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The letters in the above Section refer to flan of Hues Tig.3. .Plate 3. 
 
 Published for the Author 12^August by Winchester and Vamham. 61. Strand 1 
 

 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2018 with funding from 
 Getty Research Institute 
 
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 https://archive.org/details/practicaltreatisOOhior 
 
A 
 
 PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE COMMON MODE IN 
 WHICH THEY ARE BUILT; 
 
 WITH AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 THE NEWLY-INVENTED TUNNEL; 
 
 DEMONSTRATING 
 
 ITS UTILITY AND SAFETY; ITS IMPORTANCE IN SUPERSEDING THE PAINFUL PRACTICE 
 OF EMPLOYING CLIMBING-BOYS; THE REMEDY WHICH IT AFFORDS FOR THE 
 NUISANCE OF SMOKY FLUES; AND THE ADVANTAGES TO BE DE¬ 
 RIVED FROM ITS RENDERING THOSE LOFTY SHAFTS, WITH 
 THEIR NUMEROUS UNSIGHTLY CONTRIVANCES 
 AT PRESENT IN USE, ENTIRELY 
 UNNECESSARY: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS FOR ITS ADOPTION, 
 
 WHEREBY A COMPETENT JUDGMENT MAY BE FORMED OF THE CAUSES WHICH PREVENT THE 
 FREE ASCENT OF SMOKE IN CHIMNEYS, AND WORKMEN MAY BE ENABLED 
 TO APPLY A CURE FOR SO SERIOUS AN EVIL. 
 
 ALSO TABLES AND CALCULATIONS, BY WHICH ESTIMATES OF THE 
 EXPENSE CAN BE FRAMED. 
 
 By JOHN WILLIAM HIORT, Architect, 
 
 THE INVENTOR AND PATENTEE ; 
 
 Chief Examiner in His Majesty’s Office of Works and Public 
 Buildings, Whitehall. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY 
 
 WINCHESTER AND YARNHAM, 61, STRAND. 
 
 MDCCCXXVI. 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting the following Treatise to public 
 attention, the author is aware that by some per¬ 
 sons it may be deemed an act of great pre¬ 
 sumption; he therefore considers it his duty 
 not only to offer an apology for so doing, but 
 to state the reasons which have induced him to 
 adopt this course. 
 
 When the patent had been obtained, and the 
 Patentee was endeavouring to bring it into ge¬ 
 neral notice, he found it indispensable that the 
 operative bricklayer should comprehend its in¬ 
 tention and general principle, as well as its 
 practical utility. With a view to effect this 
 object, a few foremen to builders, and brick¬ 
 layers, were assembled together; and with the 
 aid of drawings and models, he exemplified 
 the improvement in the architectural construc¬ 
 tion of chimneys, and the mode of building 
 them. This course of proceeding soon obtained 
 
iv 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 publicity; the subject excited a considerable 
 degree of curiosity ; and applications to be pre¬ 
 sent at these explanatory exhibitions, or rather 
 what the public has been pleased to designate 
 lectures, were received from all quarters: and 
 although the subject may appear to many per- 
 sqns of a trivial character, yet, at this time, it 
 assumed a consequence which the Patentee 
 never anticipated; for individuals unconnected 
 with, as well as those deeply engaged in, archi¬ 
 tectural pursuits, have been greatly interested 
 in the success of this invention. Amongst the 
 former may be enumerated, gentlemen con¬ 
 nected with the proposed revision of the Build¬ 
 ing Act; the directors of the several Fire 
 Offices ; the Society for superseding the Neces¬ 
 sity of Climbing Boys; gentlemen of high 
 literary talents ; members of the Society of Arts 
 and Sciences; and others who have no doubt 
 been annoyed by the inconvenience of a smoky 
 fire-side: all of whom have expressed themselves 
 highly in its favour, and are satisfied that this 
 invention has a tendency to forward the several 
 objects which they respectively have in view. 
 
 The Patentee was fully aware of the difficul¬ 
 ties he had to encounter in endeavouring to 
 overcome deeply-rooted prejudices, as well as 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 V 
 
 by introducing as a universal theorem, a prin¬ 
 ciple differing in all its parts from the practice 
 of several centuries: he was, nevertheless, 
 resolved to attempt the invention of a 
 chimney divested of ajl the evils incidental to 
 the old mode of construction. To effect this 
 object, the first step necessary was to trace out 
 the sources from which the defects originated; 
 and without arrogating to himself a knowledge 
 superior to other architects, (being convinced 
 that every professional man is equally con¬ 
 versant with this subject,) he has, by way of 
 groundwork for the various operations detailed 
 in this publication, offered to the perusal of the 
 public, an enumeration of the points which ap¬ 
 peared, upon actual experiment, from personal 
 observation, and from the experience derived 
 from thirty-six years 5 practice in His Majesty's 
 Office of Works, to produce the impediments 
 to the free ascent of smoke in chimneys. 
 
 The Patentee has not only the satisfaction of 
 knowing that his invention has received the un¬ 
 qualified and unbiassed approbation of the most 
 eminent scientific men, but also of those conver¬ 
 sant with the practical part of the building profes¬ 
 sion ; men who are competent to enter into and 
 investigate its minutiae, and of deciding upon its 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 merits, as well on behalf of the public as for 
 themselves. All concur that the principle is 
 self-evident and unique ; but a still greater gra¬ 
 tification has resulted to the Patentee, in con¬ 
 sequence of their unqualified and favourable 
 decision, by its introduction in its incipient 
 state into the Royal Palaces now erecting in 
 St. James’s Park, and several public buildings. 
 Thus encouraged, and under a full conviction 
 of the propriety of giving publicity to the in¬ 
 vention, the Patentee has ventured to commu¬ 
 nicate its principles and advantages to the world 
 in the shape of a treatise, relying on an im¬ 
 partial and unprejudiced consideration of the 
 facts which it contains; the more particularly 
 as the entire details of the invention have 
 been digested and arranged at periods to¬ 
 tally unconnected with the performance of 
 the important functions of his official situa¬ 
 tion. It is very remarkable that notwith¬ 
 standing the number of years which have elapsed 
 since flues were first constructed, it does not 
 appear that any individual has succeeded in 
 producing either a material or a method by 
 which a substantial improvement in the ar¬ 
 chitectural construction of chimneys could be 
 offered to the favourable notice of the public. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 although patents without number have been 
 granted for the partial remedy of the various 
 evils. 
 
 This subject will consist of three divisions, 
 viz.: 
 
 First,—A description of the present mode of 
 constructing chimneys, and the defects inci¬ 
 dental thereto. 
 
 Second,—A description of the newly-invented 
 flue or tunnel. 
 
 Third,—A series of definitions and instruc¬ 
 tions to workmen, not only to build the new 
 chimney, but to apply the principle to chimneys 
 already constructed. 
 
 To the builder and operative bricklayer, the 
 Patentee hopes this work will be acceptable, 
 and useful as a complete vade mecum to the 
 subject upon which it treats: and, perhaps, it 
 may tend to stimulate the young aspiring artist 
 to attempt an achievement of some amendment; 
 the Patentee not having the vanity to suppose 
 that his system is unsusceptible of a yet greater 
 improvement, but that like the rough diamond 
 it is ready to receive its polish from the hands of 
 the more skilful master, and thereby add to its 
 intrinsic worth. 
 
The Attention of the Public is 'particularly directed 
 to the Supplement which follows the Index, 
 and the Note thereto annexed . 
 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 A Description of the present Mode of constructing 
 Chimneys , and the Defects incidental thereto. 
 
 According to the prevailing mode of construc¬ 
 tion, the throat of the chimney near the mantle, 
 and immediately over the fire (commonly called 
 the gathering wing), is so large as to contain Gathering 
 more air than can be heated by the fuel ordi¬ 
 narily consumed. The vent or flue being ventornue. 
 formed with angles, and as the smoke ascends 
 in a circular spiral column, those angles serve 
 as conductors for the colder air, which, natu¬ 
 rally descending, supplies the throat of the 
 chimney more quickly than the fire can con¬ 
 sume or rarefy, and therefore by means of the 
 angles of the fire-place connects with the cold 
 air nearest the floor, causing one continued 
 stream from the top to the bottom, on the 
 principle of a syphon, and attracts with it 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 Divisions or 
 wyths. 
 
 Air in adjoin¬ 
 ing chimney. 
 
 Porous qua¬ 
 lity of bricks. 
 
 into the room a portion of the smoke *. The 
 plan of the common vent or flue is generally 
 a parallelogram of fourteen inches by nine. 
 (See plate 3, fig. 8.) This form is intended for 
 the purpose of admitting a boy to cleanse it, 
 but the smoke way would be equally good in a 
 flue nine inches by nine. 
 
 Thus, as the form of the chimney is calcu¬ 
 lated to encourage and retain, so likewise the 
 - materials and workmanship serve to generate 
 or admit the colder air, the outside rim and 
 divisions between the flues (commonly called 
 wyths) not being of sufficient substance to 
 prevent the air within the chimney becoming 
 condensed by the effects of the atmosphere, 
 or by the cold current in an adjoining chim¬ 
 ney where there may not be a fire: these 
 rims and divisions are generally built of brick 
 four inches and a half in thickness. The porous 
 nature of a brick is well known, and the effect 
 on the air within the chimney produced by 
 brick-work when saturated with water, may be 
 
 * The only temporary remedy for this inconvenience is 
 opening a door or a window in the apartment, which creates 
 a stronger opposing current of air. 
 
PART THE FIRST. 
 
 3 
 
 easily conceived by an experiment performed 
 upon a common porous wine cooler. 
 
 The only means at present used to counteract 
 this effect, is pargetting or plastering the inside 
 of the flue: this when perfectly dry may for a 
 time answer the purpose, but the soot soon ad¬ 
 heres thereto, and this evil is increased in pro¬ 
 portion to the injury occasioned by frequent 
 scraping, as well as by the rapid decay of the 
 pargetting, which is itself of a perishable nature. 
 The pargetting being removed by these causes, 
 the mortar in the joints of the brick-work be¬ 
 comes decomposed by the action of the cold air 
 on the outside, and the heat within the shaft; 
 hence the necessity for frequent pointing on 
 the outside of the chimney. 
 
 It is a mistaken idea that the application of 
 turn-caps, wind-guards, $*c., will in every in¬ 
 stance correct the defects of a flue, for it is not 
 the mouth of a chimney alone that is always 
 affected by the winds blowing from particular 
 points of the compass, the whole surface of 
 the stack being acted upon in the same manner, 
 when the mortar and the pargetting are in a 
 decomposed and decayed state; and it may be 
 
 Pargetting. 
 
 Frequent 
 pointing of 
 shafts. 
 
 Turn-caps, 
 
 wincl-guard3, 
 
 &c. 
 
4 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 Several flues 
 in one stack. 
 
 Turns and an¬ 
 gles in flues. 
 
 Flues injured 
 
 Driving plugs 
 
 Tacking rain¬ 
 water pipes, 
 &c. 
 
 remarked in all cases where there are several 
 flues in one stack, that the flue at the extreme 
 end of the shaft having three sides of it ex¬ 
 posed to the weather, becomes soonest affected 
 by the action of the wind and rain. (See a a, fig. 
 2, plate 2.) 
 
 There is not any part of a building which is 
 of necessity so frequently left to the judgment 
 of the operative workman, as the various turns 
 in flues; these turns, as at present constructed, 
 form angles in which the soot accumulates and 
 thereby produces obstructions to the easy pas¬ 
 sage of the smoke, the size of the flue being 
 also liable to be contracted in these turns as 
 well as other parts of the chimney, which, as a 
 passage for the smoke, is greatly injured by all 
 inequality of size and surface. 
 
 The brick-work, as before described, of which 
 the flues are constructed, being in one thick¬ 
 ness {viz., four and a half inches), see fig. 8, 
 plate 3, is liable to injury by plugs which are 
 frequently driven into the mortar joints for the 
 purpose of fixing joiner’s work, and accidents 
 by fire have often occurred from this practice; 
 plumbers are also in the habit of tacking rain- 
 
PART THE FIRST. 
 
 5 
 
 water pipes by driving spikes or wall-hooks 
 through the mortar joints into the flue ; and si¬ 
 milar mischief occurs by bricklayers cutting 
 putlog holes for scaffolding. 
 
 Many accidents arise from the unnecessary 
 heightening of a stack of chimneys in one con¬ 
 tinued line of shaft, as in plate 2, fig. 2. This 
 practice not only exposes them to serious danger 
 during high winds, but occasions an obstruction 
 to the course of the wind, which rushing 
 with increased velocity over the summit of the 
 shaft in a horizontal direction, prevents the 
 lighter air or smoke from rising or emerging 
 out of the flues, and a portion of the current is 
 frequently driven down the chimney. 
 
 It cannot therefore be supposed that the air 
 within a chimney-shaft built of such porous ma¬ 
 terial, and so exposed to the weather, will be 
 sufficiently rarefied to resist the action of any 
 partial current operating on the mouth of it. 
 
 The funnels or pots, in general use, for the 
 purpose of raising the top of a chimney beyond 
 the influence of the current, are externally of a 
 circular form. (See fig. 2, plate 2.) This form is 
 altogether erroneous, for the divided current of 
 
 Cutting put¬ 
 log holes. 
 
 Wide and 
 lofty shafts. 
 
 Circular pots 
 &c. 
 
6 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 Danger and 
 difficulty of 
 cleansing and 
 repairing. 
 
 Circular flues 
 on old system 
 too expen¬ 
 sive. 
 
 air closes immediately round the funnels or 
 pots, and, consequently, the outlet for the smoke 
 continues enveloped in the eddy. Chim¬ 
 neys built in the manner before described are 
 cleaned and repaired with much difficulty, 
 danger, and expense ; and in some instances to 
 repair them is totally impracticable. The only 
 expedient in such case is to take down and 
 rebuild them. 
 
 Circular flues have been preferred by many 
 architects, and have often been adopted, 
 but the trouble and expense of constructing 
 them, have prohibited their general use. It 
 does not therefore appear that hitherto any 
 systematic plan has been brought into prac¬ 
 tice to remove effectually all the evils be¬ 
 fore enumerated, or any form of material in¬ 
 vented for improving the present mode of con¬ 
 structing chimneys, by which the labours of the 
 workmen in building them could be simplified, 
 and the expense kept within reasonable bounds. 
 
 Having thus detailed the defects atten¬ 
 dant on the existing practice, the means to 
 be adopted for correcting them will be found 
 staled in the following division. 
 
7 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 A Description of the newly invented Flue or 
 Tunnel . 
 
 Within the usual thickness of walls, and in¬ 
 corporated with the common brick-work, circu¬ 
 lar smoke-flues or tunnels are built of any given 
 diameter. (See plate 1.) Each flue or tunnel 
 is surrounded in every direction from bottom to 
 top by cavities or warm-air chambers (see figs. 
 3 and 5, plate 3), commencing at the back of 
 every fire-place, and connected with each other, 
 as at d d d d, figs. 9, 10, A and B, plate 3. The 
 air confined within these chambers is, by the 
 heat of any one fire, rendered sufficiently warm 
 to prevent condensation within all the flues 
 contained in the same stack of chimneys. These 
 flues or tunnels are erected without difficulty, 
 may be carried to any extent, either perpendi¬ 
 cularly or horizontally, and can be adapted with 
 equal ease to every possible bend, turn, or di¬ 
 rection, without the smallest deviation from 
 their original form or capacity, or producing 
 internal angles of any description. 
 
 Circular flue 
 or tunnel. 
 
 Warm-air 
 
 chambers. 
 
 Facility of 
 construction 
 
8 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 Semicircular 
 back of fire» 
 place. 
 
 Angles in 
 
 fire-place 
 
 avoided. 
 
 Air passing 
 through the 
 fire. 
 
 Fire-places 
 formed under 
 windows. 
 
 The circular flue commences at the throat of 
 the chimney, below the usual line of the chim- 
 ney-barfand immediately over the fire (as at a , 
 fig. 4, plate 4, and at h, fig. 5, plate 4), and the 
 half circle continues thence down to the hearth, 
 forming the centre of the back of the fire-place. 
 (See bb, fig. 4, plate 4.) The usual filling inbrick- 
 work in setting stoves, by this means becomes 
 unnecessary, and the angles within the fire¬ 
 place may be altogether avoided,* as at a a , fig. 
 10, plate 4. Thus the throat of the chimney is 
 made to contain no more air than can be heated 
 by the fuel ordinarily consumed, nor can the air 
 of the room or chamber connect with that of 
 the chimney without passing through or coming 
 in contact with the fire ; and should the upper 
 part of the flue admit of a counter current of 
 descending colder air, it must, at a certain 
 point, become rarefied, and return with the cen¬ 
 tre spiral column of ascending smoke and heated 
 air. The flues in question are particularly ap¬ 
 plicable in instances where the fire-places are 
 necessarily formed under windows (as shewn 
 by fig. 3, plate 1.) 
 
 In building these flues or tunnels, no other 
 
 • Vide Supplement. 
 
PART THE SECOND. 
 
 9 
 
 material is used than the patentee’s newly-in¬ 
 vented bricks, and the cement by which they 
 are united. These bricks require no labour in 
 cutting, being made on systematic principles, 
 and when applied to the purposes intended, 
 the joints, both horizontally and vertically, are 
 as those of an arch, and therefore capable of re¬ 
 sisting great external pressure; and the rim of 
 the flue being in two thicknesses (as a t a aa a, 
 fig. 5, plate 3), the interior is essentially pro¬ 
 tected from any injury to which the outside 
 facing of the wall may be liable by plugs driven 
 into the mortar joints by carpenters, fyc; 
 the course of each flue being also denoted by a 
 stamp or mark on the front of every brick. 
 
 From the construction of these chimneys or 
 flues, and the nature of the materials of which 
 they consist, no danger need be apprehended 
 should the soot ignite, (an accident not very 
 likely to happen,) for such an accumulation of 
 soot as common chimneys are liable to, cannot 
 take place within these tunnels, there being no 
 angles in which the soot can lodge, the draught 
 of air through them being much stronger, and 
 the necessity for cleansing them rendered less 
 
 Patent bricks 
 require no 
 cutting. 
 
 Joints as of 
 an arch. 
 
 Rim of flue 
 in two thick¬ 
 nesses. 
 
 Course of 
 flues denoted 
 by stamp on 
 the face of 
 the bricks. 
 
 Soot not 
 liable to ig¬ 
 nite. 
 
 Necessity for 
 cleansing less 
 frequent. 
 
10 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 Inside of 
 bricks vitri¬ 
 fied. 
 
 Aid of climb¬ 
 ing boys un¬ 
 necessary. 
 
 Fines need 
 not be car¬ 
 ried up be¬ 
 yond a cer¬ 
 tain height. 
 
 Pluesinsome 
 instances 
 may be con¬ 
 cealed. 
 
 Chimneys 
 secure in 
 tempestuous 
 weather. 
 
 Termination 
 of chimneys. 
 
 frequent, by vitrifying the insides of the bricks, 
 to prevent adhesion ; nevertheless the operation 
 of cleansing may with facility be performed when 
 needful, without the aid of climbing boys, all 
 sharp angular turns, and other impediments, 
 which have hitherto prevented the use of ma¬ 
 chinery, being totally avoided. 
 
 These flues or chimneys do not require to be 
 carried up to a great height above the roof or 
 parapet in connected masses of brick-work, 
 forming a shaft, as at present practised. (See 
 fig. 2, plate 2.) 
 
 The tops or terminations of the newly-in¬ 
 vented chimneys may, in some situations, be 
 entirely concealed, that is to say, when the 
 chimneys rise in the valley of a double roof, it 
 is not requisite to carry the shaft so high as 
 the ridge (see fig. 3, plate 2); and if they are 
 not concealed, by their formation (not being re¬ 
 quired to be lofty) they are perfectly secure in 
 the most tempestuous weather. Each flue ter¬ 
 minates with a small brick or stone shaft, with 
 stone cap and base (see fig. 1 A, plate 4), so 
 contrived as to preserve to their summit a con¬ 
 tinuation of the hot air cavities. (See figs. 1 B, 
 
PART THE SECOND. 
 
 11 
 
 and 2 A B, plate 4.) These shafts have neither 
 chimney-pot, cowl, vane, nor any other unsightly 
 and expensive contrivance attached thereto, 
 being built so as to present, horizontally and 
 vertically, angles serving to divide or counteract 
 the force of strong gales and sudden gusts of 
 wind, or eddies proceeding from currents of air 
 obstructed by hills, high trees, or buildings. 
 It may not be deemed irrelevant here to re¬ 
 mark, that air and water are acted upon in the 
 same manner when any object is opposed to 
 the current of either ; hence it must have been 
 noticed, that a current of water obstructed by a 
 perpendicular, flat surface, would occasion a 
 sudden swell, and, consequently, flow over 
 the top with increased rapidity; and upon 
 the same principle, when a current of wind 
 drives against the front of a building, it will 
 rush horizontally over the summit, in a ratio ap¬ 
 portioned to the degree of obstruction. The 
 ancients, no doubt, soon discovered that this 
 sudden rush of wind prevented the smoke rising 
 and emerging out of the flues, built in the thick¬ 
 ness of their walls; in order, therefore, to carry 
 the mouth of their flues above the influence of 
 
 Shafts not 
 encumbered 
 with pots, 
 vanes, cowls, 
 &c. 
 
 Gales and 
 eddies of 
 wind,force 
 of counte¬ 
 racted. 
 
 Obstructions 
 to the current 
 of air and 
 water pro¬ 
 duce similar 
 effects. 
 
 Ancient 
 
 chimney. 
 
12 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 SI)aft to each 
 flue. 
 
 Modern 
 
 chimneys. 
 
 Several fines 
 in one shaft. 
 
 Chimney¬ 
 pots, cowls, 
 &c., intro¬ 
 duced. 
 
 the current, they erected a shaft to each chim¬ 
 ney, leaving spaces between them for the free 
 passage of the air (as fig. 1, plate 2). The 
 economy of more modern times has induced 
 builders, instead of carrying up separate shafts, 
 to blend the flues of all the chimneys in one 
 continued line or mass of brickwork (as shewn 
 by fig. 2, plate 2), without considering that by 
 so doing they created an obstruction to the 
 course of the wind, similar to that already de¬ 
 scribed ; and in consequence, the outlet for the 
 smoke became obstructed by the air rushing 
 horizontally over the chimney. This mode of 
 building shafts is continued at the present 
 period, and forms one of the grounds for in¬ 
 troducing pots, cowls, and a variety of other 
 unsightly contrivances, for the purpose of 
 protecting the mouth of the flues from the 
 effects of obstructed currents of air, created by 
 the unnecessary height and improper form of 
 the shaft: unlike the ancient shafts, which pre¬ 
 sented angles to divide, without obstructing the 
 course of the wind, the funnels, &c., now in 
 general use, are circular, and are perpetually 
 enveloped in the eddies which their own form 
 is calculated to produce. 
 
PART THE SECOND. 
 
 13 
 
 The ancient shafts being deemed indispensa¬ 
 ble, they were rendered conspicuous features 
 of a building: much care was taken in the work¬ 
 manship ; they were formed of stone or gauged 
 brick-work, with mouldings and projecting cor¬ 
 nices ; the materials were of the best kind, and 
 put together neatly by small joints of durable 
 cement. The modern terminations of chimneys 
 in general are built of bricks of a very ordinary 
 and porous quality, worked with thick joints of 
 common mortar ; the interior of the flue, there¬ 
 fore, is necessarily protected from the effects of 
 the atmosphere by the perishable substance 
 called pargetting, already described. The an¬ 
 cient chimney did not appear to require the aid 
 of cowls, vanes, or other, protections, to the 
 mouth of the flue, for the shaft terminating 
 with a projecting cornice, the top was conse¬ 
 quently sloped or weathered, to carry off rain 
 water ; and although the material utility of this 
 system might not at that period have been 
 known, yet it is quite obvious, that the wind 
 striking on the slope or weathering, took an as¬ 
 cending direction, and thereby assisted the 
 emission of the smoke; and it may be assumed 
 
 Ancient ter¬ 
 mination of 
 chimneys. 
 
 Modern ter¬ 
 mination of 
 chimneys. 
 
 Pargetting. 
 
 Sloping or 
 weathered 
 tops of chim¬ 
 neys. 
 
14 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 Elevated an¬ 
 cient shaft 
 intended for 
 low build¬ 
 ings. 
 
 Angle of as¬ 
 cension ex¬ 
 emplified. 
 
 Diagram. 
 
 Starling of a 
 bridge. 
 
 Line of 
 Wind’s as¬ 
 cension. 
 
 that the elevated shaft was originally intended 
 for low buildings only, or that the architects 
 were not aware of the advantages to be derived 
 from sloping the top of the chimney. The line 
 of ascension applied to the top of the newly- 
 invented chimney, is calculated to permit the 
 largest body of smoke to escape out of the flue, 
 without impeding the course of the wind, and 
 the angle whereby this effect is produced will 
 be found to be fully exemplified by the annexed 
 diagram. 
 
 Suppose fig. 4, plate 2, to be the starling or 
 cutwater of one of the piers of a bridge; the 
 arrows denote the course of the stream di¬ 
 vided by the cutwater; each division on re¬ 
 gaining its original current, forms an eddy or 
 curl, as at a . The water within the line, de¬ 
 noted by the arrows, is comparatively smooth, 
 and a boat made fast at b would not be much 
 affected by the rapidity of the stream. Turn¬ 
 ing up the fold of the paper, the diagram will 
 exhibit the termination or shaft of the newly- 
 invented chimney, the summit of which appears 
 to assume, geometrically, the exact form of half 
 the plan of the starling. The line of the wind’s 
 
PART THE SECOND. 
 
 15 
 
 ascension is shewn by the arrows, and under 
 that line the smoke is seen to escape without 
 obstruction. The wind in its transit upwards 
 producing a quick exhaustion of the air within 
 the chimney, causes the smoke to be emitted 
 with a velocity in proportion to the force of the 
 wind from whatever quarter it may blow. 
 
 The advantages to be gained by the applica¬ 
 tion of the patentee’s invention having been 
 described, the facility of construction is fully 
 exemplified in 
 
 PART THE THIRD, 
 
 Which contains a Series of Definitions , and the 
 first Principles for instructing Workmen . 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 The flues and cavities are built of bricks of 
 a peculiar shape, as described in plate 3, fig. 1, 
 A and B. Four of these bricks form the cir¬ 
 cular flue (as fig. 2, A. and B. in plate 3), and 
 the external angles, as they connect with the 
 surrounding brick-work, leave spandrills or 
 cavities for the confined warm air. (See bbbb, 
 plate 3, fig. 5.) Any one course or set of these 
 
 Patent circu¬ 
 lar bricks. 
 
 Spandrills or 
 cavities. 
 
16 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Perpendicu¬ 
 lar flue. 
 
 Mode of ga¬ 
 thering to the 
 right or to 
 the left. 
 
 Horizontal 
 
 flue. 
 
 Bond broken 
 at every 
 course. 
 
 Patent flues 
 built in walls 
 of usual 
 thickness. 
 
 bricks, viewed as illustrated in plate 3, fig. 4, A, 
 take a regular radiated wedge-like form; two 
 courses, laid one upon the other reverse ways, 
 as in fig. 4 B, plate 3, are equal in height or 
 depth to two courses of common brick-work. 
 Courses continued so to be reversed will produce 
 a perpendicular circular flue, as at a a a, in fig. 
 4, C, plate 3; whereas, if placed with the thick 
 ends of the course of bricks or wedge together 
 on the left, as at bbbb, the circle or flue will 
 gather over regularly to the right; and then, by 
 placing the thick end on the right, as at ccccc, 
 it will again become perpendicular, as dddd; 
 and if continued to be placed with the thick 
 ends to the right, as at eeeeeee, it will in such 
 case gather to the left, and then, by alternate 
 placing, as at fff, it may be continued hori¬ 
 zontally. 
 
 The vertical joints and external angles are so 
 contrived as to break bond at every course, as 
 shewn by the mortar joints in figs. 2 and 4, 
 plate 3. 
 
 These circular flues and cavities, or warm-air 
 chambers, are built within the usual thickness 
 of walls, that is to say, the present common 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 17 
 
 flue of fourteen inches by nine is contained in a 
 wall of two bricks in thickness (see fig. 8, 
 plate 3), and by the use of the patent bricks, a 
 circular flue of ten inches in diameter can be 
 contained in the same space. (See figs. 3 and 
 5, plate 3). On the other hand, if the flue be 
 required to be of twelve or fourteen inches 
 diameter, the wall must necessarily be half a 
 brick thicker, as in the case of a common flue 
 of fourteen inches square. 
 
 This is effected by means of bricks nine 
 
 inches in length, two and an half inches in 
 * 
 
 depth, and two inches thick, called club-bricks, 
 in addition to the circular bricks before men¬ 
 tioned. These club-bricks (see aaaa, fig. 3, 
 plate 3,) will bond in with the building bricks 
 bbbb, and the whole will consequently be incor¬ 
 porated with the common brick-work. There 
 is also another description of material, called a 
 quoin-brick, which is particularly applicable in 
 constructing external flues. (See aaaa , fig. 3, 
 plate 4.) The face of every club-brick is marked 
 or stamped for the purpose of denoting the 
 course of each flue, nevertheless the rim of the 
 flue, being in two thicknesses (see aaaa, fig. 5, 
 
 Club-bricks. 
 
 Bond in with 
 
 common 
 
 bricks. 
 
 Quoin 
 
 bricks. 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Interior of 
 flue pro¬ 
 tected from 
 injury. 
 
 Warm-air 
 
 chambers. 
 
 Air-cham¬ 
 bers con¬ 
 nected. 
 
 Back of 
 bricks bevel¬ 
 led. 
 
 plate 3), the interior circle is essentially pro¬ 
 tected from those injuries to which the outside 
 face of the wall may be exposed*. 
 
 On reference to plate 3, figs. 3 and 5, it will 
 be observed that each flue is protected by hol¬ 
 low spandrills or warm-air chambers, worked 
 as air-tight as the nature of brick and mortar 
 will allow. 
 
 The air-chambers commence at the back of 
 the fire-place (as at dd, figs. 9 and 10, A and 
 B, plate 3,) and surround each circle (see figs. 
 3 and 5, plate 3); they are also connected with 
 those of the adjoining flue by spaces occasion¬ 
 ally left in the brick-work, as at cc, fig. 5, 
 plate 3. 
 
 The back of some of the bricks being formed 
 with a bevel, the air is conducted round the 
 entire circle. (See a, fig. 4, B, plate 3.) 
 
 The flues and air-chambers are continued up 
 
 * Carpenters and joiners should carefully avoid driving 
 plugs or otherwise disturbing the brick-work near these 
 flues. 
 
 Plumbers should also be cautioned when fixing pipes, not 
 to drive wall-hooks or spikes into any joint of the brick¬ 
 work, connected with the flue or air-chambers. 
 
 Bricklayers also, should be prohibited from cutting put¬ 
 log holes near the course of the flues. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 19 
 
 in the manner before described to the line of 
 coping or top of the wall within which they are 
 built, as shewn in plate 1, and instead of the 
 usual brick chimney shaft above the roof, a 
 cylinder of cast iron, about two feet in height, of 
 a diameter equal to that of the flue, and capable 
 of being heightened as circumstances may re¬ 
 quire, is placed thereon. (See fig. 1, B, plate 
 4.) This cylinder is enclosed by a small shaft of 
 an hexagonal form consisting of gauged club- 
 bricks or of stone (see fig. 2, A and B., plate 4), 
 leaving spandrills or spaces open for a continua¬ 
 tion of the warm air round it, as at aaaa, plate 4. 
 The air-chambers are then covered and en¬ 
 closed by a stone capping, rabbeted and fitted 
 to the top of the iron cylinder, as shewn by 
 fig. 1, A. and B, plate 4. 
 
 The principle of this invention may be ap¬ 
 plied with a certain good effect to the bottoms 
 as well as to the tops of chimneys already built, 
 and the mode in which this can be effected will 
 be found fully described in a subsequent part 
 of this Treatise. 
 
 It may be imagined by persons unacquainted 
 with the science of building, that a wall can be 
 
 Cylinder of 
 cast iron. 
 
 Hexagonal 
 
 shaft. 
 
 Air-cham¬ 
 bers enclosed 
 
 Principle 
 may be ap¬ 
 plied to 
 chimneys al¬ 
 ready built. 
 
20 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Solidity of 
 workman¬ 
 ship. 
 
 Trammel. 
 
 Mould. 
 
 easily erected by the mere operation of placing 
 one brick upon another, whereas great care is re¬ 
 quisite to produce solidity and safety, and the 
 skill and attention of the workman will always 
 be evident by the appearance of the work. 
 The foregoing remark will equally apply to the 
 mode of working the patent bricks, for without 
 due attention to the rules laid down, the work 
 must necessarily be deteriorated. 
 
 Each flue being constructed upon the same 
 plan, the workman, by an attentive observa¬ 
 tion of the progress of one chimney, will be¬ 
 come sufficiently acquainted with the general 
 principle of the invention to enable him to pro¬ 
 ceed without difficulty, and for his further guid¬ 
 ance and information the Patentee has prepared 
 the following 
 
 RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 Implements , in Addition to those ordinarily used 
 in working common brick Flues. 
 
 A painted wooden trammel or mould for a 
 flue of each diameter. 
 
 A circular board or mould for a flue of each 
 
 diameter. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 21 
 
 A skeleton mould for working the hexagonal 
 shaft. 
 
 A small pointing trowel for the circular joints, 
 and 
 
 A water brush. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 Provide two quantities of fine stone-lime 
 mortar; one quantity for the inside circular 
 brick-work, and the other for the external face 
 of the wall. 
 
 The mortar for the inside flue is to be pre¬ 
 pared, mixed with smiths’ ashes sifted. 
 
 The bricks which form the circle of a flue 
 ten inches diameter are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 and 5. (See fig. 2, A and B, plate 3.) 
 
 A sufficient number of these bricks, a quan¬ 
 tity of club-bricks, and common building bricks, 
 should be in readiness upon the scaffold. 
 
 A bucket of water should also be near to the 
 work, in which the bricks are to be dipped, 
 before the labourer hands them to the brick¬ 
 layer. 
 
 The labourer is to be cautioned not to injure 
 
 Skeleton 
 
 mould. 
 
 Pointing 
 
 trowel. 
 
 Mortar, 
 
 Bricks for 
 circle 10 ins. 
 diameter. 
 
 Caution to 
 labourers. 
 
22 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 or break the interior circular edges of the 
 bricks when stowing or handling them. 
 
 Mode of building a Chimney with a Fire-place 
 about three Feet high from the Hearth to the Bar , 
 with a Flue of ten Inches in Diameter , similar 
 to those described in Plate No. 1. 
 
 of bricks for Lay the first course of bricks forming the 
 
 fire-place. 
 
 whole thickness of the wall (as shewn by fig. 
 9, A. in plate 3), taking care that the two bricks 
 which form the semi-circle are those numbered 
 1, with the thick ends of each towards the 
 front, and the thin ends wedged up as at c, fig. 5, 
 plate 4, until the front and back become ex¬ 
 actly perpendicular, as shewn by a a and b b, 
 fig. 5, plate 4. 
 
 The course of circular bricks must be laid 
 at least one inch below the level of the hearth 
 or floor, for the purpose of admitting the thick- 
 stone ash ness of a stone ash back, which will be cut cir- 
 
 back. 
 
 cular, and placed in a direction sloping up¬ 
 wards from the back edge of the hearth, as 
 shewn by d, fig. 5, plate 4; and by c, fig. 4, 
 plate 4. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 23 
 
 Lay the second course of bricks as shewn by 
 fig. 9, B, in plate 3, taking care that the two 
 bricks which form the semi-circle are those 
 numbered 2, with the thin ends of each towards 
 the front. 
 
 These two courses laid alternately, will pro¬ 
 duce a perpendicular joint at the back of the 
 semi-circle, as at a a, figs. 9 and 10, A and B, 
 plate 3, as well as in the front, adjoining the 
 club-bricks on each side, as at b b b b ; but care 
 must be taken to secure the joint at the back of 
 the semi-circle by a brick placed so as to break 
 it horizontally, as shewn by cc, figs. 9 and 10, 
 A and B, plate 3, which figures being plans of the 
 two courses, also shew the bonding of the sur¬ 
 rounding brick-work. By this plan the recess 
 will be two inches deeper than the semi-circle. 
 
 There is also another (and by workmen 
 deemed a better) method of working a fire-place 
 of the same dimensions, so as to avoid the up¬ 
 right joints adjoining the club-bricks in front, 
 and limiting the recess to an exact semi-circle, 
 viz., by cutting off with a grub-saw* two inches 
 
 * Circular bricks and club-bricks prepared for the pur¬ 
 pose, are always in readiness at the Depot of Materials. 
 
 Second 
 course of 
 bricks for 
 fire-place. 
 
 Upright 
 
 joints. 
 
 How to be 
 secured. 
 
 Bonding of 
 brick-work. 
 
 A further 
 method of 
 working a 
 fire-place. 
 
24 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 from the thicker end of the bricks, No. 1, ex¬ 
 cept those of the thirteenth course, thereby 
 leaving a toothing to connect the semi-circle 
 with the club-bricks, as described by figs. 10, 
 A and B, plate 3, which figures also shew the 
 bonding of the surrounding brick-work accord¬ 
 ing to this plan. 
 
 Suppose, therefore, the height of a fire-place 
 to be about three feet to the chimney-bar, carry 
 up thirteen alternate courses of brick-work as 
 before described, the thirteenth course of the 
 semi-circle being formed of two of the bricks 
 numbered 1, as at g, fig. 5, plate 4. 
 
 On the back joint, and exactly breaking 
 bond, place one brick,. No. 3, and on each side 
 of that brick, and adjoining thereto, place a 
 brick, No. 4. (See fig. 11, plate 3.) 
 
 The ends of these two bricks, No. 4, which 
 project beyond the face of the two front club- 
 
 Corbei bricks, form corbels for the support of the first 
 
 Course. 1 A 
 
 First course course of the entire circle above (see fig. 12, 
 
 of entire 
 
 c,rcle * plate 3); but as the first course of the entire 
 circle has its bearing in front on the chimney- 
 bar, it is advisable that the projecting ends of 
 the two bricks, No. 4, should be cut off. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 25 
 
 This circle is produced by two bricks num¬ 
 bered 1, placed at the back, and two bricks, 
 numbered 2, placed in the front, resting on the 
 chimney-bar (see fig. 12, plate 3), which bar 
 must be previously fixed with the ends bearing 
 upon the jaumbs in the usual way. (See d d , 
 fig. 4, plate 4.) The bar may be made level, 
 and not cambering*. 
 
 To form the soffit of the fire-place over the 
 hobs, lay a course of building bricks flat, head¬ 
 ing outwards, resting in front on the chimney- 
 bar at a 9 and the other ends upon the brickwork 
 forming the back of the hob at b 9 fig. 6, plate 3. 
 
 This, however, may be varied, and the soffit 
 made to form a cove by introducing a course 
 of circular bricks, with one end resting on, or 
 springing from, the brick-work at the back of 
 the hob as at a; the other end butting on the 
 side of the club-brick bedded upon the bar, as 
 at b , fig. 7, plate 3. f 
 
 In order to proceed in the construction of 
 the entire flue, the bricklayer is provided with 
 a wooden mould or trammel, formed and 
 painted to represent four bricks, jointed on 
 each side so as to break bond at every course. 
 
 * Workman’s term, 
 t Vide Supplement. 
 
 Chimney- 
 
 bar. 
 
 Soffit of 
 fire-place. 
 
 Soffit va¬ 
 ried. 
 
 Description 
 of trammel. 
 
26 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Method of 
 using tram¬ 
 mel. 
 
 Flue brought 
 into centre of 
 wall. 
 
 The first course of the whole circle being 
 laid in the manner described, bedded with 
 mortar, and resting on the bar in front, the 
 trammel is to be placed thereon with the num¬ 
 bers 3, 4, and 5 upwards, and the thickest 
 edge of the trammel in front, by which it will 
 be observed that the next course of circular 
 bricks required, will consist of one brick No. 3, 
 two bricks, No. 4, and one brick. No. 5. Take 
 off the trammel, and place those bricks in the 
 same order, they were represented on it. Let 
 these also be properly bedded in mortar, and 
 then reverse the trammel so that the numbers 
 1 and 2 shall appear upwards, still with the 
 thickest edge in front. Take up the trammel, 
 and place four bricks, viz., two of No. 1 and 
 two of No. 2, with the thickest ends of No. 2 
 in front, according to the foregoing directions. 
 These, being bedded, turn the trammel with 
 the numbers 3, 4, and 5, upwards, and the 
 thinnest edge in front. By this it will appear 
 that the next course will require a brick of 
 No. 5 in front, one of No. 3 at the back, and 
 one of No. 4 on each side. 
 
 This operation must be repeated as often as 
 may appear requisite, in order to bring the flue 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 27 
 
 into the centre of the wall, and the course 
 nearly level; then, if the flue is to be gathered 
 over to the right or to the left, the thickest 
 edge of the trammel must be placed to the 
 right or to the left as the case may be: this 
 is particularly described in page 16, and the 
 plate and figure therein referred to, viz ., fig. 4, 
 C, plate, 3. 
 
 The bricks, Nos. 3, 8, or 13, as the case may 
 be, being in their form nearly parallel, may be 
 used alone if preferred, instead of the regular 
 numbers, in all cases where the flue is to be 
 built perpendicularly or horizontally*. 
 
 Great care must be taken that every course 
 when bedded should lay regularly and smoothly, 
 resembling in evenness, as nearly as possible, 
 the trammel itself; for an irregularity in any 
 one course will essentially affect the course 
 above, create uneven and wide mortar joints, 
 and thereby render the work unsound. 
 
 The internal joints should be carefully and 
 
 * The only objection to this mode is, that the horizontal 
 joints of the circular work will be parallel with those of the 
 outside facing, and, consequently, the whole will not be so 
 substantially united. 
 
 Courses to be 
 regular and 
 smooth. 
 
 Internal 
 joints to be 
 drawn with a 
 pointing 
 trowel. 
 
28 
 
 PART THE THIRD, 
 
 Mortar to be 
 as fine as 
 putty. 
 
 Joints to be 
 of equal 
 thickness. 
 
 * 
 
 Bevelled 
 backs of 
 bricks not to 
 be considered 
 mortar joints. 
 
 smoothly drawn with a small pointing trowel* 
 and lightly touched round with a water-brush, 
 to prevent any roughness of joint, and all pos¬ 
 sible caution should be observed not to smear 
 or damage the glazing. The mortar to be used 
 should be of a proper consistency and equally 
 fine as putty. The circular board should be 
 applied, in order to keep the circle true at 
 every course, and the four upright joints of 
 each course must be kept of a regular thick¬ 
 ness. The bricklayer should be instructed 
 that the square back of the circular brick is to 
 be placed immediately against, and parallel 
 with, the back of the faced brick of the wall, 
 as at aaaa, fig. 5, plate 3. 
 
 It will be observed that the back of some of 
 the circular bricks is bevelled off so as to con¬ 
 nect the air of one spandrill or air-chamber, with 
 another, as at a , fig. 4, B, plate 3, consequently 
 must not be filled up or considered a mortar 
 joint. The mortar which is pressed out of the 
 joints, next the air-chambers, instead of being 
 scraped off with the trowel, should be spread 
 upon each edge of the brick to form a key, 
 and if the air-chamber could be entirely lined 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 29 
 
 by a thin coat of mortar, it would be an im¬ 
 provement ; nevertheless, care should be taken 
 not to fill up or reduce the spandrills un¬ 
 necessarily. 
 
 When two or more flues are to be built in 
 one stack, spaces must be left at every second 
 or fourth course so as to unite the air-chambers 
 of each flue, as shewn byce, fig. 5, plate 3; 
 and if the joint in every other course be left 
 free from mortar, a similar effect will be partly 
 produced as at c c, fig. 3, plate 3. The di¬ 
 visions between the several flues in a stack 
 must necessarily vary in their progress ac¬ 
 cording to circumstances ; several examples in 
 illustration of this point will be remarked on 
 plan of flues, fig. 3, plate 3, referred to in the 
 section, plate 1. 
 
 It may be proper also to remark, that if the 
 instructions given for bonding the work be 
 strictly attended to, the walls in which these 
 flues are built, will be equally substantial and 
 secure, and, perhaps, more so, than the common 
 and ordinary brick-work of the flue in general; 
 but as it is considered wise to be a little 
 stronger, than strong enough, it may be ex¬ 
 pedient, when several flues are carried one 
 
 Spandrills 
 not to be re¬ 
 duced unne¬ 
 cessarily. 
 
 Air-cham¬ 
 bers united, 
 
 Divisions be¬ 
 tween the 
 flues. 
 
 Flues carried 
 one over 
 another. 
 
30 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Bond-stone3 
 to be intro¬ 
 duced. 
 
 Dimensions 
 from tcentre 
 to centre of 
 flues. 
 
 over another in nearly a horizontal direction, 
 to introduce bond-stones occasionally to unite 
 the two faces of the wall. 
 
 When the flues are within a few feet of their 
 intended height, they must measure exactly 
 one foot ten and a half inches from the centre 
 to the centre of each circle, and nine and a 
 quarter inches from the centre of each end- 
 circle to the outside of the brick shaft, that 
 being the distance required for the stone bases 
 of the terminations of the chimney, as shewn 
 in fig. 3, plate 4. 
 
 Should the brick circles require five inches 
 to bring them to their height, two regular 
 courses of circular bricks will be necessary, 
 which in height or depth are equal to two 
 courses of common brick-work. 
 
 If they require only a space of four inches, it 
 may then be worked up by a course of bricks 
 numbered 3 ; if the space should be less than 
 four inches, the deficiency can be supplied by 
 one or two courses, as the case may be, of 
 bricks, No. 5, assisted by tile-heads or slates 
 carefully worked to the circle and bedded in 
 mortar. 
 
 The requisite turning up of the lead flat or 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 31 
 
 gutters, as well as the flashing, instead of being 
 dressed into the horizontal joints of the brick¬ 
 work, as is usual, should be properly bent and 
 fitted ready to be worked into the joint, lest 
 the operation of dressing the lead should shake 
 or damage the external two-inch face of the 
 air-chambers. The brick-work need not be 
 carried up higher than eighteen inches above 
 the flat or gutter, previous to setting on the 
 stone finishing, the bed or bottom of the plinth 
 of which may range with the underside of the 
 coping. (See fig. A.and B., plate 4.) 
 
 The outside rims, divisions, and internal cir¬ 
 cles, being thus brought to their exact height, 
 to an entire level, and to their exact distances, 
 viz., one foot ten and a half inches from centre 
 to centre of each circle, the next operation is 
 setting on or fixing the termination or upper 
 shaft of the chimney. 
 
 The lower iron cylinder, having aflanche* two 
 inches wide, must be bedded and fixed per¬ 
 fectly upright and level upon the top of the 
 brick circle (see a a fig.l, B, plate 4) ; the out¬ 
 side and the inside of the bedding joint must 
 
 Lead flash¬ 
 ings not to 
 be dressed 
 into joints. 
 
 Height of 
 brick-work 
 above flat or 
 gutter. 
 
 Fixing shaft 
 of chimney. 
 
 Lower iron 
 cylinder. 
 
 * Workman’s term. 
 
32 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Stone base. 
 
 Pedestal 
 
 form. 
 
 Brick or 
 stone die. 
 
 Spandrills tc 
 be kept open. 
 
 Upper cylin 
 der. 
 
 be neatly drawn and pointed, keeping the air- 
 chambers free from loose mortar or other ob¬ 
 structions ; then set on the stone base which is 
 dished out and hollowed on the underside to 
 preserve a continuation of the warm-air cham¬ 
 bers round the cylinder. The stone base has 
 a regular projection of about two inches over 
 each face of the wall. The underside of the 
 projection must be previously properly throated 
 in like manner as coping or other stone-work. 
 The termination assuming the form of a pe¬ 
 destal (see fig. 1, A, plate 4), the die or plain 
 part of the pedestal, a , may be either of brick 
 or stone, whichever will accord with the front 
 of the building. If of stone, it is made of ash- 
 lering two inches thick, with upright joggle 
 joints, properly cramped and run with cement; 
 if of brick, it requires five courses of properly 
 gauged club-bricks, set in fine mortar, with a 
 neat flat joint. Special care must be taken in 
 setting either the stone or brick die, that the 
 six spandrills be kept open and free from mor¬ 
 tar for a further continuation of the warm air 
 round the upper cylinder (see a a, figs. 2, A 
 and B, plate 4), which upper cylinder is cast 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 33 
 
 with a circular rabbet to fit upon the upper 
 edge of the lower cylinder. (See b , b , fig. 1, B, 
 plate 4.) A little cement is requisite in the 
 said rabbet to make the joint of the iron perfect: 
 the foregoing, if properly performed, should 
 leave about two inches of cylinder in height 
 above the stone or brick-work, to fit into a cir¬ 
 cular rabbet cut in the underside of the stone 
 capping. (See c c, fig. 1, B, plate 4.) 
 
 The stone cap must then be firmly bedded 
 and pointed, and the top of the cylinder ce¬ 
 mented into the rabbet, so as to close up en¬ 
 tirely the spandrills or warm-air chambers. 
 Too much care cannot be taken in fixing the 
 stone cap, to prevent injury to the sharparrises *, 
 as the protection of the mouth of the chimney 
 from strong currents of air depends upon the 
 accuracy of the angles. Whenever it may be 
 necessary to carry the shaft of a flue to a 
 greater height than two cylinders f, it may as¬ 
 sume another figure on the plan ; viz., the two 
 opposite angles of the hexagon can be extended 
 so as to acquire a more substantial footing 
 upon the base. (See b b , fig. 2, B, in plate 4.) 
 
 * Workman’s term. 
 
 t This will sometimes be requisite when the mouth of a 
 flue approaches too near a window. 
 
 D 
 
 Stone cap. 
 
* 1 his Rule is now superseded. 
 Vide Note following the Supplement, 
 
 34 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Termination 
 of all chim¬ 
 neys similar. 
 
 Bricks in the 
 form of the 
 mouth of a 
 trumpet in¬ 
 verted. 
 
 Wall one foot 
 six inches in 
 thickness. 
 
 Wall one foot 
 ten and a half 
 inches in 
 thickness. 
 
 Flues twelve 
 or fourteen 
 inches in dia¬ 
 meter. 
 
 The terminations of all chimneys of whatever 
 diameter the flues may be, are to be similar; 
 consequently a flue of twelve inches diameter, 
 must, within a short space from the top, be re¬ 
 duced to ten inches in diameter; and according 
 to the same rule, if a flue be fourteen inches 
 in diameter, it must be successively reduced to 
 twelve inches, and then to ten inches,* This 
 progressive reduction is effected by the use of 
 bricks prepared for the purpose, in the form of 
 the mouth of a trumpet inverted, as exemplified 
 by fig. 7, plate 4. 
 
 The foregoing instructions relate entirely to 
 the building of a flue of ten inches diameter 
 within a wall of two bricks, or one foot six in¬ 
 ches in thickness. If, therefore, the wall should 
 be two bricks and a half, or one foot ten and a 
 half inches in thickness, in that case two club- 
 bricks, with a space of half an inch between 
 them, must be used for the facing (see fig. 
 8, plate 4), instead of the single club-brick as 
 already directed. These instructions will also 
 apply to flues of twelve or fourteen inches in 
 diameter, built in a wall of two and a half 
 bricks, or three bricks in thickness, by ob¬ 
 serving that in a twelve-inch flue, the five bricks 
 
 * Vide Supplement. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 35 
 
 numbered 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, correspond with 
 the bricks numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in work¬ 
 ing a flue of ten inches in diameter ; and again, 
 that the five bricks used in a flue of fourteen 
 inches in diameter, being numbered 11, 12, 13, 
 14 and 15, are applied in a manner precisely 
 similar to the mode in which a flue of ten inches 
 or twelve inches in diameter is constructed. (See 
 fig. 9, plate 4.) The instructions at pages 22 and 
 23 relate to the mode of forming a fire-place with 
 a semi-circular back of ten inches in diameter. 
 When a semi-circular back of twelve or four¬ 
 teen inches in diameter is preferred, and a flue 
 of ten inches only in diameter is necessary, the 
 bricks numbered 6 and 7 for the semi-circle of 
 twelve inches, and the bricks numbered 11 and 
 12 for the semi-circle of fourteen inches in dia¬ 
 meter, as the case may be, are to be used and 
 applied, in a manner precisely similar to the 
 mode in which the bricks numbered 1 and 2, 
 are used in the construction of a semi-circle of 
 ten inches in diameter. (See figs. 9 and 10, A 
 and B, plate 3. 
 
 The thirteenth course of bricks in a semi¬ 
 circle of twelve inches in diameter, will neces- 
 
 Fire-place 
 backs twelve 
 or fourteen 
 inches in dia¬ 
 meter. 
 
36 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Corbel 
 
 coarse. 
 
 Mode of re¬ 
 ducing a due 
 of twelve in¬ 
 ches in dia¬ 
 meter to ten. 
 
 Mode of re¬ 
 ducing a flue 
 of fourteen 
 inches diame¬ 
 ter to twelve 
 and ten. 
 
 sarily be two bricks numbered 6; and in the 
 semi-circle of fourteen inches in diameter, the 
 bricks forming the thirteenth course will be two, 
 numbered 11; consequently the course of bricks 
 forming the corbel to the whole of the circle of 
 twelve inches in diameter, will be one brick. 
 No. 8, and two bricks, No. 9; and the course 
 forming the corbel to the whole circle of four¬ 
 teen inches in diameter, will be one brick 
 No. 13, and two bricks No. 14. 
 
 The first course forming the entire circle of 
 twelve inches in diameter, is produced by two 
 bricks No. 6, and two bricks No. 7, with the 
 latter in front. The next course, by one brick 
 No. 8, two bricks No. 9, and one brick No. 10, 
 with the brick No. 8 in front, on which course 
 must be placed two bricks No. 2, and two 
 bricks No. 1; which being prepared for the pur¬ 
 pose in the form of the mouth of a trumpet in¬ 
 verted, will reduce the flue to a diameter of ten 
 inches, as at a a , fig. 6, plate 4. 
 
 With reference to the back of a fire-place 
 with a semi-circle of fourteen inches in dia¬ 
 meter, the first course of the entire circle will 
 be produced by two bricks No. 11, and two 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 37 
 
 bricks No. 12, with the latter in front; and the 
 next course by one brick No. 13, two bricks 
 No. 14, and one brick No. 15, with the brick 
 No. 13 in front, on which course should be 
 placed two bricks No. 6, and two bricks No. 7; 
 which being prepared in the form of the mouth 
 of a trumpet inverted, will reduce the flue to a 
 circle of twelve inches in diameter, as at e e, fig. 
 
 5, plate 4. 
 
 The next course will be, one brick No. 8, two 
 bricks No. 9, and one brick No. 10, with the 
 latter brick in front, on which course must be 
 placed two bricks No. 1, and two bricks No. 
 
 2, prepared in the form of the mouth of a trum¬ 
 pet inverted, to reduce it to a circle of ten in¬ 
 ches diameter, as//, fig. 5, plate 4. 
 
 The foregoing appears to be the most direct ^ odo ^|; 
 
 meter of flues 
 
 method of reducing the diameter of a flue, and be va - 
 at the same time gathering the flue back into 
 the centre of a wall, eighteen inches or two 
 bricks in thickness ; but if the wall should ex¬ 
 ceed two bricks in thickness, or if the gathering 
 of the flue into the centre of the wall so quickly 
 be not considered essential, the operative brick¬ 
 layer, in such case, may vary the courses, and 
 
38 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Chimneys 
 built back to 
 back. 
 
 Patent can be 
 applied to 
 tops of chim¬ 
 neys already 
 built. 
 
 reduce the diameter as his judgment (which he 
 may acquire by the practical application of the 
 foregoing rules) will point out. 
 
 When chimneys are required to be built back 
 to back, the one must be gathered to the right, 
 and the other to the left, so as to gain the 
 centre of the wall as quickly as possible before 
 they take their required direction in the chim¬ 
 ney-stack. (See fig. 10, plate 4.) In regard 
 to kitchen chimneys, when a smoke-jack may 
 be desired to be affixed, the circular flue will 
 commence immediately above the fly, accord¬ 
 ing to the directions prescribed for construct¬ 
 ing and reducing the diameters of flues* 
 
 To apply the principle of the patent to 
 the tops of chimneys already built, it will 
 be necessary to take down the brick-work 
 as low as possible, viz., to the back of the 
 fire-place of the upper story : but if that 
 should be inconvenient, then through the roof 
 to the ceiling floor, or about three feet below 
 the lead flat, which may effect the object in¬ 
 tended. 
 
 When the brick-work is removed, it is re¬ 
 quisite by cutting away and dubbing out with 
 
 * Vide Supplement. 
 
* This Rule is now superseded. 
 Vide Note following the Supplement. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 39 
 
 tile-heads and cement, to reduce the square 
 flue to a circle. 
 
 If a flue of fourteen inches square be dubbed 
 out to a circle of fourteen inches, begin with a 
 course of fourteen inch circular bricks, and gra¬ 
 dually reduce the circle to twelve, and thence 
 to ten inches diameter, *in the manner already 
 explained, by using bricks in the form of the 
 mouth of a trumpet inverted. (See fig. 7, plate 
 4.) When the flue has been reduced to a dia¬ 
 meter of ten inches, the work is to be carried 
 up to a height of eighteen inches above the roof 
 or lead flat, as in the case of a new chimney, 
 placing thereon a brick or stone terminating 
 cap, agreeably to design before referred to in 
 plate 1, and in plate 4, fig. 1, A. 
 
 To apply the principle of the patent to the 
 lower part of the chimney and fire-place already 
 built, the following directions are to be ob¬ 
 served :— 
 
 The operation should commence as high up 
 the flue as the workmen can reach with con¬ 
 venience. The square flue is to be dubbed out 
 to a circle. Slight iron bars are then to be 
 placed across the chimney to support the circu- 
 
 Square flues 
 to be reduced 
 to a circle. 
 
 Flue of four¬ 
 teen inches 
 diameter re¬ 
 duced to 
 twelve or ten 
 
 Patent can 
 be applied to 
 lower part of 
 chimney and 
 fire-place. 
 
 * Vide Supplement. 
 
40 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 lar brick-work, which must be underpinned from 
 bar to bar, so as to contract the gathering wing, 
 by bringing the circle down to rest on the same 
 description of chimney-bar as that shewn by 
 d, d< fig. 4, in plate 4. 
 
 The semi-circular back of the fire-place must 
 then be worked up in the manner specified in 
 pages 22 and 23, until it unites with the circle 
 above. The whole will correspond as nearly as 
 possible with the new fire-place described in 
 plate 4, fig. 4 and 5. 
 
 In all cases where the principle of the inven¬ 
 tion is applied to old chimneys, it is advisable 
 that the upper part should be finished first, 
 taking care, however, that the register flap 
 (where a register-stove is fixed) be removed 
 before the workmen begin, and the fire-place 
 should of course be secured by a chimney- 
 board with paper pasted over the crevices. 
 
 It will also be necessary that the flue should 
 be cleared from any bricks or rubbish that may 
 by chance have lodged or accumulated before the 
 workmen begin the lower part of the chimney. 
 
 It is contrary to the principle of this inven¬ 
 tion to imagine that the smoke will freely as- 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 41 
 
 cend through the flue until the work is perfectly 
 dry and seasoned, which will require a lapse of 
 some weeks, unless the work shall have been 
 performed during the summer. 
 
 Plate 1, represents several chimneys upon 
 the same level, as well as those in an ascend¬ 
 ing direction upon the roof. (See figs. 1 and 2.) 
 
 Where flues are carried through the middle 
 or ridge of the roof, it is desirable that the 
 shafts should be arranged one above another, 
 according to the pitch of the rafters (see fig. 1, 
 plate 1) : in such case the points of the hexagon 
 a, a, fig. 4, plate 1, will be at right angles with 
 the ridge of the roof; but when the shafts are 
 upon a level with each other, as in fig. 2, plate 
 1, the points of the hexagon a, a , a, a , fig. 5, 
 plate 1, are required to be exactly the reverse. 
 
 If the appearance of the summit of the shaft 
 should not be a matter of objection, flat copper 
 tilts might be affixed, for the purpose of pre¬ 
 venting the descent of rain or snow down the 
 flue. These tilts, if placed at a proper altitude, 
 will not impede the free egress of the smoke, 
 and can be removed with facility whenever it 
 may be requisite to cleanse the chimney. 
 
 Flues must be 
 dry before 
 the smoke 
 will ascend 
 freely. 
 
 Flues on the 
 same level, 
 or in an as¬ 
 cending di- . 
 rectiou. 
 
 Copper tilts 
 or coverings. 
 
42 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 Stoves may 
 be altered at 
 a trifling ex¬ 
 pense. 
 
 Plans pre¬ 
 pared require 
 no alteration 
 
 The grates or stoves at present in use, can 
 be made applicable, at a trifling expense, to 
 the new fire-places. A cast-iron back, of 
 peculiar construction, is recommended to be 
 affixed to the stoves, instead of the common 
 backs. 
 
 The cast-iron back can also be affixed to 
 kitchen ranges, but when steam or any culi¬ 
 nary apparatus requiring space is attached 
 thereto, considerable ingenuity will be neces¬ 
 sary to prevent impediments to the free ascent 
 of smoke in flues which are badly constructed. 
 
 The backs above recommended are made of 
 three different sizes, in accordance with the di¬ 
 mensions of the three semi-circular fire-places, 
 and may be procured at the depdts of the pa¬ 
 tent materials, prepared for fixing. 
 
 The flues, according to the foregoing princi¬ 
 ples, can be introduced into buildings, the de¬ 
 signs or plans for which have been already pre¬ 
 pared, without rendering alteration at all neces¬ 
 sary ; but it is not by any means intended to 
 dictate to architects the precise dimensions of 
 fire-places, height of shaft, or any other minutiae 
 contingent upon taste or convenience, the whole 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 43 
 
 of the foregoing remarks, explanations, and in¬ 
 structions, being stated as the result derived 
 from experience in the practical application of 
 the general principles of the patent. 
 
 It is however to be observed, that in all cases 
 the architects should exercise their judgment 
 in regard to the requisite dimensions of the 
 flues, as well as of the semi-circular backs of 
 fire-places; the lesser diameter of the semi¬ 
 circular backs being applicable to the inferior, 
 and the larger diameter to the superior, apart¬ 
 ments of buildings. 
 
 Adverting to the expense in constructing 
 these patent flues, it may with propriety be re¬ 
 marked, that the actual cost cannot be a con¬ 
 sideration, when compared with the saving 
 which will accrue from the general adoption of 
 this mode of building chimneys; for among the 
 advantages and consequent diminution of ex¬ 
 pense, may be enumerated the following, viz. : 
 
 The introduction of a hard, durable, kiln- 
 burnt brick, instead of clamp-burnt bricks; the 
 softest of which are generally selected by 
 workmen for the facility in cutting. 
 
 The customary projection of the chimney- 
 
 Patent fines, 
 expense of 
 constructing. 
 
 Bricks, kiln- 
 burnt. 
 
 Projection of 
 
 chimney 
 
 breast. 
 
44 
 
 PART THE THIRD, 
 
 Pargetting 
 not required. 
 
 Lofty shafts 
 avoided. 
 
 No expense 
 of scaffolding 
 
 Facility of 
 cleansing. 
 
 Mode of 
 cleansing. 
 
 breast into the room, can, in many instances, 
 be entirely dispensed with. 
 
 That no sort of pargetting or inside plastering 
 is required: 
 
 And that the lofty shafts, with their pots, 
 cowls, and whimsical contrivances, are avoided: 
 added to which the perpetual decay of the mor¬ 
 tar, the expense of the scaffolding, and the re¬ 
 pairs of the shafts. 
 
 With respect to the substitution of the newly- 
 invented termination of chimneys, for the very 
 lofty, inconvenient, and dangerous shafts, so 
 conspicuous in every part of this metropolis, it 
 is obvious that by the reduction of them to 
 within a proper and limited distance or height 
 from the roof, facilities are afforded for cleans¬ 
 ing by the aid of machinery, instead of climbing 
 boys *. 
 
 A further advantage might accrue by the 
 adoption of an improved method of preventing 
 the spreading of the soot in apartments during 
 the process of sweeping, instead of the square 
 
 * Circular brushes and machinery have been prepared for 
 the purpose of cleansing the patent flues, aud can be obtained 
 at the Depot of Materials. 
 
PART THE THIRD. 
 
 45 
 
 cloth usually affixed to the fire-place by means 
 of forks or nails, which are frequently thrust 
 into the joints of the marble. 
 
 The method alluded to is the substitution of 
 a sack with a hoop fixed to the mouth of it, and 
 fitted to the circle of the flue. The sack should 
 be made of a material through which the soot 
 could not escape. It follows, of course, that 
 the patent chimneys are always susceptible of 
 cleansing from their summit. 
 
 The current of air or draft through the flue 
 being accelerated by the principles of this 
 patent, chambers become better ventilated, 
 and free from unpleasant smells or effluvia, or 
 smoke of adjoining chimneys; and sleeping 
 apartments, particularly, are rendered more 
 salubrious. Should small particles of soot, by 
 any accident, accumulate and descend, they 
 must necessarily fall at the back of the fire¬ 
 place, and not upon the hobs or slabs, which 
 frequently occurs under the old mode of con¬ 
 struction ; this point is exemplified by the sec¬ 
 tions, figs. 5 and 6, in plate 4. 
 
 To any person observing the mode of work¬ 
 ing one of these flues, it will at first appear that 
 
 Ventilation 
 of chambers 
 improved. 
 
 Descent of 
 smoke of 
 adjoining 
 chimney 
 prevented. 
 
46 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 JleTinbuTid- the time occupied is greater than that which is 
 
 ing patent ° 
 
 required to construct one of the common chim¬ 
 neys ; but when the loss of time in building the 
 latter, occasioned by cutting bricks, waiting for 
 stone and iron-work, and other unavoidable im¬ 
 
 pediments are considered, the preference will 
 be given to the new system detailed in this 
 publication. 
 
 The object of the patentee is to bring into 
 general use a form of material by which the 
 labour of workmen can be simplified, and at the 
 same time to introduce a systematic plan for 
 effectually preventing the annoyance of smoke 
 in rooms, and otherwise removing those do¬ 
 mestic inconveniences incidental to the present 
 mode of constructing chimneys (rendering un¬ 
 necessary the assistance of climbing boys in 
 cleansing them), as well as to improve the ex¬ 
 ternal appearance of buildings by causing the 
 removal of lofty shafts fyc. Sfc., which not only 
 offend the eye, but threaten destruction, in 
 boisterous weather, to every person passing the 
 streets, particularly in a crowded metropolis. 
 
46 * 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 PARTICULAR 
 
 CAUTION TO BRICKLAYERS. 
 
 The bricks are not to be thoroughly soaked 
 in water; the top and bottom beds, and each 
 end only of every brick should be lightly dip¬ 
 ped, or just sufficiently wetted with a water¬ 
 brush, to secure adhesion with the mortar, 
 (see page 21;) for the patent flues will not act 
 whilst any damp remains in the pores of the 
 material. (See pages 40 and 41.) 
 

 
 «$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
APPENDIX. 
 

 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 49 
 
 TABLE L 
 
 MA TERIALS requisite for constructing Chimneys accord¬ 
 ing to the Principles of Mr. Hiort’s Patent , with the 
 present Price of each Article. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Flue of ten inches in diameter at per foot lineal or running 3 0 
 
 Ditto of twelve ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto of fourteen ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Gauged brick hexagonal shafts . 
 
 ditto 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 Joggled Bath-stone ditto . 
 
 ditto 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 Club-bricks. 
 
 
 73 
 
 6 
 
 Ten-inch circular bricks cut for backs at per C. 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 Twelve ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 36 
 
 0 
 
 Fourteen ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 42 
 
 0 
 
 Club-bricks ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 Trumpet-mouth bricks, 10 inches 
 
 in diameter, at per set 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto ditto 12 
 
 ditto ditto 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Bath-stone caps .... 
 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto bases .... 
 
 
 35 
 
 0 
 
 Cast-iron cylinders .... 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 N. B. All Materials are to be paid for when issued from the Depdts, 
 or previously to the next Delivery. 
 
 Hours of Delivery from nine till four. 
 
 The Dep6ts in London at present are, Stangate Wharf, Lambeth, 
 and Exchequer Wharf, Old Palace Yard, Westminster. 
 
 E 
 
 These Prices are now considerably lower, and as 
 they are liable to further reduction, the Current 
 Rates can always be ascertained, by application at 
 the Depots. 
 
50 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 EXPLAINING what Number of Circular Bricks will be re¬ 
 quired for a Blue of each Diameter , with a proportionate 
 Quantity of Club Bricks from one to ten Feet . 
 
 Feet 
 lineal 
 or run¬ 
 ning. 
 
 In. 
 
 fof 10 Flue 
 < of 12 Flue 
 [of 14 Flue 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 NoT 1 
 No. 6 
 No. 11 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 NoT 2 
 
 No. 7 
 No. 12 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 No. 3 
 No. 8 
 No. 13 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 N~ 4 
 No. 9 
 No. 14 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 NoT 5 
 No. 10 
 No. 15 
 
 Total 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Circular 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 Club 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 1 
 
 . . . 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 7 
 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 8 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 9 
 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 10 
 
 . . . 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 51 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 CALCULATION of Prices charged by Bricklayers , in 
 London , for Patent Circular Flues in Measured Work , 
 and for Materials in Day-Work. 
 
 Club Bricks. 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Prime cost ... ... per M. 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 Profit, cartage, and risk. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 Bricklayer's charge in day-work per M. 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Flue of ten Inches in Diameter. 
 
 
 
 
 Prime cost.per foot running 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 Profit, cartage, and risk. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 Bricklayer’s charge in day-work, per foot running 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 Labour, mortar, and cost of club-bricks requisite for each 
 
 
 
 
 foot of flue. 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Value per foot running in measured work (all materials) 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Deduct value of brick-work displaced 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Bricklayer’s charge (extra) per foot running, the wall 
 
 
 
 
 being measured solid according to the general practice 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 Flue of twelve Inches in Diameter. 
 
 
 
 
 Prime cost.per foot running 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 Profit, carriage, and risk. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 Bricklayer’s charge in day-work, per foot running 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Labour, mortar, and cost of club-bricks requisite for each 
 
 
 
 
 foot of flue. 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Value per foot running in measured work (all materials) 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Deduct value of brick-work displaced 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Bricklayer’s charge (extra) per foot running, the wall 
 
 
 
 
 being measured solid according to the general practice 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 E 2 
 
 These Prices are now considerably lower, and as 
 they are liable to further reduction, the Current 
 Rates can always be ascertained, by application at 
 
52 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Flue of fourteen Inches in Diameter. 
 
 s. d . 
 
 Prime cost.per foot running 0 5 0 
 
 Profit, carriage, and risk.0 10 
 
 Bricklayer's charge in day-work, per foot running 0 6 0 
 
 Labour, mortar, and average cost of club-bricks requisite 
 
 for each foot of flue .0 3 4 
 
 Value per foot running in measured work (all materials) 0 9 4 
 
 Deduct value of brick-work displaced . * . 0 3 4 
 
 Bricklayer’s charge (extra) per foot running, the wall 
 being measured solid according to the general practice 0 6 0 
 
 These Prices are now considerably lower, and as 
 they are liable to further reduction, the Current 
 Rates can always be ascertained, by application at 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Air, cold current of, in adjoining chimney . . .2 
 
 passing through the fire. ..... 8 
 
 warm air-chambers . . . . 7, 15, IS, 31 
 
 chambers connected . . . . 18, 29 
 
 chambers carried up to the line of coping or top of 
 wall ....... 19 
 
 chambers enclosed by a stone capping . . . ib. 
 
 Angles, none in newly-invented flue . . 7 
 
 of the wind’s ascension exemplified . . .14 
 
 Ashback . . . . . .22 
 
 Bar, chimney bar .... 25 
 
 Base of shaft ..... .32 
 
 Bond, broken at every course . . 16, 24 
 
 stones to be introduced occasionally . . .30 
 
 Bricks, porous quality of .2 
 
 patent, require no cutting ... .9 
 
 inside of vitrified ... 10 
 
 club, stamped . . . 17,21,24,25 
 
 circular . . . . 15, 17 
 
 quoin ........ 17 
 
 trumpet mouth . . . . . 34 , 39 
 
 backs of some of the patent bricks are bevelled . is 
 club-bricks gauged to form shaft . . . 19, 32 
 
 patent, are kiln-burnt . .43 
 
 for a flue of 10 in. diameter, Nos. 1 , 2 , 3, 4, and 5 . 21 
 
54 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bricks, fora flue of 12ins. diameter, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 35 
 for „ 14 in. „ Nos. 11,12, 13, 14, & 15 ib. 
 
 are to be dipped in water before they are used . 21 
 
 first course of described . . .22 
 
 second course of described ..... 23 
 
 thirteenth course of described .... 24, 35 
 courses of, to be regular and smooth . . .27 
 
 bevelled backs of, not to be considered mortar joints 28 
 Bridge, starling of a . . . . . .14 
 
 Cap, of shaft . . . . . . 33, 39 
 
 Chimneys, present mode of construction ... 1 
 
 cleansing and repairing expensive and difficult . 6 
 
 secure in tempestuous weather . . . . 10 
 
 terminations of, in some situations may be concealed . ib. 
 ancient chimney, description of . . . 11,12,13 
 
 modern without separate shafts . . 12, 13 
 
 sloping or weathered tops of . . . . 13 
 
 mode of building newly-invented . . .22 
 
 bar ....... 25 
 
 mode of fixing the shaft of . . . .31 
 
 terminations of all new chimneys similar . . 34 
 
 built back to back ...... 38 
 
 kitchen chimney . . . . . ib. 
 
 breast projecting ...... 43 
 
 time occupied in building patent . 46 
 
 on the same level, or in an ascending direction . 41 
 
 carried through the middle or ridge of the roof . . ib. 
 
 already built, patent may be applied to the top or the 
 lower part . . . . 19, 38, 39, 40 
 
 Circle, first course of the entire circle ... 24 
 
 in what manner produced . . . .25 
 
 Cleansing, necessity for less frequent ... 9 
 
 mode of ....... 44 
 
 Climbing-boys, aid of unnecessary . . . 10,46 
 
 Corbel course ...... 24,36 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cowls . . . . . 
 
 Cylinder of cast-iron, upper and lower 
 
 Diagram ...... 
 
 Die of shaft may be either of brick or stone 
 
 55 
 
 PAGE 
 
 12 
 
 19, 31, 32, 33 
 
 14 
 
 32 
 
 Eddy of wind . . . . . . 6, 11 12 
 
 Fire-place, semi-circular back of . . . . .8 
 
 angles in, avoided . . . . . ib. 
 
 formed under windows . . . . . ib. 
 
 methods of working backs . . . 22, 23, 24, 35 
 
 Flues, formed of angles.1,4 
 
 at the extreme end of shaft soonest affected . . 4 
 
 size of, liable to contraction .... 4 
 
 circular, on old system, expensive . . . .6 
 
 circular, on new system ..... 7 
 
 facility of construction of patent flue . 7, 8 
 
 rim of patent flue in two thicknesses ... 9 
 
 course of, denoted by stamp on face of the bricks . ib. 
 need not be carried up beyond a certain height . io 
 
 in some instances may be concealed . . . ib. 
 
 perpendicular, mode of building . . . 16 
 
 mode of gathering, to the right or the left . . ib. 
 
 horizontal flue . . . . . . ib. 
 
 patent, built in walls of usuaFthicknesses . . ib. 
 
 circular, ten inches diameter . . 17, 39 
 
 twelve inches diameter . . . 17, 34 
 
 fourteen inches diameter . . 17, 39 
 
 interior of, protected from injury . . . is 
 
 each flue constructed upon the same plan . . 20 
 
 brought into the centre of the wall . . .26 
 
 two or more in one stack .... 29 
 
 divisions between them . . . . . ib. 
 
 carried one over another . . . ib. 
 
 dimensions of, from centre to centre of each circle . 30 
 
56 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Flues, mode of reducing a flue of 12or 14 ins. in diameter 
 
 to 10 inches ...... 3 6 
 
 method of reducing a flue may be varied . . 37 
 
 square flue reduced to a circle . . . 39, 40 
 
 patent, expense of construction .... 43 
 
 Funnels, or pots circular ...... 5 
 
 Gathering-wing . .... 1 
 
 Gutters, or lead-flats, height of brick-work above 31 
 
 Hearth ........ 22 
 
 Implements, various description of .20 
 
 Joints are as those of an arch . ... 9 
 
 upright, how to be secured ... 23 
 
 internal to be drawn . .... 27 
 
 Mortar, two sorts required . . . . .21 
 
 for inside circular bricks . . . . ib. 
 
 for external face of the wall .... ib. 
 
 to be as fine as putty . . . ... 28 
 
 joints to be of equal thickness . . . ib. 
 
 pressed out of joints to be spread . . . ib. 
 
 Mould, or trammel for a flue of each diameter . 20, 25 
 
 skeleton, for working hexagonal shafts . .21 
 
 Pargetting . . . . . . . 3, 44 
 
 Plans prepared, require no alteration ... 42 
 
 Plugs, driving . . . . . . 4, 9, 18 
 
 Plumber’s, (caution to,) ...... 4 
 
 Pointing, necessity for frequent pointing outside . 3 
 
 Putlog-holes, cutting ... ... 5 
 
 Scaffolding, expense of avoided .... 44 
 
 Shafts, frequent pointing of ..... 3 
 
 wide and lofty. . . . . . 5, 44 
 
INDEX. 
 
 57 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Shafts, not encumbered with unsightly contrivances, pots, 
 
 vanes, cowls, &c. . . . . 11 
 
 separate hexagonal shaft to each flue . . .12 
 
 several flues in one continued line of brick-work . ib. 
 ancient ........ ib. 
 
 elevated ancient one, intended for low buildings . 14 
 
 unnecessary height and improper form . .12 
 
 hexagonal . . . . . . 19 
 
 mode of fixing the shaft of chimney . . .31 
 
 termination of, assumes the form of a pedestal . 32 
 
 of a flue carried to a greater height . . .33 
 
 on the same level, or in an ascending direction . 41 
 
 Smoke, will not ascend freely till chimney or flue is dry . 40 
 descent of, in adjoining chimney prevented . 45 
 
 Smoke-jack in kitchen chimneys . . . 3S 
 
 Soffit of the fire-place, in what manner formed . 25 
 
 varied ....... ib. 
 
 Soot, not liable to ignite ..... 9 
 
 cannot lodge in patent flue .... ib. 
 
 Spandrills or air-chambers . . 7,15,18,19,31 
 
 not to be filled up, or reduced unnecessarily . 29, 32 
 
 Steam apparatus to kitchen-range ... 42 
 
 Stoves, may be altered at a trifling expense . . 42 
 
 Tilts, copper or covering to prevent the descent of snow 
 
 or rain ....... 41 
 
 Trammel or mould . . . . . 20 , 25 
 
 method of using it . .... 26 
 
 Tunnels. See Flues 
 
 Turncaps, observations on ..... 3 
 
 Vent. See Flues. 
 
 Ventilation of chambers ..... 45 
 
 Walls, the thickness of . • . . .34 
 
 Water. See Wind. 
 
 F 
 
58 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wind, force of gales counteracted . . . .11 
 
 obstructions in the current of wind and water, pro¬ 
 duce the same effects . . . . . ib. 
 
 line of ascension . . . . . .14 
 
 Wind-guards. See Turncaps. 
 
 Workmanship, solidity of ... 20 
 
 Wyths ..... ... 2 
 
LONDON: 
 
 Printed by Winchester and Varnhwn, 
 61 , Strand* 
 
' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 TO 
 
 Mr. HIORT’S TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 HINTS TO BUILDERS, 
 
 RELATIVE TO 
 
 THE PROPER DIAMETER OF FLUES, TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE 
 VARIOUS APARTMENTS OF HOUSES, 
 
 AND 
 
 OTHER MATTERS INTERESTING TO PERSONS WHO CONTEMPLATE 
 BUILDING OR ALTERING CHIMNEYS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY WINCHESTER AN]D VARNHAM, 
 61, STRAND. 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 TO 
 
 Mr. HIORT’S TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS. 
 
 The various opinions which have always 
 existed respecting the exact or proper dimen¬ 
 sions of flues in general, induced the Author of 
 the above Treatise, to leave to the superior 
 judgment of Architects, the expediency of 
 building a flue in each apartment appropriate to 
 its size, and therefore he has observed, in page 
 43 of the Treatise, that the lesser diameter of 
 the patent flue, is applicable to inferior apart¬ 
 ments, such as rooms on the chamber-story, or 
 attics of houses, as well as lodges, and other low 
 buildings, and that the larger diameters are 
 peculiarly adapted to the superior, or more 
 spacious apartments, such as those in the 
 lower stories of buildings. Notwithstanding 
 the foregoing remarks, the Patentee considers 
 it proper to apprize the Public, that the general 
 
4 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 opinion seems to be, that kitchen chimneys, 
 in modern-built houses, are, for the most part, 
 found not to be sufficiently large to carry off 
 the great quantity of air contained within the 
 space usually allowed for culinary purposes, 
 the more particularly when the flues of ovens, 
 boilers, c^c., lead into the same chimney. 
 
 The inconvenience resulting from this defi¬ 
 ciency can only be remedied (when the wall 
 of a house will not admit of the construction 
 of a flue of sufficient diameter to carry oft' the 
 air or smoke,) by building two patent flues for 
 one fire-place, which in the case of a kitchen 
 chimney may commence or branch from the 
 tunnel, containing the fly of the smoke-jack, 
 and terminate with such outlet or outlets as 
 may be deemed suitable by the Architect or 
 builder. 
 
 The last remark is offered to the Public in 
 explanation of that part of the Treatise, page 
 38, which has reference to the mode of building 
 the patent tunnel above the smoke-jack, lest it 
 might be construed, that a flue of small dia¬ 
 meter is sufficient for the emission of smoke 
 produced by every sort of kitchen range,, 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 5 
 
 without reference to the size or space of the 
 fire-place. 
 
 The directions given in page 8 of the Treatise» 
 for commencing the circular flue at the throat 
 of the chimney below the usual line of the 
 chimney-bar, as well as the rules for forming the 
 sofhtes of fire-places at page 25, and for the 
 terminations and reduction of the size of flues 
 at pages 34 and 39, are (as remarked in page 
 43) the result derived from experience in the 
 practical application of the general principles 
 of the patent, and are not meant to extend or 
 apply to kitchen or other chimneys requiring 
 arge fire-places, which will not admit of being 
 Rmnfordized or the angles being reduced, ac¬ 
 cording to the method stated in page 8 above 
 mentioned. 
 
 The forms of such descriptions of fire-places, 
 and the consequent enlarged diameter of flues, 
 with the size or number of the terminations or 
 outlets, must necessarily vary according to 
 circumstances, and the construction of them 
 must be left to the experience and decision of 
 the Architect or builder, as stated in pages 42 
 and 43, wherein the precise dimensions of fire¬ 
 places, height of shafts, and other minutiae are 
 
 * Vide Note following the Supplement. 
 
6 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 described as contingent upon taste or conve¬ 
 nience. 
 
 If it should be observed, when a patent flue 
 of a diameter appropriate to the size of the 
 room has been properly executed, completed 
 and become perfectly dry, that the smoke 
 escapes under the mantle, it will not result 
 from any defect in the construction of the flue, 
 but from the dimensions of the grate, range, or 
 fire-place, not being in accordance with the size 
 of the flue generally, or with the termination 
 or outlet of the chimney; the form of the fire¬ 
 place also, may not be calculated to conduct 
 the smoke to the entrance of the flue. 
 
 In either of the foregoing cases the proper 
 alteration can be made in the stove or fire-place 
 with facility, according to the judgment of the 
 builder, except in a kitchen chimney, where a 
 smoke-jack is fixed, which, possibly, may pre¬ 
 vent the entrance of the flue being made to 
 accord with the outlet; in such case, the only 
 remedy is taking down and enlarging the flue 
 or building one in addition. 
 
 In reference to the foregoing remarks it may 
 be suggested that no alteration of stoves or 
 fire-places or of any other description whatever 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 7 
 
 should be decided upon or adopted, while 
 there is any reason to suppose that the flue or 
 the surrounding brick-work is in a state of 
 dampness; instances having occurred of the 
 patent chimneys not acting perfectly when 
 first finished, and even after a lapse of several 
 months, although eventually they have suc¬ 
 ceeded in the fullest extent, it being quite 
 apparent that the rapid expulsion of damp in 
 brick-work, in a great degree, depends upon 
 the season of the year in which the building is 
 constructed, and the thickness of the walls 
 which contain the flues; the drying of the 
 brick-work has however been frequently pro¬ 
 tracted by the shaft being unnecessarily ex¬ 
 posed previously to fixing the lead flashing, or 
 in consequence of the flashing or filletting being 
 improperly executed, so as not to protect the 
 sides of the shaft from floods of rain descending 
 the roof and gutters ; also, rain water and other 
 pipes fixed near to flues have been suffered to 
 overflow, whereby the brick-work has been 
 saturated with water. 
 
 Cold air, generated by dampness or admitted 
 through the sides of a flue, in consequence of 
 
8 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 any other cause, by its natural gravity will 
 attract and connect with the atmospheric air, 
 floating at the mouth or outlet of the chimney, 
 and in its descent, overpowering the ascending 
 current, will cause the smoke to be driven back 
 into the room. 
 
 Common flues (as described in the Treatise) 
 cannot be supposed to be capable of resisting 
 the effects of casualties of the above description, 
 but it may be asserted with confidence, in 
 regard to the patent flues, that when the work 
 has been properly constructed, the warm-air 
 chambers carefully preserved, and the work 
 generally become perfectly dry, the circle will 
 be impervious to the effects of any of the acci¬ 
 dents before enumerated. 
 
 In cases where fire-places on the ground 
 floor are contained in walls, the foundations or 
 footings of which are set on a damp or swampy 
 soil, it cannot be expected that the apartment 
 will be wholly exempt from smoke although 
 the patent flue may, in all respects, be entirely 
 perfect and the outlet complete; because the 
 brick-work becomes impregnated with the 
 moisture of the earth in the same proportion as 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 9 
 
 the damp is expelled by the action of the fire, 
 and the air within the throat of the chimney 
 must necessarily, in a greater or lesser degree, 
 be in a continual state of condensation. 
 
 It is particularly recommended to persons 
 who contemplate alterations in the chimneys of 
 their houses, with a view to making trial of the 
 Patent flue, that the adaptation should take 
 place in the spring of the year. It frequently 
 occurs that the application of a remedy for a 
 smoky fire-place is deferred until the winter 
 season has commenced, and it is therefore 
 proper to explain, that no beneficial result can 
 be expected within a reasonable period, if the 
 alterations are made in the winter or wet 
 season of the year. 
 
 The Patentee does not therefore wish the 
 Public to be deceived by supposing, that the 
 patent bricks worked or made into a flue, can 
 serve immediately as a cure for a smoky fire¬ 
 place, particularly if exposed to the casualties 
 before specified ; although the patent tunnel, 
 when once perfected, will be a perpetual 
 remedy against all the nuisances and incon¬ 
 veniences incidental to vents defectively con¬ 
 structed. 
 
* This Rule is now superseded. 
 Vide Note following the Supplement. 
 
 10 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 It would be advisable, whenever there may 
 be opportunity, to build extra or spare flues, 
 in convenient situations (especially adjoining 
 kitchens or other offices) which can be at any 
 time, either used separately or attached in aid 
 of fire-places requiring additional vent. 
 
 It is not possible to lay down general rules 
 for fixing the precise diameters of flues appro¬ 
 priate for every apartment; this must in a 
 great measure depend upon the dimensions 
 of the rooms, the height of stories, and the 
 purposes for which apartments are intended 
 to be used ; but at all events, builders will be 
 less liable to err in constructing flues of such 
 diameter, as will admit of an enlargement of the 
 extremities as circumstances may render ne¬ 
 cessary. 
 
 The reduction of a flue of 12 inches or 14 
 inches in diameter, therefore (as directed in 
 pages 34 and 39 of the Treatise) should com¬ 
 mence as near to the top of it as possible, 
 so that, in the event of the apartment being 
 converted to purposes requiring a larger fire¬ 
 place, an enlargement of the mouth or outlet of 
 the flue, may, if requisite, be effected with 
 greater facility, and if an upright mortar-joint 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 11 
 
 be kept in the brick-work between each flue 
 from the commencement of the reduction to the 
 under-side of the stone base, then, in the case 
 of any alteration being necessary in one outlet, 
 the adjoining flue or flues need not be disturbed 
 or damaged. 
 
 In answer to inquiries as to the preference 
 given to an outlet of 10 inches diameter, or 
 to two outlets of 10 inches diameter in lieu of 
 one of 14 inches, it may be stated, that one 
 outlet of 10 inches diameter, has hitherto been 
 found adequate to a fire-place of ordinary size ; 
 and when the outlet exceeds 10 or at the utmost 
 12 inches, it may not at all times be protected 
 by the ascending lines or slopes, from sudden 
 gusts of wind, a portion of which is liable to 
 enter a large mouth or outlet, and partially 
 obstruct the ascent of the smoke. 
 
 The Patentee wishes it to be inferred from 
 the foregoing observations, that, although a fire¬ 
 place should be built of a size adequate to any 
 purpose for which it may be required, or pro¬ 
 portionate to the dimensions of the apartment 
 it is intended to warm, yet it is obvious that 
 the fire-place should contain no more air, than 
 
12 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 can be heated by the fuel ordinarily con¬ 
 sumed. 
 
 Also, that the grate or range should contain 
 no more fuel than is requisite to heat that por¬ 
 tion of air, which the throat or entrance of the 
 flue is calculated to admit. 
 
 That the throat or entrance of the flue should 
 be so formed as not to admit more air than the 
 outlet on the top of the chimney is capable of 
 discharging, and that the diameter of the outlet 
 ought not to exceed that of the general passage 
 of the flue. # 
 
 In illustration of the foregoing observations 
 on the proportions of flues, it may be remarked, 
 that a fire-place calculated to contain a certain 
 portion of warm air, and an outlet constructed 
 for the purpose of delivering the same, may 
 precisely bear comparison to a funnel for con¬ 
 ducting liquids, which if supplied by pouring 
 in a greater quantity than the tube can dis¬ 
 charge, it will of necessity soon overflow. 
 
 It having been observed that workmen in 
 constructing the patent flue, carry up the cir¬ 
 cular tunnel, without the surrounding brick¬ 
 work, it seems proper to explain, that the square 
 
 Vide Note following the Supplement 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 13 
 
 brick-work connected with the flues, and form¬ 
 ing the wyths, the warm-air chambers, and 
 the face of the wall, should be built, course by- 
 course, together with the circular work (accord¬ 
 ing to examples shewn in plates 3 and 4 of the 
 Treatise), continuing the courses throughout the 
 wall, or bringing forward each course to close 
 to the face work of the flues. But if the cir¬ 
 cular work be carried up by itself, it may pre¬ 
 vent the proper bonding of the wyths, and 
 according to this practice, it would be difficult 
 to build a circular flue exactly perpendicular, or 
 parallel with the face of the work ; in such 
 case the face bricks would of necessity require 
 to be cut, to prevent the wall exceeding its 
 given thickness. Hence it must be obvious, 
 that inattention to these points on the part of 
 the workmen, would tend to render the wall 
 less substantial. 
 
 As some difficulty has been experienced in 
 removing small portions of mortar, &c. 9 com¬ 
 monly called core, which workmen are apt to 
 let fall into the flue, it is particularly recom¬ 
 mended that a wadding or stopper, made of 
 coarse cloth stuffed with hay, and attached to 
 
14 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 a short rope, should be kept in each flue during 
 the progress of building them, and occasionally 
 raised; by this mode, the substances acci¬ 
 dentally dropped, cannot descend, nor adhere 
 to the sides of the flue, and may be easily 
 removed. The like recommendation is equally 
 requisite in cases where the principle of the 
 Patent is applied to the tops of old chimneys ; 
 and lest the above caution should have been dis¬ 
 regarded, it will be always desirable to examine 
 the flue from bottom to top before any trial 
 takes place, it having frequently occurred that 
 a chimney has been pronounced to be defective 
 when in fact an impediment to the free ascent 
 of the smoke has been found to result from an 
 accumulation of rubbish which the workmen 
 have carelessly suffered to fall down during the 
 progress of building. 
 
 The Patentee without any intention of dic¬ 
 tating to Architects, considers it necessary to 
 publish his opinion upon these particular points, 
 lest any inconvenience, arising from inattention 
 or want of judgment in the builder, may be 
 attributed to a defect in the principle of the 
 patent flues, feeling persuaded that an adherence 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 15 
 
 to the rules laid down generally in regard to 
 the mode of constructing them, will prevent the 
 possibility of any failure in the application of 
 the Patent; and the best proof of this assertion 
 is, that as the patent flues, by their ariti-con- 
 densative properties, are admitted to be the 
 ground work of a remedy against all the evils 
 incidental to the common or modern method of 
 constructing vents, the Author fully believes, 
 that on strict examination of every defective 
 chimney, it will be found that the cause of such 
 defect is clearly pointed out and explained in 
 the course of the Treatise, or this Supplement. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed by Winchester and Varnham, 61, Strand. 
 

 
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NOTE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 INFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 333 
 
 
 „ • s' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 OP 
 
 CHIMNEYS, 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN WILLIAM HIORT, 
 
 ARCHITECT, &c. 
 
 Note for the information of the Public , resulting 
 from experience in the practical application of 
 Mr. HiorVs Patent , particularly in reference to 
 the contraction of Flues , as described at pages 
 34, 38, and 39 of the above Treatise ; and pages 
 5, 10, and 11 of the Supplement. 
 
 It having been observed in every instance, 
 where the circular flues are adopted in the 
 Metropolis, and elsewhere, that the rarefaction 
 of air within the patent tunnel continues un¬ 
 diminished to its summit, thereby requiring a 
 greater rather than a lesser space for expan¬ 
 sion as the smoke ascends, it follows that the 
 patent flue will not admit of any contraction, 
 but on the contrary, the same diameter should 
 be continued from the bottom of the chimney 
 
4 
 
 to the summit of the shaft, or an enlargement 
 of the flue to twelve or fourteen inches diameter 
 might rather be preferred, and which will be 
 found to produce at the outlet of the chimney a 
 more free delivery of the smoke; this may be 
 easily effected by using the bricks in form of the 
 mouth of a trumpet, described at pages 34 and 
 39 of the Treatise. Thus in applying the prin¬ 
 ciple of the patent to the upper part of an old 
 chimney, the flue is to be cut and dubbed out 
 to a circle of twelve or fourteen inches, as 
 directed at pages 38 and 39 of the Treatise, and 
 the same diameter continued to the outlet, or 
 enlarged instead of being reduced to ten inches. 
 
 The effect produced on the circulation of air 
 in the patent tunnel differs from the action of 
 the air in common flues, in a more material 
 degree than the Patentee anticipated, because 
 the ascent or emission of the smoke in the 
 latter becomes, in general, weaker and more 
 sluggish, while by the construction of the 
 patent flue, it invariably continues rarefied, 
 and expanded to the summit. 
 
 The several different sizes of chimney-pots, 
 observed to be fixed on lofty shafts, are in¬ 
 tended to regulate the diameter of the outlets, 
 
5 
 
 so as to accord with the variable temperatures, 
 and other casualties and defects incidental to 
 the summits of the shafts of common chimneys, 
 as enumerated in the first part of the Treatise, 
 whereas it appears in practice, that the new 
 mode of construction, establishes a decided 
 system and rule for the outlets of patent flues 
 of all descriptions, which in no instance should 
 be departed from, viz. that the outlet ought 
 never to be made less than the general di¬ 
 ameter of the chimney. 
 
 The Author is induced to offer this note, not 
 only for the information of the public, but also 
 as a proof of the efficacy of the patent having 
 greatly exceeded the expectations he enter¬ 
 tained, at the periods when the Treatise and 
 Supplement were published. 
 
 It will be observed upon a general perusal 
 of the Treatise, that the author has avoided the 
 adoption of any measure that would seem to con¬ 
 vey the appearance of dictating to Architects, 
 or in any manner interfering with their plans 
 or designs; but he considers it incumbent 
 upon him to state that some modern marble 
 chimney pieces, (more particularly those used 
 in principal rooms) are not calculated to pre- 
 
6 
 
 vent the annoyance of smoke, also that the 
 forms of stoves are frequently ill adapted to fire¬ 
 places, and are generally fixed or set without 
 judgment, or a due regard to comfort and 
 convenience. 
 
 If the above hint should be insufficient, the 
 Patentee will be always ready to communicate 
 personally with architects, &c. with respect to 
 the description of chimney-piece, or stove, 
 which may be best suited to the patent flue, 
 and he is induced to adopt this course, under 
 a clear conviction, that without due attention 
 to these particulars, no chimney whatever can 
 be perfect, whether the flue be constructed 
 according to the patent or the ordinary mode. 
 
 As the patent chimneys can be cleansed 
 from their summit without the aid of climbing 
 boys, convenient trap-doors should be always 
 formed in the roofs, and iron ladders or gang¬ 
 ways fixed so as to afford easy access to the 
 tops, which may be done at a small expense, 
 and at the same time will effectually prevent 
 damage to the slating, &c. 
 
 It is remarked at page 29 of the treatise, 
 that if the instructions given for bonding the 
 work be strictly attended to, the walls in 
 
7 
 
 which the circular flues are built will be equally 
 substantial and secure, and perhaps more so 
 than the common and ordinary brickwork of 
 flues in general, but as the care and attention 
 of workmen are very precarious, not being 
 always to be relied on, an alteration has lately 
 been made in the form of the bricks, which 
 gives them greater simplicity in their applica¬ 
 tion, and affords additional facility to the work¬ 
 men in using them, thereby effectually pre¬ 
 venting the possibility of slighting this very 
 essential part of the patent, viz. the proper 
 and substantial bonding and uniting the cir¬ 
 cular with the square brickwork. 
 
 It is, however, proper to observe, that not¬ 
 withstanding the readiness at all times evinced 
 by the Patentee and his Assistants, to give 
 every instruction in regard to the mode of form¬ 
 ing the newly invented flue, workmen have in 
 many instances been set about building them 
 without the slightest information on the subject, 
 and as this circumstance is much to be regret¬ 
 ted, it becomes requisite to take advantage of 
 the present and every occasion to recommend 
 particularly to all superintendants of buildings, 
 master bricklayers and others, either to refer 
 
8 
 
 their workmen to the Patentee, individually, 
 for the requisite instructions, previously to the 
 commencement of a building, or to communi¬ 
 cate to them, from time to time, the plain 
 directions comprehensively set forth in the 
 third part of the Treatise. 
 
 In consequence of a new method of manu¬ 
 facturing the materials, and of the unprece¬ 
 dented demand for the patent tunnel, the 
 public will be supplied from the usual depdts, 
 at prices very considerably lower than those 
 specified in the table published with the 
 Treatise. 
 
 1st January, 1828. 
 
 The Author requests that those persons who are in 
 possession of a copy of the Treatise and Sup¬ 
 plement will he pleased to annex this Note thereto . 
 
 TREATISE, SUPPLEMENT, AND NOTE, 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR, 
 
 BY WINCHESTER AND VARNHAM, 61, STRAND. 
 
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