TPIE 
 
 BY 
 
 BERTALL 
 
 WITH 
 
 Exi^lanatory Text descriptive of each Design loritten eoopressly for this Edition 
 
 BY AN ENGLISHMAN 
 Eye-witness of the Scenes and Events of that Year 
 
 BUCKINGHAM AND 
 
 PARIS 
 
 LondLon, 9T, IVewgate Street E. O. 
 
ARTIST'S PREFACE 
 
 This Collection is neither the work of Imagination nor Fancy. 
 
 As Editor, during the reign of the Commune, of the Paris edition of the " Som ", 
 notwithstanding its suppression under three successive forms ; — and also as 
 Editor and Artist of the " Grelot ", the only satirical Journal that then had 
 courage, in spite of so many dangers, to appear and persist in its course to the end ; 
 — I have seen defiling before me, those unlooked for Apparitions, those peculiar 
 and sinister Physiognomies, those Scarves Laces and Feathers, with all their insane 
 accompaniments, as well as the Actors and Supernumaries, who have played their 
 parts in that strange and sanguinary Drama, where Comedy disputed the palm with 
 Tragedy. 
 
 Now that all have disappeared, and the Actors are either no more, or have 
 retired into obscurity ; that the Costumes and gay Feathers have vanished, as chaff 
 before the wind ; I have endeavoured to reproduce some of the Phases, Physio- 
 gnomies and Characters, which can no longer be recalled actually. 
 
 It has occurred to me, that the pourtrayal of such little Episodes of the History 
 of the Days we live in, will at least have a curious interest for many. 
 
 In default of other merit, the Collection claims to be just and truthful. 
 
 "BERTALL 
 
 Paris, July 1871. . . 
 
 As time rolls on, and the Moment — when that strange and disastrous Masque- 
 rade was developed in Paris — recedes from our view, it all seems more and more 
 impossible. And yet there is reason to believe, that the Actors have but retired 
 behind the Scenes, demanding to reappear on the Stage hereafter. 
 
 Will their Manners and Costumes be the same? — That U the question. 
 
 Or have they passed into oblivion for ever ? Such is the hope of one who has 
 seen them at their work. 
 
 "BERT ALL 
 
 Paris, 1873 
 
I 
 
 PARI S - EDDUaKD blot ET FILS AINE, IMPRlilEURSt 
 7, rue Bleue, 7 
 
Two years have now passed away since the last Insurrection of 
 Paris, — the greatest in recent times of the dissatisfied Masses against 
 existing Society. In the Age we live, such a lapse of time is sufficient 
 to cast events so famihar then far back into the Shade of History, and 
 to render them alm.ost forgotten to those without personal reasons for 
 rememhrance. Hence not a few may possibly say, that this Work and 
 its Subject are out of date, and that their interest for the general public 
 is gone. To others also, viewing the Circulation from a mercantile 
 point, the Title may prove its own worst Enemy; since happily for the 
 goo.d repute of the World's common sense, the word Commune is now 
 only known with reprobation, and execration for the special doctrines 
 and actions the Name revives. 
 
 To any therefore wdio with these feelings cast the Book aside 
 without opening it, there is naturally nothing to be said. It may however 
 be -hoped there are enough of others. Students of their own Times, and 
 Collectors of the Curiosities of human life, to justify an Undertaking that 
 neither aims at sensation nor the reputation of a mere ephemeral value ; 
 but which is a simple delineation to the eye, of living Characters who 
 once passed before us. It may indeed be asserted that M. Bertall's 
 Album" is the visual Text-book of the Paris Commune of 1871. 
 
 There are various modes of recounting History. Some Readers are 
 like certain Travellers, — dissatisfied if their minds are not filled and 
 burthened with Dates , Places and Names , and word Representations of 
 the Doings and Sayings of the chief Heroes of a Period or Locality. 
 Others there are, who — more wise — are not content to be tiius turned 
 into a mere Storehouse of the skeleton frame of History, enabling them 
 so easily to pass for well informed Persons; but who prefer being 
 mentally impressed also with the real nature and living figure of a 
 bygone Epoch. The former Class will not receive too much satisfaction 
 perhaps in the following pages ; — but those who search more deeply 
 into the reahty of the Past may perchance find what they want , since 
 the Album" assumes to tell its Tale by an appeal to the outward 
 
sense of Sight. Indeed it is more than doubtful, if the most copiously 
 rendered History could leave its Readers so entirely imbued "with the 
 Notion of what the Commune and the Communists really were , as must 
 result from a careful study of these Forty Types of the Persons, Classes 
 and Manners, of that strange unhappy Spring-time. 
 
 To the Frenchman, and more especiallj^ to the Parisian, the Figures 
 are sufficiently endowed with National Characteristics, to enable their 
 being published in their own Country without explanation. But to the 
 Foreigner, and to none more than the English speaking World, they 
 will be fortunately so peculiar, uncouth, and even improbable, that only 
 the initiated would be able fully to gather their meaning from the Pictures 
 alone. Therefore, in preparing an English Edition, it has been deemed 
 advisable to add some descriptive Notice to each, as a key to the Reader; 
 — although it is by the aid of the Artistes pencil and brush only, that 
 the Student must look for the more direct insight into the exceptional 
 Features and Vagaries of the Moment they depict. 
 
 Both the Artist and the Writer of the Text were resident in Paris , 
 each pursuing professional engagements as Journalists, during the Period 
 of the Commune. Hence they were Eye-witnesses of the Persons and 
 Events they describe ; — the one, with the ready pencil of the trained 
 Caricaturist and Observer of every day Manners, employing it among 
 and upon his own Countrymen; the other, a Stranger in the Land, 
 viewing Actors and Occurrences as though from afar off, and unbiassed 
 by the passion of the hour. With this combination of qualities, the 
 Volume is presented to the public^ claiming to be w^hat it simply is ; — 
 a faithful portraiture of the Actualities of the Time , without disguise or 
 exaggeration. Any who were also Witnesses , will corroberate the 
 claim. And with regard to those who are of opinion that this Repro- 
 duction is late in the day, or that it w^ere well to leave the Subject and 
 its Actors in Oblivion ; it may perhaps be enough to urge here , that 
 tardiness in matters of Historical Truth is not always to be condemned ; 
 and since Oblivion will not wipe away the Communist Stains from our 
 modern Civilization, nor prevent their reappearance or imitation, it were 
 yet better and wiser to paint them as they have been, before a renewal 
 or resuscitation is attempted. Signs are not wanting indeed, of the ga- 
 thering of Clouds in the far distance. 
 
 September, 1873 
 
 J. E. 
 
COSTUME OF GENERAL IN CHIEF 
 
 (BERGEHET lui-meme) 
 
 -{Ofr- 
 
 M. BERTALL has happily selected Jules Bergeret as Type of the genuine 
 Communist General. Of the many Commanders possessed by the insurgent Army 
 daring its two months and a half of Civil War, he of them all was essentially the 
 Parisian politician, the mouthpiece of Montmartre, an active Member of the cele- 
 brated Comite Central, and Representative of Belleville in the Commune Chamber. 
 A Printer in his civihan capacity, and sometime — it is said — librarian Clerk, 
 his miUtary reputation rested upon the not uncommon occurrence of having been 
 sous-officier in the Army in his younger days. His popularity among red 
 Republicans may be judged from the fact, that the Bellevillites elected him to the 
 Hotel- de-Ville Parliament by 14,000 votes. 
 
 On the Eighteenth of March 1871, he was among the busiest of the busy 
 at Montmartre, fanning the flame of Insurrection there : — though it is but fair to 
 add, that the Court-martial enquiries into the Events of that day, disclose no evi- 
 dence of his having participated in the murders of the Generals Thomas and Lecomte. 
 The physical energy and egotism of the man's Nature then pushed him to the front. 
 A by no means exaggerated sample of those then emerging from comparative 
 obscurity into temporary Power, Bergeret well represents the excessive perso- 
 nality of the Actors of the Insurrection, as opposed to any thing that may be fairly 
 ascribed to patriotic motives. For example, in the History of this same 
 Eighteenth of March, we have the picture of the Montmartre Mairie as the 
 resort of Patriots " continually coming and going, popping in for latest news or to 
 give advice, and then vanishing. " In the midst of wliich, says an Eye-witness of 
 the scene, " rushed in a great big man to make formal offer to the Mayor of his 
 sword and person, in the cause of the Republic and Insurrection. " — On 
 which oblation being hurriedly made, the great big man disappeared like the rest. 
 Popular tradition and the Eye-witness alike credit Bergeret, as the Hero in ques- 
 tion-, though whether the identity be true or false is very immaterial. There 
 
 were many others than he, little and ordinary sized as well as great and big, 
 who made votive offerings of " swords and persons" at the shrine of what they 
 called the People's Cause. But we know that Bergeret ivas one of those con- 
 tinually coming and going, and before tlie day closed had installed himself at 
 the Place Vendome , in the late head-quarters of the French Army, hastily eva- 
 
cuated by General Vinoy but a few hours before ; — naming himself and indeed 
 becoming de facto Commandant de la Place de Paris. 
 
 A fortnight later, on the Second of April — day of the actual outbreak 
 of the Civil War — we find Bergeret occupying a still more prominent posi- 
 tion. He has become the special Representative of " Red" Military-ism, and 
 is in command of a Corps d'Armee that sallies forth from the Porte Maillot 
 en route for Versailles ; — destined however to return disorderly in a very few 
 hours, panic stricken by the firing from Mont Valerien ; the which cutting his 
 detachment in two, prevented the vanguard from retreating at all, and sent the rear 
 precipitately homewards. The general population of Paris were not however 
 informed of this misadventure. On the contrary, a flaming placard was issued 
 late in the evening, announcing that the National Guard were on the road to 
 Versailles, with " General Bergeret lui-meme " at their head. Yet a Uttle 
 later it was further reported, that the General had had two horses killed by 
 an Ohus. This dispatch certainly did not say that the General's cattle had been 
 shot under him; but it nevertheless was a little ambiguous, and likely to mislead 
 those who had not seen the gallant and ponderous Leader of the Commune 
 Host, go forth to battle in a carriage and four ; — a slight detail enabling those 
 who knew it, to account for the preservation of the Hero on other than mira- 
 culous grounds. But soon the little episode got wind; the never failing Parisian 
 palate for humour — however serious the position — was tickled ; and Bergeret 
 became " himself" — •'• Bergeret lui-m^me — as he will probably remain 
 until History has forgotten him. 
 
 In the first half of the Commune period, he was a prominent representative of 
 the " offensive at any price party on which account as well probably as because 
 of his total military incapacity, he was displaced by Cluseret ( Minister of War) 
 from his post as Commandant de la Place ; — from which time he held an inferior 
 position , being" chiefly employed outside the Fortifications. Other men than 
 those first acclaimed by the National Guard, had then obtained firmer hold of 
 the helm; — men whose day of conditions with France was past, and whose 
 only prospect of a Future lay in the iipprobable throw of the die " Success. " 
 
 When the end came, and the Army had re-entered Paris, " Bergeret 
 lui-mSme " continued his sublime and most characteristic role of Patriotic 
 (talking) Citizen, " by disappearing from view, without further perilling his person 
 or reputation. His last known appearance was as Leader of the gang which fired 
 the Tuileries; — since when he has been "wanted," and naturally enough has 
 not turned up publicly. No suspicion exists however that he met with any 
 accident during the street fighting of the last fatal week, and many contend that 
 with others of the " front heroes " of the Spring of 1871, he is now safely housed 
 in London — or elsewhere. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 ETAT-MAJOI( 
 The Central Committee — Comite Central) 
 
ETAT-MAJOR 
 
 (THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE. - COMITE CENTRAL) 
 
 The Staff Quarters of the Comite Central — which Body, having secretly 
 fomented the Insurrection, eventually assumed its direction — is one which in 
 itself requires little comment. Here ag-ain may be noted the dressy get up " of 
 the Civilian Soldier — raised so suddenly to his brief span of Power. But to our 
 Memory, the Orderly in attendance is an equally faithful Type, as He whom the 
 Colourist's brush has decked out in his gay, but not incorrect attire. The long hair, 
 untrimmed beard, and be-spectacled features of him in the background, are no less 
 characteristic in their way, than the trimly brushed locks and ferocious mustachios 
 of the Officer in front. The more intelligent of the Federates — so far as mere 
 Brain -Designing Power may be reckoned — occupied a middle place between the 
 rank and file, and those who floated or were pushed to the surface. Generally 
 speaking, these were recruits of all ages from the Student quarters. With them 
 the dishevelled beard and long waving hair were signs of their titular craft — 
 though Science or Literature may have owed them no debt, save in the lowest 
 stratum of Journalism . Some — who were old enough — had been Actors in the 
 events of 1848; among whom indeed were not a few who lived upon the republican 
 prestige of those days. And the younger ones were apt disciples of the traditions 
 their Elders taught. Not impossibly is the trim Colonel in the foreground but a 
 child or even a tool, in the hands of him with the portfolio of papers. 
 
 The especial " Comite Central " was but little known until the actual 
 outbreak of the Insurrection. The name indeed was common enough in every 
 arrondissement of Paris, none of which was without its Central Committees of 
 many kinds. But that which for a time wrested the Parisian power from the 
 hands of the new and untried Government of the Country, had worked much in 
 the back-ground, and was unique of its kind. In some respects it may be termed 
 the " Common's House" of the National Guard Federation, though until Events 
 brought it into notoriety, it was far from a fair representation of the whole. On 
 its first assembling at the Hotel-de-Ville, we only count twenty one names — 
 inclusive of that of Lullier, member ex officio by virtue of his short Career 
 as " General " [but three days!]. So little also was it known to the world, and 
 we might almost suppose even to the secret Police, that the retreating Ministry 
 fleeing to Versailles^ cast yet a last placard on the walls of Paris, crying out 
 
" Who are the members of this Committee? no one at Paris knows them. 
 Their names are new to all the world. 
 
 Circumstances however — partly accidental — made it Imperial for a time, 
 in outward Power at least. But internally, it was ever as a House divided 
 against itself, and only the chaotic Surrounding's gave it cohesion. Composed in 
 the main of mere mechanical Workmen, — its groove of Thought or Action was 
 as narrow as the limited order of educated intelligence amongst its Members. 
 These for the most part were personally (if they may not be also considered so 
 collectively) the children of the working-man's Society — the International. 
 To use the expressive words of their General " Lullier, himself a wild madcap, 
 but by comparison honest ; — " They knew only what 'passed near them. They 
 were like him whose horizon is limited hy the circumference of one small 
 hole., through which he is looking. 
 
 Such was the general character of the Committee that assumed Power, and 
 held it by a certain vague Terror, until formal birth was given to the Commune on 
 the Twenty Eighth of March. But, though it then retired from the Hotel-de- 
 Ville, it maintained its attributes of Parentage ; scrupling not to criticise, and to 
 praise or blame, the Acts of its Offspring. 
 
 And perhaps its Spirit yet lives : more widely scattered it may be feared, than 
 the well-wishers of European order and tranquillity desire. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
THE FEDERATE 
 
 (FEDEHES. — [MENILMONTANT-CHAHONNEj) 
 
 — — 40fr- 
 
 » 
 
 From General or Colonel to full Private is but a step, and among thorough- 
 going- Republicans not a very long one. Is there any one who was in Paris 
 during March, April and May 1871, who has not seen this very Gentleman in 
 propria persona — and in the very act ? His career as Soldier has not been a 
 lengtheued one, nor of the strictest discipline; but the past Siege has made him 
 look upon camp life — inside the toion — as on the whole rather pleasant and very 
 proper to his Nature. He has discovered and still finds, that it is vastly easier 
 thus to earn his fifteen pence {30 sous] a day at least, with certain supplies of 
 bread, meat and wine — not to hint at other little perquisites appertaining some- 
 what to that we call booty or blackmail, — than to work laboriously at his trade 
 for eight or nine long hours. Has not his brave attitude already so impressed the 
 German Warriors, that if the latter have not been exactly conquered, they have 
 at any rate not dared to break the Treaty by which they agreed not to occupy the 
 whole of Paris? The Federate knows, if all the world does not, that it was 
 only fear of Him which prevented General Moltke from quartering " all " his 
 Army among the Parisians; or that deterred the Soldiers who did enter, from 
 freeing the barriers agreed upon in the provisional Treaty of Peace. And more- 
 over, is he not now standing out for Liberty? Does he not look all a Patriot — 
 ready for any eventuality ! Nay, he will even be prepared if necessary or tempo- 
 rarily expedient, to run away to fight another day in the service of the Holy 
 Republic. 
 
 But even He has grievances — moderate and reasonable though they be. 
 The Captains of his Legion are absurdly particular in desiring his regular atten- 
 dance on Parade ; which scarcely accords with his notions of Liberty,, to. say 
 nothing of Equality and Brotherhood. They even desire his attendance 
 on military service at unseasonable times, regardless of hours and weather ; and to 
 march outside the Walls, no matter how inconvenient. Still he has his compen- 
 sation — in addition to the more substantial ones hinted above. He is Soldier 
 — Soldier of the People — an actual Power of the moment inside Paris, and 
 visible Sign of the Cry, Plus de militarisme — no more of professional soldier- 
 dom. Through Him the landmarks of Society are to disappear, and the World ge- 
 nerally is to be regenerated. He has been flattered ta ttte skies by the Generals 
 
of the first Siege, and perhaps it is not extraordinary therefore that he should be 
 loth to disbelieve all they have told him of his intrepid bravery. All he asks now, is 
 to continue as he is. When they speak of abolishing the National Guard and 
 his thirty sous per diem^ with all the Etceteras — flags, drums and trumpets 
 (vocal and instrumental), not excluded, — his delicate Susceptibilities are wounded. 
 As a rule, he does not clamour to be led forth to the fight as loudly as in the 
 German Siege, when a deaf ear was returned to his patriotic demand. But his 
 outward attitude is uncompromisingly aggressive, even though he^ prefers choosing* 
 his own time and place of action. One thing however is a sine qua non. He 
 insists that his pay shall be punctually distributed each evening. " Credit " to 
 the Leaders he serves — even for a week — cannot be thought of. 
 
 Throughout the reign of the Commune, the numbers of the Federated Host 
 were naturally g-reatly exaggerated. Official statements at first spoke in round 
 numbers of Three Hundred Thousand. It is doubtful if even on paper two thirds 
 of such estimate ever existed. With few exceptions, the upper class of the civic 
 Force, who had swelled the numbers in the presence of the foreign Enemy, had 
 already retired from the Capital ; either to rejoin their families and seek repose 
 after their privations, or to escape the complications visibly increasing. Thus 
 was Paris left a prey to the armed Citizens of Belleville, Villette and Montmartre, 
 and the suburban Quarters on the left bank of the Seine. But even of these, 
 as week by week rolled on, scores and hundreds daily vanished. Most who had 
 aught to lose, and who were not political fanatics or of the criminal classes, found 
 means to elude the vigilance of Sentinels who watched at the various gates. 
 When, scarcely a fortnight before the beginning of the end came, the ill-fated 
 young RossEL summoned all who would volunteer in a general Sortie , to 
 parade on the Place de la Concorde; — what a ghastly array awaited him! The 
 present Writer was there, and can testify to the ragged Skeleton of a tatterde- 
 malion Army, which came at the call of the rash Enthusiast. Little wonder that 
 the Sight chilled him to the Heart's core, and that on retiring he at once gave 
 in his resignation, as Commander of a Force in which neither Strength nor 
 Numbers remained. When Paris was at length entered, the number of Fede- 
 rates actually on service must have been very far below a Hundred Thousand; 
 and reckoning their wholesale desertion into hiding places in the presence of the 
 conquering Army, the Thousands who fought to the last at the Barricades may 
 be counted only by Tens. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 CITOYENNE QUETEUSE 
 (For the wounded Communists J 
 
CITOYENNE QUETEUSE 
 
 ~K< 
 
 No term in our own language enables us fitly to tra;nslate tlie Calling of 
 the Heroine of this Illustration. Though the familiar Geneva Cross on her breast 
 and on the Alms box she carries bespeaks her passing profession, the English eye 
 
 — not habituated to the outdoor life of our Continental Neighbours — may at first 
 fail to appreciate all the tale the Figures speak. Familiar as we are at home with the 
 machinery of public Meetings, gigantic Advertisements, and special Sermons, to 
 express attract and reflect ouv Sympathie.^, or enlist our pecuniary Charity, the 
 full significance of a Street Collection can perhaps at first be barely recognised. 
 The estimable Maidens of mature experiences, who in our free land make house to 
 house visitations on behalf of their pet Society for the healthy conversion of Jew, 
 Negro, or Papist, have little in common with their Sisters on the other side of the 
 Channel; who on great occasions in Church and in Ball rooms, at Concerts and 
 sometimes in the Streets, make their Quete on behalf of the who " or the 
 " what " that chances to rouse the interest of the moment. Still less has the 
 gentle Member of our " Dorcas" Committee, anything in common with the 
 CiTOYENNE we now treat of — who indeed may not herself be classed with the 
 ordinary Queteuses of her own people , though she imitates their outward action 
 in the circles open to her. The habit of Quetes in public, as well as the outdoor 
 Cafe life of our Gallic Neighbours, must be borne in mind when this drawing 
 is studied. 
 
 Let it be remembered also, that for nine long and dreary months Paris had 
 been accustomed to daily and hourly Collections, in public and in private, for 
 wounded Sufferers. Especially let those who were Witnesses of the moving 
 scenes of 1870-1871, glance back at those days of the previous July and August, 
 when the elaborately and extravagantly organised, but alas ! too late and well 
 nigh useless Ambulance Waggons, paraded the streets of the Capital. Let them 
 recall to Memory the slow tramp tramp of those sad processions, bringing- the 
 harsh reality of Battle, Murder, and Sudden Death, home to the gazer's own door, 
 
 — though the actual scene of War was yet not near. Let them remember the 
 comparative magnificence of those efforts of Charity, so well meant and munificently 
 fostered, but for want of ordinary appliances so ill-served ; — with all their human 
 machinery of Doctors, Students, Chaplains, Brothers and Servers, marching" by the 
 side. And the attendant Stewards — as we would call them — ever and anon 
 thrusting their white wands of Office among the Bystanders, who not only unco- 
 vered reverently as the Cortege passed, but pressed forward; each one only 
 anxious not to be behind the other, in casting his mite into the bag that hung from 
 
the outstretclied wand. — Then having reflected on that, and perhaps upon many 
 other scenes of like import since, but all of them descending- in the scale of grandeur 
 as time wore on; let them look on this Picture, and see to what depths the work of 
 Succour for the Wounded " had fallen in these latter days. 
 
 Not hut that true Charity may be found in humble attire, without pomp or 
 outward bravery; — where indeed perchance she oftener dwells. Only having 
 .een this Lady more than once - and " many of her. " ever with like 
 attendant Cavalier: and having watched her in the flesh, almost as a Spy upon 
 her actions (if full confession be made), we utterly and entirely repudiate the 
 assumed sanctity of her motives. If the Donors of gros sous imagine they 
 contributed aught to the relief of human Suffering, in nine cases out of ten 
 they grievously err. They may have aided a certain form of human enjoyment, 
 as the interior of a not remote Estaminet might have enlightened them, had they 
 watched; — but beyond that, their Benevolence was imposed upon. 
 
 For' surely Benevolence of a certain order it must have been to prompt an 
 offerino- at all. The most purblind mortal would fail to imagine either beauty 
 or oTale, in such Shadow of our typical and most real Queteuse, that might 
 •atract liis imperfect Eyesight. She has a certain plumpness and roundness, it is 
 Inie - hut scarcely that of Youth ; and in place of the ^roftness of her Sex or 
 tlie Esprit of her Countrywomen, there is more of the Roman Matron than should 
 nccord with a solicitation a Vamiahle. She is however neither the first, nor by 
 many hundreds the only one, ^yho not only during the Commune but in the past 
 War also, made a thriving trade of the avocation. Those were days too, when 
 so formidable a feminine Presence accompanied by her armed Escort, was not 
 unlikely to impress weaker Minds with an idea, that though there was no 
 compulsion — yet they must. 
 
 There is one small detail of this Picture, which may not be overlooked. Two 
 elderly men are hobbling away together. We know not if it was intentionally, 
 that the Artist thus pourtrayed a curious incidental phase of Paeis life m 
 those days. Save the Federated National Guard, hardly a Male — of French 
 Nationality - was then to be found in its Streets, unless he were very young 
 indeed, or decidedly on the wrong side of Five and Forty Should any one of 
 " servino-" age be found out, and unable to give evidence of present active 
 service, he was marched to the poste and confined, until he consented to retake 
 his arms, as in the past Siege. Hence the thoroughfares were naturally empty 
 of such raw material for Citizenship. Surely never before were the gay Boule- 
 vards of Paris so bare of their resplendent Flaneurs! 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
THE POLICE PREFECT 
 
 (THE CITIZEN RAOUL RIGAULT) 
 
 
 
 Though appearance behes his age, the Head of the Commune Police was not 
 Twenty Five years old; and in Memory he remains rather as an Individual apart, 
 than the Type of a Class. Even in the parody of a Government in which he 
 played so important a role^ the peculiar talents of Raoul Rigault , the Police 
 Prefect and subsequently Procureur of the Commune, were happily rare. 
 
 A Member of that Student Class, from which the peculiar Parisian Radical 
 is reared, neither time, nor circumstances, nor his proclivities, had tended to raise 
 him from the lower Strata of the mud of the Quartier Latin. Thrice within the 
 seven months preceding the Commune, had he seized Authority at the Police Pre- 
 fecture. Thrice in that period had Revolution interrupted the more or less settled 
 Order, affording opportunities for unknown men and boys to thrust themselves 
 forward. On the Fourth of September 1870, he had attempted to instal himself: 
 but the Government of the National Defence, Representatives of the " People " 
 as they might be , were scarcely democratic enough to appreciate his merits. 
 Again he tried, two months later — on the Thirty First of October; and for 
 a brief space — minutes rather than hours — held actual Office, until that little 
 Insurrection ending- abortively, he fell with it. But on the Eighteenth of March 
 1871, his peers came to the surface, with neither the Will nor the adequate Power 
 at the first if they had wished it, to dislodge the wild Medical Student, who then 
 a third time rushed to the Prefecture, and assumed the Executive Power. — Such 
 details are worth noting in a description of one, who is found occupying so 
 important a nominal position. 
 
 Nor was the position by any means nominal in his case. How he fulfilled it, 
 and employed the perilous Power, was the " Terror " of the Time; — nay, the 
 chief Terror of the Commune period. To make arrests was the aim and the end of 
 his Calling. No mere insane democratic Enthusiasm appears to have spurred him 
 to the task ; and he was too young in years to have been animated by personal 
 revenge for past " Wrongs, " inflicted by Society or by fallen Regimes, as in 
 the case of some of the elder Communists. The lust of Cruelty dwelt in him. Any 
 silver lining of Mercy or Remorse to relieve the blackness of his brief and very 
 little history, was painfully absent. His prisoner Hostages were to him but as 
 sheep in the slaughter house; whose coming death he contemplated, referring to 
 
it in their presence, as coolly as of the most ordinary event of the hour. Some 
 latent idea of emulating the Memory of Marat, may perhaps have influenced 
 him. When votes for the formation of a sub-Committee — to be called the Salut 
 Public — were taken, and each one gave his opinion for, or against, and where- 
 fore, RiGAULT voted " for, " assigning as his reason, that he would desire to 
 revive all that was believed to be the true History of the Terror of 93, though 
 he feared such History was erroneous, and that the real Epoch had been much 
 milder than tradition taught " — and according to him, it ought to have been. 
 
 Freethinker in all things, and like the rest of his crew, a Professor of 
 absolute Materialism in matters of Faith, the Clergy were naturally his chief 
 Antipathy. To fill his cells with the " Calottins V was his delight; and the 
 higher the grade, the better pleased and the more insulting was this miserable 
 usurper of the Bureau of a Fouche. Neither position nor age was protection 
 from his scoffs. When Monseigneur Darboy, brought Prisoner before him, dared 
 yet to raise his voice in warning, stjding him " 7non enfant " with every pri- 
 vilege of Age and Station, this dispenser of socialist Justice bade the Arch- 
 bishop be silent, " for there were no children there. " Even more insulting 
 
 was he to the venerable Abbe Deguerry, Cure of the Madeleine, whose 
 
 Three Score Years and Ten had been literally spent in the service of his fellow- 
 man, and mainly as Parisian Parish Priest of conspicuous Virtue and Charity. 
 In reply to the formal questions of Name and Calling, the aged Ecclesiastic had 
 replied, Priest of the Catholic Church. " — Write down, ^ Priest by metier' 
 (trade), " interrupted Rigault. — " No, " retorted the Abbe impetuously; "Say 
 rather, 'Priest by Vocation. ' " — History will not forget these few words of the 
 silvery haired old Man, in the presence of the Boy, then Master of his person; 
 upon whom he must have gazed in all the dread consciousness, that it was 
 indeed his Murderer who spoke. 
 
 And but a few days later, all three were to appear at another Bar — greater 
 still. The Bishop and the Priest were among those murdered in the last days 
 at La Roquette; and since the downfall of the Commune, the World knows no 
 more of Raoul Rigault. He died — it is believed — during the Street fighting 
 of the last week, at the hands of the infuriated Soldiery, who were then con- 
 quering the Capital : and if report speaks truly, his death was as merciless as 
 his latter life. Recognised and seized in the Street — so the Story goes — he 
 was immediately placed against the wall of a house, and there ^' passed by arms, " 
 without attempt of trial or judgement. Like many other tales of the time, the 
 Rumour arose that this history of his death was a Fable, invented to divert sus- 
 picion and cover his flight. But Fable or not, no confirmation of his escape has 
 since been whispered, and the Rumour has long died away. There is little doubt 
 that the Procureur of the Commune met the Fate he had so often meted out 
 to others, during the previous two months. 
 
MINISTER OF WAR 
 
 (DELESCLUZE) 
 
 From Raoul Rigaul.t, the Student Socialist and Offspring of a young-er 
 school of Radicals, we turn with comparative relief to the Picture of Louis 
 Charles Delescluze; even though we know him of old to have been a Fanatic 
 and Teacher of Doctrines, incompatible with our social laws. He was the leading 
 Representative in the Commune of the elder Revolutionnaires, who had little in 
 common with the proletarian element that dominated the Insurrection ot" the 
 Eighteenth of March. Men who could date back to the politics of the second 
 exile of the Bourbons, were not very plentiful among the Insurgents of 1871. 
 Felix Pyat was indeed a Cotemporary, but his proverbial facility in ever escaping 
 at the moment of danger, did not give him the rank of Martyr, which Delescluze 
 enjoyed. Blanqui perhaps might have shared such honour, only he was absent. 
 Citizen Besley, — Doyen of the Commune — was older in years, but his Junior 
 in fact, if Imprisonments, Exile, and Transportation, constitute any difference of 
 Age in the political-man. 
 
 To attempt an outline of Delescluze' s Career, would be but a tale of Oppo- 
 sition to every existing Government of his Time, and would far exceed the space 
 at our command. Educated for the Bar, he early in the reign of Louis Philippe 
 became involved in secret Societies, and after many vicissitudes, took ultimately a 
 leading part in the Reform Agitation, that culminated in the famous Banquets, 
 and cost the King of the French his Crown. 
 
 After the Revolution of 1848, Delescluze enjoyed the most — if not the only 
 — successful part of his political life. His Associates in revolutionary projects 
 being landed, he was sent as Commissaire General to the Dejpartements du 
 Nord et Pas-der Calais. But even then he could not resist his propensities, 
 and was more than suspected of taking part in a futile Conspiracy, to proclaim a 
 Republic at Brussels. The failure of this Scheme robbed him of his brief popu- 
 larity, and though he enjoyed the friendship and support of M. Ledru-Rollin , he 
 fell in esteem and position, and was again forced to take refuge in England, 
 where he remained five years. Then however the pavements of Paris attracted 
 him, beyond his judgement. Relying upon the lapse of time, he returned; but 
 only to be discovered, arrested, and imprisoned, and finally transported to 
 Cayenne-, — from which captivity, the general Amnesty of 1859 released him. 
 
Years later, towards the close of the Empire , he once more took an active part 
 in public affairs, as Editor of the Reveil" \ and reaching the heig-ht of his po- 
 pularity among- the " Reds" during- the German Siege, was elected Parisian 
 Deputy to the National Assembly at Bordeaux, by over 150,000 votes. Never 
 before had Charles Delescluze received such outward proofs of popularity. 
 
 At first he was personally aloof from the Events, which brought the Insur- 
 rection to a climax. His name only however, was sufficient to identify him 
 with the Ultras; and he was naturally elected a Member of the Commune Chamber. 
 There he held a position all his own. Speaking by comparison with the dege- 
 nerate Republicans of the new Revolution , he was in a manner a Giant of the 
 Past, seeing himself surrounded by miserable Pygmies, inept and conceited in all 
 the pride of a little Knowledge. It may be fairly assumed, that he was as much 
 opposed to the peculiar Doctrines and Aims of the Working-Men around him, 
 as he openly expressed himself to be against the small Spite and personal Jealou- 
 sies, by which they were eaten up. Yet he could not leave them, any more 
 than they could dispense with him. The last card was played; the die was cast; 
 he must go on with the work to the bitter end; — and he knew it. His chief 
 place was in the last Phase of the Commune, after Cluseret had been deposed, 
 and RossEL had retired in disgust , from the Ministry of War. Then there 
 was no one else to be found for the post; and this outwardly dried up and 
 withered, parchment skinned and always physically suffering, but vigorous 
 and desperate old Man , became the last War Minister of the Commune. 
 
 That Stage was brief, but sharp ; much enduring probably, rather than 
 active. The very Appointment proved that the end was at hand; and none felt 
 so more than himself. The last week soon came. Retreating- daily before the 
 Soldiers, he waited till the Friday. It was the fifth day of fighting- at the Barri- 
 cades, and though all was already lost, the Cannon yet thundered through and the 
 Bombs flew" over the Streets of Paris, and every where around arose the Columns 
 of Flame and Smoke from incendiary Fires. Then alone^ in the midst of indes- 
 cribable desolation, where — but a few minutes before — savag-e Men and Women 
 had fought as Furies only can, and where yet lay the bleeding- Corpses of those who 
 had fallen, he advanced to a deserted Barricade at the Chateau-d'Eau ; and there 
 — in the Civilian Costume he ever wore , in preference to the gilded trappings 
 and uniforms of those around him, — calmly and deliberately selected the Rioter's 
 death, rather than survive his last defeat, and ag-ain brave the perils of so che- 
 quered a life. 
 
 He had outlived his time. The aspirations of his youthful Republicanism 
 found themselves realised in old Age, by contact with Men who made a trade of 
 the Word, and whose socia| Creed was at the bottom but a Cry for " Wages. " 
 What wonder that. Wifeless and Childless, he was content to cry "Enough," 
 and to resign a Life, already forfeited to Military Justice ! 
 
I 
 
 the; F_A.IFl DELEGATE 
 
 In close geographical proximity to the fashionable haunts of Paris, hut far 
 remote in associations, thought and action, from the upper Ten who simmer pla- 
 cidly before their more gorgeous Cafes on the Boulevards des Capucines et Italiens, 
 are the Caf6 de Madrid on the adjacent Boulevard Montmartre and its ordinary 
 habitues. Between the latter and the aristocratic " Grand, " only a short space 
 of pavement runs ; but in the clients of the two establishments, is a whole w^orld 
 of variance — a generation of dissimilarity. 
 
 That of "Madrid" is the resort of a certain class of Parisian Journalists, more 
 famed for the manufacture and circulation among themselves, of current hons 
 mots and passing flights of fancy involving- delicate [and indelicate] inuendoes, 
 than for the more solid parts of their- profession. It is the " Exchange " of tales 
 of the hour, and the birthplace of much " News " derived from " authentic 
 sources. " From the depths of " bocks " consumed within its precincts, many a 
 wild Rumour startling Paris and echoing throug'hout Europe, has been evolved. 
 
 At a time like that of the Commune, when the more sober Writers of Paris 
 had either left for a safer region, or — if remaining — were in comparative 
 hiding, the Cafe de Madrid had occupants sui generis. The Printing Houses — 
 only lately freed from their censorship, and revelling as it were in their unwonted 
 licence — seemed then only careful to avoid what ordinary proprieties at other 
 times suggest, and teemed forth the doubtful wat and republican effusions of the 
 Felix Pyats, the Rocheforts, and the Paschal Groussets of the hoflr, without 
 stint or reserve. Such as these, and more especially their familiars and hangers 
 on , more at home in the purlieus of the Quartier Latin than on the leafy 
 Boulevards, were they who then kept tryst at the ordinary Press rendez-vous. Nor 
 were they unaccompanied by those of the gentler — oft-times fiercer — Sex. When 
 each Man's mind fermented, fair — aye, and dark; nay of many shades; — 
 Citoyennes Deleguees, were not far beiiind the lords of Creation in their Enthu- 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CAFE 
 
 (DELEGUEE DU CAFE DE MADRID) 
 
siasms, lofty or debased, as the case might be. Perhaps even they often excelled 
 him. With the inversion of all Thing's political, so also were many social 
 Observances overturned; and though the Figures of this Picture are not many, 
 and the action is simple , yet it tells us much. By it we see how Women's 
 " Rights, " were then upheld most practically, and her " Wrongs " threatened 
 to be avenged. The Fair Delegate of the Cafe de Madrid not only had her 
 place there, but maintained it with spirit. From her general attitude, and the 
 unmistakeable cast of her Countenance, may be g-athered the extent of her 
 earnestness. May we not also infer, what was her private opinion, and 
 fervent contempt — not unexpressed — of the " Canaille " at Versailles ! 
 
 Very fitly too does the expression on her temporary Companion's face — 
 half languid, half amused — depict the absence of any strong feelings, or reality 
 of Patriotism, among the majority of the Men in the Commune. With the bulk 
 of th ese , the Insurrection was but a Cover for continued idleness, acquired 
 in the first Siege ; a Means for a renewal of Holy day, which freed them 
 from any present necessity for Work ; when no Authority existed to enforce that 
 Order and outward Decorum, so repellent to the freeborn Nature and Manners of 
 the Radical Socialist. 
 
THE RETURN FROM THE BASTION 
 
 (RETOUH DU BASTION) 
 
 An every day and most life like Scene, more especially to be witnessed during 
 the latter half of the days of the Commune, when Spring had set in. Let the 
 Reader, who knows Paris, place himself in thought upon the Boulevard de Cour- 
 celles, and he will see in this Picture an Actuality of the Period, without exaggera- 
 tion. It is a Company returning — we will say — in the early morning, from 
 a night's service at the Earthworks, erected for Artillery purposes outside the 
 stone Fortifications. And it not being- a peculiarly dangerous duty — though 
 attendant with much noise of Cannon and rumbling of Mitrailleuse — these were 
 wont to return thus jauntily, not too greatly depressed by Casualities, with actual 
 laurels of Spring blossom (perhaps also with more useful culinary Greens) on their 
 bayonets, as they themselves were covered by the laurels of a valorous reputa- 
 tion, in the eyes of proud and affectionate Relatives, and admiring' Comrades and 
 Neighbours. If Sound could achieve such Glory, they had indeed done their 
 best all night to earn it. These were the Heroes who kept Paris awake, by 
 their never ceasing firing ; powerfully seconded from Mont Val6rien and the 
 Versailles outposts. — To them were the Public generally, and Journalists 
 especially, indebted for a foundation whereon g'oodly Superstructures of fearful 
 Midnight Attacks, and Struggles in the small hours — when no Man could or ever 
 did see, — were erected and pourtrayed, pen and ink-ily. 
 
 These marches into Paris, even though other trophies of Victory than the 
 signs of Nature's renewal of vegetation might be wanting, were by no means 
 disastrous; — being generally bloodless, also scratchless. Occasionally indeed a 
 stray uncivilised shot may have hurt a Comrade, and if not severely enough to 
 have required immediate conveyance to his Litter or the Ambulance, his Company 
 would bear him back with much sympathetic pomp and republican gravity. But 
 such incidents were exceptional, and this Picture very properly knows them not. 
 The air of the whole is decidedly gay. Were we not conscious indeed that we 
 are gazing upon virtuous Republicans, one might almost expect to hear the " Ave 
 Caesar! " ascending. Only the " Morituri te salutant " is not so easily realised. 
 The Parisian Federate will not in all respects, bear comparison with the Roman 
 Gladiator. 
 
 And the Figures are as natural to the life, as we so well remember them. 
 
As one looks on the Picture, the old time revolves before our eyes ; — not more 
 as regards him. who arm a-kimbo leads the way, than also with the casual passer 
 by, whose elegant back proclaims that his night's service has been performed in 
 the interior of Paris, enabling him to turn out comfortably in the sprucest of 
 military trim, after doubtlessly a dramatic farewell with the Lady of his choice ; 
 — from which it is possible both have already nearly recovered. 
 
 Let it not be supposed we would speak lightly of the horrors of a Civil War 
 as this was, or of the actual destruction of life and limb that occurred. Words 
 cannot paint all that must be felt, when the Fact of Men and Women of the same 
 kindred, in savage conflict together, like beasts of the field, is seriously consi- 
 dered. Few things however are without their lighter element ; and especially 
 is it rare to find aught of the most serious in the land of the Gauls, that has not 
 its full share of Comedy. Now, viewing the Time with more calmness, and from 
 a stand-point raised above the excitement of the hour, we are forced to the con- 
 clusion — that it was not the military episodes, which were most grave; and that 
 of them and of the Casualties both among the Versaillists and the Federates, 
 there is much in contemporary accounts to be largely discounted, before we can 
 arrive at their real estimate. Writing at this distance of time, without any 
 necessity for ''piling up the agony, " or to stimulate a feverish public and en- 
 courage Editorial expenditure, by means of " facts " emulating the black Crows 
 of our school days \ — a careful review of much that has transpired since induces 
 us to affirm, tliat the history of the daily life within Paris, the details of the 
 Commune mis -rale, the manners of the Communist and non-Communist inhabi- 
 tants [politically and socially], and the atrocities perpetrated under the guise of 
 Patriotism, together with the action of the very few honest Men of the Move- 
 ment, have infinitely more importance and interest^ than the mere fighting and 
 military Operations. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 MEMBEJ^ OF THE COMMUNE 
 (Membre de la Commnnc. — Le Citoyen Valles.) 
 
MEMBEIl OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 (the citizen VALLES) 
 
 — — 40fr. 
 
 In dealing with his Subject as a whole, it was not merely necessary for the 
 Artist to take note of the decided Ultras, but also to depict the average Membeh 
 OF THE Commune. His selection of Jules Valles as Type of such move practically 
 moderate and therefore less vicious Communist, was wisely made. Had the 
 average Member been Deputy at the Versailles Assembly, instead of to the 
 Commune Chamber, he would indeed have there formed a Unit of the extreme 
 Left. But in the Holy Republic, One and Indivisible, as in other Institutions 
 more or less sacred, there are Republicans — and Republicans. And though 
 Jules Valles, and many others with him, were terrible Democrats in a way, 
 their lesser lights could scarce fail to pale before the glorious effulgence of a 
 Raoul Rigault or a Ferre. There are degrees of comparison in all things. 
 
 It was a happy idea to draw him in ordinary Civilian attire of somewhat 
 a Bohemian cast, with a Folio under his arm. It fitly expressed the moral and 
 actual rank, which he held among those with whom he was associated. Save as 
 a Parisian litterateur, wielding a most facile pen, Jules Valles was nothing; 
 and there were enough of others in a similar position, to merit for the Class a 
 prominent space in a Communist grouping. 
 
 Ex uno disce omnes. For a few years the name of Jules Valles had been 
 before the Parisian World, as a ready Journalist and Pamphleteer on various 
 topics', but as a somewhat eccentric Tl'iinker, and impracticable Politician. Of 
 course he was democratical, and equally of course had suffered prosecution and 
 punishment under the Empire, for the crimes of his Pen; — without which 
 indeed he might never have occupied a front position in the Commune. Hardly 
 arrived at middle Age, he was old enough to have acquired an unstable reputation 
 among those who recognised talents, and may have wished him well; but yet 
 young enough, still to achieve something worthy of a name. The majority of the 
 H6tel-de-Ville Regenerators of Society, were more of his stamp than is generally 
 beheved. But the same want of action, that prevented them from vigorously 
 carrying- through their theoretical doctrines in person, made them useless to stem 
 the current of a Tide that bore bolder and more desperate Men on its Wave ; and 
 powerless to withstand the effects of the Ignorance and criminal Passions around 
 them. They had sown the Seed, and were reaping the Harvest. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 GSNEI^AL COMMANDANT 
 ( h ciluyeii Lu Cocilia ) 
 
GENERAL COMMANDANT 
 
 (LA CECILIA) 
 
 If, in either of the Capitals of Europe — Paris excepted, — a more than 
 ordinarily out of elbows Refugee is now encountered, it has become a byword 
 among Travellers, to style him " ex-General of the Commune. " And making 
 some allowance for human exaggeration, the suggestion inferred is natural. They 
 were not an aristocratic race; nor, to give a certain potent Meddler in other 
 people's affairs his due, did they pretend to be so. As the elect of Vox Populi, 
 these Citizen Generals furnished the most self evident arguments, that any ardent 
 Advocate of the necessity and claims of a " professional Army, " could possibly 
 desire. If by rare chance an embryo Hoche was among them, neither time 
 nor opportunities conspired in his favour. But we are now writing* of dege- 
 nerate days, not to be named in the same breath with those, when patriotic 
 Sergeants became mighty Generals, powerful enough to strike terror even upon 
 a Prussian foe, and able to extinguish the flames of a Civil Insurrection in 
 Royalist Vendee. 
 
 Still in the same ratio as there are Republicans — and Republicans ; so also 
 there were then Generals — and Generals, who may be broadly distinguished by 
 the two periods of the Commune, in which they respectively flourished. 
 
 In the beginning, it was the People, the Mighty People — Scum of the Popu- 
 lation to all save the republican Democrat — who had sway, and who naturally 
 enough deemed the Club-room Talkers, to be the most efficient Leaders for patriotic 
 National Guards. Of these we have already seen the Precursor and Chief — 
 Bergeret lui-meme. In the same society may be ranked Flourens — a visio- 
 nary Apostle of socialist politics and materialist philosophy ; Eudes and Duval, 
 working men of the Blanquiste school; Brunel, whose righteous wrath at the 
 recent Peace had made him sacred to the Bellevillites ; these — with a mysterious 
 individual named Henry — were the Citizen Generals first in command, when 
 Civil War was declared. 
 
 But with absolute fighting, the necessity for some one more versed in Soldier's 
 lore became evident. On the day following the actual outbreak, the sagacious 
 Commune, which only two days before [on the First of April] had declared, "-that 
 the 'possession of the whole military power in one Man, was fraught with 
 great danger to public liberty , " suddenly discovered it fitting " under the 
 
grave Circumstances in which we are placed ^ to establish unity in the 
 administrative Services for War. " — Therefore let the " General " Cluseret 
 be Minister of War, with full powers of Action. 
 
 Then did Cluseket form as it were a bridge, spanning the space between the 
 Civilian Generals, and those who came after with greater claims to military Capa- 
 city. Originally a Soldier by Profession himself, although one of Adventure now, 
 he brought Men more versed in military Science, gradually to the fore. Rossel 
 was one. He however stood in a manner alone, associating indeed with those 
 around him, but scarcely being of them; nor did he ever assume the titular General- 
 ship. But under and after Cluseret, a trio of Generals came, who must ever be 
 looked on as the main apology possessed by the Insurgents for strategic capabi- 
 lities at all (such as they were); — Dombrowski, Walewski and La Cecilia; the 
 first and the second both Foreigners, Russian or Polish as their names denote, and 
 the third as much Italian as French. 
 
 It is the last who has been selected as a Type. Let the Reader refer to the 
 first Picture in the Collection, and then turn back to this. He will see what we 
 have desired tc impress; — the difference between the Generals at the beginning, 
 and towards the end of the Commune. 
 
 -oOOg§<X*> 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 11. 
 
 CITIZEN PROTOT, MINISTER OF JUSTICE 
 
 ( Le Citoyen Protot. Ministre de la, Justice) 
 
CITIZEN FFLOTOT 
 
 MINISTER OF JUSTICE 
 
 (le citoyen PHOTOT, ministre de la justice) 
 
 An actual incident is here represented, which, occurred when the Chief of 
 the Parisian Bar came to the Communist Minister of Justice, to remonstrate or 
 intercede on hehalf of the Archbishop of Paris, M. Bonjean, President of the 
 High Court of Appeal, and M. Gustave Chaudey, Barrister and Journalist, who 
 had all been arrested by the Commune. But first it is worth while to see Who 
 and What was this titular Minister of Justice in the Communist Government, 
 
 One of the first Arrests of notable Personages made at this cruel time was 
 that of the President Bonjean. He had indeed been absent from Paris when the 
 Insurrection burst out, and the other Ministers of State and Generals of the Army 
 had fled from the Capital. But he^ the highest Judge in the Land, deemed it due 
 to his Office to come especially at the moment of Danger. He came, and all the 
 World now knows the result; his early Imprisonment, and subsequent Murder at 
 La Roquette. So little time had he lost in hastening to Paris, that it was on the 
 Twenty Third of March — only five days after the Insurrection — he was arrested. 
 And on that same day, the " Pere Duchesne, " an infamous daily Print but 
 much in the confidence of the Comite Central^ and looked upon as their " public 
 feeler " Organ, called out for the Magistrates of the Empire to be turned to the 
 door, and in the same breath pointed out the Citizen Protot as the right man to 
 be Minister of Justice. 
 
 This Citizen was little more than a Youth, and an almost briefless Barrister, 
 save that he had already been engaged for the defence in one or two noted political 
 Cases, — briefs that probably brought him more socialist Honour than Fees. 
 He had also in himself suffered prosecution for participation in revolutionary 
 projects, — alone enough to gain the admiration of the Mob, who are reported to 
 have at times concealed their pet Advocate in the recesses of the faubourg Saint- 
 Antoine, from the researches of the Police-, lodging him and feeding him for 
 months together, turn and turn about among the working Denizens of that savoury 
 district. But beyond these causes for popularity, he appears to have possessed 
 certain physical attributes of Muscle and Bone, which the Admirers of republican 
 Justice — wise in their Generation — evidently considered the correct thing in a 
 
Minister of Justice. Let us glance for an instant at the picture of his quali- 
 fications, drawn by the elegant '■'■Pere Duchesne " already referred to; a Journal 
 of four Pages, measuring eight hy five inches in length and breadth. — The 
 Contents ought therefore to have been perfect, if the old Proverb held good : 
 
 *' He will fit you like a glove. 
 
 " He is also a proud Patriot, a born Sansculotte, a perfect Socialist, and that which 
 
 " does not spoil a , firm at his post, shrewd as a Countryman, valiant as a 
 
 " Soldier, and able to drive all the Hypocrites of Reaction into their holes. 
 *' Six feet high, and the grip of a Blacksmith, physically and morally. 
 " i tell you but that. " 
 
 Could Photograph be more exact, or 'even so near to the Life? We not only 
 recognise the force of the moral and physical Type, but seem to feel as well as 
 see this very muscular Socialist. — Though The Citizen Protot, were he possessed 
 of any of the ordinary Susceptibilities of Mankind^ might have been tempted to 
 exclaim — " Save me from my friends! " 
 
 It was to this sturdy Representative of democratic Equity, that M. Rousseau, 
 Bdtonnier of his Profession, ca-me to plead in person on behalf of the illustrious 
 Victims. It was a bold Act, fraught with much possible Danger; — for how 
 could he hope to escape ! But in this one respect his Junior was able to keep 
 faith; although he could neither mitigate the Sufferings of those already Pri- 
 soners , nor avert their Fate. He talked much in reply of the necessity for 
 Hostages, deprecating the probabilities of any worse reprisals. These came 
 however, none the less ; and not one of the Three petitioned for, escaped Death 
 from the bullets of the Patriots. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 I\o 12. 
 
 A BOX AT THE THEATRE, MAY ^871 
 (Une Logeen Mai, 1871) 
 
A BOX AT THE THEATRE, 
 
 ISd.J^'Y 1871 
 
 (UNE LOGE EN MAI 1871) 
 
 It was hardly to be expected that Parisian Patriots would abstain from the 
 enjoyment of their Theatre, merely because they were besieged by their own 
 Countrymen, and surrounded by all the horrors of Civil War; and truth to say, 
 many others than they were not sorry for such limited relaxation as Circumstances 
 allowed. Therefore, although everything was indescribably gloomy and dirty, 
 and no Conveyances, save public Cabs and Omnibuses, were to be found in Tho- 
 roughfares ordinarily so gay, the doors of some of the Playhouses yet remained 
 open, and — more remarkable still — if not crowded, were at least moderately 
 filled. 
 
 But no resplendent Beaux, diamond glittering Dames, or yet more brilliant 
 Belles, were to be found in their Loges. Another World occupied their places; 
 one more disposed to be easily pleased, than critically appreciative; for though 
 the performances were mediocre, the Audiences gained what they chiefly yearned 
 for, — ]pour passer le temps in the midst of the terrible ennui of everything. 
 The two thirds of Paris who were not Insurgents, but simply patient Spectators 
 awaiting the end they had power neither to hasten nor retard, went solely for 
 distraction. But such of the Federates whose leisure enabled them to frequent 
 the Theatre, had other reasons than merely to relieve the tedium of suspense. 
 They had their official rank to display, and Citoyens filled the late Imperial 
 Boxes with a vast deal ot Dignity. Nor were they unaccompanied by 
 Citoyennes. There were few without a Mistress in Command, who took an 
 important part in these semi-state visits ; and whose desire for Pleasure was to be 
 satisfied by a seat in places, where at other times she had often cast longing eyes 
 at more fortunate Sisters. The Lorette of the Period, by no means of high 
 grade in her own class, was the Leader of ton in the Commune, and ruled the 
 Fashion at Paris . To what depths had the Queen Metropolis fallen ! 
 
 No wonder that the Thespian Art was at a very low ebb. The standing farce 
 of " Reldche, " — that traditional puzzle to Travellers of ancient days, when 
 France and its Capital were not so well known to all of us as the Strand or the 
 Haymarket, — was announced at most of the doors. The " Theatre Francais. " 
 
the." Gymnase, " the " Gait6, " with other Houses ranging- downwards in the 
 professional scale, were open indeed occasionally during- g-reater part of the Time; 
 but nothing new, or anything like a revival was attempted; and it was more 
 perhaps to relieve the Artists, who had had but a sorry Winter and were having a 
 sorrier Spring-, that they were kept going at all. Then there was also the never 
 failing excuse or attraction both for Artists and Audience , of Benefits for the 
 Victims of the War ; and the paternal Commune, ever on the watch to enlighten 
 the People, more particularly if francs could thereby flow into the needy Exchequer, 
 organised Concerts at the Tuileries, in addition to throwing open the Palace at 
 so much a lead. — It is curious now to read that on Monday morning the 
 Twenty Seccnd of May, the first day after the Troops had gained an entrance, 
 the Journals advertised more than a dozen performances for the Evening, at the 
 regular Theatres, ranging in quality from the " Delassements Comiques " to an 
 artistic reunion at the " Theatre de TOp^ra. " And yet though few suspected 
 the actual end had come, all knew that things were in extremis; and before 
 that Evening came, the thoughts of Parisians were far enough away from all 
 idea of Pleasure or Play going. A Box at the Theatre, May 1871, had become 
 simply a matter of History. 
 
COLONEL 
 
 (AT THE PLACE VENDOME) 
 
 It is by Contrasts that we learn to appreciate the full sig-nificance of Facts. 
 How then more aptly to depict a Colonel of the Commune, than in connection 
 with a Site so famous for warlike reminiscence as the Place Vendome , and by the 
 side of that Column recalling the greater Glories of France — so recent, and yet 
 all past and gone? Surely if the Spirit of the mighty Chief then looked down 
 from where his effigy still stood, and could see all that passed at its base, he 
 would have heartily concurred in the destruction of a Monument, contaminated 
 at the last by such surroundings ! If ghostly Might could have availed aught, 
 would he. not rather have given his aid to the deed, so that even his Statue 
 should hide its face, and — as in fact it soon did — bite the very dust in 
 shame, instead of rearing its head aloft, over the miserable counterfeits of Soldiers 
 encamped beneath. 
 
 The Colonel before us is an average specimen. Let us say perhaps, he is 
 neither very wicked — nor very good. His chief crime after all, may have been 
 to have taken up arms as a temporary Speculation. He is not of the ultra Patriot 
 stamp, but in his way is a Man of the World. He will not be found at the last 
 defending his Barricade, or ending as Martyr. He will rather go quietly home, 
 losing his sword down a friendly sewer, and destroying his tell-tale uniform 
 with all possible speed. If since, by good and rare chance, he has escaped 
 denunciation by bosom Companions, he has long ere now cast his socialist skin, 
 and become a sober Citizen of the Conservative Republic. Should such happily 
 be, none louder than he in his earnest horror of those times, and his tales 
 of what took place. Though he speaks now in the third person, he has every 
 right to talk of them. He might enlighten us much on many a Midnight Arrest; 
 he could give satisfaction to certain absent Proprietors, as to what became of 
 valuable little odds and ends, which somehow or other have never since turned 
 up. During his brief Career, he lived en hon Prince. If he did not put by 
 for a Future, it was not for want of opportunities. 
 
 But he may not have been so fortunate as to conceal his incognito, and 
 escape. If so, he now forms one of the many Thousands, who are colonising 
 New Caledonia; to qualify for which, he has appeared before a Conseil de 
 Guerre, and has done his best to prove how disinterested his Motives were, 
 
in taking- part with Insurgents. He has tried hard to convince his hardhearted 
 and incredulous ludges, that he hut made a sacrifice of himself and his real Prin- 
 ciples, for the sake of assuaging — if possible — the horrors of the time. 
 
 In fact, not a few of these did afterwards in their capacity as Prisoners, 
 urge this plea in arrest of Judgement, or mitigation of Sentence; — drawing 
 inferentially quite a contrast in their individual favour, between the Government 
 and the Soldiers of France retreating before the Insurrection , and themselves 
 remaining behind to brave its perils. — As their military Judges were of those 
 who retreated, it is not wonderful they were slow to believe. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 14. 
 
COMMUNIST ZOUAVE 
 
 What business can a Zouave have in a grouping of National Guards? He was 
 the last in the Army of France, whom one might have expected to see in the 
 Society of Insurgents, to whom his very name was synonymous with Royalty 
 and Legitimacy, Popery and Fanaticism. In the Communist Journals and Procla- 
 mations, the " Pontifical Zouaves of Charette " were ever coupled with " Chouans 
 and Vend^ans; " with " Imperialist Sergents- de-Ville, Corsican Bravos, and 
 Catholic Bretons; " — a distinguished Company perhaps, but sufficient in them- 
 selves to make the hair of the Patriot stand on end. 
 
 Yet, though the phenomenon may indeed puzzle some future Student of 
 History, he was nevertheless there; in uniform — if not absolutely in flesh and 
 blood. The Communist Zouave may perchance have been a Deserter from his 
 proper ranks; but more probably he was a Parisian Citizen, with a martial 
 garb furnished from clothing found in the various barracks. In this way not 
 only were Zouaves, but Sailors and many similitudes of Warriors, improvised 
 in the Communist Masquerade. 
 
 It was one of the boasts of the Commune that the rank and file of the Army 
 were in its favour, had they dared to express it ; and that daily desertions took 
 place in consequence. Hence it was very necessary to keep up the delusion by 
 an outward assumption of the character, although none could be deceived in the 
 unmistakeable carriage of the Ouvrier du quartier du Temple. — But yet ano- 
 ther cause may be found for their appearance on the Stage. It was a favourite 
 accusation in Paris then against the Versaillists, that Soldiers were disguised as 
 National Guards, to deceive the Patriots and draw them into a net. In this sug- 
 gestion, unwarranted as regards the Army, may we not also find much of the 
 raison d'etre of the Communist Zouave ! 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 15. 
 
 DELEGATE TO THE WAI( ARSENAL 
 ( Delegue aux Munitions de la Guerre. — Le citoyen Assi ) 
 
TO THE WAR ARSENAL 
 
 (ASSI) 
 
 Here we have not only a Type, but the Portrait of One who was the leading 
 Representative of the classes at the bottom of the Parisian Revolt. Adolphe 
 Alphonse Assi was essentially the " Workman " ; with intelligence enough to 
 have risen high, had he stuck to lahour. But local Circumstances having made 
 him somewhat of a Martyr at the Creuzot Manufactories, he had of late years 
 occupied a prominent position in the " International, " as professional Agitator 
 and Leader in Trade Strikes. From thence the road downwards was easy. 
 Events seemed to have been ordered exactly to suit his case. The renewed 
 liberty of Meeting and Speech-ifying at the Clubs ; the waning Order in the latter 
 days of the Empire; the general stir up of all things by the German War; the 
 Revolution; the continuance of the Country's disasters; the Siege; and the Chaos 
 that emerged from the whole; - were precisely the soil fitted for the fertile 
 growth of such social weeds. From the Secret Society or the Club Committee 
 of other times, to the greater Comite Central of the Siege, was a natural 
 sequence ; so that when before dawn on the Morning of the Eighteenth of March, 
 trusty Scouts of Insurrection ran with the News that the Army had scaled the 
 Heights of Montmartre and dislodged the Patriots, Assi was among the first to 
 be summoned; and before Twenty Four Hours had passed, found himself in pos- 
 session and actual Governor of the Hotel-de-Ville. 
 
 Notwithstanding this apparent Popularity, there was however a strange mix- 
 ture of confidence and distrust in the general estimation he was held in. The 
 simple Proletarian believed in him, as he will ever do in any one plausible enough 
 to gain his ear. But the more purely political Republicans looked askant. 
 These not unnaturally despised him as a parvenu in Insurrection, who^aped the 
 lead, when as yet he scarcely knew the Alphabet of the business. Some murmured 
 he was Spy and Traitor; a few openly called him Buonapartist in disguise; and 
 many disliked him personally, on account of his Conceit and assumption of Man- 
 ners. Strange that such a Man, comparatively unknown to the World, should 
 be found in the front of an emeute so suddenly accomplished! But he could not 
 hald it. An Actor and Poseur, largely endowed with the national gift of the 
 
tongue, — when the tide was in his favour, he did remarkably well. So soon 
 however as Matters became complicated, and the position dangerous to guide, 
 then the mere able Workman was proved, and found wanting in skill to float on 
 the troubled waters. 
 
 He suffered his turn of Arrest. Cela va sans dire. Soon deposed from 
 his position as Governor of the Hotel-de-Ville, the Commune imprisoned him 
 on pretence of treason. But his liberty being restored, a reputation for some 
 talent in Chemistry, and the possession of a Secret for the manufacture of such 
 infernally devised explosive Bombs-, as the Warring World had never yet 
 dreamed of, gained him the post of Delegate to the War Arsenal. How far 
 he was Impostor in this, Charity forbids us to say; but at least his great Secret 
 was never developed. He is represented here en grande tenue. All the adjuncts 
 of the military garb fit him like a glove. And yet, 0 Reader! be not deceived 
 He is as guiltless of fighting in person, as for years his hands had been 
 comparatively free from manual toil. We have his own Authority for saying 
 that though ranking during the first Siege as an Officer in the National Guard 
 and drawing the Pay thereof, he had never absolutely donned his uniform until 
 the Eighteenth of March. The fact is curious, but perhaps not singula^- It is 
 but another phase, another form of the professional Agitator, subsisting on the 
 fruits of other men's labour, rather than the work of his handicraft. 
 
 Decidedly Assi was a Failure. Like the frog in the fable, he imagined 
 himself Statesman. First successes aided the inflation ; and in due time he burst 
 - the close of his public Career farming yet another symbol of the Character we 
 have attempted to draw. Paris had been at last entered by the troops The 
 Tens of Thousands were fast slinking into their holes, and the Thousands were 
 preparing to defend the Barricades. Surely, one would say, that at the moment 
 of danger, he who was the visible exponent of the mighty Proletaire, would 
 have been by his side! But our Hero was wiser in his generation. Within a 
 few hours of the entry of the Versaillists, Assi was at the Ecole Militaire, a Position 
 soon to fall, and therefore necessary to evacuate. Instead of retracing o-round 
 and sharing in the final struggle, he rode with some trusted Comrades in the other 
 direction towards the Enemy, professing to make a reconnaissance! The result 
 was very simple. These confiding lambs suddenly found themselves in the midst 
 of an Infantry Company, and becoming the first Prisoners taken, were removed 
 in safe^to Versailles, out of danger - and away from the horrors of whatsis 
 now c(»ionly called the Infernal Week. 
 
 Things might have been worse. The timely Arrest, not only saved his life 
 then, but enabled him at his trial to repudiate successfully all participation in the 
 Assassinations and Burnings of the dying Commune; ~ whilst those inflamed by 
 such as he to the Commission of Crime, had paid the penalty at the Barricade, or 
 would do so soon at Satory, or on the Hulks. 
 
CANTINIEHES 
 
 Neither lovely nor graceful to look upon, every fair Reader will Hdmit. It 
 is a shock to our general illusions, to find the traditional Cantiniere of Romance, 
 transformed into the likeness before us. Yet must Truth rather than Fiction he 
 drawn by the real Observer of Manners. National Guard Cantinieres were not 
 enlisted from pretty village Maidens, blessed by the Cure, and burning with 
 ardour to be Sister or Mother to each Man or Boy in the Regiment. They were 
 Recruits from a sterner walk of Life, trained amid crowds and associations, not 
 much fitted for the preservation of the loftier Virtues. That they could be true 
 to their respective Companies may be inferred; — but it was in the companion- 
 ship of Vice, and in being ready tools for the acquisition or disposal of plunder, 
 which at other than War-time, might be called by an ugly name. 
 
 Were it possible, we would fain give our Heroine, her portion of honour as 
 a patriot Citoyenne. But to do so, were rather to trench upon the boundaries 
 of actual life. There were some among them perhaps, as in the first Revolution 
 there were many^ who had Sincerity and Faith in the Cause they espoused. They 
 would go out with patriotic Battalions, bearing a second Gun by the side of 
 their lords; which, if need be, they could use equally as well. Nay, Spinsters 
 would march ; some girt with sword, or with no other weapon than the Scissors 
 of a more lawful calling; ready and willing to wound the first traitor Versaillist 
 they might encounter. Such as these however were not Cantinieres , on 
 whom the Men depended for their hot Coffee and Brandy, and to be useful in 
 the thousand and one odd jobs, scarcely suitable for any not already half or 
 wholly unsexed. 
 
 It was in the closing Scenes however that they played their principal part, 
 when Murder and Robbery ruled undisguised, and Despair and Frenzy were at 
 their height. Then the Cantinieres emerged from their more strictly professional 
 Duties, and became active Agents of the final Wrath that fell on the doomed City. 
 Without them, the spirits of the last Defenders of the Barricades might have earlier 
 succumbed ; and to them may be directly attributed much of the prolongation of 
 the Strife, and of the wilful destruction of Life and Property in the last days. 
 Under their guidance were first ransacked and then set on fire, chief part of the 
 private dwellings that fell a prey to the Flames of the Commune in its Agony. 
 
 =o«Ogooo 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 THE DELEGATE CITIZEN 
 (Le citoyen delegn^) 
 
THE DELEGATE CITIZEN 
 
 (CITOYEN DELEGUE) 
 
 Gently, if you please. This is not one of your blustering Declaimers; but 
 a useful Man, who can do much under cover of great guilelessness and suavity 
 of manner. The Delegate Citizen was much appreciated in his Quartier. 
 He was essentially the local Man, keeping up his relations with exterior politics. 
 So certain was his position, that he could even retain in his button hole the red 
 Eibbon of Merit, which nearly every one in Pakis then saw fit to discard, as a 
 remnant of the old World and Society, which were to disappear for ever under the 
 benign influences of the new Commune. 
 
 So much did our Delegate Citizen work softly and in the background, that 
 it is really difficult to assign him his proper place in detail. He was the recep- 
 tacle of much information, but the retailer of little. A good deal of his time 
 was spent on the Boulevards; but none of it would be wasted, nor were his other 
 moments idle. He was a Civilian in every sense of the word. No gilt braidings 
 or other military glories attracted him. Had his lot been cast in favourable 
 Spheres, he might have risen to some eminence in Diplomacy. 
 
 Where is he now? Off Toulon on pontons; confined in a French Fort; 
 or basking in the fair climate of New Caledonia? — Not he. Walk through the 
 Paris promenades, and there under the shadow of the green Trees, he may yet 
 be found; pursuing his path as of yore, although now on different objects. The 
 Police know him, but they also know his uses [to themselves possibly], and he 
 remains unmolested. He will not be now found however m front of the larger 
 Cafes. Those chairs are once more filled by their m^ore accustomed Occupants; 
 and the old Delegate Citizen has resumed his resting place on the public seats, 
 apparently idling, but ever taking notes, watching, thinking — and scheming. 
 The red Ribbon of Honour is always there. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No IS. 
 
 PEJ^QUISITION AT A Pi^INTING OFFICE 
 ( Perquisition dans imo Iniprimei'ie ) 
 
PBFLQXJISITIOTnT 
 
 AT A PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 ( PERaUISITION DANS UNE IMPFIIMER.IE) 
 
 -vx- 
 
 Inasmuch as a hostile visit to a Printer's was but a minor evil, and involving 
 little domestic grievance — since the heads of the Establishment were seldom 
 caught personally, the Artist has been able to give full rein to his vein for 
 Drollery, and has most happily hit off by a few strokes of his pencil, the serio- 
 comic villainies of a Band of would be Desperates. 
 
 The Causes for such a proceeding will be more apparent to those accustomed 
 to Countries where the printing trade is gagged, than to Englishmen with whom 
 all is free. Formerly every Printer in France required permission, and was 
 under the direct supervision of Government, as well as being bound under heavy 
 penalties not to print treason, or aught that was secret, unlicensed, or contrary 
 to the Powers that happened at the moment to be. But the Revolution of the 
 Fourth of September altered that, giving freedom throughout to carry on the 
 business unlicensed. The Spirit however that had dictated the old laws, yet 
 lived in the ultra Republican, as it had existed formerly in the Conservative 
 Buonanartist. What the Government of the National Defence had done as a po- 
 pular 'act, and in the name of Liberty, the Communists practically undid. The 
 former had lacked either the Will or the Courage to interfere much even with the 
 "Press", and hardly at all with the private handbills, placards and pamphlets, that 
 swarmed'on the walls and in windows during the first Siege. — And a roaring 
 trade Printers had had of it! But the Communists ruled somewhat differently. 
 Journals, not wholly in their service, were promptly suspended, and a Printer 
 who dared accept Copy ", emanating from any of what was called the " Party 
 of Order ran the risk of not only having his premises invaded and put under 
 seals, but perhaps also his Type and Machinery maltreated. Most careful of all 
 were they to prevent the publication of anything at Paris, issuing from the Go- 
 vernment at Versailles. 
 
 There was also not unfrequently another reason behindhand for a Perquisition 
 AT A Printing Office, more especially if such Office did Newspaper work. In such 
 cases, the Perquisition was only the prelude to a Requisition. With so many 
 professional Writers among the Commune Leaders, it was advisable to find free 
 
vent for their ideas and pens ; and as Proprietors of the printing presses were only 
 J^uman m their private capacities, they were naturally somewhat chary in giving 
 Credit to the new Customers who daily came to them. Therefore when the 
 Commune saw fit to suspend the publication of a Newspaper that had offended, it 
 would often couple with the injunction, a Bon to print another in its place 
 some ' ' Cri du Peuple " , or a - Marseillaise " . And it was more than the Printer 
 dared risking, to disobey the Bon, however precarious he might know his new 
 Clients to be. After all, it was better than having his premises and material 
 removed from his charge entirely, as had happened to some. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 LA COLONELLE 
 
LA COLONELLE 
 
 ~}o*< 
 
 Women have at all times, and never less than at periods of popular excitement, 
 taken a large share in public events in France. The ordinary Frenchwoman is 
 not trained to the solitary domesticity of Home, and her personal Liberties and 
 her Capacities for outside affairs are therefore . proportionately greater than if 
 she were. In all ranks she assumes her full share in the business and more 
 intimate interests of Life, in the same degree as she also bears its Responsibi- 
 lities, and has her own legal Rights, coupled with — yet distinct from — those 
 of her Husband. In more cases than not, among the middle and lower Classes, 
 a very large portion of the details of family affairs, besides those simply do- 
 mestic, devolve on the Woman; while her lord is content with a general sur- 
 veillance that does not interfere with his habitual attendance at the Cafe; — 
 forming therein a striking contrast to Englishwomen, and more especially to 
 those resident in our larger commercial Centres, who encased in their suburban 
 band-boxes of Retreat, see and understand no more of the World beyond their 
 own Walls, than the caged Birds; and are as dependent upon their Husbands 
 or Brothers for Ideas, as they are also by law — as married Women -- for their 
 daily provision. An Englishman becomes thus the outside Slave of his family, 
 and in return is Autocrat at Home. Un Frangais n'est pas si simple. He pre- 
 fers Ease to Honours. 
 
 But like all things Human, this feminine liberty and activity, so useful at 
 ordinary times, becomes troublesome when diverted from more private Concerns. 
 If the affairs of her family are the first thing a Frenchwoman is earnest in, the 
 second is decidedly a yearning for politics; so that, if perchance she be without 
 the first to engross her, the second absorbs her whole Mind, making her what 
 she is in the midst of Tumults, Revolts, and Insurrection. [If Women and Men 
 could be separately and fairly polled, we believe the fair Sex would ever prepon- 
 derate on the Radical side of any question whatever]. — Hence was the Commune 
 no exception to the ordinary rule of Insurrection in reproducing the female 
 element, — though not in the same proportions as when their great Grandmo- 
 thers pulled Cannon bodily, from Paris to Versailles ; and being only a partial 
 Revolt, of a Class not much given to ordinary social proprieties, — an undue 
 proportion of legal Spinsters, whatever they might be in reality, took part in it. 
 Family cares these had none, and their very existence as well as their proclivities, 
 required them to be ardent supporters of the system happening for the moment 
 to be in favour with the Sans-culotte, whose temporary Fortune they shared. 
 Seamstresses, female artificers and the like, were of those who chiefly composed 
 
the feminine Troops of tlie Commune. There was also another Class — ratlier a 
 peculiar one; Schoolmistresses of Communal and other Schools of second and 
 third rate order, some of whom had heen famous as Committee Women in the first 
 Siege, and Orators at the female Clubs in. the second; who ended by donning- 
 the Sword and Uniform, which some of them had proposed wearing- in the German 
 War, without then receiving sufficient encouragement to carry their valour into 
 practice. 
 
 To what special class La Colonelle belonged, we can only surmise; 
 
 it is not necessary to define her too accurately. She is however no Myth, but 
 existed actually en chair et en os ; and figured as she is here represented, 
 in one of the first batches of Prisoners brought to Versailles, after Civil 
 War had coinmenced. The Soldiers and Spectators were in no humour then to 
 sho.w favour even to the Sex, and amidst the gibes and blows and missiles with 
 which the Arrivals were greeted, she did not escape. Indignant Salutes were 
 offered her, and rough hands tore off the gold galons from her Kepi and the 
 Stripes from her Uniform, leaving only ghastly shreds of her once magnificent 
 attire, to declare how completely unsexed and low she had fallen at the last, in 
 her assumption of Manhood. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 THE DIJ^ECTOr^ OF THE TELEGI\APH 
 (Costume du Directeur du Tel^graphe) 
 
cosxi:Jivd:E: 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DIRECTOR. OF THE TELEGRAPH 
 
 (COSTUME DU DIRECTEUR DU TELEGRAPHE) 
 
 If ever Imperialist functionary excelled this specimen of uniformed Officia- 
 lism, he must have been grand indeed. Save for the surroundings, one might 
 almost imagine him to be Emperor himself, rather than an Underling. 
 
 Yet he was not only a Character of the period, but a living Actuality. The 
 ex-DiRECTOR OF THE Teleqraph at Paeis, having - like other chief public 
 Servants - been suspended and imprisoned, a junior clerk in the Service found 
 favour in the eyes of the intelligent Rulers at the Hotel-de-Ville. Heaven knows 
 what his qualifications were! When afterwards tried by Court Martial, for the. 
 illeo-al assumption of title and office, an old Story of youthful Shortcomings in the 
 strict path of Honesty was revived. But this might only be Scandal, — though 
 if true, a most excellent reason for his Appointment under the Commune. Fortu- 
 nately however, qualifications in his case were secondary; for, there being no 
 communications then open with the Country, his work was from the first very 
 limited, and soon became still more circumscribed by the suspension of all private 
 Teleo-raphy within Paris also. Hence he had ample time at his disposal, to air 
 his elegant person and tight fitting uniform in public; and having unwonted 
 funds in his pocket, spent them not niggardly, - neither vulgarly, in 
 
 " bocks" or " chopes. " 
 
 For our Hero's tastes were fashionably flavoured. Each evening he would 
 repair to the Caf6 Riche, and there partake of a repast, worthy his official Status 
 — and Uniform. The Artist has caught him in the act of descending the steps 
 of that aristocratic Restaurant, fortified by his sumptuous meal, cheered by the 
 fragrant weed, the observed of all, - and especially to the vast amusement of 
 two Bellevillites passing by. 
 
A BOULEVARD ORATOR 
 
 (GRATEUR. DU BOULEVARD) 
 
 >40<- 
 
 Those who have only seen Paris at times of Peace and comparative Calmness, 
 can form little idea of what its chief thoroughfares are, when all private 
 business is suspended and even family concerns are forgotten, amid the excitement 
 of public affairs. Then is the whole Hive of pleasure -making Workers over- 
 turned, and the Bees and the Drones alike swar-m upon the Boulevards, buzzing 
 furiously, and with their tongues stinging vigorously. 
 
 Circles of Politicians and eager Newsmongers gather together on the pave- 
 ments; some small, others large, and a few at certain corners of the Streets^taking 
 up the whole Roadway as well. Useless for the Police to cry " Circulez , 
 Messieurs!'' — even if they have courage to put in an appearance at all. 
 Nothing less than a Troop of Soldiers might disperse such Groups and Grouplets; 
 in the centre of each of which is the Boulevard Orator, who has been the 
 nucleus of its first gathering, keeping it alive by windy Discussion and oracular 
 Speeches. 
 
 Who the Boulevard Orator may be in private life , or what Calling or 
 Profession he has been originally or follows at calmer times , must remain unex- 
 plained; — for no man can tell. But in periods of political disturbance, he 
 invariably turns up. A chance word or remark from some Bystander, be it ever 
 so simple, suffices to attract him ; and straightway the Argument begins. Some 
 one is sure to disagree, and others will confirm. Sharp words ensue, growing 
 louder as each becomes animated. Passengers are attracted, who listen at first, 
 assisting afterwards; and in shorter time than this takes to write, the circular 
 crowd is formed. It soon extends many Men deep, and a dozen or more 
 are joining in the wordy Conference, with right arms and forefingers thrust 
 franticly over their Neighbours' heads, and wildly gesticulating in the air. 
 Meantime the Orator in the centre, is loudly combatting with those nearest 
 him. Many times has he apparently broken away in disgust, or despair of 
 convincing his fellow Citizens. For a moment perhaps his tongue has been 
 silent, but his brain and eye are ever at work; and unable to control himself, 
 many a time has he again burst forth in a torrent of language. 
 
 Our Boulevard Orator is literary beyond a doubt. He may never have 
 published, but no question at all he has written; — perhaps more than is 
 
good for him. The probabilities are, that save in his own private and very 
 select circle, he has not been appreciated as he should be. His hair, the 
 tossing of his head, the very act of his arm visibly jerking from its socket, 
 are enough to stamp him; and to show that he is one who might have set 
 the Seine on fire — had not a cruel World denied him the opportunities. As 
 it is, he is compelled to content himself with his native heath, - the 
 Boulevards. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 
 
 POLICE COMMISSAI^^Y 
 
 ( Commissaire de Police) 
 
POLICE COMMISSARY 
 
 (COMMISSAIRE DE POLICE) 
 — — 
 
 The French Commissaire de Police is ordinarily endowed with extensive 
 powers and attributes; but in recurring- to the Commissaire under the Commune, 
 we must discard all notion of the cool and silent Official, ruling- supreme at the 
 'poste of his Quartier. The professional and trained Police were then far away 
 from Paris in the Spirit, and it was rather dang-erous to venture inside, in the 
 Flesh ; — for the Patriots had a knack of lynching- any old Serg-ent-de-Ville 
 unhappily found. [It must be remembered that the two Fraternities had many 
 antipathetical reasons in the Past, for knowing each other tolerably well.] Then 
 also, ordinary Crime — or at least the detection thereof — was scarce, if not 
 apparently absent from Paris; for nothing more natural, than that common 
 Thievedom should decline, when its Professors had risen from the gutters, and 
 become responsible Agents of the new Civilization. Therefore was the Police 
 Commissary then of a different genus. A keen eye for an Aristo was a first 
 necessity, and after that a blind one for little abuses of Authority, committed 
 by Patriots in the excess of their ardour. 
 
 Moreover he was not a solitary Animal, but fond of Companionship, of 
 the nature that Adam may have yearned for before the creation of Eve, The 
 Police Commissary of the Commune was nothing without his Mate; she not 
 only consoled him in private, but cheered him at his public work, sharing in 
 his duties and representing him in his absence. The most famous of these was 
 the fair young Widow Leroy, chere amie to a certain Schoolmaster, whose 
 patriotic merits had raised him to the honour of Commissaire of his district. 
 She ruled at the poste ^ where her lord was the titular Chief ; and right demo- 
 cratically she exercised her rights of Attachment over the persons of suspected 
 Royalists and Versaillists , and of Confiscation of their goods and chattels. 
 
 The Police Commissary given us here, does not however emanate from one 
 of the " dangerous " districts. His lot was cast in a rich Quartier^ where he 
 reigned over politer Circles than the majority of his Brethren; and though the 
 proportion- of Aristocrats under his nominal rule was larger, yet the wish or the 
 means to interfere with them was comparatively smaller. What work there was, 
 generally took place at night. Hence, as will be seen, he had often leisure during 
 the reo-ular office hours, for personal recreation with Madame by his side. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 23. 
 
 THE AJ\^J|^SST PAINTY 
 (Peloton d'Arrestation) 
 
THE ARREST PARTY 
 
 ( PELOTON D'ARRESTATION ) 
 
 The Peloton d'Arrestation was a regular adjunct to each Police Commis- 
 saire. It was supposed to be always on duty, ever at command to seize such 
 " Suspect " as might be indicated by Authority or anonymously. But prac- 
 tically, its Members were birds of the night, doing their work in the dark, and 
 often late on into the small hours of the morning. 
 
 " Royalists " and " Buonapartists , " Aristocrats " generally, and 
 " Versaillist Traitors " or " Thiersites " especially ; — all these were the ordinary 
 fish for whom the nets of the Federates were laid. But th(3ir most precious morsel 
 was the Priest or the Christian Brother, or any one appertaining to the Clerical 
 Order. To ensnare some of these was reward enough for much patient waiting, 
 and made up for other untoward accidents, that might happen to temporarily 
 disturb the ordinary sweet temper of a Patriot. They made martial visits to. 
 Churches, under the curious pretence that Guns and Gunpowder lay hidden there, 
 and thenceforth the sacred Building was either shut up, — after its valuables 
 had been taken charge of and sent to the Communist Treasury, if not elsewhere ; 
 — or quite as probably it was occupied as Guardhouse, where some sous-lieutenant 
 in the National Guard would sit in State at the Altar, smoking the Calumet of 
 Peace upon the Bishop's throne itself. As an agreable diversion, they would 
 sometimes take up floors and ransack the Vaults for Bones: which, when found, 
 were duly exposed for the Contemplation of the Faithful — [Patriots hien 
 entendu^ — as the Remains of quondam innocent Maidens and their Offspring, 
 respectively beguiled by and born to the atrocious Calottins, who were under- 
 stood to have thus got rid of the living traces of their guilt. St. Laurent's in 
 the Boulevard Magenta, was a burning and a shining light in the way of Skeletons 
 it could show; nay, — ■ Bones were absolutely found in the outer Walls, and 
 curious or indignant Citizens came with pickaxe, to expose these dead Witnesses 
 of the treatment of the Daughters of the People by the Soutanes, and how even 
 the Churches had been composed of the Bones of their illicit Children ; — threaten- 
 ing loudly one day to lynch a foolish Naturalist, rash enough to pronounce them 
 as belonging to Dogs and to Chickens rather than Babies, and so silly as to 
 hint that the Builders had mixed them with mortar, the better to concrete the 
 Walls. It is difficult to say from whence this rabid Antipathy arose, for certainly 
 
I 
 
 no other Faith, or aught of religions fanatism incited it. There was neither 
 question of Doctrine, nor Protest against error; nor even could it be said that 
 much rationalist Philosophy dwelt among them. A few indeed might talk at 
 times of La Raison a Notre-Dame^ in the same breath as they would shriek for 
 La Convention Nationale ; but these were only the outward Phrases in mimicry 
 of a Past, without any Soul in the Present to revivify the Body ; and with all, 
 it seemed as if pure Malevolence alone dictated their hatred. 
 
 Thus it was that very early in the Commune, the Clerical dress disappeared 
 from the Streets; and though at first some of the Churches remained open, Civil 
 War had hardly begun before Mass was said secretly, and at length with closed 
 doors in places only known to the more devout. But for all that, the Clergy as 
 a body stuck to their posts manfully ; nor, though his schools were shut — under 
 pretence of reopening them with secular teaching, — did the Christian Brother 
 shrink from the Danger. All stayed at Paris, and though often obliged to lodge 
 in new quarters, and to walk about — if at all — in lay garbs, they were ever 
 within reach of Parishioners requiring their Services. The peril they ran was 
 amply proved, not only by the continued and daily Arrests, but also by the 
 number of Martyrs they furnished at the Ending. — The personal malice and 
 hatred of Citizen Patriots towards their Clerical Victim is sufficiently impressed 
 in the Artist's Illustration, to indicate the hard time before him. They have 
 generously allowed him to take a bundle of Clothes, but if he has happened to 
 have any Money in the House or his pockets, they have relieved him of its charge, 
 making quite a show of generosity in lending him thereout some Ten or Twenty 
 Francs, to aid in getting over the first few days of Prison ; — for did it not 
 all belong to the Poor, and were not the People the fitting Almoners thereof? 
 As one of these Hostages, who was fortunate enough to escape, and who had been 
 a foreign Missionary, afterwards declared; — "I have lived for years among- 
 Heathens and Savages, and witnessed many revolting Scenes; but never before 
 did I behold or experience such Crime and refinement of Cruelty, as during the 
 reign of the Commune. " — This Priest had a right to speak, for his experience 
 had been gained in a many weeks residence in the Cells of the Police Prefecture 
 and the Prisons of Paris. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 I^AOUL I^IGAULT'S GUAI^D 
 (Garde particalier de Raonl Riganlt) 
 
HAOUL HIGAULT'S GUARD 
 
 (GARDE PARTICULIER DE HAOUL HIGAULT) 
 
 — 
 
 Having- already drawn the character of the Master in the sketch of " The 
 Police Prefect, " it were superfluous to repeat it in that of his Man. As the 
 one was, so was the other likely to be; hard and cruel, unflinching in his 
 work. Picked up from the slums of the Student Alleys , Raoul Rigault's 
 Guard was at any rate a devoted Servant. He could indeed hardly afford 
 to turn a willing ear to the entreaties of Prisoners' friends; but his dispo- 
 sition was also in accord with his duty, and he knew very well how to guard 
 his Employer's privacy. If the pleadings of the fair Sister, or Mistress, or Wife 
 in the Drawing, were not powerful enough to gain access to his Chief, or 
 to secure an interview with the Object of her prayers^ or even to obtain some 
 amelioration in his fate; it must be left to be imagined how slightly were 
 Mortals of coarser mould attended to — unless they had the power to enforce 
 their demands. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 THE CITIZEN OF MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA 
 
 (Le citoyen Moldo-Valaque) 
 
THE CITIZEN OE 
 
 MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA 
 
 (UN CITOYEN MOLDO-VALAQUE 
 
 which^we n tt nZVSZT ''''' ^^^^^ 
 
 more soiled than agreable - Z l 'Tal °' '""^ 
 
 therefore not always to be dJZjl f ""^"^ ^"--^ S^'^^^ Patriots, and 
 
 - were enlivened here and' i c'h-l7 f 1 """"^ ^"^"^J' " 
 who carried their hearts unon .W \ Climes, 
 .loom and anxiety ate eZw^ r t"::\"' " "^^^ -"e^ 
 by their Manners and CosZmel ' ^"'^^y 
 
 -oHu! :?o irdTim"!f te^dt"" yr r""™ ^- 
 
 and down on horseback att S as he • P^^^'"^ "P 
 
 the Co„„™. that Citi. „ Zblln haf" ^ . 
 
 it, and if possible to hail it T ""TT ""^^ 
 
 Pakis were cited, who had ranid .. ^ Foreigners then at 
 
 Races, _ Latin Saxon Cereal' ScT " " "'"^^^ ^" 
 
 .ot absent, and great sh w w made otTr 
 
 ralised frenchman - as Member of the ' '—^^'^^ ^ -n- 
 
 cut though a liviop. RpaUHr • . * 
 
 this C„... argued much L 0 ^':" "^^^ 
 
 on the Banks, of the Danube • r, \ ^ ^J'^V^thj with Democracy 
 
 t^ary. At all times the flmil^r" e ^^^^ " ^ con! 
 
 Kvents of 1870-1871 had more than ever T ""'P"""""'' ^^^ope, the 
 to Adventurers of all kinds; - s Je onTv tb ^"'^^ °' ^^^-^ 
 
 who had fled like rats from a falling housr Tb" 
 refuge, but mainly for what might turn „p P''^"? 
 to secure something, and at the least to 2' ^''^^"'"^ 
 Adventurer Politician or Warrior F ! ^"^^ of 
 
 urgent and necessary. The number nf A T''-'"' "^""^ ^''"^ ^''^ -"ost 
 ev^n the lowest National Gua d ^ wa Jf '^^^^^^ ^* P--' -^om 
 
 t-uara Pay was of pnmary moment, can only be realised 
 
..ose .ho .i.ea with .1 Classes oMheJi.e ^^^^^^^^ 
 L gaudy Hero however, flew ^['^'l^^^^^^V^Z^^^^^ Ms dis- 
 diem. Perhaps he was happy in bemg "^'"^J^P , jjost in itself, 
 tant Principalities; hut at " Lguages, all these 
 
 :l?rrhirCrre :S - ..ntLnce such ..ionahle 
 appearance, as was consistent with the Time. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
THE AVENGEHS OF FLOURENS 
 
 (VENGEURS DE FLOURENS) 
 
 
 
 To enter as nearly as possible into the feelings of this very determined but 
 slightly misanthropical lo6king Gentleman, it is necessary to recur for a moment to 
 the Story of the Hero he is supposed to avenge, and the Circumstances under which 
 he and his Comrades were enrolled. 
 
 GusTAVE Flourens^ to whom we have already had occasion to refer, was one 
 of the younger race of Republicans, with whom France was infested during the 
 latter years of the Empire; though he differed from the majority alike in his attain- 
 ments, as also in a Sincerity and Courage born of Rashness. Yet young-, the force 
 of Character had carried him high above those he mixed with ; though none the 
 less dangerous therefore as a visionary Enthusiast, in matters social as well as 
 political. Member of an influential Parisian family, the young Flourens had 
 been launched in life with a liberal education, which together with his Father's 
 prestige ^ had secured him the Chair of History at the College of France, when 
 only Twenty Five years old. This opportunity for distinction in Letters was 
 however lost to him, by the materialist Opinions that ran through his Lectures, in 
 consequence of which he was deprived of his Professorship. 
 
 Then followed the usual life of the Revolutionary Outcast from the grooves he 
 had been born and trained in. An Exile, rather than a Traveller, he journeyed 
 through Europe and the East, now studying and at other times lecturing and 
 writing, and ever seeking for opportunities to promote Insurrection against 
 existing Power. At length the partial renewal of political Liberty, and especially 
 the withdrawal of the interdiction to the Clubs, brought him back to Paris 
 in 1869; from which period he ran the ordinary routine of those among whom he 
 had become a Chief. Speech-making in the first place, more free than wise; 
 — then prosecutions for exceeding the limits allowed, duelling with aggrieved 
 opponents, actual imprisonment at times, but oftener in hiding or in flight from 
 legal process; until at length the Revolution of the Fourth of September put 
 a term to the Warrants that had issued from the Imperial Government. But it did 
 not put an end to the spirit of insubordination. Though the Colleague of Roche- 
 fort on the Commission for Barricades during the German Siege, Flourens ceased 
 not to conspire in private, and openly to attack the Government of the National 
 Defence. As Commandant of the Belleville National Guards, he bore a leading 
 
stare in the wretched Insurrection of the Thirty First of October, for which 
 he was imprisoned; but the affectionate Patriots having bodily rescued him from 
 Jail, he remained in safe hiding at Paris (though condemned to death by Court 
 Martial per contumacium) .until the memorable Eighteenth of March once more 
 dragged him to light. — By such safe and sure and very narrow roads, he reached 
 his final great Office of General of the Commune. 
 
 Now arrived at his Goal, he became the most active exciter of Civil War, and 
 commanded a detachment of Guards, who started for Versailles on the Second of 
 April. But less prudent than the majority of his followers, who wisely retreated 
 home at a very early date, he advanced with part of his Staff as far as Rueil; — and 
 there being surrounded by Gendarmes, was killed on the spot after attempting to 
 shoot the Officer in command. The news of this at Paris naturally made him more 
 of a Hero than ever, and every Socialist hailed him, Protomartyr of the Cause. 
 " Flourens dead" was a Cry that few could withstand, where the living Man had 
 been worshipped as the rising Sun of the new School; and a Corps was formed, 
 sworn to avenge his blood, and especially to search out and retaliate on the actual 
 Author of the deed. 
 
 Did they perform their Will? Alas! for the value of good Eesolutions; — 
 History knoweth not. That they made some noise within the Walls of Paris, and 
 were supposed to be the most irreconcileable of all the Desperates of the hour, may 
 be admitted. But beyond that, there is no true Story to tell. We rather think 
 that the Artist has been happier in catching the gloomy and moody inaction of the 
 Avenger, than we should be in attempting to narrate his exploits. He may be 
 ranked with many an " EclaireuVj " " Franc Tireur, " and terrible " Enfant 
 Perdu " of the War Days. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 Is<i 27. 
 
 THE CLUB IN A CHUJ^CH 
 (Club a I'Eglise) 
 
THE CLUB IN A CHURCH 
 
 (CLUB A L'EGLISE) 
 
 The World has often heard of the Parisian Clubs, and of their political 
 Influence and Consequences; but we question if any who have never had oppor- 
 tunities of visiting them, imagine what dismal and gloomy places of entertain- 
 ment they are, or rather were. Even when monster Clubs were opened at a 
 public Salon or the Music Hall Theatre, free to all, and analogous as nearly as 
 possible to our English public Meetings, the general tameness or the ephemeral 
 violence, were wont to produce — to the Foreigner at least — a saddening 
 rather than a healthy feeling. Not that there was any absence of excitement, 
 or at times of strong passionate feeling; — but the fervour and rage were the 
 fruit of passing Events, or sprang from the Action and Words of the Speaker, 
 soon to die away. Between the French Political Club and the English Election 
 Meeting, may be discovered the chief secret of the two Systems of Government 
 suitable for each Nation. In the one, the mass of Hearers sit to be lectured to 
 and instructed by Speakers — hired either for Pay, or equally professional as the 
 People's politicians; in the other, the Auditors give the tone to the Meeting, and 
 though an Orator may furnish them with Phrases and also with Facts, it is the 
 general feeling that will finally leaven his Words — whether he be Conservative 
 or Liberal. An Englishman abroad on his tour, is too apt to cry — "Why are 
 these not as us? " — " Why cannot they adopt our Constitution, and be happy 
 for ever? " — forgetting we are not all made alike; and that on the whole, the 
 Gaul rather prefers being talked to, and tickled into fury by his favourite Deity 
 of the moment; — though none so restive, when once he casts of¥ the yoke, to 
 which he has so willingly harnessed himself. " Codger's Hall " or the " Discus- 
 sion Forum, " is a Hall of dazzling intellectual light, compared with the ordinary 
 Parisian Club, even though it he of Montmartre, Villette, or Belleville. 
 
 It may hcive been some unexpressed feeling of this kind, or that something, 
 new and attractive was necessary to arouse the undoubted letharg'y of Parisians 
 generally, which induced the Commune to throw open the larger Churches for 
 evening Clubs. The People must be instructed, " they said, acknowledging 
 thereby that it was not out of the Masses their proletarian Doctrines came. 
 " They require Education; — not a Priestly but a Secular Teaching. What 
 better place to do so, than in Buildings so long the abode of Craft and Bigotry, 
 
and from pulpits that have . only rung- with such blasphemy to Patriots, as 
 rendering to Csesar the things that are Caesar's ! " Therefore let the great doors 
 he opened ! and if crowded Congregations were proof, the Club in a Church was 
 a great success. — It was a strange and singular sight. The lighted Nave and 
 Aisles, filled by the wondering and wandering Multitude; with the Chancel Sanc- 
 tuary, stripped of every Ecclesiastical trapping, all dark and black as Night. 
 From the pulpit thundered the wild bearded Politician in Garde Nationale 
 uniform, reminding us in his very grotesqueness of Stories of our own Round- 
 heads. But could our Puritan Ancestors have come forth, and listened to the 
 themes selected for the Place of Preaching ! Or perhaps it was the black eyed, 
 raven haired Girl or Woman, with glances of Fury flashing in the Gaslight, 
 shrieking forth the most miserable balderdash, upon social Ethics, Marriage, 
 Education, and universal Liberty — • which she did not term License. Opposite 
 the pulpit in the Wardens' box, were ranged the Committee of Management, 
 occasionally interrupting with a statement, or a call to time, or perhaps to order; 
 while facing the Speaker hung — not yet pulled down — the massive Symbol of 
 Redemption, on which the Preacher's eyes are ordinarily fixed; and below were 
 the tightly packed Congregation , filling- every chair, and crowding in the Aisles 
 shoulder to shoulder. 
 
 Old and Young, and the Middle-aged were there; white-haired Grandfathers 
 and downy chinned Boys; aged Women in bright bonnets Uancs; Mothers of 
 families bearing Children in their arms; and fierce looking Girls whose dark 
 tresses were as uncombed, as their general gait and evident life were unkempt. 
 National Guards, inexpressibly dirty and their hair flying over their ears, 
 flitted to and fro; with the cutty pipe — not always alight — in their mouths. 
 Here on side Altars, and there on the steps of the Confessional, sate Citizens 
 philosophically looking on, while clouds of Tobacco incense arose from their lips 
 to the lofty roofing, mingling in their ascent with the odours of the People, 
 The fashion was to wear the Hat or Cap without disguise, but occasionally — 
 not unfrequently — some might be seen furtively removing their head covering, 
 in mute homage to the Sanctity of the Place, and half afraid of the desecration 
 they saw, though manifestly unwilling that their Neighbours should observe the 
 Weakness. Nay, individuals there were who from force of habit, crossed them- 
 selves on entering-, stopping short when they saw the motley Assemblage, and 
 found the Benitier not there. Many there were also of the simply curious, 
 come forth to see this Manifestation of the Socialists; — grave Men, the Thinkers 
 and Observers of Manners, as well as the Runners after new sensations; also 
 Women of the higher Classes in sober garb, desiring to see for themselves if such 
 Things could be; yet shuddering at the profanity they found, and the strange 
 words of the Preachers, and the applause they elicited from the Sympathies, 
 Voices and Hands, of the novel Congregation. 
 
OFFICER OF MARINES 
 
 (le citoyen DURASSIER) ' 
 
 -iOi^ 
 
 The Marines of the Commune, although quite a feature, were not very great 
 as Belligerents. Still the Fleet of the Seine was a Fact. Its Gun Boats existed; 
 and hig were the reports we were entertained with, as to the execution they 
 performed up the many windings of the river. Moreover, if any one douhted 
 the truth of these naval battles, the Sceptic had only to go to the Quay-Side 
 near the Palais de I'lndicstrie, and see for himself the little ''Farcy " and two 
 or three other Gannonieres lying alongside, — all battered, bruised and stove 
 in, by the Bombs of the Enemy. These were patent to all the World, and 
 whatever their valorous exploits may have been, one thing was certain; — that 
 the Communist Navy had been soon extinguished by the Versaillist Guns, from 
 the heights of Meudon and the famous redoubt of Chatillon. 
 
 But the Citizen Sailors were much more prominent to our outward senses. 
 Prevented by these adverse causes from plying their gallant trade on a professio- 
 nal element, and from going down — to the river in boats, or braving the 
 dangers of their rather shallow Deep, their main exploits were acted on land. 
 That they took to tei'-ra firma and its habitudes with sufficient gusto, to prove 
 themselves Citizens of the World, let us frankly acknowledge. The Reader 
 scarcely requires to be told from what classes the Communist Sailor was actually 
 enlisted. — The Commander Durassier, given us here as Type of an Officer of 
 Marines, must be taken as he seems, for which only he is worth; — as the Citizen 
 lay figure, clothed in the Coat, the Cap and the Stripes, of a naval Captain. The 
 Jacks behind him are better Types still, and will be easily recognised as familiar 
 acquaintances, by those who saw them in the flesh. 
 
 In default of other Work, the Marines were often mustered to keep the line in 
 the Streets, on occasions of any exceptional display. Those who saw the fall of 
 the " Colonne Vendome, " will especially remember how they kept the ranks on 
 that day in the rue de la Paix ; keeping back the Crowd with much interchange 
 of fun — Parisian rather than nautical ; while their eccentric Officers, and still 
 more eccentric Members of the Commune, galloped furiously up and down the 
 Centre of the Road, clinging to the saddles and manes of bewildered horses; 
 the latter wondering most probably like sensible brutes, to what order of Biped 
 their strange Riders could possibly belong. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 29. 
 
 (Un Pointeur) 
 
ARTILLERYMAN 
 
 (UN POINTEUR) 
 
 -40*- 
 
 Our Communist Artilleryman was an important functionary in name and 
 fact. The Insurrection had been based on a question of "Cannon", and 
 would therefore have been very little without him. The Patriots had become strong 
 by means of the Guns they had seized at the Fortifications and dragg-ed to their 
 interior Strongholds, when the German Armistice was declared; and the whole 
 Affair had burst out upon the Government attempting to retake them. Without 
 such illegal possession by the Insurgents, the remnant of the disorganised French 
 Army would never have been forced to retire from Paris ; and subsequently, the 
 whole Spirit of the Population of Belleville, Montmartre and Montrouge, -required 
 being kept at white heat by the nightly — ■ nay, hourly — reminder of Artil- 
 lery Thunder. Hence the Band that not only sought for, but achieved a fair 
 share of " bubble reputation at the Cannon's mouth," was as numerous as it 
 was also decidedly promiscuous. 
 
 The bulk of them, though excellent fivers^ were however — fortunately in 
 the interests of humanity — not the best marksmen in the world. It would 
 indeed be perhaps one of the most interesting records of modern Warfare, to 
 ascertain the amount of Powder burnt and Ohus fired by the Federates in the 
 Civil War; and then, after knowing the real extent of human damage actually 
 inflicted, to find how much Ammunition was necessary per Head to accomplish a 
 Patriot's Vengeance. We imagine the average expenditure would rather surprise 
 the World. 
 
 The Artilleryman before us is a Citizen Hero , whose familiarity with 
 his Gun was acquired on the Buttes Montmartre and Chaumont. Though of the 
 regular rank and file of his Order, he was however only at work at ordinary 
 times, when it was mainly necessary to keep the air re-echoing- with perpetual 
 Cannonading, as a signal to the City — and of course to the Universe watching 
 him — that the Sentinel was awake . At other moments ; at night when 
 attacks might be expected ; and at times when Movements of the Versaillists were 
 noticed ; others than the simple Citizen — guileless of much brilliancy of execu- 
 tion, — were called into requisition. The late Siege had resulted in many of the 
 younger Mobiles especially, being more or less perfectly instructed in Artillery 
 practice ; and who, after the Peace preliminaries, had been left in Paris, idle 
 
and disarmed. The majority of these had been found at the Casernes^ too 
 late to escape with the Army, and were first virtually imprisoned at the various 
 Forts to the South, that had fallen into the power of the Commune Generals. 
 Some of them, to their credit, refused to the last to give the Insurgents the 
 benefit of their knowledge ; although it was often made almost a question of 
 immediate life or death. But there were many who did not resist overmuch, and 
 who perhaps stirred by the combative spirit around, were unable or unwilling to 
 withstand the liberal offers made them, of position and pay. As much as five, 
 six and seven francs per diem, soon began to be paid the skilled Artilleryman, in 
 addition to rations and whatever he might pick up, — no unimportant adjunct; 
 and towards the close, whatever daily Wage he chose to ask for was given 
 ungrudgingly. When the Treasury was at its last gasp, and none could say 
 in the Morning where the Evening Pay was to come from , the Pointeur was 
 ever thought of and provided for first. 
 
THE GARIBALDIAN 
 
 A modern Insurrection withoiit a Garibaldian were like the Play of Hamlet 
 without the Prince : — too much to expect. Therefore when the Comite Central 
 made ex-Lieutenant Lullier their first General, the Appointment was formally 
 declared to he only provisional, pending the arrival of General Garibaldi; none 
 other than the Italian Hero being fitted to lead the Parisian Patriots. But the 
 Hermit of Caprera gave no signs of willingness to join in a Workman's riot, and 
 the notion dwindled to a report that the General's Son — Menotti Garibaldi — 
 was actually in Paris. This however also turned out to be mythical, and only 
 founded on the fact that half a dozen " Red Shirts " had been seen careering 
 about the neighbourhood of the H6tel-de-Ville. 
 
 Reduced to such small dimensions, the Garibaldian feature in the Commune 
 might perhaps be dismissed, but for the Artistic Colouring in idea and form, 
 given by the Name and Costume. Fortunately for Society, the day has gone 
 by, when — except among the wildest of " Reds " — The Garibaldian can excite 
 much Enthusiasm, or even Respect. The Capitals of Europe have had but too great 
 cause for an intimate acquaintance with the Gentry, who under their mock titles 
 of Colonels and Captains have long exercised their Callings as Chevaliers d'in- 
 dustrie, trading under the questionable Colours of an Italian Campaign more 
 or less real, and sheltered by the semi-romance of the Name and Character of 
 their Chieftain. The Setting of the Star Garibaldi, long time happily sinking in 
 the political horizon, was surely accomplished in the role he had played in 
 France, during the German War. It wanted but to be adopted by the Comite 
 Central, to complete the extinction of his living fame; and to be known only by 
 History, as a brave and virtuous but not over wise Man — of One Idea. 
 
 So even Garibaldi fell away from the cards. Still there were many who 
 employed his Name to gain temporary rank and authority among the Insurgents. 
 And they were welcome, for at least they knew something of the Science of 
 Soldiering, which the Nationals did not; and their claims to or assumption of the 
 *' Shirt, " procured their election to the many vacant Grades, with threefold 
 ardour. Moreover The Garibaldian was able to rival the Citizen of Moldavia 
 AND Wallachia in his gaudy attire, — a detail of no mean importance in the 
 actual life of those days. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 31. 
 
 mOBILE OF 1848 
 ( Mobile de 48 ) 
 
MOBILE OF 1848 
 
 (MOBILE DE -48). 
 
 History ever repeats itself, thoug-h its proportions may be modified or exagge- 
 rated. Revolution has followed Revolution in France, all bearing- the same 
 outward marks, and in some respects so similar as to appear a mere imitation. 
 Still as each has broken out, so has its Might and its Greatness of Purpose or 
 Action gradually diminished, since the Faith of a People evinced in the first and 
 the grandest, and roused out of long smouldering Wrongs, has disappeared from 
 the Scene. The declension has been by degrees, and the worst Actors of the 
 first Commune , were as Giants and Gods compared to their miserable Imitators 
 Eighty years after. Among the latter as a whole, was neither Belief, nor Ori- 
 ginality, nor Honesty of Intention. Their great Grandfathers had had something 
 to pull down, some abuses to correct; but these smaller Men found only Chaos, 
 and had no other ideas than to set their Selves up, on the Seats of Power. 
 
 Mingled however with those of the Present, were also some Leaders and many 
 Disciples of the Past. Time had cut off any possible living Type of the first 
 Revolution; and that of Delescluze was the most ancient School represented in 
 person. But the Republican of 1848 was scarcely past his prime in 1871; 
 many of whom were to be found — more often however in the ranks than the van. 
 
 The full Private in the Commune i^rmy given us here, stood somewhat apart 
 from the rest; for he was but fulfilling his Visions of Youth, dreamed of 
 through the years of his earlier Manhood. As Mobile of "48, he had fought in 
 the Streets, side by side with National Guards, and in the defence of Republican 
 Order. . Then he believed that Kingship, call it by Royalty or Imperialism, had 
 disappeared from his World. But this glimpse of Utopia had been dispelled; and 
 though under the long years of the substantial Government of the Empire, he 
 lived only to prosper in his material Concerns, it was ever the solace of his 
 leisure hours, to groan under the yoke and thraldom of the Power, that was 
 securing him Ease and Competency; and to sigh for the Phantom of younger 
 days. And now again he has turned out, he scarcely knows why — unless 
 indeed from habit, learned in the past Siege. But at least there is .a Cry ringing- 
 through the City, that the Versaillists are really Royalists under the thin guise of 
 a Conservative Republic ; and that is sufficient to make him stand to his Gun — 
 without an excessive Sympathy with the mere Socialism around. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 N" 32. 
 
 THE FOJ\^LOI\^N HOPE 
 (Enfants perdus) 
 
THE FORLORN HOPE- 
 
 (ENFANTS PERDUS) 
 
 -jot- 
 
 From whatever point of view we regard this Picture ; — from its French 
 title Enfants Perdus, or our English equivalent The Forlorn Hope, its Signi- 
 licance is equally applicable. Anything more " lost " or " forlorn " can hardly 
 be imagined than these Heroes, who disdainful of a Soldier's restraints or of 
 military discipline, hid behind hedges and houses, in the valorous hope of 
 picking off a stray Enemy from behind a tree or a wall, — their practical 
 Rendering of the chivalrous Chattering then heard, of Hostages for Hostage, 
 and Three Heads for One. So the Enfant Perdu followed his safe freebooting 
 Career,- and almost ever in the immediate vicinity of the Wine Shop. 
 
 Much in the Civil War and second Siege of Paris, though repeated on a 
 smaller scale, bore a close resemblance to Events in the foreign War. Substi- 
 tuting French for German Versaillists and Federates for Soldiers, we had the 
 like cadre. The same reports of the Country rising to the rescue of the Capital 
 were circulated ; Paris again rang with Tales of the ferocity and treachery of the 
 Enemy; the Measures proclaimed by the Commune were in many respects but 
 copies of those of the Government of the National Defence; and similar Bodies 
 of Volunteers were formed, with the identical no-results of the Past. Noise and 
 many Words abounded everywhere, and amid the Babel, it was difficult to per- 
 ceive how slight was the corresponding Action. 
 
 As we look on " The Forlorn Hope " in the Picture, the Bravos are yet 
 in the glory of their Career. But the end is soon coming, when they, will 
 not appear so light and free. Before long all that has been so much vaunted 
 and talked of, will be gone like Chaff before the Winds, and every Corps of 
 Desperates will be broken up, and blown into wandering Atoms. No more Vows 
 and patriotic Oaths of Vengeance then; they will have belonged to a Past, 
 which for the moment must not be even remembered. Solitary and distressed, 
 each one not already in hiding will be picking his way amid general ruin and 
 disaster, searching for a Shelter from the Doom he so surely anticipates; only 
 desirous of finding Rest and Concealment in some hole, till the violence of the Con- 
 querors' Rage shall be spent; and Capture without immediate Death be the 
 portion of those made Prisoners. A Forlorn Hope indeed, but all that will 
 then remain to the magnificent Enfant Perdu. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 N° 33. 
 
 (Le citoyen Gaillard pere) 
 
ENGINEER OF BARRICADES 
 
 (the CITIZEN GAILLAR.D, pere) 
 
 ^iOi" 
 
 That P^rovidence whicli mercifully tempers the wind to tie shorn Lamb, 
 and has bemificently endowed the Porcupine with its defensive quill, probably 
 imbued the Parisian with an innate capacity for Barricade-bulding, as some 
 compensatiom for his insurrectional propensities. If Street Warfare is but second 
 Nature to tlhe Masses of that beautiful City, where Civilization is supposed to 
 reign suprenne; — then it was only fitting, that they should be also gifted with 
 the Science (of tearing up pavements, to convert them into stony ramparts. 
 
 Then aigain, there is a certain Humour in the Art, peculiarly belonging to 
 the Gallic teemperament. Let us say that an Insurrection or a Esvolution breaks 
 out on the Monday morning. An Observer of Events, anxious to know and to 
 see as muchi as possible, may start forth on his Journey. A fev yards from his 
 door he firs^t encounters the Citizens busy at work with pickaie and shovel, 
 who will noit hear of his passing on without giving a helping ".land, if only to 
 pile up the Stones in regular order, — the period of such involuntary Servitude 
 being reckomed as passengers in the thoroughfare are few or many. Throughout 
 the City, thie same ; no avail for the Foreigner to plead his Nationality, — he 
 must work to aid Patriots; and though down by-streets and alleys he may 
 dodge to es(cape them, — yet the click click goes on all around, and every one's 
 hands and (clothes show signs of the only Work done that day. By night the 
 Streets are aiU " up, " and the dawn shows them guarded by Citizens — Male and 
 Female — im battle array, awaiting the Troops of Order. Carefully come the 
 latter. Street by Street; the Battle goes on, the Cannons roa-, and the wide 
 Boulevards :are swept with Shot and Shell. Our travelling Observer has long 
 ere this been shut off from all possible return to his domicile; he lingers where 
 best he may find shelter, cowering with other non-fighting Deniz3ns of the Pan- 
 demonium, under deserted roofs or simply naked walls, or may-be sharing the 
 hospitality ^of friends, themselves glad of the companionship of a Stranger, 
 to distract tthem from the horror of the week. Hour by hour glides noisily on, 
 day by day drags its wearily slow but stirring existence to the Watchers, and 
 still the Sol diers creep through the City, fighting inch by inch ; each Barricade 
 is taken, as; a matter of course, but not without Death and Bloodshed — their 
 only Results; and at length the Town is conquered. He who started on his tour 
 
of inspection o: curiosity on the Monday, is at length — perhaps only on the 
 Saturday — enbled to return. He sets out at quick pace; but lo! — hardly 
 has he gone tb length of a Street, before he hears the old word " Halt! " 
 Soldiers — rea ones — are on guard; and in the midst, there lies the now 
 broken heap of Uones, an artistic Rampart a few hours before, on which Citizens 
 are once more a work, tearing it down this time, and relaying the Road. The 
 Observer of E^^nts must do the same, here and elsewhere all the way home, 
 paying muscula toll to the Restorers of Order, in like manner as he paid it to 
 the Insurgents f the previous Monday; — until at length he reaches his door, 
 more impressedas to the powers and consequences of Barricades, than his tired 
 Brain at that roment appreciates ; and ruminating perhaps on the Differences 
 and Resemblancs 'twixt Then and Now. 
 
 During tht Commune, the Art was carried out theoretically to greater per- 
 fection than eve. Paris had ever known before. It had the advantage of a fore- 
 runner, in the Commission of Barricades organised during the German Siege, 
 whose labours aid plans it adopted, carrying them to perfection as far as they 
 ivent. But in ;his " as far as they went, " lay the main error. In the first 
 Siege, the only dm in the Barricade Idea, had been to give satisfaction to the 
 Reds, " and t keep them quiet by the sight of their Streets dug* up and fortified 
 at their doors, — without the most distant notion of using- them. Hence these 
 erections were cily in the interior of Paris, and the intelligent Commune in the 
 beginning overlooking this fact, sought only to follow in the same steps, doing 
 so with much a-tistic skill and useless ingenuity. In its latter period however, 
 when Soldiers Ether than the Belleville Patriot held the helm, their Engineer 
 — the Citizen Ga.illard — received peremptory orders to construct them further 
 out, and near tc the outer Fortifications, as a second line of defence. Especially 
 did Cluseret, hough then deposed from his position as Minister of War, write 
 vigorously as tothe concentration of every energy upon defences necessary on the 
 lofty points of the Barriere de I'Etoile, the Trocad^ro, and the Rond-Point de 
 Grenelle, as wdl as upon the Fortifications of the Buttes Montmartre and the 
 Pantheon. " f the Population will only commence in earnest" he wrote, 
 " they may be accomplished in Twenty Four hours. " 
 
 But the diOf for such rising of the Population was past, if indeed it had 
 ever iDeen ; ana enough important Barricades were put together at these places, 
 they were as pr.ctically useless for defence as though they had never existed; and 
 when Paris wa; entered, were early deserted. It was at the improvised Street 
 Barricade, hastiy run up under that curious Parisian instinct, where the final 
 Battle was reall; waged. — Of the Citizen Gaillard himself we have not spoken, 
 because m treatng of the Communist Engineer of Barricades, it is the pecu- 
 liarity of his Offce and Work, and not the Man, that claims attention. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 34. 
 
 FE^^E AND HIS EXECUTIONEI^S 
 
 (Ferre et ses Ex(5cuteurs) 
 
FERRE AND HIS EXECUTIONERS 
 
 (FEHRE ET SES EXECUTEURS) 
 
 
 We are now fast approaching the last Scenes in the Commune, when the 
 timid and lukewarm had already fled or disappeared, and only those who had 
 played the chief Parts, and anticipated but small Mercy, were left and were has- . 
 tening- the final Events. By what hand of Madness these latter were guided must 
 ever be incomprehensible. Save for the Acts of Murder of the last fortnight, 
 the majority might at least have saved their lives, when the day of reckoning 
 came. But a Nemesis that none could withstand was goading them on. They 
 could not stop short of the Crimes with which Europe was horrified, and the 
 name of Communist — perhaps happily — for ever linked. 'Not content with 
 giving to the World during their two month's reign, a thorough enunciation of 
 socialist Politics and Rule; so soon as the visible end drew near, the desperate 
 Few took concert together for the despatch of many of their Victims, for the Murder 
 especially of the prisoner Hostages, and finally concocted their plans for the des- 
 truction of the City in the face of the Conqueror. If they must be beaten, then 
 should Paris become a second Moscow, and all Men should see how Patriots fell. 
 — Such were their words ; and the fulfilment was not tardy, though somewhat 
 short of the heroic mark. 
 
 Of this Band — we ought rather to write Banditti — Theophile Ferre was 
 a Chief. He was the Associate and intimate Companion of Raoul Rigault, and 
 in character tbey were a worthy pair — arcades amho. It is needless to retrace 
 here, who this diminutive specimen of Mankind had been, or how he had become 
 what he was ; for to do so would be but to reiterate that which has been already 
 told of others, who had run the Career of the young social Democrat. Like 
 Rigault, he had scarcely lived his first Quarter of a Century, and nothing but 
 his Crimes prevent it being well to bury his Memory in oblivion. But it may 
 be better to resuscitate him for an instant, if only to show off another Pigmy 
 RepubHcan, an Ape of History, whose only identity with the Past lay in his na- 
 tural taste for cynical Crime and Cruelty. 
 
 The Scene of the Drawing is laid in the interior of a Prison, the Hour — 
 most probably Midnight. The cessation of fighting and defection of National 
 Guards immediately around Paris, followed by the gradual but sure advance of 
 the Versaillists, have shown that not many days can elapse before the City will be 
 
blocked. Therefore secret Warrants of Deatli have been manufactured, and dis- 
 tributed among- trusty Members of the same Council that issued them, to g-o forth 
 to certain of the Jails, and get rid of some unpleasant Witnesses, yet lingering* 
 in their living- tombs. If such policy for the stifling of evidence was shortsighted, 
 let it be remembered it was only socialist Communists who initiated it. Their more 
 illustrious Victims were reserved for a final Holocaust ; but in the meantirae, 
 there was many a poor private Gendarme, caught up in the early days, and de- 
 tained through nine long weeks in the torments of suspense, thus to be silenced 
 and put out of -the way. Some of these survived to tell the tale; — how 
 they had been summoned out of their first sleep, and made to descend without 
 even dressing; and how they then found themselves in the presence of the Hotel- 
 de-Ville Emissary, in red Sash of Authority, armed with the Warrant and Will 
 and Power to shoot them. So unguarded and desperate was the Moment, that 
 a few — a very few — fled down *dark Corridors, with which the prison 
 Guardians (being but new Warders) were unacquainted, and aided by Fortune 
 found holes to hide in till the Dang*er was over, escaping* in the end to give 
 evidence as to how their Comrades had been led to Death. In this way also was 
 GusTAVE Chaudey — a Republican Barrister and Writer, but never a Socialist 
 — summoned from his prison Chamber in the dead of night, and despatched 
 without notice or ceremony. Had not this Picture been sketched months before 
 the Court Martial enquiry revealed the details of M. Chaudey' s fate, we should 
 have thought they had inspired it, so identical were some of them with the 
 tableau before us. 
 
 Fehre lives no more. He was condemned to Death for actual participation 
 in Murder, and there being- no possible ground for reprieve, he was shot at Satory, 
 side by side with Rossel, and a private Soldier — a Deserter. This was the 
 first batch of Communists, executed judicially; and it was singular that each of 
 them represented one of the three most distinct, but most widely apart, elements 
 of the Commune. — Ferre, type of the ultra Cruelty, and attempted Imitation 
 of the History of -93 ; Rossel, standing almost alone, or among the very few, as 
 an honest Enthusiast, unstained with personal Crime, but a military Deserter and 
 therefore impossible to be spared; and the Third, a representation of the ig-norant 
 Trooper, turned Citizen without knowing why or wherefore, but possibly because 
 Circumstances so led him. ' ' ' ^ ' 
 
 ■ooC-^OOo— 
 
» 
 
 TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 35. 
 
DUCATEL 
 
 ■40<~ 
 
 As the eye turns gratefully from a long Winter Season to the green 
 budding hedges of Spring, so with a similar relief may the Mind hail this 
 modest Picture of a Hero. Eccentric Forms have satiated our taste for the 
 Repulsive or the Marvellous, and though we must yet see some Scenes of Horror 
 aud Sorrow before we can close the Volume, the brief interlude of a Man of 
 Peace and Honour is still pleasant, as a foreshadowing of the hour when these 
 Types were to pass away, to be known we may hope only in History. 
 
 Sunday, the Twenty First of May, was a fine Spring-day. Parisians 
 unable to go out of the besieged City, promenaded the Champs Elys^es and the 
 Boulevards, although quietly, calmly, and anxiously. Many a heavy heart was 
 among all classes of Citizens, and nowhere more so than at the H6tel-de-Ville. 
 There, all Signs told that the end was not far off, though perhaps it was hardly 
 thought to be so near. The dwindling Federates had almost struck from 
 fighting; the pastes near the ramparts were often neglected; and outside 
 within a few Hundred yards, were the Versaillists ready to seize the first 
 opportunity. — Between three and four in the afternoon , the Commandant 
 Treves was in the Bois de Boulogne, watching if he could see any movements; 
 when suddenly, a white Flag was observed waving near the Porte St. Cloud, 
 which a Glass showed to be held up by a Civilian. Much wondering whether 
 this was a trap or not, but inclining rather to the former view, he advanced 
 with a Sergeant cautiously. Hardly had they come within hearing distance, 
 when a Voice was heard crying, Come on, there is Nobody here. " — Still 
 doubting, yet hoping, they sprang upon the drawbridge, seizing hold of the 
 Man as their Prisoner. — My name is DUCATEL. Paris is yours if you 
 
 WILL TAKE IT. LeT YOUR TrOOPS ENTER ; FOR ALL IS ABANDONED. " CirCUm- 
 
 stances seemed to prove the Statement, and though precaution required that 
 Ducatel should at first be guarded as Prisoner, all turned out as he said. Soon 
 the Telegraph carried the News far and wide, and Marshal Mac-Mahon gave 
 orders for the general assault. By Midnight greater part of the French Troops 
 had entered, unknown to the Parisians or even at the Communist War Ministry ; 
 and every communication with the City was effectually cut off. The Infernal 
 Week had commenced. 
 
 Ducatel [they styled him the Saviour of Parts] — met with a hearty 
 
 recompense. Already a Government employe, he received a more lucrative 
 Post, and his fellow Citizens subscribed enough money to purchase him a 
 handsome Annuity. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 No 36. 
 
 THE BAi|^f\^ICADE 
 
THE BARRICADE 
 
 (LA BARRICADE 
 
 The Action of this Picture is laid at a moment when all was Riot and 
 Madness; and when, though she may seem somewhat theatrical, its Fury Heroine 
 lived her full life. Then it was, that while Fear or Frenzy was on every one, the 
 Woman so often rose beyond others in animal Couragre; and with none else bold 
 enough to play Ensign in the teeth of the Cannon, would flaunt her red Flag m 
 the midst of the Smoke and Carnage, to reanimate faint-hearted Waverers. 
 Unreflecting, and in her passion ignoring all peril, she clung to The Bareicade 
 with a tenacity worthy a loftier Martyrdom. Nor possible Victory could come, 
 nor even the Hope; but with whole Soul encompassed by Hate for that other 
 portion of the World - not hers - whose Resurrection was heralded by the 
 red-trowsered Soldiers in front; she would die at her post - as she did - sooner 
 than yield. 
 
 Strange emblem of Civilization! Not improbably may her last night have 
 been spent in dissolute Orgy ; more possibly still she had just taken part in Scenes 
 of violence, plunder and destruction; perhaps even her hands bore the stains of 
 Blood and personal Vengeance; and like the tigress, hunted to her lair, but 
 snorting Defiance to the last, with every wild passion surging in her bosom; - 
 she stood there, red Banner and flaming Torch in hand, braving Shot and Shell, 
 
 rather than surrender. 
 
 Yet look not upon her without some pitiful Compassion. Her lights were 
 small, but her needs had been great. Steeped in Vice, and neither Woman nor 
 Human she might be in her ending; but still - rare to see - she was firm to her 
 last Standpoint and only Creed upon Earth. Sister of Mankind! her strugghng 
 lot had been ever at variance with the title. Man had trampled on her; Women 
 had outlawed or enslaved her; and Nature's Wants had accomplished the rest. 
 Was it so wonderful, that with such heritage as this. Society did not seem to 
 her all that it should be? More singular and passing all comprehension, that 
 untutored and unlettered, without Religion or Remorse for herself or others, her 
 last Act here should have been to cling steadfastly to that faint Shadow of a 
 Duty - the onlv one she knew; and to die for an ideal Belief, in what a hard 
 life's training Imd made her imagine the sole Panacea for her evils of Cold, 
 Hunger, and Thirst, — La RepuhUque Sociale. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
MARIN PETROLEUR 
 
 There were organised Bands of these, systematically told off by Fifties and 
 Hundreds, to the various public Buildings doomed to the Flames. An eyewitness 
 of the Operations, who had venturously scaled the roof of the Ministry of 
 Finances, has given us a vivid description of their work. Stores of Petroleum 
 were collected together, evidently in anticipation; and long brushes and cloths 
 prepared for the final Scene. Then these hordes of Incendiaries were let loose, 
 and after plentifully besmearing Ceilings and Walls with the liquid fire, the 
 remains of the Barrels were poured over the Floors, and the whole left to the 
 mercy of the devouring element. 
 
 Those who have since visited the Ruins at Paris, will remember the clean 
 and almost white appearance of the charred Walls, so different to the results of 
 an ordinary Fire; all bearing silent testimony to the modus operandi of this 
 Infernal Week, whereby the Conflagrations were swift and doubly sure. In 
 this way, did the Tuileries, the H6tel-de~Ville, the beautiful Palace of the Legion 
 d'Honneur, and that more massive one — of the Conseil d'Etat and the Cour 
 des Comptes, become stately Ruins rare to see; almost lovely to look upon, 
 save for the Associations they revive ; and only fit, to be retained as they are and 
 covered with Ivy, in perpetual Memorial of the Commune, and of what may come 
 forth from the Socialist. 
 
 But the Work of the Marin Petroleur was not confined to the public Build- 
 ings, nor among the larger Gangs. Stragglers were dispersed through the 
 Town to act under what local orders they might receive — especially from Canti- 
 nieres and patriot Citoyennes, — to lay waste to the neighbourhood of Barricades 
 about to be abandoned. And other motives than public ones entered into their 
 actions. Many a private House or Apartment was destroyed out of secret malice 
 and revenge. The great Drapery Warehouses, known as the " Tapis Rouge, " 
 were professedly fired — because one of the Partners, as Captain in the National 
 Guard, had counselled submission to the Government, and surrender of the Monl- 
 martre Cannons, even before the Insurrection broke out. 
 
TYPES OF THE COMMUNE 
 
 3a. 
 
 UNE CITOYENNE 
 (Prepos^ie a la garde de la rae de Lille) 
 
UNE CITOYENNE 
 
 (PREPOSEE A LA GARDE DE LA FJJE DE LILLE) 
 
 For a better acquaintance with Une Citotenne, we must refer for a moment 
 to the time and place at which we are introduced to her. She is in the rue de 
 Lille, the heart of what all the World knows as the faubourg St. Germain, the 
 name whereof at once carries thought back to the Noblesse of France, with all 
 their Eoyalist and Feudal traditions. Its ancient Hotels or Mansions, all shorn 
 of the old Splendour when a wealthier Aristocracy than that of to-day were 
 Owners, yet stood whole and entire around their moss grown Courtyards, a few 
 hours before. But the whole Quartier stank in the nostrils of the Patriots, and 
 the Site had been long marked in advance for destruction. Especially was the 
 rue de Lille held in least favour; for not only did it contain these private Dwellings 
 of the hated Class, but also on one side of it were those massive Palaces, imbued 
 with none save Regal or Imperial Memories — the outward Signs of the Conseil 
 d'Etat, and the Legion d'Honneur. Then also did not the very Stones, Bricks 
 and Mortar yet stand, where once met a Club, as famous for its Royalist procli- 
 vities, as for the Men who formed it; — whereof the names of a Guizot and a 
 Thiers suffice to show why the virtuous Citizens should raze the place to the 
 ground. Therefore when the time for a general Conflagration came, a chief 
 Band of Incendiaries occupied the Spot; and whilst other hands were busy in 
 preparing Walls and Floors with Petroleum for the rapidly advancing flames, 
 our CiTOYENNE left on guard at the ]poste roamed wildly, and half drunkenly 
 frantically about ; now calling on Stragglers to return, or again warning the 
 inhabitants of Houses and the hiders in Cellars to come forth; — and through 
 it all, the Army kept creeping on from the right and the left, announcing their 
 approach by the Obus, that flew through the air with loud thundering explosion, 
 scattering its fragments amid the wreathed Smoke of Communist Fire and 
 Rage, which ascended skywards in token of Wrath against the old Society. 
 
 Une Citoyenne is not a Jeanne d'Arc, and may indeed be ranked with a 
 very different class of her Sex. She is not clothed in mail, nor does she pretend 
 to Man's attire; though she has long forsaken her Womanhood, and cast her lot in 
 with Males. If perchance she has ever been, Mother, the claims of Maternity Lave 
 not been acknowledged nor its privileges known ; and in ferocity she is far the Supe- 
 rior of any Man near. Nor when the Soldiers come to closer quarters, is she the 
 
one to flinch; but in as far as she can, returns Fury for Fury, and Blow for 
 Blow. It may be she becomes Prisoner, and still lives in transportation; some 
 from this very rue de Lille met such Fate - Women in name, but on whose 
 antecedents and deeds as disclosed at the trials, this pen would rather not dwell 
 Most probably however her ending is more definite. In the Picture we see her yet 
 at large, and in full force, crying " To Arms! " _ a few hours later she will 
 form part of a difl^erent taUeau. Then she will be in the power of the Soldiery 
 who have but one efficient mode of silencing a Virago so untameable. At first 
 It IS possible, they may try a comparatively gentler method. We shall find her 
 perhaps thrust with others - some half Women still - into Waggon or Ca-e or 
 aught that will hold them securely, till they can be carried alive to their prison 
 But she of them all will not be hushed. Like the thirsty Hy^na, she has tasted 
 Blood; her own yet runs rampant in her veins; and though caught, tied and 
 bound - aye, perhaps even gagged, - she still finds means of utterance. To 
 let her so stay, were to foster Mutiny among the other enragees, to end only 
 in a general Massacre . There is no resource then, at a moment when Insur- 
 rection must be stamped and pressed out, but to take her from the rest, and 
 tame her for ever, the black eyes flashing and the streaming hair waving 
 Defiance to the last. - We write no imaginative episode, but one we have seen, 
 and of which we shall never lose the Remembrance. 
 
A PAIR OF PETROLEUSES 
 
 (LES PETROLEUSES) 
 
 In all the period of this Eeign of Terror, there was nothing so singular 
 as the panic which sprang up at Pakzs in these last days, in respect to Women 
 supposed to be going ahout stealthUy after nightfall, with cans of Petroleum n 
 Jir arms and matches in their hands, intent "Pon pounng O" ™ 
 Basement Apertures, and setting Houses on fire with the other. Out of these 
 Women, or the Tale thereof, arose the new name of Pbtholb.bb-, though how 
 far they really existed in sufficient numbers to justify the fear that fell upon all, 
 is perhaps not necessary to search into too closely here. It is however a matter 
 of curious interest to enquire, how such a dread began, and still more how ,t 
 could last, involving such elaborate precautions being taken to avert the evn. 
 
 In the heat of the fighting, both Peieolede and Peteoleuse were undoubt- 
 edly Actualities. The sudden and wilful waste of property lying near the 
 Barricades defended by Federates proved it; though whether when the excitement 
 was passed, Citoyennes were adventurous enough to brave instant death in 
 districts already conquered, and rigorously guarded by Soldiers, is quite another 
 assertion. Yet the notion existed in every ones imagination, and there was not 
 a House nor a Shop, but where every ground floor Opening that could possibly 
 serve as receptacle for ignitible materials, was hermetically sealed. Even Keyholes 
 and Chinks were carefully stopped, as not being beneath the notice of the Petho- 
 LEBSE ; and the Work began gradually to assume almost art artistic form. 
 
 At first all was done hastily, for the assumed Danger was imminent; - it 
 was not unnatural perhaps, when Stories of Greek Fire and Petroleum running 
 like Water through the Fireman's hose, were rife and on every ones tongue. 
 Then also the Idea was strengthened by the certain Fact, that many Women 
 out after dark, had been summarily shot by the Soldiers on suspicion; - some 
 with cans it was supposed; and others without them, it was known. But even 
 after the Insurrection was quelled, the Mania continued; and for weeks it wa. 
 the Fashion in the more wealthy Quartiers to wall up with solid Masonry every 
 open space on the rez-de-chaussie. - Therefore a true Artist of the Time could 
 scarcely abstain from including A Paie of P4teoleuses among h,s Types; and 
 the Picture may be most surely accepted, as an embodiment of what all the 
 Worid believed in, and feared at the Moment. 
 
EN ROUTE FOR VERSAILLES 
 
 (EN ROUTE POUR VERSAILLES) 
 
 ~}Ofr- 
 
 Last Scene of all! Insurrection is no more, and Order has triumphed. 
 Marshal Mac-Mahon is Master of burning Paris, with many Thousand living 
 Prisoners in his hands, and the dead bodies of as many Hundreds gaping for 
 speedy burial. It is Sunday, the Twenty Eighth of May, and as bright a 
 Mayday as can be seen in all sunny France. The Boulevards literally blaze 
 with Sun, and the Parisians — strange Race ! — throng them to excess, while 
 from every House and nearly every Window the Tricolour waves, in token that 
 the Conquering Hero has come. Is this the Paris that has slumbered for two 
 months and more, just awakening to find that the hideous dream is over? 
 Wondering Curiosity is on every face, more Women are out than the Thorough- 
 fares have witnessed for many a long day, bright eyes are once more sparkling, 
 and all looks gay — and by comparison festive; public Carriages charge what 
 they like to-day, for there is an interregnum for all sumptuary laws, and every 
 one is making the round of the smoking- smouldering Ruins; — the work of the 
 Commune makes temporary gala to that two thirds of Paris, who have lain on 
 their backs so long-, waiting for what may turn up. The familiar red trowsers 
 are again cheerfully greeted, the Estafettes galloping swiftly to and fro are at 
 times almost cheered, and the promenading Crowd walk carefully — stepping aside 
 at times — so as not to disturb tired out Boy-Soldiers, recent Recruits in the 
 new Army of France, who lie about the Streets asleep in shady places; some with 
 motionless body turned to the Earth, and others with faces to the Sky; — but 
 all resting, making up for many night's watching. For their hard week's Work 
 is over, and the second Siege of Paris has passed away. 
 
 But in the midst of this comparative light heartedness, there is abundant 
 Woe and Lamentation in the newly freed Capital. The Hour of Retribution has 
 sounded, and the Army is vigorously crushing- the remains of Insurrection. The 
 Mandate has gone forth for no more summary Executions, if Arms are surren- 
 dered; but the Orders for the arrest of any or all are rig-orous, and none that 
 an Officer in command may take fancy to, shall be spared. Especially must the 
 " dangerous" parts be purged, nay cleared and rooted out. Belleville has but 
 just succumbed. The heights of P6re Lachaise and the Buttes Chaumont are 
 yet strewed with the Dead and Dying. These are heaped under Sheds indiscri- 
 
minately, one upon another, awaiting the arrival of carts to remove ihem ; and 
 the contortions of some yet alive, though scarcely breathing, can be distinguished 
 among the stiffened limbs of the Dead. Streets are cernees; Houses are entered; 
 and woe to any found there still in Arms, or even with recent Wounds; for the 
 Soldiers have little Mercy. Here and there a few are dragged to the door and 
 shot, but this is only done now as a warning to refractaires^ and not in wholesale 
 numbers. The inmates however — from the Infant to the tottering Grandmother 
 — must come forth, and be sent to Versailles. Day and night, for a week and 
 more to come, these melancholy processions are to file through Paris; and on 
 this Sunday, they are never ceasing. Painful groups of whole House-fuls may be 
 met, composed of many sets of Locataires, making up in the total a strange 
 heterogeneous Collection of a City's life atoms; and smaller ones, with only a 
 family in custody, but a whole one ; Father, Mother and Children ; — perhaps 
 even of three Generations. Such as these are on the way to the temporary 
 lock-ups, prior to being sent to their permanent Prison. 
 
 But to go to Versailles, larger Gangs are formed either direct from the 
 popular Quartiers , or from the accumulations in the City Jails. They number 
 from Two or Three Hundred to Two or Three Thousand each, according to cir- 
 cumstances ; and are guarded by mounted Gendarmes, or Chasseurs a cheval. 
 In the first rank are placed the Soldier Insurgents they have found, with their 
 jackets turned inside out, and arms tied behind their backs. These march with 
 parched throats and beating hearts, for they well know their instant Doom as 
 Deserters, when they shall reach the Bois de Boulogne. Behind them are the 
 Federates and Civilians, of both Sexes and all Ages. Hoary headed and shrivelled 
 old Men and Women are supported by their younger Companions, without whom 
 they could not keep pace with the quick stepping horses of the Gendarmes. 
 Children are among them, so young as to require carrying in their Parents' 
 arms, whilst others are trotting or being dragged along as fast as their poor 
 little limbs allow, wondering what it is all about. Not a Man among them 
 may wear a head covering; — though the g-laring heat can well cause a coup 
 de soleil on the long march to Versailles. As each batch leaves its temporary 
 Prison, they must kneel down on the pavements of Paris, and humbly deposit 
 their hats and caps on the ground, in token of submission to Order. — A merciless, 
 pitiful Sight it all was, not to be forgotten in a Hundred Years ! Nor were they 
 the guilty Eingleaders, who were so treated. Most of these had escaped alto- 
 gether , and the few of them taken and not shot at once , were secured more 
 privately. 
 
 In the whole of M. Bert all's Sketches, there is not one more lifelike, or 
 any that gives a more startling Picture of reality, showing also the Comedy 
 that would peep forth from the very Gravity of the Subject, in the virtuous indig- 
 nation of the front Dame among these Ladies En Route for Versailles. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Title Page. 
 Artist's Preface. 
 Introduction. 
 
 1. Costume of General in Chief, — (BERGERET lui-meme.) 
 
 2. Etat-Major. — {The Central Committee ) 
 
 3. CiTOYENNE QufiTEUSE. — {For the wounded Communists.) 
 A. The Federate. — {Federe^. — Menilmontant-Charonne . ) 
 
 5. The Police Prefect. — {Prefet de Police. — Le Citoyen RAOUL RIGAULT* ) 
 
 6. Minister of War. — ( Le Ministre de la Guerre. — DELESCLUZE. ) 
 
 7. The Fair Delegate of the Caf^ de Madrid. — ( Deleguee du Cafe de Madrid. ) 
 
 8. The Return from the Bastion. — [Retour du Bastion.) 
 
 9. Member of the Commune. — [Membre de la Commur.e. — Le Citoyen VALLES. ) 
 
 10. General Commandant. — (LA CECILIA.) 
 
 11. Citizen Protot, Minister of Justice. — {Le Citoyen PROTOT — Ministre de la 
 Justice.) 
 
 12. A Box AT the Theatre, May 1871 . — ( fJne Lege en Mai, 187 ! .) 
 
 13. Colonel. — (In command at the Place Venddme.) 
 
 14. The Communist Zouave. 
 
 15. Delegate to the War Arsenal. — (D6legu6 aux Munitions de la Guerre.— 
 Le Citoyen ASSI.) 
 
 IG. Cantinieres. 
 
 n. The Delegate Citizen. — {Le Citoyen delegue.) 
 
 18. Perquisition at a Printing Office. — {Perquisition dans unc Imprimerie. ) 
 
 19. La Colonelle. 
 
 20. The Director of the Telegraph. — {Costume du Directeur du Telegraphe. ) 
 
 21. A Boulevard Orator. {Orateur du Boulevard.) 
 
 22. Police Commissary. — ( Commissaire de Police.) 
 
 23. The Arrest Party. — ( Peloton d'arrestatlon.) 
 
 24. Raoul Rigault's Guard. — [Garde particulier de Baoul Rigaull.) 
 
 2o. The Citizen of Moldavia and Wallachia. — [Le Citoyen Moldo-Valaque.) 
 
 26. The Avengers of Flourens. — ( Vengeurs de Flourens. } 
 
 27. The Club in a Church. — {Club d I'Eglise.) 
 
 28. Officer of Marines. — [Le citoyen DURASSIER.) 
 
 29. Artilleryman. — {Un Pointeiir.) 
 
 30. The Garibaldi an. 
 
 31. Mobile of 1848. — {Mobile de 48.) 
 
 32. The Forlorn Hope. — {Enfants perdus.) 
 
 33. Engineer of Barricades. — ( Le citoyen GAILLARD pere .) 
 
 34. Ferre: and his Executioners. — (FERRE et ses Execvteurs .) 
 
 35. Ducatel. 
 
 36. The Barricade. 
 
 37. Marin Pi^troleur. 
 
 38. Une Citoyenne. — [Preposee a la garde de la rue de Lille.) 
 
 39. A PAIR OF Petroleuses. — {Les Petroleusef^.) 
 
 40. En route for Versailles. — LAST SCENE OF ALL. 
 
EDOUARD BLOT ET FILS AlNfe, IMPRIMEURS 
 " . rue lileue, 7 
 
THE GETTY CENTER