Hook Emporium^ 
 
 above bar, 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON.' 
 
 EX-LIBRIS 
 
 DONALD * W« 
 5AVMDERS 
 
v\ ^ 
 
 n y 
 
 -7 Q .4 
 
tONDON ; 
 
 PRINTED BY ROBSON, LEVEY, AND FRANKLYN, 
 
 46 St. Martin’s Lane. 
 
LINCOLN MINSTER, FROM THE PALACE RUINS, 
 
ANCIENT MODELS; 
 
 OR, / 
 
 By CHARLES ANDERSON, Esq. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED. , 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JAMES BURNS, 17 PORTMAN STREET, 
 
 PORTMAN SQUARE. 
 
 184.1. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/ancientmodelsorhOOande 
 
That a second edition of this little book 
 should have been called for, is a proof 
 that something of the kind was wanted, 
 however far it may have fallen short in 
 supplying that want. Through the kind- 
 ness of several friends, the author has 
 been enabled to give the dimensions, and, 
 in some instances, the cost of several build- 
 ings which have lately been erected with 
 the pious liberality of earlier and better 
 times. In the additional chapter, in which 
 it is proposed that churches should be 
 built omitting ornamental details, it may 
 perhaps be said that the author is follow- 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ing the practice which he has censured in 
 the opening chapter ; but, he believes, that 
 the recommendation to observe the pro- 
 portions and solidity of ancient buildings, 
 will sufficiently clear him from any parsi- 
 monious intentions, and, therefore, from 
 any charge of inconsistency. 
 
 Leaj March 1841. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DUTY OF CHURCH BUILDING 1 
 
 CHURCH ARCHITECTURE 41 
 
 EXTERIOR OF CHURCHES ...... 58 
 
 MODERN VANDALISM 93 
 
 INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT . . . .121 
 
 NEW CHURCHES 160 
 
 BELLS 197 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 205 
 
ANCIENT MODELS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 DUTY OF CHURCH-BUILDING. 
 
 “ It seems to be part of the despicable philosophy of the 
 time to despise monuments of sacred magnificence.” 
 
 Dr. Johnson. 
 
 N a country where great 
 zeal for the Church is 
 professed^ and in an 
 age distinguished for 
 its wealthy it might na- 
 turally be expected that am- 
 ple accommodation for the 
 religious worship of the in- 
 habitants would be founds and that the 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 laity would bestow much of their wealthy 
 not only in the maintenance of public 
 charities and the exercise of private bene- 
 volence^ but for the still more important 
 purpose of providing churches proportion- 
 ate to the wants of an increasing popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Such^ however^ is not the fact; for 
 although great exertions have been made 
 by the bishops and clergy, the body of the 
 laity have not fully aroused themselves; 
 nor are many of them aware of the vast 
 multitudes, in London and the manufac- 
 turing towns, who have not the means of 
 attending the public worship of the Church. 
 Some structures, it is true, have been 
 raised by the pious liberality of individuals, 
 and it is hoped that the subscriptions for 
 others are increasing ; but, comparing the 
 sums expended upon churches with those 
 which are laid out upon edifices of a 
 secular character, no fair-judging man will 
 venture to say that one bears due propor- 
 
LOW VIEWS OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 3 
 
 tion with the other; on the contrary^ it 
 will be seen^ that M^hilst private houses 
 and villas^ and other secular buildings, 
 such as clubs, stock-banks, gin-palaces, 
 &c., are rising without end — the sums to 
 build them no sooner required than fur- 
 nished, — it often happens, that the sub- 
 scription for a church is so inadequate, 
 that the committee are obliged to resort 
 to a bazaar, or some other bait, to extract 
 those funds, which a better spirit would 
 have supplied with a willing heart and a 
 liberal hand. In the case of private 
 houses and secular buildings, expense is 
 seldom spared: it is not thought extra- 
 ordinary to send many miles for the best 
 materials ; to employ Italian marbles for 
 interior decoration; to lavish immense 
 sums on pictures, sculpture, and furni- 
 ture; in short, to omit nothing which 
 may conduce to comfort and luxury : but 
 if great care and cost is bestowed on the 
 construction of a church, it is made the 
 
4 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 subject of remark^ as something surpris- 
 ing^— praiseworthy indeed^ but probably 
 indicative of eccentricity. 
 
 Now this affords a strong incidental 
 proof of insufficient zeal ; for if religion 
 be really of more value than earthly things^, 
 the buildings dedicated to its use ought 
 to be proportionally honoured. Unhap- 
 pily, men form their judgment by custom, 
 and what is congenial to their nature is 
 not subjected to a strict scrutiny ; a low 
 estimate of the Church having been fixed 
 by the majority, men yield to it without 
 examination, neither doubting its truth, 
 nor dreaming of its danger. 
 
 In a commercial country like England, 
 the acquisition of wealth is a prevailing 
 principle : personal advantage is mainly 
 sought after in the outlay of capital. 
 From this cause— or its consequence, 
 speculation — changes are continually tak» 
 ing place. Many begin life with wealth, 
 and end it in poverty. Men hazard their 
 
LOW VIEWS OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 5 
 
 capital by speculations in the funds^ in 
 railways^ on the turf, by gaming, or by 
 experimental agriculture,^ — amj are often 
 reduced to ruin. But in cases like these, 
 there is something in which others can 
 sympathise : they have had their day of 
 enjoyment, and, had circumstances been 
 more favourable, they might have realised 
 large fortunes. But were a wealthy man 
 to ruin himself by building churches in 
 a manufacturing town, where they were 
 much wanted, he would meet with no 
 such sympathy : if he should escape being 
 declared a fit subject for a lunatic asylum, 
 he would, probably, be regarded as a man 
 with good intentions indeed, but an odd 
 taste. Yet we are taught to regard an 
 unselfish spirit with approbation ; and the 
 motives of the latter are as much higher 
 than those of the former, as the religious 
 w^elfare of men is sup eric r to their worldly 
 advantage. 
 
 That rich laymen, therefore, should de- 
 B 2 
 
6 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 dicate a portion of their wealth to the 
 building and adorning of churches^ is 
 most natural and becoming; and that 
 men should wonder at such instances of 
 liberality^ is a proof that a low and selfish 
 spirit is abroad. But we find zealous and 
 well-meaning men encouraging economy 
 in church-building as a matter of expedi- 
 ency ; and we would give them credit for 
 feeling so strongly the necessities of the 
 time, that, in despair of awakening greater 
 liberality, they would endeavour to make 
 the most of such funds as might be placed 
 at their disposal. But this conduct has a 
 tendency to encourage that very spirit 
 which must be crushed and rooted out, 
 before true liberality can spring up and 
 flourish. The very arguments which are 
 used are addressed to the avarice of man- 
 kind. The wants of the Church are set 
 forth, it is true, in glowing colours, and 
 men are invited to subscribe liberally ; but 
 knowing how difficult it is to induce them 
 
LOW VIEWS OF THE CHURCH » 
 
 7 
 
 to make any sacrifice^ or to forego any 
 luxury^ for the sake of religion^ they are 
 informed how much may be ^done for a 
 comparatively small sum^ by omitting or- 
 iiament^ and pruning down every expense 
 which does not tend to direct comfort or 
 visible usefulness. Hence cheap portable 
 fonts^ and Sheffield plated goods^ are re- 
 commended for the most solemn services 
 of the Church. Thus^ though the wants 
 of the Church are pressings the Church- 
 man is offered a compromise. He is in- 
 vited to give, because his liberality will 
 cost him little. The advocate for econo- 
 my, and the rich subscriber, meet on the 
 ground of Utilitarianism. It has become 
 a matter of consideration with the one, 
 how he can draw forth funds without 
 giving offence ; with the other, how little 
 he can give without incurring the charge 
 of meanness : he therefore proportions his 
 subscription accordingly ; and without 
 making the smallest sacrifice, will pur- 
 
8 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 chase for a few guineas the character of a 
 good Churchman. 
 
 But if a national monument is pro- 
 jected to the memory of any great man_5 
 and an appeal is made for contributions^ 
 will there be any suggestions of economy ? 
 will sacrifice of ornament and decoration 
 be thought of? Will there not rather be 
 a general desire of expressing outwardly 
 a high estimation for the noble qualities 
 of him whom the country delights to ho- 
 nour ? All the genius of art will be invoked 
 to produce a memorial^ which shall attest 
 the general sympathy and the generosity 
 of the nation; and the aisles of West- 
 minster and St. PauFs shew plainly that 
 such appeals have not been made in vain. 
 Yet what are all the monuments of the 
 greatest of men^ compared with the 
 smallest church consecrated to the ser- 
 vice of God ? A nation must be wanting 
 in genuine zeal^ when economy in church- 
 building is advocated on principles of ex- 
 
OUR ANCESTORS. 
 
 9 
 
 pediency, and the arts only encouraged 
 for secular purposes^ — for the gratification 
 of individual luxury^ or of national pride. 
 
 N0W5 with all the superstition of by- 
 gone times^ there existed in our ancestors 
 a far different spirit ; they grudged not 
 their wealth or their lands for the worship 
 of God. The noble minsters and pa- 
 rochial churches which now remain to us 
 are enduring monuments of their piety 
 and zeal^ whilst they and their dwellings 
 have mouldered into dust. If England 
 was at this time unprovided with parish- 
 churches^ it may be questioned whether^, 
 in this age of religious feeling, there is* 
 piety sufficient to furnish as liberal a sup- 
 ply.* Yet, even the heathen Romans af- 
 ford us an example of zeal and attention 
 
 * The city of Lincoln formerly possessed fifty 
 churches, which are now reduced to twelve, besides the 
 Cathedral. Two of the former number were in the dis- 
 trict in which is just rebuilt the Church of St. Nicholas, 
 after the lapse of nearly 300 years without any place of 
 worship. 
 
10 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 to their religious buildings ; and we find 
 the poet deprecating the luxury and sel- 
 fishness of his tinie^ whilst he extols the 
 piety of a more simple and virtuous age. 
 
 Non ita Romuli 
 Prsescriptum et intonsi Catonis 
 Auspiciis vetemmque norma. 
 
 Privatus illis census erat brevis. 
 
 Commune magnum : nulla decempedis 
 Metata privatis opacam 
 
 Porticus excipiebat Arcton ; 
 
 Nec fortuitum spernere cespitem 
 Leges sinebant ; oppida publico 
 Sumptu jubentes et Deorum 
 Templa novo decorare saxo/' 
 
 But in the present day the sister Church 
 in America is setting us a bright example 
 of true liberality. Mr. Caswell minutely 
 describes an Episcopal Church in one of 
 the eastern cities^ which he says will give 
 some idea of a class of buildings not un- 
 common. The walls built of hammered 
 bluestone trimmed with granite ; its di- 
 mensions 120 feet long and 65 broad , 
 
AMERICAN CHURCH, 
 
 11 
 
 with a rich Gothic tower 138 feet high ; 
 the interior richly decorated with Gothic 
 work., from designs taken from Henry 
 VII/s Chapel at Westminster; with an 
 organ with 35 stops^ which cost 1125/. 
 He also mentions two episcopal churches 
 at Cincinnati in Ohio^ one of which^ 
 Christ Church_, cost 12000/. ; the other^ 
 St. PauFs^ 5400/. In New York^ too^ 
 Churchmen are distinguished by the same 
 noble disposition. Applicants after ap- 
 plicants come crowding in^ and the foun- 
 tain of benevolence remains unexhausted^ 
 and even increasing in abundance. I 
 have been credibly informed (says Mr. C.), 
 that many of the wealthiest merchants 
 habitually devote a tenth part of their 
 incomes^ and sometimes more^ to religious 
 purposes. 
 
 The liberality of our ancestors in what 
 we usually term a dark age_, of the heathen 
 acting under the light of Nature^ and of 
 
 * American Church, by Rev. H. Caswell, p. 155-6. 
 
12 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the infant Church in republican America^ 
 contrasts strangely with the parsimony 
 and neglect which have prevailed among 
 ourselves;, and might seem to indicate an 
 utter absence of religious feeling. This^ 
 however^ is not the case : of religious feel- 
 ing in England there is much ; but of that 
 zeal which is fruitful in orderly and prac- 
 tical exertion, there is comparatively little. 
 If it were not so^ we should not see our 
 increasing population labouring under 
 such a want of church-accommodation. 
 The reason of this state of things may 
 perhaps be generally traced to defective 
 views of the Church and her system. 
 Men are too apt to follow the dictates of 
 their own imagination in matters of reli- 
 gion ; to lay aside forms^ or retain them^ 
 as fancy may suggest ; in a word^ to give 
 way to their own wills with unbridled 
 license, and think it conscientiousness. 
 This is natural, but not, therefore, right; 
 and if the history of the Church in Eng- 
 
THE REFORMATION. 
 
 1 o 
 
 1 o 
 
 land^ from the period of the Reformation^ 
 be examined^ it will be found that a spirit 
 which makes light of ordinances sows 
 thereby the seeds of disunion^ and ends in 
 absolute contempt of religion altogether. 
 
 The Reformation^ to which we are 
 rightly taught to look with gratitude, as 
 having freed the Church from many er- 
 rors, was not unaccompanied with acts of 
 enormous spoliation. Ecclesiastical build- 
 ings were destroyed, and Church-lands 
 made the prey of the greedy parasites of 
 the court. Few can behold the venerable 
 ruins which add a solemn interest to many 
 a green and sequestered vale, without 
 deeply regretting that they were not pre- 
 served, and made subservient, as their 
 founders intended, to the religious in- 
 struction and benefit of the country : for 
 it must ever be remembered, that the 
 Church of England now, is the same 
 Church which existed before the Refor- 
 mation, but purified and cleansed from 
 
 c 
 
14 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS, 
 
 errors which had been accumulating upon 
 her for several centuries. In restoring 
 the Churchy the reforming bishops guided 
 their hands by the customs of primitive 
 antiquity^ doing nothing lightly or at ran- 
 dom^ but after diligent examination of the 
 writings of those early fathers who lived 
 nearest to the times of the apostles^ and 
 through whose evidence alone we can 
 establish the canon of holy Scripture,— a 
 fact too little thought of by those who set 
 up the opinions of the day in opposition 
 to the voice of antiquity. Far different 
 was the temper of the reforming bishops s 
 they deemed it wiser, in matters of form 
 and discipline, to go back to those ancient 
 sources, than to adopt forms of their own 
 devising, or to relinquish them entirely : 
 indeed, to remodel the Church, without 
 preserving those outward forms in religion 
 which Divine command, as well as human 
 reason, has always enjoined, they knew 
 would be unlawful ; they knew that man^s 
 
THE REFORMATION. 
 
 15 
 
 constitution fitted him to receive religious 
 impressions through the medium of the 
 senses ; and that without the use of some 
 forms^ religion must soon die away alto- 
 gether. And that this was a right view 
 of the matter^ is not more clear from the 
 awful exhibition of miracles and visions 
 in both the Old and New Testaments^ in 
 order to act upon men’s minds through 
 the medium of sense^ than from the irre- 
 ligion and profaneness which have ever 
 existed in^ and followed after, an age in 
 which forms have been scoffed at and set 
 aside. Removing, then, with rare discri- 
 mination and holy carefulness, the more 
 modern innovations which had injured the 
 usefulness and sullied the purity of the 
 Church, our reformers left her still pro- 
 vided with such externals as were used in 
 the primitive times, in order to maintain 
 her dignity in the eyes of men ; and with 
 such discipline as should fulfil the apos- 
 
16 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 tolic precept^ Let all things be done 
 decently and in order.’^ 
 
 It must ever be regretted that^ at this 
 period^ some of the foreign Protestants 
 came over to this country^ men of zeal 
 but indiscretion^ whose principles found 
 ready entrance into the minds of the ig- 
 norant ; and the unhappy revulsion which 
 took place in Queen Mary^s reign, when 
 Romanism again raised her head for a 
 short but blood-stained period, tended 
 still more to push the unthinking part of 
 the community into the opposite extreme 
 of Puritanism, which, deeming every form 
 a remnant of popery, attempted to make 
 the Church what it can never be in this 
 earthly state, a wholly spiritual and in- 
 visible thing. 
 
 The upgrowth of this spirit is strikingly 
 recorded by Sir Walter Raleigh : — All 
 cost and care,’^ he says, bestowed and 
 had of the church wherein God is wor- 
 
EFFECTS OF PURITANISM. 17 
 
 shipped and served is accounted a kind of 
 popery^ and as proceeding from an idola- 
 trous disposition^, insomuch as time would 
 soon bring to pass (if it were not resisted) 
 that God would soon be turned out of 
 churches into barns^ and from thence 
 again to fields and mountains^ and under 
 hedges ; and the office of the ministry 
 (robbed of all dignity and respect) be as 
 contemptible as these places 3 all order^ 
 discipline, Church - government, left to 
 newness of opinion and men^s fancies ^ 
 yea, and soon after, as many kinds of re- 
 ligion would spring up as there are parish- 
 churches within England, every conten- 
 tious and ignorant person clothing his 
 fancy with the Spirit of God, and his 
 imagination with the gift of revelation, 
 insomuch as when the truth, which is but 
 one, shall appear no less variable than 
 contrary to itself, the faith of men will 
 soon die away by degrees, and all religion 
 be held in scorn and con temp 
 
ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 18 ‘ 
 
 Within thirty years these anticipations 
 were too unhappily fulfilled in the rebel- 
 lion, when all church -ornaments which 
 could not be turned into profit were de- 
 stroyed, under the pretence that they were 
 popish ; when the very tombs of the dead 
 were ransacked through the lust of gain, 
 and mammon was worshipped with idola- 
 try as gross as ever was saint or image in 
 the darkest days of papal superstition — 
 
 The civil fury of the time 
 Made sport of sacrilegious crime ; 
 
 For dark Fanaticism rent 
 Altar, and screen, and ornament.^’ 
 
 Thus, at Winchester, the stained glass, 
 the organs, the carved work, and the mo- 
 numents, were demolished, the bones of 
 the dead scattered around the church, 
 whilst the organ-pipes, the brasses from 
 the tombs, the plate, the rich hangings of 
 cloth-of-gold, were sold, the evidences of 
 the Church-lands torn, and all that was 
 portable removed^ 
 
BISHOP BUTLER. 
 
 19 
 
 Similar outrages were committed at 
 Canterbury^* where the statues of Christ 
 were shot at^ and the pictures represent- 
 ing him stabbed^ amid blasjihemous ri- 
 baldry. 
 
 At Exeter^ sacrilege was equally trium- 
 phant. At Lincoln^ the minster was used 
 as stables and barracks; whilst at West- 
 minster^t under the very eyes of the par- 
 liament^ the soldiers drank their ale and 
 smoked tobacco round the altar^ with 
 many other indecent iniquities too gross 
 for mention. 
 
 There can be little doubt that the puri- 
 tan principles^ which were not extinct at 
 the Restoration, continued alive during 
 the revulsion of manners which succeeded 
 it, and were reviving at the commence- 
 ment of the last century; for we find 
 several of our most eminent and pious 
 
 * Vide a Letter to the Earl of Holland, by Doctor 
 Paske, Prebendary of Canterbury, 1642. 
 f Mercurius Rusticus. 
 
20 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 prelates complaining of the neglect of 
 Cliurch”Ordinances. Bishop Butler^ in 
 his primary charge to the clergy of Dur- 
 ham^ in 1751^ addresses them thus:— 
 
 Our reformers^ considering that some 
 of the observances (of the Romanists) 
 were in themselves wrong and supersti- 
 tious, and others made subservient to the 
 purposes of superstition, abolished them, 
 and reduced the form of religion to great 
 simplicity,, and left nothing more of what 
 was external in religion than was in a 
 manner necessary to preserve a sense of 
 religion itself in the minds of the people. 
 But a great part of this is neglected by 
 the generality amongst us ; for instance, 
 the service of the Church upon saints^ 
 days, and several other things, might be 
 mentioned. Thus, they have no custom- 
 ary admonitions, no public call to recol- 
 lect the thoughts of God and religion 
 from one Sunday to another. 
 
 In most ages of the Church, the care 
 
WANT OF ORDER. 
 
 21 
 
 of reasonable men has been^ as there has 
 been for the most part occasion, to draw 
 the people off from laying too great a 
 weight upon external things — upon formal 
 acts of piety. But the state of matters is 
 quite changed with us. These things are 
 neglected to a degree w'hich is and cannot 
 but be attended with a decay of all that is 
 good. It is highly reasonable now to 
 instruct the people in the importance of 
 external religion. 
 
 And doubtless, under this head must 
 come into consideration a proper regard 
 to the structures w^hich are consecrated to 
 the service of God. In the present turn 
 of the age, one may observe a wonderful 
 frugality in every thing which has respect 
 to religion^ and extravagance in every 
 thing else. But, amidst the appearance 
 of opulence and improvement in all com- 
 mon things which are now seen in most 
 places, it would be hard to find a reason 
 why these monuments of ancient piety 
 
22 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 should not be preserved in their ancient 
 beauty and magnificence/^ 
 
 Now^ it cannot be denied that much of 
 the same spirit of which the prelate com- 
 plained nearly one hundred years ago 
 prevails amongst us at the present day. 
 With much earnest piety there is also a 
 presumptuous and self-willed spirit^ which 
 leads men to disregard practical obedience 
 to the Church, and to a slighting estimate 
 of forms and ceremonies, because they 
 tend to check self-dependence. Any one 
 who looks with calm consideration at the 
 present aspect of the times, must admit 
 that there is great want of union in the 
 Church, without which no efficient stand 
 can be made against the vice and immo- 
 rality which are every where increasing. 
 Individual exertions are praiseworthy, in- 
 asmuch as the motives from which they 
 spring are good ; but by independent ac- 
 tion men interrupt each other, and destroy 
 the work of all. Indeed, the numerous 
 
WANT OF ORDER, 
 
 23 
 
 societies having for their object the main- 
 tenance of religion^ do^ in many instances, 
 obstruct each other’s efficiency. Nor is 
 it surprising, since the majority of them 
 are founded on a proud reliance on the 
 private judgment of individuals, and must 
 therefore, of necessity (from the diversity 
 there is in men^s minds), be prone to 
 change : divisions and subdivisions are 
 for ever renewed, and disunion and weak- 
 ness are the consequence. This is the 
 situation in which the Church is placed 
 in times of greater peril than have threat-r 
 ened her since the Revolution. The po- 
 pulation of the country, particularly in 
 the manufacturing districts, is proceeding 
 with immense rapidity, and gathering 
 strength with each successive year. In this 
 mass of population many thousands have no 
 means of attending any religious worship. 
 Now, if they are left without churches, 
 they must either grow up without any re- 
 ligious knowledge, or fall away amongst 
 
24 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 those numerous sects, whose attachment 
 to existing institutions is as doubtful as 
 their tenets in religion. Evil, in either 
 case, must result : for if the people grow 
 up without the one, they will become im- 
 moral, and therefore dangerous. If, on 
 the other hand, they become sectarians, 
 they will add strength to the numbers of 
 those who are arguing against a Church- 
 establishment, from premises which, how- 
 ever false, they might in another genera- 
 tion be able to maintain by the strength 
 of numerical force. The fate which would 
 await this country, if the Church were to 
 fall, may be presumed from the experience 
 of the past. With her would fall all the 
 other institutions of which she forms the 
 living centre ; and such a convulsion 
 would necessarily shake society to its 
 base, and peril the existence of England 
 as a nation. For many years a sectarian 
 spirit has been spreading, under various 
 forms ; and in most cases it has been dis- 
 
VOLUNTARY SYSTEM. 
 
 25 
 
 tinguished by a resistance to established 
 authority. As one instance of this^ among 
 many others, we may cite the vehemence 
 with which the so-called Voluntary Sys- 
 tem has been pressed upon the nation, 
 and the degree in which many Church- 
 men have yielded to the clamour, without 
 inquiring into its true meaning, or seeing 
 the danger which attaches to it when mis- 
 understood. It is an ambiguous term, 
 expressing entirely opposite ideas. Its 
 fair and plain meaning is this : a system 
 under which any one may freely bestow 
 any portion of his worldly goods towards 
 the maintenance of his own form of reli- 
 gion. Now, till it can be shewn that 
 there is any law which prescribes limits 
 to the liberality of any body of Christians 
 in supporting their own forms of worship, 
 which arbitrarily closes the private purses 
 of individuals against the calls of religious 
 charity, — we may conclude that we are 
 already in possession of the voluntary 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 system.* It is^ however^ contended, that 
 so long as the liability to Church-rates 
 continues to be part of the law, volun- 
 taryism, as it is called, does not prevail. 
 But the sums so paid by Dissenters no 
 more prevent their exercising liberality 
 for their own religious purposes, than any 
 other fixed charge upon property : the 
 property they have bought or hired, was 
 purchased or taken subject to the pay- 
 ment, and at a proportionally lower rate ; 
 just as property on which the land-tax is 
 unredeemed is proportionally of less value. 
 But conscience, too, is pleaded; for a 
 
 * The statutes of mortmain are the only exceptions, 
 which were enacted mainly to put a restraint on the in- 
 crease of the monastic orders and the papal power. But 
 as the papal power is abolished, the main reason in 
 favour of the mortmain -law has ceased ; and the removal 
 of it would open a new field for extending our ecclesias- 
 tical institutions, by the formation of public corporate 
 societies of clergymen or laymen, subject to strict rules, 
 and under episcopal jurisdiction, to perform those duties 
 in populous districts, which are left to firegular and 
 often to sectarian agency. 
 
VOLUNTARY SYSTEM. 
 
 27 
 
 Dissenter cannot bear to provide for that 
 Church to which he does not belong. 
 Stilly in resisting Church-rate s_, he is re- 
 sisting the law.* All taxes are levied to 
 
 / 
 
 furnish the revenue; and as out of that 
 revenue sums are paid by the Government 
 for the support of Roman Catholics and 
 the education of Dissenters^ the Church- 
 man mighty on precisely the same grounds 
 of conscience^ refuse to pay any taxes at 
 all. In the same way men would get rid 
 of tithes and rent - charges ; but both 
 having been given to the Church in for- 
 mer ages^ the land has been chargeable 
 with them ever since; and they are as 
 much the property of the Churchy as any 
 land bequeathed or given to an hospital is 
 the property of that foundation. If it 
 
 * Yet we hear of Church-rate martyrs, when men are 
 imprisoned because they refuse to pay what they are 
 bound to do by law. With as much reason may the 
 condemned murderer and the transported felon be called 
 martyrs to the law. Laws are ever obnoxious to the 
 lawless. 
 
28 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 should be said^ however, that our ances- 
 tors^ who gave this property to the Church 
 upon the true voluntary principle^ had no 
 right to burden their successors with such 
 a charge ; it follows that we can have no 
 right to settle annuities which may last 
 longer than our lives. The rights of pro- 
 perty are thus invaded ; and the voluntary 
 principle^ in this sense^ induces a system 
 of tyranny. 
 
 It may be here worth while to notice, 
 in order to warn those well - meaning 
 people who do not see the danger of the 
 principles they advocate, the follovv^ing 
 remarks, in the Voluntary Church Ma- 
 gazine"^ of 1835, upon a speech of Daniel 
 O’Connell, at the Protestant Association 
 for Civil and Religious Liberty : — Is 
 there not matter of gratification in the 
 fact, that the man who may be regarded 
 as the virtual representative of seven mil- 
 lions of Irish Roman Catholics, is an 
 avowed voluntary ; and that in advocating 
 
RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 
 
 29 
 
 the doctrines of voluntaryism, he professes 
 to speak the sentiments of the Roman 
 Catholic body? Must we not contem- 
 plate such a fact with exultation ? . . . . 
 Popery is no longer popery when it de- 
 clares on the side of voluntaryism/’ We 
 might be tempted to exclaim, Can the 
 Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard 
 his spots But if the voluntary system 
 means the absence of any thing com- 
 pulsory, it is clear that we do not possess 
 it, till all other laws which restrain men^s 
 evil passions, and preserve the fabric of 
 society, are also done away. For we have 
 not yet arrived at that fearful state of li- 
 centious freedom which would leave every 
 one to do what seems right in his own 
 eyes, unfettered by laws or religion : such, 
 for example, as that which, under the 
 specious name of Socialism, would de- 
 grade man to the level of the beast, with 
 the untamed spirit of a devil. But since 
 a system like this must, if it overspread 
 
 D 2 
 
30 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the landj necessarily involve the destruc- 
 tion of all our institutions both in Church 
 and State^ plunging the nation into a 
 chaos of confusion^ like that which pre- 
 vailed during the revolution in France; 
 and since the Papists cannot hope to rise 
 except by the downfal of the Anglican 
 Churchy there needs no diviner to tell us 
 why Daniel O^Connellj, the avowed cham- 
 pion of seven millions of Papists^ gives 
 his support to the Protestant advocates of 
 voluntaryism and religious liberty. In- 
 stances have occurred before now of Je- 
 suits* assuming characters most remote 
 
 * At the time of the great rebellion, many Jesuits 
 and Papists associated with the Puritans, under the 
 hopes of rising through the ruin of the English Church. 
 Bishop Bramhall, in a letter to Archbishop Usher, in 
 1654, informs him of his own knowledge that, in 1646, 
 by order from Rome, above a hundred Romish clergy 
 were sent into England, consisting of Scotch, English, 
 and Irish, who had, with their orders, been taught se- 
 veral handicraft trades, most of whom went into the 
 parliament’s army under the name of Puritans. Many 
 of the English Romanists were at first surprised at this 
 
RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 
 
 31 
 
 from their own^ to discredit Church-prin- 
 ciples. Let those who hold communion 
 with them take warning in time; and 
 especially, let the English ' Churchman 
 view with suspicion those societies which 
 invite all denominations to unite in work- 
 ing out the pleasant but deceitful dream 
 of civil and religious liberty. Let him 
 abhor any system which, under the name 
 of liberal education, makes the fancies of 
 men superior to the will of God. There 
 are to be found those who, whilst they 
 denounce as unjust and revolutionary the 
 Chartist plan of dividing landed property 
 among the multitude, yet eulogise the 
 same system when applied to the Church ; 
 for wherein do those differ in principle, 
 who would divide the undoubted property 
 of the capitular bodies amongst those for 
 
 pretence : but they soon came to the true understanding, 
 and it was agreed there was no better design to con- 
 found the Church of England, than by 'pretending li- 
 berty of conscience. 
 
32 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 whom it was never intended^ violating 
 the intentions of their founders^ and af- 
 fording a dangerous precedent for future 
 spoliation ? * It would be well if such 
 
 * The Cathedral-bill is at length passed, but with some 
 important alterations. By the substitution of the word 
 “ suspend” for “ suppress,” the whole framework of 
 the cathedrals is preserved. The suspending effect of 
 the bill is limited to the residentiary canonries ; all 
 non-residentiary canonries and dignities are preserved ; 
 a power is given to the bishop of the diocese to institute 
 honorary canonries, not exceeding 24, in those cathe- 
 drals not possessing non-residentiary stalls ; power is 
 given to add a fifth stall for the endowment of archdea- 
 conries ; power is given to create new archdeacon- 
 ries ; the stalls are to be suspended by alternation ; the 
 suspended stalls may be re-endowed up to 200/. per an- 
 num. Thus far all is well ; but the spoliation remains 
 the same. 130,000/., not much more (as Mr. Hope 
 truly said, in his most admirable speech) than the annual 
 income of many noblemen and merchants, less than the 
 fortunes of some, has been appropriated to churches for 
 which it was never intended ; and, however it may be 
 glossed over by arguments of expediency, it must be re- 
 garded as pandering to the avarice of the wealthy. The 
 same sum might have been raised by subscriptions of 
 100/. or 50/., without being felt. This is only another 
 proof that the rich laity (taken as a body) have very 
 
FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 33 
 
 men would study the history of the French 
 Revolution. On the 1 3th of August, 
 1789, Mirabeau proposed the abolition of 
 tithes ; and argued, that the burden of 
 supporting the public worship should be 
 borne equally by all. The clergy en- 
 trusted their interests to the equity of the 
 assembly, on condition that the state 
 should fitly provide for the maintenance 
 of the ministers ; an obligation which was 
 committed to the honour of the French 
 nation, but was shamefully violated, and 
 became perfectly illusory. Thus the first 
 fruits which the clergy derived from their 
 junction with the tiers etat was the anni- 
 
 little real liberality ; for the so-called liberality of the 
 age is after another and a cheaper sort. It is to be 
 hoped that those who are true and lively members of 
 the Church will not be discouraged ; but, by endowing 
 the non-residentiary canonries, so as to enable the canons 
 to preach in their turns and hold communion with their 
 several cathedrals, they will prove their cheerful reli- 
 ance on that Providence which has watched over the 
 Church in her darkest hours, and which will eventually 
 triumph above every foe. 
 
34 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 hilation of their property. When men 
 vote away the property of others^ they can 
 expect no mercy for their own. This^ the 
 first and great precedent of iniquity^ the 
 confiscation of the property of the Churchy 
 was brought about by the selfish apathy^ 
 or the secret wishes of the laity. The 
 financial difficulties of the country were 
 greats and the Church was pitched upon 
 as the most defenceless body in the state, 
 and offered as the holocaust which was to 
 end them ; but the expense of the com- 
 mission for managing Church -property 
 actually cost the nation 2,000,000/. a year 
 more than it yielded.* The ecclesiastical 
 estates became a burden to the state ; the 
 contraction of debt on their security be- 
 came necessary. Hence arose the system 
 of assignats, which rendered irretrievable 
 the progress of the revolution, involving 
 all classes in the inextricable difficulties. 
 
 * Alison’s History of the French Revolution, vol. i. 
 
LAY churchman’s DUTY, 
 
 35 
 
 which brought home to every interest in 
 the state the spoliation which they had 
 begun by inflicting it on the weakest. 
 Thus it is clear^ that the spolidtion of the 
 Church is a certain forerunner of other 
 infringements of the rights of private pro- 
 perty ; and the same arguments of expe- 
 diency which serve for the one will be 
 used for the other. But the true Church- 
 man^ in placing complete reliance on her 
 doctrines^ will learn to consider the pro- 
 perty of his Church as more sacred than 
 his own. He believes her to be both 
 catholic and apostolic/^ as in his creed 
 he constantly declares ; that is to say, a 
 branch of the holy Church throughout 
 the world,’^ founded by Christ, and ad- 
 ministered by those whose apostolical 
 succession constitutes them the appointed 
 dispensers of her ordinances ; that these 
 ordinances have been restored to their 
 primitive state as they existed in the 
 purest times, when miracles ceased, and 
 
36 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the Church became established : that he 
 has been baptised into this Churchy and 
 is strictly bound by the most solemn vows 
 to serve God^ and aid his appointed mi- 
 nisters_5 as much as any soldier is engaged 
 to serve his sovereign and obey his officers. 
 
 Secondly^ he knows the Church to be 
 established by law^ and connected with 
 the state ; that she inculcates obedience 
 to lawful authority, and thus has a natural 
 tendency to maintain unity and concord. 
 He will be strengthened in his conviction 
 by the fact, that, in proportion as a spirit 
 of insubordination spreads, the Church 
 becomes an object of attack; — as the 
 waves beat most heavily against the bar- 
 rier which thwarts them the most. 
 
 The lay Churchman’s duty, then, is 
 plain, — to uphold the Church. And his 
 duty and his interests are bound up to- 
 gether. How shall he best serve her ? 
 
 Union is strength,^’ has served as a 
 watchword for many parties. Let it be 
 
EXAMPLES OF LIBERALITY. 
 
 37 
 
 the motto among Churchmen. Let the 
 laity come forward promptly and unani- 
 mously^ not as directors^ but co-operators 
 with the bishops and the clergy. Let 
 them adopt the voluntary principle in its 
 only true and Christian sense^ willingly 
 offering of their worldly goods for the 
 Church’s sake. The bishops and clergy 
 are leading the way.* The munificent 
 
 * The late Bishop Barrington, of Durham, gave away 
 in his lifetime 200,000/. in charity, and bequeathed more 
 than 70,000/. at his death for the same purposes. 
 
 Bishop Van Mildert, his successor, in conjunction 
 with the dean and chapter, founded, and liberally en- 
 dowed, the University of Durham, besides doing many 
 other acts of charity and munificence. 
 
 The present Bishop of Lincoln, in 1839, gave 8007. 
 to a chapel at Holbeach, 100/. to a new church at Lin- 
 coln, besides his other annual charities. The dean and 
 chapter of Lincoln have lately given 500/. to the church 
 of St. Nicholas at Lincoln, and land to the value of 
 above 600/. to the diocesan school, with an annual Sub- 
 scription of fifty guineas. 
 
 To the Christian Knowledge Society the clergy have 
 left donations and legacies to the amount of 70,000/. ; 
 to the National Society, 15,000/. ; to the Clergy Orphan 
 Institution, 25,000/. ; to the Church-building Society, 
 E 
 
38 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 gift of 2 O 5 OOO/. by Bishop Wilson towards 
 an Indian cathedral^ the liberality of the 
 bishops and capitular bodies in endowing 
 churches and schools^ afford examples 
 worthy of imitation, 60^000/. was sub- 
 scribed in a few months by one county 
 towards the restoration of the cathedral 
 of York, after its partial destruction by 
 fire in 1829 ; nor do we believe there 
 exists an individual who contributed to 
 that excellent work who would not will- 
 
 31, 000^. ; to King’s College, London, upwards of 
 
 20 , 000 /. 
 
 The following is a comparative statement of the cleri- 
 cal and lay subscribers : — 
 
 Clergy. Laity. 
 
 To the Christian Knowledge Society . 6,450 4,850 
 
 To the District Society of ditto . . . 3,059 2,118 
 
 To the Church-building Society . . . 1,189 997 
 
 10,698 7,965 
 
 Shewing a majority of 2,733 in favour of the clergy. 
 
 These examples are sufficient to prove that the clergy 
 are remarkable for their liberality ; and it would be well 
 if the laity in general, and in particular those who owe 
 almost all their incomes to property unjustly taken from 
 the Church, were actuated by the same charitable spirit. 
 
LIBERALITY. 
 
 39 
 
 ingly again do so^ if it were again re- 
 quired.* But if similar exertions were 
 made annually throughout England^ a 
 very short period would supply our popu- 
 lation with the inestimable blessings of 
 Church instruction. Uniformity of de- 
 sign and vigour of action would accom- 
 plish this ; and we should reap a rich re- 
 ward in the benefits which would be 
 conferred on the rising population. New 
 churches would exhibit, by their numbers 
 and magnificence, the care and liberality 
 
 * In this we have been somewhat disappointed ; for, 
 in consequence of some carelessness in the management 
 of the belfry, where the fire originated (though the real 
 cause of it remains a mystery), some individuals have 
 been glad of an opportunity of speaking evil of deans 
 and chapters in general, and perhaps not sorry of an 
 excuse for retaining their money. In spite, however, 
 of the industry with which these people have endea- 
 voured to damp the warmth of religious zeal by the 
 chilling influence of utilitarian notions, the subscription 
 is steadily, though slowly, proceeding ; and we rejoice 
 to see that the loyal citizens of York have taken upon 
 themselves the expense of a new clock and a peal of 
 bells. 
 
40 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 of true zeal ; the arts would be sanctified 
 by being made subservient to the highest 
 objects ; and the wholesome doctrines of 
 the Churchy being spread through the 
 land^ would bring forth an abundant har- 
 vest of contentment and loyalty. 
 
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 “ Full many a bard hath sung the solemn gloom 
 Of the long Gothic aisle and stone-ribb’d roof, 
 O’er-canopying shrine, and gorgeous tomb, 
 
 Carved screen, and altar glimmering far aloof. 
 
 And blending with the shade — a matchless proof 
 Of high devotion, which hath now waxed cold.” 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Pointed Architecture^ after passing 
 through various stages^ ended in that 
 elaborate style with the depressed arch, 
 of which King’s College Chapel at Cam- 
 bridge^ Henry the Seventh's at West- 
 minster^ and St. George^s at Windsor^ 
 are the most famous examples. After 
 this^ few churches were built till the 17th 
 century; and the architecture of man- 
 sions and other buildings partook of a 
 mixed character, retaining the stone mul- 
 E 2 
 
42 - 
 
 ancient MODELS. 
 
 Honed window with a flat top^ and intro- 
 ducing ornaments made up of the Gothic 
 and Grecian characters combined^ and 
 usually known by the name of Eliza- 
 bethan. Such are the mansions of Long- 
 leat^ Wollaton^ Burleigh^ Hatfield^ with 
 many others^ of which specimens are 
 given in Mr. Shawls work on Eliza- 
 bethan architecture. Some of the col- 
 leges at the Universities were rebuilt or 
 added to in this style^ in which are seen 
 many of the arabesque patterns which 
 were brought from Italy. In the time of 
 Elizabeth, London was increasing rapidly 
 in wealth and population, and architecture 
 began to be studied, but more with a view 
 to domestic luxury than for ecclesiastical 
 purposes. We find, however, that St. 
 Paul’s Cathedral, the spire of which (being 
 520 feet high) was destroyed by lightning, 
 together with the whole of the leaden 
 roof, was repaired at the qiieeiPs expense 
 in 156], with the exception of the spire. 
 
ARCHBISHOP LAUD. 
 
 43 
 
 After this little appears to have been done 
 in church-building .till the time of Arch- 
 bishop Laud^ a man whose munificence 
 has never been surpassed since the Re- 
 formation. He provided a chapel for the 
 episcopal palace of St. David^s ; and find- 
 ing St, PauFs Cathedral out of repair^ 
 raised 100^000/. by subscription towards 
 the restoration of that venerable fabric, 
 contributing annually 100/. towards the 
 design. His object, however, was frus- 
 trated by his adversity. He adorned his 
 own college at Oxford, St. John’s, with 
 an additional quadrangle, which was com- 
 pleted, after designs by Inigo Jones, in 
 1635, at a cost of 5000/. He also re- 
 paired and beautified the chapel at Lam- 
 beth with stained glass and an organ. 
 He established order and discipline in 
 the chapels and churches of Oxford ; and 
 his name will ever be cherished by that 
 famous university. Thomas Sutton, of 
 Knaith in Lincolnshire, founded the Char- 
 
44 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 terhouse about the year 1611^ which 
 noble foundation owes its preservation to 
 the same prelate.* Bishop Racket^ of 
 Lichfield^ expended 20,000/. on that ca- 
 thedral, to repair the injuries it had re- 
 ceived during the rebellion. t There were 
 also many hospitals, schools, and alms- 
 houses, founded about this time, both in 
 London and other towns, by the munifi- 
 cence of individuals : but little was done 
 in the way of church-building till after 
 the great fire of London in 1666, which, 
 by the ravages it committed, brought 
 home the spriritual, as well as temporal, 
 
 * Vide Le Bas^s Life of Laud/^ p. 73; Heylyn, 
 p. 123. ^‘The design of appropriating the revenues of 
 this house to the support of the army, was urged by 
 the minister (Buckingham). The bishop resolutely op- 
 posed the scheme, at the hazard of the favourite’s re- 
 sentment, and the monarch’s serious displeasure ; and 
 by his intrepid bearing he preserved this noble esta- 
 blishment to the cause of charity and literature.” 
 
 f Of the Siege of Lichfield an excellent account has 
 just been published by the Rev. W. Gresley, which is 
 particiilarly suited to the present aspect of the times. 
 
- INIGO JONES. 
 
 45 
 
 wants of the inhabitants to the minds of 
 all thoughtful persons. This awful cata- 
 strophe destroyed no fewer than 13^200 
 dwellings^ 400 streets, 89 churches, among 
 which was the cathedral of St. Paul, and 
 the ruins covered a space of 436 acres 
 of ground. Shortly after this conflagra- 
 tion, preparations were made for laying 
 out the city in a more convenient man- 
 ner, for re-building the churches and 
 other public buildings, and the king* 
 commenced by re-building the custom- 
 house at his own expense. A little pre- 
 vious to this period, architecture had re- 
 ceived a still greater bias towards the 
 Greek style, from the influence of Inigo 
 
 * During this unparalleled calamity, the king be- 
 haved like a true father of his people, making the round 
 of the fire usually twice a day ; and for many hours 
 together, on foot and horseback, giving orders by 
 commands, threatenings, and example, and good store 
 of money, which he distributed to the workers out of 
 a hundred-pound bag which he carried with him.’’ — 
 Echard’s Hist. fol. p. 832. 
 
46 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Jones^ who^ during his residence at Ve- 
 nice^ and in other parts of Italy^ had made 
 himself acquainted with the works of the 
 Italian masters. In the reign of James I. 
 he had built Whitehall, and St. PauPs 
 Church, Covent Garden, and been employ- 
 ed in making a Grecian front to the old St. 
 PauPs Cathedral, as is shewn in the plates 
 of Dugdale^s history of that building. The 
 pointed style had been entirely super- 
 seded; and all the new churches which 
 were built in the city of London partook 
 of the prevailing taste. The splendid new 
 Cathedral of St. Paul will always remain 
 a monument of the genius of Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, our greatest architect of 
 modern times ; but it must be confessed 
 that the attempts to unite the Grecian 
 portico with the campanile, or bell-tower, 
 have not been successful. Of this the 
 Church of St. Martin^s-in-the-Fields is 
 a proof ; nor would the finer steeples of 
 St. Bride^s and Bow Church harmonise 
 
DOMES. 
 
 47 
 
 with it any better. Indeed^ though these 
 towers^ with others in the City^ and that 
 of All Saints at Oxford (designed by Dean 
 Aldrich)^ look well at a distance^ or in 
 combination with other towers^ they will 
 not bear a near examination ; being com- 
 posed merely of a tower^ cupola^ and obe- 
 lisk^ piled one upon another^ and varied 
 according to the fancy of the architect. 
 
 Nothing rises well over the portico but 
 the dome ; and without a portico a Greek 
 church is but a meagre buildings from the 
 plainness of the windows^ which require 
 the aid of pillars or pilasters^ and from 
 its want of height. The dome is a truly 
 graceful appendage ; but England pos- 
 sesses only two which can aspire to that 
 title^ St. Paulas and the Radcliffe Library 
 at Oxford. If modern church-builders 
 adopt the dome^ they must go to Italy 
 for models. There are some pretty ex- 
 amples among the churches at Rome, 
 S. Andrea della Valle, S. Carlo in Corso, 
 
48 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the Gesu, S. Maria del Popolo^ &c. ; in 
 Venice^ S. Georgio^ La Salute^ II Re- 
 demptore^ &c. ; near Turin^ La Superga ; 
 at Mantua^ S. Andrea ; besides many 
 others. 
 
 St. Paul’s Cathedral is a noble speci- 
 men of national liberality ; and the almost 
 countless spires and towers which cluster 
 around it mark the time of Queen Anne 
 as one of some zeal in church-building. 
 Fifty churches were rebuilt or improved 
 in the city of London in her time.* 
 
 After the time of Wren and Gibbs^ 
 there seem to have been few churches 
 built remarkable for any thing but ex- 
 treme ugliness. Towards the middle and 
 latter end of the last century^ a consider- 
 able number of churches were erected in 
 the large and increasing towns^ almost 
 
 * It is striking, as was lately remarked by the Bishop 
 of London, when viewing London from the dome of St. 
 Paul's, to contrast the numerous churches of the city 
 with the almost entire absence of them at the west end. 
 
POINTED STYLE LOST. 
 
 49 
 
 entirely in what was called the Greek 
 style^ but for the most part devoid of 
 pretensions to any style at all. The 
 screens and additions to some of the 
 cathedrals, during this time, are quite out 
 of character with those buildings ; shew- 
 ing how utterly the knowdedge of the 
 pointed style was lost. Nor does Wren 
 seem to have been free from the ignor- 
 ance of humbler architects, as the towers 
 and additions to Westminster Abbey, and 
 All Souls^ College, Oxford, too clearly 
 shew. The former are said to have been 
 taken from those of Beverley Minster, a 
 beautiful and perfect model; but except 
 in the pointed belfry-windows, there is 
 not the slightest resemblance; the orna- 
 ments round the dial-plates are Grecian 
 in their character, and not one of the 
 details is in accordance with any known 
 model of the pointed style ; indeed a 
 more miserable performance cannot be 
 seen. After a while. Lord Orford's villa 
 
 F 
 
50 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 at Strawberry Hill re-introduced the so- 
 called Gothic style in secular buildings^ 
 and it would appear that many of the 
 modern pointed churches were erected 
 by architects of the same school; which 
 might call itself, not surely par exceU 
 lence^ the modern Gothic/^ There is 
 one defect observable in these curious 
 buildings^ that they are often built of 
 inferior materials, which may be ascribed 
 partly to the want of funds. The more 
 general deformities of dwarfish towers 
 with gigantic pinnacles ; paper walls with 
 large windows, and buttresses giving no 
 support; tall pinnacles without finials, 
 and short ones with finials, like the great 
 cow-cabbage, — may be attributed to neg- 
 lect of proportion, and ignorance of the 
 architect — 
 
 Infelix operis summa quia ponere totum 
 
 Nescit.’' 
 
 There can scarcely be a doubt that 
 either Norman or pointed architecture is 
 
MILTON. 
 
 51 
 
 most adapted for ecclesiastical buildings 
 in this northern climate^ or that the latter 
 had its influence in producing the high 
 and steep roofs which distinguish build- 
 ings of those styles from the flatter roofs 
 of Italy. But setting climate aside^ there 
 is something in the genius of Norman and 
 pointed architecture peculiarly adapted 
 to produce that frame of mind which is 
 most favourable to devotion. 
 
 '' But let my due feet never fail 
 
 To walk the studious cloisters' pale. 
 
 And love the high embowed roof, 
 
 With antic pillars massy proof, 
 
 And storied windows richly dight. 
 
 Casting a dim religious light : 
 
 There let the pealing organ blow 
 To the full-voiced quire below. 
 
 In service high and anthems clear. 
 
 As may, with sweetness, through mine ear 
 Dissolve me into ecstacies. 
 
 And bring all heav'n before mine eyes." 
 
 Thus beautifully does Milton, in spite of 
 the bias of Puritanism^ acknowledge the 
 
52 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 charms of pointed architecture^ and ex- 
 press the feelings which, as Wharton re- 
 marks, were excited in his youth whilst 
 at St. Paul’s School, where he became 
 impressed with an early reverence for the 
 solemnities of the ancient cathedral, its 
 vaults, shrines, aisles, pillars, and painted 
 glass. We can scarcely have a stronger 
 argument in favour of these styles, which 
 will be chiefly treated here. 
 
 It may be a question, whether the 
 chief practical knowledge of Norman and 
 pointed architecture, in the present time, 
 is not confined to the masons of the ca- 
 thedrals, whose dignitaries have of late 
 years diligently copied the old models. 
 Hence we find those venerable structures 
 receiving yearly restorations in the finest 
 taste, and the most minute tracery copied 
 with the spirit and delicacy of the origi- 
 nals. But there have also been some 
 symptoms of a better taste among the 
 professed architects within the last few 
 
PKOPORTION. 
 
 53 
 
 years^ who^ from the facilities of travel- 
 ling, have made themselves acquainted 
 with the finest specimens of Norman and 
 pointed architecture on the Continent. 
 Still there is a tendency to compose rather 
 than to copy, which, however it may be- 
 token abstractedly an aspiring genius, re- 
 quires great caution and judgment ; and 
 it appears probable, from the numerous 
 failures which we see in modern pointed 
 buildings, that a knowledge of proportion 
 is more rare than a knowledge of orna- 
 mental detail. It is true that church- 
 builders have generally to contend with 
 the great clog of slender funds ; but this 
 should rather induce an architect to cur- 
 tail ornament, or adopt the simplest styles, 
 e. g. the Norman or plain pointed, striv- 
 ing to complete his work in accordance 
 with ancient models. 
 
54 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 But if the time be approaching when 
 greater zeal and liberality shall prevail^ 
 the church-architect will have a wider 
 field for his genius ; though^ even then^ 
 the grand principle of proportion must 
 
PROPORTION. 
 
 55 
 
 not be neglected : without it^ nothing 
 satisfactory can be donej and in study- 
 ing this, he must be guided, by the most 
 perfect models of the ancients. Some of 
 these will be found uniform in design, 
 some varied by the additions made at 
 later periods, yet with proportion still 
 maintained between the parts and details 
 of the additions; nor could such addi- 
 tions be removed altogether, without in- 
 juring the effect of the whole. It not 
 unfrequently happens, that we find build- 
 ings in which the original design could 
 not be carried out at the time, from the 
 want of funds, or other circumstances ; 
 and here we may learn wisdom from our 
 ancestors, who, instead of endeavouring 
 to make small funds avail by lowering 
 their design,* or diminishing the solidity 
 
 * It would be well if this system should be followed 
 in the Calcutta Cathedral ; i. e. let the sums subscribed 
 be appropriated to a magnificent choir, and let the de- 
 sign be completed by future zeal and munificence. 
 
56 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 of their foundations^ proceeded with their 
 work without deviating from the original 
 plan^ trusting to future piety to complete 
 it ; and to this practice we owe many of 
 those stupendous cathedrals^ which asto- 
 nish by their size^ and delight by the 
 beauty and taste with which^ through 
 successive ages^ they have been brought 
 to perfection. 
 
 It is not intended in these pages to 
 give any models of foreign churches_, be- 
 cause though the pointed style is seen in 
 its highest perfection abroad^ at Cologne^ 
 Amiens, Auxerre, Beauvais, Chartres^ 
 Rheims, &c. ; yet we have ourselves a 
 vast number of fine churches, from whence 
 most valuable knowledge may be obtained : 
 and though we have no door- ways or rose- 
 windows to be compared with the finest 
 specimens on the Continent, it is hardly 
 to be expected that modern architects 
 would ever have funds at their disposal 
 to copy such elaborate works, any more 
 
PKOPORTION. 
 
 57 
 
 than to raise such choirs as those of Co- 
 logne and Beauvais^ such steeples as Stras- 
 bourg and Chartres^ or suqh immense 
 piles as are some of our own cathedrals. 
 In the following list^ therefore, are merely 
 named some Nor man and pointed churches, 
 which will all afford much study, and may 
 assist those laymen who are anxious on 
 the subject of church - building. And 
 some remarks are added on the materials 
 and interior arrangement, which may in- 
 duce more able pens to take up the sub- 
 ject. 
 
EXTERIOR OF CHURCHES. 
 
 “ The towris high full pleasant shall ye find. 
 
 With phanis fresh turning with every winde.” 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 “With dene he wen ashlar altogether in the outer side.” 
 Contract for Fotheringhay Church, 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 Of the materials fitted for pointed or 
 Norman architecture^ stone is the best. 
 It was almost always used by our ances- 
 tors ; and their perseverance and zeal in 
 obtaining it commands our admiration. 
 In the south of England many churches 
 were built of stone imported from Caen 
 in Normandy; such was the case at Win- 
 
STONE. 
 
 59 
 
 Chester Cathedral. In other places^ where 
 it is not indigenous^ they sought it from 
 afar. Thus^ many of the Lincolnshire 
 and Cambridgeshire Fen churches are 
 built of Ancaster and Barnack stone^ 
 which was probably conveyed in boats* 
 or on horseback.t Stone varies much in 
 its quality ; but whether soft or hard^ the 
 colour it assumes in age is more harmo- 
 nious to the eye than that of any other 
 material. The colour of Ely^ Peterbo- 
 rough^ Lincoln^ Winchester^ and Salis- 
 
 * The great scour in the channel of the river Wel- 
 land has laid bare a lighter filled with blocks of stone. 
 Before the present channel was cut, about forty years ago, 
 that part where the vessel was discovered was high green 
 marsh 5 so that in all probability the stone was sunk 
 hundreds <>f years ago, when churches were being built 
 in the fens . — Lincolnshire Chronicle , April 10, 1840. 
 
 f Wollaton, the fine seat of the Willoughby s, built in 
 the 16th century by John of Padua, is constructed of 
 stone which was brought from Ancaster, in Lincolnshire, 
 on pack-horses, which returned with coal in exchange. 
 It is not above sixty years since this was the common 
 conveyance for corn and other commodities in the clay 
 districts of that county and Nottinghamshire. 
 
60 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 bury, is peculiarly good. The limestone 
 of York is too white and cold, whilst 
 Durham is too red and crumbling; the 
 Bath stone is also very perishable. This, 
 however, according to Professor Buck- 
 land, much depends upon the way in 
 which the stones are laid : thus, in the 
 modern quadrangle of Peckwater at Christ 
 Church, those stones which are laid in 
 the wall as the stratum lies in the quarry 
 are much less decayed than those which 
 are laid against the grain. It may here 
 be remarked, that in the repair of ancient 
 churches, the stone of which is very white 
 when first cut, it is advisable to oil the 
 new work ; this has been the practice in 
 the repairs at York and Beverley, and it 
 assists in quickly producing a hue that 
 harmonises with the old masonry. In 
 the southern part of Norfolk and Suffolk, 
 the chief materials of the churches are 
 the flints of the country, and they are 
 arranged in patterns, so as to produce an 
 
BRICK. 
 
 61 
 
 excellent effect. In some of these churches^ 
 which are of a class of architecture very 
 superior to the small flint churches of 
 Sussex^ Hants^ and Berks^ the windows 
 and coinings are of stone richly carved ; 
 but^ instead of those additional ornaments, 
 such as mouldings, arcades, and niches, 
 which would be seen in stone buildings, 
 are panels of mosaic w^ork on a flat sur- 
 face, the outline of the pattern being 
 stone inlaid with dark flint. 
 
 It has been lately usual to build pointed 
 churches of white brick- — a material which 
 is wholly out of character, for it was never 
 used in old times, and is only fitted for 
 the plainest secular buildings, houses, 
 shop-fronts, and the like. White brick 
 does not change its hue from age, but 
 the mortar with which it is cemented 
 becomes darker ; the consequence is, that 
 in a very short time the joinings of the 
 work shew in too strong a contrast, and 
 at once contradict the notion of the build- 
 
 G 
 

 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 ing being of stone^ for which deception 
 white brick is chiefly used. Red brick 
 should only be used from necessity^ but 
 white brick never.* For the former some 
 authorities may be found; and if it be 
 impossible to obtain stone on the spot^ 
 and the funds are small^ it is better than 
 white brick or stucco ; but it should be 
 of the darkest hue possible^ and the ar- 
 chitecture should be of the later or Eliza- 
 bethan style ; the mortar should also have 
 some soot or dark colouring matter mixed 
 with it^ which is of use in producing the 
 air of antiquity. There are some fine 
 specimens of ancient brick-work^ which 
 are added to the list^ though not all of 
 an ecclesiastical character ; but a builder 
 in bricky by taking his windows from 
 some of the models^ by topping the para- 
 pet with stone^ and making use of bricks 
 baked in moulds^ so as to form a machi- 
 
 * The new church of Otterbourne, Hants, is built 
 of black brick, with stone windows and coinings. 
 
ROOF. 
 
 63 
 
 colated moulding (as is observable in the 
 old gateway at Hodsock Notts^ at Gains- 
 borough Old Hall_5 Lincolnshire^ and other 
 places)^ may produce an unpretending edi- 
 fice^ having the appearance of a chapel to 
 an hospital or late college. Such a build- 
 ing will not admit of a tower; but only 
 of a bell-turret^ the model of which may 
 be taken from those lead-covered cupolas 
 where hangs the bell in the later colleges^ 
 or from the louvres or lanterns in the 
 halls. 
 
 THE ROOF. 
 
 For the roof of churches lead is the best 
 material^ but it is expensive; slates are 
 the most common^ and though glaring in 
 colour^ they are preferable to red tile or 
 thatch — for the latter is used in some 
 parts of Suffolk. There is a brown York- 
 shire flag-stone which is very durable and 
 of an excellent colour^ but it is very 
 heavy. Shingles^ or brown flat tiles, 
 are of a good colour, butfthey require a 
 
64 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 strong and steep roof. The ancient 
 churches of England were all covered 
 with lead^ and most of the cathedrals 
 are so now ; but many of the village- 
 churches were stripped for the value of 
 the lead at the Rebellion^ and many of 
 them have been covered with pan-tiles 
 since^ in accordance with the bad taste 
 which has prevailed in village- church re- 
 pairs. A great portion of York and Lich- 
 field Cathedrals are covered with slate. 
 
 THE TOWER. 
 
 The effect of a church depends much 
 upon the tower; and great care is re- 
 quisite in observing the proportions in 
 this the great feature of a pointed eccle- 
 siastical building. We find frequent de- 
 fects in modern towers. It has not been 
 sufficiently observed^ that upon the belfry- 
 windows depends the expression (if it may 
 be so called) of the tower. Double belfry- 
 windows have the best effect ; that is, two 
 
TOWEK. 
 
 65 
 
 distinct arches. This will be observed 
 in our finest specimens. The three tow- 
 ers of Lincoln Minster^ th^ Bell Harry 
 tower at Canterbury, Gloucester, the 
 centre towers of York and Durham, 
 Magdalen College tower, Merton, Louth, 
 Great Malvern, Newark, Doncaster, and 
 others. The western towers of York and 
 Beverley are exceptions ; but the effect 
 of these single arches is less objectionable 
 from the great length of the windows, 
 particularly of those in the latter minster, 
 which are superior in beauty to those of 
 York. The noble tower of Boston would 
 have a much better appearance, if the 
 upper belfry - windows were similar to 
 those in the stage below, instead of being 
 embraced by a single arch. In the case 
 of very small towers, double windows 
 cannot be introduced; but the greatest 
 attention should be observed in the pro- 
 portions of the single window, and in the 
 distance between the point of the arch 
 and the parapets, for a trifling space will 
 G 2 
 
66 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 make an immense difference in the effect. 
 A narrow window divided into two lights 
 has a better effect than a broad one di- 
 vided into more. 
 
 ntatnlg Norman. 
 
 Tewkesbury Abbey Church, Gloucestershire. 
 Choir pointed ; a noble cross church. 
 
 St. Cross, Hants. 
 
 A very interesting cross church. 
 
 Stowe, Lincolnshire. (Plate.) 
 
 A cross church ; no side aisles. Has the em- 
 blematical figures of the Evangelists on stone on 
 the tower, which has double arches of Norman 
 and pointed in the interior. 
 
NORMAN CHURCHES. 
 
 67 
 
 Romsey, Hants, 
 
 A fine specimen, with an apsis. 
 
 Christ Church, Hants, 
 
 Magnificent Norman nave, late choir. 
 
 Newbald, E, R, Yorkshire. 
 
 Cross church ; the vesica piscis on the north transept. 
 
 Filey, E. R. Yorkshire. 
 
 Worksop Abbey, Notts. 
 
 Two western towers. 
 
 Blythe, Notts, 
 
 Nave only remaining ; and a late pointed tower. 
 Tower of St. Peter’s at Gowts, Lincoln. 
 
 (Plate.) 
 
68 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Tower of St. Mary le Wigford, Lincoln, 
 Steetley Chapel, Derbyshire, 
 
 A ruin ; perfect, except the roof of nave ; a beau- 
 tiful small model, with a round eastern end. A nave 
 and chancel ; no aisles. 
 
 Barfreston ; Patricksbourne, Kent, 
 Iffley, Oxon. 
 
 Tickencote, Rutlandshire. 
 
 Much injured by modern restorations. 
 
 ^l)urtl)ea of jpomtetj ^rcl)ttettttre ioitl) 
 
 Doncaster, W, R, Yorkshire, 
 
 A noble cross church, and a beautiful tower. 
 
 Holy Trinity, Hull, E, R, Yorkshire. 
 
 A late cross church, airy and spacious, partly built 
 of brick. 
 
 Manchester Collegiate Church, Lancashire. 
 A rich building. 
 
 St. Saviour, Southwark, Surrey. 
 Remarkable cross church ; the Lady Chapel. 
 
 Howden Collegiate Church, Yorkshire. 
 Choir in ruins. A magnificent tower in the 
 centre. The chapter-house, &c. well worth study. 
 A collegiate church in the bishopric of Durham. 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH TOWERS. 69 
 
 Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 
 The finest and loftiest lantern in England, near 
 300 feet high. The church equally handsome. 
 Tower at the west end. (Plate.) ' 
 
 Tatershall Collegiate Church, Lincoln^ 
 shire. 
 
 A most beautiful model, built by Sir Ralph Crom- 
 well, temp. Hen. VII. ; consists of nave with aisles, 
 transept, stone screen, and choir without aisles. 
 
70 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Probably the name of Cromwell saved it at the Re- 
 bellion, for the brasses to that family are not de- 
 stroyed. The choir was filled with most splendid 
 stained glass, until a Lord Fortescue (to whom 
 Tatershall belongs) permitted an Earl of Exeter to 
 remove it to Stamford, in the last century. This 
 was done, but the windows not re-glazed ; and so 
 they remained for many years, till the rain beating 
 in, decayed the carved oaken stalls. It was re- 
 glazed by degrees by the present incumbent. It is 
 a peculiar, not subject to episcopal jurisdiction. The 
 tower, which is at the west end, is inferior to the 
 rest of the building, though coeval with it. 
 
 St. Mary’s Beverley , E. R. Yorkshire, 
 
 A cross church. Its chief beauty are two octa- 
 gon turrets at the west end, something similar to 
 those of St. Augustine^s, Canterbury. Otherwise 
 its proportions are clumsy. 
 
 Great Malvern Abbey Church, Worcester- 
 shire, 
 
 A beautiful cross church, with a fine tower some- 
 what like Merton College, but with different pin- 
 nacles.* Noble windows and stained glass. 
 
 * Pinnacles of this sort are seen at Gloucester and 
 Worcester Cathedrals ; St. Stephen's, Bristol ; Thorn- 
 bury Church, Gloucestershire ; and appear peculiar to 
 the west of England. 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH TOWERS. 71 
 
 Merton College Chapel, Oxford. 
 
 A fine model. The windows remarkably elegant. 
 Nave wanting. 
 
 Magdalen, Oxford. 
 
 The well-known beautiful tower. 
 
 Kirton-in-Holland, Lincolnshire. 
 
 A fine church. 
 
 Campden, Gloucestershire. 
 
 A very spacious airy church. 
 
 Gedney, Lincolnshire. (Plate.) 
 
72 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Lea, Lincolnshire, (Plate.) 
 
 yj 
 
 Temple Church, London, 
 
 A beautiful specimen of the lancet- arch. 
 
 Pershore Abbey Church, Worcestershire, 
 
 A fine tower. Transept and nave gone. 
 
 Evesham, Worcestershire, 
 
 Abbey tower, highly worked, but clumsy, and St. 
 Lawrence Church. 
 
 Tickhill, W, R, Yorkshire, 
 
 A light, roomy church, with a good tower at the 
 west end. 
 
 Stamford Baron, Northamptonshire, 
 
 A very elegant church, with the Cecil monuments. 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH TOWERS. 73 
 
 CoTTiNGHAM Church, E, R, Yorkshire. 
 (Plate.) 
 
 A cross church. The nave has no clerestory, is 
 covered with lead, with a plain arched wooden roof. 
 The wings of the transept exceedingly short. The 
 chancel without aisles, with large and highly deco- 
 rated windows. It is shut out from the nave, which 
 is fitted up as the parish- church, by an ugly plaster 
 H 
 
74 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 screen ; and if the intention had been to disfigure 
 the building, it could not have been more success- 
 ful. The galleries are lighted by skylights, after the 
 fashion of cucumber-frames. The dimensions are 
 
 as follows : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Width of nave 
 
 24 
 
 Width of aisle 
 
 13 
 
 Diameter of pillars 
 
 3i 
 
 Height to top of capital 
 
 12J 
 
 Do. to point of arch 
 
 12i 
 
 To wall-plate 
 
 3 
 
 Pitch of wooden roof about 
 
 10 
 
 Width of west door 
 
 Width between pillar and pil- 
 
 n 
 
 lar of the nave .. 
 
 13 
 
 Length of chancel . 
 
 55 
 
 St. Mary’s, Barton-on-Humher. 
 
 St. Peter’s, Burton-on-Humber, 
 The tower very ancient, said to be Saxon. 
 
 Falkingham, Lincolnshire. 
 
 Bourne, Lincolnshire, 
 Great Paunton, Lincolnshire, 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH SPIRES. 75 
 
 Market Deeping, Lincolnshire, 
 
 Denton, Lincolnshire, 
 
 / 
 
 CoNNiNGTON, Huntingdonshire, 
 St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, 
 
 iiomtetr to(ti) Spires. 
 
 St. Mary Redcliffe, Somersetshire, 
 
 Top of the spire taken off. A fine church. Tower 
 on one side of the west end. 
 
 Trinity, Coventry, Warwickshire, 
 
 A cross church. 
 
 Rotherham, W, R, Yorkshire. 
 
 A fine cross church, very similar to Doncaster, ex- 
 cept the spire. 
 
 Patrington, E, R, Yorkshire. 
 
 A cross church. Tower and spire much like the 
 Cathedral of Autun, in France. 
 
76 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Louth, Lincolnshire. 
 
 A perfect model. Tower with, lofty pinnacles, 
 from whence are flying buttresses of open work to 
 a spire ; altogether 288 feet high. Tower at the 
 west end. (Plate.) 
 
 Newark, Nottinghamshire, 
 
 A noble church, fine spire, rising out of the tower, 
 with canopied lights. 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH SPIRES. 77 
 
 Grantham, Lincolnshire, 
 
 Fine tower, with early pinnacles and spire, 278 
 feet high. 
 
 St. Michael, Coventry, Warwickshire, 
 Tower, octagon, and very lofty tapering spire. 
 
 These four spires, Grantham, St. Michael’s, 
 Louth, and Newark, are the finest in England, 
 and excelled only by Salisbury Cathedral. 
 
 St. Mary’s, Stamford. 
 
 All Saints’, Lincolnshire, 
 
 St. Mary’s, Oxford, 
 
 Very fine spire, and rich pinnacles, from whence it 
 rises. The tower heavy. 
 
 St. Andrew’s, Worcestershire. 
 Remarkably plain and tapering spire. 
 
 Adderbury, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Kidlington, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Cross church, low tower, and taper spire. 
 
78 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS, 
 
 Exton, Rutlandshire, (Plate.) 
 Fine tower, octagon, and spire. 
 
 Heckington, Lincolnshire, 
 
 A most beautiful village- church. 
 
 Brant Broughton, Lincolnshire, 
 Ditto. 
 
 Leadenham, Lincolnshire, 
 Ditto. 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH SPIRES. 
 
 Moulton, Lincolnshire, 
 
 A most beautiful cliurch. (Plate.) 
 
 Leasingham, Lincolnshire, 
 Very good tower and spire. 
 
80 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Witney, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Spire very like Christ Church Cathedral. 
 
 Whittle SEA, Cambridgeshire. 
 
 A most beautiful church. Tov^er and spire like 
 Louth, only smaller. 
 
 Fleet, Lincolnshire. (Plate.) 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH SPIRES. 
 
 81 
 
 Sleaford, Lincolnshire, 
 
 Fine church, heavy tower, and spire. 
 
 / 
 
 Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire. 
 Uniform church. 
 
 Aswarby, Lincolnshire. 
 Ditto. 
 
 Silk Willoughby, Lincolnshire. 
 Very good tower and spire. 
 
 Helpringham, Lincolnshire. 
 Caythorpe, Lincolnshire. 
 Bainton, Yorkshire. (Plate.) 
 
82 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Welbourne, Lincolnshire. 
 
 This church is remarkable for a lofty roof and 
 clerestory, and a noble east end flanked by two 
 massy blunt-pointed pinnacles of excellent work- 
 manship. The spire is somewhat too obtuse. 
 
 Greetham, Rutlandshire. 
 
 Luffenham, Rutlandshire. 
 
 Langham, Rutlandshire. 
 
 Ketton, Rutlandshire. 
 
 Beautiful belfry- windows. 
 
 Brighstone, Isle of Wight. (Plate.) 
 
POINTED CHURCHES WITH SPIRES. 
 
 83 
 
 Gedling, Nottinghamshire. 
 Threckingham, Lincolnshire. (Plate.) 
 
 
 Most of the latter churches named in the list are 
 adapted as models for village-churches. 
 
84 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 toitf) a^ltnnatle antr ttping ISuttiTissea, in ti)e 
 manner of a ©roban. 
 
 St. Nicholas’, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northum- 
 berland, 
 
 A large and fine church. 
 
 St. Giles’, Edinburgh, 
 
 St. Dunstan’s-in-the-East, London, 
 Feversham, Kent, 
 
 Small 0ctagon Hantems. 
 
 St. Helen’s, York, (Plate.) 
 
 1 
 
RUINED ABBEYS. 
 
 85 
 
 All Saints’, York. 
 
 S ANTON, near Market Weighton, E. R. York- 
 shire. ' 
 
 A good model for a village-tower of small size. 
 (Plate.) 
 
 
 Fountains, N. R. Yorkshire. 
 A fine tower. 
 
 Rievaux, N. R. Yorkshire. 
 Kirkstall, W. R. Yorkshire. 
 
 Whitby, N. R. Yorkshire. 
 Fine specimen of lancet-arch. 
 
 Bolton, W. R. Yorkshire. 
 
 I 
 
86 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Tintern, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Netley, Hants. 
 
 This would be a good plan for a cross church, not 
 highly decorated. 
 
 Burnby, E. R. Yorkshire. (Plate.) 
 
 Dimensions of facade : — ft. in. 
 
 Total width . . .214 
 
 Do. of doorway . . .77 
 
 Do. of bell-gable . .84 
 
 Do. of main arch in bell- 
 
 gable . . . .59 
 
 Small arches where the bells 
 hang .... 
 
 2 0 
 
RUINED ABBEYS. 
 
 87 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Total height . . . 25 8 
 
 Do. of bell-gable . .97 
 
 From roof of church to eave 
 of bell -gable . . .82 
 
 Height of main arch in ditto 7 3 
 
 Height of small arches . 5 3 
 
 Height of doorway . .98 
 
 Do. of door . . .73 
 
 Do. of church- walls to the 
 
 eaves . . . . 13 8 
 
 From eave to the spring of 
 
 bell-gable . . .12, 
 
 This bell-gable and the handsome Norman door- 
 way below have been inserted in the very ancient 
 wall at the sole expense of the rector, the Rev. 
 Charles Carr, and are in excellent taste ; for though 
 the windows of the church, with one exception, are 
 of Gothic work, the west wall is undoubtedly Nor- 
 man, as many of the churches are at the foot of the 
 wolds. The window referred to is a very long nar- 
 row one on the south side, with a round head with 
 the dog-tooth ornament and clustered shafts on 
 each side, and a very uncommon and beautiful spe- 
 cimen of the transition style. There are also three 
 very fine sedilia in this church. 
 
88 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Allerthorpe, E. R, Yorkshire, 
 Kildwick Percy, E, R, Yorkshire, 
 Barlings, Lincolnshire, 
 Skelton, near York. 
 
 A most beautiful specimen of the lancet-arch, 
 known commonly in the neighbourhood as little 
 St. Peter's. (Plate.) 
 
BELL-GABLES. 
 
 89 
 
 Chapel of St. Nicholas, Glastonbury, Somer- 
 setshire, 
 
 Beautiful pointed model. 
 
 St. Joseph’s Chapel, Glastonbury, Somerset- 
 shire, 
 
 Beautiful Norman model. 
 
 There are many turrets of churches and 
 cathedrals which may furnish good designs for 
 bell- turrets, such as Tewksbury Abbey, St. 
 Mary’s Beverley, and St. Austin’s Canterbury ; 
 also Howden and Whitby Abbey. 
 
 [Howdeii.] [Whitby.] 
 
 I 2 
 
90 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Specimens of Ancient Bricfeiootk. 
 Tatershall Castle, Lincolnshire. 
 
 The grandest piece of brickwork in England ; 
 200 feet high, walls 15 feet thick, with a large 
 banqueting -hall, and a vast number of rooms. 
 Built by Lord Treasurer Cromwell, temp. Hen. 
 VIII., who spent 5000Z. per annum in his house- 
 keeping at Tattershall. This place deserves to be 
 more known and appreciated. 
 
 Tower of Gainsborough Hall, Lincolnshire. 
 Built by Lord Burgh, about the time of Henry VHI. 
 
 Temple Hall, London. 
 
 St. James’s Palace, London. 
 
 Hampton Court, Middlesex. 
 
 The old quadrangle. 
 
 Old Palace, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. 
 Hodsock Priory Gateway, Nottinghamshire. 
 Several of the Colleges in Cambridge. 
 
 ©olUgr 05 apHs of Stono. 
 King’s College, Cambridge. 
 Magdalen New College, Oxford. 
 
CHURCHES BUILT OF FLINT. 
 
 91 
 
 Winchester College, Winchester, 
 
 The tower of this a neat model for a parish- church. 
 
 imtlt of jFlmt, Stonr ptullionrij 
 
 SOUTHWOLD, Suffolk, 
 
 A noble church. Tower at west end. 
 
 CoVEHITHE, Suffolk, 
 Partly In ruins. 
 
 Blythborough and Walberswyke, Suffolk. 
 Handsome churches. 
 
 Brampton. 
 
 Tower a neat model for a small village-church. 
 
92 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Many churches in Norwich. 
 
 St. Austin’s Gateway, Canterbury. 
 
 Fine octagon turrets. 
 
 The Church-arcliitect would be amply 
 repaid by a tour through Lincolnshire^ 
 Rutlandshire^ the north of Norfolk, and 
 Cambridgeshire \ also through Leicester- 
 shire and Northamptonshire. In all these 
 counties, particularly in the fens, are vil- 
 lage-churches of the most beautiful de- 
 scription. In Somersetshire and Glou- 
 cestershire also are many fine buildings. 
 In the south of Norfolk and in Suffolk he 
 might learn how flint-work is managed in 
 the greatest perfection. 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 “ To hear some persons, talk one would suppose that a pro- 
 pensity to overrate the sacredness of sacred things is among 
 the besetting frailties of the human heart.’* 
 
 Frotjde’s Remains^ 
 
 Such has been the rage for alteration 
 since the time of the Puritans^ and so 
 universal the evil system of exclusive pews^ 
 that we find numbers of churches^ which 
 may still serve as models on the outside^ 
 so changed within^ so thoroughly spoiled, 
 and often so utterly neglected, that it 
 might seem hopeless to attempt to point 
 out a remedy. Whitewash has been used 
 with an unsparing hand, and coat after 
 coat has been plastered on, till all the 
 beauty of the carving has been hidden ; 
 pews have been built according to the 
 taste of their possessors 5 green baize, and 
 
94 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 red baize, and paint of all the colours of 
 the rainbow, have been put in requisition ; 
 and village carpenters and masons have 
 conspired with the ignorant churchwar- 
 dens, or elected to the office themselves 
 for the sake of a job, have converted many 
 fine old churches into dens of ugliness 
 and confusion. It would be endless to 
 enumerate all the instances of this modern 
 Vandalism. Our cathedrals have not en- 
 tirely escaped : Lincoln has suffered from 
 it ; the panels of the stone vaulting were 
 formerly adorned with ornamental bor- 
 ders, which must greatly have enriched 
 the effect. The pattern, wffiich has been 
 covered with whitewash, may be seen 
 through it, in the south aisle of the nave, 
 and in other parts. It would be a great 
 improvement, w^ere it restored, and, when 
 the scaffolding was once raised to the roof, 
 might be done without much expense. In 
 the same building an absurd attempt was 
 made to restore the purbeck marble shafts 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 95 
 
 of the columns^ which are very perish able^ 
 with Roman cement and lampblack ; for- 
 tunately only some few were thus disfi- 
 gured^ and the black having subsided into 
 a grey^ they are not now so conspicuous. 
 The walls of St. Cross^ near Winchester, 
 were formerly adorned with patterns, but 
 they are now covered with whitewash, and 
 the church much spoiled thereby. At 
 Winchester there remain some of the old 
 frescoes, which, except the injury they 
 encountered at the rebellion, have been 
 untouched. The little rural church at 
 Londesborough, in the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire, where are some old monu- 
 ments of the Cliffords, and where, from 
 the taste of the Duke of Devonshire, bet- 
 ter things might have been expected, has 
 been utterly spoilt in the interior by un- 
 derdrawing and painting. Many churches 
 in the northern part of Lincolnshire have 
 had the eastern gable cut off, and the roof 
 
96 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 hipped like a modern barn^ in order to 
 save expense. England is^ however^ not 
 peculiar in this want of taste. The Cathe- 
 dral of Upsala^ in Sweden^ a building re- 
 taining its ancient pointed character in 
 the inside, though cased with brick on the 
 exterior, is a striking instance of the cold 
 and comfortless effect of whitewash ; and 
 we find the same, and even worse depre- 
 dations going on in France (see Rapport 
 a M. la Ministre d Flnterieur sur les 
 Monumens, &c., par M. L. Vitet^^), where 
 the most venerable buildings are being 
 disguised in apple-green, pale blue, and 
 whitewash. They have too, in many in- 
 stances, pulled down their old carved work 
 and stained glass, and sold it to English 
 dealers, to decorate modern castles, which, 
 with old-fashioned furniture, have lately 
 come much into favour ; and instances 
 might be found of those who, while pro- 
 fessing the doctrines of equality and re- 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 97 
 
 piiblicanism^ are building baronial halls^ 
 counterfeiting the manners of the real 
 aristocracy. 
 
 In improving those churches which 
 have been injured by whitewash;, the first 
 thing is to scrape it off the pillars and 
 arches^ and pick it carefully out of the 
 interstices of the carved work. The church 
 of Burton Stather (co. Line.) has been 
 greatly improved by this. The northern 
 arches of the nave, which are very fine spe- 
 cimens of the transition style, are now seen 
 in their full beauty. Those walls which 
 are rough and bad should, after they have 
 been scraped, be washed with a colour as 
 nearly as possible like the stone of the 
 arches and pillars. Many of our village- 
 churches might be so improved by this 
 process as scarcely to be recognised when 
 bared of the accumulated plasterings and 
 patchings of past years. In some churches, 
 especially in towns, where smoke abounds, 
 paint is used in preference to whitewash. 
 
 K 
 
98 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 an equally vile practice. The High Church 
 at Hull is much disfigured by this. Paint 
 has the same property of destroying the 
 sharpness of the mouldings and carvings 
 and it is next to impossible to scrape it 
 off. Whitewash and paint may^ in shorty 
 be considered as the refuge of the sloven 
 and the religious economist. In old 
 churches they are used hastily^ to conceal 
 dirt_, which care and cleanliness would 
 have removed ; and in modern buildings^ 
 to hide paltry materials and bad work- 
 manship^, and to increase the bill as much 
 as possible. Paint is seldom required in 
 churches^ except for inscribing letters and 
 texts^ and emblazoning arms and heraldic 
 devices. 
 
 With regard to unsightly pews^ it is 
 difficult to offer a remedy. If^ however^ 
 a church is about to be repewed^ it should 
 be the study of the minister not to incul- 
 cate amongst his parishioners the vice of 
 striving for pre-eminence in the house of 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 99 
 
 God. In the church alone is there real 
 equality^ rich and poor standing alike as 
 miserable sinners before His awful throne. 
 In this particular the Protestant may learn 
 of the Romanist a most instructive lesson. 
 Indeed^ it may be questioned whether the 
 latter have not maintained their sway 
 partly by opening the doors of their 
 churches at all hours to the poor as well 
 as the richj and from maintaining their 
 worship^ however encumbered by super- 
 stition^ in a dignified and splendid man- 
 ner : Whereas,^^ as Dr. Wells says^ 
 
 the Protestant Churchy though she has 
 reformed herself from idolatry^ yet is 
 deeply guilty of sacrilege in withholding 
 or taking away many things from God 
 which relate to the outward beauty and 
 glory of His churches and service. Nay^ 
 there is too much reason to fear^ that one 
 principal and general motive of the Re- 
 formation^ among the most powerful^ was^ 
 the increasing of their own temporal re- 
 
100 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 venues by taking to themselves the reve- 
 nues of the Church. Now this being the 
 case^ that question of St. Paul is but too 
 applicable to her^ viz. ^ Thou that abhor- 
 rest idols^ dost thou commit sacrilege ?’ 
 Certain it is that we do not reverence 
 our churches as Christians ought to do. 
 Perhaps the best method of giving the 
 people an interest in their church is to 
 encourage improvement according to Ca- 
 tholic usage^ shewing them that the orna- 
 ments of the church are emblematical of 
 higher things ; and more especially by 
 opening it^ and reading the appointed ser- 
 vices^ if not every day^ at least on all the 
 vigils^ fasts^ and festivals ; so as to make 
 them feel that the church is really the 
 church of the poor; not allowing what 
 little feeling may be excited on the Sun- 
 day to grow cold during the ensuing week ; 
 nor by holding readings and lectures in 
 rooms and schools, to make them believe 
 that God’s house has no more holiness 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 101 
 
 attached to it than any other place. The 
 removal of plaster from a carved screen^ 
 the opening of a bloched-up window^ or 
 the insertion of a stone one in character 
 with the building, the purchase of an old 
 carved chair for the altar, or a little 
 stained glass, are all within the means of 
 a poor vicar or curate, a small squire or 
 farmer. The working of a cover for the 
 altar, or a cushion for the reading-desk, 
 might be undertaken by a well-disposed 
 Churchwoman ; and all this auxiliary to 
 the promotion of Church-principles. An 
 organ was lately given by the estimable 
 lady of the Rev. J. B. Stonehouse, in the 
 Isle of Axholme, to the Church of Owston, 
 for the service of Almighty God for ever 
 — an offering of thanksgiving for the re- 
 covery of her health.’^ A painted window 
 in the same church was given by Frances 
 Sanders, for the ornament of this house 
 of God,” in the same excellent spirit. 
 k2 
 
102 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Such examples may well be followed ; and 
 whoever gives to the Church may feel 
 some certainty of the permanency of his 
 donation — a security which can never be 
 felt when he gives to those sects which 
 are ever changing both in doctrines and 
 practice ; for the very antiquity of our 
 churches is of itself a kind of pledge for 
 their future preservation. 
 
 With regard to those small churches in 
 poor districts^ which^ from utter neglect^ 
 the decay of population^ and other causes^ 
 may yet be found exhibiting scarcely any 
 remains of antiquity except the walls^ 
 whose windows have mouldered away, and 
 been replaced with wooden sashes (and 
 such buildings are not unfrequent in wild 
 parts of the country) ; — such may often be 
 rendered decent and becoming, at a small 
 expense, by putting in a Norman door 
 and windows, if there is reason to believe 
 that the walls are of that date ^ or other- 
 
MODEEN VANDALISM. 
 
 103 
 
 wise^ by the insertion of early pointed or 
 perpendicular windows. 
 
 The very ancient chapel at Littlebo- 
 rough^ in Notts (which^ however^ was 
 rather superior to the buildings alluded 
 to)^ has been admirably restored under 
 the judicious management of the Rev. 
 Francis Hewgill^ and presents an interest- 
 ing object for an antiquary^ part of the 
 walls bearing traces of Roman work ; in- 
 deed^ it is highly probable that it is part 
 of the ancient temple of Roman Age- 
 locum. 
 
 The church at Ranby^ in Lincolnshire^ 
 was a miserable little building ; but by the 
 addition of a tower^ and the insertion of 
 windows^ designed by Mr. Nicholson of 
 Lincoln^ is now rendered a pleasing ob- 
 ject from the surrounding country. 
 
 The following plate represents an old 
 barnlike chapel, rendered decent, if not 
 ornamental, by the introduction of details 
 in the Norman style ; 
 
104 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 for which^ with some of the foregoing re- 
 marks^ I am indebted to the Rev. C. Ter- 
 rot^ of Wispington^ Lincolnshire. The 
 old chapel at Flixborough, in the same 
 county^ has lately been improved^ by the 
 Rev. C. Sheffield^ by the addition of a 
 cross and the insertion of a doorway^ 
 after the model of that of Peranzabuloe, 
 in Cornwall. Several churches in the 
 rural deanery of West Medina^ in the 
 Isle of Wight^ have been restored in the 
 same spirit. Two small roofless chapels 
 on the estates of the Duke of Newcastle 
 might easily be rendered available for ser- 
 vice, and would be very convenient for 
 scattered farm-houses around them — one 
 at Houghton, where is a beautiful re- 
 cumbent female figure and some monu- 
 
MODEKN VANDALISM. 
 
 105 
 
 ments to the Stanhopes, the other the 
 exquisite Norman remain of Steetley — 
 which last only requires a roof, pavement, 
 and open seats, to make it complete. 
 
 Archdeacon Hare, in his charge to the 
 archdeaconry of Lewes, has some excel- 
 lent remarks on the subject of church- 
 repairs. After addressing the clergy, he 
 makes an especial appeal to those who 
 have to fill the honourable and important 
 office of churchwarden.^^ Your duty,^' 
 he says, is to take care that the house 
 of God in your parishes shall be such as 
 befits the worship of God. You ought to 
 feel that it is a noble charge to take care 
 of that house. It ought to be your ambi- 
 tion, your glory, the wish of your hearts, 
 to see that house pure, and perfect, and 
 beautiful j to repair whatever injury it may 
 have sustained ; to restore it to its ancient 
 integrity. The house of God belongs to 
 every inhabitant in your parishes — to the 
 poor quite as much as to the rich ; like 
 
106 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the air and sky, it is common to all ; man 
 can set up no property in it ; and yet it 
 belongs to each one of you more entirely, 
 more lastingly^ more unfailingly than any 
 other property can — to you and your 
 children’s children. All other property 
 may be forfeited, may be lost, may be torn 
 from you by some of the calamities of life ; 
 your property in God^s house no earthly 
 power can take away : and if you delight 
 to dwell in it here, death itself will only 
 raise you out of it into another house of 
 God, fairer, brighter, and more glorious. 
 Therefore should you desire to do your 
 utmost to adorn and beautify this house 
 of God, which is also the house of every 
 member of your parishes, a house in which 
 your fathers worshipped Him, in which 
 your children shall worship Him hereafter. 
 You will perhaps complain of the diffi- 
 culty of raising church-rates, and the dis- 
 sensions which they breed ; but works of 
 this kind, which belong to the decoration 
 
MODERN VANDALISM. 
 
 107 
 
 of the church, may well be executed by 
 voluntary subscription : only tj^ke care that 
 you yourselves are among the chief sub- 
 scribers. Do not talk of expense ; make 
 a beginning at least ; restore one window 
 this year, let your successors restore ano- 
 ther next year. When the good work is 
 once entered upon, the desire of going on 
 will increase rapidly; for you will take 
 more and more interest in that which 
 hitherto you scarcely thought about ; your 
 eyes will open to discern the beauties of 
 your churches ; your hearts will open to 
 rejoice in them. As I was walking in the 
 streets of London last week, my companion 
 often called on me to admire the magni- 
 ficent windows which have recently been 
 put up in many of the principal shops, 
 pane after pane of glass, each ten or 
 twelve feet high, and each of which must 
 have cost three or fourscore pounds. My 
 own feelings at the sight were shame and 
 sorrow to think that the sum expended on 
 
108 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 each of these panes, the only purpose of 
 which is to dazzle men^s eyes with the 
 vanities of the world, would have sufficed 
 to put up a fine wundow in one of our 
 churches, through which the light should 
 shine on the congregation of God^s people | 
 and whereas these windows might be de- 
 stroyed by a chance blow, the windows in 
 the church would live for centuries,— for 
 this is the surest way to make your wealth 
 lasting. In making such alterations, how- 
 ever, care should be taken, on the one 
 hand, that they accord with the general 
 style of the architecture, and, on the other 
 hand, that they be suited to the great end 
 and idea of the building.^’ 
 
 In concluding these remarks, it may 
 not be out of place to add a few words on 
 monuments. 
 
 In contemplating the greater number 
 of modern memorials of the dead, were it 
 
MODERN MONUMENTS. 
 
 109 
 
 not for the ancient walls which surround 
 him, a stranger might suppose that he 
 was in a heathen country; for he will often 
 find figures of the minor deities of pagan- 
 ism ; and if the deceased be represented, 
 it is little in the attitude which speaks of 
 a hope beyond the grave. If some of the 
 elaborate pieces of sculpture which en- 
 cumber some of our churches had been 
 intended for secular buildings, or for those 
 peculiarly pagan structures, mausoleums, 
 there could be nothing objectionable in 
 representing the departed in his daily avo- 
 cations, as a kind of picture, portraying 
 him and recalling him to remembrance : 
 and in some of the churches at Hamburgh 
 and in Sweden portraits of the deceased are 
 actually hung in frames over their tombs. 
 
 It cannot be denied that some modern 
 monuments produce a striking effect — 
 that to Canova, for instance, in the an- 
 cient church of St. Maria Gloriosa, at 
 Venice. This, though quite heathenish in 
 
 L 
 
no 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 sentiment^ possesses a certain grandeur. 
 It consists of a flight of steps ascending 
 to a door in the side of a large pyramid ; 
 the door is ajar^ and a veiled figure bear- 
 ing an urn^ and attended by genii, is as- 
 cending the steps. The whole is of white 
 marble ; and, when seen from the end of 
 the long and gloomy aisle^ the ascending 
 figures have a strange and spectral effect, 
 as if unearthly visitants were really in 
 presence. 
 
 The modern monuments of Westminster 
 Abbey, representing so many of our illus- 
 trious men, combined with the effect of the 
 building, and the reflection which naturally 
 arises, that all are passed for ever from 
 this earthly scene, cannot be visited with- 
 out deep interest ; but many of them, and 
 amongst others the Nightingale monu- 
 ment, are, however skilfully sculptured, 
 low in conception, and deficient in pious 
 feeling. What can be more repulsive 
 than the grim skeleton darting from his 
 
MODERN MONUMENTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 vault at the heart of the wife^ whilst the 
 husband vainly endeavours to ward olF the 
 blow } It might suit the sta^e^ and^ as a 
 piece of tragic acting, is fine ; but it is 
 wholly uncongenial with the spirit of the 
 Christian Church, 
 
 Of a somewhat different character is 
 the celebrated Swiss monument at Hin- 
 delbank to Marie Langhans, representing 
 her and her child rising from the grave : 
 but the attempt to delineate so awful a 
 subject cannot but fail; and, however 
 beautiful the figure, the necessary accom- 
 paniments convert the whole, like the one 
 before named, into a theatrical represen- 
 tation. 
 
 L^idee,^’ says Simond, de ce bel 
 ouvrage de Jean Auguste Nahl, cdebre 
 sculpteur Allemand, est trop compliquee 
 pour le ciseau.^’ . . . . Ici nous avons 
 un cercueil de pierre, d^un seul bloc ter- 
 mine carrement, et durement entr’ouvert; 
 il est place sous le pave de Feglise, et 
 
112 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 reconvert d^iin chassis en hois a deux 
 battans^ qne Ton ouvre pour vous le faire 
 voir. Tout cela est aussi peu poetique 
 qu’il soit possible ; il n’y a rien dans les 
 accompagnemens qui ne gate Tobjet prin- 
 cipal : Partifice m^nie du couvercle^ qui se 
 brise, n’en impose pas^ et sent la charlata- 
 nerie. On aimerait mieux voir cette figure 
 angelique se presenter tout simplement^ et 
 on voudrait ne lire son histoire que dans 
 ses regards.’^ 
 
 There are, however, some modern mo- 
 numents which can hardly be deemed out 
 of place. Among these may be named 
 the figure of Newton, with the prism, in 
 Trinity College Chapel, at Cambridge ; 
 but in this instance it is the character of 
 this illustrious man, his vast powers of 
 mind, his deep and humble piety, which 
 make the almost living statue harmonise 
 with the place. A lesson to those infe- 
 rior intellects, who basely convert science 
 into a weapon against religion, and in 
 
MODERN TABLETS. 
 
 113 
 
 their weakness deride those mysteries 
 which they have neither power to solve 
 nor faith to believe. 
 
 The sleeping children^, also by Chantry^ 
 in Lichfield Cathedral^ one could not wish 
 away ; the sweet innocence of their look 
 accords with the quiet aisle. The kneel- 
 ing figure of Bishop North in the Lady 
 Chapel at Winchester^ and the figures of 
 some of the popes in St. Peter^s in the 
 attitude of prayer, have also much feeling. 
 But the recumbent effigies of the olden 
 time, with hands clasped in prayer, and 
 angels keeping vigils around, are surely 
 more appropriate and touching memorials 
 of those who are gone, and, as the sur- 
 vivors would trust, resting in hope,^’ 
 than figures in the energy of action, whe- 
 ther it be of successful declamation or 
 exulting victory ; — the latter i*ecalling the 
 faded glories of this world, the former 
 breathing the unspeakable comforts of 
 undying hope. 
 
 L 2 
 
114 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 The small tablets which are frequently 
 put up^ might be made either of darker- 
 coloured marble^ so as not to catch the 
 eye^ like so many pictures hung against 
 the walls^ or^ placed in niches of Gothic 
 work^ be made auxiliary to the ornament 
 of the building. In all cases where Gothic 
 work is attempted_j especial care must be 
 taken to have the mouldings appropriate 
 and sufficiently deep. It is this^ and the 
 consequent contrast of light and shadow^ 
 which produces such an excellent effect 
 in ancient carved work. A considerable 
 sum of money was left by the late Sir 
 Fitzwilliam Barrington for a monument 
 to his memory; and his successor has ap- 
 propriated the bequest to the building of 
 an additional aisle in the parish -church 
 of Calbourne, in the Isle of Wight^ where 
 he was interred. The sides are orna- 
 mented with a kind of arcade^ consisting 
 of arches and pilasters of stone^ with 
 panels of marble for the inscriptions^ the 
 
ANCIENT TOMES. 
 
 115 
 
 first being appropriated to one in memory 
 of the benefactor. It looks extremely 
 well ; and a similar method might be 
 adopted in other places. The wooden 
 panels round the altar of the church of 
 Melton Mowbray are adorned with shields^ 
 on which are the names of the Bishops of 
 Lincoln, the Archdeacons of Leicester^ and 
 the incumbents of Melton from the ear- 
 liest times^ forming a useful record. 
 
 Mr. Bloxam^s work on monumental 
 architecture is about to be republished^ 
 which should be in the hands of every 
 one who is interested in such remains. 
 With regard to the monuments usually 
 found in our churches^ the oldest are those 
 which form the upper part of stone coffins, 
 usually being broader at the head than at 
 the feet, sometimes flat, sometimes coped, 
 or made en dos d^dne. 
 
 Inscriptions were not generally com- 
 mon till the fourteenth century, but there 
 are many before that period. They are 
 
116 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 frequently in old French: e, in the 
 church of Ewenny^ the monument of 
 Maurice de Londres _5 who gave Ewenny 
 as a cell to Gloucester Abbey : 
 
 lei . gist . morice . de . Lundres . le . Fundur . 
 
 deu . li . rende . sun . labur . am . 
 
 The inscription on the stone which 
 covered the remains of Gundred^ wife of 
 William de Warren^ daughter of William 
 the Conqueror^ who died a.d. 1085, has 
 an inscription in Latin hexameters. 
 
 The oldest sepulchral effigies are of 
 ecclesiastics, sculptured in low relief on 
 coffin- shaped slabs ; such are those of 
 the Abbot Vitalis, a.d. 1082, and Abbot 
 Gilbertus, a.d. 1117^ in the cloisters of 
 Westminster Abbey. The effigies of the 
 twelfth century appear in the early eccle- 
 siastical costume, the alb, stole, and che- 
 sible; and are sometimes represented as 
 treading on the dragon, the arch enemy of 
 Christianity. 
 
 Effigies in armour appeared on the 
 
ANCIENT TOMBS. 
 
 117 
 
 tombs about the end of the 12th century. 
 Those in the Temple Churchy London^ 
 are among the first, temp. Rich. I. These 
 sometimes form the covers of stone cof- 
 fins. They are in mail of rings set edge- 
 wise, a hood of mail, and a long shield ; 
 the sword affixed to the right side, — a 
 peculiarity in early effigies. 
 
 In the monuments of the 13th century 
 the tombs were low, and the sides plain 
 and unornamented. Some tombs of this 
 description appear below low plain arches 
 obtusely pointed, formed in the substance 
 of the church-wall. Such are assigned to 
 the founder or early benefactor of the 
 church, or, if an ecclesiastic, to the first 
 incumbent. 
 
 In the reign of Edward I. the sides of 
 tombs began to be ornamented; such is 
 the tomb of Aveline, Countess of Lancas- 
 ter, 1269. The armour of a knight, as 
 worn in this century, was a hawberk of 
 mail of rings set edgewise, which covered 
 
118 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the body^ arms^ and hands^ and reached 
 to the knees. The head had a hood 
 of mail attached to the hawberk ; the 
 thighs^ ^nd feet^ in the same mail; 
 over the hawberk a long loose surcoat. 
 Chain mail is sometimes found at this 
 period. 
 
 With regard to the effigies with crossed 
 legs^ Mr. Bloxam says the notion of these 
 being crusaders^ or engaged as such by 
 vow^ is but conjectural^ and can be traced 
 to no sufficient authority. It is certain 
 the cross-legged attitude was continued 
 long after the last crusade. It may have 
 originated^ however, in the time of the 
 crusades, and been continued, as having 
 reference to the Christian symbol. 
 
 In the 14th century more decoration 
 was used ; the armour of the knights 
 changed, having less of chain -armour, 
 and more of plate ; rowels instead of 
 prick spurs. The long loose surcoat was 
 discarded, and succeeded by the cyclas, 
 
LATER STYLE. 
 
 119 
 
 which fitted close to the body ; a conical 
 scull-cap instead of the hood.^ About this 
 time brasses came into fashion. 
 
 In the 15th century the elegant sim- 
 plicity of the previous century gave place 
 to a profusion of minute ornaments. The 
 beautiful sepulchral chapels that remain 
 are of this period^ ornamented with the 
 most magnificent brasses^ canopies^ and 
 shrines. 
 
 In the 16th century we find a change 
 taking place ; the pointed giving way to 
 a mixed style, and at the end of the cen- 
 tury lost in something approaching to 
 what has been called the cinque -cento 
 style. From that time down to the pre- 
 sent, the monumental effigies have gone 
 through all the changes of costume, from 
 the style of Vandyk to the long flowing 
 wigs and powdered perukes of still more 
 modern days, partaking in some degree 
 of the moral character of the age; and 
 certainly, when we compare them together. 
 
120 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the ancients are as superior to the moderns 
 as Rafaelle to Sir Thomas Lawrence. Let 
 us hope that our monuments and tablets 
 will share with our churches in the bene- 
 fits of an improving taste. 
 
 Loutii Cliurcli, N.E. View. 
 
INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 “ The door is closed ; but soft and deep 
 Around the awful arches sweep 
 Such airs as soothe a hermit’s sleep. 
 
 From each carved nook and fretted bend 
 
 Cornice and gallery seem to send 
 
 Tones that with seraph-hymns might blend. 
 
 Three solemn parts together twine 
 In harmony’s mysterious line ; 
 
 Three solemn aisles approach the shrine.” 
 
 Keble. 
 
 The churches of old were divided into 
 two principal parts — Navis ^ the nave^ or 
 body of the churchy and Sacrariurriy the 
 chancel. The altar was placed in the 
 chancel^ ad orientem^ to the rising sun ; 
 probably with reference to the article of 
 the Christian faith, which looks to the 
 second advent of Christ, the Sun of 
 Righteousness.^^ The Rubric distinctly 
 declares that the chancels are to he ar- 
 
 M 
 
122 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 ranged in this manner. Thus we find all 
 the cathedrals and ancient churches built 
 from west to east ; and in the building of 
 new churches the same rule should be 
 adhered to. 
 
 THE FONT. 
 
 The rites of baptism were first per- 
 formed in fountains and rivers^, before re- 
 ligion was so established as to have bap- 
 tisteries and churches. Thus we find 
 Paulinus baptising many heathen converts 
 in the river Trent^ near Torksey; but 
 when Christianity was established in the 
 land^ baptisteries* were provided and 
 consecrated^ for the sake of order and 
 reverence^ and were^ with reference to 
 the fountains^ called fonts.^^ They were 
 always placed in the porch^ or at the en- 
 trance of the buildings to denote that by 
 
 * The baptisteries of Pisa, Florence, and Parma, may 
 be named amongst the finest which remain. There 
 is also a very fine one at Luton, in Bedfordshire. 
 
FONT. 
 
 123 
 
 the sacrament of baptism men are ad- 
 mitted into the church. They have always 
 been held especially sacred ; and it is per- 
 haps owing to this^ and being made often 
 of the hardest materials^ that we find so 
 many of a date much older than that of 
 the churches in which they stand. A very 
 curious specimen remains at Bridekirk^ in 
 Cumberland. Those at Lincoln Minster^ 
 Winchester^* St. Cross^ and Bridlington, 
 are very old. But every neighbourhood 
 will afford good models, both of Norman 
 and pointed work. There 
 are some beautiful later 
 ones from the Oxford 
 churches, in the Glos- 
 sary of Architecture.^^ The 
 modern fonts should al- 
 ways have an aperture and 
 drain, to convey the water away, after it 
 has been used. This would prevent the 
 
 * On it is represented the baptism of Kingil, king of 
 Wessex, by Birinus. 
 
 Font — Otterbourne, 
 Hants. 
 
124 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 offensive use of common basins for the 
 element^ or the mere shew of sprinkling 
 without any water^ which sometimes takes 
 place. A wooden cover of tabernacle- 
 work is sometimes seen^ and is very or- 
 namental. 
 
 THE READING-DESK. 
 
 If there be not a faldstool^ as was the 
 ancient use^ at which the minister offered 
 the prayers^ and which is still seen in 
 some cathedrals, the desk for the Prayer- 
 book should be placed on the north or 
 south-eastern angle of the church, facing 
 the north or south, that the priest may 
 turn to the east in saying the prayers and 
 creed, a custom always observed in primi- 
 tive times; and if there be no lectern, 
 from which to read the Bible, the desk 
 for that purpose should face the west, 
 in order that he may be heard of the 
 people.^’ The arrangement would be still 
 better, if the lessons were read from a lec- 
 
READING-DESK. LECTERN. 
 
 125 
 
 tern. A prayer-desk facing the west is 
 an absurdity^ because the prayers are not 
 preached to the people^ but offered up 
 with them^ and therefore properly the 
 whole congregation and the priest^ during 
 prayers, should face the altar.* What 
 can be meant by the rubric before the 
 lessons, which says the minister here 
 is to turn towards the people,^^ but 
 that previously he was facing another 
 way? 
 
 THE LECTERN. 
 
 This is a portable desk, on which to 
 place the Bible. There are two beautiful 
 models in the Glossary of Architec- 
 ture,^^ especially one from Ramsey Church, 
 Huntingdonshire. There is also one at 
 Blythborough, in Suffolk. There are 
 lecterns of brass at Merton and Trinity 
 
 * Vide Bishop Sparrow’s Rationale of the Common 
 Prayer, 
 
126 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Colleges, Oxford ; and very fine ones^ of 
 the same metal^ in the form of an eagle, 
 at York, Lincoln, and Winchester Ca- 
 thedrals ; at Campden Church Glouces- 
 tershire, Holyrood, Southampton, St. 
 Nicholas Newcastle, and many other 
 churches. 
 
 THE PULPIT. 
 
 This is the place from whence the ser- 
 mon is delivered. Many pulpits stood 
 formerly in the open air, as did that at 
 Paul’s Cross, in London. There is one 
 of stone at Magdalen College, Oxford ; 
 and an exquisitely beautiful one at Beau- 
 lieu, Hants. That of St. Peter^s, Oxford, 
 is a good model ; and there is a magnifi- 
 cent one of stcne in Worcester Cathe- 
 dral;* also at Egloshayle, Cornwall; South 
 Moulton, Paignton, Pilton, Swimbridge, 
 
 * In the church of St. Bartholomew the Great, Lon- 
 don, there was a fine pulpit of the date 1380, which was 
 destroyed in 1821, and a new one put up. 
 
PULPIT. PEWS. 
 
 127 
 
 Witheridge^ and Totnes in Devon. There 
 are fine wooden pulpits at East Allington^ 
 Halberton^ Holne^ Tpplepen^ Kenton^Mal- 
 brough^ Pinhoe^ and Tor Bryan, in the 
 same county, which are some of them 
 represented in Lyson^s. Pulpits should 
 never be square. The octagon, hexagon, 
 and pentagon, are the best forms; and 
 the panels may be ornamented so as to 
 produce an excellent effect. This has 
 been done very successfully in the new 
 churches of Otterbourne, and Amfield, 
 Hants ; and the improved churches of 
 Ashby, Lincolnshire ; and Wragby, York- 
 shire. 
 
 THE SEATS, OR PEWS. 
 
 * 
 
 Many difficulties occur in the pewing 
 of churches, from the custom of letting 
 pews,* and the anxiety of the wealthy to 
 
 * It is our settled conviction,” says Collins, “ that 
 liigli seat-rents have had a most adverse influence on 
 the religious dispositions of the people ; and have ope- 
 
128 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 have easy and comfortable seats ; and 
 owing to this it is that we see the inte- 
 riors of churches so grievously disfigured. 
 It can only be said^ that in the house of 
 God the poor ought to have as much room 
 as the rich^ whether the seats be let or 
 free ; and instead of the pews being made 
 like the high boxes of a coffee-room^ or 
 what is called vulgarly the long saddle* in 
 an ale-house^ their sides should not be 
 above three feet from the base : a still 
 lower standard will be sufficient for open 
 seats. The open seats are infinitely pre- 
 ferable to any other. They are of very 
 old standings are mentioned as early as 
 
 rated as a powerful check to their church -going habits ; 
 and will continue to operate as a barrier to their return, 
 until so great a reduction be effected, as to render our 
 churches more accessible to them.” — Vide Collins on 
 Church- Accommodation, Glasgow, 
 
 * The long saddle, or long settle, a bench with a high 
 back fixed by the side of the fire in most ale-houses in 
 the north of England, to screen the guests from the 
 draught of air from the door. 
 
ALTAR. 
 
 129 
 
 1287^ and were in use long after the Re- 
 formation. These seats haye the ends 
 usually ornamented^ sometimes with raised 
 ends, which are called poppy-heads, and 
 are seen in a few old churches, and in 
 most of our cathedrals. They have been 
 restored at Ewelme, in Oxfordshire, by 
 the late Dr. Burton ; they are seen also 
 at St. Lawrence, Evesham; Longparish, 
 Hants, &c. All pews should face the 
 east, at least those in the nave ; those in 
 the chancel and transepts should face 
 north and south. 
 
 THE ALTAR. 
 
 9 
 
 The altars were formerly of stone ; but 
 in the time of Queen Elizabeth wooden 
 tables were ordered. There is no doubt, 
 however, that a stone altar is the best, as 
 it cannot be moved and made use of for 
 improper purposes, as was the case in the 
 rebellion. Many of the altars were then 
 
130 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 removed^ and very scandalous practices 
 took place at them^ when set in the middle 
 of the church. 
 
 The altar should be raised by steps from 
 the floor^ under the eastern window; a 
 proper space being left between the altar- 
 rails and the pews^ to admit of free room 
 for the communicants. On one side there 
 should be a niche or credence^* to hold 
 the elements before the oblation is made 
 upon the altar. 
 
 In cathedrals^ college-chapels^ and some 
 other churches, there are two large can- 
 dlesticks on either side of the altar. These 
 were retained at the time of the Reforma- 
 tion (before which, many other altars had 
 been set up, where tapers and lights were 
 burned in honour of the Virgin and other 
 saints), in order to denote that the one 
 altar appropriated to the sacrament of the 
 communion is alone worthy of reverence. 
 
 * Called mensa propositionis^ Tgaire^a TipoBeffecos. 
 Vide Bishop Sparrow. 
 
PLATE. VAULT. 
 
 131 
 
 In all churches there should be service- 
 books for the altar, and two chairs on 
 either side for the clergy. 
 
 THE SACRAMENTAL PLATE. 
 
 This should be of silver or silver gilt. 
 When the precious metals are so common, 
 and used for the ordinary purposes of life, 
 both among the higher and middle classes, 
 they ought not to be withheld from the 
 service of the Church.* The plate should 
 consist of a flagon, chalice, and a patina 
 for the consecrated bread. 
 
 THE ROOF, OR VAULT. 
 
 A vaulting of stone cannot be accom- 
 plished in these days without great cost ; 
 but there cannot be a doubt of its supe- 
 riority over wood. There are not many 
 
 * A magnificent silver-gilt altar- service, of the value 
 of 1000 guineas, was presented some few years ago, for 
 the service of his cathedral, by the present venerable 
 Dean of Lincoln. 
 
132 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 instances of Norman stone-vaulting, at 
 least on a large scale. It is often seen in 
 the side-aisles and chapels, but rarely 
 in the principal vault of the nave. Of 
 pointed stone vaults, Lincoln, Canterbury, 
 Westminster, the nave of Winchester, 
 Salisbury, the choir of Christ Church, 
 Hants, the Divinity School at Oxford and 
 King^s College, and Henry VII. "s Chapel, 
 furnish examples. The vaulted are better 
 adapted than flatter roofs for buildings 
 with high clerestory windows, carried 
 nearly up to the summit of the wall ; and 
 they are sometimes constructed of wood, 
 as is the case in the choir of Winchester 
 Cathedral. Here the bosses, which are 
 composed of coats-of-arms and other or- 
 naments, are painted and emblazoned, 
 and have a very rich effect ; but it is easy 
 to see that the material is wood. As 
 church-roofs are generally made of a 
 lower pitch than those of cathedrals, a 
 handsome oaken roof is very suitable for 
 
WOODEN ROOFS. 
 
 133 
 
 modern churches. Of these there are a 
 vast many excellent specimens : — 
 
 Boston Church and Louth Church, Lincoln- 
 shire. 
 
 Bishop Longhand’s Chantry, LincolnMinster. 
 Godsiiill, Isle of Wight. 
 
 South Aisle St. Mary’s, Leicester. 
 
 I • Merton College Chapel. 
 Malvern Abbey. 
 
 [Plain king-and-queen post-roofs for village-churches.] ♦ 
 
 Better designs, however, than these may be seen in 
 most of the modern churches named in the following 
 chapter. 
 
 N 
 
134 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 ROOFS OF HALLS. 
 
 Christ Church, Oxford. 
 
 Temple, London. 
 
 Trinity, Cambridge. 
 
 St. Andrew’s, Norwich. 
 
 Crosby, London, 
 
 Admeston, Dorset. 
 
 Hampton Court, Middlesex. 
 
 Painted wooden roofs have a good effect^ 
 and might be introduced with advantage. 
 Peterborough Cathedral affords a very 
 grand specimen ; as also Ely Cathedral^ 
 and the south and north transepts of Win- 
 chester. In painting a roof in compart- 
 ments^ the colours used should not be too 
 bright^ and the patterns taken from old 
 
ROOFS OF HALLS. 
 
 135 
 
 designs: no new fancies of the painter 
 should be permitted. ' 
 
 Emblazoned shields are used with great 
 effect at the intersections of the groinings, 
 as may be seen at Canterbury and Win- 
 chester. They also serve a further use of 
 keeping up historical recollections.* 
 
 [Models for shields from Norwich, Salisbury, and Lincoln.] 
 
 [Shield from Christ Church, Hants.] 
 
 * We find Sir William Dugdale, to whom we owe so 
 much as an antiquary and historian, lamenting that in 
 resorting to many churches to obtain information, he 
 
136 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 GALLERY. 
 
 In churches where there is an organ, a 
 gallery is needful ; but if there are funds 
 sufficient to build a church large enough 
 for the population without side-galleries, 
 they should be omitted, for they are very 
 injurious to architectural effect, as may be 
 seen at St. Mary^s, Oxford, and in other 
 instances. Galleries should be hand- 
 somely panelled in front; and may be 
 greatly relieved by inscriptions painted in 
 coloured letters upon the mouldings, as is 
 seen in the side-screens of the altar in 
 Winchester Cathedral, in the modern 
 churches of Otterbourne, Hants, and 
 Scofton, Notts. 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 English and American oak are best 
 
 found many tombs, glass, and shields defaced. The de- 
 struction of so many of these monuments of antiquity, 
 particularly the brasses from the tombs, must always be 
 regretted as a national loss. 
 
WOOD. 
 
 137 
 
 adapted for church-roofs, galleries, and 
 pews. Elm also is very handsome when 
 varnished, but it requires long seasoning. 
 It takes a great deal of varnish, but is 
 much more durable when saturated with it 
 than people commonly imagine : the boats 
 made of elm, and covered with the Swed- 
 ish or Baltic varnish, last a long time. 
 Deal is most commonly used for roofs 
 and the interior fitting- up of churches; 
 and by covering it with varnish, it is much 
 improved in appearance. Copal varnish 
 ground up with asphaltum gives the wood 
 a rich tint, and by shewing the knots and 
 veins through a transparent medium, pro- 
 duces an excellent effect. By increasing 
 the asphaltum, the varnish may be deep- 
 ened to the hue of the horse-chestnut. 
 The use of paint should be avoided; it 
 never looks well, and even when it is an 
 imitation of oak, is apt to wear off by fric- 
 
 This is very suitable for roofs. 
 
138 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 tion^ and in a few years to become faded 
 and dull. 
 
 THE WINDOWS. 
 
 " Through storied lattices no more 
 In soften’d light the sunbeams pour.’’ 
 
 Modern churches are generally too 
 light : this is partly caused by the large 
 size of the windows, and partly by the 
 thin modern glass with which they are 
 glazed. If there be no stained glass, the 
 diamond is the only suitable pattern, and 
 the oldest, and greenest, and coarsest 
 glass should be selected. The bad effect 
 of the oblong pattern is seen in West- 
 minster Abbey, the nave of St. Mary's, 
 Oxford, and in many modern churches. 
 Ground-glass is most objectionable; as 
 are those mixtures of sickly yellow, lilac, 
 and pale green, which, arranged after the 
 patterns of an oil-cloth, are dignified with 
 the name of painted windows. A vast 
 quantity of stained glass was destroyed by 
 the Puritans ; and many of our cathedrals. 
 
STAINED GLASS. 
 
 139 
 
 particularly Salisbury^ have greatly suf- 
 fered from the absence of that shady effect 
 which is so well adapted to the pointed 
 style of architecture. Happily there are 
 some very fine specimens still spared to 
 us^ chiefly by the care of individuals. 
 The cathedral of York owes much to Ge- 
 neral Fairfax; and there were others at 
 Oxford and elsewhere^ who_, watchful of 
 the times^ caused the glass to be removed^ 
 and concealed, till the storm of fanaticism 
 was past. York affords much study. The 
 lancet- windows in the north transept, 
 called the Five Sisters, are fine specimens. 
 The ground is a running foliage of black, 
 white, and grey, intersected with coloured 
 beading in various patterns. There are 
 some windows at Norbury Church* (well 
 
 * The “ Glossary of Architecture/’ p. 240, says that 
 this glass has been carried away. It may be remarked, 
 that the present fashion of decorating rooms in the old 
 style, with carved oak and stained glass, has encouraged 
 a complete traffic in those articles, and may account for 
 much sacrilege as well at home as on the continent. The 
 
140 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 depicted in Lyson^s History of Derby- 
 shire,) with a coloured border and he- 
 raldic shields in the centre, which are 
 beautiful models; also inChetwode Church 
 at Chesham Bois, at Ockwells House in 
 Bucks, and at Trumpington, Cambridge ; 
 which are all to be found in the work just 
 referred to. There is much stained glass 
 in other churches in York. The foreign 
 windows at Lichfield are of the highest 
 order. There are some good small rem- 
 nants of the rich dark-coloured glass,* 
 
 shops in London afford great choice for the zealous 
 church -builder ; and it is better that such remains 
 should be appropriated to the use for which they were 
 intended, than be employed in the attempt to meta- 
 morphose modern villas into ancient halls. 
 
 * Chartres Cathedral, from its splendid glass, and the 
 boldness and simplicity of its style, presents a scene of 
 grandeur which cannot be found in any other church in 
 England or abroad. Its dimensions, which are noble 
 both in height and width, will be found, with those of 
 many English and foreign churches, in the Appendix. 
 Mr. Woods calls it the “ most interesting specimen 
 of pointed architecture in France, or perhaps in the 
 world.” 
 
STAINED GLASS. 
 
 141 
 
 abounding in deep blues^ crimsons^ and 
 green, in the cathedrals of ^ Canterbury 
 and Lincoln. There are also some fine 
 specimens at Fairford in Gloucestershire, 
 Malvern Abhey, King’s College Cam^ 
 bridge, Lincoln, Queen^s, &c. at Oxford ; 
 and St. Margaret^s east window, West- 
 minster, originally presented to Henry 
 VII. for his chapel, by the magistrates of 
 Dort. 
 
 It sometimes happens, that remnants of 
 old stained glass are found in repairing 
 old churches. These may be worked up 
 in the following way. They should first 
 be cleaned with spirit of salt and water. 
 The lead used must be made wide enough 
 to admit the old glass, and with narrow 
 lips, so as to wrap over very little. This 
 bends much easier than the common lead, 
 and may be made by most plumbers. If 
 there is nearly sufficient glass to fill the 
 light, the exact shape of it should be 
 drawn on a board, and the darkest and 
 
142 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 richest fragments be formed into quatre- 
 foils or patterns after some old model. 
 Coats of arms may be retained as they 
 are; fragments of figures and canopies 
 may be worked up into medallions in 
 rounds^ or in the shape of the vesica 
 piscis,^' These should be placed^ at equal 
 intervals, in the centre of the light, and 
 surrounded by a groundwork formed of 
 the grey and black glass. The coloured 
 pieces which remain may be worked up 
 into a border. 
 
 [Stained window made up of fragments.] 
 
STAINED GLASS. 
 
 143 
 
 If there is not a sufficient quantity, a 
 border of plain common glass^ a couple of 
 inches wide, may be left next the stone- 
 work. The effect of a window made up 
 of fragments in this way is good, as may 
 be seen in the church of ^^essingham, 
 near Brigg, in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Of model’ll stained glass, some pretty 
 good models may be seen at Winchester 
 College (particularly the east window, by 
 Evans of Shrewsbury), at New College, 
 and at Lincoln’s Inn. Mr. Willement, of 
 Green Street, Grosvenor Square, is a good 
 artist, and has executed work which does 
 him great credit. There are some excel- 
 lent coats of arms by him at Mr. Lucy’s, 
 at Chalcote, Warwickshire, and in Scofton 
 Church, Notts. It is said, stained glass 
 is well executed in Germany, with which 
 Sir Edward Dering has ornamented his 
 church at Surrendon. Mr. Gwilt has fur- 
 nished windows for Calbourne and New- 
 town Churches, in the Isle of Wight. 
 
144 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Wailes, of Newcastle^ is another artist 
 much spoken of. 
 
 The glass which is now made is very 
 inferior to the old in point of durability ;* 
 but if more churches should be built and 
 decorated^ Ihis beautiful art will probably 
 be encouraged. Modern stainers need 
 not be so anxious to avoid a certain coarse- 
 ness f in the quality of the glass^ which is 
 generally seen in the older specimens ; 
 for this, so far from injuring, materially 
 improves the effect, when seen at a dis- 
 tance ; and it never was intended to be 
 near the eye. This is often observed in 
 the best pictures of the old masters, the 
 colouring of which, to common observers, 
 
 * The glass at Chartres Cathedral is said to be half 
 an inch thick. That of York must be of wonderful 
 strength, to have resisted the flames during the two 
 lamentable fires which have so lately ravaged that 
 building. 
 
 f The bottom of a common green or blue bottle often 
 comes nearer to the tint of old stained glass than the 
 thin modern imitation. 
 
ALTAR-PIECES. 
 
 145 
 
 appears coarse and dull^ when contrasted 
 with the gaudy hues of modern times. 
 Even the best imitations of ancient glass 
 are not free from a certain spruceness and 
 shoppish appearance^ as much opposed 
 to the dusky splendour of the old vi- 
 treauQO^^ as the show of a modern cour- 
 tier to the rich brocades of the ancient 
 noble. 
 
 ALTAR-PIECES. 
 
 With regard to painting and sculpture, 
 a few words may be added ; because it is 
 desirable that altar-pieces should become 
 more prevalent, being in accordance with 
 the rules of the Anglican Church. Many 
 are led to imagine that because fabulous 
 legends and painted figures, with appro- 
 priate altars, were used in times of popery, 
 therefore all pictures must tend also to 
 superstition. This notion is erroneous ; 
 for if the figures of saints and apostles be 
 said to tend to popery, the modern monu- 
 
 o 
 
146 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 ments^ with figures of Fame, and Glory, 
 and Justice, and subjects taken from the 
 heathen mythology, may be said equally 
 to encourage paganism. 
 
 If sacred paintings are so objectionable, 
 it is singular that we should find the vilest 
 daubs on scriptural subjects fixed up in 
 half the infant-schools in the kingdom, 
 and highly approved of as means of in- 
 struction. But there cannot be a doubt, 
 that a good painting is more likely to in- 
 struct than a very bad one. Indeed, it is 
 probable that the cheap inferior prints on 
 Scripture subjects are calculated to pro- 
 duce positive evil rather than good, by 
 familiarising the mind with that which 
 ought to excite reverence ; whilst there 
 can be no doubt that a good altar-piece 
 placed in a church is highly useful in ex- 
 citing devotional feelings. 
 
 Many of our own divines may be quoted 
 on this subject. Let a few suffice — 
 
 Pictures in the church, particularly of 
 
MORE, TENNISON, WAKE. 
 
 147 
 
 the resurrection and passion of Christ, 
 with inscriptions adjoined, are no sooner 
 seen than they set a man^s mind at work, 
 and cause him to think of the most im- 
 portant meaning of the chief passages of 
 the history of Christ/^ 
 
 DR. HENRY MORE. 
 
 To say, with men that run into ex- 
 tremes, that devotional pictures are no 
 helps to excite memory and passion, is to 
 forget that they are called mute poems, to 
 speak against common sense, and to im- 
 pute less to a crucifix than to the tomb of 
 a friend/^ 
 
 ARCHBISHOP TENNISON. 
 
 We are so far from condemning, that 
 we think it not any crime to have histories 
 of the Gospel carved and painted in our 
 very churches, which the walls and win- 
 dows of several of them do declare/’ 
 
 ARCHBISHOP WAKE. 
 
148 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Neque tamen ea superstitione teneor, 
 lit nullas prorsus imagines ferendas ceii- 
 seam : sed quia sculptura et pictura Dei 
 dona sunt, purum et legitiinum utriusque 
 usum require ; ne quae Dominus in suam 
 gloriam et bonum nostrum nobis contu- 
 lit, ea non tantum polluantur praepostero 
 abusu, sed in nostram quoque perniciem 
 convertantur.’^ 
 
 Calvini Instit. lib. i. c. xi. f. 12. 
 
 It will probably be long before altar- 
 pieces become general, for want of com- 
 petent artists ; but in painting the Deca- 
 logue, &c. over the altar, which is done 
 in most churches, better taste might be 
 shewn. The old English text in coloured 
 letters, in the style of an illuminated 
 missal, has an excellent effect. At the 
 new church at Otterbourne in Hamp- 
 shire, and Scofton in Notts, examples 
 may be seen ; and in the former church 
 appropriate texts are painted upon the 
 
ALTAR-PIECES. 
 
 149 
 
 walls^ and over the doors^ in the same 
 manner. These last decorations cannot 
 be objected to by the most scrupulous* 
 members of the Protestant Church ; and 
 may be executed by the village-painter 
 with a copy placed before him. In the 
 repairs of a village-churchy the mason and 
 artisans of the place may safely be em- 
 ployedy under the guidance of an experi- 
 enced director ; by this means they gra- 
 dually gain an interest in the worky and 
 derive a satisfaction in assisting to deco- 
 rate the church of their forefathers. Such 
 a spirit should be cherished by the friends 
 of the Church; whoy whilst they are in- 
 troducing a better taste amongst the rural 
 populatiouy will at the same time be fos- 
 tering Church-principles. 
 
 If we look at the most sublime efforts 
 
 * If the eyes of a congregation do wander, it is better 
 they should fix on a text against the wall, or a sacred 
 picture, than on the dress and movements of their neigh- 
 bours. 
 
 o 2 
 
150 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 of Perugino^ Rafaelle, Michel Angelo^ Fra 
 Bartolomeo, Andrea del Sarto, Cesare da 
 Sesto, and others of the great artists, we 
 shall find them to be on religious subjects; 
 which is proof that a picture, however high 
 it may rank for drawing and colouring, 
 gains additional dignity from the genius 
 of religion. The same may be said of 
 some of the performances of the early 
 German masters; and though by the mo- 
 dern school they may be considered as 
 stiff in their outline, it must be confessed 
 there is a certain simplicity and purity of 
 expression in the faces, which we shall 
 seek for in vain in the productions of a 
 later age. No one, for example, will ever 
 find it in the gorgeous and sensual pic- 
 tures of Rubens; wdiose freedom of draw- 
 ing will never compensate for the glare 
 of colouring and vulgarity of conception 
 udiich generally characterise his pictures. 
 The modern Germans are outstripping 
 other nations in purity of design, by 
 
LONDON, PARIS. 
 
 151 
 
 grounding their taste on the models of 
 the early school. Even their lighter pic- 
 tures* shew traces of the fountain from 
 whence they spring. The present taste 
 of England does not promise the accom- 
 plishment of great things in painting. 
 The vulgar trash of Morland, and that 
 school^ are gone by; but so also are the 
 portraits of Sir Joshua^ who^ in some 
 degree^ entered into the spirit of the an- 
 cients^ as is proved by his lectures to the 
 Academy. The yearly exhibitions shew 
 the tendency of the age. Painting is 
 made subservient to secular and vulgar 
 purposes^ and for that reason can never 
 arrive at perfection. As architecture is 
 encouraged in proportion as it conduces 
 to personal luxury and comfort^ in the 
 same way is painting as it suits the draw- 
 ing-room and boudoir. To judge from 
 the specimens of modern architecture at 
 
 * The print entitled Die heiden LeonoreUy for in- 
 stance. 
 
152 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the west-end of London^ it might be sup- 
 posed that the architects planned them 
 as the magazins des modes invent new 
 fashions for each month; judging it of 
 little importance how ugly the composi- 
 tion may be^ provided it possesses the 
 charm of novelty. We need only in- 
 stance the whole of Regent Street^ (whose 
 only beauty consists in its width and its 
 plate-glass)^ Mr. Nash’s churchy the Na- 
 tional Gallery with its pepper-boxes and 
 vinegar-cruet^ the medley of stuccoed ter- 
 races in the Regent^s Park^ the New Pa- 
 lace^ and the designs* for the Trafalgar 
 Memorial.t What a contrast to the 
 buildings in the Place Louis XV.^ the 
 Louvre^ the Thuileries^ and La Made- 
 
 * Happily the committee have selected a plain Co- 
 rinthian column, instead of the other monstrosities which 
 may be seen at the Pantechnicon, Regent Street. 
 
 f The new Reform Club may be excepted, being a 
 design of great merit, closely resembling some of the 
 palaces at Verona and Rome ; and one of the finest 
 modem buildings in London. 
 
LONDON, PARIS. 
 
 153 
 
 leine, at Paris ! The design for the new 
 Houses of Parliament is by no means free 
 from objections, the roof being greatly too 
 flat for a pointed building. To correspond 
 with the elaborate style, the roof ought to 
 be more like that of the Hotel de Ville at 
 Louvain, and other examples on the Con- 
 tinent of that kind, with ornamental dor- 
 mer windows ; it will advance too far into 
 the river, and hide Westminster Hall, 
 which, as a noble relic of British art, 
 should always have been permitted to re- 
 main a prominent feature in approaching 
 London over Westminster Bridge. The 
 design for restoring the beautiful Chapel 
 of St. Stephen, and making additions to 
 it in the same style, was in better taste, 
 and does credit to the architect who pro- 
 posed it. 
 
 In painting, we find, in the exhibitions 
 both of water and oil colours, a vast num- 
 ber of portraits, and landscapes, and sen- 
 timental pieces, compared with pictures 
 
154 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 on the higher subjects; and this too when 
 the ordinary dress of the age almost pre- 
 cludes the possibility of a fine portrait. 
 Few painters venture upon the higher 
 branches of the art, and little encourage- 
 ment they meet with. Not so Mr. Chalon^ 
 with his ladies tirees au dernier epingle ; 
 though it would be difficult to say what 
 ideas they can raise higher than those of 
 a marchande des modes. Yet these are 
 popular even with many who are called 
 patrons of art ; they suit the taste of the 
 times, which^ even in matters of religion, 
 has delighted more in the flutter and 
 plumes of Exeter Hall than in the daily 
 services of the cathedral ; in the credit of 
 piety purchased by penny- subscriptions, 
 rather than in the building of churches 
 and endowing of hospitals. But it is 
 hoped a better time is arising; that the 
 knowledge of architecture and painting 
 will be accompanied with a determination 
 to devote them to the highest purposes ; 
 
ORGANS. 
 
 155 
 
 and that to have helped one heaven- 
 directed spire to rise^^ will be deemed a 
 better memorial than storied urn or ani- 
 mated bust/^ 
 
 ORGANS. 
 
 These instruments^ when judiciously 
 employed^ are great auxiliaries to the 
 services of the Church. They are parti- 
 cularly adapted for chanting and for sa- 
 cred music. They were introduced into 
 churches and abbeys in early times. Men- 
 tion is made of one at Westminster in the 
 tenth century. The early organs were 
 very small. On the Continent they are 
 usually placed at the west end^ as in most 
 churches in this country. In the English 
 cathedrals, before the Reformation^ the 
 organs were usually placed on the north- 
 ern side of the choir^ or in the north tran- 
 sept, as is the case now at Winchester. 
 Cross, in his History of the Yorkshire 
 Musical Festivals,^" gives an interesting 
 list and description of the most celebrated 
 
156 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 organs both in England and on the Con- 
 tinent. Among the most noted builders 
 of the present time are^ Robson of St. 
 Martinis Lane^ Allen^ Bishop^ Lincoln^ 
 &c. in London^ and Hamilton of Edin- 
 burgh_, who has studied in Germany^ and 
 is very successful in the metal pipes. 
 
 In country churches^ where it is not 
 easy to find an organist^ barrel-organs are 
 the most useful; and none that I ever 
 heard are at all to be compared with 
 Hobson’s instruments. He makes them 
 from fifty guineas and upwards. The 
 great art in these instruments is the set- 
 ting of the tunes on the barrel^ and it is 
 in this respect that Robson* is so supe- 
 rior. In his scale of prices^ one barrel^ 
 containing ten tunes^ is included. He 
 charges ten guineas each for every addi- 
 tional barrel. An organ of the price of 
 100 or 150 guineas will be found large 
 enough for any moderate-sized church. 
 
 * The Apollonicon was made by him. 
 
ORGANS, 
 
 157 
 
 It is much to be wished that the an- 
 cient custom of chanting was more gene- 
 ral ; and that it was made less dependent 
 upon instrumental accompaniment.* The 
 present taste in organ-playing and metri- 
 cal psalmody is vitiated and bad : but it 
 is hoped, now that the attention of the 
 Church has been drawn to this subject, 
 that we shall find the sublime and simple 
 melodies of the olden time take place of the 
 frivolous and unmeaning tunes which are 
 now so common, and at the same time 
 allied to more immortal verse than the 
 half-sacred, half-sentimental poetry which 
 
 * Organs are often so played as to drown the voices, 
 instead of being made auxiliary to them. This is espe- 
 cially the case at York, where the mind of the organist 
 is bent upon the display of his own powers on that stu- 
 pendous instrument, and the chanting is, in consequence, 
 entirely neglected ; but this is hardly to be wondered at 
 where the organ and musical festivals have usurped the 
 care which should have been devoted to the choral ser- 
 vice, and the cathedral has been desecrated by musical 
 soirees. Vulgar and frivolous interludes between the 
 verses of the psalms or hymns are to be heard in almost 
 every church which possesses an organ. 
 
 P 
 
158 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 is so frequently introduced. To aid in ac- 
 complishing this desirable end^ the study 
 of ancient music should be made a part 
 of education in the training-schools ; and 
 in village- schools it should be at least 
 the aim of the superintendent to adapt 
 sacred words to sacred melodies. It is 
 not long since we heard of a school sing- 
 ing a psalm to the air of the old French 
 chanson — 
 
 “ Ah! vous dirai-je, maman, 
 
 Ce qui cause tout mon tourment, 
 
 Depuis que j’ai vu Philandre 
 Me regarder d^un air tendre, 
 
 Mon coeur dit, a chaque instant, 
 
 Faut-il vivre sans amant 
 
 Now it may be said^ that the children^ 
 not knowing French^ could get no harm 
 from it; and the same may be said (as 
 regards many of the congregation) of the 
 opera airs which are interwoven with the 
 most solemn services of the Roman Ca- 
 tholic Church. But if music be intended 
 as a handmaid to devotion^ the strains 
 
ORGANS. 
 
 159 
 
 which are meant to express the very re- 
 verse of solemn feelings cap never be 
 appropriate to religious exercises.* Every 
 one must be aware of the strange jumble 
 of tunes and words that are in use in 
 some of the infant-schools ; and possibly 
 the evil of thus mingling sacred and pro- 
 fane may have been already discovered by 
 many who least suspected it — 
 
 Singula quseque locum teneant sortita decenter. 
 
 * Some excellent remarks on the subject of Church- 
 music will be found in the “ Christian Remembrancer’^ 
 for February and April 1841. 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 “ Domus mea domus orationis vocabitur.” 
 
 Most of our modern churches will be 
 found to unite in one peculiarity, viz., 
 that of being places for preaching instead 
 of houses of prayer. This is the very cha- 
 racteristic of dissent, which has till lately 
 been too prevalent in the Church itself. 
 The inconsistencies which this spirit has 
 given rise to are many. A handsome altar 
 has been called superstitious ; a well- 
 cushioned pew, in which men could re- 
 cline luxuriously and criticise the sermon, 
 has been deemed a necessary ; a splendid 
 sounding-board has been praised ; an an- 
 cient lectern decried as popish. A dis- 
 senter might decorate his conventicle with 
 a cross without subjecting himself to re- 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 161 
 
 mark ; a Churchman was called a Roman- 
 ist if he repaired the broken qross on his 
 chancel. 
 
 Happily a more catholic spirit has be- 
 gun to shew itself. The zeal of ancient 
 days is fast kindling throughout the land. 
 Men are beginning to build churches 
 with the pious liberality of those primi- 
 tive times when a desire to honour God 
 was the first consideration^ and personal 
 luxury and proud independence gave place 
 to virtuous self-denial and orderly obedi- 
 ence. Such a spirit must be hailed with 
 gladness by all those who look to the 
 maintenance of the Anglican Church in 
 that unity and order which are the chief 
 safeguards against novelty and strange 
 doctrines^ and to the preservation of that 
 loyalty and obedience which are the checks 
 of licentiousness and insubordination. 
 
 Although Burke does not allow that 
 proportion constitutes beauty, he did not 
 undervalue it, nor deny that it is neces- 
 
 p 2 
 
162 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 sary in order to a perfect work. He does 
 not, however, appear to have considered it 
 especially with reference to ecclesiastical 
 buildings. When a room/’ he says, 
 appears in its original nakedness, bare 
 walls and a plain ceiling, let its propor- 
 tions be ever so excellent, it pleases very 
 little; a cold approbation is the utmost 
 we can reach ; a much worse-proportioned 
 room, with elegant mouldings and fine 
 festoons, glasses, and other merely orna- 
 mental furniture, will make the imagina- 
 tion revolt against the reason ; it will 
 please much more than the naked pro- 
 portions of the first room, which the un- 
 derstanding has so much approved as ad- 
 mirably fitted for its purposes.^^ Now with 
 those who view churches as mere rooms, 
 the same feelings will probably arise ; and 
 thus architects have been enabled to palm 
 off the worst designs by introducing de- 
 tached ornaments in conspicuous situa- 
 tions, — as a bad inn is recommended by 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 163 
 
 a gaudy sign. But admitting^ as Burke 
 would do^ that much of awe and reverence 
 should attach to a religious building, and 
 that amplitude of space and a lofty vault 
 tend, from their sublimity, to produce such 
 feelings ; it may be conceded that, in rais- 
 ing a modern church, it is better to trust 
 to the relative proportions of an ancient 
 building than to disregard them altoge- 
 ther, especially in an age in which reve- 
 rentiab feeling is generally the last of all 
 the motives which induce men to build 
 churches, and seldom the first which im- 
 pels them to frequent them. 
 
 By way of illustrating this theory, sup- 
 pose the nave of an ancient abbey, whose 
 walls and arches remain entire, but from 
 whose capitals and windows the tracery 
 has perished away, were roofed afresh 
 with oak or dark-coloured wood, in the 
 plainest manner, the pavement relaid, and 
 the apertures of the windows reglazed, 
 there can scarcely be a doubt but the 
 
164 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 effect of the building would be good. We 
 should behold the original without its 
 ornamental details^ and these are lost 
 sight of on a first survey. Who^ for ex- 
 ample^ would dwell on its rich monu- 
 mental architecture on first entering St. 
 Peter’s ? or regard the heraldic shields^ and 
 count the fiowers on the columns^ in tra- 
 versing^ for the first time^ the naves of 
 Lincoln or York ? This theory of pro- 
 portion refers mainly to the width of the 
 aisles^ the height of the pillars, and the 
 space of the arches; for the same rule 
 will not always hold with regard to the 
 windows^ which^ in many instances^ were 
 made large for the purpose of being filled 
 with stained glass; and the same-sized 
 aperture glazed with plain quarries would 
 often shed too much lights as is observ- 
 able in the nave of Salisbury. 
 
 The following section is given as an 
 example of one of the finest specimens of 
 late Gothic which we possess : — 
 
Church of Holy Trinity, or High Church, 
 Kingston-upon~HulL 
 Section of the Chancel. 
 
166 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 Height of roof inside, about 
 
 45 
 
 0 
 
 Height of columns to the capital 
 
 21 
 
 0 
 
 From capital to the point of arch 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 From point of the arch to the top of 
 
 
 
 wall ...... 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 Diameter of base of the pillars . 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 Width of centre aisle 
 
 22 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of side aisles .... 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 Total width ..... 
 
 69 
 
 6 
 
 The dimensions of the building here 
 given are sufficiently correct to serve as 
 guides. In using it as a models it is pro- 
 posed to alter the windows by reducing 
 their size ; to omit the carved work on the 
 capital of the pillars^ retaining the mould- 
 ings ; and^ in the clerestory and side aisles^ 
 to insert windows of one light (Nos. 2), 
 the proportions of which^ though not com- 
 mon in England^ are very general on the 
 Continent. It is also proposed that the 
 body of the new church should consist of 
 six arches on each side^ of the above di- 
 mensions^ which would make the building 
 about 102 feet long. This^ from its height^ 
 even without a tower^ would form an im- 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 167 
 
 posing structure. The spring of the roof 
 is smallj, being only 3 or 4 feet inside. 
 Such a building would hold a large num- 
 ber of people. Calculating the whole area 
 at 782 square yards^ deducting 26 square 
 yards for the space occupied by the pil- 
 lars^ and allowing 82 square yards for the 
 altar-rails, reading-desk, pulpit, and font, 
 a space of 700 square yards would remain, 
 being room for 7 or 800 people. By the 
 introduction of a west gallery many more 
 might be accommodated. 
 
 The estimate of such a building could 
 only be given by a professed architect; 
 but if built, as is the case with a great 
 part of the original work, of dark red 
 brick, with the windows, pillars, and 
 arches of stone, and the interior walls 
 pointed so neatly as to require no plaster, 
 but merely a single wash of the same tint 
 with the stone work, and a plain roof of 
 foreign timber varnished, and open seats 
 of the same ; it would not, it is believed, 
 be found much more expensive than some 
 
168 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 of those gewgaw buildings with which the 
 face of the country is deformed ; and it 
 would have the merit of being a true copy 
 in its scale and dimensions. 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 169 
 
 The above is an exterior of a churchy 
 
 / 
 
 with a design for a tower^ suggested by 
 that of Howden, which might be altered 
 by either removing the upper story or 
 adding to it. All pinnacles and orna- 
 mental work have been omitted^ as well 
 as flying buttresses. From the compara- 
 tively small size of the windows^ the walls 
 perhaps would not require them. 
 
 The tower has been made the width of 
 the nave on the east and west sides^ and 
 narrower on the north and souths for 
 which we have the authority of the Abbey 
 Church at Bath. It certainly does not 
 improve the appearance ; but if it were 
 not so^ the width of the nave and part of 
 the roof would be seen from the west^ and 
 perhaps with the aisles make the tower 
 appear too narrow; but these last two 
 designs are merely intended as illustra- 
 tions of the theory of proportion^ without 
 ornamental detail^ and to shew that^ even 
 on the outside^ the effect would be less 
 
170 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 objectionable than might be supposed^ 
 certainly less so than in those cases where 
 proportions are utterly neglected. 
 
 The following is supposed to be the 
 west front of the same church 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 171 
 
 The following is a design fo^r a Norman 
 church. The nave of the proportions of 
 Stow; the tower after St. Mary-le-Wig- 
 ford^ Lincoln : — 
 
172 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 In very crowded districts^ where it is 
 impossible that outside appearances^ or 
 even interior proportion, should be strictly 
 regarded, — for example, where a site can 
 only be obtained between two houses, or 
 in the midst of factories and chimneys, — 
 the Churchman will be anxious to pay 
 especial regard to the interior ; and Mr. 
 Wood, in his Letters on Architecture, has 
 some remarks which are so apropos^ that 
 they are here inserted, in the hope that 
 they may be useful to those whose sphere 
 of zeal and usefulness lies in the densely 
 peopled districts of our manufacturing 
 towns. In this case the effect is produced 
 mainly by the judicious management of 
 light combined with interior decoration. 
 
 The Gothic church of the Eremitani 
 at Padua,’' he says, is a simple room, 
 without columns or pilasters, and a wood- 
 en roof of no merit. The original light 
 seems to have been a small western cir- 
 cular window^, but two side windows have 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 173 
 
 been made since^ which were perhaps ne- 
 cessary^ but which injure the 'effect. At 
 the end is an apsis for the high altar^ 
 which has three very small windows of 
 itself ; and this and the altar itself are rich 
 with painting and gilding. The pleasing 
 effect of this church suggested to me the 
 idea^ that a large room^ like a churchy 
 might be lighted altogether from one end^ 
 and I am convinced it would be highly 
 beautiful. A room 30 feet long^ 10 feet 
 wide^ and 15 high, is well lighted by a 
 window at the end 4 feet wide and 8 feet 
 high ; and a room of ten times these di- 
 mensions, viz. 300 feet long, 100 wide, 
 and 1 50 feet high, would be equally well 
 lighted, or, better, by a window 40 feet 
 wide and 80 feet high, and it might be 
 larger than this if necessary; the door- 
 way might be under the window; the 
 walls not naked, but with some simple 
 ornament, but the altar and the parts 
 about it should be rich and splendid : a 
 q2 
 
174 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 single light and a single object are two 
 great advantages/^ 
 
 The effect of light in the Eremitani is^ 
 in truths quite Rembrandtish ; and these 
 remarks are inserted^ as they may induce 
 some architect to try the effect proposed, 
 in the crowded district of a town where 
 the situation precludes the outside ap- 
 pearance from being thought of. Of 
 course galleries are not admissible in such 
 a structure. The nakedness of the side 
 walls might be obviated by carved stalls^ 
 high ornamental wainscoting, or frescoes. 
 Something of this style may be seen in 
 some of our college-chapels, and might 
 be adopted with very beneficial effects in 
 altering some of the London chapels, and 
 rendering them more church-like than 
 they now are. 
 
 The following are some specimens of 
 churches which have been already built 
 with a due regard to Church-principles ; 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 175 
 
 and of some^ from the kindness of friends^ 
 we have been able to give the cost. 
 
 Otterbourne Church, Hants, 
 
 Built chiefly at the expense of W. C. 
 Yonge^ Esq.^ Sir William Heathcote, Mr. 
 Chamberlain^ and others^ and under the 
 
176 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 management of the first-named gentle- 
 man^ is in the form of a cross^ without 
 side aisles, with a handsome spire bell- 
 turret at the west end. The materials 
 are dark blue bricky with windows^ coin- 
 ings, and cornices of Caen stone, and a 
 base of Cornish granite. Its dimensions 
 are as follows : — 
 
 feet. 
 
 Total interior length . . . .85 
 
 Ditto width ...... 24 
 
 Height from the ground to the wall-plate 21 
 From the plate to the ridge . . .18 
 
 From the ridge to the top of the spire . 24 
 
 It is fitted up in the interior with open 
 stalls of oak, and a western gallery of the 
 same wood. The roof is open, with pen- 
 dants. The pulpit, at the north-eastern 
 angle of the transept, richly carved, with 
 a handsome canopy ; the reading-desk on 
 the opposite side being simply an open 
 stall. A beautiful font of Caen stone, 
 lined with marble, and a drain for the 
 water, stands at the intersection of the 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 177 
 
 cross ; and the altar-screen is elaborately 
 carved in Caen stone, with wooden panels, 
 painted with appropriate texts, let into 
 the stone-work. The contract for the 
 building was for 2,700Z. This did not 
 include the font, pulpit and desk, the 
 screen and tablets, the altar and its furni- 
 ture,— as altar-cloths, cushions, chairs and 
 stools, and rail, the painted glass, — nor the 
 formation of the churchyard, and build- 
 ing the wall surrounding it. All these 
 expenses amounted, with other items, to 
 from 1,100/. to 1,200/., making in all 
 about 3,850/. 
 
 Anfield Church, Hants, 
 
 Now building at the sole expense of Sir 
 William Heathcote, Bart., under the di- 
 rection of W. C. Yonge, Esq. It is in the 
 early English style, and is composed of 
 dark blue brick, with Caen stone, a gra- 
 nite plinth, and paving from Yorkshire. 
 It has a spiral bell-gable, more lofty and 
 
178 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 graceful than that at Otterbourne. It 
 consists of a nave and chancel^ with a 
 recess on the northern side^ communi- 
 cating by two arches with the nave ; and 
 a porch on the south side^ with a vestry 
 over it. 
 
 Length of nave . . . . 56 9 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in, 
 
 Length of chancel 
 
 
 , 13 
 
 6 
 
 Width of nave . 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of chancel 
 
 
 . 16 
 
 0 
 
 Length of northern recess 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 0 
 
 Width of ditto . 
 
 
 . 12 
 
 0 
 
 Porch square . 
 
 
 . 12 
 
 0 
 
 This church will have an ornamental 
 wooden roof^ and be fitted up in the same 
 liberal and handsome way as its neigh- 
 bour at Otterbourne. 
 
 In this churchy as well as the former^ 
 it is hardly possible to criticise, such has 
 been the zeal^ taste^ and care which have 
 been expended upon them. If, however^ 
 the flint-work of the country had been 
 substituted for the dark bricky the con- 
 trast between the walls and the stone 
 coinings would not have been so strongs 
 and the effect would have been better, as 
 may be seen in the school-house at Otter- 
 bourne. 
 
 Littlemore, near Oxford^ 
 
 Built of stone, without aisles, with a bell* 
 gable. All in the early English style. 
 
180 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 Length 
 
 
 60 
 
 Width 
 
 
 , 25 
 
 Height to the top of roof 
 
 
 . 38 
 
 The height of this chapel greatly en- 
 
 hances its beauty and effect. 
 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. d> 
 
 Amount of contract . , . 663 
 
 0 0 
 
 Extra for foundations ... 
 
 35 
 
 0 0 
 
 Bell ...... 
 
 15 
 
 5 0 
 
 Window in east end 
 
 9 
 
 0 0 
 
 Pedestal, font, &c. 
 
 6 
 
 15 0 
 
 Chest 
 
 2 
 
 10 0 
 
 Extra altar-paving 
 
 6 
 
 11 0 
 
 Stonework at the east end . 
 
 65 
 
 5 0 
 
 Desks, table, and chairs 
 
 15 
 
 15 0 
 
 Sundries ..... 
 
 10 
 
 18 0 
 
 Boundary W8dl to churchyard, iron 
 
 
 
 gate, &c 
 
 91 
 
 7 0 
 
 Architect’s charge 
 
 46 
 
 0 0 
 
 Expenses in gaining site (Oriel Coll. 
 
 
 
 giving it) ... . 
 
 15 
 
 0 0 
 
 Expenses of conveyancing . 
 
 2 
 
 19 10 
 
 Ditto of consecration . 
 
 23 
 
 9 10 
 
 Communion plate, engraving, case 
 
 30 
 
 13 4 
 
 Books, velvet, fringes, linen, &c. 
 
 18 
 
 6 10 
 
 Painting and framing Society’s no- 
 
 
 
 tice and plan of chapel . 
 
 3 
 
 7 3 
 
 Total . . . £1061 3 1 
 
 Deduct drawback, about 50 0 0 
 
 £1011 3 1 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 181 
 
 ScoFTON Church, near Worhop, Notts, 
 
 Built at the sole expense of George Sa- 
 vile Foljambe^ Esq.^ of Steetly stone ; 
 roofed with brown Yorkshire slate. It is 
 in the Norman style^ and consists of a 
 nave^ side -aisles^ and chancel, with a 
 
 11 
 
182 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS 
 
 tower at the west end containing a ring 
 of four bells. 
 
 Total interior length . . . .52 0 
 
 Total interior width . . . . 37 0 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 183 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 Width of nave . . . . / . 
 
 22 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of aisles ..... 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Span of arches ..... 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 Square of tower .... 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 Height of roof inside 
 
 29 
 
 0 
 
 Height of tower to battlements . 
 
 51 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto to the pinnacle-tops from the 
 
 
 
 ground 
 
 72 
 
 0 
 
 The interior is fitted up with open seats 
 in the nave^ and stalls in the aisles, all of 
 the best American oak. The altar has a 
 carved oak tablet, with the Command- 
 ments painted in old English letters. 
 The west gallery for the choristers and 
 organ, also of oakt The pulpit and read- 
 ing-desk are nearly similar, and placed on 
 
184 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 the north and south side of the east end 
 of the nave. They are clumsy in their 
 shape^ and the reading-desk is especially 
 faulty in its construction. In all other 
 respects the interior of this church is ad- 
 mirable. The roof is of Norway deal^ 
 coloured with asphaltum and varnished^ 
 
 [ has an excellent effect. 
 
 The cost of 
 
 s church was as follows 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Stone .... 
 
 
 . 428 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 Freight of ditto . 
 
 
 . 150 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 Timber from Hull 
 
 
 . 173 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Freight of ditto . 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 Slate .... 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 Freight of ditto . 
 
 
 . 16 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of pavers . 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Bricks 
 
 
 . 188 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 Pavers 
 
 
 . 4 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 Slating 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Ropes 
 
 
 . 11 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Cast iron 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 Quebec oak 
 
 
 . 33 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 Lead and glass . 
 
 
 . 202 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 Carriage of stained glass 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Turning 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 Plasterer 
 
 
 . 46 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 Painting and varnish . 
 
 
 . 98 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 Carpenters^ wages 
 
 
 . 293 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 185 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Stone-masons 
 
 ii;4 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 Carver and gilder 
 
 . 4 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Wood-sawing . . . 
 
 . 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Labourers' wages 
 
 . 31 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 English oak 
 
 . 16 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Nails 
 
 . 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Blacksmith .... 
 
 . 85 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 Whitesmith 
 
 . 101 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 Laying floor 
 
 . 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 3194 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Mears, for four bells . 
 
 . 358 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 Willement, stained glass 
 
 . 87 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 Commission 
 
 . 168 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Total 
 
 £3808 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Organ given by Sir William Milner, Bart., 118/. The 
 sacramental plate of silver given by Mrs. Foljambe. 
 
 The most objectionable feature in this 
 church is the height of the pinnacles (1). 
 A blunt spire (2) would have been more 
 in character; or pinnacles with obtuse 
 points^ like those at Tewkesbury and 
 Southwell. On the whole, however^ the 
 design does great credit to the architect, 
 Mr. Poynter, of the Cloisters, Westmin- 
 ster. 
 
 r2 
 
186 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 2 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 187 
 
 Bude Chapel, Devon, 
 
 Built at the sole expense of Sir Thomas 
 Dyke Acland^ Bart., from the porphyry 
 quarries of Trerice. It has a bell-gable 
 
 with two arches: 
 
 is altogether of eai 
 
 English. 
 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 Length . 
 
 . 70 
 
 Width . 
 
 . 30 
 
 Height, about 
 
 . 45 
 
 The roof is of excellent construction. 
 
 A simple queen-post, aided by bracket- 
 pieces, resting on corbels. Every edge is 
 run with a Gothic moulding; and a bold 
 octagonal boss hangs under every queen- 
 post. The altar is in imitation of an 
 altar- tomb : its face exhibiting a series of 
 arches, with oak leaves in sunk spandrels, 
 and a fascia above, enriched with the 
 
188 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 words^ Do this in remembrance of me/^ 
 in old English characters. The font^ oc- 
 tagonal^ of Plymouth marble. The whole 
 designed by Mr. Wightwick^ of Plymouth. 
 
 Compton Valence, Dorsetshire, 
 
 This church has been most admirably 
 enriched and repaired at the sole expense 
 of a most munificent Churchman^ under 
 the judicious management of Mr. Benja- 
 min Ferrey^ of Great Russell Street^ Lon- 
 don. The tower remains in its original 
 state. The church consists of a nave and 
 one northern aisle^ a porch and chancel. 
 The materials of the exterior are Harndon 
 Hill stone and rockwork ; the interior is 
 ashlared with Sutton stone. The nave 
 and aisle are roofed with oak^ boarded 
 with wainscot and covered with stone. 
 The chancel, which has an apsis, with 
 three decorated windows, is vaulted with 
 stone; the ribs of Hamden stone, the 
 panels with chalk. The pulpit, of Bath 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 189 
 
 stone^ is placed at the south-eastern angle 
 of the nave^ and is entered by a flight of 
 steps in the chancel^ and a small pointed 
 arch in the wall^ which has an excellent 
 
 effect. This church is to 
 
 be fitted 
 
 . with 
 
 open oak seats. 
 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 Total interior length . 
 
 . 65 
 
 0 
 
 Total interior width . 
 
 . 26 
 
 0 
 
 Length of chancel 
 
 . 16 
 
 6 
 
 Length of nave . 
 
 . 48 
 
 6 
 
 Width of nave . 
 
 . 16 
 
 0 
 
 Width of aisle . 
 
 . 7 
 
 6 
 
 Ditto of pillar-base . 
 
 . 2 
 
 6 
 
 From floor to point of the arches 
 
 of nave 19 
 
 6 
 
 To wall-plate . 
 
 . . 1 
 
 0 
 
 From floor to wall-plate . 
 
 . 20 
 
 0 
 
 Spring of oak roof . 
 
 . 10 
 
 0 
 
 Total interior height of nave 
 
 . 30 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of chancel 
 
 . 20 
 
 0 
 
 ScAWBY, Lincolnshire. 
 
 The nave and chancel of this church 
 have been lately rebuilt^ under the super- 
 intendence of Mr. Nicholson^ architect^ of 
 Lincoln. The walls are of the oolitic 
 
190 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 stone found in the parish^ hammered so 
 as to form a neat surface^ with quoinings 
 and windows of smooth-worked Ancaster. 
 The colour of both harmonise excellently. 
 The Scawby stone is 2s. per ton at the 
 quarry ; and^ being only a quarter of a mile 
 from the river Ankholme^ which falls into 
 the Humber^ lies very convenient for the 
 south-eastern coast. The style is the early 
 English ; and the chief fault is that the 
 windows are too small. The sober lights 
 which is as rare as it is soothing to the 
 eye, contrasted with the naked glare 
 which deforms the interior of most mo- 
 dern churches, is in this carried to an 
 excess which produces on dark days an 
 absolute gloom. This might have been 
 obviated by making the windows of the 
 aisles double instead of single lights. The 
 arrangement of the chancel is good, and 
 the eastern window excellent. The roof 
 also is well designed. 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 19i 
 
 The appearance of the pews has been 
 spoilt by the usual application of paint ; 
 and the altar and pulpit have been covered 
 with black mourning cloth^ which is only 
 appropriate in Lent. The proportions are 
 
 follows : — 
 
 feet. 
 
 Width of nave . . . . 
 
 . 21 
 
 Width of aisles .... 
 
 . 11 
 
 Width of chancel .... 
 
 . 15 
 
 Height of nave to the pitch of roof 
 
 . 32 
 
 Height "of walls to the spring of roof 
 
 . 24 
 
 Height of pillars to capital 
 
 . 9 
 
 Width of arch .... 
 
 . H 
 
 Height of chancel .... 
 
 . 24 
 
192 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Church of St. Thomas, Preston. 
 
 Material, good stone; style, Norman; 
 the arrangement, a nave with side-aisles ; 
 eastward of which is the steeple, and be- 
 yond it an apsidal termination, wherein is 
 the altar raised on several steps. The 
 tower is surmounted by a spire (supposed 
 to be a later addition), and opening to 
 the nave in its second stage by a semicir- 
 cular arch, in which is placed the choir. 
 The arches and pillars of the nave are very 
 good : the cost not more than 3,500Z. 
 
 Bickleigh Church, near Plyynouth. 
 
 Built by Sir Ralph Lopez ; the material 
 granite, which extends to the arches and 
 pillars, and produces a good effect. The 
 piers are octagonal, of the Tudor form ; 
 the three aisles of equal length and height 
 (a feature common in Devonshire) ; no 
 pews, save for the rector and patron ; the 
 ends of the seats plain but neat ; the altar 
 and pulpit of stone ; the reading-desk, as 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 193 
 
 it ought always to be, a kind of stall ; the 
 roof plain ; the tower-arch open, and no 
 gallery. 
 
 There are more ornamented churches at 
 Cheetham Hill, near Manchester, (which 
 cost 13,000/.,) Oulton, near Leeds, and 
 Ombersley, in Worcestershire; but they 
 are none of them quite satisfactory. A 
 very excellent plan has been made by Mr. 
 Nicholson, of Lincoln, for a church to 
 hold 1000 people, with a spire with bands 
 like those on Salisbury, on a tower with 
 double belfry window’s, something like 
 those at Magdalen College. The body of 
 the church without side-aisles, terminat- 
 ing in transepts not quite so high as the 
 nave, with a chancel beyond. The win- 
 dows and decorations in the perpendicular 
 style, and altogether affording a most sa- 
 tisfactory proof of correct taste. 
 
 s 
 
194 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Proposed New Church at Gainsborough, 
 Lincolnshire, 
 
 A plan has been chosen, made by Mr. 
 Johnson of Lichfield. The building is cru- 
 ciform, without aisles, with a tower and 
 spire at the western end. The transepts 
 are long, and, together with the chancel, 
 of the same height as the nave ; the style 
 early English ; the roof of open wood- 
 work ; the pulpit of stone, at the south-east 
 angle of the cross, entered by steps from 
 the chancel ; the free sittings in the nave, 
 to the number of nearly 500, open; and 
 the whole of the pews and roof to be of 
 pine, coloured with oil, and varnished. 
 There will be a western gallery in the 
 nave, and provision for two galleries in 
 the transepts, provided they should be 
 hereafter required. The church is to 
 held, without them, about 800 souls. 
 This church was especially needed, as 
 the population of the town is upwards of 
 
NEW CHURCHES. 
 
 195 
 
 6000 ^ and in the single parish - church 
 there are only 80 free seats. 
 
 With such gratifying instances of indi- 
 vidual zeal and liberality (and there are 
 others which might have been named^ had 
 the particulars been at hand)^ there is 
 good hope that the Church will exhibit a 
 brighter light than she has put forth for 
 many ages 5 that those who have been 
 estranged from her will be drawn again 
 into her communion^ whilst her faithful 
 children shall be found more and more 
 active in rebuilding and adorning her 
 courts^ and in all other true and laudable 
 service ; thereby promoting that unity and 
 concord which are the especial birthright 
 of the one Catholic and Apostolic Church. 
 
 Haugham, Lincolnshire, 
 
 The church has been lately rebuilt by 
 the Rev. George Chapliii;, at the expense 
 of about 1600 /. 
 
196 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 The dimensions are as follows : — 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 Length of nave .... 
 
 . 34 
 
 Ditto of chancel .... 
 
 . 16 
 
 Width of nave .... 
 
 . 18 
 
 Ditto of chancel .... 
 
 . 12 
 
 Height of tower .... 
 
 . 42 
 
 Spire 
 
 . 42 
 
 The tower and spire, which are the 
 
 chief features of the church. 
 
 are taken 
 
 from their magnificent neighbour at Louth. 
 
 The materials of the church 
 
 are brick 
 
 cemented; the plinth^ windows^ cornice^ 
 and parapet, of stone, as are also the four 
 angular turrets, flying buttresses, and the 
 spire. 
 
BELLS. 
 
 How soft the music of those village-hells. 
 Falling at intervals upon the ear 
 In cadence sweet, now dying all away, 
 
 Now pealing loud again, and louder stDl, 
 
 Clear and sonorous, as the gale comes on ! 
 With easy force it opens all the cells 
 Where Memory slept.” Cowper. 
 
 A LIST of some of the principal bells is subjoined, 
 for those who are curious in such matters. 
 
 Mears, of Whitechapel, is the most noted founder 
 in England. The following peals of bells were cast 
 by him. He had the honour of re-casting Great 
 Tom of Lincoln. 
 
 LOCALITIES. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Weight of 
 the Tenor in 
 cwt. 
 
 St. Mary-le-Bow, London 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 York Minster 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 St. Peter’s Mancroft, Norwich 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 St. Chad, Shrewsbury .... 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 Sheffield, Yorkshire .... 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 St. Martin, Birmingham 
 
 12 
 
 36 
 
 St. Giles, Cripplegate, London 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 Oldham, Lancashire .... 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 St. Leonard, Shoreditch 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 Rotherham 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 St. Michael, Coventry ... . 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 Wakefield, Yorkshire .... 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
198 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 LOCALITIES. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Weight of 
 the Tenor in 
 cwt. 
 
 St. Dunstan, Stepney .... 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 Christ Church, Spitalfields . 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 Doncaster 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 Maidstone 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 St. Margaret’s, Lynn .... 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 Beccles 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 St. Philip, Birmingham 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 St. George, Middlesex .... 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 St. Botolph, Aldgate .... 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 Leeds* 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 St. Paul’s, Bedford .... 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 Leighton Buzzard 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 These, with a vast many smaller peals, were cast 
 by Mears. His prices for small peals of bells in 
 1834, which of course vary according to the price of 
 metal, were as follow : — 
 
 Four Bells. Tenor F. Sharp. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1st 7% 
 
 2d 93^ 
 
 3d 11 
 
 4th 15 
 
 In all about 42 cwt. of metal, price 274^. 8#. 
 
 Six Bells, Tenor G. Natural. 
 
 cwt. qrs. lbs. 
 
 1st .... 4 2 12 
 
 2d .... 5 1 18 
 
 3d .... 6 1 0 
 
 * Consisting of a peal of twelve in the key of C., with a thir- 
 
 teenth bell for the note of F. sharp, which enables them to ring 
 a peal of eight in the key of G. 
 
BELLS. 
 
 199 
 
 cwt. qrs. lbs. 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 6th 
 
 . 6 2 24/ 
 
 . 7 2 20 
 
 . 9 3 24 
 
 In all about 40 cwt., 261Z 5s. Sd, 
 
 These make a beautiful peal, similar to the old 
 Lady Bells at Lincoln. 
 
 Sio! Bells. Tenor A. Sharp. 
 36 cwt. of metal, 238Z, 6^. 6c?. 
 
 Four Bells. A. Sharp. 
 28 cwt. of metal, 185?. 14^. 8<i. 
 
 Si.z’ Bells. G. Sharp. 
 38 cwt. of metal, 248?. 
 
 Timber for the frame will be found by the persons 
 in the country. Mr. Mears furnishes every thing 
 else — hanging, journey, and all included. 
 
 Oldfield was a celebrated founder in the seven- 
 teenth century. He cast the fine peal at St. Mary's 
 Nottingham; also some of the eight bells in St. 
 Hugh's Tower, Lincoln Minster, and four of the six 
 Lady^ Bells belonging to the same cathedral ; one 
 of which being cracked, they were taken down in 
 1832, and added to the metal of the old Great Tom, 
 
 ♦ This sweet-toned peal used to be chimed by the choristers 
 on Lady-day. 
 
200 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 and the new bell, with two quarter-bells, cast out 
 of the whole together. 
 
 Harrison, of Lincolnshire, was a noted bell- 
 founder, but has not done much lately. 
 
 There is a celebrated peal of twelve bells at Christ 
 Church, Oxford ; they are of old date. One of the 
 deans, who was very fond of the melody of bells, it 
 is said, used to declare, that if he could only obtain 
 the Lady Bell of Bampton, he would make them 
 the sweetest ring in all England; and it may be 
 supposed he did obtain it, for they are surpassed 
 by none. 
 
 Heavy Bells. 
 
 St. Mary’s Churcli has 6 
 
 New College 10 
 
 Merton College 8 
 
 Magdalen College 10 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral 10 
 
 Louth Church, Lincolnshire, a very heavy peal of 8 
 
 Boston 8 
 
 Newark 8 
 
 Grantham 10 
 
 Exeter Cathedral 10 
 
 Christ Church, Hants . . . (tenor, 30 cwt.) 8 
 
 One of the bells belonging to Fountains' Abbey, 
 in Yorkshire, is now in Thirsk Church, and is used 
 to ring curfew. It has what is termed a most sil- 
 very sound. It is erroneous to suppose, however, 
 that any great quantity of silver is to be found in 
 
BELLS. 
 
 201 
 
 old bell-metal, or that it improves the tone.* It 
 was the custom of ancient times, whilst the metal 
 W”as in fusion, for people to cast in silver by way 
 of offerings ; and when the old Great Tom of Lin- 
 coln was recast from a still older bell, in King 
 Jameses time, in a temporary foundery erected in 
 the minster- yard, it is on record that many inha- 
 bitants cast in silver tankards and spoons. But 
 when this bell was unfortunately cracked in 1828 , 
 the metal was subjected to a test, and the propor- 
 tion of silver was found to be very small. 
 
 tons. cwt. 
 
 The old hell was 4 8 
 
 The new belli* 5 8 
 
 Great Tom of Oxford, the largest bell in England 7 0 
 
 St. Paul’s bell 3 15 
 
 Bell Dunstan, Canterbury . . . . 3 10 
 
 Gloucester bell 3 2 
 
 Exeter bell, Peter, is larger than St. Paul’s. 
 
 * The great art in bell-founding is to proportion the metals, 
 so that the heat which is requisite to reduce them to fusion, 
 and which wastes some more than others, should leave the bell 
 with a proper portion of each when completed. 
 
 t The inscription is copied from the old one, with the ex- 
 ception of the names of the residentiaries and the date. It is 
 as follows : “ Spiritus sanctus a Patre et Filio procedens sua- 
 viter sonans ad salutem.” Anno Domini 1835. Martii 25, 
 regni Gulielmi Quart! Brittaniarum 5°. Georgius Gordon, 
 D.D., Decanus ; Ricardus Pretyman, M.A., Precentor; Geor- 
 gius Thomas Pretyman, B.C.L., Cancellarius ; Thomas Man- 
 ners Sutton, M.A., Subdecanus et Magister Fabricise. 
 
202 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 Great Tom of Lincoln is rung out as a sermon- 
 bell, after the other bells have ceased, on the great 
 festivals of the Church, on Assize Sundays, and 
 when the bishop or a residentiary preaches ; and 
 has been heard, it is said, sixteen miles down the 
 river when the wind was fair. 
 
 The great bell at Oxford is tolled every evening 
 at nine o’clock, a hundred and one times, the num- 
 ber of the students, at the closing of college-gates. 
 It has been said that Milton, who wrote his '' Pen- 
 seroso” whilst residing near Shotover, had reference 
 to the sound of this bell, borne over the waters in 
 the time of flood, in the lines — 
 
 “ Over some wide-watered shore, 
 
 Swinging slow, with sullen roar.” 
 
 The bells abroad very far surpass ours in point 
 of size ; but they have rarely any peals in tens, oc- 
 taves, or sixes, like ours. There are very large bells 
 at Strasbourg, Chartres, Gothenburg, Stockholm, 
 Lausanne, Geneva, St. Mark’s Tower at Venice ; 
 at Florence, both in the Campanile of the Duo mo, 
 and in the Palazzo Vecchio ; in the Duomo at 
 Milan ; at Rome, &c. But Russia surpasses all 
 other countries in the magnitude of its bells. The 
 great bell of Moscow, which has never been hung 
 up, is 432,000lbs., which is upwards of 192 tons. 
 
BELLS. 
 
 203 
 
 The bell of St. Ivans, which is hung/ and used, is 
 119 tons. Dr. Clarke says, when it is sounded, a 
 solemn murmur pervades the whole city. The 
 Bourdon Emanuel, at Notre Dame, Paris, is a 
 magnificent bell : it weighs 32,000lbs. or 14 tons. 
 There were two of them, but one was destroyed at 
 the Revolution ; and this one has often with its 
 deep notes sounded the tocsin during that reign of 
 terror. 
 
 The great bell of St. Peter’s, Rome, recast in 
 1785, is 8 tons 6 cwt. 
 
 Those of St. Maria Maggiore and St. John La- 
 teran have a remarkably fine tone. 
 
 The great bell of the Palazzo Vecchio, at Flo- 
 rence, is 7 tons, and hangs 275 feet from the 
 ground. 
 
 The great bell, called Roland, in the belfry of the 
 Hotel de Ville, Ghent, is nearly 13,000lbs., and 
 was cast by Jean van Roosbecke. 
 
 The great bell of Antwerp Cathedral, 12,500lbs. 
 weight, was cast in 1828. 
 
 In the Duomo, at Milan, are several very large 
 bells ; and it is a proof of the vast strength of the 
 vaulting of that structure, which is roofed with 
 slabs of marble, that these are rung in a campanile 
 which was built upon the centre of the roof of the 
 
204 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 nave, when the plan of the detached bell-tower was 
 given up. 
 
 Many of the small churches in Switzerland are 
 furnished with heavy and deep -toned bells, which 
 sound beautifully from the valleys to the wanderer 
 among the mountains. Those who are fond of 
 such aerial music should read Schiller's '' Song of 
 the Bell," which has lately been translated by Mr. 
 Merivale. 
 
APPfiNDIX.^ 
 
 COMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN 
 CATHEDRALS, ^c. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 bb 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■£ " 
 
 •“.S 
 
 Heigrht of 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 0 c 
 
 0 
 
 PQ 
 
 CiT s 
 <U k. 
 
 
 Dome, Tower, or 
 Spire. 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 St. Peter’s, Rome . . 
 
 700 
 
 291 
 
 500 
 
 154 
 
 440, dome 
 
 Duomo, Florence . . 
 
 530 
 
 131 
 
 323 
 
 140 
 
 380, dome 
 
 Duomo, Milan . . . 
 
 500 
 
 177 
 
 284 
 
 152 1 
 
 400, spire -pin- 
 nacle 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Was burnt down. 
 
 St. Paul’s, Rome . . . 
 
 572 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 but is being re- 
 
 St. Petronio, Bologna,^ 
 nave only complete, f 
 
 
 132 
 
 
 \ 
 
 132 
 
 stored 
 
 would have been 700 T 
 feet long ... .3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Antonio, Padua . . 
 
 326 
 
 — 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 128, dome inside 
 
 St. Giustina, Padua . . 
 
 
 
 
 252 
 
 82 
 
 
 ■St. Anastasia, Verona . 
 
 300 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 St. Maria Maggiore, I 
 Rome .... J 
 
 280 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 Duomo, Bologna . . . 
 
 — 
 
 84 
 
 — 
 
 120 
 
 
 Duomo, Pisa .... 
 
 297 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 S. Domenico, Siena . . 
 
 225 
 
 75 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 Medicean Chapel, Flo - 1 
 
 rence j 
 
 Campanile at Florence, 'I 
 
 - 
 
 94 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 200 , dome inside 
 264 feet high by 46 
 
 built by Giotto, a.d. > 
 
 1334 ) 
 
 St. Marco, Venice, \ 
 length of nave 245 ft. j 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 — 
 
 201 
 
 — 
 
 90, dome inside 
 
 Baptistery, Pisa . . . 
 
 — 
 
 160 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 176, dome 
 
 Garisenda, Bologna . . 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 376, tower 
 
 Pantheon, Rome . . . 
 Falling Tower, Pisa, ^ 
 
 — 
 
 144 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 144, dome 
 194 
 
 overhangs 15 feet . 3 
 Campanile of S. Mar- 'I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO, Venice, without [• 
 the Pyramid . . .) 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 230 
 
 * This scale has been made from various authorities and personal 
 observation ; but, in some cases, it is not clear whether the measure- 
 ments have been taken in French or English feet. 
 
 T 
 
206 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 «*- 
 
 
 
 
 — .'S 
 
 
 C hi) 
 
 ■“.5 
 
 Height of 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 o 'a 
 
 o 2 
 
 
 
 Dome, Tower, or 
 
 ■ 
 
 h " 
 M 
 
 
 "S rt 
 
 Spire. 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 Amiens 
 
 442 
 
 119 
 
 194 
 
 140 
 
 223, W. tower 
 
 Rouen 
 
 408 
 
 93 
 
 176 
 
 94 
 
 380, spire* 
 
 Chartres 
 
 418 
 
 115 
 
 200 
 
 120 1 
 
 403, N.W. spire 
 365, S.W. spire 
 
 Rheims Cathedral . . 
 
 466 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 121 
 
 Beauvais, choir only \ 
 finished j 
 
 260 
 
 94 
 
 189 
 
 130 
 
 
 S. Denis 
 
 480 
 
 100 
 
 — 
 
 90 
 
 
 S. Genevieve, Paris . . 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 270 
 
 
 
 300, dome 
 
 Notre Dame, Paris . . 
 
 400 
 
 101 
 
 150 
 
 104 
 
 204, west towers 
 
 St. Ouen, Rouen . . . 
 
 450 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 Abbey of Jumieges . . 
 
 265 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 St. Benigne, Dijon . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 375 
 
 St. Jean, Dijon . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 300 
 
 Evreux 
 
 311 
 
 83 
 
 — 
 
 72 
 
 142 
 
 Strasbourg 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 474, spire 
 
 Length of the Louvre Gallery, 1322 feet by 44. 
 
 Length of the two longest sides of the cloister at La Grande 
 Chartreuse, 600 feet. 
 
 GERMANY, &C. 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 Total 
 
 Length. 
 
 Total, 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 If 
 
 W) a 
 
 S c3 
 u u 
 ►J r* 
 
 Height of 
 Vaulting. 
 
 Height of 
 Dome, Tower, or 
 Spire. 
 
 Cologne, choir only! 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 180 1 
 
 feet. 
 
 260, half its in- 
 
 completed . . . . j 
 
 
 
 
 tended height 
 
 Antwern 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 180 
 
 — 
 
 460, tower steeple 
 
 St. Stephen’s, Vienna . 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 465, spire 
 
 Fribourg, in Switzerland 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 365, tower 
 
 St. Martin’s, Landshutt 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 456 
 
 Brussels Hotel de Ville 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 364 
 
 Escurial Church . . . 
 
 364 
 
 230 
 
 — 
 
 110 
 
 330, dome 
 
 S. Sophia, Constants I 
 nople / 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 180, dome inside 
 
 Mechlin Tower . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 375 
 
 * This spire was burnt down ; a more lofty one of cast-iron is in the 
 course of being erected. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 207 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 
 ^ bn 
 o a 
 
 ^•5 
 
 o 
 
 c’l 
 
 O bh 
 
 ■“.5 
 
 Height of 
 Dome, Tower, or 
 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 
 Spire. 
 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 
 
 720 
 
 
 297 
 
 102 1 
 
 534, spire of wood. 
 
 Old St. Paul’s . . . 
 
 
 — 
 
 covered with 
 lead 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 New St. Paul’s . . . 
 
 
 510 
 
 107 
 
 282 
 
 88 
 
 356, dome 
 
 Winton 
 
 
 556 
 
 — 
 
 208 
 
 78 
 
 133, tower 
 
 Canterbury .... 
 
 
 530 
 
 — 
 
 124 
 
 80 
 
 235, tower 
 
 Ely 
 
 
 530 
 
 — 
 
 178 
 
 70 
 
 270, west tower 
 
 York Minster . . . 
 
 
 524 
 
 100 
 
 222 
 
 99 
 
 f 
 
 213, tower 
 285, tower. Had 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 formerly a spire 
 
 Lincoln Minster . . 
 
 
 524 
 
 83 
 
 250 
 
 83/ 
 
 of wood, cover- 
 ed with lead, 
 like old St. 
 Paul’s 
 
 St. Alban’s Abbey . 
 
 
 539 
 
 — 
 
 193 
 
 65 
 
 160, tower 
 
 Westminster Abbey 
 
 
 500 
 
 — 
 
 189 
 
 101 
 
 199, west towers 
 
 Peterborough . . . 
 
 
 480 
 
 ~70 
 
 203 
 
 78 
 
 186, tower 
 
 Salisbury .... 
 
 
 474 
 
 229 
 
 80 
 
 404, spire 
 
 Worcester .... 
 
 
 426 
 
 — 
 
 128 
 
 65 
 
 200, tower 
 
 Gloucester .... 
 
 
 423 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 86 
 
 225, tower 
 
 Lichfield .... 
 
 
 411 
 
 — 
 
 187 
 
 60 
 
 258, spire 
 
 Norwich 
 
 
 414 
 
 — 
 
 180 
 
 80 
 
 315, spire 
 300, spire 
 
 Chichester .... 
 
 
 410 
 
 — 
 
 131 
 
 65 
 
 Ripon Minster . . 
 
 
 233 
 
 87 
 
 — 
 
 82 
 
 Beverley Minster . . 
 
 
 334 
 
 64 
 
 167 
 
 67 
 
 166, west towers 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 
 — 
 
 71 
 
 124 
 
 75 
 
 130, tower 
 
 Tewksbury .... 
 
 
 300 
 
 — 
 
 120 
 
 — 
 
 132, tower 
 
 Malvern 
 
 
 173 
 
 63 
 
 — 
 
 63 
 
 124, tower 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 300 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 300, tower lantern 
 
 Louth 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 288, spire 
 
 St. Saviour, Southwark 
 
 272 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 150, tower 
 
 Magdalen Tower . . 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 122 feet high by 26 
 
 Taunton 
 
 
 
 
 — ■ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1.53 
 
 St. Mary’s Spire, Oxford 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 180 
 
 St. Bride’s, London . 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 234 
 
 St. Mary-le-Bow . . 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 225 
 
 RUINED ABBEYS. 
 
 351 I 65 I 186 I 
 287 — — 
 
 344 I — I — I 
 
 Fountains 
 Furness . 
 Crowland 
 
 166, tower 
 
208 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 Total 
 
 Length. 
 
 Total 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Length of 
 Transept. 
 
 Height of 
 Vaulting. 
 
 Heiarht of 
 Dome, Tower, or 
 Spire. 
 
 Glastonbury* .... 
 
 feet. 
 
 530 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 
 St. Mary’s,*York . . . 
 
 371 
 
 60 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Selby 
 
 267 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 Thornton 
 
 282 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Pershore 
 
 267 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Lindisfarn . ; . . . 
 
 138 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Bolton Priory .... 
 
 261 
 
 40 
 
 121 
 
 — 
 
 
 From the foregoing list, it will be observed, that 
 the three great Italian cathedrals surpass all the 
 others in magnitude. Cologne Cathedral, and the 
 Church of St. Petronius at Bologna, would have 
 each been upwards of 700 feet in length. The 
 former, if completed, would have been by far the 
 noblest pointed structure in the world, with two 
 western spires 520 feet high, and a vault higher 
 than the towers of most churches and of many 
 cathedrals. St. Petronius was to have been cased 
 with marble : it has the pointed arch, but the style 
 is similar to that of St. Anastasia at Verona, the 
 Church of the Frari at Venice, and other Lombard 
 churches. 
 
 The designs of the French are greatly superior to 
 
 ♦ Leland says the library was scarcely to be equalled by 
 any in England. “ I had scarce passed the threshold, when 
 the sight of so many sacred remains of antiquity struck me 
 with awe and astonishment, so that for a moment I hesitated.” 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 209 
 
 those of the English cathedrals, both in boldness, 
 height, and decoration ; but they are rarely com- 
 pleted. Rheims, St. Ouen, Amiens, and Auxerre, 
 are exceptions ; but the latter wants the upper por- 
 tion of one tower. 
 
 The English cathedrals are generally completed, 
 and are usually longer than those on the Continent ; 
 but they are rarely uniform according to the ori- 
 ginal design, with the exception of Salisbury. This 
 has been attributed by some to the richness of the 
 sees, and the rivalry which existed among the bi- 
 shops, in adding to and exceeding the plans of their 
 predecessors ; but they seem generally to have pro- 
 portioned their additions to the more ancient parts 
 of the building, never aspiring to those gigantic 
 elevations which would have required them to puli 
 down and begin de novo. By this means they were 
 enabled to complete their work. 
 
 The French churches are generally terminated 
 by a round apsis, or pentagonal eastern end, whilst 
 the great eastern window is peculiar to England. 
 Of these last, Gloucester, York, Lincoln, and Car- 
 lisle, exhibit the most striking examples. 
 
 The comparative lowness of the vaulting and 
 roofs of the English cathedrals must always render 
 them greatly deficient in one of the chief beauties 
 of pointed architecture. The ridge of the roof of 
 
210 
 
 ANCIENT MODELS. 
 
 York Minster is 112 feet, Salisbury 115, Lincoln 
 120, St. PauLs 112, Westminster Abbey 140; 
 whilst Amiens is 208, Beauvais about the same, 
 and Chartres 165. The side-aisles of Amiens in 
 the interior are 65 feet high, whilst those of Salis^ 
 bury are 38. 
 
 The French porches and rose-windows are mag- 
 nificent, particularly those of Amiens, Notre Dame, 
 Rouen, Beauvais, Evreux, Chartres, Sens. The 
 rose-windows of Notre Dame are 40 feet in dia- 
 meter. The English cathedrals are very deficient 
 in these noble features. The only rose-windows of 
 any magnitude are those at York, Lincoln, and 
 Westminster. The diameter of the latter is 30 feet. 
 
 The French cathedrals are rarely furnished with 
 a central tower. Rouen and Autun are exceptions ; 
 aud Evreux has a lantern somewhat similar to Ely. 
 A magnificent central tower was raised at Beauvais, 
 to the height of 518 French feet; but from being 
 built before the nave was commenced, it fell a few 
 years afterwards on that side. From the descrip- 
 tion and drawings which remain in the possession 
 of a gentleman near Beauvais, it must have been a 
 master-piece of beauty ; being constructed with oc- 
 tagon stories, rising above each other, all filled with 
 stained glass, and open to the cathedral below, so 
 that the spectator could look up from the pavement 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 211 
 
 to the amazing height of 450 feet. On high fes- 
 tivals of the Church it was illuminated by an im- 
 mense lamp hung half-way down, and must have 
 had a striking effect when seen through the gloom 
 of night. 
 
 With the English cathedrals the central tower is 
 a principal feature, and greatly improves the ap- 
 pearance of buildings which, without it, would ap- 
 pear much too long for their height. 
 
 LINCOLN CATHEDRAL. 
 
X 
 
 LONDON ; 
 
 PRINTED BY ROBSON, LEVEY, AND FRANKLYN, 
 -*6 St. Martin’s Lane. 
 
 J 
 
■V..- 
 

 
 f ■ 
 
 K ’ ’ 
 
 ■ > 
 
 I - 
 
 
 * 
 
r 
 
 V 
 
 GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE . 
 
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