.”—S ir Frederick Leighton, whose “Garden of the Hesperides (-75 Lings in the same gallery (17) with Watts' “Francesca and Paolo, occupies a middle space between such painters as Orchardson and Holl on the one hand, and Watts on the other. His portraits, as for example, “Captain Burton” (277), hanging next to “Browning,” and which is very nearly equal to the latter, may compare favorably with works of Holl and Orchardson, while in his ideal or classical themes he almost approaches Watts in composition ; in popularity he outstrips him. His painting lacks “quality” and poetic “depth.” The 1 ‘ Hesperides ’ ’ is not an unusually strong work. It has surface beauty, which attracts at first sight, but woe for this work when its author is no longer in vogue. It is eminently fitted for an exhibition picture. Its color, especially in the upper portion, is like that of the finest Majolica or Dutch tiles, or Byzantine mosaic. In the lower portion the iteration of the lines in the drapery is aggravatingly monotonous. His “Perseus and Andromeda” (276) hangs in room 15, and “ Hercules Wrestling with Death for the Body of Alcestis” (274) in room 18. These three masterpieces verify the characteriza- 4i u AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST-Scene No. 420 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. tion of Leighton’s stvle found in this character sketch : “ There is a faultless elegance in every work that has come from his hand ; every¬ where we discern his profound sense of beauty m color ; everywhere we are charmed by the ideal grace of his classic purity of form. . The ideally classical is represented in the same room by two paintings o! E. J. Poynter’s (393 and 394), refined 111 color and scholarly 111 work¬ manship, which incline one to search for similar subjects and lead us back into room 18, where we find Alma Tadema’s The Sculpture Gallery ” (59), and “ A Dedication to Bacchus ” (57)- The former is a rather large composition, the latter representing the style of the majority of this artist’s works. In both we find a love for archaeo¬ logical correctness in detail of costume and interior ornamentation. Alma Tadema was born in Holland and studied in Antwerp,, under Baron Leys. He has always been an original figure in English art, and we cannot but be thankful for the sombreness of his color, which was clearly inculcated in him by Leys, and which separates him from many another English artist who, like Waterhouse, John Collier and Val Prinsep, treat of similar subjects. Historical Subjects.—As Tadema and the men mentioned with him have made a specialty of the beautiful side of classical life, another set of English artists have made the semi-historical and the costumes of the olden times their specialty. A leader among these is Frank Dicksee ; his “ Passing of Arthur ” (149) hangs near “The Last Muster.” In this he is not mindful of correctness of costume nor details ; and lays no special emphasis on his types of characters. A handsome man, a pretty girl, may serve as his model for servant or secondary personage, or for hero or heroine, as convenience may rule. In “The Passing of Arthur” hardly two faces are visible, and the subject would not lose one whit of interest if in place of the dying knight a maiden or a man sat comfortably esconced in the shadow on a cushioned seat at the stern of the boat ; the rowers might row on and the barge still silhouette itself against the green water and the cold moonlight, giving us an equally pleasing impression, and the picture holds its own as a decorative composition. His “ Redemption of Tannhauser,’’ in gallery 14, shows us more distinct delineation of face and feature, but I fancy all will agree with me that it is yet lack¬ ing in “ type.” But Dicksee is a “ composer,” and his pictures, as compositions, w T ill always be popular. He paints as our own Long¬ fellow wrote, to please. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 421 Marcus Stone—“The Passing Cloud,” and “The Gambler’s Wife” (447 and 446), in gallery 12, and “Two’s a Company and Three’s None,” in gallery 13—is a popular darling of the English picture-buying public. His slick, clear coloring and the delicacy of his touch, not unlike our own Boughton, make his subjects partic¬ ularly adaptable for reproduction, and prints of his works hang in thousands of English and American homes. But he is not a painter of the aspects of nature. His work has no more atmosphere than a Dresden china landscape. In his choice of long-waisted gowns of a hundred years ago, and in selecting a type of English beauty as his model, he does not commit himself. Derby Day Art—Hogarth’s Memory Kept Green.— He has a better chance of some recognition from posterity than has Frith, one of the most popular of English painters for the people. The latter, in selecting costumes of the day and painting his groups entirely without artistic quality, does not produce that which can hold its own with the change of public taste. In his six story-telling groups, “The Spider and the Flies'’ (173), he openly disputes functions with the novelist, as English art since the day of Hogarth has always done. Next to these pictures hangs John Charlton s “Jubilee Procession,” which created a sensation in London recently. It is not dissimilar to Frith’s “ Derby Day,” represented at the Phila¬ delphia Centennial, art entirely of the last decade. In substituting portraits of army heroes and the aristocracy for the characters of every¬ day life, Charlton puts in his work such semi-historical material as may cause it to live beyond Frith’s, since it may have a value ten years hence, from an historical point of view, that it will not have artisticany-Anni s u After an Entomological Sale,” the portrayal of individual character is strong enough to lift the latter somew lat above Frith’s works. ,, , A r\ In gallery 13 we find P. R. Morris’ “ Sons of the Brave (346), an example of popular composition. , “The Roll Call” Art of Yesterday. -Great as the popularity of some of these recently mentioned works has bew, non® of them has equaled the celebrity of “The Roll Call,” by Elizabeth Thompson Butler. Its position as the most celebrated painting woman is only disputed by Rosa Bonheur’s Horse a ’ r _ at a time when Armitage and Frith were the painters of the day, w AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST— Scene No. 7. 422 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 423 can well imagine it was eminently satisfactory from a technical point of view. It represents the roll-call of a regiment after the Crimean war, and its purport is apparent to the dullest spectator—a very good quality for a popular painting. One cannot visit the exhibition of English art without finding such historical milestones in the march of painting interesting beyond measure. And turning from “The Roll Call” (105) to Ford Madox Brown’s “Romeo and Juliet” (286), in the same gallery, and John Linnell’s “Storm at Har¬ vest,” we come face to face with more of the products of the last decade. A Later Period. —Of a later period is the work of Seymour Lucas, who paints thinly and little more than sketches his subjects, but “The King’s Visit to St. Paul’s ” (13), with the figure of Charles I., the Duke of York and Christopher Wren (300), makes an historical subject of more than ordinary interest, as does his Louis XI., in gallery 13. Identical in style is John Pettie’s “Monmouth Pleading for His Life before James II.” The recent death of Mr. Pettie makes it necessary that three other of his contributions to the English section should be returned to England. Lucas and Pettie introduce more life into their historical scenes than does Sir James Linton, in whose paintings the expression in the faces of the composition called “Victo¬ rious ” are not a whit more joyous than are the solemn visages in the “ Benediction.” Modern Realism. —If we stand before “A Summer Night” (165), by S. Melton Fisher, we have a forcible object lesson on the subject of modern realism. It will be noted that the darkest shadow upon the white feather in the yellow straw hat is many tones lighter than the shadow thrown by the figure on the white table cover. Viewing the picture throughout from still life up to still life, from hand to face and from hair to hat, we find a gradation of tones and an extensive gamut of ‘ ‘ values ’ ’ which is not perceptible in the paintings the blackish tones of which we associate with the so-called old masters. This picture was painted in 1892, and its qualities are such as are found in more or less degree in most of the paintings by the younger school of English artists. The realism of the painting and the truth of its “ values ” does not necessarily make it a great or good painting, nor even one of the forcible examples of modern art. Realism does not make good art, or else our oil paintings would 424 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. be relegated to the cellar and the wax-works of Madame Tussaud and the Eden Musee would be set up in our art galleries. Lack of space prevents further consideration of many good works. We can only add to this list the names La Tangue, Furse, Shannon, Solomon, Bramley, Wortley, and among the water colorists Henshall, Gow, Dodd, Hague, Allen, Moore, Gotch, Parsons, Fripp, Rainey, Macallum, Whitely. Representative of the unclouded quality of English art and out¬ stripping the French in sentiment are “Mignon” (461), by W. R. Symons ; “Requiescat” (411), by Briton Reviere ; “Eve” (330), by Mrs. Anna Lea Merritt ; “ Mater Triumphales” (459), by Mrs. Annie L. Swaynuerton, and Mrs. Louise Jopling-Rowe’s “ Dear Lady Disdain” (249). Associating the names of Constable and Turner with English art, we expect to find it strong in landscapes. It is fairly so. Vicat Cole is represented by several fine specimens. Yeend King, like Alfred Parsons, whom we all know so well, paints the cold green and gray of English landscape with the anti-Constable effects that are so pleasing. In the absence of Whistler, seen in the American section, and Tissot in the French, had Alma Tadema been taken away from the English section the loss would have been still greater, and we are glad to say that F. D. Millet (Mr. Millet is also represented in the American section), George H. Boughton and Mrs. Anna Lea Merritt add to the richness of the collection. In sculpture England has little to show, but much of that is good. Thornycroft’s “Mower” is graceful in every line. Onslow Ford’s “Henry Irving as Hamlet,” Leighton’s “The Sluggard,” and Swan’s Barye-like animals are all sterling. Canada. —The technical standard of the Canadian exhibit is not far behind the English, though, of course, its small size practically precludes its containing a single masterpiece ; but a uniform excel¬ lence like this is an earnest of the formation of a school in future, just as the uniform quality of the Swedish exhibit is more to be honored for its promise than its realization. GERMANY. The Germans Paint the Commonplace. —A dozen or more of the popular German painters are millionaires. Art thrives 426 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. commercially iA Germany. Every Turnverein, every Walking, Talking, Eating, Singing verein mnst have for rts councdroom walls portraits of state, civil, or local hero. And since, after le leld Marshal Schmidt, in his epaulettes, or Band-Leader Wise wi a is brass buttons and ebony baton, or Ten-Pin Alley Inspector Schwartz with his visor cap,is hung in a councilchamber he looks lonely without company, so a few genres are bought, some Swabian pig drivers or Bavarian beer-drinkers, or strutting hussar, is purchased, together with the landscape of a duck-pond and a wind-mill or two ; and so a nucleus of an art collection is formed. And the German artist is trained to meet this patronage in very thorough schools and a national art is established, its back bone the commonplace. Important Portraits.— Of course, in an international exhibit like this we do not find the portrait of the Herr Inspector of the Goose-Pond-Wading-Verein, but national dignitaries are portrayed. His majesty the Emperor William II., is given us in many different poses. On horseback as large as life, by Schuch,( 45 4)5 no larger than your finger, standing on the prow of the Duncan Grey spearing whales, by Saltzmann (423); twice again, still in miniature, reviewing his army ; and finally very dignified, very realistically realized for us, by Koner, No. 315. Here, is a “ blauen mantel” with red lapels that harmonize well with the quite green background, every line of his face proclaims his impetuous temperament. Time may give to Leubacli’s “ Bismarck ” (33®)) n higher place than Koner’s “Wilhelm,” but it is now sober and dignified, and sets back in its frame more modestly than the Emperor. It is a woman’s work we would name for a third place among the portraits—Vilma Parlaghy, whose “ Kossuth ” (385), looks more like a kindly poet than a revolutionist. But Ibsen tells liis vocation in Professor Smith’s No. 472, where every touch of the brush is a full modern one. For such theatrical productions as the immense “ Apotheosis of William I.” (302), by Professor Kneller, the American public will have very little sympathy. The same is true of Hildebrand’s “Tullia ” (268). Beyond these portraits a few gems are Harburger’s ‘ In the Cellar,” which exemplifies how the artistic mind may treat the most vulgar subject with poetic touch. This fat German lounging between two beer barrels is not an inspiring subject, but the tonal quality THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 427 throughout the painting is equal to that of Vollon, the celebrated French still-life painter. William Thubner’s “ First Step,” in gallery 32, is a second example of refined treatment of a genre subject. A small boy is taking a glass of wine from a bottle he has just purloined from a cupboard. Vautier’s “Convalescence,” Deffregger’s “Sunday,” Hugo Konig’s “Going Home,” Knaus’ “Duel Behind the Fence,” Velten’s “Courier” represent that which is best and most refined in German art. Max’s “ Katharina Emerich ” is one of the star pictures of the exhibition. It represents this saintly woman all in white seated in her bed with white counterpane and pillow, her head bandaged, a crucifix before her, a candle burning dimly in the background. The color throughout is low in tone, mannerish, like all of Max’s work, but less yellow and brown than his “Last Token,” “The Lion’s Bride,” “Saint Cecilia,” and other of his pictures known to America. Katharina Emerich was known as the nun of Dulmen, and from her youth up was subject to trances for which she has become famous. Menzel. —From Menzel, the greatest German draughtsman, one expected a great deal, and his pencil drawings, studies of heads, hands, armor and iron work, in the gallery, together with his water colors, are not disappointing. In the former he is equal to the old masters, and no one should permit the lack of subject in these studies to deter him from examining them closely. His water colors are full of life and spirit; they are mostly in the gallery, but two are in the lower room 34, upon easels. “Unter den Linden” and “In the Thiergarten” are crowded with figures and are thoroughly illustrative. Any one who has seen “The Life of Menzel” will remember the reproductions from pencil studies made for figures to his celebrated “ Rolling Mill ” (351), “Walzwerk.” Seeing the same figures in the painting they are disappointing. Rene Reinecke is a leader among the younger illustrators of Germany, as Menzel is among the elder. His water color, “In the Waiting Room” (611), should not be missed. Among the marines and landscapes maj' be mentioned “ S. S. Paris” (443) and “A Narrow Escape” (444), by Schnars-Alguist, German Art Commissioner; Val. Ruth’s “Twilight” (422), Aug. Fink’s “Evening” (214). AUSTRIA Gives us Subject Pictures. —For a small exhibit the Austrian one will doubtless have a striking effect upon the public. Almost WV - orf 0,, n 1° U* Fy\ C ~ 7 > TUCPA UtDIxN BaBT BASKET MASSACnt rETTS KINDERGARTEN. -» Jli5 fjONOR THE ^XOR'S NEW AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST— ScEEE No. 9. 428 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 429 every canvas is an exhibition picture. There is little or no distinctive •quality in the collection. It is equally German and French. Simm, who is also represented in the German section, comes to the fore on account of his dainty and highly finished cabinets of picturesque fig¬ ures in old-time costume. “The Duet” (107) is his best. Charle- mont proves himself fairly the equal of Meissonier in his superb interiors with similar figures. His “In the Studio ” and “The Phi¬ losopher,” recently seen in the Knoedler sale in New York with other miniatures, are preferable to his large canvas “The Pages.” Brozik’s “Defenstration —Fenstersturz (the throwing from the window) — of Prague” hangs in gallery 35. It represents the Protestants who have visited the Palace of the Emperor Mathias with demands for the rescindment of certain objectionable laws, which, being denied, they are throwing the counselors Martiniz and Slavala out of the window. The picture is theatrically dramatic; the man resisting, with one foot turned at right angles to the other, gives us a Henry Irving-like pose which is very modern. The picture is unmistakably a popular one and should be judged from the painter’s point of view, which is satisfactory. The color is clear, clean, and not mannered, the drawing robust and manly. A second picture which will appeal to the public is Payer’s “Never Retreat” (“Nie Zuruck, ’’ 82), which represents the Arctic explorers, under Weyprecht. Weyprecht stands, Bible in hand, from which he has just read, and is proclaiming to his disheartened followers that they must go forward and not retreat. The color here is less satis¬ factory, but the work is not without feeling. The Austrians through¬ out show themselves good draughtsmen, and Hirschel’s “Wedding Procession ” (51), though lacking the depth and richness of an Alma Tadema, is nevertheless a scholarly bit of work. And in the mer¬ maids, in his “Prometheus,” we find graceful lines and some original composition. Makart’s “Five Senses;” Angeli’s “Portrait of Arch¬ itect Schmidt;” Brozik’s “First Communion of the Hussites,” and Deffregger’s “Children with a Dog,” are other strong works cf this collection. • HOLLAND. Gray and Tranquil. — The modern standard in American water color painting is avowedly that of Holland. To resemble Kever, Mauve, Mesday or Israels is the desideratum of our younger aquarel¬ lists. The distinguishing quality of this school is a gray tone. The 430 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Italian water color, with its bits of crude red, blue, yellow and green spotted over the paper, is the antithesis of the Dutch manner and of the Dutch feeling for ‘ 1 ensemble ’ ’ and ‘ 1 tonality. ’ ’ The water colors at the entrance of the Holland exhibit will repay careful study ; but a few moments with them and one must feel their quiescent influence. The same gray tone permeates the oils, and the impression of a cursory visit is that from this quality the pictures lose individuality,, and one is apt to carry away the impression of a pleasing, soothing influence of all the pictures, rather than a distinctive recollection of any one canvas. Transcending this generic quality, each one holding its own, are Israels’ “Alone in the World’’ (74), Mauve’s “Ploughing” (hi), Neuhuy’s “Dutch Woman and Child” (139), and Hubert Vos’ “Angelus” (178). Israels’ “Alone in the World.”— We have to thank the Dutch for probably the greatest picture of the exhibition, “ Alone in the World.” A similar subject, a mourner by the bedside of a departed dear one, has been done over and over again. Almost the identical subject is found in the German department in J'lieod. Hummel’s “The Deathbed of the Mother” (281). But as was the case in Millet’s “Angelus,” the great painter need not select a new subject in order to produce a masterpiece. Millet’s “Angelus” had thousands of prototypes. Again, a subject need not be forced in order to be a great accomplishment. Simplicity itself makes up this great picture of a poor Dutch widower seated beside the bedside of his departed wife, his hands upon his knees, his head drooping as he tries to collect his shattered thoughts and realize his situation. There is no dramatic contortion of his muscles as in the Frenchman Beraud s “Descent from the Cross” (306); the eyes do not stare, the jaw does not drop. The figure lying on the bed is at first sight a trifle repul¬ sive in the colorless hue of her face, but after a while we get used to this, and the whole picture takes one harmonious hue to the eye. The same simplicity makes Neuhuys’ “Woman and Child” a beau¬ tiful tribute to motherhood, as Mauve’s “Ploughman” to husbandry. Vos’ pastel portrait of H. M. the girl “Queen o f Holland” (175) is a charming example of child portraiture. SWEDEN. Artistic to her Finger Tips, an Harmonious Exhibit. The exhibit which makes the most pleasing impression upon the 432 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. visitor is that of Sweden. The number of contributors is limited they seem to belong to the younger school and are m harmony with one another, so that a striking unity is prevalent throughout the gal¬ leries The younger school seems to have been influenced by biench impressionism, though only in a few cases have the artists gone to the extreme. Mr. Zorn, who is slightly known in New York because of his exhibit with the Etching Club, is technically a young master. In his etchings in the gallery his best side is seen a sureness of line telling throughout his work. In his paintings he has ^ values well under control; the scene in an “Omnibus (137), and The Ba (140) are a trifle blackish, but his Arcadian “Forest Study (143), a nude' nymph, is a triumph of technical accomplishment. However, in this figure, and in the girl bathing at “Sunset” (144), he displays a woeful lack of taste. It seems as though it were a waste of energy to learn to paint so well if one is going to select so repulsive a sub¬ ject. Bruno Liljefors seems to be the Winslow Homer of Sweden. His “Bird Hunting” and “Foxes” and other studies of animals remind us of that American master. A woman here, as in the Ger¬ man exhibit, holds her own with a strong portrait, “Mr. H. F.” (38), by Eva Bonnier. Count Prof. G. von Rosen, Carl Larsson, E. Chad¬ wick, R. Thegerstrom, O. Hermelin, O. Bjorck and W. Behm are all strong men. TH15 FRF.NOH Show a Few Important Portraits.— In the French exhibit, Bonnat’s “Cardinal Lavigerie” holds an analogous position to Koner’s “Emperor Wilhelm,” and Holl’s “Earl Spencer.” If the same qualifications were requisite in a painting as are in modern gun¬ making, Bonnat’s portrait would be the Krupp of the art exhibit, on account of its carrying power. Were it hung at one end of the Plais- ance, it could be seen at the other. The red, which in Koner’s “ William,” was relegated to two small triangles on his gray mantle, predominates the entire Eavigerie portrait. The same artist’s “ Renan” is flat and “ cut out ” despite the rotundity of the subject. Both these portraits are in room 55. The German section would imply that the artists of that country do not drink a health “to the ladies.” Ungallant Teutons, note how your Gallic brother stands up for the fair sex, and paints her on all occasions. He depicts her with drapery high upon her shoulders, about her neck and up to her chin (Carolus Duran), and he portrays THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 433 her without drapery about her chin, or much over her shoulder, vide Courtois’ “Madame Guateau ! ” Who but a Frenchman could give us this bit of imprudence so prudently. The same artist’s “A For¬ tunate One” may challenge comparison with Max’s “ Katharina Emerich.” To Bonnat, Duran and Courtois add Gervex, Yvon—his portrait of President Carnot (730), with a frame bedecked with plush and gold fringe, hangs in gallery 56—Henner (“Portrait of my Brother”), the miniature portraits of Weerts (720 and 721), and “Antonin Promst” (469), by Friant, and you have all there is of important portraiture in the French department. Historical Painting at a Low Level. —In historical work the French simply drop to the lowest level. From Albert Maignan we expected something of importance, but his “William the Con¬ queror” (581) is simply an unsuccessful sketch. In room 53 Benja¬ min Constant’s “Triumph of Columbus” (301) is important in name only ; it is simply lay figures supporting rich draperies. Nor is J. P. Laurens’ “Columbus before Isabella” (545) in room 56, much more valuable. Chartran’s much talked of “Pope Leo XIII.” (378), por¬ trayed in an explosion of currant jelly, is louder than Lenbach’s “Leo,” in the German section, but not as refined. Of Rochegrosse we expected something stronger than “The Spoils” (663). Leher- mite’s sober pastoral (568), is a satisfactory foil to Rosset-Granger’s “Flotsam and Jetsam,” the purple figure of a dead girl on a sea beach, one of many of the tasteless examples of French painting, most amply represented in room 57, where we find the prototypes ‘ ‘ en gros ” of Harrison’s and Zorn’s Arcadian scenes. Delort’s “ Capture of the Dutch Fleet in the Texel by the Hussars of the Republic, 1793,” is every inch picturesque, and we study it with great relief, together with a few good landscapes in this room, turning from Fourie’s gross “Sunshine” (461), Collin’s and Lamy’s cheap ideals. We have not Rosa Bonheur’s “Horse Fair” to compare with Mrs. Butler’s “Roll Call,” but in room 56 is her “King of the Forest ” ( 3 2 7 )) looking a little old-fashioned, but serious and painstaking, showing a true love for animal life. In the same room is Bouguereau’s well known “Wasp’s Nest” of Cupids (339). Tissot’s four story¬ telling pictures, “The Prodigal Son” (703), shine like crown jewels among the paste finery of the French exhibit. Modern French sculpture is represented in the east and west courts of the Fine Arts Building by Bartholdi’s “Washington and 28 tWO CENTLEMEN THOM GRAND RAPIDS. MJCH. LOOKING TOW FRIENDS. ROME WILD INDIANA SPORTS. FROM CTICA. N. Y.-SMW TV NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST— Scene No. ii. 434 THE CO LIMB IAN EXPOSITION. 435 La Fayette,” Cain’s “Eagle and Vultures,” “The First Funeral,” by Barrias, and Rodin's “Burgess of Calais” (132). Falguiere’s “Diana” and “ Diana Shooting” (45 and 44) are familiar from stat¬ uettes. In the rotunda of the East Pavilion are plaster models of “Faith” and “ Charity ’’—parts of the monument to General Oriciere, by Paul Dubois, which were shown at the Paris Exposition of 1878. ’ JAN VAN BEERS, THE PRIDE OF BELGIUM. Belgium is weakly represented with the exception of Jan van Beers. If you are sitting in a room across which you may look, and your father or brother is sitting at the other end of it, if you will’hold up a book at arm's length you will notice that its height and breadth will, in all probability, cover his figure, and doubtless you will agree that, seeing him at that distance, you do not lose any of his charac¬ teristics. Upon this principle van Beers paints his miniature portraits. None of them are over eight or ten inches high. He has one life-size portrait of Mrs. Yerkes, and by comparing it with the smaller ones of Mrs. Potter and Ada Rehau it will be seen that the latter give all that the former gives. DENMARK, NORWAY AND JAPAN WEAK. Denmark, Norway, Spain and Italy and Japan make a very poor showing. In Denmark’s exhibit are examples of Frolich, president of the Danish Art Association; a fine portrait of Frolich, by Paulsen; an historic picture, “Griffinfeldt as a Prisoner at Munkholm, Teach¬ ing Two Little Boys,” by Matthiesen, Danish Commissioner of Art to the Fair, and some fine cattle by Mols. Three portraits by Boldini are found in the Italian exhibit that show cleverness of touch. Some romantic scenes by Moreno-Carbonero, well drawn, are in t e Spanish exhibit. In Norway’s gallery Eilif Peterson’s portrait of lexander Kielland (86) is full of character. Glide’s “ Ibsen ” (33) is not equal to Schimdt’s in the German exhibit. The pastels “Behind t e Mills (120) and “Winter at Christiana” (121), by Fritz Thaulow, are superb. Japan has nothing new to show, nor any precious antiques. OUTSIDE OF THE ART BUILDING. In addition to the paintings in the Art Palace, there are as well, m the Woman s Building, a collection of works done by the gentle sex, 436 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION rinses, " 1 ss : f f £ S°MoTt the Iltoois Building is a,so highly creditable. Less famous ate the panel, by — in the Pennsylvama Bmldmg. THE BUILDINGS. The character o,^^ St d tru e r^rJn„‘them. They are white and brilliant. If Hop. portray them. The Peristyle is certainly a dream. Mrs. MacMon- SS Fountain seems too short lengthwise and somewhat overdone Taction However much the Greeks may have painted or gilded heir statues, the American people are not yet ready for chrys- elephantine statuary, and French’s “Republic” looks less chaste and Shed in her golden robes than she did in the large photograph exhibited at the New York Architectural League last winter. She also seems to be placed too low. Among the buildings that are thought to be failures are the Government Building, the Transportation Budd¬ ing Illinois and Indiana State buildings ; but on the whole the build¬ ings are very satisfactory models of the classical m architecture and, considering the haste and economy with which they were erected, are Tdv herculean accomplishments. This haste should be taken into consideration when viewing the decorations of the Liberai Arts Bui - ing by Beckwith, Shirlaw, Earl, MacEwen, Melchers, Reinhart Cox Weir, Simmons, Blashfield and Millet; the last three seem to my mind to have been most happy in their accomplishments. I • Melchers has been least successful, though his failure is not asgig- tic as Mr. Dodge’s idiotic performance on the dome of the Admims tration Building. On the exterior of the Agricultural Building ay- nard has imitated Pompeiian decorations with novel effec , composition representing the Seasons. A PERMANENT BENEFIT. Finally, when this caravansary of five months’ domicile will hare folded its tents and stolen away, or to be more literal, shed its crus a •433 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. t ion of staff, the influence of the art exh.b.t, at least, will not have ceased but will have widened the homo, of our appreciation or what is beautiful in painting and statuary, and have added greater catholicity to our taste. from distant lands. Several of the foreign nations and colonies not yet old enough to be advanced in the arts made their only or chief World s Fair exhibits in the agricultural building Of these Algeria Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, and Liberia are of great interest; they are worthy of more attention than they receive from he casual visitor. A description of their wonders will therefore not be out of place, as well as a brief mention of others of the exhibits of foreign nations in this building. . Algeria is a French colony, but it has been given a distinct place and large space in the agricultural building. The most prominent object in the exhibit is what is called the Moorish room, which is a reproduction of an apartment in the palace of the governor at Algiers. Inclosed by Moorish arches, in imitation of marble, is a central court. The office of Mr. Monteils, the commissioner from the colony, is situated at one of the corners, the rest of the space being devoted to a display of the products and art works of the country. Pictures by native artists hang on the walls, showing the four seasons in Algeria, a street scene in Algiers and other subjects. A fine cabinet in native woods is shown, tobacco, manufactured and natural, and specimens of the ramiee, a variety of reed from which fine fibrous material is made. Woods of the country are exhibited in the form of thin sections bound in volumes, resembling books. There is a fine Arabian mirror, the frame of which was carved with a knife by a native artist, and other specimens of wood carving. ALGERIAN CORK. In the main department of the exhibit, a great display of cork is made. The trunk of a tree is shown, the rough bark in bales, and manufactured corks. Sheet cork for hat linings is shown, and thicker leaves fo^ insoles for shoes. There are 1,200,000 acres in Algeria covered with cork trees, which will be in full production in five or six years, when the crop will be enormous. Algerian cork is equal to that of Spain, it is asserted. Growth of the tree is limited THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 439 to lands in the Mediterranean basin. There are 260,000 French people in Algeria, the same number of persons of other nations, and 3,500,000 natives. A curious product of the country is alfa, a fibrous grass from which ropes are made. It pulps readily, and fine paper is made, much of which is exported to England. As evidencing the importance of Algeria’s commerce, goat skins to the value of $300,000 were exported to the United States in 1892. This industry is of recent growth, as, four years ago, none were exported. Wool is another important product, while the grain of the colony is of superior quality. CAPE COLONY. That Cape Colony is worthy of more than a glance is proved by the fact that its population is 1,527,224 ; its total of exports in 1892 amounted to £11,116,231 ; its wool clip for the same year was of the value of £2,264,489, while ostrich feathers valued at £468,221 were marketed. The exhibit is of limited size, but the space is crowded with objects illustrative of the products of the colony. Ostriches, their plumes and eggs are shown, the display being of stuffed birds, selected plumes in cases, and eggs in boxes and crates. Wool is one of the most valuable products of the country. I he sheep were imported from Spain. The Angora goat thrives in this climate, and its long and silky hair is a valuable product, bringing thirty-four cents per pound in London. Selected skins are shown. Wool is shown in bales, fleeces, and hides A stuffed specimen of the fat¬ tailed sheep is exhibited. The skin of the tail tanned, is now in demand by glove manufacturers. Other products exhibited are raisins and currants, wheat, wines, and brandies, gum arabic, and ivory. Of the latter, it is related that the smaller tusks are more valuable, when sold by the pound, than the larger specimens.. One great tusk is shown that is worth $6 per pound. Its weight is 137 pounds. Curiosities of the Kaffirs are exhibited, including weapons and articles of dress, while various articles of Malay make are shown. AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. New South Wales fairly revels in wool in its exhibit. It is no more than natural the colony should take pride in its great product, for the value of the clip of 331,886,720 pounds for 1891 was £ 55 j" 180,090. In the pavilion are pyramids of wool, arches of wool, an an educational exhibit of the various staples arranged in cases. The British Building. SILVER STATUE OF COLEMDC3. Columbian Guards on Duty. STATUE OF A GREAT NORMAN DRAGGHT-HOBSE. AT THE FAIR WITH OUR ARTIST — Scene; No. 13 . wMS^m yj \4 \ jm SLI / * IfcP kki - THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 441 There are pictures of sheep and sheep stations, or ranches as they would be called in this country, and wool wagons. Victoria has some wool to spare, and that the people of the world may know it, a fine exhibit is made adjoining that of the sister Australian colony. Ceylon’s pavilion is well patronized, for tea is there converted into a beverage. Natives serve it and expatiate upon the merits ol the product. Plumbago is shown in a case, and cocoanut products are displayed. Native woods are to be seen, products of cocoa fiber, a model tea plantation, and an irrigation machine, and various agricultural impliments. LIBERIA’S CURIOUS PRODUCTS. In the northwest corner of the building are grouped a number of exhibits that contain many interesting features. Liberia, which bears the distinction of being the only Christian negro state in Africa, displays palm oil, cocoanuts and fiber, cocoa and coffee. The country produces gold and rubber, citrons and other fruits. Coffee, however, is the great staple. The principal exports are palm oil, palm kernels, coffee, camwood, cocoa, ivory and rubber. On July 26 Liberia day was celebrated at the World’s Fair in commemo¬ ration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the independence of the Liberian government and the establishment of its capital at Monrovia. In the exhibit are many interesting objects used by the native Mandingoes. Among them are weapons, leather and rattan ware, -musical instruments, and worship heads. A curious mask is shown. The products of the country are also exhibited in various form. Bundles of fiber are shown, coffee and cotton, dyestuffs, palm oil, and ivory. The attraction of the Uruguay exhibit is a pavilion where a couple of girls who are not products of the country dispense beef tea all day long. Quebec shows grains, while Ontario make an attractive display of various products. Germany, among other things, shows mineral waters, while Austria makes a specialty of a similar product. Great things will be done by the Brazilian government. The Orange Free State, of South Africa, displays its products attractively. The West Indies are well represented. Trinidad displays cocoa- nuts and sugar-cane products, hemp, and tobacco. Birds of the country are shown. Exhibits from Cuba, Porto Rico, the Phillipine islands, and Spain are grouped together. Tobacco is splendidly 442 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. displayed in its native state and manufactured. Hemp and native wool v are to be seen, the latter artistically worked up into a map of Spain Curacoa shows salt, fish nets, nuts, and woods. Figures of natives stand at either side of the entrance. Mexico’s exhibit is of the educational interest chiefly. Tobacco, wines and liquors, and sugar are shown. Russia displays her grain in great bowls. ECUADOR’S FINE EXHIBIT. The government of Ecuador made a most complete exhibit. Products of lesser import were shown as well as those of commercial importance. This little South American State almost literally sends coals to Newcastle, for petroleum is shown in the land of its greatest production. If Ecuador is not self-sufficing it certainly means to be, for the art works exhibited include porcelain, tapestry, and oil paintings, besides wood and vegetable ivory carvings. Preserved carefully in a case is one of the most unique art works exhibited at the Fair. It is a wood carving, representing a human skull. So skillfully is the work executed that the beholder can scarcely credit the statement that the object is not an actual skull. It is the work of a native artist, and is truly wonderful in its fidelity to nature. Paper knives are shown carved from vegetable ivory and a little chess board, and miniature chess men, each little more than an eighth of an inch high. Of manufactures Ecuador shows leather, boots and shoes, fine hats, cloth and clothing, saddlery and even tinware. Coffee, tobacco, sugar, cocoa and the 500 different woods of the country are the chief exports. Wheat, com, barley and rice are other products of the soil. Tobacco is raised also, and beer is brewed, which is exported. Implements of the aboriginal Incas are shown, as well as costumes of modern Indians. Colonel M. N. Arizaga, commissioner, and J. G. Perez, secretary, placed the exhibit in order. It is one of the most interesting displays in the building. The British Guiana pavilion is crowded with a multiplicity of curious objects. Woods of the tropics, minerals, stuffed birds and fishes, beautiful feather work in fans, and straw-work were displayed. A crowd is usually gathered about a stuffed vampire bat that is hung on the north wall. Siam shows native agricultural implements, starch and preserved fruits, among other things. The Malayan exhibit is curiously arranged, being inclosed in a palisade. A native 444 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. house is shown, elevated on stilts. Matting, ivory and tiger skins are displayed. SWEDEN AND HOLLAND. A number of small exhibits are grouped together at the extreme eastern end of the building north of the main aisle. Sweden shows, among other things, paper, wine, agricultural implements, and fish products. The Holland exhibit is chiefly of liquors and chocolate and cocoa. Denmark’s pavilion is enclosed within a paling, on which, forming panels, are hung pictures illustrative of the people of the country and scenery, etc. Within are shown the various pro¬ ducts of the nation. Of special interest is a collection of Dutch shoes and boots. Some are wholly of leather, others being of wood and leather combined. France makes a special display of agricultural products on a side aisle at the eastern end of the building. Grains, grasses, and roots are shown with colored plates illustrating the flora of the country. The beet sugar industry is given prominence. The fodder plants that have become popular in America within the past few years are also shown. Many of the houses that preserve food products have made exhibits. Canned goods, chocolate, and beet sugar are shown among other things. JAPAN’S EXHIBIT. At the extreme western end of the building, on the main aisle, is located the exhibit of Japan. This progressive nation, the art pro¬ ducts of which are to be seen in various places throughout the grounds of the Exposition, has made a splendid display of agricul¬ tural products. Tea, rice and wines are the staples. Of rice the product from 1882 to 1891 amounted to 180,271,475 bushels. It is shown in jars and other packages. One of its products, rice wine or brandy, is attractively displayed. Hemp is shown, and fabrics made from its fiber, as fine in texture as soft linen. Straw, native and plaited, and rush matting are shown. Tobacco, in leaves or manu¬ factured ; wax made from berries, and cocoons of the silk-worm are shown. A curious product of Japan is a superior quality of paper made from the bark of trees. Fine wall paper is made from this material and stout wrapping-paper, not to mention higher grades. Starch and wheat products, including vermicelli, are shown. There is a case containing specimens of the birds of the nation, while in a THE COLTMBIAN EXPOSITION. 445 special case is shown a specimen of the long-tailed fowl of Japan. The name is not a misnomer as the tail is eleven feet long. Japanese tea is being well advertised at the World’s Fair. The exhibit in the agricultural building is perhaps the best, for it came direct from the government. CORE’S BRONZE VASE. The bronzes of France are considered as being among the finest art works exhibited at the World’s Fair, and the greatest of them is the Dore vase. Simple figures are shown that are better examples of skill in modeling, while in some of the groups, notably that of the Defenders of the Flag, the figures show as being more perfect in minute detail when examined with microscopic precision ; but the Dore vase is a truly great art work, a mighty composition, in which detail is subordinated to general effect and the minutiae of form sac¬ rificed where necessary that the eye may grasp figures as related to one another, rather than as solitary instances of patient craftmanship. This is not to say that the work was slighted, purposely or otherwise, but, rather, that the treatment is broad in comparison with that of other good artists of France, who have polished the very creases of a smile in some of their marvelous life-like statuettes. When one speaks of a vase the inference is that a table ornament is meant. This vase, however, is 13 feet high, 7 feet in diameter and weighs nearly three tons, while its value in France is $20,000. If sold to remain in this country, this will be increased by the amount of the duty. Large as is the vase, its lines are of such grace that its size is never clearly apparent at a distance. The vase is to be seen in the French section in the Liberal Arts Building. It has been given fine position, the location being just south of the display of Gobelin tapestries and Sevres wares, in the central court of the exhibit. DESCRIPTION OF THE VASE. The vase has been named “The Poem of the Vine, its decora tions being symbolical of its title. On a broad base rests the x> > of the vase, which is globular, receding with a gentle curve to t le narrow neck. Hundreds of figures showing joyous beings surroun the base, body and lip of the vase, while the vine twines in and out, its persistency being marked while not obtrusive. On either si e 1 e vine is wreathed to form a chaplet. At the left Bacchus, wit eac THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 447 arm around a cupid, holds aloft a cup. To the right Venus is teach¬ ing a cupid the use of the bow and arrow. Elsewhere are to be seen satyrs and bacchantes. But cupids are everywhere. Baby faces peer from the vine leaves, and frolic in the depths of the vase. A lizard causes consternation among some frolicsome youngsters. Others are playing with beetles, flies, bees and butterflies. A snake has attractions for some of the infants, while others content themselves with watching the efforts of their companions. With all this wealth of detail the work is not overcrowded. At a distance the effect is of simplicity. It is only when close inspection is made that the wonderful imaginative powers of the artist are made apparent. As with all others of his greater creations, Dore’s style is indeli¬ bly stamped on this work. No other artist of his time could have achieved it. A LABOR OF LOVE. Dore himself would not have been equal to the task had it not been a labor of love. It is related that this, one of the last great works of the master, was the subject of his almost constant care for many months. Besides the toil and anxiety, it is estimated that the vase cost Dore what is equivalent to $12,000. Its present value of $20,000 is, therefore, not to be held as excessive. The vase was modeled in time for display at the Paris Exposition of 1878. Singular lack of appreciation was shown by the judges, for no award was made by the government, although works of inferior merit were recognized. Shortly after the close of the Exposition the casting in bronze was made. In 1883 the artist died. Gustave Dore was born in Strasburg in 1833. At an early age his predilection to art was made manifest. His first lithographs were published when he was only 11 years old. In the following year he went to Paris with his father, where his studies were con¬ tinued. In 1848 he published his first series of sketches. When he was 20 years old he commenced the exhibition of oil paintings, while in 1854 he illustrated the works of Rabelais. The decoration of the Cross of the Legion of Honor was awarded him in 1861. Until the close of his life he worked indefatigably. The total num¬ ber of his drawings and sketchings is variously estimated at from 45,000 to 50,000. Of the many works illustrated by Dore the most 448 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. dUU A-'Wii - wonderful excellence. WOllQclIUi cXLCIiCiH-c. T\/r*l4- > (( T> i- In 1865 were published the illustrations to Milton’s Paradise Lost.” Later he completed sketches and paintings on biblical sub¬ jects. Of his many fine paintings in oils “Two Mothers,” “Alsa¬ tian Woman” and “A Mountebank with a Stolen Child, are held in high esteem. Dore’s work is known wherever books have pene¬ trated The aim of his vigorous style, his imaginative powers dis¬ played in picturing scenes that men of less courage fear to think about, and his facility in many departments of art, all entered into the composition of a remarkable mind. IRISH ART METAL. WORK. Prominent among the exhibits at the Fair is that of Irish art metal work. An elaborate display is made not only in Blarney castle, but in the Manufactures Building. It has characteristics distinctly its own. Modern design has nothing in common with it, and all the exhibits are reproductions of relics found in ruins or preserved care¬ fully in some of the monasterial institutions of the country. Each piece has a history, and each forms a link in the history of the island. The original relics are nearly all deposited in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy with the understanding that they are never to leave Ireland. To bring them here was out of the question, and Edmund Johnson, F. R. S. A., of Dublin, after long and arduous labor, reproduced them and placed them on exhibition at the Fair. Prominent in the collection is the bell of St. Patrick. It is the most authentic and the oldest Irish relic of Christian metal work. It possesses the merit of having an unbroken history through 1,400 years. From the beginning it has had a special keeper, its custody being continued in the same family. I11 shape it is quadrilateral, and is formed of two plates of sheet-iron, which are bent so as to meet, and are fastened together by large-headed iron rivets. One of the plates constitutes the face, the crown and the upper third of the back, as well as the adjacent portion of each side, being doubled over at the top and descending to meet the smaller plate, which overlaps it at the juncture. The rivets were put in at a later period than its 450 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. , * The eckres in the original were held together by the manufacture. S and over the surface, giving a metal fusion of bronze into t j g than the bell has to-day. The solidity whic secl J^ c .^ , projecting spikes to holes on the ridge of “il'lnd Set secured on the outside by the bronze attachments the bell, ana i bell is incased in metal formed in the °l " S "“bill JJ a richly adorned with gold and precious stones, but SS onSmon here is like the bell proper. It does not we.gh q " ite N. V ' t rp”oHari.y and in familiarity comes the celebrated Tara brooch Miss Edith Robinson, who is in charge of the exhibi in Blarney Castle, has made a careful study of Irrsh anUqmtres and !Ss that it is one of the very earliest specimens of Irish art ever discovered In form it is an uneven circle, two and a half inches n diamrter through which runs a long, heavy-headed pm or spike. ThtMnetal of which it is composed is formed of copperand tin and is Jailed white bronze. The face of the brooch IS overtoil with orna- mentaJpattems, like those found in the early Irish .nominated man- JscXts requires a powerful lens to see the beauty of the work There are seventy-six varieties of designs. The delicate tracing of Jhe inlaid work is something to be wondered at Antiquarians declare that no other nations of that period turned out such work except those of the Byzantine period, and it is through! probable that some of the workmen from that earl, art center accompanied St Patrick to Ireland when he was sent as a missionary by Pope Celestine A. D. 432 - In “rtain places on the brooch are inserte circular pieces of amber and gold rosettes. These are riveted through the brooch from each side. f The discovery of the brooch is a story of itself. In the autumn ot 18 co a poor woman offered it for sale to the proprietor of an old iron shop in Drogheda. She said that her children had picked it up by the sea The iron shop man would not purchase it. After some difficulty the woman sold it to the town watchmaker, who disposed of it in London for as many pounds sterling as he gave pence lor m It was finally purchased for /200 by the Royal Irish Academy, and will never be allowed to leave Ireland. Reproductions of many other rare and peculiar articles aie shown. In brooches there is the Kilkenny, made of white meta , which was found by a laborer in the subsoil of the field, an a es THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 451 from 1050 ; the Dalriada, which is considered to be more ancient than the Tara and many others. The cross of Cong, which is shown, is a beautiful piece of early artistic work. It is a processional cross, and the original was made for the church of Tarim, the seat of the Archbishopric of Connaught, and for Muirdach O’Duffy, who died in 1150. It was made to enshrine a portion of the true cross during the reign of Turlough O’Connor, king of Erin. The inscription on the side give his name and the name of the maker, Maeljusu MacBratdan O’Echan. The shaft of the cross is 2 feet 6 inches high ; the span of the arms 1 foot 6 % inches, and it is 1^ inches thick. It is made of gold, silver, bronze enamel, neillo work and jewels. On the face at the junction of the arms is a boss, surmounted by a convex crystal. Thirteen jewels remain of the eighteen which were placed at regular intervals along the face of the shaft and arms, and spaces are shown for nine others which originally ran down the center. Only two remain of four settings which surrounded the boss. The bottom of the shaft is a grotesque head of an animal. Attached to this head is an elaborately ornamented ball, just over a socket in which was placed a pole to carry it. The cross was placed in the abbey of Cong by King Roderick O’Connor, the last monarch of Ireland. It was concealed at the time of the reformation, and was found early in the present century in an oak chest in the village and placed in the museum. The collection also embraces the shrine of St. Patrick’s tooth, which he is believed to have dropped on the door-sill of old St. Brons’ church of Killaspugbrone, and the shrines which held his hand and his gospels. The utmost care has been displayed in the reproductions. They are shown in duplicate in the British section of the manufactures building and in the Blarney castle village. SHOE AND LEATHER INDUSTRY AT THE FAIR. Prepared hides and skins in hundreds of varieties can be found in the shoe and leather building on the lake shore just west of the Krupp gun exhibit. The shoe and leather industry is one of the most important of this country, but before the World’s Fair manu¬ facturers have never united in making an especial display of the end- THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 453 less list of useful articles which are made from the tanned skins of animals. Every effort has been made to trace the evolution of the shoe. On the walls of the northern portion of the building is a collection of pictures. Each is the likeness of the footwear of the ancient. There are plain pieces of hide fastened to the foot with a thong of leather, and boots thousands of years old which do not differ materially from those worn by the artisans of to-day. On the main floor of the building are the displays of the leather industry. There are handsome cases filled with shoes and slippers, which cause those who delight in natty footwear to linger and examine the displays. But for the curiosity-seeker a long glass case, which extends nearly around the building, has the greatest attrac¬ tion. Heads of great shoe firms seem to have their fads, the same as stamp or autograph collectors. Their fancy, however, runs to shoes. The more outlandish the design and the more strikingly colored the material, the better is the shoe-collector satisfied. It is in the large glass case that the manufacturers of modern shoes have placed their oddities in footwear until there is formed an international congress of footwear. Shoes like those worn by the donkey-drivers on Midway Plaisance have found a place in the collection, and their plain red-leather uppers with the pointed toes form a strong contrast with the elaborately embroidered and bespangled sandals from Agra, India. Then there are straw sandals no longer than a baby’s slipper, which come from Kioto, Japan, where the young ladies wear them, and flat cloth shoes with no soles and heels which protect the upper part of the feet of the water-carriers of Alexandria, Egypt. There are shoes for all kinds of weather. Wooden clogs, with stilts attached, worn by Japanese tea-pickers in rainy weather, and straw mats worn on the feet of the natives of Bhotean, India, w en the sun heats the pavements up to a blistering temperature. From Switzerland come the shoes used by the glacier-chin ers. They are made of heavy, solid leather, and with soles covere wit 1 spikes like those of a base-ball player. Then there are canvas slippers with soles made of rope from Uraguay, and Russian oots, all wrinkled about the legs, and with wooden soles. Spain is represented by dainty satin slippers embroi ere gold and silver, and with fine kid shoes with tremendous y ig 454 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. heels. France also exhibits some of the footwear worn by famous fops of the last century, while a pair of boots purchased by Prince Shouisski of Russia, in Paris, for 3,000 francs have a section of the case all to themselves. The foot is of white undressed kid, the boot legs of white velvet embroidered with gold, while precious stones glitter in the open places of the uppers. There are hundreds of other queer designs in the case which have been collected from distant parts of the world. There are some curiosities in the leather business exhibited in the building. The hide of the biggest horse in the world, tanned with the hair and heavy mane and tail, is exhibited. There is a tanned walrus hide, an inch thick, and large enough to make a good sized tent. There is a pair of shoes which weigh but two ounces apiece, and which have a tinkling bell concealed in the high heel. Leather for decorative purposes has an important place in the display. There are tanned snake skins, alligator hides and morocco leather in this department of the exhibit, while some manufactured goods are shown. There are specimens of leather tanned by all kinds of processes, and pieces of hide which have lain in the vat for years. Then there are leather dressings, pyramids of French polish and stacks of blacking which needs the expenditure of elbow grease to make it shine. In the gallery the machinery is buzzing and humming. In one exhibit, young women in black dresses with broad white collars make shoes while you wait. One can watch the piece of leather from the time it is cut out of the hide until the last girl puts the bottom on it and hands out a completed shoe for inspection. The gallery contains specimens of all the complex machinery used in the manufacture of shoes. WOMEN IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE. Some idea of women’s share in the writing of books may be gained in the library of the woman’s building, where 7,000 volumes are shown. An inscription over the door which reads “ Contributed by the State of New York ” is misleading, for, although the women of the Empire state decorated and furnished the room, nearly every state in the Union and several foreign countries contributed to the library and its interesting accessories. The function of the library is almost self-evident to those who •155 LEON AS IT NOW IS. 456 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. pass before the well-stocked shelves and read the names of the writers. Not a man’s name appears ; every book and manuscript has a woman for its author. The work of cataloguing the library is under way, but has not reached a point where the real value of the library as an index of women’s literary progress and strength will be given. The 7,000 volumes are not the works of 7,000 women, for in some cases three or four books by the same writer are shown, and duplication is apparent in the collections made by states. In the formative days of the library every state was requested to send in the works of its women authors. This request was construed in several ways. Some states construed it as only “ native ” writers, and sent only works of women born in the respective states. Others construed it to mean “native and adopted.” Still others, notably New York, put such a broad construction upon the request that it sent 2,500 volumes written by women born in the state and still living there ; natives of the state who live and write in other states, and those born in other states who live and write in the state sending the books. In consequence of this elasticity of construction the same author is claimed by several states, and the same book shown in several state collections. Massachusetts drew the line sharply, and the collection from the state which claims the literary center of the country contains only the works of Massachusetts women, either by birth pr adoption. The following schedule taken from the manuscript of the cata¬ logue shows the number of books in the collections of states and foreign countries : Alabama. 64 Arkansas. I California. 9 Colorado. 46 Connecticut.111 Delaware' . 8 District of Columbia.100 Florida. 8 Georgia. 9 Illinois.loo Iowa. 2 Indiana. 1 Kansas. 3 Kentucky. 6 Louisiana. 72 Maine. 42 Maryland. 56 Massachusetts. .... 100 Michigan. 24 Minnesota. 34 Mississippi. 4 Missouri. 3 Nebraska. 20 New Hampshire. 3 New Jersey.350 New York.2500 North Carolina. 26 Ohio . 96 Oregon. 11 Pennsylvania.400 Rhode Island. 45 South Carolina. 13 Virginia . . . West Virginia . Wisconsin . . Finland France . MBIAN EXPOSITION. 457 27 Great Britain. >4 Italy. 5 Japan . 4 Peru. 350 Mexico. 3°7 Spain. I Sweden. 800 500 Turkey. These figures, of course, do not indicate the relative literary strength of the different states, but rather the energy and con¬ scientiousness of the women delegated by the different common¬ wealths to collect the books. The fact that Japanese women sent half a hundred books written by their own sex is one of the surprises of the library. Another is the library of 307 volumes written by Bohemian women ; for, although the term “ Bohemian ” covers a wide class of writers and artists, it is a revelation to the literary people of this country to see the prominence in book-making attained by the women of Bohemia. The room which contains what is conceded to be one of the most interesting and valuable exhibits in the entire Exposition is beautifully furnished and decorated. The wainscoting and cabinets of the book-shelves were formerly part of an old Flemish cathedral, a relic of the sixteenth century. The heavy oak is almost as black as ebony and is richly carved. The mantlepiece of somewhat different design is of the same period. All of the upholstered furniture in the room comes from the Associated Artists of New York, and the carved furniture is loaned by a New Yorker. The ceiling, painted on canvas by Dora Wheeler Keith, of New York, is said to be the best piece of decorative work ever done by this talented artist. Her mother, Mrs. Candace Wheeler, superintended the decorations of the woman’s building, and, borrowing the idea from the Vatican, she has placed in the center of the room a large table mirror, in which her daughter’s beautiful composition can be seen without danger of straining neck muscles. The center figures ln the paintings are Literature and Science, with Imagination between them, and the figures in the four corners, medallions, represent history, romance, music and drama. New York was given the privilege of decorating and furnishing the library, as Cincinnati was given the reception-room, California _ THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 459 the drawing-room, and New Jersey the president’s room. The women of New York more than carried out their contract, for the library is a magnificent room. Great Britain sent, in addition to books, a rare lot of manuscripts and • valuable autographs. In the south record-room connecting with the library is a large center show¬ case. In it, carefully guarded by oak frames, are several sheets of the original manuscript of George Eliot’s “Adam Bede,” Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre,” Miss Burney’s “Evelina,” “Helen,” by Maria Edgeworth, “The Watson’s,” by Jane Austen, and others. Near them is a finely bound copy of Queen Victoria’s “ More Leaves from the Journal of Life in the Highlands,” and an original manu¬ script bearing the signatures of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. On the other side of the case is the manuscript of “The Story of Tonty,” by Mary Hartwell Catherwood. Among the ancient books in this case is one published in 1656. Its title, in quaint type, with the f-shaped “s,” reads as follows’: “A Discourse of Auxiliary Beauty or Artificial Hansomenesse in point of Conscience between two Ladies.” Another is a well-preserved volume of Mrs. Latter’s “Pro and Con., or the Opinionists,” published in 1771. “ Monta- babert ” is the title of a high-strung romance by Charlotte Smith, published in 1823, with old-fashioned wood-cuts of sighing, swains and fainting maidens with long curls and wasp waists. Among the English autographs is the original of the poem writ- teiiby Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “The North and the South a letter written by Lydia Maria Child in i86r ; some letters of Fanny Burney’s to her sister, written in 1787, and a few pages of the original manuscript of Mrs. Cowdeu Clarke’s “ Concordance to Shakespeare.’’ Young Americans are instinctively drawn to Anne Whitney’s marble bust of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In a cabinet beneath the pedestal is a copy of every translation of “ Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” which, next to the Bible and Shakespeare, has been published in more languages than any other book. Some of the titles read as follows: “La Case de L’Oncle Tom,” “ La Cabane de L’Oncle Tom,” “ Oncle Tom’s Hutte,” “La Case du Pere Tom,” “ Stric Tomaz,” “La Capanna dello Zio Tom,” “ Zio Tommaso.” “Papa Tom,” and “ Neger Hut.” Yesterday John Boyd Thacher’s collection of autographic letters, with their pictures of famous women of all ages and countries, was placed in position. This is one of the best features of the library, and 460 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. was loaned by Mrs. Thacher. Perhaps the most valuable letters in the collection are from the correspondence between Queen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots. These two letters are famous in history. In one Queen Bess writes her unfortunate relative that she need not fear any violence on her part, and beautiful Mary replies that she knows the Queen will be kind and loving. One of the letters with a story is from Aaron Burr’s daughter Theodosia, who sailed away one day, and was never heard of again. Abigail Adams, wife of President John Adams, wrote a letter to her husband without dreaming that it would be read by curious people in a place she never dreamed of, and Mme. de Stael s liveliest imagi¬ nation fell short of the idea that her penned thoughts would some day be carried to a city of 1,500,000 in the wilds of America. In the collection are letters of the Countess of Huntington, the patron of Gecrge Whitfield ; Elizabeth Fry, the quakeress ; Mme. de Sevigne , Jane Porter, author of 11 Thaddeus of Warsaw ’’ and the Scottish Chiefs;” Hannah Moore, Lady Mary Wortley Montague, Jean Ingelow and hundreds of others, women known to history, romance, and poetry for years back. The collection is admirably arranged. Mrs. S. Lockwood, of Washington, D. C., is chairman of the press and library committee, which is composed of Mrs. Salisbury of Utah, Mrs. Paul of Virginia, Mrs. Briggs of Omaha, Mrs. Allen of Oregon, and Miss Cunningham of South Carolina. The cataloguing of the library is in charge of Edith Clarke, of the Newberry library, who, with three assistants, is making a classified* and biographical catalogue. Arrangements have been made to have two different librarians each month. This month Miss Caroline H. Garland of the Dover (N. H.) public library and Miss Mary L. Titcomb, of the Rutland (Vt.) public library, are in charge. Next month Miss Ellen M. Coe, librarian of the New York free circulating library, and Miss Hannah P. Jones of the Osterhout library of Wilkes Barre, Pa., will overlook the woman’s library. THE EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. One may review his entire school life in the gallery of the Manufactures Building. The educational exhibit is located there, and the visitor, no matter what direction his education has taken, can find something that will remind him of bygone days. Colleges of all kinds, schools in as large variety, are all represented with STATE OF NEW YORK, NOW ON EXHIBITION AT CHICAGO. 462 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. booths in which are displayed specimens of the pupils work. There is as wide a difference in the nature of the displays as in the character of the institutions represented. More than thirty states are represented in the American display, and ten nations have sent the handiwork of their school children for comparison and examination by the World’s Fair student. Take the primary department. Here bright-colored paper and sharp scissors occupy a prominent place. The students have made wonderful horses and wagons out of the flimsy stuff. There are neckties and pin cushions made of tissue paper of rainbow colors, the work of six-year-old tots—displays that have been pasted upon big cards and framed. Each separate exhibit of the children s skill in the use of the shears has a card attached which invariably bears an inscription like this : School Board of London Exhibit. Name of Exhibitor, Willie Ryder. Tissue-Paper Flowers. Age, 7 Years. But most of the children have not had their ability limited to paper work. There are wonderful spiders and butterflies made out of vari-colored beads, paper baskets made of pleated straw. In other portions of the exhibit are to be found piles of paper on which writing and arithmetic exercises bear the stamp of tiny fingers of unlimited patience and industry. Of course such displays are formed of the work of the best pupils in the different grades of the schools making the exhibits, but thousands of students are repre¬ sented, and the work is all excellent. In the industrial schools section much space is given to the trades taught the pupils. There are pairs of prize shoes, sets of harness and satchels and trunks made by the pupils in the leather¬ working department. The wood-workers display carvings, work in joining, inlaying and cabinet work, which would show off to advan¬ tage among the art industries on the main floor of the big building. Several industrial schools are represented, and the displays are very similar. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 463 Probably the most interesting exhibit in the educational section is that made by the different institutions for the education of the blind. A young man attends these displays. He is blind, and excites the wonder of the visitors when he walks about the pavilion and covers up the cases when the sun is shining on them or sits down to his typewriter and makes queer characters on a piece of paper which he says is the blind alphabet. In this pavilion are brooms which have been made by blind students in the industrial departments, fine crochet work and free-hand drawing where big-headed pins take the place of pencils and brass tacks are used instead of shading. Then there are charts that show how the sensitive touch of the educated blind has been developed. In the deaf and dumb display the exhibit is much the same. Here, however, are found paintings and drawings, while the methods of teaching by the language of fingers is simplified and explained. In the section devoted to schools for the feeble-minded it is shown how the poor creatu res can be so educated as to lead not only a happy but a useful life. They are taught to do all kinds of useful work. There are fifty colleges represented at the World’s Fair. All have built neat booths, and the displays range all the way from the plates showing the relative value of hay and fodder as teed for cattle from the agricultural institutions to theses written in Latin and Greek from the classical institutions. Selim H. Peabody, the chief of the liberal arts department, is not satisfied with the slight attention which is being paid the educa¬ tional exhibit. He thinks the public does not realize how close education and the future prosperity of the country go together, else there would be more persons examining the work of the different colleges and schools. He says he saw more people yesterday morn¬ ing crowding around a dime museum on Stony Island avenue than he has noticed clustered about any one of the many interesting ex¬ hibits in the educational section. FOR MANUAL TRAINING. In 1888 there died in Finland the founder and rector of a normal school, Uno Cygnaeus, the news of whose death was scarcely notice beyond the confines of his own country. Although unknown to t le world the works of Cygnaeus’ life has made a profound impression m THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 465 civilized countries, for he was the father of that practical instruction known as manual training, which is taking its conquering course through the Christian world. A student of Pistalozzi and Frae- bd he evolved a system of education whose chief points of reform consisted in introducing the objective teaching of the former and the occupations of the latter, supplementing both by manual training for more advanced grades. The principles upon which he based his system was, that education of the young must aim not at one-side intellectual training, but at the harmonious strengthening aud exer¬ cise of man’s inborn powers with constant consideration of practical aims in life. It is to Finland that the honor belongs of having recog¬ nized before all other countries the pedagogical value of manual training. In the public schools established in 1858 Cygnaeus tested the practicability of'his methods, which consisted in choosing work calculated to awaken aesthetic feeling, to develop manual dexterity, and to impart general skill. He included carpentering, the turning lathe, work in iron and basket making, and from the Normal School at Paizene, his propaganda of a new education became distributed throughout the country. The efforts of Uno Cygnaeus bore beauti¬ ful fruit in his own country. The law of 1866 made manual training obligatory in all pecuniary and normal schools. 1 he regular in- stmctor teaches it. The system was adopted in the school of tech¬ nology at St. Petersburg and other schools of Russia, with some modifications, and is known as the Russian system. The first manual training school in the United States was esta - lished in Champlain, Ill., in 1870, and at the Centennial in 1876, a diploma was given to the students of the wood-working department. For some reason the school at Champlain did not advertise the man ual training idea, and it was left for Dr. Runkle, of the sclroo o technology in Boston, to spread the news of this novel, educationa idea. In 1876, while at the Centennial, Dr. Runkle saw some exer¬ cises in metal, a simple method of teaching the rudiments of P ract1 ’ cal mechanics to boys; it was the illustration of a problem le mr long been trying to solve, and he quickly appreciated and uti izec the system. " In 1877 the mechanic art shops of the school of tec 1- nology was established, and from this center the manual training 1 has developed with great rapidity. Another phase of manual training, and a very popu ar one, > issloyd—a system of manual work in which the hand training o 30 466 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, kindergarten is continued through the intermediate schools till the child is old enough to enter the high school. The word sloyd is a Swedish word; and has no English synonym ; the idea which it em¬ braces is the training of the head and hand for educational purposes; that kind of handiwork which best stimulates head work. . It is work with the hands and simple tools. The system was originated in Naas, Sweden, through Otto Solomon, who has devoted a lifetime of faithful study to the subject. The widespread interest in the subject of industrial education, which has apparently so suddenly sprung up all over the United States, furnishes a striking instance of the man¬ ner in which a new movement, long in unnoted preparation, some¬ times displays surprising extent and power. The cases which have led to this interest in technical education had their inception in the wonderful development of resources which began to be a recognized factor in humble life some fifty years ago. The laboratory system by which scientific studies are now pursued in all the best universities and schools of technology is, in its essential methods, one with the new methods already begun and proposed in the public schools. Re¬ mote as may at first sight seem, any possible relations between the methods of the kindergartens and those followed by the investigators in the physical laboratories of Yale, Harvard, or Johns Hopkins, they are nevertheless based on the same principles. A careful analysis of the methods of instruction in industrial drawing, of the modifications and developments of this study during the past three years, and of the methods of instruction adopted in the new manual training schools, will show that they are all, both in theory and practice, based on the same general truth. The great popularity of manual training rests, in a large measure, on the educational principle that alteration of employment is a law of true mental growth, and the advocates of the training school believe the transition from moderate brain work to moderate physi¬ cal work, to be restful rather than fatiguing. By obedience to the law, securing alteration of employment before interest or force is lessened by intensity of mental application, much time in the ele¬ mentary schools now wasted, or worse than wasted on bad methods or useless studies, can be economized and given to the new studies of the kindergarten of manual training and sloyd its natural sequence. Everything in the past few years tends to press upon the atten¬ tion of the community, with ever increasing earnestness the practical scene: in midway peaisance. 468 THE COLUMBIAN EX BO SI I ION. questions of education. The early prejudices against the public schools, regarding them as public charities and a doubtful experi¬ ment has long since passed away, and now free instruction is recog¬ nized as an obligation due by the government to the public, the true policy of the State is to establish and support by public taxation, such a system of free schools as will produce the greatest benefit to the whole community, and this can be most successfully done by furnishing instruction in every department of useful knowledge. The manual training exhibit in the educational department of the Columbian Exposition leaves no room for doubt as to the attitude of the public in regard to this new feature in the school course of the youth of the United States. Manual training in some form has been demonstrated as a necessity, as an occasion of mental development that must be embraced in the curriculum of the schools, and those who control their policy are being compelled to recognize the demands of the people for a national course of instruction. Nearly every State represented has a manual training exhibit, and the special schools in the manual training group are full of interest, for those who wish to make a study of this phase of the new education. The exhibits of the special schools are along the southern aisle in the Manufactures Building ; the space is divided into sections, taste¬ fully arranged, and on the walls, tables and in the cases are arranged in systematic order the projects, drawings and articles made by the students. One of the most complete exhibits—that of the St. Louis, one of the pioneer manual training schools of the United States, established by Dr. Woodward in 1879, is a sub-department of Wash¬ ington University. None of the work exhibited, of which there is an abundant and pleasing variety, was made for the Fair ; selections were made from regular class w r ork, and several specimens of each exercise are presented, so as to show that none of the work is excep¬ tional, and every piece of work is made from a drawing. The objects of this school, which Dr. Woodward has outlined in a circular of information, are noted in this connection for the reason that they are the basis of every other manual training school, and will be useful in giving an idea of the aims of manual training. ‘ ‘ The school was organized to furnish a broader and more appropriate foundation for higher technical education, and to serve as a develop¬ ing school where pupils may discover their innate capacities and apti¬ tudes, whether in the direction of literature, science, engineering, or THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 469 the practical arts, while securing a libe-al elementary training; to stimulate those who look for industrial life with a suitable preparation; to stimulate the whole boy by cultivating memory, taste, observa¬ tion, invention, judgment, will and habits of industry, circumspec¬ tion, precision and exact thought. It is not a trade school, nor a professional school, though it prepares boys for entering either trades or professional study. ’ ’ It is not modeled after any European school ; it is an American institution. The method of instruction in the use of tools is of Rus¬ sian origin, but the plan of the school is original. The manual training school is a school for general rather than for special educa¬ tion. It preserves all approved methods of promoting intellectual growth and vigor, but is not limited to them. While it adds a new culture it enhances the value of old ones. Dr. \\ oodward has been one of the most persistent advocates of manual training in the coun¬ try ; he has aided to a great extent the popularization of the idea in the United States both by addresses and successful demonstration. The use made of published arguments and programmes of courses of study in the cities and towns where the new movement is first advo¬ cated, bears emphatic testimony to the fact of the pioneer sendees of this enthusiast of the new system. The Baltimore manual training school has an exhibit which excels in completeness that of any other school. It was established in 1883, and was the first public manual training school in the country. That the school board of Baltimore clearly saw the trend of events in popular education is shown by their report, the following being a characteristic statement: “The public school systems are effecting grand results by the general diffusion of knowledge among the people, but it is the belief of many that even better results can be realized if to their department of language and science an mathematics there be added manual training. It is not intende y the introduction of this department to turn the schools into wor shops, but the purpose is the training of the pupils, and not educating them for any special trade. The result of this ° manual training would be the production of a class of s u e artisans in our community who would be able to design and per orm much of the work which is done now by foreign artisans. . It wou foster a high appreciation of the value and dignity of inte i & en A GERMAN EXHIBIT-MANUFACTURES THE COLUMBJAN EXPOSITION. 471 labor, and would remove the prejudice which now exists between professional and mechanical labor.” The sheet-metal working department of the Baltimore school is a feature almost wholly confined to the programme of this school, it is valuable as training in practical geometry, the intelligent under¬ standing of which can be had so well by no other method. Besides the many attractions of this exhibit there is one which attracts much attention because of its beautiful and perfect workmanship, it is a compound marine engine, type A, of the United States navy, which was built by the class of ’92. The Chicago manual training school has a beautiful exhibit, there being much free hand architectural drawings and lettering. The first year's work of carpentry, the second of wood-turning, and the third of machine laboratory work is of a high degree of excel¬ lence- The oak stands, desk, case, and pedastal are beautifully made and finished, as are the wrought iron work from the forge and foundry. The most valuable exhibit of the Cincinnati technical school is a triple expansion steam engine, built by the pupils of the class of’93, the general design being supplied by the teacher, the details and detail drawings marked up and made by pupils. The Toledo manual training school was the first school to establish a manual department for girls. It has been very prosperous and has grown from a humble beginning in a small room with sixty boys and girls to its present condition in a new four-story building splendidly equipped with steam-power, tools, benches, lathes, forges, and ample drawing-rooms ; also a domestic economy department with all the neccessary apparatus for studying the nature and prepa¬ ration of foods for the table. The Toledo school is one of the model schools of the country, and of it the citizens are justly proud. The exhibit illustrates the work of every department—the drawing, both free-hand and architectural, lettering, modeling and garment making, and is full of instruction for those who desire to become intelligent upon this part of the work of the new education. Omaha has an interesting exhibit. Its board of education was one of the first in the country to recognize the importance of manual training and engraft it upon the system of public instruction in 18S6. The spirit of Denver is in touch with the times. A splendid new manual training school is in course of construction, and the 472 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. exhibit shows that nothing is lacking to make the Denver school one of the greatest moment in strengthening the belief of the public m schools of this character. . . . Fargo and Jamestown, of North Dakota, have manual training throughout all the grades. The work as exhibited displays the liberal spirit of the great West. At Louisville, Ky., and Des Moines, Iowa, the manual training idea is being developed through the generosity of private interests and public spirit. The Louisville school, which has a small but well arranged exhibit, owes its existence to a citizen who made a proposition to the board of education to build and equip a school. The school was opened in October, 1892, and has an enrollment of over two hundred pupils. _ St. Paul and Minneapolis have full exhibits of tlieir very superior work in the industrial department of the school curriculum; the sewing is a marked feature, and ranges all the way from the neatest darning and mending to every variety of garment making. The exhibits of the Indianapolis schools are regarded with more than usual interest from the fact that Dr. Rice, in his papeis in t le Forum, criticising the schools of the country, considers the schools of Indianapolis, together with those of St. Paul, Minneapolis an Laporte, the best he has investigated. The work as a whole is very even, and treated with a breadth that shows the intelligent use o philosopical methods. The drawing, which must never be lost sight of as a integral part of all manual training, is of the highest grade o excellence. The schools of Philadelphia have a large exhibit, in which the manual training idea largely predominates. Philadelphia is the home of the new education, being the first city in the United States to engraft it upon the public school system, through the enterprise of its public school superintendent, Janies Macalister, the distinguished educator. In about fifty of the grammer schools of New York City manual training has been made a part of the exercises. The instruction includes sewing and cooking for girls, modeling in clay, construction work with pasteboard, and the use of wood working tools for boys. In the many cases about the large department specimens of this work have been so admirably placed that the gradations in the course can be followed with the greatest clearness. Albany and Newburg have each a fine display, the latter city ha\ing AN EXHIBIT IN HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 474 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. one of the best public school systems m the Sta . schools is to Massachusetts shows that the constant purpose g the meet the growing and changing needs of the peop . opening of the Whittling school, in 1871, to train boys ml wood-cutting tools, there has been a constant advance P & The qiota of work is well distributed among the ctt.es ^ The”''exhibit of sloyd from the schools of Boston wher e ^ has received its most thorough recognition, is a revelation othe ed^ Honal value of this phase of manual training. Many, schools hav sloyd in their curriculum, and the idea is rapidly growing in popular ^Gustav Sarson has charge and supervises the work m eleven schools. They are partly supported by the board of education and partly by Mrs.' Quincy Shaw, the daughter of Louis Agassiz. The industrial exhibit of the Catholic schools is one of the most complete in the educational exhibit. Every school has a fine showing m this department. The Brothers of Christian schools, m close sympa ly with the liberal spirit of Father Maurelius, have a good selection illustrating the methods used in Catholic schools in Europe as we as the United States. St. Michael’s Trade School of Pans, has an exhibit of trunks, musical aud optical instruments , wood, iron and brass work, map drawing, printing, engraving, and book-binding. There is no exhibit that teaches such valuable lessons as that of the negro and Indian schools of the Hampton Normal and Agricul¬ tural Institute, the Carlisle school, the Atlanta University and Wilber- force By photographs and articles that the students have made, one can see that the negro and the Indian can be self-supporting, self-sustaining, and that he is demonstrating 'the economic question of his race These schools give industrial training m wood and iron work, mechanical and free liand-drawiug, printing, farming, cooking, sewing, dressmaking, millinery, laundry work and nursing the sick The articles that compose the exhibit are of the best work¬ manship and of artistic finish. The aim of these schools is to make thrifty and industrious men and women who will radiate good influences among their people, to arouse respect for labor to replace stupid dungerv with skilled hands and to these ends to build up an industrial system, for the sake not only of self-support and intelligent labor, but also for the sake of character. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 475 JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL DISPLAY. Agriculture is the occupation of the greater part of the people of Japan. The mountainous and volcanic nature of the country ren¬ ders large portions untillable. For probably the same reason the soil is not naturally very fertile, but it can be, and is, made so by the abundant use of compost. Moreover, not even half of what is fairly fertile is under cultivation ; but the amount of cultivated laud is gradually increasing, and the harvests are becoming richer. But it can be readily understood that if, for any reason, the crops fail, severe suffering will be widespread. The prosperity of the country depends upon the prosperity of its fanners. The front entrance is at the south end of the Japanese section. The doorway is constructed of native woods in the style of a native gateway, with a gable roof. Just inside the entrance is a booth devoted to the exhibit of tea from Shizuoka Kem (prefecture). The Shizuoka tea is of the first quality. Its fine flavor has been developed through the culture of many years. The annual product is 25,000,000 pounds, of which 20,000,000 pounds are exported to the United States. A small sample package of this tea is given away, of which a tiny cup may be had in the Japanese tea house. Mr. M. Hoshita is the overseer of the Shizuoka exhibits; Mr. T. Watanabe is in charge of the different exhibits of tea, and Mr. K. Tawara is chief of both the fisheries and the agricultural bureaus. These gentlemen are always pleased to make explanations to the visitors. The sample package is put up in paper dipped in the tan¬ nic acid of an unripe persimmon to preserve it from moisture. Mr. Watanabe is “purveyor of tea to his imperial majesty’s court of Japan.” Just beyond the Shizuoka booth is the exhibit of Ise tea, above which is a series of pictures illustrative of the different stages and kinds of labor employed upon the leaves from picking to shipping. A group of photographs of similar scenes may also be found just over the front entrance. Ise is the name of a province famous for its tra¬ ditions and its tea. It is the place where, according to Japanese his¬ tory (unfortunately not credible), Jimmu Tenno, the Japanese Rom¬ ulus, in 660 B. C., laid the foundation of the Japanese empire. It is now the most sacred spot in all Japan, the seat of the ancient and popular shrines where the ancestors of the present emperor are wor- VIEW IN ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 477 shiped. It is also the place where according to tradition, the tea- plant was first discovered and cultivated. The story goes that one day a very pious old man visited the great shrine at Ise, and after he had completed his devotions ascended a small hill to rest. Feeling also a little thirsty, by chance he picked a few leaves off a small shrub growing near and began to chew them. To his surprise and delight he was greatly refreshed thereby, and calling his wife received from her the suggestion that they take the shrub and and transplant it to their own garden. With careful tend¬ ing it grew into a beautiful plant, whose leaves furnished a most refreshing beverage. The hill where the old man first tasted the tea leaves is called Uji, which is now the name of a famous and first-class tea district. One-third of all the tea exported from Japan to the United States comes from Uji, in the province of Ise. Other important agricultural products exhibited by the Japanese are rice, barley, wheat, buckwheat, beans, sweet potatoes (dried), daikon (a large, bitter radish, which is a staple article of diet) and tobacco. A great many kinds of jellies and sweetmeats are made by the Japanese from vegetable products, and are harmless and delicious. Several varieties of bottled, boxed and canned fruits, jellies and con¬ fections are on exhibition. The sembei is a kind of waffle much liked by both natives and foreigners. Many kinds of aine also are exhibited. The advertisement of one is a curiosity : “ AWA-AME AND OKINAKAN. “The manufacture of the Awa-Ame is perfected by my house with experiments of many years and scientific principles. It contains more nutritive materials lhat taste is very sweet. Persons who have tasted it always would taken the cheerful feelings. “The Okinakan, a cake, is made of the Awa-Ame again. It is most delicate in taste and especially excellent quality for tea-cake. There is no slightest danger or the change of its taste kept long. , . . . “ Both are so honorable that obtained medal at each time of national me us ria exhibitions. “ Original manufactured by Osugi Kurouimon. Jl Pass sixteenth generations to me from the first manufacturer of my ouse. Continuing about during 270 years.” The Japanese honey industry is also represented at the World s Fair by specimens of bees, honey, beeswax and hives. The Japanese agriculture bureau has published a little pamphlet explaining t le 478 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. way of using the hive, the method of collecting honey and. giving the names of the plants from which the bees get honey. It is there stated also that one swarm will produce 13,582 pounds of honey an 7,497 pounds of beeswax, and that honey sells for 9 sen (cents) a km (1,325 pounds), and beeswax at 30 sen a kin. _ _ An interesting feature of the Japanese agricultural section is the exhibit of domestic fowls. One coop contains some bantams, which are kept mostly as pets, though the flesh may be used as food. Another cage contains Siamese game fowl, whose flesh, being almost as delicious as that of turkey, is largely used as food. The cock exhibited is about two years old, weighs almost ten pounds and has never been defeated. A good fighter will command from 20 to 30 yen (dollars). The high coop holds long-tailed fowls. The cock, 4 years old, has a tail measuring io }4 feet in length. The black cock, only 2 years old, has a tail 5 feet long. The Japanese have likewise on exhibition specimens of their wild birds, both useful and injurious, and of their forage plants. They have published descriptive catalogues of both birds and plants. The former are divided into three classes : The beneficial birds of forest and farm, twenty-one varieties ; the birds used for food, thirty-five varieties, and the birds for miscellaneous uses, fourteen varieties. These are numbered consecutively, and are carefully described as to location, characteristics and utility. The forage plants, similarly numbered, are minutely described with reference to duration of growth, height, flowering, seed-ripening and cutting times, produce to the acre, composition and locality. feast, but not least interesting, are five pictures which hang 111 the southwest corner of the Japanese pavilion, and represent methods of hunting. One shows the way of catching small birds by hanging cages of decoy birds near bird-limed twigs. Another represents sportsmen, in the early morning or evening twilight, when the wild ducks are flying low, catching them in nets at the end of long bam¬ boo poles. The two pictures at the extremes portray the two allied methods of catching wild duck on feake Tega in Chiba prefecture. One is by means of bird-limed ropes stretched over the surface of the water ; the other is by a number of large spread-nets toward which the ducks are driven by hunters. The remaining picture illustrates Japanese hawking, which was a very popular sport in former times. BIRD’S-EYE VIEW IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 480 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. NORWAY’S EXHIBIT. The 9, OCX) square feet occupied by Norway is on the east side of the main aisle near the south entrance. The exhibit is dual, for the liberal arts as well as manufactures are represented. In the rear of the section an elevated platform is built. On it is a full-sized “ stabur,” or provision house, used in the country. On either side are large paintings of Norwegian scenery, and hundreds of photographs form a border around the platforms. The ski (Norwegian snow-shoe) used for climbing mountains and shooting down the steep incline with race-horse speed, is shown in great variety. Some are elaborately carved, and others, used by athletes, are narrow, long and highly polished. Three wax figures of sea-skaters, dressed in the costumes used in Norway, add to the attractiveness of this feature. Various forms of push-sleds, narrow sleighs and hand-sleds are shown, as well as the Norwegian karial. This is a two-wheeled vehicle, something like a western road-cart, with a long skeleton body and an extra seat behind. A dozen wax figures of men and women are dressed in peasants’ costumes. Two are women from a suburb of Bergen, the head-gear showing one to be married. Both costumes have the accordion plaits, which American women used extensively a few years ago ; but the peasant girls of Nomay have worn accordion plaits for several centuries. As interesting as the ski collection is the showing of ancient and modern Norwegian skates. Paulsen, the famous Norwegian skater, astonished New Yorkers by his skates when he raced on the Hudson river, for they were unlike anything seen or used in this country. These shown in the manufactures building have the look of speed in their low, straight, narrow runners, but, according to the American idea, they have one objection, for they are nailed to the shoe and not clamped or strapped. A stuffed reindeer attached to a canoe-shaped sled, a harpoon gun with the wicked looking triple¬ pronged whale-catcher and a fine collection of furs emphasized the characteristic features of the exhibit from the land of the mid¬ night sun. To those who think that snow, ice, bleak mountains and fish make up all Norway, the silver-work exhibit will come with a shock of pleasure and surprise. Nothing like it is seen in any other section THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 481 except the Mexican. It is the curious parallel that the tropical and polar countries should find a common art in filigree silver work. The resemblance, however, is only in the work, for the designs of Norway and Mexico are widely at variance. In delicacy, grace and ingenuity, the silversmiths of Christiania and the jeweler of the City of Mexico are peers. Many fine examples of filigree silver are shown. The feature, however, which makes the silver exhibit unique among similar displays, is the silver and enameled work done at Bergen and Christiania. Two magnificent silver lamps, beautiful in model and exquisite in design, are notable exponents of this art. The frame work of the design is first made in filigree silver. Then the enamel, in various colors, is filled in and the whole burned. The silver is afterward heavily gilded and polished. The vase-shaped shade has translucent enamel, which gives a soft, tinted glow when the light is burning. Jewel cases, trays, spoons and toilet articles are made of the same combination. Many spoons are decorated with Norwegian scenes painted and burned in the enamel. Some of the spoons are copies of ancient originals kept in the University of Christiania. Odd drinking cups in odder designs are placed near the originals, some of them 260 years old. In another case is an old drinking horn with the royal lion in gold on the lid, and ancient scent boxes, which prove that the old vikings were not above tickling their olfactory nerves. Norway ships a large amount of wood pulp and sulphate for paper making to this country, and this important industry has a display to itself. Boats, tapestries, books, school exhibits, various liquors and wines, with some very fine wood carvings, are other interesting features, while a variety of marble and granite show the value of Norway’s quarries. QUACKAHL INDIAN HOUSE. Finally the Indians of the Quackahl tribe have one of the houses of their village erected. They do the work themselves, and the heavy timbers must be handled by bodily force with correspondingly slow progress in construction. The home which has been put up was originally built in 1819 on a point of land on the west coast of Prince Charlotte island. It was erected by Clads-au-coona, the great 31 A VIEW IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 482 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 483 chief of the Haeidah nation. The name of the tribe means “the people,” and they were the most powerful nation in that part of the world. It was built so close to the shore that it was swept away by the storms five different times. Nearly all of the timbers were recovered, and the sixth time it was erected secure from the waves. For sixty-five years it has been known as the Na-ra-keith-laus,which means tidal-wave house. 1 It is a one-story, one-room structure, and the timbers are massive and roughly hewn. There is but one door. This is hinged with leather thongs at the top, and one entering it must swing the plank door out from the bottom. It is rather a difficult task, as the door is a ponderous affair. A 1 ‘ shut- the-door” sign is not necessary. The interior is very queer. Light and ventilation come from a hole in the roof. There are no windows. A rough flooring is placed over the ground, except a space of eight feet square in the center, which is covered with sand. A fire is kept burning on the sand. All the cooking is done on it, and the smoke fills the room first and then crowds its way out through the hole in the roof. Around the edge of the room are little wooden boxes, not unlike large dog kennels, raised about a foot from the floor. They are open on one side and are the sleeping quarters of the Indians. The walls are covered with weapons and trophies of the chase. All day one or another of the Indians sits by the fire softly beating a huge skin-gong and singing. This is kept up all the time. Yesterday these people had a visit from the Penobscot Indians. They cannot understand each other, but it was found that their songs were almost identical so far as they went. The difference was in the words, the peace songs of the Quackahls being the war songs of the Penobscots, and vice versa. In front of the house are three totem poles. The center one is from the Haeidah nation, and those on either side from Alaska and the Methlkathlan tribe. The Indians who are here are a very interesting people, and have traditions, family trees and aristocracy. Every family has a crest, which is usually some animal or fish with which they are familiar, and the family name is taken from the crest. Inter-marriage between the families is prohibited absolutely. The children all take the family name of the mother and are enrolled in the mother’s family. There are eight degrees of rank among these people, the eighth being the highest. They attain rank in a most 484 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. peculiar way. When a child is born it is given a surname by the chief of the tribe. The name in nearly every instance rs obnoxrous often vulgar. As soon as the youth grows up the aim of his life is t o-et a better name. This can only be done m one way, by giving presents to the chief of the tribe. The ve W smallest pftttat ^ll te accepted is ten blankets or an equivalent. When the first P^ ese given a slightly better name is given the boy, but a name a o s satisfactory^ is Clever bestowed until the eighth degree is reached By this shrewd little bit of diplomacy the chief always has enough and The women of the tribe take a much higher standing than is usual among the American tribes. The Methlkathlans, of which there are representatives here, have a very peculiar marriage arrange¬ ment A woman may have as many husbands as she likes so 1 g as their combined rank does not exceed hers Porinstance woman of the eighth degree of rank may have eight husbands of the first degree, two of the forth or any other combination she chooses The only danger to the husbands is that if any one of them, by presents to the chief, suddenly becomes in degree equal to Ins wife, he can tell the other husbands to get out, and they are obliged to go. No other divorce proceedings are necessary. The Haeidah totem pole is one of the oldest known Its stay is like a family quotation from Burke’s peerage. Away back in the earlv history of Clads-au-coona, as a story goes, one day a little boy wandered out into the woods. He met a bear, and the bear ate him up. This incident, which is not more simple than some recorded in the annals of Europe’s greatest homes, was used as the motive for the tribal crest, which is a boy held between the paws of a bear Just above it is the crest of the chief’s wife, a raccoon, as is shown by the rude carving. Above this is traced an in,aginary animal known to the Indians as chemoose. It was supposed to inhabit the rivers and inlets of the shore and to smash the canoes o the fishermen. It has been discovered in later years that th imaginary animal was nothing more than a snag washed down by the'floods. It was held in superstitious awe by the early Indians and is mven a place of honor on many of the totems. Tlie top o the totem is made to represent an old story of the family. It is the tale of Hathlingzo, or Bright Sunshine. She went to the sea to fis i one day, and was met by a dogfish who turned her into half fish, ■w. AN EXHIBIT IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 486 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. half woman. The application of this is that there is dangei to fishermen in dogfish and women. On top of the pole is a curious design which symbolizes the crea¬ tion of light in the world. The Indians believe that the world was at one time covered with an impenetrable mist. The raven god, Ne-kilst-lass, flew round for centuries and beat the mist down with his wings. The Indians all believe in the theory of evolution, and this is but one of the beliefs. The other totem poles tell similar stories. That from the Methlkathlans has a story of the way light came into the world which is quite different from the belief held by the Haeidahs. By symbols it tells that the earth was all dark at one time in its history, and that the only inhabitants of the land were frogs and a black raven, which was a glutton. The raven demanded that the frogs give him fish to eat; they refused, and he threatened to break light over the>ir heads. He went to the wigwam of the great Chief, whom the Indians believe in as Christians do in the Deity. He changed himself into the small pine-needles and spread himself over the water where the daughter of the great Chief came to drink. When she saw the pines she threw the water away. But no matter how often she tried there was always one of the pines in the gourd. Here the story takes a feature not unlike the immaculate conception idea of the Christian belief. A child was born who was a great favorite with his grandfather, the great Chief. He was sickly and always crying, and one day his father gave him the ball of light to play with. It had been kept locked up with other celestial bodies in a box in the wigwam. Having obtained possession of the light the raven took on his original form, hid the ball of light under his wing and once more visited the frogs and demanded fish. They refused, and he broke the light over their heads. These and many other stories are told by the totems. A TIMBER COUNTRY. If the world docs not understand the many attractions of British Guiana after this Fair is ended, it will not be the fault of Commis¬ sioner Quelch, who has charge of the showing made by that country. It is worth anybody’s time to go over in the northwest corner of the Agricultural Building and spend a couple of hours in looking at the fine exhibit made by this South American country. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The exhibit is a general one, not an agricultural exhibit, as one might expect from the fact that it is in Agricultural Hall. It is almost the first one the visitor runs against as he enters the big build¬ ing from the northwest corner. Over the top a big sign reads : “British Guiana.” Commissioner Quelch is a believer in having signs plain and plentiful. Every article in the show is plainly pla¬ carded, and something told about it so that it is very satisfactory to phe curious sight-seer. There is a great deal to see, and it is arranged in attractive manner. One of the chief industries of the country is the manufac¬ ture of sugar, and it is given prominent position in the arrangement of the exhibits. Mr. Quelch is a scientist, a pleasant gentleman, and takes pleasure in telling the visitors what they are looking at and where it came from, what it is used for, how much it weighs, etc. ABOUT SUGAR MAKING. He will tell anybody interested in the technical questions of sugar making all about it, but to the general sight-seer it may be well to state in common terms what there is to be seen in that line. In an immense case are arranged in regular order all kinds of sugar crystals. They grade in color from the lightest to the darkest. On each is a card telling what part of the process each crystal comes from. On one it says that it is intended for the American market. It is not a fine grade, and is intended for this market for the purpose of refining. In this case there must be fifty grades of sugar crystals, and the process of making them from the cane is made plain, as well as the process of making rum and other products. British Guiana is a wild country. It is settled only in coast towns, and it is only a little strip that has been made to yield its natural richness to the uses of mankind. But in its thousands of square miles of territory there are millions of wealth yet to be taken away. Not the least of these fields of promise are the great primeval forests of the finest grades of timber. In the exhibit in the Agricul¬ tural Building are samples of 107 kinds of timbers found in abun¬ dance in British Guiana. They are almost all of the heaviest and finest varities. Some of them are so heavy that they cannot be floated on the streams, but have to be brought from the forests by floats. The specific gravity of several of these woods is more than 1., and in one case it is 1.04. 488 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. FINE KINDS OF TIMBER. We do not say that British Guiana has the finest woods in the world, far that were making an absurd claim ; but we do say that we cannot be surpassed. We have the letter wood, one of the hand¬ somest woods for cabinet work found in the world. We have the finest kind of shipbuilding woods, and woods for railway sleepers and similar uses. The shipbuilding woods are particularly valuable, not only for their ordinary purposes, but for the fact that worms will not touch them, so strongly impregnated are they with bitter juices. The greenheart and purpleheart are particularly fine woods, and we have so many that I hardly know of which to speak first. The names of these cabinet woods are peculiar, and express little to an American who is unacquainted with other than American woods. Each is represented, not by a small piece, but by a log. In some instances they are more than three feet thick, and all might be, as far as the natural supply is concerned. The list is as follows : Eta palm, cabucalli, tooroo palm, kauta balli, yellow sanders, moraballi, towaranero, pakoorie, greenheart, monkey pot, locust, louari, purple- heart, hoobooballi, hackia, crabwood, wallabo, bullet wood, siki siki danna, mamara, mora, lignum vitae, hiawa, pakooru, waibaima, yellow cirouaballi, sayii, tataboo, irriaridum, bania, buhoorada, duka, and many others. Samples of these woods are in plain sight on the walls, showing them in a polished state, and they are to be seen in a natural condi¬ tion as well. As there is so little done in the forests of British Guiana at present, there are fortunes in the woods yet for the man who develops them. GOLD MINING INDUSTRY. The gold mining of British Guiana has had a wonderful increase in the few years that the gold fields have been worked, and they are still almost undeveloped. The work began in 1884, and in that year 250 ounces of gold were exported. In 1885 939 ounces were exported, and the rate of increase kept up. In 1892 the export was 199,615 ounces. The total for the few years is 355,993 ounces. The diamond fields are only opening and are expected to show large yields. South African diamond men are on their way to British Guiana now to prospect. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 489 mmmrn. But outside of the exhibits of the ordinary industries there is a great deal to catch the eye in the British Guiana space. In the centre is a set piece showing a jaguar in attack on a tapir The fauna of the country is quite well shown by stuffed'animals of the more prominent types. There are all kinds of brilliantly colored cock-of-the-rocks, magpies, parrots, owls, hawks, king vultures pelicans, scarlet ibises, purple breasted cotingas, fire birds, humming buds, and many others. There are crabs of several kinds, an alli¬ gator, or, as it is called in British Guiana, a cayman ; land tortoises and sea turtles, sword and saw fishes, and a full grown manatee or sea cow. It doesn’t look much like a cow. The collection of monkeys is a large one. ROAB like a bear. There are shown several “ bear howlers.” These animals are not large, but they do great work with their throats. They have a peculiar formation that enable them to make a sound louder than the roar of a lion, and when they get at it in the woods at night the sound is something never to be forgotten. Two kinds of ant-eating bears are on exhibition, and a wood deer, a little creature not more than a foot high, very pretty and graceful. Red deer, labba or paca, a com¬ mon forest rodent, water baas, kinkajou, kibihee, accourie, squirrels, raccoons, two kinds of armadillos, opossums, peccarries, or wild h°& s > jaguarondis, an iguana, several oceolots, black-tailed otter, and other animals are in the collection. In one of the cases is some cassava bread. That is the chief food of the native Indians. It is made from maudivoc, as is also starch. The bread made is very nutritious and keeps a long time. In the exhibit of cereals is rice in husk, in stalks bleajna, which grows on low swampy land, and other grains. The display of fibers is large. Hemp fiber, palm fiber, silk grass wadara, wadaduri, wina, mahoe, kakarally, and other fibers are in cases, and many of them are of remarkable length. There is a collection of all kinds of preserved fruits, coffee, molasses, rums, chocolate, cocoa, fish glue, locust gum, tobacco, etc. All kinds of manufactured products of native workmanship are shown. These include, cloth, clothing, and things in general use. In one corner is a collection of newspapers published in the country. There are several dailies published in Georgetown, the 490 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. as one can come to a as plainly as can be, as instructive. THE OLD LIBERTY BELL. The journey of the old L,ic „ ,-on 1 frimnrVhal nrocrreSS. of the old Liberty Bell from Philadelphia to Chicago From the hour when it was escorted Li IlcLLiL' il n vvcw --j- i- _ 11 • along the route it was greeted by multitudes of people, who mani¬ fested the utmost enthusiasm and the greatest eagerness to view t e ancient and venerable relic. Its reception in some of the larger cities was in the nature of a genuine ovation. In Cleveland it was greeted by thunders of artillery and a great demonstration of the chil¬ dren of the public schools, who stood at points along the route cheer¬ ing lustily and waving a patriotic salute with tiny American flags. The day was celebrated in the city as a general holiday. At Oil City thirteen little children presented baskets of flowers, emblematic of the thirteen original States, which were gracefully arranged around the bell. In the city of Indianapolis it was welcomed by twelve thousand children, Catholics and Protestants, and all the buildings along the children’s march were gayly decked with flags and fes¬ tooned with bunting. A feature of the reception was an address by ex-President Harrison, who spoke with his usual force and eloquence, of the lessons which the bell conveys. “ It is,” he said, “only a bell, and a dumb bell at that. It has spoken its great message to the world and is now forever silent. It is not the material thing that we should look upon with interest; it is that which it typifies. It is the enduring thing for which it stands that kindles our hearts and our enthusiasm to-day. I rejoice that there is a renaissance of patriotism in the United States. I rejoice to believe that to our own hearts the flag means more to-day than ever before in our history. There are THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 491 more people wlio love it; and the generation that is coming on will love it more fervently than that which is passing off the stage. Let us never forget,” he added, “ that the liberty that this bell rang in was liberty regulated by law; a liberty to do as each one pleased only so far as the rights of others were not invaded.” In closing his remarks the ex-President said : “ This old bell was made in Eng¬ land, but it had to be re-cast in America before it was attuned to proclaim the right of self-government and the equal rights of men, and therein it was a type of what our institutions have been doing for that great teeming throng of immigrants from all lands who heard its voice over the great waters, and came here subjects to be re-cast into free American citizens. ’ ’ Upon the arrival in Chicago the bell was received by officials of the city and the exposition, and subsequently escorted by a military procession to the fair grounds, the truck bearing it being drawn by thirteen coal-black horses, representing the thirteen original States of the Union. The bell was accompanied in its journey by a special escort of the Municipal Council of Philadelphia. THE DE WITT CLINTON RAILROAD TRAIN. The first locomotive run in New York State was the “ De Witt Clinton,” which was built at the West Point foundry, at the foot of Beach Street, New York City, in 1831. She was mounted on four wheels 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, there were two cylinders 5 inches diameter by 16 inches stroke, and the weight of the engine was about six tons. The boiler had thirty copper tubes 2 y 2 inches in diameter. The engine was run on trial trips on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad at various times from July 2d, 1831, until August 9th, when the first regular excursion trip was made. O11 this occasion the fol¬ lowing gentlemen rode on the coaches : Erastus Corning, Mr. Lan¬ sing, ex-Governor Yates, J. J. Boyd, Esq., Thurlow Weed, Esq., Mr. Van Zant, Billy Winne, penny postman; John Townsend, Esq., Major Meigs, Old Hayes, high constable of New York ; Mr. Dudley, Joseph Alexander of the Commercial Bank, Lewis Benedict, Esq., and J. J. DeGraft. The engineer was David Matthews ; the conductor was John T. Clark, who mounted a small seat attached to the rear of the tender and gave the signal for starting by blowing a tin horn. 492 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The fuel used on this trip was dry pitch-pine, coal having been tried previously and not having worked satisfactorily. As there was no spark arrester, the smoke and sparks poured bac on the passengers in such a volume that they raised their umbrellas as shields. The covers were soon burned off of these, and each man whipped his neighbor’s clothes to put out the fire started by the hot cinders. , , When a stop was made at the water station an attempt was made to remedy the disagreeable jerks resulting from the slack between the coaches by wedging a rail from a neighboring fence between each car and tying it fast by packing-yarn. This plan succeeded, and the train arrived at the inclined plane at Schenectady without accident. After the party had partaken of refreshments at Schenectady they returned to Albany, and thus completed the first regular trip of a locomotive and train in New York State. _ The coaches were built after the following specifications, which are a copy of the original proposition by James Goold. under date of Albany, April 23d, 1831 : Specifications for Coaches of the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad Co. "To the Commissioners of the Mohawk arid Hudson Railroad Company. Si rs —1 propose and agree to furnish for said railroad company six coach tops—that is, to furnish jacks, jack-bolts, and braces, with thorough braces, and put them on the frames of the company’s railroad carriages to support the coach tops, the coach tops to be finished and hung in the style of workman¬ ship generally adopted in Albany and Troy for post coaches, the materials and workmanship to be first quality ; a baggage rack and boot to be hung at each end ; the length of coach body to be 7 feet 4 inches, 5 feet wide in the centre and 3 feet 8 inches between the jacks. The general plan of the coach to con¬ form to the plan and explanation given by the engineer of the company. To have three seats inside, the backs of the end seats to be stuffed with moss, and all the seats to be stuffed with hair. To have a door on each side; to have an outside seat on each end across the top of the coach with suitable foot-board ; also a seat at each end for driver or brakeman, to drop below to a suitable height to make the rack his foot-board. An oil-cloth to be rigged to the centre rod on coach top to cover baggage, and one at each end rolled to the back of the seat to protect it from rain—the whole completed and to be hung on the carriage frames at some point on the line of said railroad as follows : Two coaches to be hung by the first day of July next, and the remaining four by the first day of August next, the work to be subject to the inspection of the engineer of the said railroad company ; the whole to be completed as aforesaid for the sum of three hundred and ten dollars each. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 493 “ It is understood that the above coaches are not to be provided with lamps or mud leathers. “ The written proposition is adopted on the part of the Mohawk and Hud¬ son Railroad Company by order of the commissioner. John B. Jarvis, “Engineer M. and H. Railroad Co. A duplicate of the “ De Witt Clinton” train was transported over the New York Central, last week, from New York to Chicago, where it has been placed on exhibition. It was drawn by World’s Fair Engine No. 999, just built by the Central. This engine is an eight- wheel passenger locomotive. The drivers are four in number, 7 feet 2 inches in diameter, tire 3 inches thick by 5^ inches wide, se¬ cured to cast-iron wheel centres by Mansell retaining rings—rigid wheel base 3 feet 6 inches, total wheel base 23 feet 11 inches. The engine truck wheels are 40 inches in diameter, cast-iron spoke cen¬ tres, tires fastened by Mansell retaining rings, wheel base 6 feet 3 inches. The weight on the four driving-wheels loaded is 84,000 pounds, and on the engine truck 40,000 pounds. The boiler is of the wagon-top type, 58 inches in diameter, at the smallest ring, and has 268 flues two inches outside diameter, 12 feet long. The fire¬ box is of the Buchanan type, with water arch, and is set on top of the frame 108 inches long by 40 7-8 inches wide. The total heating surface is 1,930 square feet, with a grate surface of 307-10 square feet. The smoke-box is extended and is fitted with a deflector and a perforated steel-plate spark-arrester. The stack is straight, 15^ inches in diameter inside. The exhaust nozzles are double, 3 l /i inches in diameter. The boiler is designed to carry 190 pounds pressure per square inch. The tender has a coal capacity of 6J4 tons, and carries 3,587 gallons of water. It is fitted with a water- scoop, and is carried on two four-wheeled trucks, each 4 feet 5 inches wheel base, with 40 inch cast-iron spoke wheels and steel tires, the tires secured by Mansell retaining rings. The weight loaded is 80,000 pounds, making the total weight of engine and tender 204,000 pounds. The engine, engine truck, and tender are fitted with the Westinghouse air brake, and the engine is equipped with the air signal whistle. This great locomotive, which will be exhibited at Chicago, made the remarkable speed of eighty-six and three-quarters miles an hour in an initial trip from New York to Buffalo.