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H. L. Dixon Company 
 
 CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS OF 
 
 Glasshouse Furnaces 
 Annealing Lehrs 
 Gas Producers 
 
 and all appliances for the manufacture of 
 
 Plate Glass 
 Wire Glass 
 Skylight Glass 
 Cathedral Glass 
 Ribbed Glass 
 Prism Glass 
 Window Glass 
 
 Crystal Glassware 
 Tableware and Tumblers 
 Flint Bottles 
 
 Green and Amber Bottles 
 Lamp Chimneys 
 Fruit Jars and Liners 
 Opal Glass 
 
 MANUFACTURERS of all 
 
 Ironwork, Tools, Implements 
 and Factory Furniture 
 
 Dealers in 
 
 PURE SAXONY MANGANESE 
 
 (Powdered and Granulated) 
 
 TANK BLOCKS FIRE CLAYS 
 
 FURNACE BLOCKS AND 
 
 FIRE BRICK SILICA BRICK 
 
Copyrighted 1908 
 H. L. Dixon Company 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 CHARLES W. BROOKE 
 Advertising Engineer. Pittsburg 
 
 THE CORDAY A GROSS CO. 
 PRINTERS DESIGNERS ENGRAVERS 
 CLEVELAND 
 
 Price, Per Copy, $3.00 
 
Introductory 
 
 LONG experience in designing and con¬ 
 structing furnaces and appliances for the 
 manufacture of glass, has led to the develop¬ 
 ment of many improvements which have 
 - resulted in a great saving of fuel and a 
 reduction of operating expense, as well as a 
 very large increase in production. 
 
 The adoption of the continuous tank furnace, first for 
 the manufacture of green and amber bottles, to be later 
 followed in quick succession for the making of window 
 glass, flint bottles and tableware, has probably been the 
 most important innovation, as well as one that has 
 affected the condition of the glass business more than 
 any other. 
 
 The adaptation of the well-known Siemens regener¬ 
 ative system to rectangular, circular and elliptical pot 
 furnaces, has not only reduced the fuel consumption, but 
 has increased the melting capacity of such furnaces, 
 improved the quality of the glass and reduced the danger 
 of breaking pots to the minimum. 
 
 The introduction and perfection of the continuous lehr 
 for annealing plate glass, has upset the accepted 
 theories of the experienced 
 manufacturers of polished 
 plate glass. The delivery of 
 plates through a lehr within 
 three or four hours after the 
 glass lay in the pot in a 
 molten state, instead of leav¬ 
 ing them in a kiln from two 
 to three days, was, only a 
 very short time ago, consid¬ 
 ered an impossibility. 
 
 Blowinc; and Moulding 
 Lantern Globes 
 (Flint Glass Factory) 
 
 5 
 
1 111 p r o V e 111 e n t in the 
 quality and preparation of 
 furnace material has kept 
 pace with the demand for 
 1 )etter and more refractory 
 material, due to the increase 
 of furnace production and 
 the employment of a much 
 higher range of temper¬ 
 atures. The latest develop¬ 
 ment is that almost inde¬ 
 structible material known 
 as Corundite, destined to 
 come into general use in the 
 near future. 
 
 The introduction and improvement of machinery in 
 the manufacture of all lines of glassware, have made 
 rapid strides in the last few years and have met with 
 
 int; a Howl 
 (Flint Class Factory.i 
 
 such pronounced success as to shatter many more 
 
 holiliies of the conservatives. 
 
 In the rapid march of inii)rovement, we have ever 
 l)een in the front rank; many of the improved ajipliances 
 now in use having' originated with us. What we have 
 to offer in this line is based upon a certain knowledge, 
 ac([uircd by actual exiierience, of the results that can he 
 obtained. 
 
 Drawing I’o' ok Mktai. krom Fi’RN^ 
 For Fl'rkosk, oi' Casting 
 I Plate Class Factory i 
 
 
Important 
 
 W E are prepared to contract for 
 the construction and equip¬ 
 ment of glass manufacturing plants 
 complete, to make the glass and start 
 them in successful operation. We 
 have complete data as to the cost of 
 manufacture, both with producer gas 
 and with natural gas, and we employ 
 the most competent and experienced 
 men in designing, constructing and 
 operating glass plants of every 
 description. We have also the recipes 
 or formulas for all kinds of glass, in 
 opal, crystal or colors, both for tank 
 and pot furnaces, all for use of our 
 customers and patrons. 
 
 Casting a Fot uk s TAiu.i 
 
 I FI;ite’Class FJuff.on^ 
 
8 
 
 'I'hc W'jrks at Kosslyii Station, Carnegie, Pa. 
 
Manufacturing and Shipping 
 
 Facilities 
 
 /^UR Foundry and Machine Shop is located 
 ^^at Rosslyn Station, Carneg'ie, Pa., on line of 
 P. C. C. & St. L. Ry. and the P. C. & Y. R. R., 
 which gives us connection with the Erie R. R., 
 L. S. & M. S. and B. (Y O. Railway Systems, 
 as well as the Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Machine Shop is equipped with modern 
 machinery for the manufacture of glasshouse 
 tools and implements, as well as a general line 
 of machine work, and the fabrication of structural 
 material and other ironwork used in the construc¬ 
 tion of furnaces, lehrs, gloryholes, etc., etc. 
 
 With our FYundry supplied with modern 
 facilities, in connection with the Machine Shop, 
 we are prepared to execute promptly all orders 
 for machines, tools, moulds, implements, furnaces 
 and lehrs. 
 

H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Regenerative Flint Glass 
 Pot Furnaces 
 
 llESE furnaces (Eig. 1) are built either iu elliptical 
 or circular form and for 14 to 20 ])ots, with no vacant 
 pot openings, the ports being entirely within the cir¬ 
 cle of pots; for less than 14 ])ots it is necessary to 
 either omit a pot on each side or to use pots in these 
 places of a reduced size. 
 
 44ic elliptical furnace is not as good as the circular furnace 
 for several reasons; besides the greater inconvenience of working 
 around them, the pots do not melt uniformly, the middle pots 
 melting three or four hours faster than the end pots; the strength, 
 permanency and durability of a circular furnace makes that form 
 of construction much more desirable; the distribution of the heat 
 is uniform and there is no variation in the melting time, thus 
 enabling the glassmaker to more accurately adjust the coloring 
 and to arrange for working the shops to advantage. The fuel 
 saving is from 50 to 00 ])er cent, either with producer gas or 
 natural gas. 
 
 This furnace is built for either natural gas or producer gas 
 and can easily he changed from one to the other without any 
 alterations or stop])ing operation. 
 
 Old style furnaces can readily he remodeled to this plan, and 
 the saving of fuel and pots will soon repay the cost of the change. 
 
 Our patented regenerative furnace with the regenerators at 
 one side of the furnace, under the factory floor in the basement, 
 and having the gas and air ports entirely within the circle of 
 pots, is easily adai^ed to old style furnaces, avoiding much (E 
 the expense of remodeling. 
 
 We have twenty-three furnaces of this type in operation, 
 and thev recommend themselves, having entirely superseded 
 the Nicholson and Oill h'urnaces, the best types of former days. 
 
 W’e are ])re]rared, however, to build or repair any style of 
 furnace desired, either “Gill,” “Nicholson,” “Deep Eye,” 
 “Murphy” or old style “Side Teasers,” or the simple form of 
 eye for use of natural gas. 
 
 11 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Flint Glass Lehrs 
 
 The proper construction and regulation of the lehrs used 
 for annealing glassware is a very important feature of the 
 glass business. The ordinary type of pan lehr is constructed 
 for use of coke, oil and natural gas, and by use of our Patented 
 Air Mixer Burners we have successfully applied producer gas 
 for this purpose, both with fires under the pans and with the 
 burners above the pans, the latter is preferable, because the 
 sulphur stains due to under firing is entirely avoided and the 
 ware is clean. Lehrs fired in this way are in use for annealing 
 heavy bottles and all lines of glassware. We build pan lehrs 
 in single and double deck, the latter being useful where it is 
 necessary to economize room. 
 
 To dispense with the inconvenience of using a series of pans, 
 we have perfected a lehr with an endless carrier that may be 
 propelled by hand or by electric motor or other power, either 
 moving continuously or intermittently. 
 
 By our method of applying producer gas in lehrs, with burn¬ 
 ers above the pans, the combustion can be so accurately controlled 
 as to eliminate all smoke and soot from the lehr, resulting in 
 clean ware free from sulphur stain. 
 
 Fig. 2. Lehr Fronts 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Gloryholes 
 
 We construct gloryholes (Fig. 3) of the most approved type 
 for finishing all kinds of pressed ware, blown ware, lamp chim¬ 
 neys, bottles, etc., and have successfully applied producer gas for 
 this purpose. We manufacture and construct these in the best 
 manner and make a specialty of portable gloryholes for use of 
 oil or gas. 
 
 Pot-Arches and Mould Ovens 
 
 To insure the successful use of pots, it is necessary to have 
 pot-arches that will heat them properly and 
 uniformly. We build them (Fig. 4) with this 
 purpose in view, for natural gas, producer gas 
 or direct firing. 
 
 The old method of heating moulds by filling 
 them with glass is not only wasteful but injuri¬ 
 ous to the mould. A mould oven with 
 a carriage on a track is a great con¬ 
 venience, and facilitates the work by 
 having the moulds ready and uni¬ 
 formly heated. 
 
 Decorating Ovens and Lehrs 
 
 We manufacture and construct 
 decorating muffle kilns either with tile 
 lining or with boiler plate lining; the 
 latter is convenient for quick firing but 
 is not as durable as the tile lined kiln. 
 
 Our kilns are securely bound and have 
 substantial clay or brick lined doors. 
 
 We also furnish the ware-racks when 
 required. 
 
 Continuous lehrs for decorating 
 are extensively used for all kinds of 
 ware; the best class of lamps, shades 
 
 and globes are burnt in them and they have a much greater 
 capacity than kilns. We build them with tile lined muflfles, or 
 for the cheaper grades of ware with open fires for natural gas. 
 They are effective, convenient and speedy. 
 
 Fig. 3. CTloryhole 
 
 13 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Arclics and Moidd ()vcn 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Stained Glass Kilns 
 
 We make kilns for burning stained glassware of boiler jdate, 
 either in eircnlar or elliptical form, or with straight sides and 
 bottom and arched top. The ware pans may be supported upon 
 cast iron stands or by angles riveted to the sides of the muffle. 
 They are set up singly or in batteries and the ware pans and 
 stands are furnished complete if desired. They are particularly 
 useful for rapid firing, as they can be heated and cooled quickly. 
 
 Opal Glass Tanks 
 
 Daily melting tank furnaces of two to ten tons cai)acity are 
 in general use for opal, hint and other kinds of glass, and while 
 they are useful in many instances for special purposes, they are 
 not intended for a large production and are not as economical as 
 continuous tanks. To insure good results and lowest cost for 
 fuel, they should be constructed with regenerators, although most 
 of them are operated by direct firing, but with some waste of fuel. 
 
 Continuous Melting Tank Furnaces for Opal Glass are now 
 being used and a very good quality of glass is made in them, 
 d'he cost of operating is materially reduced, the production 
 increased and the life of the furnace is prolonged; three very 
 important features worthy of consideration. We are prepared 
 to build them. 
 
 Continuous Melting Tank Furnaces of our design and 
 construction have been almost universally adopted for the 
 manufacture of green.^amber and flint bottles, as well as the 
 cheaper grades of tableware, tumblers, lamp chimneys, bar 
 goods, etc. . d"hey are also extensively used for the manufac¬ 
 ture of wire glass, skylight and prism glass, either in crystal 
 or light green. 
 
 The introduction of this type of furnace has been responsible 
 for an enormous increase in tbe production of this class of glass¬ 
 ware, and, in the hands of the skilled glassmaker, produces glass 
 that is scarcel}- distinguishable from pot glass. 
 
 We construct these furnaces with a view of obtaining the 
 largest i^roduction of best quality with the lowest expenditure of 
 fuel, and have attained results.which have never been ecpialed. 
 
 lo 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 16 
 
 End Port Tank Furnace 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Pictorial Sketch of 
 
 Modern Pressing and Blowing Machinery 
 
 The Original 
 Washington Beck 
 Side Lever Press 
 
 is still the best 
 and most durable 
 
 Fig. 6 
 
 A Standard Press 
 
 C o X - WIN D E R Semi-Automatic 
 Pressing and Blowing Machine 
 
 Adaptable for large and 
 small bottles, fruit jars, 
 milk bottles, etc. 
 
 17 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 8 
 
 Owens Automatic Gathering and Bi.owing Machine 
 For the manufacture of all lines of hollow glassware 
 
 18 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 9. Teeple-Johnson (Large) 
 
 The Teeple-Johnson Pressing and Blowing Machines 
 
 Is very simple in construction and operation 
 It is used extensively for milk jars and wide mouth ware 
 
 Fig. 10. Teeple-Johnson (Small) 
 19 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 - Fig. 11 
 
 Johxson-Fky Semi-Automatic 
 Pressing and Blowing Machine 
 
 Suitable for jars, milk bottles, lantern 
 globes and a full line of semi-wide 
 mouth bottles 
 
 Miller Semi-Automatic 
 Pressing and Bloaving Machine 
 Suitable for full line of jars and 
 wide mouth bottles 
 
 Fig. 12 
 
 20 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 The Blue 
 
 Improved Semi-Automatic 
 Pressixo and Blowing Machine 
 
 Used extensively for fruit jars 
 and all wide mouth bottles 
 
 Fig. 13 
 
 The Pierpont-Demming 
 Blowing Machine 
 In use for manufacture of beers, sodas 
 and other narrow neck bottles 
 
 Fig. 14 
 
 21 
 
 .-isb# 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig.15 
 
 The Winder Semi-Automatic 
 Pressing AND Blowing Machine 
 For narrow neck liottles 
 
 The Pancoast 
 Multiple Pressing and 
 Blowing Machine 
 Particularly noted for large pro¬ 
 duction of small semi-wide 
 mouth bottles 
 
 Fig. Ifi 
 
 22 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 17 
 
 The O’Neil-Gordon Pressing and Blowing Machine 
 Used for milk jars and other wide mouth ware 
 
 23 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 24 
 
 Side Port Tank Kiirnace with Crane Filling Slunel 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Window Glass Tank Furnaces 
 
 The continuous melting tank furnace (Tig. 18) has entirely 
 superseded the pot furnace of former days for the manufacture 
 of window glass. Whether operated with natural gas or pro¬ 
 ducer gas, there is a great improvement in the quality of the 
 glass produced as well as a considerable saving of fuel and 
 labor, as compared with the best type of pot furnaces. 
 
 We construct them of any capacity from 12 blowers up to 
 60, and it is generally conceded that tanks of our construction 
 are the most substantial and durable, and that they embody 
 all of the necessary conveniences to facilitate the resetting of 
 blocks and making repairs. ^ 
 
 Our patented blow'-over tanks are of the best design and 
 construction for the perfect regulation of the temperatures for 
 melting, blowdng and gathering. The record w'e have made in 
 production, (juality and economy of fuel stands pre-eminent. 
 
 Machinery is rapidly displacing hand labor for the manu¬ 
 facture of window glass. The Lubbers cylinder machine was 
 first introduced and is now extensively used. Other cylinder 
 machines, such as the Slingluff, Milliron, Pease and Bolin are 
 being perfected and installed in rapid succession, for drawing 
 directly from the tank. The latest achievement in the manu¬ 
 facture of sheet glass is the perfection of the Colburn Sheet 
 Glass Drawing and Annealing Machine (Tigs. 19 and 20) 
 which delivers a continuous sheet of glass of any desired 
 thickness from the tank furnace to the discharge end of the 
 lehr, dispensing with blowing and flattening. 
 
 It is evident that the arrangement of the tank furnaces for 
 the proper regulation of the temperatures in the drawing 
 chambers, as well as for the melting and refining of the glass, 
 is of the greatest importance, and is essential to the successful 
 operation of the machines. An intimate knowledge of the 
 requirements of both cylinder and sheet drawing machines 
 enables us to make the alterations necessary to adapt old 
 furnaces to the use of machines, as well as to properly con¬ 
 struct new ones for that purpose. 
 
 The convenience of the arrangement to facilitate the hand¬ 
 ling of the cylinders or sheets without liability of breakage 
 and with the minimum expenditure of labor, is of the utmost 
 importance and requires careful attention on the part of the 
 engineer in preparing the specifications for such alterations 
 and equipment. 
 
 25 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 2 () 
 
 Tmk Comuikn Winijow (iI.ass Drawing Machink and Annkai.ing Lehr 
 
 (Built by JL L. Dixon Co.) 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 27 
 
 Fig. 20. (Delivering End) 
 
 MEi.TiN(i Tank and Coi.kurn Window (Idass Drawing Machine and Anneai.ini; Lehr 
 
 IBuilt by H. L. Dixon Co.) 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Flattening Ovens and Lehrs 
 
 The four-stone llattening oven 
 and lehr introduced in this country 
 by Cleon Tondeur in 1882, is the 
 only style of oven and lehr that is 
 built today. Its advantages were 
 quickly recognized and its adoption 
 by all of the window glass manufac¬ 
 turers was rapid and universal. 
 
 We have made many improve¬ 
 ments in its design and construction 
 and use lehr machinery mounted on 
 anti-friction bearings which has 
 many advantages over the old style 
 of machinery. The sizes are as fol¬ 
 lows : wheels 14'-9" diameter with lehr 44'-0" long, 6'-6" wide 
 
 inside; wheels 16'-0" diameter with lehr 48'-0" long, 7'-6" wide 
 
 inside; wheels 18'-0" diameter with lehr 52 '- 0 " long, 8'-4" wide 
 
 inside. 
 
 I'hese lehrs and ovens are constructed in a most substantial 
 manner, and with a due regard for proper firing and the perfect 
 regulation of the temperature. 
 
 Blowing Furnaces 
 
 These furnaces we construct for blowing on both sides or 
 with one blind side, either with straight or curved sides; the 
 
 latter providing plenty of 
 room for foot-benches and for 
 full length cranes. The pipe 
 heating and blowing furnaces 
 are so constructed that they 
 drain to a tap hole. 
 
 Floater Kilns 
 
 We build these kilns of 
 various sizes to suit the length 
 of the floaters. They are suit¬ 
 able for burning rings, blocks 
 and flattening stones as well 
 
 Bi.OWING TH1-: Cvi.lNUKRS 
 (Window Glass F'actory) 
 
 First Process: Formjns the Cap 
 (Window Glass Factory) 
 
 28 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 cylindkks These furnaces are con- 
 
 ss Factory) structecl for 20 to 24 pots, of 
 
 the Siemens regenerative type for either natural or producer gas, 
 with the ports in the end walls or in the siege. They are sub¬ 
 stantial in design and construction; the buckstays are heavy and 
 they are provided with the best and most approved tuile hoists 
 and tuiles. The regenerators, flues and reversing valves are of 
 large proportions, insuring a hot, even running furnace and a low 
 fuel cost. 
 
 as floaters. The doors are 
 made of heavy steel angles, 
 well braced and filled with fire 
 clay, and are hinged on the 
 front buckstays. The brick 
 chimney is bound with angles 
 and provided with damper and 
 frame at the top for regulating 
 the draught. 
 
 Plate Glass Melting 
 Furnaces 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing Kilns 
 
 Kilns for one, two or three plates each are now in general 
 use for large plates. We have successfully applied producer gas 
 to these kilns, by use of a special burner we employ for that 
 purpose. We construct them for use of natural gas also, com¬ 
 plete with all ap])liances. 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing Lehrs 
 
 We first adapted the Tondeur rod lehr system for the anneal¬ 
 ing of plate glass in 1898. Since that time it has been improved, 
 until now it is used generally for most of the plate glass under 
 200 scpiare feet. This was the first important innovation in that 
 business since the adoption of the Siemens regenerative furnace 
 many years ago. 
 
 We apply producer gas to these lehrs also, and construct them 
 for all lines of rolled sheets, including wire glass, prism, skylight, 
 cathedral and plate glass. We use a special heavy section lehr 
 rod mounted on anti-friction bearings and arranged to be oper¬ 
 ated by compressed air, electric motors, hydraulic or steam power. 
 We also provide and install mechanical stowing tools for operation 
 with power, and a complete pyrometer system. 
 
 29 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Glass Bending Kilns and Lehrs 
 
 These are constructed as single kilns, or a group of kilns pro¬ 
 vided with lehrs, and are used for bending both plate glass and 
 window glass. 
 
 The lehrs are equipped with pyrometers to accurately record 
 the temperatures and to provide for the easy regulation of 
 uniformly graduated temperatures. 
 
 Forms for bending are provided if desired, or we can furnish 
 rolls for bending the forms. Bending kilns and lehrs are built 
 for use of all kinds of fuel, natural gas or producer gas, coke, 
 coal or wood. 
 
 Recuperative Furnaces 
 
 • 
 
 The recuperative, non-reversible type of hot air furnace was 
 introduced in Germany some years ago and several have been 
 constructed in this country. They are well adapted for some 
 styles of furnaces and, in addition to the advantage of running 
 continuously without reversing, they are economical in consump¬ 
 tion of fuel and substantial and durable in construction. We have 
 the plans embodying the latest improvements and are preparing 
 to apply it for various purposes where the reversible type of 
 furnace is objectionable. 
 
 The End-Port Tank Furnace 
 
 Furnaces embodying the principles of the end-port tank fur¬ 
 nace (Fig. 5) were in use many years ago, employing what is 
 known as the horseshoe flame, wherein the ports were on one end 
 or one side of the furnace chamber, the elements of combustion 
 alternately entering one and passing out of the other, the direction 
 of the flame being in the shape of a horseshoe. This style or 
 type of tank furnace has the advantage of being less in extreme 
 width, although of greater length than the tank with the 
 regenerators and ports on the opposite sides of the melting 
 chamber (Fig. 18) which makes it more adaptable to factories 
 where a greater width is objectionable. The ports and regener¬ 
 ators being at the end of the melting chamber, makes it possible 
 to arrange the shops around the gathering end to better advan¬ 
 tage, the side or corner shops having as comfortable a place to 
 work as any of the others. This is the chief advantage of the 
 end-port construction, for it has been demonstrated conclusively 
 that, for the same production, the melting chamber must be much 
 larger than is required for the side-port tank, which results in 
 some saving in the cost of repairs. We have both types in 
 operation and are prepared to build either, as may be desired. 
 We construct them for use of natural gas, producer gas or oil 
 as fuel, and guarantee satisfactory results as to quality of 
 glass, production, and consumption of fuel. 
 
 80 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Gas Producers 
 
 HE steam blast, water-sealed type of producer has 
 almost entirely superseded the old style “Siemens” 
 and “Wellman” producers, because of its greater effi¬ 
 ciency and the better facilities provided for cleaning 
 while in operation. 
 
 The various types are the “Herrick,” “Duff,” “Dixon,” "Swin¬ 
 dell,” “Wood” and others, all embodying the same general 
 principles and differing only in the position of the grates and 
 arrangement of hoppers and poke-holes. 
 
 We construct the “Dutf” (Fig. 21) and “Dixon” pro¬ 
 ducers in two sizes; the standard having a shell lO'-O” in diameter, 
 IT-O” in height; measuring 7'-0” x 7'-0” inside of lining and 
 having a steel water pan 7 '- 0 " wide; it has a brick, arched top 
 provided with one central bell hopper and six poke-holes. The 
 
 Fig. 21 
 
 Duff Gas Producer. (Elevation and Section through Neck) 
 
 31 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 large size has a shell 12'-3" diameter, \ V-6'' in height, measuring 
 7'-0'' X 9'-0" inside of lining', and having a steel water pan 9'-0" 
 wide; it has a brick arched top provided with two bell hoppers 
 and nine poke-holes; it is also provided with two blow-pipes, 
 the shells of both sizes are gawge stiffened with angles top 
 and bottom ; the necks or outlets are of ample dimensions, con¬ 
 structed so they can easily be cleaned and are securely bracketed 
 to the shells; all of the castings are of substantial weight and of 
 the best patterns, the arrangement and construction throughout 
 being such as to secure the maximum of efficiency with the least 
 expenditure of skill and labor. 
 
 Herrick Patented Producers 
 
 The distinguishing feature of the Herrick Producer (Fig. 23) 
 is the design and arrangement of the tuyeres for the introduction 
 of air and steam into the body of the fuel. 
 
 Fig. ‘22-a 
 
 Brick Slotted Top Plate—Herrick Patented Gas Producer 
 
 Fig. 22-b 
 
 (Quadrants, Brick Slotted Top Plate—Herrick Patented Gas Producer 
 
 82 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 The tuyeres are cast iron boxes projecting radially through 
 the steel shell and brick lining of the lower part of the gener¬ 
 ator into the ashes. 
 
 The boxes are open at the bottom over the greater portion of 
 the end extending into the producer, and are provided with a 
 number of slots distributed along the sides and ends. 
 
 The arrangement of the tuyeres at equal distances around the 
 periphery of the producer shell and each serving an equal area 
 of the fuel bed gives an even distribution of the air and steam 
 mixture, and all being at the same level, the height of the fuel 
 bed above the tuyeres is uniform, resulting in equal resistance 
 and pressure over the entire area of the bed. The water dish 
 being open all around the producer, facilitates the uniform clean¬ 
 ing and removal of ashes necessary to maintain a regular and 
 even depth of fuel. 
 
 Fig. 23 
 
 Herrick Patented Gas Producer 
 
 33 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 The operation of this producer is accomplished with a very 
 low steam pressure and, as a consequence, very little trouble 
 from soot being deposited in the flues and conduits. 
 
 We build these of various sizes and capacities, the standard 
 sizes being 8'-6", lO'-O" and 12'-0" diameters of shells, and 
 13'-6" in height. Other styles of producers may be easily 
 changed to this type, resulting in an increase in efficiency of 
 twenty to thirty per cent. 
 
 The tops are so constructed as to be protected from the 
 heat, being made of heavy cast iron plates (Figs. 22), slotted 
 for the insertion of fire brick which project both above and 
 below the plate, insuring protection to the plate on the inside 
 and to the feet of the stoker when standing on the top. The 
 poke-holes are so arranged as to give a wide range to the 
 poker, enabling the gas maker to reach every part of the fuel 
 bed with facility, and the interior being circular in form, the 
 distribution of the fuel is uniform and the cleaning may be 
 done in such a manner as to constantly maintain a level fuel 
 bed. 
 
 As the capacity and efficiency of a gas producer are in 
 proportion to the area covered by the steam and air blast, and 
 dependent upon an equal and uniform resistance to the pres¬ 
 sure exerted, it is evident that the arrangement and construc¬ 
 tion of the Herrick producer insures a largely increased 
 capacity, and greater efficiency per square foot of area, than 
 has heretofore been attained. 
 
 The absolutely uniform height of the fire bed above the 
 tuyere boxes, which is easily and constantly maintained, per¬ 
 mits their operation at a maximum working condition, with 
 a steam pressure of not over fifteen to twenty pounds, which 
 enables the operator to avoid holes in the bed. uneven depth 
 of fuel, and, above all, prevents the partial combustion of gas 
 in the producers and flues, thereby avoiding the troublesome 
 deposit of soot in the pipes and conduits. The best way to 
 overcome the soot nuisance is not to make any, and this is one 
 of the most satisfactory results obtained from the use of the 
 Herrick producers. 
 
 Producer Gas Power Plants 
 
 The successful use of bituminous producer gas for the opera¬ 
 tion of gas engines has been made jiossible by the introduction of 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 a simple gas scrubbing apparatus, which may be connected with 
 any of the ordinary gas producers now in use, for the purpose of 
 removing all of the solid matter, such as soot, tar, ash, etc., car¬ 
 ried in suspension by the gas from the producers. When cleansed 
 in this manner the gas may be piped for a considerable distance 
 through ordinary iron pipes and distributed to various points of 
 consumption. Gas applied in this manner has resulted in the 
 operation of power plants at as low a cost as one cent per horse 
 power hour. 
 
 This gas is also convenient and economical for use where a 
 large number of small fires are required for special purposes, such 
 as small forges, annealing furnaces, finishing furnaces, gloryholes 
 and mould heating devices, or any of the numerous processes 
 where the additional cost of the fuel will be compensated for by a 
 saving in labor or other advantages as compared with the cost of 
 using solid fuel in any form. 
 
 Fuel oil atomized by use of compressed air and applied with an 
 air blast by fan pressure to insure perfect combustion, is used 
 extensively for the same purposes; the adaptability of both 
 depending upon cost of fuel as compared with oil, and many other 
 features incident to the installation and the purposes for which it 
 is to be used. 
 
 Fig. 24 
 
 Producer Piping under Construction at the Plant of 
 The Corning Glass Works of Corning, N. Y. 
 
 35 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Gas Pipes, Flues and Conduits 
 
 The proper construction of the pipes, flues and conduits con¬ 
 necting the gas producers with the various furnaces, lehrs, etc., 
 to be supplied with fuel, is as important as the construction of the 
 furnaces or producers. 
 
 The tendency is to cheapen their construction by limiting their 
 dimensions and the omission of the necessary ample provisions 
 for burning out, cleaning, etc. We have learned by experience 
 that this is often fatal to the successful operation of the plant, 
 and, at best, adds largely to the expense by wasteful consumption 
 of coal, as the result of forcing the producers, as well as by 
 increased cost of labor. 
 
 Steel shells of producers, gas pipes and stacks should be well 
 painted with good mineral paint once a year, at least. 
 
 Steel and Brick Stacks 
 
 We construct stacks of any dimensions, either of brick or 
 steel, as desired. The steel stacks are self-sustaining, securely 
 bolted to concrete or brick bases, of heavy gauge, with flared 
 bottoms and ornamental tops, if preferred; they are provided with 
 ladders and are lined with fire brick flush with the top. 
 
 The brick stacks are of solid walls of sufficient thickness, 
 bound with angles and rods; or, we build them with core and air 
 chamber, as required. They are symmetrical in shape, with suit¬ 
 able top trimming and have secure concrete foundations. When 
 producer gas is used, the steel stack has the advantage of the brick 
 stack, as the walls of the latter invariably crack, which is due to 
 the sudden heat caused by the burning out of the flues. 
 
 86 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Electric Drive for Glass Machinery 
 
 X illustrating and describing modern glasshouse 
 equipment we wish to emphasize the advantage to be 
 derived from the use of electric motors for operating 
 lehr machinery, rolling tables, grinding wheels, ware 
 conveyors, batch elevators and mixers, stowing ma¬ 
 chinery, special machinery, etc. 
 
 By applying the motors to individual drive, or by locating the 
 machinery in small groups, with a motor serving each group, an 
 efficient, economic and highly flexible system of power trans¬ 
 mission is obtained. Belt and shaft friction, with their accom¬ 
 panying dirt and danger from overhead bearings, are removed. 
 
 Unsightlv overhead 
 
 shafting 
 
 is eliminated, allowing for the 
 
 installation and unobstructed passage of traveling cranes. 
 
 Where a motor is direct connected to the machine, power is 
 being consumed only when the machine is in operation, whereas. 
 
 Fig. 25 
 
 Type “L” Direct Current Motor 
 
 37 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 in the case of belt transmission from shafting, there is a constant 
 consumption of power clue to bearing and belt friction. 
 
 We are equipped to furnish both direct and alternating current 
 electrical machinery especially adapted to meet the practical 
 working conditions encountered in the glass industry. 
 
 h'or direct current work the Type “L” motor, illustrated as 
 Fig. 25, is the most serviceable, both for small and large capacities. 
 Besides presenting a neat external appearance the motor is com¬ 
 pact in its construction and designed for hard continuous service. 
 
 In Figs. 26 and 27 we illustrate two forms (Type “M,” Form 
 “R” and Form “C”) of alternating current motors best suited for 
 driving glass machinery. The principal difference between Form 
 “R” and Form “C” motors is in the design of the rotating element 
 (or rotor) requiring different methods of starting the motors. 
 Form “R” (Fig. 26) motors are started by means of a lever 
 attached to the frame, the movement of which varies the resistance 
 in the rotating element. When starting, all of the resistance is 
 thrown into the circuit of the rotor and gradually cut out as the 
 motor attains its normal running 
 speed. In the case of the Form 
 “C” motor the starting device or 
 compensator (Fig. 28) consists 
 of a separate iron casing contain¬ 
 ing the starting resistance. 
 
 This device may be located 
 in any position most con¬ 
 venient for starting the 
 motor. The compensation 
 method of starting will be 
 found very advantageous in 
 cases where it is necessary 
 to operate the motor upon 
 the wall, ceiling or other in¬ 
 accessible place. 
 
 Fig. 26 
 
 Type “M” Form “R” Alternating 
 Current Motor 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 27 
 
 Type “M” Form “C” Alternating 
 Current Motor 
 
 Fig. 28 
 
 Starting Device or Compensator and Fuse 
 Blocks for Type “M" Form “C” Motors 
 
 39 
 
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IRONWORK 
 
 
 41 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Flint Glass Furnaces 
 
 Eye plates, 
 
 Cave plates, 
 
 Side plates. 
 
 Bearing bars. 
 
 Grate bars, 
 
 Cave doors and frames. 
 Tease-hole doors and frames, 
 Shadow-pan doors and hinges, 
 Nicholson, Gill or Murphy 
 Producer Castings, 
 
 Rail or cast buckstays. 
 
 Hog chains and swivels. 
 
 Flat bands and collar bolts. 
 Cast hollow key blocks, num¬ 
 bered and tapped for air pipe 
 nozzles. 
 
 Man-hole frames and doors. 
 Damper plates and angle 
 frames, or “Gill” pattern 
 cast frame and damper. 
 
 Flint Glass and Bottle Lehrs 
 
 Tease-hole Frames, tile lining, to slide on trolley, or frames 
 with hinged doors. 
 
 Cross Ties for two, three, four or five lines of track. 
 
 Track Bars 4'-0” long, for rollers spaced on 6” centers. 
 
 Cast Rollers 3” and 4" diameter, curved face. 
 
 Angles for sides, with splices and C. S. bolts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
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 _ 
 
 r/ 
 
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 Lehr Ironwork 
 
 42 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Adjustable Self-Closing Lehr Doors 
 
 (Patented) 
 
 Fig, 30. Closed 
 
 Fig. 31. Quarter Open 
 
 Fig. 32. Full Open 
 
 43 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 33 
 
 Shunk Patented Carrying-in Device—“Elevator to Carrier" 
 
 44 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 45 
 
 Fig. 34. Shunk Patented Carrying-in Device—“Delivering End 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 46 
 
 Fig. 36 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 47 
 
 Endless Carrier for Lehrs 
 
EVERYTHING EOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Front Frames. (Fig. 29). Special pattern, single or 
 double doors. 
 
 Pan Treadles for detaching pans. 
 
 Pulling Rigs. (Figs. 35 and 36). Consisting of cold rolled 
 shaft keyseated, stands, collars, sprocket wheels, ratchet and 
 lever; or a set of double gears and pinions for hand power. 
 
 Worm-Gear Attachments for operating pulling rigs by 
 electric motor; easily controlled, any desired speed. 
 
 Belt Attachment for operating by steam power, with tight¬ 
 ener; easily operated by boy or girl. 
 
 Pan Hooks, with special steel sprocket chain. 
 
 Pan Clutch, self-locking, with trolley. 
 
 Trolley Track, single and double hangers. 
 
 Coburn Track and ball-bearing trolleys. 
 
 Stacks of sheet steel with cast iron bases. 
 
 Rear Shade Doors, with slide rods, pulleys and balance 
 weights. 
 
 Buckstays, heel plates, tie rods, crown mantles and 
 dampers. 
 
 Lehr Pans of No. 8 or No. 10 gauge straightened steel 
 plates, 3'-0" to 7'-0" in length, 2'-6" in width; two pulling 
 straps, angle all around in one piece or on ends only; ends 
 3" to 6 ” high for bottle lehrs. 
 
 Endless Carriers for Lehrs (Fig. 37), forming continuous 
 
 « 
 
 floor of steel plates attached to sprocket chains and running 
 on rollers; worm-gear attachment for propelling by electric 
 motor, intermittent or continuous movement at any desired 
 speed. 
 
 Lehr Doors, Adjustable Self-Closing. (Figs. 30, 31 and 32). 
 Operated by carrying-in-boy by means of treadle attachment. 
 A great fuel saver. 
 
 48 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Gloryholes, Pot-Arches and Mould Ovens 
 
 Gloryhole Jackets, cones and stacks of sheet steel. 
 
 Cast Iron Firm Plates, stack rings and stack bases. 
 
 Flat Bands, tool rests and natural gas burners. 
 
 Pot-Arch Buckstays, heel plates, tie rods and stack 
 dampers. 
 
 Double Pot-Arch Doors (h'ig. 38) of heavy angle frames 
 braced with cross bars provided with clay hooks ; having heavy 
 hinge bars full width of doors and suitable latches. 
 
 Also cast iron doors with mitred flanges for brick lining. 
 
 Front Buckstays of cast iron (Fig. 38) with heavy rib and 
 hinge lugs for hanging doors. Also rail buckstays with 
 adjustable hinge lugs. 
 
 Mould Oven Carriages (Fig. 39) with tee rail tops, steel 
 axles and cast flanged wheels, with tracks and spreaders. 
 
 Heavy Sheet Steel Doors for mould ovens with hinge 
 straps and latches; buckstays, tie rods, heel plates and stack 
 dampers. (See also Fig. 4.) 
 
 All of the best patterns and designs, and of substantial 
 weight and workmanship. 
 
 Any special design or pattern made to order. 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 ir'- 
 
 50 
 
 Mould Oven Carriage 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Tanks and Furnaces 
 
 Ironwork for daily or continuous melting tank furnaces for 
 all purposes, of standard patterns or of any special sizes or 
 patterns to order. 
 
 Rail, double channel or eye beam buckstays. 
 
 Breastwall Plates and brackets, cast or wrought. 
 
 Angles and adjustable screw brace bolts. 
 
 Heel Plates, bands, hog-chains, beams and tie rods. 
 
 Batch Filling Shovels, either mounted on rollers on station¬ 
 ary stands, with levers and balance weights for filling hole 
 doors; or filling shovels hung on swinging cranes, with crane 
 post, guy rods, footstep and balance weight; also filling hole 
 door frames hung on chain with suitable pulleys and balance 
 weights. 
 
 Screw Stands, pulleys, brackets and all attachments for 
 operating dampers. 
 
 Levers and appliances for reversing valves. 
 
 Burner Nipples of cast iron for natural gas; stack and air 
 regulating dampers. 
 
 Decorating Ovens and Staining Kilns 
 
 The Ironwork for Decorating Lehrs is similar to that used 
 in the construction of the ordinary lehrs for annealing flint 
 glassware. 
 
 Heavy Cast Iron Frames and Doors for tile lined decorat¬ 
 ing ovens; frames boxed for building in wall with lugs extend¬ 
 ing back of buckstays and provided with hinge lugs for doors; 
 doors each in four parts, two upper and two lower, each with 
 heavy hinges and latch and having mitred flange inside to 
 hold brick lining; all doors provided with peep-holes and 
 toggles. 
 
 Tease-Hole Frames and Doors for coke firing, either cast 
 iron frame with hinges, brick-lined door, or wrought frame, 
 tile lined, hung on trolley. 
 
 Sheet Steel Shells, from No. 8 gauge up to 3 ^" boiler 
 plate, either circular or elliptical in form, or with straight 
 bottom and sides with curved top; provided with cast iron 
 front frames with cast or sheet steel doors in two or four parts, 
 to swing on hinges and having peep-holes and toggles; angles 
 134 " X 134 " riveted on inside of shells to hold ware pans, if 
 desired. 
 
 Perforated Sheet Steel Ware Pans, cast iron stools for 
 pans. All buckstays, tie rods, heel plates, angles, grate bars 
 and stacks. 
 
 51 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Window Glass Flattening Ovens and Lehrs 
 
 Flattening Wheels or Turntables in three sizes, 14'-9", 
 16'-0" and 18'-0 ' diameters, consisting of heavy cast iron seg¬ 
 ments securely bolted to hub, upright shaft, and covered with 
 perforated cast iron plates; upright shaft provided with foot¬ 
 step, bevel gear with guy rods; turning gear, consisting of 
 counter shaft with bevel pinion, stand, wall plate and pilot 
 wheel. Cast iron or rail mantles with mantle rods attached to 
 beams on top of oven, flattening and piling bucks, glass chutes 
 with door, shove-horse and track with stand for handle, rail 
 bnckstays, heel plates and tie rods; also crown mantles and 
 cast iron frames and doors for lehrs. Lehr machinery, con¬ 
 sisting of two sets of reciprocating rods, one set mounted on 
 anti-friction sheaves on stands attached to double channels 
 resting on lehr walls; one set mounted on stands attached to 
 cross bars hung on stirrups, at each end, connected with lifting 
 levers operated by connecting rods on top of lehr; all lifting 
 boxes are provided with three armed levers and balance 
 weights of cast iron ; lehr rods are of cruciform shape, one set 
 moving only vertically, the other set moving only longitud¬ 
 inally, so that they are always level and with sufficient 
 clearance to operate without danger of scratching or of slewing 
 the sheets out of position. Any of the parts for oven or lehr 
 furnished on application. Other sizes than those above men¬ 
 tioned made to order. 
 
 Window Glass Blowing Furnaces 
 
 Ironwork for Blowing Furnaces, double or single side, 
 either straight or curved, consisting of rail bnckstays drilled for 
 trefers, channel heel plates, tie rods, braces and pipe rests for 
 pipe heating furnaces and iron supports for foot benches. 
 
 Floater Kilns, Block and Brick Kilns 
 
 Ironwork for Floater Kilns, Block and Brick Kilns is fabri¬ 
 cated for kilns of various sizes and forms; some with stacks on 
 top of kilns, others with separate stack for one or more kilns. 
 Rail bnckstays, channel heel plates and tie rods; double doors 
 of heavy angle frames and cross bars with clay hooks, hinges 
 and latch; doors hung on heavy cast or rail bnckstays; damper 
 frame, damper, lever and chain for top of stack, or damper 
 hung on chain with pulley and balance weight for separate 
 stack. 
 
 62 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Cruciform Bars for Window and Plate Glass Lehrs 
 
 Fig. 41 
 
 53 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Plate Glass Furnaces 
 
 Double Channel Buckstays with spreaders and lugs for 
 tuile bars. 
 
 Also tie rods, hog-chains, swivels, turnbuckles and washers. 
 
 Tuile bands and bars. 
 
 Tuile Hoists, consisting of bevel gear attachments 
 on brackets with cranks and ratchets for oper¬ 
 ation by hand, or with devices for operating by 
 motors; shafts and pillow blocks with chain 
 sheaves, tuile chains and balance weights, all sup¬ 
 ported on beams over crown of furnace attached to 
 buckstays; or with pipe shafts for winding chains, 
 all of best patterns and latest design. 
 
 Floor Plates in all sizes made of cast iron. 
 
 Plate Glass Kilns and Lehrs 
 
 Fig 43 
 Screw Stand 
 
 Kiln Doors of heavy sheet steel, well bound and 
 stiffened with angles, provided with Z bar slides, 
 wire ropes, sheaves and balance weights. 
 
 Dampers and Frames of cast iron for kilns. 
 
 Man-Hole door frames and doors. 
 
 Burners of special design for producer gas. 
 
 Sills of cast iron for push-holes. 
 
 Mantles with hoisting doors with levers 
 and balance weights, for push- 
 holes of lehr ovens. 
 
 Boxed Frames with hoisting 
 doors with levers and balance 
 weights for stowing holes. 
 
 Lehr Machinery of special 
 design with rods of special heavy 
 section. 
 
 Cylinders and Motors with 
 all attachments for operating 
 lehr machinery by hydraulic or 
 electric power. 
 
 Screw Stand and Cover 
 for Mushroom V'alve 
 
 54 
 
- H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Stowing Tools with all devices and machinery for operating 
 by electric motors. 
 
 Rolling and Stowing machinery, electric driven. 
 
 Doors of Cast Iron with mitred flanges for brick lining, 
 heavy hinge lugs and latches, for pot ovens. 
 
 Pot Oven Doors of heavy angle frames and cross bars with 
 clay hooks for clay lining; having heavy hinges and latches. 
 
 Buckstays of rails, beams or channels; cast or channel heel 
 plates and tie rods with washers and turnbuckles, for kilns, 
 lehrs and pot ovens. 
 
 Ironwork for Plaster Kilns, rouge ovens, and for bending 
 kilns and lehrs. 
 
 Ironwork for tank block and floater kilns. 
 
 Gas Producers, Pipes, Flues and Stacks 
 
 Steel Water Pans, boiler plate. 
 
 Steel Shells for producers, yV' and 34” gauge, with angles 
 around top and bottom. 
 
 Necks or outlets. No. 8 and 10 gauge, with steel angles or 
 flanged corners. 
 
 Main Gas Pipes, No. 8 gauge, stiffened with angle rings. 
 
 Branch Pipes, mushroom boxes, down-take pipes. No. 8 
 gauge or No. 10 gauge, according to size. All seams of good 
 pitch and securely riveted. 
 
 Stacks, flared at bottom, self-sustaining; gauge of steel to 
 suit diameter and height; ornamental tops if desired.; provided 
 with ladders, base plates, anchor bolts and washers. 
 
 Wall Bearing Plates of cast iron, blow pipes on hinged 
 frames and grate castings. 
 
 Stands and Screws (Figs. 43, 44 and 45) with hand wheels 
 for operating dampers. 
 
 Bell Hoppers with lids, levers and balance weights. 
 
 Sand Dampers and frames. 
 
 Poke-Hole castings and covers (Fig. 46). 
 
 Mushroom or saucer valves and seats (Figs. 47 and 48), 
 
 Cleaning Doors (Figs. 50 and 51) and puff doors and 
 frames with straight or curved backs for vertical or horizontal 
 pipes. 
 
 Valve Stems, stands, pulleys, wire ropes with clips and 
 thimbles and winches (Fig. 52) for elevated dampers. 
 
 Man-Hole Covers and seats for brick flues. 
 
 Puff Doors with boxed frames for brick flues. 
 
 66 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Saucer Valves for brick flues, with seats, covers, stems, 
 stands, screws and hand wheels. 
 
 Patented Air Mixer Burners (Figs. 53, 54 and 55) for lehrs, 
 with air pipes. 
 
 Producers, gas pipes, stacks and appliances, also steam 
 blowers (Fig. 49) of any special design and for all purposes, 
 furnished on cars, knocked down; or will take measurements, 
 make plans and contract for erection complete. 
 
 All parts for renewals or repairs furnished promptly on 
 application. 
 
 Mineral Paint of excellent quality, in barrels. 
 
 Steel Pokers with long handles, cleaning shovels with per¬ 
 forated blades, coal shovels, steam blast nipples, regulating 
 valves for steam pipes. 
 
 Endless Chain Conveyors for removing ashes, for oper¬ 
 ation by motors, steam or gas engines. 
 
 Fi^. 46 
 
 Screw Stand for Stack Damper and Mushroom Valve 
 
 66 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 46 
 
 Poke-Hole Casting and Cover 
 
 Fig. 48 
 
 Mushroom Saucer Valve 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 No. 9 Cleaning Dooi 
 
 Fig. 47 
 
 Mushroom Valve and Seat 
 
 Fig.49 
 
 Steam Blower for 
 Producers 
 
 Fig. 61 
 
 No. 10 Cleaning Dour 
 
 57 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 62. Winch 
 
 Fig. 58 
 
 Detail of Patented Air Mixer Burner 
 
 68 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 69 
 
 Fig. 55. Rear View of Burners 
 
 Patented Air Mixer Burner for use with producer gas in firing lehrs 
 
TOOLS AND 
 IMPLEMENTS 
 
 61 
 
 ... 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Flint Glass Factories 
 
 Fig. 56. Blocking Box 
 
 Pot Carriages in all sizes, 
 with heavy steel prongs, exten¬ 
 sion handles, wheels 24" diam¬ 
 eter, 4" face. 
 
 Steel Pot-Setting Bars (Fig. 
 
 62) in various sizes, chisel and 
 pick points: 
 
 18'-0" long,2>^"x2>4", with 
 rounded handle tapered to 
 
 IM". 
 
 16'-0" long, Zyi" X 2^", with 
 rounded handle tapered to 
 
 IK". 
 
 12 '-0" long, 2"x2", with 
 rounded handle tapered to 
 
 IK". 
 
 lO'-O" long, lK"x IK") with rounded handle tapered to 1". 
 8'-0" long, 1^" X IK") with rounded handle tapered to 1". 
 
 Lazy-Bones for Pot-Setting (Fig. 57), made of heavy steel 
 frame, well braced and provided with three rollers for clean¬ 
 ing bars. 
 
 Lazy-Bones for Building Breastwalls with three roller 
 bearings. 
 
 Block Carriages, two wheels, for setting breastwall blocks. 
 Brick Forks (Fig. 58), two prongs, for setting jack brick. 
 Clay or Brick Paddles with sheet steel blades. 
 
 Fig. 57 Lazy-Bones 
 
 62 
 
Pot-Setting Tools 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 68 
 
 Fig. 60. lieucli Rake 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 64 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 66 
 
 Fig. 63 
 
 Carriage for Setting Monkey-Pots 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Sponge Poles, tapered flat blades. 
 
 Bench Repair Paddles, 18'-0'' long, steel blades 6"xl2"x^". 
 Gatherers’ Blocking Boxes, with or without legs. 
 
 Bench Rakes (Fig. 60), 20'-0" long, steel blades, 6" x 12" x 
 loop handles. 
 
 Brick Rakes, 8'-0" long, steel blades, 4" x 10" x yi'', loop 
 
 handles. 
 
 Breastwall Hooks (Fig. 59), lO'-O" 
 and 14'-0" long, 6" tapered hooks, loop 
 handles. 
 
 Nigger Heads V/i" x 3^2" x 5", with v' 
 handles lO'-O" long. 
 
 Shade Pans for pot-setting, with 
 chains, pulleys and balance weights. 
 
 Fig. 65. Knob Kettle 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig, 66. Pot Scraping Ladle 
 
 Bench Bar (long). 
 
 Knob Kettles (Fig. 65), 
 square or round. 
 
 Gathering Pigs, cast or 
 wrought iron. 
 
 Scraping Ladles (Figs. 66 and 
 69), forged steel with handles. 
 
 Ladles, forged steel, 6” x 10" x 
 3" deep, wdth handles. 
 
 Ladles, forged steel, round 
 (Fig. 67) 6" to 10" diameter, or 
 oval (Fig. 68), with handles. 
 
 Fig. 68. Oval Ladle 
 
 Fig. 69. Rectangular Ladle 
 
 Large Ladling Kettles (Figs. 
 72, 73 and 74), on frames with 
 three wheels each, front wheel on 
 swivel, frames for either station¬ 
 ary or tilting kettles in tw'O sizes, 
 42" diameter, 22" deep and 38" 
 diameter, 20" deep. 
 
 Small Ladling Kettles (Fig. 70) with three wheels, two on 
 cast lugs, other wheel on swivel. 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Ladling Kettles 
 
 Fig. 72. Tilting Ladling Kettle 
 (Normal Position) 
 
 Fig. 73. Tilting Ladling Kettle 
 (Tilting Position) 
 
 Fig. 74 
 Non-Tilting or Stationary 
 Ladling Kettle 
 
 68 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 76. Bit Kettle 
 
 Bit Kettles (Figs, 71 and 75), 22" diameter, 1434" deep, 
 with marver plates, on three wheels each, one wheel on swivel. 
 Marver Plates, one side and one edge planed. 
 
 Water Boshes, cast iron or sheet steel, various sizes. 
 Finishing Tools. 
 
 Snaps, all kinds. 
 
 Cleaning-off Chests 
 
 (Round Pattern) 
 
 Fig. 77 
 
 Fig. 76 
 
 69 
 
everythjng 
 
 for the glasshouse 
 
 Fig. 78 
 
 Cleaning-off 
 
 Chests 
 
 70 
 
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 Made with plain bearings or 
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 ball bearing front swivel. 
 
 Size of body, 23 inches deep, 
 36 inches wide, 78 inches long 
 
1 
 
 Everything for the Glass House 
 
 _PITTSBURGH, PA. _ 
 
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 C-'*. - f *'#fL£.I -* ^ .^» ^. iiK,->n-^!t^ • -. ^ j "v. 
 
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H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 80. Batch Cart 
 
 Cleaning-off Chests (Figs. 76, 77, 78 and 79), round or 
 square. 
 
 Batch Cart (Fig. 80), well braced and bound with iron, 
 with iron wheels, 24" diameter, 4" face, beds 5'-6" long, 2'-10" 
 wide, I'-IO" deep, inside measurements. 
 
 Gatherer’s Shadow Pan (Fig. 64), for pot mouths, sheet 
 iron, well bound.. 
 
 Finisher’s Chairs (Figs. 82 and 83), braced with rods and 
 bolts. 
 
 Hot Stoves (Fig. 85) and ware pans for blown ware, with 
 gas burners.' 
 
 Fig. 81. Pot Truck 
 
 71 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 82 
 
 Finisher’s Chair. (Straight Arm) 
 
 72 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Sand Box Ware Stands, round or square, on legs. 
 
 Ware Stands with solid tops. 
 
 Pot Trucks (Fig. 81), convenient for handling pots from 
 cars or pot-room to pot-arches; oak plank tops, heavy steel 
 axles, low broad wheels, front wheel on swivel, movable 
 handles; truck can be turned in space equal to size of the 
 pot. 
 
 Pot Puller, lever and dog for sliding pots in car or on floor. 
 
 Gloryhole Pigs (Fig. 84). 
 
 Fig. 84. Gloryhole Pig 
 
 73 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 86 
 
 Blower’s Dummy, Bulbs, Punch Tumblers and 
 Small Paste Mould Ware 
 
 - . 
 
 
 74 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 87 
 
 Blower’s Dummy, Large Paste Mould Ware 
 
 75 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 
 Fig. 88 
 
 Mould Transfer Carriages 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 89 
 Blow Pipe 
 
 Mould Transfer Carriages (Fig. 
 88) ; two wheels, short handles. 
 
 Wind Pipes of galvanized iron, 18 
 to 26 gauge, with 3" nozzles with caps, 
 or with automatic self-closing nozzles, 
 1", and 1)^" diameter, nozzles 
 
 furnished separately if desired. 
 
 Batch Mixers of improved type, for 
 operation by steam or electric power. 
 
 Small Portable Gloryholes on 
 wheels; suitable for tumblers, lamp 
 chimneys, etc. 
 
 Glass Blowers’ Pipes (Fig 89), 
 punties (Fig. 90), finishing tools, 
 snaps, clamps, shears and crimping 
 machines. 
 
 Pressure or Volume Blowers for 
 operation by steam or electric power, 
 directly connected or by single or 
 double belts (American, Andrews & 
 Johnson and Sturtevant). 
 
 Fig. 90 
 Puntie 
 
 70 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Flint Glass and Green Bottle Factories 
 
 ANY of the tools and implements for bottle fac¬ 
 tories are similar to those already enumerated for 
 flint glass factories, with some modifications to 
 suit the practice in bottle factories. 
 
 Portable Gloryholes (Fig. 91), for use of natural gas with 
 air blast, or for use of oil with compressed air or fan pressure. 
 Each gloryhole is suitable for two shops and made with single 
 or double chamber, the latter enabling each finisher to regulate 
 his fire to suit himself without interference with the other shop. 
 These gloryholes are substantial in their construction and the 
 tile can easily be removed and replaced. Pipe rests are pro¬ 
 vided on each side bracketed to the bed plate. 
 
 Peanut Roasters (Figs. 93, 94 and 95), on legs; for natural 
 gas or oil. 
 
 Ware Pans, and carrying-in tools for peanut roasters. 
 
 Carrying-in Tools, paddles or forks of all kinds. 
 
 Ware Pans, solid or latticed, for use in lehrs. 
 
 Stands for bottle snaps and tilting bottle racks, 
 very convenient for large bottles. 
 
 Cleaning-off Chests, circular or square, for 
 attaching to foot bench, occupy little room and are 
 very convenient. 
 
 Cullet Boxes, square or circular, with handles. 
 
 Finisher’s Chairs, peanut roasters, ware pans and 
 carrying-in tools. 
 
 Carrying-in Paddles, 
 asbestos lined and forks 
 j wound with asbestos. 
 
 - 0 Blow Pipes, snaps 
 
 and finishing tools. 
 
 Blue Marver Stones. 
 
 Cast Iron Marver 
 Plates, planed and 
 smoothed. 
 
 Fig. 91 
 
 Portable Gloryhole 
 
 Fig. 92 
 
 Gloryhole Burner for Oil 
 (Gravity System) 
 
 77 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Peanut Roaster 
 
 Double Deck for Gas Fuel 
 
 
 11 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 7S 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Peanut Roaster 
 
 Double Deck for Oil Fuel 
 (Patent Applied For) 
 
 79 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 96 
 
 Peanut Roaster. (Single Deck) For Gas Fuel 
 
 80 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Window Glass Factories 
 
 Cranes (Fig 96), both long and 
 short, for use on blowing furnaces 
 or blow-over tanks ; crane posts of 
 extra heavy pipe, extension arms 
 for cranes, with pipe crotches or 
 wheels. 
 
 Trefers with slotted holes to 
 attach to buckstays and provided 
 with extension arms. Also trefers 
 of special pattern for gatherers on 
 tank furnaces. 
 
 Firm Plates of cast iron with 
 crotches for gatherers. 
 
 Shades with cross bars, 
 brackets, levers and balance 
 weights for blowers’ and 
 gatherers’ ring holes. 
 
 Cooling Boshes (Fig. 97) 
 for gatherers for continuous 
 flowing water with waste 
 pipe for overflow and bracket 
 for glass block. 
 
 Ladles of pressed steel, 20" diameter, 
 with handles and chain hung from 
 Coburn ball bearing trolley and track, cooling Bosh 
 with hangers; rigged either for single 
 ladle or for two ladles with double tracks and trolleys. 
 
 Fig. 96. Long Crane 
 
 81 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Filling Shovels (Fig. 100) on cranes, complete with crane 
 post, guy rods and balance weight. 
 
 Ladling Kettles on frames with three wheels (Figs. 72, 73 
 and 74), one wheel on swivel; two sizes, 42" diameter, 22" 
 deep, and 28" diameter, 20" deep, either tilting or stationary. 
 
 Capping Boxes (Figs. 98 and 99) of heavy sheet steel, 
 single boxes, 14" bottom width, 16" top width, 36" long and 
 15" deep; double boxes 6'-0" long all provided with handles and 
 bound around the top with flat bar securely riveted to box. 
 
 Novel Boxes (Fig. 101), 18" x 30", 20" deep (Fig. 102), 24" 
 diameter and 20" deep. 
 
 Flatteners’ Gullet Boxes, 16" top width, 14" bottom width, 
 36" long, 15" deep, bound around top with flat bar and pro¬ 
 vided with handles. 
 
 Roller Horses, all of wood, or of steel frames with wooden 
 roller rests. 
 
 Floater Carriages (Fig. 104) of substantial steel construc¬ 
 tion with heavy forged steel prongs, heavy axle and iron 
 wheels with broad face-. 
 
 Prongs suitable for attachments to old pot wagons, fur¬ 
 nished on application. 
 
 Tools for setting floaters and rings as follows: 
 
 Large Bull Hooks (Fig. 109), 18'-0" long, 1)4" round, two 
 prongs. 
 
 Fig. 98 
 
 Fig. 99 
 
 Capping Boxes 
 
 82 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 100 
 
 Batch Filling Shovel 
 
 83 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Novel Box (Square) Novel Box (Round) 
 
 Bull Hooks, 18'-0" long, 1^" round, single prongs. 
 
 Single Hooks, \6'-0" long, 1^" round, with loop handles. 
 Also 12'-0'' long, lyi" round, loop handles. 
 
 Steel Bars 18'-0" long, 2^4" x 2^", with rounded handles 
 tapered to lyi”. 
 
 16^-0" long, with rounded handles tapered to 
 
 12^-0'''' long, 2^' x2", with rounded handles tapered to IX". 
 
 12^-0'''' long, with rounded handles tapered to . 
 
 Fig. 108. Roller Wagon 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Ring Hooks (Fig. Ill), lO'-O” and 12'-0" long, F’ round, 
 loop handles. 
 
 Skimming Irons, cracking irons, ring irons, ring crotches, 
 pinchers, glass blocks and blow-up blocks. 
 
 Roller Wagons (Fig. 103), with steel springs, wooden 
 frame. 
 
 Blowers’ Pipes with Norway iron heads, finished and pol¬ 
 ished complete with handles. 
 
 Pipes without heads, polished or unpolished. 
 
 Flatteners’ Tools, consisting of: 
 
 Piling Forks (Fig. 106), with tines of spring steel drawn 
 down; either of one piece or with tines riveted on; handle of 
 heavy pipe with weight at end. 
 
 Spiece (Fig. 105) drawn down tapering, with screw on end. 
 
 Cropper (Fig. 110) with pipe handle. 
 
 Stone Scraper (Figs. 107 and 108) with steel blade. 
 
 Swab Rods with hooks and handles. 
 
 Glass Dips with acid tank, single glass rack or with reels, 
 provided with pulleys, wire ropes and winches. 
 
 Cutters’ Tables, squares, pins and rules. 
 
 Cutters’ Cullet Boxes, of wood or iron, on wheels. 
 
 Heating Stoves, natural gas, for cutting rooms. 
 
 Lubricating Soap, pipe handles, Norway iron for pipe 
 heads. 
 
 Cutters’ Pliers or pinchers, 7" to 10". 
 
 Casting Tables (Fig. 112) on wheels, built up in sections, 
 or in one solid plate. 
 
 Rolls for operation with chain, wire rope or cog-racks. 
 
 Steel Twangs, all gauges. Turtle wagons. 
 
 Steel Table Blades, finely finished and polished. 
 
 Pot Clamps for teeming with traveling or boom cranes. 
 
 Pot Wagons or clamps for traveling cranes. 
 
 Stowing Tools for motors or hand power. 
 
 Glass Spreaders with copper blades. 
 
 Filling-in Shovels, skimming irons, batch carts. 
 
 Glass Ladles, pressed steel (Fig. 114), up to 28" diameter, 
 wdth or without handles. 
 
 Coburn Trolleys and tracks (Fig. 141) for carrying ladles. 
 
 Cutters’ Rules and Squares, all sizes, with brass tips. 
 
 Cutters’ Pinchers or pliers, round or flat tips, 7" to 11". 
 
 Floater Carriages (Fig. 104), hooks and bars for setting 
 floaters. 
 
 86 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 86 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 8.7 
 
 Fig. 106. Piling Fork 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 88 
 
Fig. 109. Pot or Bull Hook 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 89 
 
 Fig. 111. Ring Hook 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Plate and Skylight Glass Factories 
 
 Fig. 113 
 
 Cathedral Glass Rolling Table 
 
 Fig. 114 
 
 Pressed Steel Ladles 
 
 Ladles (Fig. 114) of pressed steel with handles, for hand 
 use, either circular or oval, of any size. 
 
 91 
 
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MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS 
 IMPLEMENTS AND 
 GENERAL SUPPLIES 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Barrel Trucks (Fig. 115), plain 
 wheels or rubber tires. 
 
 Warehouse Trucks (Figs. 116, 
 117 and 118), three or four wheels, 
 with rubber tires or plain. 
 
 Trucks with flanged wheels for 
 track. 
 
 Light Tee Rails, flat bar, angles 
 or channels for tracks. 
 
 Glass Blowers’ Scales (Figs. 119 
 and 120). 
 
 Hoisting Winches and ratchets 
 (Fig. 52). 
 
 Fig. 115 
 Barrel Truck 
 
 Fig. IK) 
 
 Four-Wheel Truck (Double End Rack) 
 
 94 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 117 
 
 Four-Wheel Truck (Single End Rack) 
 
 Fig. 118 
 Express Truck 
 
 95 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Pressure and Volume Blowers (Figs. 121 and 123), for 
 steam or electric power; belt driven or direct connected to 
 motor; with or without countershafts and bed plates. 
 
 Ventilating and Exhaust Fans. 
 
 Wind Pipes, galvanized iron. 
 
 Nozzles (Figs. 124 and 125), automatic, self-closing, or 
 with caps, for wind pipes. 
 
 Blast Gates (Fig. 122). 
 
 Water Tanks and Steel Towers. 
 
 Water Pumps, deep well. 
 
 Oil Pumps; air compressors, storage tanks. 
 
 Oil Burners (Figs. 128 and 129), compressed air, and com¬ 
 bination air blast and compressed air. 
 
 Monkey Wrenches, large lever and S wrenches. 
 
 Fig. 119 Fig. 120 
 
 Bottle Scale (Round Plate) Bottle Scale (Square Plate) 
 
 96 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 121 
 Volume Blower 
 
 97 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 123. Pressure Blower 
 
 Fig. 124 Fig. 125 
 
 Nozzle (Closed) Nozzle (Open) 
 
 Automatic Self-Closing Nozzle for Wind Pipes 
 
 98 
 
_ DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Siemens Air and Gas Reversing Valve 
 
 Fig. 126 
 
 Fig. 127 
 
 Size of valve is regulated by inside diameter of top opening, 
 which should always be given when ordering. 
 
 99 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Air and Gas Reversing Valves 
 
 Siemens Air and Gas Reversing Valves (Figs. 126 and 127) 
 in all sizes, 18" to 42" diameter, with saucers. 
 
 Square Butterfly Air Reversing Valves, in large sizes only, 
 with lids. 
 
 Vertical Butterfly Air Reversing Valves, with corner posts, 
 top and bottom plates and slide dampers; in sizes 24" to 48". 
 
 Forter Water Seal Gas Reversing Valves (Figs. 130 and 
 131), in all sizes, with saucers; the most perfect gas reversing 
 valves, absolutely perfect seal, no leakage, and of greater 
 capacity than butterfly valves. 
 
 Table of Comparative Capacities of the 
 Forter and Siemens Air and Gas Reversing Valves 
 
 12" Forter Valve equals capacity of 14" Siemens Butterfly Valve. 
 
 14" “ 
 
 (( 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 “ 16" 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 16" “ 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 18" 
 
 a 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 18" “ 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 “ 20" 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 if 
 
 20" 
 
 ii 
 
 if 
 
 a 
 
 “ 24" 
 
 a 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 22" 
 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 a 27^^ 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 24" “ 
 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 30" 
 
 if 
 
 it 
 
 if 
 
 27" 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 a 
 
 “ 34" 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 30" 
 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 36" 
 
 ff 
 
 ft 
 
 ff 
 
 32" 
 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 38" 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 36" “ 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 42" 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 •• 
 
 42" “ 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 48" 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 ff 
 
 48" “ 
 
 
 ff 
 
 if 
 
 “ 60" 
 
 a 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 Any oarts of all valves furnished on request. 
 
 * fURNACE 
 
 .• COMpi 
 
 Fig. 128 
 
 Kirkwood Oil Burner 
 (Compressed Air) 
 
 Fig. 129 
 
 Kirkwood Oil Burner 
 (Combination Air Blast 
 and Compressed Air) 
 
 100 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Porter Patented Water Seal Gas Reversing Valve 
 
 Fig. 130 
 
 >ERATING LINKS 
 
 TRUNNION 
 
 OPERATING 
 
 LEVER 
 
 HOOD 
 
 IDLER LINKS 
 
 NOZZLE 
 
 SHEAVES 
 
 HEAVE BRACKET 
 
 CASING 
 
 K CASTING 
 
 (iZirt ir.drcjt«d) 
 
 , COUNTER 
 WEIGHT 
 
 MUSHROOM VALVE■ 
 
 DOOR 
 
 BED PLATE 
 
 PEEK HOLE LID 
 
 DOOR FRAME 
 
 Fig. 131 
 
 Size of valve is regulated by inside diameter of nozzle or top opening 
 which should always be given when ordering. 
 
 101 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Batch Mixing Appliances 
 
 Secret Platform Scales (Fig. 
 132), with as many beams as de¬ 
 sired ; locked and sealed, cannot 
 be tampered with. 
 
 Rotary Batch Mixers, operated 
 by gas or steam engine, or electric 
 motor. 
 
 Batch Elevators and Convey¬ 
 ors; endless chains or belts with 
 steel buckets, boot and shafts, 
 operated by gas or steam engine, 
 or electric motor (Figs. 133 to 
 137). 
 
 Gas Engines and motors for 
 driving batch elevators and 
 mixers. 
 
 Steel Batch Barrows, shovels 
 and screens. 
 
 Color Room Scales, scoops and 
 pans. 
 
 Spiral Conveyors (Figs. 138 
 and 139), for handling batch; 
 right or left-hand direction ; plain 
 or without mixing paddles. 
 
 Fig. 133 
 
 Malleable Iron Bucket with 
 renewable steel band 
 
 Malleable Iron Bucket 
 (a seamless bucket of large 
 carrying ;_capacity) 
 
 Fig.132 
 Secret Scales 
 
 102 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 136 
 
 Fig 136 
 
 Chain Conveyor 
 
 Belt Conveyor 
 
 103 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 137. Steel Bushed Chain for Conveyors 
 
 Fig. 138. Spiral Conveyor 
 
 Fig. 139. Spiral Conveyor with Mixing Paddles 
 
 104 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Electric Safety Devices 
 
 li is well known that failure to reverse the valves regularly 
 on regenerative furnaces is liable to result in serious damage 
 to the furnaces and causes material fluctuations of temper¬ 
 ature. To avoid this as far as possible, and to detect it, if it 
 does occur, we furnish and install a Furnaceman’s Time 
 Detector (Fig. 140), which is connected with a clock and 
 causes an alarm bell to ring at the end of each interval, when 
 it is time’ to reverse the valves, and which continues to ring 
 until the valves are reversed; it is also connected with the 
 valve levers, which causes the clock dial to be punctured each 
 time the valves are reversed. Any number of furnaces may 
 be connected with the same clock and dial. They are not 
 expensive, and furthermore make a valuable addition to your 
 equipment. 
 
 Pyrometers 
 
 Adapted for accurately measuring the temperatures of Glass 
 Melting Furnaces, Annealing Ovens, Lehrs, Potters’ Kilns, 
 Decorating Kilns, Staining and Burning Muffles, and for all 
 lines of manufacture employing heat. 
 
 There has been a steadily growing demand for a scientifically 
 accurate and reliable instrument for measuring the temperatures 
 of all kinds of furnaces and ovens used in the mechanical arts. 
 While the regulation of temperatures of furnaces in the different 
 industries has depended upon the skill and judgment of the oper¬ 
 ators, more or less indifferent results have been obtained, without 
 any positive guide for their regulation, or of any means of 
 determining the condition or temperatures producing the best 
 results. 
 
 Our Thermo Electric Pyrometer with platinum-rhodium 
 couples fully meets the requirements for measuring temperatures 
 up to 3000° Fahrenheit. It is simple in its construction, is easily 
 installed and does not easily get out of order. 
 
 The principle involved in the construction of our Thermo 
 Electric Pyrometer is the conversion of heat into an electric cur¬ 
 rent, the strength or electromotive force of which indicating the 
 degree of heat. The pyrometer consists of a sensitive galva¬ 
 nometer which indicates by the movement of a pointer, over a 
 
 105 
 

 EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 140 
 
 Furnaceman’s Time Detector 
 
 106 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 carefully calibrated scale, the current of electricity produced by 
 heating the junction of a fine platinum and platinum-rhodium, or 
 platinum-iridium wire, commonly termed the element. 
 
 The galvanometer and the thermo electric element constitute 
 the complete equipment, no batteries being required. 
 
 The Thermo Electric system has many advantages over other 
 systems, principally for its simplicity; in addition to the fact that 
 it requires no outside batteries, adjustable resistance, or anything 
 else that may be varied by the workman or made dependent upon 
 their judgment. The system is one that is thoroughly accurate 
 and capable of a high degree of precision. In its application the 
 operator has simply to look at the instrument and read the tem¬ 
 perature directly from the scale. 
 
 The pyrometer is extremely durable under the most severe 
 conditions if reasonably protected. 
 
 It is obvious that this instrument is invaluable for indicating 
 the temperature of glass melting furnaces, annealing ovens and 
 lehrs, decorating kilns and lehrs, staining and burning muffles and 
 a vast number of furnaces and appliances, in all lines of business 
 where heat is employed. 
 
 Each instrument is standardized and the scale graduated ac¬ 
 cordingly. The position of the scale is such that the operator 
 can conveniently and readily take accurate readings. Correct 
 temperatures can be taken within one per cent. 
 
 A number of couples or stations may be connected with one 
 pyrometer by means of a switchboard and successive readings of 
 each station quickly made and recorded. 
 
 Automatic recording instruments are also provided when de¬ 
 sired for recording one, two or three stations. 
 
 We furnish and install the entire equipment ready for use, or 
 will furnish all the parts with full and complete instructions for 
 their installation. 
 
 They are not expensive; they are accurate, durable and useful. 
 
 Low Temperature Instruments 
 
 Because of the lower cost and the increased voltage of the 
 thermo-electric current, baser metal couples are used for temper¬ 
 atures below 1500° Fahrenheit. The galvanometers are calibrated 
 for both high and low temperature couples, rendering it neces¬ 
 sary in ordering such equipment, to state the approximate maxi¬ 
 mum temperatures of the furnaces in which the couples are to be 
 used, or state the style of furnace, lehr or oven, which will enable 
 us to determine the necessary equipment. 
 
 107 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 103 
 
 Llevation Showing Section of Track, Single Switcli, Switch Throw and Trolley 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Coburn Trolley Carrier 
 
 The trolley or carrier best adapted for all around service in 
 the glass factory is the Coburn (Fig. 141), a section detail of 
 which we illustrate on opposite page. 
 
 For handling rough plates of plate glass, lehr pans, ladles, 
 cullet, batch and other bulky material, this type of carrier particu¬ 
 larly lends itself. It may be used for indoor or outdoor service, 
 as circumstances demand. This carrier is designed to stand 
 rough, hard usage, all parts of which, with the exception of the 
 wheels, being hand forgings, and constructed to permit moving 
 around the smallest radius curve with ease. 
 
 The track is the most substantial of any made for the purpose, 
 being so constructed as to make it impossible for the wheels of 
 the carrier to get off the track. 
 
 The trolley is hung on ball bearings and very easily and 
 readily moved. 
 
 By means of switches, curves, turntables and crosses the sys¬ 
 tem can be made to meet any carrying condition required. 
 
 It is furnished in various sizes to carry any load desired. 
 
 109 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Blacksmith and Box Shop Equipment 
 
 Blacksmith Forges; sheet 
 steel bases, cones and chim¬ 
 neys. 
 
 Anvils, hand bellows, 
 tuyere irons, blacksmiths’ 
 sledges, hammers, chisels, 
 mandrels, punches, files, 
 vises and all special tools 
 and handles. 
 
 Forge Blowers (Figs. 142 
 and 143), complete with 
 motor or countershaft and 
 
 Forge Blower. (Motor Driven) pulleys. 
 
 Pressure Blowers for 
 
 hand power. 
 
 iRip Saws, swinging cut-off saws, countershafts, pulleys, 
 hangers and belting. 
 
 Box-Printing presses. 
 
 Stencils, stamps and dies. 
 
 Stencil Cutters and paper. 
 
 Coburn Trolleys (Fig. 141), track and hangers for handling 
 heavy packages. 
 
 Box Trucks; warehouse trucks, (Figs. 116-118). 
 
 Fig. 143 
 
 P'orge Blower. (Belt Driven) 
 
 110 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Tank and Furnace Blocks, Boots, Etc. 
 
 Tank flux blocks, bottom blocks and refractory blocks. 
 Refractory furnace blocks for pot furnaces. 
 
 Pillar, arch and cap blocks; eye blocks. 
 
 Bench clay, mortar clay, prepared for use. 
 
 ^ Pot-setting brick, jack brick, flue rings. 
 
 Floaters (Figs. 144 and 145), gathering rings, and boots of 
 all sizes and patterns. 
 
 Ring shades, pot stoppers and rings. 
 
 Flattening stones, American or Belgian make. 
 
 Shade stones for flattening ovens. 
 
 Missouri Fire Clays, in lump or ground in barrels. 
 
 Producer hopper and poke-hole blocks. 
 
 Fire Brick of all grades, all standard shapes. 
 
 Silica Brick, both 12" and 9" series of shapes. 
 
 Corundite in all 9" brick shapes. Special brick shapes. 
 Blocks of special design for tank and furnace construction. 
 Prepared for use in mending furnaces, lining pots and for 
 special purposes where other material has failed. 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 111 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Floaters for Glass Melting Tanks 
 
 112 
 
 Fig. 145. Two-Piece Floater 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 146. “E" Block—Top of Ports 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 “X” Dimension = 24''for 24'^ Flues 
 “X” “ = 16" “ 16" •• 
 
 Fig. 148. Skew Block for Tunnels in Dixon Double Division Wall 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 “X” Dimension = 36", 42" or 48" 
 
 113 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 149. Doghouse Mantle Block 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 Fig. 150. Doghouse Corner or “L” Block 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 Made in 18" and 24" sizes 
 
 114 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 152. “C” Block—Covering Division Wall 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 “X” Dimension = 12'^, 18" or 24'^ Air Space 
 
 Fig. 153. Tank-wall Block over Spout 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 154. “B" Block—Top and Bottom of Dixon Square Spout 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 “X” Dimension = 12^', 18" or 24" 
 
 115 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 155. No. 1 Tank-wall Tuckst(jne 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 Fig. 156. No. 2 Tank-wall Tuckstone 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 Fig. 157. No. 3 Tank-wall Tuckstone 
 
 (Dixon Pattern) 
 
 116 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 117 
 
 Fig. 158. “Dixon” Spout, Semi-circular or Square 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 118 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Gatherers’ Boots 
 
 T hese boots are made of various shapes 
 and sizes and may be ordered as desired. 
 The size of hood or depth may be changed to 
 suit conditions. The deeper the boot, the stiffer 
 the glass will be. The deep boots are used for 
 gatherers of large ware, and are provided with 
 openings above the glass for regulating the 
 temperature within the boot. Others are very 
 shallow, and are only used to skim the surface 
 of the glass and to prevent sting-out. A deep 
 boot may be sawed off to any depth desired. 
 They can be placed in the furnace while it is in 
 operation, by previously heating them to nearly 
 the temperature of the furnace. 
 
 We illustrate on the following pages a num¬ 
 ber of the stock sizes in common use. 
 
 119 
 
V 
 
 EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Dixon Boot 
 
 Fig. 160 
 
 Fig. 161 
 
 120 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Star Boot 
 
 Fig. 168 
 
 Fig. 164 
 
 Fig. 165 
 
 121 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Circular Boot 
 
 Fig. 166 
 
 Fig. 167 
 
 Fig. 16S 
 

 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Diamond Boot 
 
 Fig. 169 
 
 27 
 
 Fig. 170 
 
 Fig. 171 
 
 123 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 McLaughlin Boot 
 
 Fig. 172 
 
 Fig. 17B 
 
 Fig. 174 
 
 124 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Carolina Boot 
 
 Fig. 175 
 
 Fig. 176 
 
 125 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fox Boot 
 
 Fig. 178 
 
 Fig. 179 
 
 126 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Humphrey Boot 
 
 Fig. 181 
 
 Fig. 182 
 
 Fig. 183 
 
 127 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 McKee Boot 
 
 Fig. 184 
 
 Fig. 186 
 
 
 128 
 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Whitney Boot 
 
 Fig. 187 
 
 Fig. 188 
 
 Fig. 189 
 
 129 • 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Silica and Fire Clay Brick 
 
 Nine Inch Series 
 
 Large Nine Inch 
 
 f'ig. 191 
 
 Regular Nine Inch 
 
 Small Nine Inch 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 No. 1 Split 
 
 8 
 
 Fig. 193 
 
 130 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 No. 2 Split 
 
 Fig. 194 
 
 Soap 
 
 Fig. 195 
 
 No. 1 Wedge 
 
 diameter inside 
 102 brick to the circle 
 
 No. 2 Wedge 
 
 diameter inside 
 63 brick to the circle 
 
 131 
 
 9 
 
 Fig. 197 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 198 
 
 No. 1 Arch 
 
 diameter inside 
 72 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig.199 
 
 No. 2 Arch 
 
 2^-0" diameter inside 
 42 brick to the circle 
 
 
 Fig. 200 
 
 No. 1 Key 
 
 12'-0^' diameter inside 
 112 brick to the circle 
 
 No. 2 Key 
 diameter inside 
 65 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 201 
 
 132 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 No. 3 Key 
 
 diameter inside 
 41 brick to the circle 
 
 No. 4 Key 
 
 I'-IO" diameter inside 
 26 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 202 
 
 Fig. 203 
 
 No. 1 (End) Skew 
 
 Fig. 204 
 
 No. 2 (Side) Skew 
 
 133 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 206 
 
 No. 3 (Edge) Skew 
 
 Miscellaneous Fire Clay Shapes 
 
 No. 1 Circle 
 
 33'' diameter outside 
 24" diameter inside 
 11 brick to the circle 
 
 No. 2 Circle 
 
 45" diameter outside 
 36" diameter inside 
 14 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 208 
 
 Fig. 209 
 
 No. 3 Circle 
 
 57" diameter outside 
 48" diameter inside 
 20 brick to the circle 
 
 134 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 No. 4 Circle 
 
 69^' diameter outside 
 60" diameter inside 
 23 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 210 
 
 No. 1 Cupola 
 
 42'^ diameter outside 
 30" diameter inside 
 16 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 211 
 
 No. 2 Cupola 
 
 48" diameter outside 
 36^^ diameter inside 
 17 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 212 
 
 No. 3 Cupola 
 
 60" diameter outside 
 48" diameter inside 
 21 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 213 
 
 135 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 214 
 
 No. 4 Cupola 
 
 72'' diameter outside 
 60" diameter inside 
 25 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 215 
 
 No. 5 Cupola 
 
 84" diameter outside 
 72" diameter inside 
 29 brick to tlie circle 
 
 13 ' Series 
 
 Fig. 216 
 
 13/4" Straight 
 
 13'/2" No. 2 Key 
 12'-0" diameter inside 
 90 brick to the circle 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 IVA' No. 4 Key 
 6^-0^' diameter inside 
 52 brick to the circle 
 
 Fig. 218 
 
 Regenerator Tile 
 
 Fig. 219 
 
 The following sizes kept in stock: 
 
 16 X 6 X 3 20 X 6 X 3 24 x 6 x 3 
 
 18 x6x3 21 x6x3 24 x9 x3 
 
 19 x6x3 22 x6x3 26 x9x3 
 
 All other sizes made to order 
 
 Silica Shapes 
 
 Twelve Inch Series 
 
 12'^ Straight 
 
 137 
 
 Fig. 220 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fig. 222 
 
 Fig. 223 
 
 12^' Side Arch 
 
 : 12 
 
 CD 
 
 L 
 
 1 a 
 
 12'^ No. 1 Key 
 
 Fig. 224 
 
 138 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 225 
 
 Fig. 227 
 
 139 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Muffle Tile 
 
 All 16" Lengths 
 
 Fig.229 
 
 D. F. Bottom Tile 
 
 Fig. 230 
 
 Bottom Side Tile 
 
 140 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fig. 232 
 
 Roof Tile 
 
 141 
 

 i 
 
SUPPLEMENT OF 
 
 TABLES AND 
 USEFUL INFORMATION 
 
Supplement of 
 Valuable Tables and Useful 
 Information 
 
 N presenting this addition to 
 our general catalogue, we have 
 endeavored to furnish such 
 important tables and general 
 information as would be of assistance to 
 our friends in the glass industry. 
 
 The matter herein added has been care¬ 
 fully selected, condensed and simplified, 
 useless repetition and technical phraseol¬ 
 ogy have been, as far as possible, avoided. 
 
 The best references available have 
 been investigated, and where so many 
 authorities have been consulted, the com¬ 
 bination of all in the condensed scope 
 of this work precludes special reference 
 to most of them. 
 
 Trusting that our efforts will be of 
 some assistance to you in your every-day 
 calculations, we subscribe ourselves, 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 n. L. Dixon Company 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Brick Work 
 
 General Information 
 
 A standard fire brick (9 inches straight) weighs 7 pounds. 
 
 A standard silica brick weighs 6.2 pounds. 
 
 A standard magnesia brick weighs 9 pounds. 
 
 A standard chrome brick weighs 10 pounds. 
 
 A silica brick expands ^ inch per foot when heated to 1,500° F. 
 
 In the process of manufacture, clay brick will expand or shrink, depend¬ 
 ent upon the proportion of silica to alumina contained in the brick; but 
 most fire clay brick contain alumina sufficient to show some shrinkage. 
 
 Under high temperatures fire brick will expand slightly but silica brick 
 much more so. Therefore be careful of furnace stays. 
 
 Good brickwork depends much on the following points: 
 
 Use of good fire clay (equal in refractoriness to the brick itself) 
 applied very thin, preferably dipped and rubbed close. 
 
 Silica brick, when necessary, should be laid in silica cement and with 
 the smallest joint possible. 
 
 All fire brick should be kept in a dry place, moisture, especially in cold 
 weather, will greatly injure any brick. 
 
 New brickwork should be dried out slowly and thoroughly by air, 
 when time will permit. When the fires are lighted, it should be warmed 
 up slowly to expel moisture, before applying severe heat. This is espe¬ 
 cially true of the Benches. 
 
 Old brickwork may be heated more rapidly, unless during the shut-down 
 it has absorbed moisture, in which case gradual heating is advisable. 
 
 The refractoriness of silica brick is greatly decreased by sudden heating. 
 
 Furnaces should be cooled slowly. 
 
 Cold air after extreme heat is the hardest test on good fire brick. 
 
 Lighter burned fire clay brick in roofs will usually give better service 
 than hard burned brick. 
 
 The following notes will be found useful in approximating on fire 
 brickwork: 
 
 Brickwork is generally measured by 1,000 brick laid in the wall. In 
 consequence of variations in size of brick, no rule for volume of laid 
 brick can be exact. The following scale, however, is a fair average: 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 Common brick to a super. 
 
 ii a i( n 
 
 a n a n 
 
 ti a a a 
 
 u a a it 
 
 ft. 4-inch wall. 
 
 ii Q it ii 
 
 u ,< 
 
 “ 18 “ 
 
 ii OO ii ii 
 
 One cubic foot of wall requires 17 9-inch brick; one cubic yard 
 requires 460. Where wedges, arches and keys are used, add 10 per cent 
 in estimating the number required. 
 
 Corners are not measured twice as in stonework. Openings over 2 
 feet square are deducted. Arches are counted from the spring. Fancy 
 work counted 1)4 brick as 1. Pillars are measured on their face only. 
 
 145 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 One yard of paving requires 36 stock brick, of size 8^ x 4J4 x 2 % 
 laid flat, or 52 on edge; and 35 paving brick laid flat, or 62 on edge. 
 
 One cubic foot of red brickwork, with common mortar, weighs from 
 100 to 110 pounds. 
 
 1 cubic foot fire clay brickwork weighs 150 pounds. 
 
 1 cubic foot silica brickwork weighs 130 pounds. 
 
 1,000 brick closely stacked occupies 56 cubic feet. 
 
 1,000 brick loosely stacked occupies 72 cubic feet. 
 
 Shipments 
 
 Carload shipments usually make better time in transit from shipping 
 point to destination than less than carload. 
 
 The minimum carload of clay or brick is 40,000 pounds. 
 
 Clay for shipment by boat or less than carload by rail must be sacked 
 or barreled. 
 
 Cement, Lime, Mortar, Etc. 
 
 Lime mortar consists of one part of lime and not more than four parts 
 of sand. 
 
 All lime used for mortar should be thoroughly burnt, of good quality 
 and properly slaked and run off before it is mixed with sand. 
 
 Lime will absorb one-fourth of its own weight of water before it is 
 thoroughly slaked and will expand to two or three times its lump size. 
 
 In mixing concrete or mortar the following sizes and capacities of 
 boxes, bins, etc., may be found useful: 
 
 Length 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Depth 
 
 Capacity 
 
 8 feet 0 inches 
 
 4 feet 0 inches 
 
 2 feet 0 inches 
 
 16 bbls. 
 
 5 “ 0 “ 
 
 3 “ 0 “ 
 
 2 “ 0 “ 
 
 6 “ 
 
 24 “ 
 
 16 “ 
 
 28 “ 
 
 1 “ 
 
 26 “ 
 
 15 “ 
 
 8 
 
 X “ 
 
 One ton of ground fire clay should be sufficient to lay 3,000 ordinary 
 fire brick. 
 
 Thirteen bushels of mortar will lay 1,000 brick. 
 
 From 400 to 600 pounds of fire clay or silica cement is enough to 
 lay up 1,000 brick. Fine ground fire clay should be used for laying up 
 fire clay brick and silica cement for silica brick. 
 
 A cubic yard of mortar requires one cubic yard of sand and nine 
 bushels of lime, and will fill 30 hods. 
 
 Twenty-seven cubic feet or 1 cubic yard is equal to a single load of 
 sand, also equal to 21 bushels. 
 
 Earth and clay increases in bulk about when dug; sand and 
 gravel 1/10. 
 
 14 (> 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Miscellaneous Weights, Etc. 
 
 Cement (Hydraulic) Rosendale, weighs per bbl.280 lbs. 
 
 “ “ Louisville, “ “ “ 248 “ 
 
 “ “ German Portland, “ “ “ 384 “ 
 
 “ “ American, “ “ “ 288 “ 
 
 Gypsum, ground. “ “ “ 280 “ 
 
 Lime, loose . “ “ “ 280 “ 
 
 Lime, well shaken. “ “ “ 320 “ 
 
 Sand, at 98 lbs. per square foot . “ “ “ 490 “ 
 
 Sustaining Power of Soils 
 
 Rock, two hundred tons per square foot. 
 
 Gravel, eight tons per square foot. 
 
 Sand, four tons per square foot. 
 
 Clay, four tons per square foot. 
 
 Soft clay, one ton per square foot. 
 
 Stone, Concrete, Clay Pottery, Etc. 
 
 In a standard perch of stone there are 24^^ cubic feet, but 2^ cubic 
 feet are generally allowed the quarrymen for the mortar and filling. In 
 some communities a short perch of 16)4 cubic feet is used. 
 
 147 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Material Required 
 
 For One Cubic Yard Rammed Concrete 
 
 Mixtures 
 
 Stone 
 
 1 inch and Under 
 Dust Screened Out 
 
 Stone 
 
 2'4 inches and Under 
 Dust Screened Out 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Yx inch and Under 
 Screened or VVashed 
 
 Cement 
 
 Sand 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cement 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 
 Cu. Yds. 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cu. Y'ds. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 
 Cu. Yds. 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cu. Yds. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 Sand 
 
 Cu. Yds. 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Cu. Yds. 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.57 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.78 
 
 2.63 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 2.30 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.74 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.29 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.70 
 
 2.34 
 
 0.36 
 
 0,89 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.80 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.06 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.94 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.89 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.86 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.84 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.88 
 
 0.29 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.71 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.91 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.05 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.78 
 
 2.09 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.83 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.73 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.85 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.90 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.71 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.78 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.72 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.74 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.93 
 
 1.57 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.83 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.57 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.61 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.46 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.88 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.43 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.46 
 
 0.33 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.34 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.91 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.70 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.77 
 
 1.73 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.54 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.73 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.57 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.61 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.85 
 
 1.44 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.77 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.46 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.89 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.90 
 
 1.34 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.81 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.36 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.93 
 
 1.38 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.95 
 
 1.26 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.86 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 1.27 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.29 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.17 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.89 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.45 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.77 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.32 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.70 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.35 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.82 
 
 1.38 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.24 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.75 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.27 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.29 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.88 
 
 1.16 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.80 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 1.19 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.21 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.92 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.83 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.15 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.86 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.89 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.26 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.77 
 
 1.28 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.78 
 
 1.15 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.72 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.18 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.81 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.82 
 
 1.09 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.75 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.85 
 
 1.14 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.78 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.06 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.89 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.90 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.81 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.92 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.93 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.95 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.87 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.84 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.89 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 1.05 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.57 
 
 0.82 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.76 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.00 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.85 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.78 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 0.95 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.87 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.80 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.93 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.82 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.87 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.93 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.95 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.85 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 0.84 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.86 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.76 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.87 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.82 
 
 0.43 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.73 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.89 
 
 148 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 E* 
 
 Seger Cones 
 
 T he Seger cones were developed in Germany by Dr. Herman A. 
 Seger in his life work of putting the clay industry in that country 
 on a scientific basis. They are now made in this country by the 
 following table of chemical formulas and mixture. The analyses of his 
 Zettilitz Kaolin and Rackonitz shale clay, which in nature we term in this 
 country as plastic and flint clays, are as follows, and which he uses as his 
 standard : 
 
 
 Zettilitz Kaolin 
 
 Rackonitz 
 Shale Clay 
 
 Silica. 
 
 .46.87 
 
 62.50 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 .38.56 
 
 45.22 
 
 Lime. 
 
 
 0.50 
 
 Iron Oxide. 
 
 .. 0.83 
 
 0.81 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 
 0.64 
 
 Potash 1 
 
 . 1.06 
 
 trace 
 
 Soda / 
 
 
 Loss ignition. 
 
 .12.73 
 
 0.78 
 
 
 100.06 
 
 100.35 
 
 Mechanical Analysis: Rackonitz Shale Clay. 
 
 99.27% Clay Substance. 
 
 0.73% Sand. 
 
 The clay therefore consists of pure clay substance. 
 
 The melting point of cones is dependent upon the ratio of alumina to 
 silica and the amount of fluxes contained. 
 
 Cone Numbers for Clay Working 
 
 The cone numbers used in the different branches of the clay-working 
 industry in the United States are approximately as follows; 
 
 Common brick. 012-01 
 
 Hard-burned, common brick. 1-2 
 
 Buff front brick . 5- 9 
 
 Hollow blocks and fireproofing. 03- 1 
 
 Terra Cotta. 02- 7 
 
 Conduits. 7- 8 
 
 White earthenware. 8- 9 
 
 Fire bricks. 6-18 
 
 Porcelain. 11-13 
 
 Red earthenware. 010-05 
 
 Stoneware. 6- 8 
 
 149 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Composition and Fusing-Points 
 
 of Seger Cones 
 
 
 
 (Henrich Ries) 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Cone 
 
 
 Composition 
 
 
 
 Fusing-point 
 °Fahr. °Cent. 
 
 .022 . 
 
 j 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 
 1 0.5Pb 0 f 
 
 
 / 2.0Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 
 .... 1,094 
 
 590 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 .021. 
 
 1 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 1 0.5Pb 0 f 
 
 0.1 AI2 O3 
 
 I 2.2Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 
 ....1,148 
 
 620 
 
 .020 . 
 
 1 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 
 \ 0.5Pb 0 f 
 
 0.2 AI2 O3 
 
 / 2.4Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 0. 
 
 O3 
 
 
 .... 1,202 
 
 650 
 
 .019. 
 
 [ 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 1 0.5Pb 0 ( 
 
 0.3 Al2 O3 
 
 J 2.6Si 
 
 1 1.06, 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 
 ....1,256 
 
 680 
 
 .018. 
 
 r 0.5Na, 0 \ 
 
 \ 0.5Pb‘ 0 /■ 
 
 0.4 AI2 O3 
 
 ( 2.8Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 0, 
 
 O3 
 
 
 ....1,310 
 
 710 
 
 .017. 
 
 J 0.5Na2 0 1 
 
 1 0.5Pb 0 f 
 
 0.5 AI2 O3 
 
 ( 3.0Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 
 ,...1,364 
 
 740 
 
 / O.SNa^ 0 1 
 .1 0.5Pb 0 / 
 
 0.55 Al2 O3 
 
 1 3.1 Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ,...1,418 
 
 770 
 
 j 0.5Na.2 O ^ 
 .1 0.5Pb O f 
 
 0 6 Al 0 3.2Si 
 
 U.t) AI2 U3 ^ J 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ...1,472 
 
 800 
 
 .014.^ 
 
 j 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 
 1 0.5Pb 0 / 
 
 0.65 AI2 O3 ■ 
 
 i 3.3Si 
 
 1 I.O62 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 1 
 
 / ••• 
 
 ...1,526 
 
 830 
 
 Ai q / 0.5Na2 O ( 
 
 .t 0.5Pb O / 
 
 0.7 AI2 O3 < 
 
 1 3.4Si 
 II.O62 
 
 0, 
 
 0; 
 
 }... 
 
 ...1,580 
 
 860 
 
 019 1 0.5Na2 0 ^ 
 
 .\ 0.5Pb 0 f 
 
 0.75 AI2 O3 { 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }■■■ 
 
 ...1,634 
 
 890 
 
 .011.^ 
 
 f 0.5Na2 0 \ 
 L 0.5Pb 0 / 
 
 0 8 Al 0 i 
 
 U.8AI2 U3 '11062 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ... 1,688 
 
 920 
 
 .010 .■{ 
 
 f 0.3K, 0 \ 
 
 1 0.7Ca“ 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 / 3.50Si 
 0.3 Al 2 O3 \0.50B2 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ...1,742 
 
 950 
 
 .09 .^ 
 
 f O.3K2 0 1 
 
 L 0.7Ca 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 1 3.50Si 
 0.3 Al 2 O3 10.4562 
 
 0, 
 
 0; 
 
 }... 
 
 ...1,778 
 
 970 
 
 .08 .] 
 
 f O.3K2 0 1 
 
 L 0.7Ca 0 / 
 
 0.2 Fe 2 O3 i 3.60Si 
 0.3 Al 2 O3 \ 0.406 2 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 )... 
 
 ...1,814 
 
 990 
 
 .07 .j 
 
 r 0.3K2 0 1 
 
 L 0.7Ca 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 j 3.65Si 
 0.3 Al 2 O3 10.3562 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ...1,850 
 
 1,010 
 
 .06 .j 
 
 1 O.3K2 0 \ 0.2 Fe2 O3 ^ 
 L 0.7Ca 0 f 0.3 AI2 O3 ^ 
 
 r 3.70Si 
 [ 0.306 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ... 1,886 
 
 1,030 
 
 .05 .<1 
 
 ^ O.3K2 0 \ 0.2 Fe2 O3 J 
 ^ 0.7Ca 0 j 0.3 AI2 O3 1 
 
 ( 3.75Si 
 
 1 0.2562 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 
 ... 1,922 
 
 1,050 
 
 .04 .<1 
 
 O.3K2 0 \ 
 0.7Ca 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 J 
 0.3 AI2 O3 1 
 
 I 3.80Si 
 
 1 O.2O62 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ... 1,958 
 
 1,070 
 
 .03 .^ 
 
 0.3K2 0 1 
 , 0.7Ca 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 J 
 0.3 Al 2 O3 1 
 
 3.85Si 
 : 0.1562 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 .. .1,994 
 
 1,090 
 
 .02 .1 
 
 0.3K2 0 1 
 _ 0.7Ca 0 / 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 J 
 0.3 AI2 O3 1 
 
 3.90Si 
 
 ^0.1062 
 
 O2 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 ...2,030 
 
 1,110 
 
 .{ 
 
 O.3K2 0 1 
 0.7Ca 0 f 
 
 0.2 Fe2 O3 J 
 0.3 AI2 O3 1 
 
 3.95Si 
 , 0.0562 
 
 O3 
 
 O3 
 
 }... 
 
 .. .2,066 
 
 1,130 
 
 1 / O.3K2 0 1 0.2 Fe^ O3 J 
 
 ^ .1 0.7Ca 0 / 0.3 AI2 O3 1 
 
 4 Si O2 
 
 
 
 ...2,102 
 
 1,150 
 
 2 .1 
 
 0.3K2 0 1 
 0.7Ca 0 1 
 
 0.1 Fcj O3 j 
 
 0.4 AI2 O3 \ 
 
 4 Si O2 
 
 
 
 .. .2,138 
 
 1,170 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 » .{ 
 
 0.3K2 0 \ 
 0.7Ca 0 j 
 
 0.05 66303 f 
 O.45AI2O3 1 
 
 4 Si O2 
 
 
 
 ...2,174 
 
 1,190 
 
 150 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Composition and Fusing-Points of Seger Cones 
 
 No. of 
 
 Cone 
 
 4. < 
 
 i O. 3 K 2 
 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 Composition 
 
 Q j 0.5AUO3 
 
 4Si 
 
 O 2 ... 
 
 Fusing-point 
 “Fahr. “Cent. 
 
 .2,210 1,210 
 
 5.- 
 
 1 O. 3 K 2 
 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 0 . 5 AI 2 O 3 
 
 5Si 
 
 O 2 ... 
 
 .2,246 
 
 1,230 
 
 6 i 0.SK, 
 
 .\ 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 0.6 AI 2 O 3 
 
 6Si 
 
 O 2 ... 
 
 .2,282 
 
 1,250 
 
 7 i 0.3K, 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 } 0.7 AI .2 O 3 
 
 7Si 
 
 o„ 
 
 9 .ms 
 
 1,270 
 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 V-/2 • • • 
 
 
 8.< 
 
 1 0.3K, 
 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 0.8 A1 2 O 3 
 
 8Si 
 
 O 2 .... 
 
 .2,354 
 
 1,290 
 
 9.< 
 
 r 0.3K, 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 } 0.9 AI 2 O 3 
 
 9Si 
 
 O 2 ..., 
 
 .2,390 
 
 1,310 
 
 10 i 0-3K2 
 
 .\ 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 } 1.0 AI 2 O 3 
 
 lOSi 
 
 O 2 ..., 
 
 .2,426 
 
 1,330 
 
 11 .^ 
 
 r 0.3K, 
 
 1 0.7Ca' 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 j> 1.2 AI 2 O 3 
 
 12Si 
 
 O 2 ..., 
 
 .2,462 
 
 1,350 
 
 12.. 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 1. 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 1 . 4 AI 2 O 3 
 
 14Si 
 
 O 2 ..., 
 
 .2,498 
 
 1,370 
 
 18 / 0-3K. 
 
 .( 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 I'l.e AI 2 O 3 
 
 16Si 
 
 0,.... 
 
 .2,534 
 
 1,390 
 
 . 1 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 i 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 1.8 AI 2 O 3 
 
 18Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 .2,570 
 
 1,410 
 
 15 i 0-3K. 
 
 .1 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 [ 2.1 AI 2 O 3 
 
 21Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 .2,606 
 
 1,430 
 
 16.i 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 [ 0.7Ca 
 
 0 
 
 0 , 
 
 [ 2.4 AI 2 O 3 
 
 24Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 _2,642 
 
 1,450 
 
 . ] 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 1 0.7Ca 
 
 0 ^ 
 0 J 
 
 [ 2.7 AI 2 O 3 
 
 27Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 _2,678 
 
 1,470 
 
 '8 . 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 L 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 0 J 
 
 [ 3.1 AI 2 O 3 
 
 31Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 ....2,714 
 
 1,490 
 
 . \ 
 
 r 0 . 3 K 2 
 
 ^ 0.7Ca 
 
 0 }y. 5 Al 2 O 3 
 
 35Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 ....2,750 
 
 1,510 
 
 20.j 
 
 [ O. 3 K 2 
 : 0.7Ca 
 
 0 }3.9 AI 2 O 3 
 
 39Si 
 
 02 .... 
 
 ....2,786 
 
 1,530 
 
 . i 
 
 ■ O. 3 K 2 
 ^ 0.7Ca 
 
 § j4.4 AI 2 O 3 
 
 44Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ...2,822 
 
 1,550 
 
 22.j 
 
 ^ O. 3 K 2 
 , 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 0 J 
 
 U.9 AI 2 O 3 
 
 49Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....2,858 
 
 1,570 
 
 23.j 
 
 ^ O. 3 K 2 
 . 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 0 J 
 
 ^5.4 AI 2 O 3 
 
 54Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....2,894 
 
 1,590 
 
 24. 1 
 
 ' 0.3K, 
 
 ^ 0.7Ca‘ 
 
 8 } 6.0 AI 2 O 3 
 
 60Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....2,930 
 
 1,610 
 
 25.<j 
 
 ' O. 3 K 2 
 , 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 0 ) 
 
 ^ 6.6 AI 2 O 3 
 
 66Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....2,966 
 
 1,630 
 
 26. { 
 
 O. 3 K 2 
 , 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 
 0 J 
 
 >7.2 AI 2 O 3 
 
 72Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....3,002 
 
 1,650 
 
 27. 1 
 
 ' O. 3 K 2 
 _ 0.7Ca 
 
 0 1 
 0 1 
 
 >20 AI 2 O 3 
 
 200Si 
 
 02.... 
 
 ....3,038 
 
 1,670 
 
 151 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Composition and Fusing-Points of Seger Cones 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 No. of 
 
 Cone 
 
 
 Composition 
 
 Fusing-point 
 °Fahr. °Cent. 
 
 28 . 
 
 / 0.3K., 
 
 0 ( 
 
 AI2 O3 lOSi O2 .... 
 
 .3,074 
 
 1,690 
 
 
 . \ 0.7Ca 
 
 
 
 29 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 lOSi O2. 
 
 .3,110 
 
 1,710 
 
 30 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 8Si O2. 
 
 .3,146 
 
 1,730 
 
 31 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 6Si O2. 
 
 .3,182 
 
 1,750 
 
 32 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 5Si O2. 
 
 .3,218 
 
 1,770 
 
 33 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 3Si O2. 
 
 .3,254 
 
 1,790 
 
 34 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 2.5Si O2. 
 
 .3,290 
 
 1,810 
 
 35 . 
 
 .Al, 
 
 O3 
 
 2Si O2. 
 
 .3,326 
 
 1,830 
 
 36 . 
 
 .AI2 
 
 O3 
 
 1.5Si O2. 
 
 
 1,850 
 
 37 . 
 
 
 
 
 .3,398 
 
 1,880 
 
 38 . 
 
 
 
 
 .3,434 
 
 1,910 
 
 39 . 
 
 
 
 
 .3,470 
 
 1,940 
 
 Elements Corresponding to the Symbols 
 Appearing in the Foregoing Table 
 
 Name 
 
 Symbol 
 
 Name 
 
 Symbol 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 .(AI2 O3) 
 
 Lime. 
 
 .(Ca O) 
 
 Borax . 
 
 .(B3 O3) 
 
 Potash. 
 
 . (K2 O) 
 
 Ferric Oxide. 
 
 .(Fe2 O3) 
 
 Silica. 
 
 .(Si O2) 
 
 Lead. 
 
 .(Pb O) 
 
 Soda.. 
 
 .(Naj O3) 
 
 152 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Table of 
 
 The Elements and their Atomic Weights 
 
 Name 
 
 Symbol 
 
 Atomic 
 
 Weight 
 
 0 = 16 
 
 11 
 
 Name 
 
 Symbol 
 
 .‘\tomic 
 
 Weight 
 
 0=16 
 
 Aluminium. 
 
 A1 
 
 27.1 
 
 Neodymium. 
 
 Nd 
 
 143.6 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 I Sb 
 
 120.2 
 
 1 Neon. 
 
 Ne 
 
 20. 
 
 Argon. 
 
 1 A 
 
 39.9 
 
 Nickel . 
 
 Ni 
 
 58.7 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 As 
 
 76.0 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 N 
 
 14 04 
 
 Barium. 
 
 Ba 
 
 137.4 
 
 Osmium 
 
 
 191 
 
 Bismuth . 
 
 Bi 
 
 208.5 
 
 Oxvgen 
 
 o 
 
 16 00 
 
 Boron. 
 
 B 
 
 11.0 
 
 Pa lladinm 
 
 Pd 
 
 lOfi .'i 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 Br 
 
 79.96 
 
 Phosphnnis 
 
 p 
 
 31 0 
 
 Cadmium. 
 
 ; Cd 
 
 112.4 
 
 Platinum. 
 
 Pt 
 
 194.8 
 
 Caesium. 
 
 Cs 
 
 132.9 
 
 Potassium. 
 
 K 
 
 39.15 
 
 Calcium. 
 
 1 Ca 
 
 40.1 
 
 Praseodymium... 
 
 Pr 
 
 140.5 
 
 Carbon . 
 
 I ^ 
 
 12.00 
 
 Radium. 
 
 Ra 
 
 225. 
 
 Cerium. 
 
 Ce 
 
 140.25 
 
 Rhodium. 
 
 Rh 
 
 103.0 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Cl 
 
 35.45 
 
 Rubidium. 
 
 Rb 
 
 85.5 
 
 Chromium. 
 
 Cr 
 
 52.1 
 
 Ruthenium . 
 
 Ru 
 
 101.7 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 Co 
 
 59.0 
 
 Samarium. 
 
 Sm 
 
 150.3 
 
 Columbium. 
 
 Cb 
 
 94. 
 
 Scandium . 
 
 Sc 
 
 44.1 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Cu 
 
 63.6 
 
 Selenium. 
 
 Se 
 
 79.2 
 
 Erbium . 
 
 Er 
 
 166. 
 
 Silicon. 
 
 Si 
 
 28.4 
 
 Fluorine. 
 
 F 
 
 19. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Ag 
 
 107.93 
 
 Gadolinium. 
 
 Gd 
 
 156. 
 
 Sodium. . . 
 
 Na 
 
 23 05 
 
 Gallium. 
 
 Ga 
 
 70. 
 
 Strontium . 
 
 Sr 
 
 87.6 
 
 Germanium . 
 
 Ge 
 
 72.5 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 S 
 
 32.06 
 
 Glucinum. 
 
 G1 
 
 9.1 
 
 Tantalum . 
 
 Ta 
 
 183. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Au 
 
 197.2 
 
 Tellurium. 
 
 Te 
 
 127.6 
 
 Helium. 
 
 He 
 
 4. 
 
 T erbium 
 
 Tr 
 
 160 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 H 
 
 1.008 i 
 
 Tha 1 Hum 
 
 T1 
 
 204 1 
 
 Indium. 
 
 In 
 
 116. 
 
 Thorium 
 
 Th 
 
 232 5 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 I 
 
 126 97 1 
 
 Thulium 
 
 
 171 
 
 Iridium. 
 
 Ir 
 
 193.0 
 
 Tin 
 
 
 119 0 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Fe 
 
 65 9 
 
 Titanium 
 
 Ti 
 
 4.8 1 
 
 Krypton. 
 
 Kr 
 
 81,8 
 
 T ungsten 
 
 W 
 
 184 
 
 Lanthanum. 
 
 La 
 
 138.9 
 
 Uranium 
 
 T J 
 
 ‘>38 5 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Pb 
 
 206 9 
 
 Vanadium 
 
 V 
 
 51 2 
 
 Lithium. 
 
 Li 
 
 7 03 1 
 
 Xenon 
 
 X 
 
 128 
 
 Magnesium. 
 
 Mg 
 
 24.36 
 
 Ytterbium 
 
 Yb 
 
 173 0 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 Mn 
 
 55.0 
 
 Yttrium 
 
 Y 
 
 89 0 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Hg 
 
 200.00 
 
 Zinc 
 
 
 65 4 
 
 Molybdenum. 
 
 Mo 
 
 96.00 
 
 1 
 
 Zirconium. 
 
 Zr 
 
 90 6 
 
 153 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASS HOUSE 
 
 Special Glasshouse Data 
 
 Temperature Constants for Glass Working 
 
 Fahr. Cent. 
 
 Glass Furnace, between pots . 2507 1375 
 
 In the pots, refining . 2390 1310 
 
 In the pots, working. 1913 1045 
 
 Fahr. Cent. 
 
 Annealing Glassware.800° to 1000° 444° to 555° 
 
 Rule for calculating amount of invoice for Soda Ash 58%, billed at 
 certain price based on 48% Soda Ash. 
 
 Rule ; 
 
 Divide value @ 48% base of invoice by 6. 
 
 Divide quotient by 4. 
 
 Add dividend and two quotients. 
 
 Result = Value 58%. 
 
 Example : 
 
 James Ashley Co. 
 
 10 bbls. 58% Soda Ash. 
 
 4830 lbs. @ 85 cents 48% base = $49.61. 
 
 4830 X 85 cents = $41.0550. 
 
 $41.0550 -p 6 = 6.8425. 
 
 6.8425 ^ 4 = 1.71062. 
 
 41.0550 + $6.8425 + $1.71062 = $49,608 for 58%. 
 
 Washing Iron from Chest Cullet 
 
 The following process of washing iron from chest cullet should be 
 conducted in a wash house located outside of the factory building and 
 as near to the boiler or boilers as possible. 
 
 The former is advisable on account of the obnoxious fumes given off 
 during the washing process and the latter, for the sake of economy in the 
 use of steam. 
 
 Select a common oil barrel, replace the iron hoops with copper hoops; 
 bore a hole near the bottom to drain the acid solution after washing; and 
 provide a wooden plug to close the hole while washing. 
 
 As dry steam must be used to boil the solution, insert a piece of ^-inch 
 lead pipe about 4 feet long in the barrel through the top, which is left 
 open. The lead pipe should be placed within three or four inches of the 
 bottom and should be connected to steam pipe with a piece of rubber 
 hose so as to be casdy detached. A valve should be placed at a con¬ 
 venient point in the steam line to shut off steam. The barrel should be 
 mounted on two trunnions or spindles so as to be easily turned over to 
 discharge the glass contents. 
 
 154 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Operation 
 
 First plug hole in bottom, insert lead steam pipe; then fill with cullet; 
 pour in muriatic acid diluted with water 25% to 50% to almost cover the 
 glass; then turn on steam. In five minutes after the acid boils the steam 
 can be turned off, acid drained off and the glass taken out, leaving the 
 barrel ready for the next washing. 
 
 The washed glass should be well rinsed with water from a hose. 
 
 The glass should be dumped on a grating or perforated floor to enable 
 the water to drain off easily. The hole in the barrel for drawing off 
 the acid should be on the opposite side from the place where the glass is 
 dumped. The acid must be drained into a glass receptacle or a wooden 
 one with copper hoops. The receptacle should be provided with a hoist 
 for purposes of raising and pouring the acid back into the barrel. The 
 acid can be used repeatedly, but it must be understood that the acid is 
 weakened each time by condensation of steam, diluting it with water so 
 that it is necessary to occasionally renew the old solution by the addi¬ 
 tion of a little new stock. 
 
 If the above is rigged up in the right manner two men can, in a day’s 
 time, wash a week’s accumulated glass from one furnace. 
 
 Precautions 
 
 Use only lead, wood, glass or rubber in the acid. Do not use anything 
 with iron in it. The men can wear rubber gloves and boots. While 
 copper may be used, it will not entirely resist the action of the acid. 
 
 Painting 
 
 For outside woodwork, paint made from white lead, ground in linseed 
 oil, is most used. If the oil is raw, or unboiled, dryer is added; if boiled, 
 no dryer is necessary. Not less than four coats should be applied, five 
 are better. 
 
 Paint, ready mixed, put up in cans or kegs, may be procured from 
 manufacturers or dealers. These paints have to be thinned by adding one 
 pint of oil to about 2^ pounds of paint. When thinned, one pound 
 will cover about two square yards of first coat, three yards of second and 
 four yards of each subsequent coat; or 1^ pounds to the square yard 
 will be required for four coats and 1|4 pounds for five coats. 
 
 For inside work, whether white lead or oxide of zinc is used, and for 
 good work four coats are necessary. 
 
 For iron exposed to the weather, metallic paints, such as yellow and red 
 iron ochres or brown hematite ore, finely pulverized and mixed with oil or 
 dryer, are best. 
 
 For black iron, galvanized iron and tin surfaces, one gallon of paint 
 will cover 250 to 350 square feet as a first coat, depending on the character 
 of the surface, and from 360 to 450 as a second coat. 
 
 For iron subject to the action of water, red lead is best. 
 
 165 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Plastered walls should stand a year before painting. 
 
 Painting is measured by the square yard, girding every part of the work 
 that is covered by paint and allowing an addition to the actual surface 
 for the difficulty of covering deep quirk of mouldings and for “cutting in” 
 as in sash and shelving, or where there is a change in color, on the same 
 work. 
 
 Washes 
 
 For outside woodwork. In a tight barrel, slake a half bushel of fresh 
 lime by pouring over it boiling water sufficient to cover it four or five 
 inches deep, stir until slaked; add two pounds of sulphate of zinc dis¬ 
 solved in water, add water enough to bring all to the consistency of thick 
 whitewash. 
 
 For inside woodwork. Add two quarts of thin size to a pail full of 
 wash just before using. A common practice of mixing salt with white¬ 
 wash should not be permitted. 
 
 For brick or stonework. Slake one-half bushel of lime, as before, in 
 a barrel; then fill the barrel two-thirds full of water and add a bushel of 
 hydraulic cement; add three pounds of sulphate of zinc dissolved in water. 
 These washes may be colored by adding powdered ochre, umber, etc. 
 
 156 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Mensuration 
 
 Weights and Measures 
 
 T he Standard Unit of the U. S. and British Linear Measure is the 
 yard. It was intended to be exactly the same for both countries, 
 but in reality the U. S. yard exceeds the British Standard by .0CX)87 
 inch. The actual standard of length of the U. S. is a brass scale 82 inches 
 long prepared for the Coast Survey and deposited in the office of Weights 
 and Measures at the U. S. Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. The 
 yard is between the 27th and 63rd inches of this scale. The temperature 
 at which this scale is designed to be standard, and at which it is used 
 in the Lh S. Coast Survey, is 62° Fahrenheit. 
 
 Dry Measure 
 
 Pints = 38.6 cubic inches. 
 
 2 = 1 quart = 67.2 cubic inches. 
 
 8=4 “ =1 gallon = 268.8 cubic inches. 
 
 16 = 8 “ =2 “ =1 peck = 637.6 cubic inches. 
 
 64 = 32 “ =8 “ =4 “ =1 bushel = 2150.4 cubic inches. 
 
 Note: The standard U. S. bushel is the Winchester bushel, which is in cylinder form, 
 18f4 inches diameter and eight inches deep and contains 2150 42-100 cubic inches. 
 
 Liquid or Wine Measure 
 Gills = 7.2187 cubic inches. 
 
 4 = 1 pint = 28.875 cubic inches. 
 
 8 = 2 “ = 1 quart = 57.75 cubic inches. 
 
 32 = 8 “ = 4 “ = 1 gallon = 231 cubic inches. 
 
 2016 = 404 “ = 252 “ = 63 “ =1 hogshead. 
 
 4032 = 1008 “ = 504 “ = 126 “ = 2 =1 pipe. 
 
 8064 = 2016 “ =1008 “ = 252 “ =4 “ = 2 “ = 1 tun. 
 
 Note: The standard Unit of Liquid Measure adopted by the U. S. Government is the 
 
 Winchester Wine Gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches and holds 8.3.39 pounds avoir, of 
 
 distilled water, at its maximum density, weighed in air, the barometer being at 30 inches. 
 
 The Imperial gallon adopted by Great Britain contains 277.274 cubic inches and 1.20032 
 U. S. gallons. 
 
 Inches 
 
 12 = 1 foot. 
 
 36 = 3 feet = 1 yard. 
 
 72 = 6 “ = 2 “ 
 
 198 = 16.6 “ = 5.6 “ 
 
 7920 = 660 “ = 220 “ 
 
 63360 =5280 “ =1760 “ 
 
 Long Measure 
 
 = 1 fathom. 
 
 = 2.75 “ = 1 perch or rod. 
 
 = 110 “ = 40 “ = 1 furlong. 
 
 = 880 “ = 320 “ = 8 “ =1 mile. 
 
 Inches Gunter’s Chain 
 
 7.92 = 1 link. 
 
 792 = 100 “ =1 chain. 
 
 63360 = 8000 “ =80 “ =1 mile. 
 
 Nautical Mile Nautical Measure 
 
 1 = 6086 feet. 
 
 3 = 1 league. 
 
 60 = 20 “ =1 degree = 69.16 English miles. 
 
 Square Inches Square Measure 
 
 144 = 1 sq. foot. 
 
 1296 = 9 feet = 1 sq. yard. 
 
 39204 = 272.25 “ = 30.25 “ = 1 sq. perch. 
 
 1568160 = 10890 “ = 1210 “ = 40 “ =1 sq. rod. 
 
 6272640 = 43660 “ = 4840 “ = 160 “ =4 sq. rod 
 
 An acre is 69.5701 yards square, or 208.710321 feet square. 
 
 A township is 6 miles square = 36 sections. 
 
 Section “ 1 mile “ = 640 acres. 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 “ I. 
 
 '2 
 
 = 160 
 = 40 
 
 1 acre. 
 
 157 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Solid Measure 
 
 Cubic Inches 
 
 1728= 1 cubic foot. 
 
 46656=27 cubic feet=l cubic yard. 
 
 2,150.42= 1 standard busliel. 
 
 268.8 = 1 standard gallon. 
 
 1 cubic foot=about ^ of a bushel. 
 
 128 cubic feet = l cord (wood). 
 
 Register Ton: For register tonnage or for measurement of the 
 entire internal capacity of a vessel. 
 
 100 cubic feet = l Register Ton. 
 
 Shipping Ton: For the measurement of cargo. 
 
 40 cubic feet = l U. S. Shipping Ton. 
 
 Troy Weight 
 
 Grains 
 24= 1 dwt. 
 
 480= 20 dwt.= 1 oz. 
 
 5760=240 dwt. = 12 oz. = l lb.=22.816 cubic inches of distilled water at 
 
 62° Fahr. 
 
 The U. S. standard of weight is the Troy pt)und and was copied in 1827 
 from the Imperial Troy pound of England for the use of the U. S. Mint, and 
 there deposited. It is standard in air, at 62° Fahr. the barometer at 30 inches. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight 
 
 Drachms 
 
 16= 1 oz.= 437.5 grains Troy 
 
 256= 16 oz.= 7000 grains = 1 lb. 
 
 6400= 400 oz.= 175000 grains = 25 lb.= 1 quarter. 
 
 25600= 1600 oz.= 700000 grains = 100 lb.= 4 “ =1 cvvt. 
 
 512000=32000 oz. = 14000000 grains =2000 lb.=80 “ =20 cwt.= 1 ton. 
 
 Grains 
 
 Apothecaries’ Weight 
 
 20= 1 scruple 
 
 60= 3 
 480= 24 
 5760=288 
 
 = 1 drachm 
 = 8 “ = 1 oz. 
 
 =96 “ =12 oz. = l lb. 
 
 Apothecaries’ Measure 
 
 30 min. =1 fluid drachm. 
 
 8 fluid drachms = l fluid ounce. 
 
 16 fluid ounces =1 pint. 
 
 8 pints =1 gallon. 
 
 45 drops, or a common teaspoonful, make about one fluid drachm; two 
 tablespoonfuls, about one fluid ounce; a wineglassful about fluid ounces 
 and a teacupful about four fluid ounces. 
 
 158 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Equivalents of Various Measures and Weights 
 
 
 U. S. 
 
 Gallon 
 
 Cubic Inch 
 
 Cubic Foot 
 
 Pound 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Ton 
 
 U. S. Gallon . . . 
 
 1. 
 
 231. 
 
 .133 
 
 8.33 
 
 .074.55 
 
 .00372 
 
 Cubic Inch .... 
 
 .1104329 
 
 1. 
 
 .000058 
 
 .03607 
 
 
 
 Cubic Foot . . 
 
 7.48 
 
 1728. 
 
 1. 
 
 62.35 
 
 .557 
 
 .028 
 
 Pound . 
 
 .083 
 
 27.72 
 
 .016 
 
 1. 
 
 .0089 
 
 .00044 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 13.44 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 112.00 
 
 1. 
 
 20. 
 
 Ton . 
 
 268.8 
 
 
 35.9 
 
 2240. 
 
 20. 
 
 1. 
 
 Equivalents of Surfaces and Volumes 
 
 Lineal feet. 
 
 “ yards . 
 
 Square inches . 
 
 “ feet. 
 
 “ yards . 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 “ feet .' . . 
 
 Circular inches. 
 
 Cyl. inches. 
 
 “ feet . 
 
 Links. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Width, in chains. 
 
 183346 circular inches. 
 
 2200 cylindrical inches. 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 “ inches . 
 
 U. S. gallons. 
 
 U. S. gallons. 
 
 Cubic feet . 
 
 “ inches. 
 
 Cyl. feet of water. 
 
 Lbs. Avoirdupois. 
 
 • Cubic feet of water. 
 
 “ inch of water. 
 
 Cyl. feet water. 
 
 Cyl. inch water. 
 
 13.44 U. S. gallons of water.. 
 
 268.8 “ “ •• '• . 
 
 1.8 cubic feet of water. 
 
 35.88 “ “ “ “ . 
 
 Column of water 12 inches high, and 1 inch in diameter . 
 U. S. bushel. 
 
 4 4 i ( 
 
 X 
 
 .00019 
 
 = 
 
 Miles 
 
 X 
 
 .00057 
 
 Z= 
 
 
 X 
 
 .007 
 
 — 
 
 Square feet 
 “ yards 
 
 X 
 
 .111 
 
 = 
 
 X 
 
 .0002067 
 
 = 
 
 Acres 
 
 X 
 
 .4840 
 
 =: 
 
 Square yards 
 
 X 
 
 .0<X)58 
 
 z= 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 X 
 
 .03704 
 
 = 
 
 “ yards 
 
 X 
 
 .00546 
 
 
 Square feet 
 
 X 
 
 .0004546 
 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 X 
 
 .0290tl 
 
 
 “ yards 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Yards 
 
 X 
 
 .66 
 
 = 
 
 Feet 
 
 X 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 Links 
 
 X 
 
 8. 
 
 = 
 
 Acres per mile 
 
 
 
 =r 
 
 1 square foot 
 
 
 
 
 1 cubic foot 
 
 X 
 
 7.48 
 
 
 U. S. gallons 
 
 X 
 
 .004329 
 
 = 
 
 U. S. gallons 
 
 X 
 
 .1336 ( 
 
 = 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 X 
 
 231. 
 
 
 “ inches 
 
 X 
 
 .8036 
 
 = 
 
 U. S. bushel 
 
 X 
 
 .000466 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 6. 
 
 
 U. S. gallons 
 
 X 
 
 .009 
 
 = 
 
 cwt. (112) 
 
 X 
 
 .00045 
 
 
 Tons (2240) 
 
 X 
 
 62.5 
 
 = 
 
 Lbs. Avoir. 
 
 X 
 
 .03617 
 
 = 
 
 *4 
 
 X 
 
 49.1 
 
 z= 
 
 4 4 4 » 
 
 X 
 
 .02842 
 
 = 
 
 4 4 4 4 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 cwt. 
 
 
 
 
 1 ton 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 cwt. 
 
 
 
 
 1 ton 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 .341 Lbs. 
 
 X 
 
 .0495 
 
 = 
 
 Cubic yards 
 
 X 
 
 1.2446 
 
 
 “ feet 
 
 X 
 
 21.50.42 
 
 = 
 
 inches 
 
 Area of rectangle = length X breadth. 
 
 Area of triangle = base X H perpendicular height. 
 
 Diameter of circle = radius X 2. 
 
 Circumference of circle = diameter X 3.1416. 
 
 Area of circle = square of diameter X .7854. 
 
 . . , , , area of circle X number of degrees in arc. 
 
 Area of sector of circle =--- 
 
 Area of surface of cylinder = circumference X length + area of two ends. 
 
 To find diameter of circle having given area: Divide the area by .78.54 and extract the sq. root. 
 To find the volume of a cylinder: Multiply the area of the section in square inches by the length 
 in inches = the volume in cubic inches. Cubic inches divided by 1728 = volume in cu. ft. 
 Surface of a sphere = square of diameter X 3.1416. 
 
 Solidity of a sphere = cube of diameter X ..5236. 
 
 Side of an inscribed cube = radius of a sphere X f.l547. 
 
 Area of the base of a pyramid or cone, whether round, square or triangular, multiplied by 
 one-third of its height = the solidity. 
 
 Diameter X .8862 = side of an equal square. 
 
 Diameter X .7071 = side of an inscribed square. 
 
 Radius X 6.2832 = circumference. 
 
 Circumference = 3.5446 X ' Area of circle. 
 
 Diameter = 1.1-.S3 X \ of circle. 
 
 Length of arc = No. of degrees X .017453 radius. 
 
 Degrees in arc whose length equals radius = 57° 2958'. 
 
 Length of an arc of 1° = radius X .017453. 
 
 “ “ “ “ 1 Min. = radius X .000290ft. 
 
 “ “ “ “ 1 Sec. = radius X .(KXtOOtS. 
 
 Proportion of circumference to diameter = 3.141.5926. 
 
 9.8696044. 1 / = 0.31831. 
 
 1.77245&S. 1 360 = .002778. 
 
 0.49715. 360 / = 114.59. 
 
 Log. 
 
 1.59 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 French or Metric System of Measures 
 
 T his system, first adopted by France, has been extensively adopted 
 by other countries, and is much used in the sciences and the arts. 
 It was legalized in 1866 by Congress to be used in the United 
 States, and is already employed by the Coast Survey, and to some extent 
 by the Mint and the General Post Office. The names of derived metric 
 denominations are formed by prefixing to the name of the primary unit 
 of a measure. 
 
 Mille (mill'e) a thousandth Hecto (hek'to) one hundred 
 
 Centi (sent'e) a hundredth Kilo (kilo) a thousand 
 
 Deci (des'e) a tenth Myria (mir'ea) ten thousand 
 
 Deka (dek'aj ten 
 
 Lineal Measure 
 
 
 Metres 
 
 U.S. Inches 
 
 Feet 
 
 Y ards 
 
 Miles 
 
 Millemetre*. 
 
 .001 
 
 .03937 
 
 .00328 
 
 
 
 Centimetret. 
 
 .01 
 
 .3937 
 
 .03280 
 
 
 
 Decimetre. 
 
 .1 
 
 3.937 
 
 .32807 
 
 .10936 
 
 
 Metre . 
 
 1. 
 
 39.3685 
 
 3.2807 
 
 1.09,36 
 
 
 Decametre. 
 
 10. 
 
 
 32.807 
 
 10.936 
 
 
 Hectometre . 
 
 100. 
 
 
 328.07 
 
 109.36 
 
 .0621347 
 
 Kilometre. 
 
 1000. 
 
 
 3280.7 
 
 1093.6 
 
 .6213466 
 
 Myriametre . 
 
 100(X). 
 
 
 32807. 
 
 10936. 
 
 6.213466 
 
 ^Nearly the 1 25 part of an inch. fFull inch. 
 
 Square Measure 
 
 
 Square 
 
 Metres 
 
 U.S. Square 
 Inches 
 
 Square 
 
 Feet 
 
 Square 
 
 Yards 
 
 .\cres 
 
 Square Centimetre. 
 
 Square Decimetre. 
 
 Centiare. 
 
 Are. 
 
 Hectare. 
 
 Square Kilometre. 
 
 Square Myriametre. 
 
 .01 
 
 .1 
 
 1. 
 
 10. 
 
 100. 
 
 .38607 
 
 38 607 
 
 .155 
 
 15.5 
 
 1549.88 
 
 1.54988. 
 
 ' .10763 
 10.763 
 1076.3 
 107630. 
 
 .01196 
 
 1.196 
 
 119.6 
 
 119.59. 
 
 .00025 
 
 .0247 
 
 2.47 
 
 247. 
 
 24708. 
 
 Cubic or Solid Measure 
 
 
 Cubic 
 
 .Metres 
 
 U. S. Cubic 
 Inches 
 
 U. S. Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 U. S. Cubic 
 Yards 
 
 Cubic Centimetre. 
 
 Cubic Decimetre. 
 
 Centistre. 
 
 Decistre. 
 
 Stere . 
 
 Decastere. 
 
 Hectostere. 
 
 .0001 
 
 .001 
 
 .01 
 
 .1 
 
 1. 
 
 10. 
 
 100. 
 
 .0610165 
 
 61.0165 
 
 610.165 
 
 6101.65 
 
 .353105 
 
 3..53105 
 35.3105 
 353.105 
 
 .i;3078 
 
 1.3078 
 
 13.078 
 
 130.78 
 
 Metric or French Weights 
 
 
 Grammes 
 
 Troy Grains 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 
 Ounces 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Millegramme. 
 
 Centigramme . 
 
 Decigramme. 
 
 Gramme. 
 
 Decagramme. 
 
 Hectogramme. 
 
 Kilogramme. 
 
 Mvriogramme. 
 
 Quintal. 
 
 Tonneau . 
 
 .001 
 
 .01 
 
 .1 
 
 1. 
 
 1 (.). 
 
 lOO. 
 
 1000. 
 
 lOOOO. 
 
 100000. 
 
 lOOOOOO. 
 
 .01543 
 
 .1.5433 
 
 1.5433 
 
 15.43316 
 
 .03528 
 
 ..3528 
 
 3.52758 
 
 35.2758 
 
 .0022047 
 
 .022047 
 
 .2204737 
 
 2.204737 
 
 22.04737 
 
 220.47.37 
 
 2204.737 
 
 Metric or French Capacity Measure 
 
 French 
 
 U. S. 
 
 Dry Measure 
 
 U. S. Liquid or 
 Wine Measure 
 
 1 Millilitre —. 
 
 .061 cu. in. = 
 
 .•K)18 pts. 
 
 .27 fluid dm. 
 
 1 Centilitre —. 
 
 .6102 “ 
 
 .018 “ 
 
 .3.38 “ oz. 
 
 1 Decilitre =. 
 
 6.1023 " = 
 
 .18 “ 
 
 .845 “ gills. 
 
 1 Litre —. 
 
 61.02 “ = 
 
 .908 qts.= 1.8 pts. 
 
 1.0567 quarts 
 
 1 Decalitre —. 
 
 610.16 “ = 
 
 9.n8 “ =18.16 “ 
 
 2.641 gallons 
 
 1 Hectolitre —. 
 
 3.531 cu. ft. = 
 
 11.321 pks. (2.837 bu.) 
 
 26.41 
 
 1 Kilolitre —. 
 
 ,35.31 
 
 28.37 *• 
 
 264.14 
 
 1 Mvralitre =. 
 
 353.1 
 
 283.7 “ 
 
 2641.4 
 
 160 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Table of 
 
 Decimal Equivalents of Millimeters and 
 Fractions of Millimeters 
 
 jJo Mm = .0003937 Inches 
 
 Mm. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Mm. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Mm. 
 
 Indies 
 
 1 
 
 = .00079 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 = .02047 
 
 2 
 
 = .07874 
 
 2 
 
 7^0 
 
 = .00157 
 
 2 7 
 
 50 
 
 =.02126 
 
 ‘> 
 
 *} 
 
 = .11811 
 
 3 
 
 7^0 
 
 = .00236 
 
 x|o 
 
 = .02205 
 
 4 
 
 = .15748 
 
 4 
 
 5 0 
 
 =.00315 
 
 2 9 
 
 55 
 
 =.02283 
 
 5 
 
 = .19685 
 
 5 
 
 7>0 
 
 =.00394 
 
 3 0 
 
 50 
 
 = .02362 
 
 6 
 
 = .23622 
 
 0 
 
 oO 
 
 = .00472 
 
 3 1 
 
 55 
 
 = .02441 
 
 7 
 
 = .27559 
 
 7 
 
 T^0 
 
 = .00551 
 
 3 2 
 
 50 
 
 = .02520 
 
 8 
 
 = .31496 
 
 8 
 
 ZTi 
 
 = .00630 
 
 3 3 
 
 50 
 
 = .02598 
 
 9 
 
 = .35433 
 
 9 
 
 ■^0 
 
 = .00709 
 
 34 
 
 55 
 
 = .02677 
 
 10 
 
 = .39370 
 
 1 0 
 
 50 
 
 = .00787 
 
 3 5 
 
 50 
 
 = .02756 
 
 11 
 
 = .43307 
 
 11 
 
 ■50 
 
 = .00866 
 
 3 6 
 
 55 
 
 = .02835 
 
 12 
 
 = .47244 
 
 1 2 
 
 50 
 
 = .00945 
 
 3 7 
 
 50 
 
 = .02913 
 
 13 
 
 = .51181 
 
 1 3 
 
 5 0 
 
 = .01024 
 
 3 8 
 
 50 
 
 = .02992 
 
 14 
 
 = .55118 
 
 1 4 
 
 50 
 
 = .01102 
 
 3 9 
 
 :>o 
 
 = .03071 
 
 15 
 
 = .59055 
 
 1 5 
 
 50 
 
 = .01181 
 
 4 0 
 
 50 
 
 =.03150 
 
 16 
 
 = .62992 
 
 1 0 
 
 50 
 
 =.01260 
 
 4 1 
 
 50 
 
 = .03228 
 
 17 
 
 = .66929 
 
 1 7 
 
 50 
 
 = .01339 
 
 42 
 
 5 0 
 
 =.03307 
 
 18 
 
 = .70866 
 
 1 8 
 
 5(5 
 
 = .01417 
 
 4 3 
 
 5 0 
 
 = .03386 
 
 19 
 
 = .74803 
 
 1 9 
 
 50 
 
 =.01496 
 
 44 
 
 .'0 
 
 = .03465 
 
 20 
 
 = .78740 
 
 20 
 
 5 0 
 
 = .01575 
 
 4 5 
 
 5 0' 
 
 = .03543 
 
 21 
 
 = .82677 
 
 2 1 
 
 50 
 
 = .01654 
 
 4 rt 
 
 50 
 
 = .03622 
 
 22 
 
 = .86614 
 
 2 2 
 
 5(T 
 
 = .01732 
 
 4 7 
 
 50 
 
 = .03701 
 
 23 
 
 = .90551 
 
 2 3 
 
 5o 
 
 =.01811 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 0 
 
 = .03780 
 
 24 
 
 = .94488 
 
 2 4 
 
 5(5 
 
 = .01890 
 
 49 
 
 5 0 
 
 = .03858 
 
 25 
 
 = .98425 
 
 2 5 
 
 50 
 
 =.01969 
 
 1 
 
 = .03937 
 
 26 
 
 = 1.02362 
 
 10 Mm. = 1 Centimeter = 0.3937 Inches. 
 10 Cm. = 1 Decimeter = 3.937 Inches. 
 10 Dm. = 1 Meter = 39.37 Inches. 
 
 25.4 Mm. = 1 Englisli Inch. 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 A Convenient Metric Conversion Table 
 
 Millimeters X .03937 = inches. 
 
 Millimeters 25.4 = inches. 
 
 Centimeters X .3937 = inches. 
 
 Centimeters 2.64 = inches. 
 
 Meter = 39.37 inches. (Act of Congress). 
 
 Meters X 3.281 = feet. 
 
 Meters X 1.094 = yards. 
 
 Kilometers X .621 = miles. 
 
 Kilometers X 3280.7 = feet. 
 
 Square Millimeters X .0155 = square inches. 
 
 Square Millimeters -r- 645.1 = square inches. 
 
 Square Centimeters X .155 = square inches. 
 
 Square Centimeters ^ 6.451 = square inches. 
 
 Square Meters X 10.764 = square feet. 
 
 Square Kilometers X 247.1 = acres. 
 
 Hectares X 2.471 = acres. 
 
 Cubic Centimeters ^ 16.383 = cubic inches. 
 
 Cubic Meters X 35.315 = cubic feet. 
 
 Cubic Meters X 1.308 = cubic yards. 
 
 Cubic Meters X 264.2 = gallons. (231 cubic inches). 
 
 Liters X 61.022 = cubic inches. (Act of Congress). 
 
 Liters X .2642 = gallons. (231 cubic inches). 
 
 Liters 3.78 = gallons. (231 cubic inches). 
 
 Liters 28316 = cubic feet. 
 
 Grammes X 15.432 = grains. (Act of Congress). 
 
 Grammes (water) h- 29.57 = fluid ounces. 
 
 Grammes -r- 28.35 = ounces avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes per cubic cent. -^27.7 = pounds per cubic inch. 
 
 Joule X .7373 = foot pounds. 
 
 Kilograms X 2.2046 = pounds. 
 
 Kilograms X 35.3 = ounces avoirdupois. 
 
 Kilograms ^ 1102.3 = tons. (2000 pounds). 
 
 Kilograms per square cent. X 14.223 pounds per square inch. 
 Kilowatts X 1.35 = horse power. 
 
 Watts -T- 746 = horse power. 
 
 Calorie X 3.968 = B. T. U. 
 
 Cheval vapeur X .9863 = horse power. 
 
 (Centigrade X 1.8) + 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Francs X .193 = dollars. 
 
 162 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Algebraic and Arithmetical Signs 
 Used in Calculations 
 
 X signifies the ratio of the circumference of circle to its diameter = 8.1416. 
 = equal to, as 12 inches = 1 foot or 2 added to 5 = 7. 
 
 + plus, signifies addition, as 4 + 6 = 10. 
 
 — minus, signifies subtracting, as 15 — 5 = 10. 
 
 X multiplied by, signifies multiplications, as 8 X 0 = 72. 
 
 H- divided by, signifies division, as 16 -e- 4 = 4. 
 
 Division is also indicated by placing the dividend above a short line and 
 the divisor below it; thus; 
 
 Dividend 10 _ ^ 
 
 Divisor 5 
 
 V Signifies that the square root of the number or symbol to which it is 
 prefixed is required, as \ 16 = 4. 
 
 That the cube root is required; 27 = 8. 
 
 y That the fourth root is required; y 81 = 3. 
 
 5^ Signifies that 5 is to be squared; = 25. 
 
 5^ Signifies that 5 is to be cubed; 5^ = 125. 
 
 — Vinculum or bar, signifies that the numbers of symbols over which it is 
 
 placed are to be taken together, as 3 + 6 X 5 = 45. 
 
 . Decimal point, as .1 = 1 10; 1.4 = 1 4 10. 
 
 () Parentheses, signifies that all the numbers or symbols between are to be 
 taken as if they were only one. 
 
 " Signifies degrees, minutes and seconds. 
 
 : Signifies proportion, as 2: 4: 8: 16:, that is, 2 is to 4 as 8 is to 16. 
 
 168 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Iron, Steel and Other Metals 
 
 S TEEL is a compound of iron and carbon, varying in proportion of 
 0.5 per cent to 5 per cent of carbon. Specific gravity 7.8; tensile 
 strength, 120,000 lbs. per square inch. Ordinary steel is carbon steel, 
 but steely compounds of iron have been produced which have the same 
 general properties as ordinary steel, the carbon of which is replaced by 
 other chemical elements. 
 
 To test steel and iron: 
 
 Nitric acid will produce a black spot on steel; the darker' the spot, 
 the harder the steel. Iron, on the contrary, remains bright if touched 
 with nitric acid. Good steel in its soft state has a curved fracture and a 
 uniform gray lustre; in its hard state a dull, silvery uniform white. 
 Cracks, threads or sparkling particles denote bad quality. 
 
 Good steel will not hear a white heat without falling into pieces, and 
 will crumble under the hammer at a bright red heat, while at a middling 
 heat it may be drawn out under the hammer to a fine point. 
 
 Light iron indicates impurity. 
 
 Heaviest steel contains least carbon. 
 
 Notes on the Working of Steel 
 
 Good soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately and thoroughly 
 worked. It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than 
 any iron. 
 
 If steel he left long in the fire it will lose its steely nature and grain, 
 and partake of the nature of cast iron. 
 
 Steel should never be kept hot any longer than is necessary for the 
 work to be done. 
 
 Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a careful 
 study will show that there must of necessity be an injurious internal 
 strain created whenever two or more parts of the same piece are sub¬ 
 jected to different temperatures. 
 
 It follows that when steel has been subjected to heat not absolutely 
 uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should be resorted to. 
 
 As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increases directly 
 and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present, therefore, high steel is 
 more liable to dangerous internal strains than low steel, and great care 
 should be exercised in the use of high steel. 
 
 Hot steel should always be put in a perfectly dry place of even tem¬ 
 perature while cooling. A wet place in the floor might be sufficient to 
 cause serious injury. 
 
 Be careful not to overdo the annealing process; if carried too far it 
 does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes of destruction 
 which the steel maker meets in his daily troubles. It is hard to induce 
 the average worker in steel to believe that very little annealing is neces¬ 
 sary, and that a very little is really more efficacious than a great deal. 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 The breaking strain of iron and steel does not (as hitherto 
 assumed) indicate the quality. A high-breaking strain may be due to 
 hard, unyielding character, or a low one may be due to extreme 
 softness. The contraction of area at the fracture forms an essential 
 element in estimating the quality. 
 
 Iron when fractured suddenly produces a crystalline fracture; but 
 if gradually, a fibrous fracture. This accounts for the anomaly in the 
 supposed change of iron from a fibrous to a crystalline character. 
 
 Sudden shoulders, which prevent a regular elongation of fibre, causes 
 a sudden snap. 
 
 Strength of steel is reduced by being hardened in water; but both 
 its hardness and toughness are increased by being hardened in oil. 
 Iron heated and suddenly cooled in water is hardened and the breaking 
 strain (if gradually applied) is increased, but it is more likely to snap 
 suddenly. It is softened and its breaking strain reduced if heated and 
 allowed to cool gradually. Iron, if brought to a white heat is injured 
 if it be not at the same time hammered or rolled. Case-hardening 
 bolts weaken them. 
 
 Foreign Substances in Iron and Steel 
 
 Silicon: Is generally excluded as slag, its presence makes iron hard 
 and brittle; but up to .08% it will do no harm, provided .3% of manganese 
 is present with it. 
 
 Sulphur: Makes iron and steel “red-short.” 
 
 Phosphorous: .5% to .8% is sufficient to produce cold-shortness 
 in iron; in steel, phosphorous to an extent of .2% does not affect the 
 working or hammering of steel. 
 
 Manganese: .5% is sufficient to make iron “cold-short;” it is 
 valuable in iron to be converted into steel. 
 
 Arsenic: Produces red-shortness in iron, but is valuable in chill¬ 
 ing; it increases the hardness in steel at the expense of toughness. 
 
 Copper: Renders steel red-short. 
 
 Tungsten: Renders steel hard and tenacious. 
 
 Vanadium: Improves the ductility of iron for wire-drawing. 
 
 Carbon: .25% gives malleable iron; .5% gives steel; 1.75% gives 
 the limit of welding steel; 2.0% gives the lowest limit of cast iron. 
 
 165 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Computing Weight of Iron and Steel 
 
 Cast iron is 17times heavier than ordinary kiln-dried wood, used in 
 common patterns. 
 
 To compute the weight of sheet steel, divide the thickness, expressed in 
 thousandths, by 25; the result is the weight, in pounds, per square foot. 
 
 For w'eight of sheet brass, add 11 per cent. 
 
 For weight of sheet copper, add 10 per cent. 
 
 To find the weight of round iron, per foot in length, square the 
 diameter, expressed in quarter inches and divide by 6. Thus, a rod 
 
 weighs 5^ = 25; 25 ^ 6 = V/e lbs. per foot. 
 
 To find the weight of scjuare or flat iron, per yard in length, multiply 
 the area of width and thickness by 10. Thus, a bar 2 X ^ has an area of % 
 square inch, and weighs ^ X 10 = 1% lbs. per yard. 
 
 To find the tensile strength of round iron, square the diameter expressed 
 in t|uarters; the result will be its (tearing) strength (approximately) in tons. 
 Thus, a rod %" in diameter will sustain one ton; f" or four tons; 
 nine tons; | or 1", sixteen tons, etc. If square, and same thickness, it will 
 bear about % more; hence, a bar 1" scjuare will sustain about twenty tons. 
 
 The average weight t)f wrought iron is 480 lbs. per cubic foot. A bar 
 1" square and 3' long weighs, therefore, exactly 10 lbs. Hence, 
 
 To find the sectional area, given the weight per foot— multiply by 
 
 To find the weight per foot, given the sectional area—multiply by J/-. 
 
 The weight of steel is two per cent greater than that of wrought iron. 
 
 Weight of Castings from Patterns 
 
 A Pattern Weighing 
 
 One Pound 
 
 Made of 
 
 
 Will Weigh When 
 
 Cast In 
 
 
 Cast Iron 
 Lbs. 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Vellow 
 
 Brass 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Gun Metal 
 Lbs. 
 
 Mahogany—Nassau. 
 
 10.7 
 
 10.4 
 
 12.8 
 
 12.2 
 
 12.5 
 
 ‘‘ —^Honduras... 
 
 12.9 
 
 12.7 
 
 16.3 
 
 14.6 
 
 15. 
 
 ” —Spanish .... 
 
 8.5 
 
 8.2 
 
 10.1 
 
 9.7 
 
 9.9 
 
 Pine—Red. 
 
 12.5 
 
 12.1 
 
 14.9 
 
 14.2 
 
 14.6 
 
 “ —White. 
 
 16.7 
 
 16.1 
 
 19.8 
 
 19. 
 
 19.5 
 
 ‘‘ —Yellow. 
 
 14.1 
 
 13.6 
 
 16.7 
 
 16. 
 
 16.5 
 
 Oak. 
 
 9. 
 
 8.6 
 
 10.4 
 
 10.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 Method of Computing Weight of Iron Castings 
 
 Multiply the volume of the finished casting in cubic inches by .201. 
 Example; Find the weight of a cast iron plate of dimensions 
 12” X 24” X 1”. 
 
 12” X 1” = 12 cubic inches. = Sectional area. 
 
 12” X 24” = 288 cubic inches.=Volume of plate. 
 
 288 X .261 = 75.168 lbs. =\Veight of plate. 
 
 166 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 To Convert the Weight of 
 
 Wrought iron into cast iron.multiply by 0.928 
 
 “ “ “ steel. “ 1.014 
 
 “ “ “ zinc. “ “ 0.918 
 
 “ “ “ brass. “ “ 1.082 
 
 “ “ “ copper. “ “ 1.144 
 
 “ “ “ lead. “ “ 1.468 
 
 Specific Gravities 
 
 Cast iron.Average 7.21 
 
 Wrought iron. “ 7.I8 
 
 Cast steel. “ 7.85 
 
 Bessemer steel. “ 7,86 
 
 Metals 
 
 Weight of a Superficial Foot 
 
 {.lONES & L.AUGHLIN) 
 
 Thick¬ 
 
 ness 
 
 Inch 
 
 W. Iron 
 Lbs. 
 
 C. Iron 
 Lbs. 
 
 Steel 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Brass 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lead 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 tV 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.89 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.71 
 
 2.34 
 
 yi 
 
 5.05 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.78 
 
 5.47 
 
 7.42 
 
 4.69 
 
 I'V 
 
 7.58 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.66 
 
 8.67 
 
 8.20 
 
 11.13 
 
 7.03 
 
 X 
 
 10.10 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.21 
 
 11.56 
 
 10.94 
 
 14.83 
 
 9.38 
 
 tV 
 
 12.63 
 
 11.72 
 
 12.76 
 
 14.45 
 
 13.67 
 
 18.64 
 
 11.72 
 
 y% 
 
 15.16 
 
 14.06 
 
 15.31 
 
 17.34 
 
 16.41 
 
 22.25 
 
 14.06 
 
 
 17.68 
 
 16.41 
 
 17.87 
 
 20.23 
 
 19.14 
 
 25.96 
 
 16.41 
 
 20.21 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.42 
 
 23.13 
 
 21.88 
 
 29.67 
 
 18.75 
 
 H 
 
 25.27 
 
 23.44 
 
 25.52 
 
 28.91 
 
 27.34 
 
 37.08 
 
 23.44 
 
 K 
 
 30.31 
 
 28.13 
 
 30.63 
 
 30.69 
 
 32.81 
 
 44.60 
 
 28.13 
 
 % 
 
 36.37 
 
 32.81 
 
 36.73 
 
 40.47 
 
 38.28 
 
 51.92 
 
 32.81 
 
 1 
 
 40.42 
 
 37.50 
 
 40.83 
 
 46.25 
 
 43.75 
 
 59.33 
 
 37.50 
 
 “Cent. 
 
 opahr. 
 
 210 
 
 410 
 
 221 
 
 430 
 
 256 
 
 493 
 
 261 
 
 502 1 
 
 370 
 
 680 \ 
 
 500 
 
 932 [ 
 
 525 
 
 ) 
 
 977 
 
 700 
 
 1292 
 
 800 
 
 1472 
 
 900 
 
 1657 
 
 1000 
 
 1832 
 
 1100 
 
 2012 
 
 1200 
 
 2192 
 
 1300 
 
 2372 
 
 1400 
 
 2552 
 
 1500 
 
 2732 ) 
 
 1600 
 
 2912 3 
 
 Color Effect of Heat on Iron 
 
 (Pouillet) 
 
 Pale yellow. 
 
 Dull yellow. 
 
 Crimson. 
 
 Violet, purple and dull blue; between 261 and 370 C. it passes to bright 
 blue, to sea green and then disappears. 
 
 Commences to be covered with a light coating of oxide; loses a good 
 deal of its hardness; becomes a good deal more impressible to the 
 hammer, and can be twisted with ease. 
 
 Becomes nascent red. 
 
 Sombre red. 
 
 Nascent cherry. 
 
 Cherry. 
 
 Bright cherry. 
 
 Dull orange. 
 
 Bright orange. 
 
 White. 
 
 Brilliant white, welding heat. 
 
 Dazzling white. 
 
 Tempering of Steel 
 
 Colors Corresponding to Temperatures 
 
 (Haswell) 
 
 “Cent. 
 
 221 
 
 “Fahr. 
 
 4.30 
 
 P'aint yellow. 
 
 “Cent. 
 
 304 
 
 “Fahr. 
 
 580 
 
 Polish blue. 
 
 238 
 
 460 
 
 Straw color. 
 
 316 
 
 600 
 
 Dark blue. 
 
 243 
 
 470 
 
 Dark straw. 
 
 400 
 
 752 
 
 Bright red in the dark. 
 
 277 
 
 530 
 
 Purple. 
 
 474 
 
 884 
 
 Red hot in twilight. 
 
 289 
 
 5.50 
 
 Blue. 
 
 581 
 
 1077 
 
 Red, visible by day. 
 
 293 
 
 560 
 
 Full blue. 
 
 
 
 167 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Tempering of Tools 
 
 (Rose and Kent) 
 
 Following list of tools is arranged in the order of the color scale as it 
 appears on bright steel when heated in air; 
 
 Scrapers for brass. Very pale yellow. 
 
 Hand plane irons. 
 
 
 Steel engraving tools. 430° F. 
 
 Twist drills. 
 
 
 Slight-turning tools 
 
 Flat drills for brass. 
 
 
 Hammer faces. 
 
 Wood-boring cutters. 
 
 
 Planer tools for steel. 
 
 Drifts. 
 
 
 Ivory-cutting tools. 
 
 Coppersmith’s tools. 
 
 Light purple 
 
 Planer tools for iron. 
 
 Edging cutters. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Paper cutters. 
 
 Augers. 
 
 
 Wood-engraving tools. 
 
 Dental and surgical instruments. 
 
 Bone-cutting tools. 
 
 Cold chisels for steel. 
 
 Dark purple 
 
 Milling cutters. Straw yellow. 
 
 Axes. 
 
 550° F. 
 
 Wire-drawing dies. 460° F. 
 
 Gimlets. 
 
 
 Boring cutters. 
 
 Cold chisels for cast iron. 
 
 Leather-cutting dies. 
 
 Saws for bone and ivory. 
 
 Screw-cutting dies. 
 
 Needles. 
 
 
 Inserted saw teeth. 
 
 Firmer chisels. 
 
 
 Taps. 
 
 Hack saws. 
 
 
 Rock drills. 
 
 Framing chisels. 
 
 
 Chasers. 
 
 Cold chisels for wrought iron. 
 
 Punches and dies. 
 
 Moulding and planing cutters. 
 
 Penknives. 
 
 Circular saws for metals. 
 
 Reamers. 
 
 Screw drivers. 
 
 
 Half-round bits. 
 
 Springs. 
 
 
 Planing and moulding Brown yellow. 
 
 Saws for wood. 
 
 Dark blue 
 
 cutters. 500° F. 
 
 
 570° F. 
 
 Stone-cutting tools. 
 
 
 Pale blue 
 
 Gauges. 
 
 
 610° F. 
 
 
 
 Blue-green, 
 
 
 
 630° F. 
 
 Suitable Temperatures for 
 
 Annealing steel. 900-1300° F 
 
 “ malleable iron (furnace iron). 1200-1400 F 
 
 “ “ “ (cupola iron). 1500-1700 F 
 
 “ glass (initial temperature). 950 F 
 
 Working “ 1200-1475 F 
 
 Melting “ (into a fluid). 2200 F 
 
 Hardening tool steel. 1200-1400 F 
 
 Case-hardening iron and soft steel. 1300-1500 F 
 
 Core ovens in foundries. 350 F 
 
 Drying kilns for wood. 300 F 
 
 Baking white enamel, ) (. 150 F 
 
 “ red and green enamel, [ Bicycle paint, <. 250 F 
 
 “ black enamel, J (. 300 F 
 
 Vulcanizing rubber. 295 F 
 
 Galvanizing. 800 F 
 
 Tinning. 500 F 
 
 Burning pottery. 2350 F 
 
 “ brick. 1800 F 
 
 “ fire brick. 2450 F 
 
 168 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Melting-Points of Lead 
 
 (Kent) 
 
 Tin Alloys 
 
 
 
 °Cent. 
 
 opahr. 
 
 C 
 
 Cent. ° 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 1 
 
 Tin,25 Lead 
 
 .292 
 
 558 
 
 11 Tin, 1 Lead. 
 
 00 
 
 334 
 
 1 
 
 “ 10 “ 
 
 .283 
 
 541 
 
 2 “ 1 “ fine solder. 
 
 ..171 
 
 340 
 
 1 
 
 “ 5 “ 
 
 .266 
 
 511 
 
 3 “ 1 “ . 
 
 ..180 
 
 356 
 
 1 
 
 “ 3 “ 
 
 .260 
 
 482 
 
 4 “ 1 “ . 
 
 .. 185 
 
 365 
 
 1 
 
 “ 2 “ 
 
 cheap solder. .227 
 
 441 
 
 5 “ 1 “ . 
 
 .. 192 
 
 378 
 
 1 
 
 ti 2 
 
 c’mm’n solder 188 
 
 370 
 
 6 “ 1 “ . 
 
 ..194 
 
 381 
 
 Melting-Points of Solders 
 
 (Kent) 
 
 
 Parts 
 
 
 
 Description 
 
 H 
 
 Lead 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Copper 
 
 Brass 
 
 Zinc 
 
 1 
 
 Nickel ! 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 
 Melting-Points 
 
 Common solder 
 
 Fine solder.... 
 
 Cheap solder .. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .188° C.. 370° F. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .171 “ 340 “ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .227 “ 441 “ 
 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f7nld solder 
 
 
 Gold solder, for 
 14-rarat gold 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 
 121 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver solder... 
 
 t( u 
 
 11/2 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 )■ Undetermined 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 German S. 
 solder. 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 280-300° C., 536-572 F. 
 
 Novel’s solder 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 280-300 “ 536-572 “ 
 
 for j 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 
 10-16 
 
 
 
 
 
 350-450 “ 662-842 “ 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-15 
 
 
 350-450 “ 662-842 “ 
 
 Novel’s solder 
 for Aluminum 
 bronze 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 2-3 
 
 Undetermined 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Melting-Point of Fusible Plugs 
 
 (Haswell) 
 
 2 
 
 Tin, 
 
 2 Lead... 
 
 .. .Soften 
 
 at 185° C. 
 
 = 365° F., 
 
 melt at 189° C. 
 
 = 372° F 
 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 6 “ ... 
 
 << 
 
 189 “ 
 
 372 “ 
 
 “ 195 “ 
 
 383 “ 
 
 2 
 
 <( 
 
 7 “ ... 
 
 
 192 “ 
 
 377/ “ 
 395/ “ 
 
 “ 197 “ 
 
 388 “ 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 8 “ ... 
 
 u 
 
 202 “ 
 
 “ 209 “ 
 
 408 “ 
 
 169 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Fusing-Point and Character of Metals 
 
 (By Dr. Jules Ohly, Denver, Col.) 
 
 Metals 
 
 Melts 
 
 °Fahr. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Color 
 
 Character 
 
 Elec. 
 Cond. 
 Silver 100 
 
 Value 
 per Oz. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Weight 
 
 per 
 
 Cu. In. 
 
 Aluminium... 
 
 1167 
 
 2.56 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 63.00 
 
 $ 0.03 
 
 .0924 
 
 Antimony.... 
 
 842 
 
 6.71 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 3.69 
 
 .01 
 
 .2424 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Vapor- 
 
 5.67 
 
 Steel gray .. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 4.90 
 
 .06 
 
 .2048 
 
 Barium. 
 
 2192 
 
 3.75 
 
 Pale yellow . 
 
 Malleable 
 
 30.61 
 
 32.00 
 
 .1365 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 485 
 
 9.80 
 
 Gray white.. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 1.40 
 
 .10 
 
 .3640 
 
 Boron 
 
 4500 
 
 2.68 
 
 Olive green . 
 
 Hard .... 
 
 
 16.73 
 
 .067 
 
 Cadmium .... 
 
 570 
 
 8.60 
 
 Tin white ... 
 
 Malleable 
 
 24.38 
 
 .12 
 
 .3107 
 
 Capsinm 
 
 78.8 
 
 1.88 
 
 Tin white . .. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 20.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 .0679 
 
 Calcium. 
 
 1472 
 
 1.57 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 21.77 
 
 .50 
 
 .0567 
 
 (ierium. 
 
 1246 
 
 6.68 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 15.75 
 
 40.00 
 
 .2413 
 
 Chromium ... 
 
 4000 
 
 6.80 
 
 Gray white.. 
 
 Brittle . . . 
 
 16.00 
 
 .05 
 
 .2457 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 2932 
 
 8.50 
 
 Pink white .. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 16.93 
 
 .10 
 
 .3071 
 
 Copper . 
 
 1029 
 
 8.82 
 
 Pink red .... 
 
 Malleable 
 
 97.61 
 
 .01 
 
 .3186 
 
 Didymium ... 
 
 1346 
 
 6.54 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 4.32 
 
 72.00 
 
 .2363 
 
 Erbium. 
 
 1223 
 
 4.97 
 
 Dark gray . . 
 
 Malleable 
 
 31.60 
 
 62.00 
 
 .1794 
 
 Gallium. 
 
 86.1 
 
 5.90 
 
 Silver white. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 34.51 
 
 200.00 
 
 .2130 
 
 Germanium .. 
 
 1678 
 
 5.47 
 
 Gray white.. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 15.07 
 
 96.00 
 
 .1975 
 
 Glucinum .... 
 
 1798 
 
 1.70 
 
 Silver white. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 31.13 
 
 80.00 
 
 .0748 
 
 Gold. 
 
 1913 
 
 19.32 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 76.61 
 
 20.00 
 
 .6979 
 
 Indium. 
 
 349 
 
 7.42 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 26.98 
 
 72.00 
 
 .2681 
 
 Iridium. 
 
 3217 
 
 22.42 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 13.52 
 
 10.00 
 
 .8099 
 
 Iron, pure.... 
 
 2912 
 
 7.02 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 14.57 
 
 o.A 
 
 .2840 
 
 Lanthanum . . 
 
 1318 
 
 6.20 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 47.07 
 
 80.5o 
 
 .2240 
 
 Lead. 
 
 618 
 
 11.37 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 8.42 
 
 •X 
 
 .4108 
 
 Lithium . 
 
 356 
 
 0.59 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 18.68 
 
 64.00 
 
 .0213 
 
 Magnesium .. 
 
 1200 
 
 1.74 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 39.44 
 
 .18 
 
 .0629 
 
 Manganese .. 
 
 3452 
 
 8.00 
 
 Gray white.. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 15.75 
 
 .07 
 
 .2890 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 39 
 
 13.59 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Fluid .... 
 
 1.76 
 
 .03 
 
 .4909 
 
 Molybdenum. 
 
 4000 
 
 8.80 
 
 Silver white . 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 17.60 
 
 .08 
 
 .3107 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 2912 
 
 8.80 
 
 Yellow white 
 
 Malleable 
 
 12.89 
 
 .03 
 
 .3179 
 
 Niobium. 
 
 3978 
 
 6.27 
 
 Steel gray... 
 
 Malleable 
 
 5.13 
 
 109.72 
 
 .2265 
 
 Osmium. 
 
 4532 
 
 22.48 
 
 White blue . 
 
 Malleable 
 
 13.98 
 
 23.53 
 
 .8121 
 
 Palladium.... 
 
 2732 
 
 11.50 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 12.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 .4100 
 
 Platinum .... 
 
 3227 
 
 21.50 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 14.43 
 
 25.00 
 
 .7767 
 
 Potassium.... 
 
 144 
 
 0.87 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 19.62 
 
 .20 
 
 .0314 
 
 Rhodium .... 
 
 3632 
 
 12.10 
 
 White. 
 
 Brittle . .. 
 
 12.61 
 
 40.00 
 
 .4371 
 
 Rubidium.... 
 
 101 
 
 1.62 
 
 White. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 20.46 
 
 88.00 
 
 .0649 
 
 Ruthenium .. 
 
 8272 
 
 12.26 
 
 White. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 13.22 
 
 56.00 
 
 .4429 
 
 Silver. 
 
 1733 
 
 10.53 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 1.00 
 
 .66 
 
 .3805 
 
 Silicum. 
 
 3118 
 
 2.33 
 
 Gray black. . 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 .04 
 
 2.02 
 
 .0841 
 
 Sodium. 
 
 194 
 
 0.97 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 31.98 
 
 .20 
 
 .0350 
 
 Strontium .... 
 
 1472 
 
 2.68 
 
 Pale yellow . 
 
 Malleable 
 
 6.60 
 
 40.00 
 
 .0918 
 
 Steel . 
 
 2532 
 
 7.85 
 
 White. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 12.00 
 
 ■Vz 
 
 .2837 
 
 Tantalum .... 
 
 4300 
 
 10.80 
 
 Steel gray .. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 64.(i3 
 
 10 i!21 
 
 .3902 
 
 Tellurium.... 
 
 977 
 
 6.25 
 
 White. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 .0007 
 
 6.00 
 
 .2250 
 
 Thallium .... 
 
 560 
 
 11.85 
 
 White. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 9.13 
 
 40.00 
 
 .4281 
 
 Thorium. 
 
 1100 
 
 11.10 
 
 White. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 8.60 
 
 160.00 
 
 .4000 
 
 Tin. 
 
 44(i 
 
 7.29 
 
 Silver white. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 14.39 
 
 .02 
 
 .2634 
 
 Titanium .... 
 
 4400 
 
 5.30 
 
 Iron gray ... 
 
 Malleable 
 
 13.73 
 
 50.00 
 
 .li)15 
 
 Tungsten .... 
 
 4000 
 
 17.60 
 
 White. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 14.00 
 
 .04 
 
 .6!»00 
 
 Uranium. 
 
 1650 
 
 18.70 
 
 Steel white.. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 16.47 
 
 76.00 
 
 .6755 
 
 Vanadium ... 
 
 4278 
 
 5.50 
 
 Silver white. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 4.95 
 
 80.00 
 
 .1987 
 
 Yttrium. 
 
 1250 
 
 
 Yellow white 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 30.11 
 
 94.41 
 
 .2047 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 779 
 
 7.15 
 
 Blue white .. 
 
 Malleable 
 
 29.57 
 
 •X 
 
 .2479 
 
 Zirconium . . . 
 
 3000 
 
 4.15 
 
 Gray white.. 
 
 Brittle ... 
 
 .06 
 
 40.00 
 
 .1499 
 
 170 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Temperature Chart 
 
 Illustrating an exaggerated thermometer scale on which is shown the 
 principal melting and freezing points and other important metallurgical 
 temperatures. 
 
 CENTIGRADE . 
 
 OXY-MVDBOeENl_ 
 
 FLAME ,'2000 
 
 eucTRic lampI „ 
 
 FILAMENT isoo-g 
 
 1710 
 
 noo- = 
 
 rUREIRON/lSOO-ISO- 
 
 S TO ISOOLiso. 
 
 STEELorl-3-A 1450_-g 
 
 CF CARBON (^1425- 
 
 r : -2700 
 
 LIGHT 
 
 VELLOW MEA7/1100-1084. ‘J 
 1065“ 
 
 FULL j*®®®-" 
 
 YELLOW MEAT! _ _ 3 61 — 
 
 (_8S0.--- 
 
 U3NT RED NEAT'] ” 
 
 SCALING HEAt/8S0- 
 
 CRITICAL POINT A'730 
 IN STEEL OF-2 TO , 
 
 I 2-4 CARBON. loooi-"«:^« 
 FULL C«EHRY"'7oo Uo 
 R tO HEAT 
 
 DULL RED HEATfeaS—633 
 i 630 
 
 RED HEAT 
 
 JUST visibleI?‘*- 
 
 • = g-a«00 
 
 \_i 
 
 180 - 
 
 WATER BOILING POINT IOO_.oo-^ 
 95- 
 44” 
 
 ^ FREEZING POINT—0-0-1 
 -39 _ ^ 
 
 LOWEST NATURAlI-62 -•’ 
 
 TEMPERATURE^ -»oo 
 
 •I82r 
 
 LOWEST TEMPERATURE “267- 
 ABSOLUTE -273' 
 
 PAHRENHEIT. 
 
 _3632 
 
 (RHODIUM 8t 
 
 -3600 IVANADIOM 
 354S IRIDIUM 
 
 ,2732 PALLADIUM 
 .2642 NICKEL 
 
 >2273 manganese 
 
 }i222l9e3 COPPER 
 jl949 GOLD 
 
 3 
 
 -1762 SILVER 
 
 CENTIGRADE 
 
 5000* 
 
 Tttc Ficune CivcN i6 the 
 
 COWrCST PUBLISHED ESTIMATE 
 or THE SUNS TEmPCPATURE 
 
 4000- 
 
 ELECTRIC 3600 
 CALCIUM 
 
 carbide; 
 
 3300 — 
 
 3000- 
 
 2275 . 
 22S0 • 
 
 _,^ OoI 2<5ALUM1NIUM 
 1172 MAGNESIUM 
 001166 ANTIMONY 
 
 000 
 
 *^833 SULPHURfB.P) 
 f—824 TELLURIUM 
 ^^786 ZINC 
 _^oo,67s meRCURY(B.P) 
 ^^6 2i LEAD 
 -600’6i2 CADMIUM 
 ^511 BISMUTH 
 -4S0 TIN 
 
 400 
 
 -356 LITHIUM 
 
 300 
 
 [^7^2I20F water 
 203 SODIUM 
 PHOSPHORUS 
 tn—32 OF WATER 
 
 P:L-3 8 mercury 
 -^oo -eo YET recorded 
 -200 
 
 -300-296LIQUID AtR(Bi») 
 
 - aoo .A4 r { yET reached 
 
 -'^1 (DEWAR) 
 
 ^-460 ZERO 
 
 OXV-HYOROGEN^^^.4^ 
 FLAME J-ZOOOiooe 
 
 • 900 
 
 ELECTRIC lamp ': . 
 
 FILAMENT yi800'a<io 
 
 17101700 
 600 icoo 
 
 PURE IRON 
 STEEL OF i-ay.]'*'® ‘SFF 
 OFCAFIBON (1425 
 
 1*0 O' 
 (SCO 
 1200 
 »084,.oo 
 1065 
 
 lOOO 
 
 961 
 
 900 
 
 BOO 
 
 €57 ’°o 
 600 
 500 
 
 419 4^0 
 327 
 
 PB—. 300 
 
 232 
 
 200 
 
 BOILING POlNT_,oo 
 freezing point —0 
 -•00 
 
 temperature ^ 
 absolute -273 
 
 - 8000 
 
 -7000 
 
 FAHRENHEIT 
 
 9000® 
 
 OTMCn eSTIMATES VARV 
 • ETWCCN 6000*c A 7COO* C. 
 
 
 6500:^1^ ARC 
 - 6000 FURNACE 
 
 5000 
 
 ■ 4130 TANTALUM 
 <4080 MAGNESIA 
 
 3«M> 
 
 3S0C 
 
 3 H )0 
 
 3500 
 
 7200 
 
 3100 3110 PLATINUM 
 
 3060 
 2900 
 }-2S00 
 27 00 
 2600 
 •2500 
 2*00 
 2300 
 2200 
 ZJOO 
 •2000 
 1900 
 .tsoo 
 
 .1700 
 1600 
 •500 
 AOO 
 ->300 
 1200 
 •iico 
 
 1983 COPPER 
 1949 GOLD 
 I7G2 SILVER 
 
 312i5 ALUMINIUM 
 
 
 766 ZINC 
 G2I LEAD 
 450 TIN 
 212 OF WATER 
 -32 OF WATER 
 
 •296UQUiD AIRl 0 PI 
 
 reached 
 
 (DEWAR) 
 
 460 ZERO 
 
 Courtesy of the “Industrial World*' 
 
 171 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Workshop Recipes 
 
 Parting Sand 
 
 Burnt sand scraped from tlie surface of castings. 
 
 Loam 
 
 Mixture of brick, clay and old foundry sand. 
 
 Blacking for Moulds 
 
 Charcoal powder; or, in some instances, fine coal dust. 
 
 Black Wash 
 
 Charcoal, plumbago and size. 
 
 Mixture for Welding Steel 
 
 1 sal-amomac. 
 
 10 borax. 
 
 Pounded together and fused until clear, when it is poured out, and, 
 after cooling, reduced to powder. 
 
 Rust-Joint Cement 
 (Quickly Setting) 
 
 1 sal-amoniac in powder (by weight). 
 
 2 flour of sulphur. 
 
 80 iron borings, made to a paste with water. 
 
 Rust-Joint Cement 
 
 (Slowly Setting) 
 
 2 sal-amoniac. 
 
 1 flour of sulphur. 
 
 200 iron borings. 
 
 The latter cement is the best if the joint is not reciuired for im¬ 
 mediate use. 
 
 Red-Lead Cement for Faced-Joints 
 
 1 white lead. 
 
 1 red lead, mixed with linseed oil to the proper consistency. 
 
 Case-Hardening 
 
 Place horn, hoof, bone-dust, or shreds of leather together with the 
 article to be case-hardened, in an iron box subject to a blood red heat, 
 then immerse the article in cold water. 
 
 Case-Hardening with Prussiate of Potash 
 
 Heat the article after polishing to a bright red, rub the surface over 
 with prussiate of potash, allow it to cool to dull red, and immerse it 
 in water. 
 
 Case-Hardening Mixtures 
 
 3 prussiate of potash. 
 
 1 sal-amoniac, 
 or 
 
 1 prussiate of potash. 
 
 2 sal-amoniac. 
 
 2 hone dust. 
 
 Fluxes for Soldering or Welding 
 
 Iron or steel.Borax or sal-amoniac. 
 
 Tin iron.Resin or chloride of zinc. 
 
 Copper and brass.Sal-amoniac or chloride of zinc. 
 
 Zinc.Chloride of zinc. 
 
 Lead.Tallow or resin. 
 
 Lead and tin pipes.Resin and sweet oil. 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Brazing 
 
 The edges hied or scraped clean and bright, covered with spelter and 
 powdered borax, and exposed in a clear fire to a heat sufficient to melt 
 the solder. 
 
 Glue Cement to Resist Moisture 
 
 1 glue . 
 
 1 black resin . 
 
 % red ochre, or 
 4 of glue or 1 oxide of iron.. 
 1 of boiled oil (by weight).. 
 
 
 > Mixed with least possible (luantity of water. 
 
 I 
 
 J . 
 
 Glue to Resist Moisture 
 
 One pound of glue melted in two quarts of skimmed milk. 
 
 Marine Glue 
 
 One of Indian rubber, 12 of mineral naphtha, or coal tar. Heat gently, 
 mix, and add plenty of powdered shellac. Pour out on a slab to cool. 
 When used, to be heated to about 250°. 
 
 A Solvent for Rust. It is often very difficult and sometimes im¬ 
 possible to remove rust from articles made of iron. Those which are 
 most thickly coated are most easily cleaned by being immersed in a solu¬ 
 tion, until saturated, of chloride of tin. The length of time they remain in 
 this bath is determined by tbe thickness of the coating of rust. Generally 
 12 to 24 hours is long enough. The solution ought not to contain a great 
 excess of acid, if the iron itself be not attacked. On taking them from 
 the bath the articles are rinsed, first in water, then in ammonia, and 
 quickly dried. The iron, when thus treated, has the appearance of 
 dull silver. A simple polishing gives it its normal appearance. 
 
 To Remove Rust from Steel. Brush the rusted steel with a paste 
 composed of one-half ounce of cyanide of potassium, one-half ounce 
 castile soap, one ounce whiting, and enough water to make a paste. 
 Then wash the steel in a solution of one-half ounce cyanide of potas¬ 
 sium in two ounces of water. 
 
 To Preserve Steel from Rust. One caoutchouc, sixteen turpen¬ 
 tine. Dissolve with a gentle heat, then add eight parts boiled oil. Mix 
 by bringing them to the heat of boiling water; apply to the steel with a 
 brush, in the way of varnish. It may be removed with turpentine. 
 
 To Clean Brass. One Roche alum and 16 water. Mix. The 
 articles to be cleaned must be made warm, then rubbed with the above 
 mixture, and finished with fine tripoli. 
 
 To Make Tight Steam Joints, Etc. Take white lead ground in oil, 
 incorporate as much manganese (black oxide) as possible, adding a 
 small portion of litharge. Knead it with the hand, dusting the board 
 with red lead. The mass is made into a small roll and laid on the 
 plate, first oiling the plate with linseed oil. It then can be screwed 
 and pressed into position. 
 
 173 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 The Screw and Its Power 
 
 I Kent) 
 
 The screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder in such a 
 way that the height of the plane is parallel to the axis of the cylinder. 
 If the screw is formed upon the internal surface of a hollow cylinder, it is 
 usually called a nut. When force is applied to raise a weight or over¬ 
 come a resistance by means of a screw and nut, either the screw or the nut 
 may be fixed, the other being movable. The force is generally applied at 
 the end of a wrench or lever-arm, or at the circumference of a wheel. 
 If r = radius of the wheel or lever-arm, and p =pitch of the screw, or 
 distance between threads that is, the height of the inclined plane, for one 
 revolution of the screw, P = the applied force, and W = the resistance 
 overcome, then, neglecting resistance due to friction, 2XP = Wp; 
 W =: 6.283 Pr -f- p. The ratio of P to W is thus independent of the 
 diameter of the screw. In actual screws, much of the power transmitted 
 is lost through friction. 
 
 Decimals of an Inch for each l-64th 
 
 Fraction 
 
 Decimal 
 
 Fraction 
 
 Decimal 
 
 
 .015625 
 
 3 3 
 
 .515625 
 
 I 
 
 .03125 
 
 
 .53125 
 
 3 
 
 .046875 
 
 . 
 
 3.5 
 
 .546875 
 
 1 
 
 .0625 
 
 9 
 
 .5625 
 
 5 
 
 .078125 
 
 3X 
 
 .578125 
 
 3 
 
 .09375 
 
 .... . . 
 
 19 
 
 .59375 
 
 7 
 
 .109375 
 
 32 ........... 
 
 39 
 
 .609375 
 
 
 .125 
 
 64 .. 
 
 % . 
 
 .625 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 .140625 
 
 4 1 
 
 .640625 
 
 5 
 
 .15625 
 
 2.1 
 
 .65625 
 
 1 1 
 
 .171875 
 
 II . 
 
 .671875 
 
 X . 
 
 .1875 
 
 1 1 
 
 .6875 
 
 1 3 
 
 .203125 
 
 45 
 
 .703125 
 
 7 
 
 .21875 
 
 .. 
 
 14 
 
 .71875 
 
 1 5 
 
 .234375 
 
 4 7 
 
 .734375 
 
 
 .250 
 
 ji . 
 
 .75 
 
 
 .265625 
 
 li. 
 
 .765625 
 
 . 
 
 _9 
 
 .28125 
 
 2^ 
 
 .78125 
 
 1 9 
 
 .296875 
 
 
 .786875 
 
 5 
 
 .3125 
 
 . 
 
 13 
 
 .8125 
 
 
 .328125 
 
 u . 
 
 .828125 
 
 1 1 
 
 .34375 
 
 14 . 
 
 .84375 
 
 2 3 
 
 .359375 
 
 
 .859375 
 
 
 .375 
 
 ft . 
 
 .875 
 
 2 5 
 
 .390625 
 
 n . 
 
 .890625 
 
 1 3 
 
 .40625 
 
 2 9 
 
 .90625 
 
 2 7 
 
 .421875 
 
 H . 
 
 .921875 
 
 
 .4375 
 
 
 .9375 
 
 2 9 
 
 .453125 
 
 . 
 
 «1 
 
 .953125 
 
 1 5 
 
 .46875 
 
 bT . 
 
 3 1 
 
 .96875 
 
 U . 
 
 .484375 
 
 
 .984375 
 
 
 .500 
 
 . 
 
 .1 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 174 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Screw-Threads, Sellers or U. S. Standard 
 
 In 1864 a committee of the Franklin Institute recommended the adop¬ 
 tion of the system of screw-heads and bolts which was devised by Mr. 
 William Sellers, of Philadelphia. This same system was subsequently 
 adopted as tbe standard by both the Army and Navy Departments of the 
 United States and by the Master Mechanics’ and Master Car Builders’ 
 Associations, so that it may now be regarded, and in fact is called, the 
 United States Standard. 
 
 The rule given by Mr. Sellers for proportioning the thread is as 
 follows: Divide the pitch, or what is the same thing, the side of the 
 thread, into eight equal parts; take off one part from the top and fill in 
 one part in the bottom of the thread; then the flat top and bottom will 
 equal one-eighth of the pitch, the wearing surface will be three-quarters 
 of the pitch and the diameter of screw at bottom of thread will be 
 
 expressed by the formulas. 
 
 T^. , , , 1.299 
 
 Diameter of bolt = -, , . , 
 
 No. threads per inch. 
 
 For a sharp V thread with angle of 60° the formula is 
 
 . t u 1 1.T33 
 
 Diameter ot bolt = — , , , . , 
 
 No. of threads per inch. 
 
 The angle of the thread in the Sellers system is 60°. In the Whitworth 
 or English system, it is 55°, and the point and root of the thread are 
 rounded. 
 
 U. S. Standard Threads and Nuts 
 
 Short 
 Diam. of 
 Nuts 
 
 Long 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Hexigon 
 
 Nuts 
 
 Long 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Sq. Nuts 
 
 'A 
 
 1 9 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 n 
 
 xi 
 
 5 1 
 
 y's 
 
 1 0 
 yy 
 
 63 
 
 ,^y 
 
 2 5 
 
 A 
 
 1 ? 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 5 
 
 3 1 
 
 IX 
 
 Iff 
 
 lyV 
 
 lA 
 
 1/4 
 
 IX 
 
 lyV 
 
 111 
 
 lA 
 
 m 
 
 2 yy 
 
 IH 
 
 IX 
 
 01 9 
 
 113 
 
 ^T6 
 
 2 A 
 
 9 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 05 3 
 
 2fV 
 
 m 
 
 3_3_ 
 
 Vs 2 
 
 2 H 
 
 23/ 
 
 311 
 
 
 03 1 
 
 3X 
 
 2 X 
 
 
 Q5 7 
 ^ffy 
 
 2 H 
 
 pi 
 
 4 . 5 
 ^3 ^ 
 
 
 3X 
 
 4.2 7 
 
 
 4yV 
 
 44i 
 
 3X 
 
 
 K3 1 
 
 4X 
 
 A 2 9 
 
 6 
 
 4^ 
 
 5X 
 
 A1 7 
 
 5 
 
 Kl 3 
 
 7 1 
 
 5X 
 
 
 m 
 
 5X 
 
 fifl 
 
 8 X 
 
 
 7 3 
 ^3^ 
 
 m 
 
 Thickness 
 of Nuts 
 
 Diam. of 
 Screw 
 
 Thread 
 per Inc 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 20 
 
 y®6 
 
 ys' 
 
 18 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 16 
 
 y'y 
 
 yV 
 
 14 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 13 
 
 y? 
 
 yV 
 
 12 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 11 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 10 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 7 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 7 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 6 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 6 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 6X 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 5 
 
 IX 
 
 IX 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4X 
 
 2X 
 
 2X 
 
 4X 
 
 2X 
 
 2X 
 
 4 
 
 2X 
 
 2X 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3X 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Diam. 
 at Root 
 of 
 
 Thread 
 
 .\rea of 
 Bolt at 
 Root of 
 Th read 
 
 .185 
 
 .026 
 
 .240 
 
 .045 
 
 .294 
 
 .067 
 
 .344 
 
 .092 
 
 .400 
 
 .125 
 
 .454 
 
 .161 
 
 .507 
 
 .201 
 
 .620 
 
 .301 
 
 .731 
 
 .419 
 
 .837 
 
 .550 
 
 .940 
 
 .693 
 
 1.065 
 
 .890 
 
 1.160 
 
 1.056 
 
 1.284 
 
 1.294 
 
 1.389 
 
 1.515 
 
 1.491 
 
 1.746 
 
 1.616 
 
 2.051 
 
 1.712 
 
 2.301 
 
 1.962 
 
 3.023 
 
 2.176 
 
 3.718 
 
 2.426 
 
 4.622 
 
 2.629 
 
 5.428 
 
 2.879 
 
 6.599 
 
 3.100 
 
 7.547 
 
 3.318 
 
 8.641 
 
 3.567 
 
 9.993 
 
 175 
 
00 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 SA 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 YTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Different Standards 
 
 Wire Gauge in Use in the United States 
 
 Dimensions of Sizes in Decimal Parts of an Inch 
 
 American 
 
 or 
 
 Brown & 
 Sharpe 
 
 Birming¬ 
 ham or 
 Stub’s 
 Wire 
 
 Washburn- 
 Moen Mfg. 
 Co., 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Imperial 
 
 Wire 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Stub’s 
 
 Steel 
 
 Wire 
 
 U. S. 
 Standard 
 for 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 .464 
 
 
 .46876 
 
 
 
 
 .432 
 
 
 .4376 
 
 .46 
 
 .464 
 
 .3938 
 
 .400 
 
 
 .40626 
 
 .40964 
 
 .426 
 
 .3626 
 
 .372 
 
 
 .376 
 
 .3648 
 
 .38 
 
 .3310 
 
 .348 
 
 
 .:34376 
 
 .32486 
 
 .34 
 
 .3066 
 
 .324 
 
 
 .3126 
 
 .2893 
 
 .3 
 
 .2830 
 
 .300 
 
 .227 
 
 .28126 
 
 .26763 
 
 .284 
 
 .2626 
 
 .276 
 
 .219 
 
 .266626 
 
 .22942 
 
 .269 
 
 .2437 
 
 .262 
 
 .212 
 
 .26 
 
 .20431 
 
 .238 
 
 .2263 
 
 .232 
 
 .207 
 
 .234376 
 
 .18194 
 
 .22 
 
 .2070 
 
 .212 
 
 .204 
 
 .21876 
 
 .16202 
 
 .203 
 
 .1920 
 
 .192 
 
 .201 
 
 .203126 
 
 .14428 
 
 .18 
 
 .1770 
 
 .176 
 
 .199 
 
 .1876 
 
 .12849 
 
 .166 
 
 .1620 
 
 .160 
 
 .197 
 
 .171876 
 
 .11443 
 
 .148 
 
 .1483 
 
 .144 
 
 .194 
 
 .16626 
 
 .10189 
 
 .134 
 
 .1360 
 
 .128 
 
 .191 
 
 .140626 
 
 .090742 
 
 .12 
 
 .1206 
 
 .116 
 
 .188 
 
 .126 
 
 .080808 
 
 .109 
 
 .1066 
 
 .104 
 
 .186 
 
 .109376 
 
 .071961 
 
 .096 
 
 .0916 
 
 .092 
 
 .182 
 
 .09376 
 
 .064084 
 
 .083 
 
 .0800 
 
 .080 
 
 .180 
 
 .078126 
 
 .067068 
 
 .072 
 
 .0720 
 
 .072 
 
 .178 
 
 .0703126 
 
 .06082 
 
 .066 
 
 .0626 
 
 .064 
 
 .176 
 
 .0626 
 
 .046267 
 
 .068 
 
 .0640 
 
 .066 
 
 .172 
 
 .06626 
 
 .040303 
 
 .049 
 
 .0476 
 
 .048 
 
 .168 
 
 .06 
 
 .03689 
 
 .042 
 
 .0410 
 
 .040 
 
 .164 
 
 .04376 
 
 .031961 
 
 .036 
 
 .0348 
 
 .036 
 
 .161 
 
 .0376 
 
 .028462 
 
 .032 
 
 .03176 
 
 .032 
 
 .167 
 
 .034376 
 
 .026347 
 
 .028 
 
 .0286 
 
 .028 
 
 .166 
 
 .03126 
 
 .022671 
 
 .026 
 
 .0268 
 
 .024 
 
 .163 
 
 .028126 
 
 .0201 
 
 .022 
 
 .0230 
 
 .022 
 
 .161 
 
 .026 
 
 .0179 
 
 .02 
 
 .0204 
 
 .020 
 
 .148 
 
 .021876 
 
 .01694 
 
 .018 
 
 .0181 
 
 .018 
 
 .146 
 
 .01876 
 
 .014196 
 
 .016 
 
 .0173 
 
 .0164 
 
 .143 
 
 .0171876 
 
 .012641 
 
 .014 
 
 .0162 
 
 .0149 
 
 .139 
 
 .016626 
 
 .011267 
 
 .013 
 
 .0160 
 
 .0136 
 
 .134 
 
 .0140626 
 
 .010026 
 
 .012 
 
 .0140 
 
 .0124 
 
 .127 
 
 .0126 
 
 .008928 
 
 .01 
 
 .0132 
 
 .0116 
 
 .120 
 
 .0109376 
 
 .00796 
 
 .009 
 
 .0128 
 
 .0108 
 
 .116 
 
 .01016626 
 
 .00708 
 
 .008 
 
 .0118 
 
 .0100 
 
 .112 
 
 .009376 
 
 .006304 
 
 .007 
 
 .0104 
 
 .0092 
 
 .110 
 
 .00869376 
 
 .006614 
 
 .006 
 
 .0096 
 
 .0084 
 
 .108 
 
 .0078126 
 
 .006 
 
 .004 
 
 .0090 
 
 .0076 
 
 .106 
 
 .00703126 
 
 .004463 
 
 
 
 .0068 
 
 .103 
 
 .006640626 
 
 .003966 
 
 
 
 .0060 
 
 .101 
 
 .00626 
 
 .003631 
 
 
 
 .0062 
 
 .099 
 
 
 .003144 
 
 
 
 .0048 
 
 .097 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 176 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 Table of 
 
 Circumference and Area of Circles 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum- 
 
 .Area 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum- 
 
 .Area 
 
 in 
 
 ference 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 ference 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 ference 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 in Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 in Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 in Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 1 
 
 .785 
 
 .049 
 
 m 
 
 42.411 
 
 143.14 
 
 26| 
 
 84.037 
 
 562.00 
 
 1. 
 
 1.570 
 
 .196 
 
 13f 
 
 43.196 
 
 148.49 
 
 27 
 
 84.823 
 
 572.56 
 
 3 
 
 2.356 
 
 .441 
 
 14 
 
 43.982 
 
 153.94 
 
 21 \ 
 
 85.608 
 
 583.21 
 
 1 
 
 3.141 
 
 .785 
 
 14f 
 
 44.767 
 
 159.48 
 
 21 h 
 
 86.393 
 
 593.96 
 
 \\ 
 
 3.926 
 
 1.227 
 
 141 
 
 45.553 
 
 165.13 
 
 27 f 
 
 87.179 
 
 604.81 
 
 U 
 
 4.712 
 
 1.767 
 
 14f 
 
 46.338 
 
 170.87 
 
 28 
 
 87.964 
 
 615.75 
 
 If 
 
 5.497 
 
 2.405 
 
 15 
 
 47.123 
 
 176.71 
 
 281 
 
 88.750 
 
 626.80 
 
 2 
 
 6.283 
 
 3.141 
 
 15f 
 
 47.909 
 
 182.65 
 
 28? 
 
 89.535 
 
 637.94 
 
 2i 
 
 7.068 
 
 3.976 
 
 15i 
 
 48.694 
 
 188.69 
 
 28f 
 
 1»0.320 
 
 649.18 
 
 n 
 
 7.853 
 
 4.908 
 
 15| 
 
 49.480 
 
 194.83 
 
 29 
 
 91.106 
 
 660.52 
 
 2| 
 
 8.639 
 
 5.939 
 
 16 
 
 50.265 
 
 201.06 
 
 29 ?j 
 
 91.891 
 
 671.96 
 
 
 9.424 
 
 7.068 
 
 16f 
 
 51.050 
 
 207.39 
 
 29 .V 
 
 92.677 
 
 683.49 
 
 
 10.210 
 
 8.295 
 
 161 
 
 51.836 
 
 213.82 
 
 29f 
 
 93.462 
 
 695.13 
 
 sl 
 
 10.995 
 
 9.621 
 
 16f 
 
 52.621 
 
 220.35 
 
 30 
 
 94.247 
 
 706.86 
 
 3| 
 
 11.781 
 
 11.045 
 
 17 
 
 53.407 
 
 226.98 
 
 301 
 
 95.033 
 
 718.69 
 
 4 
 
 12.566 
 
 12.566 
 
 171 
 
 54.192 
 
 233.71 
 
 301 
 
 96.818 
 
 730.62 
 
 41 
 
 13.351 
 
 14.186 
 
 171 
 
 54.977 
 
 240.53 
 
 30| 
 
 96.604 
 
 742.64 
 
 41- 
 
 14.137 
 
 15.904 
 
 17f 
 
 55.763 
 
 247.45 
 
 31 
 
 97.389 
 
 754.77 
 
 4| 
 
 14.922 
 
 17.721 
 
 18 
 
 56.548 
 
 254.47 
 
 31) 
 
 98.174 
 
 766.99 
 
 5 
 
 15.708 
 
 19.635 
 
 181 
 
 57 334 
 
 261.58 
 
 31? 
 
 98.960 
 
 779.31 
 
 61 
 
 16.493 
 
 21.648 
 
 181 
 
 58.119 
 
 268.80 
 
 311 
 
 99.745 
 
 791.73 
 
 51 
 
 17.278 
 
 23.758 
 
 18f 
 
 58.904 
 
 276.12 
 
 32 
 
 100.631 
 
 804.25 
 
 6| 
 
 18.064 
 
 25.967 
 
 19 
 
 59.690 
 
 283.53 
 
 32? 
 
 101.316 
 
 816.86 
 
 6 
 
 18.849 
 
 28.274 
 
 191 
 
 60.475 
 
 291.04 
 
 32.1 
 
 102.102 
 
 829.58 
 
 6| 
 
 19.635 
 
 30.680 
 
 191 
 
 61.261 
 
 298.65 
 
 32f 
 
 102.887 
 
 842.39 
 
 61 
 
 20.420 
 
 33.183 
 
 19f 
 
 62.046 
 
 306.36 
 
 33 
 
 103.673 
 
 855.30 
 
 6f 
 
 21.205 
 
 35.785 
 
 20 
 
 62.831 
 
 314.16 
 
 331 
 
 104.458 
 
 868.31 
 
 7 
 
 21.991 
 
 38.485 
 
 201 
 
 63.617 
 
 322.06 
 
 331 
 
 105.243 
 
 881.41 
 
 71 
 
 22.776 
 
 41.282 
 
 20.1 
 
 64.402 
 
 330.06 
 
 33| 
 
 106.029 
 
 894.62 
 
 71 
 
 23.561 
 
 44.179 
 
 20f 
 
 65.188 
 
 338.16 
 
 34 
 
 106.814 
 
 907.92 
 
 7| 
 
 24.:347 
 
 47.173 
 
 21 
 
 65.973 
 
 346.36 
 
 341 
 
 107.600 
 
 921.32 
 
 s'" 
 
 25.132 
 
 50.265 
 
 211 
 
 66.758 
 
 364.66 
 
 34? 
 
 108.385 
 
 934.82 
 
 8t 
 
 25.918 
 
 53.456 
 
 2U 
 
 67.544 
 
 3()3.05 
 
 34f 
 
 109.170 
 
 !)48.42 
 
 81 
 
 26.703 
 
 56.745 
 
 21f 
 
 68.329 
 
 371.54 
 
 36 
 
 109.956 
 
 962.11 
 
 8| 
 
 27.488 
 
 60.132 
 
 22 
 
 69.115 
 
 380.13 
 
 351 
 
 110.741 
 
 975.91 
 
 9 
 
 28.274 
 
 63.617 
 
 221 
 
 69.900 
 
 388.82 
 
 351 
 
 111.527 
 
 989.80 
 
 
 29.059 
 
 67.201 
 
 22i 
 
 70.685 
 
 397.61 
 
 35f 
 
 112.312 
 
 1003.8 
 
 91 
 
 29.845 
 
 70.882 
 
 22f 
 
 71.471 
 
 406.49 
 
 36 
 
 113.097 
 
 1017.9 
 
 9| 
 
 30.630 
 
 74.662 
 
 23 
 
 72.256 
 
 415.48 
 
 361 
 
 113.883 
 
 1032.1 
 
 10 
 
 31.415 
 
 78.540 
 
 231 
 
 73.042 
 
 424.56 
 
 361 
 
 114.668 
 
 1046.3 
 
 lOi 
 
 32.201 
 
 82.516 
 
 231 
 
 73.827 
 
 433.74 
 
 36| 
 
 115.454 
 
 1060.7 
 
 101 
 
 32.986 
 
 86.590 
 
 23| 
 
 74.612 
 
 443.01 
 
 37 
 
 116.239 
 
 1075.2 
 
 io| 
 
 33.772 
 
 90.763 
 
 24 
 
 75.398 
 
 452.39 
 
 371 
 
 117.024 
 
 1089.8 
 
 11 
 
 34.557 
 
 95.033 
 
 24? 
 
 76.183 
 
 461.86 
 
 371 
 
 117.810 
 
 1104.5 
 
 111 
 
 35.342 
 
 99.402 
 
 241 
 
 76.969 
 
 471.44 
 
 37f 
 
 118.596 
 
 1119.2 
 
 111 
 
 36.128 
 
 103.87 
 
 24f 
 
 77.754 
 
 481.11 
 
 38 
 
 119.381 
 
 1134.1 
 
 Ilf 
 
 36.913 
 
 108.43 
 
 25 
 
 78.53‘) 
 
 490.87 
 
 381 
 
 120.166 
 
 1149.1 
 
 12^ 
 
 37.699 
 
 113.10 
 
 251 
 
 79.325 
 
 500.74 
 
 381 
 
 120.951 
 
 1164.2 
 
 121 
 
 38.484 
 
 117.86 
 
 251 
 
 80.110 
 
 510.71 
 
 38| 
 
 121.737 
 
 1179.3 
 
 121 
 
 39.269 
 
 122.72 
 
 25f 
 
 80.896 
 
 520.77 
 
 39 
 
 122.522 
 
 1194.6 
 
 12f 
 
 40.055 
 
 127.68 
 
 
 81.681 
 
 530,93 
 
 391 
 
 123.308 
 
 1210.0 
 
 13 
 
 40.840 
 
 132.73 
 
 261 
 
 82.466 
 
 541.19 
 
 391 
 
 124.093 
 
 1225.4 
 
 131 
 
 1 41.626 
 
 1 
 
 137.89 
 
 261 
 
 83.252 
 
 551.55 
 
 39f 
 
 124.878 
 
 1241.0 
 
 177 
 
:ii 
 
 Dial 
 
 in 
 
 nch 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40. 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44: 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45: 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 46 : 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 61 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 VERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Table of 
 
 Liinference and Area of Circles—Continued 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 .-Xrea 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Diani. 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 .“Xrea 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Diam. 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 -Xrea 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 125.664 
 
 1256.6 
 
 53|: 
 
 167.290 
 
 2227.0 
 
 66} 
 
 208.916 
 
 3473.2 
 
 126.449 
 
 1272.4 
 
 63^ 
 
 168.075 
 
 2248.0 
 
 661 
 
 209.701 
 
 3499.4 
 
 127.235 
 
 1288.2 
 
 53| 
 
 168.861 
 
 2269.1 
 
 67 
 
 210.487 
 
 3525.7 
 
 128.020 
 
 1304.2 
 
 54 
 
 169.646 
 
 2290.2 
 
 67} 
 
 211.272 
 
 3552.0 
 
 128.805 
 
 1320.3 
 
 54} 
 
 170.431 
 
 2311.5 
 
 67} 
 
 212.058 
 
 3578.5 
 
 129.591 
 
 1336.4 
 
 544 
 
 171.217 
 
 2332.8 
 
 67f 
 
 212.843 
 
 3605.0 
 
 130.376 
 
 1352.7 
 
 54f 
 
 172.002 
 
 2354.3 
 
 68 
 
 213.628 
 
 3631.7 
 
 131.161 
 
 1369.0 
 
 55 
 
 172.788 
 
 2375.8 
 
 68} 
 
 214.414 
 
 3658.4 
 
 131.947 
 
 1385.4 
 
 55} 
 
 173.573 
 
 2397.5 
 
 68} 
 
 215.199 
 
 3685.3 
 
 132.732 
 
 1402.0 
 
 554 
 
 174.358 
 
 2419 2 
 
 68| 
 
 215.984 
 
 3712.2 
 
 133.518 
 
 1418.6 
 
 55| 
 
 175.144 
 
 2441.1 
 
 69 
 
 216.770 
 
 3739.3 
 
 134.303 
 
 1436.4 
 
 56 
 
 175.929 
 
 2463.0 
 
 69} 
 
 217.555 
 
 3766.4 
 
 135.088 
 
 1452.2 
 
 56} 
 
 176.715 
 
 2485.0 
 
 69} 
 
 218.341 
 
 3793.7 
 
 135.874 
 
 1469.1 
 
 564 
 
 177.500 
 
 2507.2 
 
 69| 
 
 219.126 
 
 3821.0 
 
 136.659 
 
 1486.2 
 
 564 
 
 178.285 
 
 2529.4 
 
 70 
 
 219.911 
 
 3848.5 
 
 137.445 
 
 1503.3 
 
 57 
 
 175).071 
 
 2551.8 
 
 70} 
 
 220.697 
 
 3876.0 
 
 138.230 
 
 1620.5 
 
 57} 
 
 179.856 
 
 2574.2 
 
 70} 
 
 221.482 
 
 3903.6 
 
 139.015 
 
 1537.9 
 
 574 
 
 180.642 
 
 2596.7 
 
 70| 
 
 222.268 
 
 3931.4 
 
 139.801 
 
 1555.3 
 
 571 
 
 181.427 
 
 2619.4 
 
 71 
 
 223.053 
 
 3959.2 
 
 140.586 
 
 1572.8 
 
 58 
 
 182.212 
 
 2642.1 
 
 71} 
 
 223.838 
 
 3987.1 
 
 141.372 
 
 1590.4 
 
 58] 
 
 182.998 
 
 2664.9 
 
 71} 
 
 224.624 
 
 4015.2 
 
 142.157 
 
 1608.2 
 
 58} 
 
 183.783 
 
 2687.8 
 
 71| 
 
 225.409 
 
 4043.3 
 
 142.942 
 
 1626.0 
 
 581 
 
 184.569 
 
 2710.9 
 
 72 
 
 226.195 
 
 4071.5 
 
 143.728 
 
 1643.9 
 
 59 
 
 185.354 
 
 2734.0 
 
 72} 
 
 226.980 
 
 4099.8 
 
 144.613 
 
 1661.9 
 
 69} 
 
 186.139 
 
 2757.2 
 
 72} 
 
 227.765 
 
 4128.2 
 
 145.299 
 
 1680.0 
 
 594 
 
 186.925 
 
 2780.5 
 
 72f 
 
 228.551 
 
 4156.8 
 
 146.084 
 
 1693.2 
 
 594 
 
 187.710 
 
 2803.9 
 
 73 
 
 229.336 
 
 4185.4 
 
 146.869 
 
 1716.5 
 
 (40 
 
 188.496 
 
 2827.4 
 
 73} 
 
 230.122 
 
 4214.1 
 
 147.655 
 
 1734.9 
 
 60} 
 
 189.281 
 
 2851.0 
 
 73} 
 
 230.907 
 
 4242.9 
 
 148.440 
 
 1753.5 
 
 604 
 
 190.0(56 
 
 2874.8 
 
 73} 
 
 231.692 
 
 4271.8 
 
 149.226 
 
 1772.1 
 
 604 
 
 190.852 
 
 2898.6 
 
 74 
 
 232.478 
 
 4300.8 
 
 150.011 
 
 1790.8 
 
 61 
 
 191.637 
 
 2922.5 
 
 74} 
 
 233.263 
 
 432‘».9 
 
 150.796 
 
 1809.6 
 
 61} 
 
 192.423 
 
 2946.5 
 
 74} 
 
 234.049 
 
 4359.2 
 
 151.582 
 
 1828.5 
 
 614 
 
 193.208 
 
 2970.6 
 
 741 
 
 234.834 
 
 4388.5 
 
 152.367 
 
 1847.5 
 
 61} 
 
 193.993 
 
 2994.8 
 
 75 
 
 235.619 
 
 4417.9 
 
 153.153 
 
 1866.5 
 
 62 
 
 194.779 
 
 3019.1 
 
 75} 
 
 236.405 
 
 4447.4 
 
 153.938 
 
 1885.7 
 
 62} 
 
 195.5(54 
 
 3043.5 
 
 75} 
 
 237.190 
 
 4477.0 
 
 154.723 
 
 1905.0 
 
 62} 
 
 196.350 
 
 3068.0 
 
 75| 
 
 237.976 
 
 4506.7 
 
 155.509 
 
 1924.4 
 
 62| 
 
 197.135 
 
 3092.6 
 
 76 
 
 238.761 
 
 4536.5 
 
 156.294 
 
 1943.9 
 
 63 
 
 197.920 
 
 3117.2 
 
 76} 
 
 239.546 
 
 4566.4 
 
 167.080 
 
 1963.5 
 
 6^ 
 
 198.706 
 
 3142.0 
 
 76} 
 
 240.332 
 
 4596.3 
 
 157.865 
 
 1983.2 
 
 634 
 
 199.491 
 
 3166.9 
 
 76| 
 
 241.117 
 
 4626.4 
 
 158.650 
 
 2003.0 
 
 63| 
 
 200.277 
 
 3191.9 
 
 77 
 
 241.903 
 
 4656.6 
 
 169.436 
 
 2022.8 
 
 (>4 
 
 201.0(52 
 
 3217.0 
 
 77} 
 
 242.688 
 
 4686.9 
 
 160.221 
 
 2042.8 
 
 64} 
 
 201.847 
 
 3242.2 
 
 77 } 
 
 243.473 
 
 4717.3 
 
 161.007 
 
 2062.i) 
 
 64.4 
 
 202.633 
 
 3267.5 
 
 77} 
 
 244.25'.> 
 
 4747.8 
 
 161.792 
 
 2083.1 
 
 ()44 
 
 203.418 
 
 3292.8 
 
 78 
 
 245.044 
 
 4778.4 
 
 162.577 
 
 2103.3 
 
 65 
 
 204.204 
 
 3318.3 
 
 78} 
 
 245.830 
 
 4809.0 
 
 1(>3.863 
 
 2123.7 
 
 65) 
 
 204.989 
 
 3343.9 
 
 78} 
 
 246.615 
 
 4839.8 
 
 164.148 
 
 2144.2 
 
 65} 
 
 205.774 
 
 3369.(5 
 
 78 ^ 
 
 247.400 
 
 4870.7 
 
 164.934 
 
 2164.8 
 
 (551 
 
 20(5.560 
 
 3395.3 
 
 79 
 
 248.186 
 
 4‘>01.7 
 
 165.719 
 
 2185.4 
 
 66 
 
 207.345 
 
 3421.2 
 
 79} 
 
 248.<I71 
 
 4932.7 
 
 16().504 
 
 220(42 
 
 (5(5} 
 
 208.131 
 
 3447.2 
 
 79} 
 
 249.757 
 
 4963.9 
 
 178 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Table of 
 
 Circumference and Area of Circles—Continued 
 
 Diam. 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 .Area 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Diam. 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 Area 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Diam. 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circum¬ 
 ference 
 in Inches 
 
 .Area 
 
 in 
 
 Inches 
 
 79| 
 
 250.542 
 
 4995.2 
 
 844 
 
 265.465 
 
 5607.9 
 
 91 
 
 285.885 
 
 6503.9 
 
 80 
 
 251.327 
 
 5026.5 
 
 84| 
 
 266.250 
 
 5641.2 
 
 914 
 
 287.456 
 
 6575.5 
 
 80^ 
 
 252.113 
 
 5058.0 
 
 85 
 
 267.035 
 
 5674.5 
 
 92 
 
 289.027 
 
 6647.6 
 
 804 
 
 252.898 
 
 5089.6 
 
 854 
 
 267.821 
 
 5707.9 
 
 924 
 
 290.597 
 
 6720.1 
 
 80| 
 
 253.684 
 
 5121.2 
 
 854 
 
 268.606 
 
 5741.5 
 
 93 
 
 292.168 
 
 6792.9 
 
 81 
 
 254.469 
 
 5153.0 
 
 85| 
 
 269.392 
 
 5775.1 
 
 934 
 
 293.739 
 
 6866.1 
 
 8U 
 
 255.254 
 
 5184.9 
 
 86 
 
 270.177 
 
 5808.8 
 
 94 
 
 295.310 
 
 6939.8 
 
 m 
 
 256.040 
 
 5216.8 
 
 864 
 
 270.962 
 
 5842.6 
 
 944 
 
 296.881 
 
 7013.8 
 
 81| 
 
 256.825 
 
 5248.9 
 
 864 
 
 271.748 
 
 5876.5 
 
 95 
 
 298.451 
 
 7088.2 
 
 82 
 
 257.611 
 
 5281.0 
 
 86| 
 
 272.533 
 
 5910.6 
 
 954 
 
 300.022 
 
 7163.0 
 
 82i 
 
 258.396 
 
 5313.3 
 
 87 
 
 273.319 
 
 5944.7 
 
 96 
 
 301.593 
 
 7238.2 
 
 824 
 
 259.181 
 
 5345.6 
 
 874 
 
 274.104 
 
 5978.9 
 
 964 
 
 303.164 
 
 7313.8 
 
 82| 
 
 259.967 
 
 5378.1 
 
 874 
 
 274.889 
 
 6013.2 
 
 97 
 
 304.734 
 
 7389.8 
 
 83 
 
 260.752 
 
 5410.6 
 
 88 
 
 276.460 
 
 6082.1 
 
 974 
 
 306.305 
 
 7466.2 
 
 834 
 
 261.538 
 
 5443.3 
 
 884 
 
 278.031 
 
 6151.4 
 
 98 
 
 307.876 
 
 7543.0 
 
 834 
 
 262.323 
 
 5476.0 
 
 89 
 
 279.602 
 
 6221.1 
 
 984 
 
 309.447 
 
 7620.1 
 
 831 
 
 263.108 
 
 5508.8 
 
 894 
 
 281.173 
 
 6291.2 
 
 99 
 
 311.018 
 
 7697.7 
 
 84 
 
 263 894 
 
 5541.8 
 
 90 
 
 282.743 
 
 6361.7 
 
 994 
 
 312.588 
 
 7775.6 
 
 84] 
 
 264.679 
 
 5574.8 
 
 904 
 
 284.314 
 
 6432.6 
 
 100 
 
 314.159 
 
 7854.0 
 
 Case 1 
 
 For diameters greater than 100 and less than 1001 : 
 
 Take from the table the area or circumference for a circle the dia¬ 
 meter of which is one-tenth of the given diameter. 
 
 To obtain the required area or circumference, multiply the area so 
 found by 100 and the circumference so found by 10. 
 
 For example: What is the area and circumference corresponding to 
 a diameter of 459? 
 
 From the tables the area and circumference for diameter 45.9 are 
 1654.6847 and 144.1991. Therefore 165468.47 and 1441.991 are the area 
 and circumference required. 
 
 Case 2 
 
 For diameters greater than 1000: 
 
 Divide the given diameter by any convenient factor which will give 
 as a quotient a diameter found in the table, and take from the table the 
 area or circumference for this diameter. 
 
 To obtain the required area or circumference, multiply the area so 
 found by the square of the factor and the circumference so found by the 
 factor. 
 
 For example: What is the area and circumference corresponding to 
 a diameter of 1983? 
 
 1983-^3 = 661. From the tables and Case 1, the area and circum¬ 
 ference for diameter 661 are 343156.95 and 2076.593. Therefore 343156.95 
 X 9 = 3088412.55 area required, and 2076.593 X 3 = 6229.779 circumference 
 required. 
 
 179 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Thermometers 
 
 T hermometers are divided into three distinct classes, the 
 Eahrenheit, the Centigrade or Celsius, and the Reaumur. The 
 Eahrenheit thermometer is generally used in English speaking 
 countries, and the Centigrade or Celsius thermometers in countries that 
 use the metric system. In many scientific tests in English, however, the 
 Centigrade temperatures are also used, either with or without their 
 Eahrenheit equivalents. 
 
 DEGREES 
 
 too 
 
 c 
 
 r 
 
 200 
 
 
 = 
 
 50 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 40 0 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 0 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 600 
 
 50 
 
 
 = 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 0 
 
 400 
 
 
 = 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 80 0 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 900 
 
 500 
 
 
 _ 
 
 50 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 600 
 
 — 
 
 = 
 
 1100 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 — 
 
 1200 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 1300 
 
 50 
 
 1-400 
 
 700 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 8 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 1500 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 1600 
 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1700 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 
 50 
 
 1800 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1100 
 
 
 
 2000 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1200 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2200 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 1300 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 2400 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2500 
 
 50 
 
 1400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2600 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 2700 
 
 
 
 
 1500 
 
 — 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2800 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 2 900 
 
 1600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In all thermometers the freezing and boiling point 
 of water under mean atmospheric pressure at sea level 
 are assumed at two fixed points, but the division of the 
 scale between these two points varies in different coun¬ 
 tries ; hence the above mentioned classes of thermometers. 
 In the Fahrenheit the space between the two fixed points 
 is divided into 180 parts; the boiling point is marked 
 212 and the freezing point 32, and zero is a temperature 
 which, at the time this thermometer was invented, was 
 incorrectly imagined to be the lowest temperature attain¬ 
 able. In the Centigrade and Reaumur scales the distance 
 between the two fixed points is divided into 100 and 80 
 parts, respectively. In each of these two scales the 
 freezing point is marked 0, and the boiling point is 
 marked 100 in the Centigrade and 80 in the Reaumur. 
 
 Each of the 180, 100 
 
 or 80 divisions 
 
 in the respective 
 
 thermometers is called 
 
 a degree. 
 
 
 
 Freezing 
 
 Boiling 
 
 
 Point 
 
 Point 
 
 Reaumur 
 
 0 
 
 80 
 
 Celsius 
 
 0 
 
 100 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 
 32 
 
 212 
 
 1 Fahrenheit degree,=f° Centigrade =f° Reaumur 
 
 1 Centigrade degree,=1° Fahrenheit =^° Reaumur 
 
 1 Reaumur degree, = |° Fahrenheit =|° Centigrade 
 
 TemperatureFahrenheit, = f X C. + 32° =| R. + 32° 
 
 Temperature Centigrade,=f (Tem.F.—32°) = f R. 
 Temperature Reaumur, =1 (Tem.C. )=a (F.—32°) 
 
 Simplified, the above reduces to: 
 
 To change Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit, multiply 
 the degrees in Centigrade by 9, divide by 5, and add 
 32 degrees. 
 
 To change Reaumur to Fahrenheit, multiply the num¬ 
 ber of degrees Reaumur by 9, divide by 4, and add 32 
 degrees. 
 
 And to change Fahrenheit to Centigrade or Reaumur, 
 simply reverse the above and the result will be obtained. 
 
 ScALC or Decrees CCLSiUS ANO Fam»cnnc»t 
 
 nORMULA - j 8 + 32 - F 
 
 180 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Absolute Zero 
 
 The absolute zero of a gas, is a theoretical consequence of the law of 
 expansion by heat, assuming that it is possible to continue the cooling of 
 a perfect gas until its volume is diminished to nothing. 
 
 In the Centigrade scale the coefficient of expansion of air per degree 
 is 1/273; that is, its pressure being constant, the volume of a perfect 
 gas increases 1/273 of its volume at 0°C. for every increase in temperature 
 of 1° C. In Fahrenheit units it increases 1/491.2 of its volume at 32° F. 
 for every increase of 1° F. 
 
 If the volume of a perfect gas increases 1/273 of its volume at 0° C. 
 for every increase of temperature of 1° C. and decreases 1/273 of its 
 volume for every decrease of temperature of 1° C., then at —273° C. or 
 491.2° F. below the melting point of ice on the air thermometer, or 
 —492.66° F. (or —460.66°) is called the absolute zero. Absolute tempera¬ 
 tures therefore are temperatures measured, on either the Fahrenheit or 
 Centigrade scale, from this zero. 
 
 181 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Power Transmission 
 
 Rules for Ascertaining Horse Power, Etc., of Shafting 
 
 S hafts for transmitting power are subject to two forces, viz.: 
 
 I transverse strain and torsion. 
 
 The torsional strength of shafts, or their resistance to breaking 
 
 % 
 
 by twisting, is proportional to the cube of their diameter. Their stiffness, 
 or resistance to bending, is proportional to the fourth power of their 
 diameters, and varies inversely in proportion to their load, and also to 
 the cube of the length of their spans or “bay.” 
 
 Coefficients for Use in Following Rules: 
 
 Wrought Iron Main Shaft, hammered and turned. 120 
 
 Steel “ “ “ “ “ . 90 
 
 Wrought Iron Line “ “ “ “ . 90 
 
 Steel “ “ “ “ “ . 67.6 
 
 Wrought Iron Line Shaft, rolled and turned . 100 
 
 Steel “ “ “ “ “ . 76 
 
 Formulas: 
 
 Rule 1. To find maximum horse power of a shaft within good working 
 limits: 
 
 Diameter^ X revolutions per minute 
 Coefficient 
 
 Rule 2. To find the diameter of a shaft, capable within good working 
 limits, of transmitting a given horse power: 
 
 Horse Power X Coefficient { The cube root of the quotient 
 Revolutions per minute. ^ is the diameter in inches. 
 
 Rule 3. To find the speed required for transmitting a given horse 
 power within good working limits: 
 
 Horse Power X Coefficient 
 Diameter** 
 
 Shaft Bearings 
 
 The distance apart of shaft bearings may be obtained by the following 
 rule, which is applicable for shafts up to 4 inches diameter. Extra bear¬ 
 ings should be provided wherever power is taken off by main belts or gears: 
 
 L = 4.8 f 
 
 L = Length in feet betw’een supports. 
 
 D = Diameter of shaft in inches. 
 
 For a 4-inch shaft L = 4.8 f = 12 feet. 
 
 Approximate Centers of Bearings Deduced from above Formulae 
 
 Diameter of Shaft 
 
 1 ” . 
 
 iy2” . 
 
 2 ” . 
 
 . 
 
 3" . 
 
 3K". 
 
 4” . 
 
 Centers 
 
 4 ft. 9 in. 
 
 6 “ 3 
 
 7 “ 8 
 
 8 “ 10 
 10 “ 0 
 11 “ 1 
 12 “ 0 
 
 182 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Pulleys 
 
 Rules for calculating the speed and sizes of pulleys; 
 
 Problem 1. The diameter of the driver and driven being given, to find 
 the number of revolutions of the driven. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolu¬ 
 tions, and divide the product by the diameter of the driven; the quotient 
 will be the number of revolutions. 
 
 Problem 2. The diameter and the revolutions of the driver being 
 given, to find the diameter of the driven, that shall make any given 
 number of revolutions in the same time. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions, 
 and divide the product by the number of the driven; the quotient will be 
 its diameter. 
 
 Problem 3. To ascertain the size of the driver. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of revolu¬ 
 tions you wish to make, and divide the product by the revolutions of the 
 driver; the quotient will be the size of the driver. 
 
 Problem 4. To find the horse power of a pulley. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the circumference of the pulley by the speed, and 
 the product thus obtained by the width of the belt, and divide the result 
 by 600. The quotient will be the horse power. 
 
 The above rules are practically correct. Though, owing to the slip, 
 elasticity and thickness of the belt, the circumference of the driven seldom 
 runs as fast as the driver. 
 
 Belts, like gears, have a pitch line, or a circumference of uniform 
 motion. The circumference is within the thickness of the belt, and must 
 be considered if pulleys differ greatly in diameter and a required speed is 
 absolutely necessary. 
 
 Belting 
 
 In the practical application of rules and formulas for belting, good 
 judgment, experience and a consideration of the conditions are the govern¬ 
 ing factors. 
 
 Operating conditions and the coefficient of friction of belts, on pulleys 
 vary so greatly that it is advisable and customary to use arbitrary rules 
 and formulas that have proved safe in practice. 
 
 The following notes and rules are based on modern practice and will 
 be found thoroughly reliable for average conditions: 
 
 The power of a belt to transmit motion is derived from the friction 
 hold on the pulley. Diminution in friction hold from any cause brings 
 about a condition known as slipping. With every revolution of a pulley 
 a portion of the power is lost; the loss varies with the condition of the 
 belt, change of load, state of the atmosphere, etc. 
 
 Power should be communicated through the lower running side of a 
 belt; the upper side to carry the slack. 
 
 183 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 A long belt will transmit more power than a short one of the same 
 width and tension. 
 
 A belt under favorable conditions will deliver 97% of its efficiency. 
 
 A single belt one inch wide will transmit one horse power at 1000 
 feet per minute, belt speed, or 33 pounds working strain per inch of belt. 
 
 The working tension for single belts in good condition can safely 
 be put at 45 pounds per inch of width. 
 
 The strength of a belt increases directly as its width. 
 
 Average breaking weight of a belt, 3/16 x 1 inch wide—Leather, 530 
 pounds; 3-ply rubber, 600 pounds. 
 
 The coefficient of safety for laced belts is—Leather, 1/16 breaking 
 weight; rubber, breaking weight. 
 
 Excessively tight or loose belts cause a loss of power; in the former 
 case from friction at the journals, and in the latter from slipping. 
 
 Excessive slipping dries out the leather and reduces the adhesion. 
 
 Within reasonable limits the greater the speed the more efficient the 
 belt. A speed of 3,000 feet per minute is a safe maximum. 
 
 A double belt will last longer than a single one, and will take double 
 the tension, and will transmit 7/10 more power, as capacity to transmit 
 power is governed by the frictional width of belt and its pulling strength. 
 
 A rawhide belt will transmit from 25% to 50% more power than a 
 tanned one, and for straight non-shifting work is much the more eco¬ 
 nomical. It is, however, adapted to cone pulleys or countershaft work. 
 
 Belts should be used with hair side to the pulley, as this gives greater 
 adhesion. 
 
 The ordinary thickness of leather belts is 3/16 inch, and weighs about 
 60 pounds per cubic foot. 
 
 Ordinarily, 4-ply cotton belting is considered equivalent to single 
 leather belting. 
 
 Where pulley diameters are restricted, a wide thin belt is more eco¬ 
 nomical than a narrow thick one. 
 
 Rules on Belting 
 
 To Obtain Most Economical Results 
 
 For 4-ply 
 “ 6 “ 
 
 “ 8 “ 
 
 “ 10 “ 
 
 “ 12 “ 
 
 belts, smallest pulley should 
 
 ii (i (( <( 
 
 ti n n n 
 
 H H (( Ki 
 
 be 12 inches diameter or over. 
 
 “ 20 “ “ “ 
 
 “ 36 
 
 “ 60 “ 
 
 (i 
 
 
 u n 
 
 ti 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 For belts of the same width a 6 -ply will transmit V/z times as much 
 power as a 4-ply; an 8 -ply, times as much; a 10-ply about twice as 
 much and a 12-ply about 2^:4 times as much as a 4-ply. 
 
 To find the approximate ply of a belt of a given width required 
 economically to transmit a given horse power at a given belt speed: 
 Multiply the given horse power by 800, and tlie given width in inches 
 by the given belt speed in feet and divide the first result by the 
 
 184 
 
H. I.. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 second. If the final result is 1 or nearly 1, a 4-ply belt is required; if 
 1 J4, a 6-ply belt is required; if 1^1, an 8-ply is required; if 2, a 10-ply 
 is required and if 2j4> a 12-ply is required. 
 
 To find the width of a four-ply belt, required economically to trans¬ 
 mit a given horse power, at a given belt speed per minute: Multiply 
 the given horse power by 800, and divide the result by the given speed. 
 
 To find the width of a six-ply required: Multiply the horse power 
 by 533 and divide the result by the belt speed. 
 
 To find the width of an eight-ply required: Multiply the horse 
 power by 457 and divide the result by the belt speed. 
 
 To find the width of ten-ply required: Multiply the horse power 
 by 400 and divide the result by the belt speed. 
 
 To find the width of a twelve-ply required: Multiply the horse 
 power by 356 and divide the result by the belt speed. 
 
 To find the length of an open belt: Add the diameter of the 
 two pulleys together, multiply by 3 1/7, divide the product by 2, add 
 to the result twice the distance between centres of the shafts and the 
 product will be the required length. 
 
 Horse Power of Leather Belting 
 
 Transmitted with Safety at an Assured Tension of 50 Pounds Per 
 Inch of Width for Single Belt. 100 Pounds for Double Belt 
 
 Formulas: 
 
 D = Diameter of pulley in feet. 
 
 R = Revolutions per minute. 
 
 W= Width of belt in inches. 
 
 50 for single belt 
 
 1 100 for double belt 
 H. P. = Horse power transmitted. 
 
 D X 3.1416 X R X W X C 
 33000 
 
 = H. P. 
 
 D = Diameter in inches. 
 
 R = Revolutions per minute. 
 
 W = Width of belt in inches. 
 
 C = 2520 = Constant. 
 
 H. P. = Horse power transmitted. 
 
 185 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Single Belting 
 
 I) X K X \V 
 ‘2750 
 
 H. P. 
 
 The transmitting efficiency of double belts of average thickness is to that 
 of single belts as 10 is to 7; hence the formulas for double belting would be: — 
 
 Double Belting 
 
 D X R X \V 
 1926 
 
 = H. P. 
 
 The horse power to be transmitted, and diameter of pulley being given, 
 to find the width of belt required;— 
 
 Single Belt 
 
 W = 
 
 H. P. X 2750 
 D X R 
 
 Double Belt 
 
 W 
 
 H. P. X 1925 
 D X R 
 
 The horse power and width of belt being given, to find the diameter 
 of pulleys:— 
 
 Single Belt 
 _ H. P. X 2750 
 “ R X W 
 
 Double Belt 
 _ H. P. X 1925 
 ~ R X W 
 
 The horse power, diameter of the pulley and width of belt being given, 
 to find the number of revolutions necessary:— 
 
 Double Belt 
 _ H.P. X 1925 
 I) X W 
 
 In formulating the foregoing rules, it has been assumed that the belts 
 are run about horizontal, and that the arc of contact is the semi-circumference. 
 Any reduction in the arc of contact will necessitate a proportionate reduction 
 of the tabulated horse power. If, however, the pulleys are of different 
 diameters, and the arc of contact is less than the semi-circumference, the 
 rules must be modified accordingly. 
 
 For open belts and pulleys of different diameters, the arc of contact 
 is less than 180° on the smaller pulley, and a different constant, to be taken 
 from the following table, must be substituted in the foregoing formulas. 
 
 Single Belt 
 _ H. P. X 2750 
 “ D X W 
 
 186 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Measure the length of the arc of contact on the smaller pulley, and 
 divide it by the circumference of the pulley. Find the fraction in the 
 second column which corresponds nearest to this result, and opposite this, 
 its corresponding constant. 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Fraction of 
 Circumference 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Single Belt 
 Constant 
 
 Double Belt 
 Constant 
 
 90 
 
 
 2.21 
 
 6080 
 
 4250 
 
 112 >^ 
 
 = .3125 
 
 1.72 
 
 4730 
 
 3310 
 
 120 
 
 = .3333 
 
 1.6 
 
 4400 
 
 3080 
 
 135 
 
 CO 
 
 II 
 
 1.4 
 
 3850 
 
 2700 
 
 160 
 
 = .4167 
 
 1.24 
 
 3410 
 
 2390 
 
 157>^ 
 
 tV = .4375 
 
 1.17 
 
 3220 
 
 2250 
 
 180 to 270 
 
 ^ to ^ = .5 to .75 
 
 1 . 
 
 2750 
 
 1925 
 
 If the belt is crossed and the arc of contact is greater than the semi¬ 
 circumference, of course more power could be transmitted by the pulley; 
 but only by increasing the tension so as to overtax the belt. 
 
 By multiplying the constant for the semi-circumference, by the ratios 
 of friction and pressure given in the third column of above table, the 
 constants for every case likely to occur in practice are obtained. 
 
 187 
 
Table Giving Horse Power Transmission by Belts When the Speed 
 
 and Width of Belt are Given 
 
 EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 C/) 
 
 W 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 
 •4 
 
 Urn 
 
 CQ 
 
 b 
 
 O 
 
 X 
 
 H 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ^ . 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 O 
 
 r- 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 
 iO 
 
 
 
 mH 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 iC’ 
 
 ■to 
 
 t'- 
 
 
 GO 
 
 o 
 
 1—( 
 
 CM 
 
 MM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 OQ 
 
 r- 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 f- 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 04 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 iO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 c- 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 
 Jh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 C<3 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 t- 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t' 
 
 o 
 
 Tt* 
 
 
 
 >:c 
 
 
 
 o? 
 
 05 
 
 CM 
 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 t- 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C^l 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 to 
 
 t'* 
 
 c- 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :c 
 
 
 oa 
 
 iO 
 
 00 
 
 oa 
 
 r- 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 iO 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 05 
 
 iCi 
 
 X 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 to 
 
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 l> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
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 C<1 
 
 iO 
 
 00 
 
 oa 
 
 iO 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 ?'• 
 
 
 o 
 
 r- 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 O'J 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 iO 
 
 iC 
 
 to 
 
 JIh’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 oa 
 
 iC 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mH 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 to 
 
 t'- 
 
 a: 
 
 i-H 
 
 CO 
 
 iO> 
 
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 188 
 
 To find the speed in feet per minute, multiply the circumference of pulley in feet by the number of revolutions. 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Gearing 
 
 In general the term “gearing” is applied to all parts of machinery by 
 which motion is transmitted; especially is it employed for wheels whether 
 friction or tooth. Tooth wheels, are “in gear” when their teeth are 
 engaged together; “out of gear” when separated. 
 
 Spur Gears are wheels with the teeth or cogs ranged round the outer 
 or inner surface of the rim, in the direction of the radii from the centre, 
 and their action may be regarded as that of two cylinders rolling upon 
 one another. 
 
 Bevel Gears are wheels, the teeth of which are placed upon the outer 
 periphery in a direction verging to the apex of a cone and their action is 
 similar to that of two cones rolling upon each other. When two bevel 
 gears of same diameter work together at an angle of 45° they are called 
 Mitre Wheels. 
 
 The teeth are called “teeth” when they are of one and the same piece 
 as the body of the wheel, and “cogs” when they are of separate material. 
 Wheels in whose rim “cogs” are inserted are called Mortise Wheels. 
 
 The straight line drawn from centre to centre of a pair of wheels is 
 called the “line of centres.” 
 
 The pitch-line, by which the size of a wheel is always given, represents, 
 as noted above, the touching of two cylinders rolling upon one another, 
 and is the line or circle on which the pitch of teeth is measured. 
 
 The pitch is the distance between the centres of two adjacent teeth 
 measured at the pitch line. 
 
 The circular pitch of a gear wheel is the distance in inches measured 
 on the pitch circle from the centre of one tooth to the centre of the next 
 tooth. 
 
 If the distance of the teeth of a gear thus measured were 2j/2 inches 
 we would say that the circular pitch was 2 j /2 inches. 
 
 Let P = Circular pitch. 
 
 D = Diameter of pitch circle in inches. 
 
 C = Circumference of pitch circle in inches. 
 N = Number of teeth, 
 n = 3.1416. 
 
 C nD 
 
 C = P N or nD 
 Addendum = .3 P 
 
 C nD 
 N p P 
 
 T, PN C 
 
 n n 
 
 Root = .4 P 
 
 Thickness of teeth for cut gear = .5 P; for cast gear .48 P. 
 
 The diametral pitch of a gear wheel is the number of teeth in the 
 wheel divided by the diameter of the pitch circle in inches, or, it is the 
 number of teeth on the circumference of the gear wheel for one inch 
 diameter of pitch circle. 
 
 189 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 A gear with a pitch diameter of 5 inches and having 40 teeth, is 8 
 pitch; one with the same pitch diameter and having 70 teeth, is 14 pitch. 
 
 In the gear of 8 pitch there are 8 teeth on the circumference for each 
 inch of the diameter of the pitch circle; and in one of 14 pitch there are 
 14 teeth on the circumference for each inch of the diameter of the pitch 
 circle. 
 
 Let P = Diametral Pitch. 
 
 D = Diameter of pitch circle in inches. 
 N = Number of teeth, 
 d = Outside diameter. 
 
 L = Length of tooth, 
 t = Thickness of tooth. 
 
 N = P. I). 
 
 The circular pitch corresponding to any diametral pitch may be found 
 by dividing 3.1416 by the diametral pitch; and the diametral pitch corre¬ 
 sponding to any circular pitch may be found by dividing 3.1416 by the 
 circular pitch. 
 
 (a) If the diametral pitch of a gear is six, what is the corresponding 
 circular pitch? 
 
 (b) If the circular pitch is 1.5708 inches, what is the corresponding 
 diametral pitch? 
 
 (a) 
 
 3.1416 
 
 6 
 
 = .5236 inches 
 
 (b) 3.1416 _ 
 
 1.5708 “ 
 
 Diametral Pitches with their Corresponding 
 Circular Pitches 
 
 Diametral Pitch or 
 Teeth Per Inch 
 in Diameter 
 
 Corresponding 
 
 Circular 
 
 Pitch 
 
 Diametral Pitch or 
 Teeth Per Inch 
 in Diameter 
 
 Corresponding 
 
 Circular 
 
 Pitch 
 
 1 
 
 3.1416 
 
 8 
 
 .3927 
 
 2 
 
 1.5708 
 
 9 
 
 .3491 
 
 3 
 
 1.0472 
 
 10 
 
 .3142 
 
 4 
 
 .7854 
 
 12 
 
 .2618 
 
 5 
 
 .6283 
 
 14 
 
 .2244 
 
 6 
 
 .5236 
 
 16 
 
 .1963 
 
 7 
 
 .4488 
 
 20 
 
 .1571 
 
 To find the horse power of spur gearing made of good cast iron; 
 
 PXFXDXR_ 
 
 600 
 
 Where P = Pitch of wheel in inches. 
 P' = Face in inches. 
 
 D = Diameter in inches. 
 
 R = Revolutions per minute. 
 
 190 
 
I 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Electricity 
 
 Electrical Units 
 
 Volt: The unit of electrical motive force. Force required to send 
 one ampere of current through one ohm of resistance. 
 
 Ohm: Unit of resistance. The resistance offered to the passage 
 of one ampere, when impelled by one volt. 
 
 Ampere: Unit of current. The current which one volt can send 
 through a resistance of one ohm. 
 
 Coulomb: Unit of quantity. Quantity of current which, impelled 
 by one volt, would pass through one ohm in one second. 
 
 Farad: Unit of capacity. A conductor or condenser which will 
 hold one coulomb under the pressure of one volt. 
 
 Joule: Unit of work. The work done by one watt in one second. 
 Watt: The unit of electrical energy, and is the product of ampere 
 and volt. That is, one ampere of current flowing under a pressure of 
 one volt gives one watt of energy. 
 
 Useful Rules for Simple Electrical Calculations 
 
 One electrical horse power is equal to 746 watts. 
 
 One Kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts. 
 
 To find the watts consumed in a given electrical circuit, such as a 
 lamp, multiply the volts by the amperes. 
 
 To find the volts, divide the watts by the amperes. 
 
 To find the amperes, divide the watts by the volts. 
 
 To find the electrical horse power required by a lamp, divide the watts 
 of the lamp by 746. 
 
 To find the number of lamps that can be supplied by one electrical 
 horse power of energy, divide 746 by the watts of the lamp. 
 
 To find the electrical horse power necessary, multiply the watts per 
 lamp by the number of lamps and divide by 746. 
 
 To find the mechanical horse power necessary to generate the required 
 electrical horse power, divide the latter by the efficiency of the generator. 
 
 To find the amperes of a given circuit, of which the volts and ohms 
 resistance are known, divide the volts by the ohms. 
 
 To find the volts, when the amperes and watts are known, multiply 
 the amperes by the ohms. 
 
 To find the resistance in ohms, when the volts and amperes are known, 
 divide the volts by the amperes. 
 
 Equivalents of Electrical Units 
 
 (Hering) 
 
 1 Kilowatt = 1000 Watts. 
 
 1 Kilowatt = 1.34 horse power. 
 
 1 Kilowatt = 44257 foot pounds per minute. 
 
 1 Kilowatt = 56.87 B. T. U. per minute. 
 
 1 Horse power = 746 Watts. 
 
 1 Horse power = 33,000 foot pounds per minute. 
 
 1 Horse power = 42.41 B. T. U. per minute. 
 
 1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit) = 778 foot pounds. 
 
 1 B. T. U. = 0.2930 Watt-hours. 
 
 Relation of Speed, Alternations and Number of Poles 
 in A. C. Generators 
 
 Alternations per minute = Number of Poles and revolutions per minute. 
 Cycles per second = Alternations per minute divided by 120. 
 
 191 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Air 
 
 Useful Notes 
 
 Pertaining to Blowers, Fans and Compressors 
 
 A ir is a mechanical mixture of the gases oxygen and nitrogen; 20.7 
 parts oxygen and 79.3 parts nitrogen by volume, 23 parts oxygen 
 “■ and 77 parts nitrogen by weight. 
 
 The weight of pure air at 32° F. and a barometric pressure of 29.92 
 inches of mercury, or 14.6963 pounds per square inch is .080728 pounds 
 per cubic foot. 
 
 Volume of one pound 12.387 cubic feet. At any other temperature and 
 barometric pressure its weight in pounds per cubic foot is: 
 
 . _ 1.3253 X B. 
 
 “ 459.2+ T. 
 
 Where B = Height of barometric. 
 
 T = Temperature Fahrenheit. 
 
 If both the temperature and pressure vary, the weight of a cubic 
 foot of air is found by dividing the absolute pressure by the absolute 
 temperature multiplied by 2.7093. 
 
 Specific heat of air is .2377, or nearly one-fourth that of water. In 
 reheating compressed air one pound of coal will produce one horse power. 
 
 Compressed air, under a pressure of 75 pounds in the receiver, will 
 flow into the atmosphere at a velocity of 658 feet a second. The variation 
 is so slight under different pressures, that this velocity can be used 
 for all calculations between 30 and 100 pounds gauge. 
 
 The friction loss in transmitting air is nearly as the square of the 
 velocity and directly as the length of the line. 
 
 In a three-inch pipe line 2,500 feet long, the ma.ximum velocity should 
 not exceed 1,500 feet per minute, when the pressure at the inlet is less 
 than 100 pounds. If the line is 7,000 feet long, the velocity should not 
 e.xceed 1,000 feet per minute, when the pressure at the inlet is less than 
 100 pounds. 
 
 In a six-inch pipe line 2,500 feet long, under the same conditions the 
 velocity may be increased to 2,500 feet per minute, but if the line is 
 7,000 feet long, it should not exceed 1,500 feet per minute. 
 
 In pipe lines smaller than the above, the velocity should be corre¬ 
 spondingly diminished, but may be increased as the diameter of the line 
 increases. 
 
 A friction loss of 10 per cent of the absolute pressure represents only 
 a loss of three per cent in power, due to the fact that with decreased 
 pressure the volume is increased nearly 11 per cent. 
 
 192 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Volume and Density of Air at Various Temperatures 
 
 (American Blower Co.) 
 
 Temper¬ 
 
 ature 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume of 
 
 I lb. of Air at 
 Atmospheric 
 Pressure of 
 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 
 Density 
 or Weight of 
 
 I cubic foot 
 of Air 
 at 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Temper¬ 
 
 ature 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume of 
 
 1 lb. of Air at 
 Atmospheric 
 Pressure of 
 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 
 Density or 
 Weight of 
 
 I cubic foot 
 of Air 
 at 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Temper¬ 
 
 ature 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Volume of 
 
 I lb. of Air at 
 Atmospheric 
 Pressure of 
 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 
 Density 
 or Weight 
 of I cubic 
 foot of Air 
 at 14.7 lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 0 
 
 11.683 
 
 .086331 
 
 220 
 
 17.111 
 
 .068442 
 
 676 
 
 26.031 
 
 .038416 
 
 32 
 
 12.387 
 
 .080728 
 
 240 
 
 17.612 
 
 .066774 
 
 600 
 
 26.669 
 
 .037610 
 
 40 
 
 12.686 
 
 .079439 
 
 260 
 
 18.116 
 
 .066200 
 
 660 
 
 27.916 
 
 .036822 
 
 60 
 
 12.840 
 
 .077884 
 
 280 
 
 18.621 
 
 .063710 
 
 700 
 
 29.171 
 
 .034280 
 
 62 
 
 13.141 
 
 .076097 
 
 300 
 
 19.121 
 
 .062297 
 
 760 
 
 30.428 
 
 .032866 
 
 70 
 
 13.342 
 
 .074960 
 
 320 
 
 19.624 
 
 .060969 
 
 800 
 
 31.684 
 
 .031661 
 
 80 
 
 13.693 
 
 .073666 
 
 340 
 
 20.126 
 
 .049686 
 
 860 
 
 32.941 
 
 .030368 
 
 90 
 
 13.846 
 
 .072230 
 
 360 
 
 20.630 
 
 .048476 
 
 900 
 
 34.197 
 
 .029242 
 
 100 
 
 14.096 
 
 .070942 
 
 380 
 
 21.131 
 
 .047323 
 
 960 
 
 36.464 
 
 .028206 
 
 120 
 
 14.692 
 
 .068600 
 
 400 
 
 21.634 
 
 .0462231 
 
 1000 
 
 36.811 
 
 .027241 
 
 140 
 
 16.100 
 
 .066221 
 
 426 
 
 22.262 
 
 .044920 
 
 1600 
 
 49.376 
 
 .020296 
 
 160 
 
 16.603 
 
 .064088 
 
 460 
 
 22.890 
 
 .043686! 
 
 2000 
 
 61.940 
 
 .016172 
 
 180 
 
 16.106 
 
 .062090 
 
 476 
 
 23.618 
 
 .042620! 
 
 2600 
 
 74.666 
 
 .013441 
 
 200 
 
 16.606 
 
 .060210 
 
 600 
 
 24.146 
 
 .041414 
 
 3000 
 
 87.130 
 
 .011499 
 
 210 
 
 16.860 
 
 .069313 
 
 626 
 
 24.776 
 
 .040364 1 
 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 16.910 
 
 .069136 
 
 _ 
 
 660 
 
 26.403 
 
 .039366i 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 In the following formulas: V = velocity in feet per minute, A = area 
 of pipe in inches, and Q =: cubic feet of compressed air. 
 
 ^ a X V ^ ^ Q X 144 , ^ Q X 144 
 
 ^144 V a 
 
 Q X number of atmospheres = cubic feet of free air. 
 
 Every increase of 20 degrees F. in the temperature of the atmos¬ 
 phere almost doubles its capacity for moisture; thus atmosphere at 32 
 degrees F. will sustain 2.1 grains of transparent vapor, at 52 degrees, 
 4.2 grains, and at 72 degrees, 8.6 grains. 
 
 Fans and Blowers 
 
 (Kent) 
 
 Two fans mounted on one shaft will be found more useful and con¬ 
 venient than one wide fan, as in such an arrangement twice the area of 
 inlet opening is obtained as compared with a single fan. Such an arrange¬ 
 ment may be adopted where occasionally half the full quantity of air is 
 required, as one of them may be put out of gear, thus saving power. 
 
 The head or pressure is increased by increasing the number of revo¬ 
 lutions of the fan. 
 
 Experiments have demonstrated that there is no practical difference 
 between the efficiencies of blowers with curved blades and those with 
 straight radial ones. 
 
 From 65% to 75% of the power expended on the blower is received 
 back. 
 
 The greatest amount of power often used to run a fan is not due to 
 the fan itself, but to the method of selecting, erecting and piping it. 
 
 193 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
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 194 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Weights of Galvanized Iron Pipe per Lineal Foot 
 
 Diameter 
 
 GAUGE OF IRON—Numbers 
 
 ui rjpes 
 
 In Inches 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 2X 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 2/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 3^ 
 
 2/ 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 3|^ 
 
 3 
 
 2/ 
 
 2 ■ 
 
 1/ 
 
 7 
 
 
 3/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5X 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 9 
 
 6^ 
 
 4/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 3 
 
 2/ 
 
 10 
 
 6-^ 
 
 4/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 11 
 
 614: 
 
 5/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 12 
 
 
 5/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 6/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 4 
 
 3/ 
 
 14 
 
 
 6/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 16 
 
 9X 
 
 
 5/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 3/ 
 
 16 
 
 9^ 
 
 7/ 
 
 5/ 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 lOX 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 18 
 
 
 8/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 5/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 19 
 
 ii>^ 
 
 9 
 
 6/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 9/ 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5/ 
 
 21 
 
 12>4 
 
 9/ 
 
 7/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 5/ 
 
 22 
 
 13^ 
 
 10/ 
 
 7/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 5/ 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 8/ 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 143/ 
 
 11/ 
 
 8/ 
 
 7/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 26 
 
 16/ 
 
 12/ 
 
 9/ 
 
 7/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 28 
 
 16/ 
 
 13/ 
 
 9/ 
 
 8/ 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 10/ 
 
 9 
 
 7/ 
 
 32 
 
 19/ 
 
 15 
 
 11/ 
 
 9/ 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 20/ 
 
 15/ 
 
 12 
 
 10/ 
 
 8/ 
 
 36 
 
 21/ 
 
 16/ 
 
 12/ 
 
 10/ 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 22/ 
 
 18 
 
 13/ 
 
 11/ 
 
 9/ 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 18/ 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 19/ 
 
 14/ 
 
 12/ 
 
 10/ 
 
 44 
 
 26/ 
 
 20/ 
 
 15/ 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 46 
 
 27/ 
 
 21/ 
 
 16 
 
 13/ 
 
 11/ 
 
 48 
 
 28/ 
 
 22/ 
 
 16/ 
 
 14/ 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 29/ 
 
 23 
 
 17/ 
 
 15 
 
 12/ 
 
 62 
 
 31/ 
 
 24/ 
 
 18/ 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 32/ 
 
 25 
 
 18/ 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 33/ 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 26/ 
 
 20/ 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 36/ 
 
 27/ 
 
 20/ 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 38/ 
 
 29 
 
 21/ 
 
 
 • ■ • • 
 
 66 
 
 40 
 
 30/ 
 
 22/ 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 41/ 
 
 32/ 
 
 23/ 
 
 
 .... 
 
 72 
 
 43/ 
 
 33/ 
 
 25 
 
 .... 
 
 
 195 
 
Forced Draft Capacity Table for Blowers 
 
 18 lb. Air per one lb. Coal. 34.5 lb. Water 
 
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E 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Quantity of Air of a Given Density Delivered by a Fan 
 
 (Kent) 
 
 Total area of nozzles in square feet multiplied by velocity in feet per 
 minute corresponding to density (see table) equals air delivered in cubic 
 feet per minute. 
 
 Density 
 Ounces Per 
 Square Inch 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Feet Per Si in. 
 
 Density 
 Ounces Per 
 Square Inch 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Feet Per Slin. 
 
 Density 
 Ounces Per 
 Square Inch 
 
 Velocity 
 Feet Per Min. 
 
 1 
 
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 5 
 
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 9 
 
 15000 
 
 2 
 
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 6 
 
 12260 
 
 10 
 
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 3 
 
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 7 
 
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 11 
 
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 4 
 
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 8 
 
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 12 
 
 17300 
 
 Comparative Efficiency of Fans and Positive Blowers 
 
 (H. M. Howe, Trans. A. I. M. E. x 482). Experiments with fans and 
 positive (Baker) blowers working at moderately low pressures, under 20 
 ounces, show that they work more efficiently at a given pressure when 
 delivering large volumes (i. e. when working nearly up to their maximum 
 capacity) than when delivering comparatively small volumes. Therefore, 
 when great variations in the quantity and pressure of blast required are 
 liable to arise, the highest efficiency would be obtained by having a number 
 of blowers, always driving them up to their full capacity, and regulating the 
 amount of blast by altering the number of blowers at work, instead of 
 having one or two very large blowers and regulating the amount of blast 
 by the speed of the blowers. 
 
 Eor a given speed of a fan, any diminution in the size of the blast- 
 orifice decreases the consumption of power and at the same time raises 
 the pressure of the blast; but it increases the consumption of power per 
 unit of orifice for a given pressure of blast. When the orifice has been 
 reduced to the normal size for any given fan, further diminishing it 
 causes but slight elevation of the blast pressure; and, when the orifice 
 becomes comparatively small, further diminishing it causes no sensible 
 elevation of the blast pressure, which remains practically constant, even 
 when the orifice is entirely closed. 
 
 Many of the failures of fans have been due to too low speed, to too 
 small pulleys, to improper fastening of belts, or to the belts being too 
 nearly vertical; in brief, to bad mechanical arrangement, rather than to 
 inherent defects in the principles of the machine. 
 
 If several fans are used, it is probably essential to high efficiency to 
 provide a separate blast-pipe for each (at least if the fans are of different 
 size or speed) while any number of positive blowers may deliver into the 
 same pipe without lowering their efficiency. 
 
 Formula for Calculating Friction Losses 
 
 Pj= Absolute initial air pressure (lbs.) 
 
 P 2 = Absolute terminal air pressure (lbs.) 
 
 V = Free air equivalent in cu. ft. per min. of volume passing through pipe. 
 L = Length of pipe (feet) 
 
 A = Diameter of pipe (inches) 
 
 Formula 
 
 p 2 _p 2 _ .0 Q06v^L 
 
 ^2 ~ A® 
 
 199 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Loss of Air Pressure in Ounces per Square Inch 
 
 for Varying Velocities and Varying 
 
 Diameters of Pipes 
 
 (American Blower Co.) 
 
 
 
 Diameter 
 
 OE Pipe in Inches 
 
 
 
 Velocity of Air 
 Feet per Minute 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
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 7 
 
 8 
 
 
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 600 
 
 .400 
 
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 1.067 
 
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 20.000 
 
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 10.000 
 
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 6.667 
 
 5.714 
 
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 Diameter 
 
 OF Pipe in Inches 
 
 
 
 V'elocity of Air 
 Feet per Minute 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Ounces 
 
 600 
 
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 .178 
 
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 .145 
 
 .133 
 
 .114 
 
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 .360 
 
 .327 
 
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 .257 
 
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 .180 
 
 2,400 
 
 .711 
 
 .640 
 
 .682 
 
 .533 
 
 .457 
 
 .400 
 
 .366 
 
 .320 
 
 3,000 
 
 1.111 
 
 1.000 
 
 .909 
 
 .833 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,600 
 
 1.600 
 
 1.440 
 
 1.309 
 
 1.200 
 
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 Diameter 
 
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 Velocity of .Air 
 Feet per Minute 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
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 44 
 
 48 
 
 
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 .711 
 
 .640 
 
 .582 
 
 .533 
 
 6,000 
 
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EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Hydraulics 
 
 Useful Notes for Hydraulic Calculations 
 
 1 Cubic foot of water. 62.3791 
 
 1 Cubic inch of water . .03612 
 
 1 Gallon of water . 8.338 
 
 1 Gallon of water . 231. 
 
 1 Cubic foot of water. 7.476 
 
 1 Pound of water. 27.7 
 
 The above data is calculated for distilled water at 40° F. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cubic inches 
 gallons 
 cubic inches 
 
 Pressure Determinations 
 
 P = Pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 H = Head of water in feet. 
 
 P = H X .4335. 
 
 H = P X 2.307. 
 
 Pressure per square foot = H X 62.425. 
 
 Approximately, every foot of elevation is equal to p 2 pound pressure 
 per square inch; this allows for ordinary friction. 
 
 Speed of Water should not exceed 100 feet per minute with 700 pounds 
 pressure. 
 
 To Find the Capacity of a Cylinder in Gallons: Multiplying the 
 area in inches by the length of stroke in inches will give the total num¬ 
 ber of cubic inches; divide this amount by 231 (which is the cubical 
 
 contents of a gallon in inches) and the product is the capacity in gallons. 
 
 To Find Quantity of Water elevated in one minute running at 100 
 
 feet of piston speed per minute. Square the diameter of water cylinder 
 
 in inches and multiply by four. Capacity of a five-inch cylinder is desired; 
 the square of the diameter (five inches) is 25, which, multiplied by four 
 gives 100, giving gallons discharged per minute (approximately). 
 
 To Find the Diameter of a Pump Cylinder to Move a given 
 quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston travel being the speed) 
 divide the number of gallons by four, then extract the square foot and the 
 result will be the diameter in inches. 
 
 To Find the Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch, due to forcing 
 a given quantity of water through a certain size of pipe (table of friction 
 of water in pipes, page 203). Add the amount of this friction to the 
 pressure due to the height of which water is to be forced; the result is total 
 water pressure. 
 
 The Area of Steam Piston multiplied by the steam pressure gives 
 the total amount of pressure exerted. The area of the water piston 
 multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch gives the resistance. 
 A margin must be made between the power and resistance to move the 
 pistons at the required speed; usually estimated at from 25 to 50 
 per cent. 
 
 202 
 
f 
 
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EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 To Find the Velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a 
 given column of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic 
 feet of water by 144, and divide the product by the area of pipe in inches. 
 
 To Find the Area of a Required Pipe, the volume and velocity of 
 water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and 
 divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being 
 found, it is easy to get the diameter of pipe necessary. 
 
 The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere is estimated at 14.7 pounds 
 per square inch. With a perfect vacuum at sea level, it will therefore 
 sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inches, or a column of water 33.9 feet. 
 
 The friction of water in pipes increases with the square of its velocity. 
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 To Find the Horse Power required to elevate water to a given 
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 feet, and divide the product by 33,000. An allowance should be made of 
 25 per cent for water friction; also about 25 per cent for loss in steam 
 pipe and cylinder. 
 
 Capacity of Pipes: A pipe one yard long holds as many pounds 
 of water as the square of its diameter, in inches. Thus, six-inch pipe holds 
 36 pounds of water in each yard of length. 
 
 One Miner’s Inch of Water equals 12 United States Gallons per 
 minute. 
 
 A common water pail filled, contains 19 pounds of water and equals 
 2.272 United States Gallons. 
 
 204 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Steam 
 
 A CUBIC inch of water under ordinary atmospheric pressure is con¬ 
 verted into one cubic foot of steam (approximately). 
 
 The specific gravity of steam (at atmospheric pressure) is .411 
 
 that of air at 34° F., and .0006 that of water at same temperature. 
 
 Twenty-seven and two hundred and twenty-two thousandths (27.222) 
 cubic feet of steam weighs one pound; 13.817 cubic feet of air weighs one 
 pound. 
 
 Saturated Steam : Steam at a given temperature is said to be 
 saturated when it is of maximum density for that temperature. Steam in 
 contact with water is saturated steam. 
 
 Wet or Supersaturated Steam: Steam which has water (in the 
 form of small drops) suspended in it is called wet or supersaturated 
 steam. If wet steam be heated until all the water suspended in it is 
 evaporated, it is said to be dried. 
 
 Superheated Steam : If dry saturated steam be heated when not in 
 contact with water, its temperature is raised and its density diminished 
 or the pressure is raised. The steam is then said to be superheated. 
 
 Dryness Fraction of Steam: Let W= Weight of a given quantity of 
 wet steam, w = Weight of water suspended in this steam, then dryness 
 , . W—w 
 
 fraction = 
 
 W 
 
 Under ordinary conditions and good stoking, the dryness fraction is 
 about 95%. 
 
 A Unit of Evaporation is the quantity of heat necessary to evaporate 
 one pound of water at 212° into steam at the same temperature, and is 
 equal to 965.8 B. T. U. 
 
 One horse power = 42.416 heat units per minute or 2,545 per hour, 
 equivalent to 1,980,000 foot-pounds of work done. 
 
 Heat Units 
 
 (Foster) 
 
 One pound of water evapor- j 
 ated from and at 212° F. ’ 
 
 0.283 K. W. hour. 
 0.39 H. P. hour. 
 
 ; 966. B. T. U. 
 
 I 761,300. Foot-pounds. 
 
 ( .0664 lbs. Carbon oxidized at 100% Eff. 
 
 2,545. B. T. U. 
 
 1 H. P. Hour. 
 
 0.746 K. W. hours. 
 1,980,000. Foot-pounds. 
 
 0.175 lbs. Carbon oxidized at 100% Eff. 
 
 K. W. Hour. 
 
 3,412. B. T. U. 
 
 .235 lbs. Carbon oxidized at 100% Eff. 
 22.8 lbs. water raised from 62° to 212° F. 
 3.53 lbs. water evaporated at 212° F. 
 
 2,654,200. Foot-pounds. 
 
 One pound carbon 
 oxidized at 100% 
 efficiency. 
 
 14,500. B. T. U. 
 
 1.11 lbs. Anth. Coal oxidized at 100%. 
 2.5 lbs. Dry Wood oxidized at 100%. 
 21. Cubic feet Ilium. Gas at 100%. 
 4.26 K. W. hours at 100% Eff. 
 
 5.71 H. P. hours at 100^ Eff. 
 
 11,315,000. Foot-pounds at 100% Eff. 
 
 16. lbs. water evaporated at 212° F. 
 
 205 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 British Thermal Unit: The quantitive measure of heat is the British 
 Thermal Unit. It is ordinarily written B. T. U. and is the quantity of 
 heat required to raise the temperature of a pound of pure water one 
 degree at its point of maximum density, viz.: 39.1 degrees F. In the metric 
 system the unit is the calorie or the heat necessary to raise the tempera¬ 
 ture of a kilogramme of water one degree Centigrade at the point of 
 maximum density. 
 
 Measure of Power 
 
 The unit of work is “the foot-pound,” which is a pressure of one 
 pound exerted through a space of one foot. 
 
 The rate of work is “the horse power” or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute 
 = 1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour. 
 
 The unit of heat is the amount of heat required to raise one pound of 
 water one degree from 39 degrees to 40 degrees. 
 
 206 
 
Properties of Saturated Steam 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
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 207 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Horse Power: The term horse power was first established by James 
 Watt, who ascertained that a strong London draught horse was capable 
 of doing work for a short interval of time equivalent to lifting 33,000 
 pounds one foot high in one minute. 
 
 This value was used by Watt in expressing the power of his engines 
 and has since been universally adopted in mechanics. The expression 
 foot-pounds is used to denote the unit of work, and is the force required 
 to lift a weight of one pound through a space of one foot. 
 
 Horse power is the measure of the rate at which work is performed 
 and is equal to 33,000 pounds lifted one foot in one minute, or one pound 
 lifted 33,000 feet in one minute, or one pound lifted 550 feet in one 
 second, therefore one horse power equals 550 foot-pounds per second. 
 
 Horse Power of an Engine 
 
 A = Area of the piston in s(}uare inches. 
 
 P = Mean effective pressure of the steam on the piston per square inch. 
 V = Velocity of piston per minute. 
 
 Then H. P. 
 
 A X P X V 
 33,000 
 
 The mean pressure in the cylinder when cutting off at 
 % stroke = boiler pressure multiplied by .697. 
 
 Yi 
 
 Yi. 
 
 % 
 
 Yat 
 
 .670. 
 
 .743. 
 
 .847. 
 
 .919. 
 
 .937. 
 
 .966. 
 
 .992. 
 
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 horse power: 
 
 5500 
 
 V 
 
 multiplied by H. P. 
 
 = A. 
 
 To find the weight of the rim of the fly wheel for an engine : 
 
 _ Nominal H. P. multiplied by 2000. __ 
 
 The square of the velocity of the circumference in feet per second 
 
 weight in cwt. 
 
 Compound engines will develop a horse power on 15 pounds of water. 
 
 Single condensing engine will develop a horse power on 18 to 22 pounds 
 of water. 
 
 Automatic non-condensing engine will develop a horse power on 28 to 
 32 pounds of water. 
 
 Slide-valve throttle-governing engine wdll develop a horse pow’er on one 
 cubic foot, or 62 J /2 pounds of water. 
 
 Steam engines, in economy, vary from 14 to 60 pounds of feed water, 
 and from IJ /2 to 7 pounds of coal per hour per indicated horse power. 
 
 208 
 
Cost of Coal for Steam Power 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 
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 209 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Condensing engines require from 20 to 30 gallons of water, at an 
 average low temperature, to condense the steam represented by every 
 gallon of water evaporated in the boilers supplying the engines, approxi¬ 
 mately for most engines, we say, from 1 to 1^ gallons condensing water 
 per minute, per indicated horse power. 
 
 The standard rating for surface condensers is to allow one square 
 foot of tube surface for every 10 pounds of steam condensed, or two square 
 feet for every horse power in compound engines. 
 
 In order to maintain a good working vacuum, the condensed water 
 from the air pump should not exceed 120 degrees to 130 degrees F. in 
 temperature, nor the discharged circulating water 110 degrees to 120 
 degrees F. 
 
 Ordinary steam engines with a superheat of 125 degrees F. on a pres¬ 
 sure of 100 pounds, will effect a saving of from 10 to 25%. 
 
 Data on Steam Boilers 
 
 A standard boiler horse has been adopted by the American Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers as the evaporation of 30 pounds of water per hour 
 from the temperatures of feed water 100° F. into steam of 70 pounds 
 pressure. 
 
 Boilers require for each nominal horse power about one cubic foot of 
 feed water per hour. 
 
 The best designed boilers, well set, with good draft and skillful firing, 
 will evaporate from 7 to 10 pounds of water per pound of first-class coal. 
 
 On one square foot of grate can be burned on an average from 10 to 12 
 pounds of hard coal, or 18 to 20 pounds of soft coal per hour with natural 
 draft. With forced draft nearly double these amounts can be burned. 
 The average result is from 25 to 60% below this. 
 
 In calculating horse power of horizontal, tubular, or flue boilers, con¬ 
 sider 15 square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nominal horse 
 power. 
 
 Firing: Coal of a depth up to 12 inches is more effective than at less 
 
 depth. Admission of air above the grate increases evaporative effect, but 
 diminisbes the rapidity of it. Air admitted at bridge-w’all effects a better 
 result than when admitted at door, and when in small volumes, and in 
 streams or currents, it arrests or prevents smoke. It may be admitted 
 by an area of four square inches per square foot of grate. Combustion 
 is the most complete with firings at intervals of from 15 to 20 minutes. 
 
 The rate of combustion in a furnace is computed by the pounds of 
 fuel consumed per square foot of grate per hour. 
 
 Consumption of fuel averages 7^ pounds of coal or 15 pounds dry 
 pine wood for every cubic foot of water evaporated. 
 
 The dimensions or size of coal must be reduced and the depth of the 
 fire increased directly, as the intensity of the draught is increased. 
 
 210 
 
I 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Fuels 
 
 F uels may be solid, liquid or gaseous. Such representatives of 
 each class as are used in the manufacture of glass will be considered. 
 
 Coal 
 
 Coal is the fossilized remains of prehistoric vegetable growth. In its 
 stages from vegetable to almost pure carbon in the form of graphite, it 
 was successively changed in the forms given in the following table which 
 gives the approximate chemical changes. 
 
 (Sterling) 
 
 Substance 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Wood Fibre. 
 
 52.65 
 
 5.25 
 
 42.10 
 
 Peat. 
 
 59.57 
 
 5.96 
 
 34.47 
 
 Lignite. 
 
 66.04 
 
 5.27 
 
 28.69 
 
 Earthy brown coal. 
 
 73.18 
 
 5.58 
 
 21.14 
 
 Bituminous coal. 
 
 76.06 
 
 5.84 
 
 19.10 
 
 Semi-Bituminous coal . . . 
 
 89.29 
 
 5.05 
 
 6.66 
 
 Anthracite coal. 
 
 91.58 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.46 
 
 The percentage of ash and moisture vary greatl}^. The ash ranges 
 from 3 to 30%; and the moisture from 0.75 to 25% of the total weight 
 of the coal, depending upon the locality where mined and the grade. 
 
 The uncoml)ined carbon in coal is known as ftxcd carbon. 
 
 There is also some carbon combined with hydrogen, and this, together 
 with other gaseous substances driven off by the application of heat, con¬ 
 stitute the volatile portion of the fuel. The fixed carbon and the volatile 
 matter constitute the combustible, the other important ingredients entering 
 with the composition of coal being moisture, and the refractory earths 
 which form the ash. A large percentage of ash is undesirable, because it 
 not only reduces the calorific value of tlie fuel, but in the furnace clogs 
 up the air passages and prevents the rapid combustion necessary to high 
 efficiency. If the coal also contains an e.xcessive quantity of sulphur, 
 trouble will be experienced because sulphur unites with the ash to form a 
 fusable slag or clinker which chokes up the grate bars and forms a solid 
 mass, having imbedded in it large quantities of unconsumed carbon. 
 Moisture in coal is more detrimental than ash in lowering furnace tem¬ 
 peratures, because it is not only non-combustible, but it absorbs heat when 
 it evaporates and is superheated to the temperature of the stack gases. 
 
 Coal- Grade Divisions 
 
 In designing furnaces, etc., for a particular quality of coal, the ques¬ 
 tion is likely to arise as to what is anthracite or what is bituminous. 
 The division between the different grades is largely empirical. That 
 given by Kent is more generally satisfactory, and is as follows : 
 
 Anthracite ^All coal with less than 7.5 per cent volatile matter 
 in combustible. 
 
 Semi-Anthracite All coal with 7.5 per cent to 12.5 per cent volatile 
 matter in combustible. 
 
 211 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Semi-Bituminous—All coal with 12.5 per cent to 25 per cent volatile 
 matter in combustible. 
 
 Bituminous—All coal with 25 per cent to 50 per cent volatile matter 
 in combustible. 
 
 Lignite. All coal with more than 50 per cent volatile matter in 
 combustible. 
 
 Average weight of one cubic foot: 
 
 Bituminous .52 pounds. 
 
 Anthracite .54 pounds. 
 
 Average weight of one bushel containing 2,500 cubic inches: 
 
 Bituminous .75 pounds. 
 
 Anthracite .78 pounds. 
 
 Specific gravity: 
 
 Bituminous .1.40 
 
 Anthracite .1.70 
 
 Average bulk of one ton (2.240 pounds) : 
 
 Bituminous .43 cubic feet. 
 
 Anthracite .41.5 cubic feet. 
 
 Analyses of Coals 
 
 With Special Reference to Fuel for Use in Gas Producers 
 
 The desirable qualities of gas coal are, a high percentage of Volatile 
 Combustible Matter, and low percentage of Moisture, Ash and Sulphur. 
 Moisture absorbs a portion of the heat developed to vaporize it; Ash 
 represents the non-combustible matter, and Sulphur, while it is com¬ 
 bustible, is injurious to the furnaces and glassware. 
 
 The analyses of coals, being made of pure, clean lump coals, do not 
 indicate the amount of slate and earthy substances mixed with them, which 
 would increase the percentage of ash and clinker, or non-combustible 
 matter. For this reason the general run-of-mine may be much inferior 
 in quality to the sample analysis. 
 
 The advisability of using Slack depends upon its cost entirely and 
 quality as compared with the cost and quality of mine-run coal. The 
 coal that gives the best net result is cheapest; it often happens that mine- 
 run coal at a higher price is cheaper than slack, for the reason that a 
 larger volume and a better quality of gas is produced, which more than 
 covers the difference in cost. Especially is this true where freight is the 
 greater part of the cost of coal. 
 
 The analyses given on following page have been obtained from various 
 sources, some direct from the chemists, others from the coal companies, 
 and we have reason to believe they are correct: 
 
 212 
 
I 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Analyses of Coals—Continued 
 
 Name 
 
 Total 
 
 Combus¬ 
 
 tible 
 
 Matter 
 
 Volatile 
 
 Combus¬ 
 
 tible 
 
 Matter 
 
 Fixed 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Mois¬ 
 
 ture 
 
 Ash 
 
 ! Sulphur 
 
 Pennsylvania Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monongahela River (x) 
 
 88.69 
 
 36.75 
 
 51.93 
 
 
 7.07 
 
 ' 
 
 Westmoreland, Pa. 
 
 94.00 
 
 36.00 
 
 58.00 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 Youghiogheny River (x) 
 
 95.23 
 
 39.54 
 
 55.69 
 
 .20 
 
 4.05 
 
 .52 
 
 Indiana Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 1 . 
 
 84.46 
 
 40.25 
 
 44.21 
 
 7.57 
 
 7.97 
 
 4.01 
 
 “ 2 . 
 
 83.85 
 
 36.45 
 
 47.40 
 
 12.73 
 
 3.42 
 
 , .55 
 
 “ 3 . 
 
 82.27 
 
 38.82 
 
 43.45 
 
 ' 8.63 
 
 9.05 
 
 t 2.57 
 
 “ 4 . 
 
 82.63 
 
 42.23 
 
 40.40 
 
 5.89 
 
 11.48 
 
 > 5.88 
 
 “ 5 . 
 
 85.27 
 
 36.11 
 
 49.16 
 
 11.20 
 
 3.53 
 
 .62 
 
 “ 6 (x) . 
 
 93.50 
 
 37.00 
 
 56.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 1 . 
 
 “ 7 . 
 
 90.00 
 
 41.00 
 
 49.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 7.50 
 
 [ 
 
 * 
 
 “ 8 . 
 
 92.00 
 
 44.50 
 
 47.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 “ 9 . 
 
 88.00 
 
 44.00 
 
 44.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 8.50 
 
 
 “ 10 (x) . 
 
 95.88 
 
 38.62 
 
 57.26 
 
 2.52 
 
 1.50 
 
 .... 
 
 .46 
 
 “11 . 
 
 88.36 
 
 43.07 
 
 45.29 
 
 6.47 
 
 1.85 
 
 3.32 
 
 “ 12 . 
 
 84.55 
 
 39.47 
 
 45.08 
 
 13.40 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.36 
 
 Kentucky Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mined near 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Huntington, W. Va. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ashland C. & I. Co. (x) 
 
 89.94 
 
 59.92 
 
 50.02 
 
 4.48 
 
 5.58 
 
 .99 
 
 Hymans Bank. 
 
 87.91 
 
 35.62 
 
 52.29 
 
 5.38 
 
 4.71 
 
 
 Mulligans Bank. 
 
 90.00 
 
 34.93 
 
 56.07 
 
 5.71 
 
 3.29 
 
 
 Michigan Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Saginaw Coal Co. 
 
 88.62 
 
 37.89 
 
 50.73 
 
 7.60 
 
 3.77 
 
 .99 
 
 Southern Illinois: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carterville Mines. 
 
 85.97 
 
 24.97 
 
 61.00 
 
 7.99 
 
 5.48 
 
 .56 
 
 Mission Field (x). 
 
 82.65 
 
 44.50 
 
 38.15 
 
 4.37 
 
 10.38 
 
 2.60 
 
 Glen Carbon No. 2.... 
 
 80.02 
 
 36.84 
 
 43.18 
 
 3.86 
 
 12.22 
 
 3.90 
 
 West Virginia Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kanawha River, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Black Brand (x). 
 
 96.07 
 
 38.59 
 
 57.48 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.70 
 
 .22 
 
 Keystone . 
 
 94.73 
 
 35.41 
 
 59.32 
 
 1.19 
 
 4.08 
 
 .967 
 
 Montana (x). 
 
 93.35 
 
 36.78 
 
 56.57 
 
 1.42 
 
 4.52 
 
 .71 
 
 Despard. 
 
 93.30 
 
 40.00 
 
 53.30 
 
 
 6.70 
 
 
 Monongah. 
 
 95.69 
 
 37.08 
 
 58.61 
 
 1.24 
 
 3.08 
 
 .487 
 
 Ohio Coals: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Forsythe Mine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Guernsev Co. 
 
 86.62 
 
 32.54 
 
 54.08 
 
 1.02 
 
 7.35 
 
 5 01 
 
 Imperial Mine 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 (Guernsey) . 
 
 91.10 
 
 34.78 
 
 56.32 
 
 3.97 
 
 4.93 
 
 .79 
 
 Hocking Valley 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average. 
 
 94.04 
 
 38.00 
 
 56.04 
 
 5.62 i 
 
 5.96 
 
 .98 
 
 Hocking Valley 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphorous. 
 
 .015- 
 
 -B. T. U. 12761 
 
 
 
 
 Samples marked (x) we consider the best from each district for use in fuel gas producers. 
 
 Oil 
 
 Petroleum is practically the only oil'which is sufficiently abundant and 
 cheap to be used as fuel in furnaces. It possesses many advantages over 
 solid fuels. There are three kinds of petroleum in use, namely those 
 which on distillation yield: (1) paraffin; (2) asphalt; (3) olefin. 
 
 213 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 To the first group belong the oils of the Appalachian Range and Middle 
 West. They are dark brown with greenish tinge. Upon distillation they 
 yield such a variety of light oils that their value is too great to permit 
 their general use as fuels. 
 
 To the second group belong the oils from Texas and California. These 
 vary from reddish brown to jet black, and are used mostly for fuel. 
 
 The third group comprises oils from Russia, which are also used 
 more extensively for fuel than for any other purpose. 
 
 In general, fuel oils consist mostly of hydrogen and carbon, but contain 
 small percentages of sulphur, nitrogen, arsenic, phosphorous and silt. 
 They also contain water varying from less than one per cent up to 50 
 per cent, depending upon the care that has been taken to remove the 
 water which accompanies the oil when pumped from the well. Here, 
 as in all other fuels, the percentage of water effects the available heat 
 of the oil, hence contracts for purchase of oil should limit the content of 
 water, else sufficient tankage should be provided to enable most of the 
 water to be settled out of the oil before it is burned. 
 
 The specific gravity (Foster) of petroleum ranges from .628 to .792. 
 
 The boiling point ranges from 80° to 495° F. The total heating power 
 ranges from 26,975 to 28,087 units of heat, equivalent to the evaporation, 
 at 212° of from 24.17 to 25.17 pounds of water supplied at 62° or from 
 27.92 to 29.08 pounds of water supplied at 212°. 
 
 Petroleum possesses the following advantages over coal: 
 
 (1) Much lower cost for handling, as the oil is fed by simple, mechani¬ 
 cal means, the cost of stoking, removing ashes, etc., is eliminated. 
 
 (2) For equal heat value oil occupies less space than coal, and the 
 storage space may be at considerable distance from the furnace without 
 detriment. 
 
 (3) Can be burned with less waste than coal. In practice, a barrel of 
 crude petroleum (42 gallons), weighing 319 pounds, is equal to 478 pounds 
 of good coal. 
 
 (4) Intensity of fire can be almost instantly regulated to conform 
 to the demands made by the conditions of the furnace and its contents. 
 
 (5) Oil does not, like coal, deteriorate with age when stored. 
 
 (6) Reduction in working force, and freedom from dust, dirt and 
 smoke, thereby permitting the production of a better grade of glass. 
 
 The disadvantages of oil are: 
 
 (1) It must have a high flash point to minimize danger of explosions. 
 
 (2) City or town ordinances may impose oppressive conditions re¬ 
 garding location and isolation of oil tanks. 
 
 (3) The natural supply of oil falls so far short of the demand that it 
 can only be obtained with difficulty; consequently it cannot come into 
 general use. 
 
 The character of fuel oil in various parts of the country varies with 
 the question of supply and demand in a particular community, and the 
 
 214 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 nearest shipping point of oil best suited for the purposes. That is, in 
 cases where the use of fuel oil is imperative and crude oil cannot readily 
 be obtained, it is customary to supply a better grade of oil than is neces¬ 
 sary, in order to meet the emergency. 
 
 Theoretically a pound of oil is equivalent in heat units to two pounds 
 of coal, but in practice the thermal equivalent of one pound of oil is one 
 and one-half pounds of coal. 
 
 Oil is marketed on the gallon basis; shipment being made in barrels 
 and tank cars. 
 
 Weight and Volume of Crude Petroleums 
 
 Pound 
 
 U. S. 
 
 Liquid Gallon 
 
 Barrel 
 
 Gross Ton 
 
 1. 
 
 .13158 
 
 .0031328 
 
 .0004464 
 
 7.6 
 
 1. 
 
 .02381 
 
 .003393 
 
 319.2 
 
 42. 
 
 1. 
 
 .1425 
 
 2240. 
 
 294.72 
 
 7.017 
 
 1. 
 
 Gas 
 
 In the field of glass manufacture both natural and producer gas are 
 used for melting and heating purposes. 
 
 Natural gas is pumped from wells to the point where it is to be used, 
 a pressure reducing station interposed between source and consumer. 
 
 The weight of natural gas is about 45.6 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet 
 under standard conditions. The composition varies considerably, even in 
 the same field. 
 
 Owing to the greater thermal efficiency obtained in the burning of 
 natural gas as compared with coal, about 20,000 cubic feet of natural gas 
 is, in practice, equivalent to 2,000 pounds of coal. 
 
 Natural Gas at six cents per thousand cubic feet will be equal in heating 
 value to coal which evaporates seven pounds of water per pound and 
 costs $1.12 per ton. 
 
 Producer Gas is gradually replacing natural gas in the glass manufac¬ 
 turing field. 
 
 To the interested reader we submit the following excellent article on 
 the subject of commercial gas: 
 
 216 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Commercial Gases for Fuel and 
 Power Purposes 
 
 (Read Before Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania) 
 
 A Few Words Concerning Gas 
 
 By Alexander AI. Gow 
 
 T he following pages are for the general information of those users 
 of gas who desire to obtain a speaking acquaintance with the sub¬ 
 ject. Technical refinements have been avoided. Values are given 
 in round numbers, easy to remember, not always scientifically accurate, 
 but sufficiently so for purposes of ordinary calculations. 
 
 For further information the reader is referred to the extensive litera¬ 
 ture on the subject; this is but the alphabet. 
 
 The Constituents of Commercial Gases 
 
 By the term “gas,” as used commercially, a mixture of various gases 
 is generally understood. The relative proportions in which these constitu¬ 
 ent gases appear in a commercial gas depend upon the method of manu¬ 
 facture and the raw materials used. The methods of manufacture are 
 many. The raw materials consist of air, water, and any carbonaceous 
 matter, such as coal, coke, wood, oil or garbage. Given these raw materials, 
 various commercial gases can be produced which differ from each 
 other in the proportions of their constituent gases. These constituent 
 gases are as follows: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic oxide, car¬ 
 bonic acid, marsh gas and olefiant gas. Sulphur also appears in small 
 quantities and is an objectionable impurity. For the sake of brevity and 
 convenience, certain symbols have been adopted to designate these gases. 
 The symbol of a chemical combination tells at a glance the proportions 
 of the different elements that have united to form it. A knowledge of 
 the atomic and molecular weights of the elements make it a simple matter 
 of arithmetic to calculate how many pounds of each element are in a 
 given weight of the combination. For instance, the symbol for carbonic 
 acid is CO 2 . This shows that one atom of carbon (symbol C) has united 
 with one molecule of oxygen (symbol O 2 ). to form one molecule of 
 carbonic acid (CO 2 ). The atomic weight of carbon is twelve and the 
 molecular weight of oxygen is 32. Using the symbols in the form of an 
 equation: 
 
 C + O 2 = CO.,, or in pounds 
 12 - 32 = 44 
 
 That is to say, 12 pounds of carbon unite with 32 pounds of oxygen 
 and form 44 pounds of carbonic acid. Or, dividing through by 12, one 
 pound of carbon unites with two and two-thirds pounds of oxj'gen to pro¬ 
 duce three and two-thirds pounds of carbonic acid. The symbol of olefiant 
 gas is C 2 H 4 . Two atoms of carbon have united with four atoms (or two 
 molecules) of hydrogen. Expressing this in symbols: 
 
 2 C “ 2 Hj = C 2 H 4 , or in pounds 
 24 - 4 = 28 
 
 216 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 showing that 28 pounds of olefiant gas contain 24 pounds of carbon and 
 4 pounds of hydrogen. With this explanation of the use of symbols, 
 let us consider the characteristics of the various gases, which, mixed to¬ 
 gether, go to make up a manufactured gas. 
 
 Hydrogen: Atomic symbol, H. Atomic weight, I. Molecular symbol, 
 H. Molecular weight, 2. Hydrogen is so light that it has been adopted 
 as the standard by which to weigh all other elements. When the atomic 
 weight of hydrogen is given as 1, and that of oxygen as 16, it means that 
 for equal volumes at the same temperatures and pressure, oxygen is 16 
 times as heavy as hydrogen. In the case of both oxygen and hydrogen two 
 atoms of each combine to form one molecule of each, but the ratio of 
 weights remains the same, 16 to 1. Hydrogen uniting with oxygen burns 
 with a blue flame, producing water in the form of water vapor. The 
 formula for this reaction is : 
 
 H^ -L () = Ha O, or in pounds 
 
 2 - 16 = 18 
 
 Two pounds of hydrogen burn with 16 pounds of oxygen to form 18 
 pounds of water. The formula also shows the relative volume of each 
 gas that has entered into combination. Two cubic feet of hydrogen unite 
 with one cubic foot of oxygen. Of course the volume of water vapor 
 produced will depend upon its temperature, and if it be condensed to water 
 there will be but a small quantity produced by burning two cubic feet of 
 hydrogen with one cubic foot of oxygen. But the weight of water is of 
 course equal to the combined weights of the gases that formed it. The 
 heat evolved by burning one cubic foot of hydrogen with one-half a cubic 
 foot of oxygen is sufficient to raise the temperature of 320 pounds of 
 water one degree F. A British thermal unit is the amount of heat required 
 to raise one pound of water one degree F. The abbreviation used is 
 B. T. U. Consequently hydrogen has a calorific or heating value of 320 
 B. T. U. per cubic foot. 
 
 Now, the atmosphere, which is the source of oxygen for combustion, 
 contains 20 cubic feet of oxygen to 80 cubic feet of nitrogen. But for 
 purposes of combustion the oxygen cannot be separated from the nitrogen. 
 Consequently, for each cubic foot of oxygen required, four cubic feet of 
 nitrogen go along, or five cubic feet of air. So when two cubic feet of 
 hydrogen are burned with one cubic foot of oxygen, five cubic feet of air 
 must be supplied. This is the theoretical requirement; as a question of 
 fact, to insure complete combustion in practice, it is necessary to supply 
 more oxygen, consequently more air, than this theoretical amount. In 
 most commercial gases hydrogen appears either as free hydrogen or com¬ 
 bined with carbon to form what is known as “hydrocarbon.” The term 
 “hydrocarbon” covers an almost unlimited number of compounds, gaseous, 
 vaporous, liquid and solid. In general, a “heavy hydrocarbon” contains 
 more carbon than a “light hydrocarbon.” As a rule, if a “heavy hydro¬ 
 carbon” is subjected to heat, in the absence of oxygen, a “light hydro¬ 
 carbon” is driven off and carbon deposited. The application of heat to a 
 “heavy hydrocarbon,” whether solid or liquid, may evolve “lighter hydro¬ 
 carbons” both vapors and gases, and a residue of a solid “heavy hydro- 
 
 217 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 carbon" or pure carbon may be left beliind as a final product. This process 
 of subjecting a "heavy hydrocarbon" to heat in the absence of oxygen, to 
 evolve "lighter hydrocarbons” is called distillation. Oil gas is made by 
 this process from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of various “heavy 
 hydrocarbons.” When heat is applied “lighter hydrocarbons" in the form 
 of gases and vapors are evolved. And, if the heat he sufficiently high, these 
 gases and vapors may he still further broken up into free hydrogen and 
 carbon, wliich latter will l)e deposited as free carl)on or lamp black. When 
 hydrogen (H) appears in the analysis of a commercial gas it is to be con¬ 
 sidered as a desirable constituent, owing to its calorific value and the ease 
 with which it burns to water. 
 
 Oxygen. Atomic symbol, O. Atomic weight, 16. Molecular symbol, 
 O^. Molecular w^eight, 32. One-hftb of the volume of the air is oxygen, 
 O. It combines with nearh- all other elements and heat is evolved by 
 the combination. It is the “supporter of combustion.” In commercial 
 gases it appears only in small quantities as free o.xygen (O^) rarely more 
 than two or three per cent. But combined with carbon it forms a large 
 constituent of most of them, appearing in carbonic acid, (CO,) and in 
 carbonic oxide (CO). When free oxygen (02 1 appears in the analysis 
 of a gas it is not to be considered as having any heating value. To the 
 extent that it appears just that much less oxygen will have to be sup¬ 
 plied from the air to burn the gas. 
 
 Nitrogen. Atomic symbol, N. Atomic weight, 14. Molecular symbol, 
 N 2 . Molecular weight, 28. About 80 per cent of the volume of the atmos¬ 
 phere is nitrogen (N 2 ). It is extremely inert. In this respect it is 
 the opposite of oxygen. Only with difficulty can it be made to combine 
 with other elements. It is evident that when air is one of the raw 
 materials used in gas making that the gas made must contain the inert 
 nitrogen (N 2 ). When it appears in the analysis of a commercial gas it is 
 to be considered only as a diluent, having no heating value, retarding the 
 comhustion of the other gases and reducing the calorific value of the whole. 
 
 Carbonic Acid. Symbol, CO 2 . Molecular w'cight, 44. Also known 
 as carbon dioxide and carbonic anhydride. When carbon and oxygen are 
 brought together at sufficiently high temperature to start combustion they 
 burn to carbonic acid (CO 2 ). Heat must be supplied to start the union, 
 but once started, heat is liberated. The combustion of one pound of carbon 
 to carbonic acid evolves 14,500 B. T. U. Expressed in symbols: 
 
 C • O 2 = CO 2 
 
 12 32 = 44, or dividing by 12 
 
 One lb. carbon + 2 % lbs. oxygen = 3% lbs. CO 2 = 14,500 B. T. U. 
 
 When carbonic acid appears in the analysis of a mixed gas it is to be 
 considered as valueless as nitrogen. It has no power to produce heat. It 
 is hurnt carhon, a dead, inert gas, acting only as a diluent and reducing 
 the calorific value of the mixture. 
 
 Carbonic Oxide. Symbol, CO. Molecular weight, 28. Also known as 
 carhon monoxide. As said before, wdien carbon and oxygen combine, 
 carbonic acid (CO 2 ) is formed. But if there is an excess of carhon or what 
 
 218 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 is the same thing, an insufficiency of oxygen, then carbonic oxide (CO) is 
 formed. Expressed in symbols : 
 
 C + O = CO, or in pounds 
 12 + 16 = 28, or dividing by twelve 
 
 one pound of carbon unites with one and one-third pounds of oxygen 
 to form two and one-third pounds of carbonic oxide, and 4,250 B. T. U. 
 are liberated by this union. But we saw previously that one pound of 
 carbon burnt to carbonic acid liberates 14,500 B. T. U. By comparison then, 
 
 1 lb. carbon -h 2>^ lbs. oxygen = 3% lbs. CO 2 14,600 B. T. U. 
 
 1 lb. carbon -f 1>^ lbs. oxygen = 2 ^ lbs. CO 4,260 B. T. U. 
 
 Difference in burning 1 lb. carbon to CO and CO 2 10,260 B. T. U. 
 
 It is thus evident that if one pound of carbon be burnt with an insuffi¬ 
 cient supply of ox 3 'gen and the resulting carbonic acid not burnt, over two- 
 thirds of the heating value of the carbon is lost. This frequently happens 
 to a greater or less extent when coal is improperly burnt under boilers 
 
 with an insufficient supply of air, owing to poor draft, bad firing or im¬ 
 
 proper design of boiler furnace. It is not a difficult matter to make an 
 analysis of the gases passing up the stack to determine the percentage 
 of carbonic acid, carbonic oxide and free oxygen. If there is any carbonic 
 oxide it is positive evidence of a useless waste of fuel. 
 
 It has been explained that carbonic acid (CO 2 ) is the result of the 
 
 complete combustion of carbon; whereas carbonic oxide (CO) is the 
 
 result of its partial combustion. It follows therefore that carbonic oxide 
 can be burnt to carbonic acid. In formula C0-|-0 = C02. This union 
 evolves heat. But if, at high temperature, carbonic acid (CO 2 ) is brought 
 into contact with carbon, the reaction is reversed and one cubic foot of 
 carbonic acid (CO 2 ) takes up more carbon to form two cubic feet of 
 carbonic oxide (CO). Expressing this in formula: 
 
 CO 2 + C = 2 CO 
 
 But this is the reverse of combustion. Consequently this reaction in 
 place of evolving heat requires heat. It cannot take place unless heat is 
 supplied. A reaction that evolves heat is said to be exothermic. One that 
 absorbs heat is said to be endothermic. The combination of carbon and 
 oxygen to form carbonic acid is therefore exothermic; while the combina¬ 
 tion of carbonic acid and carbon to form carbonic oxide is endothermic. 
 Consequently, if carbonic acid (CO 2 ) be passed into a red hot body of 
 coke the carbonic acid will be transformed into carbonic oxide (CO). 
 Heat will be rapidly absorbed and the body of coke cooled down until a 
 temperature of about 1,500° E. is reached, when the reaction will cease. 
 It follows, of course, that if the carbonic oxide thus formed be again 
 given more oxygen, it will burn to carbonic acid and the absorbed heat 
 again liberated. In a gas producer the oxygen of the air entering the 
 bottom of the fuel bed is first converted into carbonic acid with the 
 liberation of much heat at high temperature. But as this hot carbonic 
 acid passes up through the fuel bed it meets more carbon and is converted 
 into carbonic oxide (CO). This will be discussed further under the head 
 of producer gas. Carbonic oxide is a very poisonous gas, producing as¬ 
 phyxiation when inhaled. It is a desirable constituent of a commercial gas. 
 
 219 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 One cubic foot burnt with one-half cubic foot of oxygen produces one 
 cubic foot of carbonic acid. This union evolves heat. Carbonic oxide has 
 the same calorific value as hydrogen, 320 B. T. U. per cubic foot. Conse¬ 
 quently in a commercial gas it may be considered as having equal value 
 with hydrogen. 
 
 Marsh Gas. Symbol CH 4 . Molecular weight, 16. Also known as 
 methane. This gas is given off in variable quantities when bituminous 
 coal or crude oil is subjected to heat. It is also the main constituent 
 of natural gas and forms a large percentage of “fire damp” in coal mines. 
 When heated in the absence of oxygen it readily breaks up into carbon 
 and hydrogen, the carbon being deposited as lamp black or appearing as 
 black smoke. If sufficient oxygen be present the carbon burns to car¬ 
 bonic acid and the hydrogen to water. If there be not sufficient oxygen 
 present the hydrogen will burn first and some of the carbon will be 
 deposited, while the gas will burn with a smoky flame. The peculiar 
 pungent odor so often noticeable when natural gas is used for heating is 
 due to the incomplete combustion of marsb gas. The remedy in such cases 
 is to supply more air or so arrange the burner that a more intimate mixture 
 of air and gas shall be obtained. Marsh gas has a very high calorific 
 value, the combustion of one cubic foot evolving 1,000 B. T. U., or more 
 than three times as much as the same volume of hydrogen or carbonic 
 oxide. Consequently it is a desirable constituent of a commercial gas. It 
 does not burn as rapidly as hydrogen or carbonic oxide because before it can 
 be burnt it must be broken up into its constituent carbon and hydrogen. 
 This fact makes it a particularly desirable constituent of a gas for. use 
 in gas engines. Its presence retards tbe combustion of the entire mixture 
 and lessens the liability to pre-ignition and back firing. 
 
 To burn one cubic foot of marsh gas there are required two cubic feet 
 of oxygen, as will be seen by the formula: 
 
 CH^ + 2 0, = CO, 4 2 H, O 
 
 But as air is one-fifth oxygen, 10 cubic feet of air are required. In 
 practice it is always necessary to supply more than the theoretical quantity 
 of air to insure complete combustion. Practice has shown that at least 
 12 cubic feet of air should be supplied for each foot of gas and in many 
 cases this amount should be in flame, but its luminosity is not sufficient 
 to warrant its distribution as an illuminating gas. 
 
 Olefiant Gas. Symbol C, H 4 . Molecular weight, 28. Also known as 
 ethylene. This gas, like marsh gas, is evolved when bituminous coal or 
 oil is subjected to beat. It burns with an intensely luminous flame. If the 
 luminosity of marsh gas be taken as 5 candle power the luminosity of 
 olefiant gas is 70 candle power. Consequently a mixture of gases that 
 burn with a blue or slightly luminous flame can be rendered luminous 
 by the addition of a few per cent of olefiant gas. It has a calorific value 
 of 1,600 B. T. U. or five times that of hydrogen. Like marsh gas, it 
 burns to carbonic acid and water, but as it contains more carbon than 
 does marsh gas, more oxygen is required to burn it. One cubic foot of 
 olefiant gas, burnt with three cubic feet of oxygen, produces water vapor 
 and two cubic feet of carbonic acid. 
 
 220 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 . By formula: 
 
 C 2 H j -1^ 3 O 2 = 2 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O, or by weight 
 28 -- 96 = 88 + 36 
 
 That is to say, 28 pounds of olefiant gas uniting with 96 pounds of 
 oxygen produce 88 pounds of carbonic acid and 36 pounds of water. Of 
 course, it is to be understood, that the products of combustion in addition 
 to the carbonic acid and water vapor formed, must contain four cubic feet 
 of nitrogen for every cubic foot of oxygen supplied. In the analysis of 
 a commercial gas olefiant gas appears only in small quantities, rarely more 
 than six per cent. On this account it cuts but little figure in a gas used 
 for power purposes, but it is an essential in a mixed gas distributed as 
 an illuminating gas. 
 
 Illuminants. Frequently in the analysis of a mixed gas there is 
 specified a certain percentage of “illuminants.” Generally olefiant gas is 
 included in the “illuminants.” As generally used, the term is applied to 
 those gases and vapors that render the gas flame luminous. It frequently 
 happens that “illuminants” are not gases at all, but vapors which will 
 condense to liquid form at a sufficiently low temperature. They form but 
 a small percentage of the volume of any commercial gas. 
 
 As said before, commercial gases differ from each other in the relative 
 proportions of the constituent gases. The names given to these different 
 mixed gases are derived from the method of manufacture and the raw 
 materials used. We will consider the method of manufacture and the 
 characteristics of the following commercial gases: 
 
 Bench Gas: Made by heating coal in retorts set in “benches.” 
 
 Water Gas: Made by decomposing water in the presence of carbon. 
 
 Producer Gas: Made in a “producer” from air, steam and carbon. 
 
 Oil Gas: Made by subjecting oil to heat. 
 
 Carbureted Water Gas: Made by the addition of oil gas to water gas. 
 
 Coke Oven Gas: Made by heating coal in a “by-products” coke oven. 
 
 Blast Furnace Gas: Made in a blast furnace during the operation of 
 smelting iron ore to pig iron. 
 
 Natural Gas: Made by nature, operating under a secret process. 
 
 The name “illuminating gas” does not signify the method of manu¬ 
 facture or the raw materials used. Both bench gas and carbureted water 
 gas are distributed as “illuminating gas.” 
 
 The name “distilled gas” is applicable to bench gas, coke oven gas and 
 oil gas. The name “coal gas” was originally applied to bench gas exclu¬ 
 sively, but as bench gas, producer gas and coke oven gas are all directly 
 derived from coal, the name has lost its original significance. 
 
 Bench Gas. When bituminous coal is heated in a closed retort the 
 volatile constituents are driven off in the form of gases and vapors. After 
 a sufficient length of time there remains in the retort a body of coke. 
 Before the gases thus evolved can be distributed for use or burned in a 
 gas engine, the heavy vapors must be removed, for, if not, they will con¬ 
 dense in the form of tar and cause clogging of pipes, sticking of valves and 
 fouling of cylinders. Upon leaving the retorts the gases and vapors pass 
 through the hydraulic main. This is simply a water seal that serves as a 
 
 221 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 valve to prevent the flow of gas back into the retort when it is open to be 
 recharged. In the hydraulic main the gases and vapors bubble through 
 a few inches of water and a portion of the vapors are condensed into tar. 
 The gases and nncondensed vapors then pass to the condenser, where they 
 are cooled. Here more of the vapors condense to tar. The gases now 
 cool, and partially but by no means wholly freed from tarry vapors, pass 
 to the exhauster. This is a positive blower and serves to draw the gases 
 from the retorts, through the hydraulic main and condenser, and force 
 them along through the scrubber, the purifier and into the holder ready 
 for distribution. The purpose of the scrubber is to remove all the tarry 
 vapors left, together with the ammonia; for, as the gases leave the retorts, 
 they contain a certain amount of ammonia, which is in addition to being an 
 objectionable impurity on the gas volume, is well worth saving as a by¬ 
 product. Various types of scrubbers are in use, but the principle involved 
 is to bring the gases into contact with wet surfaces and cause an inter¬ 
 mingling of water and the gases. The tar sticks to the surfaces and the 
 water absorbs the ammonia. From the scrubber, the gases, now freed 
 from tarry vapors and ammonia, pass to the purifier, where carbonic acid 
 and sulphur compounds are removed. The carbonic acid is objectionable 
 because it seriously reduces the illuminating power of the gas and has not 
 a heating value. Sulphur compounds are objectionable because of the 
 offensive odor when the gas is burned. Lime and iron o.xide are the 
 materials mainly used for the purification of gas. For a full discussion 
 of purification and the chemical reactions involved, together with a descrip¬ 
 tion of the various scrubbers and other apparatus, the reader is referred to 
 the many works on the subject. 
 
 The volatile constituents of the coal first driven off from a freshly 
 charged retort are quite different from those evolved during the last 
 stages of the distillation process. But inasmuch as several retorts are set 
 in one "bench” and charged successively, the gas that goes to the holder 
 has a uniform composition. This composition will depend very largely 
 upon the coal used and the temperature of the retorts. 
 
 The following may be taken as a typical analysis of bench gas made 
 from a good grade of gas coal; composition by volume: 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Marsh Gas .... 
 Carbonic Oxide 
 Olefiant Gas... 
 
 Carbonic Acid . 
 
 Nitrogen . 
 
 Oxygen . 
 
 ,H., 
 
 46.00% 'l 
 
 ..CH, 
 
 40.00% I 
 
 Combustible 
 
 ..CO 
 
 6 .00% f 
 
 97.00% 
 
 C, H, 
 
 5.00% J 
 
 
 ..CO,, 
 
 ...N, 
 
 ... 0 , 
 
 .6 % 1 
 2 .00% f 
 .5 % \ 
 
 Incombustible 
 
 3.00% 
 
 100 . 00 % 
 
 Using the calorific values before given for the constituent gases, above 
 mixture has a calorific value of 668 B. T. U. per cubic foot. For combus¬ 
 tion there are required 1.21 cubic feet of oxygen or 6.05 cubic feet of air. 
 per cubic foot of gas. In practice, however, at least eight cubic feet of 
 air should be supplied to insure complete combustion. Less than this 
 amount will cause the gas to burn with a smoky flame and there will be 
 more or less carbon deposited as lamp black. The products of combustion 
 are of course water vapor, carbonic acid and nitrogen. The exact com¬ 
 position of gas distributed for illuminating purposes is governed by all 
 sorts of legislation aimed at prescribing the permissible amounts of car¬ 
 bonic acid, carbonic oxide, sulphur and "illuminants.” 
 
 222 
 
I 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY. PITTSBURG 
 
 _ Bench gas gives very satisfactory results when used in gas engines. 
 Originally, all gas distributed was made by this retort process. But about 
 the year of 1880 the water gas process came into use and today the 
 general practice of illuminating gas companies is to distribute a mi.xture 
 of bench gas, water gas and oil gas; water gas and oil gas together being 
 designated carbureted w'ater gas. 
 
 Water Gas. When steam and carbon are brought into intimate contact 
 at high temperature the steam is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen; 
 the oxygen thus liberated combines with the carbon to form carbonic acid 
 and carbonic o.xide, while the hydrogen remains free. The relative amounts 
 of caibonic acid and carbonic oxide formed will depend upon various 
 conditions, but it is evident that the most desirable conditions are those 
 that favor the largest production of carbonic oxide and the smallest of 
 
 carbonic acid. If a body of coke, in a suitable vessel called a “producer” 
 be blown by a blast of air until white hot, and then the blast shut ofif and 
 the steam turned on, w'ater gas wull be formed. The body of coke will be 
 rapidly cooled, for heat is absorbed by the breaking up of the steam into 
 and hydrogen. Inasmuch as the union of oxygen and hydrogen to 
 form w'ater evolves heat, it follows that the conversion of water into 
 oxygen and hydrogen must absorb heat. Consequently the formation of 
 water by the union of oxygen and hydrogen is said to be exothermic. It 
 evolves heat, and the opposite reaction is endothermic. It absorbs heat. 
 And the amount of heat evolved must be equal to the amount of heat 
 absorbed. But, as stated before, when steam is broken up m the water 
 gas process, the liberated oxygen combines with the carbon. But this union 
 evolves heat; that is to say, it is exothermic. But more heat is absorbed 
 by the breaking up of the steam than is evolved by the union of its oxygen 
 with carbon. Consequently the thermal result of the two reactions will be 
 endothermic; the body of coke will thereby be cooled down. It becomes 
 necessary, therefore, to store some more heat in the body of coke. This 
 is done by shutting off the steam and blowing the coke body with air, 
 preparatory to another steaming. 
 
 These successive “blowings” and “steamings” constitute the “inter¬ 
 mittent water gas” process. Usually in practice two producers are used, 
 one being blown hot while the other is steaming. A suitable arrangement 
 of valves is provided, so that the water gas made while steaming shall be 
 kept separate from the gases thrown off while blowing hot with air. 
 Almost numberless modifications of these fundamental ideas have been 
 made. The coke, except what app.ears in the ash as clinker, is wholly 
 converted into gas. Theoretically pure water gas would consist of half 
 carbonic oxide and half hydrogen and have a calorific value of 320 B. 
 T. U. per cubic foot. But theoretical conditions are not obtained in 
 
 practice and a typical analysis of w'ater gas made from bench gas coke is 
 as follows ; composition by volume ; 
 
 Hydrogen.48.00% ) 
 
 Marsh Gas .CH, 2.00% - 
 
 Carbonic Oxide .CO 38.00% \ 
 
 Carbonic Acid .CO^ 6.00% ) 
 
 Nitrogen .5.50% - 
 
 <^xygen.O., .50% ^ 
 
 Combustible 
 
 88 . 00 % 
 
 Incombustible 
 12 .( 
 
 100 . 00 % 
 
 Using the calorific values before given for the constituent gases, the 
 above gas contains 295 B. T. U. per cubic foot. It will be noticed that it 
 contains no olefiant gas (C^ H^) nor “illuminants,” consequently it burns 
 
 223 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 with a blue flame. In fact, sometimes water gas is designated “blue gas.” 
 As compared to bench gas, it is low in marsh gas (CH^) and high in 
 carbonic oxide (CO). Had it been made from pure carbon, it would 
 contain no marsh gas at all. What little it does contain shows that the 
 bench gas coke from which it was derived has not been completely coked. 
 The large percentage of carbonic oxide (CO) makes it very poisonous, and 
 for a time there was a very great prejudice against its use. But that preju¬ 
 dice has been largely overcome. It is not well adapted for use in gas 
 engines, as it burns so rapidly and is so “snappy” that troubles arise from 
 back-firing and pre-ignition. Inasmuch as it is made from coke and steam, 
 it contains no tar or heavy vapors and consequently little scrubbing is 
 required to render it clean enough for distribution. To change its flame 
 from blue to a luminous one, there may be added to it from five to ten 
 per cent of “illuminants.” This is done by the use of oil, naphtha, “tar 
 oil” or some similar heavy hydrocarbon which, when heated, will evolve 
 illuminating gases and vapors. Many different arrangements are in use 
 to accomplish this end. The resulting mixture is known as carbureted 
 water gas. Over half the illuminating gas sold in the United States 
 is carbureted water gas. So that a modern plant for the manufacture 
 of illuminating gas may consist of the benches of retorts for the distilling 
 of bench gas from coal; gas producers in which water gas is made from the 
 coke derived from the retorts and carburetting apparatus for the enriching 
 of the water gas with oil gas. As explained, it is necessary in the operation 
 of a water gas producer to periodically stop steaming and blow hot. The 
 gases passing off during the heating blow consist of the nitrogen of the air, 
 carbonic acid and carbonic oxide, with some free oxygen. This lean gas 
 mixture may be used to a greater or less extent to raise the steam for 
 the steaming operation. Or it may be used to furnish the heat necessary 
 to volatilize the oil for enriching. Naturally the water gas process lends 
 itself to an almost infinite number of modifications. Some blow up 
 through the fuel; some blow dourti ; some steam upward; some steam 
 down; some blow to produce the highest percentage of carbonic acid 
 in the “lean” blow gases; some blow to produce the lowest percentage of 
 carbonic acid and the highest percentage of carbonic oxide, in order that 
 these lean, blow gases may be burned to advantage under boilers or in 
 regenerative chambers. 
 
 Others operate so as to produce a mixture of the water gas and the best 
 of the blow gas. It is out of place here to discuss the relative merits of 
 these different methods of operation. Suffice it to say that by the water 
 gas process COKE may be converted into water gas and the gas from 
 the blow; the water gas may or may not be enriched with oil gas to 
 increase its luminosity; the gas produced by the blow may be used in 
 various ways. 
 
 The question arises here: Why cannot bituminous coal be used direct 
 in the water gas producer in place of coke? It can be. Many experiments 
 have been made to this end and many plants built for this purpose. But the 
 losses and difficulties attendant upon the use of soft coal direct in water 
 gas producers have prevented the general introduction of such processes. 
 A continuous process, whereby the volatile constituents of a body of coal 
 may be distilled, and simultaneously the resulting coke converted into 
 water gas, producing what would be practically a mixture of bench gas 
 and water gas, has not as yet been evolved. 
 
 224 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 - Producer Gas. Of all the commercial gases producer gas is the 
 easiest and cheapest to make. It is made by simply passing air or air 
 and steam through a body of fuel. The fuel may be soft coal, hard coal, 
 coke or wood. The oxygen of the air unites with the carbon to form 
 carbonic acid and carbonic oxide. In order that the resultant gas may 
 contain as little carbonic acid as possible, a comparatively deep bed of 
 fuel IS carried and the steam and air are caused to travel through at a 
 moderate rate of speed. If no steam is used the fuel bed will get hotter 
 and hotter, causing the ash to fuse to clinker and give trouble in cleaning 
 out. Steam serves to keep the producer in good working condition, 
 but in addition some of the steam is decomposed, so that the resulting gas 
 will contain some carbonic acid and carbonic oxide derived from the 
 steam oxygen and some hydrogen derived from the steam. Of course, if 
 coke is the fuel used, there wull be practically no hydrogen in the made 
 gas except that derived from the decomposition of steam. When gasifying 
 fuel in a gas producer and using only air as blast, the temperature becomes 
 excessively high. There is more heat evolved by the burning of carbon 
 to carbonic oxide than the made gases can carry away by their “sensible” 
 heat. Then, in order to utilize this excess of heat and also to keep the 
 producer in good working condition, steam is admitted with the air blast 
 in such proportions as will accomplish these ends. Decomposition of a 
 portion of the steam absorbs a portion of this excess heat. The hydrogen 
 of this decomposition is directly added to the volume of the gas as free 
 hydrogen. The oxygen so derived will react with carbon to form 
 carbonic oxide and thus increase the volume of gas made. And to the 
 extent that the steam furnishes oxygen, just so much less air-o.xygen will 
 be required and the dilution of the gas by air-nitrogen will be correspond¬ 
 ingly lessened. When gasifying hard coal or coke, more steam can be 
 decomposed than when gasifying soft coal, for the reason that, in the 
 latter case the driving off and breaking up of some of the contained 
 hydrocarbons absorbs some of the excess heat, leaving less to be used 
 for the decomposition of steam than in the case of hard coal or coke, which 
 contain no hydrocarbons to be distilled. 
 
 The manufacture of producer gas is a continuous one. Fuel is fed 
 as needed and a continual supply of air and steam is added. If hard coal 
 or coke is the fuel, the gas comes off comparatively clean and requires 
 little scrubbing for use in gas engines. But if soft coal is used, the gas 
 contains a large amount of tarry vapors and is extremely dirty. By 
 suitable scrubbing it may be cleaned, when it is admirably adapted for 
 use in gas engines. Producer gas is almost universally used in open 
 hearth steel furnaces and regenerative heating furnaces. For such cases 
 no scrubbing is necessary, as the flues through which the gas passes are 
 made very large and accessible for cleaning out or burning out. When 
 the gases reach the furnace where it is consumed, the tarry vapors are 
 more a help than a hindrance. This gas does not burn freely when cold, 
 consequently either the gas or the air to burn it, or preferably both, should 
 be heated before entering the furnace. This is accomplished by passing 
 
 226 
 
Typical Analyses 
 
 EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
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H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 the air and gas through chambers filled with brick which have been heated 
 previously by the products of combustion leaving the furnace. A furnace 
 so equipped is known as a regenerative furnace and the chambers as 
 regenerative chambers. It is evident that two sets of such chambers are 
 required, one set being heated by the products of combustion, while the 
 other set are heating the air and gas passing through them. A suitable 
 arrangement of reversing valves is provided whereby the operation of the 
 two sets of chambers may be reversed. The fact that producer gas does 
 not burn readily when cold, together with the fact that it contains about 
 60 per cent of incombustible constituents, render it unfit for general distri¬ 
 bution. Many gas “processes” have been e.xploited, which consist in adding 
 a percentage of oil gas to producer gas. Of course the heating value of 
 the mixture will be enhanced by the amount of heat in the oil gas added. 
 And sufficient oil gas may be mixed with producer gas to make the mixture 
 luminous. But even with such additions the resulting mixture must con¬ 
 tain the inert nitrogen derived from the air in the manufacture of the 
 producer gas together with the unavoidable presence of more or less 
 inert carbonic acid. While producer gas varies, according to the fuel used 
 and the condition of the producer, the following may be taken as a typical 
 analysis, using soft coal, with the producer in good condition; composition 
 by volume: 
 
 Marsh Gas .CH 
 
 ...H 2 
 
 10 . 00 % ^ 
 
 
 ..CH 4 
 
 3.00% 
 
 Combustible 
 
 C, H, 
 
 .50% 
 
 36.50% 
 
 ..CO 
 
 23.00% 
 
 
 ..CO 2 
 
 ...O 2 
 
 ...N 2 
 
 5.00% ) 
 .5 % 
 58 00 % J 
 
 I Incombustible 
 63.5% 
 
 100 . 00 % 
 
 Using the calorific values given before for the constituent gases the 
 above gas has a calorific value of 144 B. T. U. per cubic foot. It has 
 about one-seventh the heating value of natural gas. Inasmuch as car¬ 
 bonic oxide (CO) burns to carbonic acid (CO 2 ) it is evident that the 
 presence of carbonic acid in the analysis indicates that the producer has 
 been operated in such a manner that some of the carbonic oxide has been 
 burned in the producer. 
 
 A typical analysis of producer gas from hard coal is as follows: 
 
 20.00% ) Combustible 
 25.00% ( 45.00% 
 
 ) Incombustible 
 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 Carbonic Oxide.CO 
 
 Carbonic Acid .CO 2 
 
 Oxygen .O 2 
 
 Nitrogen.N 2 
 
 ■5 .. , 
 
 49.50% ^ 
 
 55j 
 
 100 . 00 % 
 
 The above gas has a calorific value of 144 B. T. U. per cubic foot. But 
 it is noticeably different from the analysis of gas derived from soft coal 
 in the higher percentage of hydrogen and the entire absence of marsh 
 gas. The higher percentage of hydrogen is due to the decomposition of 
 steam, as already explained. 
 
 To make gas of the above analysis demands that the producer be 
 handled with intelligence and kept in the best working condition. 
 
 227 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Oil Gas. When crude oil, refined oil, tar, naphtha, “tar oil” or any 
 of the heavy, liquid hydrocarbons are subjected to heat they are broken 
 up to a greater or less extent and gases and vapors are evolved. The 
 gases thus evolved are hydrogen, marsh gas and olefiant gas. The vapors 
 are not “fixed gases,” but will condense to liquid form at lower tempera¬ 
 ture. But a gas will serve as a “carrier” for a certain amount of vapor. 
 
 Just as air will carry a certain amount of water vapor, depending upon 
 its temperature, so will any gas or mixtures of gases carry a certain 
 amount of vapors of hydrocarbons. Thus, when gasoline is used in gas 
 engines, it is not converted into a gas before entering the cylinder; it is 
 only vaporized and the air serves as the carrier of the vapor. Gasoline 
 vaporizes at ordinary atmospheric temperatures and requires no heating 
 to induce it to give off its vapors. Ordinary kerosene vaporizes at about 
 150° F., and if heated to this temperature it can be used in gas engines 
 the same as gasoline, and air can be used as the carrier to convey the 
 vapor into the cylinder of the engine. The temperature at which an oil 
 begins to evolve an inflammable vapor is called its “flash point.” Usually 
 this vapor can be broken up into a lower hydrocarbon by the application 
 of more heat at higher temperatures. Such breaking up will be generally 
 accompanied by the deposition of carbon. The most general application 
 of oil gas is for carburetting water gas to change the blue flame to a 
 luminous one. In round numbers a barrel of crude oil contains 7,000,(XX) 
 B. T. U. A ton of good soft coal contains 28,000,000 B. T. U. So that 
 four barrels of oil are equivalent in heating effect to one ton of coal. 
 But it is possible to burn oil more efficiently than coal is usually burned. 
 This is partially due to the unavoidable loss of a portion of the coal in 
 the ash and clinker. Consequently, it has been found in practice, that about 
 three and one-half barrels of crude oil are equal to one ton of coal, when 
 both are burned under favorable conditions, attainable in good practice. 
 Various oil gas processes have been exploited and all sorts of claims 
 have been made as to the amount of gas and its calorific value that can be 
 derived from one barrel of oil. But, in considering such processes, it is 
 well to keep in mind that a barrel of oil contains a certain number of 
 thermal units. To gasify the oil will require a certain number of thermal 
 units. If there were no loss of heat in the gasification process, which is 
 a condition unattainable in practice, then the gas made from the barrel 
 of oil'would contain just the thermal units contained in the oil originally, 
 plus that amount required to gasify the oil. In other words, the only 
 thermal gain that can be made by gasifying oil and burning it, over burning 
 it direct, is that due to the more complete combustion that can be obtained 
 when the oil has been first gasified or vaporized. As a question of fact, 
 crude oil can be burned with properly designed burners, which insure a 
 complete mixture of air and oil, with as high an efficiency as can be 
 obtained by first vaporizing it and then burning it. No typical analysis 
 of oil gas can be given, for the composition depends upon the oil from 
 which the gas is derived and the temperature to which the oil has been 
 subjected, but the following may be taken as typical of oil gas made from 
 Pennsylvania crude oil; analysis by volume: 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 Marsh Gas. 
 Illuminants 
 Nitrogen . 
 Oxygen ... 
 
 ...H, 
 
 ..CH^ 
 
 N, 
 
 o; 
 
 I Combustible 
 
 3.0% / Incombustible 
 .6 % \ 3.5 % 
 
 mo% 
 
 228 
 
f 
 
 H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 - The preceding gas is noticeably different from 1)ench gas in the high 
 percentage of illuminants. 
 
 Coke Oven Gas. Most of the coke used for metallurgical purposes 
 is made in “Beehive” ovens and no attempt is made to save the volatile 
 constituents of the coal. The product desired is coke, not gas. But of 
 recent years there has been introduced the “by-products coke oven,” in 
 the operation of which the gases, tar and ammonia evolved by distilling 
 the coal in closed retorts or ovens are saved as in the bench gas process. 
 A considerable portion of the gases evolved are used in heating the ovens. 
 The remainder is almost identical in its composition with bench gas. 
 Generally it is higher in hydrogen and lower in “illuminants” than bench 
 gas, because the ovens are operated to produce a hard coke suitable for 
 metallurgical purposes and the illuminating power of the gas is a secondarv 
 consideration. For use in gas engines it may be considered as bench 
 gas. When it leaves the ovens it is very dirty, and before it can he 
 distributed or used in engines, must he thoroughly scrubbed. Inasmuch as 
 the scrubbing process recovers valuable by-products in the form of 
 ammonia and tar, it more than pays for itself. 
 
 Blast Furnace Gas. The gas evolved from a blast furnace during the 
 operation of smelting iron ore to pig iron is very similar to a low grade or 
 lean producer gas. Notwithstanding its very low calorific value, rarely 
 over 100 B. T. U. per cubic foot, it gives excellent results when used in 
 gas engines. Bell, in “Iron and Steel,” gives the following as an average 
 analysis : 
 
 Hydrogen.H., .70% ( Combustible 
 
 Carbonic Oxide .CO 26.70% / 21A0% 
 
 Carbonic Acid.CO^ 11.70% \ Incombustible 
 
 Nitrogen .N, 60.90%/ 72.60% 
 
 100 . 00 % 
 
 The above gas has a calorific value of 88 B. T. U. per cubic foot. Upon 
 leaving the furnace the gas contains considerable fine dust, particles of 
 the furnace charge, which may be readily removed by suitable scrubbing 
 apparatus. As coke is the fuel in the blast furnace, almost invariably, 
 the gas contains no tar or heavy vapors. There can be no doubt that the 
 next few years will show a great development of the use of this gas for 
 purposes of power. 
 
 Natural Gas. Natural gas varies considerably in its composition. 
 But its chief constituent is always marsh gas. This may vary from 85 
 to 93 per cent of the total volume. Sometimes considerable hydrogen is 
 present, indicating that some marsh gas has been broken up by heat. Also 
 it not infrequently carries a small percentage of oil vapors. Its calorific 
 value is usually about 1,000 B. T. U. per cubic foot. It works admirably 
 in gas engines. Particular care must always be taken to insure sufficient 
 air for combustion. About 14 cubic feet of air should be supplied for each 
 cubic foot of gas. When an insufficient supply of air is given there will 
 result a deposit of carbon and the formation of a small percentage of 
 acetylene, giving a pungent odor to the products of combustion. 
 
 229 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Multipliers to be Used for Gas Measured at 
 Pressures Greater than Four Ounces 
 
 Atmospheric Pressure 14.7 lbs. per square inch. 
 
 Temperature 60 Fahrenheit. Barometer 30 inches 
 
 Compiled by T. B. Wylie for Equitable Meter Company 
 
 Pres, 
 in lbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 Pres, 
 in lbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 Pres. 
 
 inlbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 Pres. 
 
 inlbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 Pres. 
 
 inlbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 Pres, 
 in lbs. 
 
 Multi¬ 
 
 plier 
 
 
 1.0167 
 
 17>4 
 
 2.1538 
 
 3414 
 
 3.2910 
 
 5114 
 
 4.4281 
 
 1 681^ 
 
 5.5652 
 
 8514 
 
 6.7023 
 
 1 
 
 1.0502 
 
 18 
 
 2.1871 
 
 35 
 
 3.3244 
 
 52 
 
 4.4615 
 
 69 
 
 5.5987 
 
 86 
 
 6.7358 
 
 
 1.0836 
 
 18>4 
 
 2.2207 
 
 3514 
 
 3.3579 
 
 5214 
 
 4.4950 
 
 ; 691^ 
 
 5.6321 
 
 8614 
 
 6.7692 
 
 2 
 
 1.1171 
 
 19 
 
 2.2542 
 
 36 
 
 3.3913 
 
 53 
 
 4.5284 
 
 1 70 
 
 5.6656 
 
 87 
 
 6.8027 
 
 
 1.1505 
 
 19K 
 
 2.2876 
 
 3614 
 
 3.4247 
 
 5314 
 
 4.5619 
 
 701^ 
 
 5.6990 
 
 8714 
 
 6.8361 
 
 3 
 
 1.1839 
 
 20 
 
 2.3211 
 
 37 
 
 3.4582 
 
 54 
 
 4.5953 
 
 71 
 
 5.7324 
 
 88 
 
 6.8696 
 
 
 1.2174 
 
 2014 
 
 2.3545 
 
 3714 
 
 3.4916 
 
 5414 
 
 4.6288 
 
 711^ 
 
 5.7659 
 
 8814 
 
 6.9030 
 
 4 
 
 1.2508 
 
 21 
 
 2.3880 
 
 38 
 
 3.5251 
 
 55 
 
 4.6622 
 
 72 
 
 5.7993 
 
 89 
 
 6.9365 
 
 
 1.2843 
 
 2114 
 
 2.4214 
 
 3814 
 
 3.5585 
 
 5514 
 
 4.6957 
 
 721^ 
 
 5.8328 
 
 8914 
 
 6.9699 
 
 5 
 
 1.3177 
 
 22 
 
 2.4548 
 
 39 
 
 3.5920 
 
 56 
 
 4.7291 
 
 73 
 
 5.8662 
 
 90 
 
 7.0033 
 
 5^ 
 
 1.3512 
 
 2214 
 
 2.4883 
 
 3914 
 
 3.6254 
 
 5614 
 
 4.7625 
 
 731^ 
 
 5.8997 
 
 9014 
 
 7.0368 
 
 6 
 
 1.3846 
 
 23 
 
 2.5217 
 
 40 
 
 3.6589 
 
 57 
 
 4.7960 
 
 74 
 
 5.9331 
 
 91 
 
 7.0702 
 
 614 
 
 1.4181 
 
 2314 
 
 2.5552 
 
 4014 
 
 3.6923 
 
 5714 
 
 4.8294 
 
 74K 
 
 5.9666 
 
 9114 
 
 7.1037 
 
 7 
 
 1.4515 
 
 24 
 
 2.5886 
 
 41 
 
 3.7258 
 
 58 
 
 4.8629 
 
 75 
 
 6 . 
 
 92 
 
 7.1371 
 
 
 1.4849 
 
 2414 
 
 2.6221 
 
 4114 
 
 3.7592 
 
 5814 
 
 4.8963 
 
 7514 
 
 6.0334 
 
 9214 
 
 7.1706 
 
 8 
 
 1.5184 
 
 25 
 
 2.6555 
 
 42 
 
 3.7926 
 
 59 
 
 4.9298 
 
 76 
 
 6.0669 
 
 93 
 
 7.2040 
 
 3/4 
 
 1.5518 
 
 2514 
 
 2.6890 
 
 4214 
 
 3.8261 
 
 5914 
 
 4.9632 
 
 7614 
 
 6.1003 
 
 9314 
 
 7.2375 
 
 9 
 
 1.5853 
 
 26 
 
 2.7224 
 
 43 
 
 3.8595 
 
 60 
 
 4.9967 
 
 77 
 
 6.1338 
 
 94 
 
 7.2709 
 
 914 
 
 1.6187 
 
 2614 
 
 2.7559 
 
 4314 
 
 3.8930 
 
 6014 
 
 5.0301 
 
 7714 
 
 6.1672 
 
 9414 
 
 7.3043 
 
 10 
 
 1.6522 
 
 27 
 
 2.7893 
 
 44 
 
 3.9264 
 
 61 
 
 5.0635 
 
 78 
 
 6.2007 
 
 95 
 
 7.3378 
 
 10>4 
 
 1.6856 
 
 2714 
 
 2.8227 
 
 4414 
 
 3.9599 
 
 6114 
 
 5.0970 
 
 7814 
 
 6.2341 
 
 9514 
 
 7.3712 
 
 11 
 
 1.7191 
 
 28 
 
 2.8562 
 
 45 
 
 3.9933 
 
 62 
 
 5.1304 
 
 79 
 
 6.2676 
 
 96 
 
 7.4047 
 
 1114 
 
 1.7525 
 
 2814 
 
 2.8896 
 
 4514 
 
 4.0268 
 
 6214 
 
 5.1639 
 
 7914 
 
 6.3010 
 
 9614 
 
 7.4381 
 
 12 
 
 1.7860 
 
 29 
 
 2.9231 
 
 46 
 
 4.0602 
 
 63 
 
 5.1973 
 
 80 
 
 6.3344 
 
 97 
 
 7.4716 
 
 1214 
 
 1.8194 
 
 2914 
 
 2.9565 
 
 4614 
 
 4.0936 
 
 6314 
 
 5.2308 
 
 8014 
 
 6.3679 
 
 9714 
 
 7.5050 
 
 13 
 
 1.8528 
 
 30 
 
 2.9900 
 
 47 
 
 4.1271 
 
 64 
 
 5.2642 
 
 81 
 
 6.4013 
 
 98 
 
 7.5385 
 
 1314 
 
 1.8863 
 
 3014 
 
 3.0234 
 
 4714 
 
 4.1605 
 
 6414 
 
 5.2977 
 
 8114 
 
 6.4348 
 
 9814 
 
 7.5719 
 
 14 
 
 1.9197 
 
 31 
 
 3.0569 
 
 48 
 
 4.1940 
 
 65 
 
 5.3311 
 
 82 
 
 6.4682 
 
 99 
 
 7.6053 
 
 1414 
 
 1.9532 
 
 3114 
 
 3.0903 
 
 4814 
 
 4.2274 
 
 6514 
 
 5.3645 
 
 8214 
 
 6.5017 
 
 9914 
 
 7.6388 
 
 15 
 
 1.9866 
 
 32 
 
 3.1237 
 
 49 
 
 4.2609 
 
 66 
 
 5.3980 
 
 83 
 
 6.5351 
 
 100 
 
 7.6722 
 
 1514 j 
 
 2.0201 
 
 3214 
 
 3.1572 
 
 4914 
 
 4.2943 
 
 6614 
 
 5.4314 
 
 8314 
 
 6.5686 
 
 
 
 16 i 
 
 2.0535 
 
 33 
 
 3.1906 
 
 50 
 
 4..3278 
 
 67 
 
 5.4649 
 
 84 , 
 
 6.6020 
 
 
 
 1614 i 
 
 2.0870 
 
 3314 
 
 3.2241 
 
 5014 
 
 4.3612 
 
 6714 
 
 5.4983 
 
 8414 
 
 6.6355 
 
 
 
 17 ' 
 
 2.1204 
 
 34 
 
 3.2575 
 
 51 
 
 4.3946 
 
 68 
 
 5.5318 
 
 85 
 
 6.6689 
 
 
 
 Multipliers to be used to correct above table when volume at pressure 
 other than four ounces is desired. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Multiplier 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Multiplier 
 
 
 6 oz. 
 
 .99171 
 
 2 pound 
 
 .89521 
 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 .98355 
 
 3 “ 
 
 .84463 
 
 
 10 oz. 
 
 .97553 
 
 4 “ 
 
 .79946 
 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 .96764 
 
 5 “ 
 
 .75888 
 
 
 1 pound 
 
 .95223 
 
 
 
 
 Example: The multiplier on table for 75 lbs. is 6.0000. 
 
 This multiplied by .97553 is 5.85318, the multiplier to be used for 75 lbs. 
 to find the volume at 10 ounces. 
 
 230 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 specific Gravity 
 
 T he specific gravity of a body is the ratio between its weight and 
 the weight of a like volume of distilled water at a temperature of 
 39.2° F. For aeriform bodies, air is taken as the unit. 
 
 Names of Substances 
 
 Metals 
 
 Platinum, rolled . 
 
 “ wire . 
 
 “ hammered . 
 
 Gold, hammered .. 
 
 “ pure cast . 
 
 “ 22 carats fine . 
 
 Mercury, solid at 40° F. 
 
 at 1-32° F. 
 
 “ at 60° F. 
 
 at 212° F. 
 
 Lead, pure . 
 
 “ hammered .. 
 
 Silver, hammered .. 
 
 “ pure . 
 
 Bismuth . 
 
 Copper, wire and rolled . 
 
 “ pure . 
 
 Bronze, gun metal... 
 
 Brass, common ... 
 
 Steel, cast steel . 
 
 “ common soft .. 
 
 “ hardened and tempered.. 
 
 Iron, pure . 
 
 “ wrought and rolled.. 
 
 “ hammered . 
 
 Tin, from Bohem . 
 
 “ English . 
 
 Zinc, rolled .. 
 
 Antimony . 
 
 Aluminum . 
 
 Stones and Earths 
 
 Emery . 
 
 Limestoyie .. 
 
 Asbestos, starry .. 
 
 Glass, flint .. 
 
 “ white .. 
 
 “ bottle .. 
 
 “ green . 
 
 Marble, Parian .. 
 
 “ African . 
 
 “ Egyptian . 
 
 Mica. 
 
 Chalk . 
 
 Coral, red . 
 
 Granite, Susquehanna .. 
 
 Quincy . 
 
 “ Patapsco . 
 
 Scotch . 
 
 specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Weight Per 
 Cu. Inch 
 Lbs. 
 
 22.669 
 
 .798 
 
 21.042 
 
 .761 
 
 20.337 
 
 .736 
 
 19.361 
 
 .700 
 
 19.258 
 
 .697 
 
 17.486 
 
 .733 
 
 15.632 
 
 .566 
 
 13.619 
 
 .493 
 
 13.580 
 
 .491 
 
 13.375 
 
 .484 
 
 11.330 
 
 .410 
 
 11.388 
 
 .412 
 
 10.511 
 
 .381 
 
 10.474 
 
 .379 
 
 9.823 
 
 .355 
 
 8.878 
 
 .321 
 
 8.788 
 
 .318 
 
 8.700 
 
 .315 
 
 7.820 
 
 .282 
 
 7.919 
 
 .286 
 
 7.833 
 
 .283 
 
 7.818 
 
 .283 
 
 7.768 
 
 .281 
 
 7.780 
 
 .282 
 
 7.789 
 
 .282 
 
 7.207 
 
 .261 
 
 7.312 
 
 .265 
 
 7.291 
 
 .264 
 
 7.191 
 
 .260 
 
 6.712 
 
 .244 
 
 2.500 
 
 .090 
 
 4.000 
 
 .144 
 
 2.700 
 
 .097 
 
 3.073 
 
 .1110 
 
 2.933 
 
 .1060 
 
 2.892 
 
 .1040 
 
 2.732 
 
 .0987 
 
 2.642 
 
 .0954 
 
 2.838 
 
 .1030 
 
 2.708 
 
 .0978 
 
 2.688 
 
 .0964 
 
 2.800 
 
 .1000 
 
 2.784 
 
 .1000 
 
 2.700 
 
 .0974 
 
 2.704 
 
 .0976 
 
 2.652 
 
 .0958 
 
 2.640 
 
 .0954 
 
 2.625 
 
 .0948 
 
 231 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Stones and Kartlis—Continued 
 
 Marble, white Italian 
 “ common . .. 
 
 Talc, black . 
 
 Quartz . 
 
 Slate . 
 
 Pearl, oriental . 
 
 Shale . 
 
 Flint, white . 
 
 “ black .. 
 
 Stone, common . 
 
 “ Bristol . 
 
 “ mill . 
 
 “ paving . 
 
 Gypsum, opaque . 
 
 Grindstone . 
 
 Salt, common . 
 
 Saltpetre . 
 
 Sulphur, native . 
 
 Common soil . 
 
 Rotten stone . 
 
 Clay . 
 
 Brick . 
 
 Nitre . 
 
 Plaster of Paris. 
 
 Ivory . 
 
 Sand . 
 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 Borax . 
 
 Coal. Anthracite. 
 
 “ Maryland . 
 
 “ Scotch . 
 
 “ Newcastle ... . 
 “ Bituminous . . . 
 
 Earth, loose . 
 
 Lime, quick . 
 
 Charcoal . 
 
 Woods (Dry 
 
 Alder . 
 
 Apple tree . 
 
 Ash, the trunk. 
 
 Bay tree . 
 
 Beech . 
 
 Box, French . 
 
 Box, Dutch . 
 
 Box, Brazilian red . 
 
 Cedar, wild . 
 
 Cedar, Palestine . 
 
 Cedar, American . 
 
 Cherry tree . 
 
 Cork . 
 
 Ebony, American . 
 
 Elder tree . 
 
 Elm . 
 
 Filbert tree . 
 
 Fir, male . 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Weight Per 
 Cu. Inch 
 Lbs. 
 
 2.708 
 
 .0978 
 
 2.686 
 
 .0968 
 
 2.900 
 
 .0105 
 
 2.660 
 
 .0962 
 
 2.672 
 
 .0965 
 
 2.650 
 
 .0957 
 
 2.600 
 
 .0940 
 
 2.594 
 
 .0936 
 
 2.582 
 
 .0933 
 
 2.520 
 
 .0910 
 
 2.510 
 
 .0906 
 
 2.484 
 
 .0897 
 
 2.416 
 
 .0873 
 
 2.168 
 
 .0783 
 
 2.143 
 
 .0775 
 
 2.130 
 
 .0770 
 
 2.090 
 
 .0755 
 
 2.033 
 
 .0735 
 
 1.984 
 
 .0717 
 
 1.981 
 
 .0416 
 
 1.930 
 
 .0698 
 
 1.900 
 
 .0686 
 
 1.900 
 
 .0686 
 
 ( 1.872 
 
 .0677 
 
 \ 2.473 
 
 .0894 
 
 1.822 
 
 .0659 
 
 2.650 
 
 .0958 
 
 1.770 
 
 .0640 
 
 1.714 
 
 .0620 
 
 1.640 
 
 .0593 
 
 / 1.436 
 
 .0519 
 
 1 1.355 
 
 .0490 
 
 1.300 
 
 .0470 
 
 1.270 
 
 .0460 
 
 1.350 
 
 .0488 
 
 1.500 
 
 .0542 
 
 1.500 
 
 .0549 
 
 0.441 
 
 .0160 
 
 .800 
 
 .0289 
 
 .793 
 
 .0287 
 
 .845 
 
 .0306 
 
 .822 
 
 .0297 
 
 .852 
 
 .0308 
 
 .912 
 
 .0330 
 
 1.328 
 
 .0480 
 
 1.031 
 
 .0373 
 
 .596 
 
 .0219 
 
 .613 
 
 .0222 
 
 .561 
 
 .0203 
 
 .715 
 
 .0259 
 
 .240 
 
 .0087 
 
 1.331 
 
 .0481 
 
 .695 
 
 .0252 
 
 .560 
 
 .0202 
 
 .600 
 
 .0217 
 
 .550 
 
 .0199 
 
 232 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Woods (Dry)—Continued 
 
 Fir, female . 
 
 Hazel . 
 
 Lemon tree . 
 
 Lignnm-vitae . 
 
 Linden tree . 
 
 Logwood. 
 
 Mahogany, Honduras . 
 
 Maple . 
 
 Mulberry . 
 
 Oak . 
 
 Orange tree . 
 
 Pear tree . 
 
 Poplar . 
 
 Poplar, white Spanish .. 
 
 Sassafras . 
 
 Spruce . 
 
 Spruce, old . 
 
 Pine, yellow. Southern. 
 
 Pine, white . 
 
 Walnut . 
 
 Liquids 
 
 Acid, Acetic . 
 
 “ Nitric . 
 
 “ Sulphuric . 
 
 “ Muriatic. 
 
 “ Phosphoric . 
 
 Alcohol, commercial .. 
 
 “ pure . 
 
 Beer, lager. 
 
 Champagne . 
 
 Cider . 
 
 Ether, sulphuric . 
 
 Egg . 
 
 Honey . 
 
 Human blood . 
 
 Milk . 
 
 Oil, linseed . 
 
 “ olive . 
 
 “ turpentine . 
 
 wbale . 
 
 Proof spirit. 
 
 Vinegar . 
 
 Water, distilled . 
 
 “ sea . 
 
 Wine. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Beeswax . 
 
 Butter . 
 
 India rubber . 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Gunpowder, loose . 
 
 shaken . 
 
 Gum arabic . 
 
 Lard . 
 
 Spermaceti . 
 
 Sugar . 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Weight Per 
 Cu. Inch 
 Lb.s. 
 
 .498 
 
 .0180 
 
 .600 
 
 .0217 
 
 .703 
 
 .0254 
 
 1.333 
 
 .0482 
 
 .604 
 
 .0219 
 
 .913 
 
 .0331 
 
 .560 
 
 .0202 
 
 .750 
 
 .271 
 
 .897 
 
 .0324 
 
 .950 
 
 .0343 
 
 .705 
 
 .0255 
 
 .661 
 
 .0239 
 
 .383 
 
 .0138 
 
 .529 
 
 .0191 
 
 .482 
 
 .0174 
 
 .500 
 
 .0181 
 
 .460 
 
 .0166 
 
 .72 
 
 .0260 
 
 .400 
 
 .0144 
 
 .671 
 
 .0243 
 
 1.062 
 
 .0384 
 
 1.217 
 
 .0440 
 
 1.841 
 
 .0666 
 
 1.200 
 
 .0434 
 
 1.558 
 
 .0563 
 
 .833 
 
 .0301 
 
 .792 
 
 .0287 
 
 1.034 
 
 .0374 
 
 .997 
 
 .0360 
 
 1.018 
 
 .0361 
 
 .739 
 
 .0267 
 
 1.090 
 
 .0394 
 
 1.450 
 
 .0524 
 
 1.054 
 
 .0381 
 
 1.032 
 
 .0373 
 
 .940 
 
 .0340 
 
 .915 
 
 .0331 
 
 .870 
 
 .0314 
 
 .932 
 
 .0337 
 
 .925 
 
 .0334 
 
 1.080 
 
 .0390 
 
 1.000 
 
 .0361 
 
 1.030 
 
 .0371 
 
 .992 
 
 .0359 
 
 .965 
 
 .0349 
 
 .942 
 
 .0341 
 
 .933 
 
 .0338 
 
 .923 
 
 .0334 
 
 .900 
 
 .0325 
 
 1.000 
 
 .0361 
 
 1.452 
 
 .0525 
 
 .947 
 
 .0343 
 
 .943 
 
 .0341 
 
 1.605 
 
 .0580 
 
 233 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Miscellaneous—Continued 
 
 Tallow, sheep 
 calf . 
 
 Atmospheric air 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Weight Per 
 Cu. Inch 
 Lbs. 
 
 .924 
 
 .0334 
 
 .934 
 
 .0338 
 
 .923 
 
 .0334 
 
 .0012 
 
 
 Gases, Vapors 
 
 At 32° and a tension of one atmosphere. 
 
 Atmospheric air . 
 
 Ammoniacal gas . 
 
 Carbonic acid. 
 
 Carbonic oxide. 
 
 Light carbureted hydrogen. 
 
 Chlorine . 
 
 Hydriodic acid . 
 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 Oxygen . 
 
 Sulphureted hydrogen . 
 
 Nitrogen . 
 
 Vapor of alcohol . 
 
 Vapor of turpentine spirits . 
 
 Vapor of water . 
 
 Smoke of bituminous coal . 
 
 Smoke of wood . 
 
 Steam at 212° F. 
 
 
 Weight Cu. Ft. 
 Grains 
 
 1.000 
 
 527.0 
 
 .500 
 
 263.7 
 
 1.527 
 
 805.3 
 
 .972 
 
 512.7 
 
 .557 
 
 293.5 
 
 2.500 
 
 1316.0 
 
 4.346 
 
 2290.0 
 
 .069 
 
 36.33 
 
 1.104 
 
 581.8 
 
 1.191 
 
 627.7 
 
 .972 
 
 512.0 
 
 1.613 
 
 851.0 
 
 5.013 
 
 2642.0 
 
 .623 
 
 328.0 
 
 .102 
 
 53.8 
 
 .900 
 
 474.0 
 
 .488 
 
 257.3 
 
 The weight of a cubic foot of any solid or liquid is found by multiplying 
 its specific gravity by 62.425 pounds avoirdupois. And the weight of a 
 cubic foot of any gas at atmospheric pressure and at 32° F. is found by 
 multiplying its specific gravity by .08073 pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 Specific Heat. The quantity of heat required to raise the tempera¬ 
 ture of unit weight of any substance one degree varies with the substance. 
 It is also the ratio of the heat so required to that required to heat the same 
 weight of water. For solids at ordinary temperatures the specific heat is 
 constant for each individual substance, although it is variable at high 
 temperatures. In the case of gases a distinction must be made between 
 specific heat at constant volume and a constant pressure. 
 
 Where merely specific heat is stated it implies specific heat at ordinary 
 temperature, and mean specific heat refers to the average value of this 
 quantity between the temperatures named. 
 
 The specific heat of a mixture of gases is obtained by multiplying the 
 specific heat of each constituent gas by the percentage of that gas in the 
 mixture and dividing the sum of the products by 100. 
 
 Latent Heat. Where there is an application of heat to a body, chang¬ 
 ing it from a solid to a liquid, or a liquid to a gas, there is an absorption 
 of beat w’ithout any rise in temperature. The heat thus absorbed is called 
 “latent” (or hidden) because it apparently disappears and is not meas¬ 
 urable with a thermometer. It is not lost, however, but reappears 
 whenever the substance passes through the reverse cycle from a gaseous 
 to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid state. Therefore, latent heat is 
 the quantity of heat which apparently disappears or is lost to thermometer 
 measurement when the molecular constitution of body is changed. It is 
 expended in performing the work of overcoming the molecular cohesion 
 
 234 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 of the particles of the substance and in overcoming the resistance of 
 external pressure to change the volume of the heated body. 
 
 If heat be applied to a pound of ice there will be a rise in temperature 
 until the freezing point, 32° F., is reached. The ice will then begin to 
 melt, but the temperature of the mixture of ice and water will remain 
 the same (32° F.) as long as any particle of ice remains in it. Yet the 
 melting process will absorb heat. The amount of heat thus absorbed 
 in changing the state of a pound of ice from ice at 32° F. to water at 
 32° F. is 144 B. T. U. This is the latent heat of fusion of ice. If the 
 application of heat be continued, the temperature of the water will rise, 
 but it will now only require about twice as many heat units to effect a 
 rise of one degree as it did to effect the same rise in the ice. The reason 
 is that the specific heat of water is 1.00, while that of ice is only .504. 
 When the water has reached a point of 212° F., there is a further absorption 
 of heat with no increase of temperature. Boiling occurs and the heat 
 absorbed is expended in transforming the water into steam. Water at 
 atmospheric pressure cannot be heated above 212° F. and the steam which 
 is formed is also at a temperature of 212° F. When the entire pound of 
 water has been evaporated into steam 965.8 B. T. U. have been used in 
 the operation. This is the latent heat of evaporation of water. 
 
 Effect of Heat on Various Bodies 
 
 Melting, Freezing and Boiling Points 
 
 Degree F. 
 
 Acetate of soda saturated . 225.8 
 
 Acetate of potash saturated . 336. 
 
 Air furnace . 3300. 
 
 Ambergris melts . 145. 
 
 Ammonia boils . 140. 
 
 Ammonia (liquid) freezes . 46. 
 
 Antimony melts . 951. 
 
 Arsenic melts . 365. 
 
 Benzine melts . 176. 
 
 Beeswax melts . 151. 
 
 Bismuth melts . 476. 
 
 Blood (human) heat . 98. 
 
 Blood (human) freezes . 25. 
 
 Brandy freezes . 7. 
 
 Brass melts . 1900. 
 
 Carbonate of soda (saturated) . 220.3 
 
 Carbonic acid . 107. 
 
 Chloroform . 140. 
 
 Cadmium melts . 600. 
 
 Charcoal burns . 3(X). 
 
 Coal tar boils. 325. 
 
 Cold, greatest, artificial .—166. 
 
 Cold, greatest, natural . —56. 
 
 Common fire . 790. 
 
 Copper melts . 2548. 
 
 Ether (sulphuric) . 100. 
 
 Glass melts . 2200. 
 
 Gold, fine, melts . 2590. 
 
 Gutta percha softens. 145. 
 
 Highest natural temp. Egypt. 117. 
 
 Iodine . 225. 
 
 Ice melts . 32. 
 
 236 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Degree F. 
 
 Iron (cast) melts . 2100. 
 
 Iron (wrought) . 2980. 
 
 Iron bright red in the dark. 752. 
 
 Iron red hot in the twilight. 884. 
 
 Lard melts . 94. 
 
 Lead melts . 540. 
 
 Mercury boils . 662. 
 
 Mercury volatilizes . 680. 
 
 Mercury freezes . 39. 
 
 Milk . 30. 
 
 Milk boils. 213. 
 
 Naphtha boils . 186. 
 
 Nitric acid, specific gravity 1424, freezes. 45. 
 
 Nitro-glycerine . 45. 
 
 Nitrous oxide freezes. 150. 
 
 Olive oil freezes. 36. 
 
 Petroleum boils . 306. 
 
 Phosphorus melts . 108. 
 
 Phosphorus boils . 560. 
 
 Pitch melts . 91. 
 
 Platinum melts . 3080. 
 
 Potassium melts . 135. 
 
 Proof spirit freezes. 7. 
 
 Saltpetre melts . 610. 
 
 Sea water freezes. 28. 
 
 Silver (fine) melts. 1250. 
 
 Snow and salt, equal parts. 0. 
 
 Spermaceti melts . 112. 
 
 Spirits of turpentine freezes. 14. 
 
 Steel melts . 2500. 
 
 Steel, polished, blue . 580. 
 
 Steel, polished, straw colored. 460. 
 
 Strong wines freeze. 20. 
 
 Sulphur melts . 226. 
 
 Sulphur acid, specific gravity 1641, freezes. 45. 
 
 Sulphuric ether freezes. 46. 
 
 Sulphuric ether boils. 98. 
 
 Tallow melts . 97. 
 
 Tin melts . 421. 
 
 Vinegar freezes . 28. 
 
 Vinous fermentation .60. to 77. 
 
 Water boils . 212. 
 
 Water in vacuum boils. 98. 
 
 White oil . 630. 
 
 Zinc melts . 740. 
 
 Zinc boils . 1872. 
 
 Live Loads for Floors 
 
 The following loads per square foot, exclusive of weight of floor 
 materials, show the range assumed in usual practice: 
 
 Dwellings. 70 lbs. per sq. ft. 
 
 Offices. 70 to 100 llis. per .sq. ft. 
 
 Buildings for public assembly. 120 to 150 lbs. per sq. ft. 
 
 Stores, warehouses, etc. 150 to 250 lbs. and upwards 
 
 per square foot 
 
 286 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 -Weight of a Cubic Foot of Miscellaneous Substances 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Alcohol . 49 
 
 Aluminum . 162 
 
 Anthracite, solid . 93 
 
 Anthracite, loose. 54 
 
 Ash, white, dry. 38 
 
 Asphaltum . 87 
 
 Brass, cast . 504 
 
 Brass, rolled . 524 
 
 Brick, pressed . 150 
 
 Brick, common, hard. 125 
 
 Brick, soft, interior. 100 
 
 Brickwork, pressed . 140 
 
 Brickwork, ordinary . 112 
 
 Brick, fire . 120 
 
 Cedar . 35 
 
 Cement, hydraulic.50-56 
 
 Cement, Portland . 100 
 
 Cherry, dry. 42 
 
 Chestnut, dry. 41 
 
 Clay, Potter’s, dry . 119 
 
 Clay, in lump, loose. 63 
 
 Coal, bituminous, solid . 84 
 
 Coal, bituminous, broken. 49 
 
 Coke, loose . 26.3 
 
 Copper, cast . 542 
 
 Copper, rolled. 548 
 
 Cork. 15 
 
 Earth, loam, dry, loose. 76 
 
 Earth, loam, moderately rammed. 95 
 
 Earth, soft flowing mud. 108 
 
 Ebony . 83 
 
 Elm, dry . 35 
 
 Elint . 162 
 
 Glass, molten . 150 
 
 Glass, window . 165 
 
 Gold .1203^ 
 
 Granite . 106 
 
 Plaster of Paris. 142 
 
 Hay, bale . 9 
 
 Hemlock, dry . 25 
 
 Hickory, dry . 53 
 
 Ice . 58.7 
 
 Iron, cast . 450 
 
 Iron, wrought . 485 
 
 Lead . 711 
 
 Lime, loose . 53 
 
 Limestone . 168 
 
 Maple . 47 
 
 Mortar . 110 
 
 Marble, Italian . 169 
 
 Marble, Vermont . 165 
 
 Oak, live, dry . 59 
 
 Oak, white, dry . 50 
 
 Pine, white, dry . 25 
 
 Pine, yellow, dry, Northern . 35 
 
 Pine, yellow, dry, Southern . 45 
 
 Platina . 219 
 
 Sand, loose .90-106 
 
 237 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Weight of a Cubic Foot of Miscellaneous Substances—Continued 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Sandstone . 151 
 
 Silver . 625?^ 
 
 Shale . 162 
 
 Snow, fresh fallen .5-12 
 
 Snow, wet by rain.15-50 
 
 Steel plates . 487^ 
 
 Steel, soft . 489 
 
 Stone, common, about . 158 
 
 Sand, wet, about. 128 
 
 Spruce . 31 
 
 Tin . 455 
 
 Water . 62]/i 
 
 Water, sea . 64 
 
 Zinc . 437 
 
 Green timber (more than dry).1/5 to 
 
 Antidotes for Poisons 
 
 First: Send for a physician. 
 
 Second: Induce vomiting by tickling throat with feather or finger; drink¬ 
 ing hot water or strong mustard and water. Swallow sweet oil or 
 whites of eggs. 
 
 Acids are antidotes for Alkalies, and vice versa. 
 
 Special Poisons and Antidotes 
 
 Acids: Muriatic, Oxalic, Acetic ) Soap Suds 
 Sulphuric (Oil of Vitriol) >■ Magnesia 
 Nitric (Aqua Fortis) J Limewater 
 
 Prussic Acid —Ammonia in water. Dash water in face. 
 Carbolic Acid—Flour and water, mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Alkalies: 
 
 Potash, Lye, 
 Hartshorn, Ammonia 
 
 \dnegar or lemon juice in water. 
 
 Parfs^ Gr^mi | Milk, raw eggs, sweet oil, limewater, flour and water. 
 
 Bug Poison, Lead, Saltpetre, Corrosive ) Whites of eggs or milk in 
 Sublimate, Sugar of Lead, Blue Vitriol / large doses. 
 
 Chloroform, | Dash cold water on head and chest. 
 
 Chloral, Ether j Artificial respiration. 
 
 Cop^^'ras^ Cobah^' } ^*^^P s^^s and mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 ^m'ta^' Emed'^^^' / Starch and water, astringent infusions, strong tea. 
 
 Mercury and its Salts—Whites of eggs, milk, mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Opium, Morphine, Laudanum, Paregoric, (Strong coffee, hot bath, keep 
 Soothing Powders and Syrups 1 awake and moving at any cost. 
 
 288 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Resuscitation 
 
 Persons Rescued from Asphyxia and Drowning 
 
 Extracted from “Prompt Aid to the Injured” 
 
 By Alvah H. Doty, M. D. 
 
 The treatment of persons suffering from asphyxia and drowning is 
 in both cases identical. 
 
 Asphyxia is a condition of unconsciousness due to a great diminution 
 of oxygen in the blood, resulting either from an obstruction to the pass¬ 
 age of air to the lungs, or to the presence of poisonous gases which render 
 the air unfit for respiration. Among the numerous causes of sufifocation, 
 drowning and asphyxia following the inhalation of poisonous gases are 
 most important for present consideration. 
 
 Asphyxia 
 
 The appearance of a person suffering from asphyxia is well marked. 
 The face is of a dusky or purplish hue and swollen. The respirations 
 are extremely labored, and associated with convulsive movements and 
 delirium. If relief is not promptly given, these symptoms are rapidly 
 followed by unconsciousness and death. 
 
 Treatment —The first step consists in removing the cause in order 
 that the lungs may be supplied with the proper amount of pure air. 
 Stimulants and artificial respiration are then resorted to in an effort to 
 restore the different functions to their normal condition. 
 
 Artificial Respiration—Sylvester’s Method. Before artificial respi¬ 
 ration is begun, the patient should be stripped to the waist, and the 
 clothing around the latter part should be loosened so that the neces¬ 
 sary manipulations of the chest may not be interfered with. The 
 patient is to be placed on his back (Fig. 1) with a roll made of a coat 
 or a shawl under the shoulders; the tongue should then be drawn 
 forward and retained by a handkerchief which is placed across the 
 extended organ and carried under the chin, then crossed and tied at 
 the back of the neck. An elastic band or small rubber tube or a 
 suspender may be substituted for the same purpose. If no other 
 means can be made available, a hat or scarf pin may be thrust verti¬ 
 cally through the end of the tongue without injury to this organ. 
 The attendant should kneel at the head and grasp the elbows of the 
 patient and draw them upward until the hands are carried above the 
 
 Fig. 1. Sylvester's Method. First Movement. ("Inspiration) 
 
 239 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 head and kept in this position until one, two, three can be slowly 
 counted. This movement elevates the ribs, expands the chest, and 
 creates a vacuum in the lungs into which the air rushes, or, in other 
 words, the movement produces inspiration. The elbows are then slowly 
 carried downward, placed by the side, and pressed inward against 
 the chest (Fig. 2), thereby diminishing the size of the latter and producing 
 expiration. These movements should be repeated about fifteen times 
 during each minute for at least two hours, provided no signs of animation 
 present themselves. 
 
 Fig. 2. Sylvester’s Method. Second Movement. (Expiration) 
 
 Drowning 
 
 In the case of asphyxia or suffocation following submersion it is due to 
 the fact that air is prevented from reaching the lungs. More or less 
 water is found in the air passages, but not in such quantities as is gen¬ 
 erally supposed. Water, however, enters the stomach, and considerable 
 is found mixed with mucus in the throat. Death is usually the result of 
 suffocation. In some cases it may be due to sudden heart failure before 
 the person sinks. When such is the case, the face of the drowned would 
 be pale and flabby. There is a better chance of resuscitating one who 
 sinks from this cause than when suffocated, as the demand for o.xygen 
 in the former is less than when asphyxiated by submersion. 
 
 Fig. 3. Howard’s Method for Water Expulsion. 
 
 240 
 
I 
 
 H. L . DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Treatment Preliminary to Artificial Respiration— The patient 
 should be placed face downward, with a pillow or roll of clothing 
 under the pit of the stomach, the head resting on the forearm, which 
 keeps the mouth from the ground and renders traction on the tongue 
 unnecessary. T. he attendant standing over the drowned person 
 (Fig. 3), should then place his left hand on the lower and back part of 
 the left side of the chest, while the right hand is laid on the spinal 
 column about on a line or a little above the left hand; firm pressure 
 IS then made by the operator throwing the weight of his body for¬ 
 ward on his hands; this is to be continued while one, two, three are 
 counted (slowly) and ended with a push which helps to raise the 
 operator to an upright position and forcibly expel the fluid. These 
 movements should be repeated two or three times if fluid continues 
 to flow from the mouth. 
 
 The patient should then be turned on his back and Sylvester’s 
 method of artificial respiration (Figs. 1 and 2) applied. 
 
 Smelling salts, ammonia, or two or three drops of nitrate of amyl, 
 may be administered by inhalation, or the nose may be tickled by a 
 feather or straw. When breathing commences and consciousness 
 returns, the patient should be carefully divested of all wet clothing 
 (if necessary, the clothing should be cut to avoid delay), well rubbed, 
 and wrapped in warm covering, and stimulants administered. 
 
 241 
 
EVERYTHING FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 A 
 
 Air and Gas Reversing Valves 
 
 . 99, 100, 101 
 
 Air and Gas Reversing Valves, 
 Table of Comparative Ca¬ 
 
 pacities of. 100 
 
 Air Compressors. 96 
 
 Air-Mixer Burners (Patented) 
 
 . 56, 58, 69 
 
 Air Storage Tanks. 96 
 
 Annealing Kilns, Plate Glass.. 29 
 
 “ Lehrs, Plate Glass.. 29 
 
 Anvils, Blacksmith. 110 
 
 Arch Blocks. Ill 
 
 Arches, Doghouse.Ill, 118 
 
 “ Pot.13,14 
 
 B 
 
 Barrel Trucks. 94 
 
 Barrows, Steel Batch. 102 
 
 Bars, Cruciform. 53 
 
 “ Pot Setting.62,63,65 
 
 “ Steel. 84 
 
 Batch Carts. 71 
 
 “ Elevators and Convey¬ 
 
 ors .102, 103, 104 
 
 “ Filling Shovels.82,83 
 
 “ Mixers, Rotary.76, 102 
 
 “ Screens, Steel. 102 
 
 Belt Conveyors, Endless... 102, 103 
 
 Bench Bars. 67 
 
 “ Clay. Ill 
 
 “ Rakes.63,66 
 
 “ Repair Paddles. 66 
 
 Bit Kettles.67, 69 
 
 Blacksmith Shop Equipment.. 110 
 
 Blades, Steel Table. 85 
 
 Blast Gates. 96 
 
 Block Carriages. 62 
 
 “ Kilns, Ironwork for. 52 
 
 Blocking Box, Gatherers’. 66 
 
 Blocks, Tank and Furnace. 111-118 
 
 “ Arch. Ill 
 
 “ Top and Bottom (“ B”). 115 
 
 “ Bottom . Ill 
 
 “ Burner ( Dixon).113 
 
 “ Covering (“ C ”). 115 
 
 “ Cap. Ill 
 
 “ Doghouse Mantle. 114 
 
 “ Top of Port (“E ”).... 113 
 
 “ Eye. Ill 
 
 “ Filling Hole (“ H ”)... 114 
 
 “ Doghouse Corner (“L”) 114 
 
 “ Pillar. Ill 
 
 “ Producer Poke-hole... Ill 
 
 “ “ Hopper. Ill 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Blocks, Refractory. Ill 
 
 “ Skew. 113 
 
 “ Tankwall. 115 
 
 “ “ Tuckstone.. 116 
 
 Blow Furnaces. 28 
 
 Blowers’ Dummies.74, 75 
 
 Blowers for Gas Producers, 
 
 Steam.56, 57 
 
 Blowers, Forge. 110 
 
 “ Pressure (hand power) 110 
 “ Pressure and Volume 96 
 
 “ Scales, Glass.94,96 
 
 Blowing Machinery, Modern 
 
 Pressing and.17-23 
 
 Blow Pipes.76, 77, 85 
 
 Blue Marver Stones. 77 
 
 Boots, Gatherers’. 119 
 
 Carolina Boots. 125 
 
 Circular Boots. 122 
 
 Diamond Boots. 123 
 
 Dixon Boots. 120 
 
 Fox Boots. 126 
 
 Humphrey Boots. 127 
 
 McKee Boots. 128 
 
 McLaughlin Boots. 124 
 
 Star Boots. 121 
 
 Whitney Boots. 129 
 
 Boshes, Cooling. 81 
 
 “ Water.69,81 
 
 Bottle Lehrs, Ironwork for.... 42 
 
 “ Scales . 96 
 
 Bottom Blocks.Ill, 114 
 
 Box Printing Presses. 110 
 
 “ Shop Equipment. 110 
 
 “ Trucks. 110 
 
 Boxes, Blocking. 66 
 
 “ Capping. 82 
 
 “ Cullet.77,82,85 
 
 “ Flattener’s Cullet. 82 
 
 “ Novel.82,84 
 
 Breastwall Hooks.63,66 
 
 Brick, Fireclay.Ill, 130-137 
 
 “ Forks.62,63 
 
 “ Kiln, Ironwork for 52 
 
 “ Paddles. 62 
 
 “ Silica.111,130-141 
 
 “ Stacks. 36 
 
 Buckets, Malleable Iron Con¬ 
 veyor .102,103 
 
 Bull Hooks.82, 84, 89 
 
 Burner Blocks, Dixon. 113 
 
 Burners, Gloryhule. 77 
 
 “ Lehr, Air-Mixer Pat¬ 
 ented.56, 58, 59 
 
 Burner Nipples. 51 
 
 Burners,Oil .96, 100 
 
 For Producer Gas 
 .54, 158, 159 
 
 242 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 INDEX- 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 c 
 
 “C” Blocks. 115 
 
 Cap Brick. Ill 
 
 Capping Boxes. 82 
 
 Carriage, Block. 62 
 
 Carriages, Floater.82, 86, 86 
 
 “ Mould Oven 49 
 
 “ Mould Transfer.... 76 
 
 “ Pot.62,64,65 
 
 Carriers, Coburn Trolley 
 
 ..85, 108, 109, no 
 
 Carrying-in Device.44, 46 
 
 Carrier for Lehrs, Endless.. .47, 48 
 
 Carts, Batch. 71 
 
 Carrying-in Tools. 77 
 
 Casting Tables.86, 90 
 
 Cathedral Glass Rolling Tables 91 
 Chain Conveyors, Endless 
 
 .56,102,103,104 
 
 Chairs, Finishers.71, 72, 77 
 
 Chests, Cleaning-off.. .69, 70, 71, 77 
 
 Clamps, Pot. 86 
 
 Clay, Bench. Ill 
 
 “ Fire . Ill 
 
 “ Mortar. Ill 
 
 Cleaning-off Chests.. .69, 70, 71, 77 
 Compensators, Electric Motor 
 
 37 38 39 
 
 Coburn Trolleys.. .85, 108, 109, 110 
 
 Color Room Pans. 102 
 
 “ “ Scales. 102 
 
 “ “ Scoops. 102 
 
 Compressors, Air. 96 
 
 Conduits, Gas. 36 
 
 Continuous Melting Tank Fur¬ 
 naces .16, 24, 25 
 
 Conveyors, Endless Chain 
 
 . 66, 102, 103, 104 
 
 Conveyors, Endless Belt.. .102, 103 
 
 Spiral.102,104 
 
 Cooling Tubs or Boshes. 81 
 
 Corundite. Ill 
 
 Covering (“C”) Blocks. 115 
 
 Cranes. 81 
 
 Croppers.85, 89 
 
 Cruciform Bars, Lehr. 53 
 
 Crimping Machines. 76 
 
 Cullet Boxes, Cutters. 85 
 
 Cutters’ Pliers or Pinchers.... 85 
 
 Cullet Boxes, Flatteners’ ... .77, 82 
 
 Cutters, Stencil. 110 
 
 “ Tables, Squares, Pins 
 and Rules. 85 
 
 D 
 
 Decorating Lehrs. 13 
 
 “ Lehrs,Ironwork for 51 
 “ Ovens . 13 
 
 Continued 
 
 Pago Nos. 
 
 Decorating Ovens, 1 n )nwork for 51 
 Detector, Furnaceman’s Time 
 
 .105,106 
 
 Dips, Glass. 85 
 
 Dixon Spout. 117 
 
 Doghouse Arch, Skew and 
 
 Mantle Blocks. 118 
 
 Doghouse Corner (“L”) Blocks 114 
 Doors, Adjustable Self-Closing 
 
 Lehr.43, 48 
 
 Doors, Cleaning.55, 57 
 
 Drawing Machinery, Window 
 
 Glass.26, 27 
 
 Dummies, Blowers’.». .74, 75 
 
 Electric Drive for Glass Ma¬ 
 chinery.37, 38, 39 
 
 Electric Safety Devices. . .105, 106 
 Elevators and Conveyors, 
 
 Batch.102, 103, 104 
 
 End Port Tank Furnaces.... 16, 30 
 
 Engines, Gas.101, 102 
 
 Exhaust Fans, Ventilating and 96 
 
 Express Trucks.94, 96 
 
 Eye Blocks. Ill 
 
 Fans, Ventilating and Exhaust 
 
 .96, 97 
 
 Filling Hole (“ H ”) Blocks... 114 
 
 “ Shovels, Batch.82, 83 
 
 Filling-in Shovels.. 85 
 
 Finishers’ Chairs... .71, 72, 77 
 
 Finishing Tools.69, 77 
 
 Fire Clay Brick.Ill, 130-137 
 
 P'irm Plates. 81 
 
 Flatteners’Cullet Boxes. 82 
 
 “ Tools. 85 
 
 Flattening Ovens and Lehrs .. 28 
 
 “ Stones. Ill 
 
 Flint Glass Furnaces, Ironwork 
 
 for. 42 
 
 Flint Glass Lehrs .. 12 
 
 “ “ “ Ironwork for 42 
 
 “ “ Pot Furnaces, Re¬ 
 generative . 11 
 
 Floater Carriages.82, 85, 86 
 
 “ Kilns. 28 
 
 “ “ Ironwork for.... 52 
 
 Floaters.Ill, 112 
 
 Flues, Gas. 35 
 
 Forge Blowers. 110 
 
 Forges, Blacksmith. 110 
 
 Forks, Brick. 62 
 
 “ Piling.85,87 
 
 Forter Gas Reversing Valves 
 .100,101 
 
 243 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 INDEX—Continued 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Furnace Blocks.111-118 i 
 
 Furnaces, Blow. 28 ■ 
 
 “ Continuous Melting 
 
 Tank.16, 24, 25 
 
 “ End Port Tank ... 16, 30 i 
 
 “ Ironwork for. 51 
 
 “ Plate Glass Melting 29 
 
 “ Recuperative. 30 
 
 “ Regenerative Flint 
 
 Glass Pot. 11 
 
 “ Side Port Tank. 15,26-27 
 
 “ Window Glass Tank 
 
 . 25, 26, 27 I 
 
 G 
 
 Gas Conduits. 35 
 
 “ Engines. 102 
 
 “ Flues. 35 
 
 “ Pipes. 35 
 
 “ Producers.31-34 
 
 “ “ Ironwork for... 55 
 
 “ Reversing Valves, Air and 
 
 .99, 100, 101 
 
 Grates, Blast. 96 
 
 Gatherers’ Blocking Boxes.... 66 
 
 Gathering Rings. Ill 
 
 Gatherers’ Shadow Pans.66, 71 
 
 Gathering Pigs. 67 
 
 Glass Bending Kilns. 30 
 
 “ “ Lehrs. 30 
 
 “ Blowers’Pipes.76,77,85 
 
 “ “ Scales.94, 96 
 
 “ Dips . 85 
 
 “ Ladles.67, 85,91 
 
 “ Recipes. 7 
 
 “ Spreaders. 85 
 
 Gloryhole Burners. 77 
 
 Gloryholes, Ironwork for. 49 
 
 Gloryhole Pigs. 73 
 
 Gloryholes, Portable.76, 77 
 
 “ Stationary. 13 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Ironwork, Bottle Lehrs. 42 
 
 “ Brick Kilns. 62 
 
 “ Decorating Ovens 
 
 and Lehrs. 51 
 
 “ Flint Glass Furnaces 42 
 
 “ “ “ Lehrs... 42 
 
 “ Floater Kilns.62, 55 
 
 “ Furnaces. 61 
 
 “ Gas Producers,Pipes, 
 
 Flues and Conduits 55 
 
 “ Gloryholes. 49 
 
 “ Mould Ovens. 49 
 
 “ Plaster Kilns. 55 
 
 “ Plate Cilass Furnaces 54 
 
 “ “ “ Kilns ... 54 
 
 “ “ “ Lehrs... 54 
 
 “ Pot Arches. 49 
 
 “ Staining Kilns. 61 
 
 “ Tank Block Kilns. 52,55 
 
 " “ Furnaces. 51 
 
 “ Window Glass Blow 
 
 Furnaces. 52 
 
 “ Window Glass Flat¬ 
 
 tening Ovens and 
 
 Lehrs. 52 
 
 Irons, Skimming. 85 
 
 K 
 
 Kettles, Bit.67, 69 
 
 “ Knob.66,67 
 
 “ Ladling.67, 68, 82 
 
 “ Stationary.67, 68, 69 
 
 “ Tilting. 68 
 
 Kilns, Decorating.13, 14 
 
 “ Floater. 28 
 
 “ Glass Bending. 30 
 
 “ and Lehrs, Glass Bend¬ 
 ing . 30 
 
 “ Plate Glass Annealing.. 29 
 
 “ Stained Glass. 15 
 
 Knob Kettles.66, 67 
 
 H 
 
 Heating Stoves. 85 
 
 High Temperature Pyrometers 
 
 .105,107 
 
 Hoisting Winches. 94 j 
 
 Hooks, Breastwall.63, 66 
 
 “ Bull.82, 84, 86 
 
 " Ring..85, 89 
 
 “ Single . 84 
 
 Hopper Blocks, Producers.... Ill 
 
 Horses, Roller. 82 
 
 Hot Stoves.71, 73 
 
 I 
 
 Ironwork. 41 
 
 “ Block Kilns. 52 
 
 L 
 
 Ladles.67, 81, 85, 91 
 
 Ladling Kettles.67,68, 82 
 
 Lazybones. 62 
 
 Lehr Air Mixer Burners. . 66 , 58, 59 
 
 Lehrs, Decorating. 13 
 
 Lehr Doors, Adjustable Self- 
 
 Closing.43, 48 
 
 Lehr Pans. 48 
 
 Lehrs, Endless Carrier for.. .47, 48 
 
 “ Flattening Ovens and.. 28 
 
 “ Flint Glass. 12 
 
 “ Glass Bending. 30 
 
 “ Plate Glass Annealing. 29 
 
 Low Temperature Pyrometers 107 
 Lubricating Soap. 85 
 
 244 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 INDEX—Continued 
 
 Pasfe Nos. 
 
 M 
 
 Mantle Blocks, Doghouse. 114 
 
 Marver Plates.69, 77 
 
 “ Stones, Blue. 77 
 
 Melting Furnaces, Plate Glass 29 
 “ Tank Furnaces, Con¬ 
 tinuous .15,16,25-27 
 
 Melting Tank Furnaces, Iron¬ 
 work for Continuous. 51 
 
 Mineral Paint. 56 
 
 Mixers, Rotary Batcli.76, 102 
 
 Monkey Pots, Carriages for 
 
 Setting.62, 65 
 
 Monkey Wrenches. 96 
 
 Motors, Electric.37, 38, 39 
 
 Mould Transfer Carriages .... 76 
 
 “ Ovens.13,14 
 
 “ ‘‘ Carriages for.... 49 
 
 “ “ Ironwork for .... 49 
 
 Muffle Tile.140, 141 
 
 Mushroom Valves.55, 56, 57 
 
 N 
 
 Nigger Heads. 66 
 
 Nipples, Burner. 51 
 
 Novel Boxes..82, 84 
 
 Nozzles, Wind Pipe.96, 98 
 
 O 
 
 Oil Burners.96, 100 
 
 “ Pumps. 96 
 
 Opal Glass Tanks. 15 
 
 Oven Carriages, Mould. 49 
 
 Ovens, Decorating. 13 
 
 “ Flattening. 28 
 
 “ Mould .13, 14 
 
 P 
 
 Paddles, Bench Repair. 66 
 
 “ Carrying-in. . 77 
 
 “ Clay or Brick. 62 
 
 Paint, Mineral. 56 
 
 Pans, Color Rooms. 102 
 
 “ Lehr. 48 
 
 “ Shade. 66 
 
 “ Shadow.66,71 
 
 “ Ware.51,77 
 
 “ Steel Water. 55 
 
 Paper, Stencil. 110 
 
 Peanut Roasters.77-80 
 
 Pigs, Gathering. 67 
 
 “ Gloryholes. 73 
 
 Piling Forks.85, 87 
 
 Pillar Blocks. Ill 
 
 Pins, Cutters’. 85 
 
 Pipes, Blow.76, 77, 85 
 
 “ Gas. 35 
 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Pipes, Wind. 
 
 .76, 96 
 
 Plaster Kilns, Ironwork for ... 55 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing 
 
 Kilns 29 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing Kilns, 
 
 Ironwork for. 
 
 . 54 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing 
 
 Lehrs 29 
 
 Plate Glass Annealing 
 
 Lehrs, 
 
 Ironwork for. ... 
 
 
 Plate Glass Melting F urnaces. 29 
 
 Plate Glass Melting Furnaces, 
 
 Ironwork for. 
 
 . 54 
 
 Plates, Marver... 
 
 . 69 
 
 “ Firm. 
 
 . 81 
 
 Platform Scales, Secret. 
 
 . 102 
 
 Pliers, Cutters’. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Poke-hole Castings.. 
 
 .55,57 
 
 Pokers, Steel. 
 
 . 56 
 
 Poles, Sponge. 
 
 . 66 
 
 Pot Arches. 
 
 .13, 14 
 
 “ “ Ironwork for 
 
 . 49 
 
 “ Clamps. 
 
 . 85 
 
 “ Furnaces, Regenerative 
 
 F lint Glass. 
 
 . 11 
 
 “ Pullers. 
 
 73 
 
 “ Rings. 
 
 
 “ Setting Bars. 
 
 .62, 63, 65 
 
 “ “ Carriages .. 
 
 . 62, 64, 65 
 
 “ Lazybones for .... 62 
 
 “ Stoppers. 
 
 . Ill 
 
 “ Trucks. 
 
 
 “ Wagons. 
 
 
 Power Plants, Producer Gas .. 34 
 
 Pressing and Blowing Machin¬ 
 ery, Modern..17-23 
 
 Presses, Box Printing. 110 
 
 Pressure Blowers, Hand Power 110 
 “ “ Volume and 
 
 .96, 97, 98 
 
 Producer Hoppers. Ill 
 
 Producer Poke-holes.Ill 
 
 Producers, Gas.31-34 
 
 “ Steam Blowers for 
 
 Gas.56, 57 
 
 Prongs. 82 
 
 Pullers, Pot. 73 
 
 Pulling Rigs.46, 48 
 
 Pumps, Oil. 96 
 
 “ Water. i)6 
 
 Punties. 76 
 
 Pyrometers,High Temperature 
 
 .105, 107 
 
 Pyrometers, Low Temperature 107 
 
 R 
 
 Rakes, Bench.63, 66 
 
 “ Brick. 66 
 
 Rails. 94 
 
 245 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 Continued 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Recipes, Glass. 7 
 
 Recuperative Furnaces. 30 
 
 Refractory Furnace Blocks 
 
 .111-118 
 
 Regenerative Flint Glass Pot 
 
 Furnaces. 11 
 
 Regenerator Tile. 137 
 
 Reversing Valves, Air and Gas 
 
 .i)9,100, 101 
 
 Ring Hooks.85, 89 
 
 Rings, Gathering. Ill 
 
 “ Pot. Ill 
 
 Ring Shades. Ill 
 
 Rip Saws. 110 
 
 Roasters, Peanut.77-80 
 
 Rods, Swab. 85 
 
 “ Cruikshank Pat. Lehr.. 53 
 
 Roller Horses. 82 
 
 “ Wagons.84, 85 
 
 Rolling Tables,Cathedral Glass 91 
 
 Rolls. 85 
 
 Rules, Cutters’. 85 
 
 S 
 
 Safety Devices, Electric.. .105, 106 
 
 Sand Box Ware Stands. 73 
 
 Saucer Valves.55, 56, 57 
 
 Saws, Rip. 110 
 
 Scales, Bottle. 96 
 
 “ Color Room. 102 
 
 “ Glass Blowers’.94,96 
 
 “ Secret Platform. 102 
 
 Scoops, Color Room.102 
 
 Scrapers, Stone.85, 88 
 
 Scraping Ladles. 67 
 
 Screens, Steel Batch. 102 
 
 Secret Platform Scales. 102 
 
 Screw Stands.54, 55, 56 
 
 Shade Pans. 66 
 
 Shades . 81 
 
 Shadow Pans.66, 71 
 
 Shade Stones. Ill 
 
 Shears . 76 
 
 Shovels, Batch Filling.82, 83 
 
 “ Steel Batch. 102 
 
 Side Port Tank Furnaces. 15, 25-27 
 Siemens Air and Gas Revers¬ 
 ing Valves .99, 100 
 
 Silica Brick.Ill, 130-141 
 
 Single Hooks. 84 
 
 Skew Blocks. 113 
 
 Skimming Irons. 85 
 
 Snaps.69, 77 
 
 Soap Lubricating. 85 
 
 Spiece .85,87 
 
 Sponge Poles. 66 
 
 Spouts, Dixon. 117 
 
 Spiral Conveyors.102, 104 
 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Spreaders, Glass. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Squares, Cutters’. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Stacks, Steel and Brick. 
 
 .36, 48 
 
 Staining Kilns, Ironwork for . . 51 
 
 Stained Glass Kilns .... 
 
 . 15 
 
 Stands, Bottle Snaps ... 
 
 r'r' 
 
 “ Sand Box Ware 
 
 . 73 
 
 “ Screw. 
 
 ..54, 55, 56 
 
 “ Ware. 
 
 . 73 
 
 Steam Blowers for Producers 
 
 
 .56, 57 
 
 Steel Bars. 
 
 . 84 
 
 “ Stacks . 
 
 . 36 
 
 “ Table Blades. 
 
 . 85 
 
 “ Towers . 
 
 . 96 
 
 “ Twangs. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Stencil Cutters. 
 
 . 110 
 
 “ Paper. 
 
 . 110 
 
 Stones, Blue Marver . .. 
 
 . 77 
 
 Stone, Flattening. 
 
 . Ill 
 
 “ Scrapers. 
 
 .... 85, 88 
 
 Stones, Shade. 
 
 . Ill 
 
 Stoppers, Pot. 
 
 . Ill 
 
 Storage Tanks. 
 
 . 96 
 
 Stoves, Heating.. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Stowing Tools. 
 
 ....55, 85 
 
 Stoves, Hot. 
 
 ....71, 73 
 
 Swab Rods. 
 
 . 85 
 
 T 
 
 
 Table Blades, Steel. 
 
 . 85 
 
 “ Cathedral Glass R 
 
 oiling 91 
 
 Tables, Casting. 
 
 .... 85, 90 
 
 “ Cutters’. 
 
 . 85 
 
 Tank Block Kilns, Ironwork for 52 
 
 “ Blocks. Ill 
 
 “ Furnaces, End Port .. .16, 30 
 “ “ Side Port.l5, 25-27 
 
 “ " WindowGlass 
 
 .25, 26, 27 
 
 “ Opal Glass. 15 
 
 Tanks, Storage. 96 
 
 “ Water. 96 
 
 Tank Wall Blocks. 115 
 
 “ “ Tuckstones. 116 
 
 Tile Muffle.140, 141 
 
 “ Regenerator. 137 
 
 Tilting Kettles. 68 
 
 Time Detector, Furnaceman’s 
 
 .105, 106 
 
 Tools and Implements. 61 
 
 Flint Glass Factories.62-76 
 
 Green Bottle Factories ... .77-80 
 
 Plate Glass Factories .81-91 
 
 Skylight Glass Factories.. .81-91 
 Window Glass Factories.. .81-91 
 Miscellaneous .93-110 
 
 246 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 INDEX—Continued 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Tools, Stowing. 85 i 
 
 Top of Port (“ E ”) Blocks... 113 
 
 Towers, Steel. 96 
 
 Transfer Carriages, Mould_ 76 
 
 Trefers. 81 
 
 Trolleys, Coburn.85, 108-110 
 
 Trucks, Barrel. 94 
 
 “ Box. 110 
 
 “ Pot.■.71,73 
 
 “ Warehouse.94, 95, 110 
 
 Tuckstones, Tankwall. 116 
 
 Tuile Holsts. 54 
 
 Turtle Wagons. 85 
 
 Twangs, Steel. 85 
 
 V 
 
 Valves, Forter Gas Reversing 
 
 .100, 101 
 
 Valves, Saucer or Mushroom.55-57 
 “ Siemens Air Reversing 
 
 .99, 100 
 
 Volume Blowers. 96 
 
 Ventilating and Exhaust Fans. 96 | 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 w 
 
 Wagons, Pot. 85 
 
 “ Roller.84,85 
 
 Turtle. 85 
 
 Warehouse Trucks.94, 95 , 110 
 
 Ware Pans. 51 77 
 
 “ Stands. ’73 
 
 “ “ Sand Box. 73 
 
 “ “ Solid Top. 73 
 
 Water Boshes.69, 81 
 
 “ Pans, Steel. ’55 
 
 “ Pumps . 96 
 
 “ Tanks. 9(5 
 
 Winches, Hoisting. 34 
 
 Window Glass Blow Furnaces, 
 
 Ironwork for. 52 
 
 Window Glass Drawing Ma¬ 
 chinery.26, 27 
 
 Window Glass Tank Furnaces 
 
 ..25, 26,27 
 
 Window Glass Flattening 
 
 Ovens and Lehrs. 28 
 
 Window Glass Flattening 
 Ovens and Lehrs, Ironwork 
 
 for. 52 
 
 Wind Pipes.76, 96 
 
 Worm Gear Attachments. 48 
 
 Wrenches, Monkey, Lev'er and 
 
 “ C: ” nn 
 
 INDEX 
 
 to 
 
 Supplement of Tables and Useful Information 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Absolute Zero. 181 
 
 Air... 192 
 
 Air Delivery, Table giving 
 
 Quantity of Air of a given 1 
 
 Density by a Fan. 199 
 
 Calculating Friction Losses, 
 
 Formula for. 199 
 
 Efficiency of Fans and Posi¬ 
 tive Blowers, Comparative 199 
 Fans, Blowers and Compres¬ 
 sors, Data on. 193 [ 
 
 P'low of Air through Orifices, 
 
 Table of. 197 | 
 
 Forced Draft Capacity, Table 1 
 
 for Blowers. 196 1 
 
 Piston Displacement in Air ' 
 
 Cylinders at Varying 
 
 Speeds, Table of. 201 
 
 Pressure Losses for Varying 
 Velocities and Diameters 1 
 
 of Pipes. 200 I 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Pressure Losses through 
 
 Friction, Table of. 194 
 
 Pransm’s’n of Air Volumes in 
 Pipes of Various Diameters 198 
 Volume and Density ol Air 
 at Various Temperatures, 
 
 Table of. 193 
 
 Weights of Galvanized Iron 
 
 Pipe, Table of. 195 
 
 Algebraic and Arithmetical 
 Signs used in Mathmetical 
 
 Calculations. 163 
 
 Antidotes for Poisons. 238 
 
 Area and Circumferences of 
 Circles, Table of... .177, 178, 179 
 Asphyxia, Treatment for . .239-241 
 
 B 
 
 Belting ...183-188 
 
 Belt Sizes for Transmitting 
 \"arious Horse Powers, 
 Table of. 188 
 
 247 
 
EVERYTHIN G FOR THE GLASSHOUSE 
 
 INDEX- 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Horse Power of Belting, Rule 
 
 for.185-187 
 
 Economical Application and 
 
 Operation of Belts, Rules 
 
 for.183-185 
 
 Boilers, Data on Steam. 210 
 
 Brickwork. 145 
 
 General Information .... 145, 146 
 Shipments. 146 
 
 C 
 
 Cement. 146 
 
 General Information ... .146, 147 
 
 Weights, Table of. 147 
 
 Circles, Table of Circumferen¬ 
 ces and Areas of.177-179 
 
 Clay Pottery.147, 149 
 
 Clay Working, Cone Num¬ 
 bers for. 149 
 
 Composition and Fusing 
 Points of Seger Cones, 
 
 Table of.150-152 
 
 Elements and Symbols used 
 
 in Seger Cone Table. 152 
 
 Seger Cones. 149 
 
 Coal. 211 
 
 Analysis of Coals.212, 213 
 
 Grade Divisions.211 
 
 Concrete.147 
 
 Concrete Mixtures, Table of 
 Material for. 148 
 
 D 
 
 Decimals of an Inch, Table of. 175 
 Drowning, Treatment for . .239-241 
 
 E 
 
 Electricity. 191 
 
 Electrical Calculations, Rules 
 
 for Simple. 191 
 
 Electrical Units. 191 
 
 Equivalents of Electrical 
 
 Units. 191 
 
 Relation of Speed, Alterna¬ 
 tions and Number of Poles 
 in Alternating Current 
 
 Machinery. 191 
 
 Elements and their Atomic 
 
 Weights, Table of. 153 
 
 Engines, Horse Power of. 208 
 
 F 
 
 Fans and Blowers, Data on ... 193 
 
 Fuel, Data on. 211 
 
 Coal.211-213 
 
 Gas.215-230 
 
 Oil.213-215 
 
 Continued 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 Gas, Data on.215-230 
 
 Analysis, Gas. 226 
 
 Bench Gas. 221 
 
 Blast Furnace Gas. 229 
 
 Carbonic Oxide. 218 
 
 “ Acid .. 218 
 
 Coke Oven Gas. 229 
 
 Commercial Gases, Constitu¬ 
 ent Parts of.216-226 
 
 Marsh Gas. 220 
 
 Natural Gas.215,229 
 
 Nitrogen . 218 
 
 Oil Gas. 228 
 
 Olefiant Gas. 220 
 
 Oxygen. 218 
 
 Producer Gas.215,225 
 
 Useful Notes for Calculations 215 
 
 Water Gas, Carbureted.223 
 
 Gas Measurement, Multipliers 
 
 for. 230 
 
 Gearing. 189 
 
 Bevel Gears. 189 
 
 Rules for Calculating Gear 
 
 Problems.189, 190 
 
 Spur Gears. 189 
 
 Table of Pitches. 190 
 
 Glasshouse Data. 154 
 
 Invoice Calculating Table 
 
 for Soda Ash. 154 
 
 Painting, Interior and Exte¬ 
 rior .155, 156 
 
 Temperature Constants for 
 
 Glass Working. 154 
 
 Washes,Interiorand Exterior 156 
 Washing Iron from Chest 
 Cullet.154, 155 
 
 H 
 
 Heat, Latent. 234 
 
 Heat on Various Bodies, Effect 
 
 of....235, 236 
 
 Heat, Specific. 234 
 
 Heat, Units of.205,206 
 
 Horse Power, Definition of.... 208 
 Horse Power of an Engine.... 208 
 
 Hydraulics, Data on.202-204 
 
 Friction of Water in Pipes, 
 
 Table of... 203 
 
 Pressure Determinations,etc. 
 
 .202, 204 
 
 Useful Notes for Hydraulic 
 Calculations. 202 
 
 I 
 
 Iron,Steel and other Metals. 164-173 
 Color Effect of Heat on Iron 167 
 Computing Weight of Iron 
 Castings. 166 
 
 248 
 
H. L. DIXON COMPANY, PITTSBURG 
 
 Computing Weight of Iron 
 
 and Steel. 
 
 Conversion Table of Weights 
 
 of Metals. 
 
 Foreign Substances in Iron 
 
 and Steel. 
 
 Fusing Point and Character 
 
 of Metals, Table of. 
 
 Metal Weights per Super¬ 
 ficial Foot, Table of. 
 
 Melting Points of Fusible 
 
 Plugs, Table of. 
 
 Melting Points of Lead, 
 
 Table of. 
 
 Melting Points of Solder, 
 
 Table of. 169 
 
 Notes on the Working of 
 
 Steel.164, 165 
 
 Specific Gravities of Common 
 
 Metals. 167 
 
 Suitable Working Tempera¬ 
 tures, Table of. 168 
 
 Temperature Chart giving 
 Principal Melting and 
 Freezing Points and other 
 Metallurgic’l Temp’ratures 171 
 Tempering of Steel, Colors 
 Corresponding toTempera- 
 
 tures. 167 
 
 Tempering of Tools. 168 
 
 Tests for Iron and Steel.... 164 
 Weights of various Metal 
 Castings from Patterns, 
 Table giving. 166 
 
 L 
 
 Latent Heat. 234 
 
 Lime. 146 
 
 General Information. 146 
 
 Weights, Table of. 147 
 
 Loads on Floors, Safe Live ... 236 
 
 M 
 
 Measures and Weights, Equiv¬ 
 alents of. 169 
 
 Measures, French or Metric 
 
 System of. 160 
 
 Mensuration. 157 
 
 Dry Measure,Liquid or Wine 
 Measure, Long Measure, 
 Gunters Chain, Nautical 
 Measure, Square Measure 167 
 Solid Measure, Troy Weight, 
 Avoirdupois Weight, 
 Apothecaries Weight and 
 
 Measure. 158 
 
 Metric System of Measures... 160 
 
 Decimal Equivalents. 161 
 
 Metric Conversion Table ... 162 
 
 Pajs'e Nos. 
 
 Mortar. 146 
 
 General Information. 146 
 
 O 
 
 Oil, Data on.213-215 
 
 Weightand Volume of Crude 
 Oils, Table of. 215 
 
 P 
 
 Pipe,Weights of Galv’niz’d Iron 195 
 
 Poisons, Antidotes for. 238 
 
 Power Transmission Data .... 182 
 
 Belting.183-188 
 
 Compressed Air. 192 
 
 Electricity. 191 
 
 Gearing. 189 
 
 Pulleys. 183 
 
 Shaft Bearings. 182 
 
 Shafting. 182 
 
 Power, Units of. 206 
 
 R 
 
 Recipes, Workshop.172, 173 
 
 S 
 
 Screw and its Power, The. 175 
 
 Screw Threads, Table of 
 
 Standard. 174 
 
 Seger Cones.149-152 
 
 Shaft Bearings. 182 
 
 Shafting. 182 
 
 Signs, Arithmet’l and Algebraic 163 
 Soils, Sustaining Power of .... 147 
 
 Specific Gravity. 231 
 
 Specific Gravity of Miscellane¬ 
 ous Substances.231-234 
 
 Specific Heat. 234 
 
 Steam, Data on. 205 
 
 Cost of Coal for Steam Power 209 
 Heat Units, Comparative 
 
 Table of. 205 
 
 Steam Boilers. 210 
 
 Table of Properties of Satu¬ 
 rated Steam. 207 
 
 Stone . 231 
 
 Suffocation, Treatment for.239-241 
 Surfaces and Volumes, Equiv¬ 
 alents of. 159 
 
 T 
 
 Thermometers. 180 
 
 W 
 
 Weights of Miscellaneous Sub¬ 
 stances per Cubic Foot. .237, 238 
 Weights of Miscellaneous Sub¬ 
 stances per Cubic Inch . .231-234 
 WireGaugeStandards,TabIeof 176 
 
 Workshop Recipes.172, 173 
 
 Z 
 
 Zero, Absolute. 181 
 
 INDEX—Continued 
 
 Page Nos. 
 
 166 
 167 
 165 
 170 
 167 
 169 
 169 
 
 249 
 
# 
 
 .c 
 
 ‘r 
 
 t 
 
 7V' 
 
 V 
 
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