HEADS AND FACES. HEADS — AND — FACES, And How to Study Them, A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOGNOMY FOR THE PEOPLE. NELSON SIZER, President of the American Institute of Phrenology, Author of "How to Teach," " Choice of Pursuits," "Forty Years in Phrenology," etc., H. S. DRAYTON, A. M., M. D., Editor of the Phrenological Journal ; Author of " Brain and Mind," etc. One Hundred and Forty-first Thousand. In the lordly brain and mobile face are found the basis of cbaract*" and expression. NEW YORK: FOWLER & WELLS CO., PUBLISHERS, 27 East 21ST Street. 1896 CONTENTS. The Face 5 The Head 5 Outline of Phrenology 7 Bunipology Explained and Exploded 8 .Brain and Mind 12 Plurality of the Mental Faculties ... 14 Partial Idiocy 15 Partial Insanity 15 Insanity Cured by Phrenology 16 Dreaming 17 Diversity of Character 18 Temperaments 19-38 Mental Organs, Their Plurality 32 Size and Capacity 32 Horses and Dogs, Their Tempera- ments 34 Character, Indices of 37 Brain and Skull 38 Brain Substance 42 Brain, Gray Matter and Intelligence. 44 Brain Growth and Weight 45 Surgical Case, A 46 Experiments, Kesults of 46 Size, The Measure of Power 47 Health 47 Napoleon's Head, Size of 51 Organs by Groups 54 Organs and Functions, Analysis of 56 Physiognomy and the Moral Organs 89 How the Faculties Combine 119 Physiognomy, and Natural Language of the Faculties, Illustrated 152 Marriage, Adaptation in 178 (fob a full index see page 199.) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. FIGUBE. Idiot, Malefactor, and Poet 11 Criminal and Moral 11 Back View of Heads 11 Top View of Heads 11 Four Heads in Outline , 12 Form and Growth of Brain 12 Spinal Cord, Section of 18 Temperament, Old Classification Sanguine. 19 Temperament, Lymphatic 19 Temperament, Bilious 20 Temperament, Nervous 20 Temperament, New Classification, Motive. . 21 Trmpornment, New Classification, Vital — 22 Temperament, New Classification, Mental... 22 Poetic, Artistic ' 25 Spirituelle, Mental 25 John Wilson, Balanced Temperament 26 Casey, Col. Thos. L., Motive- Vital 27 Pingree, Gov., Motive-Mental 27 Vital-Motive 28 Lockwood, Belva C, Vital-Mental 28 Romero, Mes. Minister, Mental-Motive 29 Lubbock, Thos., Mental- Vital 29 Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt 30 Sappho 30 Millmore, Martin 30 Dean, Julia 31 Judson, Ann Hazeltine 31 Clark, Macdonald, Poet 31 McCormick, Cyrus H 32 Pearson, H. G 32 Pratt. Zadok 33 Montez, Lola, Countess of Lansfeld 33 "Jay Eye See. Mental Temperament 34 37 Geldino, Percheron, Horse, Motive 86 38 St. Bernard Dog 36 39 Terrier Dog 36 40 Bull Dog 36 41 Spaniel Dog 36 42 Esquimaux Dog 86 43 Terrier Dog 36 44 Shepherd Dog 36 45 Pointer Dog '. 36 46 Hound Dog 36 47 St. Bernard Dog 36 48 Shepherd Dog 36 49 St. Domingo Bloodhound 36 50 Newfoundland Dog 36 51 Pug Dog 36 52 Cerebellum 39 53 Cerebrum 39 TA Cerebellum, Principal Parts 40 55 r.rain, Covered with Dura Mater 40 56 Skull, Natural Sections of 41 57 Brain Fibres 43 58 Brain Cell 43 59 Brain Distribution 43 60 Brain, Monkey's 46 61 Benton, Thomas H 48 62 Henry Ward Beecher 49 63 Webster, Daniel 50 64 Napoleon's Head, Cast of 51 65 Groups of Organs 54 66 Skull, Male 54 67 Skull, Female 54 68 Organs, Location of 56 69 Virchow, Amativeness, large.... 56 70 Orton, Wm., Conjugality large 57 List of Illustrations. riWBE. PAGE. 71 Maynard, J. H., Parental Love 60 72 Jefferson, J., Friendship large 62 73 Davis, John, Inhabitivenets large 63 74 Evarts, Wm. M., Continuity large 65 75 Selfish Propensities large 66 76 Selfish Propensities email 66 ' 77 Waite, M. R., Vitativeness large 67 78 Harrison, Gov. H. B., Combativeness large 68 79 Hat on Round Head 69 80 Hat on Narrow Head 69 81 Lincoln, F. W., Alimentiveness large 70 82 Knox, J. J., Acquisitiveness large 72 ' 83 "Ward, Ferdinand, False Financier 73 84 Cautiousness Illustrated 75 85 Sheffield, Senator W. P., Caution large 75 86 Approbativeness Illustrated 76 87 Maxwell, R. A., Approbativeness large 76 88 Oglesby, Gov. R. J., Self-esteem large 77 89 Wade, Ben. F., Firmness large 78 90 Grant, S. H., Harmonious Head 80 91 Austin, B., Moral Organs large 80 92 Anthony, H, B., Conscientiousness large.... 81 93 Conscientiousness small 82 94 Beath, R. R., Hope large 83 95 Inglis, Bessie, Hope large 84 96 Leypoldt, Spirituality large 84 98 Rouett, J. S., Benevolence large 88 99 Faith 89 100 Hope 89 101 Discontent 89 102 Baldwin, C. C, Constructivdness large 91 103 Eaton, Rev. Geo., Constructiveness small. . . 91 104 W. Mrs. Poet, Ideality large 93 105 Indian, American, Ideality small 93 106 Bartholdi, A., Sublimity large 94 107 Daily, W. A., Imitation large 94 108 Mirthfulness large 96 109 Cady, C. E., Immense Perceptives 98 110 Bishop Lewis, Form large 89 111 Mill, John Stewart, Individuality large 99 112 Hovey, 0. M., Size large 100 113 Raleigh, Lord, Weight large ...101 114 Chanfrau, Frank S., Color large 102 115 Loring, Geo. B., Order large 103 116 Pillsbury, E. F., Collector Internal Revenue, Boston, Calculation and Constructiveness large 104 117 Coleman, N. J., U. S. Com. Agriculture — 105 118 Hunt, Thos Sterry, Eventuality large 106 119 Dawkins, W. B., Time and Order large., 107 120 Cotton, Ben., Great Minstrel, Tune large 108 121 Hilgard, J. E., Language large 110 122 Maxwell, Edwin, Causality large 112 123 Pasteur, M. D. Louis, Comparison large.... 114 125 Springer, Alfred, Agreeableness large 117 126 French Lady. Friendship large 120 127 Small Social Organs 121 128 Love Deficient 122 129 Amativene?s,Self-esteem andFirmness small.122 130 Cook, Eliza, A Loving Face and Head 122 131 Godire, M., Philanthropist 123 132 Selfish Propensities large 134 133 Jaup, Selfish Propensities small 124 134 Hedge,Rev. F. W.,Self-esteem and Firmnessl34 135 Bancroft, Geo., Firmness, Self esteem and Continuity 136 g I SURE. PAG», 136 Von Moltke, Constructiveness large 139 V37 King Ludwig, Ideality large 140 ^38 Rubens, Ideality, Form, and Color 140 139 Lockwood, Lieut. J. B., Arctic Explorer. .. 142 139 Martin, Gen J. A., Imitation large 143 140 Macdonald, Sir J. A., Perceptives large 144 141 Hosmer, Harriet, Form, Size, and Order 145 142 Richelieu, Order and Calculation 146 143 Whitney, A. D. T. Mrs., Literary 147 144 Newton, Prof. H. A., Reasoning Organs 149= 145 Patti, Adelina, Human Nature and Agree- ableness 150 146 Faces, Peculiar Contrasts 152 147 Submission and Authority 153 148 B. F. P., Harmonious Organization 156 149 Brownlow, Parson 157 150 Phillips, Wendell 158. 151 Riotous Regulator 159 152 Wesley, John 160 153 Health and Comfort 160 154 Face, An Open 161 155 Ney, Elizabeth, Sculptor 162 1 156 Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess 163 157 Arnold, Miss A 164 158 Neal, Joseph C 164 159 Silhouette Face 16& 160 Nose, Suub 165 161 Grandmother, Good 166. 162 Hope and Enthusiasm 166. 163 Professor, The 167 164 Domna, Julia, Roman Empress 167* 165 Bodine, Polly, Notorious 16S 166 Decayed Politician 168- 167 " Turveydrop" Mr. Dandy 169" 168 Profound Thinker 170 160 Bad Organization 170 170 Rectitude 171 171 Dissipation 171 172 Physiognomy of Dyspepsia 172 173 Circulation Poor 173 174 Lawrence, Abbott 173. 175 Lind, Jenny, (Goldsmith) 174 176 Newton, Sir Isaac 175. 177 Stevens, Capt. Elisha 175. 178 Napier, General 175. 179 Shyridan, General Phil 176. 180 Levity and Severity, Double Face 177* 181 Harmonious Man 181 182 Harmonious Woman 181 183 Brunette, The 18* 184 Ineligible 182! 185 Health and Happiness 182; 186 Positive and Enduring 183 187 Genial and Adaptive 188. 188 Mechanical Head 186 189 Business Head 185 190 Student's Head 188 191 Shakspeare 189- 192 to 216 Tragic Characters 19L 217 to 254 Characters in Comedy 193: 256 to 263 Character by Photograph 195 864 Model Head 20S HEADS & FACES: cIOW TO STTJDT THEM. OP THE FACE. Tbe> study of character and its indica- tions is as old as human inquiry, and there- fore the tendency of mind in this direction must ari*je from a special mental trait. The changing expression of the face is everywhere regarded as a mirror in which the passing thought or present emotion can he seen. If one be long afflicted by grief or blepsed by joy, wearied by trouble or vexed with cue, shadowed with melan- choly or excited by wit, inspired by faith or led by conscience, inflated by pride or subjected to its domination, the emotions awakened by these different states and re- vealed in the face, may become so far fixed as to defy concealment. But let one's circumstances be suddenly changed ; let grief be turned to joy, and trouble, care, and vexation will fade from the counten- ance and leave scarcely a trace. Then there are expressions of face in- herited from joyous or sorrowing parent- age. In the same family one child absorbs the sunshine of its mother's joy, and it glows from its face for a lifetime ; another, if circumstances have changed, will wear the tear marks, or the expression of bit- terness that darkened the mother's life ; and no doubt the brain as well as the face will bear a similar and even more perma- nent record. The very attitudes and motions assume, by long habit, an expression of the inner life. One accustomed to the exercise of authority gets a stiffer spine, a more ex- alted head, and firmer lines of the face, and the brain conforms in development and activity to the conditions that have become habitual. For centuries the face has been studied, and attempts have been made to reduce the face to a science with greater or less approaches to success. People will study the face and its expression and be influ- enced by it without having any science or rules for it, or any means of explaining it. Yet their impressions will be correct. OF THE HEAD. Near the close of the last century the physiology of the brain became the sub- ject of special investigation by an emi- nent physician of Germany, Dr. Gall, and he claimed that he had discover«d signs of character in the brain, that it can be safely studied as the basis of character, and that whatever the face or attitudes or motions may reveal, the impulse comes from the brain. His mode of investiga- tion has acquired the name of Phrenology. For nearly a hundred years the term Phrenology has been before the world, and has been understood to relate to the laws and activities of the human mind, and that in some way it is related to the brain as its organ. A few have studied Phrenology and accepted it heartily ; others have made it a topic for contempt or ridicule, and though thousands of the general public have little or no knowledge on the subject, other thousands have more or less information respecting it, and 6 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. so far as they understand it, they believe and accept it. The object now in view is to simplify and restate the matter, and to make it so clear and plain that even those who have had little opportunity for extended cul- ture shall understand and appreciate it. The term Phrenology, derived from two Greek words phren and logos, signifies "Discourse on the Mind " ; as a system of mental philosophy it aims to explain the faculties of thought and feeling by studying the organization of the brain during life. If this be true, it is a most important fact ; if it be false, the quicker the public learn it the better. If true, teachers, preachers, legislators, and ad- ministrators of justice, and particularly parents, should understand it, and by ap- plying its principles derive the benefit which they must afford ; and if it be false, that part of the world which represents intelligence, morality, civil government, and domestic training cannot be too soon in ascertaining it. The time has gone by when a shrug of the shoulders, or a shake of the head, a repulsive wave of the hand, or the bigot's argument, can set aside a subject that claims to make clear the most important fact that can attract the world of thought. If the claims of phrenology be true ; if a living character can be studied by the or- ganization of its brain ; if a mother can know as she fondles her darling whether there lurk fires in his mental organization that shall make her trouble and procure disaster for the darling of her heart ; if in the brain can be read the talents which shall distinguish their owners and bless the world ; if traits can be seen before the tenth year that shall indicate the orator, or the engineer, the writer, the philoso- pher, the historian, the teacher, the artist, or the divine, ought not the public to un- derstand it in order that the generations that follow shall be early guided in moral and intellectual culture, and in the man- agement and training of the propensities, so that each child of the future shall be made the most of, and thus the race be lifted into usefulness, virtue and honor ? It would not startle an experienced phre- nologist to be told that one skilled in this subject would be able to read the charac- ter of a class of boys or girls in a school coming from as many different families as there were individuals, and correctly esti- mate the qualities of each for scholarship, and the tendencies in each toward good or ill behavior, recognizing the strong and weak points in the dispositions and mo- tives through the force by which their char- acters are brought out. All teachers know that when they are introduced to a strange school, they may look over the pupils and have a prefer- ence for one because of his bright look, and a feeling of repulsion toward one who looks perhaps uninviting; but that teacher knows that he cannot read those boys and girls so as to know, without considerable acquaintance, which has a good memory of history and fact, and which will excel in arithmetic, grammar, or philosophy ; that he can not feel any certainty in respect to the behavior or tendencies to morality or mischief that each member of his class will be likely to manifest. Mothers know that in their own families there are sometimes as many characters as there are children ; one will be tur- bulent, headstrong and proud ; another sulky, quarrelsome and tricky; another will be the soul of frankness and honor, integrity, and virtue ; while another will be peevish, vacillating and wayward, through weakness, perhaps ; and when a stranger comes into her house and applies phrenology practically and is enabled to read these traits in her children as she un- derstands them, and not only this, but to predict for ten years to come what the or- ganization of each is likely to produce in the way of character and talent, that mo- ther may well express astonishment. The question now is, shall that mother be put in possession of the simple rules and principles on which such estimate can be made ? Will she take a little pains to read and think so as to master measurably the problem of human life as revealed in her children as weU as in others around her with whom she wmes in contact? Otjtmjje op Phrenology. 7 It is not wise, though, perhaps without Phrenology, that is the only means of learning, to wait for experience to reveal the truth in respect to the faculties. The newspapers recently told us of a farmer in the State of Georgia who shot a rabbit, which ran into the hollow stump of a tree ; he reached into the hole to pull out the wounded rabbit, andia rattlesnake bit his hand, resulting in his death the next day. That was an Experiment, and many a child has in his organization both the rattlesnake and the rabbit, and blind experiments may serve to develop, pain- fully, qualities that need watchful care, guidance, and restraint. OUTLINE OF PHRENOLOGY. A brief outline of the doctrines of Phrenology may here be made : First. The brain is the organ or instru- ment of the mind, just as the eye is the instrument of sight. Every trait of char- acter, every talent, propensity, or senti- ment has its organ. There is a general belief that somehow the intellect stands related to the brain, and when an injury to any part of that viscus occurs, the newspapers will say that the intellect was, or was not, affected by the injury. But a doubt exists whether the brain is also the seat of the feelings, the propensities, and sentiments. To say that some injury of the brain did not affect the intellect, is about as definite as it would be to say that a man was injured in the head, but that his eye-sight, or his smelling power, or his hearing was not af- fected, and therefore eye-sight and hear- ing do not necessarily belong to the head; but Phrenology teaches that every senti- ment, every element of taste and aversion, of hope and fear, of love and hatred, as well as the intellectual faculties and mem- ory, have their special seats in some part of the brain. Second. The mind is not a single power, but has many faculties, some of which may be stronger or weaker than the others in the same person; from which arises the great variety of character and talent among mankind. Some learned men of the present day claim that the mind is a unit, and that its whole power is employed in each mental operation ; that it is all devoted to music for the time being, or to mechanism, to mathematics, to history, to language, to kindness or anger, alternately ; but observation shows that a half-dozen differ- ent faculties may be in active operation at the same time, acting toward different ob- jects and for different purposes ; hence, Third. Each faculty or propensity of the mind has its special organ in the brain. Fourth. Size of brain, the quality being good, is the true measure of its power. The brain, when deficient in size or low in quality or health, is always connected rath a low degree of mental power. Even among the lower animals the brain is found to be large and complicated in pro- portion to the variety and strength of their faculties. Fifth. There are several groups of fac- ulties, and each of these groups is repre- sented by organs located together in the brain. The organs of the Intellect are sit- uated in the forehead in what are called the anterior lobes of the brain ; those of the Social nature in the back head, or posterior lobes of the brain ; those of Passion, appetite, and self-preservation, in the side head, or middle lobes of the brain ; while those organs which manifest Aspiration, pride, ambition, are in the crown of the head, and those of Senti- ment, sympathy, morality, and religion in the top head. Sixth. Each faculty of the mind, each sentiment and propensity, has its own or- gans, as each function of the body has its specific organ. If this were not so, each person would manifest the same amount of talent or power on all subjects, such as arithmetic, language, music, mechanism, the power of reasoning, love of property, courage, prudence or pride. Everybody knows that persons rarely ever show equal talent on all topics, and that a man may be a genius at one thing and find it im- possible, by long training, to become even tolerably successful in other things. If the mind were a single power and the brain a Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. single organ this would not be the case. The senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, 6melling, are not always possessed by each person in an equal degree of perfection, these several powers being dependent on different organs, and each related to a spe- cial part of the brain ; so the mental facul- ties and dispositions are alike unequal in a given person, owing to the greater strength or weakness of their respective organs in the brain ; hence some people represent partial genius, others partial idiocy or par- tial insanity, and these facts are explained and sustained only by the phrenological theory of the mind. Seventh. The Quality and Temperament of the organization determine the degree of vigor, activity, and endurance of the mental powers. Temperament is indicated by external signs, including the build, complexion and texture. Men recognize different quali- ties in their judgment of horses, cattle, and other stock, although they do not use the terms we apply to mankind. Men who deal in timber know that the quality of different kinds of wood has infinite va- riety ; the spongy palmetto of the South, the soft texture of the willow, or the coarse character of the hemlock in contrast with oak, hickory, ebony, lignum vitse, show- ing that contrasts of temperament or qual- ity in wood are various. To a critical phrenologist and physiognomist as wide a range of quality may be found in the human race. Speed, activity, strength, endurance in birds and dogs and horses are recognized and understood. The trim, compact game-chicken that weighs five pounds finds little difficulty in vanquish- ing the clumsy, coarse and tall Shanghai or Chittagong that may turn the scales at fourteen pounds ; and temperament is a term which, rightly understood, explains we reason of these peculiarities. The sturdy team-horse, with his broad back and stalwart limbs, will take a mon- strous load without weariness, if he may go slowly enough ; while another horse of different temperament would be wearied and soon broken down with such a load, but may make his mile in less than two minutes and ten seconds on the race track. Horse-dealers readily recognize in horses while standing at a distance, facts that re- veal speed, endurance, and hardihood, or weakness and tenderness. That which people do not know awakens superstitious wonder. Men learn that great differences in timber, horses, cattle, and dogs exist, and are not surprised that men can under - stand them. They will permit us to say that temperament or quality can also be- as readily understood in respect to the hu- man race. This subject of Temperament will be more fully discussed and illustrated fur- ther on. BFMPOLOGY EXPLAINED AND EX- PLODED. The first difficulty the phrenologist meets among the public, is, that he is sup- posed to study the brain by means of cer- tains "bumps" on the cranium ; that he looks for hills and hollows, and that his opinions are based on the presence or de- ficiency of these bumps. Intelligent and even coUege-bred men, distinguished in the professions, will come to the phrenolo- gist and say in all sincerity, "You must have an exceedingly delicate touch to be able to discover the bumps or the organs and their development on a head as smooth as mine is. " Perhaps it may be bald, and by that time ought to have known better about the teachings of Phrenology than to have made such an observation. If, however, a man with a bald head is seen to have towering elevations in differ- ent parts of the head ; if some great sec- tion as large as a man's hand is elevated considerably above the general outline,, people can see that in such a head one might study " bumps," but on a head that, is as smooth as a billiard-ball, nine-teij u of the general public to-day think that it is impossible for them, and it must be for phrenologist, to determine whether organs are large or small. Until this error can be rubbed out of the public thought and the true principle of phrenological exami- nation established, no progress can be made in the education of the people on this subject. * Bumpologt Explained and Exploded. For half a century lecturers and writers on the subject of Phrenology have been trying to convince the world that in the examination of the head we do not look for "bumps" to ascertain the develop- ment of organs any more than we look for "bumps" to ascertain that one apple is larger than another, or that the hind- wheel of a wagon is larger than the fore- wheel. The relative proportions of a head are estimated by measuring the distances from the spinal axis located at the top of the spinal cord to the points on the sur- face of the head where the organs are lo- cated ; on the same principle that a wheel is large in proportion to the length of the spokes from the hub to the rim ; or an ap- ple is large in proportion to the distance or length of its fibres from the core to the surface. Within a year, a gentleman who is a graduate of a college and intelligent in the direction to which he has devoted his time and study, replied, when this statement was made to him, in terms more emphatic than polite, ' ' That is a new dodge. You used to talk about bumps." We quietly took from our library a book published in Washington city in 1837, by Dr. Thos. Sew- all, Professor of Physiology and Anatomy, in the frontispiece of which there are three outlines of the human head, with the or- gans defined according to Phrenology. On one of the heads there is a representa- tion of an instrument with bulbs placed in the openings of the ears, and an arc run- ning from these over the head, and on this arc a sliding index which points to the me- dulla oblongata or capital of the spinal cord, and no matter how it may be slipped around, or which way the arc may be swung, like the bail of a pail, that index, marked off with inches, sliding in and out, was arranged to indicate the exact distance of any given organ or portion of the head from the centre of the brain. The instru- ment is called the " Craniometer." Dr. Sewall was lecturing against Phrenology, hence his statement in reference to the teachings of Phrenology will not be con- sidered too favorable. In stating the claims ©f our science in reference to its principles. he remarks: " Eightly. That the brain is composed of at least thirty -four organs or pairs of organs, all commencing at the medulla oblonga or top of the spinal mar- row and radiating to the surface of the brain." This fact shows that the estimation of the size of the phrenological organs by the radial distance from the brain centre to the periphery is not a " new dodge." To make the matter plain to the reader, we may say, if a line be drawn through the head from the opening of one ear to- that of the other it will pass through the medulla oblongata, that central ganglion at the base in which the fibres from cere- brum and cerebellum converge. The brain is developed by fibres running from this central point to the surface of the head, and volume of brain is dependent upon the length of these fibres, and con- sequently an organ is large in proportion to the distance from the brain centre to> the surface where it is located. See Figs, 1 and 2. Fig. 1, A. Medulla Oblongata, where the Fibers start. B. Spinal Cord. C. Cerebellum. Some heads are two inches wider from side to side than others which measure the same distance from forehead to back head, yet on the surface show no bumps or little irregularities ; some eggs are short and chunky, others are elongated. Let 10 Heads and Faces: How to Study Them. the reader look into the hats of different men and study the form of the oval where it embraces the head, and he will not have to look long to find that some hats are long and narrow, and some broad or al- Fig. 2. Base of Brain, showing length of Fibres from the centre to the circumference. most round. Some heads are two inches longer than others and yet could wear the •same size hat; some heads are irregular in form, showing a difference in the length of fibre lines in different parts ; some are very broad and short, and others long and thin. One head is large at the base and iow at the top ; another is developed mainly in front of the ears, showing that the man has talent but little force. The head of another is mainly back of the ears, and is short and light in front ; in this we would find little intelligence, but an excess of passion, selfishness, and base, animal instinct. Another head is high at the top •and well expanded, and narrow at the base. All these different forms and many more can be found by observation, and all this might occur without showing what might be called a bump. From this view of the *ubject, some physicians repeat the obser- vations which they have heard from their old preceptors that skulls are not always of the same thickness in different places, and sometimes there seems to be a hollow on the inside of the skull and no correspond- ing protuberance, and that the little hills and hollows that may be found on the surface of the skull were the only basis ■of phrenological investigation. When men talk bike that, we know that they have not been instructed in regard to this old doctrine of the fibrous length from the brain centre, and they are astonished when the explanation is made to them, and are apt to say, "That is a new dodge." Doctors, therefore, who object to Phren- ology and try to throw discredit upon it, as they teach students in medical colleges, or as they go among the people, do but show their ignorance of the principles that Phrenology has maintained since the days of Dr. Gall, and which are older than the century. But the reader may ask, "How did this idea get abroad ?" "Where did the bump theory come from ?" Let us suppose some bald-headed man to have had excessive Firmness or Self-esteem, and that some phrenological examiner di- rected attention to the tremendous devel- opment of the organ in question, the ob- servers probably called it a "bump" because it looked like a bump in conse- quence of the deficiency of the surround- ing regions. And suppose also that all the organs in another head were of equal development, as large as the first man's Firmness or Self-esteem ; if the phrenolo- gist said that Firmness and Self-esteem were large in this second case the public saw no bump and was bewildered. Some people to-day quote to us Sir Wil- liam Hamilton's criticism, which is more than fifty years old, in regard to the dif- ference in the thickness of different parts of the skull, as being a settler against the possibility that Phrenology can be true. The last quarter of an inch on the sur- face of the head, or the want of it, is not the means of determining the strength of the given phrenological organs ; therefore, that old, stale, falsely-based objection has no weight ; judging as we do by the length of the lines from the central point to the surface, the buhrp objection goes to the wall, and a sound scientific basis of Phren- ology is established. The force of the idea now presented to the reader will be intensified by reference to Fig. 3, which shows three heads all drawn to a scale from the opening of the ear, and each representing human heads. The central outline is drawn from the cast of an idiot, showing that all the lines from the ear to the surface of the skull are short. Outlines of Heads Ii/lustkated . 11 The next, shown by the dotted line, is the head of a man who murdered his brother ; the lines running upward and backward are long, and the head was also broad from ear Fig. 3. Idiot, Malefactor, and Poet. to ear, but the lines running upward and forward are short, and all the intellectual and moral organs were relatively deficient, while the region of passion and propen- sity was large. The larger head repre- sents an English poet, and the develop- ment there is mainly upward and forward toward the intellectual and moral region. Fig. 4. Criminal and Moral. In the engraving, Fig. 4, there is a marked difference between the two heads; there are no bumps visible in the outline of either, but the length of line from the opening of the ear in each case shows a great difference ; the dotted line shows a weak intellectual and moral development, and a very strong development of the pro- pensities ; the head is broad from side to side, corresponding with the deficient front and top head. The other is a good moral and intellectual character. In Figs. 5 and 6 we have the outlines .of two heads ; 5 shows a back view ; the dotted line represents the broad, low head of Patch, who slyly murdered his friend ( \ \ I \ I Fig. 5. Back view of heads. Broad Head. Narrow Head. Patch. — Murderer, Gosse. — Liberal Giver. for his money. See how the side head protrudes as compared with the other out- line, which represents Gosse, a man who gave away two fortunes through liberality Fig. 6. Top view of Patch and Gosse. and sympathy. Fig. 6 shows a view of Fig. 5, as seen from above, as would be represented in the inside of the hats of the two men. The head of Patch is short- in front compared with that of Gosse, while the side head is shown to be broad, hence the lines from the brain centre vary in length in these two men, thus indicat- ing their diversity of character. Yet people do not generally look at heads in the light which is here pre- sented. If a man has what they call a high forehead, they do not stop to see how far from the opening of the ear it is ; they wonder that he has not a good intel- lect, if he be a dull fellow. If the head 12 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. rounds up at the top, they do not stop to consider how high it is from the opening of the ear. We trust that their views will hereafter he modified. Fig. 7 shows the outline of four heads drawn to the same face, the ear being the Fig. 7. Four heads of different form. No. 1. Alexander VI. , Immoral and Animal. " 2. Zeno, the Philosopher. " 3. Philip II., of Spain, Tyrant. " 4. Father Oberlin, Christian Philan- thropist. focus from which the radial lines extend ; they are accurately drawn to the same scale. The four figures are represented by numbers. No. 1 shows the outline of Alexander VI., once Pope at Rome ; it is low in front and at the top, high at the •crown, and very great in the backward development. No. 2 shows great square- ness and fulness in the forehead, in the region of the intellect ; the top head is fairly but not largely developed, and the back head is shown by the inner line of all. That represents the philosopher Zeno. No. 3, to whom the face belongs, is Phillip II., of Spain, showing a practical intellect, immense Firmness and Self-esteem, and moderate social development ; the tyranny of his character is well illustrated by the outline of his head. No. 4, Father Ober- lin, the Christian missionary and philan- thropist, shows the predominance in the intellectual and religious region, but not a very strong social development. A practical phrenologist in a single week will meet with heads as varied as these, yet people often say "Heads seem so much alike we can not see how it is possible to detect such differences as yoii describe "; but they do not estimate heads on phrenological principles or they would see difference enough. Fig. 8 shows the normal growth of the head from infancy to full maturity, and viewing the development and growth as being by length of fibre from the opening of the ear, it will be noticed that the in- fant's head increases relatively more for- ward and upward than it does backward ; being larger in the middle and back region proportionately than it is in front, because the life-power located in the central sec- tion of the brain needs to be stronger in a new-born child than the intellectual and moral regions are required to be ; hence a young mother is apt to think her babe has such a little, contracted, sloping fore- head, she is afraid it will be an idiot; but Fig. 8. Form and growth of head, from In- fancy to Manhood. as the child's mental activity comes into play, the anterior and superior portions of the brain are gradually developed. BRAIN AND MIND. Prior to the days of Gall and Spurz- heim, those who studied Mind in the ab- stract or metaphysically, seemed to have no idea that the brain has any relation tr mental manifestation. They knew that if a man were hit upon the head he might be knocked senseless or paralyzed, but they did not regard the brain as the organ or instrument of mental manifestation. That is to say, they did not understand that Injury of Brain and Insanity. 13 the brain, according to its size and qual- ity, determines the strength, activity, and characteristics of the mental forces. Aside from the physiologists, even to-day the metaphysicians do not attribute to the brain much more than intellectual quali- ties ; the emotions, passions, sentiments, tastes, are supposed by the majority of these to be affections of the soul apart from, and not related to the brain. Phrenology on the other hand recog- nizes brain as the organ of the Mind in all its forces, in just such a sense as that the eye is the organ of vision, or the stomach the organ of digestion, or that muscle is the instrument of motion. It does not follow that if the brain be the organ of the Mind that mind is material, because it employs physical organs for its devel- opment. The brain is simply the mate- rial instrument which brings mind and matter into co-operation. All primary motion originates in the brain ; all sensa- tion is carried to the brain as the seat of •consciousness. The nerves of the exter- nal senses carry to the brain the impres- sions which they receiye, where they are recorded, brought to the consciousness of the individual, and estimated. The eye, the ear, the nerves of smelling, tasting, and general sensation, furnish the mind through the brain with the knowledge of external things. If these nerves are im- paired or deranged in their action, the functions of seeing, hearing, tasting, smell- ing, and feeling, are impaired accordingly, because the channel from the outer world to the brain is cut off. A blow upon the head paralyzes the whole body temporarily, and a pressure upon the brain will suspend intellectual and moral consciousness indefi- nitely, according to the amount and char- acter of the pressure. Medical works abound in cases of suspension of mentjl power from pressure of the brain. One of the most interesting is recorded in the Toledo, Ohio, Medical and Surgi- cal Journal for September, 1877. It is related by Proctor Thayer, M. D., profes- sor of surgery in Cleveland, Ohio, Medical Oollege. " He was requested by a lady to visit her husband then in jail in Cleveland. The history of the case was that sixteen years previously they were residing in Indiana and engaged in farming. While the man was plowing, the team became unmanageable and ran away. In his ef- forts to stop them he was thrown violently against a fence, his head striking one of the rails. He was taken up insensible, and after recovery from the concussion he was found to be suffering from mania which became continuous, and character- ized at times by the most dreadful vio- lence. After a varied experience of con- finement in the asylum for the insane and the jail, owing to the greater or less degree of his violence, he was at last brought to Cleveland and confined. His wife desired that his head might be trephined at the spot as nearly as could be determined where the head received the injury. This she had often requested of others, and now insisted on it with much earnestness, whatever the consequences might be. Thoroughly incredulous, the doctor vis- ited the patient and found him a raving maniac. His violence had made him a terror ; it had been found necessary to construct an iron cell, the upper part of which consisted of a grating. He raved continually in his desire to destroy imag- inary enemies. It was decided to operate on the following morning. At the ap- pointed time when everything was ready, the sheriff opened the door, and seizing the maniac threw him on the floor. He was tied, and chloroform administered. A hole was bored (perhaps an inch in diam- eter) in the head at the point where the Wow causing the injury had been given. The operation being complete, he was un- tied. As the effects of the chloroform passed off he lay quietly, and as he opened his eyes, they were observed to have lost their former wild expression. Directions being given to apply cold water to the head, and place a cot in the cell with at- tendants to control him if necessary, he remarked calmly, 'I shan't harm them.' The instructions were observed, and on the following morning all were surprised to learn that the patient had continued to 14 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. be rational, and had asked for his wife and baby. "When the doctor entered the cell the patient inquired where he was, and why he was there. When the matter was explained he expressed the greatest astonishment, and to the inquiries as to what he knew about it he replied that it Hoemed to him that he had just awakened, and that yesterday he was plowing ; that bis mare and colt got to cutting up, ran away, and that was all he kn^w in regard to it. The doctor asked him if he would like to see the wife and child he had in- quired after, to which he quietly replied, ' Oh, she can not come, she has just had a baby.' The wife and baby, the latter now a girl of sixteen years, had been wait- ing in an adjoining room, and were now introduced to him ; he did not know either of them. The wife had changed in ap- pearance and the baby had become a woman. In utter amazement he exclaimed, ' My God, what does this mean ? ' His recovery was complete, the whole sixteen years remaining a blank to him, and all knowledge of his injury a mystery. His mental derangement never returned. He pursued his occupation of farming for seven years, and then died from pneu monia. " The blow which produced the injury doubtless fractured the skull, causing a pressure upon the brain. The fracture not being indicated on the surface, yet the mental aberration that followed should have led the surgeon to employ the pro- cess of trephining soon after the injury, and thus have saved all those terrible years of insanity. This case shows that a pressure upon the brain may suspend normal consciousness for many years, and that the pressure may be so little as not to damage the bodily health or to produce a lesion of the brain. The mental machinery was disturbed but not ruined. It is well known to surgeons that if a portion of the skull be removed by injury, the consciousness of the patient may be suspended by a gentle pressure upon the brain, and when it is removed the mind will resume its action, and thus it may be literally "held under the thumb," and restored at pleasure to its full activity.. PLURALITY OF THE MENTAL FACUL- TIES. Phrenology maintains that the entire mind is not employed in the production of each mental function, that the mind acts, by means of many distinct faculties, even as a musical instrument has many distinct notes, any one of which may be too high or too low, or the string may be broken. If the mind were a distinct power, and there were no separate faculties, it would follow that the mind would be equally ca- pable on every topic ; the person would succeed as well in mechanism as in music, as well in reasoning as in memory, in arith- metic as in judgment of colors or memory of places and of historic facts. Each per- son should have as much power in cour- age, prudence, love, ambition, pride, steadfastness, conscience, sympathy, as h© had in any other quality. If the mind were but a single power, there would be no such thing as partial genius. But in every school and neigh- borhood, in nearly every family, it is found that one person will succeed best in one study, another in another, and nei- ther will come up to the measure of his best power on every subject. In a single family one child takes to music, another to mathematics, another to languages, another to trade, and another to art, and not one could profitably change with another his business or profession. Zerah Colburn, born at Cabot, Vt., Sept. 1st, 1804, and died March 2, 1840, was a prodigy in arithmetical calculation. At six years of age he manifested such powers of computation as to astonish the learned world. Questions in multiplica- tion of five places of figures, reduction,, rule of three, compound fractions, and obtaining factors of large numbers were answered with accuracy and with marvel- lous quickness. Among the questions propounded to him on his visit at Harvard College were the following : How many days and hours in 1,811 years? His an- swer, given in twenty seconds, was 661,015 days, 15,864,360 hours. How many sec- onds in eleven year* ' The answer, given idiocy and Insanity Partial. 15 in four seconds, was 346,896,000. It is said that a few months before his birth, his mother, who had never been taught arithmetic, had on her mind, for a day and a night, a puzzling question as to how many yards of cloth a given amount of yarn which she had would make. To a person understanding arithmetic this would be a simple problem, but she had to do it by a mental process, without rule, and this extraordinary effort on her part was organized in her child and made him a genius in mental arithmetic, but not in mathematics. An attempt was made to educate him in other branches of study, but he never dis- tinguished himself nor even came up to the common average. If there is not a special faculty for number why could he not do as well in other things ? Other persons are excellent in figures, and also in other departments of thought. PARTIAL IDIOCY. Partial idiocy is another proof of the plurality of the faculties ; it is a condition in which mind seems to be nearly or quite a blank on some points, while on other points there is the ordinary amount of strength. As Zerah Colburn manifested one faculty as a genius, and was not above the average in anything else, so we find instances in which a person is considered idiotic as a whole, and yet may manifest i musical or numerical talent to the extent iof being a genius in that one particular, while deficient in everything else. We J knew a young man, A. K, of Blandford, IMass., having a small head, and he was so (destitute of common sense that he could I hardly learn to read, and was unable to imanage for himself, yet he possessed the ttalent of memory of time to an astonish- iishing degree. Dates were his forte, and Ihe remembered the time when unimport- aant things occurred for months and years, tthough they had no relation to himself. PARTIAL INSANITY. Partial insanity, as well as partial genius aand partial idiocy, proves that the mind Him many distinct faculties. Some per- sons are insane on the subject of property, and imagine they are millionaires and own all the public buildings in town, but oa any other subject they will converse for hours and in a rational and intellectual man- ner, and no one would discover the slight- est aberration of mind. One has only to visit a hospital for the insane to find that one is insane on the subject of property, another in the matter of domination or pride, another has an insane conscience - r another is insane on the subject of saving ; another on the subject of worship and de- votion ; another is a monomaniac on the subject of charity and benevolence ; an- other becomes warped on the subject of liters ,ure or mathematics or history. A s udent in Yale College, one of the most profi ;ient, especially in languages, became 1 insane, that is to say, disturbed in the fac- ulty of language, and it was an amusement to the other students, and to everybody in New Haven who knew him, to hear him rattle off the "big" words, while on all other subjects he seemed perfectly sound. He was made angry by somebody, and he instantly said, "I will sift you through im- mensity where it will require omniscience to find you and omnipotence to put you together again." This might possibly be called classical profanity. On another oc- casion a farmer came in with his ox team and load of wood for Professor Taylor, and, stopping in front of the " College green," inquired where he could find Professor Taylor. There were a dozen students in a group, but the literary maniac stepped for- ward and gracefully said, "Crucify the quadrangle, ascend the grades, make a dextral vert and you will find him peram- bulating his domicile or prospecting his his fenestrum." The farmer stood dumb- founded, remembering only the last word, and said, "Fenestrum, what does that mean ? " The student instantly said, "It is the aperture through which the concave of the dome is illuminated." If he had not been crazy, and had stated the same idea in plain words, he would have said, "Cross the square, go up stairs, turn to the right, and you will find him walking his room or lookii*? out of his window." 16 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. There are many persons who are par- tially insane who will carry themselves harmoniously on all points but the warped one, just as a piano will play anything and everything equally well if the one string which is broken or out of tune be not re- quired to perform any notes in the piece of music. Insanity sometimes affects merely the imagination and not the rea- son ; then the person will reason soundly in respect to everything but the one in question. INSANITY CCRED THROUGH PHREN- OLOGY. To emphasize the fact of the plurality of faculties, and that each may be i tsane while the others are sound, we insei ; two marked facts. "In 1.845, while lecturing m Westrield, Mass., I received a call from a friend re- siding at Suffield, Conn., twelve miles dis- tant, where I was acquainted. He in- formed me that H. B., of Suffield, had recently received a blow upon the head in the region of the temple, and had become insane in consequence. He appeared somewhat strangely for a day or two, and then took a train for New York, and be- fore arriving there, attracted attention by immoderate laughter at everybody and everything in the car. A gentleman who knew him happened to be on the train, and took him back to Hartford, left him in the Asylum, and sent for his father. Here he had been for several weeks under treatment without any apparent benefit. On hearing these facts I wrote at once to the father, and sent it by my informant, stating my impression that the injury was upon the seat of Mirthfulness, hence his tendency to laugh, and to see absurdity in everything, and suggested that if the phy- sician would apply leeches and ice to that part of the head which was injured, the symptoms of insanity would cease. The aged father, who was interested in our lectures on phrenology at Suffield in 1841, recognizing the reasonableness of the view I had taken of the cause and proper treat- ment of the case, on receiving my letter at eight o'clock that night, he instantly harnessed his team for a dreary drive of seventeen miles to Hartford, and, reaching the Asylum at eleven o'clock, after Dr. Butler had retired, he insisted on seeing him at once. With my open letter in his hand, the anxious father met the doctor, who read it deliberately, and said : "It looks reasonable, and we will try the treatment in the morning." "No, doctor ; we will try it to-night, if you please, I can not wait till morning." "All right," said the doctor, " to-night, if you say so." In half an hour the patient was under the treatment of leeches, in another half hour the injured part was under the influ- ence of pounded ice, and the patient was fast asleep. The next morning he and his father took breakfast with the doctor ; and ' ' he was clothed and in his right mind," and in a short time went home with his father, apparently cured. The injury was directly over the organ of Mirthfulness, and the inflammation caused by the blow produced the deranged action of that faculty. Forty years have now (1885) elapsed since this injury was received, and there has been no return of the symptoms of insanity. Had the in- flammation been allowed to proceed, death, or mental derangement for life, might have been the consequence. The young man being my friend, I felt a peculiar in- terest in the case."* Love of Life — Insanity. Several years ago I was invited to give a course of lectures at the "Asylum for the Insane," near Morristown, N. J. About a hundred persons are required as physicians, nurses, attendants, and workers, in order to con- duct that most complete asylum. It has been found that good help can not be long retained at reasonable wages in such close confinement as is there required, unless lectures, concerts, and other proper enter- tainments are brought to them. Besides, there are generally two or three hundred of the patients who are able to appreciate such entertainments and greatly profit by them. ♦From " Forty Years in Phrenology." by Nelson Sizer. Fowier From grave to gay, from lively to severe," being often too rapid for critical analysis. From what has been said and shown in our description of the temperaments sing- ly and combined, it is seen that certain combinations, that especially of the Vital- Meutal, are particularly sprightly, elastic and susceptible of emotional impressions, and their effect upon the conduct is most marked. V\ e meet with young women wlio are endowed with the Vital-Mental or the Mental-Vital, and are much enter- tained by their liveliness and buoyancy. 1 hey who possess the Vital-Mental inter- est us by their exuberant good nature and perpetual flow of easy happy talk, while their faces glow with enthusiasm. Fig 26, Anna Cora Mo-watt Ritchie, Actress. A fine nose and chin ; good practical talent ; great spirit, energy and refinement. The serious appears to have little to do with their manner of thinking ; life wears a sunny glow, and that affliction must be severe indeed that brings more than a temporary shadow over their minds. In Mary Queen of Scots we have a good ex- ample of this temperament. The pleasure- seeking, careless and indolent, yet pol- ished Charles I. , of England, also possessed this temperament. Its influence in sus- taining these unfortunate sovereigns amid their trials was signally manifested. Fig. 27 illustrates the physiognomy of this type of organization. The best specime us of it on the male side, we have met among actors, those who sustain subsidiary parts, in comedy and farce, or figure on the bills of variety theatres. TEMPERAMENT IN LITERATURE AND ART. The Mental- Vital possesses fewer ele- ments of physical stimulus, less gaiety and Fig. 27. Sappho. sensuousness, but more aesthetic aspiration. Men and women so constituted delight in studies of taste and refinement, and lear> Fig. 28. Martin Millmore, Sculptor, particularly toward poetry and the fine- arts. The classic representations of Sappho JiixcEss of Mental Tempekament. 81 are in keeping with this idea, and as we con over the list of writers whose lyrics warm the soul into ecstatic admiration for Fig. 29. Julia Dean, Brilliant Actress. Good Language ; large perceptives; very large Hope and Conscientiousness. the sweet and pure, we find them for the most part, of the Mental- Vital constitution. Fig. 30. Mrs. Ann Hazeltine Judson. First wife of the eminent missionary ; indicating a delicate temperament, and an amiable yet earnest spirit, and entire devotion to her cause. Moore, Southey, Tennyson, Longfellow, Hannah More, Jane Ingelow, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, E. H. Stoddard have it. In artists whose subjects depict the action of the higher sentiments in life it is expressed. The portraits of Eaphael, Van Urse, Titian, West, Millais, Spencer, Constant Mayer show it. Whatever may be the occupation of one having this temperament he or she, if well developed in faculty, will impart dignity and refinement to it. The man will mag- nify the office. The influence of the Motive temperament when it is compara- tively strong, yet subordinate in influence to either the Mental or Vital, is evinced in the work of the writer or artist by the vigor and force of his language or draw- ing, and by the motive underlying the ex- pression. Further, work is more thoi> oughly done, and embraces more of mean* ing that bears relation to practical life. Such writers as Dante, Browning, Buskin, Emerson and Whittkr show in their lines the influence of the Motive temperament upon an organism that is greatlv sndowed in faculty. So in the work of great artists like Buonarotti, Murillo, Makart, an" our own Church, Gifford and Irving, ti* same characteristic is exemplified. EXCESS OP THE M2NTAL. While a large proportion of the Mentf • element is desirable because of its endow Fig. 31. Macdonald Clark, Poet. ment of capacity for intellectual g*owtii. yet its success is likely to contribute M weakness and failure because of an in- sufficient vital basis. When trials and dip- appointments occur it is likely to succumD to them. " In the struggle for success." 32 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. Dr. T. M. Coan says, "which among civi- lized men has taken the place of the strug- gle for life that goes on among the lower beings, the nervous constitution ' goes to the wall ' sooner than any other. Yet as it possesses but moderate functional activity it escapes much of the liability to the acute diseases which attack the heartier temperaments ; and under favoring cir- cumstances often enjoys the best of health and attains old age." * PHYSICAL SIZE AND CAPACITY. The record of great achievement be- longs for the most part to men having large heads, but with volume of cerebrum Fig. 32. Cybus H. McG'ormick. Inventor of the reaper. Large Construct! veness and Ideality, strong, practical talent and good reasoning power, working in the practical direction, with a strong constitution. we find large chests — powerful lungs — as- sociated. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Pitt, Brougham, Mazzini, Cavour, Gambetta, Palmerston, Seward, Gladstone, Bismarck, consider their broad breasts and powerful snoulders. The record of the men with inrge heads and narrow, cramped chests is comparatively nil in the history of na- tional progress. However fine their intel- ~lhe Galaxy— 1870. lects may have been, they were wanting in the physical elements necessary foi Fig. 33. Henry G. Pearson, Post Master of N. Y. He has a healthy, Vital-Mental temperament, is active, earnest, practical, shrewd, methodical and clear-headed ; is adapted to details, and with his large back-head and high crown, is able to control and man- age people, while he wins their affection and respect. their ample nourishment and support. Galton recognizes the fact of a proper re- lation between development of brain and body as essential to capability. He says : "There is a prevalent belief that men of genius are unhealthy, puny beings — all brain and no muscle — weak-sighted and generally of poor constitutions. I think most of my readers would be surprised at the stature and physical frames of the he- roes of history who fill my pages, if they could be assembled together in a hall. I would undertake to pick out of any group of them, even out of that of divines, an ' eleven ' who should compete in any phy- sical feats, whatever, against similar selec- tions from groups of twice or thrice their numbers taken at haphazard from equally well-fed classes. . . . It is the second and third-rate students who are weakly. A collection of living magnates in various branches of intellectual achievement is ab Inheritance of the Motive Temperament. 33 ways a feast to my eyes, being, as they are, such massive, vigorous, capable-look- ing animals," * AN INHFlttTANCE OF THE MOTIVE. We now and then meet persons of ap- parently delicate constitution, yet are pos- Fig. 34. Zadok Pratt. Motive Temperamnt especially prominent; great enea-gy and enterprise. Tl.e greatest tanner in the world in his time; became a Member of Congress. sesised of wonderfully tenacious powers. They have a spirit that seems capable of meeting and mastering any situation. Su ch persons have inherited a high degree of the Mental in connection with the Mo- tive temperament, the latter being ex- pressed rather in the prominent features, angular form, dense, though small, mus- cles, and positive manner. The Motive temperament varies in its conformation, and so do all the tempera- ments, and one unacquainted with them in ttheir varying characteristics is inclined to think that "quality" is something * " Hereditary Genius." apart from temperament, and is an inde> scribable inheritance that pervades the whole organization, impressing it with its peculiar constituents of coarse or fine fibre, sluggishness, or quickness or excit- Fig. 35. Lola Montez, Countess of Lansfeld. Motive Temperament strong, with great mental ac- tivity. ability. For the vigorous and persistent exercise of the brain there must be, as has been intimated before, strength of physique. It seems absolutely necessary that a strong mind should be associated with a strong body, and a large body as well as a strong one. If we take a the u- sand men and women as we meet them uii the street, and compare their weight, height, and chest measurement with the same belongings of a thousand men and women of distinguished mental capacity, the latter will average more in these re- spects. It may be suggested that Napo- leon was short. Yes, but in his earlier days he was possessed of unusual nutri- tive power and a frame of marvelous en- durance ; and his brain was remarkable for volume as well as special developments. Mrs. Browning, the poet, was in delicate health for many years, upward of fifteen. To maintain life was a struggle, yet she had inherited superior vital tenacity, and a mental spirit and elasticity of nerve that 31 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. triumphed over physical debility and sus- tained her almost constant exertion of lit- erary production. Of Hannah More a similar statement may be made. She was a most indefati- gable worker with the pen, and an invalid formally years, yet endowed with elements of strength from birth that carried her into old age. These ladies were of the and culture were thoroughly understood; in such cases. The Mental temperament should be balanced by the Vital, and the motive or mechanical system should be strengthened by muscular exercise. IN HOUSES AND DOGS. In animals as well as in men the Law of Temperament applies to organization. Perhaps we find it as well illustrated .in. Fi<*. 36. Jay-Eye See. Mental Temperament. poetic moid. In "George Eliot," Mrs. Cross, we observe a marked impress of the Motive temperament, contributing earnestness of purpose, untiring industry that faltered never although often beset by sickness and other obstacles. For her was mainly needful the vigorous phrase- ology of prose to give definite form and directness to her urgent thoughts. To be sure, many persons of superior endowment fade and fail because of their feeble provision of vitality, and it were well that the principles of physical growth the horse as in any of our familiar brute companions. It does not require much insight for one to distinguish between a quick, lively horse, and one that is logy and stupid. The high bred animal is dis- tinguished by his general slimness and symmetry; his tapering limbs, prominent and broad chest ; his large, full eye, thin skin, tapering muzzle, delicate and mo- bile nostrils. Muscles and veins are seen in sharp expression through the sleek coat. The fiber of the great trotter is fine and delicate, though tenacious. His Temperament in Hoeses. 35 muscles are small, but they are remarka- ble for their strength and endurance. Such animals as Jay Eye See and Dexter, Flora Temple and Maud S., command at- tention wherever they are seen. Fig. 36. These have the nervous or Mental tem- perament in largest proportion. They contrast sharply with the heavy, slow- moving draught horse, although in his line he may be a product of careful devel- opment — as the Norman Percheron or the Clydesdale, for instance. Such horses in- dicate the Motive temperament, the mus- cular or mechanical system predominates In the shepherd dog, the pointer, and the terrier, and also in the spaniel, we find the Mental temperament predomi- nant ; while the mastiff, the St. Domingo blood-hound, and the bull-dog, the Motive temperament is strongly manifest. The noble Newfoundland has a combination of the Vital-Motive and Mental, uniting as he does half human intelligence with a fidelity and sympathy which are very touching, and the strength, endurance, and vitality that make him one of the much esteemed dogs. In the pug, we often see the Lymphatic temperament, as Fig. 37. Gildino, Celebrated PerchElWK Horse. Motive Temperament. in them, and the Vital supplements it well, as seen in the plump body and rounded limbs, while the nervous is much less expressed. These are the animals ■that can pull heavy loads, make long jour- neys, and keep in good condition ; they .are not rapid in their movements, but are serviceable, the working horses suited to the drudgery of work-a-day life. Fig. 37. Among Dogs, that faithful friend of man, we find a variety of temperament, disposition, talent, build of body, and fa- cial expression. we sometimes see it in men. In Fig. 3fi, we see the great St. Bernard, the smooth- haired type of that excellent animal, an eager and affectionate intelligence, com- bined with dignity. In Fig. 39, we have the pert, impudent, and plucky terrier. In Fig. 40, the broad shoulders, thicfc neck, wide, low head, and massive muzzle of the sturdy bull-dog. In Fig. 41, we have the pretty spaniel, the pet and friend and companion of the children. In Fig. 42, the Esquimaux, an intelligent, plucky and most serviceable animal in the bleak Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. Tempebament an Index op Chakacteb. 37 and frigid North, where with his master lie struggles for existence, and, perhaps more than any other dog, earns his meagre support. Fig. 43, shows the frowsy and spirited Scotch terrier. In Fig. 44, we have the intelligent and faithful shepherd, knowing all his master's flock, and how to protect and govern it. A man sold a part of his flock, and lent his dog to the buyer to help drive them home. The purchaser shut up the dog, thinking to wean him from his home, but the dog broke out in the night, gathered out of the flock every sheep his master had sold, and started with them for home, evidently thinking if the stranger would steal him, he had also stolen the sheep. Fig. 45, shows quite different physiog- nomy, that of the sporting dog, which when well trained, seems to enter into the game of hunting, according to the rules of the art. Fig. 46, the fox hound, with his sober countenance, his intelligent in- stinct, rendering him useful in a certain direction, and needing less training in that style of hunting than is the case with the setter and pointer. Fig. 47 shows us another variety of the St. Bernard, whose history in seeking and rescuing lost trav- elers in the Alps, with almost human in- telligence, needs no repetition. Fig. 48 has a bright face, and is highly endowed with the Mental temperament, while Fig. 49 is a perfect specimen of the Motive. Fig. 50 shows the Mental- Vital in predominance, sustained by abundant muscular power, and Fig. 51, last and least, the lymphatic pug, doubtless good in his sphere as a household pet; we often find in him and the coach-dog the Vital temperament excessive ; a condition due to the abnormal state to which he has been accustomed, rather than a state nor- mal to the dogs, as in relations best adapted to their health and usefulness, dogs rarely become rotund with fatty tis- sue. In the wild state, horses and dogs show a predominance of the Motive tem- perament, the necessary activity of such a life, promoting the growth of bone and musle, and this is the case generally with animals that do not hibernate. TEMPEBAMENT AS AN INDEX OF CHARACTER. The temperamental differences being exhibited in the face and form are those characteristics which are noticeable first in a person, and they who have studied them are able to read much of a stranger's character at first sight. But many ob- servers claim that temperament is the surest key to character ; that on it de- pends a man's ability to succeed in life, as well as his disposition in general — whether he is excitable or calm, active or indolent, restless or serene, capable of long and constant effort, of meeting emer- gencies, or adapted only to a quiet, easy routine. Whether or not we attribute so high a degree of importance to it, a knowl- edge of the temperaments is certainly of greet value in the criticism of character. Ignorance of their influence constantly leads to serious mistakes in the relations of business, friendship, and love. RELATION TO SOCIETY. We think that most of the common dis< likes and misconceptions of people in society result from differences of tempera- ment. "A susceptible, nervous person looks upon the self-poised, determined man of the Bilious or Motive tempera- ment as hardly less alien to himself than a foreigner or even an enemy. He shrinks from his cool pertinacity, his ruthless self-seeking, his bitter and determined dogmatism that is never open to convic- tion, even though an angel should come down from heaven. To the sensitive man he seems a sort of Christian fate or Meph- istopheles. Yet this antagonism may be simply a matter of temperament, both parties being in the main estimable per- sons." Of this sort, doubtless, was the celebrated antipathy in the case of Dr. Fell, as expressed in the well-known rhyme : " I do not like you, Dr. Fell, The reason why, I can not tell." To one, however, who can read charac- ter in the contours of the body, the rea- son for these oppositions is not obscure. There are certain people with whom we Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. never become fairly acquainted in spite of the association of years ; there is a bridge or chasm between us which we can not cross — somehow a disinclination to approach them that is always uppermost. In such cases it is best for us to observe the hint of nature, and not attempt an in- timacy. Temperament has drawn a line between them and us which it were not well for us to seek to cross. We should, however, by avoiding intimacies in such cases not conclude that because we enter- tain a puzzling dislike that we should hate our neighbor. It is altogether gratis that ive should take the trouble to dislike anybody without some positive pretext. FAMILY AND NATIONAL ANTIPATHY. Temperament has a great deal to do with the oppositions we find in history, occurring between families, tribes, and na- tions ; and its study is an important help toward understanding the parts that dif- ferent nations have played in the past. The spirit of Shakspeare's dramas is largely dependent upon temperament. We find it well illustrated in such plays as Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, etc. The individual peculiarities so finely wrought out in Romeo and Juliet can be traced to the discordant tempers of the houses of Montague and Capulet. The long exist- ing antipathy of the French for the Ger- man, of the English for the French, not- withstanding their discouragement by the diplomatic courtesies of civilization, is traceable to the differences of tempera- mental organism in the antagonistic peo- ples. It is well, therefore, that in the outset of an investigation into the charac- ter of a person that his temperament be analyzed carefully ; its influence in every phase of cerebral function should be borne in mind. In the correlated activities of faculties it plays a conspicuous part, and while size may be accepted as a chief prin- ciple in the expression of mental power, the influence of the physical constitution approaches so closely to it that in many cases the observer finds himself unable to determine whether it is size or tempera- ment that is the more potent. THE BRAIN AND SKULL PHYSIO- LOGICALLY CONSIDERED. The human brain, by its location m the cranium, indicates something of its nature as a part of the human organization. In the earliest times observers attributed to it a most important function in the affairs of life ; some beliving that it was the seat of the living principle or the soul, or had a special relation to the spiritual element; while there was a general belief that in some way it had to do with the intellect. The principal reasons assigned by ancient writers for this opinion seem to be the brain's situation in the skull and its pecu- liar structure and delicacy. * The knowledge of the Greeks and Romans with reference to the brain's anat- omy appears to have been very scanty, and although anatomists like Aristotle and Hippocrates contributed much to general research as concerns the relations of the large organs of the body, yet very little was accomplished for the history of the special functions of the brain as a whole until modern times, and even as late as the eighteenth century, when medical and sur- gical science began to make great progress. Under the leadership of such anatomists as Willis, Boerhaave, Van Swieten, and Haller, the functions of the nervous system became better understood, and insanity was clearly traced to brain disturbance ; yet the attempts of these great men to ex- plain the differential functions of this vis- cus were little more than speculations. Dr. Gall himself was not led, as some think, to the discovery of the physiology of the brain through its anatomy, but when he thought upon the course which was to conduct him to the history of its functions he deemed it quite necessary to occupy himself in part with its anatomy. Haller had said, "to learn Physiology without Anatomy was absurd. " He attributed with just reason all the theoretical confusion with which the world had been inundated to those writers and teachers who sought to make Physiology and Medicine their vocation without having studied the actual organs of men or animals. Bkain : Side and Top Views. 39 The -whole mass included in the skull of man was called encephalon by the Greeks and cerebrum by the Latins. -To- day a division of this mass is recognized — one part being called the cerebrum and the other the cerebellum, or "little cere- brum." The first is situated anteriorly, and is by far the more voluminous ; the second lies posteriorly, and in man under the cerebellum, as shown in the illustra- tion. Fig. 52. Fig. 53. Cerebrum and Cerebellum. Side View. The cerebrum, to which allusion is gen- erally made when we speak of the brain, is provided with folds or convolutions ; the structure of the cerebellum, as is no- ticeable, is quite different, being composed of layers, as shown in the figure. At the base of the brain another and rather important part is seen, the medulla oblongata, or oblong body, which connects the brain with the spinal cord, which in its turn is distributed in the canal formed by the articulation of the several verte- brae belonging to the spinal column. THE CEREBRUM is composed of two grand divisions nearly equal in size, each having an oblong form called hemispheres. They are separated by a deep channel in which lies a fold of the dura matter or membrane that cov- ers the brain exteriorly, this fold being known as the falx cerebri, or scythe-like process of the dura mater. The hemispheres in their turn are struct- urally subdivided by the convolutions ; and, for the sake of convenience, anatom- ists have mapped these convolutions ac- cording to a standard that is based upon a comparatively simple form of brain. They have also made a further division of the hemispheres into lobes. There are two classifications of the lobes in use — one de- fining three, the older, and one designat- ing four, the later classification. The older describes, first, an anterior lobe lying in the skull over the orbits or eye- sockets ; a middle lobe, which occupies the central space or fossa ; a posterior lobe, occupying the back or occipital iw* Fig. 53. Hemispheres. Top View. of the cranium. The later division into four lobes is (1) the frontal lobe, (2) the parietal lobe, (3) the occipital lobe, and (4) the temporal lobe, each corresponding to the relation of the parts of the skull named, and their boundaries being deter- mined for the most part by the more per- manent fissures or openings between con- volutions, viz. : the fissure of Rolando is taken to mark the superficial extent of the frontal lobe ; the fissure of Rolando and the perpendicular fissure bound the su- perior extent of the parietal lobe ; the perpendicular fissure being the posterior boundary and also dividing the parietal lobe from the occipital ; and the fissure of Sylvius, being the upper boundary of the temporal lobe. This last fissure, it will be seen in the illustration, has a very 40 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. definite position, and separates the upper and more prolonged convolutions from those in the lower central region or tem- poral fossae. Fig. 54. Diagram op Principal Parts op Brain. THE CEREBELLUM. The simplest examination of the cere- bellum suffices to show that its structure is composed of layers ; it also is divided into hemispheres, and the hemispheres again into lobes. If a lobe of this organ be cut perpendicularly through its centre, a peculiar marking or disposition of the white and gray substance composing it is observed. To this marking, on account of its resemblance to the branches and foliage of a tree, has been given the name arbor vitce, or tree of life. The hemispheres of the cerebrum are intimately associated by a band of white fibrous substance called the corpus cal- losum, or callous body, that is readily ex- posed to view by separating them with the fingers from above, and the cere- bellum is connected with the cerebrum by means of connecting bands called crura ; two of these ascending to the cerebrum and two descending to the medulla ob- longata, which is the capital, so to speak, of the spinal column. Two other bands of the crura blend together in front, forming the pons varolii, whicn lies di- rectly above the medulla ; the pons con- stitutes the general bond of union of the various segments we have mentioned, and is therefore not inaptly called the " bridge of Varolius, "from the old anatomist who described it. THE MEMBRANES. The dura mater, or " hard mother," is a tough membrane that covers the whole brain and lines the interior of the skull, and is so elevated by the cerebral convo- lutions in life that they form impressions or grooves in the interior plate of the skull and also mark the orbitary or eye plates and temporal fossae ; so close in- deed is the correspondence, that if a plaster cast of the cranial cavity be made, it will be found to have the form of the brain as it appears covered by the dura mater, the arteries that are distributed through the membranes being also ex- hibited in a striking manner. Fig. 55. Brain Covered with Dura Mater. Besides the dura mate?', there are two other membranes, one directly in contact with the brain proper, called the pia ma- ter, or "soft mother," which is a very- thin, transparent, and delicate membrane ; it sinks down into the folds of the convo- lutions and serves as a conveyance for the blood-vessels. Over the pia mater is a layer of still thinner membrane called the tunica arachnoidea, because of its re- semblance to a spider's web. It is the dura mater that secretes the bony material of the skull and is analo- gous to the periosteum or membiane-cov- ering bones in general. If the entire skull of a healthy man could be removed in such a manner as to leave the dura mater un- impaired, the latter would begin at once to form new bone, and would continue the process until a new skull had been Stkxjctube of the Skull. 4) formed. The process of absorption and repair is going on in the substance of the skull continually, and any marked change in the form and size of the brain is in- dicated more or less on the surface. STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS OF THE SKULL. The average thickness of the external layers of the cranium rarely exceeds throe-sixteenths of an inch, while in or- ganizations of very fine quality it has been found to be less than one-eighth of an inch, and then of densely compacted tissue. Hence the anatomical relation of the cranium to the brain is that of a thin capsule or case nicely adjusted to the perfect protection of the delicate sub- stance of the latter. This bony case is not completely formed, i. e., does not in- close the brain at all points until several months or a year after birth, and as the brain may continue to grow for upward of fifty years, nature has admirably pro- vided for its expansion by constructing its bony envelope in eight sections, so matched or fitted together by indenta- tions or sutures, that they can expand in correspondence with the brain develop- ment and its changes. Fig. 55 is a rep- resentation of the brain as it appears in its natural position, covered by its membranes. In life the entire cranial cavity is filled with the brain and its membranes, a fact clearly enough shown by injuries to the head that have detached a fragment of the skull, when it has been found that light pressure would cause the furrowed surface to rise up through the opening. Fig. 56 is a diagram represent- ing the skull separated into its different parts. * These parts or sections are named as follows : the frontal (1), parvtal (2), tem- poral (4), occipital, sphenoid, and eth- moid bones. These bones are united to one another in a very firm manner, by a sort of dove-tailing ; the edges of one fit exactly those of the adjoining bone ; and the seams formed by their union are called sutures. * ''Indications of Character." The frontal bone as shown by the en- graving forms the forehead, a part of the roof of the nostrils, and the orbits of the eyes. In childhood it is made up of two principal bones that gradually grow to- gether ; in rare cases, however, it remains- double through life. Joined to the fron- tal bone by the coronal suture, which runs Fig. 56. Natural Sections of Skull over the top of the head, are the two parietal or side bones, which form the greater part of the upper and lateral por- tions of the skulll. The line of union be- tween these two bones is known as the sagittal or arrow-like suture. The temporal bones, as their name im- plies, are situated at the temples, and around the openings of the ears, and are- joined to the parietal and occipital bones- by sutures. The lower back parts of these bones form the projections noticed di- rectly behind the ear, which are called the mastoid processes. In these the appara- tus of hearing is situated. The occipital bone forms the base and back part of the cranium, immediately above the neck. In the central region of this bone a protuberance more or less marked is found, called the " occipital spine. " Tho sphenoid, or wedgelike bone, is situated in the anterior of the temporal region ; and the ethmoid, which means sieve-like, is a spongy cellular bone, situ- 42 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. •ated between the eye sockets at the root •of the nose. Sir Charles Bell observed that the "bones of the head are moulded to the brain, and the peculiar shapes of the bones ■of the head are determined by the origi- nal peculiarity in the shape of the brain." There are, however, certain parts of the skull that are thicker or thinner than other parts ; for instance, it is thinner at the squamous or scaly portion of the tem- poral bones, and in the supra-orbitar plates which form the roofs of the sockets of the eyes ; and it is thicker at the ridges of the frontal bone and at the sutures than •at other parts of the skull. The forehead :is well protected against injury, as one •can sustain a very heavy blow without se- rious damage in that part. The occipital •spine and the mastoid process are gener- ally abrupt and angular, and easily dis- tinguished from the broad, rounded swell ■corresponding to cerebral development. The integuments covering the skull are of uniform thickness, except at the occiput and the temples, where the muscular at- tachments are particularly elaborated, "but experience enables the practical ob- server to detect and make due allowance for variations in thickness both of the bones and integuments, as they depend much upon temperament and race, and do not form very serious obstacles to ob- taining a sufficiently accurate idea of the •size of the organs from the exterior form •of the skull. THE FRONTAL SINUSES. One of the objections most persistently levelled at Phrenology is founded on the frontal sinuses. Sir William Hamilton was very prominent in this regard, insist- ing that the existence of these sinuses was an insuperable objection to Phrenol- ogy in general, which, as Mr. Combe re- marked, "was about as logical as to speak of a snow-storm in Norway obstructing the highway from Edinburgh to London. " There are two small cavities in the fron- tal bone near the root of the nose, formed ■toy the separation of the two plates or tables that form the bone of the skulL Fig. 56. These are the frontal sinuses ; they do not extend above the base of the brain till about the time of puberty, and vary much in extent m adults. "When very large they may cause some uncer- tainty in regard to the size of three or four organs located in their vicinity. The difficulties which the frontal sinuses are supposed to jjresent to the estimation of the size of the few organs situated imme- diately behind them, may be overcome, to a very great extent, by practice and ob- servation. A large frontal sinus is indi- cated by a prominence, usually abrupt and ridgy, on the skull directly over the inner angles of the eyes; this prominence is due to the projection or swelling out of the outer table of the cranium, while the inner remains almost entirely unchanged. THE BEAIN SUBSTANCE. Eeturning now to the brain we find that its mass is constituted for the most part of two substances of vastly different char- acter : viz., the cortical eray or ash- colored matter, and the fibrous or whita matter. The former is singular in consti- tution, being made up chiefly of cells or vesicular nuclei largely supplied with blood; the other is firm, inelastic, ant} tubular, much less vascular than the me- dullary substance, and constitutes nearly the whole of the nerves and the greater part of the spinal cord. The gray substance is the part that has a special relation to mental life ; in it lies the source of nervous power. Sometimes it is called the "cortical substance," from cortex, Latin, meaning, bark or external, because of its- distribution in the convolu- tions. It lies also in the large ganglia at the base of the brain, and in the centre of the spinal cord for the greater part of its length, showing a singular cruciform ap- pearance there. The white or fibrous substance is con- stituted of exceedingly delicate fibres that average but the ^ m of an inch in diam- eter, whose function is to communicate impressions sent to or from the vesicular matter. But their function is differential and several, and accordingly they are dis- Brain Fibres and Cells. tributed into three kinds, viz., the effer- ent, or motor ; the afferent, or sensitive ; and the commissural, or connective fibres. mental action lie, so that all impressions, made upon the organs of sight, taste, smell, hearing, etc. , are transmitted thither- and become apparent to the consciousness. Some observers are inclined to regard the, cerebellum as a store-house for nerve= force, but aside from the view of its rela- tion to mentality entertained by phrenol- ogists, there is much difference and con- flict of opinion on the relations of the, cerebellum to consciousness and motor- life. Fig. 57. Brain Fibbes. The essential elements of the gray mat- ter are cells and vesicles containg nuclei and nucleoli ; these being rather dark in color and generally globular, at times very irregular, and varying in size from the Fig. 53. A Multipolar Cell. to the jlo oi an inch in diameter. The largest cells are peculiar in constitu- tion, being what is called "caudate," on account of delicate tail-like processes ex- tending from their margins, one or more of these processes conferring names, such as unipolar, bipolar, multipolar cells, etc. CELL FUNCTIONS. These brain cells are found in masses chiefly in the convolutions — a fact which points at their relations to the conscious life of man ; they are grouped also in the cerebellum and ganglia in the base of the hemispheres. Physiologists are generally well agreed that it is in the convolutions that the centres for consciousness and Fig. 59. Rough Drawing op Brain Distribution.. (Modified from Luts.) The relation of the medulla oblongata- to the convolutions is close and intimate ;. the fibres proceed directly from it through the great ganglia, and passing upward, forward, and backward, come into com- munication with the superficial folds. (See Fig. 52). It can net be said, however, that sensations received from without, travel in a continuous tubule to reach the^ cells in the convolutions, but they are passed from cell to cell by means of con- nective fibres, and finally reach their des- tination. It is thought that the object of this arrangement is to allow of independ- ent action for certain collections of cells in case the impression is not of the class, that requires the exercise of volition or thought proper. A great part of thity we have no trace of the others. But what says the cast ? The head is decidedly & small one. It is, however, extremely well proportioned. Its circumference being 20 inches 10 lines (French measure- ment), its dimension is by no means re- markable. M. Peisse has not explained how he arrived at this precise measure- ment in the absence of the back part of the skull; but from the specific size given, we presume he had some positive data. " How very easy of belief is this writer in Blackwood, first telling us that "only half of the head was taken, " and then adds that M. Peisse gives the "specific size." How did he get it ? He simply guesses at one-half of the head and is precise to the twelfth part of an inch. Now we have a word to say about this cast and those measurements. The "French measurement " given in the essay as quoted in Blackwood, does not corre- spond with the English and American inch. The French inch is composed of 12 lines, and is equal to 1. ,K- inch English. So that 20 inches 10 lines French, given from the half guessed at size of Napoleon's cast, is equal to 22 inches English. If this estimate were true, it utterly re- futes M.Peisse's idea of a "decidedly small head." Twenty-two inches in circumfer- ence is not only not small, but is consid- erable above the average. The writer of this has measured professionally and re- corded more than 250,000 heads, and any one curious to examine these records would be satisfied in ten minutes' examination that 22 inches is not small. By his showing, therefore, Napoleon's head was of full size at least. But this is not all. We have in our collection this same cast of the head of Napoleon taken " a few hours after his death by Dr. Anto- marchi," his friend and physician, and we will now proceed to give some measure- ments, which any friend or foe to Phren- ology can verify upon the cast itself. This cast, fortunately, covers something more than half of the head. It goes back of the ears, and shows their outline and their opening distinctly. The opening of the ear is the central point of develop- ment, and from this phrenologists predi= cate their measurements, or rather from a point half way between the openings of the ears at the medulla oblongata. That the reader may see how this won- derful cast looks, we give an engraving of it which was photographed on the block for the engraver. This shows a long ! and massive anterior \ lobe of brain, and from the opening of one ear in this cast, to the opening of the / other over Individu- \ ality, or the region / of the brows, it meas- ; \ / ures 14j inches; over ^_ Causality 14| inches; Fig. 64. Napoleon.* over the top at Veneration, 15^. The * The shaded line just behind the ear shows the original cast by Dr. Amtomarchi; the dotted outline of the pedestal and back shows what has been added to balance and strengthen the cast and make it stand up. This cast, taken after death, shows the emaciaitei} face of the great Napoleon, with its sunken eye, fallen cheek, open mouth, and deathly expression 52 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. head measures in width just over the open- ing of the ears 6| inches, and therefore if the entire back-head were cut off at the opening of the ears the head would meas- ure 14j-f-6j = 20f inches. He had some back head, and whatever he had would add to 20f inches so much as it measured, at least we think 3^ inches, giving 24 inches as the circumference. Now any man who calls these measure- ments small, knows less of the size of heads than one should do who attempts to write or speak on the subject, and let it be remembered that around the forehead there is no enlargement of the cast possi- ble by way of hair, as there would be from the ear over the top of the head. By filling the back-head, so as to make it appear of a proper shape for a well bal- anced head, the measurement would be fully 23$, and this was doubtless less than the real size of his head. The intellectual region at all events was large, as any one may ascertain by measuring the foreheads of eminent persons having large heads, as we will now show by some corresponding measurements which are open to inspec- tion at pleasure in our cabinet. Our cab- inet collection is composed chiefly of real skulls, and casts of heads and skulls, not models made up according to the artist's fancy. To these we now appeal and proud- ly abide the result. Names of persons, the casts of whose heads v/ere examin- ed. ° 53 .t3 .gas o > S5 a From enr to ear over Firmness. | Size around ) the head. Lord Wellington. ... r% Back of net broken. 13 14% 23% 13 Front only taken. Wm. Cobbett M. P. 13'4 15 23% Eev. Dr. Chalmers.. U l 4 Front only taken. Henry Clay 18% 14% 23% John Qnincy Adams 13 15 22% 18% 15 25 Rev. Mr. Landis 13% 24% 18% Front only taken. Thomas H. Benton 13% 15 23 22% Cast of Burns' skull ( 12% > 14 Allowing one inch < 13% y 23% 1 18% \ 15 Average about ... 15 j 15% Esti- i 1 mated f 'm front, j as% 23% Having thus shown the size of head and of the anterior development of some of the most eminent contemporaries of Na- poleon, and finding no head in the entire list measuring as much as his from ear to ear around the lower part of the forehead, except the single one of that intellectual giant Eev. Dr. Chalmers, and since the average measurement of the twelve cases is 13^ inches, and that of Napoleon is 14^ inches, and since the average circumfer- ence of all the full heads is 23£ inches, it becomes a proper inquiry how large Na- poleon's head would have been taking as a basis the comparative size forward of the ears. The question in arithmetic is simply this : If the heads of those men we have given average 13^ inches from ear to ear around the lorehead, and 23£ in circum- ference, how many inches in circumfer- ence should Napoleon's have been, the forehead of which measures 14£ inches ? The solution of this plain problem gives 25 inches as the circumference., We do not claim that Napoleon's head was really 25 inches in circumference, because we believe his frontal or intellectual develop- ment was relatively larger than his social or back-head group of organs, as compared with heads generally. The Kev. Mr. Lan- dis, in our table, the circumference of whose head by a careful personal measure- ment from life, shows 13$ and 24f inches, weighed 245 pounds. Napoleon's weight at 23 was only 120 pounds, and he was known as the "little corporal." though later in life he became stout, and his weight was greatly increased. But Napoleon, as all confess, had a remarkably dense and fine grained organization, and his intensity of thought, and tenacity of endurance in all respects, were almost without parallel ; showing conclusively that the quality of his constitution, the brain included, wae far superior to that of most men. In the table before us we have intro- duced a galaxy of eminent and preeminent persons, the superior quality of whose or- ganizations none will dispute, and we find Napoleon, whose head M. Peisse, backed by Blackwood, attempts to palm off upon the world as " decidedly small," while in real- ity he stood forth the peer of Chalmers and the superior of all the rest in the de- velopment of the intellectual half of the Heads of Eminent Men. 53 brain. The "Iron Duke," who contested with him the field of Waterloo, has a fore- head 13f inches, half an inch less than that of Napoleon, which measured 14j. Lord Eldon, "Lord High Chancellor of England," and a man of distinguished ability, had 13 inches ; "William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, the orator and statesman, had 13 ; William Cobbett, a British statesman had 13£ ; Canova, the sculptor, 13J ; Bob- ert Burns, a cast of whose naked skull shows 12^ in forehead and 22 J- in circum- ference, and by adding an inch for scalp, we have 13^ for the frontal measurement and 23^ for the entire circuit, which were doubtless very near the true dimensions. Then we have the gallant orator and statesman, Henry Clay, with 13j ; ex-Pres- ident Adams, "the old man eloquent," the scholar and statesman of whom any age and country might be proud, with 13 inches and 22i inches for the size ; Dan- iel Webster 13J, and with a head measur- ing over 24 inches ; Col. Benton, a power among men in his day, has 13^ by 23 inches. Every one of these heads is above the usual size, and most of them belong to the largest class, yet every one of them is smaller in the forehead than Napoleon, except Chalmers, which measured the same. We find in the review before us this remarkable passage, "Out of every ten skulls half of them would present a circumference 20 to 21 inches," French measurement, that is to say as large as Napoleon's, which M. Peisse makes to be 22 inches, English measurement. The statement that one-half the heads are 22 inches in circumference, is by no means true, and among the people of France it is signally untrue. The question of size is now at least be- fore the reader, and we have conclusively shown that the investigation vindicates Napoleon and the science of Phrenology most signally. We have, however, a most excellent wit- ness to introduce, whose testimony rela- tive to the size of the living Napoleon's head we regard as a clincher. This wit- ness is no less a personage than Col. Leh- manowski, who died in 1858, aged 88 years. He entered the military school soon after Bonaparte, was with him in all his wars, fought over one hundred battles under him, that of Waterloo included, was a confidential adviser with the Em- peror, and always near his person. Wa made the acquaintance of Col. Lehman- owski about 1840, and in 1843 he spent half his time in our office for weeks to- gether, and as everybody old enough to remember knows, he was lecturing through this country on the character and habits of Napoleon and Josephine. In re- gard to the size of his head Col. L. told us that by mistake he once put on Napo- leon's hat and it was entirely too large for him, and the Colonel's head we know by actual and critical measurement to be 23J inches. Napoleon's therefore must have reached nearly 24 inches where the hat fitted it. This fact was communicated to us by Col. Lehmanowski himself in 1843, and published by us in the " Phrenologi- cal Almanac" for 1846, before any ques- tion had been raised about the real or rel- ative size of Napoleon's head. We have now demonstrated by the cast the large size of the forehead, and comparing this with other heads known to be large, we have shown that the back-head of Napoleon must have been large also, and by the pos- itive testimony of his bosom friend have proved the fact that his head was more than 23| inches. What more can friends desire ? What more can critics demand ? We reproduce this subject at this time with the more pleasure because, occasion- ally, some person comes into our office and has the audacity to talk about Napo- leon's "small head"; and some write care- lessly on the size of that head and other heads, and palm it off as truth upon the public, when the means for refuting their statements are not in the possession of the public thus duped by these falsities, though always available in our cabinet o* casts. Phrenology appeals to facts, and its advocates are confident that any honest investigator will reach the conclusion that size of brain, if the quality be considered, is the measure of power. 54 Heads and Faces : How to Stttdt Them. STUDY OF OEGANS BY GEOUPS. This idea being well understood and ac- cepted, the reader is ready to take one step further forward ; if the brain, as a whole, be strong in proportion to its size and quality, then each organ and group of organs will manifest power in propor- tion to size and quality. Ji we find the Fig. 65. Groups op Mental Oegans. intellectual or anterior lobe of the brain is large, and especially if it be larger than other sections of the head, we conclude that the power of the mind will be mani- fested through the intellect. Another will be largely developed through the middle section of the head, above and about the ears ; the middle lobes are large and broad ; the American Indian, for example. These persons are found to be forceful, energetic, and selfish, and they are some- times quarrelsome and severe in temper ; they have strong animal and selfish pro- pensities ; and if we study the character of animals having heads of a similar form, namely, wide through the region of the ears, we find ferocity and cruelty, as in the case of the lion, tiger, the bull-dog, the eagle, and hawk. Men, on the other hand, whose middle lobe of brain is com- paratively small, and the head thin and narrow, are gentle and patient in disposi- tion, are lacking in force, severity, and physical courage, and have little inclina- tion to engage in hard work or in functions of a physical character. In like manner as might be expected, the deer, the sheep, the rabbit, and the pigeon— animals which are the proper prey and victims to the ferocious animals, have always narrow beads with amiable dispositions and peace- ful tendencies. The back part of the head is sometimes large and long from the open- ing of the ear backward ; it is sometimes short and small. When heads are found large in this region, the persons are social, fraternal, and loving. When the head runs down straight behind and the distance from the opening of the ear to the back head is Fig. 66. Well-Balanced Male Skull. short, the person is inclined to be solitary and unsocial. The crown of the head is sometimes elevated and amply expanded ; sometimes it is low, depressed, and defi- cient. Those having this part of the head large, are the governing men of the world, not always the wisest, not always the most Fig. 67. Balanced Female Skull. courageous, but they have the desire to rule, the desire to bear sway and control others. They have the organs of Self- esteem, Firmness, Approbativeness, and sometimes Conscientiousness large. On the contrary, those who are willing to submit and are easily subjugated to the domination of others, show lowness and Groups of Organs. 55 deficiency of development in the crown of the head. If the front part of the top head be large and well expanded, morality, religion, refinement, sympathy, are to be ■expected, and if that part of the head be depressed, pinched, and small, selfishness has little to check its activity, and the per- son is very likely to take a low and narrow sphere of life. When a man is well de- veloped in the forehead and poorly de- veloped elsewhere he is all intellect ; an- other large only in the base of the head is all force ; another strongest in the back- head is all sociability ; and another whose development is most in the crown, shows domination and ambition ; while in an- other largest in the upper side head, im- agination will be the ruling quality, and still another whose front top-head is spe- cially great will be distinguished for mor- ality and religion. When, however, talent, force, dignity, ambition, determination, and morality are combined in the same person, we have the nobility of human na- ture which wins the love and esteem of the world while it rules it. If Napoleon had combined the kindness of Washington with his own unrivalled talent and genius, the world would know no limit to the esteem and honor with which his name would be cherished. After studying the groups, the Intellect- ual, the Moral, the Aspiring, the Forceful, the Selfish, and the Social, we then study the different organs in each group to as- certain their relative size and the direction in which the mind will work strongest in these groups, and just at this point it is that practical Phrenology begins its work. The Groups op Organs (see Fig. 65) should be studied in any effort of generaliz- ing character. Those organs whose func- tions work in harmony in the promotion of forces naturally related are grouped to- gether. We shall speak of them in the order in which they will be discussed or described in the following pages. 1. Domestic Propensities. — The organs are located in the posterior part of the head and they relate people in domestic and social communities. The organs are Am- ativeness, Conjugal Love, Parental Love, Friendship, and Inhabitiveness, and when large the occiput or back-head is elon- gated and broad. 2. Selfish Propensities. — These are located on the side-head about the ears, and when large give width to the head in that region. They relate to the welfare and protection of the individual, hence their name. The organs are Vitativeness, or love of life ; Combativeness, Destruct- iveness, Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Secretiveness. 3. Selfish Sentiments. — These are lo- cated in the region of the crown, and give elevation and distance from the opening of the ear to that part of the head. The or- gans are Cautiousness, Approbativeness, Self-Esteem, and Firmness. They give dignity, ambition, prudence, and stability. 4. Moral Sentiments, grouped in the top of the head, give breadth, fullness, and elevation to that region. The organs are Conscientiousness, Hope, Spirituality, Veneration, and Benevolence. 5. Semi - Intellectual Sentiments. — These are located in the region of the tem- ples, in the upper and forward side-head. They are Constructiveness, Ideality, Sub- limity, Imitation, Mirthfulness, Human Nature, and Agreeableness, and supply the artistic, mechanical, conforming, and refining elements of character, as will more fully appear in the description of the function of each. 6. Intellectual Faculties. — These are of two classes, the Perceptive and the Ile- fiective faculties. The Perceptives bring man into connection with the world of things, while the Reflectives classify and compare the knowledge so obtained, com- prehend the laws and principles involved, and impart the power to reason. The Percepttve Faculties are Individ* uality, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, and Locality. 7. The Semi-Perceptive or Literary faculties, situated in a line running across the centre of the forehead, are Eventuali- ty, Time, Tune, and Language, the latter pressing upon the plate over the orbit of the eye presses the eye outward and down- Avard. 56 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. The Keasoning or Kelfective faculties are Causality and Comparison, located in the upper part of the forehead, and for a full analysis the reader is referred to a de- scription of them individually. Continuity, not classified, seems to give unity of thought and feeling, and aids in promoting patient and continued effort "whatever faculty is in exercise. Fig. 68. Location op Organs. ANALYSIS OF ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS. Domestic Pbopensittes. 1. AMATIVENESS. This organ is located in the cerebellum or little brain, and when large gives breadth and fullness to the base of the skull at the nape of the neck. Fig. 69. It produces physical love between the sexes as such. Its primary office is the continuance of the race. It leads by a law of nature each sex to treat the other with kindness and courtesy. Before this propensity comes into activity, girls and boys may disagree and quarrel with each other, but not so readily as girls would disagree with girls, or boys with boys. But when that time of life comes that this faculty awakens to activity, nature dictates forbearance, courtesy, and kind- ness between the sexes. Each comes to regard the other with special favor, and is anxious to be loved by the other, and this organ, though physical and animal in its tendency, inspires efforts in the direction of respectability, worth, and refinement. The rustic boor, who knows scarcely th& Fig. 69. R. Virchow. first laws in gentlemanly bearing, becomes transformed, in feeling at least, when his love element finds its object, and his man- ners are changed by the awakening of the intellect and the elements of taste, and pride, and nobility, that enable him to as- sume a bearing which is surprising ; the drift and scope and aim of his life seem to be changed. The shy and awkward girl also, as her womanly nature awakens, manifests life on a new model ; her voice has in it more of richness and music than before ; her eye acquires a new lustre ; her walk be- comes elastic, if not always graceful, and every motion is comparatively attractive and winning. A young man sometimes floats carelessly along the stream of life regardless of time, money, or reputation, until some fair being, his natural counterpart, awakens in him newness of life ; he is then alto- gether changed in purpose and effort ; he Conjugal Love. 5? begins to covet respectability and refine- ment ; saves his time and husbands his leans and seeks a position of manly inde- pendence. In every well constituted and anperverted mind this result will in a greater or less degree occur. If we study the influence of this passion upon the lower animals, we find that the male will not fight with the female or manifest cruelty toward her ; in this case we know of no exception. We are sorry to say that among human beings cursed with intoxicating drinks and other artifi- cial influences, fierce quarrels between men and women and sometimes murders occur ; but these grow out of morbid con- ditions, and not unfrequently out of spe- cial abnormal action of the love element itself, and that which ought to become an attraction between them becomes a source of discontent and disagreement. Jealousy is more often based on the undue activity of this faculty than on any other. The office of this propensity is to propagate the species, and though it is the basis of physical attraction between the sexes, it does not necessarily induce that institution called marriage, as marriage is not neces- sary to the continuance of the species, that depending upon another faculty, which will next be discussed. A. CONJUGALITY. The mating instinct arises from the fac- ulty of Conjugality or union for life, and is the basis of marriage and of the laws and customs which recognize the life choice of one woman for one man. Mating for life does not depend upon Amative- ness. That, as we have said, is exercised among the lower animals without any per- manent union, but some of the lower ani- mals pair for life and are as constant in affection during the whole year as they are during the procreating season, show- ing that for ten months in the year Ama- tiveness is not their bond of union. To prove that Conjugality or any other is a special faculty, we have only to ascertain that some of the lower animals manifest it, and in order to show that Amativeness is not a bond of perfect and continued union we refer to some others of the lower animals. Some birds and animals choose a sexual mate and remain faithful to that mate during life, as the lion and the eagle. Sheep and horses associate promiscuously,. Fig. 70. William Orton. Conjugality. Amativeness being the only bond of union, and they do not choose mates. Now the* lion and the eagle manifest one faculty that the horse and sheep do not evince — which is proof that the disposition to choose a sexual mate, permanently, is a special faculty. Man has all the faculties- manifested by the animals, and several which the lower animals are denied. Conjugal Love in frequent instances comes into activity before Amativeness, and young persons, obeying its instincts, often select each other as mates and never regret the choice, or change in the least ;, and some of the most perfect and happy of unions which we have ever known have been those formed in childhood, five yearn perhaps before the promptings of Ama- tiveness were experienced. Such persons- do not regard the engagement as a yoke- of bondage, but as an achievement «wi 68 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. «ource of rejoicing. There are some, we know, who insist upon it that constancy in love, which is exclusive and personal and lifelong, is an imposition, and unnat- ural ; that marriage and all its laws are an imposition upon the common people, •enforced by the bigotry of priests and the tyranny of kings. But who will assert that the lion, the king of beasts, and the imperial eagle are controlled in their mating habits by any law except that which God has written in their natures. The lion, whose voice makes all other an- imals and man himself to tremble, might assert his right to indiscriminate love, but lie selects his companion for life, and is faithfully attached to that one object and •choice of his affections. The imperial •eagle, that gazes unabashed at the sun, whose broad wing sweeps over mountain and plain, whose very shadow causes every song of the forest to be hushed and other birds to hide in fear, the eagle, lord of all that wings the air, quietly chooses his life ■companion and lives in the bonds of faith- ful wedlock, and perhaps for fifty years they build and inhabit their nest on some •solitary crag that overhangs the sea, and there together, year by year, feed and Tear their young. What kings and priests interfere to impose marriage upon lions -and eagles ? Is their marriage institution an imposition, a burden, or a yoke of bondage ? MATING ANIMALS SUPERIOR. All classes of animals that choose their mates show that they have superior social •development, and in such the male takes an interest in the young. Animals that associate promiscuously and have no Con- jugality, evince on the part of the male very little, if any, Philoprogenitiveness or parental love. The cow, the mare, the hen show great care for their young, but " Where are the fathers ?" Do they con- sort with, cheer and protect the mother during gestation, or help feed and protect the young when they are produced ? They do not even know or acknowledge them as their own. On the contrary, the gander, who chooses his mate, helps select the site for the nest, does his share in building it, sits by her side during the weary weeks, or sits upon the eggs during her temporary absence, and thus aids in the incubation, and when the downy brood is hatched, with what pride and stately gallantry he leads and protects his family, as boys have good reason to remember if they ever tried to become too familiar with the goslings. Some birds and animals choose their mates every year, during the breeding and rearing season. In all these cases the male adheres to his mate with fidelity, and helps protect, feed, and rear the young. The male robin and many other birds Lhat choose their mate, work as hard in bunging food for the young birds as the mother does. He acknowledges them as his own, and their mother as his con- sort. This is marriage ; it is not mere lust, although that element may be as per- fect and complete as in the unmated birds. Some animals, wolves especially, whose habits are solitary, mate and live faith- fully until the young are reared and able to take care of themselves, when they sep- arate and each takes a several way. They may live, and mate and marry for the next year, as circumstances may make it convenience or possible, but the point is they do not associate promiscuously. The fact that all nations have some rule in relation to sexual association indicating a more or less perfect idea of permanency in the marriage relation, shows that from man's inmost life there flows a sentiment which seeks permanent companionship. Some luxurious and sensuous nations have established polygamy, but the general voice of mankind, and even Turkey, if it could speak with freedom, would dissolve the polygamic state and assert this natural law of individual marriage. SOCIAL CRANKS. Occasionally persons may be so consti- tuted that marriage is a burden. If they lack the faculty of Conjugal Love it will seem to be so ; but such persons ought not to regard themselves as the end of the law, as the centre of wisdom on this sub- Social Ckanks — Conjugal Idiots. 5$ ject. The world would ridicule a man who having no knowledge of arithmetic was to laugh about and ridicule the idea of problems and the multiplication table and mathematics ; the world would pity >im, and the man who could not distin- guish musical harmony, if he were to write against music, the world would call him an idiot in that particular. If an inquiry were to be made there would be found persons who are idiotic or deficient in each of the faculties ; one lacks wit, and he is angry at all mirth and fun and jokes; another has no imitation, and he would decry the stage, though he can be a Shy- lock if he loves money well enough. An- other lacks dignity ; another respect for public sentiment ; another dislikes chil- dren ; another hates women, lacking Con- jugal and Sexual Love. Another person lacks Friendship or Adhesiveness ; there are persons that never had a friend, and don't want one. Another forgets to eat, and wonders why he feels weak ; he is de- ficient in Alimentiveness ; another has a poor memory, and another has poor rea- soning power, and, lastly, another has a lack of Conjugal Love, and tries to teach that the whole world are fools when they submit to the loving relation of faithful marriage, which he calls a yoke of bond- age. It is not strange that some people may be deficient in this, and other people may be idiotic in any one of the other faculties, or if not idiotic so weak as to be % subject of pity. If those who object to marriage belong to that class who are merely governed by Amativeness in the matter, it requires no argument to repu- diate their claims to the position of teach- ers on this subject. They may be intel- lectually wise ; they may be technically honest as to property and social rights, but if they lack Parental Love they will not want children ; if they lack Conjugal Love they will not want marriage. If they have strong Amativeness they may desire society through the action of that faculty. Some have been badly mated, and their other faculties quarrel, and they drift asun- der and inveigh against marriage during the rest of their lives. $o* mo' re than one in 10,000 is idiotic in Causality, or in Tune, or in Conscience, or in Conjugality, but the man who is idiotic in Tune sometimes good-naturedly allows people to sing, if they don't get too near him ; but he calls it racket, just as those who are deficient in Conjugality call marriage slavery and bondage. This view of the mental development of course stands opposed to every form of license which is contrary to the law of na- ture in respect to this faculty. We know that those who claim that Amativeness is. the only bond of union between the sexes profess to obey the laAv of nature,. As- well might a father obey that law of na- ture in the production of the child and deny Parental Love in the necessary aid and protection for the maintenance of the child. The whole world would make itself hoarse inveighing against such heartless conduct, and the courts of jus- tice compel men to provide for their off- spring who are unfortunately out of the pale of wedlock. The only true marriage is where this faculty brings the parties into a holy and permanent union in co- operation with the procreating instinct, and the Parental Love which cares for the progeny ; and when we find animals that do not mate permanently, leaving the en- tire care and protection of the progeny to ths mother, it is an argument to show that in the human race there is something lacking in' those whose males imitate the horse, the ox, and the swine, instead of the higher type of social animals, the lion, the eagle, the robin, and the goose, the males of which tribes foster and protect their young. The male turkey that hunts the nest to destroy it is a knave and a scoundrel, socially, as compared with the gander, the eagle, and the robin Avho help make the nest and help care for the young. Free love animals and free love men lack something which does them no credit. Conjugal Love, the special, life-long, in- dividual, and exclusive mating, is human, honorable, natural, and the only sound philosophy of sexual mating. * * Condensed from ' ' Thoughts on Domestic Life, or Marriage Vindicated and Free Love Exposed." by Nelson Sizer. Fowler & Wells Co. publishers; 25 cents. GO Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. 2. PARENTAL LOVE. Parental Love, in respect to the human race as well as to most of the tribes of animals and insects, is a prime necessity to the young. Almost everything requires the parental care and protection, without which it would perish on the very thresh- old of its existence. It is an exercise that exhibits the beautiful economy and har- mony of nature that the parents in every circumstance of life have an endowment Fig. 71. J. H. Matnakd, Lawyer. A good fnco, practical forehead, and very strong so- cial development, especially Parental Love. of this faculty in exact proportion to the wants of their young. Many insects show the mere instinct of depositing their eggs where the sun will hatch them, but they never recognize their young as their own or exhibit the least care for them ; but since such young animals do not need the exercise of the faculty, it is not bestowed on the parent. The more helpless the progeny, as in the human race, the more intense is the Parental Love, and the longer that helplessness continues, the more prolonged and enduring and faithful is parental solicitude. This is shown in respect to weak, deformed, and idiotic children. Their extra helplessness inten- < w'ties the parental faculty, and perhaps pity is added to intensify the care and so- licitude. Pope beautifully elucidates this point : Thus beast and bird their common charge attend— The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend ; The young dismissed to wander earth or air, There stops the instinct, and there ends the care ; A longer care man's helpless kind demands, That longer care contracts more lasting bonds, Reflection, reason, still the ties improve, At once extend the interest and the love. The love of young may be called a piv- otal organ, the location of which is easily found on the head, the size of which may be easily determined by a mere novice. If proof of the truth of Phrenology were wanting, we could point to the organ of Parental Love, showing its large develop- ment in the middle back head, and appeal- ing to his consciousness of its deep and abiding power in nearly every one, more especially in those who mourn for their children loved and lost. The organ is lo- cated in the centre of the part of the head directly above the little bony point which is often quite prominent, and when large it gives length to the head from the open- ing of the ear backward, and imparts an elongated fullness to the back head. Pig. 71. The manifestation of this faculty is so various even among human mothers, and so diverse in power in the character of the different species of animals, that the truth or falsity of Phrenology might easily be determined by studying that faculty alone. The little girl loves her doll, her kitten, or her baby sister. The boy cherishes his pet dog, horse, or little brother. But the full fruition of Parental Love can never be experienced except by the parent for his offspring. Those who fail to have chil- dren sometimes adopt the children of others, and manifest all the parental so- licitude which is necessary, but in the same persons their own children would awaken a depth of tenderness and paren- tal affection that none other could possi- bly do. The birth of the little stranger, heralded by a thousand harrowing antici- pations, calls into exercise not only paren- tal love but all the other social feelings ; Conjugality sanctified the matrimonial Parental Love — Friendship. 61 union, Amativeness consummated it, and the fruit of that union is literally, to its parents, bone of their bone, and not only bound to them by generation and birth, but also by the added ties of Adhesiveness or Friendship, and thus the child becomes the holiest of the household gods. Paren- tal Love is not based on the talent, beauty, or perfection of the young, though these qualities excite agreeably many other fac- ulties in the parent. Nor is Parental Love, as some, like Prof. Bain, have as- serted, the result of general kindness and sympathy or benevolence in the parent, for many are very benevolent in general, but lacking Parental Love have not the slightest love for a child as such. But the true mother, well endowed with the ma- ternal instinct, is not satisfied when she knows that the child is merely fed and kept clean and healthy. She yearns to strain it to her throbbing heart, and to smother it with maternal caresses. It will be more clearly seen that Paren- tal Love does not grow out of Benevolence from the fact that lions, tigers, hyenas, wolves, hawks, and other fierce and treach- erous creatures show quite as much pa- rental affection as those which are the most docile and mild tempered. Even the most quarrelsome and severe of hu- man beings often show parental affection in a very high degree, the feeling being indicated by no means in proportion to their deficiency of general kindness. The Caribee Indians, the very lowest in moral- ity and intelligence of all the American Indians, and distinguished above them all for ferocity and cruelty of disposition, are nevertheless remarkably fond and tender towards their children. These man-eat- ing rapacious Caribs, who rush upon their enemies with the deadly rage of the tiger, incited with the single desire to kill and eat them, are generally more kind to their children than any other nation of the sav- age tribes. They will sacrifice personal ease and comfort for their protection, and will also become frantic at their loss ; in- deed the only redeeming trait of the Car- lo's nature is not the result of morality or benevolence, for he is very deficient in these faculties and hence in the organs by which they are manifested. His organ of Parental Love or Philoprogenitiveness is so large as to constitute an apparent de- formity of his head, and his excessive love of children, notwithstanding the most rapacious cruelty, redeems his character from the utter abhorrence of mankind. "We once examined a man's head and found this organ excessively developed. We desired to make a startling statement, and said to him that he would make a good step-mother, and that if he had no children he would be likely to adopt one or two, so as to have the house and the heart furnished. He replied that he had eight children of his own and had adopted eight, and he was enthusiastic in describ- ing his children. He had them sit at the table alternately, the true children and the adopted children, like black walnut and ash in wainscoting. He proudly said that he and his children did much to run the Sunday-school, and especially the choir, of the church he attended. When we asked him what his pursuit was, he said that he made toys for children ; ran a large factory in that interest. Ten years later we met a man with a similar form of head, and for the second time used the same phrase, that he would make a good step-mother, and to round it out we told him the story of the Vermont man who had adopted eight children and made his living by the manufacture of children's toys. When we asked this man what his business was he replied that he was a brother of the other man and kept a ware- house in Maiden Lane for the sale of his manufactures, a specialty being baby car- riages. * 3. FRIENDSHIP OR ADHESIVENESS. It is the nature of this faculty or pro- pensity to give general friendship. See Fig. 72. It is not confined to sex, to per- sons of equal age or similar circumstance. The child is first conscious of the caress- ing care of Parental Love, and this awak- ens his Adhesiveness, being surrounded * "Forty Years in Phrenology," by Nelson Sizer. Fowler & Wells Co. publishers. C2 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. by brothers, sisters, and playmates his fraternal feelings are called out and grati- fied. It reaches forth to clasp not kin- dred only, as brother, sister, or cousin, but also the neighbor, to make friends with those who are strangers. It asks for Fig. 72. Joseph Jefferson, Actor. An amiable face, loving mouth and chin, soft, gen- tle eye, a refined nose, strong moral brain, good intel- lect, and decidedly strong affections ; wins the world by his tenderness and affection, though he is a man of talent, and especially has he sympathy and human nature, tence his perfect personations of sympathetic character. Organ of Friendship large. fellowship, for affection, for fraternity ; it seeks all who will respond to friendship. It exists between men, between women, between men and women ; some of the most exalted and signal specimens of friendship have existed between men, as in the case of David and Jonathan, Joseph and Benjamin, Damon and Pythias, and also between Ruth and Naomi. Nowhere can richer indications of affection be found than is expressed by Ruth to Naomi, " Entreat me not to leave thee; for whith- er thou goest I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge ; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God. Where thou diest will I die, |md there will I be buried ; the Lord do so to me and more also if aught but death part thee and me. " Again, we read, "The soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul." This feeling of Friendship can exist in its full strength disconnected from all the other social forces, but it greatly strength- ens the affection existing between husband and wife, though it is not absolutely es- sential to matrimonial affection. Friend- ship arising from the faculty under con- sideration often exists between a man and a woman before any other love is awak- ened. Men and women innocently agree to- write "letters of friendship, "and that is the only feeling that prompts them. In pro- cess of time, the bonds of friendship being- strengthened by correspondence, a look, or word, or other slight incident awakens- between them the conjugal impulse, and in a moment their thoughts of each other and of their relations for life are changed. Before they were friends, as two men or two women could be, nothing more ; now they are lovers, and their best aspirations and joys are conjugal. Man can not enjoy life alone ; he is con- stituted for society, for union and inter- communion with other persons. From this feeling people are drawn together into groups ; they build towns, villages, cities, where many may be near each other. Some of the lower animals manifest this- disposition strongly, others in a subordi- nate degree, and others appear to act un- der the influence of some other propensi- ties. Among those which go in flock's and herds and show by their gregarious, so- ciety-loving spirit that they possess this- same faculty, are horses, cattle, sheep, swine, many kinds of fishes, pigeons, crows, blackbirds, turkeys, geese and ducks, hens, martins, and swallows. Among insects, we find bees and ants as conspicuous examples of the tendency to fraternize, and those which do not go in herds and flocks are lions, tigers, hyenas, panthers, wolves (except when they com- bine their strength to assault animals larger than themselves), foxes, bears, the eagle, hawk, and the lonely albatross. One of the meanest animals we know> the swine, has hardly a redeeming trait, except its social qualities. It loves its. INHABITIVENESS — LOVE OP HOME. young and protects it. But the little pigs fight with each other, and the older ones manifest utter selfishness by personal quar- rels and greedy appetite, but when one of their number is assaulted, the rest rush to the rescue, showing a strong fraternal spirit. If a hunter wounds a pig, and he makes an outcry in the forest where swine run wild, they will come running from every direction with mouths wide open ready for the fight, and perhaps forty in- furiated swine of every size will beset the hunter, compelling him to climb a tree for his life, and where he may be obliged to remain for twenty-four hours before his fasting foe will leave its sentry to sup- ply its wants in the distance, and thus give the invader a chance to descend and depart. We have known families that would fight among themselves, but if an outsider interfered, they would make com- mon cause against him or her. It is said to be dangerous for a man to throttle an- other man who is fighting with his wife, and that the wife thus befriended has been known to seize a broomstick and belabor the invading neighbor, and then tell him to go about his business, and that ' ' if her husband wished to beat her it was none of his business." 4. INHABIT! VENESS. This organ is the basis of the home in- stinct and of patriotism. It is located im- mediately above Parental Love, and gives fullness to that part of the head, and length from the opening of the ear to the designated location of that organ on the surface. In discussing the phrenological faculties we make frequent allusions to the lower animals, not because in all cases we can examine their heads and determine the development, but because their in- stincts, exercised without culture, mani- fest the voice of nature in them, and show the quality of mind and the propensity or passion we are discussing with more vividness, being unwarped by prejudice, unguided by reason or sentiment, love of reward or fear of shame ; and tnus their traits show much light on the subject of the fucultieb of the lr-man race. It must be borne in mind also that whatever fac- ulty can be found in the lower animals is also found in man. There is scarcely a being upon earth that does not manifest continually a strong love of home ; it is said that even fish have their winter quar- Fig. 73. John Davis, Associate Justice of the U.S. Court of Claims. Inhabitiveness large. A temperament favorable to literature and science, and at the same time strength and calmness and force; a good back-head; ambitious, honest, intelligent; fine Language, as shown by the fullness of the eye, and is at home in the social circle; the fullness of the lips and the grand development of the chin show the phy- siognomy of love and affection. ters not only, but their regular summer spawning grounds ; that they live in schools or shoals, keep together, and to- gether go up the same river year by year. Certain it is that migratory birds in th<« wild state, such as geese, ducks, martins, robins, the "phcebe," and many others whose merry songs are very welcome and familiar, return year after year to build their nests in the same places. Persons who are curious in matters of this sort have caught the swallow, the martin, and the faithful phcebe, that builds her nest under the bridge, and attached to the neck Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. a brilliant bit of metal, and true to their love of home thay have returned to re- build their nests and bring back the tiny- medal which they had worn during the winter in the sunny South. It is said that the robins of Vermont winter in South Jersey and Delaware, while the Jersey and Delaware robins find their winter home in Virginia, and those of Virginia go to Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Wild geese, ducks, and pigeons build their nests in communities, and go in flocks on account of their fraternal Adhesiveness, and when the blasts of autumn warn them of the approach of winter, leave their summer home and fly in flocks toward their sunny southern home. The cat is a good illustration of the love of home, though she has something of friendship for the family where she has been reared, fed, and petted ; yet when that family moves, the cat regrets the de- parture of the family, but composes her- self on the doorstep and stays with the house, clings to the home, and waits for some strange family to come and occupy the house, and perhaps in turn it moves away and leaves her in sole possession. The dog, on the contrary, although he may love the home, loves the family more than he does the home, and he is very careful not to be left behind when the family departs. He may whine and bid a regretful adieu to the homestead, but the family, not the home, are the objects of special endearment. The home instinct is developed into great activity in the child. Almost as soon as he learns to love his attendants and friends, he wants his crib, his little chair and his particular place at the table and fireside ; and the pleasantest recollections of old age are those that go back and cluster around the doorstep and the hearth- stone of the early childhood home. The richest, at least the most popular of the poems, are born of this affectionate mem- ory, of which we may mention Morris' "Woodman, Spare That Tree," and the dearest thought of all is, "In youth it sheltered me. " We have only to add to the love of home the feeling of Veneration to inspire "The Old Family Bible," the "Old Arm-chair," " The Old Oaken Bucket," and " The Old Farm Gate " ; but the poetic embodiment of all is the home feeling expressed in "Home, Sweet Home." Patriotism, which is called the most sa- cred of the human impulses, the grandest, the most heroic, comes from Inhabitive- ness. The love of the particular town, street, neighborhood, house, room, place, has its origin in this organ. This patri- otic feeling was remarkable in the Jews, and in their captivity in a strange land they moaned "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept Avhen we remembered Zion." "How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land ?" "If I forget thee, Oh Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning." "And Naboth said to Ahab, the Lord forbid it me that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee." "If a man sell a dwelling house within a walled city he may redeem it within a year after it is sold ; the houses of the Levites are their posses- sion." The history of mankind has largely been a history of war, and on one side a nation desires to acquire and annex more terri- tory ; that is, glorify its own nationality. The other side are defending their homes, their firesides, their native land. France looks upon her lost provinces, Alsace and Lorraine, and is laying up money, train- ing up children, hoping and waiting to re- conquer and have them back. The Hun- garians, about 1850, had their great strug- gle for nationality. The wars between England and Scotland made the land bloody for ages. Wallace and Bruce have their names canonized in memory and in song as brave defenders of their native land, and the Green Isle is perhaps as in- tense and fierce an exhibition of Inhabi- tiveness as the world's history has shown. No matter where its sons may roam or rest, they seem ready to fight individually and collectively for the old sod, and al- though they may never have owned a rod of its territory, they are just as willing to fight for it, apparently, as if they held ix» it an inheritance in fee simple. Continuity. 65 The necessities for a home or special place of abode are numerous and urgent. Friendship and love require a common meeting- place. Man and many of the ani- mals need a place to lay up food for the future, and all animals and insects require a place to rear their young or to deposit their eggs. Fig. 74. William M Evarts. Continuity large; U. S. Senator, great-grandson of Roger Sherman . Head very long from opening of the ear forward and upward ; a clear, far-reaching intellect; fine language, excellent moral develop- ment, and keen wit. It would seem reasonable that man should gravitate towards the most fruit- fid places where the soil and climate would make life pleasant and easily sus- tained, and we think that the system of railroads that makes travel rapid, easy, and cheap, is having a tendency to unset- tle the spirit of home love. Men go from New England, or from the Atlantic coast, or from the central sections of the United States to the far West, and because they can come back so rapidly and easily they have a feeling that they are not vary far from the old home ; but the children of those emigrants become attached to their native place, and it is sometimes amusing and yet sad to see'in a single family, for instance, in Massachusetts and New York, who go to Ohio and raise two children ; to Michigan, and have another ; to Kan- sas, and have two more, and then perhaps go still farther West and have one or two more, and when they all get together and are talking about home, the father will think about Massachusetts with tender- ness, the mother will speak of her native place in New York State with tears in her voice, the Ohio boy and girl will proudly call themselves Buckeyes, and the Michi- gan, and Kansas, and Colorado children will each argue for their native plain. Thus love of home induces men and ani- mals to inhabit the extremes of climate and the most forbidding localities, and give to each not intellectual praise of his particular locality, but that abiding love for it that defies arguments and makes the road seem easy to comfort and profit. Thus, as Goldsmith has sung : The shuddering tenant of the frigid zone Boldiy proclaims that happiest spot his own, : Extols the treasures of his stormy seas, And his long nights of revelry and ease. The naked negro panting at the line, Boasts of his golden sands and palmy wipe — Basks in the glare, or stems the tepid wave. And thanks his gods for all the good they gave. Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam — The first best country ever is at home. 1 ' Home, then, is the place where friend- ship and love can be enjoyed, where the good things of life can be stored and shared with the loved ones, and where mental culture can best be acquired and used. Love of home, in the abstract, we regard as one of the strongest incentives to virtue, and one of the most important safeguards against vice and profligacy. There is no other word in the language around which cluster so many sacred memories ; none so hallowed, so beloved as home. 5. CONTINUITY. This faculty gives the power of mental abstraction ; the ability to devote the in- tellect or to confine the feelings to a given 66 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. subject or object with patient, consecutive application, sometimes to such a degree that all other ideas, and even a conscious- ness of one's surroundings are lost. Men get into a brown study so that they do not hear the clock strike ; are not con- scious of the passage of time ; get hun- gry, or their fire goes out ; they are so glued, as it w«e, to their line of thought that all else is neglected. These have large Continuity as a rule. Sometimes people ask what is the difference between Continuity and Firmness ? "When we say that Firmness gives a stiff, determined fortitude, decision of character ; that it serves to brace up the other faculties to the work in hand, the distinction will be understood. Firmness gives determina- tion and obstinacy of purpose, while Con- tinuity gives a patient, perfecting, plod- ding application. Of two stone-cutters with equal Firmness, they will be alike thorough and persevering, but if one has large Continuity he prefers to use the drill in one place for hours, while the other with small Continuity craves variety, and orefers to use the chisel in cutting and dressing the entire surface of the stone. Each exercises Firmness and energy in equal degree, but one brings his whole mind'' and energy to a single point, while the other indulges his love of variety ii» giving only a few blows in one place. In England an artisan serves seven years to learn, and follows for life a single branch of trade, and bends his entire mind on that, which gives facility and per- fection to his skill in that one line of ef- fort ; while in America a man is in turn a farmer, a carpenter, a blacksmith, a shoe- maker, a teacher, a lecturer, and perhaps a lawyer, and can pursue each with toler- able success. A man residing in Indiana, about forty years of age, called at our of- fice for an examination, and we told him he had so much ingenuity and such small Continuity that he would be likely to spend his whole life in learning trades rather than following one. He replied that he could get full wages in seventeen different trades, but that he preferred the \ast one he took up, gunsmithing, and that he had confined himself to it for three years. We find in some a mechanical pride to be able to say, though perhaps a mason by trade, "I made that bass viol, tuning, fork, rifle, writing desk, table, carving knife, set of spoons, and the boots I have on." Thus men with moderate Continu- ity will neglect their regular business an< spend their time, just to show what they can do, in tinkering at things which they could earn, nicely made, and in half the time, by working at their own trade. Many a mechanical genius thus frittei^ away his time, and his family suffers for proper support, proving that the " rolling stone gathers no moss." If a child have- small Continuity he may be kept strictly to one thing; if it be large, let him follow a variety of pursuits or studies to impart the necessary elasticity and versatility to his mind. * SELFISH PROPENSITIES. Fig. 75. Large. Fig. 76. Small. These are Vitativeness, Combativeness, Desfeructiveness, Alimentiveness, Acquisi- tiveness, and Secretiveness ; their object being the protection and preservation of self ; they begin and end with self, though they may be used by other faculties to carry out their purposes. "When Benevo- lence witnesses something that is cruel or damaging to weakness, Combativeness comes to the rescue, or whenever a loved one is assailed, a child, a wife, a friend, Combativeness is simply the instrument for the vindication of the subject which awakens it. "When conscience is outraged, by some injustice, Combativeness is called into activity to punish the offender, and * Condensed from " Choice of Pursuits." VlTATIVENESS— COMBATIVENESS. 67 these faculties work together to second and sustain each other, and as it were to ■carry out the motives and forces which belong tc this group of faculties. These provide for man's animal wants, create those desires and instincts, and supply the means of self-preservation. When this class of organs is large, the head is wide and full and rounded, espe- cially above and about the ears; when small, the sides of the head are flattened 1 , and the whole head is narrower. E. v'ITATIVENESS— Love of Life. The organ of this faculty is located be- hind the ear below Destructiveness and forward of Combativeness, just above the root of the mastoid process of the tem- poral bone, and when large, gives fulness And width in that region; its function is Fig. 77. Wm. D. Dudley, Esq., Ex-Commissioner of Pensions. Large Vitativeness and Destructiveness, aiso a fine intellect, especially in the lower and middle section of the forehead, qualifying him for tho acquisition of knowledge, and the use of practical talent. the love of existence for its own sake, it .gives a tenacity of life, a dread of death, and resistance to disease. Some animals are easily killed, they give up with a slight jblow and die; they are the narrow -headed animals, in which the whole region of the selfish propensities is weak, and especially Vitativeness; other animals, such as the lion, tiger, shark, catfish, hawk, eagle, cat, have broad heads through the region of the selfish propensities, and they hold on to life and seem destined to destroy the life of other animals and preserve their own. Some men, in whom this organ is weak, readily yield to disease and resign themselves to die, apparently with little reluctance, while others struggle with an instinctive determination against the ap- proach of death, and, as it were, by the power of the will recover from a sickness that would prove fatal to another with the same amount of vital power and constitu- tional strength, but who is lacking this faculty of resistance to death. This fac- ulty is previously referred to in respect to the patients in the Morristown, N. J., Asylum for the Insane, page 17. Persons who commit suicide without very much to annoy them, or to make life troublesome, are doubtless deficient in this organ. We can not but think that th'S faculty works with the moral and religious, and especially with Sublimity, to give a relish for the subject of immortality. Job II. 4 " All that a man hath will he give for his life." 6. COMRATIVENESS. This organ gives the spirit of resistance, courage, and opposition. The organ is located above and a little backward of the mastoid process, at the posterior inferior angle of the parietal bones. When large, it gives width to the head, a little back of the top of the ears, and to estimate its eize, it may be spanned by placing the thumb on the organ on one side, and the fingers on the organ on the other side of the head ; a little practice will enable the observer, by comparing one head with another, to decide in regard to the size of the organ instantly. The design of this faculty is to defend, oppose, and resist in general. Those in whom this is strongly marked, meet duty bravely, and engage heartily in that which requires manly courage. It is a great agent in the pro- duction of the spirit of industry ; it gives 68 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. one the feeling that he is strong, that he can lift twice as much as he is able to. Many a small woman, weighing little more than a hundred pounds, will take hold of work, or any other achievement that re- quires energy and positiveness, with a fig. 78. H. B. Harrison, Gov. of Conn., Lawyer. Combativeness, Self-esteem, and Perceptive large. Observe the length from the opening of the ear to the base of the forehead, indicating great perception and especially strong Order, good memory, and power to think. His bead is high at the crown; is am- bitious, proud, honest, firm, and a good talker. That nose means enterprise, executiveness, and victory. bravery that is astonishing. The English call the manifestation of that faculty "pluck." The dog is a wonderful exam- ple of physical courage ; most animals fight with those of their kind, and their own size, but will run before one which is larger. Even the lion will not fight his match, he hesitates to engage with the Bengal tiger, but as most animals are weaker than himself, he goes forward as- suming rights, and clearing the course he wishes to pursue, and it looks like courage, but the dog will assail the bull, or a man, or even a lion, or the wild boar, or the grizzly bear ; he does his best, although one blow from the bear or lion would finish him. We have seen an infuriated dog chase a man who had whipped him from his seat in the wagon, and as he could not jump high enough to reach his antagonist, he would seize the wagon wheel with his teeth, and let it carry him clear over to the ground, then jeize it again ; his courage and his anger making him feel that he was wreaking vengeance on the man who had unjustly whipped him. But this organ is not adapted Merely to physical resistance, it enters eople want to be eating so much, and other sunny-faced matrons like to see the men and women who eat at their table take hold heartily ; they cut thick slices of bread, they load the plates and plat- ters, and make everything seem abundant; they don't make biscuit the size of a hen's In many ways this faculty is influential in promoting industry and economy, and in the acquisition of that which is to be wanted ; the farmer will mow close, and rake clean, and gather up the harvest, and store it in his barns, not to sell it, but to feed it to his cattle, and they look sleek, and he is pleased to feed them and nurse them into vigorous condition. With this organ large, people never pinch those that feed at their expense ; if they have large Acquisitiveness, they make a sharp bar- gain, or if they have large Combativeness and Acquisitiveness, they may work their people and their teams hard, so as to earn as much as possible, but when they come to the table and manger, there is no scarc- ity, no meanness there. It is a poor place to board with people who never seem to want to eat themselves. F. BIB ATI VENESS . This organ is situated in front of Ali- mentiveness, but is not generally marked on our busts and diagrams, but in the symbolical head it is sometimes repre- sented by one man eating and another drinking. The organ may be a part of Alimentiveness, but those who are chiefly developed in the anterior portion of the' region referred to, like to have soups and moist food ; they want a good deal of milk with their oatmeal and their bread ; they like custards that are not solid, but juicy ; they do not want dried peach pie, unless it is made so juicy that it will flow and fill the plate ; they do not like dry toast, or other articles of food in a dry condition, and in their daily life they take a good deal of fluid ; would rather have two cups, with the same amount of tea or coffee that one cup would contain, than have it in one, and we know persons who would pour water into milk, if they had only a given quantity, and thus increase its bulk by adding water, and feel that it was better to do so. If such people buj a picture, they want water represented in it, and to live where they can see sheets of water or hear the murmur of it, their tastes being modified by this element of their character. Others we know who buy condensed milk, and put very little water in it as they eat it, they want it considerably thicker than common milk. There are some who dread to take a bath, they will wash themselves in a pint of water, and others want an abundance of it, though they had to bring it in a pail fifty rods. Those who enjoy swimming and sailing, and are about as much at home in water as a duck is, are presumed to have this faculty strongly marked. This feeling may be perverted, and some people get in the habit of drinking four times as much as is necessary, and others do not drink half enough ; they have a kind of dry dyspepsia, and the other a moist dyspepsia* a water-soaked state of the system. 9. ACQUISITIVENESS. This faculty is imparted to prompt men to lay up food and other articles of value for future use ; it is eminently a provid- ing faculty ; it is also possessed by some animals to impel them to lay up in time of abundance, for scarcity ; to gather the fruits of summer for use during the win- ter ; in other classes of the lower animals there is no trace of it. To show the ac- quiring instinct and the want of it in dif- ferent animals, we may say that if a quantity of corn were laid on the ground, a common fowl finding it, will greedily devour whatever is required to satisfy the appetite for the time being, and go away without a thought as to that which re- mains, will not gather it up, or stand and protect it for future use; but if a squirrel, that likes corn no better than the chicken does, were to discover the corn upon the ground, he would not stop to satisfy his appetite, but would begin to carry it off to his nest, until the last kernel had disappeared, then he would deliberately 72 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. satisfy his hunger ; thus he would find himself in possession of food for many weeks ; the fowl, however, that does not acquire and lay up, on the return of ap- petite would come back expecting to find the corn. Fig. 82. J. J. Knox, Controller of the Currency. See the large Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness ; tne head is broad, rather than high, showing a ten- dency towards things physical, material, and financial, rather than things fanciful and faratical. The bee is an eminent instance of the acquiring instinct; birds supply their wants as best they may from day to day, with no apparent care relative to food, consequently birds in a high Northern latitude, where winters are severe, are obliged to pick up a precarious existence; other birds go South where food can be had throughout the winter. The fox makes his meal from his prey, and if there is any surplus he buries it for future use and will fight for it as property. The proper exercise of this faculty in the human race, how it should be culti- vated when too weak, and restrained when too strong, is an inquiry of serious im- portance. In civilized countries, the idea of property has become the ruling one. Among savage tribes, the idea of property exists, thongh not in a high degree, but as persons become civilized, and have laws that protect them in the possession of their property, the great thought seems to be "How can I become rich ? " Thus the faculty is often perverted, and men are not satisfied to lay up as much as they think they will want. One of that selfish sort, when informed that a frost had killed the crop of potatoes, remarked, that he did not know as he cared, because he had enough laid up in his cellar to last two years, seeming to forget that the tuber will not keep. So the millionaire strives to make more money; not that he expects to want it, or that his children will want it, but it becomes a passion, a kind of game. We knew a little half grown fox, that broke his fastenings one night, and went to some chicken coops, and with his long arms pulled out the little chicks and nipped their heads, until he had from sev- eral coops captured eighteen ; he took them over the fence into a plowed field and buried so many as he did not then wish to eat, not knowing that in the warm June weather one-half of the prey he had thus acquisitively hidden away would be- come putrid before he could consume it pll. He was a millionaire in chickens, obeying Acquisitiveness without reason or sense. The primitive design of the faculty is to inspire every human being with a spirit of industry and frugality, to lay aside from the earnings of youth for sickness and for age, and to amass a suffi- cient amount of property to serve his wants in old age, and enable him to rear and educate his children. Something besides Acquisitiveness is necessary to the successful prosecution of business and the accumulation of wealth ; those possessed with skill and talent, and with a fair degree of moral feeling, even though their Acquisitiveness be as strong and active as such an education Vould render it, will by the over-mastering power of that element accumulate wealth and do it within the pale of the law; they will plan, see results before reached, an- ticipate improvements and depressions in business affairs, and know when to let out and when to take in, and they get and Acquisitiveness — Secbetiveness. 73 do it honestly. Those on the contrary who have Acquisitiveness large, and but little mechanical skill, and who lack in- dustry and energy, and the talent neces- sary to perfect plans for acquiring prop- erty, and especially the shrewdness to compete with the artful, will find them- selves poor ; sometimes such people find- ing themselves pinched with want, their children suffering for provision, will be driven to desperation; their love for their family, those holy feelings which under favorable circumstances minister to virtue and happiness, under privation have a directly opposite tendency. Many a man in such a position has been led to steal and rob, not because he was by nature vicious, or coveted his neighbor's prop- erty, but because he had not the shrewd- ness, and tact, and industry to acquire the comforts of life in a legitimate manner, and to save his loved ones from cold and hunger has violated the criminal law. Now surely it is not the natural state of man, that a single propensity, one selfish desire, namely, Acquisitiveness, should rule the human race with such despotic sway. In tropical climates we find in the savage but little of the faculty of Acquis- itiveness ; his wants are few and easily met, and this organ is small, but as man goes from the equator into colder lati- tudes, clothing, shelter, and an accumula- tion of food for winter are necessary, and this organ thereby becomes developed by exercise, together with those qualities of ingenuity and energy which lie at the foundation of skill and industry ; hence Southern people who can earn a living without much worriment, are apt to re- gard Northern people as stingy, because they have to be economical. A man that has to feed his stock of cattle seven months in the year must raise all the fod- der he can, and gather it all ; he has to burn a pile of wood during the winter as large as his house, to keep himself warm; he needs clothing to screen him from the inclemency of the weather, and must lay up food in abundance during the short summer, and therefore must needs be in- dustrious, and appear sometimes to be stingy ; but it has been ascertained, that in one of the poorest States in New Eng- land, namely, Massachusetts, where the soil is hard, and the climate severe, where everybody except the rich work and econ- omize, the people absolutely pay out more money every year for religious and edu- cational and beneficent purposes, in pro- portion to the value of their property, than any other people in the land, and those who call them stingy, tell the truth, but we would like to see them try it once- for five years, and see how long their easy generosity would be sustained. * 10. SECKETIVENESS. This organ is located above Destructive- ness and backward from Acquisitiveness ; when this organ and Destructivenets are> both largely developed, there is a general fullness of the lower part and middle por- Fig. 83. Ferdinand Ward, False Financier. A low top head, very broad from side to side, show- ing Secretiveness, cunning, Acquisitiveness, Destruc- tiveness, and large Ideality, hence fond of art. tion of the side-head. The design of the faculty is to produce concealment and a restraining influence upon the other fac- ulties ; its primary action has merely selr * Condensed from "Choice of Pursuits.'* 74 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. fish gratification in view. In the lower animals it acts as a blind instinct, while in man it is coupled with reasoning power and moral sentiments by which it may be guided, modified, and restrained, and al- lowed to act only in accordance with the higher dictates of the mind. Nearly all the carniverous animals have Secretiveness rather strongly marked; the cat species, from the lion downward, se- cretes itself and patiently waits and watches the approach of prey, and when near enough, seizes it at a single bound, before the victim is aware of the presence of the enemy. Most of the herbiverous animals have little Secretiveness. Since their food does not flee at their approach, their only use for Secretiveness would be to conceal themselves from enemies ; and many of them have fear and speed which they use as a means of safety. In the human race, this feeling is some- times so strong that certain characters are tinged with a fox-like or cat-like cunning; they do not say or do anything in an open, frank manner, but it is by conceal- ment, by artifice, and there is a mystery in all they do. They talk with saving clauses and evade committing themselves squarely ; while those in whom it is too small are abrupt and ill-timed and blunt in their remarks. It is important to train this faculty when it is weak and restrain it when too strong. There are some people who exercise Secretiveness in a business way, perhaps incidentally ; they have a faculty of mak- ing everybody think what they have to sell is particularly good, and that it can be had at a bargain; they may defraud no man, but there is a sort of false pretense about the whole thing. One of the most marked manifestations of business Secret- iveness has lead a certain public man to relate his line of business to public senti- ment in such a manner that everybody was greedy to patronize him, and although they went away thoroughly satisfied that they had got their money's worth, yet they seemed to have a feeling that his dwarfs were not so small as they had sup- posed or his giants so large as they had anticipated, yet there was so much to be seen that they had not been cheated. That was done by a kind of sagacity and tact which presented the glowing side of the picture, and created a furor in favor of his business. The perversion of this faculty has much in it that should be avoided: it creeps into almost every sort of business; it tends to put Indian meal into ginger, and sand into sugar, tea grounds that have been drawn and dried into tea and sell it the second time ; it puts peas into coffee, adulterates drugs, puts cotton into woolen flannel, and it contrives somehoAv to veneer and adulterate nearly everything that comes into the market, in fact it is one of the most subtle and hard faculties to understand and head off from its pur- poses. We sometimes hear parents deceiving their children from the very cradle, and most children are trained to deception, if they follow the example set before them by nurses and others, and the result is they soon employ deception to carry their own points, and then they are upbraided for lying and cheating. A fair share of Secretiveness is desira- ble so as not to express that which had better be concealed. "A fool uttereth all his mind, but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards." "He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life, but he that open- eth wide his lips shall have destruction. " " The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart ; his words were softer than oil, yet they were drawn swords." From the days of Judas till now the hypocrite and deceiver have been feared and hated, yet hypocrisy and deception creep into the daily life of thou- sands who consider themselves pretty good. 11. CAUTIOUSNESS. The organ of this feeling is situated on the upper side-head outward from the crown, or a little further back than the ears. It is generally the widest part of the head, and frequently interferes with the fitting of the hat or the bonnet. Ana- Cautiousness Illustrated. 75 tomically, it is located in the centre of the parietal bones at the point where ossi- fication begins. Fear is the normal result of this faculty ; watchfulness, carefulner*, solicitude, anxiety arise from it ; it stands opposed to boldness, rashness, courage ; it bears very much the same relation to the other faculties of the mind that hold- back straps bear to other parts of a har- ness, or that the brake does to the wheels of a car. There is no more painful emotion than fear ; nothing that wears out the health more than anxiety. We are so organized and so surrounded that we are constantly liable to injury, and are therefore fre- quently subjected to danger, consequently Cautiousness is an important qiiality of the mind, serving as a safeguard. Its lan- guage is, "take care," "look out," " avoid danger," or " manage to master it." The feeling, however, is blind in itself ; it has no wisdom or knowledge ; it is simply a feeling, a passion, a sentiment, not an in- tellectual power ; in itself it could not look out nor take care, but arouses the Fig. 84. Cautiousness Illustkated. intellect and all the other faculties to watch against danger. In its healthy ac- tion, Caution tends to check the ravings of Combativeness, adds prudence to Courage, warns enraged Destructiveness to avoid undue severity, holds back the arm raised to strike with the deadly wea- pon ; whispers to Acquisitiveness of fu- ture want, of losses and poverty ; admon- ishes Approbativeness to beware of such society as will bring disgrace ; it warns Parental Love to incite the mother to watch against all evil to her child ; it stands at the elbow of Hope, true to ita Fig. 85. W. P. Sheffield, U. S. Senator from R. I. Cautiousness large. He has also a fine tempera- ment, with a predominanc ■ of the intellectual and mora regions of the head, with considerable fineness of quality as well as strength. location on the head, to suggest the ne- cessity of laying a solid foundation for an- ticipation, and frequently casts shadows upon the bright images which Hope cre- ates ; it stimulates the intellect to make such investigations as will minister to the well being of the individual, and plan such a course as will give security to the possessor. A proper development of Cautiousness is useful in restraining such a manifestation of all the powers as would be dangerous to the life, health, and hap- piness of the individual. When exces- sively developed, it throws a cloud over all manifestations ; it paralyzes courage, energy, determination, and Hope ; it smothers enterprise, dampens ambition, undermines self-respect, and changes the 7G Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. action of Veneration from a due adoration to a slavish fear of God. "When the organ is small, the effects are directly opposite ; it allows Hope to revel in perpetual an- ticipation ; permits imagination to career through the universe without rudder or ballast ; it permits rash expenditure with- out complaint, makes one reckless of dan- gers, and allows him to run into troubles and difficulties on every hand.* Cautiousness is an element of bashful- ness, and if joined to large Approbative- ness with moderate Self-esteem, bashful- ness and timidity amount to a disease. Mothers and teachers, in fact nearly every- body who has anything to do with chil- dren, are liable to use Cautiousness as a kind of rod of correction ; they will threaten to shut children up in the dark cellar, the dark closet, or call the police- man, in a city, or the old tramp, in the country, to carry off the child ; it is not strange that people who have been thus trained in childhood should be cowards in a thousand ways all their lives. 12. APPEOBATIVENESS. This faculty gives those who live in so- ciety a desire to enjoy the good will of others. This requires a sacrifice of indi- vidual feeling, or rather a modification of Fig. 86. Approbativeness Illustrated. It, and is the foundation of politeness. It gives the desire to please, and its effects on the feelings and character are immense. It seeks praise and recognition, and makes its possessor unhappy under criticism, re- * From " Choice of Pursuits." proof, or rebuke, and gives a sense o shame and mortification. In civilize* countries, the love of praise is both a strong and a weak point in people ; it ren- I ig. 87. E. A. Maxwell. Approbati ven ess large. He has also a fine tempera- ment, a harmonious face, strong nose, fine perceptive intellect, practical talent, criticism very strong, ambi- tion, energy, prudence, and perseverance. ders one strong when it serves to create ambition for eminent and honorable at- tainments ; it renders one weak when those he associates with are frivolous or have a downward tendency in their con- duct. To be popular with them and avoid their ridicule he will adopt their methods and "go with the multitude to do evil." Its perversion makes it a source of temp- tation. Properly developed and influ- enced by persons of honor and good char- acter, it becomes a wonderful magnet to draw young people towards that which is worthy, but its extreme activity often be- comes a snare as well as a source of slavery- to many. A little girl who is beautiful becomes vain of her dress and of her fine looks, and neglects to be just and kind and courteous to others. She does not deem it necessary to become a scholar, or to carry (SELF-ESTEEM. 77 herself with refined and ethical manners. If she is sought after and made popular on account of her beauty and fine dress, she becomes petulant and tyrannical and unamiable ; whereas one who is plain in appearance finds it necessary to be kind and gentle, and obliging, and obedient, and courteous in her ways in order to be acceptable ; hence, many a plain girl is permitted to ripen normally, and become the very salt of the earth ; whereas, if she had been beautiful, she might have been spoiled by flattery. Praise and censure in some schools and families is the only law, and leads to the establishment of Approbativeness as the moral standard of daily life. The ques- tions are, "What will people think?" "What will they say?" "Will I get praise for this or blame for that ? " and not " Is this or that in itself right, honor- able, just ? " Children are too much left in the care of ignorant servants and nurses, who, not having the right of con- trolling or governing the children, are obliged to flatter or frighten in order to exert an influence. In passing along the atreet we often hear a nurse-girl talking to some little pert boy or girl, praising him to get him to do the honest thing, or offering bribes to his appetite if he will stop being naughty. Approbativeness becomes morbid some- times in business men ; dread of failure leads them to strain every point, and sometimes to violate the equities of life to avoid the disgrace of a failure, and then having been led to embezzle to pre- vent failure, finding themselves detected, they commit suicide because they can not face the disgrace of failure and crime com- bined. Yet with all the evil that may arise from the abuse of Approbativeness, when the higher sentiments prevail in the character, ambition and pride minister to virtue and to the development, improve- ment, and happiness of mankind. Ambi- tion is a spur to action, and working with the higher powers, it looks to honorable endeavor and service to crown the per- formance of duty with success, joy, and respectability. The great variety of ways in which peo- ple show Approbativeness may be ob- served on every hand ; in the style of dress and equipage, in the home and sur- roundings, in the following of fashions which change frequently, and render one with large Approbativeness utterly miser- able if obliged to wear a hat, or a cloak, or a dress that was all the style three months ago ; but the new fashion plates having appeared, one must not go on the street or even to church, without the new style, yet the influence that is thus per- verted is salutary at the root. 13. SELF-ESTEEM. Many persons shrink from the idea of being endowed with large Self-esteem, Fig. 88. Govkrnor R. J. Ogle^bky, 111. Strong Vital temperament; large Self-esteem, -n' 1 Language, good practical talent; headstrong, earnest; yet genial and friendly. yet it is among the most ennobling of human characteristics, and even when it exists in too great a degree its very excess commands respect, although it may not always win our love. The excess of Ap- probativeness, which gives vanity and the tendency to boast, is what most people regard as Self-esteem. The true office of the organ is to give us the idea of selfhood, 78 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. of our own personal value. A certain amount of personal dignity is necessary to make the world respect us ; it enables one to value his opinions and plans, and gives him confidence in the exercise of his courage and judgment. Self-esteem frequently preserves per- sons from descending to practices of vice and meanness, and in those who are fallen, through intemperance, it is sometimes the only element that can be acted upon to effect a reformation. Those who lack Self- esteem, whatever may be their talents, are apt to feel unworthy, diffident, and to shrink from responsibility. They decline all offers of advancement from a sense of unworthiness. We know that large Self- esteem and moderate intellect and culture will sometimes stride forward to the high- est seat, and be called upon to step down and give place to a worthier, but among men as they average, and notably among women, there is in this country a lack of Self-esteem and too much Approbative- ness, which makes people slaves of public sentiment, and leads them to undervalue their own capacity and worth. What ex- erts a more controlling influence over a little boy who proposes to do something too childish and frivolous, and who whines and cries because he is arrested in some favorite pursuit ? Let the mother say, "What, a big boy like you, so tall, who in a little while will be as tall as your brother John, or your father, a big boy like you to cry or quarrel with his little brother or sister for the possession of a toy." If he has Self-esteem enough for his own good, he will straighten up and show that he is too much of a man to play the baby. The little fellow is now in- clined to say with Hazael, "Is thy ser- vant a dog, that he should do this ? " "Be thou strong and show thyself a man," is the language of Self-esteem when employed to arouse this spirit in another. 14. FIRMNESS. The office of this organ is to give stead- fastness, stability, fixedness of purpose, and determination. Many persons apply hard names to the functions of this organ, and as it exists in some people they are doubtless deserved. Many seem to sup- pose that stubbornness, obstinacy, and Fig. 89. Bknj. F. Wade, of Ohio. Firmness Labge Governor, U. S. Senator, and one of the firmest, bravest, and most honest men this country has raised; born in Springfield, Mass. wilfulness really indicate the normal func- tions of Firmness, but in the light of true mental philosophy these names indicate the abuses of this important element of our nature. Firmness is not the only quality which has been misnamed ; anger is supposed to be the whole of Combative- ness, murder and cruelty to be the normal functions of Destructiveness. Some sup- pose if one have large Acquisitiveness he must therefore be a thief, if he have also large Secretiveness he must be a thief and a liar, and these names are quite as ap- propriate for the organs referred to as are those which are commonly applied to Firmness. When Firmness exists in a predominant degree it will often be mani- fested in the form of an obstinate, cap- tious, contrary spirit, but if justice and kindness, prudence and friendship, and a sound intellect belong to the same mental constitution, there is no reason why per- verted Firmness should become the mas- ter spirit of the man. We know Combat- Firmness — MoBAn Sentiments. 79 iveness, Amativeness, Alimentiveness. or Approbativeness may rule over the mind, each in a different individual, but a well- balanced organization requires a good de- velopment of all the organs, Firmness among the rest. The true nature of Firm- ness is to give stability, fortitude, and fixedness of purpose, to enable one to stand up against the current of opposi- tion, to hold his faculties to their work until the duty is fulfilled; and thus Firm- ness can be made a kind of seasoning for many of the other mental powers. Work- ing with Combativeness, it produces de- termined bravery ; with Conscientious- ness, inviolable integrity ; with Acquisi- tiveness it enables one to hold on and ultimately reach the desired result. Com- bativeness and Destructiveness give pro- pelling energy to the character, as sails or a steam-engine give propelling power to a ship, and as the rudder keeps the ship on her course against the wind, thus mak- ing the element of propulsion available for reaching the desired haven. Firmness properly related gives endurance to all the other mental powers. If we attempt to force a person having large Firmness, we meet with instinctive resistance and positive refusal to do that which his judgment, inclination, and con- science would suggest as proper and de- sirable when allowed to choose the course and act freely ; but if compulsory meas- ures are employed resistance will be used until freedom of choice is given, when the course desired may be adopted, though stoutly refused so long as coercive meas- ures were continued. Three-quarters of the balky horses could be cured, if instead of being urged and whipped, they were held in and told to stop, although they have already stopped, and then are allowed to rest until they have recruited and recov- ered their breath ; then they will start without commanding, or by the simple word. A man who drives a horse that lacks Firmness will see it and feel it ; for a horse that is very firm will manifest reso- lution and persistent earnestness to pull thn lnarl through all the bad places, or rush ti the hill n« if no power could stop him. Some men have Firmness with a nar- row mina and iittie sense of respectability, and they take pleasure in showing how they can decline to do that which people desire done. Persons are sometimes ashamed to retreat from a position they have taken. Two men have a difficulty, and each determines not to speak to the other first. We have heard of a farmer and son living together for fifteen years, and carrying on farming, and not ex- changing a word with each other ; each would tell a third party, perhaps a boy, what he was going to do, and thus the business would be talked about, but the conversation was not' addressed to each other on account of their being committed to silence. In such cases, however, some other faculties combine with Firmness, so that a person feels that he can not come down ; and would be glad to get out of the difficulty if the other party would break the ice and say " let us be friends. " Here Firmness is a tyrant, and though it has modes of manifestation that are unde- sirable, just as some of the other faculties have, it is nevertheless very desirable in the character, serving as a kind of spinal column on which the mental elements are built or attached. It is like the keel of a vessel that serves to give stability to the whole structure, and yet the keel is not a ship, as mere Firmness is not char- acter, but both 4 the keel in the ship and Firmness in the character serve to co- ordinate the other constituents of the structure. THE MOEAL SENTIMENTS. With the discovery of Phrenology, one of the leading principles that were dem- onstrated is that the mental faculties are innate. For many centuries philosopher contended one against another on the sub- ject of original ideas. It maybe said that they were arrayed in two great parties ; those who followed Plato, claiming that there are original interior conceptions ; and those following Aristotle, who as ear- nestly asserted that all men cal conceptions are derived from without, and therefore related to impressions made by external 80 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. phenomena upon the common senses. The moral nature of man was considered from the same points of view, theologians, even, being divided in opinion. The great Alexandrian school, that exerted a Fig. CO. 8. H. Grant, Controller of New York. A well-balanced Physigonomy and Phrenology: the massive chin shows strong vital power and eminent social tendencies, while the nose indicates refinement, precision, criticism, self-reliance, and his forehead, easy adaptation to his circumstances and surroundings. A large brain and harmonious temperament, a good moral development. most profound influence upon the reli- gious thought of the world, declared alle- giance to Aristotle for the most part. In modern times many of the most em- inent metaphysicians have enunciated views that man was not endowed with an innate, moral sense. For instance the theo- ries of virtue advanced by Hume, Hobbes, Mandeville, Faley, and others rejected original, moral intuitions. On the other hand, Kant, Eeid, Stewart, and Thomas Brown admit their existence. In the dis- cussion of the nature of conscience, or the sense of duty and personal obligation, learned men have widely differed, although agreed as to its basis, in their analysis of its application. The eminent Cudworth, for instance, endeavors to show that the ori- gin of our notions of right and wrong is to be found in a particular faculty of the mind which distinguishes truth from false- hood. Dr. Adam Clark supposes virtue to consist in acting according to the fitness of things. Mr. Hobbes teaches that the laws which the civil magistrate enjoins are the ultimate standards of mo- rality. A boy in a Sunday-school class was asked for a definition of the word "conscience." He replied in the lan- guage of the cateclrisni, "It is an inward monitor," but, when asked what he meant by "an inward monitor," he replied, "An iron-clad, sir," showing that his education in naval matters had not been altogether neglected, if his views on moral distinc- tions were not at all clear. And if ' ' learned doctors " have shown much f og- giness in defining the term, a boy could scarcely be expected to comprehend it. Fig. 91. B. Austin. Moral Org-ins Large. Menta. temperament: large heao. ; very entrguic, clear-headed, and liable to overwork. Dr. Paley declared virtue to consist " In doing good to mankind, in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of everlasting happiness. " Sir James Mack- intosh descibes conscience to be made up of associated impressions, therefore a com- pound judgment. Mandeville declares that the moral virtues are only sacrifices of self-interest for the sake of public ap- probation. Conscientiousness. 81 So far as they go, some of these views are correct, but they are for the most part judgments of men having highly cultivated intellects ; they are rational inferences, but they do not go far enough ; they simply add to the world of speculation that has been ever enlarging, with regard to the moral conduct of men. With the discovery of Phrenology and the settlement of the question of the en- dowment of man by nature with original mental powers, the question of the source of moral action is iully answered. Now we know that the different qualities that enter into a virtuous action are dependent upon the exercise of special organs. The moral act is necessarily combined ; two or more faculties enter into it. The sim- ple "act of religious worship may associate with Veneration, Spirituality, Hope, and Conscientiousness, and also the intellect, when devout emotion would express itself in words. Let us see for a moment how these fac- ulties operate. It is Veneration that re- cognizes self-consecration to God, and stimulates reverence. It is Conscientious- ness that impresses one with the feeling of duty, indebtedness, obligation for ben- efits received. It is Faith or Spirituality that opens the inner vision to an appreci- ation of the existence of a power supernal. It is Hope that reaches beyond the pre- sent to a joyful existence after this mortal sphere has passed. The intellect enters into the expression of worship; it may, by its conclusions born of reason, strengthen the sense of right and duty, confirming one's impression that sacrifice, prayer, and praise to the Creator are consistent and proper. The moral sentiments are grouped to- gether in the top-head and superior pa- rietal region ; there Conscientiousness, Hope, Marvelousness, or Spirituality, Veneration, and Benevolence form a close alliance, and these in the language of Phrenology constitute man a moral and accountable being, giving him the dispo- sition to be of service to his fellow men, to worship his Creator, and to expect a future state of existence. 15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. This organ is situated in the coronal re- gion below and adjoining Firmness. See Fig. 92. Its office is to impress man with Fig. 93. Henry B. Anthony, lute U. S. Senator, R. I Conscientiousness Large. A well-balanced Temperament, and a smooth, har monious, substantial nature, sound intellect, pru- dence, dignity, and determination; was called " Fa» therof the Senate^'and was its President pro tem. a sense of right, duty, and accountability. It bears a close relation to the quality so much talked of by moralists as ' ' Con- science. " It whispers its approval or dis- approval of conduct. It is analogous to the original power recognized by Lord Karnes, Dr. Brown, and others as instinct- ively discriminating between right and wrong. One in whom this organ is well developed, is naturally disposed to regu- late his conduct by the standard which he believes to be right ; and in performing his duty will sacrifice personal interest, and not allow himself to be interfered with by any considerations of friendship or affection. Conscientiousness prompts 82 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. those in whom it is strong to be just in judging of the conduct, opinions, and tal- ents of others ; such persons are scrupu- lous in the performance of promises ; and when they make mistakes that in any way subject them to criticism, they are as much ready to condemn themselves as others, who may be guilty of the same errors. This faculty leads to punctuality in keeping appointments, making one appre- ciate the injustice of causing others to lose their time or be put to inconvenience. It imparts consistency to the conduct, and in those whose lives appear to be symmet- rically beautiful through their respect for duty, and their prompt regard to keeping engagements in their callings, the faculty is strong. In association with organs of the individual and selfish nature that are active, say Firmness, Self-esteem, Com- bativeness, it is more conspicuous in its expression ; such persons are moved to loud utterances of anger when they hear of acts of cruelty or injustice ; they would have the offenders against law, order, and decency, brought to a prompt tribunal and punishment meted out. In one who has the faculty small, the expression of duty and obligation is but feeble ; and there is a corresponding laxity of princi- ple. His conduct will take the direction of his strongest feelings without much respect to truth and justice. If Acquisi- tiveness be powerful, he will seek its grat- tification by the most direct means, re- gardless of the rights of others. If Ap- probativeness be active, he will adopt almost any line of conduct, however it may violate justice and propriety ; he will be fair and specious to . a friend, and ap- pear to spmpathize with his likes and dis- likes ; yet apart from him, will be ready to make fun of his weaknesses that were praised to his face, and join with others in condemnation of that which but a little while before he had shown a hearty ap- proval of. Strong Conscientiousness plays a con- spicuous part often in insanity, especially if disease affect the region of the brain in which it is situated ; and to that form of insanity which is termed "melancholia" it may contribute much of the gloom and depression so marked in the unfortunate- inmate of the asylum, although Cautious- ness usually exerts the stronger influence. In the head of Laura Bridgmau, the cele- brated deaf, dumb, and blind woman, the development of this organ is remarkable,, and its influence as remarkable in her life. Persons who have devoted themselves to a life of self-sacrifice in religious or be- nevolent lines, always show a conspicuous- development of the organ. In Howard, who gave the greater part of his life to efforts in behalf of reforms in prison manage- ment, both in England and on the conti- nent of Europe ; Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton, who have shown so much devotion for the wounded and suffering on the battle-field ; eminent leaders of relig- ious movements, like Calvin, Huss, Knox* Wesley, Ann Lee, Conscientiousness is in- dicated as a prominent organ. Ffe- 93. Conscientiousness Small. See also Fi^. 75. On the other hand, however, notorious criminals, men and women who declare themselves out of harmony with the laws and principles that govern human society and take occasion to deny them whenever mooted, are distinguished for want of Conscientiousness ; their heads in the re- gion of the crown are conical ; Firmness and Self-esteem may be strong, but the head falls off rapidly on both sides, indi- cating a deficiency in this moral element. 16. HOPE. Directly in front of the organ of Con- scientiousness lies the organ of Hope. A line drawn upon the head perpendicularly Hope. 83 upward from the opening of the ear will pass just back of the space allotted to it. See Fig. 95. The function of hope im- parts the tendency to believe in the future attainment of one's desires or objects. It looks, so to speak, into the future, and de- Fig. 94. Gen. R. R. Beath. Hope Large. That face indicatis bravery, earnestness, enthu- siasm, and whole-hearted zeal. He is the commander of the Grand Army of the Republic. lights in the contemplation of the accom- plishment of one's purposes. When active, it inspires cheerful, rosy views of life, dispelling doubt and fear of failure ; and so it furnishes strong incentives to the activity of other faculties. A large endowment of this organ, asso- ciated with large Acquisitiveness and moderate Caution, is usually foiind in the speculator, the man who boldly ventures, ■urged on by a confidence in his ability to •carry a proj ect through ; such a man rises above failure ; when mi.>fortune comes he requires but little encouragement to forget defeat, and easily responds to fresh sug- gestions of success and fortune in the un- dertaking of new enterprises. It is difficult to illustrate the develop- ment of this organ, but in the general rounded fullness of the top-head it is seen. Where the organ is small, and Cautious- ness large, a person is lacking in enter- prise, easily disturbed by checks in hia career. Clouds seem to bang over his future, and as business men say, he "dis- counts " his bargains in the start ; sees lions in the way of success. With Ac- quisitiveness large, he will seek to acquire wealth by a slow process of saving, being disinclined to speculative endeavor. Upon the influence of Hope our argu- ment in favor of a future life is largely based. It inspires conceptions of a " new and better country," where the wrongs, and inconsistencies, and limitations of this sphere will be adjusted. ' ' The course of life is quickly run, and our ob- jects and aspirations, our joys and our sorrows, are in the course of a few years numbered with the things of the past. But even when our earthly epxectations are extinguished in old age we are not left disconsolate, for Hope still reaches for- ward to the life beyond the grave, where happiness will abundantly compensate for the sorrow and pain we have experienced. " The poet Campbell lias delightfully painted the relation of this faculty to man's after-sphere in the lines : " Unfading hope ! When life's last embers burn. When soul to soul, and dust to dust return, Heaven to thy charge resign the awful hour ! Oh, then thy kingdom comes, immortal power ! What though each spark of earth-born rapture fly, The quivering lip, pale cheek, and closing eye ! Bright to the soul the scroph hands convey The morning dream of life's eternal day — Then, then, the triumph and the trance begin, And all the phoenix spirit burns within." This organ was remarkably developed in Sir Walter Scott, and was the secret of his cheerfulness when bent down by mis- fortune and great debts. At the age of fifty -five, finding himself pressed by cred- itors, he calmly set to work to win by lit- erary toil the money with which he should pay them, saying, "Gentlemen, time and me against any two; let me take this good ally into company, and I believe I shall be able to pay you every farthing. " 84 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. A few years ago a case of the strong in- fluence of this organ was brought to the notice of the writer. A school teacher in the West had been shot in the head by a jealous acquaintance, and although the wound penetrated deeply into the tissues Fig. 95. Bi-SSIE Inglis. Hope Large. of the brain, and was considered necessa- rily fatal by the physicians who attended him, yet he triumphed over its morbid effects and lived three years. Before and after the injury his disposition was dis- tinguished for spirit and buoyancy, and by the ever present quality of high expec- tation. His conduct, indeed, in this re- spect seemed marvelous to all who knew him. After his death an autopsy was made, and his brain examined ; and one of the physicians present described to the writer the existence of a remarkable eleva- tion in a part of the superior frontal con- volutions, the elevation rising considera- bly above the surrounding tissue. The region assigned to this conspicuous devel- opment accorded with the location of Hope ; and the fact is a fresh addition to the surgical history of Phrenology. 17. SPIRITUALITY OR MARVELLOUS- NESS. Man in all ages has shown a strong con- riction with reference to the existence of supernatural beings ; he has always enter- tained instinctive ideas that there were powers or influences at work in the air, or coming from a remote sphere with mis- sions of good or bad purpose. To use the language of a writer who has carefully an- alyzed the faculty of faith in man : " The truth that presses most closely upon the interests of a living man is that by which Fig. 96. F. Leypoldt, Publisher. Spirituality, Ideality, and Imitation Large. A fine temperament, indicating the Motive and the Mental in predominance ; that is a strong, self-reliant nose ; that face shows push, positiveness, and power, and his Phrenology, broad above and about the ears, shows that he might have been a leading man any- where, even in an army. His large Language perhaps led him in the direction of literature, and would have made him a fine orator. The large and well developed chin shows good vitality and strong affection; hie large perceptive intellect made him practical, and thi.t splendid upper forehead gave him far-reaching logici.l power, while the broad temples indicate invention, refinemer.t, Spirituality, and elevation of mind. A good head and face. he recognizes in himself the possession of an indestructible power, independent of and commanding his physical organs, and without the consciousness of which all his aspirations for future happiness, all his. yearnings toward perfection, all his sense of responsibility for good or evil can only be regarded as vain and idle dreams. Hia reason will never prove the existence of a soul ; it will show that the existence of a, soul may be inferred from the tendency Spirituality. 85 of his desires, and that is calculated to en- courage the belief. But is it to be sup- posed that our Maker would suffer us to roam without some instinctive knowledge of our dependence upon His power, His Benevolence, Justice, and perfection, and His inclination to bestow upon us future happiness ? would leave to the inference of reason the belief that we possess an im- mortal, an indestructible soul, by which those qualities and hopes may eventually find exercise in a higher sphere ? To this question, we believe that Phrenology will answer no." * Phrenological science does teach, and in this respect it stands quite alone among the physical sciences, that man has been endowed by his Creator with a faculty that inspires a belief in the existence of a spirit or Psyche, and prompts us to con- sider with awe and wonder the phenomena of life and the mysterious relations or workings of the animate upon the inani- mate world. The situation of this organ is in the su- perior sincipital region of the brain di- rectly in front of Hope. Fig. 68. Its function, as already shown, is to inspire belief or trust in the strange or marvel- ous. The workings of Marvelousness may be deemed for the most part as of a reli- gious nature, but it has an important bearing upon the relations of the physical life of man, and is the basis of our longing after novelty, thus becoming an import- ant element in intellectual progress. Dr. Gall was led to its discovery by observing that some persons imagined themselves to be visited by apparitions of the absent or dead friends, and when he found that men of no mean intellect believed in the real- ity of ghosts and visions, he was compelled to ask, Are they fools or imposters ? Or is there a particular organ or special fac- ulty for impressing upon the human un- derstanding those peculiar illusions of sentiment ? Following up the matter by careful examination of the heads of per- sons known for uncommon qualities he settled upon the location and function of this organ. * M. B. Sampson — Am. Phren. Jour. vol. I. Leading men in every age have been eminent for their belief in some spirit demon or inexplicable influence that bore an important relation to their success or failure in life. Socrates had his Daemon ; St. Paul describes certain experiences with supernatural beings ; Swedenborg be- lieved that the Lord manifested himself personally to him, and that he was placed in communication with angels and spirits. The development of Marvelousness is very marked in the head of this last distin- guished philosopher and church founder. Napoleon believed in his star; and women are to be met with in society who have ir- resistible impressions and leanings, pre- monitions, and communications. There are some who exercise the calling of "clairvoyants" who are thoroughly sin- cere in their belief that they are endowed with extraordinary powers in the way of reading the future, and some of these have given accounts of extraordinary events in the history of individuals and nations that subsequently were practically verified. Thfs organ when large imparts elevation and breadth to the top-head. Its action is marked in the language and character, lending enthusiasm to effort in any phil- anthropic direction, inspiring devotion and self-sacrifice. In poets, artists, and sculptors of eminence it is uncommonly large. In great inventors it appears to perform a very important work, and we think it lies at the basis of a disposition to pursue difficult or prolonged scientific investigations; suggests motives and quick- ens the impulse toward discovery that dominates the mind of the scientific en- thusiast. In Ann Lee, the founder of the Shakers, this organ was most extraordi- nary in its development. In Loyola and Whitefield it was also very large. Those, however, who exhibit scepticism and in- credulity in regard to novelties or discov- eries, and especially those who are dis- posed to carp at and ridicule religious subjects have it small or inactive. In Thomas Paine and Voltaire it was decid- edly weak. In the late General Gordon, who perished in the Soudan war, Spiritu- 86 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. ality was large, and imbued his character with that enthusiasm and confidence that led him to despise danger. It is in the class of faculties known as the moral sentiments that we find the leading marks of difference that distin- guish man above the brute. To a degree, the lower animals possess mind, and ob- servers have furnished us with surprising accounts of the intelligence of dogs, and horses ; and some who have concentrated their gaze upon insects, inform us that bees, ants, wasps, show in their habits very surprising qualities of reason. When it comes, however, to the consideration of those elements that give man elevated views of life, that lift him above selfish considerations and open up enjoyments that are pure and unalloyed, he stands much above brute creatures. Man has all the physical instincts that are found in the lower animals ; added to them are im- pulses, and yearnings, and sentiments that cast a flood of light over the common affairs of every-day life. The gratifica- tions of the lower animals are found in the exercise of their selfish propensities ; the higher enjoyments of the human being flow from the exercise of his spiritual na- ture — the development of his organism in which self-gratification has no place. Considered in their special natures, the moral organs, as we have thus far defined them, have no selfish relation ; they lead one to acts that are beneficial to others, or to confer some service, or make some sacrifice of himself. They are opposed to those sentiments that would promote the- success or glory of the individual or distinguish man above his fellows. 18. VENERATION. Through this organ the chief faculty of the moral nature is manifested. It is" sit- uated in the summit of the brain directly in front of Firmness ; below it lie Hope and Marvelousness— a provision of nature which is very striking in itself. See Fig. 95. The influence of this organ is to pro- duce the sentiment of reverence in gen- eral ; a disposition to worship a Sup-erne Being. Its history is remarkable. Every tribe of people yet discovered, whether savage or barbarous, have shown a dis- position to worship something, whether stocks or stones, beasts or images, the sun, the moon, the stars, spirits of the air, of the ocean, or of the mountain, of light or darkness ; and from this universal ten- dency to worship, it is but a natural in- ference that the disposition is innate. Strange as it may seem, however, Phren- ology was the first of mental systems to treat Veneration as an original power. Fig. 97. Kev. Dr. Dowlinq, Veneration Large. Weighed nearly three hundred pounds, and had a mighty brain ; was an orator, thinker, writer, and ex- cellent preacher. The phrenological writers have defined this organ as having special reference to man's recognition of his dependence upon God, and therefore as the inspiration to devotion, the rendering of praise and thanksgiving upon all suitable occasions. But the sphere of the organ is not con- fined to religion ; it has an important bearing upon the every-day affairs of hu- man life, inspiring respect for authority, deference toward superiors, and respect for the great and good. Combined with large Approbativeness and moderate Conscien- tiousness and intellect, it leads a person to pay court to persons of rank and wealth, and where the intellect is not sufficiently enlightened it may produce a bigoted re- spect for all old customs and absurd in- stitutions. There are people of means who are given to making collections of old pottery, relics, brasses, postage stamps, coins, etc. This is one of the eccentrio forms of the exercise of this organ. Venekation — Benevolence. 87 We find instances of its excessive and disturbed action among the insane ; every asylum contains patients who have an ex- cessive exaltation of the devotional feel- ings, and the organ in these cases is gen- erally large in the head. But Veneration may be large, and unproductive of its special phenomena in a brain that is lack- ing in other moral qualities and excessive in the propensities. It has been found large in murderers, not only those, who were unbalanced generally, and by its un- due excitement deemed themselves instru- ments of Heaven in riding the world of a person who had incurred their displeasure, but also in persons who in other respects showed little or no want of mental lucid- ity. The German woman Gottfried who poisoned upwards of fifteen persons, was much given to attendance upon religious meetings, and her fervor in such exercises disarmed suspicion concerning her con- nection with the sudden deaths of friends and acquaintances and people with whom she lived. Those who have the organ small are known for a want of tender respect for God and man. They are careless in the observance of social uses, as well as the ceremonies of religion. This organ is subject to culture and growth from a state of inactivity, until it exercises a profound influence upon the character. In the realm of moral senti- ment organization is made happily re- sponsive to methods of training, change, and conversion, and at any age there may be reformation and improvement. A Western missionary having a large territory under his supervision, mentioned a case to the writer that came within his experience. A man of notorious charac- ter was converted through his instrumen- tality from his wayward life. At the time of the conversion his head was low and flat, and his physiognomy expressive of his lawless disposition, but a marked change became apparent ; the region of Veneration having risen fully one-half inch in height, as shown by careful measure- ments taken by the missionary himself, while the character had so remarkably al- tered that the man was no longer recog- nized as the frontier ruffian, but as the kind and zealous Christian worker. There have been many who have shown a cruel and vindictive spirit in the asser- tion of their religious convictions. Phil- lip of Spain possessed large Veneration, and so did Loyola, the founder of the order of the Jesuits, yet these men pos- sessed elements of coldness, severity, and cruelty that were shown in their efforts to enforce the authority of the Boman Church. There may be humility and zeal in religious observance, associated with a vacillating, selfish, and vicious character ; generosity, kindness, tenderness may be on one side, and disregard of duty, for- getfulness of obligation, injustice on the other. In the American character, speak- ing generally, there is comparatively lit- tle Veneration ; hence, the lack of defer- ence that so much mars our society, and which is often so very conspicuous in the conduct of our young people, while Be- nevolence is developed in a good degree, and Conscientiousness is not with >ut some influence. 19. BENEVOLENCE. The relations of man to man and of man to his surroundings demand for their well being the exercise of sympathy and kind- ness. There are great differences in con- dition among us ; some appear to be born to sorrow and suffering, weakness and de- pendence ; for their support they must look to those who are strong and well. The sentiments of kindness, or in a broader sense, charity, incite those who are able to confer benefits on others, and with the doing, delightful feelings are experienced, and without any expectation of a return. The cheerful giver feels a fullness of heart and an exuberance of joy that can not be measured by words or counted by dollars. Benevolence, as a faculty, has the wel- fare of mankind in general as its object. Other faculties are concerned in loving individuals, family, friends, objects in which we have personal interest, and therefore may be said to be influenced by selfish motives to a degree. Benevolence, 88 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. however, has a place entirely apart from selfishness ; its universality of application excludes the idea of personal gain, the mo- tives of self expansion. It would bestow its kindness upon all creatures. It goes out with pure and disinterested motives Fig. 98. J. 8. Eouett, Chairman of the Cattle Con- vention, St. Lome. Benevolence Large. A man adapted to be a leader wherever his culture may qualify him to move. A strong face, a good fore- head, especially in the practical department; is a man of resources, faith in the future, inventive power, and ability to push the cause he adopts. to the stranger, the afflicted, the humble, those whose condition precludes any re- turn or degree of reward seem to afford it special pleasure in the exercise of its func- tions. The organ of Benevolence is situated in the anterior part of the top-head in the centre just forward of Veneration. Fig. 68. "When large, the forehead rises high and has an arched appearance, and when small the upper part of the forehead ap- pears to recede and is comparatively low. This organ exercises a powerful influence upon personal character ; when large and active it inspires sacrifice in leading the person to set aside his own purposes when they would interfere with the com- fort of others. It is a sentiment that re- lates to the cultivation of character, sup- pressing peculiarities that may be disa- greeable or give annoyance to others; and so also it is conciliatory, and inspires al- lowance for what is irregular, improper, vicious, or even criminal in others. In excess, and unrestrained by a well developed intellect and Acquisitiveness, it leads to extravagance in generosity, so that the person will impoverish himself and expose his health unnecessarily to in- jury in a career of supposed philanthro- phy. An Englishman, by the name of Gosse, was so largely endowed with this, faculty that he gave away two fortunes to sharitable objects. He could not resist any solicitation for alms, so that in order to save a third bequest from entire loss he placed it in the hands of an agent, who was to supply him with certain amounts of money for his purposes. In all men distinguished for philanthropical earnest- ness Benevolence is large. Men who give their time, talents, and money to promote schemes of benevolence, like Howard, Father Matthew, Elizabeth Fry, or Jud- son, have the organ very large. Those, on the other hand, who are distinguished for cruelty, avarice, and exaction in their business and social relations, have the organ in but small degree. The organ is found large in some ani- mals, especially dogs and horses may show it; in the latter it occupies the head above the eyes, and when that region is small and narrow the horse may be regarded as tricky and vicious, and disposed to bite or kick. A horse, on the contrary, that shows considerable breadth and fulness in that region, will be gentle, patient, and good-natured. Dogs that are distinguished for amiability and docility have the organ large. The head rises prominently above the eyes, and is rounded between the ears. Newfoundland, St. Bernard, and shepherd dogs are so characterized. The bull-dog and terrier, we find, have heads that are comparatively low and flat back of the eyes, and they are excitable, irritable, and peevish. The Skye terrier may have a well developed crown, but his head is very wide in proportion to its size, giving him large Destructiveness, which accounts for Physiognomy and the Mokal Okgans. known irritability when teased or an- noyed. A Massachusetts paper lately -mblislied an interesting account of a log's sagacity that illustrates the action jf Benevolence in a striking way. A boy trespassed upon private grounds, and was ness and Destructiveness to threaten im- mediate injury, but when he discovered that the boy was hurt by his fall, the fac- ulty of Benevolence was aroused, and led the dog to make, in his dumb fashion, an. appeal for the child's relief. Pig. 99, Faith; Fig. 100, Hope; Pig. 101, Discontent. We see the calm, assured trust of Faith, and the exalted face of Hope, gazing with steady eyes on the rich- prospect that mantles her horizon with glowing beauty. But restless, impatient, envious Discontent frowns, and would rob the sisters, Faith and Hope, of their jo\ ; she is wretched, and the happiness of others adds to- her misery and malice. Note the baleful glare of her jealous eyes, and the malice in the cu-1 of her sneering mouth, while love and kindness dwell on the lips of the sisters. PHYSIOGNOMY AND EELATION OF seen and pursued by the dog which be- longed to the owner of the grounds. "While the boy was running to escape from the dog, he fell and injured his leg so much that he could not get up at once and he lay crying with fright and pain. The dog, though in full pursuit, on hear- ing the boy's cries stopped, and ran home, where by constant whining he insisted upon his master's following him out into the lot where the boy lay. In this we have an excellent example of the influence of the influence of Benevolence and other organs in a brute. When the dog found the trespassing boy on his master's property he was incited by Combative- THE MOEAL ORGANS. Fig. 99. All the moral organs have their signs- more or less expressed in the physiog- nomy, and especially in the conduct and attitude. Conscientiousness strong im- parts a grave and even stern expression to the face. Hope imparts light, a sort of forward look and cheerfulness ; in one with a good degree of the Vital tempera- ment, it inspires a marked sprightliness in the play of the features, and buoyancy and life in the attitudes. Spirituality im- parts a calm, peaceful, confiding expres- sion, with a tendency to uplift the eyes. We see it finely expressed in the portraits- 90 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. of saints by old masters. Veneration strong, imparts a rather humble demeanor. Benevolence imparts a general air of ten- derness and kindness; the expression is soft and pleasing, the voice is smooth and sympathetic, and the attitude is that of forbearance and concession. The action of these organs is dependent upon the influence of other organs. Men with large Conscientiousness, strong phy- sical powers, broad heads, Secretiveness, Destructiveness, and Combativeness being potent, and Benevolence being moderate, have been distinguished for cruelty and ■even tyranny. Who has not heard of the in- vincible Boman judge who could condemn his son to death with a calm voice, that the laws should be vindicated ? We think it likely that the notorious Judge Jeffreys, in the days of the English Bestoration, pos- sessed a good degree of Conscientiousness that led him to an excess of zeal in his loy- alty to the cause of the Stuarts, while his great Destructiveness was exercised in his terrible sentences upon the disloyal. We have occasion often to say that a person under our hands shows ' ' more honesty than piety, " more kindness than spiritual aspiration. Faith, however, is widening to-day, and scoffers at religion, Ingersoll to the contrary notwithstanding, are diminishing. There may be less of ritualistic pretension, less regard for cere- monial observances and religious formal- ity, but Faith is deepening its hold on the heart ; the belief in the truth that God is the Father of all; and never wanting in care toward his creatures, is growing broader and more influential. The Humes and Gibbons, Bousseaus, Paines and Voltaires have done in their way work that was really serviceable to humanity. They have stimulated thought in the direction of religion and morality, and brought more conspicuously to our nature the re- lation of the soul to spiritual things; they have indirectly opened our vision to the unity and harmony of truth. Such unbe- lievers represent a class that is small as compared with the great mass of the edu- cated, and their cynical flings and con- temptuous allusions to religious faith help to awaken minds that may have been dor- mant hitherto to an interest in matters of the higher morality, and stir up a disposi- tion to a better recognition of duty toward God and man. As an explanation of the true relation of man to the world of matter and the realm of Spirituality, Phrenology is the only science that can make them clear and harmonious. If the unity of science and religion can be demonstrated it must be the work of science, because religion is a sentiment, and therefore, in itself blind, while science is the offspring of fac- ulties, whose function it is to see and know, and these faculties are brought by the very nature of Phrenological methods into the closest approximation to the feel- ings. The intellectual eye is made to co- operate in its upward range with the spiritual eye, the heavenly light illumi- nating and clearing the vision of the for- mer. Thus Beason is led to wait in Faith, and that "pure religion and undefiled " that exalts humanity and makes it meet for a future and a better country is seen to be but a right and privilege founded in man's very nature. Semi-Intelleotual Sentiments. 20. CONSTEUCTIVENESS. " Constructiveness lays the foundation for mechanical taste and skill, and from its exercise nearly everything which adorns and blesses life j>roceeds. If we look abroad we see scarcely anything that the hand of artistic and mechanical skill has not produced. Man has been called a 'tool-using animal.' " Physically considered, independently of intelligence or tools, man is far inferior to some of the lower animals. Let man stand up in the forest naked, and if com- pared with a bear, to all outward seeming the bear has almost every advantage. He has a coat which keeps him warm in win- ter, never becomes inifashionable, never wears out, or needs repairing. His teeth are strong for defense and for providing himself with game as food. His claws are long, strong, and sharp, with which he may dig roots, or climb trees, or hold his CONSTBUCTTVENESS — LARGE AND SMALL. 91 prey. Man has neither claws nor strong teeth, nor has he a garment of fur to pro- tect him from storms and the cold of win- ter, but in process of time his intellect Fig. 102. C. C. Baldwin, Commissioner of the New Aqueduct for N. Y. Constructiveness Large. He is a merchant of high standing and decided suc- cess ; the fullness in the temples shows large Con- structiveness, and the width above and about the ears shows force and executive ability, with talent for financiering : this is a powerful face and a grand head. and constructive talent have projected those defenseless fingers of his into a thousand lines of productiveness. He contrives weapons of defense and offense which make the bear his prey, and con- verts his warm robe into a coat for the cap- tor. To protect himself from the storms of winter he builds houses ; he works metals into all sorts of tools, and uses those tools for every imaginable purpose. In the process of time, although the bear has remained stationary, man has made great progress, and populous cities, com- merce and art, have sprung from his plastic hand, and all the appliances of civ- ilization occupy the place where the bear once roamed the master, that animal hav< ing retreated to the forests and fastnesses of the mountains, and timidly fleeing at the approach of man who, at the begin- ning, seemed so inferior. "Without Constructiyeness, no men could live where winter reigns three or four months in the year ; and we find in the hot climates, where houses and cloth- ing are comparatively unnecessary, the faculty of Constructiveness is not much developed. Without the use of tools man would indeed be helpless. He might, like the squirrel, lay up nuts for the win- ter, but how could he construct a shelter or clothing with his naked hands ? The squirrel has the means with which to dig and burrow, or to gnaw his passage into a hollow tree, but without the agency of tools man could accomplish neither of these results. " The bee, the beaver, and bird build in a specific way in obedience to fixed in- stincts, but they use no tools, and the order of their mechanism is generally low and simple. And though the bird builds a nest, the bee its cells, and the beaver its dam, thus evincing the building in- stinct, but man possesses a manufacturing talent far beyond merely instinctive ef- forts. He combines intellect and senti* Fig. 103. Rev. George Eaton. CoNSTRrjOTivENE&8 Small. ment with Constructiveness, and by invention carries out new plans for the production of whatever he desires. The printing-press and the art it subserve* 92 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. the power-loom which seerns almost pos- sessed of intelligence, the ship, the steam- engine, and the machinery it impels, electrical apparatus, and all the articles of convenience, utility and ornament which fill and bless the civilized world, grow out of this great but often much neglected element of our nature. "If we would go out of the path of constructive and mechanical skill we must go into the wilderness where nature, rude and luxuriant, untrimmed and untrained, acknowledges not the hand of culture ; but where civilization reigns, we can hardly see an object that mechanical skill has not wholly or in part developed. Me- chanism now does much of the work of agri- culture as well as of manufactures and art. "A faculty so useful as this, so indis- pensable to the welfare, happiness, and development of the human race, should |i be carefully and perseveringly cultivated. Attached to every college, instead of the gymnasium, or in addition to it, there might be shops in which useful industry could be employed, and while the student would be taking needed exercise with the saw, the plane, and the hammer for the benefit of his health, he might learn to build wagons, make chairs, cabinet furni- ture, and a hundred other useful things ; then, while following a 'profession,' if he were to lose his voice, he would not ne- cessarily become a pauper.' We have not the slightest doubt that any well-devel- oped boy might obtain a good book edu- cation, and with proper opportunities learn some useful trade at the same time. " 'But,' says one, 'I am to be a mer- chant, therefore what do I want to know of mechanism ? Why should I cultivate my Constructiveness ? ' To such a one we may reply, What do you intend to deal in ? If in p or k and lard, salt, grain, plaster, or lime, you could get along very well with small and untrained Construct- iveness ; but if you wish to deal in manu- factured goods, in anything that involves the principles of mechanics, you will find your success greatly augmented by large, active, and well-instructed Constrnctive- ness. Take, for example, the hardware trade. Everything in that line is manu- factured, combining various mechanical operations in its structure and use. The very simplest article in that line of trade, a cut nail, to be made properly, must be a slim wedge, equal in thickness from end to end one way, and a double inclined plane the other way. If it have not this form it is useless. Let two young men engage in the hardware trade side by side with equal capital and equal intellectual business talent and energy, but with this simple difference, that one has large and the other small Constructiveness— one of these men will become rich and the other will fail, and why ? The one having large Constructiveness understands the working qualities of every tool, machine, and ap- paratus in his shop, from a turning-lathe to a mouse-trap, and can explain these qualities to a customer in such a manner as to display them to advantage. If a new lock, wrench, window-spring, door- knob, or other patented curiosity be of- fered for him to purchase, he sees at a glance whether it is likely to supersede all others or fail and be worthless, and he buys or rejects accordingly. The other man, his neighbor, having small Con- structiveness, will show his goods and call them strong and handsome, but will never display and explain to his customers their internal workings, and show their new and superior qualities over all other methods, simply because he does not appreciate them himself. If the most desirable im- provements are offered him, he dare not purchase on his own judgment ; or if he buy a little of everything, he is sure to lose money on useless articles that will lie rusting on his shelves. " * 21. IDEALITY. "This faculty is adapted to beauty, perfection, and refinement. The nrnd of man, to be in appreciative harmony with the wide domain of earth and air and sky, should possess a faculty bearing the same relation to beauty that the eye does U light. * From " Choice of Pursuits." Ideality. "As a counterpart to the plenitude of exquisite beauty and elegance which be- stud the earth and sky — " ' That warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze, Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees.' ithe faculty of Ideality is given to man, Fig. 104. Mrs. W , Poetical. Ideality Large. Strong Mental Temperament ; Reason, Imagination, •Spirituality, Integrity, Reverence, with decided force of character, and an inclination to overwork, by which he appreciates them ; and not •only these physical adornments furnish it food, but all the poetry of thought and expression that charms the world, and all the polish and elegance of manners which constitute the grace of good breeding, arise from and are addressed to this fac- ulty. Moreover, Ideality, acting with Spirituality, is an element of imagination, and in conjunction with Constructiveness ogives creative fancy and invention, espe- cially to the speaker, the author, ifae me- chanic, and the artist. " If we look into the realm of manufac- tured goods, we shall find that more than one-half of all articles intended to serve purposes of utility, have also qualities of beauty and decoration, so that although strength, durability, and convenience may stand forth so prominently that the pur- chaser may see and admire them alone, yet polish, nerttness, gracefulness, and elegance of form and of finish are added to strength, in order to please the eye and gratify the sense of beauty ; just as politeness of manner in human character adorns the sterner virtues of good sense and integrity. Surrounded, then, as we are, by all the gorgeous garniture of na- ture, and by so many opportunities for artistic decoration, how important does the cultivation of Ideality become, that we may properly enjoy the beauties of nature and the elegant adornments of art! "Besides, these articles serve to refine and elevate the mind. Coarse thoughts are apt to dwell with coarse external ob- jects, while beauty begets a polished im- agination and correct taste, which flow out in politeness of language and manner. We therefore urge the cultivation of Ide- ality upon all who have the charge of the education of the young. Let every flower make its impress on their minds, and every form of beauty in nature and art exert its refining influence upon their Fig. 105. American Indian. Ideality Deficient. characters. Teach them not only refine- ment of mental action, but an elegant and polished mode of expression, and you have done much to make them beloved and happy. " * * " Choice of Pursuits." 94 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. B. SUBLIMITY. Sublimity appreciates the vast and grand. The organ (Fig. 106) is located be- tween Ideality and Cautiousness, and Fig. 106. Auguste Babtholdi, Sculptor, France. Author of the statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World," erected on Bedloe's Island, in New York harbor. Sublimity, Ideality, and Constructivcness large. when large gives width to the upper and lateral portions of the head. Some writ- ers speak of the sublime and beautiful, as if appreciated by the same sentiment ; we think the difference is wide. Ideality recognizes the exquisite, the beautiful ; Sublimity rejoices in that which is start- ling, terrible, majestic, like the tornado, or the cyclone at sea, which " Takes the ruffian billows by the top, Curling their monstrous heads and hanging them ""ith deafening clamors in the slippery clouds." Some writers and speakers delight in a startling and majestic style ; they use such words as terrible, vast, awful, tre- mendous. The thought of eternity awak- ens in the mind the most intense sublim- ity. The thought that there was no be- ginning, and shall be no ending is food for this faculty. Those who delight in climbing high mountains or embody them usually in their paintings will be found having large Sublimity. It is located nc::t to Cautiousness, as if there were a com- munity of sentiment between the two, yet. we occasionally find persons having large. Sublimity, with a moderate share of Cau- tion, and the reverse. 22. IMITATION. This organ is located outward from To- nevolence and backward from Agreeable- ness. Fig. 107. In the nature of things it is desirable that people should have some common mode of doing and acting. Public sentiment is the outgrowth largely of Imi- tation, hence in dress, furniture, houses, carriages, conversation, walking, working, people incline to conform to others. Chil- dren imitate their parents, and younger Pig. 107. W. A. Daily. Life-Saver of California. Has saved thirty-two lives. A large head, fine in tellcct, large Constructiveness and Mirthfulacss, and especially large Imitation and Agrccablcr-uss. children try to do that which their elders in the family do. It is amusing to see the little four-years-old girl manipulate her doll as the mother does her baby ; she IMITATION. wants a cradle, a perambulator and a crib for her doll, and studies to treat that doll just as the mother treats the baby sister. Little children are delighted with house- keeping implements, and go through with all the ceremonials of receiving calls, of setting the table, and even go so far as to have something they call tea, and food on their little plates, and invite their mates to take tea with them. Thus it will be seen that the faculty of Imitation is a wonderful educator, espe- cially in the human race ; in general the lower animals follow a certain instinct, doing as their progenitors did, and with- out their present example. The gosling needs no advice, or counsel, or example to teach it swimming ; the pet bird, or the lonely pair of birds, build without instruction a nest such as their an<*e.stors had built since the flood. The human race being endowed with reason and moral sentiments, and not con- fined like animals to mere instinct only, may well rise above instinct through re- flection and imitation, and copy that which is higher and better than previous experience and custom had taught them ; thus people go from rude conditions into better, and learn to conform to the refine- ments of culture greatly to their advan- tage. It is interesting to go into a great notel, where there is a rush of emigrants and pioneers, and adventurous business men, as well as men of better culture, and no- tice how such a variety of people will eat and drink. One man pushes his food into his mouth rudely T?ith his fingers; another shovels it in with a knife ; another will eat with his fork, but will use it as if it were a pitch-fork ; another, even amid such coarse surroundings, will eat with ail the grace and refinement that adorn table habits. One of the marvellous results of Imita- tion is seen in the use of speech, in em- phasis and intonation. If one travels in America from Maine to Texas, and thence by way of California and Oregon around to Minnesota, he will find that there are lof al fashions of pronouncing words, that. belong to and identify the people of the different States ; and the man who resides in New York, which is cosmopolitan, will learn to recognize the people from the different New England States, from Penn- sylvania, from Virginia, and notably from Tennessee and Kentucky and the Caro- linas. Then in the great middle West there is an amalgamation of all the modes of pronunciation, that belong to the other parts from whence the inhabitants of these middle States have come. A man, living for instance, in Indiana and Illinois, will have something of the vernacular of the New Yorker and the New Englander in his pronunciation, with, perhaps, a touch of Scotch, English or Irish, as obtained in his neighborhood by a mingling of peo- ples from all these different parts. People often think that Imitation must be employed in mimicry, in assuming character, in acting boyish pranks, facial contortions, and in the personation of people by pantomime, gesticulation and shrugging of the shoulders in speaking ; but these are only some of the intentional methods ; there are a thousand imitations that are without intention ; they become automatic. In certain sections of England men can not use the h, when preceding the a or o, without a particular effort ; they must say " 'orse " and " 'otel," "'ouse," and " 'ome," and " 'Arriet," just as in this country it would be hard for a man to say "iTbnor " and "honesty " ; we pronounce these words as if they were spelled "Onor" and "Onesty," yet we have heard men say, " Hi ham ha Aonest man." Let this faculty be used by persons in a proper way, copying those who have bet- ter culture ; let it work toward refine- ment, and not toward the low and coarse, and it will be a blessing and a boon. And to intensify our idea of the reality of Imi- tation, and its fixed force upon character and speech, suppose the German and the Irish, the English and the French, the Italian and the Spaniard were to exchange babies, the German child would have the native Irish pronunciation, and a similar effect would result in the other cases, t-Lmnedi the original dispositions of the Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. people might be largely maintained, the German-Irish baby would be cooler, and the Irish-German baby hotter in temper, than those by whom they were surround- ed, but the associated speech would be copied. 23. MIKTHFULNESS. Man is the only being that laughs, and although wit may be used as a lash with which to scourge others, or be made the basis of frivolity, nevertheless it is a hu- ie. ins. Mr . Mirthfulne->8 large man trait, joy bearing in its nature, and rightly used is an aid to virtue and moral- ity. This faculty, under the influence of the moral sentiments and the intellect, may be made salutary when used to shame error and impropriety out of countenance, and to urge a reform that would otherwise be out of the question. The organ of Mirthfulness is located at the upper and outer angle of the forehead, Riving width, fulness, and squareness to that part. See J?'ig. 108. No subject is better appreciated than wit or Mirthfulness, yet there is great dif- ficulty in defining it. In the mind of man there is a primitive, independent fac- ulty that enables him to enjoy sport, and to catch and appreciate the witty, the ludic- rous, the comical, the incongruous, the ec- centric, and the absurd. Animals do not laugh or comprehend the causes of laugh- ter. Sometimes animals feel ashamed when laughed at, but that arises from Ap- probativeness, not from Mirthfulness. One of the wittiest definitions of wit is that of Heniker, who, on being asked by the Earl of Chatham to define wit, an- swered, " Wit, my lord, is like what a pension would be, given to your humble servant, a good thing, well applied. " We laugh at that which is absurd, though it be not witty. Innocent ignor- ance is ludicrous ; that which is incon- gruous or ill adjusted is an occasion of laughter to others. The most laughable tilings are those which are called bulls or blunders. The first printed article of a burial society in Manchester, England, reads thus, " Whereas, many persons find it difficult to bury themselves." Sir Boyle Koche, a member of Parliament, was full of these bulls. Two or three of his immortal bulls may be here preserved. "Sir," said he, addressing the Speaker, "I smell a rat brewing in the storm, but mark me, I e compulsory that every pint bottle should contain a quart ! " Again, "I do not see, Mr. Speaker, why we should put ourselves out of the way to serve posterity ; what has posterity done for us ? " Discon- certed by the bursts of laughter which followed, he quickly added, "By poster- ity I do not mean our ancestors, but those who are to come immediately after them." During the late American war, a fa- mous Irish regiment was dining together while investing Richmond. Captain Mur- The Intellect. 97 phy offered a sentiment, ' ' The Sixty- ninth, equal to none." The roar of laugh- ter which followed this, aroused him to a fresh effort to say something which would retrieve his own blunder and the appa- rent disgrace of the regiment, and as soon as he could make himself heard, he mounted a chair and shouted, " The glo- rious Sixty-ninth, the last in the field, and the tirst to leave it. " An Arkansas soldier being wounded in the leg at the battle of Buena Vista, asked a fellow soldier, an Irishman, to bear him off the held. The latter did so by seizing the man and strapping him on his horse, Pat getting astride in front of him. Dur- ing the ride the wounded Arkansian had his head shot off by a cannon ball. Ar- riving at the surgeon's quarters, the Irish- man was asked what he wanted. "1 brought this man to have his leg dressed. " " Why," replied the surgeon, "his head isshot off." "The bloody liar," exclaimed Pat, looking behind him, "he tould me he was shot in the leg." Genuine wit does not always excite laughter ; it sometimes takes the form of satire. The retorting of one's joke upon himself, the hanging of Haman on his own gallows indicates wit ; when a person is driven into a corner and can manage to catch his opponent's arrow and throw it back at him effectively, it shows the high- est type of wit. It depends altogether upon the faculties with which wit unites, whether it be unwelcome satire, or a pleas- ant joke at which all may laugh, or that which rankles forever. Two sons of the green Isle traveling together came in sight of a gibbet or gallows in a lonely field ; one of them said to the other, ' ' Pat, where would you be if that gallows had its due ?" " Och," he replied, "I would be walking alone." Sheridan, the great Irish orator, was greatly annoyed by a fellow member of the House of Commons, who would fre- quently and inappropriately cry out, "Hear, Hear." Wishing to silence the brawling member, Sheridan took occasion iu debate to describe a political contem- porary that wished to play the rogue, and who only had sense enough to play the fool. " Where," exclaimed he with great emphasis, "where shall we find a more knavish fool, or a more foolish knave than he?" "Hear hear," was shouted from the troublesome member. Sheridan turn- ed round, and politely thanking him for the prompt information, took his seat amid the roar of the House. The modern method of bad spelling is laughable because droll and unusual, but the wit does not consist in the bad speh ling, but in the sentiments set forth. When the organ is developed low down toward the Perceptives, there is a ten- dency to humor ; when developed high up, as if working with Keason and Ideal- ity, we have the highest type of wit. * THE INTELLECT. rhrenologically considered, there are two classes of faculties, the reasoning and perceptive powers ; the two combined make up the intellect. The reasoning organs are situated in the upper part of the forehead, while the perceptive organs are located across the lower part of the forehead, and impart to it sometimes a retreating appearance, es- pecially if the organs of perception are much larger than the organs of reflection. These groups of organs are judged, not so much by their prominence as by the length of the head from the opening of the ear to their location. Some people have a short forehead, but it being per- pendicular and high it is supposed by some to show a good intellect, when in fact in that head the anterior lobes of the brain in which the intellectual organs are situ- ated are short and comparatively small. For every quality of matter, man has a corresponding mental faculty ; Individu- ality takes cognizance of things as mere existences, without reference to bulk, shape, density, color, number, order^ place ; it appreciates the divisibility of matter ; Form judges of shape, Size of extension or bulk, Weight of density or ponderability, Color of hue. Order of ar- * "How to Teach. Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. rangement, Calculation of number, Local- ity of place or direction, Tune of sound, Time of duration, Eventuality relates to scenes, facts, or transactions ; these com- bined and well developed give practical talent and gather data for the use of the reas'-' ing faculties. that may be seen and nothing escapes, their attention. It opens the door for the action of all the other perceptive organs. 25. FOKM. This recognizes another quality of mot ter aside from mere existence. In speJ- Fig. 109. C. E. Cadt. Immense Perceptive Organs. Teacher of Penmanship and Business Education. 24. INDIVIDUALITY. This is the first organ of the perceptive intellect ; it is located just above the root of the nose, and gives a recognition of things and of the special points and facts of subjects ; quickness of observation is an important element in the acquisition of knowledge, but this faculty has to do with the mere existence and not with the qual- ity of things ; it recognizes things merely as things, without caring to know whether what is seen is chalk or turnip, bees-wax or cheese, it is a thing, and that satisfies Individuality, that fills its mission. Those »n whom it is large are eager to see all ling, writing, drawing, mechanism, art, and in acquiring knowledge of things it is indispensable. The organ of Form is lo- cated on each side of Individuality, and when it is large it has the tendency to- push the eye-balls apart, showing a dis- tance between the eyes. When small, the- eyes are nearer together, which gives a- pinched expression to that part of the face ; when the organ is large, the eyes appear to be separated, pushed away from the root of the nose. Distinguished art- ists have the eyes widely separated. Oc- casionally there are twins who so fully re- semble each other in form and in other qualities that thos«i best acquainted with Individuality, Form and Size. 99 them can not distinguish them. Artists and mechanics who draw, paint, model, cut, fashion and shape things by the eye, need to have a large development of Form ; those who learn to write hand- somely do it much better if they have the organ of Form large. Fig. 110. Bishop Lewis. Form Large. 26. SIZE. This faculty gives the power to judge of magnitude in general, distance, height, and depth. The organ is located outward from Individuality on the inner angle of Fig. 111. J. S. Mill. Individuality Large. the eye-brow. This faculty is adapted to that quality of matter called extension ; everything that we can imagine that is tangible occupies space, has bulk, extent, magnitude ; this differs from the quality of Form, for things may be of the same form though of very different size ; a ball or a circle, or anything having irregular form may be magnified a thousand diame- ters and yet retain the same form precise- ly ; we photograph the human face as large as a silver dollar, sometimes half as large, sometimes a fiftieth part, yet the precise form is retained ; the smallest shot and the largest cannon ball are iden- tical in form, and the faculty of Form in respect to them is thoroughly satisfied, and knows nothing but shape ; the fact of Size is the only subject of distinction, but that faculty is never deceived ; the pic- ture of a horse that is perfect, may not be more than an inch long, and that may be gradually magnified till it is ten times larger than the horse itself, and the facul- ty of Form is satisfied with any one of the pictures ; all that the faculty of Form de- sires to see is the horse in each of the pic- tures, but Size enables us to judge of the difference between them. We see the pic- tures of men in fashion plates in tail- ors' windows ; if the form is satisfactory it is what we look at, and when we look at a statue of a man that is of heroic size, if the form and proportions are satisfactory we accept it as correct ; the faculty of Size appreciates the difference between the statue and the man, while Form takes no account of the difference in size. All me- chanics require this faculty, especially the turner of wood, the carpenter, and the blacksmith ; he requires the faculty of Form to give the requisite shape to his work, but he must have also the faculty of Size in order to make it of the right magnitude ; he must measure the size of the work he is hammering ; suppose it be a horse-shoe-nail, or a rivet, one who is experienced in making these will make them of the requisite size and length, and they will vary little indeed, all day. In every form of mechanism, and nearly every form of art, judgment of magni- tude, where there is no opportunity for measurement, is requisite. The dress- maker, who has this faculty, will make the 100 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. folding or plaits without measurement, and gauge them with an accuracy which will be equal to the criticism of any other person. Without a good development of this faculty, the person must measure every time and thus be hindered. Fig. 112. C. M. Hovey. Size and Language Large. Experienced cattle buyers will estimate by the size the weight of a hundred oxen in a hundred minutes, and not vary, on an average, five pounds on each, and butchers who cut meat for customers will estimate the weight by the size, to an ounce, though they have a method of giving a half pound more than is called for, and the writer has learned, if he wants two and a half pounds, to ask for only two pounds, and he is then sure to get the requisite amount. The merit of a caricature artist is in making the form of different features so nearly correct that they will be recog- nized, yet pervert the size so as to make it funny and absurd ; a man whose nose is large will thus be made with a correct form, but exaggerated, so with mouth and chin. A Governor of this State had an enormous chin, and used to have it clean shaved and brooded by an elegant mus- tache ; the caricaturists would exhibit the chin in true form in a portrait intended for him, and by magnifying the large chin it was thereby rendered funny, and al- ways was recognized as his peculiarity. One who writes and keeps accounts, hav- ing this faculty well marked, will main- tain the equality of the size of his letters and figures, so that each page of his work will have the appearance of method ; some writers will begin a word with well form- ed letters, and end the word with a taper- ing, crooked line, violating the faculties both of Form and Size. Wherever we look upon life's affairs, we have use for the faculty in question, and good judgment, quick perception, and rapidity of working depends so much upon the integrity of this faculty that as we think of it, it seems to be the chief one of the group to which it belongs. Of course it can be trained by use, or left without training, but a practical educa- tion trains the faculties quite as much as it gives us information. 27. WEIGHT. This faculty expresses the idea of pon- derability, which is an intrinsic quality of matter ; things wCigh more or less, ac- cording to the amount of matter which they contain. This faculty brings us into harmony with the law of gravitation ; both men and animals being adapted to it by means of this faculty, it gives the power of balance or sense of equilibrium. Those in whom it is strong, obey this law in respect to themselves with more ease, accuracy, and grace than others ; some walk with a swinging, lounging motion, and throw themselves from side to side, as if it were hard work to regain at each step the equilibrium ; the very process of walking consists of projecting the body forward as if falling, and then restoring the equilibrium with the advancing foot ; some walk easily as well as gracefully ; some horses trot like a fox, lightly, easi- ly, others punch the ground with their sturdy legs, and shake the rider from side to side very uncomfortably. When a horse rapidly turns a corner, he throws the weight of his body inward, and the driver sitting on his back, or on a seat in a vehicle, leans inward to keep from los- ing his balance ; the circus horse in the ring leans inward at an angle of forty -five Weight and Color. 101 degrees, if the ring be small, and he must have a bank of earth to travel against, and the rider, whether it be man or monkey, also leans inward to obey the law of grav- ity or Weight. Those who can walk the Fig. 113. Lord Ratlbigh. Weight Large. President of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. Large head, amplitude of forehead, power to gather and analyze thoughts and to study principles and their combined relation, rather than as an inyentor or abstract thinker. Well-bal- anced temperament. rope or perform those wonderful feats of balancing, where men build human pyra- mids, one standing upon the shoulders of another and all keeping balance, show a marvel of activity in this faculty ; men who are working on buildings, or seamen going aloft, require this faculty in a great degree of strength and activity, and we fancy that sea-sickness is largely a dis- turbance of this faculty. The writer has adopted, when at sea in rough weather, the expedient of standing as near the mid- dle of the ship as possible and holding his head still, and then adapting himself to the motion of the ship, by permitting the body to swing, while the brain is kept in one position, and has. avoided sea-sickness in that way. The graceful walker, the graceful and easy dancer, the rapid and easy worker, where the use of blows is required, will be found endowed with this faculty of Weight to apply just force enough to ac- complish the work in hand ; watch the person who cracks walnuts at his stand on the street corner, he will give a light tap to find that the nut will not slip, and then one blow will crack it just enough ; an in- experienced person will strike a light blow and keep increasing in the weight of his blows until perhaps the sixth blow, being lightly mixed with anger, will crush the walnut to flinders, and perhaps damage the thumb at the same time. Writers having this faculty, will slant their letters uniformly, not put one straight up and another leaning back, and two letters leaning forward and no two alike. Those in whom this faculty is well developed, will hang pictures, or nail up work as a carpenter, that will be plumb, without the necessity for using instru- ments ; the eye, as the saying is, is level and plumb, and it takes the faculties of Form and Weight to know by the eye when things are horizontal, for we form an imaginary plumb line by the faculty of Weight, and then the horizontal is made at right angles with this idea of the verti- cal, the faculty of Form determines wheth- er it is a right angle ; in other words, we recognize a line which claims to be hori- zontal, we instantly judge the vertical line by the action of weight, and Form tells us whether the line which claims to be horizontal, and the vertical line which we have in the mind, form a right angle ; if they do not, we change the position of the horizontal till it forms the right angle in question. This may be done a thousand times a day, and with a readiness that seems to elude or defy analysis, but the analysis is clear as any problem in math- ematics. 28. COLOE. The office of this faculty is to give a perception of primary colors, their shad- ings and blendings. It is located at the centre of the arch of the eye-brow, and when large, gives upward and forward 102 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. arching to it. Color is a quality of ob- jects rendering them beautiful and distin- guishing them from each other, even if they are precisely alike in form, size, and weight. Imagine an egg of the usual Fig. 114. Frank S. Chanfrau, Actor. Fine expressive face, dignity, force, discrimination, and intelligence mark that Phrenology and Physiog- nomy. Color large. See also Fig. 111. form ; the oval shape satisfies Form ; an- other egg may be of the same shape but be of greater or less size. Form is satis- fied with either, and don't know the dif- ference ; Size knows the difference. Sup- pose we take two eggs of equal size and form, and puncturing the ends exclude the contents, leaving the shell empty ; Form and Size are satisfied with the shell and with the egg alike, but Weight only tells the difference. But eggs sometimes are of different colors ; the blind man would not see the color, he could feel the form and size and weight, and the color would be the only distinction. Thus we distinguish a thousand things by their color, where the form, size, and weight may be similar. In a well appointed park, one can see at a single stretch of a curving drive, trees whose foliage represent thirty different shades of green ; and when we think of the beauties represented in flow- ers, when we think of the world of mate- rial which belongs to the realm of decora- tion, and the domain of art anU dress, architecture, furniture, not forgetti 1 g the plumage of the birds, or the ever chang- ing glories of the clouds, color stands forth to the mind and memory as "a thing of beauty," and especially as an em- blem of distinction in things. Think of the ornamental wood of which furniture is made, the rich, curly mahogany, rose- wood, walnut, the beautiful shadings of birch and ash, where Color and Form vie with each other in expressing beauty, and we begin to appreciate the meaning of the term perceptive power. We wonder sometimes if horses, oxen, dogs, see these glories. We meet men who seem to be very ob- tuse in regard to colors and forms, and the less cultivation people have the more they prize very strong colors, great solid patches of fiery red, or smiling yellow, green, or blue ; while culture in these faculties gives appreciation of the softer tints and the blended hues, what are called subdued colors. Savages paint their faces with vermilion and black and green ; they adorn themselves with ribbons and beads of the most pronounced colors, if they can buy them, and civilization says they are utterly without taste ; but the uncivi- lized and the cultivated nations show a similar distinction in regard to sounds ; the music of the uncultured is often rough and unharmonious. 29. ORDER. Method, system, regularity— when we stop to think how Order is blended with nature, and how much we really depend upon the fixed chain of things, it would seem as if Order were not only " Heaven's first law," but its greatest law. There are two or three aspects in which the faculty of Order is evinced, one is in having things always in particular places, and having a uniform method of doing every thing ; another aspect of Order relates to the best rule of doing. Some have the first kind of Order, each thing belonging tn them has its fixed place, and there it can always be found when not in use, but the appropriateness of the place where the Order. 103 things are kept is liable to question and criticism. Men have their tools, their harness and things about the barn and stable in a particular place, but sometimes in most inappropriate maces. We knew Fig. 115. George B. Lobing, U. S. Comrnissionor of Agriculture. Order Large. Refinement and force, as well as critical intelli- gence; power to express himself, is shown in that face and forehead ; is genial, harmonious, and bal- anced. one farmer who always kept his saddle in the kitchen, and his best axe behind the head of his bed, where others would not be likely to get it ; nobody doubted where they could be found, but most people doubted the propriety of their location. Some persons in their style of dress pile on incongruoits things without regard to or- der or taste ; some do that first which should be done third, and thus they lose time, have things mixed up, finished and unfinished work, raw materials, patterns, and tools, and they have to hunt for the things they want, and get out of patience because what they want seems to be lost. A lawyer in court had the habit of throw- ing his spectacles, after reading some- thing, up on the top of his head. A brother lawyer, who was something of a wag, bought or borrowed a half-dozen pairs resembling the old lawyer's glasses, and when he threw his glasses up on his head, engaged as he was in making his speech and arguing his cause, the wag would slip another pair of glasses upon the table before him, and when he wanted to use glasses, he would pick up and put on that pair, and then tilt it up, until he got six pairs of glasses on his head, and of course all the people in the court-house were convulsed with laughter ; and, plac- ing his hand up to his head, he found it covered with spectacles. It is said to have so disturbed his equilibrium that he be- came confused and lost his cause. A man in whom Order is large, will keep his store, factory, or shop according to rule ; will be able to find his tools, even in the dark. The housekeeper who systemizes everything, will have a place for each thing, and not be obliged to grope and hunt and wonder what has become of this or that ; a druggist, a librarian, a mer- chant in a retail store, if he have Order will regulate everything ; it will not only look neat and tidy, but systematic ; while the sloven, the man without Order, will have things confused and not be able to find what he wants, or will lose time in finding it, and everything gets damaged by want of method. The parent or teacher does the child or pupil a wrong who neg- lects the training of this important fac- ulty. It is not enough to inveigh against persons for disorder ; scolding does not teach method, though it is said that very orderly people are more likely to scold than others. Children should be instruct- ed and trained to put up their playthings, when they get through with them, in a particular place, and an appropriate place should be provided for the child, and when his clothing is laid off at night, the child himself should put the things where they ought to be. Occasionally we find a child who takes it up by nature and in- sists on having everything of his put in just such a place — it may not be the most appropriate but it is his Order, and the manifestation of the faculty will signally mark his character for life. 104 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. Imagine the world without this faculty, everything that a man owns thrown in a heap ; it is sheltered by his roof, it is en- closed by the walls of his house, it is sus- tained by the floors, it is out of the reach of burglars, but without order ; how can he get what he wants without loss of time and damage of things ? But that is illus- trated when, in the city, people have to pull up and move, and cart their furni- ture from one house to another and put it into the rooms, helter-skelter, just as they can, and the orderly family will say, " I don't know when we will ever get our things in place," and they will regulate one room after another till they have got all their household goods replaced, and then they begin to breathe freely, al- though they are wearied and tired and think moving is a bore ; it is more be- cause of the disturbed Order than it is be- cause the work is hard, but it is both, and therefore a double burden. 30. CALCULATION. The faculty of Calculation or Number, is necessary in the mental constitution ; Number is a condition if not a quality of things. Individuality enables us to dis- tinguish between one thing and another, but does not count the number of them ; it might give us the idea of many, as when we look at a load of sand, containing parti- cles numberless. Thus we measure sand by the bushel, as we do grain; we count sheep, cattle, horses, and buy and sell them by number, as we do eggs by the dozen, but beans, peas, and corn we cease to enumer- ate, and sell by measure. The faculty of Number, or the idea of Number, seems to be manifested in some of the lower ani- mals which are usually most intelligent; it is said that if ten men enter a cavern or a ruin which birds inhabit, they all fly away from their nests and perch near by ; if three men go out, they all eagerly fly back. Their idea of number has been ex- hausted on three, and they seem amazed to find that some men are left, and again retreat ; three more men going out, the birds rush back again, showing that three is the extent of their idea of Number. Cats, when deprived of half a large litter, do not seem to appreciate the difference in number, but if five are taken away and only one is left, she has an idea of a dif- ference between one and six, and will Pig. 116. B.J Pillsburt, Collector of Internal l^s enue, Boston. Calculation, Constructiveness, and Eventuality, hunt to find that which is lost. Some negro tribes can count only to five, and use no compound terms ; they say five one for six, and five two for seven, or make a shift by using both hands for ten, both hands and one foot for fifteen, both hands and feet for twenty, and above this is "many" or innumerable. The Esqui- maux Indians have no idea of Number above five, everything else is many. "When mathematics are examined in the light of Phrenology, it apparently de- pends upon the addition of one or more of the other faculties to assist the organ of Number ; if mathematics be the doc- trine of quantity, Size and Weight must, be brought into use, and in geometry and trigonometry, Form and Locality as well as Size and Weight must be included. In the higher branches of mathematics, the aid of many faculties is demanded, com- mencing with Calculation or Number, and prosecuting the subject towards the higher branches. The scholar is compelled to use one faculty after another, until we Ideality. 105 find the perceptive and reasoning organs all active and under control, which is the true abstract object of education to give the pupil a healthy, active, manageable brain. Those wonderful calculators who have astonished the world, such as Zerah Colburn, are generally not mathemati- cians, as he was not, though he was given culture in that direction, and it was ex- pected he would astonish the world, but as the higher organs of the intellect, which comprehend the philosophy and relations of subjects were weak, he fail- ed. A mathematical cast of mind re- quires that a person should follow some- thing in which the exact and mathematical can be made serviceable. We often meet with pointed illustrations of this ; a man brought his son to our office for examina- tion ; they looked sad, discouraged, and gloomy. When the young man took his seat, the father spoke in a sour kind of way, saying he wished to know what that boy could do to earn his daily bread. After careful examination, we said "Any- thing, unless it be something in its nature like wood engraving. " They cast a quiz- zical look upon each other, and the father asked why he would not succeed in wood engraving. We replied, ' ' He has so much Order and Calculation he would want to fix a machine or use gauges to space and govern his work, and do it as by machin- ery." The father informed us that he had then just taken the boy from a wood en- graver who had been trying for six months to teach him the business, and complained that the boy wanted to use gauges and rules of measurement, and was not willing to work by the eye. We advised the father to let the boy go at architectural drawing or carpentry, where he would be required to work by mathematical rule, and where he could employ mechanical ingenuity and artistic taste at the same time. The organ is located back of the external angle of the eye, and gives square- ness to that part of the head.* Fig. 116. * From "How to Teach, or Phrenology in the School-room and the Family," by Nelsoo Sizer. Fowler & Wells Co. publish f-« 31. LOCALITY. This faculty has relation to position, place, and represents a condition of mat- ter. Individuality recognizes matter as a fact, a thing. Form gives its outline. Fig. 117. N. J. Coleman, Commissioner of Agricul- ture. Locality and Individuality large. Size its dimensions, Color its hues, and the> faculty under consideration gives it place,, position. As no two things can occupy the same- place at the same time, each thing must- bear, in regard to position, some relation in the way of direction to all other things ; it must be above or below, at the right or the left, and the where, it is the function, of Locality to recognize and remember. Geography is the natural science of place, and Locality is the basis of it \. there are those who will remember rela- tive position, where things or places are in respect to themselves ; they can find their way all over the house ; they will remember roads and places and direction* in a town ; they will carry in their mem- ory a sense of where Boston is, with ref- erence to New York, and Albany, and Buffalo, and Philadelphia, and Montreal, and, if requested to do so, will point in the direction of the place suggested, so nearly correct that the line of extension would bisect the town if it were as large as Boston or Philadelphia ara represented on the maps. 106 Heads and Faces : How To Studx Them. Certain animals manifest this feeling ; it is said that dogs will find their way home from a strange place ; they have been taken from France up the Mediter- ranean and the Black Sea to St. Peters- burg, and they have been known to come back over land to Paris. Horses find their way, and pigs are remarkable for it ; one may be carried for miles, a circuitous route, in a bag or barrel, and set free, he will make a bee line for home, swimming rivers on the way. Indians manifest a remarkable talent in this respect ; when they had neither roads nor bridges, and perhaps not even marked trees, they would go from any part of the continent to the point where Pittsburg, Pa., is now situated, and to other places where their tribes were located, over the trackless forest ; they are distinguished for a large development of the organ of Locality. If one would know what the influence •of Locality is, let him lose his point of oompass ; let him feel that he is lost and does not know where to go for his home, and he will feel strangely disturbed. Yet there are some people who have so little of Locality that they never seem to know or care which is north, south, east or west ; if they only know the road home they follow it until they get there. It is said that on the prairies when a man has lost his reckoning he leaves his horse to take his own course, and that the animal will find the way home. Such men as Captain Cook, Humboldt, Sir John Frank- lin, Bayard Taylor, Stanley and other travelers and navigators manifest a desire to see the world and to solve the mysteries of all countries ; to go somewhere and see something is the strong trait with such men. The world is indebted to them for the explorations which have grown out of the activity of this faculty. Birds that migrate find their way back to the same place, and the bee is known to make a straight line for the hive when he has loaded himself with honey, and the straightness of that line of flying is called the "bee line." It is known that chess players will play several games while all the boards are in another room, or they are blindfolded ; they have the memory of place, and recognize the changed locality of the pieces on the board after each move. Billiard players mentally draw a diagram of the direction which the ball is to be driven in order to produce certain results, and this requires Locality, Weight, Size and Form. When one thinks seriously of the sense of Locality, it appears of very great im- portance ; the truth is, every faculty of the mind is important, just as every tooth in a handsome set is important to com- plete the beauty and utility of those or- gans. None can be spared. Fig. 118. Thomas Stbrbt Hunt. Vital-Motive temperament; large Language; enor- mous perceptives and memory ; large Eventuality, Comparison and Benevolence ; a scientific writer and thinker. 32. EVENTUALITY. This is the historic faculty ; it has to do with events, hence its name ; it takes ac- count of life's affairs. That part of speech which in grammar is called verb, relates to those facts and conditions recognized by the faculty of Eventuality, such as "I came, I saw, 1 conquered," "I hoped,' Eventuality and Time. 10? "I feared," "I suffered," "The battle ■was fought," "The ship was wrecked," or "The voyage was successfully made." We ask "What happened ? " " What was said or done ? " " What was attempted or achieved ? " History, then, is a succession of transactions, doings, changes, and achievements. The memory of events gives a man the history of the past, and all its experiences stand before him as a guide, as an example, or as warning; when by illness people lose a year or five years, or when they are not informed as to oc- currences, they come to themselves and find a great blank. A sea captain was on a cruise which lasted three years ; he had ordered the London Times to be kept on file for him, and when his long voyage was ended, he shut himself up many hours in the day, beginning where he left off with the history of affairs, and going through the columns of the Times during the entire period of his absence, and then he said he was ready to go out among men and not seem to himself and to them to be a fool; he had really lost three years of England's and the world's history. True, he had his log-book and the chances and changes and labors and dangers of the sea as a narrow thread of history, but what the world had been doing, what his- tory had been wrought among men, was blank to him. Children like to hear stories ; the narra- tive of Joseph has made millions of chil- dren deeply interested, and for life, in that name and history, and its repetition will have the same effect during all the generations of the future. The story of the Prodigal Son, the story of Euth, how it crystallizes into the thought and mem- ory of every generation that reads it ! The historian and the story writer need Eventuality as the leading element in their mental nature ; the memory of inci- dents and the desire and power to tell them well, is the foundation, the inspira- tion of the history. Of course all the per- ceptive organs that have to do with time, place, quality, condition, and circum- stances ; all that is sympathetical, all that is imaginative, all that is pious, all that belongs to heroism, art, to business suc- cess, and to the social life of men and na- tions comes to be a part of history, hence the historian should be endowed with all these qualities in order to express himself with success. 33. TIME. Duration is an institute of nature, pe- riodicity is a great law of phenomena, the revolution of the planets requires time ; 1 Ig. 119. W. B. Dawktns, General Agent of the Brit- ish Association. Time and Order Large. A sharp thinker, a man of force, a great deal of push, and at the same time reticent, compact in hia statements, and influential in his character. the order of nature embraces times and seasons, so that we know when planets will come into such relations with each other as produce eclipses, and an astronomer would feel ashamed to make a mistake of three minutes in computing an eclipse which would take place one year or twen- ty years hence. The faculty of Order, which combines with that of Time in recognizing the fit- ness of time and effort, and the faculty of Number or Calculation, acting with that of Time, constitute the trio which relates to dates, method and periodicity. The memory of dates is a most important mat- ter, and it ought to be and can be culti- vated ; and most people complain of a 108 Heads and Faces : .How to Study Them. •want of memory in this respect. When •we hear a man say that on the sixth of October, 1834, or 1850, something oc- curred, and the fact that he remembers the date, helps to nail it as a fact. One who has the faculty of Time, finds chro- nology a pleasure to him ; it is not diffi- cult to carry the time of the day in his mind ; he remembers dates, what month, what day of the month something hap- pened, and if one having Time well de- veloped has the care of a sick friend, and must rise .every hour to give medicine, he can sleep soundly for fifty-five minutes and will wake hour by hour all night with- in three or four minutes of the proper time. Some children are deficient in this fac- ulty. The mother tells them they may go out and stay half an hour, and they will stay three or four half hours, and will come in with an honest sense of having kept their promise. Such persons are gen- erally behind the time, they will promise to be ready in ten minutes, and at the end of thirty are not quite ready. Those in whom it is strong, never lose a boat or train, or a meal, or any other appoint- ment, if by any possibility they can com- mand their circumstances ; they would commence a lecture or sermon at the tick of the clock, whether the people are all there or not. Janitors used to tell us when we traveled, that half-past seven in their town meant eight o'clock ; we responded that half-past seven means thirty minutes past seven, sharp ; they would tell us, "No audience will get here before eight," but when the hour arrived, we commenced if we had but six, and it was amusing to see the people come stringing in and hurry to a seat, as if ashamed ; the next night the house would be pretty well fill- ed ; the third night filled and settled, and then perhaps for nine nights more the last man was ready when the lecturer f+onped on the platform one minute be- fore the time. ^ityip is employed in music, in dancing, in jumping the rope : some people count the steps, employing number and time to fciake them uniform : the writer has walk- ed with a friend in a city, crossing tie streets for three long miles, never break- ing step, taking shorter steps when on the inside of a curve, and longer when on the outside of a curve. Military move- ments depend on time. * 34. TUNE. To those who are fond of music, and have the talent to perform, it seems strange when told that there are some who can not recognize a musical sound from any other noise ; one who has musi- Fi s 120. Ben. Cotton. Greatest Minstrel in the West. Observe the fullness of the side of the forehead, up- ward and backward from the eye, near the hair,' the location of Tune. He has strong vitality, decided force, but not a very lofty head; he lives in the musi- cal and In the material. cal sense, will detect the peculiar quality of all other noises. Let one make as many noises with the hands as he can, if he slaps them together, or smites with the fist in the palm of the other hand, if he rubs the hands together, he gets different sounds ; persons in walking make differ- ent sounds with the feet, and those who have a keen ear for sounds will know each one of their acquaintances when approach- ing from behind, and call them by name. We knew a livery stable keeper in the country, who would sit in the shadow of * "How to Teach, or Phrenology in the School-room and in the Family." Tune and Language. 109 the evening and hear his horses and wag- ons coming fronx every part of the town, and know every one by the travel of the horso and rattle of the wagon. One light horse had been sent out with a heavy barouche, and he heard the approach of the team and was puzzled, and said, "That is Joe's footstep, but what in the world is the rattle of that barouche be- hind him ; they are never put together V " and he inquired in a puzzled way of one of the attendants, to know what vehicle that horse went out in, and the explana- tion was made that a gentleman wanted to drive a short distance and there was no other vehicle that the horse could be hitched to, and he said, ' ' That settles it, I knew it was that carriage, and that it was that horse, but I could not understand how they were together." A man who is superintending a room in a factory, will hear any peculiarity of noise and know whether it is right or wrong, in respect to the machinery," and if some noise is made a little different, will follow the sound of it till he finds it, though the room is crazy with a thousand sounds, but they are a>. legitimate except that one. Elocutionists require the organ of Tune well developed ; we hr.ve known one or two who attempted to study and teach elocution, who are unable to understand or appreciate music, and there was a drawling monotony and grating harshness to the voice, a lack of that flowing tone which a good speaker requires, and which is especially essential in a teacher of elo- cution in general oratory or on the stage. There are three kinds of quality in sounds which the musician requires to appreciate, and the organ or faculty of Tune has three phases. One recognizes mere noise, as we have said, and judges of its quality without regard to its musical tone ; the next grade above recognizes melody ; the third recognizes musical harmony; many persons will sing one part, if we may say it, they are good soloists, but the duet or quartette con- fuses them and they can not carry their part. Savages, we believe, have only one part and all sing that ; culture and civili- zation develop the harmony of parts, and we fancy that the slaves of the Southern States learn their idea of harmony from the whites ; they have, however, fine musical appreciation, and that seems to be one of the highest phases of their men- tal activity. Dr. Miller, of Columbia College, "Washington, D. C, and, by the way, physician to President Harrison in his last illness, told the writer that a boy, a patient of his, had his skull fractured by a kick from a horse, near the external angle of the eye, where the organ of Tune is located. Soon after the injury he com- menced whistling, though not much dis- posed to be musical before, and continued it through his waking hours, and would even hum and whistle in his sleep. This alarmed his mother, as she thought him deranged, and as the tendency continued and even increased, Dr. Miller made a more careful examination of the wound, and found a splinter of bone pressing into the brain three-quarters of an inch ; this he removed, the wound gradually healed, and the boy whistled less and less, until fully restored, when he ceased to manifest the musical tendency altogether. The in- jury of the skull was at the region where we locate the organ of Tune, and the splinter of bone which pierced that organ produced inflammation and an unnatural activity of that faculty, and, said Dr. Miller, ' ' That fact convinced me that I had verified one organ, at least, and thereby proved that Phrenology is true." 35. LANGUAGE. This organ gives the power of express- ing thoughts and feelings by. means of speech ; to talk is natural, but the special style of speech is artificial and conven- tional. Dr. Gall discovered the organ of Language when he was but a school boy ; he noticed that those who had full and prominent eyes excelled in verbal mem- ory ; they could learn lessons and recite them with fluency, while others, including himself, were not able to commit or re- member words as successfully. When he left his first school and entered another, 110 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. he was able to point out each one who was his superior in verbal memory. This, of course, was the observation of a child ; he afterwards learned why the eye was pressed outward, namely, by a convolu- tion of brain lying directly over the orbit of the eye, and when large, pressing the roof of the eye socket downward, thus crowding the eye outward, and the under eye-lid being prominent below it. Pig. 121. J. E. Hzlgard, Member of the Scientific Association. Large Language, fine talker, excellent observation and memory, the lower and middle section of the forehead being full ; decided force of character; per- sistent, individual, and yet social and cordial. Mr. Combe mentioned a man in Scot- land who lost the power of calling things by their right names ; if he wanted bread, he would ask for something quite differ- ent, and this disturbance continued for some years. Finally the person died of some disease of the digestive system, which had no special relation to the brain, and the physicians held a post mortem examination, and on examining the brain, they found at the location of the organ of Language, as indicated by Gall, a lesion in the brain as large as a filbert. The doctors had said, however, "If the phren- ologists are correct, there should be found a diseased condition of the brain where they locate the organ of Language," and when they found it, they looked at each other and said, "Gentlemen, this subject deserves serious consideration," (and to their credit we may say that they have been presumed to have considered it seri- ously, though they never reported the result of their consideration). To-day, however, physiologists generally recog- nize the centre for Language, and its dis- turbance or disease is the formation of the disorders of the faculty of speech clas- sified under the term of Aphasia Scientific men ought not to suppress truth, even though it may seem to mili- tate against some of their previous ideas, but human nature has imperfections; phy- sicians are human, therefore some of them may manifest imperfections. Public speakers, or even common talk- ers, show a style of Language in accord- ance with the development of their other organs or faculties. A man with large Language, and having large Individuality, will have a mastery of the words which pertain to deflniteness and distinction ; if all the perceptives are large, he will tell of the existence of things and then of their qualities, their form, size, weight, color, order; in other words, he will use adjectives with readiness. Individuality relates to the " Thingness of Things," the noun element the substantive, while all the other elements have relation to quali- ties of subjects or objects, which are ex- pressed in grammar by the term " adject- ive." If Locality be large, the place will be specified ; if Eventuality be large, the story, the narrative, the history, and the speaker will talk of the build of the man or horse or house, of the magnitude, of color, of arrangement, and if the subject have number, that will be introduced and the time will be stated, if time forms a part of it. The talk of some men is mainly made up of adjectives, they may be beautiful but sometimes they are like soap bubbles, more magnitude than sub- stance. We remember the fragment of a speech made in Boston at a public banquet given to the famous Irish orator in 1877 ; the guest of the evening, after other speeches had been made, was called out by the sen- XfcEASONING OKGANS — (J AXJSAIiITi . 211 timent of Ireland and her Orators ; in the course of that speech, he made use of this beautiful string of adjectives, "Ameri- cans, yoa have a country vast in extent, embracing all the varieties of the most sa- lubrious climates ; the exuberance of your population is daily devastating the gloomy wilderness of its rude attire, and splendid cities rise to cheer the dreary desert " ; if we take the adjectives out of this it will read, "Americans, you have a great coun- try ; your people are cutting down the trees and building houses " ; where Caus- ality and Comparison crown the percep- tive faculties, the oratory is massive, full of meaning, as when Webster in the Senate, talking to men who remembered history, said, ' ' I will make no eulogium for Mas- sachusetts ; she needs none ; the world knows her history by heart ; there is Bos- ton and Bunker Hill ; there is Concord and Lexington ; the bones of her sons are bleaching on every battle field between Boston and Georgia, and there they will remain forever." One style of speech tickles the ear, excites the fancy; the other makes a man's soul thrill with its majesty and might. If the selfish feelings predominate, Lan- guage works in that channel ; if the relig- ious and moral, Language is invited to give voice to those sentiments ; if the sel- fish sentiments prevail, persons talk of themselves, and laud their own graces and virtues ; if the social elements are strong, people talk of love, children or of home, but fulness and freedom of utterance, in whatever direction, whether sympathetic or scientific, historical or practical, Lan- guage is the instrument of the expression. THE REASONING ORGANS. In the brain, above the range of the perceptives, to which attention has just been called, lie the organs of Befiection, Comparison, and Causality. These organs, in their very nature, show the prevision of the Creator in the distribution of the human faculties. Sit- uated above, yet contiguous to those or- gans that simply recognize the qualities and constituents of external objects, it is their special office to make use of the simple gatherings of the perceptives through processes that are essentially in- terior, and consist for the most part in discerning the relations subsisting be- tween data by comparing, combining, and co-ordinating them, and deducing certain results or conclusions. The practical philosophy of human life, wide and varied as it is, and withal simple because of common acceptation, is the outcome of reason. It is through the ex- ercise of reason that man owes his great advancement in civilization. One conclu- sion but suggests new conceptions, and out of the consideration of these concep- tions new theories and principles are evolved, and ultimately solid judgments- are reached that contribute new truth to the world's store of wisdom. Man, to be sure, in scientific researches - , may exercise his imagination, his Spiritu- ality, Ideality, Sublimity; he may derive impressions through the moral senti- ments, but the concrete, substantial work that leads to results that are expressed in terms of positive logic, is performed by the reasoning faculties, based, as we have said, upon the data furnished by the ob- serving organs. 36. CAUSALITY. This organ is situated by the side of Comparison and over Locality ; when large, it gives prominence to the upper portion of the forehead. Fig. 122. If the perceptives are small it seems to add an overhanging appearance. It is the office of this faculty to take cognizance of the relations among phe- nomena that constitute cause and effect- As we have said, the perceptive faculties recognize the existence and qualities of objects. Eventuality notes the change? which they present, and in addition to the sequences perceived by Eventuality, "a notion of efficiency in the antecedents produces the second proposition arising in the mind when contemplating instances of causation in nature." This notion oi power or efficiency, etc., has a special re- lation to the exercise of Causalitv. The 112 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. faculty, therefore, goes back of phenom- ena, and inquires into their source and observes the dependence of one class upon an other. In looking at the actions of men it inquires Why '? and considers the motives from which men act. Pig. 122. Edwin Maxwell. Causality Large. A temperament favorable to thought and endurance, and especially to the higher reason and moral senti- ments ; inclines to live in advance of his surroundings and to work for the future. Late candidate for Gov- ernor of West Virginia. He in whom it is large sees relations between things that are incomprehensible to those who are not well endowed with it. Great discoverers in science are largely endowed with it. It was the activity of Causality that made Sir Isaac Newton the discoverer of the law of gravitation; such was the case with Kepler and Galileo in their development of the laws governing the movements of the heavenly bodies. They who deduce general principles and systems in the analysis of natural or phy- sical phenomena are well endowed with Causality. Cuvier, Spurzheim, Hum- boldt, show it large. Mr. Combe and other writers think that this faculty impresses the mind with the idea of the existence of a God, through a tracing of causes or investigation going from one to another until we reach a point where nothing is left but the idea of a creative influence, a power that must have been at the beginning. This faculty prompts us on all occasions to ask, "Why is this so, and what is its object ? " * It gives ability to look deeply into subjects, and to appreciate the logical sequences of arguments, hence it is large in persons who indicate genius in metaphysics, po- litical economy, and all sciences of a pro- found character. Such men as Kant, Bacon, Lamarck, Herbert Spencer, are thus distinguished. When prominent, and the perceptive faculties are moderate, and Comparison is not equally influential, it tends to specu- lative thinking. Men so constituted are given to spinning improbable theories ; their notions are too abstract for ordinary minds, and they are looked upon as dull and heavy weights in" society. On the other hand, when Causality is deficient, the individual is superficial and incapable of taking comprehensive views of subjects; of forming judgments that will apply to the affiars of life successfully. In association with Mirthfulness, largfl Causality impresses the humorous allu sions and bon vnots of a person with j character much higher than the fun an<, grotesquerie of the punster and circi.* clown. The playful remarks of a Che ate or Evarts have a significance that lies be- hind the mirthful surface, and is appre- ciated by the thoughtful; besides, the wit of the thinker is definite, clear, and sharp because of its logical power. Some of the lower animals appear , to show this faculty, as they have the ca- pacity of adapting means to desired ends that can scarely be referred to mere un- reasoning instinct. Beavers, for instance, adapt the structure of their dam to the pressure of the water ; ants exhibit re- markable intelligence in bridging obstruc- tions in the way of their movements. The faculty, however, appears to be limited in the lower animals ; the horse, for in- stance, has been known to starve to death while tied by a rope to a tree. A little of the originative power of reason would * ' ' System of Phrenology " — George Combe* CAUSAIilTS. 113 have suggested the gnawing of the rope find so setting himself at liberty. A dog sr a wolf would have bitten the rope to pieces, but they are " gnawing" animals. The horse is not, although to him a high degree of sagacity is attributed. We have seen trained horses tie and untie a rope at the command of their trainer, and search for and find articles that had been hidden in the straw. The reasoning of animals is chiefly of the associative order ; it em- ploys Comparison mainly when it rises above impressions retained by the percep- tive organs, and has relation in nearly all cases to the physical wants or self-pro- tection. Man may reason associatively also, but, as Prof. Ferrier says, ' ' We have the power of concentrating our attention on one idea or class of ideas and their imme- diate associates, to the exclusion of all others, a power differently developed in different individuals."* This concentra- tion in man may relate entirely to ideas purely intellectual, whereas in the lower animals persistence of attention or pur- pose is due to the influence for the time of an instinct. A recent writer in comparing man with the lower animals, says: "The animals require little intellect, for they are adapt- ed to the external world, and their in- stincts are unerring guides to conduct. But man without the reflective intellect would not be adapted to all parts of the world in which he must live. He is not even able to get his food unaided by rea- son. He can not defend himself against the wild beasts unless he can command a greater physical force than that furnished him by nature. He can not live in all climates in a state of nature. In the North he must protect himself against the cold ; in the South against the heat. He can not follow his instincts, for they con- flict and prompt to opposite actions. " Man has been endowed with a higher degree of the perceptive intellect. By means of these faculties he is able to ob- serve the objects about him, can know * " Functions of the Brain." their relations to each other, and to him- self. In memory he can keep his knowl- edge for future use. He has been endowed with the reflective intellect, by means of which he can look in upon the operation of his own faculties, compare impressions obtained, and arrive at general truths. By these he comprehends the relation of cause to effect. Then if he desires a cer- tain result he may apply the cause and create what he desires. By the co-opera- tion of all his individual faculties he is able to view external nature as it is, and not only this but he is able to know him- self as he is. Through intelligence man is able to know the properties of all things, and their relation to one another, their effect upon one another. Further- more, he is able to apply these relations and forces in such a way as to produce any result which to him seems desirable. By his knowledge and the manipulations of the forces inherent in thought he is all- powerful almost in his sphere of action. "* They who have relations to others as teachers and guides need to possess Caus- ality in a good degree, for they have con- stant reason to exercise it in the explain- ing of causes and reasons. The natural leader is he who lives much in advance of those who surround him, and it is his ability to reason that gives him him his forward position ; that can take the com- mon facts of every-day life and mold them into new forms and derive new ideas that will command the applause of the world. Such persons live in a mental sphere that ic above the common level ; they illus- trate the principle of the growth of the immortal element of mind, and so make human nature ever an object of reverence. It is the man of Causality who appreciates the operations of the higher laws in nature and in moral life ; it is he who grasps clearly the idea of the line of caus- ation that extends from the natural to the supernatural. The infinite number and variety of the operations going on in the universe are but a constant source of pleasure to him ; his spirit swells while *" Science in Education," by U. J. Hoffman. 114 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. he contemplates them, and the inspira- tions derived enable him to feed lower minds with the manna of spiritual growth. Pig. 123. Louis Past h ub, M. D. Comparison Largk. Great scientist in the realm of medical discovery, especially in the realm of disease germs, notably in sheep and other animals. Prance awarded him prominent honor for his discovery. 37. COMPAKISON. The name of this organ suggests, its function ; it perceives resemblances and differences. The other faculties compare objects of the same class, as the ideas which they peculiarly and independently form. The organ of Color, for instance, takes cognizance of the differences and resemblances of hues ; Tune, of musical Bounds, and Form, of shapes, but it is the office of this organ to compare things which in their individual attributes are entirely unlike. Spurzheim says, "The great law of this faculty seems to be to form abstract ideas, generalizations, and harmony among the operations of the other faculties. . . . The laws of music are partictalar in tune, compares times ; yet Comparison compares music according to the situation where it is exe- cuted, it blames dance music in a church, and it is opposed to working with fine clothes in the dirt ; feels the relations be- tween the inferior and superior feelings, and gives preference to the latter. It presupposes, however, the activity of the other faculties, and can not act upon them if they are inactive." Comparison frequently discovers unex- pected resemblances among other things, and people who have it in a very active condition are constantly surprising those in whom it is dull by their novel illustra- tions. It is the source of the ability some writers and speakers possess of using- frequently metaphors and analogies. The situation of Comparison is in the middle region of the forehead, in the- upper part directly above Eventuality. See Fig. 123. When it is large it gives a. rather prominent and wedge-like appear- ance to that part of the head. It exer- cises a most important influence upon the- mind in the way of analytical capability •„ and one who has it largely developed is quick in discovering and understanding differences, enigmatical assertions and improper or inaccurate allusions ; hence, it is essential to critical acumen. In all the sciences where nice distinc- tions are necessary it comes into play. Business men who are well endowed with it are quick in practical judgment, and without it their judgment is rather slow, and they are not fit for the places where- ready decision is necessary. In speakers- who are able to fix the attention of large audiences, this organ is large. It enables them to introduce many illustrations of the point that they would urge, and to present it in different lights, and so cover considerable ground. One may have large Language, but if the faculty of Compari- son is small in his head, he will weary the company by repetitions and meaningless phrases. Lawyers as a class, who are powerful in jury trials, possess large Com- parison. Daniel "Webster, Eufus Choate, O'Connell, and President Lincoln were so- endowed. Poets and literary writers re- quire it. It aids Mirthfulness by suggest- ing similes, analogies, metaphors, etc., that point to the humorous or witty side of a subject. Mrs. Barbauld's beautiful lines Comparison and Human Nature. lift illustrate large Comparison and Ideality : " How blest \\e righteous when he dies ! When sink's the weary soul to rest ! How mildly beam the closing eyes 1 How gently heaves the expiring breast I " So fades a summer cloud away ; So sinks the gale when storms are o'er; So gently shuts the eye of day ; So dies a wave along the shore." While Comparison contributes to rea- soning, it is not strictly so, per se. Its method is different from that of Causality, which is frequently deductive. It en- deavors to prove that one thing is of such ■aud such nature, because it resembles an- other that is so and so ; and because the majority of people have it fairly devel- oped, they are prone to convert an illus- tration into an argument. One with large Causality and Comparison when discus- sing a subject cites this or that matter through Comparison as simply in illus- tration of the point he would make clear, while his conclusions are drawn from his premises, and not from Comparison. Men distinguished for scientific ability show decided projection in the middle re- gion of the forehead. Franklin, Eoscoe, Agassiz, the late Professor John W. Draper, and B. W. Silliman had it very large. Franklin's conversation and writ- ing were always replete with illustrations *nd similes. Dr. Vimont shows very clearly a special office of Comparison in the following il- lustration : When a piece of ice is placed in a vessel over the fire, Form, Size, and Color take cognizance of its appearance, .and when it melts the change is perceived by Eventuality. All these processes may take place without any idea of sequence •or relation between the state of the now liquid substance and the same state in •other substances, such as lead, mercury or milk. What, then, is the faculty which recognizes the state of one part relatively to another so as to make its qualities expressed by adjectives in Language ? Doubtless, Comparison. Dr. Vimont was led through his elaborate studies of the .lower animals to conclude that some of them, as the dog, elephant, orangoutang, and bear possess the faculty to a marked degree. * C. HUMAN NATURE. On the median line at the summit of the forehead directly over Comparison, is an organ which has been attributed by observers since Spurzheim to the faculty of judging human character, receiving Pi? 134. Major A. B. Burke, Director-General cf the Exposition at New Orleans. An active, practical, critical intellect, v ith large Human Nature, Combativeness and Destructiveness, ambition, and push. That nose means success 01 crushing defeat. repressions, motives, manners, and con- versation, and so on. Fig. 124. Man has an intuitive sense of what others are. He receives impressions that come to him instantly without the intervention of other agencies, although they may seem to re- late to Comparison and Causality or Be- nevolence. These impressions may agree with the inferences of perception and the deduct : ons of reflection, but they are not found of easy explanation, and they so quickly flash upon the mind that they can not be formed by the naturally deliberate process of reasoning ; therefore they are distinguished from the intellect. * ' ' Traite de Phrenologie Humaine et Com. pare." — J. Vimont, M. D. U6 eads and Faces : How to Study Them. Some people are remarkable for the ac- curacy of their judgment, the success of their operations in business and the social world ; yet they have but a moderate de- velopment of the intellect, and when asked what are the motives that govern then general conduct, they reply that they astully follow the bent of their impres- sions ; and experience has proven that they will be most successful when so doing, in spite of their not being able to give a logical account for such conduct. In these persons we find all the region between Benevolence and Comparison quite prominent, while in people who de- pend upon their intellect for guidance in affairs that region is but moderate in man- ifestation. Women generally have the organ more conspicuously developed than men, and their character for forming judg- ments is in accordance with the develop- ment. This faculty, we think, has much to do with the formation of the alliances and intimacies of life, for the reason that it helps people to discern those who are likely to be in harmony with them in the exchange of conversation and sympathies. We meet with people who are exceedingly unlike ourselves in general expression of character, yet somehow or other we feel drawn towards them, and even against the advice of others will become on intimate terms with them and suffer no injury from the association. As the author of " How to Teach " says: " The faculty of Human Nature may enable a man to find in others, not perfection, but what is needed fco supplement himself ; to make by asso- ciation a sort of lemonade, if it can be mentioned that one is sugar and the other lemon juice. The man who is compelled to travel in the prosecution of business, having large Human Nature, he can read those he meets well, and be enabled to adapt his conduct and language to them ; whether he can treat one with respect and distant courtesy, or whether it is best to walk up and offer his hand familiarly. He can be all things to all men, grave or gay, deferential or familiar, free and easy, changing his manner to suit the occasion. One who is deficient in this organ has not readiness of adaptation to others, al- though he may be kind and gentle, yet, he will not exhibit the promptness m un- derstanding others that helps to put one? on good terms with another in the start. Persons who are placed in those relations- where they have to deal with a great, many people — the manager of a hotel, a conductor on a railway, a military officer, lawyer, teacher, minister, need a liberal endowment of this faculty to get along comfortably with all. It is an essential in the skillful detective ; Allan Pinkerton had it remarkably large, as well as very active perceptive organs, and of him a distinguished phrenologist said, when he came as an entire stranger and offered himself for examination, that he "could smell a rogue as far as one could be seen. "No element of our nature," says Mr. Fowler, "should be so assiduously im- proved, because none confers a capability more useful or delightful. To effect its culture, note all that every one you meet, says and does. Look through conduct to motives, ferret out disposition and char- acter wherever you go, form your judg- ment of men, and then inquire of your- self from what in them you deduced your conclusions. Little things will often put you on the track of the entire character, and tell the hidden story effectually be- cause done unconsciously, where more important acts are guarded." D. AGREEABLENESS— SUAVITY. This organ, like Human Nature, is a comparatively recent addition to the list, but it has a large array of evidence for its. location and function. It is situated just above Causality and outward from Human Nature. Pig. 125. Sometimes it has been called Suavity, because its function is to. give blandness to manners, the disposi- tion to make one's self agreea*ble, to ingra- tiate one's self into the favor and good will of others by adopting a pleasant and con- ciliatory mode of address. Some observers have claimed that the- manifestation of this organ was the result 01 a combination of other organs, like Ap> Agbeeakleness — Suavity. 117 probativeness, Secretiveness, Benevolence and Veneration, but a little thought upon the subject will convince most of our read- ers, we think, that the peculiar office of Agreeableness proceeds from an original Fig- 125. Alfred Springer, Secretary of the Scien- tific Association, Philadelphia. His large Language and Agreeableness qualify him to put his thoughts into agreeable words ; has large Imitation, Ideality, and Constructiveness, with strong Comparison and Causality. Such men make their way easily by pleasantly adapting themselves to all. power of the mind. We meet with per- sons who possess the organs we have men- tioned in a good degree, and also a fair intellect, and yet are lacking in courtesy, or the ability to make themselves accep- table to others ; they do not feel at ease in mixed company, although they have kindness, deference, and are much dis- posed to please. Then, again, some peo- ple who have no great amount of moral sentiment, are small in Approbativeness and Caution, yet are able to insinuate themselves into the good opinion of others, and pass off for good fellows. The gal- lants and Beau Brummels of society as a class are those who are not at all remark- able for Benevolence or Conscientious- ness, and far from profound intellectuality. It is this faculty that supplies one with #race and urbanity. Some persons have a great deal more of it than others. It is shown in the manner where no words are spoken. They who have the power to take with equanimity the rude assaults and unpleasantness of life ; who never bristle up when jostled by others, or when their "pet corn" is crowded by an en- croaching shoe ; they who are prompt in accepting an apology, and as prompt in offering one, where they are less to blame than another, have the organ large. We can easily credit Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Walter Baleigh with a good share of this faculty, as their well-known courtesy could not have all proceeded from Benevolence or the mere appreciation of expediency. This faculty is especially noticeable in children who have it large, as it impresses their character with very charming acts of politeness and grace, so that we are dis- posed to say that they are "born " ladies or gentlemen ; while other children con- nected with families of position and wealth, in spite of all their opportunites for cul- ture, are pert, blundering, and coarse. So important is this faculty as an aid to harmony in society, that parents and teachers can scarcely give it too much at- tention. It is one of those faculties, too, that readily respond to cultivation. We have known persons, who, when we first became acquainted with them were boor- ish, rough, and disagreeable in their con- versation and manners, but through pa- tient study and effort, became in the course of years greatly changed, and passed in society as decidedly agreeable associates. Nothing helps so much to lu- bricate the wheels of social intercourse as a smooth, pliable, kindly manner. Manner is even more important than matter in our dealings with the world. We can say severe, rebuking things to our acquaintances, if our language is kind, soft, and mellow. "Men will often swal- low bitter doses of truth if expressed in a sweet, acceptable mariner," * and the ef- fect of moral teaching generally when courteously given, is excellent in its in- fluence upon the whole nature of the recipient. * " Self Culture." 118 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. HOW FACULTIES COMBINE AND GIVE PECULIAR SHADES OF CHARACTER. In mental character much depends upon the combined activity of the different fac- ulties, and the influence of given groups. Phrenology is the only feasible explana- tion of these phenomena. When we look at character as a Avhole, the sweep and av- erage of that character may indicate a man who is gentle, patient, quiet, and loving. We may again see him under ex- traordinary conditions when he will be raspy, rough, insolent, quarrelsome, and domineering. Sometimes we see men who manifest a pious sympathy and a devout spirit. Per- haps before the week is out, we see them tearing about in anger, talking loudly, and perhaps profanely ; and the contrast from their ordinary current of life is a mystery and a marvel. As eight musical notes contain, by their repetitions and combinations, the whole realm of music; as twenty-six letters in the English alphabet by their combina- tions make its whole literature, so forty- two faculties of the human mind, already discovered and defined, make and main- tain all the variety of character, talent, propensity, and peculiarity which is seen in the different persons whom we meet. Among a hundred men there may be an equal amount of mental vigor, but it is diversified by the different degrees of strength in the groups of faculties, and by the circumstances which call out these different groups ; thus we find the basis of all the variety which exists in human life. It is said that no two men are alike. Phrenology detected difference in the dispositions of the Siamese twins, whose experience of life had been, in all respects, more alike probably than that of any other two human beings who have ever lived. While they had a common circu- iation, they had differences of mental de- velopment, which gave to each his own individuality ; and thus, although men may resemble each other, and in many re- spects their life may seem to flow in the same channel, yet circumstances will call up peculiar combinations of faculty in each, which will lead them to present traits different from those of any other human being. Persons sometimes speak to our short- hand reporters, who take descriptions of character from our dictation and write them out, and say, "I suppose you get used to the threadbare . story of mental development and find it very easy to re- port it." Such interrogations never fail to receive the answer, that all the vast variety of characteristics, and peculiari- ties, and shadings of character, which the reporter has to take and write out in a month or a year, are simply a marvel. We have heard a reporter who had worked three years steadily taking these dicta- tions, say, "That he never had taken a character that did not in some marked peculiarity differ from every other that he had taken." When mind is studied as a whole and in detail, it is found that there are different groups of faculty; these are spoken of and considered under several heads : Pirst, the Social ; second, the Selfish Propensities ; third, the Selfish or Aspiring Sentiments ; fourth, the Moral ; fifth, the Semi-Intel- lectual Sentiments, or iEsthetical and Mechanical ; sixth, the Intellectual, in- cluding Perception and reason. If these different groups of faculties could be equally developed, could possess an equal degree of strength and activity, the char- acter would be harmonious ; but in a thousand heads we may not find more than one, or not even one, in respect to which we can not very readily distin- guish a difference in the development of How Faculties Combine. 119 these groups as compared with each other. If we consider the social group as a whole, and find it amply developed, all its faculties in equal degree, and decidedly stronger than the other groups, the char- acter will of necessity be of a social type; that part of the nature will lead, and •everything else will be subsidiary ; it will be like one leading mind in a party of persons each one of whom is less strongly marked ; the strong man draws the co- operation of others ; he becomes as it were the hub of the wheel, all the rest acting subordinately to his will and wish. Another man is amply developed in the animal or selfish group ; that class of fac- ulties dominate in him over the intellect, the moral sentiment, the pride and ambi- tion, the social and sesthetical qualities, and all these will be likely to second the purposes and endeavors of that strong sel • fish nature. In that group the faculties that make war are conspicuous ; and how these warlike faculties subordinate the finest intellect ! how they arouse the pride, the martial spirit, the sense of glory in that direction ; how the social nature clusters around these selfish forces, and gives the basis for that fraternity which exists among soldiers ! In another organization the group of the Selfish Sentiments, that has to do with ambition, aspiration, and fame will draw around it the force of character, also the policy, xarudence, and tact ; will arouse the group to which belong skill and artis- tic taste and mechanical talent ; and the intellectual forces will also be called into requisition to sustain, plan for, and carry out the behests of ambition. If the groups of Intellectual faculties be most active, the person craves knowl- edge of books, education, and informa- tion ; and all the qualities that give force and ambition, that give taste and skill, power to make money, will be called into use to second the purposes of intellect, and to lend a worthy hunger for knowl- edge and intelligence, for distinction in the world of letters, and to acquire the means for the culture desired. And lastly, of the groups, when the moral and religious qualities predomi- nate, which are the noblest and highest part of human nature, all the other groups of faculties cluster around and sustain this. Then courage backs heroism, then ambition and the desire for fame are sanc- tified, then social affection becomes saint- ly, and intelligence and philosophy are consecrated to the cause of the highest human conception. Thus the general framework of charac- ter can be viewed, by considering the controlling groups which are constituted in the nature of human development ; and if we look out upon general society without stopping to be critical or specific, it will be seen in a company of a dozen people, that one is genial, loving, friend- ly ; he shakes hands heartily, and seems so glad to see people ; he lives through the social elements, and to him love and friendship seem the centre of life, and he is known far and wide for his social force, and indeed he is known for nothing else especially. In that company we will see another whose talk is money, business, achievement, overcoming, meeting and mastering difficulties ; and if one is wanted for such a vocation or service, he gets a unanimous vote. Another in the same group may have a serene respect for his own dignity, he is ambitious for dis- tinction, is known to crave and to be proud of high associations. Another is its artist, its ingenious mechanist, its man for comprehending and conducting com- binations that require skill and tact. An- other is the fact-gatherer ; another is the reasoner in respect to facts gathered ; an- other still is the monitor and moral guide and director, the one who presides over the ethics and the piety that belong to life and society ; so nature, stamping dif- ferent men with predominant forces, ac- cording to the different groups of organs and faculties, will thus assign them to ap- propriate lines of duty, usefulness, re- sponsibility and service in the social and business world. If the reader will study the engraving, Fig. 65, page 54, he will learn the location of the groups ; and Fig. 68, will enable 120 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. him to locate the special organs, and this knowledge will enable him fc> recognize in the head he meets what group of facul- ties predominates, and thus may he read character at a glance and know what re- spect and confidence each deserves, and how to move safely and successfully among strangers. HOW THE SOCIAL FACULTIES COMBINE. Having spoken of the influence of the different groups of faculties in leading off and exerting influence, and laying the foundation of success, in different per- sons, we come now to consider how the different faculties in each of the groups may give shading and peculiarity to' the character ; and we hope to make the mat- ter so plain that good observers will be able to judge by the motions, attitudes, and language of nearly every person, which of the faculties in any group is most strongly developed. It will not be a difficult thing for a per- son, who knows what faculties belong to a special group, to lead the conversation in the direction in which faculties in that group will be interested. In some char- acters the faculty of Friendship is strong- est. That relates us fraternally to persons of either sex or any age. In the lower animals strong friendship is sometimes established between a horse and a cat ; between a dog and a horse ; between a cow and a sheep ; transcending the ordi- nary affection existing between members of the same species of animals. There are a few classes of animals that do not have gregarious or friendly, grouping instinct. Cattle, horses, sheep, and birds of differ- ent kinds go in droves and flocks, and de- fend each other and make common cause against the common enemy. There are some birds and animals which hunt alone, and in the main live apart from their fel- lows. The remarkable engraving (Fig. 126) rep- resents the head of a young French lady who was strongly attached to a lady of her own age, and neither offers of mar- riage nor influence could induce her to leave her friend ; this friend, however, died suddenly, and a day or two after the burial, she was found in her chamber dead, having committed suicide ; she left a letter addressed to her parents which revealed the state of her mind previous to the fatal act, the substance of which was that she could not survive the loss of her friend. If the reader will consider the immense mass of development back- ward from the opening of the ear ; that the whole back-head is heavy and long in that region, the excessive development of all the social organs, especially the Fig. 126. French Lady. Large Social Organs. organ of Friendship, will be seen. One who has the social development weak (see Fig. 127), will have a short back-head ; it will not be more than half as long from the opening of the ear backward as is the other head (Fig. 126). When Friendship predominates in the social group, it will absorb all the other faculties and lead them to act as it were through it. Instead of falling in love, such persons must be addressed through Friendship, and a fraternal feeling awak- ened and strengthened ; afterwards Con- jugality and Amativeness will be called into action. This is illustrated by young ladies and gentlemen who attend school. When the term at the academy closes, those who have admired each other's in- tellectual attainments, and who have formed a friendly regard, will agree to write "friendly letters," and perhaps for six months this friendly letter-writing is \ The Social Gkotjp. 123 carried on, when all at once, the lady, for instance, becomes conscious that some- thing more than friendship is now awak- jned, and if that consciousness becomes reciprocal, it is easy to see that Friend- ship becomes the initiatory of conjugal and matrimonial attachment. In age, when Amativeness is supposed to have little influence in the tie that unites the elderly people who have lived happily in marriage, Friendship becomes the strong tie, along with Conjugality, and their last days become so influenced by this bond of Friendship that they feel greatly troubled when separated, and are likely to follow each other to the grave without a long interval. Fig. 127. Small Social Organs. Persons with predominant Friendship will seek to call their little children up- ward toward fraternity ; instead of stoop- ing down and petting the child, and wish- ing it to remain little, Friendship asso- ciates, fraternizes, says we to the little one, and desires to have the child grow tall and seem old and companionable to herself. Thus the mother will come to our office with her little boy, perhaps seven or eight years old; he has boots like a man, is dressed like a man, has a watch and a high hat and a cane, and the mother has trained him to act like a man ; her request is made that we would ex- amine "this young gentleman and see 'what his proper vocation will be." An- other woman, in whom Parental Love is stronger, tries to keep the child back, to keep it young and little. She will dress him with a wide collar, parting his hair in the middle, curling it into ringlets ■ will keep infantile kilts on him as long as possible, and when he must dress like a boy, it is like a little boy, with a jacket.. She will lead him in by the hand, he be* ing almost as tall as his mother, and she will say with the tenderest kind of a smile as she looks upon him, ' ' I want you h> examine my little boy, and tell me what he is going to make." She will take oft his hat or cap, and help him to the seat, and sit and smile on the "dear little- thing " during the whole operation, and when she is ready to go she takes him by the hand carefully and leads him away, his head and shoulders nearly as high a» her own— Parental Love being unwilling to let go of him as a baby. Such a wo- man when she becomes a grandmother will call her great, six-foot high, bearded, grizzly sons boys ; she can not let them be men ; to her they are always children,, always boys. One of the other kind will speak of my sons, my eldest son, when he is not more than seven years old, provided she has one younger ; and we never saw such a manifestation, without finding im the mother's head the organs developed according to the principles here set forth. "Where Conjugal Love is the strongest,, men for instance, and notably women are- never flirts ; they never pay attention to- the other sex for the pleasant excitement of it. Any attention which such a man. may offer, he considers of a matrimonial nature. Any attention received by a wo- man having Conjugal Love strongest will be regarded in the light of matrimony, and if she cannot reconcile herself to the idea, of marrying the man, she will have very little to do with him in the way of socia- bility. Such people never "court for? fun " ; they are generally sober and earn- est about it, and to them attention means; matrimony ; and when experience and acquaintance seem to indicate that they are not so well suited to each other as* they ought to be, they drop the subject, so as not to be the occasion of establish- ing any expectations which may not be realized. We see ladies who will hardly treat a gentleman with ordinary respect* certainly never permit the remotest cor- 122 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. diality and freedom unless she lias her not well developed, matrimony is based mind made up that matrimony might be, upon some of the other faculties ; it may if offered, desirable. be upon Friendship, as we have said, as There is many a gentleman who seems the leading principle in the transaction ; it quite distant and dignified among ladies, as if he hardly liked their society ; he acts, in fact, among ladies as if he were engaged to some one who is absent, or like a man who is married and feels that general courtesy is all that is permissible ; but let that young man find one whom he thinks he may marry, and his Conju- gal affection will be awakened, and there Will be an intimate, confidential sympathy established which will lead everybody to suppose that they are already engaged. To such a person courtesy means love, and love indicates the lifelong matri- tnonial bond. Fig. 130. Eliza Cook. A loving face and head, may be on Amativeness mainly, and then their continued harmonious relations are likely to be doubtful. People who are attracted by passion are not likely to con- tinue in harmonious relations unless they are so equally mated in that respect that the bonds shall be thereby made continu- ous. If one should be less developed in this respect or have less constitutional energy to sustain it, and the love were to falter, disagreement, disgust, separation, or divorce might be the result ; but if Conjugal Love and Friendship were equally strong, the bonds of union might be unbroken, though one strand, Ama- tiveness, of the threefold cord were weak, or did not work in harmony with the others. There is one more organ in this group, namely, Inhabitiveness. If the reader will think for a moment, one or more persons will be recalled whose attachment to land and house, and home, and home affairs, seems to be the strong, central el- ement in their social life. When tliey re- ceive company, they will show the rooms, the conveniences, the beautiful outlook this way and the other ; they will show the garden and the land, the spring, the bird-house, the orchard, and will seem to worship all that belongs to the home. Fig, 128. Love Deficient. By this it will be seen that ladies or gentlemen of culture, reputation, and re- finement, may sometimes seem peculiar, Fig. 129 Amativeness, Self-Esteem, and Firm- ness Small. singular, and capricious in their conduct toward people of excellent standing and character. "Where Conjugal Love is The Social Organs. 123 Like a young bird that has just built her first nest, it is looked upon as a marvel and a paradise. Such a mother or father will inspire their children with the fond- est regard for the home, the land, the roof, everything that constitutes the place called home ; and memory, when they separate, will come back to the old hearth- stone, the "old oaken bucket," the -'old arm-chair," the old shade-tree, and thus it seems to be the golden censer in which the incense of love is contained, and with- out which it would be in danger of being dissipated. Patriotism is the name for this feeling when it widens sufficiently to take in one's whole native land, his own home being, of course, the one bright, central point of it. It is beautiful and wonderfully useful to have this faculty strong. Such men when they have closed their store, or shut down their mill, or unhitched their team, will go as straight home to their house and the family, as the horse would go to his stall if unhitched a mile from it. Add to this Parental Love, Conjugat Love, Friendship, Ama- tiveness, and we have the entire concen- trated force of all that is social in our being. If this home-feeling be weak, men and women like to "go somewhere"; women will make many calls ; like to make little trips to neighboring towns to see anybody they can think of as an ex- cuse for shaking off the tedium of staying in one place. A man will go to his club or lodge, or to a bar-room, or the bowl- ing alley, not that he loves his wife and children less than many others, but the home seems to him a kind of pen, prison- house, enclosure, restraint, and lacks el- bow-room and freedom; he might take his wife and children with him to make ex- cursions that were delightful and unex- ceptionable. The German takes his vrau and the children to the lager-beer saloon ; they sit around the table and sip their lager in company, and even the baby in arms is given a taste of it, and they go home together. In such a case it would be presumed that the family loved each other better than they loved the place where they lived ; but the society and the lager take them away ; their love and fra- ternity with each other take and keep them together, in going, remaining, and returning. Commend us to the men w!k> have no fugitive entertainments to which the wife and children might not be intro- duced and become participants. Fig. 131. M. Godin, op Guisk, France. The founder of the "Familistere," or Co operative- Home. The structure is large enough to house most, handsomely 20,000 working people in suits of rooms- adapted to small families, and costing but $2.50 per month The Home stands on forty-four acres of ground, the whole costing $216,000. It has proved a splendid success. He has all the Social Organs large, with Benevolence and intellect strongly marked. The love of home, Inhabitiveness, is- also indicated by the manner in which men and women are willing to spend money. Those in whom Inhabitiveness is predominant and the other social organs well developed, will earn money with pleasure, and pay it out liberally in whatever is calculated to make the home rich, pleasant, and valuable. In New England, particularly, the house is the great thought ; money is expended for that without stint, and there seems to be a pride in having a good house well fur- nished and the home made attractive. 124 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. We have never been in any region where the houses were so good, so nicely kept, and so attractive, in proportion to the ability of the families to expend money, as those of New England, or their de- scendants in the West. In the German settlements through New York, New Jer- sey, and Pennsylvania, the people are great admirers of stock, and the barns are generally a great deal more costly and ■elaborate than the houses. We have seen many a farm in Pennsylvania worth from a hundred to two hundred and fifty dol- lars an acre, with a barn perhaps costing from six to twelve thousand dollars, and the house roomy enough, to be sure, but in which a man in New England would dislike to live, though his income were not more than a dollar and a half a day. We have seen men, however, in New .England, who would spend earnings freely on horses and vehicles for driving, dogs, guns, boats, fishing-tackle, and the like, who would permit broken windows to be mended with paper, or old hats, and doors to drag and not latch, the roof leaky, and everything indicating a kind of squalor inside. Women sometimes worship their houses, and are more anxious to have a coat of paint, or new carpet, or nice curtains than -they are to have good clothing or luscious food ; others are the reverse, and dress -themselves and their children finely, and eat sumptuously, but leave the house with shabby appointments, and seem to care but little about the general appearance. The people in the South are less in- clined to spend their money on houses than on lands and horses and hospitality; yet they have that kind of Inhabitiveness which gives an intense patriotism ; they think a great deal of "My State," "My section," "The South," and we commend the spirit. Perhaps the New Englander is equally proud of his State, but specially desirous to have his house as good as he can afford it, and often considerably bet- ter. A Southerner's house or a Pennsyl- vania's farm-house are not much of a criterion by which to judge of their wealth. The New Englander's house is sometimes all the property the man is worth, and he has to work at a trade or on a salary to eke out an economical exist- ence ; but his door-yard, fence, green blinds, white house, must be kept in shin- ing array, and he may not have a hundred dollars to his name, except the house, after his incidental debts are cleared up. THE SELFISH PKOPENSITIES. This group of organs is made up of the selfish propensities. These are Vitative- nessj Combativeness, Destructiveness, Fig. 132. Selfish Propensities Large. Headwide above the ears. Alimentiveness, and Secretiveness, and they are possessed by men in common with animals, though in the lower animals Fig, 133. Selfish Propensities Small. Jaup, President of the first Peace Society, the organs are modified m regard to rela- tive strength somewhat as they are in men. Some animals have a feeble devel- opment of Combativeness and Destructive- ness, others have small Secretiveness and Selfish Pbopensities — Combativeness. 125 Acquisitiveness. The fox and cat are sly ; the dog is frank and open and combative ; the squirrel lays up treasures for the win- ter. Fowls like grain as well as the squir- rels do, but they never lay it up. These propensities have to do with maintaining personal existence, and are therefore re- lated to self. The organ of Vitativeness, located a lit- tle upward and backward of the opening of the ear, and giving width from side to side through the head at that region, gives the desire to exist here and hereafter. When it is deficient, a person is careless as to the preservation of life ; does not seek to avoid exposure, difficulties or dan- gers ; and, in view of the life to come, has his doubts, in fact does not care. This sometimes becomes a central element in the manifestation of the selfish feelings — "to be or not to be, is the question," with such persons. When this faculty works with Caution, the fear of death is the bane of the person's life. With Combat- iveness and Destructiveness it makes one fight to the death, and as a soldier to sell his life as dearly as possible. Persons with it large recover from injury or ill- ness that would cause others to succumb of equal strength of constitution. COMBATIVENESS, by its name, expresses, in a measure, its nature and mode of activity, namely, de- f ensiveness, and this is especially its func- tion when it works in conjunction with Cautiousness ; but standing by itself it gives the disposition to assail whatever threatens the welfare of the individual in any of his interests. This organ lies next to Conjugal Love, Friendship, and Amat- iveness. It notably defends in the di- rection of the social feelings ; whenever the child, the wife, the friend, the home are assailed, Combativeness vaults into the saddle and draws the sabre, is ready to join issue and sacrifice anything for the defense of the home and the home-circle. A professor in one of our American col- leges, who has more wit than wisdom, made himself at once merry and ridiculous some years ago by ridiculing the idea that the conjugal and friendly elements were located next to Combativeness, and in- sisted that the armor of war and the arbor of love should not be located side by side, and therefore Phrenology must be absurd in thus locating these organs. Our reply to that is, that animals and men will fight quicker for that which relates to love and friendship than they will for anything else. Take the male of any tribe of ani- mals, from the horse to the cat, and if more fierce battles are not waged on ac- count of love and fraternity than on any other account, we Avill confess that the witticism of the professor is sound phil- osophy. But the mere statement of the juxtaposition of those organs is demon- stration of a philosophy in mental organ- ism as wise as it is beneficent. When Combativeness is uncommonly strong men will go to war for anything that is a decent provocation ; they are fond of argument. Combativeness will work with Causality or wit ; it would work to defend that which the sympathy approves; it will work to defend conscience, or am- bition, or pride ; or, working with Cau- tion, defend against danger. We once examined a man in public, and said that he was very fond of argument, and no subject would need a contestant if iie were present. Whoever might start either side of an argument would find in this man a respondent. He leaned back and looked up, sitting as he was on the plat- form, and remarked, "I must join issue with you on that point, sir. " My quiet reply was, "That is so, you always join issue." Men who are required to drive business, push work, and oversee, and urge matters, need large Combativeness, and many a man is thereby made eminently useful, and is esteemed indispensable. For in- stance, in railroad work a man who is called to be a "wreck-master," in railroad parlance, to prepare and hurry to the place where trains have been wrecked, and clear the track rapidly and promptly, needs Combativeness enough to assail any- thing. We have witnessed work of that sort when waiting to have the track cleared 126 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. so we could go on with our train, and it was marvellous to see how the broad- headed man would command his men, and the affairs under his control, and roll a car over and over as if it were but a basket, and yet he was thoroughly good-natured. Although this is a faculty which has a good deal to do with quarrelling, there is a world of legitimate energy required in the management of affairs, in respect to which there is nothing of anger in its ex- ercise. When boys play fiercely on the common, running, wrestling, jumping, tussling, rushing things, rolling snow- balls, and wiiatever else the philosophical and mild manners of boys will concoct to be done, requires all the Combativeness that one can carry without explosion, and sometimes they do explode ; and while boys are terribly in earnest in their vigo- rous play, they are not hateful or angry. Thus a driving business man, whether he runs steamboats or trains against compe- tition, or whether employed to construct railroads during a given time, or to clear the wreck where trains have been in colli- sion, or whether to break colts or govern restive horses, or manage rude and uncxil- tured men in masses, or go into battles for the country, and fight at Balaklava, or anywhere else, with a fierceness which is terrible— this faculty comes into play ; and, in the light of these great enter- prises, the little, contemptible disputes and squabbles which arise from an irri- tated state of Combativeness become ri- diculous. " The function of this organ Prof. Bain elaborates fully and clearly. He is almost persuaded that it is properly localized, and is inclined to recognize it as an ele- ment in our constitution. His exposition of its scope and function is masterly, and shows a power of keen analysis. He dis- covers the combative propensity to be made up of two distinct ingredients : the superabundance of central energy, and the love of power in its most wide guise : successful rivalry. He criticises George Combe's definition of Combativeness at certain stages of his delineation of this organ. But it seems to us that the ob- jections to Combe's definition urged by Bain spring from a failure upon the part of Bain to comprehend exactly what Combe intends to convey; in other words Bain puts an unfair (not intentionally, Bain is too much of a Scotchman for that,) estimate upon Combe's definitions. "When Combe declares that the pro- pensity of Combativeness is necessary even for philanthropic schemes, he does not mean the pure pleasure of fighting, but simply means that Combativeness supplies courage in advancing those schemes, and the power to resist all opposing obstacles. There is no difficulty, as Bain declare* that there is, in ascertaining whether a. man is combative or not when a motive influences him to undertake some courage- ous enterprise. There are motives which enlist every faculty of our constitution, and yet we do not find any difficulty in separating the adjuncts or supports of that motive. We know perfectly well, for in- stance, that Luther was exceedingly com- bative, and that Melancthon was not. There was the same motive : both sought to reform the Church ; but both were not equally bold* Luther feared neither devil nor man, but Melancthon shrank back even from a public avowal of his faith. When the combative Luther was by his side, Melancthon displayed a good deal of courage ; but when Luther died, Melanc- thon completely broke down. Now here were two men, both inspired by the same motive, yet the difference in their combat- ive spirit was immense. Was not the combative temper of Luther of immense aid in propagating his religious reforms ? There is no difficulty in deciding which was the more combative, Melancthon or Luther ; for the physical development of the back-head of each is a perfect revela- tion. "A mere novice in portrait reading ought to be ashamed to say that he can discover no difference between Melanc- thon's and Luther's Combativeness. We would differ also, in some respects, as re- gards the definition given by Prof. Bain that the combative principle is the love of power in its most wide guise, successful JDestkuctivsness ATD (SECBETIVENESS. 127 rivalry. That there is an element of power in this propensity we admit, but aver that this power is different from the power enumerated under the function of self-es- teem. "Ii is a power of resistance to aggres- sion, not a feeling of authority. The feel- ing of triumph which arises whenever a successful combatant defeats his opponent is incidental to the combative propensity, and would arise upon the success of any other of our faculties. The martial ardor displayed by troops, the love of debate, the spirit of contention which character- izes some men, is the real element in Comba*iveness rather than a feeling of power. And if Prof. Bain would care- fully ponder the definition given by phrenologists, that all our faculties have various degrees of activity, from a low state of manifestation to a high or pas- sional state, much of the confusion inci- dent to criticising the phrenological analysis would vanish." DESTRUC TI VENESS. Sometimes Destructiveness becomes the leader in this group, and all the other fac- ulties minister to its success. There are people who carry with them quiet re- venges, waiting for a convenient time to bits or strike ; in that case Secretiveness co-operates with Destructiveness; it steps lightly like a cat, it hides and waits like a tiger, and strikes, when the fitting time comes. But Destructiveness has also its virtues ; it gives staunchness, executive- ness, endurance under pressure and diffi- culty, and enables a man to suffer without complaint, to hold on to his cause to the bitter end. We fancy there is a little of this feeling in the statement, "Though he slay me yet will I trust in him." Work- ing with Vitativeness, or the love of life, it is an element of endurance. For in- stance, all the carnivorous animals which have Destructiveness large, many of them also Secretiveness and Combativeness, will endure, before they die, a great deal " f abuse. It is hard to kill a cat, and a ritnsh so-called, that has a wide head, »nd is so creat a fighter, and so cruel in its battles ; it will live all night in two inches of water in the bottom of the boat, half cut in two with a spear. While all the rest of the fish thus caught will be dead in five minutes, he will be alive at six fiours after and ready to fight. The men who in the hard struggles and work of life endure all things, and master the situation, are generally well endowed witi. Destructiveness. The surgeon requires it, the dentist needs it, the man who blasts rocks, or cuts stones, or fells trees, needs it ; or those who work at anything that requires heavy blows or hard smiting are the better tor having large Destructive- ness ; and when Destructiveness and Com- bativeness unite, then the highest order of physical courage is the result. Destructiveness produces cruelty and severity sometimes in animals, though the animal may not have large Combat- iveness, and lacks courage. People speak of "brave as a lion." The lion is not brave ; he is a coward when the royal Bengal tiger, regarded as his equal, or when a lion that is fully his equal, is pre- sented ; he hesitates, makes a great par- ade, but does not get very near. The dog, on the other hand, will assail a lion, a tiger, a grizzly bear, an elephant, a dog, or a man, and he does not stop to count the size of his opponent. Many a man has been saved because his little dog, who is as quick as a flash, has annoyed a bear, behind, that was pursuing the man to the death ; he would turn to take care of the dog, which would, of course, dodge back and keep out of the way of the bear, while the man would be gaining distance, and when the bear turned for the man again, the dog was at his heels biting his hamstrings. We know of nothing but the dog that will fight a foe forty times his bigness, or or>« of its own kind and bigness to the death, with such unqualified and eminent brav- ery ; and, therefore, we account the dog the bravest thing that lives. SECRETIVENESS. Before dismissing the subject of Com bativeness and Destructiveness, we may remark that Secretiveness often work«v 123 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. with Combativeness and Destructiveness in the play, and in the fighting, of animals largely endowed with these organs, loca- ted in the middle lobe of the brain. Some dogs lack Secretiveness, and they know of no way but to go straight at their fight- ing, without tact or policy. There are some small dogs that are largely endowed with Secretiveness, which gives them the polxy that enables them to fight a larger foe and win a victory by tact. We have »een a dog that, being overtaken by a larger one, would fall on his back by way of submission, and if the dog dared to ap- proach his throat, he would catch the dog's foot and bite it so sharply, that the big dog would quit the fighting from sheer pain, and go off on three legs argu- ing against that kind of tactics, while the little dog would make good his retreat, looking back occasionally as much as to say, "I have met the enemy this time, and won the victory by stratagem." The fox is known for large Secretive- ness, and that is his central quality of character. The first skull of the fox ever presented to me as a Phrenologist was an interesting study. Having no idea what animal was represented by it, because the skull looks so much smaller than the fur- covered head of its owner, I remarked that " the location of the organ of Secretive- ness was uncommonly developed, and whatever animal it was, he must be distin- guished for Secretiveness, as that was the master quality in that group of organs." At that moment an elderly man came up to me who proved to be an old hunter, and some one asked him what that skull was, and he replied with a kind of con- tempt, "That is a skull of a fox ; T have shot many a dozen of them; I have a good many of their skulls now laid up." Se- cretiveness, then, would seem to be the central faculty of the fox ; some dogs have it, all cats have it, and they do things in- directly where most dogs would do them directly. A cat does things by stealth, especially watching slyly until its prey comes within reach ; while a dog sniffs the track and follows, announcing that he is coming, and, of course, warning the yictim of his approach. Men are found whose development of Combativeness and Secretiveness resembles that of the cat or the dog, and therefore the study of ani- mals aids in the study of men. ACQUISITIVENESS is located in this group, and gives wide- ness to the head about two inches upward and forward of the ear. As this organ gives the desire for property and posses- sion, we study its nature wisely by study- ing the lower animals. Those that lay up their food, as squirrels lay up grain and nuts, have strong Acquisitiveness; and generally the element of Secretiveness will be found strongly marked too. We have known a fox to kill several chickens, and bury them for future use. Acquisi- tiveness led him to possess all he could get, and Secretiveness to hide what he did not then want. If he had had an equal amount of reason he would have known that he had taken twice as many as he could have used up ; but this faculty was wanting. We know that dogs bury bones; there are two or three reasons for that : one is that the meat may become softened and mellow, so that it will come off from the bone easily, and they have enough of the gentlemanly sportsman to like their meat a little mellow; and thirdly it hides, in a measure, the booty away from other dogs. In the human development where Ac- quisitiveness is strong, a man desires property of every kind. If he has large Alimentiveness, an organ located just for- ward of the ear and below Acquisitiveness, joining it, he will lay up food, articles to eat to gratify his appetite ; some take a great pleasure in laying up nuts, fruits, vegetables, and meats, and have things dried and corned and preserved, and, as the Bible says, ' ' much goods laid up for many years " ; and in proportion as peo- ple take pleasure in laying up articles o" food, we find them amply developed in Alimentiveness, or appetite ; thus these faculties combine in that way. Others use Secretiveness in conjunction with Ac- quisitiveness, and keep it a secret as to Acquisitiveness and Alimentiveness. 129 how much money they are making. Men will go from New York to Boston or Phil- adelphia and quietly purchase stocks or real estate, and let it seem at home that they are worth but a hundred thousand dollars, when they have perhaps a million. That gratifies Secretiveness and Acquisi- tiveness too ; it may also help them by saving local taxation. If Secretiveness be strong and Acquisitiveness active, there will be a co-operation of these faculties in the shrewd, secretive way of carrying on business. We may say that nearly all the adulterations of everything, from the alloy of silver and gold, to the putting of saw- dust into indian meal, or cotton into flan- nel cloth, or linen into silk, or water into milk, comes from the combined activity of Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness, with Cautiousness and Conscience low enough to permit it ; but Secretiveness and Ac- quisitiveness work together in all the sly tricks and " corners " and overreaching and under-getting which are so prevalent in all the traffic from Wall Street to a pea- nut-stand. In the manufacture of paper which publishers use, clay and divers other things are used which increase the weight and help make up the solidity of the paper, and cost, but perhaps a tenth of a cent a pound, while the paper may be sold for twelve cents a pound. 01 course the intellect has to devise the ways and means, but the desire for gain, and the cunning way of using intellect to cover up, for the time being, the tricks of trade, illustrate the activity of these organs. It would hardly be exaggeration to say, that a store full of goods of almost any kind, is, what a blunt preacher once said, " made up of falsehood " ; and one has to be a good judge not to buy that which would be to him a cheat ; and when the public, through Secretiveness and tact, learn how to detect one kind of trickery, those that perform the first act will study a shrewder way to hide the defects ; con- sequently, men in whose eyes one can look with confidence and believe their words are truth and truth only, are more rare than they ought to be. The blood of Ananias and Sapuhira has not run out, because, perhaps, the method of treat- ment of that kind of people has been somewhat relaxed. ALIMENTIVENESS, the last faculty of this group, works nat- urally with Destructiveness and Secretive- ness. Some animals are obliged to use Destructiveness to capture their prey, and that severe element is aroused and inten- sified by hunger and the keen demands of appetite. If the prey be such as can get out of the reach of the cat, for in- stance, that deals with rats and mice, she needs Secretiveness to capture the prej by stealth, because a cat is too large to follow the rat or mouse into their narrow retreats. On the contrary, the weasel, be- ing smaller and strong and active, can fol- low a rat, has no Secretiveness, and ap- pears to have no Caution; he does not mind going around where men are; he can slip away into any hole he likes, when the oc- casion requires it, and he will chase rats in all the labyrinth of their hiding-places throughout the house, and there is a won- derful squealing and running when his majesty comes to encounter his enemies, because he can follow his game. He does not need Secretiveness, and his skill does not show itself as it does in the cat. So in turn each one of these faculties becomes a centre around which all of its immediate associates cluster ; each supplements the other, and aids in carrying out in turn the desires and purposes that are born of each faculty; and the infinite variety in the tendencies and co-ordinations of these faculties shows better when contemplating them in their activity. There are methods of determinating how these faculties are accustomed to co-ordinate. THE SELFISH SENTIMENTS. The 'unctions of these faculties, viz., Cautiousness, Approbativeness, Self-es- teem, and Firmness, work partly in re- spect to ourselves : hence they are called selfish, and partly in our relations with others : hence they have the nature of a sentiment. We have only to imagine a person to be 130 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. utterly destitute of Cautiousness, which imparts the sense of fet r ; or Approba- tiveness, which gives the desire for ap- proval of our fellows, whether friends or strangers ; or Self-esteem, which lays the foundation for personal self-reliance and ability to adopt a course of responsibility without flinching ; or Firmness, which gives strength of purpose and steadfast- ness, to see what a blank the deficiency of any one of these would make in the character. It would be almost equivalent to taking a cog out of a wheel in machin- ery, which would suspend the motion or render it exceedingly rough and jan- gled. Yet we have men who seem almost wholly deficient in respect to them, as we have also men who seem excessively de- veloped in one or another of them. As we have stated in the early part of this sub- ject, character is made up of a combina- tion of faculties, and the shades of charac- ter depend upon the relative strength or weakness of the different faculties CAUTIOUSNESS. Let lis consider the effect of C ai tious- ness on the character of a human being ; premising that an equal and fair devalop- ment of this important function is intend- ed to be, and works as a judicious, pruden- tial regulator of the whole life and character as it stands related to the troubles and dangers belonging to life. In the child, the proper development of Cautiousness will keep it on the alert re- specting difficulty and danger, and is worth more in the promotion of its safety than the care of half a dozen nurses. When a little child can get freed from its attendant on the street, it runs with all its might, and the nurse generally runs after it, and perhaps, when overtaken, there is a battle for liberty ; but let the nurse re- main fixed, and as soon as the child finds it is not pursued, it will cautiously pro- ceed a little distance, and on seeing some- iiing that it does not understand, and finding itself, as it were, thrown on its own resources and responsibility, it begins to hesitate and retreat, and perhaps is glad to run back to its nurse's arms. When the faculty of Cautiousness is« very weak, the child 01 man seems to have* very little idea of danger, and it should be remembered that while grown people' suppose their intellect is their guard in reference to danger, the interior sense of the possibility of danger comes from Cau- tiousness, and the reason helps to study the relations of the outward world to us. in respect to danger. For instance, while driving, a man sees a black shadow, or a. muddy hole, he can not tell which, in the distance ; he has seen such things before, and has found by experiment that danger- may be connected with them. The intel- lectual appreciation of that which he has- seen awakens at once a feeling of cau- tiousness ; but remember, it is Cautious- ness, not the reason, that feels the fear ; because the fear arouses before the intel- lect knows whether it is a deep mud-hole- or merely one that has been dried up and made solid and safe. Yet Cautiousness, that knows nothing but fear, raises an apprehension, and the imagination may come in to recount all the troubles that, ever have arisen to the man in a lifetime in regard to such apparent danger, and drivers will remember how flat they feel when having approached near enough to- such a dangerous-looking place to see what it is, they find that there is no- danger at all. Thus Cautiousness mingle* with every faculty that can possibly be interested in personal safety. Caution, combines with other faculties in many in- teresting ways. When the intellect, through observation and memory, brings- to Cautiousness a picture of that which may be dangerous, Caution insists on a careful investigation and prudential ap- rjroach to the difficulty, and does not cease its monitions until judgment and other sources of knowledge, have, by then co-ordinate action upon Caution, allayed its excitement. It is interesting to notice how far fear arouses courage, or how Cautiousness awakens Combativeness and Destructive- ness ; hence, if a man is cornered and as- sailed; although if in an open field he* might obey Caution and run for his life,. Cautiousness. 13] when brought to bay will fight with something fiercer than courage — with the desperation that fear begets, and in its action upon Combativeness and Destruct- iveness makes them terrible. It is not courage but desperation that leads one to fight when cornered. A dog will fight better in an open field than he will in a •corner, for when cornered he is apt to submit, while if assailed in an open field he fights back. In fact, a dog will fight a lion or a bear, or bite a wagon-wheel ; but a cat assailed in the open field will retreat up a tree or anywhere else that promises safety ; but let a cat be cornered, and she will fight ten men and ten dogs — the more there are the fiercer will she fight, and perish fighting. Men who have rambled in the forests where partridges are to be found will recall instances in which they have surprised the timid hen with her chicks, and the first intimation the innocent wanderer has that he has disturbed the home of the timid partridge with her brood, is, by feeling her fighting at his legs ; of course, impotently in this •case, but with a fierceness begotten of parental love and fear as connected with the chicks ; for without the chicks she would have taken wing and gone with a whirr out of sight ; but with her chicks she would fight an army. In this case parental love overcomes Caution or arouses Caution in behalf of her chicks, and then Combativeness and Destructive- ness are brought to the work of defending the chicks at the risk of her own life. We have many a time fled from such an en- counter with a sublime admiration for the heroic self-devotion of the mother, who is known to be, in respect to herself, ex- tremely timid. Thus we see how Cau- tiousness, which is called a selfish senti- ment, becomes a social element when fear is excited in behalf of progeny that is cherished by parental Jove. In this case •Caution is not a selfish sentiment. Where Cautiousness is moderately de- veloped people appear rash, and lacking in good judgment, with respect to danger. We have seen a man working on a scaf- fold high enough to break his legs or neck if he fell, and with nothing to sup- port him but a single board twelve inches wide and twelve feet long ; to be sure, it was made of spruce timber, which is tough, but it would bend more than a foot wheu he walked from end to end. Every one else was excited, through the monitions of Cautiousness ; but he had studied it from an intellectual point of view and felt- safe, just as the most of us would have done if the board had been only two feet from the ground ; then the discomfort of the yielding to the tread in walking upon the board would be the only inconven- ience, as there would be no danger to ex» cite Cautiousness. He insisted upon it that it was strong enough to hold him ; so it was, but we were studying to be certain that there was no flaw or knotty place in the board which would make it liable to break. Thus Cautiousness was our guide. Any one of us would have run, on what we call a "spring board," if properly made from selected material. Such a board is sometimes used where swimmers dive into the river or lake, and therefore involves no danger to neck or limb ; but our friend would pick up a board, appar- ently with carelessness, and slap it on its supports, and walk on it as if it were solid ground, so far as any sense of danger were concerned. Men with little Cautiousness often leave out important matter in writ- ing a letter or an important contract ; they are apt to take things for granted. Theirs is not the motto of large Caution, namely, "Sure bind, sure find," but rather, "I think it will be all right." An error in educational government often arises through the excessive action of this faculty in those who have the charge of children. Such persons will try to frighten the little subject, threaten- ing to go away and leave it, or to give it to some stranger to carry off, or to hand it over to the policeman, or say that some dangerous agency will seize upon it and carry it off in the dark ; and confiding and timid childhood respects the monition and, perhaps, submits through fear. When old enough to kn ow that the fears were fictitious, it learns to discredit anything 132 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. the person may say ; but the evil effects of the excessive activity of his Cautious- ness is not necessarily abrogated by time, and the probability is, that that same child, when it becomes a mother or father, will repeat the same terrible treatment toward children. We would emphasize this to condemn it, and appeal to mothers especially to rectify their error in this re- gard. If a child has excessive Caution it is generally appealed to through Caution, just as, if it has excessive Alimentiveness, candies and cakes and something to eat will be promised. A person with a full share of Cautiousness, without excess, will feel cautious in regard to reputation, in regard to one's dignity and standing, in regard to one's property, working with Acquisitiveness, or in regard to one.' friendships and social interests. Let a person love another, and witl. what prudence and anxious care every- thing will be done to avoid what will be calculated to disturb that delightful relationship. If one wants vivid evi- dence of Cautiousness as connected with the social nature, let him watch a young mother as she exhibits it in her tender in- terest for the little sleeping infant ; how carefully she walks lest it be awakened ; how silently she closes doors or opens them ; how she refrains from permitting any person to make a racket ; how she will cover up the face with a double green veil, then a blanket, and perhaps a shawl, in the middle of July, when the child wants all the fresh air possible ! We have seen a child pinned up like a eore finger in cold weather until it required a mother and grandmother to find out where the head was, and undo it ; and one, the first baby, was so wrapped that it was black in the face when undone. And we can see it in a hen when she comes, the first time, from the nest with a dozen chicks, how every feather stands on end perpendicularly ; how she swings on her centre and squalls defiance at every- thing that might alarm or harm a chick ! In other words, it is Parental Love and Cautiousness combined; and on the eve of insanity. If she were a human mother she would bundle up her chicks and pin them tight. APPKOBATIVENESS. Af probativeness brings us into rela- tionship with our fellow-men. Since we must live with others, the desire of ap- proval is apparently necessary, though some people seem so utterly deficient in this faculty that they seem, to care noth- ing about public opinion, and "I don't care " is the frequent remark. This, how- ever, is sometimes mere bravado and a kind of defense against criticism ; but generally people do care, some excessive- ly so, and they suffer untold agonies through their fear of ridicule, censure, or disgrace ; and if the reader will think what is done and avoided for the sake of the speech of people, he will get an idea of the influence of Approbativeness upon the action of nearly every other faculty. Let some new style of dress or of dressing the hair be introduced, and how much ashamed and mortified people soon be- come if they are not able to copy the fashion and adopt the usage. Dr. Frank- lin said that "if everybody were blind but himself, he would not care particu- larly about the color or cut of his clothes," and the supposition is that people are not blind ; we therefore do care about the color and cut of our clothing. Watch a party of ladies and gentlemen as they meet on the street ; see how the eye sweeps from foot to head to take in the whole make-up of a person's wardrobe. If the fashion is a little out of date there is a curl of the lip and an evident, " Oh, how can she be so dowdy as to wear that old thing, a last year's hat trimmed in the old style ; why does she comb her hair that way ? why don't she cover up her forehead with a bang ? " And in phreno- logical examinations we are sometimes re- quired to brush away the bang from the forehead in order to judge the develop- ments, and the girl or lady will scramble to fix it back again as if it were shameful to show her bare forehead, forgetting that six years before she combed her hair away from the forehead, and from the back up- Approbativeness. 133 ward to the crown of the head, and tied it with a cord, and that it was then the thing to do. When the style is to have the sleeves flowing and open clear to the elbow, or to have them so tight one can hardly get them on, or to have the skirts so long that they trail the sidewalk, or, what is much better, short enough to be kept clean and tidy, whatever is the fash- ion, the usage at anj time or place, or demanded by public sentiment on the subject, Approbativeness seizes upon, and Imitation helps to carry it out. A few years ago the white houses were painted a soft brown, which perhaps was an im- provement, making them easier to the eye. At one time the sashes are painted crimson, at another time green ; curtains must be at one time of lace, again of soft brown muslin, again Chinese red ; and we have seen within a year or two plaid for parlor curtains, and a whole block of houses would be curtained exactly alike ; one following another. Let us see how Approbativeness, then, co-ordinates with other faculties to bring about results; how it arouses Combativeness to defend the reputation ; how it makes the person who is combative feel ambitious to be the best fighter, or the best runner, or the best swimmer ; or with Tune, the best musi- cian, the best chess-player, or billiard player, or walker. How Approbativeness excites Acquisitiveness, or masters it, so that it will spend its earnings on whatever is fashionable. Everybody knows that many people have to suffer and sacrifice in certain directions in order to have their curtains, their carpets, their furniture, their dress and appearance, such as the public seems to require ; each is ambi- tious to stand well in the esteem of all ; hence a point is strained to have things nice, like other people, and Acquisitive- ness and Secretiveness are enlisted to earn the money ; hence the endeavor of people in great money centres for the acquisition of wealth to live on a fashionable street, and drive a stylish carriage, and have a desirable and prominent opera box, and an ambitiously located pew in the best church. Around these desirable things points are strained, and Conscience is twisted, and energy is aroused and policy is in- voked, and the desire and skill to make money strained to its highest tension, to satisfy these exorbitant and many times foolish claims of Approbativeness. Of course, Inhabitiveness gives a desire to have a home, but it does not necessarily say that it must be four stories high, if two stories are enough ; or that it should cost sixty thousand or a hundred and six- ty thousand dollars. A gentleman in Brooklyn who resided on a famous and beautiful corner, had a wife, without children, and they main- tained their great four-story house, and had a drove of servants. The man finally sold his house, and when questioned on the subject, replied : "I have kept a ser- vants' boarding-house long enough." Everybody knows that the desire to have a stylish home and keep everything going as if there were abundant wealth and re- finement and taste to be ministered to, as well as to entertain friends for the grati- fication of the social nature, was the prime motive of keeping up such an es- tablishment. We hear ladies talking to each other, ' ' They live in handsome style " ; "they keep four servants " ; and perhaps in six months the man fails and pays thirty cents on a dollar, and they call that " being unfortunate in business." How Approbativeness is fostered by Ideality, by the sense of the beautiful ; how Approbativeness and music work to- gether ; how historical and educational elements minister, by success and elo- quence and intellectual power, to the gratification of Approbativeness ; nay, how does Approbativeness sting and in- spire the student to "consume the mid- night oil," that he may win the prize of his academic course and stand first as a scholar ; how we boast of the splendid in- tellect of our friends, of their excellent culture ; and Approbativeness sits like a queen and plays upon the faculties, and they work to win our applause and to gratify our ambition, and the result is called happiness. 134 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. SELF-ESTEEM. Unfortunately, in America, tins organ is not so large as Approbativeness, while it ought to be better developed so as to give a man an intrinsic, interior, personal sense of his ability, worth, and power ; Fig. 134. Self-esteem and Firmness Lapge. and then, if people censure him injuri- ously, if they ridicule him contrary to propriety, he can stand erect and wait until he gets appreciation. Self-esteem gives a man a sense of individual honor, •while Approbativeness gives one a keen sense of the honor which other people may bestow ; in other words, reputation. Let it be remembered that the sentiment of honor which is born of conscience, reason and Self-esteem, is individual, in- trinsic, and interior, while reputation, be- ing only what other people think of us, not that which we think of ourselves, comes through Approbativeness. Those with large Approbativeness are often call- ed proud, but more correctly vain ; those with large Self-esteem are often thought not to be proud, yet they are really the only proud people we have ; such a man, when conscious he is in the right, moves onward with dignity and self-possession ; looks with pity or contempt upon the trifling vanities of life and the varying currents of approval and disapproval, ac- cording to the guides of fashion ; can stand erect as St. Paul stood up, saying, None of these things move me." A man with large Self-esteem, good in- tellect and good morals, and with Appro- bativeness subordinate, so that its voice is not permitted to be very distinctly heard, moves with a dignified self-respect, stands erect, draws his head well upward and backward ; does not brag ; does not try to show off ; doesn't seem to care whether people appreciate the good things he says or does ; whether they admire his excellent team, or handsome fields, or snug and comfortable home ; he does not dress to attract attention, but to clothe himself with decency and cleanliness, and with sufficient regard to public sentiment as not to be eccentric, and he moves with steady strength of character, and many people think that if he had any pride he would try to do as other people do. The difference between Approbative- ness and Self-esteem is marked, yet they are often blended in people's estimation, and are convertible terms. Phrenology understands it differently. To illustrate i A farmer's wife had large Approbative- ness, and wanted to be in style and have her husband dress handsomely. He was going with a load of potatoes to the vil- lage, where he was well known, and a deacon in the church. She ran to the door as he got ready to drive off, saying, "Here, John, put on a better coat." "Oh, pshaw, Mary, they all know me down there " ; and he wore the old coat that was fit for the work. The next day he was going with a load of potatoes to a neighboring village, and she insisted that as he was going over there he must put on a better coat. " Oh, never mind, Mary, nobody knows me over there." She wanted him to wear nice clothes where he was known, because he was known, and also where he was not known ; and for the same reason the man insisted on not wearing such clothes as were not adapted to the dirty work he had in hand. Self-esteem serves to give a man a con- sciousness of his own talent and worth, and to esteem himself justly, or rather does not produce a desire to be estimated beyond his merit ; it gives him a sense of his own personal worth, and makes him believe that he can do whatever it may b^ his duty to do. If elected to preside over a public meeting, he accepts the position and tries it ; but his want of knowledge .fLKMXESS. 135 »nd expertness is soon seen to the whole house ; yet he looks on the congregation with dignity, and will follow the sugges- tions which intellectual men of experience may offer in the way of motions ; while a man who was too diffident to believe him- self capable of occupying the position, and declined the election positively, as soon as the man with large Self-esteem is fairly seated and his inexperience is shown, the modest man takes exception to the ruling of the chair, argues the points ; he really knows how, but he was afraid, with his Approbativeness and Caution, to try it. The other with large Self-esteem and neither Approbativeness nor Caution large enough to alarm him, presides, and does not know to this day but that he did it handsomely. A man with large Self-esteem governs ; he likes to govern ; believes he is capa- ble of governing ; and sometimes, if he has Combativeness and Destructiveness large, and not very strong Benevolence or social feeling, becomes tyrannical in his control of others. Such a man ac- quires property to give him power and independence, and sometimes wears poor clothing and drives a shabby team ; has a house meanly furnished, and sets a par- simonious table for the sake of gaining property, or saving expense that he may increase his wealth, that he may ulti- mately stand serenely supreme, the rich- est man in town. He has real pride in being shabby in his dress and appear- ance ; the pride consists in his feeling that he is not a servant of public senti- ment ; it gratifies his Self-esteem to feel that he is above public opinion. He dig- nifies work and calls it by its right name ; he doesn't talk about obtaining a position and getting a situation. If he is in a bank or store, he will speak of being very much confined by his loork in the bank or store; and if he wishes to do it, he works in his garden and calls it work ; he works in his hay-field and trims his trees and his grape-vines ; he carries his own valise, if convenient, and is neither afraid nor ashamed to serve his own wants or those of his family. A dudish and dandy young man in Bos- ton, eighty years ago, started housekeep- ing in a small way, and having bought a couple of pounds of meat, wondered whom he could get to carry it home for him ; and there was a plainly dressed, elderly man stood there and asked what he would give to have it carried home, and he told him a dime ; he said, ' ' I will carry it for you," and he trudged along, following the slender understanding of the master of the ceremonies until he came to the door, and as he paid him his money he thought he would ask the old man his name, thinking he might want to get him to do other errands; he replied, "They call me in Boston Billy Gray." He was the John Jacob Astor of Boston ; the millionaire of his time. We did not learn whether the business relations were continued ; of course it was fun for Gray ; we fancy it was not fun for the other, and perhaps he never repeated the story. We judge the young man had the larger Approbative- ness and "Billy Gray" had the larger Self-esteem. But there is a point with some men which the possession of a mil- lion dollars or fifty millions enables them to reach in character, namely, as Mrs. A. T. Stewart said in a little party of ladies, when she appeared without jewelry, with- out a ribbon or a flounce on her dress, and saw she was being scanned by some old friend: "This is one of the privi- leges of wealth, that one can dress as one pleases." Of course, she knew she was richly and nicely dressed, but she did not feel the need of putting on flounces and trimmings and trappings, as everybody knew she could have all she wanted. FIEMNESS. Firmness may be said to co-ordinate with nearly every faculty, and that sensi- bly and palpably. What a wonderful hitching-post is Firmness to Conscience, to Self-esteem, to Cautiousness and Ap- probativeness. When Pierpont cried in a poetic fervor, " Stand ! the ground is your own, my braves ; Will ye give it up to slaves ? Will ye look for greener graves T" he exercised his own tremendous Firm- 136 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. ness and invoked every faculty to perma- nency, courage, and self-reliance, and the manifestation of power. When Veneration was excited in conjunction with Firmness in the Psalmist, he says : "My heart is fixed; O God, my heart is fixed." So, Fig. 135. George Bancroft— Fj-jmnt is, ^E^r-ns- TEEM, AND CONTINUITY LARGE. also, when Isaiah said, "Trust ye in the Lord forever, for in the Lord Jehovah is everlasting strength," Firmness and Ven- eration acted together. When Ruth said to Naomi with the activity of her friend- ship, stimulated and strengthened by Firmness, she uttered the words which immortalized her name and her friend- ship : "Entreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee ; for whither thou goest I will go, and where *bou lodgest I will lodge ; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God; where thou diest I will die, and there will I be buried ; the Lord do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me." What reader has not felt at times — I must stand firmly in this posi- tion ; I must call on courage and hope and fear and shame ; I must summon af- fection and conscience and reason, and rally all that I know or dream or fear, to abide by this central and necessary reso- lution ? "I am in earnest, I will not equivocate, I will not excuse, 1 will not retreat a single inch, and I will be heard," said the brave but persistent William Lloyd Garrison ; and with less Firmness than he had, he never would have taken and maintained as he did a stand so un- popular, so unprofitable and so dangerous, CONTINUITY. Continuity is located between the Self- ish Sentiments and Social feelings, as if it were a middle-man between the two groups. It is different from Firmness in this, that it gives patient application, or persistency, while Firmness gives stead- fastness and determination. Let us illus- trate the two faculties. There is ice on the Hudson River, and it is capital sleigh- ing to Poughkeepsie, seventy-five miles. On the turnpike it is also good sleighing along the shore. Two men starting for Poughkeepsie with an equally enduring team, one takes the straight, level, solid track on the ice, because he has large Continuity ; he has also large Firmness, f nd the faculties would naturally co-ordi- nate. When he has wrapped himself in his blankets and furs, and only his eyes and nose are exposed to the stinging frost, he is extremely happy in the fact that he has nothing to do but plod, plod, plod, and stick to it until he has con- quered the seventy -five miles. The other man has moderate Continuity, but equally large Firmness. He prefers to go wind- ing through the villages where every va- riety surrounds him, where no two half miles of road are alike consecutively, and his love of change, the up and down hill, and turning curves, and passing elegant dwellings through the villages, keep his mind on the alert all the time, and yet Firmness says, go on, go on, go on, to his team, and the two men reach the hotel in Poughkeepsie at the same moment; each has been persistent and happy in the performance of the journey. Suppose we change, and let the man fond of monotony take the field of variety, and he that must have variety to be happy takes the monot- onous route on the ice; certainly the man on the ice would have nothing to keep him from freezing but the blankets ; he would wonder when, when shall I reach that far-distant point? Fourteen miles and not a turn! The man on the shore, with large Firmness and Continuity, would feel annoyed by the variety ; everything Mob at. and Religious Faculties. 137 ■would seem to be an obstacle, every curve a difficulty, everything that diverted his attention from the central thought an in- terference, an impertinence, and he would reach his destination very sour and feel much broken up. The other would emerge from the icy road on the river, saying, "You will never catch me on such a journey as that again ; pelting away in the northwest wind all day, with not any- thing but ice, and ice, and ice, and dis tance." THE MOEAL AND EELIGIOUS FACUL- TIES. See Figs. 16, 81, 92, 98. Situated, as these organs are, jo. the su- perior part of the head, they give round- ness, fullness, and breadth to tne top- head ; height from the opening of the ear to the region of their location, is the chief indication of their large develop- ment. The moral nature gives man the supremacy over all creatures, and in pro- portion as a man has a large development of these faculties does he become supreme over his fellow men. There is a brute force, dynamic power, courage, and fight- ing qualities., which give men a certain kind of physical domination, but after all, Integrity, Hope, Eeverence, Spirituality, and Benevolence give to a human being value, a character that takes hold on the immortal verities, and thereby he is placed in a serene and superior altitude, as com- pared with men who live for sense and things physical, merely. Imagine the world and society, with the element of Integrity blotted out. When men and nations become demoralized, and cities are given over to rapine and plunder, we see what men would be without the moral sentiments ; the animal nature seems then to be set free to revel with all the impet- uosity of blind passion. The whole realm of law and righteousness, the whole sweep and scope of rectitude and propriety, finds its seat and centre in this moral group, more especially, perhaps, in Con- scientiousness. These faculties sit reg- nant over the others, and teach us to feel responsibility in regard to our duty to our fellow men, and even to the lower animals. Justice may be said to be the- bulwark of human society, without which, it would become disintegrated, whea might would become the only right, and power would become privilege; but under the domain of righteous law, born of Con- science and reason, the world's passions, are held in check, and men learn to do- each other justice and refrain from the- wrongful exercise of power. All nations have some system of re- ligion, varying according to their circum- stances, and somewhat according to the- development of the other faculties, but. the religious basis is in this moral group, the tendency to worship some Supreme- Being, to acknowledge allegiance to- higher power, to feel the spirit of incum- bency and obligation, and to stand in the- midst of temptation centered in rectitude. There is no feeling in human life so- strong as the religious; the world ha&- fought more battles, wasted more strength in argument on theological points, than on any other. When we look at men casually, we sometimes think the love of gain, and the desire for ascendancy and power are the strongest motives, but the- deeper we study the subject, the more- we investigate history, the more we must- be convinced that the moral nature is- dearest to ail nations. The persecutions- and privations and martyrdoms, which men and nations will suffer on account of their religious opinions, astonish the reader of history. While the territory may be ob- tained by conquest or cession, and the- boundary lines effaced without an ending scar ; the religious controversies, the wars- and persecutions on that account stand forth in history with fearful distinctness. The religious feelings give us emotions- in the direction of integrity, worship, sympathy, hope and faith, but the relig- ious feelings need for their proper aid and guidance a harmonious development of intellectual power, otherwise the religion is liable to become cruelty, or to be warp- ed into superstition. But how do the- moral faculties work together ? Venera- tion may not be large enough in a givei> 138 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. head to prompt a person to the perform- ance of religious duty as it is understood. For instance, a person says, "I think I ■won't go to church this morning, I am •wearied and tired/' and Veneration and Spirituality are not strong enough to lead to the performance of that service ; but Conscience begins to nibble at the man, and after the first bell has rung he feels that it his duty to go ; he don't want to, but can't be comfortable under the lash of Conscience without, so he gets ready and hurries off to church ; and when he hears the music and listens to the prayers and the sermon, his other religious faculties become awakened, and he goes home happy to think he did not miss the oppor- tunity of being in church, and he wonders 4 how he could have hesitated. A man with moderate Conscientious- ness, if he have large Spirituality and Ven- eration, will listen to the commands of the Scriptures, or the monitions of the priest, in respect to rectitude ; he may be in- formed that God will hold us responsible for the performance of duty, and the fear •of God, or the thought of God, will lead to an awakening of Conscience ; many a person will say "I would not do this if it were not for God's all-seeing eye." "Thou God seest me," makes hundreds of men more honest than they would otherwise be. Some, without Veneration, neither fear God nor regard man, but having large Conscientiousness they do right because it is right ; hence we find many an upright man who has but very little regard for things spiritual and «acred. Benevolence sornetimeL becomes the master spirit, and the philanthropist makes a specialty of his brilliant endeav- ors. Mr. Bergh has large Benevolence, and fortunately he devotes himself to the speechless animals, who have been abused beyond mention, and now everywhere, under the blaze of civilization at least, the officers .of the "Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals," are supposed to be going to and fro, |ind when a man is seen to whip his team in anger, and £ome respectable man stops and looks, the irate J ehu will put up his whip, and let his horse rest a minute or two and get breath, and then he will go of his own ac- cord; and Mr. Bergh has done a great work for the horses, and for the men who own horses, and has taught kindness and humanity and self-restraint to those who drive other people's horses, and every owner of a horse in the country could afford to pay five dollars a year to the maintenance of that excellent institution. It is amusing to see how Benevolence will excite Combativeness ; if one having large Benevolence sees a horse, or a child, or other person abused, how quickly it will arouse Conscience, Firmness, per- haps Self-esteem and Combativeness, and the man is ready to fight in defense of the defenseless ; kindness excites the spirit of chastisement, and it frequently happens that Mr. Bergh's officers have a sharp set to with selfish, half-drunken men, who are trying to wreak their anger by abus- ing the horse. Hope and Spirituality work as coadju- tors ; Faith or Spirituality gives us a belief in the possible, while Hope gives us the disposition to expect what we de- sire ; many a man believes that much is possible, but he has not Hope to expect what is possible. Some have great Hope, and yet moderate Faith, and they are somewhat in the condition that Pat wag about his pig when it was killed ; some- body asked him how much the pig weighed, and he replied, "He did not weigh half as much as I expected, and I never thought he would." Sometimes people lack Conscientious- ness, and have wonderful Caution and Ap- probativeness; these organs being located in juxtaposition with Conscience, help to spur it up and excite it, and a man with small Conscientiousness will do very much more if he have Caution and Approbative- n ess large than if they are deficient. Sometimes Approbativeness seems to be almost the only Conscience a person has, it works instead of Conscience ; with such a person the inquiry is not "What is right ?" but "What will the people think?" " What will the public say if I do, or fail SeMI-InTSLLECTUAL S3NTI5IENTS. 13? to do, this or that ?" Sometimes men are sent to church through the activity of Ap- probativeness or fear of public sentiment. As Veneration or the sense of God is a centre faculty, coming in contact with all the other organs, it naturally tends to ex- cite each and all, as it sits regnant in the centre of the top-head; it is a pleasant fancy at least to think that it is the crowning element of the mind, and broods over all men's conduct and character. The Bible says, "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom," Man recog- nizing a Supreme, just and merciful Ruler of the universe, will see and feel the propriety ol every law of justice, of prudence, of respectability and kindly and friendly sympathy; thus Veneration may become a centre faculty, the inspi- ration of all the others, and we always ■^ave a feeling when we find the moral organs large, and especially Veneration, that the person has an alliance with the higher life and that the common and sub- ordinate duties are much more likely to be respected and reformed, than when we find Veneration moderate. It is a great defect in character, to lack the respect which Veneration, imparts towards emi- nent and venerable human beings, and towards that which is highest and best in all we think and know. SEMI-INTELLECTUAL SENTIMENTS. This class of organs is located in the region of the temples, and when large, gives width to that region upward and backward from the external angle of the eyebrow, and an expandedness to the upper part of the side-head. In this group are located Constructiveness, Ide- ality, Sublimity, Imitation, and Mirthful- ness. These faculties tend to humanize, and refine, and elevate life and character. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Constructiveness is eminently an in- ventive and tool-using faculty ; it is pos- sessed by men in common with some of the lower animals ; and if we look about us, we shall see that mechanical inven- tion and ingenuity constitute the source of much of the wealth, and nearly all of the comforts, conveniences, and elegances of life ; this faculty, therefore, is one of very great importance. It is located in the region of the temples, backward from the external corner of the eyebrow direct- ly forward of the organ of Acquisitive- Fig. 136. Constructiveness Lahge— Count Von Mot.tke. ness. Without the faculty of Construct- iveness no man could live where winter reigns three or four months in a year ; and we find that in hot climates, where housing and clothing are comparatively unnecessary, the faculty of Constructive- ness is not much developed. The North American Indian, living in a cold climate, where he is obliged to fabricate ingenious, contrivances for catching fish, killing game, and making for himself clothing and shelter, has a good development of this organ ; while in the torrid zone, especially in Africa, the negro is seldom much developed in that organ. When removed, however, to a cooler climate, and work more or less mechanical be- comes necessary, this organ becomes bet- ter developed than it is among the people of his native land. In any climate suited to the best development of the human race, employment that calls into use Con- structiveness and ingenuity seems to be 140 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. about as natural as walking; hence, we notice the little girl enjoys life as well while using her scissors and needle in the construction of dolls' clothes, as she would in mere play and sport ; and a boy tries to build a cart, and constructs railroads, and boats, and water-mills, and appears Fig. 137. King Ltjdwig. Ideality Large. to take great pleasure in the processes. There is no education in life in which a good development and proper training of the faculty of Constructiveness would not foe a benefit to the person. If he be a Fis. 138. Eubens. Ideality, Form, and Color. lawyer, cases arise in which mechanical invention may be in question, or the ex- cellence of workmanship in some manner may be the point, and it is a pity that the great lawyer should have neither talent for mechanism nor any knowledge oi training in respect to construction in gen- eral. Three-quarters of the merchants require mechanical talent to understand the construction of the articles which they have occasion to sell ; and to be a hard- ware man, one needs all the talents that are required to manufacture the goods that are to be sold. If we think over the great names which history delights to honor, those who have benefited the world by inventions come to the mind and the lip instantly. The steam-engine is doing so much, that its inyentor, James Watt, may not be forgotten. When we think of electricity and the uses which are made of it, the names of Franklin, Morse, and Edison are suggested. In this age of steam navigation, Fulton, Ericsson, and Koach may not be forgotten. The sound of the power loom and the spinning-jenny reminds us of Arkwright and Slater. Our morning paper should call to mind Hoe, the inventor of the mammoth printing- press. Whatever is made by the sewing- machine will keep the memory of Howe in the minds of the public. And whoever crosses the wonderful suspension bridges of Cincinnati, Niagara, or Brooklyn, will remember Eoebling. And the farmer old enough to remember the old-fashion scythe and cradle, will think of McCor- mick with thankfulness and pride, when he sees the golden harvest or the waving grass levelled without severe labor of man by the reaper and mower. And not to forget the special service of Ericsson in the invention of the propeller steamship, and especially in the total revolution in naval warfare by his invention of the Mon- itor, must lead us to feel that those of the human race most deserving of honor, not to say crowns, must be looked for not alone among poets, and orators, and phil- anthropists, but among inventors whose inventive talent and skill have made the earth smile with improvements, and changed the solitary ocean into a field of pleasure. This faculty has two or three modes of activity ; one is that of invention, another is that of practical construction. It some- Ideality and Sublimity. 141 times seems to work with perception, and then the development is to ward that group of organs. When the mind takes on the financial speculative spirit and Construct- iveness seems to be the chief factor, it works in conjunction with Acquisitive- ness, and the two organs will seem to be developed, as it were, from one- base. When it works in the direction of inven- tion, the development is upward in con- junction with Ideality, and the practical phrenologist will readily infer the mode of activity. IDEALITY. Ideality is located directly above Con- structiveness, and its office appears to be adapted to appreciate and minister to beauty, perfection and refinement. The artist whose skill is employed in works of beauty, must have this faculty strongly marked. We look abroad into life, and find that nature is full of beauty; utility seems to be sought in a thousand things, but generally that utility will be glorified by beauty. The orchard is fragrant and glowing with blossoms, even the thistle, which is a standing declaration of war against nearly everything but donkeys, who are said to eat it, is surmounted with a crown of glory. In the depths of the sea, shell and the coral bespeak beauty in a thousand forms. The taste for de- coration and elegance which is manifest in a thousand ways of dress, and houses, and furniture, and with almost everything that has a utilitarian purpose, must be crowned with ornament. Ideality enjoys beauty of thought, of motion, of language, and of colors; co-ordinating as it does with the faculties which produce these results, it tends to beautify the whole. Without Ideality a man's language may be logical, but it will be as dry and as sharp as a last year's chesnut-burr. We find strength in straight lines; but the curved, by mechanism and art are em- ployed to give beauty as well to articles of strength, and thus the most massive machinery will have its graceful lines and its decorative forms. Ideality seeks ele- gance of diction; it does not ignore logic, but adorns it. It seeks the truth, but chooses a beautiful dress in which to clothe it. SUBLIMITY. This faculty becomes a co-worker with Ideality and Constructiveness, in the ten- dency which it gives to enjoy and deal in that which has grandeur. One can not cross the Brooklyn bridge without feeling a peculiar inspiration of Constructiveness when he considers the combinations that go to make up that wonderful structure, and as soon as his mind has comprehend- ed the construction, and feeling, as it were, the strength and stress of each part, and how they co-ordinate to make up the ultimate of strength and harmony of power, all at once there flashes over him a sense of the greatness of the work ; if he lift his eyes to the granite towers that seem to challenge the sky and the storm, it almost takes his breath ; then those long stretches of cable, sweeping from shore to shore with graceful curves ; and taking the whole structure into one whole grand idea, a feeling of sublimity is awak- ened ; the question leaps to the lips, "And has man, puny, slender, small as he is, done this majestic work, wrought out this mighty plan to span the stream ?" If one sailing up the harbor gets a good view of the bridge two miles away it looks like a delicate, slender structure, and the sus- taining cords which attach the road-way to the cables, that seem large and strong when one is present, dwindle into thin, almost spider web lines in the distance, and then Ideality takes it as a picture of beauty, harmony, elegance, and even deli- cacy. Men in whom this faculty of Sublimity is strongly marked, especially if Firm- ness, Self-esteem, Combativeness, and De- structiveness are well marked, enjoy grap- pling with great works like the Brooklyn bridge, the tunnelling of mountains, mak- ing aqueducts, rending of rocks, and lift- ing ponderous weights, and building struc- tures that are marvels of bulk and power ; while a man with large Ideality, Construc- tiveness and a Mental temperament, with 142 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. but medium Firmness and Self-esteem and Sublimity, and the organs of force mod- erate, will dwell with delight on the little, the ornamental, the delicate ; he will en- joy working at jewelry, at fine engraving, and the lighter kinds of mechanism. A man was under our hands for exami- nation ; we found in him a combination which indicated a desire to do something startling, large, brave, peculiar, and we described him as fond of engineering, blasting rocks, tunneling mountains, any- thing that would furnish an outlet for force, and that grasp of spirit which seeks to master the ponderous and the resistant. When we had finished the examination, we asked the name to attach it to the writ- ten statement, and he looked up with a puzzled, queer expression, and answered "John Smith"; we entered it on our book of record as "John Smith" to be attached to the statement, and then in- quired where we should send the docu- ment by mail, and he said " I will call for it;" and at the time ajapointed when it should be done he came in, read it care- fully, and found that all the statements were faithfully copied, and looking up with a smile said, " My name is not John Smith. I gave you that name because my name is peculiar, and you would have re- membered having heard of it, and I did not wish you to hear until I had got the full report copied and in my hand, and I wished to get the statement without any inkling on your part as to my name and career." He then said, "My name is Sutro, the maker of the Sutro tunnel so called, which drained the great Comstock mine near Virginia City, Nevada. " Headers who may not be familiar with the matter, will understand when we say that the mine had been sunken into the mountain to a very great depth, and the water came into it so rapidly that it cost too much to pump it, besides the heat in the mine had become very oppressive and it was difficult to ventilate it, and they were about abandoning one of the richest mines the history of the West had re- vealed. Of course it was talked about, and while engineers did not solve the problem, a man in San Francisco, whose pursuit and occupation was that of a tailor, studied up the subject, quietly stepped from the board, and commenced at the base of the mountain, ran a tunnel in on a slightly upward grade, and tapped the great mine, allowing the water to flow out, permitting the air to work its way in and ventilate the shaft and the works, and thus furnished a channel for a railway to bring out the material from the mine, without the labor of lifting it to the mountain top, and this man was Adolph Sutro. He had in his organization the tastes which belong to such engineering, and when the want of such a work came to his knowledge, his Constructiveness, Sublimity, Combativeness, Destructive- ness, Firmness, Self-esteem, and Hope, with large perceptive power, combined to bring out the result ; he was an engineer and did not know it, but common engi- Fig. 139. Lieut. James B. Lcckwood, the Arctic Explorer. Sublimity and Ideality Large. He went nearer the North Pole than any other man. neering would not have aroused him, would not have developed such activity in his strong faculties, but he could see a million of money for himself, and such prosperity for the interests involved, as to make his own reward sure, and he made a single bound from the tailor's bench to successful engineering. It was said of Roger Sherman, that he laid aside his shoemaker's apron and signed the Decla- ration of Independence ; the shoemaker's bench contained a statesman, and the fatherhood of an eminent posterity, and the occasion called him out. IMITATION AND PERCEPTIVE ORGANS. 143 IMITATION. This faculty seems to be a modifier, it works in every direction ; it teaches uh to imitate in the way of art and mechanism, in the way of manners and habits, whether religious, aesthetical, intellectual, social Fig. 140. Gkn. J. A. Martin. Imitation Large. or selfish ; if a child sees selfishness man- ifested by his seniors or his equals, he repeats it ; and if good manners are ex- hibited Imitation leads it to conformity. The little rag pickers in the gutters of Paris speak and act with the politeness of well-bred superiors. A girl eight years of age will call one of seven " Madam - oiselle," and the seven-year-old child will speak to the one who has the good fortune to be her senior as " Madame" ; of course this is an imitation, but it is an excellent thing to imitate. As Imitation leads to conformity, the tendency to copy is a wonderful educator of the young and of the uncultured, and if we have Veneration enough to respect our seniors, it we have taste enough to appreciate their superior culture. Imitation inspires us with the idea of doing likewise, then we get the approval of Approbativeness, and we come more into the socialities and the blessings and immunities which they bring, by a successful imitation of the usages and habits of those who may be superior to us ; in fact Imitation enables people one step below to form an alliance with those above them, and thus it be- comes an elevator ; it sometimes is servile and ridiculous, nevertheless it points in the right direction, and is, on the whole, a blessing. THE PERCEPTIVE ORGANS. The organs of Perception are located above the eyes, and occupy in the brain the convolutions of the base and anterior part of the frontal lobe, and constitute about one-third of the depth of the fore- head, beginning at the arch of the eye. These bring us into relation with the ex- ternal world, and enable us to recognize the conditions and qualities and peculiar- ities of matter. This group of faculties when strong give practical judgment, business talent, and common sense, and when we analyze their action, we will see the value of their separate as well as their combined action. INDIVIDUALITY. « This organ takes cognizance of things as things, without any regard to their form, density, magnitude, or color. If one takes up a handful of pebbles and sand, each grain of sand and each pebble is an individual thing apart from other things. It has been said that Individual- ity recognizes the "thingness of things," the quality of being something, no matter what, whether a grape, or leaf, a twig, an insect, an ox ; it is a something separate and distinct from other things which we can see, feel, conceive, or imagine. Those in whom this quality is strongly marked, are quick to notice everything that is presented to the eye ; and it goes farther, and enables us to recognize that which we touch, or sounds that we hear. The rattling strokes of a drum are distinct noises, and each is an individualitv. There are those who seem desirous to see a great many things, arid do not stop to study the nature and quality of things they observe. For instance, if there are many pictures on a wall, they are to such 144 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. persons 30 many individualities, whether portraits or flowers or animals or land- scapes or insects; and we have seen per- sons go from one end of a room to the other, thus filled with pictures, and ap- parently not study any one, except to see that it was not the one they had just before seen. This faculty co-operates with others in calling attention to that which may be beautiful or valuable or useful. An un- cut diamond and a bit of quartz in a heap of sand might look very much alike, and Individuality would see the two as things without regard to their relative or real value ; but if other faculties of this grr^p Fig. 140. Sir J. A. Macdonald In traveling, a person with large Indi- viduality desires to sit by the window, and will thus sit all day to see rocks and stones and trees and cattle and the same things repeated. To a person of artistic taste, the scenes that are thus devoured by the mere observer are regarded as well for their beauty. Occasionally an artistic per- son will see a vista, a natural picture ; that would look well on canvas ; he sees com- binations of beauty, but a mere observer might think it uninteresting. A child will pick up chips and bits of cloth and buttons and pebbl»s and have a basketful of those (to him) precious things, without doing more than to pass them over and look at each one without any apparent study of its uses or qualities ; he would call the collection "A mess of things." Perceptive Organs Larok. were to study the qualities belonging \o the observed articles, new and beautiful recognitions of quality might be seen. FORM. Form is located between the eyeballs, and, when it is large, pushes them asun- der ; in anatomical parlance, it is in a con- volution of brain, located on each side of the "crista galli," on the plate of the ethmoid bone, directly back of the nose, and the width between the eyes is the indication of its development. Every- thing has Form, and that is the second quality which we recognize. First, that the thing exists ; this comes from the faculty of Individuality. Form next con- siders it, and it is of some shape. No two grains of sand will be found of the same Fokm, Size, Weight, and Colob. 145 shape ; no two leaves on a spray are of such shape as to be identical ; hence the faculty of Form recognizes tho difference. This faculty remembers countenances. It aids in drawing, copying, sketching, shaping things by the eye. Persons who are cutters of clothing or boots, or who are skilled in ornamental decoration, need this faculty. Form can be wrought out by rule ; we can strike a circle with a compass; we can make a square, triangle, oblong, or a cylinder, with instruments ; Fig. 142. Harriet IIosmer, Sculptor. Form. Size, Weight, and Order Large. but whatever the form, this faculty judges it, and aids in the production of it, espe- cially if it be done without instruments. The man who takes a piece of chalk at the blackboard and tries to draw a circle, will see that he has more or less facility. Some would draw a circle almost equal to instruments. Let a man try to make a square or triangle without measuring, and he will see his facility or lack of it. In penmanship, as in other kinds of drawing, Form is useful. SIZE. The next organ out toward the external angle of the eye-brow is that of Size, which enables the observer to measure magnitude and distance. Two articles may be of the same form, yet of very dif- ferent size. In sportsmen's shot we have a birdshot and a buckshot, and grades running all the way through. The form of each satisfies the faculty of Form, but the faculty of Size is required to detect the difference between the larger and the smaller to the lowest grade WEIGHT. The next organ is "Weight, which is lo- cated above the inner part of the eyeball, across the ridge of the brow, rising some- what above it. This enables us to recog- nize the law of gravitation, as it acts upon' objects which we lift, or as it acts upon our own persons. The design of the fac- ulty seems to be primarily to aid us to keep our own balance, and in perceiving and obeying the law of gravitation. Those in whom it is best developed walk with less surging, with more grace, and a better balance ; they dance with more ease, they work at anything with more harmony and a better adjustment of force than those in whom the organ is less de- veloped. In the process of intoxication, the faculty of Weight seems to be chiefly disturbed. Men sometimes see double, it is said ; that is, doubtless, a disturbance of the organ of Individuality. Men who are expert in handling a rifle, or who can play billiards with skill, or balance on horseback, or on the trapeze or the tight or slack rope, must be prominent in this faculty. Blondin, who crossed the Ni- agara river on a rope, had the organ very large, and it was noticeable in his photo- graph. COLOR. See Rubens, Fig. 138. Color is located on the brow almost di- rectly above the eyeball, or over the outer half of the eyeball, and gives an upward and forward arching of the brows. Those in whom it is large and active experience great pleasure in studying colors, and are adapted to become colorists or painters or dyers, and know when the right shade is attained. Persons who are in variety stores, and those engaged in millinery or in the manufacture or sale of dry goods, should have the organ large. The woild of beauty, as evinced through the myriad shades of color, is rich in its xianifeata- Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. tious of enjoyment to those who have the organ large. In our large public parks the landscape gardeners have studied and arranged the mere color (green) in the foliage of the trees in such a way that a man can stand at one end of a drive and have twenty-five or thirty shades of green under the eye at once. There will be trees, the dark shade of whose green borders on the black, as seen contrasted with the very light green of another tree; so all imagin- able shades of green are thus represented, and in driving for miles hardly two shades of green can be seen alike at a given sweep of the eye. Then the realm of flowers and fruits and shells and the plumage of birds opens a world of enjoyment to one who is well endowed with Color. OKDEE. Order is the next organ in the range, and almost explains itself ; its very name tells what it is for, and those who have it well-developed will feel and appreciate it without remark. Fig. 143. Richelieu. Order and Calculation Large. There is as much difference in people in respect to order as in respect to color. Some are satisfied to have everything mixed ; all they want to know is that the ar- ticle is in the drawer or bag or basket, and they will mine for it; another will have all things fixed— a place for each thing and expect to find it there. A venerable gentleman of Philadelphia whom we knew, named Townsend Sharp- less, was a merchant, but he had a tool, shop where implements were kept, and. he arranged them according to his idea of propriety, had them hung on the walls se- as to occupy all the space, and then he employed a painter to paint the form of each tool as its shadow would be cast on. the wall when it was hung in its proper place — then, no matter who took down a- tool, he would always know by the picture- of it where to hang it when returned. Those in whom this is well developed can find their books in the library, their dishes in the pantry, their things in the- drawer, and if called suddenly in the night-time will go to any drawer or pan- try, and with very little trouble lay their hand on the article required. They have' a systematic way of laying off their clothes at night ; always do it in the same- manner, and put them in the same places. In short, everything they do is system - ized, and people learn what their custom and rule is, and do not need to violate it, L o the annoyance of the master or mistress, •r friends. We know persons who, if an- other came to their desk in their absence- and took a pen, an eraser, a paper-knife, or a bottle of gum for a minute's use and purposely tried to put it back the same as it was found, the owner would know on returning that it was not put just where and how it was kept. If the faculty of order were abrogated in a whole community, as it seems some- times to be in one person, it would make a great disturbance ; and when we think of the wonderful order that is kept in na- ture, especially in the motions of the planetary world, it would seem that ' 'order is heaven's first law " indeed. CALCULATION. Calculation relates to numbers or to nu- merical calculation — it is the multiplica- tion of individualities. A handful of sand is recognized by Individuality as being a congregation of units, and Calculation undertakes the process of numerating the units and finding out the number; dis- Litekaby Faculties. ■cerns that two are more than one, and three more than two, and so onto the end; it is an element of course, in accounts, «,nd the basis of the great science of math- ematics. Some people are counting constantly. We have just received a letter, in which a lady is described as having a mania — at least, a persistent habit of counting -things; but she counts five, and then five more, and asks how she can get rid of the tendency. There are others beside her who have a passion for numeration. We knew a lady who counted the stitches of a whole evening's knitting; she could not knit without counting the stitches, or she felt lost if she did. Others count the steps from one place to another. One man would say it is four hundred or eight hundred steps from the house of A. to that of B ; another counts the steps that enter a house; or that go from one story to another, and knows every flight of stairs in the house in respect to its numbers and also the numbers pertaining to the stairs of neighbors' houses. An- other will count his inspirations of breath in walking or riding from one place to another place. Numbering the times that we step or breathe seems to cut the dis- tance up or shorten it. THE SEMI-PEKCEPTTVE OK LITEKAKY FACULTIES. Those are Locality, Eventuality, Time, Tune, and Language; they have an in- timate relation to the perceptive organs proper, which have to do with the exist- ence and quality of things. If there be individualities, and those have form, size, weight, color, order and number they must have a place, a situation, they must have relative positions, and Locality takes that fact into account, if there be any oc- casion, in connection with things; if any effort be made in the way of force, Even- tuality which is the natural historian of the mind, takes into account transactions. The part of speech called the verb, is the quality which belongs to action or doing, is recognized by the faculty which takes ac- count of events, and when an event oc- curs at some place, it must be at some time, and the faculty called Time is pre- sent to take note ; and when a man tells an anecdote, and tells when it happened, and where it happened ; if he describes the forms, and qualities, and peculiarities of the factors which entered into the trans- action, all the perceptive and semi-per- ceptive faculties may be brought into use. Time has to do with periodicity, as Even- tuality has to do with occurrences, and Locality with places. Time is also co-ordi- nate with Tune, and with Language ; the musician, the public speaker, the conver- sationist need both Tune and Time. Fig. 144. Adelihe D. T. Whitney, a fine writer ot prose and poetry. See also Figs. 19, 26, 29, 33, 35, 70, 95, 109, 117. We sometimes hear speakers that will rattle on their words, and pile them in heaps, blend them together, so that it is extremely difficult to understand ; while others, whose Time and Tune are well marked, with perhaps strong Individuality and Number, or Calculation, will enun- ciate with definiteness ; they will articu- late their syllables and words in such a way that there is no confusion to tha sounds, and such a speaker may be heard with very little effort on his part, to the remotest corner of the auditorium, while 148 Heads and Faces How to Study Them. another will rasp his hearers with his strained voice, but there is a husky mix- ing of words and syllables, to an extent that makes it difficult for persons' not far from him to hear distinctly what he says. In colloquial discourse it is not uncommon to hear people utter sentences as one might throw a shovel of coal, all in a heap, and one must know the voice well, and also what kind of answer is to be expected, in order to make it out. We remember a clerical friend, who was a marvel of dis- tinctness of utterance, and he came into our office and left a little four-year-old girl, during our temporary absence, and went out ; on coming in the writer said something to the child, and she answered with such peculiar distinctness and preci- sion of tone and utterance that it instantly reminded us whose child she must be. We then inquired, ' ' How many brothers and sisters have you ? " Her reply was " There — are — three— of — them "; and the incident was exceedingly interesting and amusing, the exact repetition of the father's style of expression and distinct- ness of utterance, was an evidence of the law of inheritance, and also of the law of training ; she had inherited the tendency to speak distinctly, and the example added to the inheritance had made it perfect. LANGUAGE. Language combines with all the facul- ties ; its nature is to give expression by words ; we sometimes widen the thought to that of pantomime action a3 well as ut- terance. There is no doubt that animals can talk to each other, they express their wants and wishes, they negotiate and form plans, and some of these are so significant, it would seem as if they could also use the power of reasoning to a considerable ex- tent. As an incident illustrating the con- versational ability of animals, we may refer to an anecdote which recently ap- peared in one of the London magazines, written by a clergyman. It was this : " Within sight of his window, connected with the wing of the dwelling, there was a narrow recess in which a pair of swal- lows builded their nest. The recess had considerable depth, with one opening ; they went back perhaps a foot under the cover and got their nest completed, and they flew away for a kind of ' honeymoon ' previous to setting up housekeeping. Meantime a pair of sparrows came, and took possession of the nest, and when the swallows returned, and the time had almost arrived for the first egg to be de- posited, the birds that owned the nest, were astonished and annoyed and angered to think that their handiwork, their home, their nest, had been stolen ; they flew about and scolded, and the sparrows sat there, and would bite at the owners of the nest when they approached too near. The swahows, seeing that they were not able to contest the matter with an equal number of sparrows, flew away, and in half an hour came back with a dozen others, and then the battle began, but the swallows were poor fighters, and the sparrows being the pugilists of the air, on a small scale, were able to hold the nest. The flock of swallows retired, as if abandoning the nest, but in a short time swallows were coming in from every direction in squads, until there were hundreds of them, and they did not attempt to drive the trespassers away, but they began to bring mud, and four or five swallows, acting as masons, built up a wall in front of the nest, shut- ting in completely the sparrows with their stolen nest, and hermetically sealed it in a very few minutes ; while fifty swallows were bringing mud, the few that ooulc work at it were piling it in the wall, anc then the sparrows and the nest being dis- posed of, utterly imprisoned, the swallows brought material and built and finished a nest in front of the mud wall, and yet under cover of the building, and the same day, or the next day, a swallow's egg was deposited. " The truth is, the bird wanted her nest for the purposes for which she had built it, and the other swallows knew it, and they helped her out of the trouble, and executed capital punishment upon the invaders. There is another story, of a dog that, following his master's wagon to the market town, had been assaulted anc* Lauguage and Seasoning Okgans. 149 severely whipped by a big mastiff that came bounding down the lawn, and with- out just cause had severely punished the passing stranger. The small dog was too much injured to follow his master, and made his way home two or three miles back. In the course of a week or two, he had become so far recovered that he could sally forth again, and it would seem that he had communicated his mishap to all the dogs in the neighborhood, and one morning when the master started for mar- ket, our little maltreated dog, with five or six others that were larger, and one bouncer, equal to his enemy in size and strength, started with him, and thus they trotted along, and they must have had a signal agreed upon, as Judas did when he said ' ' Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he, hold him fast," and when they reached the farm where the old battle had been fought, the flock of dogs had been left a little distance behind ; the big dog came out to repeat his cruelty, and the little fellow pitched into him as if he were able to give him battle. The crowd of dogs that came there to avenge the insult and injury, pounced upon the invader and left him dead ; his big antagonist had taken him by the throat, while the other dogs had belabored him until his breath was gone, and then all the helpers turned about and trotted back to the place where they came from, and the little dog hurried on uninjured, rejoicing in the retribution, and overtook his master. Articulate speech belongs to the human race, though parrots and some other birds learn of men to speak ; but the chattering of geese, and ducks, and sparrows, and other birds is doubtless articulate to the ears that are native to it ; they understand each other as we understand ourselves ; their language doubtless being simple, ac- cording to the instincts and talents and wants and dispositions that constitute their mental life. If any one of the perceptive or semi- perceptive organs be comparatively weak while the others are strong, there is a de- ficiency in the manifestation ; many a per- son is rich in knowledge, but weak in speech ; another is redundant in speech, and not very strong in the philosophic side of the mind ; he talks much and says little. Where all these organs are of equal and large development, a person will take in all the shades and peculiarities of things and life and action, and if endowed with good Language will be able to ex- press in a clear, full and efficient manner all the facts, their shadings and blendings^ which he has been able to comprehend. THE REASONING OEGANS. These are Causality and Comparison, the first gives a logical tendency, the abil- ity to plan and understand causes and ef- fects. There are those who have wonder- ful practical perception, but not so much of what should be called intellectual grasp, or comprehensiveness of thought ; they Fig. 145. Prof. H. A. Newton, of Yale. President of the Scientific Association. A fine Men- tal-Motive temperament. We notice that the head lifted upward and forward, so that from the opening of the ear to where the hair joins the forehead, the length is great ; his knowledge of character, power of criticism, ability to think and make sharp analysis is his forte. perceive the outward things ; doubtless a dog sees as well as his master does all that comes within his range of vision, but he does not see it in the light of highe* logic, or in the light of art as men do •, some men will gather history, acquire in <53 Heads and Faces : How to Stud* Them. formation, learn all the practical details from the beginning, and from things pre- of business, and yet can not conduct a sent reach back to their origin, business, can not see beyond the reach of Comparison, working with Causality, their eye ; while, with large Causality, a gives the power of analysis, while Causal- 1 Pig. 146. AdetjTna Patti. Human Natube, Agbeeablene S8 , and the Reasoning Organs Labge. man will close his eyes, will see into the future, and study causes and consequences, and relate himself to that which is distant in time and place and condition ; he has excellent common sense, and he has a strong tendency to be logical, to study the why and wherefore, and know the end ity gives the power of synthesis ; Com- parison takes the subject to pieces, and studies the differences and peculiarities, while the reasoning powers combine to put together forces, or comprehend the combination of forces. "When the upper part of the forehead is largest, th«re ig a Human Nature and Agreeableness. 15] tendency to be abstract and heavy and apparently dull ; such men should relate themselves to persons who have large per- ceptive organs. The head of Lubbock, Fig. 108, shows great grasp of thought, while John Stuart Mill, Fig. Ill, and C. E. Cady, Fig. 109, show wonderful per- ceptive power, while Thos. Sterry Hunt, Fig. 117, shows a large development of the semi-perceptives, as well as the per- ceptives, and a fair development of the reasoning organs, especially Comparison. Persons with large Causality will give, in their conversation, an explanation or an exposition of a subject from first prin- ciples, while one with a predominance of Comparison, will use parables, figures of speech, will remember and utter fables, will give illustrative anecdotes, especially if he have large Eventuality and Lan- guage. HUMAN NATURE AND AGREEABLE- NESS. Working with the intellectual faculties, we have Human Nature and Agreeable- ness, though they seem to stand as a kind of arbiter between different groups of fac- ulties. The first appreciates disposition, the upshot and make-up of a stranger, and according to the sagacity which this fac- ulty imparts to an observer, will he relate and co-ordinate his other faculties in their treatment of strangers. If the faculty of Human Nature sees in a man a lordly, sel- fish, hard person, Caution, Approbative- ness, Secretiveness, perhaps Benevolence and Ideality, will be . awakened to the fact that the stranger needs to be rubbed the smooth way, then Agreeableness comes in to apply the remedy ; if through Human Nature one sees in a stranger a person who can be dominated, who needs to be advised and expects it, who wants to be assisted in making his selection in pur- chasing, or deciding what it is best to do, the observer will reach a conclusion as to which method will best serve the object or occasion of their meeting ; hence a person is silent and dignified, is modest and deferential, is arrogant and stiff in his treatment of a stranger, according to what he sees in the stranger may be re- quired. A man who travels as a canvass- ing commercial agent, will have as many sides to himself in a day's work, as he meets of different characters, and accord- ing as the faculty under consideration exerts influence with him, in teaching him what the stranger he meets may need in order to produce desired results, all the other faculties of his mind will seem to bend to that errand and subject, and a man will go "from grave to gay, from lively to severe," from subservient to austere, from plausible, mellow, genial, to a spirit of advice and dictation, and succeed in every case. And there is no fraud in this. A man is not obliged to sell to the modest, quiet man, goods at any other prices, or on any other terms than he would condescend to sell to the arrogant, lordly man; he may sell all day, on the one price system, and treat every- body alike as to the absolute facts, and yet he will tell one man how much he ought to have, ^and give it to him, and not overload him. He will modestly leave one lordly man to select what he wishes, and give him all he requires, and so changing with every variety of character, and this illustration may be applied in as many ways as there are different charac- ters to be met. The man who has caliber and can do this succeeds. In fact, a man who understands men needs less force and talent to succeed. Agreeableness seems to work with all the faculties, and will serve to lubricate them and make their action acceptable, after Human Nature has taught us how the person being treated ought to be dealt with, and how to utter disagreeable truths without giving offense, and make the lan- guage and conduct welcome to other* Agreeableness tends to put honey into the voice, and a wavy ease into the gestures and the bow, and the possession of it is a fortune to a man who has a good general organization, for he can occupy places of difficulty where most men are too tart and curt to be employed, and he will make himself so useful in the business that he will seem to be indispensable. 152 Heads and Faces : How To Study Them. PHYSIOGNOMY, AND THE NATURAL LANGUAGE OF THE FACULTIES Everything, from head to feet, of form, eize, and action, indicates, in some de- gree, the character of the individual, or state of mind and feeling in exercise for the time being. The arching or depressing of the eye-brows, the full opening or par- tial closing of the eye, the pursing or pouting of the lips, the firm set jaw, the elevated head, the lofty shoulders, the stiff attitude, the dignified and stately step, or the reverse of this, will impress each observer in respect to the changing moods which may exist in a given indi- vidual. A horse pricks up his ears when he is interested or pleased, or puts his ears back if a motion be made that dis- pleases him. Each of the mental organs has its nat- ural language, as shown in pantomime, which is exhibited by the gestures and /notions of the head, hands, and body. Children and animals read the feelings of their parents or masters by iheir motions and attitudes, which are often more influ- ential than words. The brain is the cen- tral source of motive and mental power ; every action has its root or seat of impulse in the brain and its connections, and as the mind forms purposes, the will is sent out to the extremities, and the external motions express the inward thought and feeling. Habitual states of mind tend to produce habitual forms and expressions of face and body ; a person who suffers pain for years, will have in the face an expression of the internal state ; one who has been nurtured in gladness, though the face may not be beautiful, it will wear the sunshine of joy ; one who has had care and respon- sibility, will come to show it in the face, in the walk, and in the voice, as one who has been subjugated and kept subordinate will have the word humiliation written in his features not only, but in all his move- ments and attitudes. It is interesting to observe an individual who is acted upon by different and contradictory influences. Let the reader watch two young girls as they are engaged in animated conversa- tion. The speaker suits the action and facial expression to the thought she is ut- tering, while the listener will have a smile or a cloud flash over her face ; there will Submission and Authority. 15$ be a frown to her brow and eye, and as the sentence changes in its nature, the face will be lighted up with joy, pleasure, mirth, and interest, and thus her face be- comes a kaleidoscope, expressive of the subject matter which is being uttered to her. Watch the speaker, and you will and looks sour, her Combativeness and perhaps Self-esteem are excited, and when she smiles at the next breath or sentence, her Approbativeness, Benevolence, and Friendship are awakened. In the illustration, Fig. 147, are two characters, as different as circumstances- Fig. 147. Submission— Authority. see her mouth smiling approbatively, or the lips will pout and curl in contempt or anger at the very next sentence. For in- stance, we may hear her say " I don't like her, she is real mean," and she will look sour and bitter for an instant, " But Katy is real nice, I think ever so much of her," and the sunshine of pleasure wreathes her face in smiles. The phren- ologist understands that when she frowns could make them. He who stands erect, with head thrown upward and backward, showing a large full crown as the seat of pride and Firmness and positiveness,with his full and proudly expanded chest, with one hand in his embroidered coat front, and the whole attitude one of dignified pride and positiveness and severity, the- features meanwhile with their rugged sternness fixed in hard keeping with the- 154 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. -whole body, and the dispositions which are distinctly seen in all the form and pose of the person, combine to show him to be a man that will never be trifled with; he is the " Man of Authority " and prop- erty and standing and power, accustomed to give orders and be obeyed. His very looks are law, and if he but nod the head, or point the finger, those having less of the characteristics of power and dignity, instinctively obey his will. The "Sub- missive Man," whose back is half bent, whose hips look as if in an irresolute po- sition, his knees suppliant, and his feet occupying space by permission, not by right ; his down stretched arms, holding his hat, and the crown of the head at the region of Self-esteem and Firmness in striking contrast with that of the other figure ; his soft and infirm face, his yield- ing and submissive countenance, his flabby lips and irresolute chin and cheeks, show him to be the tenant in arrears of rent, standing in the presence of his lord, or landlord, pleading excuses for his ina- bility to pay, hardly daring to expect leniency, and fearing eviction ; the plea •of short crops through drought, or the de- struction of crops by insects, or perhaps through too much rain, or frost early or late, avail little in the presence of such •dignity and domination. The submissive man expresses in every appearance Ven- eration and deference, and utter lack of dignity and pride. The heads of these two figures are directly opposite in the development of Firmness and Self-esteem, and of Benevolence and Veneration. If we could reverse their relative posi- tions, then the tenant would stand erect and the landlord would receive him with the most gracious bow of condescension. The present landlord has the development of body and brain which belongs to or grows out of long usage in being master, while the poor tenant, owning no land, and cultivating it as it were on sufferance, is robbed of his dignity and individual selfhood ; and his Veneration and Benevo- lence, the elements of subordination or humility are, on the contrary, strongly ■developed. The contrast in the attitude of these two persons is not greater than that in the conformation of their heads, and the expression and build of their faces, and these differences of appearance are justi- fied by the differences in their organiza- tion. Our lordly dignitary, destitute of Benevolence and Veneration, but amply provided with Self-esteem, Firmness, De- structiveness, and Combativeness, is not a man to relax his hauteur and import ance ; he seems to enjoy the degradation of his subordinate. We may learn from his development of the organ of Lan- guage, which swells the lower eye-lid, that the harangue with which he rebukes the delinquent will be no less prolix than severe ; the gift of speech is sometimes lavished on a man who abuses it prodig- iously; others, on the contrary, have ex- treme taciturnity; excess in one case, de- fect in the other. It need hardly be said that these persons exhibit the extremes of arrogance and submissiveness. If we can imagine a just medium between these two extremes of character, we will then have no excess, but everything needful to secure efficiency, self-reliance, and avoid- ance of that weakness which spoils the one, and that arrogance which makes the other offensive and tyrannical. Physiognomy, we use the term in this case in its broad sense, not meaning merely the cast of the eye, or the pout of the lip, or the length or breadth of the nose, the peculiarity of the chin, but the whole make-up, involving temperament and the general harmony of character, is a great aid in reading people as they are casually met in daily life. In discussing and estimating character by physiognom- ical methods, the public generally takes in the whole man ; we are impressed by the harmony or want of harmony in the figure, the poise of the head or the shoulders, the hanging of the arms, the firm or shambling attitude of the legs and feet ; if a man stands firmly on his pins, and is balanced on his spine as if he were not maintaining his erect position by vol- untary muscular effort, but as if he were built for a harmonious well poised man, Physiognomy Illustrated. 155 the general impression and frequent ex- pression is "He is a fine looking man." there is nothing to criticise, everything is so harmonious that a general commend- atory remark, if anything be said, will be the result. It is interesting to sit on a balcony, ■where one can watch the facial expression of half a dozen persons who are looking at the passing throng. One man comes stubbing by; he is stumpy, with short limbs, and body all the way of a bigness, a childish face, and with no point or posi- tiveness in his whole make-up ; another is tall, bent, lithe, swings as he sweeps along, and his motions natural and easy but aimless ; another is tall, angular, stanch, gaunt, muscular, positive, as if he were half angry and in a hurry; and the faces one finds on the balcony will put on a new expression as each person of diverse form and motion passes. Then the strong, loud, and coarse methods of dress ; some affect a finical precision, a kind of "Don't touch me " appearance ; one prides him- self in his neat foot and polished boot, and steps as if the earth were hardly good enough for his precious feet ; another is proud of his hands or his gloves; another of his necktie ; another man's central point of thought seems to be his mous- tache ; another will nurse a long beard, and pet and coddle it, as if it were the object of his thought, and the god of his idolatry; another is fond of his hat; we know several persons who take pride in a very broad brimmed soft hat, which they wear jauntily, and have the crown run up to a point, or it is dented into Alpine spurs or other grotesque form ; another cherishes a shiny silk hat, and whenever he has it in bio hand, he brushes it with his sieeve, showing that he does this at home, and unconsciously does it in company, but it tells where the man's fancy is. A young lady connected with business in New York, rides up in one of the lines of stages to her destination, and by her dress, she exemplifies a peculiar artistic taste ; her hair, which is abundant and dark, is not dressed according to the pre- vailing style, but is divided into strips as wide as one's finger, and tastily looped up or festooned, and, so far as has been seen, it would appear that it had been carelessly fastened without any regard to duplica- tion, but each lock had a graceful curve on its own account ; and then her hat is trimmed with pendant members, and around her neck she wears a scarf made of silk net work and long fringe, main- taining the same thought or taste, and then the jacket or short cloak is trimmed after a similar style; her reticule has trim- ming with the looped and tasseled swing- ing sort, and as she gets out of the stage and walks away she attracts the eye of people, but there is an air of ladylike- grace and taste and peculiarity about the whole make-up, and the willowy swing of the person, as she gracefully walks, bears' out the same idea. The writer being at least fifty years her senior, takes the lib- erty of observation, without feeling that it is obtrusive, or impertinent, and also without attracting attention. There is another who rides up in the same line of stages, and her whole make- up of dress and appearance is in direct contrast with the other; her hair is massed into a solid heap, as if it were frozen, and there is a kind of fixed severity in all the outlines of her dress, her form, and of ex- pression of face, and her walk is of the same type; she is solid, healthy, vigorous, has a firm expression of face and lips ; and the general features appear about as in- flexible as if they were marble, while the other lady has a face of varied expression, mobile, a little lank but very interesting; she never has a set, fixed look, while this lady's look is as fixed as if made in bronze. Now the whole contour and method of dress and taste in displaying trimmings, including the walk, we regard as manifes- tations of Physiognomy; an outward show of inward character. With this prefatory thought before the reader, let us look at a few portraits. Fig. 148, B. F. P., is nearly six feet high, and well proportioned ; he has a calm, self-satisfied face, seems impressed with his own dignity and worth, moves among men as if he had no favors to ask. 156 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. and was under no compliment to any- ologist will recognize Firmness, Self-es- body ; be seems to have no doubt of /his teem, Approbativeness, Cautiousness and being acceptable and welcome wherever Ideality; there is no special expression of he chooses to go, and takes no second talent ; good sense and judgment are all place. He evidently takes much pride in that can be predicated of the face; we see his hair, and well he may, for it is very nice ; he is handsome, and is relieved from any embarrassment which singular and inharmonious features impose ; in that face and build of body, that erect and quiet defiance of attitude, the phren- Fig. 148. B. F. P. Harmonious Organization. no look of tyranny, no tendency to lord it over others, but a desire to be admired by respectable people and especially by the ladies. Such an organization enjoys life, and is likely to have and deserve many warm friends. Parson Brownlow. 157 Fig. 149, Parson Brownlow, was a most conspicuous figure at Knoxville, Tenn., for many years as preacher, editor, politi- cian, and aggressive critic ; what auda- cious expression of face, the nose and the lips, the chin and the broad cheek bone, him to be honest, and knew him to be plucky, and willing to oppose openly all that he disapproved ; he seemed to take delight in pushing his views into promi- nence, especially if they were deemed im- portant, and more especially if he knew Fig. 149. Parson Brownlow, op Tennessee. wide jaw, and the fullness of the lower part of the brow, as well as the broadness of the head, spell out the literature of audacity and courage. In that face we see no duplicity, but aggressive courage. In his day and time he was a thorn in the flesh of all who, as he deemed it, op- posed that which was right ; he was a man of wonderful daring, would utter language from the stump, that no other man of his time could utter and carry off his head unharmed. Everybody believed they would meet with the hottest opposi* tion. Parson Brownlow and Wendell Phillips were as far apart in their exterior form and manner, and in their style of utter- ance, as two men could well be, and at the same time they possessed certain traits in common ; both were honest, botb courageous to the last degree, both ag- gressive and defiant, and each seemed to take delight in acting upon public senti- ment, as the coulter acts upon the soil in 158 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. advance of the plowshare, which goes anead and cuts the turf and severs the roots, and makes it easy for the plowshare to turn over the tough soil. Phillips was refined, polished, scholarly, pungent, analytical, definite, honest, and as true as steel to his convictions; Brown- low was noisy, broad in his statements, sincere in his convictions, and defiant of himself. We have seen him stand on a platform in New York, making a speech to people who differed from him in opin- ion about the subject of slavery ; he ut- tered a polished, bitter, and scathing sen- tence, which called out roars of applause, and an avalanche of hisses ; he stood quietly with one arm behind his back, with his pale intellectual face, and his eye Fig. 150. Wendell Phillips, thb Silver-Tongue Orator. towards the opposing crowd ; he lost his voice at one time, so that he could hardly speak aloud, and he said he was deter- mined to "die game," and if he "could not talk he could at least make faces at the Abolitionists and the loco-focos," he being what was called a Whig, and we think editing a paper called the Knoxville Whig. Let us look at the portrait o Wendell Phillips ; the face was classical, the fea- tures were handsome, even in old age ; he has a broad, strong chin, and therefore unlike Brownlow, always had command glittering with apparent joy, that K could stir up the elements, and when the applause and hisses that alternated till all were tired, had died down, he reiter- ated the same statement in a calm and level voice which had called down the storm, and then it roared again ; when it ceased, he uttered it the third time; there were fewer hisses, when that ceased he uttered it again, and went on. and if ever an audipc?e was flayed alive, if ever po- litical parties and theological institutions were stung to the quick, for their part m the Bubjeet of slavery which be was de- X'HE .ttlOTOUS JKEGULATOK. 15& nouneing, then and there was it done ; yet he was not boisterous, his thin hand, delicate features, and slender form did not provoke muscular opposition. If the burly Brownlow had stood there, and ut- tered similar words, there would have been a riot. Brownlow had muscular Christianity, combined with talent and integrity; Phil- Fig. 151. The Riotous Regulator. lips did not appeal to the muscular ele- ment, never manifesting anything that would excite it, but his polished invective, his vivid arguments, and his scathing con- demnation of immoralities as he viewed them, made him a power unequalled in his time during the great excitement of abolitionism. Phillips was invited to lecture in Cleve- land, Ohio, and by a strange and singular blunder, the association which invited him posted the town with bills headed " Oliver Wendell Phillips " will address a meeting at such a place, mixing the name of the "Autocrat of the breakfast table," *nth that of the autocrat of abolitionism ; and a gentleman from Tennessee heard the lecture, and although Phillips vigo- rously, without modification or without palliation, scathed the subject of slavery, the Tennessean accepted it, recognized its logic, and believed in it in the abstract. He started on the Cincinnati train the next morning, and fell into conversation with a gentleman who happened to be at the lecture and remembered having seen the Tennesseean there ; and he asked him how he liked the lecture, and he re plied, "Admirably; it was God's truth," and added, "Now, if your Garrisons and Phillipses and Beecliers would talk as that — ^ man did, there would be no just <^~~^ occasion to criticise." And when he was informed that the man he had heard was Phillips himself, though he had the Oli- ver Wendell as a prefix to his name on the hand -bills, the Tennessean said ' 'Never mind, I won't take back what I have said, I stand by it. " The truth is, Phillips had a wonderful method of making that which he said seem to be right, and men had to get away from the place before their previous no- tions would come back and oust the influence which the dis- course had awakened in their minds. Fig. 151 is also a man of might, but em- ploys different methods from the others in expressing his opinions. When Phil- lips and Brownlow were excited it set their tongues running, it awakened the intellect, and the moral feeling. When the person under consideration was ex- cited, he stopped talking, and began to use his muscle and his club ; in the field of rioting he was master; he had courage, but it was rough; he had opinions, but they were expressed by blows, and ad- dressed to the physical consciousness of his opponents. Every feature of this- man ; the very form of his hat brim, the grip of his hand upon his stick, the length 160 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. of his upper lip, the rough outlines of his face, all mean power, but power in the rougher form, power governed by the base of the brain, not by the top. ' Both Phillips and Brownlow have met such men as the man with the club, Fig. 151, have seen audiences where there were perhaps hundreds, ready to wield their force in a muscular way, and though they might howl and threaten they rarely ad- vanced to the conflict; they would expect Brownlow to meet them on the same terms; Phillips did not so much excite the muscles or the passions that find vent through the muscles, as he did the intel- lectual and moral powers. Fig. 152. John Wesley. J ohn Wesley is another man of mark ; the battle he fought was against the wick- edness of his time, and often led to noise and riot, but his weapons were of the re- ligious type. His features express deci- sion, positiveness, thorough conviction of the righteousness of his cause, while his large Benevolence, and strong religious feelings, would carry to the hearer assur- ance that he believed himself in the right. Here is a fine temperament, sensitive to all that is tender and rich in human life and experience, braced up by tba* which is courageous, conscientious, stead- fast, and intellectual ; the words sincerity, goodness, and intelligent interest in hu- manity, express much that may be seen in his face, and in the whole contour of the head and body. There are those who stride forth into the world of effort, and every motion seems a challenge, every attitude a men- ace to their opponent ; Brownlow has something of that appearance. Fig. 151 is a muscular menace, blind to reason and and moral sentiment, and his sympathy a factor of unregulated power; while Phil- lips and Wesley appealed to the better sentiments of human nature. ¥ig. 153. Health and Comfort. What shall we say of the physiognomy > of the general make-up, also of the Phrenology, the temperament, and con- constitution of Fig. 153 ? He looks com- fortable, as if he owed no man anything, and as if he had " much goods laid up for many years," or an income that would supply food and raiment, rest and recrea- tion, and all that the physical man needs without anxiety and without effort ; a pic- ture of health physically considered, but no expression of the face which means much ; he looks as if he had no special purpose to accomplish, and as if he had never done anything that gave him much anxiety or much pride ; his eye is open. An Open. Expkessive Face. indicating frankness, but not expressing culture or definite opinions. There is enough of forehead to indicate fair talent, but it does not seem to have been much exercised. His head is broad enough above and about the ears, to give him a fair degree of force, if there were anything to call for it, but he does not look as if he would take much interest in that which should happen to be the bot- tom dog in the fight; he would say "They have begun it, let theni fight it out ; neither dog belongs to me. " His development of the superior senti- ments would keep him from bring sus- pected of anything detrimental to good morals ; he would be more likely to be- come voluptuous in appetite, and in the pleasures of sense, than he would to do Anything offensive to good order in an overt and noisy way. If we study the faces of Phillips, Brown- iow, "Wesley, and of our muscular friend, Fig. 151, we shall see expression in all but when we come to Fig. 153, it is diffi- cult to say what definite expression he has, except a good-natured contentment, without an object for endeavor, or any special purpose in life but to have a good time without much effort. Fig. 154 is an expressive countenance ; we may say an open face, an animal face without vicious inclination ; his heavy cheek, especially the lower part of it, in- dicates that the dinner bell rather than the church bell calls him to his devotions; that he loves to eat, that he enjoys nearly everything that is eatable, especially if there is enough of it. Alimentiveness, in phrenological language, would seem to be his forte, that he would meditate on the probabilities and desirabilities respecting dinner, as soon as he had finished his breakfast ; would know the lore of the dining-room, riore than of the library or the church. We have seen some men of whom his head and face remind us in a meat market, and if there is anything in the way of work that he would do with a gusto, it would be farming out the roasting pieces in a quaiter of beef ; he would know where the tender steaks could be found ; he would understand the best cuts, and be ready to cut them ; he would charge a high price, and do it with the utmost sang froid ; he would never blush if he were caught in making wrong change or wrong Fig. 154. An Open Face. weight, he would simply laugh, and cor- rect the error and seem to do it in all in- nocency. That is a one story head, the talent is practical, so far as it goes ; he is ener- getic, strong in muscle, willing to use it when he has anything to do ; he will square off and spar with his best friend. If he had sufficient intelligence, he would make a capital cook ; he would prefer to be the lord of the larder, than to be very far removed from his base of supplies. He would be fond of horses and dogs and dinner, and when not annoyed, one of the best natured men in the world, for he is physically comfortable, and relishes life through the physical sense:-? admirably. This man represents a class whose brain is mostly in the base ; they are ' ' of the earth earthy," live for the body and the pleasures of physical sense solely ; gener- ally get, if they have a good chance, only enough of education to write their names, and poorly at that ; they deride all that is religious or spiritual, and pursue any- thing that will gain for them food and fun. 162 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. In portrait 155, we have the expression of strength, earnestness, persistency, posi- tiveness, intelligence, integrity, and mag- nanimity; unlike Fig. 153, though his eye is wide open, hers means something; the see that chin, how full of meaning and de- cision; the elements of love are strongly manifested there, as well as resolution and power. There is in that cheek, especially in the corner of the mouth, the indication Fig. 155. Elizabeth features are regular, but they are full of power; compare that nose with Fig. 153, the lines of which may be more classical, more elegant, but how deficient in char- acter; the nose of Fig. 155 means ' ' Clear the track for I am coming," "I am in earnest," "I will not comiDromise, " "I will not extenuate," "I will be heard." Compare the lips with those of Fig. 148 or Fig. 153, and see the world of charac- ter by contrast ; they carry resolution, determination, affection, ardor, strength ; Net, German Sculptor, of delicacy and refinement, combined with strength ; look at the pose of that head, defiant, determined, ambitious, proud, positive; how firm the neck ! the breadth and strength of the shoulders, how im- posing ! What an intelligent forehead, prominent in the lower region, indicating method, discrimination, practical talent;, memory, power of analysis, and knowl- edge of character. That is a dramatic head and face, and every expression and attitude means power and purpose. Grand Duchess Ajlexandrovna. 163 Portrait 156 indicates reserve po^ver ; the head seems to be large and well poised, the forehead massive and thought- ful ; the gathering and holding power is represented, rather than the power to ex- thus opened before her a life of achieve- ment and endeavor, it would have made a marked difference in her expresnion oi face, as well as in her character ; a woman surrounded as she has been, is more gen- Fig. 156, press it ; in that face we see prudence, steadfastness, breadth of life, not so much activity and animation, as power to act tinder circumstances of pressure and im- portance. There is in the nose and lips, and outline of the face, and expression of the forehead and eyes, and in the ears, in- dication of refinement, culture, taste, and discrimination. Her cultivation has tend- ed to prune and guide, and perhaps con- solidate, but at the same time suppress the strong outward workings of her effi- cient nature ; if she had been a man, and had received a military education, and had Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, of Russia. erally like a pruned hedge than like the luxuriant growth of the thorn bushes that constitute it ; but the face is handsome, refined, and massive ; the head is broad, strong, comprehensive, with solid talent and character. Fig. 157 has a fine expression of face, rather harmonious, indicating substantial characteristics, definiteness of purpose, but not much aggressiveness ; there is the basis of good scholarship, sound sense, strong moral feeling, great dignity, firm- ness, and self-possession, with decided force of character, but held under restraint 164 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. by cultivation and strong moral power. The head rises high, upward from the ear, in the region of the crown, where el- ements of prudence, reputation, integ- rity, steadfastness, and dignity are prom- inently manifested. in his face ; see what refinement of mouth and nose and eyes ; we do not in his fea- tures see the strength of Brownlow 01 Phillips or Wesley, and what a contrast between his features and those of Fig. 151. In Neal, logic, criticism, wit, taste, Fig. 157. Mi Fig. 158, Joseph C. Neal, a natural wit, philosopher, and poet; he never weighed more than 115 pounds, sixty pounds too Fig. 158. Joseph C. N>al. little, and his head measured twenty-three inches ; he had the delicacy of girlhood S8 A. ARNOLD. poetic refinement, imagination, and sym- pathy were the law of his life. He was a writer for the press in Philadelphia, and said the wittiest things of his time. His great brain wore out the weak body with which it was allied, and he went early to the grave, one of the most delicate and sensitive of men. Fig. 159, and those of the silhouette sort which follow, give vivid illustration of the effect of mere outline. Where the writer sits in his office, he sees at a long, distance the front door, which opens on Broadway, and when people come in, the light in the early part of the day is mainly delivered upon the back of those who enter, thus leaving their faces in entire shadow; nevertheless he has learned to know every person he is acquainted with, by the mere outline of the body, accom- Profile Illustrations. 165 panied, of course, by some indications which motion supplies. Imagine a picture cut out of black paper, representing the outline of a friend, in full front or back view, of course no feature of the face appearing, Fig. 159. Silhouette. and it will be interesting to consider how perfect the impression will be, as to the identity of the person and his peculiari- ties ; in point of fact we see people's faces more in the profile than we do in direct front view for when we are listening to the conversation of two who are facing each other, they present their side view to the spectator, and we can with propriety look at an individual while his face is turned at right angles from ours, and gaze at the features until every line of the pro- file becomes thoroughly impressed on the memory; but when the person turns and faces us, we either look directly in his eyes or else avert the eye. Thus we look at our friends ten times more in profile than in full face, where there are half a dozen in a company, for people do not feel at liberty to stare squarely in one's face and study the features. Now in Fig, 159 we see the high crown of head, the dignity and determination which that evinces; we see the length of forehead from the ear, showing intelligence; we see the fullness of the lower part of the forehead, indicating practical talent ; we see the dignity, the steadfastness, the ag- gressiveness of the nose; we see the pro- truding lip, indicating affection and sym- pathy, and the prominent chin evincing affection, and any one would be prepared to lift his hat if he met such a face and head. Contrast that with Fig. 160, that chunky, stubbed head ; high enough, to be sure, but short from the ear forward ; a snubbed nose with Celestial tendencies, indicating neither culture nor intelligence; and such a voluptuous lip; a mouth with- out expression, except of animalism and sneering contempt ; the chin with no def- inite relation to the rest of the face, ex- cept its clumsy awkwardness; and a big short neck without lines of grace, beauty, or strength. In some out of the way neighborhood, or by-lane, we have met with such a face ; we have seen it in a little obscure shop selling salt, molasses, cider, and stronger drinks; the impression Fig. 160. Snub Nose. it makes is one that is far from elevating; we feel at once that we are in the presence of a man whose life, like lr.s character, is swinish ; the yearnings and aspirations for the higher end nobler, if he have them, are but fleeting and speculative; the pre- sent, with its enjoyments, and all the sen- sual gratification that he can obtaiD from it, is enough for him. In the study of outlines or profiles, the common observer may acquire some skill r 166 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. the readiness with which they may be compared helps him toward positive con- victions; there is so much of detail and complexity in the full face, with its rapid transitions of expression, that much time, and close scrutiny are necessary to the es- tablishment of a single principle; in fine it is the changes wrought by the active mind upon the face, that make it most difficult, if not altogether impossible to formulate a series of definite scientific physiognomical principles; we neverthe- less have our convictions, that are based upon eertain parallelisms existing between types of face and character, and their general truth we are not willing to ques- tion. Fig, J61. Good Grandmother. In Fig. 161 we have an outline that is agreeable; at first sight it reminds us of the genial, compassionate, talkative grand- mother; the neatly arranged cap satisfies us of the fact of her double motherhood, and we are led to envy the household that claims her as one of its members. The high and well rounded forehead, indicates poise of intellect; a mind stored with experience. We know that her ad- vice is prudent, and in the giving of it she uses words that are kindly and gentle; if she must reprove, it is with forbear- ance, and her sympathy for the little ones who come crowding around her knee, knows little imitation; in the seventies she may be, yet she is still mirthful, art- less, curious to know what is going on in the neighborhood; whatever concerns her long list of friends and acquaintances, be it ever so trifling, engages prompt atten- Fig. 162. Hope and Enthusiasm. tion. She is lively, quick, rarely at rest; from the hour of waking till bed time, tongue, hands, and feet are alert and re- sponsive to every occasion for their exer- cise; when the reaper takes her from the home circle, her empty chair becomes long a sad reminder. Then comes in fine contrast to grand- mother, Fig. 162, the girl just on the mar- gin of maidenhood and the side of indul- gence; she is quick witted, eager and ready; one minute deeply interested in describing some ever-so-funny occurrence at school, but before the denouement has been reached, she suddenly breaks off to ask you a question about some entirely remote matter, suggested by one could not tell what, it might have been a fly on your face, or a straggling lock. A girl of twelve or thirteen is a problem, a mix- ture of incongruities; at one time sur- prising us by a remark that seems to be the outcome of an unusual philosophical insight, and at another manifesting an arch, yet exasperating stupidity, with re- gard to the simplest truth; she can, how- ever, pour in upon one a broadside of questions, from which we would fain fly in utter confusion. Contrasts of Heads and Faces. 167 Look at her in our picture, keen, bright, ready, pert, coy, confiding, loving, a reservoir, as it were, of untried possibil- ities. On the street we frequently come in contact with the character represented in Fig. 163. The Professor. Fig. 163, we know his style and gait at once; people dub him "Professor" for he affects the student, the man of ideas, especially of new and peculiar ideas, of which he claims to be the discoverer ; usually he is related to some vocation of an artistical nature, upon which he de- pends for his living; a painter, draughts- man, a photographer, and in this he has grand schemes for improvement, and lacks only the pecuniary means for their development which would certainly startle the civilized world; give him the opportu- nity, and he will buttonhole you for an indefinite period, and if you do not indi- cate some respect for his views, he men- tally pronounces you wanting in culture, or wrapped up k a mantle of profound selfishness; nothing, however, can shake his self-possession; no emergency disturbs his composure, and his glib tongue can frame with extraordinary definiteness a pretext for conduct, however inexcusable in a truly practical sense. He belongs to the large class termed cranky, and any imputation for eccentricity that comes to his ears, is flung back scornfully as the utterance of old fogyism. The wearing of the hat, style of the beard, its anti- quated point, longhair, the nose, all mani- fest an individuality that irresistibly im- presses one. These are but parts of the tremendous whole, of variety of profile which must strike the reader when in a mix^d com- pany ; there is always room for specula- tion in such study, and the speculation may not be altogether without result. Deviations from the normal or standard type of face, suggest impressions favora- ble or unfavorable, and he who follows them is not often led far wrong. It is startling to observe the striking differences between people; all observers will bear in mind that it is a rare thing to see a face or form, in respect to which no criticism will be suggested, and rarely the features are so harmonious as to balance each other, and yet be expressive. Where all parts of the head are equal and fully developed, where nothing can be desired as to form of head and face and body, where the size of the head and that of the body indicate harmony and balance, so that health and strength and longevity Fig. 164. Julia Domna. may be reasonably inferred, the cases are so rare, that one fails in his investigations; though he sees much to admire, he in- clines to ask "Where can perfection of organization be found ? " 168 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. Julia Domna, Fig. 164, has a classical head and face, one is impressed favorably in respect to every feature ; the head and face seem to harmonize, and each part appears to be well adapted to the other parts . In Polly Bodine, Fig. 165, the reader nay see opportunity for criticism. The Fig. 165. Polly Bodine. head from the opening of the ear upward and backward, in the region of Self-esteem and Firmness, is enormously developed ; the middle of the top-head seems de- pressed, and there is not a line in the whole head that seems right. There is evidently a great deal of power, but it exists in the direction of pride and stub- bornness and passion. There is enough of intellect to show tact and ability to plan, but it would be sup- posed that such a head would work in the direction of selfishness. The face lacks -he loving mouth; the lips look pinched, critical, fault-finding, unloving, and un- lovable; the nose is long, sharp, inquisi- tive, inclined to interfere and disagree, and with that broad head and high crown she is not likely to make herself loving and agreeable. Many years ago she was accused of and tried for murder on Staten Island, but from some cause was acquitted. The head and face show a great contrast with those of Julia Domna. A quick observer will notice anything that is strange or peculiar in the make-up of a person, and as one moves about a great city, his attention will be called to people who don't care for their appear- ance, on the one hand, and to those that are dressy, vain, and finical in all their make-up, on the other hand. Fig. 166. The Decayed Politician. In Fig. 166 we have the outline of a man "who has seen better days," and who has "hope for better things"; he has a pretty good face, originally he was good looking ; had good altitude and good form; he belonged to a respectable family and attended to business for years, dabbled in politics, became dissipated, his business was neglected, and we find him on the shady side of a downward career. Mb. Dandy " Tueveydkop. " 169 He seems to be in a bar-room discoursing to others relative to public affairs; the cnances of the election of his candidate in the ward. He has a long narrow head with but little force of character, it is nar- row between the ears and flattens his hat at the sides ; each feature in- dicates dissipation, and yet the general make-up of the man gives us a sense of his former respectability. He appears to have his enemy behind his back; the bottle and the glass, which he had just courted, and the bar, have been his bane, and it is evident that but for drink and unworthy associates he might have been a gentle- man and a success in life. "MR. TURVEYDROP." Fig. 167 is a startling con- trast to Fig. 166 ; in him is seen the dandy, from head to foot ; care and pains and pride, sweetened with vani- ty, seem to prevail. Bee that wealth of hair piled up on a depressed forehead ; how carefully it has been treated. The face and fore- head indicate superficial and ready intelligence, while his fullness of head at the crown shows predominant Appro- bativeness ; his dressing ot the neck, the buttoned coat, the frilled front, the gaitered pants, the massive watch- chain, the style of coat, the way he holds his hands and the manu- script which he is evidently presenting to some dignitary in the form of an address ; the whole make-up of that man indicates the dandy, the " Mr. Turveydrop " of his time ; the pink of respectability, of style and fashion; "deportment" with him is the dream and labor of his life ; he is po- lite, refined, attentive to the amenities of life, but superficial, heartless, and largely insincere. If such men have money and do not become dissipated, their vanity will lead them to make life pleasant and acceptable to others, but they generally make themselves objects of good-natured and half contemptuous criticism. Fig. 167. Mr. Dandy "Turveydrop." Fig. 168 represents a type of character which may be found in connection with seats of learning ; he may be called the profound thinker ; absorbed in his own reflections he dreams as he walks ; his arms are crossed behind his back ; his head bent forward in proportion as he is destitute of Firmness, Self-esteem, and Approbativeness, and, in general, weak passions. 170 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. The base and back region of his head is deficient, the great mass of his brain is forward and in the superior region of the head. A man of this character will be inoffensive; he dwells in the realms of Fig. 16& The Profound Thinker. metaphysics and abstractions; he is fond of solitude and protracted meditation; he is inattentive and absent-minded, as he walks, he knows not and cares not where; is entirely absorbed in his own thoughts; sometime goes astray, forgets the time, fails to recognize acquaintances, and scarcely perceives what is passing during his long preoccupation. It is not Causality alone, but strong Spirituality and Ideality which give him his dreamy look and abstract condition of mind. Behold the contrast in almost every respect between this and the fol- lowing likeness. In this, what a sluggish, hard, coarse- Fig. 169. Bad Organization. grained organization! Not of the head and face merely, but extending to the very feet. Is there an outline, a feature of the feet, the legs, the hips, the arms, the trunk, the shoulders, the neck, or the head and face which seems easy, natural, Rectitude and Dissipation. 171 and desirable ? Here there is too much body for the head, and what he has of head or brain is all in the base, while in the former figure the upward and forward parts of the head are large, and the base and back-head are small; exactly the re- verse indeed of this. This we call a bad organization, de- fective in quality, rude in form, an ani- mal in brain, without intelligence, moral- ity, or dignity; he will use his intelli- gence only to pander to his propensities ; such a man given up to himself inclines to evil by the vileness of his propensi- ties, and after great crime against nature and society he is liable to fall into the hands of repressive justice. In the expression of this head and face one can hardly anticipate anything but propensity and passion, not guided or regulated by intelligence or morality. The face has a greedy, stealthy look, and so far as he manifests intelligence, cupid- ity, cunning, brutality appear; such an organization if traced, would be found the product of generations of people who have lived in poverty, ignorance, and bru- tality. If we can cultivate such a person in any degree out of his debased condi- tion, persons similar to this can be pro- duced from better soil by adverse cultiva- tion continued for generations. Our profound thinker, represented in Fig. 168, is the result of culture towards intelligence, refinement, and morality, to the neglect of bodily vigor, and the homely virtues of energy ^.nd industry; one has been so much refined as to amount to little of value to the solid work- ing realities of daily life, the other has been cultivated away from morality and intelligence, and all that is brutal has been developed. Each is an illustration of culture, but in opposite directions. Habit and health do much to modify organization, and especially to build up or pull down physiognomical expression. A MARKED CONTRAST, Figs. 170-171. In these two figures, how marked the contrast. When they were boys together in the academy and college they looked more alike than the pictures present them at the age of forty, yet of course they had differences of character and constitution, but their mode of living, their method of exercising the functions of the mind and body, have produced largely the modified expressi on. In Fig. 170 we see ex- cellent health, a harmonious face,, as if it had been influenced by vir- tue, intelligence, and favorable sur- roundings; in fact, when he was in school, his parents being without ex- tra pecuniary means, he was ob- Fig. 170. Rectitude. liged to work his way through the acad- emy, making himself useful in the family of a physician who kept two horses, a cow, and had a few acres of ground. He had no idle time, had an abun- dance of exercise of a laudable kind in the work and care he was obliged to bestow as an equivalent for his , ^ board ; his thoughts were concentrated on useful topics, not en- gaged in cogitating Fig. 171. Dissipation. how he might have what young men some- times call "a good time" at the expense of some farmer's cherry trees or water- melon patch, or how gates could be changed on door-yard fences, or a billy goat taken to the belfry of the church and tied to the clapper of the bell. He used no tobacco, no liquor, ate wholesome food, sought his pillow because he was weary and awoke in good season because he had something to do, and acquired an appetite for his break- fast while he earned it, and at the tap of the school bell was ready and prompt in his attendance. Now let us study the contrasting face and character of his proud classmate, Fig. 171, 172 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. DISSIPATION, •who had plenty of money; he knew every brand of cigars, the cigarette had not yet ■come to curse the youth of the land ; he was familiar with the opera, knew about the rules of yachting and base ball, visited the shooting gallery and was accounted a good shot; was considered a good judge •of every luxury that stimulates and ex- cites; talked horse and devoted himself more to these topics than to his books, often "went to bed mellow" and stupid in the head, and when he managed to graduate he considered himself a gentle- man much superior in standing and pros- pect to the poor young man who had worked his way through college In twenty years they met, one stalwart, healthy, respected, happy, honored by his fellow citizens with office and trust and emolument; the other having squan- dered his estate "with riotous living " is troubled now to get even the husks of charity to keep his demoralized soul and worthless body together; he drains lager beer casks for his stimulus when no one treats him, because he is now too low to be treated often, and sneaks into the gut- ter to pick up cigar stubs with which to load his black pipe; is glad to find an old ihat that has been thrown into the ash bar- rel, and his face shows the history of his downfall. We have seen men as low as he who have become reformed, well housed, and well fed, and in two years' time he would plump out the face and give a new cast to the eye, new expression to all the features, and a new pose to the head; yet a careful observer would see lines and shadows which demoralization had left. The physiognomy of virtue and vice startles us as we view the extent to which the features may be debased, and also the degree to which plain features may be illumined by virtuous success. These must be seen to be fully appreciated, and yet our fallen friend, Fig. 171, has never become what the world calls criminal, he has simply been the victim of pride which scorned industry and worthy work of any sort, and was of that easy, pliant type, yielding to habits that have unmanned and unstrung his whole physical and moral make-up; he has not necessarily been vicious and outrageous, but has sat in a half -drunken mood and sung, "We won't go home till morning," and some- times not even then ; his life has become simply a worthless nuisance. There are those so organized that they become fear- fully depraved and outrageously wickea, a terror to all their acquaintances, if they indulge in drink and other demoralizing habits ; but here is a son of respectable parents who were wealthy and brought him up with a sort of contempt for work and for people that had occasion to use endeavor for their own support, and his luxuries united with false pride made him a wreck. Fig. 172. Physiognomy op Dyspepsia. We now have another pair of faces ivJvh contrasting Physiognomy and Physiology and mentality. Fig 172 has a long face and massive and dignified chin, with lank- ness outward from the mouth and only a fair degree of fullness outward from the nose ; he has good reasoning intellect, but not a great deal of force ; is upright, kind and moral. Among other things aside from the indications of love attributed to the chin, he has in the chin the sign of steady and substantial circulatory power ; his heart moves as steadily and strongly as "the old clock on the stairs," is never in a hurry, never behind hand ; whatever he may suffer in the way of disease, a dis- turbed circulation will not belong to the list ; he would be more likp]y to have dys- pepsia, or difficulty with the lungs. Peculiar Heads and Faces. Fig. 173 is, in most respects, a contrast; the head is apparently broad at the region of the ears ; the face between the eye and the mouth is very broad, and the cheek Fig. 173. Circulation Poor. bone broad, high, and large, which indi- cates abundant breathing power, while the cheek outward from the mouth is appa- rently well developed, indicating good di- gestive power m contrast with Fig. 172 ; but behold the little chin, the face is ut- tery demoralized by its want of develop- ment; such a man's heart nutters at every excitement and he is liable to what is called an affection of the heart, or a stop- page of it, especially if he is in the habit of using coffee and tobacco, or spices. He has the practical intellect, quick in- telligence, aud good talking power; he is brisk, thorough, earnest, but lacks the calm stability of Fig. 172. And thus we may go on showing con^ trasts, just as a person walking among strangers or watching the crowd on a thoroughfare as it passes and wonders when and where a harmonious face and form, constitution, and mental develop- ment may be found; it is a much more difficult thing to do than one at first would suppose. Let the reader try it as he watches the well dressed throng passing any given point on the street, and he would not see a face in Ave thousand that he could not instantly see something in respect to which his mind would criticise; a face is too long or too short; the nose is too large, too thin and long, too broad and square; the mouth, if it be looked at as a special feature, how often in a thou- sand can an unexceptional mouth be seen ; sometimes the upper lip is too thick and overhangs the under; sometimes the re- verse; a moutb looks like a square cut in the face; again it is severe, angular, con- temptuous, bitter, hard; again it is soft, characterless, a mere port-hole for food, and an export hole for talk. We remem- ber one lady without going back far to find her, whose mouth under the closest study was perfect, artistically, physiog- nomically, and physiologically correct; she may have known it herself but never appeared as if she had recognized it; she was a teacher in the art of vocal utterance to mutes, based on the science represented by signs, indicating the position of the tongue, the teeth, and the lips, and there is a literature of these signs which is rap- idly made on paper and a mute will read these indications aloud; hers was the pro- per mouth for perfect teaching by the motions and formation of the hps in ut- terance. Fig. 174. Abbott Lawrence. Fig. 174, Abbott Lawrence, was a man of magnificent figure and proportions, was as straight as an arrow, formed fault- lessly, and his motions were easy and dig- nified; he was a wealthy man of Massa- 174 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. chusetts, after whom a prosperous city regular features, without doll-like beautv was named, and at one time he was United we will not offend any lady by presenting States Minister to the Court of St. James, Jenny Lind, and a description of her or- and it was the remark in England that he ganization ; while it will not savor of the Fig. 175. Jbnnt was the finest looking man England had seen from any foreign country. We do not offer his features as beautiful but as harmonious; each part of the face being well developed, and the whole ex- pression being that of intelligence, moral- ity, harmony of mind and character, and eminent virtue and respectability; yet even that noble face can be criticised; we would make it a little larger from the nose to the chin. Fig. 175. In selecting a lady of har- monious temperament, with grand and Lind (Goldschmidt.) beautiful will impress the reader as a ma- jestic presence; large, finely formed, mas- sive without coarseness, strong without roughness, health without obesity or vul- garity, intelligence without asperity, with breadth of thought, geniality of spirit, and the whole crowned with an expression of the high moral type of development. The reader should have heard her sing as did the writer, and he would have thought of the angelic, both when he looked at the figure, or when closine- his, eyes he lister ed to the song. Jenny Lind, Sir Isaac Newton, Captain Stevens. 175 Another type of manly beauty we offer in Fig. 176, Sir Isaac Newton, indicating more of the Mental temperament, not quite so much of the Vital, and more ten- Fig. 176. Sir Isaac Newton. dency towards the philosophical and the scholarly, and had rather more of the classical type of nose, mouth, chin, and eyes. There is a type of face and form which is called aggressive; a person is inclined to assail, overcome, and conquer; some have the real lighting Physiognomy ; others that kind of pushing enterprise that overcomes distances and impedi- ments, it does not take the angry type or severe form, and yet it is aggressiye in a certain sense. Captain Stevens was the first man who crossed the Rocky Moun- tains from the United States, taking a colony with him. He is still living in California, and, of course, this picture being taken when he was old, there is some lack of plumpness which even his now lank form may have had in earlier time; the nose is of the eagle type, and the mouth seems to sympathize with the same idea. In his prime, he was a power where he moved ; keen, alert, self-reliant, positive, and plucky, more intent on suc- cess than personal safety ; to be a daring pioneer, making the first line of foot- prints was as natnral as for a fish to head up stream. A person of that type always says "I will try" ; he may not boast, but whoever expects to outstrip or out-windl or out-work or excel him in persistency and unflinching tenacity, will, in all prob- ability, soon learn his mistake. Fig. 177. Captain Elisha Stevkns. In the face of General Napier, Fig. 178, is the regular fighting Physiognomy, what a massive, bony outline is expressed Fig. 178. General Napier. in that nose; it is wide at the base, long in the wing, high at the crest, long and 176 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. prominent at the point, with that eagle form which means fierceness and power; then the shelving eyebrows and the cast- iron upper lip, long, broad, square, and massive, overhanging the under lip as if it were master, then the prominent chin, the broad hf.ad., the firm neck, are the em- bodiment of resolution, severity, courage, and power. GENERAL PHIL. SHERIDAN. Doubtless the chef d'ceuvre of fight- ing generals of modern time, or of any time, is represented by Fig. 179, General Phil. Sheridan, but in this case the Phren- Fig. 179. General Phil. Sheridan. ology is more conspicuous as the basis of his power and achievement than the Phy- siognomy; there is, to be sure, a sharp, piercing eye, there is a prominent brow, perception is keen, and General Grant says of him that he knew more about the locality and number of the enemy than any general in the field. That is a firm, projective nose, that is a very solid and stanch chin, and the cheek bone and the muscles covering it show rigidity and resolution, and such a neck and such shoulders show a fine pedestal on which to put such a capital. The head is long from the opening of the ear to the root of the nose, indicating wonderful perceptive power and clear, sharp, intellect; but notice the massive- ness of the head above and about the ears; Destructiveness, Combativeness, Se- cretiveness, all large or very large; we never saw a head with more Combative- ness, and there is Destructiveness enough to give efficiency and push in the final pinch; he may safely be regarded as the greatest general of modern times, espe- cially in aggressive assault. While there are those who will mine and manoeuvre, and perhaps ultimately compass their ends, Sheridan's hobby was to have a fair open field, and to lead his cavalry charge like an avalanche upon the enemy. We wonder how he can comfortably contain himself in the dull routine of peaceful military detail; he has, however, large Benevolence, and we should expect he would treat his friends and conquered foes with liberal consideration. SEVERITY AND LEVITY. This is unique ; probably no other one like it was ever taken since photography was known ; it is a double face, half laugh and half frown, which a person will the more readily discover and appreciate if he will lay a card over one-half the face, he will then see it is indulging in a hearty smile; if he change the card and cover the laughing side, the other is frowning as if il would take a man's head off, or enjoy biting a ten-penny nail. Janus, the fab'^d, had two faces, one looking forward and the other backward; here is a man who has two half faces and both looking in one direction but not according to one manner. This is the face of a gentleman who was a student in Columbia College, and having facial pliability and a control of his muscles he sat to a friend of ours for a photograph, with the result indicated by the engraving, and we have the photo- graph wdiich shows that it was not a made up picture. Children sometimes speak about making up faces; one-half of this is made up and the other half made down. Levity and Severity. 177 We have seen people who carried two mental faces ; they were very sour and curt with their family, very gracious and polite to outsiders, but we never expected to see such a demonstration of character as is here portrayed ; perhaps that face may be said to be a medium between " the grave and the gay, the lively and the se- vere." One would hardly suppose that an upper lip could have a smile at one end and a frown at the other ; that one eye could be lifted with an arching brow and the sunshine of joy over it, and the Fig. 180. Levity and Severity. other lowering as a thunder storm ; but we leave the face to speak for itself. "We believe that most people have more of good than ill in them, although our engraving seems to show that there is an equal amount ; and the reason of our thought is that nearly every person who looks at this, bursts out into a hearty laugh, as if the good-natured side was more acceptable to their life than the frowning side. This certainly is a study, a unique study, with more in it of fun than of phil- osophy, but it shows that the face can be moulded according to the inner thought for the time being, and be made to ex- press nearly any sentiment. Did it ever occur to the reader, speak- ing of eyes or thinking of them, that it is the scenery around the eye and not the eye itself which gives it the cast and char- acter ; yet all writers of stories, nearly every person speaks of the eye as lighting up with beauty, sparkling with animation, or lowering with rage, as if the eyeball itself had all these changing- manifesta- tions ; when, in point of fact, a well fitted glass eye, which mates the original, will carry with it, sometimes for months, to those who sit at the same table, all the changing- peculiarities of the natural eye. Under certain lights and under certain states of mind, and especially of health, the pupil of the eye will enlarge or con- tract. This, of course, will not occur to the glass eye, and if a person were in the right light, it would be seen that a strong light would contract the pupil of the natural eye and show a difference be- tween it and a glass eye ; but when the eyes are thrown in a softened light, such as we generally live in within the house, the glass eye will smile and melt and sparkle and frown and weep, exactly like the other eye ; and it is simply the sur- roundings of the eye, its scenery, which makes the difference. Now in this pic- ture, one eye has the arched brow and the upward lifting, and the elevated angle which makes it look smiling, then the cheek itself below the eye is lifted and dimpled and the corner of the mouth is lifted, giving scenery that supplements the eye; look at the other eye; it must be the same color ; it must have the same ex- pression, but the eyebrow hangs like a cliff and the fringe hangs over and shad- ows the orb ; the cheek drawn down as in sadness and the mouth sympathizing with the frown of the brow, makes the eye look severe, while the other eye is melt- ing with mirth. Many will object to this idea, that it is the scenery around the eye, not the eye it- self which gives expression. Remember we are speaking of a given person's eyes, not that one eye is not more expressive in 178 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. itself than another ; a deep blue or glitter- ing- black eye lias its own characteristics, so the gray eye, but in a given pair of eyes it is the scenery not the ball of the eye itself that gives the chief expression. GIST OF PHYSIOGNOMY. Thus character is evinced by outline, development, expression of face, attitude and motion, the whole resulting from the pregnant brain which is master of all the outward developments and which vivifies and controls its action and its growth. If the brain be inspired by noble thought and excellent sentiment, the body becomes also inspired ; and though the manners have been uncouth and uncultured the intellectual development and mental awakening will make plain features lu- minous and an indifferent form graceful in its action. Men are not aware how much possibility they carry in their men- tal and physical constitutions, or of the extent to which culture may educate, de- velop, and refine them ; truly man is the temple of the living God, of the soul im- mortal, and it doth not to many at least appear what they can do, or what under favorable conditions they may be; not one man or woman in a million is fortunate in all the influences which tend to mould or mar their form and character, and we sometimes wonder how so delicate a struc- ture, so liable to perversion, so suscepti- ble to external influences, can endure the shocks and conflicts incident to miscella- neous modes of life, without suffering even more than it does. Therefore when we find a person who is healthy, harmon- ious in development, agreeable in man- ners without flatness, strong without rudeness, wise without pride, gentle and •oving without weakness, we thank God that we have met His image and have some idea what is possible to the human race ; then for the moment every human oeing seems sacred, though abused and scarred by neglect and wrong conditions, and it is a pleasure to hope that when the conditions are improved, each human life will have room and right opportunity to reveal all its possibilities. ADAPTATION IN MARRIAGE. "Two souls with but a single thought, Two hearts that teat as one." This is the idea that has dominated in literature wherever and whenever the very interesting topic of marriage has- been discussed, and it pervades most of the thought to-day, in poetry' or prose, which has a bearing upon the relations of the sexes. Mr. Stedman says, " I hold the perfect mating of two souls, Through wedded love, to he the sum of bliss, When Earth, this fruit that ripens as it rolls In sunlight, grows more prime, lives will not miss: Their counterparts, and each shall find its own, But now with what blind chance the lots are thrown," It is the chief study of the romance writer to evolve as best he may his views upon the proper elements that should* enter into the marriage relation; he would) show how the best interests of two per- sons shall be promoted by union; he is- thoroughly aware that society is largely disturbed and muddled on the subject; statistics show him clearly enough that a vast number of unions, consummated' with the aid of the church, prove un- happy, and dockets of court are crowded; with suits for divorce, especially in this country, where the procurement of a» divorce is easy, as compared with the sit- uation in Europe. All who are conversant with sociali affairs know that in the majority of fami- lies there is dissatisfac tion ; it may not be always apparent to the casual observer,, but its effects are none the less sad. Two young people apparently satisfied with each other are united in the mysterious, bonds, in the presence of a large circle of interested and congratulating friends; they receive an excellent " send off," in the way of rich presents for housekeeping and for personal use ; their sky appears radiant with bright prospects. They begin life together, buoyant with hope; but scarcely has a month passed, when lo t a cloud of disappointment in regard to some matter lowers ; there is bickering, recrimination, mistrust, perhaps jealousy, and we find them before the year is out, bitterly set against each other. The world Adaptation in Marriage. 179 without may not know it, but their most familiar friends are made sorrowfully aware of the unpleasant situation. Among reasons people assign for this by no means uncommon occurrence is that such a marriage was one of sentiment. These two young people met each other at some evening entertainment, and were struck at first sight by Cupids dart ; that is they felt a passionate interest in each ■other, because of some superficial attrac- tion. Neither being mature enough, or thoughtful enough, to consider the actual nature of the feeling entertained ; they concluded suddenly that they were in love, and in course of time pledges of eter- nal constancy were exchanged, t and soon the altar made them husband and wife. Another reason assigned in behalf of the young lady, is that her relations at home are not pleasant, and she wants to be free and independent, to do as she likes. Another reason is want of sym- pathy ; it is applicable to either sex ; each has found in the other, one who seems to enter into his or her thoughts, to under- stand their inner meaning, and to express a kind congeniality that is most consol- ing. We might enumerate other reasons, of a lower and more practical character, in which the element of selfishness is dom- inant, but these may be. supposed by the reader. When one of the parties expects to find in marriage encouragement and support for some capricious motive, like that of fine dress, or sensual indulgence, of a disposition to indolence, or to fashion- able dissipation, unhappiness should be expected in the domestic sphere. A marriage of caprice or of passion is •usually followed by an awakening to the fact that a terrible mistake has been made, and there follows a period replete with vain regrets and agonizing uncertainty. The rapturous fondness is tui-ned to bitter repulsion— the elysium of yesterday is the gehennah of to-day. They who plunge into matrimony find themselves in a situa- tion comparable with that of the citizen of Oshkosh who had a maple tree in his gar- den. Having heard that such trees yield a delicious juice if tapped in spring time he went out one day, struck an axe into the stem and inserted a wedge in the cleft. Then he applied his lips in the cut, and proceeded to regale himself with the slowly exuding sap. Unfortunately through want of skill in its adjustment the wedge was forced out of the cleft, and our Oshkosh citizen suddenly found him- self caught by the nose in the closing slit, and in this painful and ridiculous position he remained over two hours before some one came to his relief. If ever that worthy man is tempted to imbibe maple juice again from a tree he will doubtless make sure that the wedge is firmly inserted in the gap. So some unfortunates in the connubial hond zealously protest that they will take great care before they are caught in such a fix again — if they ever get out of their miserable predica- ment. Some insist that when th parties really love each other they will b . happy, what ever may be their condition physically or financially. Yes, it may be so — but what is the nature of love ? We can imagine persons who are by no means adapted to each other, mentally or physically, to have such a love for each other, but we do not expect to find a case tnat illus- trates the assumption. Indeed, we can not understand how two persons who are dif- ferently constituted, whose motives mor- ally and intellectually are different, can associate in harmony, since the law oi con- sistent, peaceful association prescribes adaptation, congruity, a blending of feel- ings as well as interests, an understanding of the purposes of their companionship, and a mutual desire to promote those in- terests by practical endeavor. We believe that the companion, such as the true con- jugal mate should be, is a kindred being who can respond to the spiritual needs of the other, almost before they are ex- pressed. Companionship is perfect in the measure that unity is secured ; this unity may extend to every faculty of the mind and to every desire of the heart, and every experience of life ; the true mar- riage is a companionship wisely not reck- lessly entered upon, and therefore will 180 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. be productive of joy that is sweeter and higher than any words can des- cribe. In the outset it was designed by the Creator that men and women should find in the conjugal relation the promotion of their best interests, but as in all other relations, prudence, care, discretion, the sense of duty should be exercised. We look upon marriage as a law of nature, and therefore as a divine institution, and on account of its effects upon society, no human relation is of more importance. It was not designed that it should be entered upon in a haphazard, careless, spasmodic, thoughtless fashion, and were half the care that is exhibited in a well ordered business of the day, exercised by persons contemplating marriage, in the selection of their companions, we would see but little of the misery and crime now pervad- ing domestic life. As the world goes, mar- riage seems to be a lottery ; and it need not be so, with our present means of physiological and social education. Would you take away all the romance of the relation between the sexes? we are asked. Yes, if the happiness of married peo- ple must depend upon the removal of the romantic side; but it is not at ail necessary to do that. Those who truly love each other think little about romance, for there is a method in assured affection, that dis- poses of the uncertain and hazardous phases in love life. The fact remains and it is implacably prosaic that as human beings we are not sent into the world paired and fitted to each other without some agency of our own; we have selfish natures to be sub- dued, and angelic qualities to be unfolded; the true life in its every department is a career of self-training and culture, and a high idea of attainment is only secured through constant endeavor, self-denial, and moral discipline. We believe that a couple who find themselves ill-matched, could, through earnest effort, attain to a good degree of adaptation; mutual forbear- ance, kindness, conciliation, would bring about a happy concert, and they would enjoy more than the average amount of satisfacion in each other's society. So close is the married relation that the innermost characteristics are brought out, imperfections, blemishes, vices of char- acter come to light that were previously undreamed of. We have heard a young wife 9a,y, " Before I was married I thought I knew him well, and thought he was two- thirds angel, but 1 was sadly in error, for he is nearly all devil." Theodore Parker once wrote on this sub- ject in the following terms : "Men and women, and especially young people, do not know that it takes years to marry com- pletely two hearts, even of the most loving and well assorted, but nature allows no sud- den change ; we slip very gradually from the cradle to the summit of life ; marriage is gradual, a fraction of us at a time ; a happy wedlock is long falling in love. I know young people think love belongs only to brown hair, and plump, round, crimson cheeks ; so it does for its begin- ning, just as Mount Washington begins at Boston Bay, but the golden marriage is a part of love which the bridal day knows nothing of." In the very outset then, it is evident that for a happy marriage there should be a fitness of character or mental constitu- tion between the parties ; harmonious conditions are essential. There must be certain compatibilities of organic devel- opment and suoh a relation of tempera- ment that one will as it were fit or match the other. There should be certain consti- tutional endowments, that mutual likings, sympathy, friendship, and love, sponta- neously grow out of their association. Some physiologists teach that the con- stitutions of the parties should be similar so as to insure similar tastes, habits and modes of thoughts, while others contend that contrasts should be sought, so as to give room for variety, prevent a tendency to mental stagnation, disagreeable same- ness. Neither of these views express fully the true law of selection, although both are partly true. There can be no har- mony without some difference; there may be difference without harmony. It is not because she is like him that a man loves a woman, but because she is unlike. For the same reason she loves him. The more womanly the woman, the greater Adaptation in Marriage. 181 her power over men; in proportion as she to intensify their intellectual activity, and approaches the masculine in person or their offspring are likely to inherit in character does she repel the other sex. greater excess the constitutional qualities So a woman admires manliness, strength, of the parents. In an analogous way, a force in men, and contemns effeminacy, preponderance of the Motive or the Vital weakness, supineness, whenever she finds system in both parties tends to connubial it in masculine dress. In the matter of discord, and a lack of temperamental bal- physique, nature inclines us to select our ance in their children, opposite* ; the dark haired, swarthy man, is inclined to admire the light-baired, Figures 181 and 182 represent persons of blonde woman ; the lean and spare ad- highly organized brain and a nice combi- mire the stout or plump ; the plain man nation of qualities ; there is a similarity generally admires and associates with the which is at once noticed ; the elements are fair and beautiful woman; and on the so well proportioned on each side, that we other hand, we find plain and apparently should not hesitate to say that the union of unattractive women, so far as face and such parties would most likely prove favor- proportion are concerned, united to hand- able both for their own happiness and for some, striking men. Nature abhors ex- the constitution of their children. The tremes, and gives an impulse to the pro- delicacy and refinement of their organiza- duction of harmony and proportion; tions are sustained by strength of physique would make the husband and wife not and excellent recuperative power, as can counterparts but complements, that the be seen in the fullness of the cheeks and results which appear in their children be chin. Veiled by the rounded curve of intermediate, symmetrical, and therefore the features but not entirely concealed, is an improvement on either parent. The a tenacious frame-work of bone and mus- temperaments, unless they are nicely com- cle. These portraits are taken from life bined on each side, so that the organiza- and represent a young husband and a tion is well balanced and the character as young wife who are married and mated, finely proportioned as the mind is harmo- Physiologists proscribe the marriage of niously developed, should be different ; cousins, and rightly so, because in the too close a similarity in special, one-sided majority of cases their union is attended constitution should be avoided. with disastrous results ; but we think that The Mental temperament when strongly the unfortunate effects of such marriages developed in both parties has the tendency are mainly referable to the similarity of Fig. 181. Harmonious Man. Fig. 182. Harmonious "Woman. 182 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. constitution inherited from a common stock. If two cousins who wish to marry were different in temperament, inheriting their more striking- qualities of physique and brain organization from the unrelated sides of their parentage, we should not object, other things being equal, to a Fig. 183. The. Brunette. union. A close investigation into the cir- cumstances of inter-marriage, that has resulted in deterioration of families while it shows a striking similarity of tempera- mental constitution, as a rule whatever may be the temperament, disclose a more marked deterioration where the mental is in excess on both sides. Generally one with such a marked expression of the mental, as in Fig. 31, should either re- main single, or marry a woman organized like Fig. 183, she having a good degree of the motive temperament, with vitality, and sufficiently educated to share in his aspirations and intellectual avocations. It scarcely need be said here that we do not favor marriage between parties, one or both of whom are diseased, and we ap- prove the view of physiologists that con- demn marriage on the part of one who has pulmonary disease, or any constitutional ■disorder that may be transmitted to pos- terity. It is a crime against society and against Heaven to bring innocent children into the world fettered and tortured with inherited ailments. A man like Fig. 184 should remain single ; and if he married it should be merely for companionship and with the expectation on the part of the lady that she must act the nurse to him. Such a woman as Fig. 185 might be willing to do so, if he had ample means, and would have confidence in her man- Fig. 184. Ineligible. agement. An organization like Fig. 104 depleted and dyspeptic if not consumptive would be unfortunate as far as the chil- dren were concerned in any relation ; they would be few and puny and die young ; their too keen sensibilities, the excess of mental activity soon would drain their Fig. 185. Health and Happiness. inadequate supply of physical strength ; especially would this be the case did she consort with a man like Fig. 17 or Fig. 184. The Motive temperament needs an association with a partner giving a pro- Adaptation in Marriage. 183 dominance of the Vital or nutritive sys- tem. Fig. 186 should look for a lady with an exuberant stock of vitality, similar, for instance, to Fig. 187 ; the union in such case imparting energy, strength, impulse to the family circle and investing offspring Fig. 186. Positive and Enduring. with physical activity, good health, and good nature. One with a strongly devel- oped Motive temperament united in mar- riage to another whose organization is sim- ilar, would lack the warming, genial influ- ences which modify slow, rough, austere features, characteristic of the constitution; the pair would not move along in the current of progress, they would be drags upon the life of society — unless awakened by some exceptional impulse, and their children would inherit in a still higher degree their parents' homely angularities of person, and their sturdy, energetic, and rough traits of character. We have said that men having dark hair, or the motive constitution, feel drawn to- ward the fair-haired and plump women ; but it sometimes happens, from expecta- tions of personal advantage, that the motive man is joined to the motive wo- man. Pecuniary considerations should not be permitted to influence one's views in the ail important matter of marriage ; we severely condemn the man or woman who marries for money, and we think that the uncongeniality and the train of disap- pointments that occur in the course of their married life, are fully deserved. One of the natural qualifications for complete satisfaction in the conjugal sphere is health. This point should not be lost sight of, but as has been already Fig. 187. Genial and Adaptive. intimated, the Vital temperament should not be excessive on both sides, since the ardent, impulsive influence of this temper- ament leads to excessive indulgences of passion and appetite. One does not re- strain the other aDd hence they are likely to dissipate their strength, become fitful, vacillating, and indolent, and the children inherit too much of the animal nature; and' not enough of mental power : too much appetite, and love of pleasure, witn in- difference to motives of aspiration, in- dustry, econonry, and refinement. A good development of the Meotal and the Motive elements as are indicated in Fig. 119, should be looked for by one having a full Vital temperament, as the association will help to imprefk him or her with ideas of steadfastness, industry, and personal advancement, and OiScourage the disposition to ease and sel /-gratification. A finely organized, aesthetic constitution, so well shown in Fig. ,'29, should be matched with one possessing energy, sprightliness, culture, anil sympathetic feelings. Fig. 73 might n eet her want. Discordance in the close intimacy of it a r- riage would render such a woman desper- ate, while harmony would make her one of the happiest on earth. From what has been sair I it may be in- ferred that the point we ai) a to indicate is that fair or approximate balance in Ihe temperamental elements sh ould besought in marriage;what is lacking in the husband 184 Heads and Faces: How to Bead Them. should be made up as much as possible by the wife, and vica versa; one being a com- plement or counterpoise of the other, tends to an harmonious adjustment of their domestic relations, and to the trans- mission of a better development than either possesses to their children. It would be impossible in a single volume to present this subject in all its length and breadth ; we know that it is specially interesting, and that what has been said will only incite inquiry and desire to know more, we must therefore refer the reader to our books on the subject of marriage and its physiological and social relations. We recognize the inharmo- nies of ordinary domestic life, and a de- cided improvement should be brought about in them. The home and the fam- ily ace the center of hnman interests, and with their perfection will come the perfec- tion of the great body civil and political. The time will come, we are assured, when men will touch with no uncertain fingers the keys that are to render the sub- lime anthem of disenthralled humanity; the chief agent of this long desired co idi- tion will be mental science, through the diffusion of which among the people, all shall be enabled to study themselves mentally and physically, to know how they are made up, and how they may pro- mote in themselves agrowth of the higher- nature, and become in all respects well rounded, symmetrical men and women. He that would be truly mated, should first see to it that he possesses all the qualities of the true husband, and then by careful observation he will become ac- quainted with her who will be to him a true wife. Beginning first with a> knowledge of self, the study of others becomes of little difficulty, and one may determine in reference to any particular individual of the opposite sex, whether there is between him and her the gradu- ated difference which shall contribute to harmony and beauty in marriage. SELECTION OF AN OCCUPATION. As most persons are obliged to employ themselves usefully to obtain the means of support, and as different occupations require different kinds of talent and bodi- ly constitution, it becomes a matter of moment to all who must earn a living, by labor of head or hand, to select such a profession or business as shall be, on the whole, best suited to the constitution, the type of talent and mental character of the person, so as to attain the largest amount of success with the least friction of mind or burden to the constitution. It is true, doubtless, that ninety-nine men out of a hundred could win a comfortable support if rightly related to business, or if the proper profession or occupation was adopted and followed ; but people are misplaced ; those who ought to be in occupations demanding robust strength and vigor are sometimes placed in a light delicate business greatly to the dis- comfort of the operator; in other cases those who are delicate and slender are placed in pursuits that demand strength and bodily endurance beyond their abili- ty to meet. Parents choose for their children professions or pursuits which they think are respectable, or easy, or re- munerative, without stopping to inquire whether by instruction, by mental devel- opment, by habits of character there is an adaptation to the business adopted; one who should be a jeweler is made a black' smith, one who should be a carpenter is made a tailor, and one who should be employed as a blacksmith is sometimes put into a fancy store. The study of the temperaments and phrenological developments would direct each boy to the right trade or occupation, where he could, on the whole, do the world and himself the most good, and maintain his health, his cheerfulness, and his morals. The engravings in this work indicating Selection of an Occupation. 185 different styles of development with the Sublimity are located, giving him the fao- explanations which accompany them will ulty for invention, mechanical ingenuity, aid persons of intelligence to com- tact to devise ways and means and cany pare their own general make up and de- them out for the construction of anything velopment with the portraits referred from a watch to a locomotive. Observe to, and to guide them to a proper choice how wide the head is above the ears, of a pursuit. The science of phren- where Destructiveness and Combativeness- ology throws a flood of light on this sub- fill it out. He has also large Secretive- ject, and one who is expert in the profes- ness and Cautiousness, thus filling up the sion can readily appreciate, in a class of side head, from the opening of the ear young men, who is best adapted to busi- to the upward back corner, and from ness, books, or a mechanical trade. The the opening of the ear forward, in the re- following portraits will .give some sug- gion of the mechanical powers. Then In- gestions on this subject. ' head is high enough at Firmness, a point The heads and faces of these three directly above the opening of the ears, at young men represent three classes of tal- the center of the top-head. He has solid ent and faculty, and three important common sense, good reasoning power, branches of duty and achievement. good ability for financiering, great pow- Fig. 188 represents and is adapted to er to govern men, to manage and control, Mechanism. He has a firm constitution and push the cause in which he is inter- and strong temperament ; and, there- ested. fore, endurance and constitutional sta- Fig. 189, Business. That is a bright mina. He is capable of doing the work, face and a well developed head. He is- and enduring the fatigue and hardship naturally adapted to be a business man- which may be imposed upon the man who ager and a salesman. His large Language, is a builder or a mechanist. Observe the indicated by the fulness of the eye, and solidity of the features ; that strong nose the width and prominence of the brow, and solid upper lip, that substantial cheek- qualify him to take in the particulars per- bone and chin. Observe the fulness across taining to business affairs; to recognize the brows, indicating practical judgment, the details, and to describe definitely, See how wide the head broadens out, readily, and copiously, whatever he knows backward from the corner of the eye, and about a subject. upward towards the temples where Con- His large perceptive organs give him »tructiveness,Acquisitiveness,Ideality and the practical knowledge, and his full up- Fig. 188. Mechanism. Fig. 189. Business. Fig. 190. Books. 186 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. per forehead gives him a general planning ability, while his Language enables him to express his knowledge in a way that makes it acceptable and interesting to others. He has also wideness of the temple; showing taste for the beautiful, adaptation to mechanism, so that he would understand the mechanical qualities of any articles he might have occasion to sell. Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness are large enough to give him a relish for trade and business, the requisite policy to adapt himself to customers and to emer- gencies, as well as a love of property, and the desire and skill to acquire it. He has sufficient Destructiveness and Combativeness to make him energetic and enterprising, with rather large Approba- tiveness to give him a desire to please and gain approval. He has a pliable, mobile face, full of ex- pression and animation, with enough of tact and grace, policy and power of adap- tation, to meet the wants of active, popu- lar business men. Fig. 190, Books. Education, profession- al life, scholarship are evinced in that en- tire make up of head and face. Observe the length of the face from the chin to the eyebrows, as compared with its width ; it has classical outline, delicacy of struc- ture, and natural refinement. The head, corresponding with the face, is high, •comparatively narrow and long. The drift and spirit of such an organization is to- ward ideas, sentiments, books. He would become the writer, the investigator, the iiterary and theological student. The tallness of that head indicates theo- logical tendency, spirit of sympathy, rev- erence, integrity, and spirituality. He has enough of the development in the up- per side head to give him a sense of the fceautiful, the poetical, and imaginative, and if he does not reach the pulpit it will be because he is not surrounded by re- ligious influences, or not so related to education as to enable him to acquire the requisite culture. If the first of these can take mechanism or such mei*chandising as deals almost wholly in things of a mechanical character, and the second can have banking, insur- ance, dry goods, or what would be called commercial business, and the third can have an education for the pulpit, the bar, or the editorial room, they will achieve far more than they could do if the po- sitions were reversed. Young men should make no mistake in starting in life. SPECIAL PURSUITS. A Lawyer should have argumentative power, good memory, Combativeness, Ap- probativeness and Self-esteem. He re- quires the Mental- Vital temperament, to give the intensity of feeling and clearness of intellect; large Eventuality, to recall law cases and decisions; large Compari- son, to compare different parts of the law and evidei-e — to criticise, cross -question, illust ate, and adduce similar cases; and large Language, to give freedom of speech. Clergymen should have the moral or-' gans large, a good intellect, and subordi- nate propensities. They acquire the mental temperament, to give them decided pre- dominance of mind over their animal pro- pensities; a large frontal and coronal region, the former to give them intel- lectual capacity, and the latter to impart high moral worth, aims, and feelings, ele- vation of character, and blamelessness of conduct ; large Veneration, Hope and Spirituality, to imbue them with the spirit of faith and devotion; large Benev- olence and Adhesiveness, so that they may make all who know them love them, and thus win each over to the path of truth and righteousness. A physician needs a predominance of the Vital temperament, to give him smooth- ness and pliability ; strong social feeling to make him welcome, Benevolence to make him patient and generous, with large per- ceptive organs, so that he may study and apply the knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology with skill and success; full Destructiveness, lest he shrink from in- flicting the pain requisite to cure; large Constructiveness, to give skill in surgery; Special Pursuits. 187 large Combativeness, to render him reso- lute and prompt; large Cautiousness, to render him judicious and safe; and a large head, to give him general power of mind. The editor requires Language, Eventu- ality, Mirthfulness, Comparison, Self-es- teem, Friendship, and the " patience of Job." A phonographer needs the faculties of Form, Size, Order, Constructiveness, only medium Combativeness, and the Mental-Vital temperament predominat- ing. The teacher should have an active brain, a prominent brow, a full eye, a good memory, kindness, courage, and self- reliance, and a fondness for children. An engineer requires mathematical talent, Constructiveness, Locality, Indi- viduality, Comparison, Acquisitiveness, Caution, Continuity, and more of the Mental than Vital and Motive tempera- ments. The engraver should have Ideality, Order, Constructiveness, Form, Compari- son, and a Mental temperament. A painter of portraits, landscapes, and flowers, needs predominant Color, large Form, Size, and Ideality. The watch-maker needs a delicate mental and physical organization, Com- parison, Form, Size, Individuality, with Order, Time, Ideality, and Constructive- ness. A singer should have the Mental-Vital temperament, to give pathos and intensi- ty, large Tune, large Language, Eventu- ality, and strong moral and social organs. The organist requires mechanical talent and a taste for combinations, to operate the instrument, and carry all the parts; he needs Combativeness, Self- esteem, Firmness, Tune, Eventuality, and Locality. A canvasser should have large Lan- guage, Mirthfulness, Agreeableness, Lo- cality, Form, Approbativeness, Friend- ship, Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and Combativeness. Dress-makers should have the organs of Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Con- structiveness, Ideality, and a Mental- Vital temperament. A sculptor needs Form, Size, Weight, Constructiveness, Ideality, and Human, Nature, and not much Combativeness. A carpenter needs large Combative- ness and Destructiveness, Firmness, Hope, Constructiveness, Size, Weight, and if he builds houses, Inhabitiveness, and Friendship. An architect requires Constructive- ness, Ideality, Form, Inhabitiveness, Firmness, and Veneration. A phrenologist really ought to have a. first-rate head, because he has to deal with and judge of every organ, faculty, and function of the human system; but if he can't have all, he should have at least good perception, excellent memory, strong Comparison and Human Nature, full so- cial development, and strong moral or- gans; and the more he has of Construc- tiveness and Ideality the better. A man to have the care of horses, should have large Philoprogenitiveness. and Benevolence, and a smooth and plac- able temper, and not be harsh, rough, or overbearing. AN office boy needs large perceptives,. an active temperament, Benevolence,. Veneration, and Conscientiousness, that he may be quick, respectful, and reliable.. A gardener needs muscular strength, practical talent, good taste, and domestic feelings. Girls frequently are obliged to earn_ their living; what they can do best, and get the most pay for, without detriment. to health, or morals, are great questions. Phrenology answers them. A boy or girl to be adopted should have enough of Conscience and Intellect, to be worth the training and culture, and not so much of the selfish and animal as: to be a bane in the family that adopts them. Boys with large brains and small bod- ies should not be kept in school for a college education, but should be on a farm, or in a shop, where the body can be- developed and strengthened. A BOY WITH LARGE CONSTRUCTIVENESS and Combativeness may learn to be a buil- der, or railway engineer, or blacksmith. 188 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. A BOY WITH SMALL COMBATIVENESS and large Firmness, and Self-esteem, should get into a business where directing others and superintending will be required. The man who "loses his head " in case ■of fire, or other emergency, has Mental temperament, large caution, and soiall Hope, Self-esteem, and Combativeness. The man who assumes command, and knows what to do in emergencies, has the Motive- Vital temperament, medium cau- tion, large Firmness, Self-esteem and Hope, good Constructiveness, and plenty of Combativeness and Destructiveness. The man with large Locality will incline to travel, and have a business all over town, or out of town. A man with large Benevolence will be generous, liberal, inclined to be a mis- sionary, or nurse, or minister in the way of charity. A man with large Combativet.ess likes hard work, or occupation that demands active energy; he likes to command, and push and drive work. Jealousy is caused by Approbative- ness, Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Amativeness. Pride is caused by Self-esteem, Firm- ness, and Approbativeness, withaMental- JVlotive temperament. Eccentricity is caused by an uneven head and organs in unbalanced develop- ment; some faculties are strong, working in different directions, without proper modification and restraint. Bravery comes from Combativeness and Destructiveness, Approbativeness, Self-esteem, and Firmness, and medium caution, and may be excited by patriotism, friendship, parental love, or conjugal love. Cowardice is caused by a sensitive tem- perament, large caution, and moderate Combativeness. Fault-finding is often attended by a nervous, irritable temperament and dis- position, sharp Combativeness, Order, Comparison, and moderate Secretiveness. The sensitive person has an excitable Mental temperament, with too little of the Vital and Motive temperaments, and a deficient condition of the circulation; the blood rushes to his head, and he is measurably paralyzed ; with extra Cau- tion, Ideality, Approbativeness, and a poor memory, there is a tendency to con- fusion and anxiety. " Choice of Pursuits ; or, What to do and Why," by Nelson Sizer, describes sev- enty-five trades and professions, and the talent and temperaments required for each. It should be in the hands of pa- rents and young people who have to de- cide what to do. SHAKSPEARE'S DRA The dramatic poet of the world, and the heads and faces which sympathetic art has happily given to his characters, •express every phase of human thought, feeling, and sentiment, and furnish a fit- ting subject for the conclusion of the work before us. Every head is a study; ■each face is a revelation. By what means did Shakspeare read •character ? Was he a seer ? and were his marvelous delineations based on physio- logical influences, sometimes called intui- tions ? That he saw the relations of " form and function," even without the rules of science, there can be no doubt. Phren- ology, as we now understand it, had not been discovered w'\en he wrote his won- tfATIC CHARACTERS. derful dramas. Yet, how perfectly do the physical contours of his actors, as we in- stinctively perceive them, compare with their cha\*acters ! Look for a moment at Shakspeare himself, with his exquisitely fine organization, then at Falstaff and Dogberry, with their swaggering coarse- ness and superfluous adipose ! The marvel of these wonderful portraits is in the fact that they illustrate life to the letter. We can almost see the pompous Falstaff, strulting about bar-rooms, boasting of how much beer and wine he can drink without getting drunk ! Each portrait in the group tells its own story— its own character. The saying, "It takes all sorts of peo- Shakspeare. 189 pie to make up the world," is well exem- plified in the assembly of real and ideal heads'now before us— ideal most of them, as regards their personal identity— but all real in their representative capacity, for there is scarce a type or passion inciden- ing personality. What a bold fore-ground does this FalstafE constitute for Shakspeare himself, who, with all the abstractness of true genius, is so entirely self-forgetful, so modestly retiring into the dim back- ground of obscurity, that he seems less Fig. 191.— William Shakspeare. tal to the human race but has been por- trayed by the hand of the great master of dramatic art. What varied and contrary phases of human character and emotion are here depicted, and with what rare fidelity to nature ! Surely, if " variety is charming," we have an abundance of it here. What a field for contrast is afforded in these two groups before us. Compari- sons may be " odious," but contrasts care- fully and analytically drawn are both in- teresting and instructive. Contrast, for instance, the central figure of each group —the wizard, whose magic pen has evoked all these varied and wonderful creations, and the character that figures so exten- sively in several of his plays— Shakspeare and Falstaff. The latter, a vain, conse- quential braggart, a sensualist, living in and for the physical world alone, thor- oughly taken up with a sense of his own importance and corporeal well-being, a very real character— a strongly self-assert- real to us than any of his creations. Per- haps there is no other English writer of whom it can be said, as of Shakspeare, that, while stamping every line with his unmistakable individuality, he has no- where revealed to us aught of his person- ality. Even in that grandest epic poem of our language, " Paradise Lost," we are not permitted to lose sight altogether of "Mr. Milton," but we may search in vain throughout his voluminous writings for the slightest glimpse of "Mr. Shakspeare." We see, indeed, the mystic hand that traces these wondrous living characters upon the mural expanse, of our conscious apprehen- sion, but no definite outline beside them can we discern of the character of its pos- sessor save by analogy. So truly is Shak- speare,as an individualist sight of behind the luminous cloud of his own creations, that some have even gone so far as to deny his existence altogether, and to bestow his well-earned honors upon others. In- deed, it seems easier to belit ve that Fal- 190 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. staff drank and blustered; that Romeo and Juliet loved and suffered; that Shy- lock and Othello nursed the black demons of jealousy and revenge; that Lear howled in impotent frenzy to the tempest, only less mad than he; or even that Puck per- formed his mischievous antics, and that Titania came under the influence of an in- fatuation which has not been without its parallel on many real occasions in these later times, than that Shakspeare actually lived and wrote. Perhaps of all his char- acters he most resembles, in the atmos- phere of mystery that surrounds him, and the quiet dignity with which he exercises his magical art, the wondrously-gifted Prospero. Like him, he has spirits to do liis bidding; like him, he can rouse or al- lay at pleasure the tempest of human emo- tion; and like him, also, on retiring from the field of action, he has broken and cast away his mystic wand, and " deeper than ever plummet sounded," hath he hidden his magical book, and whose is the hand that shall recover and once more wield it? To the right and left of " Honest Jack" we see depicted two contrary phases of that passion which he was never capable of feeling toward any one but himself. The frank, impulsive tenderness of " love's first dream," the utmost self-surrender to the divine passion is exemplified in the loving, true-hearted Juliet, who, with Ro- meo, portrays the close affinity of true, love. We can almost hear her say: Three words, dear Romeo, andgood-mght, indeed; If that thy bent of love be honorable, Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow By oue that I'll procure to come to thee, Where, and what time, thou wilt perform the rite; And all my fortune at thy foot I'll lay, And follow thee, my lord, throughout the world. Quite different, as may be seen at a glance, is the state of affairs existing be- tween the shrewish Katharine and the whimsical, self-willed Petruchio. There seems to be little enough of an " affinity " here, and the resolute way in which each turns the cold shoulder upon the other augurs but poorly for conjugal felicity in the future. But the shrewd Petruchio knows well what he is about ; nature has given him the right to look for a fav- orable issue to his plans ; for when did such a nose as his ever grace the counten- ance of any but a conqueror? And con- queror he is. too, his experiment, perti- naciously carried out, being crowned with well-deserved success. ai ^Pt ist °— M'ow, by my halidame, here comes Kath- ^Katharine-teWhat is your will,sir,that you send for ^Petruchio— Where is your sister, and Hortensio's. Kath.— They sit conferring by the parlor Are. Bet.— Go fetch them hither; if they deny to come Swinge me them soundly forth unto 'their hus- bands; Away, I say, and bring them hither straight. T ,. [Exit Katharine. 1 Lucentio— Here is a wonder, if y ou talkor a won dei Hortensio— And so it is: I wouder what it bodes » Bet.— Marry, peace it bodes,and love, and quiet life An awful rule, and right supremacy; * And, to be short, what not, that's sweet an* happy. So much for a good nose, with a good brain above to direct it ! ^We have here two veritable asses' heads, independently of the one so obligingly set by Puck upon the shoulders of Bottom. No need now to grant the request of him who desired so pathetically that he might be "writ down an ass," as his expressive countenance does it for him after the most, approved fashion. As for Malvolio, the vain, conceited, strutting steward, if he be- not Darwinically and lineally descended from the genus " donkey," his features, no- less than his words and actions, do most- woefully belie him. Witness his solilo- quy in the garden: " Tis but fortune ; all is fortune. Maria once told, me she [his mistress Olivia] did affect me ; and I have heard herself come thus near, that, should she fancy it should be one of my complexion. Besides, she usei me with a more exalted respect than any one else that- follows her. What should 1 think on't ? * * * To be Count Malvolio: * * * There's example for't; the lady of the starchy- married the yeoman of the wardrobe. * * * Having been three months married to her, sitting in my state, * * * B Calling my officers about me in my branched vel- vet gown. * * * And then t' have the humor of state * * * telling them I know my place as I would they should do theirs— V ask for my kinsman In the characters of Macbeth, Ophelia, Lear, Shylock, HamJet, and Othello, we have a striking illustration and em- bodiment of that madness, for we can call it nothing else, which, however different may be its causes, however varied its modes of manifestation, has for its assured end the dethronement, temporarily or forever, of reasoa from her proper seat, and the 192 Heads and Faces : How to Study Them. changing of man from a responsible being to the mere tool of extravagant impulses. In Macbeth it assumes more of a passive form. "Infirm of purpose," be resigns himself — tor his manhood's sake, be it said, however, not without a struggle — to the guidance of insatiable ambition, on the one hand, and to a too easily awakened ^rt }ui 'ty on the other. Is it any wonder ' that, given over to folly, he reaps folly's veward? his distempered brain l^eing for- •ever haunted by the accusing specters of his own rash crimes. When at the ban- •quet with his lords the ghost of Banquo ^appears to him, how vainly he endeavors -to assume the brave man : "What man dare, 1 dare ! Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear, The arm'd rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ; Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves Shall never tremble : Or, be alive again, And dare me to the desert with thy sword ; If trembling I inhibit thee, protest me The baby ot a girl. Hence, horrible shadow 1 Unreal mockery, hence 1 Why, so ; being gone, 1 am a man again . Pray you, sit still. Lear betra3 T s more of the outward and physical appearance of madness. In him • we see a fathers heart broken by tne base ingratitude of Id's own children ; and the blow which strikes at the citadel of life spares not that of reason. The stroke is volent in proportion to its suddenness ; and his days being henceforth numbered, spend themselves quickly in frantic and fruitless reproaches and lamentations. I II tell thee— Life and Death — I am asham'd That thou hast power to shake my ma nhood thus — That these hot tears, which break from me per- force. Should make thee worth them. Blasts and fogs upon thee ' The untented wourdings of a father's curse fierce every sense about thee ! Old, fond eyes, Beweep this cause again, I'll pluck vou out, Ami cast you, with the waters that you lose, To temper clay. Ha! is it come to this ? Let it be so. Yet have I left a daughter Who, I am sure, is kind, and comfortable ; Wheu she shall hear this of thee, with her nails She'll flay thy wolfish visage Tnou shalt find That I'll resume the shape which thou dost think 1 have east off forever ; thou shalt, I warrant thee. Hamlet and Ophelia have many points of resemblance. Both are delicate, sensi- tive organizations ; both suffer through the misdeeds of others. Poor Hamlet, melancholy mad, and Ophelia, distracted with gi ief, are not altogether without their pre ^.otypes in our own times, and there- fore s! ; .cit our profoundest sympathy. Perhaps we could not better illustrate these two characters in one short quota- tion, than by that brief interview from which we take the following : Ophelia.— My lord, I have remembrance ; of yours That I have longed long to redeliver ; I pray you now receive them. Hamlet.— No. not 1; I never gave you aught Oph. —My honor d lord. you know right well you did. Aud, wiih them, words of so sweet breath com- posed As made the things more rich : their Derfume lost. Take these again ; for, to the noble' mind, Rich gifts wax poor, when givers Drove unkind. There, my lord. Ham. — Ha ! ha ! are vou honest i Oph. -My lord ? Ham.— Are you fair ? Oph. — What means your lordship ? Ham.— That if you be honest and fair.your honesty should admitno discourse to your beauty. Oph — Could beauty, mv lord, have better com- merce than with honesty ? Ham.— Aye, truly ; for the power of beauty will sooner transform honest.\ from what it is to a bawd, > hau the force of honesty can trans- late beauty into his likeness ; this was some time a paradox, but now the time gives it proof. I did love you once. Oph.— Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so. It is well that Hamlet should not marry Ophelia. The result of the union of two organizations so delicately balanced, sc similar, and so liable to be overthrown, could not but be disastrous to generations following. Shylock, permitting the intemperav spirit of revenge to carry him beyond alf reasonable limits of reason and humanity involves himself in a labyrinth of difficult intended for another, thus procuring hia own sudden downfall. Shylock.— I'll have my bond; speak not against -ni b. >nd ; I have sworn an oath, that I will have my bond r Thou call'st me dog, before thou had'st acause ; But, since I am a dog, beware my fangs ; The Duke shall grant me justice. 1 do wonder, Thou naughty goaler, that thou art so fond To coma abroad with him at his request. Antonio. —I pray thee, hear me speak. Shylock..— I'll have my bond ;I will not hear thee speau ; I'll have my bond ; and, therefore, speak no more. I'll not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, Tosh ike the head, relent and sigh, and yield To Christian intercessors. Follow not; I'll have no speaking. I will hsve my bond. Othello, the Moor, giving way to the mad spirit of jealousy, excited by his per- fidious friend, Ia-o, was temporarily de- ranged beyond doubt. Mark the incoher- ence of this outbreak : Sir, she can turn, and turn, and vat go on, And ti.rti again ; and she c < >i weep, sir, weep ; And she's obedient, as you say : obedient- Very obedient Proceed you in your tears, Concerning this, sir. O. well-painted Passion 1 I am commanded home ; get you away ; 194 Heads and Faces : How to Read Them. I'll send for you anon. Sir, I obey the mandate, And will return to Venice. Hence, avauntl Cassio shall have my place. And, sir, to-night, I do entreat, that we may sup together. You are welcome, sir, to Cyprus. Goats and moukeys. Call it what you will — ambition, avarice, jealousy, revenge — it became madness in the end, with each and all of them, for a deed in which passion rules and reason takes no part is surely a mad one. The many characters of Shakspeare's plays afford no more striking contrast than that presented by the magician Prospero and the man-brute Caliban. Here we see gigantic strength and untamable ferocity under the firm control of a higher natui e, compelled to obey its behests, and contin- ually kept within bounds by an influence, unseen, impalpable, but stronger than cords of steel. Is not this typical of the rule of the higher nature over the lower ? of intellect over mere physical force ? of mind over mere gross matter ? What a fearful representation is Caliban of man as an unreclaimed animal! What a warn- ing to the carnally-minded, the brutally- disposed, to look well to their ways, lest they, in themselves or in their posterity, should ever sink to such a depth as this ! Indeed, each of us has an incipient Cala- ban in his composition, and well is it if we have it under the firm domination of a master ; tnus, and thuu only, can it be made to render us tiiat service which is its proper province. But it is not always so. As saith the preacher, " I have seen serv- ants upon horses, and Princes walking as servants upon earth." Sad is the condi- tion of the land when these things are so. But enough of details. The ambitious, imperious, yet truckling Wolsey ; the aris- tocratic Coriolanus ; the voluptuous Cleo- patra ; the crafty, scheming, relentless Richard III. — half tiger and half fox ; the caustic, disdainful Beatrice, and scarcely less sarcastic Benedick ; the swaggering, ignorant, bourish, Dogberry ; the blund- ering, idiotic Dromeos, whose simple wits may well have been confounded by the bewildering and complex circumstances in which they were placed; the eloquent pure- minded Isabrlla ; the refined, modest yet ingenious Portia ; the melancholy, moralizing Jaques, or jhe mirth-provoking Launce ; the dignified, reserved, yet sus- ceptible Olivia ; the guzzling, jolly Sir- Toby ; the gossiping, loose-living Merry Wives ; the ardent, adventurous Rosalind;, the quaint, wise folly of Touchstone ; tha parasitic, insinuating, cowardly Parolles ' y the simple-hearted, yet royal-born Perdita;. the rascally, peddling pick-pocket Auto- lycus, speak for themselves more eloquent- ly than our pen can speak for them. And here we would observe that in or- der to illustrate Shakspeare effectually the artist must have an extensive insight in- to, and appreciation of, human nature,, and a knowledge of the garb which its vari- ous phases and manifestations assume — in other words, he must be a true physiog- nomist. Nowhere, perhaps, is there af- forded him a more extensive field for the' employment of all the knowledge he may possess or can obtain u^on the subject of phrenological contour and facial expres- sion : and nowhere is it more required, for few of these characters ever sat for a portrait, or left us any guide by which to judge of their personal appearance, save what may be obtained through analogy from their words and actions. "Out of their own mouths" do they demonstrate their characters, and we shall best form our conceptions of them from their living pro- totypes, of which the world is full. Let him do his utmost, however, the artist can never exhaust his subject, so endless are the modifications of which they are sus- ceptible, in accordance with the various impressions that they will produce upon different minds, and upon different states of the same mind. So they come and go, these wonderful representations, like visions of a dream — imaginary, yet real ; startlingly vivid some • times, yet with a shadowy vagueness ;, when we attempt to realize them as indi- vidual identities, their words and deeds, their varied moods and manifestations, they but serve to "hold the mirror up to nature," and demonstrate to us "what shadows we are— what shadows we pursue. ** Character by Photographs. 195 STUDY OF CHARACTER BY PHOTOGRAPHS. Though every head in this book is a phrenological study, different heads rep- resent fairly well certain sections of the head, but not the whole head. Our object Tiow is to show how pictures should be taken if a thorough and careful study of the head is required. If a person were to apply for employment and wish to give the employer an opportunity for studying his mental make-up, he would need to send pictures that would give a full repre- sentation of his mental development. If the reader will trouble to turn back to Fig. 16, he will see in Cardinal Man- ning's head almost a complete representa- tion of nil parts of it— the length from the ear forward showing a massiveness in his intellect, from the ear upward showing an ample moral power ; but then the ob- server would be troubled as to how wide the head might be. It is really rather narrow above and about the ears, but this view does not fully show that. In Fig. 62 we get a fine view of the whole face, the temperamental indication, the massive intellectual region, and the strong top-head of the late Silas Wright, Governor of the State of New York ; but the back-head is not indicated. In Fig. 69 we get an almost complete side-view of the great scientist— showing his full back-head, an ample forehead, and a, faulty outline of the top-head. Fig. 70, the late William Orton. In this we get the intellectual, the moral devel- opments, and fairly the social; but the force of character is not represented. In Fig. 71 a student of Phrenology would take in that head and be very well satisfied with the opportunity it affords for investigation. And if he were wanted for a teacher, there would be no hesitation in accepting him. In Fig. 109 we have a remarkable devel- opment of practical talent, literary and scientific capability; he would also be skill- ful in affairs ; an excellent teacher. Fig. 118 shows the intellectual depart- ment, the moral, and the social , the width of the head is not and cannot be represented by a single picture taken in that way. In Fig. 179 we see the practical intel- lect and the wonderful force of character exhibited by the breadth of the side-head. And so we may study fragmentary through the book, and every head shows some portion well developed and as it is presented in nature. We now present a few portraits which are taken properly for phrenological study. When but a single picture can be procured for the purpose, if it be what is called a three-quarter view — see Fig. 255— it will answer fairly well. It is a matter of importance, however, where a careful study of the head is required, that special effort be made to have pictures properly taken, so as to show every part of the head. In that case it requires two views ; — one should Fig. 255. Edward Bellamy. be a square profile and the other a full front view. Fig. 256 is taken with the hair nicely dressed for society, but it exhibits only the face and the line of the forehead. True, it shows the leng-th of the head from the opening of the ear to the middle of the lower part of the forehead, and one who is skilled in the study of heads will see that there is also a good development of Cautiousness, and that there must be con- siderable top head. Tut it is not at p-H 196 Heads and Faces: How to Study Them. satisfactory for this purpose. The lady whom this picture represents had received examination, and having, as set forth in a circular called the " Mirror of the Mind," followed the directions for the most ad- vantageous taking of the pictures, the result is seen in Figs. 257 and 258. Fig. 256. Dressed for a Party. Fig. 257. Side View op 256. rroper instruction how to have pictures One would hardly suppose it was the Taken for the purpose of phrenological same person as seen in Fig. 256 ; the hair . in Fig. 257 is laid smoothly to the head and twisted, and is held under the chin by the right hand. This, shows a perfect outline of the head from the root of the nose to the back, of the neck; then the length from the ear forward, its height from the opening of the ear upward, and its. length backward show the form of the head. Then, in the front view, Fig. 258, we get an indication of the great width, fullness and roundness of the side-head. We get the shape of the top-head from the center line each way, and we see, also, the breadth and fullness of the side-head, the breadth of the fore-head, and es- pecially the width between the eyes, which shows talent for cutting, fit. ting, modeling-, and mechanism. The broad side-head shows strength, power, force of character, prudence, policy, desire for property, taste for the beautiful, very fine mechanical talent, and good musical ability. Fig. 258. Front View of 257. Without instruction as to what Character Photograph. 197 kind of pictures were desirable for investi- gation, she might have sent the head in full dress, as in Fig. 256. In the next pair of pictures, Figs. 259 and 260, we have opportunity for care- ful study of every part of the head. The hair was very fine, and, being wet and laid closely to the head, the size and form of the head in every part is nicely exhibited. The fullness of the forehead shows practical talent, good memory of places and faces, and the height of the head from the opening of the ear shows steadfastness, integrity, dignity, rever- ence and sympathy. And, when we study the front view in Fig. 260, we see that the head is narrow. Compare that with Fig. 258, and the difference is marked. A man endowed with a narrow head like that should marry a woman with a broad head, so as to equalize the difference, and also that the children can have a right to inherit from one parent or the other all the force of character that is required. It should be observed that the parted side of the hair in the gentleman's picture, Fig. 259, is turned next to the instrument ; consequently, we get right down to the scalp and cannot be deceived as to the form of that line of the head. Then the front view enables us to see the center line and also the width of the head ; the study of the features in both pictures is also favored. In Figs. 261 and 262 there is an in- teresting study ; the side-view of Fig. 261 shows the length of the head, front and rear, a remarkable devel- opment of the lower part of the fore head, where the organs of perception are situated, and also shows the strength of the features, and the abundant development of the head backward of the ear in the social de- partment. And one would naturally suppose from this picture that the head was long and thin, flattened on the sides, narrow; but, by having a front view taken at the same distance from the instrument, we have a com- panion piece to the first picture ; and, being taken of the same size, it affords ample opportunity for judging the developments. But what a broad side-head I how wide between the ears J Fig. 259. Properly. how very bi'oad between the eyes, and how the head widens on the upper side- Fig. 200. Taken Properly. 08 Heads and Faces: How to Study Them. lead at Ideality and Cautiousness ! That ilB a scholarly head ; a development like Fig. 261. Side View, Taken Properly. that can master knowledge in book., mechanism, in art, in literature, or business. Fig. 263. Measurements. *«g 2C1 Fr'-nt, Tahen Pi;oi>j£kt y. ~)t course, when one is to study a head by pictures, he noc only needs to know how large the head is in circumference, how much it measures from one ear to the other r /er the top of the head, but he wants to know, also, the size of the body, the measure- ment of '.he chest unc.er the arms and of the waist. He ought to know the height of a person and his i weight; then he can tell whether the head is too large for the body and whether the head has a fair oppor- t unity of being supported by an adequate development of body. There are some persons who have prodigious heads ; men are to be met with whose head measures 24 inches and whose body weighs but 125 pounds, and such a man lacks bodily pow- er and cannot support his brain properly. He can do something like keeping ac- counts, but he cannot go into the arena oc traffic and business and meet on equal terms men who are energetic and vig- orous and strongly organized in body as well as in brain. A man wil h a 24-inch head ought to weigh 185 pounds instead of 125. Be- sides that, to read heads and faces by photographs, the color of the hair and eyes and the complexion, which indi- cate temperament, should be under- stood. The study of temperaments, beginning with page 13 and closing with page 38, will give the reader an idea of the value of the study of tem- perament. And though, when a per- son looks at such a topic as ' Heads and Faces, and How to Study Them/' it seems a great work, but it is to ba learned little by little, as we learn a, language, as we learn a trade, as we learn the nar^es and places in a neigh- borhood ; and, after awhile, a man be- comes intelligent in all these respects. So can a person with proper study be- come well versed in all that belongs to Character From Photographs. 198 ■character reading. Its careful study is •earnestly recommended, and there is such pleasure and interest coupled with acquiring this knowledge that persons who are at all adapted for it become more and more enamored with, and enthusiastic in, its prosecution. It is but proper to say that the three portraits of the lady, Figs. 256, 257 and 258, were taken according to directions given in the " Mirror of the Mind," she residing more than three thousand miies from New York ; and that we solicited permission to publish the portraits for this purpose without the name ; and we have her letter consenting to this use of the portraits. METHOD OF MEASURING. Fig. 263 indicates the proper method of measuring heads for the purpose of study. A line is put around the center of the fore- head and the most prominent part of the back-head, A ; the line B is drawn from the root of the nose over the top of the head to the little bony point in the lower part of the back-head called the "occipital spine " ; another measurement from the opening of one ear to that of the other over the top of the head :— such will give a good idea of the size and propor- tions of the head. A person who weighs 150 pounds should have a head about 22 inches in circumference; on the line A, and on the line B, the distance should be about 14 inches, and, on the line C, as much as 14 inches. That would be con- sidered a well-proportioned head. If the head measured 23 inches on the line A, it should measure 14| on the line 2?, and from 14J to 15 on the line C. Sometimes these lines vary on account of the. extra upward development. Any person who may desire to submit portraits properly taken to one who is ex- pert in the subject of temperament, as the basis of health and constitution, and in the development of brain, as indicative of character, talents and disposition, can aid in securing perfect work and desirable results by giving certain facts, as evi- dence of the peculiar constitution of those whose portraits are sent. The circumference of the head in inches, distance from the root of the nose to the bony point at the base of the back- head— Distance from the opening of one ear to that of the other over the top of the head, height of person, weight in common clothing, size of chest just under the arms, size of waist, color of hair, color of eyes, complexion, age of person, amount of education, occupation hitherto, health, married or single. In the varied associations of life it is often of the first importance to ascertain, the fitness of a person for a given line of business, or of culture, as well as for that intimate social relationship, nearer and more important than business. A careful examination will often assort success and happiness in the formation of a secular or social alliance, or point out thft danger and utter impropriety of either. Experiments are as dangerous in some cases as is the careless handling of firearms when it is not known that "they are loaded." In both cases wisdom is pur- chased at too dear a rate, and alway* comes too late. It is true, and it may not be impropel to assert it, that the writer has made from photographs many thousands of ex- tended criticisms of the character of per- sons, some of whom it was desired to em- ploy in important situations. The por- trait would be sent, perhaps two thou- sand miles, to ascertain what Phrenology would say of the original. Many hundreds of anxious parents have sent the portrait of a gentleman who was a candidate for the position of son-in-law. And if we were. at liberty to publish the letters of thanks where our criticisms were adverse, or of congratulation where they were the harbinger of success and happiness, it would be interesting reading. These consultations are often made without our knowledge of the persons who make application, or of the names or residence of the originals of the portraits. In one case of this sort, the pictures of a man and a woman were presented by a third party, and the opinion requested was carefully printed out on the type- writer, and called for at a set time, with no name or residence involved. We ad- vised the gentleman not to marry the lady, and gave the reasons why. We have his letter written a few months later from a distant State, recalling the circum- stance, and saying that they had been married some years, and had been obliged to separate for the reasons mentioned, « year before the pictures were sent to us 200 CHAET FOE MARKING DEVELOPMENTS. EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE. Opposite to the name of each organ or quality, the examiner will place a figure, a dash, or a dot, to indicate the subject's development in respect to that organ or qual- ity. The printed figures in the square thus marked, refer to the pages in this work on which will be found a description of the organ in question. The organs are mark- ed in seven degrees of development; 7, meaning Very Large, 6, Large, 5, Full, 4, Aver- age, 3, Moderate, 2, Small, 1, Very Small. When an organ is half way between two sizes, it is represented by two figures, as 5 to 6, or 3 to 4, etc. , which is equivalent to 5^ or 3 J. Those requiring cultivation may be marked /, those requiring restraint \. The sign -f-, plus, signifies about on© third of a degree more, and — , minus, one third of a degree less. Developments of Marked by. Date CONDITIONS. 7 Very- Large. 6 Large. S Full. 4 Average. 3 Moder- ate. 3 Small- 1 Very Small. Culti- vate. Re- stra in. Vital Temperament.. Motive Temperament Mental Temperament Size of Brain inches. A. Conjugality Page. 8 Page. 8 Pag*;. 8 Page. 8 Page. 8 Page. 8 Page. 8 47 160 47 160 47 160 47 160 47 166 47 160 47 160 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 173 173 173 173 173 173 173 172 1?0 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 " 172 172 172 22 22 22 22 9° 22 24 22 24 24 24 24 24 24 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 . 31 31 31 31 31 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 56 120 56 120 56 120 56 120 56 120 56 120 56 120 67 122 57 122 57 122 57 122 57 122 57 122 57 122 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 0u 120 60 120 61 121 61 121 61 121 61 121 61 121 61 121 61 121 63 122 63 122 63 122 03 122 63 122 63 122 03 122 65 136 65 130 65 136 05 136 65 136 65 136 65 136 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 67 125 69 127 69 127 69 127| 69 127 69 127 69 127 69 127 CHART FOR MARKING DEVELOPMENTS. 201 CONDITIONS. 7 Very Large. G Lnrge. 5 Full. J 4 Lverage. 3 Moder- ate. 3 Small. 1 Very Small. Culti- vate. ) t 70 129 70 129 70 129 70 129 70 129 70 129 70 129 9. Acquisitiveness 71 128 71 128 71 128 71 128 71 128 71 " 128 71 128 73 127 73 127 73 127 73 127 127 73 127 73 127 74 130 74 130 74 130 74 130 74 130 76 132 74 130 130 12. Approbativeness 13. Self-Esteem 76 132 76 132 76 • 32 76 132 76 132 76 132 77 134 77 134 77 134 77 134 77 134 77 134 77 134 78 135 78 13c 78 13o 78 135 78 135 78 135 78 135 15. Conscientiousness. ... 16. Hope 81 137 82 137 81 137 82 137 81 157 81 137 81 137 81 137 81 137 82 137 82 137 82 137 82 137 82 137 84 137 84 13? 84. 137 84 137 84 137 84 137 84 137 18. Veneration 86 139 86 139 86 139 86 139 86 139 86 139 86 139 r 87 138 87 138 8? 138 87 138 87 138 87 138 87 138 20. Constructiveness 21. Ideality 90 139 90 139 90 139 90 139 90 139 90 139 90 139 92 141 92 141 92 141 92 141 92 141 92 141 92 141 B. Sublimity 94 141 94 141 94 141 94 141 94 141 94 141 94 141 94 143 94 1 3 94 143 94 143 94 143 94 143 94 143 23. Mirthfuiness.. 96 164 96 164 96 164 96 164 96 164 96 164 90 164 98 143 98 143 98 143 98 143 98 143 98 143 98 143 98 144 98 144 98 144 98 144 98 144 98 144 98 144 99 145 99 145 99 145 99 145 99 I 145 99 145 99 145 100 145 100 145 1U0 145 100 145 100 145 100 145 100 145 101 145 101 145 101 145 101 145 101 145 101 145 101 145 102 140 102 146 lOZ 146 102 146 102 146 102 146 104 146 102 146 104 146 104 146 104 146 104 i46 104 146 104 146 105 147 105 147 105 147 105 147 105 147 105 147 105 147 106 147 ioe 147 10b 147 10(. 147 106 147 106 147 Ktf 147 107 147 107 147 lu7 147 107 147 107 147 108 147 107 147 107 147 108 147 108 147 108 147 1 108 | 147 108 147 108 147 lOE 14* 10t 14* 1 109 S 148 1 10S 14? 108 14* 108 148 108 148 in 14J 11] ) 14< 111 ) 14? Ill 14J Tn > 14£ 111 148 111 148 114 15( b ll- ) 15( t 114 ) 15C 114 15C 114 15C 114 15C 114 150 11£ 15] > IK L 15] , 11c L 151 IK 151 IK 151 IK 151 116 151 ■ IK 15 5 IK L lb. 5 lit L 15J IK 1 15] > ne 15] IK 151 116 151 FOR ADAPTATION IN MARRIAGE, AND FOR TRADES AND PROFESSIONS, SEE "HEADS AND FACES." 202 ADAPTATION IN MARRIAGE. When a person has a perfect balance of temperament and a harmonious develop- ment of all the mental faculties and dispositions, a companion should be chosen whose development is similar ; but as this is very rarely found, each person should seek to unite with one who is properly contrasted so that the excess of one may be balanced and modified by a less development in the other. The person for whom the foregoing Chart is marked should choose a companion having a constitution and mental qualities as indicated by the marking of this table. Vital Temperament. - , Strong. Medium. Moderate. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Stro ] f Medium. Moderate. Tall and Bony. Medium. Short & Smooth. Large. Medium. Moderate. Heavy. Medium. Light. Decidedly. Medium. Moderately. Dark Brunette. Medium. Light, or Blonde. Dark & Strong. Medium. Light and Fine. Dark. Medium. Light, or Blue. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Strong. Medium. Moderate. Very Strong. Pull. Medium. TEADES AND PROFESSIONS. Architect Commercial business. Farmer. Musician . Railroading. Artist. Cashier. Hardware. Milliner. Stone Cutter. Accountant. Canvasser. Inventor. Navigator. Surgeon. Agent. Contractor. Insurance. Orator. Salesman. Blacks m ith. Dentist. Jeweller. Printer. Surveyor. B«oksellltm^^o^^. 23 . j^TTioN.-Copying, aptitude for mimicry. 4. 1NHABITIVENESS.-Loyeol 1 home >ana country * ^ F ^ ridicule, facetiousness. t^^M^&to^ISSSfe, Ili&DiiAi.iiv.-Observation, curiosity to 6. COMB^IVEW-Defence, courage, criti- 25. FOBM.-Memory of sUape, looks, persons, 7. dSuctivbness. - Executiveness, push, 26. ^^^^^^^T fL dESS^^-Av^^tori^ .s! COEOB.-^iscernment, and love of colors, 9. ACQUisiTivENESS.-Frugahty, economy, to ^Q^tants.^^ systeni| going by rM?e , ar . 10. SE g CBETivENESS.-Self -control, policy, reti- ^ c ™^2^_ Mental arithmetic, numbers. cence. mnrdedness care-taking, 31. Locality.— Memory of place,position,travels. 11. Cautiousness. — Guaraeaness, ciue uu^s, ^ Eventuality.— Memory of facts, events, 12. APPBOBATIVENESS.-Love of applause and ^ ^J^lling whm% time cf day, dates, 13. SE|r-EsT E EM.-Self -respect, dignity, autho- ^ T P UUC ^J of muslc> sense of harm0 ny, 14. n r BMNESS.-Stability, perseverance, stead- ^ j^SIov.-Expression by WO rds, signs or 15. Consc\^ 3^oe c lmki,vrY. -Planning, thinking, philosophy 16. Hope— Expectation, anticipation, pencil ^ compabison.— Analysis, inferring, illustra II ^^^SSST^SS^d^t C. nSNATUBE.-Sagacity,perc e ptionof m o- m Benevolence. — Sympathy, kindness, mercy. D. SvI^.-PUasantness, blandness, politeness. r.04 IXDEX. Acquisitiveness, Analysis of 71 Acquisitiveness, and its Comoinations 128 Agreeableness 3] g Aerceubleness, and its Combinations j 5 j jUimentiveness r-g Alimentivencss, and its Combinations ]29 Amativeness, Analysis of 56 Antipathy, Family and National 38 Approbativcness, Analysis of 75 Approbativeness, a::d its Combinations 333 Benevolence, Organ cf , 57 liibativeness, Organ of Blackwood and Phrenology Brain and Mind Brain and Skull Brain, Membranes of Brain Substance • Brain Cell Functions Brain Cell, each a centre 44 Drain, G ray Matter and Intelligence 44 Brain, Growth of 4 5 Brain Experiment, Results of 45 Ideality, and its Combinations.... , Imitation, and its Combinations Individuality Individuality, Faculty of Intellect, The ^ Insanity, Partial [ 15 Insanity Cured through Phrenology 16 Inhabitiveness, Organ of go " Jay Eye See," Portrait of m 143 182 Brunette, The liumpology Explained and Exposed Calculation, and its Uses j4@ Cautiousness, Faculty of 74 ■Cautiousness, and its Combinations 530 Calculation, Analysis of j04 Causality. Faculty of jjj Comparison, Faculty of j 14 Combining of the Faculties Combitivcncss, Organ of Combativeness, combined with other faculties Conjugility, Nature of Continuity, Organ of Continuity, and its Combinations icq Conscientiousness, and its Combinations £1 Constructiveness, Faculty of 90 Constructiveness, and its Combinations 139 Color, Analysis of 101 Color, and its Combinations 145 Character by Photographs 195 Destructiveness, and its Combinations 69-127 Dissipation Illustrated 172 Diversity of Character 17 Dogs, a Variety of 3 g Dreaming Proves Plurality of Faculty 17 Eventuality, Faculty of 10g Face, Of the 5 Firmness, Faculty of 78 Firmness, and its Combinations 335 Form, Faculty of 98 Form, and its Combinations J44 Friendship— Adhesiveness, Organ of gj Gist of Physiognomy j 7 g Heads and Faces Health, its Influence on Character Hope, Organ of Horse "Jay Eye See" ] Horse " Percheron " How the Faculties Combine Human Nature, Faculty of 115-151 Idiocy, Partial M 15 locality. Facu.ty of M 92 34 Language, its Nature and Combinations 148 Language, Faculty of jqq Locality. Faculty of 105 Marriage, Adaptati on in J7g Mating Animals Superior to others 53 Membranes of the Brain 40 Mi-thfulness, Faculty of 95 Moral Sentiments 7^ Moral and Eeligious Faculties 137 Napoleon's Head. Size of Cast 5J Natural Language of the Faculties jg| Order, Organ of jgg Order, and its Uses ^46 Organs, Perceptive „ 143 Organs and Functions, Analysis of 53 Organs, Study of by Groups 54 Occupation, Selection cf i\.n 104 Parental Love, Faculty of \ §q Phrenology, Outline of 7 Physiognomy and Relation of Moral Organs. . . 89 ■ Physiognomy and Natural Language 153 Plurality of Mental Faculties 14 Plurality of Mental Organs jg Reasoning Organs m 149 Self-esteem, Faculty of 77 Self-esteem, and its Combinations 134 Selfish Propensities 66-134 Selfish Sentiments jgg Secretiveness, Faculty of 73 Secretiveness, and its Combinations. \% ( Semi-Perception, or Literary Faculty 147 Semi-Intellectual Sentiments 90 139 Sheridan, Gen. Phil.— Portrait '176 Size and Capacity 33 Size the Measure of Power 47 Size, Organ of " 99-145 Sinuses, The Frontal 43 Skull, Structure and ReLtion of 41 Social Cranks. 58 5 47 83 34 35 118 Social Faculties-How They Combine 320 Spirituality, Faculty of & Sublimity, Faculty of 94 Sublimity, and its Combinations....'.'.'.'.''.'.'' -,41 Shakaneare and His Characters . ' iq« Temperaments, Human, Illustrated. ..." '"19,088 Temperaments in Literature and Art "... 30 Temperaments, Excess of the Mental 31 Temperaments an Index of Character r Time, Faculty of f_ Tube, Faculty of V.V//. ... ....... 108 'Vitativeness, Nature of Veneration Weight, Faculty of Weight, and its Uses .'." 67 10C 145 The Phrenological Journal and Science of Health Has been published for over half a century. It has always been in advance of the times in everything pertaining to the study of Human Nature, as well a* all questions of health and hygiene. It is steadily gaining in public favor, and we are conn lenttiat the coming year will mark an im- portant epoch in its history. To secure this result we are determined to spare neither trouble or expense. AMONG THE MOST PROMINENT AND ATTRACTIVE FEATURES FOR 1896 Will be CHARACTER STUDIES OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN From personal examinations by the editor. These phreno- graphs are always interesting, and are widely copied and quoted by other magazines and the daily press. THE CHILD CULTURE DEPARTMENT Will tell mothers and teachers how to study the capabilities of each particular child as a guide to its proper development. THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT Will contain, as heretofore, practical articles asc vaiuabie aimf on health and the hygienic methods of securing ; x SHORT, SPICY, USEFUL CONTRIBUTIONS By the best writers, on Character Reading and Char- acter Building, Choice of Pursuits, Proper Selec- tion in Wedlock, Relations of Employers and Employed, etc., etc., etc. In short, the Phrenological Journal is a MAGAZINE FOR THE HOHE. it always appeals to every member of the family, and it INSTRUCTS as well as ENTERTAINS. The Phrenological Journal is published monthly at $1.00 a year, or ioc. a number FOWLER & WELLS CO. 27 EAST 2 1ST ST., NEW YORK "How can I learn Phrenology?" In responding to such questions, we advise the perusal of the best text=books on Phrenology, such as are embodied in the "STUDENT'S SET," complete by express for $10.00 Brain and Mind ; or Mental Science Considered in Accordance with the Principles of Phrenology and in Relation to Modern Physiology Illus- trated. By H. S. Drayton, A. M., M D and Jas McNiel, A. M. $1.50. The Temperaments; or Varieties of Physical Con- stitution in Man considered in their rel ition to Mental Character and Practical Affairs of Life by D. H. Jacques, M. D. With an Introduction by H. S. Drayton, A. M., editor of the Phrenological fournal. 150 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. How to Read Character. A New Illustrated Hand- book of Phrenology and Physiognomy, for stu- dents and examiners, with a Chart for recording the sizes of the different organs of the brain in the delineation of character ; with upward of one hundred and seventy engravings, $1.25. Popular Physiology. A Familiar Exposition of the Structures. Functions and Relations of the Human System and the preservation of health $ 1. 00. The Phrenological Bust, showing the location of each ol the Organs. Large size. $1.00. New Physiognomy; or, Sisns of Character, as manifested through temperament and external forms, and especially in the "Human Face Divine." With more than one- tions. Jk.oo. one-thousand illustra- Choice of Pursu'ts ; or, What to Do and Why Describing seventy-rive trades and professions and the temperaments and talents required for each. Also, how to educate on phrenological principles— each man for his proper work • to- gether with portraits and biographies of many successful thinkers and workers, $2 o Constitution of Man ; Considered in Relation to- external objects. The only authorized American edition. With twenty engravings and a portrait of the author. $1.25. Heads and Faces and How to Study Them. A Manual of Phrenology and Physiognomy for the People. By Nelson Sizer and H. S. Dray- ton. 8vo. paper, 40c. INTENDED FOR PRIVATE STUDY AT HOME as well as for those who propose later on to attend the Institute, the annual sessions of which open on the first Tuesday of September. You Should Read thep HRENO logical Journal. Because it is a bright up-to-date exponent of Human Nature. Because it will help you to understand yourself and others. Because its Child Culture Department helps mothers to understand the character and needs of each child. Because the Phrenographs by the editor and others contain valuable instruction in the art of reading character that cannot be obtained elsewhere. Because you will learn the true character of each Distinguished Person described. Because The Journal treats of the great questions of Marriage, Adaptation and Choice of Pursuits. Because all methods of reading character, Phre- nology, Physiognomy, Cheirognomy, Graphology, etc , are taught in a practical way. One Year, $r. Single Copy, ioc. Phrenological Examinations from Photographs. We always recommend a personal examination where possible. If you can not come to us perhaps, there is a graduate of the American Institute of Phrenology in your neighborhood. If. however, for any reason personal examination is impossible, delineations from photographs by our method will be found "ery sat- isfactory. Each delineation is a careful, conscientious, pains- taking study of photographs and measurements by an expert examiner. The fee is uniformly five dol- lars. Our Method. Have two photographs, profile and full front, taken; especially for the purpose. Have the hair smoothkd (not frizzed or curly) to show the contours of the head. Send these to us with the following me isure njents: Distance between openings of the ears over crown of head. Distance b tween root of nose and the projection at base of bick head (occipital spine) also the circumference of the head. Inclose the fee and be sure and send your name and address. Also your age, color of eyes, and sam- ple of hair. Address FOWLER & WELLS CO., 27 E. 21st Street, New York AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHRENOLOGY. The Annual Session Opens the First Tuesday of September, S!_ This is the only institution in the world where a course of thorough and practic* instruction in Phrenology is given, or where can be found such facilities as are possessed by the American Institute of Phrenology, consisting of skulls, busts, casta, portraits, anatomica! preparations, skeletons, plates, models, etc. The Course of Instructmn consists of more than a hundred lectures and lessons covering a term of eight weeks ; one lesson being given each morning, mid-day and after neon during the term. TOPICS: General Principles.— The philos- ophy of the organic constitution, its relation Ln mind, character and motive. Temperaments, as indicating quality and giving peculiarity to mental manifesta- tion, also as affecting the choice of occupa- tion ; the law of harmony and heredity as connected with the marriage relation ; proper temperaments for health, long life, talent, virtue and vice. Phrenology. — Mental development explained ; the true mode of estimating char- acter ; comparative phrenology and its meaning. History of Phrenology in Eu- rope and America, and its enriching influence on education, literature, domestic life, government, morality and re'igion. Ethnology. — The races and tribes of men, and how to judge of nativity of race ; especially how to detect infallibly the skulls of the several colored races. Anatomy and Physiology.— The brain and nervous system ; reciprocal influ- ence of brain and body ; dissection of brain. Objections to Phrenology, whether anatomical, physiological., prac- tical or religious ; loss or injury of the brain ; thickness of skull ; (fatalism, materialism, mcval responsibility, etc. Phrenology and Religion.— The moral bearings of Phrenology ; its relation Choice of Occupations, and how to put " the right man in the right place." Phrenology and Marriage.— The right relation of the sexes ; what mental and temperamental qualities are adapted to a happy union and healthy offspring, and why. Natural language of the Facul- ties, and how to read character thereby. Examination of heads explained ; heads examined by each of the students, who will be thoroughly trained how to make examinations privately and publicly. Hygiene. — How to take care of the body as to dress, rest, creation, food, diet, right and wrong habits. Psychology. — Under this head, mes- merism and clairvoyance will be explained, and the laws discussed on which they are supposed to depend. Heredity.— The law of inheritance i» general and in particular ; how to determine which parent a person resembles. Insanity, its laws an^ peculiarities; the faculties in which different persons are most likely to be insane. Idiocy, its causes and bow to avoid them ; proper treatment of the imbecile. Elocution. — - How to cultivate the voice ; eloquence, how to attain the art. How to Eecture.— The best melhoda or presenting Phrenology and Physiology to the public, and how to secure success. o religion, education and virtue. Finally, it is the aim of the instructors to transfer to students all the knowledge oi Anthropology which a long experience in the practice of their profession has enabled them to acquire— in a word, to qualify students to take their places in this man-improving field of usefulness. TEXT-BOOKS.— Among the works most useful to be studied by those who wish to master Phrenology, v/e recommend the following " Student's Set," which wi'l be sent by express for $10, when all are ordered at one lime : Brain and Mind ; a Text-Book, $ 1.50 '1 h n Tempei-aments. By N. Sizer, 1.50 Ho w to Read Character. By S. R. Wells, 1.25 Constitution of Man. By G. Combe, 1.50 New Phvsiognomy. By S. R. Wells, $5.00 Choice of Pursuits. By N. Sizer, 2.0£ Popular Physiology. By R. T. Trail, 1 25 Phrenological Bust. By Fowler & Welh, 1.68 The Terms for the full course including diploma, for gentlemen and also for ladies, also incidental expenses in New York, including board, and additional it* formation given in the -'Institute Circular,' sent on application. Address, BOWLER & WWLT.S CO., Publishers, 27 East 21st St., New I ork*. WHO SHOULD STUDY PHRENOLOGY. Parents should study Phrenology to know how to train and manage jj&e different types of children that are developed in the same family ; one line of conduct will not answer for all, and they should not " wait till the horse is stolen before they lock the stable door." At two years old the head will show the dutline of character as time will develop it, and the father and the mother ought to know how to read it. Young People should study Phrenology because they are full of energy and ambition, they hope for success but in most cases haye to feel their way among strangers and risk everything in choosing business and companions. Phrenology will teach them, as nothing else can, the proper choice of a pursuit, how to read strangers correctly and adapt themselves to others both in business and in social life. Teachers should study Phrenology, so that when confronted with fifty pupils, from half as many families, they may appreciate the treat- ment which each one will receive most profitably and kindly, and how to develop the dull, how to guide the wayward and make all of them as good as they can be, instead of the reverse. Business Men who have to deal with strangers of every sort, by un- derstanding Phrenology can read their customers at a glance and know whom to trust and distrust, whom to soothe and with whom to stand firm. A. student in the class of 1867 learned enough before the class was half finished to save his firm from trusting a villain to the extent of three hundred dollars which would have been totally lost. Lawyers have to study jurymen, witnesses, and human-nature in general, and Phrenology would teach them how to get the truth out of a recalcitrant witness, how to encourage and assist a modest, diffident wit- ness who wants to tell the truth jut may be scared out of it by one who is not interested to have the trufc i told. Ministers of religion, by understanding Phrenology double their power to do good among men and lead them in the way of righteous- ness. A clergyman went back to his small congregation after taking our course of instruction in the American Institute of Phren- ology, and became an astonishment to the whole neighborhood. His parishioners said they thought it had done brother M. a world of good to visit New York and hear "the great preachers." He told us that when he returned to his congregation and looked them in their faces, he waa astonished that he had misunderstood them as he had done ; that he began to preach with new unction as if he knew each man root and branch ; his church began to be crowded, they heard of him at the cap- ital of his State, and in six months they gave him a call to a church much larger than his former one, and with more than twice the amount of salary. Therefore preachers may wisely and profitably study Phren- ology. Every Man should study Phrenology so as the better to understand ' limself, thus learning how to regulate and restrain excesses, how to en- jourage and build up deficiencies, and how to ripen himself in virtue m. d. principles relating to scientific progress or social reform. Brain and Mind; Or, Mental Science Considered in Accordance with the Principles of Phrenology and in Relation to Modern Physiology. By Henry S. Drayton, A. M., M. D., and James McNeill, A. M Sixth Edition ; Re- vised and Extended. 12 mo, 354 pp. One hundred and twenty-four Illustrations. $1.50. . . Tr. nrenarincr this volume it has been the aim of 'the authors to meet an existing want, vJ ^ha^oTa treatile wSch not only gives the reader a complete view of the system of StffSSSi £S^ ^Phrenolog/, Sat also exhibits £ .relation to anatomy ^ndphjju* ogy as those sciences are represented to-day by standard authority. -Author b Ppefaok. This is a standard volume, is exhaustive, and the best technical work on the subject of •which it treats. To students in theology, and ministers es- pecially, it appears to be eminently adapted. We like the book altogether— its compact- ness, suggestiveness, reverence, and in- tensely practical c&bt.—Fredonian. We recommend the book as superior in its kind.— Practical American. Vacation Time, With Hints on Summer Living. Illustrated, 12 mo, 84 pp. 25 cents. Human Magnetism: Its Nature, Physiology, and Psychology. Its uses as a remedial agent in Moral and Intellectual Improvement, etc 12 mo, 168 pp. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00. The chapters in this recently published work on Mental Impression, Mind Transference, and ^reX-Magnetism, are all of special interest to the student of Phrenology. Nervousness : Its Nature, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. With notes of cases. 12 mo, 74 pp. Illustrated. Paper, 25 cents. This should be read by all who are interested in cases of nervousness in any way as it indicates methods of relief that will be found of great value. Its definitions are clear and explicit, and its teachings thoroughly practical. It abounds with suggestions of the highest value, and the reader will, doubtless, arise from its perusal with clearer views of the nature of mind and the responsibilities of life. — Banner of Light. Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF HENRY S. DRAYTON, M. D.-Continued. ~ ~ Heads and Faces, PW ? OW t0 Stu ^ ?hem ; A Manual of Phrenology and Physiognomy for the People. By Nelson Size? and i±. B. Drayton, LL.B., M.D. 8 vo, 200 dd 2, 25 cents. * ourta ucli- How to Study Phrenology; With Hints on Co-operation, Observation, Constitution for Societies- best books to study, etc. 12 mo. Paper, 10 cents. societies , The Amateur Phrenologist: A little Comedy, an adaptation for Public Representation or the Home Clr , C K e ' ™ us1 : rated h y Hinman. No. 22 H N. library Paper 1 o c This will be read with interest even if not used as a play. P ' Physical Factors in Character; Or, the Influence of Temperament. 12 mo w nn ic th <. *• No. 3, Human Nature Library. Paper, w Unta™'' IUustratl ° ns The Servant Question: Hints on the Choosing and Management of Servants 12 mo 23 rm 10 Illustrations. No. 5, Human Nature Library. Paper, 10 cents^* Conscientiousness ; The Complete Man. "Mark the Perfect Man" 12 mo 28 rm io th 1 Human Nature Library. Paper 10 eeuts P '. Illustratlons - N °- 12. Self-Study : P~0 ceute?' IUuStrated - No - !6. Humau Nature Library. Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. PUBLICATIONS OF THE foWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF PROF. O. S. FOWLER. Orson S. Fowler was born at Cohocton, N. Y., Oct. 11, 1809 He was educated at Amherst College, where he was gradu- ated in 1834. In 1835 he commenced lecturing on Phrenology, and in the year following established an office or headquarters in what was then the center of business in New York City. In 1843 Samuel R Wells united with Ihe Fowler brothers, and the firm became Fowler & Wells. Prof. O. S. Fowler retired in 1855, still devoting his time to phrenological work in the lecture field. During his summer vacations he was almost constantly employed in writing, and several of his works have had a sale exceeding half a million copies each. He died at his home at Sharon Station, New York, Aug 18 1887. As a lecturer he was peculiarly impressive; was clear direct, and positive in statement; the common sense of his auditors being readily enlisted and a life-long interest in the sublet okson s. fowler. established. Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied; Embracing an analysis of the primary mental powers in their various degrees of development, the phenomena produced by their combined activity, and the location of the Phrenological Organs m the Head. Together with a view of the Moral and Theological bearing ot the science. 12 mo, 430 pp. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.25- This work was written by O. S. and L. N. Fowler in 1838, and contains an almost innu- merable number of facts accumulated after years of observation in the P^^.^. The proofs adduced are as interesting reading as a romance, being largely made up of per- sonal experiences and facts related to the authors by persons who carae under their hands * TTT ' ' * ». - -ill.*. a« 4-Vi*t C!m Vint Oi This is a Practical Standard Work, and may be described as a Complete System of the principles and practice of Purenol- ogy. In short, we regard this work as not only the most important of any which has Self-Instructor In Phrenology and Physiology ; with over one hundred new illustra- tions, including a chart for the use of Practical Phrenologists Ke- vised bv Nelson Sizer and printed from new plates. 12 mo, 192 pp. Cloth, $1.0U. Paper, 50 cents. The organic conditions which indicate character are stated in this work in a condensed »nd attractive style. Each of the faculties are described in seven degrees of development, and Uie most prominent or likely combinations are given with the characters naturally result- iu^^mSTcomZtw^. Phrenologists have long considered this book to contain more nformSion in these respects than any olher work published .With the new i llus rat, ions and modern letter- press it is much better than before, and it is a reasonable estimate that over 250,000 copies of former editions have been sold. A Home for All; Or the Gravel Wall and Octagon mode c_ Building. New cheap, convenient, superior, and adapted to rich and poor. 12 mo, 129 pp. Cloth, $1.00. Synopsis of Phrenology, And Chart for describing the Phrenological Developments For the use of Lecturers and Examiners. 12 mo, 28 pp., 21 Illustrations. Pa per, 10 cents. Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. before been written on the Science, but as indispensably necessary to the Student, who wishes to f. cquire a thorough knowledge of Phrenological Science.— New York Review. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF PROF. O. S. FOWLER.-Continued. Memory and Intellectual Improvement; Applied to Self-Education and Juvenile Instruction. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00. 12 mo, 231 pp. Some of the prominent memory systems of the day are founded on the idea of Compari- S n »Hnn TPo^. ?™ i Dg W w, another ' remembering certain facts in accordance with Their relation to something else. Where persons have a large development of the Organ of Com- parison such systems are aids, otherwise they fail. Fowler's Memory goes to the root of the matter, and no late work approaches it in value. A correspondent of the Phrenological Journal says : " I have studied Mnemonics and a number of systems of memorizing, and I find much more pleasure profit, and good sense from the study of your 'Memory and Intellectual Improvement 'than irom all sources combined. There is no doubt but that the method* 1^ i°r , I 1° , * m h T S ^ ork are the P r °P er ones for the development of Memory and the Intellectual faculties. It is a work which should be read and studied carefully bv every intelligent person.' J J Many of the old-fashioned systems have already passed away, and no more plausible ©r reasonable plans have yet been adopted than those presented by Mr. Fowler. The science of Phrenology, now so well estab- lished, affords us important aid in develop- ing the human mind, according to the natu- ral law» of our being. This, the work before us is pre-eminently calculated to promote, and we cordially recommend it to all. A good memory cannot be overrated.— Demo- cratic Review. Self-Culture and Perfection of Character; JS 0 !?^ 8, the Mana £ ement of Youth. 12 mo, 312 pp. Illustrated. Cloth, Shi. 00. " Self made or never made," is the motto of the author. This is a capital work, and in our opinion the best of the kind in the English language. It is really a ?em. No individual can read a page of it without being improved thereby. We wish it were in t he hands of every young man and woman in America, or even the. world. The great beauty of thip work consists in the fact that it tells us how to cultivate or restrain the organs of the brain, and establish an equilib- rium. With this work, in connection wilh Physiology, Animal and Mental, and Mem- ory and Intellectual Improvement, we may become fully acquainted with our- selves (they being related to each other), comprehending, as they do, the whole man. We advise all to read these works. — Com- mon School Advocate. Physiology, Animal and Mental ; Applied to the preservation and restoration of b ,alth of Body and power of Mind. 12 mo, 312 pp., 25 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.00. The character of this work is largely indicated by its title. By applying the laws of life and health elaborated m this work much agony and suffering might be avoided, and many valuable lives prolonged. J Education and Self-Improvement, Complete; Comprising "Physiology, Animal and Mental," " Self-Culture and Perfection of Character," "Memory and Intellectual Improvement" One large vol. Illustrated. Cloth, $3 00. This comprises the series of popular works on the application of Phrenology to Educa- tion and beli-Improvement in one complete volume, in which form it has had a large sale and it is m many respects one of the best educational hand books published, any system of education that does not take in account the whole man must be incomplete. The emo tions as well as the intellect must be educated. 8ent by mail postpaid on receipt of price. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF PROF. O. S. FOWLER.— Continued. Maternity ; Or, The Bearing and Nursing of Children, including Female Educa- tion and Beauty. 12 mo, 221 pp. Cloth, $1.00 This is a work for Mothers on the Maternal Functions. It shows them the effects of their own minds on their unborn babes and how to become the mothers of better children, retain their health., youthful appearance, etc. Love and Parentage ; Applied to the Improvement of Offspring ; including Directions to Lovers and the Married, concerning the strongest ties and the most momentous relations of life. 12 mo, 144 pp. Illus. Paper, 40 cts. Matrimony ; Phrenology and Physiology applied to the Selection of Congenial Companions for Life, including directions to the Married for living together Affectionately and Happily. 8 vo, 108 pp. Paper, 40 cents. Amativeness. A Treatise containing valuable advice for the use of the Married and Single Embracing the Evils and Kemedies of Excessive and Per- verted Sexuality. New and Bevised Ed. 12 mo, 65 pp. Paper, 25 cts. Any estimate we might make of the amount of good accomplished by this little pamphlet would be considered an exaggeration by the reader and yet fall short of actual fact* . It is an excellent work. Heeding its advice would largely decrease the diseases and crimes- that result from perverted passions. Human Science : Or' Phrenology ; Its Principles, Proofs, Faculties, Organs, Tempera- ments, Combinations, Conditions, Teachings, Philosophies, etc., as applied to Health, its Value, Laws, Functions, Organs, Means, Preservation, Restoration, etc ; Mental Philosophy, Human and belt Improvement, Civilization, Home, Country, Commerce, Bights, Du ties, Ethics, etc. ; God, His Existence, Attributes, Laws, Worship, Natural Theology, etc ; Immortality, its Evidences, Conditions, Rela- tions to Time, Rewards, Punishments, Sin, Faith, Prayer, etc. ; Intel- lect, Memory, Juvenile and Self Education, Literature, Mental Disci- pline, the Senses, Sciences, Arts, Avocations, a Perfect Life, etc. 8 vo, 1211 pp., 214 Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00. Leather, $3.75. Creative and Sexual Science: Or Manhood, Womanhood, and their Mutual Interrelations ; Love, its Laws Power, etc. ; Selection, or Mutual Adaptation ; Courtship, Married' Life, and Perfect Children; their generation, endowment, paternity, maternity, bearing, nursing, and rearing ; together with Puberty Boyhood, Girlhood, etc.: Sexual Impairments Restored;. Male Vigor and Female Health and Beauty Perpetuated and Aug- mented, etc., as taught by Phrenology and Physiology. 8 vo 1040 pp. Portrait of Author and 211 Illusts. Cloth, $3.00. Leather, $3.75. These two works have been sold only by subscription, but, by arrangements with the publishers, we can supply them at their prices. S£nt by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF L. N. FOWLER. .Lorenzo \iles Fowler was bora at Cohocton, Ne* York, June 23, 1811. He assisted on a farm until sixteen oi seventeen when he attended the Danville, N. Y. Academy, and the Academy at Hadley, Mass. He was studying at Amherst when his brother O. S. graduated, and having studied Phreno- logy together he joined his brother and they entered the field together. After lecturing in all parts of the United States, etc he went to Great Britain, in company with his partner, S. R.' Wells. He was so pleased with the country that he has re- mained there ever since, lecturing in England, Scotland and Ireland. His headquarters are in the Imperial Buildings Lon- don, where he publishes The Phrenological Magazine and a number of standard works on the subject, and is the f ondon Agent for all the works published by the Fowler & Wells Co of Lorenzo n fowier T 01 ?" As ? lecturer he is remarkable for the great lokenzo n fowler. amount of appropriate and sound sense he will crowd into a ■discourse, and as an examiner he is in his element. Marriage : Its History and Ceremonies ; with a Phrenological and Physiological exposition of the functions for Happy Marriages. Twenty-second Edition. 12 mo, 216 pp. Illustrated. Cloth, $100. The first sixty-nine pages of this work are devoted to the History of Marriage, and to a description of the various methods and customs which different nations ana tribes from the commencement of the world to the present time, have adopted to gratify heir sexuS TJnlT5?f elmgS - t . The . ma n !> od y of th e work is devoted to an expositionof "the soda .^S^^BS^^S^ t0 th ° Se « Ualities which 8hould > ^ose which should Lectures on Man. Being- a series of Discourses on Phrenology and Physiology delivered by Prof. L.N. Fowler in Great Britain. 12mo, 353 pp. Clo,$150 Net «f ^ e Cl °se]y printed 5 & £ es of this book are tw enty-one lectures, the scope and character Phlinln maJ n^ ] ? dg6d + fT T the following titles: How to Read Character; pToof of Phrenology; Objections to Phrenology considered and answered; Temperaments the? Classification and Importance; Utility of Phrenology; Tact and Talent ; DefinitTo , Con b£ nation, and Natural Language of the Faculties; Memory, How to Secure and RetaiTlt- tOtI ker ^ Auth ors Speakers; Self-Knowledge-What to Know, What to iS, and How to S iJ ^f^ 0 ? ^ reno ^^ How to Succeed in the World ; Sel -Made Men : Health, Wealth, and Happiness; Love, 'Courtship MdWtaiSaS? How to Train Up a Child; Formation of Character; Reflection of CharaS er The Moral Laws, Duties and Obligations of Man; "John Bull" and "Brother Jonathan Their National Peculiarities; How to Live, or Temperance in a Nutshell. dumunan > Ali eir Mental Science As Explained by Phrenology. With Chapters on the Perceptive faculties, the Eeasomng Faculties, the Moral Faculties, an(T the belnsh Propensities. 16 mo, 64 pp. Cloth, 40c. Paper, 25 cts net H ow To Learn Phrenology, With Hints as to the Study of Character. 16 mo, 50 pp., 14 illustra- tions. Sixth Edition. Paper, 15 cents, Net. Revelations of The Face. oents^N p 111 ^ 16 * to students of Physiognomy. 12 mo. Paper, 15 •ent bv mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF SAMUEL R. WELLS. Samuel R. Wells was born at West Hartford, Conn, April 4tb 1820 His boyhood was passed on a farm, on the shore of Lake Ontario, in New York State. Afterwards he served an apprenticeship as a tanner and currier. While working, and at the same time reading medicine, he heard the Fowler Bros, de- liver a course of lectures in Boston. He joined them, and in 1844 became a co-partner in their establishment in New Ttork- and married their sister Charlotte Fowler the same year. OA Fowler retired from the firm in 1854 and L. N. Fowler in 1862, leaving Mr. Wells to conduct the business alone, which he did most successfully up to the time of his death, which occurred April 13th 1875. Mr. Wells was a tall, impressive man, grace- ful and winning to an unusual degree. He was inclined to overwork, and being exposed to cold during the process of mov- samuel r. wells. i ng the office and cabinet in March he fell a victim to pneumonia. Wedlock, Or, the Eight Relations of the Sexes. Disclosing the Laws of Con- jugal Selections, and showing Who May, and Who May Not Marry. 12 mo, 238 pp. Portrait of author. Cloth, $1.50. 1 ancy Gilt, $2.00. This book is handsomely printed and beautifully bound. It was intended more especially for young people, but may be read with interest and profit by those of every age. Among the subjects treated are Qualifications for Matrimony; The Right Age; Motives for Marry- ing; Marriages of Consanguinity-of Cousins, when and when not Justifiable; Effects on Offspring Conjugal Selection, who are, and who are not adapted; How to Harmonize whe?e differences exist: Happy Parents, Ha r py Children ; Quarrelsome_ Parents, Q»a"el- some Children-Why; Affinities; Courtship-Long or Short; Duty of Paren s; Marriage Customs and Ceremonies of all Nations ; Second Marriages are they Admwible ? Are they usually Happy? J.alousy. its Cause and Cure; Causes of Separation ; About Divorces; Celibacy-Ancient and Modern; Polygamy and Pantagamy; Love Sums in the Features and How to Read Them; Physiognomy f Sensible Love Letters: the Model Husband and the Model Wife; Mutu 1 Obligations Privileges ana Duties; The Poetry of Love, Courtship, and Marriage, being a Practical Guide to all the Relations of Happy Wedlock. The Phrenological Miscellany; Or The Annuals of Phrenology and Physiognomy from 186S i to 1873. Revised and combined in one volume. 12 mo, 468 pp., over 350 illus- trations. Cloth, $1.50. This work contains portraits and biographies of many distinguished persons, and articles of value and great interest. Among the most important are, How to Study Pbreno- Wy Resemblance to Parents, Bashfulness, Diffidence, Stammering; The Marriage of Cousins; Jealousy, Its Cause and Cure; and shorter articles relating to human nature. How To Read Character. A New Illustrated Hand-book of Phrenology and Physiognomy for Students and Examiners, with a Chart for recording the sizes of the different Organs of the Brain in the Delineation of character. 12 mo, 191 pp. 172 illustrations. Cloth, $1.25. Paper, $1.00. To all of Mr Wells' writings there is the finish of the scholar and yet he never lost sight of the practical. A knowledge of Phrenology and Physiogyomy may be obtained from this wo P rk vvUhout one's mind b. comming burdened with theoretical speculation. The m- structions and explanations are clear, full, and effective as could be made. Wells' New Descriptive Chart, For givino- a Delineation of Character according to Phrenology and Physioo-nomy. For the use of .Practical Phrenologists, 12 mo, 56 pp. 42 illustrations- Paper, 25 cents. Flexible binding, 50c. The best chart for the use of Phrenologists published, and has hao a very extensive sale. Sent by mail postpaid on receipt of pric<^ PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. THE WORKS OF SAMUEL R. WELLS.-Continued. New Physiognomy; Or, Signs of Character, as manifested through Temper- ament and External Forms, and especially in "The Human lace Divine." 8 vo, 768 pp. Portrait of An. S^t 1 '^ 5611111 ^^ 0118 -, Clot M3.00. Gilt Edges, *6.00. In Heavy Calt, marbled edges, $8.00. Turkey Morocco, full gilt, $10.00. «n thot • ^ comprehensive, thorough, and practical Work, in which all that is known on the subject treated is Systematized, Explained Illustrated and Applied. Physiognomy is here shown to be no mere fanciful speculation, but a consistent and well-considered sys ject thorough, and so far as possible, exhaustive. Among the topics discussed are r S' «] Principles of Physiognomy; The Temperaments; General Forms as IndKative o7ciia?" acter ; Signs of Character in the Features-ihe Chin, the Lips, the Nose Uie Fvp« th« Cheeks the Ears, the Neck, etc ; The Hands and Feet ; Si-ns of Character in AeHon * S- k ; th «Vo. ice . Laugh, Shaking Hands, the style of Dress ^ etc ^ iLantv Id^rv Effects of Climate; Ethnology; National Types; Physioenomv of Cl^Ut tlVf?' ldl0c ^ Portraits, including Divines, Orators, Statesmen, wTrr^ p SSnE 0 ?^ ™ w g i G u ad ^ 8 of . Intelligence; Comparative Physiognomy; Personal The treatise of Mr. Wells, which is ad- mirably printed and profusely illustrated, is probably the most complete hand-book upon the subject in the language. It con- tains a synopsis of the history of Physiog- nomy, with notices of all the different systems which have been promulgated, and critical examinations of the eyes, the noses, ~j «H_-CH-0, tne mouths, the ears, and the brows of many distinguished characters.— N. Y. Tribune. Among those who have contributed to the advancement of the Science of Physiog- nomy in this country, the author of this book is honorablv distinguished, and we feel pleasure in bearing testimony to the conscientiousness and ability with which he has executed the laborious task that he imposed upon himself.— New York Her- aid. Expression : Its Anatomy and Philosophy. With the original Notes and Illustra- tions by the author, Sir Charles Bell, and additional Notes and Illus- trations by Samuel E. Wells. 12 mo, 200 pp., 77 Illustrations. Cloth, J^ifSu^S^ ° harIeS Bell ' S ^ W ° rk ' aDd 18 ° f S * ecial value t0 and Comparative Physiognomy ; Or, Resemblances between Men and Animals. By James W. Redfield, Cloth $2.50' PP ' IUustrated Wlth 330 Engravings. New Edition! This is a standard work and carries the subject of Phvsioo-nomv Wn tf« ~t • -i tnh£o A % < th e people of various nations to certain animals, the points made bS subjects of illustration. One may read this book out of mere curiosity, or may look at it ll ° m .f,5 u ™ oro,19 P?' n t of view-so be it; but whether one reads humorously or seriouslr he will find suggestions of value. ^^luumy or seriously, Sent bv mail, postpaid, on receipt of Drice. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOWLER & WELLS COMPANY. The Science of Mind Applied to Teaching; Including the Human Temperaments and their influ- ence upon the Mind; The analysis of the Mental Faculties, and how to develop and train them ; The Theory of Educ ttion in the School ; and Methods of Instruction and School Management. By U, J. Hoffman. 12 mo, 379 pp., 100 Illus. Cloth, $1,50. This work is written by a practical educator, Prof. Hoffman toeing Principal of Hayward Collegiate Institute and Professor of Belles-Lettres and Teachers' Training. The author says in his preface: "It is because the principles which are presented in the following pages have been very helpful to me, and the hope that •hey may be so to others, that I present this volume to my fellow-teachers." This book is filled with suggestions for parents and teachers which are sound, sen- sible and practical. Part second, especial- ly, on Methods, is replete with excellent directions and working models on the art of iustruction. which only a thoughtful and experienced teacher could have written, and which thoughtful and evtn experienced teachers will find worthy of attention.— Literary World. A book of great practical worth. — Educa- tional Journal. Full of suggestions of great value to every teacher.— School Educator. It is one of the most sensible and really useful works on the subject we have seen. — University Quarterly. Prof* Hoffman has entered a new field for pedagogical writers. No one else has made an application of Phrenology to teaching. In writing this book he has only laid down the principles which we know him to have followed through many years of successful teaching. His great knowledge of human nature, and his ability to read character, give him a power in the school- room that few teachers possess. That fact makes us attach more weight to what he has said than we otherwise would. He carefully lays down the relation now proven to exist between mind and brain.— Central Normal News. This book is wri'ten for teachers, by a teacher, and is an excellent book to read in connection with "Pedagogy."— School Jour. The Temperaments; Or, Varieties of Physical Constitution in Man, con- sidered in their relation to Mental Character and Practical Affairs of Life, by D. H. Jacques, M. D. With an Introduction by H. S. Drayton, A. M., Editor of the Phrenological Journal 12 mo, 350 pp., 150 Illustrations. Cloth, $1-50. In the study of huma" nature it is necessary to have a starting point from which one muy begin to classify men. The foundation for all future study is the temperaments, and the volume by Dr. Jaqu^s is the only work on the subject now published. The subject is treated in a most comprehensive manner, showing its bearings on marriage, education and training of children, occupation, health, and disease heredity, etc., all Qlustrated with portraits from life. It tells how to cultivate or restrain tem- pered tendencies, and is a work which should be in the hands of every student of human nature. The author illustrates his points forcibly, and his style is clear and his manner pleas- ing.— Chicago Inter-Ocean. There is a great deal of common sense, and medical sense, and phrenological sense Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, in this volume. Its physiological matter and much of what is said of the relations of temperament to occupation, marriage, edu- cation, health, and disease, is practical and useful.— Christian Intelligencer.