Ji®. Hi l LIBRARY ijfrma %m^l ifototu | Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or rarely sweet fruit. 104. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun- tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche- wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser River ; south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses- sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa- ration of cough mixtures, etc. 106. Prunus umbellata, Ell. Sloe. Black Sloe. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi. 36 ROSACEA. Pr units. A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, tbin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter. 107. Prunus emarginata, Walp. Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California ; east to the western slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River, Montana. A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen- tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe- cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green. 108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan- zas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the valley of the Missouri River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres, or exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas. Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Prunus. ROSACEA. 87 109. Prunus Capuli, Cav. Wild Cherry. Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New- Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun- tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru. A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap- wood nearly white. 110. Prunus demissa, Walp. Wild Cherry. Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali- fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south- ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada- lupe River, Texas. A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de- velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter. 112. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw. Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States. Wood heav}% hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow. 38 ROSACEA. Pr units. 113. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp. Islay. California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis- tributed, rather small, open, ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson. Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil ; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow. 115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. Cceur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west- ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into charcoal. Pyrus. ROSACEA. 39 116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; Lower California ; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reach- ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown; furnishing valuable fuel. 117. Pyrus coronaria, L. American Grab. Sweet-scented Crab. Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south- ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. 118. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait. American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple. Pennsylvania (?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel- opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. 40 ROSACEA. Pyrus. 119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl. Oregon Grab Apple. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun- tains, to northern California. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form- ing dense thickets. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc. 120. Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain-ash. Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south- ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain-ash. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtschatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea. Crataegus. ROSACEA. 41 122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl. British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rocky Mountains. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc. 1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm. Hog's Haw. Western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus ; rare and local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter. The large fruit blue-black. 125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell. Valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor- ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange. 42 ROSACEA. Cratcegus. 126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape of the leaves, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter. 127. Crataegus coccinea, L. Scarlet Haw. . Red Haw. White Thorn. West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law- rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very common at the North, rare at the South ; running into many forms, vary- ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 128. Crataegus subvillosa, Schrad. Scarlet Haw. Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in heightj with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter. The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor. 129. Crataegus tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Haw. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore- gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico. Cralcegus. ROSACEA. 43 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the Rocky Mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams; the most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America, and varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the leaves, amount of pubescence, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter. 130. Crataegus cordata, Ait. Washington Thorn. Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken- tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, generally along banks of streams. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx. Parsley Haw. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex- tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much- branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the pine-barren hummocks of central Florida. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter. 132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx. Small-fruited Haw. Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 44 ROSACEA. Cratcegus. 133. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray. Western Louisiana. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected. 134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. May Haw. Apple Haw. South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid flavor, and ripens in May. 135. Crataegus flava, Ait. Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw. Virginia southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida, extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches, smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var. pubescens, Gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter. Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible. 136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. Toyon. Tollon. California Holly. California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains. A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter. Liquidambar. HAMAMELACE2E. 45 1 37. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June-berry. Shad-bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud- son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low shrub (vars. rotundifolia and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc. (var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray). Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter. HAMAMELACEJE. 138. Hamamelis Virginica, L. Witch-hazel. Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections. 139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bihted. Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south- ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico. A large tree, often 30 to- 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion of the forest growth. 46 RHIZOPHORACE.E. — COMBRETACEiE. Rluzoph Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street pavements. The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col- lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a syrup as a sub- stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment. RHIZOPHORACEJE. 140. Rhizophora Mangle, L. Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; Delta of the Mississippi River ; coast of Texas ; West Indies and tropical America ; and* now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of the Old World. A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 metres in height ; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern key's. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed rather small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel. COMBRETACEJE. 141. Conocarpus erecta, L. Buttonwood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south- ern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 15 to 18 metres, in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; common, and reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of Cape Sable ; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep- Eugenia. MYRTACEiE. 47 tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter; burning slowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel. 142. Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertn. f. White Buttonwood. White Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Sable; West Indies and tropical America; coast of tropical Africa. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter. MYRTACEJE. 143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Sw. Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly distributed rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 144. Eugenia buxifolia, Willd. Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel. 145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC. Naked-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter. 48 CACTACE.E. Eugenia. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor. 146. Eugenia monticola, DC. Stopper. White Stopper. Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker. 147. Eugenia longipes, Berg. Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rare. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red. 148. Eugenia procera, Poir. Red Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de- velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay Biscayne. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker. CACTACE^E. 149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm. Suw arrow. Sagiiaro. Giant Cactus. Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River ; southward in Sonora. A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the desert. Cornus. CORNACEiE. 49 Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light brown tinged with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc. The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians. CORNACE^E. 150. Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow. 151. Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood. Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich woods, common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish , medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe- cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers. 152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon. Flowering Dogwood. Vancouver's Island, through western Washington and Oregon, and southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino Mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an 4 50 CORNACEiE. Nyssa. elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. Nyssa capitata, Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum. Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the large, acid fruit. 1 54. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum. Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica, L.). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles. 155. Nyssa uniflora, Wang. Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's River, Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Neches River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south- eastern Missouri to southern Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 51 overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ; used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 156. Sambiicus glauca, Nutt. Elder. Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia, south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch Range, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter. 157. Sambucus Mexicana, Presl. Elder. Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 158. Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry. Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south- ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. 52 RUBIACEiE. Viburnum. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor ; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable ; color dark orange- brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 159. Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Haw. Stag-bush. Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. RUBIACE^E. 160. Exostema Caribaeum, Ream. & Schultes. Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear rich yellow. 161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx. Georgia Bark. South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River in Georgia and Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, sandy swamps ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter- mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona. 162. G-enipa clusiaefolia, Griseb. Seven-year Apple. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, Andromeda. ERICACEAE. 53 with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; borders of saline shores. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow. 163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red. ERICACEAE. 164. Yaccinmm arboreum, Marsh. Farkle-berry. North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern Missouri to southern Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in eastern Texas near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small handles, etc. 1 65. Andromeda ferruginea, Walt. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate, rich hummocks ; or, in sandy pine-barren soil, reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 metre in height ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 54 ERICACEiE. Arbutus. 166. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh. Madrona. Islands of British Columbia, southward through Washington and Ore- gon, near the coast, and through the Coast Ranges of California to the Santa Lucia Mountains. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or rarely much larger ; south of San Francisco Bay smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning. 167. Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK. Southern Arizona, — Santa Rita Mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 168. Arbutus Texana, Buckley. Western Texas, Hays and Travis Counties, west to the Guadalupe and Eagle Mountains, and southward, probably into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges ; rare and local. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red ; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc. 169. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC. Sorrel Tree. Sour-wood. Western Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghany Mountains to west- ern Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, west to middle Ten- nessee and western Louisiana. A small tree, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 metre in diameter ; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc. M yrsine. MYRSINACEiE. 55 170. Kalmia latifolia, L. Laurel, Calico-bush. Spoonwood. Ivy. New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lake Erie, south to west- ern Florida, and through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red River, Arkansas. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; rich woodlands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous ; intermediate rays nu- merous, thin, inconspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for tool-handles, in turnery, and for fuel. 171. Rhododendron maximum, L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. Nova Scotia and the north shores of Lake Erie, south through New England, New York, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub ; at the North in cold swamps ; rare ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, on steep, rocky banks of streams, etc. ; never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occa- sionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc. ; a good substitute for boxwood in engraving. MYRSINACEJE. 172. Myrsine Rapanea, Roem. & Schultes. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, and beauti- fully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distin- guishable. 56 SAPOTACE.E. Ardisia. 173. Ardisia Pickeringia, Nutt. Marl-berry. Cherry. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous ; color rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a little lighter. 174. Jacquinia armillaris, Jacq. Joe-wood. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; in the West Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, broad, conspicuous ; color light clear brown tinged with yellow. The saponaceous leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for soap. SAPOTACE^E. 175. Chrysophylhim oliviforme, Lam. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Sable ; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter. 176. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq. Mastic. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cape Romano to Cape Sable ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ; common. Bumelia. SAPOTACE^. 57 Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, not conspicuous ; color bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used in ship and boat building. 177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC. Bustle. Cassada. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com- pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 178. Bumelia tenax, Willd. North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter. 179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. Gum Elastic. Shittim-wood. Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi- nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas. An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed- ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making. 180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC. Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare. 58 EBENACEiE. Bumelia. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con- spicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f. Iron-wood. Southern Buckthorn. Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf States, a low, semi- prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw. Anfs-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare, west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter. 183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC. Wild Dilly. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies. A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. EBENACEJE. 184. Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon. Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and south- ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, extending to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. Symplocos. STYRACACEiE. 59 A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south- ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August without austerity. A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. 185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele. Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote. Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau- tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for boxwood. The small, black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACEJE. 186. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her. Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf. Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. 60 OLEACE^E. Halesia. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap- wood lighter. The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as well as the bark, a yellow dye. 187. Halesia diptera, L. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods. Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 188. Halesia tetraptera, L. Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. Calico-wood. Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west- ern Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle- ghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. OLEACEJE. 189. Fraxinus G-reggii, Gray. Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr. Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large open scat- tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar Fraxinus. OLEACEiE. 61 ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 191. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torr. Ash. Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea, Gray) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc. 192. Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne- sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash (Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray), with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree, with harder, heavier, and more compact wood. Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac- ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. 193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Red Ash. New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ; 62 0LEACE2E. Fraxinus. rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi River. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. 1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash. Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun- tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 195. Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx. Water Ash. Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa River, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash. Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas. A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills, rarely extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash River. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large Privet. OLEACEiE. 63 open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc. 197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt. Oregon Ash. Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California. A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain- ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc. 198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash. Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir- ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; swamps and low river banks. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets. 199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir. Privet. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. 64 BORRAGINACEiE. Chionanlhus. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked with brown ; the sap-wood lighter. 200. Chionanthus Virginica, L. Fringe Tree. Old Man's Beard. Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bu- melia by branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers. 201. Osmanthus Americanus, Benth. & Hook. Devil-wood. Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with/ a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi- cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. BOBBAGINACEJE. 202. Cordia Sebestena, L. Geiger Tree. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08 metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat- tered small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic- uous ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. 203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC. Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. Catalpa. BIGN0XIACE.E. 65 A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown. 204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers. Strong Bach. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his- pidulous leaves is var. radula, Gray. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable. 205. Ehretia elliptica, DC. Knack-away. Anaqua. Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter. BIG-NONIACE^E. 206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi. A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc. 5 66 VERBENACEiE. Catalpa. 207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder. Western Catalpa. Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom- lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of anuual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the thin sap-wood lighter; largely used for railway-ties, fence- posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish. 208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don. Desert Willow. Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con- taining many scattered small open ducts ; the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter. 209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L. Black Calabash-tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — near Miami, and on Little River ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish- able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter. VERBENACE^E. 210. Citharexyhim villosum, Jacq. Fiddle-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Mexico. Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE^E. — POLYGON ACE2E. 67 A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Bay Biscay ne reduced to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reaching, within the United States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost Man's River, etc. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter. 211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood. Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub ; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Bhizophora), impene- trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida, north of Cape Sable. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown. NYCTAG-INACEJE. 212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw. Pigeon-wood. Beef -wood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; saline shores and beaches. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker. POLYG-ONACE^E. 213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn. Pigeon Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from Cape Romano to Cape Sable. 68 LAURACEiE. Coccoloba. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of the region. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat used in cabinet-making. 214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. Sea Grape. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re- duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub ; saline shores and beaches ; common. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry- ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable for cabinet-making. LAURACEJE. 215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees. Red Bay. Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trin- ity River, Texas, near the coast. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. A form found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown tomentum, the wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright red, the sap-wood much lighter ; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for cabinet work. 216. NTectandra Willdenoviana, Nees. Lancewood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America. Umbellularia LAURACE.E. 69 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Bisc^yne and in the neighborhood of Cape Romano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow. 217. Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras. Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and the val- ley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub ; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage. The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant. 218. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. California Olive. California Bay-tree. Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva- tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work. 70 EUPHORBIACEiE. — URTICACE^. Drypetes. EUPHORBIACEJE. 219. Drypetes crocea, Poit. Guiana Plum. White-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit- ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should perhaps be considered a distinct species (D. glauca, Nutt.). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow. 220. Sebastiania lucida, Mull. Crab-wood. Poison-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. Hippomane Mancinella, L. Manchineel. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies and Central America. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex- ceedingly caustic poisonous sap. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. URTICACE^E. 222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt. Cedar Elm. Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande. A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller; Ulmus. URTICACEiE. 71 borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu- larly arranged groups of small open ducts ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon- hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 223. Ulmus fulva, Michx. Bed Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con- tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc. The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations. 224. Ulmus Americana, L. White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas. A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi- cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building. 225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south through Ohio to central Kentucky. 72 URTICACE^E. Ulmus. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc. 226. Ulmus alata, Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm. Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri- tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc. 227. Planera aquatica, Gmel. Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou- isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and southern Illinois. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf States ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 228. Celtis occidentalis, L. Sugar-berry. Hachberry. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. Ficus. URTICACEiE. 73 A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or dry hillsides ; sometimes reduced to a low shrub ( G pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves ( G. Mississippiensis Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu- merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly- morphous species of wide geographical range. A form with small thick coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east- ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 229. Ficus aurea, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys. A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter. Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 230. Ficus brevifolia, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con- centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait. Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree, Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con- 74 URTICACE^. Morus. centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable. 232. Morns rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A large tree, 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the South in ship and boat building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. 233. Moms microphylla, Buckley. Mexican Mulberry. Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern New Mexico. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow. The small acid fruit hardly edible. 234. Maclnra aurantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange. Bois a 1 ' Arc. Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory, and southward into northern Texas. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in the Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the Western States. Platanus. PLATANACE^E. 75 Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving- blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock. PLATANACEjE. 235. Platanus occidentals, L. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver- mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt. Sycamore. Buttonwood. California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in- terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 237. Platanus Wrightii, Watson. Sycamore. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico. 76 JUGLANDACE^. Juglans. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. JUG-LANDACE^E. 238. Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. White Walnut. Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ; south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south- eastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye. 239. Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color rich Carya. JUGLANDACEiE. 77 dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than that of any other North American tree. 240. Juglans rupestris, Engelm. Walnut. Valley of the upper Colorado River, west through western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet eleva- tion, and in the California Coast Ranges from the San Bernardino Moun- tains to San Francisco Bay and the valley of the Sacramento River. A tree rarely 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development near its northern limits in California ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, sus- ceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. The small nuts sweet and edible. 241. Carya olivaeformis, Nutt. Pecan. Illinois Nut. Southeastern Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, northwestern Ken- tucky, south and southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and Texas to the valley of the Concho River. A tree 30 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil ; very common and reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; the largest species of the genus, and the largest and most important tree of western Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows, of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter brown ; less valuable than the wood of the other species, and hardly used except for fuel. The sweet edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce. 242. Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes On- tario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. 78 JUGLANDACEiE. Carya. A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich hillsides and sandy ridges ; common, and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts ( C. microcarpa, Nutt.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. 243. Carya sulcata, Nutt. Big Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-bark. Chester County, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territor}?-. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; bottom-lands, in low, rich soil ; rare and local ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory. The large nuts sweet and edible. 244. Carya tomentosa, Nutt. Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Bull nut. Big-bud Hickory. White- heart Hickory. King nut. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 24 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter; generally on rich hillsides; less commonly on low, river bottom- lands ; very common in the Gulf States, and the most generally distributed species of the genus in the South. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory. Carya. JUGLANDACEiE. 79 245. Carya porcina, Nutt. Pig-nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minne- sota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, check- ing in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. 246. Carya amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory. Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; layers of annual grow T th marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. 247. Carya myristicaeformis, Nutt. Nutmeg Hickory. South Carolina, near the coast; Arkansas, from the Arkansas River to the Red River Valley. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; sandy ridges, borders of streams and swamps ; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, con- taining numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 248. Carya aquatica, Nutt. Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and the Caloosa River, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 to 10 miles of the coast), 80 MYRICACEiE. — CUPULIFER^E. Myrica. through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or generally much smaller ; low river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; used for fencing, fuel, etc. MYRICACE^E. 249. Myrica cerifera, L. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. Shores of Lake Erie ; coast of Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop- ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some- times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtle wax, is a popular remedy in the treatment of dysentery. 250. Myrica Californica, Cham. Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Bay of Mon- terey, California. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light rose, the sap- wood lighter. CUPULIFER^E. 251. Quercus alba, L. White Oak. Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint Qucrcus. CUPULIFERJE. 81 John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and in the valley of the Ohio River and its tributaries, where it often forms a large portion of the forest growth. Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an- nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, prominent; color brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc. 252. Quercus lobata, Nee. White Oak. Weeping Oak. California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the San Bernardino Mountains. The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part of the State. Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar- ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value, and only used for fuel. 253. Quercus Garryana, Doug. White Oak. Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south through western Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common. Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com- pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the Pacific forests. 6 82 CUPULIFERiE. Quercus. 254. Quercus obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak. Iron Oak. Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian in central Texas. A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifolia, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South- west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi Eiver. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc. 255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm. Scrub Oak. Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River, and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. A small tree, rarely 1-5 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close- grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah the bark in tanning. The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region does not attain arborescent size and habit. 256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of Lake Huron to Lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, and along the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware River, Massa- chusetts, to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, south- west to the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. Quercus. CUPULTFER.E. 83 A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; rich bottoms and prairies ; in the prairie region the principal growth of the " oak openings," and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests. Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of an- nual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays often broad and conspicuous ; color dark or rich light brown, the sap- wood much lighter ; generally confounded with white oak ( Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes. 257. Quercus lyrata, Walt. Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. North Carolina, south near the coast to western Florida, west through Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to middle Ten- nessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep, often submerged river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic States ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red River, in Arkansas and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak ( Q. alba) . 258. Quercus bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak. Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Mis- souri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas. A large tree, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 84 CUPULIFER^E. Quercus. 259. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt. Basket Oak. Cow Oak. Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicu- ous ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, wheel-stock, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel. The large sweet edible acorns are eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals. 260. Quercus Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak. Eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of Lake Champlain, shores of Quinte Bay, Ontario, and the valley of the Genesee River, New York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to north- ern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rocky banks and hillsides ; very common and reaching its great- est development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large proportion of the forest growth. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts ; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, for railway-ties, etc. The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of the other white oaks in tanning leather. 261. Quercus prinoides, Willd. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. C/iinquapin Oak. Eastern Massachusetts, shores of Lake Champlain, west along the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Delaware and through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, extending southwest to the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. Quercus. CUPULIFER^. 85 A tree 24 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter (Q. Muhlenbergii) , or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub ( Q. prinoides ; Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh. ; Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin, Michx. f.) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany Mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in dry- ing, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for cooperage, wheel-stock, fencing, railway-ties, etc. The small acorns sweet and edible. 262. Quercus Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Mountain White Oak. Blue Oak. California, — from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot- hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the Coast Ranges to the San Gabriel Mountains. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; common on the low foot-hills of the Sierras. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, varying greatly in width ; color dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light brown. 263. Quercus oblongifolia, Torr. White Oak. California, — foot-hills of the San Gabriel Mountains to San Diego County ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, contain- ing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the broad and very conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; of little economic value except as fuel. 264. Quercus grisea, Liebm. White Oak. Southern Colorado, mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona between 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California ; in northern Mexico. 86 CUPULIFER2E. Quercus. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a poly- morphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in dry- ing ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter. 265. Quercus reticulata, Humb. & Bonp. Southeastern Arizona, — San Francisco, and Santa Rita Mountains between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. 266. Quercus Durandii, Buckley. Central Alabama ; western and southern Texas. A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands, or dry slopes and limestone hills, then re- duced to a low shrub forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent ( Q. San-Sabeana) ; very rare and local in Alabama ; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 267. Quercus virens, Ait. Live Oak. Southern Virginia, south along the coast to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf Coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Red River, the Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande, here between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in Costa Rica. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller and often shrubby ; on the coast, on rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet above water-level ; common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic States. Que reus. CUPULIFER^. 87 Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building. 268. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebm. Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak. Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California ; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Catalina Mountains. An evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low narrow- leaved shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelm.). Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; somewhat used in the manufacture of agri- cultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests. 269. Quercus Emoryi, Torr. Black Oak. Western Texas, and through the mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and eastern and southern Arizona. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona near streams in open canons between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation ; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red. 270. Quercus agrifolia, Nee. Coast Live Oak. Enceno. California, — Mendocino County, south through the valleys of the Coast Ranges to Lower California. 88 CUPULIFER.E. Quercus. A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var frutes- cens, Engelm.) ; rare at the North ; common south of San Francisco Bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme south- western part of the State ; dry slopes and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown ; of little value except as fuel. 271. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC. Live Oak. California, — Mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare County, and in the Coast Ranges south to the Santa Lucia Mountains. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a low shrub (var. frutesce?is, Engelm.) ; not common. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 272. Quercus rubra, L. Red Oak. Black Oak. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the Limpia Mountains, western Texas. A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common in all soils and extending farther north than any other Atlantic oak. The form of western Texas, with smaller acorns and deeper cups, and more deeply divided leaves, the wood heavier, harder, and more compact, is var. Texana, Buckley. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap- wood somewhat darker ; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. 273. Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware Quercus. CUPULTFERiE. 89 and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern Florida. A tree 30 to 54 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com- monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form- ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. 274. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and southern Minne- sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 36 to 48 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; generally on dry or gravelly uplands ; very common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage. 275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry. Black Oak. Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierras. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 276. Quercus nigra, L. Black Jack. Jack Oak. Long Island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern 90 CUPULIFERiE. Quercus. Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the Southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post oak ( Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers. Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; of little value except as fuel. 277. Quercus falcata, Michx. Spanish Oak. Red Oak. Long Island, New York, south to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the North Atlantic States only near the coast, rare ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, check- ing badly in drying ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel. The bark is rich in tannin. 278. Quercus Catesbaei, Michx. Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine-belt ; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad conspic- uous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for fuel. Quei'cus. CUPULIFERiE. 91 279. Quercus pahistris, Du Roi. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. Valley of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, to central New York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood rather darker; somewhat used for shingles, clanboards, construction, and in cooperage. 280. Quercus aquatica, Walt. Water Oak. Buck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. Southern Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas to south- eastern Missouri, middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally along streams and bottoms, in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development near the larger streams of the maritime pine-belt in the eastern Gulf States. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; probably not used except as fuel. 281. Quercus laurifolia, Michx. Laurel Oak. North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile Bay. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 92 CUPULIFERJ2. Quercus. 282. Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f. Bartram's Oak. Salem and Cumberland Counties, New Jersey ; North Carolina (M. A. Curtis) ; and doubtfully from North Carolina and eastern Texas. A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; rare and very local, and often considered a natural hybrid. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood somewhat darker. 283. Quercus cinerea, Michx. Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter ; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood darker. 284. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm. Limpia Mountains, Texas, valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, above 6,000 feet elevation ; in Sonora. A small evergreen tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter. 285. Quercus imbricaria, Michx. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. Eastern Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan, southern Wis- consin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeast- ern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands. Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; Castanopsis. CUPULIFERiE. 93 medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc. 286. Quercns Phellos, L. . Willow Oak. Peach Oak. Staten Island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern Kentucky. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands. Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter red ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc. 287. Querelas densinora, Hook. & Arn. Tan-bark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak. Southwestern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous medullary rays ; color bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ; largely used as fuel. The bark, rich in tannin, is very largely used, and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests, for tanning. 288. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. Chinquapin. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierras, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Range valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; in southern Oregon occasionally used iu the manufacture of ploughs and other agricultural implements. 94 CUPULIFER^l. Castanea. 289. Castanea pumila, Mill. Chinquapin. Southern Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River, Texas. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 metres in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic States, reduced to a low shrub ; rich hillsides and borders of swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for posts, rails, railway-ties, etc. The small nuts sweet and edible. 290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC. Chestnut. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through the northern States to Delaware and south- ern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit sweet and edible. 291. Fagus femiginea, Ait. Beech. Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restigouche River to the northern shores of Lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and the Trinity River, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, or at the South sometimes on bottom-lands or borders of swamps ; reaching its greatest development upon the " bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin ; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, Betula. BETULACE.E. 95 susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. Carpiims Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau River, Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. BETULACE^E. 294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. White Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to northern Delaware. 96 BETULACE^. Betula. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly, barren soil, or borders of swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe- pegs, wood-pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and in rheumatic and gouty complaints ; the empyreu- matic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes. 295. Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, and northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Long Island, New York, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black Hills of Dakota, the Bitter-root Mountains and Flathead Lake, Montana, northern Washington, and the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region, and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is impervious to water, and is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. ■ 296. Betula occidentalis, Hook. Black Birch. British Columbia, south to northern California, and through the interior ranges and Rocky Mountains to Montana, Utah, and northern New Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; mountain canons and borders of streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. Be tula. BETULACE,3E. 97 Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. 297. Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy Lake, south through the north- ern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee. The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of the north- ern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woodlands ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel moulds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. Betula nigra, L. Bed Birch. Biver Birch. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket Rivers, Massachusetts, Long Island, New York, south through the coast and middle districts to western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 299. Betula lenta, L. Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay River, west through Ontario to the islands of Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. 7 98 BETULACE.E. Alnvs. 300. Alnus maritima, Muhl. Seaside Alder. Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast ; valley of the Red River, Indian Territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. ; Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica, and arguta, Regel). A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter. 301. Alnus rubra, Bong. Alder. Sitka, south through the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, western Washington, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon to northern Montana. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue Mountains often reduced to a low shrub ; bottom-lands and borders of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington and Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays distant, broad ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture. 302. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt. Alder. Valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, south through the Coast Ranges to southern California, extending east along the ranges of Washington to Clear Creek, Idaho, and the valley of the Flathead River, Montana. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white. 303. Alnus oblongifolia, Torr. Alder. San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the valley of the upper Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. Salix. SALICACE.E. 99 A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams in deep mountain canons. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white. 304. Alnus sermlata, Willd. Black Alder. Smooth Alder. Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets ; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea, hematuria, etc. 305. Alnus incana, Willd. Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder. Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south to northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is var. virescens, Watson. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; pre- ferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. SALICACEJE. 306. Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas ; 100 SALICACEiE. Salix. Pacific region, — valleys of the Sacramento River, California, and the Colorado River, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ; banks of streams ; most common in the basin of the Mississippi River, and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anders.), length and habit of the aments, etc. (vars. marginata and Wrightii, Anders., var. Wardii, Bebb). Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; med- ullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. The tonic and astringent bark is used domestically as a popular febrifuge, containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, — a powerful antipyretic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. 307. Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Willow. Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia River, Oregon. A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 308. Salix laevigata, Bebb. Willow. California, — Sierra County and the valley of the Sacramento River to the southern boundary of the State. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands. Forms varying in the shape of the leaves, length of aments, etc., are vars. angustifolia and congesta, Bebb. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color light brown tinged with red. 309. Salix lasiandra, Benth. Willow. British Columbia, south to the valley of the Sacramento River, Cali- fornia ; mountains of Utah, Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana). Salix. SALICACEiE. 101 A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams ; very common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments (var. lancifolia and Fendleriana, Bebb). Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white. 310. Salix longifolia, Muhl. Sand-bar Willow. Valley of the Connecticut River and of the Potomac River at Wash- ington ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie River, in latitude 66° N., through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast States. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alle- ghany Mountains ; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and northern California. Forms found from western Texas to Oregon, varying in the shape of the leaves, aments, nature of pubescence, etc., are var. exigua, Bebb, and var. argyrophylla, Anders. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown. 311. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt. Puget Sound southward, near the coast, and through the California Coast Ranges. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento Valley and the California Coast Ranges, is var. Hindsiana, Anders. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white. 312. Salix discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, south- ward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 metres in height ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, wet soil ; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence. 102 SALICACEiE. Salix. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly dis- tributed small open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown. 313. Salix flavescens, Nutt. Willow. Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to southern New Mexico ; on the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the southern Rocky Mountain region. A form found from Alaska to California upon dry hillsides and slopes near the coast, distinguished by its broadly obovate leaves, larger size, heavier and harder wood, and dark sap-wood, is var. Scouleriana, Bebb. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. 314. Salix Hookeriana, Barratt. Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan; coast of Washington Territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. 315. Salix cordata, var. vestita, Anders. Diamond Willow. Valley of the Missouri River and its tributaries, — Fort Osage, Mis- souri, Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth meridian. A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub, not exceeding 1.80 to 3 metres in height; bottom-lands, in wet, sandy soil. S. cordata, Muhl., of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent size or hubit. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, reported very durable in con- tact with the ground ; annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure ; color brown or often tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; used for fence-posts. Populus. SALIC WEM. 103 316. Salix lasiolepis, Benth. Willow California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the western portions of the State, reaching in the Sierra Nevadas an eleva- tion of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angusti- folia and latifolia, Anders.), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring (S. Hartwegi, Benth.). Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the State. 317. Salix Sitchensis, Sans. Silky Willow. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblan- ceolate leaves is var. cmgustifolia, Bebb. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white. 318. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the Sacramento River, California, and along the Rocky Mountains and in- terior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; very common through British America, and spreading over enormous areas stripped by fire of other trees ; in the Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation; the most widely distributed North American tree. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, con- taining, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc. 104 SALICACEiE. Populus. A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility. 319. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar. Nova Scotia,' New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for wooden-ware, etc. 320. Populus heterophylla, L. River Cottonwood. Sivamp Cottonwood. Connecticut, Northport, Long Island, south, generally near the coast, to southern Georgia, through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of river swamps ; most common and reaching its great- est development in the basin of the lower Ohio River ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown. 321. Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead. Straits of Belle Isle to the shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the Rocky Mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common on all islands and shores of the north- ern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or un- known in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans, Gray. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white. Populus. SALICACE.E. 105 The buds, as well as those of several other species, are covered with a resinous exudation, which is occasionally used medicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms. 322. Populus angustifolia, James. Black Cottonwood. Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and southwestern Montana, east Hum- boldt and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and on the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 323. Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood. Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root Mountains, Montana, south through Washington, western Oregon and California to the southern borders of the State. A large tree, 24 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom-lands below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the val- leys of the lower Columbia River and the streams flowing into Puget Sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; in Oregon and Washington largely manufactured into staves of sugar-barrels, wooden-ware, etc. 324. Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton- wood. Shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western New England to western Florida, west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico. A large tree, 24 to 51 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Rocky Mountains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence-boards, and fuel. 106 CONIFERS. Populus. 325. Populus Fremontii, Watson. Cottonwood. California, valley of the upper Sacramento River T south to San Ber- nardino County, extending eastward in Nevada and Utah. A form dis- tinguished by its sharply acuminate leaves, truncate at the base (var. Wislizeni, Watson), is common along all the larger streams from southern California, through Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas and southern Colorado. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. CONIFERS. 326. Libocedrus decurrens, Torr. White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar. Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; slopes and valleys ; common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot {Dcedalia vorax), rendering it unfit for lumber. 327. Thuya occidentalis, L. White Cedar. Arbor-vitce. New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of James Bay and southeast to Lake Winnipeg, south through the Northern States to central New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; cold, wet swamps, and rocky banks of streams ; very common at the North, often covering great areas of swamp. Chamcecyparis. CONIFEILE. 107 Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, very durable in contact with the soil ; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark-colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color light brown, turning darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for posts, fencing, railway-ties, and shingles. The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found useful in the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints. 328. Thuya gigantea, Nutt. Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar. Alaska, south along the Coast Ranges and islands of British Co- lumbia, through western Washington and Oregon and the Coast Ranges of northern California, extending east along the mountains of Washing- ton to the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon River Mountains of Idaho and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana. A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 metres in diameter ; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington and Oregon ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, distinct ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and by the Indians of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes. 329. Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. White Cedar. Southern Maine, south near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf Coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi. A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep, cold swamps ; rare in the Gulf States, west of the Bay of Mobile. Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts, railway- ties, etc. 108 CONIFERS. Chamcecyparis. 330. Chamsecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach. Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress. Sitka, south along the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Santian River, Oregon. A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to about latitude 49° 30', then less common and only at higher elevations; within the United States hardly below 5,000 feet elevation and very rare and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable resinous odor ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color bright light clear yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; somewhat used in boat and ship building, for furniture, interior finish, etc. 331. Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana, Pari. Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. Lawson's Cypress. Ginger Pine. Oregon, — Coos Bay, south to the valley of the Rogue River, not ex- tending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River (shores of Castle and Soda Lakes, Shasta County). A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods, in low, moist soil, interspersed among the red fir and hemlock ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the Oregon coast ; local ; in California very rare and local. Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway, ties, fence-posts, matches, and in ship and boat building ; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide. 332. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hart. Monterey Cypress. California, — Cypress Point, Pescadero Ranch, and Carmelo Point, near Monterey. Juniperus. CONIFERS. 109 A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow. 333. Cupressus G-oveniana, Gord. Humboldt County, California, south along the coast and through the Coast Ranges into lower California. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 metres in height, w r ith a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens or thin, rocky soil, 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast ; widely but not generally distributed. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white. 334. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murr. California, — mountains south of Clear Lake, Lake County. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground ; very rare and local. Wood not collected. 335. Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson. San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona, Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ; Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Guadalupe Island, Mexico. A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rocky canons and ridges; forming on the New Mexico and Arizona Mountains extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet eleva- tion, generally on northern slopes ; local. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, suscep- tible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow. 336. Juniperus Californica, Carr. Juniper. California, — valley of the Sacramento River south through the Coast Ranges to lower California. 110 CONIFERS. Juniperus. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil. A form (var. Utahensis, Engelm.) with more slender branchlets and smaller globose fruit found from the western base of the Wahsatch Moun- tains, Utah, to eastern California, and south through the Great Basin to southeastern California and the San Francisco Mountains, eastern Arizona, is very common in the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and is the most generally distributed arborescent species of the region. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durahle in con- tact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; in southern California largely used for fencing and fuel. 337. Juniperus pachyphlcea, Torr. Juniper. Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south of latitude 34° ; in northern Mexico. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation.; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark- colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light red, often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white. 338. Juniperus occidentals, Hook. Juniper. Blue Mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington and Oregon, Cascade Mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath River, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino Mountains. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and fuel. A variety (var. monosperma, Engelm.) with smaller, generally 1-seeded berries, extends from the eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, to the Juniper us. CONIFERS. Ill mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern Arizona to southern California. A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.G0 metre in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many stout, contorted stems ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric ; largely used for fuel and fencing. A variety (var. conjugens, Engelm.) with slender branchlets and 4 ranked, closely appressed denticulate leaves and globose 1-2-seeded fruit, extends from the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west and north. A tree 11 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas ; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown often streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc. 339. Junipems Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Savin. Southern New Brunswick, shores of Georgian Bay, northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude ; in the Pacific region, Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's Island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of North American Coniferce, a tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf States, especially, near the coast, in deep swamps ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red River, Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for posts, sills, railway-ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic. 112 CONIFERS. Taxodium. 340. Taxodium distichum, Rich. Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. Southern Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Nueces River, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; deep, submerged swamps, river bottom-lands, and pine-barren ponds ; common and occupying extensive tracts in the South Atlantic and Gulf States in the neighborhood of the coast. Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac- tured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi River, by a species of Dcedalia, rendering it unfit for lumber. Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumber- men, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other ; the unseasoned wood of the latter lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than black cypress. 341. Sequoia gigantea, Decsn. Big Tree. California, — western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Placer County (Calaveras Grove) south to the southern borders of Tulare County. A tree 76 to 119 metres in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 metres in diameter ; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its south- ern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, occu- pying areas often several hundred acres in extent. Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white ; formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber, and locally used for fencing, shingles, construction, etc. 342. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl. Redwood. California, — from the northern boundary of the State, south in the Coast Ranges to the southern border of Monterey County. Taxus. CONIFERJE. 113 A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 metres in diameter ; sides of canons and valleys in low, wet situations, borders of streams, etc. ; not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to slopes facing the ocean, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most gen- erally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of Cape Mendocino. Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, con- spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color clear light red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely sawed into lumber ; the prevail- ing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in Cali- fornia almost exclusively used for shingles, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental. 343. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt. Tew. Islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the \Rocky Mountains of northern Montana ; through the Cali- fornia Coast Ranges to the Bay of Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; rare ; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washing- ton, and British Columbia. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-drained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, very obscure ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc. 344. Taxus Floridana, Nutt. Yew. Western Florida, — banks of the Apalachicola River from Bristol to Aspalaga. A small tree, 3 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small sum- mer cells very thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white. 8 114 CONIFEIUE. Torreya. 345. Torreya taxifolia, Am. Stinking Cedar. Savin. Western Florida, — eastern bank of the Apalachicola River from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps on calcareous soil ; very rare and local. Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; largely used locally for fence-posts, etc. 346. Torreya Californica, Torr. California Nutmeg. Stinking Cedar. California, — Mendocino County, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in moist soil ; rare. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small sum- mer cells broad, not conspicuous ; medullary raj^s numerous, obscure ; color clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white. 347. Pinns Strobus, L. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the North- ern States to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of Lake Michigan ; " Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (very rare and local) ; and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree, 24 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 metres in diameter ; sandy loam, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard- wood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude 47° and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages small, not numerous nor con- spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the Northern States ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, wooden-ware, and for many domestic purposes. Pinus. CONIFERS. 115 348. Pinus monticola, Dougl. White Pine. Vancouver's Island, Coast and Gold Ranges of southern British Colum- bia, east along the mountains of northern Washington, through the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon and the California Sierras to Calaveras County. A large tree, 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable and important timber tree ; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, not common. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white ; inferior in quality, although resembling that of the Eastern white pine (P. Strobus) ; in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber. 349. Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl. Sugar Pine. Oregon, — Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the head of Mackenzie River and the valley of the Rogue River, south ; California, — western flank of the Sierra Nevada, through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. A large tree, 46 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the Sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the Oregon Coast Ranges descending to 1,000 feet above sea-level. Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous ; medullary rays numer- ous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; now largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and wooden-ware ; less valuable and less easily worked than that of the Eastern white pine (Pinus Strobus) ; its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages. A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially burned trees is sometimes used as a substitute for su^ar. 350. Pinus flexilis, James. White Pine. Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and probably farther north, south to New Mexico, Guadalupe and Limpia Mountains, western 116 CONIFERS. Plnus. Texas, high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona, Inyo Mountains and Mount Silliman, California. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, and the prevailing forest tree ; in central Nevada the most valuable timber tree of the re°ion Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light clear yellow, turning red with expo- sure, the sap-wood nearly white ; in northern Montana, Nevada and Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes. 351. Pinus albicaulis, Engelm. Coast Ranges of British Columbia, south along the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Shasta, and along the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada to Mount San Bernardino ; extending east along the high ranges of northern Wash- ington to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana. A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in the San Bernardino Mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 352. Pinus reflexa, Engelm. White Pine. High mountains of southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white. 353. Pinus Parryana, Engelm. Pinon. Nut Pine. California, — Larkin's Station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego County, and in lower California. Pinus. CONIFERS. 117 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; very rare within the limits of the United States ; south of the boundary forming in lower California extensive open forests upon high ridges and slopes. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin-, not conspicuous ; resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood much lighter, nearly white. The large seeds edible. 354. Pinus cembroides, Zucc. Pinon. Nut Pine. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white. The seeds edible. 355. Pinus ednlis, Engelm. Pinon. Nut Pine. Eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fen- cing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber. The large seeds edible. 356. Pinus monophylla, Torr. & Frem. Pinon. Nut Pine. Western base of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California Sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the San Francisco Mountains of eastern Arizona. A small, busby tree, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation. 118 CONIFERS. Pinus. Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel and charcoal. The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin. 357. Pinus Balfouriana, Murr. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine. California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Whitney, and about the head- waters of King and Kern Rivers. A form (var. aristata, Engelm.), common on the mountains of southeastern California, through Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, and in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation, is distinguished by its ovate cones, with thinner scales and shorter recurved awn-like prickles. A small tree, 15 to 19 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott Mountains a broad belt of forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells very nar- row, dark-colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure. 358. Pinus resinosa, Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine. Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the Northern States to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota. A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 metres in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, forming scat- tered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent ; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark-colored, very resinous ; resin passages few, small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc. 359. Pinus Torreyana, Parry. California, — mouth of the Soledad River, San Diego County. A low, short-lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with Pinus. CONIFERS. 119 a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 metre in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages small, few ; medullary ray's numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap- wood yellow or nearly white ; locally used for fuel. 360. Pinns Arizonica, Engelm. Yellow Pine. Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, and probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; high rocky ridges between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and forming extensive forests near the summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin pas- sages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light red or often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; sometimes sawed into inferior lumber. 361. Pinns ponderosa, Dougl. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine. Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific Region to Mexico, the Black Hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas ; not detected in central or southern Nevada. A large tree, 61 to 91 metres in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57 metres in diameter, or throughout the Rocky Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height (var. scopulorum) ; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Sierras of northern and central California ; in western Washington and Oregon, rare and local ; next to Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black Hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Wood varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure; color light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway- ties, fuel, etc. 120 CONIFERJE. Pinus . 362. Pinus Jefifreyi, Murr. Bull Pine. Black Pine, California, — Scott Mountains, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A large tree, 30 to 31 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. Wood light, strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber. Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful ansesthetic properties, is obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species. 363. Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelm. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, San Francisco Mountains, southwest- ern New Mexico and Arizona ; in Chihuahua. A small tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation ; not common. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color clear light orange, the thick sap-wood lighter. 364. Pinus contorta, Dougl. Scrub Pine. Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino County, California, ex- tending inland to the western slopes of the Coast Ranges. A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nearly white. 365. Pinus Murray ana, Balfour. Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. Valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south through the interior of British Columbia, along the mountain ranges of Washington and Oregon and the Sierra Nevada of California to Mount San Jacinto ; on the high plateau east of the Rocky Mountains in about latitude 56°, and south Pinus. CONIFERS. 121 through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras ; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, cover- ing immense areas, and generally replacing other species destroyed by fire ; western Washington and southward only along the borders of moist alpine meadows between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, com- pact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally manufactured into lumber, and used for fuel, railway-ties, etc. 366. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine. California, — Shasta County, south along the foot-hills of the Coast Ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada below 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white; largely used for fuel. The large seeds edible. 367. Pinus Coulteri, D. Don. California, — Mcnte Diablo, south through the Coast Ranges to the Cuyamaca Mountains. A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light red, the thick sap-wood nearly white. 368. Pinus insignis, Dougl. Monterey Pine. California, — Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon Bay. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in di- ameter ; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast ; rare and local. 122 CONIFERS. Pinus. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white ; locally somewhat used for fuel. 369. Pinus tuberculata, Gord. Knob-cone Pine. Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in the California Coast Ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto Mountains. A tree 18 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino Mountains) to 5,500 (Mount Shasta) feet elevation ; not common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very broad, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red. 370. Piims Tseda, L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine. Southern Delaware, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, generally near the coast, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and extending north to the valley of the Arkansas River. A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; low, wet clay or dry, sandy soil ; springing up on all aban- doned lands from Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the Southern pine-belt the original forests of Pinus palustris ; in eastern North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here known as rose- mary pine and attaining its greatest development and value. Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous; resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white ; largely used for fuel and manufactured into lumber of inferior quality. 371. Pinus rigida, Mill. Pitch Pine. New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, south through the Atlantic States to northern Georgia, extending to the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky. A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common. Pinus. C0NIFER2E. 123 Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages nu- merous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or' red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. 372. Pinus serotina, Michx. Pond Pine. North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's River, Florida. A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; inundated borders of streams and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not common. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow. 373. Pinus inops, Ait. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. Long Island and Staten Island, New York, south, generally near the coast, to the valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, and through eastern and middle Kentucky to southeastern Indiana. A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally much smaller ; sandy, gen- erally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, dur- able ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water- pipes and pump-logs. 374. Pinus clausa, Vasey. Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. Florida, — shores of Pensacola Bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease Creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine. A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 metres in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest develop- ment about the head of Halifax Bay. 124 CONIFERiE. Pinus. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood nearly white. 375. Pinus pungens, Michx. f. Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee. A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the high mountains of East Tennessee, here often forming extensive forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; in Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal. 376. Pinus nmricata, D. Don. Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine. California, — Mendocino County south through the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo County. A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or more often not exceeding 15 metres in height ; cold peat-bogs or barren, sandy gravel ; always in situations exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino County ; rare and local. Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous ; resin passages few, not promi- nent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white. 377. Pinus mitis, Michx. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Pull Pine. Staten Island, New York, south to western Florida, through the Gulf States to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian Territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri and southern Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter ; light, sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of swamps ; forming, west of the Mississippi River, mixed with oaks and other deciduous trees, extensive forests ; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Pinus. CONIFERJE. 125 Wood varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous; resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color orange, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the States west of the Mississippi River. 378. Pinus glabra, Walt. Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. White Pine. South Carolina, south to middle Florida, generally near the coast, and through the Gulf States south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hummocks in dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not common and very local. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 379. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine. Bay of Chaleur to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the valley of the Mackenzie River, and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains ; south to northern Maine, northern Ver- mont, the southern shores of Lake Michigan and central Minnesota. A small tree, 9 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 metre in diameter ; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich loam; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development in the region north of Lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and P. Murrayana of the Pacific region. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; largely used for fuel, railway-ties, etc. 380. Pinus palustris, Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. Southeastern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valley of the Red River, 126 CONIFERS. Pinus. Louisiana, and the Trinity River, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast. A tree 18 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plain ; forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior range, especially in the Gulf States, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees ; rarely along the borders of swamps in low, wet soil. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark- colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for ship-building, fencing, railway-ties, etc. The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufac- tured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this species. 381. Pinus Cubensis, Griseb. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. South Carolina, south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland ; in the West Indies. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; light, sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or wet, clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of Cape Canaveral and Bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad and resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely manufactured into lumber. Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species. 382. Picea nigra, Link. Black Spruce. Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava Bay, Nastapokee Sound and Cape Churchill, Hudson Bay, and northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, central Picea. CONIFERS. 127 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of latitude 50°, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold, wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra). Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous ; resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; largely manufactured into lumber, and used in construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway-ties, etc. 383. Picea alba, Link. White Spruce. Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south to northern Maine, north- eastern Vermont, northern Michigan and Minnesota, the Black Hills of Dakota, the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, Sitka, and British Columbia. A tree 15 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps ; most com- mon north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of north- ern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of latitude 60° ; its dis- tribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells thin, not .conspicuous ; resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber, although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra). 384. Picea Engelmanni, Engelm. White Spruce. Peace River Plateau, in latitude 55° 46', through the interior of British Columbia and along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie River ; on the principal ranges of the Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains to the San Francisco Mountains, Sierra Blanco, and Mount Graham, Arizona. A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation ; the most valuable timber tree of the central Rocky Mountain 128 CONlFERiE. Picea. region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet eleva- tion ; rare' and of small size in the mountains of Washington, Oregon, and Montana. Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin pas- sages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color pale yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; in Colorado manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc. The bark, rich in tannin, is sometimes used in Utah in tanning leather. 385. Picea pungens, Engelm. White Spruce. Blue Spruce. Valley of the Wind River, south in the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. A tree 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; borders of streams, in damp or wet soil, generally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests ; rare and local. Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color very light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. 386. Picea Sitchensis, Carr. Tide-land Spruce, Alaska, south to Mendocino County, California, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast. A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 metres in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington and Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia River, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth, from 10 to 50 miles in width. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, wooden-ware, etc. 386 a. Picea species. Alpine slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon {Thomas Howell, June, 1884) ; probably very rare and local. A tree sometimes exceeding 30 metres in height, with a trunk often 1 metre in diameter ; the botanical characters not yet published ; easily dis- Tsuga. CONIFERS. 129 tinguished by its long pendulous branchlets, flat or slightly rounded leaves, and large cones with broad, spreading, very thin, entire scales. Wood not collected. 387. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the shores of Lake Temiscaming, and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the Northern States to northern Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama. A tree 21 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 metres in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less com- monly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil ; most common at the North, and reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway-ties, etc. ; two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the North- ern States in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent. 388. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm. Hemlock. Southern Alleghany region, North and South Carolina. A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet eleva- tion ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. 389. Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr. Hemlock. Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of 9 130 CONIFERJE. Tsuga. Montana, extending south along the Cascade Mountains to southern Ore- gon and in the Coast Ranges between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, to northern California. A large tree, 30 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres in diameter ; low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington, often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade Mountains. Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, promi- nent; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the north- west coast in tanning leather. 390. Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm. British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains and the Califor- nia Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin River, extending east along the high mountains of northern Washington to the western slopes and summits of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho, and to northern Montana. An alpine tree, rarely 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; dry slopes and ridges near the limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet on the Sierras of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white. 391. Pseudotsuga Dcmglasii, Carr. Med Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir. Coast Ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of lati- tude 55° N., east to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in lati- tude 51° N. ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington, Oregon, the California Coast Ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, on the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah Moun- tains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona ; in northern Mexico ; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains, south of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66 metres in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountains much smaller, here rarely A bies. C0NIFER2E. 131 30 metres in height ; the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington Territory its greatest development and value. A form with larger cones and narrower acutish leaves (var. macrocarpa, Engelm.) occurs in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California, — a small tree with darker-colored, lighter, and less valuable wood. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully one half the width of the annual growth, dark-colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway-ties, piles, fuel, etc. Two va- rieties, red and yellow fir, distinguished by lumbermen, are dependent probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker- colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. The bark has proved valuable in tanning leather. 392. Abies Fraseri, Lindl. Balsam. She Balsam. High Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests ; very local. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light-colored, not conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white. 393. Abies balsamea, Mill. Balsam Fir. Balm-of- Gilead Fir. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay ; northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub {A. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 132 CONIFERS. Abies. Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts. 394. Abies subalpina, Engelm. Balsam. Alaska, south through British Columbia and along the Cascade Moun- tains to northern Oregon ; Blue Mountains of Oregon and on the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the prevailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter. 395. Abies grandis, Lindl. White Fir. Vancouver's Island, south to northern California, near the coast ; in- terior valleys of western Washington and Oregon south to the Umpqua River; Cascade Mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, Blue Mountains of Oregon to the eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana. A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of western Washington and Oregon in rich, moist soil or on moist mountain slopes ; then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark-colored, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord. White Fir. Balsam Fir. Northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino andulu .S£ . c si star :ion. £.£ '5 © Ot oa Pm & a S &2 ■ 1 1 6360 0.53 0.6326 Q0830 792 482 197 39.64 4 Magnolia glauca 0.5035 0.47 05011 91299 424 102 31 38 Q O 4690 0.29 0.4676 92817 671 415 107 29.23 A "± Magnolia cordata ....... 0.4139 0.32 0.4126 94073 600 410 89 25.78 K O 6309 0.35 5290 116854 696 489 130 83.09 4487 4478 583 366 84 27.96 i 0.5003 0.28 0.4989 94462 707 418 123 31.18 Q o 4230 0.23 0.4220 92667 372 82 26 36 9 3969 0.21 0.3961 48179 391 212 69 24 78 10 5053 4.86 0.4807 60113 607 302 127 81 .49 11 6971 4.76 0.6639 43.44 12 v^aiiciid OQ A AC\ U.4U A r,nno U OUUo ACV7 1 AQ lUo Q1 QA ol oU 10A J.UO A UOAO A 1 O U.1Z A ftl OO U.Olyz AQU 4;»0 Q/tO o4Z ti 11 01.11 IV 1 Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . . A A KAO U.40UZ A 01 U.Z1 A 440Q U.44yo OOUOO ATA o/» A A A 40U GA OU Oft AA ZO.UO 108 ivo A r.coo n it u. lo A K.G1 O U.OOlrf Q(!QOO ooooo ftOQ ezy ^17 04 / 9 A i ZU4 QA Oft OO.ZO ioq XUJ7 A 7ft7Q A OA U.ZU A 7ftAQ V. / ©Oo OoO 979 Zl z 40 10 1 10 1 1 v A AQK.1 U Oyol A r;A U.0U A AQ1 A u.oy io tacap; /OoUO oy 1 ^1 A O 1U 94 A Z40 4Q Q9 4o. oZ 1 1 1 ill A QtfQQ 0.41 A OA CO U.OOOZ 93727 aoq yzO OOZ Ol Q olO ^4 14 04. 14 119 11Z a qaoq A Q*7 0.o7 A CO OA v.ovzv PiA Aft 00. UO 1 1 Q 1 19 A UQAQ A 7Q 0. to A ATOT U.y/Z< TOOA1 7ozUl 7CO t cZ £>AA 044 OAK oUO A1 AQ 01 .uy 1 14 1 1 07 4 1 A K 1.45 i i oao 1.1 zuy 7A ftft i U.OO 1 1 n Cercocarpus ledifolius 1 A7Q1 1 A4 1.U4 1 AA 1 Q i uoiy OOO 40U AA 88 DO.OO I 1 A I I O A flOfiC A A C. U.40 A OOOO K.S QA 117 1 1 / A 1C\A Q a r,o U.0Z A TA1 1 U. /Ul 1 A/lO/i 1 04Z41 400 A~\ Q 4iy 9^A ZOU 4° 09 4o.yz 118 Pyrns angustifolia A floor, U.ooyo A OO U.oo A AftTO U.00IZ 49 07 1 1 Q Pyrus rivularis A QQ1 A U.OolO A A 1 U 41 A ftOftO u.ozoz ^1 ftQ 190 A ",1 A GQ U OO U.04U0 QftA oou 117 1 1 i QQ 07 00. y i 191 1Z 1 Pyrus sambuci folia A K.OOG U.oyzo A OC. U.oO A £> o ige of Ash. at of Elas- i ofRupture. re to Longi- Pressure. ce to Inden- of a Cubic Pounds. B o "3 o 1 a V 3) S .2i i£ s 9 -73 p p a ■ .2, o £.2 "3 Pi Kl w S c '3 © 11 a S 1 4A 14U 1 1 A 1 7 1 89 Jl .O^J 1 14flA 1 .14UD 1 907 8AA OOU 79 40 1 ,1 1 a uooa A 39 A CittfiB 1 A941 1 049 oyy Q7A O l U A1 7A 149 14Z A 7 1 X7 1.62 A 7A91 793QA OlO 44^ 1UOO 887 00 / 30A oyo £>8 93 A UQUQ 74 A 8Q1 7 u oyi < 07 1 4A 1-10 A 01 ^fi 1 80 A BQftQ 1 A8 r ^A7 1 1 79 lit-. 000 4A8 4U0 f\7 OA O I .Ul» 14/ 1 193^ 1.1 ZOO 3 48 O40 1 A844 1.U044 7A A9 i U.UZ 1 48 140 Eugenia procera a 04^3 u.y4oo 9 A9 A Q9A r "> 1101 11 1 1 7A 1 1 ( O A79 O / Z AAA 444 ^8 01 OO. • ' 1 1 .10 14t> A Q1 QQ * J 4^ A QA7K 10 87 10U A AA^A U.4 I A ARAO 41 73 4 1 . 1 O 10 L a ci fcq A A7 A 8AUW 891 19 QA4 VU4 ^34 Oo4 OUO r ^0 81 10Z A 7 A ft 1 A ^O u.ou A 7444 U. i 444 1 fl^A8 1 JUOUo 1 O01 <;AQ or o 949 Z4Z 4K A9 io?j Nyssa oapitata U.401O A 34 A 4f\A7 A8A8'-i £89 4Q1 1 ^ 1 OO 98 7^ lO* A «QK£i 0.52 A AQ9Q 81 8°>9 83A 4R8 S OO 1 OA 39.61 1 100 Nyssa unifiora U.01W4 A 7A U. ( u U.OlOO M A78 A^^ uoo ^A^ oOO 1 A1 101 39 37 A i"»A87 1 R7 A K>flA7 v.OUU i V/9 98 7f» Z ~. I o 1 ^8 loo Viburnum Lentago A 7QAQ U. / OUo A 9Q A 7989 000 4^ M lO-i A W - -!Q9 A ^9 U.OZ A 898Q V'Ui)04 OM • '0 1 fx09 Oi'Z o 1 o <=.1 03 oi .yo 1 KA 1UU Exostema Caribseutn A O-J 1 C\ A 9*3 A 0980 1 1 OQ^w 1 1 WOO / 1 A<'^ Jul u 7^1 / 01 481 40 1 ^8 09 1 A1 lOl Pinckneya pubens A <">OKA U.O-jOU A 41 U.4 I A l\0 9Q U.OoZO A8901 uozy i 40^ 4UO 979 Z i z 1 A^> 1UO 33 34. 0O.O4; 1 AO 1 AQ1A 1 UolO 1 AA 1 .uu 1 A9A7 A4 90 U4.Z«' 1 A3 JLUO Guettarda elliptica A BO'^7 1 A^ l.VO A 89 r iA M OA 1 Al A 7£! 1 A A '^Q A 7^«A QOQ 970 Z i 47 43 4 ( .40 A 7*\f\A A 4fi U.40 A 74 t\ r \ U. / 400 81 38A A70 d < y 4 87 ^O / 99^ ZZO 4A 74. 4U- 1 4 1 AA IUU A 7A,",0 A 4A A 7A94 U. / UZ4 8 >: !8^4 OA7 yu / ^A9 OUZ 9A7 ZU/ 43 Q^L 4o. yo 1A7 A 7AQQ A 9A A 7A«1 A1 r i77 A18 4(^1 4U1 947 Z4 1 44 94. 168 Arbutus Texana A 7\Afk u. low U.O 1 A 74A9 U. t 40Z 41'. 74. 4U. 4 4 1 AO U /40o A 37 A 74QA U. / 4ou 888M r 98 I ZD f^AI OU1 901 ZU1 4A 48 40.40 A 7 1 AA A 41 A 71 ^1 yj- i ioi ^8484 00404 A^O 4'^A 4oU 9A9 44 A9 44. O^ 171 Rhododendron maximum .... U.OoUo A A A9ftA v.D/OU A4^78 040 i AA3 4oy 1 01 iyi 3Q 98 oy Zo 172 A Q'lA 1 0.81 A 8971 U.oZ / 1 51.98 173 A 8AA9 U.OOUZ 1.84 A 8444 U.0444 ^3 A1 OO.U L 174 A AQi8 3.45 A K7A8 43 30 40.0V.' 175 Chrysophy Hum oliviforme .... A O'-UAA U.yOOU 1 24 A 0944 1 1 9494 1 1 ^4 ^4 8<\7 OO I ^08 oyo 389 OOZ ^8 33 oo.oo 176 Sideroxylon Mastichodendron 1 A 1 AU i.u iuy 5.14 A 0^80 u.yooy 109948 07A A^A OOU ooo A'^ 00 177 A 031 A 32 09 8 A 1 1 48 1 140 7'^A / ou 974 Z /4 ^8 OA oo.uo 178 Bumelia tenax A 79u3 U. / Z.'O 0.78 A 79QA 7^1 9A 4^9 40Z 181 101 4^ 4^ 40 4U 170 A A^14 1 9'-i 1 .^o A A4A4 483^4 ^87 OO < ^A9 OOZ 1 HA 10U 40 78 4U. la 180 Bumelia spinosa A AAAO U OOU-j 1 94 1 .^4 A A^91 41 1 ^ 4 1 . J O 181 A 74A7 81 v.OI A 74A7 y>- i 4U 1 7819^ 562 480 99A zzu 4 A £>3 4U. OO 182 A 70-^0 U. IvOV 1.90 A 78A8 60281 515 478 98A 40 AO 183 Mimusops Sieberi 1 .Uooo 2^61 1 .UOOO 100226 914 460 875 67.54 184 A 7nAQ 0.96 A 78Q9 78234 879 503 324 49.28 185 Diospyros .Texana A Q/1AA U.040U 3.33 A 81 78 52.72 186 S3*mplocos tinctoria A ^Q9f^ U.OoZO 0.68 A <^980 62202 619 384 159 33.19 187 Halesia diptera A ^7A^ U.O/UO 0.42 A ^A81 v.OOol 68321 857 434 197 35.55 188 5628 0.40 0.5605 35.07 189 Fraxinus Greggii 0.7904 0.93 0.7830 49.26 190 6597 0.85 0.6541 41.11 191 6810 0.62 0.6768 60119 622 385 210 42.44 192 Fraxinus Americana 0.6543 042 0.6516 101668 861 463 171 40.78 192 1 Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis . 0.7636 0.70 7583 108174 1125 541 198 47 59 193 6251 0.26 0.6235 81222 869 435 204 38.96 148 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS 1 s 3 f Ash. proxi- ilue. f Elas- upture Longi- iure. Inden- Cubic ids. S?5 a 3 Species. g a o to o 03 o £ g| J a « 'o M p V 3 ® 3 c „ %. .2 istan on. 2 .9 | Ui O) Cm -z * K a o "3 O '-3 O pc S Res tati S 194 07117 a ac. U.bO A 7A"71 U.7071 90313 895 A OO 482 220 44.35 194 J Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 0.5780 A K A U.04 A KT A O 36.02 195 o no U. 16 A O \ 1 C U.oo 10 /< r 7CO'7 4 /bo/ OOO OKI 251 138 22.07 196 7184 A 7ft U. /o A 7 1 OQ U. / IZo IT a on / /4oy C 1 1 /< riA 4;)y 222 44.77 197 05731 A ^A u.o4 A K.7 1 9 U.O/ 1Z o4oIo OOO OZU 166 35.72 198 A 79 U. / Z /I A97Q U.bZ/ O ft71 ftl^ o/ loO QAt; oUb /1 90 4Zo 194 39.37 199 06345 A 79 u. / z u.bzyy 7AOQ4"> 70zo2 717 A AI 4Ul 170 39.54 200 A £.1 U. Dl A flOIA 201 Osmanthus Americanus .... 0.8111 a a(\ U.40 A ftA7<1 UcU/4 1 9Q1 °0 lOol KA 7 04/ z4/ 50.55 202 Cordia Sebestena 7108 A 99 4.ZZ A AftAft U.boUo • • A A OA 44.30 203 Cordia Boissieri 0.6790 Q ,'Q O.Oo A ACHA U OOOU 42.32 204 Bourreria Havanensis 0.8073 9 7Q A 7Q/I Q U. /o4o fine /< a A/l A o7o 294 r;n 01 0O.0I 205 6440 1 Q9 l.oZ U.boOO oyoy / 701 721 OO/ OOf\ ZZy 40.13 206 0,4474 A QS U.oo A A A £7 U.440/ AS 1 A1 OO I O 1 KnA oyu o04 77 / / Z/ .OO 207 Catalpa speciosa 0.4165 A QQ A A 1 /in U.414 l J G91 r;A oA lOo OOO 4U/ ob ZO/Jb 208 Chilopsis saligna 0.5902 A Q7 U.O / u.oooU ^/l A 9 1 0/0 zy / 1 A A 144 QCi 7Q ob.7o 209 Crescentla cucurbitina 0.6319 l.oO A AOO/I U.bZo4 39.38 210 Githarexylum villosum 8710 A KO U.OZ A ftAA^ U.OOOO 1Z07J.7 A07 Vol CCA boy OAft 0U0 54.28 211 Avieennia nitida 0.9138 9 £.1 Z.Ol A ftQAQ u.oyuy ob.yo 212 Pisonia obtusata 0.6529 7 AO i .OZ A AAOi U.bUol 4ooUo zy / Q1 A OlU 1 Aft lUo A A A 4U.by 213 !\ QQ O.Uo A QO/lA 1 1 Q^Qft 1 loooo yio 771 oy4 CI OA b i . Zl ) 214 Coccoloba uvifera 0.9635 1 Q7 l.O / A QK.AQ U.yOUo 9f;ft ZOo cn Ac bO.Uo 215 6429 A 7A U. t O n A^QA U.OooU o^yuu AA9 yoz O/O 1 OQ iyy /JA AT 4U.U/ 215i Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris . Nectandra Willdenoviana .... 0.6396 A Q7 U.O/ A AQ~0 U.bo/Z C 4 AI Q o4y lo OOA ozO QUI ob/ 1 09 iyz 39.86 216 07693 A AA U.OU O 7A47 U. / 04 / A ~ ClA 4 / .y4 217 Sassafras officinale 0.5042 A in U. 1U O ^"7 U.OUo / PilOl A o i u iu AA9 buz ^>ft9 00Z 1 QA 1 o4 Q1 AO 61 .4Z 218 Umbellularia Californica .... 0.6517 A on U oVt A A 1 < 19 U 04; >Z 1 AA7AA 1UD / DO oUO OOO 1 QQ j yy /I a ei 4U.bl 219 0.9209 fK 1A O ftAll 0.0044 1 AQftQA luooyu 70A /yo A^A OOU OA9 uOZ 0/ .oy 219 1 Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia. . . 0.9346 ft 9Q o.zy O ftK.71 U.OO / 1 7A7 iVI KO(\ OZU 4A7 4U/ CD OA 0o.Z4 220 1 0905 9 7ft Z. / O 1 AAA9 l.UOUZ A7 CiCi b/.yb 221 P, 1A O.JO 0. 04/4 Q7 222 Ulnms crassifolia 0.7245 1 9A A 71 ^ft O. / lOo /Uoyy 770 / /o zl^^> 40o 9^C ZoO 40.10 223 Ulmus fulva 0.6956 A ftQ U.oo O AftOft o.ooyo VOZ 1 4 ftAO ooy C.QO ooy 1 (^A lou 4o.o0 224 6506 A ftO U.OU A4 !\± 7/17/19 /4 / 4Z ftf;9 coz 440 1 7A 1 /U AC\ KK 4U.00 225 Ulmus racemosa 0.7263 n AO U-OU 791 Q O. / Zlv 109628 1 AAA lubo oyz 9APL ZUO A OA 40. ZD 226 0.7491 A OQ U. • 'u A 7/1 i 7 U. / 41 / OZozo 791 /Z4 AAO 44y 9^ ZOO /(A KQ 4b. bo 227 Planera aquatica 0.5294 A U.49 f» fW7A u.oz/u OOlO/ A91 bZI OOA o''4 1 /1A 140 OO AA oz.yy 228 Celtis occidentalis 0.7287 1 AO 79Aft U. /ZUo Aft ^9 7 OoOZ / 7ftQ / oy /191 4Z1 91 7 Zl / A C A 1 40.41 2281 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 0.7275 1 99 l.ZZ O 71 ftA O. / lOD ftAftA^ OOOUO ftA^ 0U0 A Q7 ^61 97Q Z to /I O/l 40. o4 229 AQ O.Uo 94ftl zooyy 9QQ zoy 1 A9 10Z AI Ol 1 A QA J 0. oU 230 Ficus brevifolia 0.6398 A QA 4.00 AI 1 Q OO ft7 oy.o/ 231 Ficus pedimculata 0.4739 zt 09 4.VZ U.40U0 4AA0A 4uoyu 90A ZoU 981 Zo 1 119 90 fiQ ZM.OO 232 5898 A 71 U. / 1 n ^ft^A U.OOOO 89Q77 oZo/ / 77^ / to 49A 4ZU 178 QA 7A OO /O 233 07715 O Aft U DO O 7AA^ O. /OOO y*o / o 4ft Aft 40.U0 234 7736 A Aft U.OO A 7AS9 U. / OOO 1101 1 10 1 ftAA ouy 363 AQ 91 4o.Zl 235 Platanus occidentalis 0.5678 0.46 0.5652 86402 635 450 165 35.39 236 4880 1.11 0.4826 62401 562 324 93 30.41 237 4736 1.35 0.4672 45644 428 327 117 29.51 238 4086 0.51 0.4065 81253 597 392 90 25.46 239 06115 0.79 0.6067 109200 856 583 196 3811 240 0.6554 1.01 0.6488 72632 600 437 182 40.84 241 7180 1.13 0.7099 66646 578 434 232 44.75 242 8372 0.73 0.8311 138839 1200 625 271 52.17 243 Carya sulcata 0.8108 0.90 0.8035 103884 1083 559 288 50.53 244 8218 1.06 0.8131 114995 1129 593 277 51.21 OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 Species. Carya porciua Carya amara Carya myristieseformis .... Carya aquatica . , Myrica cerifera Myrica Californica ..... Quercus alba Quercus lobata Quercus Garryana Quercus obtusiloba Quercus utidulata, var. Gambellii Quercus macrocarpa Quercus lyrata Quercus bicolor Quercus Michauxii Quercus Prinus Quercus priuoides Quercus Douglas ii Quercus oblongifolia Quercus grisea Quercus reticulata Quercus Durandii Quercus virens ....... Quercus chrysolepis Quercus Emory i Quercus agrifolia Quercus Weslizeni Quercus rubra Quercus rubra, var Texana . . Quercus coccinea Quercus tinctoria Quercus Kelloggii Quercus nigra Quercus fakata Quercus Catesbaei Quercus palustris Quercus aquatica Quercus laurifolia Quercus beterophylla Quercus cinerea Quercus bypoleuca Quercus imbricaria Quercus Pbellos Quercus densiflora Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . Castanea pumila Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Fagus ferruginea Ostrya Virginica Carpinus Caroiiniana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Betula papyrifera Betula occidentalis Betula lutea Betula nigra 0.8217 0.7552 0.8016 0.7407 0.5637 0.6703 0.7470 0.7409 0.7453 0.8367 0.8407 0.7453 0.8313 0.7662 0.8039 0.7499 0.8605 0.8928 0.9441 1.0092 0.9479 0.9507 0.9501 0.8493 0.9263 0.8253 0.7855 0.6540 0.9080 0.7405 0.7045 0.6435 0.7324 0.6928 0.7294 0.6938 0.7244 0.7673 0.6834 6420 0.8009 0.7529 0.7472 0.6827 0.5574 0.5887 0.4504 0.6883 0.8284 0.7286 0.5760 0.5955 6030 0.6553 0.5762 Percentage of Ash. Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value. Coefficient of Elas- ticity. Modulus of Rupture. Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure. Resistance to Inden- tation. Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds. 0.99 0.8136 103300 1046 577 301 51.21 1.03 0.7474 102986 1101 522 242 47.06 1.06 0.7931 146484 1394 638 315 49.96 1.27 0.7313 101261 884 486 274 46.16 0.51 0.5608 88778 815 445 144 35.13 0.33 0.6681 99161 1036 532 188 41.77 0.41 0.7439 97089 905 511 213 46.35 0.30 0.7387 71664 864 424 188 46.17 0.39 0.7424 81109 879 505 240 46.45 0.79 0.8301 83257 872 487 276 52.14 0.99 0.8324 57162 680 417 255 52.39 0.71 0.7400 92929 982 491 233 46.45 0.65 0.8259 133438 1025 492 252 51.81 0.58 0.7618 90636 909 490 221 47.75 0.45 0.8003 96373 1118 482 233 50.10 0.77 0.7441 125473 1031 538 230 46.73 1.14 0.8507 112461 1238 575 264 53.63 0.84 0.8853 77166 993 557 374 55.64 2.61 0.9195 85739 719 434 439 58.84 1.82 0.9908 73982 937 479 364 62.89 0.52 0.9430 59.07 1.78 9338 83766 993 534 308 59.25 1.14 0.9393 113627 1017 547 324 59.21 0.60 0.8442' 119810 1268 545 317 52.93 2.36 0.9044 63828 703 422 415 57.73 1.28 0.8147 95276 935 463 235 51.43 1.02 0.7775 86055 818 533 272 48.95 0.26 0.6523 112798 990 511 177 40.76 0.85 0.9003 103343 1024 582 291 56.59 19 0.7391 108507 1054 504 202 46.15 0.28 0.7025 103427 1041 501 202 43.90 0.26 0.6418 74488 768 449 174 40.10 1.16 0.7239 97656 1043 497 286 45.64 0.25 0.6911 140151 1193 596 201 43.18 0.87 0.7231 103468 1046 457 228 45.46 0.81 0.6882 112296 1090 491 190 43.24 0.51 0.7207 122657 1052 501 198 45.14 0.82 0.7610 125916 1181 526 253 47.82 0.17 0.6822 122494 1073 412 182 42.59 1.21 0.6342 75120 993 448 201 40.01 1.34 0.7902 94409 1113 293 272 49.91 0.43 0.7497 119357 1218 552 226 46.92 0.50 0.7435 78440 989 390 216 46.57 1.49 0.6725 96347 946 475 224 42.55 0.35 0.5554 101195 741 435 119 34.74 0.12 0.5880 114108 991 495 118 36 69 0.18 0.4496 85621 696 381 106 28.07 0.51 0.6848 120996 1148 478 196 42.89 0.50 0.8243 137276 1134 542 231 51.63 0.83 0.7226 114881 1149 498 213 45.41 0.29 0.5743 72970 778 348 129 35.90 0.25 5940 130557 1065 487 126 37.11 0.30 0.6012 92424 806 391 127 37.58 0.6533 161723 1248 619 161 40.84 0.35 0.5742 111322 972 438 132 35.91 150 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE W< OODS alogue Number. Species. cific Gravity. centage of Ash. ative Approxi- Fuel Value. fficient of Elas- ty. lulus of Rupture istanoe to Longi- inal Pressure. istance to Inden- on. iffht of a Cubic t in Pounds. 6 p. m H V 75 OS a; H o jo o §. 299 Betula lenta 0.7617 0.26 0.7597 141898 1216 619 226 47.47 300 0.39 0.4977 . . . 129 81.14 301 4813 42 0.4793 106046 811 415 117 29.99 302 0.31 0.4104 84580 682 356 78 25.72 303 0.42 0.3964 76937 686 278 74 24 81 304 0.38 0.4648 305 0.42 0.4588 108507 820 289 28.71 305 1 306 Salix nigra 0.4456 0.70 0.4425 39062 424 213 93 27.77 307 0.92 0.4468 50144 550 264 81 28.10 308 0.4872 0.58 0.4844 48828 644 819 118 30.36 309 0.60 0.4727 29.64 309 1 Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . . 0.4547 0.79 0.4411 87935 675 341 87 28.34 309 2 Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. . 0.4598 0.56 0.4572 30517 469 286 82 28.65 310 0.4930 0.48 0.4906 30.72 310 1 Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . . 0.5342 1.06 0.5285 33.29 ol0 z Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla . 311 Salix sessilifolia 0.4397 0.50 0.4375 27.40 31 1 1 312 0.43 0.4243 . . . 26.55 313 Salix flavescens 0.4969 0.61 0.4939 108507 808 408 98 30.97 313 1 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . 0.5412 0.39 0.5391 126216 909 468 126 33.73 314 Salix Hookeriana 0.5350 0.32 0.5333 • • 427 111 33.34 315 59 0.6033 • • 37.82 316 5587 0.98 0.5532 88778 813 385 140 34.82 317 0.59 0.5042 31.61 318 0.4032 0.55 0.4010 81441 677 330 80 25.13 319 0.45 0.4611 96827 721 358 62 28.87 320 Populus heterophylla 0.4089 0.81 0.4056 72338 642 283 86 25.48 321 Populus balsamifera Populus balsamifera, var. candicans . 3635 66 0.3611 85690 550 320 75 22.65 oo 1 1 0.4161 0.46 0.4142 73024 609 276 2o.9o 322 79 0.3881 45847 400 271 76 »)/( OO 24.38 323 1.27 0.3766 111694 665 390 CO DO 23.77 oz4 Populus monilifera 0.3889 0.96 0.3852 99417 7/0 oro ooo OQ OO 32 o 0.77 0.4876 105116 698 •WO 86 on an 80.o2 o.irl 325 1 Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . 0.4621 1.13 0.4569 84317 691 372 i nn 1U0 oq on 28.80 326 4017 0.08 0.4014 84729 682 403 no 98 or no 327 0.37 0.3152 5381 1 512 one OU i n to 328 Thuya gigantea 0.3796 0.17 0.3790 103372 749 450 70 23.66 329 Chamaseyparis spliasroidea .... 0.3822 0.33 0.3311 40410 456 259 67 20.70 330 0.34 0.4766 102881 801 455 101 29.80 331 4(521 0.10 0.4616 121772 888 466 82 28.80 332 Cupressus macrocarpa 0.6261 0.57 0.6225 107327 1045 237 39.02 333 4fi8Q u.to 4668 49941 539 359 178 29.22 334 335 Cupressus Guadalupensis .... 0.4843 0.44 0.4822 30.18 336 6282 0.75 336 1 Juniperus Californiea, var. Utahensis 0.5522 0.49 0.5495 34.41 337 5829 0.11 5823 61275 761 36.32 338 5765 0.12 0.5758 186 35.93 338 1 Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono- 0.78 0.7062 44 36 3382 Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens 0.6907 0.46 0.6875 73426 468 532 286 43.04 339 0.4926 0.13 0.4920 66992 740 416 148 30.70 340 4543 0.42 0.4524 103206 682 423 81 28.31 OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 Species. Sequoia gigantea Sequoia seinpervirens Tax us brevif'olia Tax us Floridana Torreya taxifolia Torreya Californica Pinus Strobus Pinus monticola Pinus Lambertiana Pinus flexilis Pinus albicaulis Pinus reflexa Pinus Parryana Pinus eembroides Pinus edulis Pinus monophylla Pinus Balfouriana , Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . . Pinus resinosa Pinus Torreyana Pinus Arizonica Pinus ponderosa Pinus Jeffrey i Pinus Cbihuahuana Pinus contorta Pinus Murrayana Pinus Sabiniana - Pinus Coulteri Pinus insignis ........ Pinus tubereulata Pinus Taeda Pinus rigida Pinus serotina Pinus inops Pinus clausa Pinus pungens Pinus murieata Pinus mitis Pinus glabra Pinus Banksiana Pinus palustris Pinus Cubensis Picea nigra Picea alba Picea Engelmanni Picea pungens Picea Sitcliensis Tsuga Canadensis Tsuga Caroliniana Tsuga Mertensiana Tsuga Pattoniana Pseudotsuga Douglasii Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. tuacro- carpa Abies Fraseri 0.2882 0.4208 0.6391 0.6340 0.5145 0.4760 0.3854 0.3908 0.3684 0.4358 0.4165 0.4877 0.5675 0.6512 0.6388 5658 0.5434 0.5572 0.4854 0.4879 0.5038 0.4715 0.5206 0.5457 0.5815 0.4096 0.4840 0.4133 0.4574 0.3499 0.5441 0.5151 0.7942 0.5309 0.5576 0.4935 0.4942 06104 0.3931 0.4761 0.61)99 0.7504 0.4584 0.4051 0.3449 3740 0.4287 0.4239 0.4275 0.5182 0.4454 0.5157 0.4563 0.3565 a 0.50 0.14 0.22 0.'21 0.73 1.34 0.19 0.23 0.22 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.54 0.90 0.62 0.68 0.40 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.26 0.39 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.33 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.30 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.45 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.38 0.17 0.46 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.08 0.08 0.54 0.2868 0.4202 0.6377 6327 0.5107 0.4696 0.3847 0.3899 0.3676 0.4346 0.4154 0.4864 0.5644 0.6453 0.6318 0.5620 0.5412 0.5555 0.4841 0.4862 0.5028 0.4698 0.5192 0.5436 0.5804 0.4083 0.4821 0.4118 0.4560 0.3487 0.5427 0.5139 0.7928 0.5293 0.5559 0.4922 0.4929 0.6086 0.3913 0.4750 0.6982 0.7484 0.4572 0.4038 0.3438 0.3726 0.4280 0.4220 0.4258 0.5160 0.4434 0.5153 0.4559 0.3546 45146 67646 76133 82833 40146 85093 95068 79375 67531 38147 91287 37783 42094 43488 59386 71482 113216 54213 82370 88731 92777 72575 158533 77113 58517 114108 97850 42870 112847 58127 116957 54295 54295 80330 119357 137495 44750 94231 148733 157747 109987 102280 80791 55360 99001 89970 71282 137483 77524 128297 105007 97170 459 597 1078 887 583 626 609 597 624 581 770 426 II I!_ 388 416 483 460 351 339 334 336 349 331 489 339 447 288 424 653 800 756 653 720 744 832 993 564 779 761 740 409 883 739 1164 658 502 726 1031 1038 496 652 1152 1172 747 747 574 454 649 736 461 909 719 881 846 639 349 274 337 325 455 290 381 381 417 337 554 333 337 367 417 263 427 355 505 360 377 354 509 477 288 396 629 664 407 342 267 258 353 384 403 547 379 519 463 347 68 77 264 158 122 74 67 78 108 107 128 195 212 169 147 134 85 147 105 107 116 154 149 86 138 92 105 86 107 133 296 156 131 115 122 129 106 101 153 186 77 74 76 79 73 82 125 101 104 100 102 65 152 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS ie Number. Species. Gravity. ige of Ash. Approxi- el Value. nt of Elas- ! of Rupture. ce to Longi- Pressure. ce to Inden- of a Cubic Pounds. Catalogi Specific Percent! Relative mate Fu Coefficie ticity. Modulus Resistan tudinal Resistan tation. Weight Foot in ] 893 Abies balsamea ......... 0.3819 0.45 0.3802 81924 515 365 75 23.80 394 3476 0.44 0.3461 76199 473 302 64 21.66 395 Abies grand is 0.3545 0.49 0.3528 95838 494 391 51 22 09 396 0.85 0.3607 90889 703 390 78 22.67 397 Abies bracteata 0.6783 2.04 0.6645 42 27 398 4228 0.23 0.4218 126013 792 467 64 26.35 399 4561 0.34 0.4545 127660 862 453 120 28.42 400 Abies magnifica 0.4701 0.30 0.4687 66220 701 435 96 29.30 401 Larix Americana 0.6236 0.33 0.6215 126126 901 536 112 38.86 402 0,7407 0.09 0.7400 165810 1227 689 139 46.16 403 404 4404 7.66 0.4067 27.45 405 0,5173 1.89 0.5075 56346 429 227 66 32.24 406 Thrinax parviflora 0.5991 3.99 0.5752 407 Thrinax argentea 0.7172 3.01 0.6956 44.70 408 Oreodoxa regia 0.6034 2.21 0.5901 37.60 409 6677 6.27 0.6258 41.61 410 Yucca brevifoha 0.3737 4.00 0.3588 411 9.28 0.4055 412 2724 8.94 0.2480 16.98 Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 TABLE II. The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their Dry Woods. Order. Species. Gravity. Order. Species. zi & 0) >■ o ec > Relat Speci Relat Speci 1 1 3020 41 Eugenia montieola 0.9156 2 Condalia obovata 1.1999 42 9138 3 1 1617 43 9102 4 Guaiacum sanctum 1.1432 44 Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . 0.9080 5 Vauquelinia Torreyi .... 1.1374 45 Pithecolobium Unguis-cati . . 0.9049 6 1 1235 46 9048 7 1 1101 47 Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . . 0.9002 8 1 0905 48 Prunus spbseroearpa 0.8998 9 1 0838 49 Calyptrantbes Chytraculia . . 0.8992 10 1 0731 50 8983 11 1,0715 51 12 1 0602 52 Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . . . 0.8740 13 1 0459 53 Piscidia Erythrina 0.8734 14 54 Citharexylum villosum .... 8710 15 Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . 1.0109 55 Prunus Caroliniana 0.8688 16 Quercus grisea 1.0092 56 Crataegus coccinea 0.8618 17 9900 57 0.8605 18 Canella alba 0.9893 58 8602 19 9842 59 0,8550 20 9835 60 8509 21 0.9803 61 Quercus clirysolepis 0.8493 22 Coecoloba uvifera 0.9635 62 8460 23 Hypelate paniculata 0.9533 . 63 Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii 0.8407 24 9507 64 8372 25 09501 65 Sapindus Saponaria 0.8307 26 0.9479 66 8367 27 9453 67 8341 28 Quercus oblongifolia .... 0.9441 68 Guettarda elliptica 0.8337 29 Acacia Wrightii 0.9392 69 8332 30 Cercocarpus parvifolius . . . 0.9365 70 08319 31 71 32 Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . . 0.9360 72 33 Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . 0.9346 73 34 Heteromeles arbutifolia . . . 0.9326 74 Quercus agrifolia 0.8253 35 75 Carya tomentosa 0.8218 36 37 9310 76 0.8217 9263 77 8208 38 9235 78 8202 39 9209 79 Cornus florida 0.8153 40 0,9196 80 8126 154 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity. u i Orde Species. rt ■c u O Species. eS o s Rela . . . 'o s, c 81 Osmantbus Araericanus . . . 0.8111 136 7405 82 137 Gleditschia monosperma . . . 0.7342 83 8094 138 Robinia Pseudacacia .... 7333 84 8073 139 7324 85 Quercus Micliauxii 0.8039 140 0.7303 86 Robinia Neo-Mexicana .... 0.8034 141 Quercus Catesbaei 7294 87 Carya myristicaeformis .... 8016 142 Bumelia tenax 0.7293 88 8009 143 Crataegus cordata 7293 89 Bumelia cuneata 0.7959 144 0,7287 90 Crataegus subvillosa 7953 145 Carpinus Caroliniana .... 7286 91 146 0.7282 92 7917 147 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 7275 93 Diospyros Virginiana .... 0.7908 148 94 149 Ulmus racemosa 7263 95 0.7879 150 96 151 Quercus aquatica 0.7244 97 Amelanchier Canadensis . . . 0.7838 152 7215 98 153 Crataegus Crus-galli 0.7194 99 0.7745 154 Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . 0.7184 100 155 ■ 0,7180 101 156 Tbrinax argentea 0.7172 102 157 103 Crataegus rivularis 0.7703 158 0.7159 104 Nectandra Willdenoviana . . . 0.7693 159 7142 105 Crataegus flava var. pubescens . 0.7683 160 Laguncularia racemosa . . . 0.7137 106 7673 161 Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono- 107 108 162 7117 109 Fraxinus Americana, var.Texensis 0.7636 163 7108 110 0.7617 164 111 Vaccinium arboreum .... 7610 165 7052 112 7609 166 7048 113 167 114 168 115 0.7529 169 Capparis Jamaicensis .... 6971 116 Cercis reuiformis 0.7513 170 117 7504 171 6951 118 Arbutus Texana . . . . 0.7500 172 Crataegus Douglasii 0.6950 119 173 Jacquinia armillaris 0.6948 120 Quercus Prinus 0.7499 174 121 Ulmus alata 0.7491 175 Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . 6934 122 0.7481 176 123 Quercus Phellos 0.7472 177 Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum . 0.6915 124 178 125 179 Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- 126 Oxydendrum arboreum . . . 0.7458 127 Crataegus apiifolia 0.7453 180 128 Quercus macrocarpa 0.7453 181 129 Quercus Garryana 0.7449 182 130 Parkinsonia micropbylla . . . 0.7449 183 0,6884 131 YintlinYvlntn VtprnTn 7444 184 Fagus ferruginea 6883 132 7420 185 6856 133 Quercus lobata 0.7409 186 Quercus beteropbylla .... 0.6834 134 7407 187 Quercus densiflora 0.6827 135 7407 188 6810 Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 155 Order. Sp6cies, S Order. Species. Gravity. Relative Specific Relative Specific 189 Crataegus brachyacantha . . . 0.6793 244 Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . U.OUOtf 190 Cordia Boissieri 0.6790 245 191 246 Betula occidentalis U.bUoU 192 6783 247 A l!AOQ 193 248 A i'.AAA 194 Leucaena pulverulenta .... 0.6732 249 A rnnA 195 250 Xanthoxylum Clava - Herculis, 196 var. fruticosum 0.5967 197 251 Betula papyrifera U.DlJOO 198 252 Pyrus sambucifolia A r,noQ 199 253 Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . a r,nnn 200 Fraxinus anomala 0.6597 254 a Knno 201 Euonymus atropurpureus . . .. 0.6592 255 A rOAQ 202 256 A KQQQ 203 257 204 258 Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . . A KD70 205 . 259 Juniperus pachyphloea .... 200 260 Prunus serotina a rcoo 207 261 A CQ1Q 208 262 A KQ1 K 209 Pisonia obtusata 0.6529 263 Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlan- 210 Umbellularia Californica . . . 0.6517 211 264 212 265 A KHAX. 213 A a A A 1 266 Betula nigra 214 267 Betula alba, var. populifolia . . 0.5760 215 a flior 268 216 269 Fraxinus Oregana 0.5731 217 270 218 0.6420 271 0.5678 219 272 Pin us Parry ana Rhamnus Purshiana 0.5675 220 273 0.5672 221 PerseaCarolinensis, var. palustris 0.6396 274 All Taxus brevifolia a floai U.OoVJl 275 Xanthoxylum Americanum . . A F.HKA U.0O04 223 A />OOQ 276 224 Chionanthus Virginiea .... 0.6372 277 225 278 226 Magnolia grandiflora .... 0.6360 279 5576 227 280 Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . 0.5574 223 Forestiera acuminata .... A d OA K 0.0 345 281 Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . 229 6340 282 5536 230 6332 283 Juniperus Californica, var. Uta- 231 6319 5522 232 Fraxinus sambucifolia .... 0.6318 284 5462 233 Rhododendron maximum . . . 0.6303 285 Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii 0.5459 234 Juniperus Californica .... 6282 286 Pinus Chihuahuana 0.5457 235 0.6278 287 5451 236 Cupressus macrocarpa .... 00261 288 5441 237 Fraxinus pubescens 0.6251 289' Pinus Balfouriana 0.5434 238 6249 290 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 0.5412 239 6236 291 Pinckneya pubens 5350 240 6178 292 5350 241 Parkinsonia aculeata .... 0.6116 293 Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . 0.5342 242 06115 294 Acer spicatum 0.5330 243 6104 295 5325 156 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity. ve Order. Species. ic Gravity. ! ve Order. Species. c Gravity. Relati — i> 4) 04 VI H Specifi 296 Magnolia maerophylla .... 9^1 oOl Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizenii 0.4621 297 a ^9aq oOZ Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . 0.4621 298 Acer Pen nsy Ivan icum .... O "WOQ Vj.OitOU 9^9 Odd Sambucus Mexicana 04614 299 Planera aquatica A fW04 U.O Sv-i CO** 4613 300 A ooo 4607 301 Acer dasyearpuni 5269 9^ Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana 0.4598 302 o ^9nr> 9^7 0.4584 303 Nyssa uniflora 5194 9<^8 ooo 4574 304 Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . 5184 or-.n uOV Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- 305 fry -\ i , . n m co 4563 306 Washingtonia filit'era .... A A 1 7 9 U. O l i o 9 ft A 4561 307 n r»i ^7 9R1 oOl Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . 0.4517 308 a Aim 9R9 OOZ Taxodium distichum .... 0.4543 309 O R14A ooo 4542 310 D AA87 4525 311 A AA79 oOO 4509 312 Aantnoxyluin Clava-Herculis 0.5056 ouo Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana 0.4504 313 5AR3 Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . 0.4502 314 5042 388 ouo Ti/r l • TT 1 11 4487 315 Pinus Arizonica A AA98 9AQ ooy 4474 316 Magnolia glauca 503 5 yj .oyjoo 37A O ( u 4470 317 A F.A99 371 o / 1 4456 318 A 5AA9 979 4454 319 A 4QQfi O 1 O O „ 1 „1 IV. 1 J A 4404 320 A 4 08 A 374 Oil! Mix" 12 4397 321 A 40fi0 .97 A O < O 322 1942 376 4358 323 A 40°. A U.t JOO 377 o/ < 324 A 4 09 A 378 o / o 04328 325 Juniperus Virginiana .... Populus Fremontii A 4098 37A 4287 326 A 4Q14 380 Tsuga Caroliniana 0.4275 327 4909 381 iEseulus flava 0.4274 328 A 488A 389 4261 329 Pinus Torreyana A 4870 383 4253 330 A 4877 384 4239 331 A 4879 38A Linodendron luhpifera . . . 0.4230 332 A 48 "\4 98fi ooo 4228 333 Cupressus Guadalupensis . . . Pinus Sabiniana A 4849 387 oo / Sequoia sempervirens .... 0.4208 334 A 48JA 988 ooo 4165 335 Negundo Californicum .... A 4291 3SQ ooy Pinus albicaulis 4165 336 A 481 9 3QA oyu Populus balsam if era,var. can dicans 0.4161 337 A 48AA oyi 338 Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . . A 4789 9QO oyz 4136 339 4761 393 Pinus Coulteri 0.4133 340 A 47AA 904 oyi Alnus rhombifolia 0.4127 341 4756 395 342 4739 396 Populus heterophylla .... 0.4089 343 Platanus Wriglitii 0.4736 397 4086 344 4728 398 Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 0.4074 345 Pinus ponderosa 4715 399 4051 346 4701 400 4032 347 4690 401 Libocedrus decurrens .... 0.4017 348 4689 402 Alnus oblongifolia 0.3981 349 4666 403 Asimina triloba 0.3969 350 Populus grandidentata .... 4632 404 03931 Specific Gravity.'] OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 fid c Orde Species. Orde Species. I CD > 'rt to i ^Ton IV^p Y 1 f "1 tl '1 i\ tr(J- l*lt:A l^tn n rl rn Wi lilpnnviimn .^CL-lilllLllrt. IT IIWCIIU* l(lll(l« • . . 7647 157 Crataegus *patbulata 7112 103 C^vu tcpcrii e tninpiitfKJi v'ir niinf»tnt5i 0.7645 158 r^nrvii (ill v rpf" orm i « 709 ( ) 104 ^ llT*\" Cllllfl 1 Jl nn <3 Tf^C^O 7642 159 Arbutus X^alapGnsis 7081 105 (l HDPfMlfi rlHT^Wll* 7618 160 Frji viniK virirli« 7071 106 Crat33"*us flava, vrf. pubescens 0.7613 161 Junipcrus occidcntalis, var. mono- 107 Oupt'miq 1 a ii rifi >1 i n 7610 QTiprni :i 7062 108 162 Qucrcus tiuctoria 7025 109 "RVsiYiniiQ Ampripjinn vnr TpYPn*:i< 0.7583 163 Arl^ntiiQ A'Tpnyipeii 7024 110 Vaccinium arborcum 7580 164 Fremontia Oalitornica 7021 111 fti'lifpffprin frntpif'pnfl 7548 165 l .ii criiiHMiliirin T^Mpnincci 7021 112 Crata3' J US tomcntosa 0.7546 166 Pvrn^ f^rnniinQ 7011 113 Prosopis pubescens 0.7537 167 r Iimi^ 1 n^ri*i < 6982 114 Quercus imbricaria 0.7497 168 T^lirinnY a rtrATi tp 7.1QQ "iiicpns 6875 124 Quercus Phellos 7435 177 Pyrus angustifolia 6872 125 Oxvdendrum arboreum .... 7430 178 Acer saccharin um, var. nigrum 0.6866 126 Quercus Garryana 7424 179 r^Trnnntt onmictiTrilia 6865 127 Ulmus alata 7417 180 A ppr crrnnfli^pntatnm 6S58 128 Bumelia lycioides 7407 181 "Kciornft fpTriKTinpn 6848 129 Quercus macrocarpa 7400 182 rl!ini!liYlpll8 A/ J Y*fTI 11 1 1 »0 130 7400 183 6H22 * 131 184 6808 132 185 Fraxinus pistaciasfolia .... 0.6768 133 Xantboxylum Pterota .... 0.7386 186 Crataegus brachyacantha . . . 0.6764 134 Cratcfigus apiifolia 0.7381 187 6756 135 7368 188 06725 160 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. Order. Species. Approxi- el Value. Order. Species. A pproxi- 1 Value. Relative « a Relative Relative mate Fue 189 Jacquinia armillaris . 6708 244 Pisonia obtusata 1 (\C\ 1UO Gleditschia triacanthos . 6686 245 Rptlllfl Mf'fi Hon 1 1 1 ia xjcuiia wvi^njt^ii icillo . . . ... 0.6012 191 Myrica Californica 6681 246 Acer glabruni 192 247 in ivuiouijia a\y u itrcl LtX .... 0.5974 193 Leucsena pulverulenta . 6664 248 T?liamniliilic var 196 Acer circinatum Triiti/^n^nm 0.5922 197 Euonynius atropurpureus . . . 0.6554 251 Pvrni! % ji m 1 m fifr^ i n 198 Oordia Boissieri 0.6550 252 Oreodoxa regia 199 Fraxinus anomala 6541 253 Castanea pumila 200 Betula lutea 0.6533 254 Cbilopsis saligna 201 Crataegus aestivalis 6527 255 Eicjuidambar Styraciflua 0.5873 202 Quereus rubra 0.6523 256 JMorus rubra 208 Bumelia spinosa 6521 257 Juniperus pacbypblosa .... 0.5823 204 Canotia liolacantba 6518 258 Tlpv Oillinoli vflr n» vrtifr\li.i -i i vr vv j v «i 1 1 w w 1 1 , veil. J n \ I [ I j < ) 1 1 . i , . 0.5820 205 Fraxinus Americana 0.6516 259 T^rnnns ^prntini} 5813 206 Umbellularia Californica 0.6492 260 Pinus contorta 207 06488 261 Ilex opaca 208 Bumelia lanuginosa Parkinsonia Torreyana 0.6464 262 .Til ni nprii <5 nrvirlpnt'ilie 0.5758 ZUy 0.6458 Of* '7 ZOO Thrinax parviflora 210 (IratflPfTiK u rlinrpQf»pn e 6155 264 TTVfl vinil 11 llllo, \ ell . OUl lclllUHj- 211 Ulmus Americana 6454 212 Pinus cembroides • 0.6453 265 Betula alba, var. populifolia 0.5743 213 ( Illpr^lw T\ pi lnrr(_rii lllius cotinoides 6418 206 "I^vr^nn i nia Inf'irin 0.5743 214 0.6393 267 Rpriilfi niorn 215 Persea Carolinensis 6380 268 Fraxinus Oregana 216 Taxus brevifolia 6377 269 Ceanotlius tliyrsiflorus 0.5710 217 Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 06372 270 Halesia diptera 0.5681 218 6355 271 Platanus occidentalis 219 T^inuc; or 1 1 1 1 i c 6348 272 l^iiinci Parrv^na • )OA 220 Oiip rp n « p i n p rp *i 2/3 1 i n m n ii lit U! Ul 11 1 let • • • 0.6234 287 TJliammiQ i i vnl i n im na 5427 236 \, ii tiro^^n «: m n pro pi rnn 6225 288 Pinus Balfouriana 0.5412 237 Cliftonia ligustrina 0.6223 289 Pyrus Americana 5406 238 6215 290 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 0.5391 239 Acer rubrum 0.6155 291 Salix Hookcriana 0.5333 240 06119 292 5328 241 6086 293 242 6067 294 0.5307 243 Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . 0.6033 1 295 Fuel] OF THE UNITED STATES. 161 Species. Magnolia macrophylla . . . Symp locos tinctoria .... Salix longifolia, var. exigua . Acer Pennsylvanicum . . . Planera aquatica Acer dasycarpum Rhus copallina Pinus Jeffreyi Tsuga Mertensiana .... Nyssa uniflora Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata Pinus rigida Torreya taxifolia ..... Washingtonia filifera . . . Salix Sitchensis Sassafras officinale .... Pinus Arizonica ..... Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis Magnolia glauca Sambucus glauca Prunus Pennsylvanica . . . Magnolia Fraseri Alnus maritima iEsculus California .... Salix flavescens Pinus muricata Pinus pungens Juniperus Virginiana . . . Salix longifolia Acer maerophyllum .... Populus Fremontii .... Pinus reflexa Pinus Torreyana Salix laevigata Pinus resinosa Platanus racemosa .... Cupressus Guadalupensis . . Pinus Sabiniana Anona laurifolia Negundo Californium . . . Alnus rubra Chamaeeyparis Nutkaensis Ilex Dahoon ...... Pinus Banksiana Salix lasiandra Pinus ponderosa Torreya California . . . . Gordonia Lasianthus Abies magnifica . . . . . Magnolia acuminata .... Platanus Wrightii .... Cupressus Goveniana . . . Alnus serrulata Chamaeeyparis Lawsoniana . 0.5290 0.5289 0.5285 0.5280 0.5270 0.5252 0.5241 0.5192 0.5160 0.5158 0.5153 0.5140 0.5139 0.5107 0.5075 0.5042 0.5037 0.5028 0.5015 0.5011 0.5007 0.5003 0.4989 0.4977 0.4945 0.4939 0.4929 0.4922 0.4920 0.4906 0.4882 0.4876 0.4864 0.4862 0.4844 0.4841 0.4826 0.4822 0.4821 0.4807 0.4795 0.4793 0.4766 0.4762 0.4750 0.4727 0.4698 0.4696 0.4692 0.4687 0.4676 0.4672 0.4668 0.4648 0.4616 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 Species. Populus grandidentata .... Nyssa capitata Alnus incana Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Picea nigra Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Pinus insignis Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- crocarpa Abies nobilis Taxodium distichum .... Sambucus Mexicana .... Ficus pedunculata iEsculus glabra Tilia Americana Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Magnolia Umbrella Salix amygdaloides Catalpa bignonioides .... Tsuga Pattoniana Salix nigra Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Salix sessilifolia Rhus venenata Pinus flexilis Rhus typhina Negundo aceroides Picea Sitchensis Tsuga Caroliniana Salix discolor JEseulus flava Tilia heterophylla Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Tsuga Canadensis Abies amabilis Sequoia sempervirens .... Pinus albicaulis Catalpa speciosa Populus balsamifera,var.candicans Magnolia cordata Pinus Coulteri Alnus rhombifolia Simaruba glauca Pinus Murrayana Sabal Palmetto Jiiglans cinerea Populus heterophylla .... Yucca alata Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Picea alba Libocedrus decurrens .... Populus tremuloides Alnus oblongifolia Asimina triloba 0.4559 0.4545 0.4524 0.4522 0.4506 0.4503 0.4500 0.4496 0.4493 0.4478 0.4468 0.4457 0.4434 0.4425 0.4411 0.4375 0.4354 0.4346 0.4335 0.4282 0.4280 0.4258 0.4243 0.4231 0.4227 0.4220 0.4220 0.4218 0.4202 0.4154 0.4149 0.4142 0.4126 0.4118 0.4104 0.4098 0.4083 0.4067 0.4065 0.4056 0.4055 0.4048 0.4038 0.4014 0.4010 0.3964 0.3961 11 162 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. Order. j Species. Approxi- el Value. Order. Species. Approxi- ;1 Value. *** I « 3 Relat Relat Relat Relat 4UO Firms glabra 41o C\ OK ACt 406 419 Abies grandis 0.3528 407 Populus angustifolia 0.3881 420 1 raxinus platycarpa 0.3515 408 3852 421 0,3487 409 Pinus Strobus 0.3847 422 3461 410 3802 423 Picea Pingeliuanni 0.3338 411 3790 424 Chamascyparis sphgeroidea 0.3311 412 Populus trichocarpa 37(56 425 Thuya occidentals 0.3152 413 Picea pungens 0.3726 426 Cereus giganteus 3078 414 0.3676 427 2942 415 3611 428 Sequoia gigantea 0.2868 416 0.3607 429 2484 417 3588 430 2480 Elasticity .~\ OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 TABLE IV. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods ( Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre). w cS a u S m © Species. mt of V o Species. :nt of ative > f 1? U '3 m o '3 C> T3 i i 165810 a n 47 114108 o Z Rhizophora Mangle 165567 48 113627 Q o 161723 49 Coccoloba Jblondana .... 113538 A e ± 158533 50 113216 p. 157747 51 112847 157510 52 112798 7 148733 CO 53 112461 Q o Carya myristieaefonnis . . . 146484 . 54 Chrysopliyllum oliviforme . . 112424 Q 146108 55 112296 10 xu 141398 56 111698 1 1 1 1 140151 57 Populus trichocarpa .... 111694 12 58 111322 13 ow Hypelate paniculata .... 111144 14 137483 60 110973 i ^ Ostrya Virginiea 137276 61 Chrysobalanus Icaco .... 110973 16 Dipholis salicifolia 133593 62 109987 1 7 J. < 133438 63 Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . 109948 18 130557 64 109628 1 Q J. u Robinia Pseudacacia .... 129238 65 109200 20 Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... 128297 66 Gleditschia triacanthos . . . 108579 91 127660 67 108507 99 _— Salix flavescens, var.Scouleriana 126216 1 68 108507 23 126126 69 108507 24 126013 70 108507 25 Quercus laurifolia 125916 71 108507 26 Citharexylum villosum . . . 125717 72 108507 27 125473 73 Fraxinus Americana, var. Tex- 28 Osmanthus Americanus ... 123133 108174 29 122657 74 Cupressus macrocarpa .... 107327 30 Quercus heterophylla .... 122494 75 Umbellularia Californica . . . 106766 31 Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . 121772 76 Swietenia Mahogoni .... 106272 32 120996 77 106046 33 Quercus chrysolepis .... 119810 78 Populus Fremontii 105116 34 Amelanchier Canadensis . . . 119677 79 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- 35 Exostema Caribaeum .... 119357 105007 36 Quercus imbricaria 119357 80 105007 37 Pinus muricata 119357 81 105005 38 119111 82 Gynmocladus Canadensis . . 104822 39 Gleditschia monosperma . . . 116991 83 103890 40 116957 84 103884 41 Magnolia macrophylla .... 116854 85 103468 42 Carya tomentosa 114995 86 Quercus tinctoria 103427 43 Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . . 114889 87 103372 44 Carpinus Caroliniana .... 114881 88 Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . 103343 45 114316 89 Carya porcina 103300 46 114108 90 Taxodium distichum .... 103206 164 THE PHYSICAL PROPER' .TIES OF THE WOODS [Eh lasticity. species. 11a Cornus Nuttallii , Carya amara . . Cbamascyparis Nutkaens Acer saccbarinum, var. Conoearpus electa . Picea alba .... Fraxinus Americana Carya aquatica . . Castanopsis cbrysopby Mimusops Sieberi . Cladrastis tinctoria . Bourreria Havanensis Populus monilifera . Myrica Calif ornica . Picea Sitcbensis . . Pinus insignis ... Sophora affinis . . Colubrina reclinata . Quercus nigra . . . Abies Fraseri . . . Quercus alba . . . Quercus Michauxii . Quercus densiflora . Populus grandidentata Abies grandis . . . Quercus a grifolia . . Ulmuc fulva . . . Pinus monticola . . Negundo Californicum Magnolia Fraseri . . Quercus hypoleuca . Maclura aurantiaca . Acer rubrum . . . Pinus Banksiana . . Magnolia cordata Prunus Caroliniana . Siniaruba glauca . . Quercus macrocarpa Magnolia acuminata Pinus Jeffrey i . . . Liriodendron Tulipifen Betula occidentalis . Magnolia glauca . . Pinus reflexa . . . Rbamnus Pursbiana Abies concolor . . Viburnum prunifolium Quercus bicolor . . Magnolia grandiflora Fraxinus viridis . . Crataegus subvillosa . Tsuga Canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum Myrica cerifera Salix lasiolepis Pinus ponderosa grum 3 ■s .22 si a> . « o o OS 103081 10298G 102881 102720 102411 102280 101C68 101261 101195 10022G 100226 99649 99417 991G1 99001 97850 97G94 97656 97656 97170 97089 96373 96347 96327 95838 9527G 95274 £5008 • 94532 94462 94409 94373 94284 94231 94073 93217 92929 92817 92777 92GG7 92424 91299 91287 91268 90889 90654 90G36 C0330 90313 90023 89970 88851 88778 88778 88731 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 170 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 180 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 Species. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Fraxinus sambucifolia .... Olneya Tesota Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . . Platanus occidentalis .... Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . Guaiacum sanctum Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Quercus Wislizeni Prunus serotina Quercus oblongifolia .... Populus balsamifera .... Castanea vulgaris, var. Ameri- cana Pinus Strobus Piscidia Erytbrina Persea Carolincnsis, var. palustris Fraxinus Oregana Libocedrus decurrens .... Tilia beteropbylla Alnus rbombifolia Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Tilia Americana Persea Carolinensis ..... Arbutus Menziesii Quercus Durandii Sapindus marginatus .... Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . Quercus obtusiloba Torreya taxifolia Prunus Americana Prosopis pubescens Morus rubra Pinus Arizonica Catalpa speciosa Cornus florida Abies balsamea Nyssa sylvatica Populus tremuloides .... Andromeda ferruginea .... Juglans cinerea Fraxinus pubescens Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Quercus Garryana Picea Engelmanni Pinus pungens Gordonia Lasiantbus .... Pinus Lambertiana * Crataegus arborcscens .... Quercus Pbellos Cliftonia ligustrina Diospyros Vireiniana .... Bumelia lycioides Acer macropbyllum Tsuga Pattoniana Elasticity. ~\ OF THE UNITED STATES. 165 Elas- ti Elas- Orde Species. nt of Orde Species. nt of > efficie ity. lative efficie ity. 5 o-J 202 Fraxinus quadrangulata 77439 256 Svmplocos tinctoria 62202 203 Quercus DouWasii I'M mis Murray an a 77166 257 Arbutus Xalapensis ..... 61577 204 77113 258 Juniperus pachyphlcea .... 61275 205 Alnus oblon (y if olia 76937 259 Prunus an°°ustifolia 60281 206 Prunus demissa • 76895 260 Bumelia cuneata . 60281 207 Abies subalpina 76199 261 Fraxinus pistaciaefolia .... 60119 208 Tax us brevifolia • 76133 262 Pinus Balfouriana 59386 .209 Bumelia tenax 75120 263 Crataegus aestivalis 59185 210 Quercus cinerea 75120 264 Pinus Sabiniana 58517 211 XTl in us Americana 74742 265 Kalmia latifolia . 58484 212 Quercus Kelloccii 74488 266 58297 213 Magnolia Umbrella . 74365 267 Negundo aceroides . 58156 214 Rhamnus Caroliniana .... 74084 268 58127 215 Quercus "risea 73982 269 Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii 57162 216 Rhus copallina 73647 270 56346 217 Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- 271 Parkinsonia Torreyana 55839 ju^ens .... , 73426 272 Picea pungens 55360 218 273 Planera aquatica 55167 219 Crataegus tomentosa .... 73160 274 Pinus clausa 54421 220 Pop ul us balsamifera, v.ir. can- 275 54295 270 Pinus inops 54295 221 Betula 77 Rhus Metopium 533 132 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . 468 78 Quercus Wislizenii ....... 533 133 467 79 Myrica Californica 532 134 Liquidambar Styraciflua .... 466 80 Juniperus oecidentalis,var.conjugens 532 135 Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . . 466 81 Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . . 527 136 Acer rubrum 463 82 526 137 Fraxinus Americana 463 83 522 138 Quercus agrifolia 463 84 520 139 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- 85 Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . . 520 463 86 519 140 Prunus emarginata, var. mollis 460 87 511 141 460 88 511 142 460 89 510 143 Acer circinatum 459 90 509 144 457 91 Quercus Garryana 505 145 455 92 505 146 Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis .... 455 93 504 147 455 94 Diospyros Virginiana 503 148 95 Arbutus Menziesii 502 149 96 501 150 Bumelia tenax 452 97 501 151 98 152 450 99 500 153 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . 449 100 Fraxinus quadrangulata .... 499 154 Laguncularia racemosa 449 101 155 449 102 156 449 103 498 157 448 104 497 158 446 105 495 159 445 106 Quercus lyrata 492 160 445 107 491 161 445 108 491 162 444 109 490 163 442 110 Magnolia macrophylla 489 164 439 111 Bumelia lycioides 489 165 Rhododendron maximum .... 439 112 489 166 438 113 487 167 437 114 Quercus obtusiloba . . ... 487 168 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata . 437 115 487 169 435 116 486 170 Castanopsis chrysophylla .... 435 117 483 171 435 118 482 172 434 119 482 173 434 120 482 174 434 121 482 175 431 122 481 176 Crataegus Crus-galli 430 123 Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . . 479 177 430 124 479 178 427 125 Bumelia cuneata 478 179 427 126 478 180 Simaruba glauca 426 127 477 181 424 128 Quercus densiflpra 475 182 424 129 470 183 423 130 469 184 423 131 468 185 422 OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. 188 p . . . , ,. 421 241 377 187 IVIriT'nG Villi!*'! 420 242 Tjiriorlpnrl rnn r Pnlitii'fprii 372 188 419 243 I UpillUa X 1 t; 11IUI1 111, Valf ouriana, var. 1 ti 1 1 Y ln^vi o*«i i~a 319 232 Kfi^GfifVnc. offirMniilp 287 313 233 Afpr mnfrnnli vll nm 288 310 234 Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana . 381 289 306 235 Pinus Arizoniea 381 290 302 236 291 302 237 380 292 297 238 293 293 239 294 290 240 377 295 289 172 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. 296 288 307 264 297 Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . 286 308 263 298 Populus heterophylla 283 309 299 281 310 258 300 278 311 258 301 Populus balsamifera, var. candicans 276 312 251 302 275 313 Wq cliinortrinin fil lforn 227 303 274 314 304 272 315 212 305 271 316 162 306 267 317 155 OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 TABLE VII. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres. Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. 1 793 39 309 2 655 40 308 3 649 41 308 4 42 1_> „ ; i ■ ■ l • 305 5 43 r> rt ij_ 305 6 550 44 7 481 45 8 Cereocarpus ledifolius 480 46 294 9 462 47 Quercus rubra, var. Texana . 291 10 444 48 288 11 439 49 286 12 415 50 286 13 408 51 Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- 14 Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia 407 286 15 52 Amelancbier Canadensis .... 280 16 394 53 279 17 384 54 277 18 Chrysophyllum oliviforme . . . . 382 55 Gleditscbia nionosperma .... 276 19 375 56 276 20 57 Dipbolis salieifolia 274 21 Xanthoxylum Caribaeum .... 373 58 274 22 370 59 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata . 273 23 364 60 Sapindus marginatus 272 24 363 61 272 25 362 62 272 26 Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . . 355 63 272 27 343 64 271 28 Prunus umbellata 342 65 271 29 337 66 Quercus prinoides 264 30 334 67 264 31 68 Crataegus subvillosa 263 32 324 69 262 33 324 70 Robinia Pseudacacia 258 34 Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . . 319 71 257 35 Prunus Caroliniana 318 72 Ulmus crassitolia 255 36 73 Ulmus alata 255 37 Carya myristicaeformis 315 74 Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii . 255 38 313 75 253 174 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Order. Species. g Weight. Order. Species. 5 Weight. 1 .9 a Relati Crush Relati Crush 76 Acer saccharinura, var. nigrum . . 252 131 197 77 252 132 197 78 250 133 196 79 247 134 196 80 Osmanthus Americanus .... 247 135 196 81 246 136 195 82 242 137 194 83 242 138 192 84 240 139 Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris . 192 85 240 140 Rhododendron maximum .... 191 86 141 190 87 235 142 188 88 933 143 188 89 233 144 186 90 232 145 186 91 931 146 184 92 230 147 183 93 229 148 182 94 228 149 182 95 226 150 182 96 226 151 181 97 226 152 181 98 225 153 178 99 224 154 178 100 224 155 177 101 Fraxinus quadrangulata .... 222 156 176 102 221 157 176 103 221 158 174 104 220 159 171 105 220 160 171 106 218 161 170 107 217 162 170 108 216 163 169 109 213 164 168 110 213 165 166 111 Prunus Americana 213 166 165 112 212 167 162 113 210 168 161 114 210 169 161 115 210 170 Gymnocladus Canadensis .... 160 116 209 171 160 117 207 172 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . 159 118 205 173 159 119 204 174 Torreya taxifoiia 158 120 204 175 156 121 202 176 155 122 202 177 154 123 201 178 153 124 201 179 150 125 201 180 149 126 200 181 149 127 199 182 149 128 Umbellularia Californica .... 199 183 148 129 Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis 198 184 Clif tonia ligu'strina 147 130 198 185 147 W X -L 1J.J2J O X Jr\. X £ju. 175 Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. Relative Order. Species. Crushing Weight. 186 147 241 Pinckneya pubens 105 187 Planera aciuatica 146 242 Pinus Arizonica 105 188 144 243 Pinus insignis 105 189 T^Iyrica cerifcra 144 244 Tsuga Pattoniana 104 190 Salix lasiolepis 140 245 Prunus Pennsy Ivanica 103 191 Larix occidentalis • 139 246 102 192 Sambucus glauca 138 247 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- 193 Fraxinus platycarpa 138 carpa 102 194 138 248 ii y ijcki 13 i» uiivaciioio .... 101 195 Rhamnus Caroliniana 136 249 Tsuga Mertensiana 101 196 Sassafras officinale 134 250 Pinus Banksiana 100 197 l'inus Balfouriana var. aristata 134 251 Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni 100 198 Prunus angustifolia 133 252 Pseudotsuga I^ouglasii 100 199 Pinus ri^ida 133 253 Gordonia Lasiantlius 99 200 Liquidambar Stvraciflua .... 132 254 Salix flavescens 98 201 Betula nigra 132 255 Libocedrus decurrens 98 202 Pinus clausa 131 256 Abies magnifica 96 203 Betula alba, var. populifolia 129 257 93 204 Pinus mitis 129 258 Salix nigra 93 205 Pinus reflexa 128 259 rimiQ lionltp'ri 92 206 127 260 90 207 Betula occidentalis 127 261 lYTncnnlin pnrflnfji 89 208 Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . • 126 262 IVIagnolia macropliylla Salix lasiandra var. lancifolia 89 209 126 263 87 210 Salix flavescens var. Scouleriana . 126 264 Simaruba glauca 86 211 Tsuga Caroliniana IVIagnolia Fraseri 125 265 Catalpa speciosa 86 212 123 266 Populus Fremontii 86 213 Torreya Californica 122 267 Populus heterophylla 86 214 Pinus muricata 122 268 Pinus Alurrayana 86 215 Abies nobilis 120 269 86 216 Ficus pedunculata 119 270 Pinus resinosa 85 217 Castanopsis elirysophylla .... 119 271 IVIagnolia Umbrella 84 218 l!nQtnripji Tiiimiln 118 272 Populus monilifera 83 219 Salix l96vi°*ata 118 273 Liriodendron Tulipifera 82 220 Pvrus Americana 117 274 Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . 82 221 Platanus Wrio'htii 117 275 Cliamajcy paris Lavvsoniana 82 222 Alnus rubra 117 276 Tsuga Canadensis 82 223 Pinus Jeffreyi 116 277 81 224 Pinus pun^ens 115 278 Taxodium distichum . 81 225 Ilex Dahoon 113 279 Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Populus tremuloides 80 226 Larix Americana 112 280 80 227 Ne°"undo aceroides 111 281 Picea pungens 79 228 Salix Hookeriana ....... 111 282 Alnus rhombifolia 78 229 Rlius copallina 109 283 Pinus Lambcrtiana 78 230 -^Esculus Californica 108 284 Abies concolor 78 231 Pisonia obtusata 108 285 77 232 Pinus flexilis 108 286 Picea nigra 77 233 IVIagnolia acuminata 107 287 Seciuoia sempervirens 77 234 Negundo Californicum 107 288 76 235 Pyrus sambucifolia 107 289 Picea Engelmanni 76 236 Pinus albicaulis 107 290 Populus balsamifera 75 237 Pinus ponderosa 107 291 AViipq hjilsnmpn 75 238 107 292 Alnus oblongifolia 74 239 Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana 106 293 74 240 106 294 74 176 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc. 2 3 Order. Species g Weig Order. "3 p . Relative Crushin Relative Crushinj 295 72 305 64 296 71 306 64 297 70 307 63 298 69 308 63 299 68 309 62 300 68 310 61 301 Chamaecyparis sphasroidea .... 67 311 Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . 60 302 67 312 59 303 Washingtonia filifera 66 313 51 304 Populus balsamifera, var. candicans 64 314 47 INDEX. Abies amabilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (38G) 156, (385) 161, (24) 163, (141) 167, (133) 170, (306) 176. Abies balsamea, 131; tables (395) 152, (409) 157, (410) 162, (183) 164, (274) 168, (250) 171, (291) 175. Abies bracteata, 133 ; tables (397) 152, (192) 155, (194) 160. Abies concolor, 132; tables (396) 152, (415) 157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223) 171, (204) 175. Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157, (418) 162, (110) 164, (228) 168, (268) 171. Abies grandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152, (418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168, (220) 171, (313) 176. Abies Iludsonica, 131. Abies magnified, 134; tables (400) 152, (346) 156, (345) 161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171) 170, (256) 175. Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 156, (309) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170, (215) 175. Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421) 157, (422) 162, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291) 171, (305) 170. Abietine, 120. Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 146. Acacia, Green-barked, 30. Acacia Gregr/ii, 33; tables (98) 146, (59) 153, (57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169. Acacia, Three-thorned, 29. Acacia Wrighlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29) 153, (27) 158. Acer circinatum, 21 ; tables (61) 145, (198) 155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143) 170, (126) 174. Acer dasycarpum, 22; tables (65) 145, (301) 156, (301) 161, (60) 163, (56) 166, (119) 170, (151) 174. Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155, (246) 160. Acer grandidentatum, 21; tables (63) 145, (180) 154, (180) 159. Acer macrophyllum,20; tables (60) 145, (327) 156, (326) 161, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233) 171, (167) 174. Acer Pennsylvanicum, 20; tables (58) 145, (298) 156, (299) 161. Acer rubrum, 22; tables (66) 145, (240) 155, (239) 160, (123) 164, (126) 167, (136) 170, (157) 174. Acer rubrum, var. Brummondii, 23 ; tables (661) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160. Acer saccharinum, 21; tables (64) 145, (178) 154, (175) 159, (9) 163, (21) 166, (32) 169, (71) 173. Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, 22; tables (641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71) 166, (60) 169, (76) 174. Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294) 155, (294) 160. Acids, 35. Acorns, edible, 84, 85. Adobe houses, 32, 49. jEsculus Calif ornica, 18; tables (52) 145, (320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 168, (257) 171, (230) 175. jEsculus flava, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156, (381) 161. jEsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (363) 156, (363) 161, (249) 165, (279) 168, (287) 171, (296) 176. JEsculus Hippocastanum, 17. Africa, 47. Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 93. Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75- 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129. Alaska, 20, 40, 96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127- 129, 132. Alder, 98. Alder, Black, 99. Alder, Hoary, 99. Alder, Seaside, 98. Alder, Smooth, 99. Alder, Speckled, 99. Algaroba, 31. Alkali, 22. Alkaloid, 28. Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 60, 62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131. 178 INDEX. Alleghany Region, 89, 129. Alnus arguta, 98. Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156, (353) 161, (71) 163, (122) 167, (295) 171. Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (305 1 ) 150. Alnus Japonica, 98. Alnus maritima, 98 ; tables (300) 150, (319) 156, (319) 161. Alnus oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402) 156, (403) 161, (205) 165, (196) 167, (300) 172, (292) 175. Alnus rhombifolia, 98; tables (302) 150, (394) 156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 167, (256) 171, (282) 175. Alnus rubra, 98; tables (301) 150, (336) 156, (337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171, (222) 175. Alnus serrulata, 99; tables (304) 150, (349) 156, (349) 161. Alpine slopes, 128. Altamaha River, 5. Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137) 146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 163. (26) 160, (20) 169, (52) 173. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundif olia , 45. America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34, 46, 47, 96. American Crab, 39. American Crab Apple, 39. American Elm, 71. American Holly, 12. American Linden, 6. American Museum of Natural History, viii. American Oaks, 83. Amyris sylvatica, 11; tables (30) 144, (13) 153, (11) 158, (67) 163, (2) 166, (9) 169, (6) 173. Ana card iacea?, 24, 25. AruTsihetics, 120. Anaqua, 65. Andromeda ferrurjinea, 53; tables (165) 147, (119) 154,' (J 18) 159, (186) 164, (204) 168, (113) 170, (98) 174. Ann, Cape, 1. Anonaceoz, 4. Anona laurifoUa, 4; tables (10) 144, (313) 150, (335) 161, (284) 165, (241) 168, (290) 171, (206) 175. Anticosti Island, 40. Anti-periodic bark, 64. Antipyretic, 100. Ant's-wood, 58. Apache Mountains, 37, 86. Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135. Apple, American Crab, 39. Apple, Custard, 4. Apple, Oregon Crab, 40. Apple, Pond, 4. Apple, Haw, 44. Apple, Seven-year, 52. Apple, Southern Crab, 39. Arbol de Hierro, 27. Arbor-vita?, 106. Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (166) 147, (165) 154, (103) 159, (171) 164, (88) 166, (95)170, (117)174. Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118) 154, (119) 159. Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147, (164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 165, (238) 168, (209) 171, (79) 174. Arctic Circle, 134. Ardisia Piclceringia, 56; tables (173) 147, (58) 153, (60) 158. Arizona, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62, 66, 75, 77, 82, 85- 87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109-111, 116- 121, 127, 130, 132, 137. Arizona Mountains, 109, 120. Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31, 42-45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 68- 70, 72, 74, 76-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112, 124. Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122. Arnold Arboretum, viii. Aromatics, 48, 69, 132. Arrow-wood, 14. Arroyos, 27. Arts, 132. Ash, 61. Ash, Black, 63. Ash, Blue, 62. Ash, Green, 62. Ash, Ground, 63. Ash, Hoop, 63. Ash-leaved Maple, 23. Ash, Mountain, 40. Ash, Oregon, 63. Ash, Prickly, 8. Ash, Red, 61. Ash, Sea, 8. Ash, Wafer, 9. Ash, Water, 62. Ash, White, 61. Ash, Yellow, 28. Asimina triloba, 4; tables (9) 144, (403) 156, (404) 161, (289) 165, (302) 168, (315) 172, (298) 176. Aspalaga, Fla., 113. Aspen, 103. Aspen, Quaking, 103. Assinaboine River, 34. Astringents, 24, 25, 40, 59, 129. Athabasca River, 101. Atlantic forests, 35, 36, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83, 97. Atlantic oaks, 88. INDEX. 179 Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103. Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30, 34, 57-59, 61, 65, 72, 83, 86, 90, 94, 97, 112, 122, 123. Avicennia nitida, 67 ; (Rhizophora, 67) ; tables (211) 148, (42) 153, (44) 158. Axe-handles, 20, 21, 61, 78. Back, Strong, 65. Bahamas, 7. Bald Cypress, 112. Balms, 105. Balm of Gilead, 104. Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131. Balm of fir, 132. Balsams, 46. Balsam, 104, 131, 132. Balsam Cottonwood, 105. Balsam Fir, 131, 132. Balsam, She, 131. Banana, Mexican, 137. Bark, Cinnamon, 5. Bark, Georgia, 52. Barrel-hoops, 49, 63. Barrels, 105. Barrington, Fort, 5. Bartram's Oak, 92. Basket Oak, 84. Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84. Basswood, 6. Basswood, White, 7. Bastard Cedar, 106. Bastard Pine, 126. Bayberry, 80. Bay, Bull, 1. Bay, Loblolly, 5. Bay, Red, 68. Bay, Rose, 55. Bay, Sweet, 1. Bay, Tan, 5. Bay-tree, California, 69. Bay, White, 1. Bayonet, Spanish, 136, 137. Beads, 19. Beams, 32. Bean, Indian, 65. Bean, Screw, 32. Bean Tree, 65. Bearberry, 16. Beard, Old Man's, 64. Bear-wood, 16. Beaver Tree, 1. Beech, 94. Beech, Blue, 95. Beech, Water, 75, 95. Beef-wood, 67. Bee Tree, 6. Belle Isle, Straits of, 104. Berry, Tallow, 7. Betulacece, 95-99. Betula alba, var. popullfolia, 95; tables (294) 149, (267) 155, (265)' 160, (221) 165, (146) 107, (267) 171, (203) 175. Betula lenta, 96, 97; tables (299) 150, (110) 154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169, (97) 174. Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155,. (200) 160, (3) 163, (5) 166, (33) 169, (169). 174. Betula nigra, 97; tables (298) 149, (266) 155, (267) 160, (58) 163, (69) 166, (166) 170, (201) 175. Betula occid entails, 96; tables (296) 149, (246) 155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (219) 171, (207) 175. Behda papyri/era, 96; tables (295) 149, (251) 155, (249) 160, (18) 163, (38) 166, (115) 170, (209) 175. Big Blackfoot River, 135. Big-bud Hickory, 78. Big Cottonwood', 105. Big Laurel, 1. Big Shell-bark, 78. Big Tree, 112. Big Williams Fork, 10, 48. Bignoniaceas, 65, 66. Bill Williams River, 30. Bilsted, 45. Birch, Black, 96, 97. Birch, Canoe, 96. Birch, Cherry, 97. Birch, Gray," 95, 97. Birch, Mahogany, 97. Birch, oil of, 96.* Birch, Old-field, 95. Birch, Paper, 96. Birch, Red, 97. Birch, River, 97. Birch, Sweet, 97. Birch, West Indian, 10. Birch, White, 95, 96. Birch, Yellow, 97. Bird's-eye Maple, 22. Biscayne, Bay, 1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28, 34, 37, 46-48, 56-58, 67-70, 72-74, 86, 99, 126. Bishop's Pine, 124. Bitter-nut, 79. Bitter Pecan, 79. Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 96, 105, 107, 115, 129, 130, 132. Bitts, 69. Black Alder, 99. Black Ash, 63. Black Birch, 96, 97. Black Calabash-tree, 66. Black Cherry, Wild, 36. Black Cottonwood, 105. Black Cypress, 112. Black Gum, 50. Black Haw, 52. 180 INDEX. Black Hickory, 78, 79. Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Black Iron-wood, 15. Black Jack, 89, 90. Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90. Black Larch, 134. Black Locust, 26, 29. Black Mangrove, 67. Black Oak, 87-89. Black Persimmon, 59. Black Pine, 120. Black Sloe, 35. Black Spruce, 126, 127. Black Thorn, 42. Black Tree, 67. Black Walnut, 46, 76. Black Willow, 99. Black-wood, 67. Bladder-diseases, 96. Blinds, 115. Blocks, 72, 75. Blood-impurities, 99. Blue Ash, 62. Blue Beech, 95. Blue Jack, 92. Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132, 134. Blue Myrtle, 16. Blue Oak, 85. Blue River, 22. Blue Spruce, 128. Blue-wood, 15. Boarding, 46. Boat-building, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 108, 128. Boilers, 32. Bo is d'Arc, 74. Books referred to, 143. Borraginacece, 64, 65. Bottom Shell-bark, 78. Bourreria Bavanensis, 65 ; tables (204) 148, (84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 166, (48) 169, (46) 173. Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula, 65. Bows, Indian, 49, 113. Box Elder, 23. Boxwood, 14, 49; substitute for, 55, 59. Brazil, 4, 9, 10, 11, 34, 46, 55-57, 67, 68. Brazos River, 1, 8, 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 90, 92, 136. Brick-baking, 99. Briekley Thatch, 136. Bridge-timbers, 72. Bristol, Fla., 113, 114. British America, 6, 51, 103. British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96, 98-100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134. Brittle Thatch, 136. Broad-leaved Maple, 20. Brooms, 20. Brown Hickory, 79. Buckeye, California, 18. Buckeye, Fetid, 17. Buckeye, Ohio, 17. Buckeye, Spanish, 18. Buckeye, Sweet, 17. Buckthorn, Southern, 58. Buckwheat Tree, 13. Bull Bay, 1. Bull-nut, 78. Bull Pine, 119-121, 124. Bumelia cuneata, 58; tables (182) 147, (89) 154, (94) 159, (260) 165, (273) 168, (125) 170, (49) 173. Bumelia lanuginosa, 57; tables (179) 147, (205) 155, (208) 160, (288) 165, (303) 168, (252) 171, (171) 174. Bumelia lycioides, 58; tables (181) 147, (125) 154, (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 168, (111) . 170, (104) 174. Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatum, 58. Bumelia spinosa, 57; tables (180) 147, (199) 155, (203) 160. Bumelia tenax, 57; tables (178) 147, (142) 154, (142) 159, (209) 165, (207) 168, (150) 170, (152) 174. Bum-wood, 25. Burning Bush, 14. Bur Oak, 82. Burseracece, 10, 11. Bursera c/ummifera, 10; tables (29) 144, (426) 157, (427) 162, (300) 165, (310) 168, (317) 172, (314) 176. Bush, Burning, 14. Bustic, 57. Butchers' blocks, 75. Butter-tubs, 133. Butternut, 76. Button-ball Tree, 75. Button-moulds, 97. Buttons, 19. Buttonwood, 46, 75. Button wood, White, 47. Byrsonima lucida, 7; tables (19) 144, (236) 155, (266) 160, (279) 165, (296) 168, (218) 171, (113) 174. Cabbage Palmetto, 135. Cabbage Tree, 135. Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12, 22-24, 29, 36, 46, 50, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 94, 107, 111, 114. Cactacece, 48, 49. Cactus, Giant, 48. Cagiput, 69. Calabash-tree, Black, 66. Calaveras County, 115. Calaveras Grove, 112. Calico-bush, 55. Calico-wood, 60. INDEX. 181 California, 6. 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 36-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 63, 66, 69, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 93, 96, 98-103, 105-122, 124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) California Bay-tree, 69. California Buckeye, 18. California Coast, 93. California Holly, 44. California Laurel, 69. California Nutmeg, 114. California Olive, 69. California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130. Caloosa River, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 56, 58, 62, 79, 99. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 47; tables (143) 147, (49) 153, (49) 158. Campo, 116. Canada Plum, 34. Canadian Balsam, 132. Canaveral, Cape, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57, 62, 64, 66-68, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126. Candles, 80. Canellacece, 5. Canella alba, 5; tables (12) 144, (18) 153, (18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173. Canes, 27, 70. Canoe Cedar, 107. Canoe Birch, 96. Canoes, 96, 107. Canons, 27. Canotia holocantha, 10; tables (27) 144, (182) 154, (204) 160. Cape Fear River, 1, 72. Capparidacece, 4. Capparis Jamaicensis, 4; tables (11) 144, (169) 154, (195) 160. CapriJ'oliacea:, 51, 52. Car anna, remedy, 10. Carbo-hydrogen, 120. Carmelo Point, 108. Carolina Poplar, 105. Carpinus Caroliniana, 95; tables (293) 149, (144) 159, (44) 163, (22) 166, (103) 170, (110) 174. Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82. Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63) 158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 169, (65) 173. Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78. Carya amara, 79; tables (246) 149, (114) 154, (117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83) 174. Carya aquatica, 79; tables (248) 149, (134) 154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170, (58) 173. Carya myristiccej ormis, 79; tables (247) 149, (87) 154, (86) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 169, (37) 173. Carya olivcef ormis, 77; tables (241) 148, (155) 154, (158) 159, (245) 165, (254) 168, (173) 170, (90) 174. Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 149, (76) 153, (75) 158,(89) 163,(44) 166, (47) 169, (44) 173. Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 148, (82) 154, (81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48) 173. Carya tomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75) 153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 169, (54) 173. Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81, 93, 102, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 122, 127, 130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Cascara sagrada, 16. Cassada, 57. Cassena, 12. Castanea pumlla, 94; tables (289) 149, (57) 155, (253) 160, (47)163, (65) 166, (105) 170, (218) 175. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables (290) 149, (366) 156, (365) 161, (160) 164. (192) 167, (34) 171, (239) 174. Castanopsis chrysophylla, 93; tables (288) 149, (280) 155, (280) 160, (99) 164, (165^ 167, (170) 170, (217) 175. Castle, Lake, 108. Catalpa, 65. Cat'dpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148, (369) 156, (369) 161, (239) 165, (248) 168, (251) 171, (285) 175. Catalpa speciosa, 66; tables (207) 148, (388) 156, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 168, (203) 171, (265) 175. Catalpa, Western, 66. Catarrh, 46, 132. Catawba, 65. Cathartics, 8, 14, 76. Cat's Claw, 33, 34. Cattle, food for, 7. Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 19, 24, 34. Ceanothus Americana, 16. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 16 , tables (48) 145, (268) 155, (269) 160. Cedar, Bastard, 106. Cedar, Canoe, 107. Cedar Elm, 70. Cedar, Incense, 106. Cedar Keys, 12, 18, 46, 47, 57, 58, 67, 135. Cedar, Oregon, 108. Cedar Pine, 125. Cedar, Port Orford, 108. Cedar, Post, 106. Cedar, Red, 107, 111. Cedar, Stinking, 114. Cedar, White, 106-108. Celastracece, 14. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crass/folia. 73. Celtis Mississipjriensis, var. integrifolia, 73. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. laivigata, 73. Celtis occidental, 72; tables (228) 148, (144) 154, (146) 159, (235) 165, (142) 167, (186) 171, (107) 174. 182 INDEX. Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata, 73; tables (2281) 148, (147) 154, (151) 159, (150) 164, (134) 167, (168) 170, (59) 173. Census, Vol. IX., 141-143. Central America, 11, 68, 70. Cercis Canadensis, 31 ; tables (91) 146, (225) 155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130) 170, (148) 174. Cercis renifonnis, 31; tables (92) 146, (116) 154, (120) 159. Cercocarpus ledij alius, 38; tables (115) 146, (10) 153, (8) 158, (25) 109, (8) 173. Cercocarpus parvif alius, 39 ; tables (116) 146, (30) 153, (28) 158. Cereus rjiganleus, 48; tables (149) 147, (424) 157, (426) 162. Chairs, 71, 88, 95. Chaleur, Bay of, 95. Chamaicyparis Lawsoniana, 108; tables (331) 150, (352) 150, (350) 161, (31) 163, (97) 167, (135) 170, (275) 175. Chamoecyparis Nutkaensis, 108; tables (330) 150, (338) 156, (338) 161, (93) 164, (135) 167, (146) 170, (248) 175. Chamcecyparis splueraidea, 108; tables (32D) 150, (423) 157, (424) 102, (302) 165, (289) 168, (309) 172, (301) 176. Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105. Chaparral, 15. Chapote, 59. Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128. Charlotte Harbor, 12. Chattahoochee, 114. Cherokee County, N. C, 28. Cherry, 56. Cherry Birch, 97. Cherry brandy, 36. Cherrv, Indiaii, 15. Cherry, May, 45 Cherry, Pigeon, 35. Cheny, Pin, 35. Cherrv, Rum, 36. Cherry, Wild, 37. CherrV, Wild Black, 36. Cherry, Wild Red, 35. Chester County, Pa., 78. Chestnut, 94. " Chestnut Oak, 84, 93. Chestnut Oak, Rock, 84. Celtis jntmila, 73. Chickasaw Plum, 35. Chihuahua, 120. Chilopsis saligna, 66; tables (208) 148, (254) 155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (292) 171, (188) 175. China, Wild, 18. Chincapin, 85. Chinquapin, 93, 94. Chinquapin Oak, 84. Chionanthus Virf/inica, 64; tables (200) 148, (224) 155, (221) 160. Chittam-wood, 24. Chrysobalanus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 146, (102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 163, (72) 166, (102) 174. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 56; tables (175) 147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 163, (111) 1G7, (36) 169, (18) 173. Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134. Cigar Tree, 65. Cinchona Bark, 17, 52. Cinnamon bark, 5. Cinnamon, Wild, 5. Citharexylum villosum. 66; tables (210)148, (54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (14) 169, (40) 173. Cladrastis tinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235) 155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169, (147) 174. Clammy Locust, 27. Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93. Clark's Fork, 115. Claw, Cat's, 33, 34. Clear Creek, 98. Clear Lake, 109. Cleats, 69. Cliff Elm, 71. Cliftonia Ufjustrina, 13; tables (38) 145, (238) 155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271) 168, (244) 171, (184) 174. Clusiajlava, 5; table (13) 144. Coahuila, 21. Coast Live Oak, 87. Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39, 44, 49, 54, 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 98, 101, 106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124, 130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis- tribution.) Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148, (20) 153, (25) 158, (49) 163, (83) 166, (7) 169, (16) 173. Coccaloba uvifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22) 153, (21) 158, (311) 172. Cockspur Thorn, 42. Cocoa Plum, 34. Cceurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,130,132. Coffee, substitute for, 29. Coffee-nut, 29. Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 29. Coffins, 113. Colorado, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41. 58, 60, 82, 85, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121, 128, 130-133, 137. Colorado Desert, 26, 30. Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, ^1-43, 52, 62, 63, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77) 153, (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166. Columbia, District of, 39. Columbian Basin, 135. Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134. INDEX. 183 Combretacece, 46, 47. Commerce, 69, 77, 78. Compression, longitudinal, 169-172. Concho River, 34, 59, 77. Condaiia ferrea, 15; tables (43) 145, (1) 153, (1) 158, (45) 163, (90) 167, (5) 169, (3) 173. Condaiia obovata, 15 ; tables (44) 145, (2) 153, (5) 158. Coniferas, 106-134. Coniferce, North American, 111. Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104. Connecticut River, 91, 101. Conocarpus erecta, 46; tables (141) 147, (17) 153, (16) 158, (95) 164, (76) 166, (35) 169, (22) 173. Construction, 26, 29, 46, 81, 82, 84, 90, 91, 93, 112, 118, 127, 128, 131. Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132. Coos Bay, 108. Coquille River, 20. Coral Sumach, 25. Cordage, 6. Cordia Boissieri, 64; tables (203) 148, (190) 155, (198) 160. Cordia Sebestena, 64 ; tables (202) 148, (163) 154, (184) 159. Cork Elm, 71. Cork, substitute for, 51. Cork-wood, 67. Cornaceae, 49-51. Cornus alternifolia, 49; tables (150) 147, (196) 155, (192) 160. Cornus flor ida, 49; tables (151) 147,(79) 153, (77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43) 173. Cornus Nuttallii, 49; tables (152) 147, (122) 154, (121) 159, (91) 164, (64) 166, (24) 169, (82) 174. Corpus Christi, 65. Corpus Christi River, 30. Costa Rica, 86. Cotton-gum, 45, 50. Cottonwood, 105, 106. Cottonwood, Balsam, 105. Cottonwood, Big, 105. Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105. Cottonwood, River, 104. Cottonwood, Swamp, 104. Cough-mixtures, 35. Cow Oak, 84. Crab, American, 39. Crab Apple, American, 39. Crab Apple, Oregon, 40. Crab Apple, Southern, 39. Crab, Sweet-scented, 39. Crab-wood, 70. Cratcegus aestivalis, 44; tables (134) 146, (205) 155, (201) 160, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160) 170, (99) 174. Crataegus apii folia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127) 154, (134) 159. Crataegus arborescens, 41; tables (125) 146, (213) 155, (210) 160, (195) 164, (235) 168, (102) 170, (146) 174. Crataegus berberifolia, 44; table (133) 146. Crataegus brachyacantha, 41; tables (124) 146, (189) 155, (186) 159. Cratcegus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (56) 153, (54) 158. Cratcegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 146, (143) 154, (140) 159. Cratcegus Crus-galli, 42; tables (126) 146, (153) 154, (154) 159, (246) 165, (218) 168, (176) 170, (114) 174. Cratcegus Douglasii, 41; tables (123) 146, (172) 154, (169) 159. Crataegus Jlava, 44; tables (135) 146, (98) 154, (97) 159. Crataegus jlava, var. pubescens, 44; tables (1351) 146, (105) 154, (106) 159, (231) 165, (175) 167, (81) 170, (34) 173. Crataegus rivularis, 41; tables (122) 146. (103) 154, (100) 159. Cratcegus spathulata, 43; tables (132) 146, (158) 154, (157) 159, (243) 165, (276) 168, (145) 170, (106) 174. Cratcegus subvillosa, 42 ; tables (128) 146, (90) 154,' (89) 159, (141) 164, (169) 167, (71) 169, (68) 173. Crataegus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 146, (113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 165, (184) 167, (159) 170, (84) 174. Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata, tables (1291) 146, (103) 159. Crescentia cucurbitina, 66 ; tables (209) 148, (231) 155, (235) 160. Cretaceous formations, 82. Cross-trees, 69. Cuba, 7. Cucumber Tree, 2: Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2. Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3. Cumberland County, N. J., 92. Cumberland Mountains, 24. Cumberland River, 23. Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150, (348) 156, (348) 161, (285) 165, (268) 168, (254) 171, (154) 174. Cupressus Guadalupensis, 109; tables (335) 150, (333) 156, (333) 161. Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150. Cupressus macrocarpa, 108 ; tables (332) 150, (236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 166, (86) 174. Cupuliferae, 80-95. Curled Maple, 22. Custard Apple, 4. Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106, 115, 121, 131. Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27. Cypress, Bald, 112. 184 INDEX. Cypress, Black, 112. Cypress, Deciduous, 112. Cypress, Lawson's, 108. Cypress, Monterey, 108. Cypress Point, 108. Cypress, Red, 112. Cypress, Sitka, 108. Cypress swamps, 59. Cypress, White, 112. Cypress, Yellow, 108. Cyrilla racemiflora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191) 155, (187) 159, (286) 105, (305) 168. Cyrillacece, 13. DjEdalia, 112. Dcedalia vorax, 106. Dahoon, 12. Dahoon Holly, 12. Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Datea spinosa, 26 ; tables (76) 145, (282) 155, (293) 160. Darling Plum, 14. Davenport, Iowa, 114. Debility, 104. Deciduous Cypress, 112. Decoctions, 40, 45, 49, 64, 89, 111. Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, .101, 112, 122, 129. Desert Willow, 66. Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72, 75. Devil-wood, 64. Diamond Willow, 102. Diarrhoea, 16, 40, 59, 99. Digger Pine, 121. Dilly, Wild, 58. Diospyros Texana, 59 ; tables (185) 147, (62) 153, (73) 158. Diospyros Virginiana, 58; tables (184) 147, (93) 154, (92) 159, (198) 164, (102) 167, (94) 170, (32) 173. Dlpholis salicifolia, 57; tables (177) 147, (35) 153, (30) 158, (16) 163, (23) 166, (12) 169, (57) 173. District of Columbia, 39, 91. Diuretics, 25, 108, 111. Doctor-gum. 25. Dogwood, 49. Dogwood, Flowering, 49. Dogwood, Jamaica, 28. Dogwood, Striped, 20. Door-blinds, 115. Douglas Fir, 130. Downward Plum, 58. Drypetes crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39) 153, (52) 158, (83) 163, (138) 167, (27) 169, (25) 173. Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia, 70; tables (2191) 148, (33) 153, (55) 158, (174) 164, (180) 167, (85) 170, (14) 173. Drypetes glauca, 70. Dry rot, 106. Duck Oak, 91. Dunnage of vessels, 128. Dwarf Maple, 21. Dwarf Sumach, 24. Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89. Dysentery, 80. Dyspepsia, 10, 16. Eagle Mountains, 54. Eastern States, 89. Eastern White Oak, 81. Eastern White Pine, 115. Ebenacece, 58, 59. Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121. Ehretica elliptica, 65; tables (205) 148, (214) 155, (218) 100, (304) 165, (177) 167, (226) 171, (93) 174. Elastic, Gum, 57. Elasticity, tables, 163-165. Elder, 51. Elder, Box, 23. Elder, Poison, 25. Elemi, Gum, 10. Elk-wood, 3. Elm, American, 71. Elm, Cedar, 70. Elm, Cliff, 71. Elm, Cork, 71. Elm, Hickory, 71. Elm, Moose, 71. Elm, Red, 71. Elm, Rock, 71. Elm, Slippery, 6, 71. Elm, Water, 71. Elm, White. 71. Elm, Winged, 71. Emetics, 13, 25, 27. Empyreumatic oil, 96. Enceno, 87. Engraving, 55. (See Wood-engraving.) Ericaceae, 53-55. Erie, Lake, 39, 55, 75-78, 80, 84. Eugenia buxifoUa, 47; tables (144) 147, (31) 153, (6) 163, (33) 158, (39) 166, (1) 169, (15) 173. Eugenia dichotoma, 47; tables (145) 147, (50) 153, (43) 158. Eugenia longipes, 48; tables (147) 147, (6) 153, (7) 158. Eugenia monticola, 48 ; tables (146) 147, (41) 153, (39) 158, (69) 163, (17) 166, (58) 169, (13) 173. Eugenia procera, 48; tables (148) 147, (27) 153, (38) 163, (16) 166, (18) 169, (10) 173, (34) 158. Euonymus atropurpureus, 14 ; tables (39) 145, (201) 155, (197) 160. Euphorbiacece, 70. INDEX. 185 Europe, 99. Everglades, 4, 34, 46, 47. Extracts, 45. Exostema Caiibceum, 52; tables (160) 147, (36) 153, (29) 158, (35) 163, (58) 166, (8) 169, (7) 173. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 26 ; tables (75) 145, (52) 153, (53) 158. Fagus FERRUGiiNEA, 94; tables (291) 149, (184) 154, (181) 159, (32) 163, (24) 166, (126) 170, (135) 174. Fairtield Count}', Conn., 45. Fan-leaf Palm, 135. Farkle-berry, 53. Faxon, C. E., viii. Febrifuges, 100. (See Fevers.) Fellies, for wheels, 32, 93. Fence-boards, 105. Fence-posts, 20, 65, 66, 69, 75, 102, 108, 113, 114, 134. Fencing, 32, 49, 63, 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 97, 107, 110-112, 117, 126, 128. Fetid Buckeye, 17. Fevers, 17, 49, 52, 64, 104. Ficus aurea, 73 ; tables (229) 148, (429) 157, (429) 162, (310) 165, (308) 168, (316) 172, (310) 176. Ficus brevi folia, 73; tables (230) 148, (220) 155, (216) 175, (240) 100. Ficus pedunculala, 73; tables (231) 148, (342) 156, (362) 161, (301) 165, (309) 168, (299) 172. Fiddle-wood, 66. Fig, Wild, 73. Fir, Balm-of-Gilead, 131. Fir, Balsam, 131, 132. Fir, Douglas, 130. Fir, Red, 130, 133, 134. Fir, White, 132. Fir, Yellow, 130, 131. Fishes, poison for, 28. Fish-hooks, 113. Fishing-nets, 21. Flathead Lake, 16, 96. Flathead Region, 127. Flathead River, 98, 115, 135. Floats, 51. Flooring. 2, 22, 63, 71, 103, 108, 118. Florida, 1, 3-15, 17-19, 22-25, 28-32, 34-37, 39, 41-50, 52-84, 80, 88-95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111-114, 123-126, 135, 136. (Mostly relating to limit of distribution.) Florida Coast, 80. Florida Keys, 80. Flour, 32. Flowering Dogwood, 49. Fodder, 32. Forestiera acuminata, 63; tables (199) 148, (228) 155, (226) 160, (233) 165, (182) 167, (210) 171, (161) 174. Fork-leaved Black Jack, 90. Foulweather, Cape, 80. Foxtail Pine, 118. Franklinia, 5. Fraser River, 21, 35, 36, 51, 96, 98, 105, 133. Fraxinus Americana, 61; tables (192) 147, (206) 155, (205) 160, (97) 164, (110) 167, (68) 169, (137) 170, (160) 174. Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, 61 ; tables (192) 147, (109) 154, (109) 159, (73) 163, (29) 166, (129) 174. Fraxinus anomala, 60; tables (190) 147, (200) 155, (199) 160. Fraxinus Greggii, 60; tables (189) 147, (94) 154, (93) 159. Fraxinus Oreyana, 63; tables (197) 148, (269) 155, (268) 160, (164) 164, (210) 168, (84) 170, (165) 174. Fraxinus pistacice folia, 61 ; tables (191) 147, (188) 154, (419)* 157, (185) 159, (261) 165, (234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174. Fraxinus pistacicefolia, var. coriacea, 61. Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148, (420) 162, (290) 165, (269) 168, (312) 172, (193) 175. Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147, (237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 167, (169) 170, (120) 174. Fraxinus quadrangulata, 62; tables (196) 148, (154) 154, (156) 159, (202) 165, (128) 167, (100) 170, (101) 174. Fraxinus sambucifolia, 63; tables (198) 148, (232) 155, (229) 160, (148) 164, (131) 167, (183) 170, (137) 174. Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 148, (162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167, (120) 170, (105) 174. Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62; tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (264) 160. Frigolito, 28. Fringe Tree, 64. Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, 63, 70, 77, 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91, 95-97, 103, 105, 110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131, 134, 135. Fuel value, 141-143, 158-162. Furniture, 6, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97, 98, 106, 108. Geiger Tree, 64. Genesee River, 84. Genipa clusicefolia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14) 153, (14) 158. Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52, 55, 57, 63, 65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122. (Relating generally to limit of distribution.) Georgia Bark, 52. Georgian Bay, 95, 111. Georgia Pine, 125. Giant Cactus, 48 186 INDEX. Gila River, 10, 26, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74. Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131. Ginger Pine, 108. Glamberry, 7. Glass-factories, 50. Glaucous Willow, 101. Gleditschia monosperma, 30; tables (87) 146, (137) 154, (138) 159, (39) 163, (52) 166, (44) 169, (55) 173. Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tables (86) 145, (193) 155, (190) 160, (66) 163, (81) 166, (99) 170, (164)174. Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis, 29. Gold Range, 115, 129, 134. Goose-foot Maple, 20. Gopher Plum, 50. Gopher-wood, 28. Gordonia' Lasianthus, 5; tables (14) 144, (344) 156, (193) 164, (344) 161, (209) 168, (225) 171, (253) 175. Gordonia pubescens, 5; table (15)144. Gout, 8, 10, 96, 100. Graham, Mount, 127. Grand Rapids, 102. Grand River, 24. Grape, Sea, 68. Grape sugar, 32. Gray Birch, 95, 97. Gray Pine, 125. Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118. Great Bear Lake, 96, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134. Great Laurel, 55. Green Ash, 62. Green-barked Acacia, 30. Ground Ash, 63. Guadalupe Island, 109. Guadalupe Mountains, 37, 54, 84, 86, 115, 130. Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 26, 33, 37, 59, 65, 71, 99, 136. Guaiac, 8. Guaiacum officinale, 7. Guaia cum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144, (4) 153. (3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 167, (11) 169, (1) 173. Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8. Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68) 153, (70) 158. Guiana Plum, 70. Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 126, 135. Gulf States, 1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 36, 43, 44, 50, 53, 58-60, 62-64, 68, 72, 78, 80, 84, 90, 91, 93, 97, 104, 107, 111, 112, 122, 124- 126. (Often marking limit of distribution.) Gums, 25, 50. Gum-arabic, 32, 33. Gum, Black, 50. Gumbo Limbo, 10. Gum Cotton, 50. Gum Elastic, 57. Gum Elemi, 10. Gum, Red, 45. Gum, Sour, 50. Gum, Sweet, 45. Gum, Tupelo, 50. Gunpowder, 54, 99. Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77. Gurgeon Stopper, 47. Guttiferce, 5. Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145, (175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167, (211) 171, (170) 174. Hackberry, 72. Hackmatack, 134. Hematuria, 99. Halesia diptera, 60; tables (187) 147, (270) 155, (270) 160, (236) 165, (112) 167, (172) 170, (132) 174. Halesia tetraptera, 60; tables (188) 147, (277) 155, (277) 160. Halifax Bay, 123. Hamamelaceai, 45, 46. Hamamelis Vir