LIBER VERITATIS; OR A COLLECTION OF PRINTS, AFTER THE ORIGINAL DESIGNS OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN; IN THE COLLECTION OF HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. EXECUTED BY RICHARD EARLOM, IN THE MANNER AND TASTE OF THE DRAWINGS. TO WHICH IS ADDED A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF EACH PRINT ; TOGETHER WITH THE NAMES OF THOSE FOR WHOM, AND THE PLACES FOR WHICH, THE ORIGINAL PICTURES WERE FIRST PAINTED, (Taken from the Hand-writing of Claude le Lorrain on tlie Back uf eacli Drawing-) AND OF THE PRESENT POSSESSORS OF MANY OF THE ORIGINAL PICTURES. VOLUME THE FIRST. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. BOYDELL AND CO. CHEAPSIDE. PRINTED BY W. BULMKR AND CO. CLEVEL.IND-HOU. TO HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. My Lord Duke, In the course of my early endeavours to encourag'e tlie Art of Engraving- in this Kingdom, I made application to his Grace the late Duke your noble Father, for leave to make Di-awings after several of his Pictures, for the purpose of their being engraved. No sooner was my intention made known to his Grace, than he g enerously gave me unlimited permission to make choice out of his Collection, both at Devonshire House and at Chiswick. His Death prevented me from expressing my gratitude, my Two first Volumes of Prints not being- then completed. I beg leave in particular to express my Thanks to your Grace tor intrustiug me upwards of three years with the valuable Book of D rawings from whence the Prints in the present collection are engraved. The Public have shown their Taste and Judament in the universal approbation with which they have been received. The Lovers of Virtiiin general cannot but be highly sensible, as well as myself, how much they are indebted to your Grace, for permitting so inestimable a Work to be copied. I am, My Lord Duke, Your Grace's most oblig ed, and most humble Servant, JOHN BOYDELL. London^ 1777. THE LIFE 0 F CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. The cTiriositj', by which we are influenced to inquire into the lives of those who have excelled in the Fine Arts, may perhaps be resolved into two principles. We acknowledge ourselves indebted to those, who have contributed highly to our amusement ; and we are willing to manifest our sense of the obligation, by cherishing their memories. It is a natural object of curiosity also, to wish to learn by what means they arrived at the degree of eminence which they have attained. There is too, sometimes, a close connection between the Life of the Artist and his Performances ; and the incidents of the one, however unimportant, may serve to illustrate and explain the other. It is not, indeed, from the exactness of the imitation alone, but from the nature of the thing imitated also, that the pleasure, which the works of Painting afibrd us, is derived. And it seems often to be lamented, therefore, that much art of penciling, and much brilliancy of colouring, have been bestowed on the representation of objects which are familiar to our eyes, and which do not interest our imagina- tion — on the imitation of the most common animals, of domestic utensils, and Still Life. We are, without doubt, far more obliged to those Artists, who set before us such objects as our imagination cannot readily supjily ; who place the actions of great men immediately in our view, and imitate even the various passions of the mind ; or who transport the scenes of distant countries into our own, and exhibit to us judicious combinations of the most beautiful objects of nature. Among those whom we stand especially indebted to, in this latter respect, none is more deservedly eminent (since no one ever lived in the midst of more enchanting scenes, or used more diligence to avail himself of the opportunities he enjoyed) than Claude Gelee, known more commonly, from the country which gave him birth, by the name of Claude le Lohrain. A long life, spent in continual imitation of the richest scenes of Nature, served to produce those many distinguished works, which have justly placed the name of Claude foremost in the Annals of Painting. His life, although, from the nature of the emplojTncnts to which lie dedicated it, pregnant witli no uncommon incidents, affords, however, some jiarticulars worthy nt)tice, and will serve, in many instances, as the best comment upon liis works. It exhibits, also, an useful proof of the liappy effects of unremitting industry. u 6 THE LIFE OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. Bom of low parents, in the year Sixteen hundred, his childhood was distin- guished only by the dulncss of his natural talents. Having made no progress at school, he was put apprentice to a Pastry-cook. He appears soon after to have lost his parents, and to have been left destitute of support. When he had served his time, he set out for Eomc, in company with several others of his countrymen of the same profession. It was at that time customary for great numbers of his profession and country to establish themselves at Eome. We gather this intelligence concerning the occasion of his going to Eome from Sandrart, a contemporary Artist, and for some time his intimate companion and friend.* On this account his authority, concerning the principal anecdotes of Claude's life, will be chiefly followed in the course of these Memoirs. If, however, it was Claude's first intention to follow his trade, he appears to have changed his design soon afterwards. It is reported, indeed, by some of his Biographers, that he had learned so little during his apprenticeship, as to be incapable of exercising his profession. Be this as it may, it is certain that he hired himself, in a short time after his arrival, as a menial servant to Agostino Tassi, the Scholar of Paul Brill. His employment, at first, was that of grinding his master's colonrs and cleaning his pencils. The humanity of his master, however, soon led him to endeavour to be of considerable service to him. He took pains to instruct him in the principles of Painting ; and whether it was that his talents, however moderate, had now found a fit object to exercise themselves upon, and began to emerge from the long darkness in which they had been overwhelmed, or that his circumstances urged him to labour incessantly in the pursuit of an employment which might prove highly lucrative, his proficiency soon seconded his master's endeavours in his favour. When he was now become able, even in any sort, to copy the objects of Nature, it is not, indeed, to be wondered at that he should have been eager to make use of his pencil. A mind that had not been struck with the beauty of Italian skies, and the magnificent remains of ancient Eome, must have been more than ordinarily insensible. The influence of more attractive scenes seems often to have been a principal source of the great excellence of Land- scape painters, to have increased their powers of invention, and to have turned their ideas into a new and happier channel. John Both of Utrecht, who, in his own country, had probably, never adventured beyond the tame uniformity of Flemish scenery, by fixing his abode in a country where Nature displays her choicest beauties and her fairest forms, became no mean rival of Claude himself, and acquired the honourable appel- lation of Both of Italy. To continual diligence, to an eye daily rendered more accurate and observing, to an increasing admiration of the most striking scenes and efl'ects of Natiu-e ; the great excellence which Claude at length attained to, may certainly be attributed. * In his Acadcmia Artis Pictoriffi. — From Sandrart's own Life, subjoined to tliis work, it appears that he left England in 1627, and stopped at Frankfort, and at some of the cities of Italy, in his way to Rome, whieh he quitted in 1635 ; we may suppose, therefore, that his intimacy with Claude at Rome, lasted for five or six years. THE LIFE OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. 7 To use the express words of Scandrart, " His laboriousness was indefatigable, " and his perseverance invincible." In order to perfect himself by an incessant examination of Nature, ho made it his daily custom to take long walks into the country, without regarding the distance. And his eagerness to excel was such, that he would often remain in the fields from day-break till the dusk of the evening. Here he not only studied the more ordinary effects of sun-set and suu-rise, but he marked also in his sketches, every curious tinge of light at other times, with a similar colour, and perfected his Landscapes from them afterwards at home. His favourite spot was Tivoli, the ancient Tibur, at twenty miles distance from Eome. The marks of this attachment appear in his continually introduc- iug the celebrated Temple of the Sibyl into his compositions. It was here that the first meeting between Sandrart and himself took place, and their friendship commenced. The scene was well fitted for the meeting of two Painters. According to Sandrart's relation of the interview, Claude found him copying after Nature amidst the rugged rocks and noble cataracts of Tivoli ; and was so pleased with the method he pursued, that he, in part adopted it. He remarks, however, at the same time, the difference of their pursuits. The one, seemingly of a bolder genius, sought out rocks of an uncommon form, prominent stumps of trees, cataracts, buildings and ruins. The mild and patient turn of Claude remained contented with the more distant and smaller objects. It was his principal delight to mark the almost insensible gradations of objects towards the horizon, and those delicate and fine tints of Nature which none but the most diligent observer can imitate. His industry, however, had not always been employed in the fields only. He had for several years applied to the drawing of figures, both after living models and statues, even with greater diligence than ho used in his studies after Na- ture. His diligence, however, in this respect, was never crowned with success. A like censure must be passed on his animals also, his goats only excepted. Such figures as appear exempt from censure we must attribute, according to common report, to the pencils of Philippo Laura and Borgognone ; and as we sometimes meet with very elegant figures, even in his sketches, we seem in such instances, necessarily led to draw the same conclusion. Let it be added, however, as an amiable proof of his modesty, that he was fully sensible of his deficiency in this respect. When he had not employed other artists, he used to say to the purchasers of his Pictures, " I sell you the " Landscape — I gkc you the Figures." Towards the close of his life, at least, his great merit became duly noticed. Sandrart speaks of his having accumulated great riches, even at an earlier period. The authentic anecdotes that are preserved to us concerning his Pictures, show that he must have been continually employed, and that he luimbored among his patrons three several Popes, and many of the principal Nobility of Eome. His constant residence alone, indeed, in some sort merited such protection. It is said, and it may easily be believed, that ho once made the tour of Italy, that he spent two years at Naples (according to some, ^^itll Gofl!"redi Wals, a Land- scape ])ainter), and that he returned for one year to his native country. His frequent representation of the beautiful Bay of Naples seems to mark, indeed. 8 THE LIFE OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. his acquaintance with the spot. But he appears to have spent, at least, upwards of tifty years constantly at Home. When he was now continually employed for many different, and even distant, patrons (amongst whom some crowned heads are expressly mentioned), a just regard to his fame determined him to follow a method which should make his Drawings so many authentic warrants of his genuine Pictures. On the back of the several Designs for his Pictures he wrote their true history, in respect of the persons and places they were painted for. One of these valuable collections of his original studies (for it is said he left in all six volumes behind him), is that to which these Memoirs are prefixed. The object which he had in view, gave rise to the particular name which it bears, of The Booh of Truth. This inestimable treasure was happily purchased, to adorn England, by the grand- father of the present Duke of Devonshire. D'Argenville,* who mentions his having seen it himself at Eomc, in the possession of Claude's niece, and after- wards at Paris, in the hands of a Jeweller, acquaints us that the book having been entailed on Claude's nephews and nieces. Cardinal D'Estrees, Louis the XlVth's Ambassador at Eome, tried in vain to purchase it for his master, though it was afterwards sold when the entail was at an end. We have hitherto spoken of Claude as a Painter only. His praise as a Man ought by no means to be lost in the splendour of his works. His life was placid, simple, and uniform ; he was benevolent and candid, addicted to no irregular pursuits, and wholly devoted to the pleasure wdiich he received from the exercise of his profession. A strong proof of this appears from the plan of life which he followed after he had attained to a considerable degree of emi- nence. Continuing a Batchelor, he invited one of his relations to take upon him the care of his house, and to provide even his colours and pencils, that he might be wholly at liberty to follow his favourite profession, without inter- ruption. He considered this as a plan of mutual benefit; giving him the expectation of being his heir, and enjoying himself, in return, that leisure which he prized above all things. Notwithstanding his temperate life, he is said to have been afflicted with the gout for forty years ; he died of it in the year 1682, aged 82.f He was buried in the chvirch of Trinita del Monte. Our account of his life may properly be closed with a short review of his works. When we consider Claude's Pictures in point of composition, we cannot cer- tainly attribute to him much praise of invention. Truth was the object he aimed at uniformly ; but he attained to it only by the most laborious imitation. He is said frequently to have spent many weeks about a single Picture, and to have perfected his works only by continual correction. Nor does he seem, indeed, in general, to have wished to assume to himself the acknowledged privilege of the Pamter, in introducing those agreeable fictions which, if they do but approach near to the truth, often atford more entertainment than the strict truth itself. * Abreges ties Vies des Pientres. De Piles has placed his death in 1678, others in 1682. — In one of his Drawings, copied in the very curious collection published by Mr. Pond, the question is put out of doubt, it being dated in 1682. It is a composition not unworthy his last hours ; the subject taken from the seyenth Book of Virgil's iEneid. THE LIFE OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. 9 But if he seems to have failed without doubt in point of invention, the elegance of his materials, and his happy combination of them, fully compensate for his defects. It must be acknowledged, indeed, that his combinations are mostly arbitrary, that the unity of place is often violated, and that the parts of his Picture do not always constitute a perfect whole. In his Sea-ports, however, he has often given us real and entire views. And in his most arbitrary compositions, the selection is always agreeable, is calculated to enhance the richness of the scene, and is far superior to many Aiscoxdsmi pasticcios of later days, where Kuins and Architecture are often heaped together, without even the appearance of con- nection. The same elegance of materials seems abundantly sufficient also to apologize for another fault, which some have objected to him ; for his frequent repetition of the same subjects, and for the similarity of his situations or prospects. If but one country is usually seen in his Pictures, that country is Italy ; if we meet with the same buildings continually repeated, they are those buildings which, however repeatedly set before us, still claim our admiration. It were ungrateful to complain of the Artist who calls on us to survey the grandeur of modern Italian Palaces, or the august Euins of ancient Eome ; the magnificence of the Coliseum, the striking remains of Triumphal Arches, or the elegant Temple of the Tiburtine Sibyl. And it ought seemingly to be deemed no small source of entertainment in the compositions of Claude, that they afl'ord us, in many instances, the same informa- tion as we derive from the writings of faithful travellers. Not only his boats are of the peculiar construction of the country, and his buildings perfectly Italian, but in his larger assemblages of figures, even the manners and customs of the people are sometimes marked ; and the employments of his rural groups, repre- sented continually as diverting themselves with music in the open air, serve to mark both the mildness of the climate and the real turn of the inhabitants. His compositions recommend themselves farther, also, by many elegant histo- rical allusions. It must be confessed, that in the relation of his stories, they arc often made too subservient to the landscape, are composed on too small a scale, and want perhaps that dignity which the subject requires. He has not, indeed, in any sort composed in that heroic style of Landscape, in which his contemporary and friend Poussin so much excelled. His style is altogether the rural style of Landscape. His Histories serve, however, to adorn and give Ufe to his landscapes, and to prevent the solitariness of the scene ; and they are derived from very pleasing sources, from the elegant inventions of the Heathen Mythology, from the fictions of the Italian Poets, and sometimes from the venerable narratives of the Scriptures themselves. It is indeed somewhat singular, that he who is said, with much seeming' pro- bability, to have been scarce able to write his own name, who was certainlv, at least, possessed of no real learning, should have adorned his compositions with a variety of histories, which give them even a classical air, and bespeak an ac- quaintance with many celebrated authors, and witli different writers of antiquity. We see probably, in these instances, so many marks of the friendship of his several jjatrons, who, it may be conjectured, pointed out to liim such subjects as tliey thdught wcU-adapted to form the onianients of his Landscapes. c 10 THE LIFE OF CLAUDE LE LORRAIN. Thus mucli may justly be said of his Pictures, considered independently of their colouring. In this branch of Painting, which forms always a prmcipal part of the Artist's excellence, but which, in Landscape-painting, is in a manner indispensable, his acknowledged merit needs not be particularly insisted on. The warmth and clearness of his Skies, the brilliant effects of his rismg and setting Suns, the luxuriant richness of his Trees, the delicacy of his distant Tints, and his exact knowledge altogether of the aerial Perspective, have long served to distinguish his Paintings as pecuUarly exceUent. There are a few Pictures extant, painted by him with good effect, in a dark style of colouring ;* but from the smallness of their number, as well as from other circumstances, we may fairly infer that Claude practised this manner rather by way of trial, than from being in any sort reahy attached to it. To account for his general excel- lence, in those respects in which it is most commonly displayed, we need only remark, that he had made himself acquainted with every true characteristic of Nature, to a degree of minuteness and accuracy altogether singular. He had not only made himself master of the more striking effects of Nature at morning and evening, but he possessed, as it were, her genuine character at every hour of the day, and knew how to mark the very moment that he wished to repre- sent, by the tone and complexion of his Pictures. The facts that Sandrart relates in these respects arc altogether astonishing. He attained even the proper knowledge of a Philosopher, rather than a Painter, and could discourse with as much exactness as if he had been well versed in physios, on the causes of the differences of the same view, in point of its colouring at different times; on the morning dews and evening vapours, and on the several various reflections and refractions of light. The general encomium that his friend has bestowed on his Pictures is, indeed, by no means extravagant. They exhibit a perfect Model of Truth, and may serve to show completely how the real disposition of the objects of Nature is to be imitated, " how all things arc to be diminished towards the horizon, how " the colours are to be tempered according to the proportions of the distances, "how the hours of the day are to be distinctly marked, and the just harmony " of every thing to be preserved." The age in which Claude lived was pecuUarly favourable to Landscape- painting. It boasted also of a Poussin, an Anniisal Carracci, and a Sal- vatorEosa. The works of these several Artists succeeded immediately to the dry, meagre compositions of Pavd Brill. It is evident, how much Claude contributed to this quick reform of Landscape-painting ; and his own excellence is farther seen in the works of his Scholar, the elegant and pensive Swanvelt ;t * The admirers of Claude will recollect a few Pictures painted in this manner, in some celebrated Collections in England. t Surnamed, from his studious and retired manner of life, the Hermit of Italy. ADVERTISEMENT. Claude le Lorrain having blciKlcd French with Italian, and appearing to have neither written nor spelt with accuracy ; a Transcript of the Inscrip- tions on the Backs of four or five of these Drawings may be sufficient Spe- cimens of the whole Fumber : The others are given as they are understood to have been intended. No. 1. Audi 10. dagouto 1677. a present I'an Aupartien a moy que ie f'aiot duraiit ma vie Claudio Gillee dit lo loranc A Roma ce 23 Aug. 1680. " Drawn tlie 10th day of August 1677. the Picture from it " liolongs to me at Rome tliis 23 of Aug*. 1680. " Claudio Gillec called Le Lorrain." No. 3. Claudio fecit m V R*. * for inventor, Roma;, faict pour paris a Rome. " Claude the Inventor at Rome made this Drawing ; and " painted at Rome for Paris." No. 5. il presente designe io lo fatto il quadro per 111". Sig". francesco Mayer Consiglicr di S. A Ellettorale di Bauiera. lano 1674. a Roma questo di 22 luglio. Claudio Gillee fecit. " From this Drawing I have made the Picture for the most " illustrious Signore Francesco Mayer, Councellor of his " Electoral Highness of Bavaria, at Rome this 22. of July " in the Year 1674. " Claudio Gillee." On the back of No. 158, or rather 1.50, as it is numbered at one corner of it, is this Memorandum. Audj. 26. frebrare 1663. a questo mio libro si ritrovano cento e cinquanto tutte disegne di mano mio questo di sudetto Claudio Gillee Manuf". in Roma. " The 26"'. day of February 1663. are found in tliis my book " one hundred and fifty— all drawings by my liand. " Claudio Gillee Manufacturer or Designer in Rome." No. 18.5. icy finij ce present livre ce jourduy 2.5. du mois de mars 167.5. Roma. " Here I liavc finished this present Book, this 25. day of "March 1675, at Rome." L 13 ] A CATALOGUE of One Hundred PRINTS, contained in Volume the First. No. 1. _A. View in Rome, with three Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Stator and the Colosseum. 2 A View of a Sea Port at Sunrise. A lofty Portico composed of three columns only, is at the side, and beyond it is a Ship at Anchor. 3. A Landscape, with Banditti attacking Travellers on the Highway. 4 View of a Sea Port, with three Mer- chants standing in a group on the fore- ground. 5. View in the enyirons of Rome under the appearance of a beautiful Sun-set. A magnificent Roman Archway. 6. View of a Sea Port during Sun-set. embellished with a Fountain and other elegant Buildings, 7. View of a Mountainous Country, with a herd of five goats, and a Peasant with Mules passing a bridge. 8. A retired Woody scene with some water in the foreground. Two Women sitting on some logs of timber, and a Man standing by them are at the side. 9. A Sea Port represented under the effect of a refulgent Sun-set. A Mar- ket on the Shore, consisting chiefly of earthenware. 10. A View of the Forum or Campo Vac- cino,at Rome, with the Arch of Septimus Severus and the three columns of the Temple of Jupiter Stator, 11. A Pastoral Scene, with a Water-mil and a Herdsman tending Cattle, 12. View of a Hilly Country at Sun-rise. A Lady and a Gentleman on the fore- ground. 13. A Landscape, with Peasants dancing to the Music of a bagpipe, flute, and tamboriue. 14. A Sea Port represented under the appearance of a glowing Sun-set. (in)U[xs of Merchants and otliers in the foreground. 15. A Landscajie, with a Herdsman play- ing on a pi]x! and Cattle browsing. 16. A I^ndK-apo, with Tra\-cllcrs taking their repast. * It li iIm wriUr'f opinion that Ibe Dravlnip wm mi dkic* od litt b«ck of Moic uf tlic Dnwing* ' ' d until • MifaMqaenl jtmi. For whom, or what Places, and when The late or present Possessors of the thePicTUiiES from these Drawings were painted.* 1. Claudio Gillce at Rome, 23rd August, 1680. Drawn 10th August, l(j77. 3. For a Gentleman at Parit 5. Klector of Bavaria, 2-2nd July, 1G7-1. For a Gentleman at Paris 8. For a Gentle: I in Paris in I65(i, 9. Monsieur de Betlume, Ambassador of France at Rome. 11, A Gentleman of Liege at Rome. Naple- 13. Pope Urban VlII, 1669. Monsig. Koapigliosi at Rome. Mr. Perochat at Paris. l^icTURES ; with the Sizes, and the Prices for which they have at various times heen Sold or Valued, and the Names of their Engravers. No. 1. Lord Cathcart. A Duplicate was for- merly in the possession of Mr, Hickey, 2. Lord Palmerston at Broadlands, near Romsey, Hampshire. Size about 2 feet 6 inches high, 3 feet 2 inches wide. A duplicate was formerly in the posses- sion of Dr. Newton, Bishop of Bristol, and is now in the collection of Peter Miles, Esq. of Leigh-court, Bristol. This differs from the Print in the dis- position of the Figures. 4. Etched by himself. . In the Royal Gallery at Munich, 2 feet 5 inches high by 3 feet wide. A Du- plicate was formerly in the possession of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, Houghton, Norfolk, which was sold in the Houghton Collection in 1779 to the Empress Catherine of Russia, and then valued at £1200. Now in the Hermitage Gallery, St. Petersburgh. Size 3 feet 3 inches high by 4 feet 4 inches wide. Engraved by Canot. 1, Sold in the Collection of Mons. Blon- del de Gagny, 1776, £57. Chevalier Erard, 1832, £244. Mr, Nieuwen- huys, 1833, 390 guineas, Archibald M'Lellan, Esq. Glasgow. Size 2 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet 2y inches wide. 8. Dr, Mead, Engraved by Vivares, 1741, Size 2 feet 1 inch high by 3 feet 2|- inches wide. 9. In the Louvre, valued by the Experts duMusee, 1816, 40,000 francs. Etched by the Artist, and Engraved in the ■ PouUain Gallery, and in the Musce Francois. Size 1 foot 8 inches high by 2 feet 4 inches wide. 10. In the Louvre. This Picture was sold with the preceding in the collections of the Countess de Verrue, 1737, 3350 francs; again, Mons. Blondel de Gagny, 1776, 11,096 francs; and Mons. dePoul- lain, 1780, 11,003 francs. Size 1 foot 3^ inches high by 2 feet 3 inches wide. 1 1. Mr, D'Argenville, Secretaire du Roi ii Paris, Sold in the Collection of Ben- jamin West, P.R.A. 1831, 91 guineas. Samuel Rogers, Es(j. Size 1 foot high by 1 foot 6 inches wide. Octagon, 12. 13. In the Louvre, valued by the Experts du M ust-e, 1 8 1 6, 1 00 ,000 francs. Size .1 feet 8 inches high by 4 feet 6 inches wide. Engraved by Parboni, Willson, Ex)wry, Chatalan, Vivares, and Haldewang. 14. In the Louvre, valued bv the Experts du Musi:e, 1816, 1 20,000' francs. Size 3 feet 2 inches high by 4 feet 1 inch wide. Engraved by Le Bas, 15. rlnip mm iDMle from tbe PictoKv, tUhet daring tbt prosma or painting thttn, or ktXer thry wen c buns P'*"' ^ Umm ■ 1 If > wm 1 I