BULLETIN 35 REPORT OF THE 1912 INSPECTION OF THE PITTSBURGH TEST FENCE, INCLUDING THE REPAINTING TESTS AND THE NEW TESTS. SCIENTIFIC SECTION HENRY A. GARDNER, Director EDUCATIONAL BUREAU PAINT M’F’RS ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES PHILADELPHIA, PA. Copyright. 1913, by H. a. Gardner Jr* if ■ B BULLETIN 35 REPORT OF THE 1912 INSPECTION OF THE PITTSBURGH TEST FENCE, INCLUDING THE REPAINTING TESTS AND THE NEW TESTS. SCIENTIFIC SECTION HENRY A. GARDNER. Director EDUCATIONAL BUREAU PAINT M’F’RS ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES PHILADELPHIA, PA. Distributed by G. B. HECKEL. Secretary 6?6 Bourse Bldg.. Philadelphia, Pa. Copyright, 1913, by H. A. GARDNER THE GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE LI BRIAR* I REPORT OF THE 1912 INSPECTION OF THE PITTSBURGH TEST FENCE, INCLUD¬ ING THE REPAINTING TESTS AND THE NEW TESTS. An inspection of the Pittsburgh Test Fence was made on August 29,1912. Repainting Tests. The first set of panels ex¬ amined were those which were painted in Decem¬ ber, 1907, and exposed in January, 1908. All of those white-pine panels in this test, that were painted white, were prepared for repainting in May, 1910, the surface of each being lightly sand- papered and brushed to remove loosely adhering- soot or dirt. The paints used in the repainting tests were all contained in original sealed and labeled packages, having been kept under lock and key in a storage vault for nearly three years and being part of the supply that was originally used in the painting of the panels in December, 1907. FENCE COMMITTEE.* Mr. Alfred C. Rapp, Chairman Test Fence Committee, Pittsburgh Branch, Master Painters’ Association of Pennsylvania. Mr. John Dewar, Member Fence Committee, Pittsburgh Branch, Mas¬ ter Painters’ Association of Pennsylvania. Dr. J. H. James, Chairman Carnegie Technical Schools' Fence Com¬ mittee. Mr. Henry A. Gardner, Assistant Director, The Institute of Indus¬ trial Research, Washington, D. C. 3 Most of these paints were found in good condition when the packages were opened. Some of the single pigment pastes, however, which had been kept in the old-style wooden packages, were found to be hard and lumpy. Leakage of the oil was probably responsible for this result. Reductions, Application, and Drying. For ap¬ plication of the first repainting coat of paint, a re¬ duction of one-half pint of turpentine and one- half pint of linseed oil to one gallon of paint was used, with an equivalent amount in the case of the white pastes which were broken up previous to re¬ duction, with 41/2 gallons of oil to 100 pounds of paste. In certain cases, where the surfaces of the old paints were very hard, a somewhat higher re¬ duction was used, depending upon the judgment of the practical master painter to make such re¬ duction as was needed. The penetration of the paints into the wood was excellent in nearly every case, and the drying proceeded rapidly. The sec¬ ond repainting coat was applied without reduction, six days after the first coat. This coat dried very well within twenty-four hours after application. The paints were applied to the panels without re¬ moving them from the fence. Results of Inspection. When white paints are exposed to atmospheric conditions such as are found in Pittsburgh and cities of great industrial activity, rapid darkening often ensues. This con- 4 clition is illustrated in tlie photographic reproduc¬ tions herein and is recorded on the attached detail inspection chart. Those white paints made of lead pigments and zinc oxide, with or without a moderate percentage of inert pigments such as barytes, asbestine, etc., are in generally good condition, having withstood for over two years a severe weather test, without showing any decided indications of failure. One of the most noticeable features of the tests is the generally superior condition of the repainted panels, as contrasted with the appearance of the paints originally applied to the new wood, after they had been exposed but one year. The single¬ pigment paints, some of which presented darkened and checked surfaces previous to repainting, are showing in most cases magnification of these de¬ fects. A detailed report of the condition of each panel is attached. Inspection of New Tests. The tests which were painted and exposed early in June, 1909, consist¬ ing largely of various combinations of litliopone with other white pigments, were also inspected on August 29tli, by the same committee inspecting the repainting tests. Although the inspection was made almost entirely from the panels painted white, it was generally observed that the tinted paints were in a better state of preservation. Considering the period of time over which these new tests have been exposed, it is fair to say that excellent, results have been obtained with those white paints made of a high percentage of the lead and zinc pigments in combination, or of a high per¬ centage of lead and zinc pigments combined with a moderate percentage of the inert pigments. Attention is called to the detail photographs pre¬ sented with this report, which show in a general way the condition of the test panels at the time of inspection. It is to be noted, however, that it is not always possible to illustrate by photographic means the true color values or surface conditions presented by the various paints. On this account the reader is advised not to give too much consider¬ ation to the illustration, but to weigh carefully the appended report of conditions at inspection when forming a conclusion as to the value of the various formulas. PITTSBURGH TEST FENCE. PAINTED DECEMBER, 1907. EXPOSED JANUARY, 1908. REPAINTED MAY, 1910. OLD TESTS. Formula No. TABLE OF RESULTS OF INSPECTION AUGUST, 1912. White-pine* Panels Painted White. Panel No. Formulas. Basic Carbonate White Lead. Zinc Oxide. Basic Sulphate White Lead. % 1 2 30 2 4 50 3 6 20 4 8 48.5 5 10 22 6 12 7 14 37 8 16 38 9 18 10 20 44 11 22 50 12 24 60 13 26 14 28 25 15 30 20 16 32 33 17 34 40 18 36 75 19 38 20 40 67.0 33 168 15 34 172 38.95 35 173 37.51 36 174 100 37 175 100 38 176 100 39 177 40 178 45 169 46 170 47 171 % 70 50 50 48.5 50 64 66 48 73 46 50 34 27 25 40 33 40 25 25 19.5 30 33.58 25.87 90 61 100 Zinc Lead, White. % 20 60 20 75 25 4.81 7.84 100 Inert Pigments. Calcium Carbonate. Calcium Sulphate. % 30 100 % 10 3.0 3 5 10 % Magnesium Silicate. Barium Sulphate. 2G % 36 10.0 19.48 20.36 10 Panels 171, 173, 174, 175, 177—yellow pine. 25 6% Inert Pigment. 10 3.5 34 13 1.59 4.21 39 Silica. % 14 25 30 1.59 4.21 Blanc Fixe. % Eepobt or Inspection. Panel No. Formula No. Chalking. Checking. Condition. Remarks. Slight. Fairly good... 2 i ing. Heavy. Fairly good. 4 2 Considerable.. Good. 6 3 Considerable.... Slight. Good. 8 4 Considers 1>1 p Some lateral. Fairly good. . 10 5 Medium. Medium. Poor. 12 6 Medium... Slight lateral check- Good. 14 7 ing. Heavy. Slight. 16 8 Medium. Considerable lateral Poor. 18 9 checking. Slight. 20 10 Medium.... None. White . 22 11 Slight. 24 12 None. 20 13 Slight. 28 14 Some lateral check- 30 15 ing. Medium. Good. 32 16 Slight. Good. 34 17 Slight. Fair. .. . 36 18 None. 38 19 Slight. 40 20 Medium. Fair. 168 33 None. Good. ^Vbifp . 172 34 None. Good. 173 35 Heavy. Fair. 174 36 Considerable. Poor. 175 37 Heavy alligatoring... Poor. 176 38 Medium. Fairly good. 177 39 Good. White. 178 40 Slight.. Fair. 169 45 Poor. 170 46 Poor. 171 47 n.._-r -i ^^ ■ . ■ I ‘ ■ > ! i 'H These tests are all marked with the capital letter N. PITTSBURGH TEST FENCE. NEW TESTS—EXPOSED JUNE, 1909. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27* 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 TABLE OF RESULTS OF INSPECTION AUGUST, 1912. White-pine Panels Painted White—Thbee-coat Work. Formula No. Panel No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Formulas. Basic Carbonate White Lead. Zinc Oxide. Basic Sulphate White Lead. Precipitate White Lead. Zinc Lead. Litho¬ pone. Inert Pigments. Calcium Carbonate. Silica. Asbes¬ tine. China Clay. Barytes. Blanc Fixe. % % % 45 45 % % % 40 40 45 45 40 35 % 15 10 10 20 % % % % % 15 45 45 40 45 20 2 2 2 2 3 3 50 30 -- 8 8 4 4 12 4 7 7 50 50 50 36 36 36 55 55 60 30 8 28 7 7 28 10 10 30 30 30 100 100 30 60 10 33 34 34 100 33 33 33 17 33 17 33 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 24 45 45 45 50 75 50 45 13 18 40 40 35 36 15 15 20 2 12 25 50 100 Report of Inspection. Chalking. Cheeking. Medium. Heavy. Heavy. Medium. Considerable. Considerable. Heavy. Heavy. Slight. Very slight.. Medium. Medium. Very heavy.. Heavy. Heavy. Medium. Considerable. Slight. Medium. Heavy. Heavy. Heavy. Medium. Medium. Heavy. Very heavy. None. Heavy, scaled. Heavy, scaled. Slight. Considerable.. None. Heavy. Considerable lateral checking. Considerable. Heavy. Medium. Slight. Heavy. Very slight. Slight. Medium. Slight. Deep. Slight. Considerable. Considerable. Deep. Considerable. Medium. Heavy. Medium. General Condition. Very good. Very poor. Very poor. Fair. Fair. Very good. Poor. Poor. Poor. Poor. Poor. Fair. Poor. Good. Good. Poor. Good. Very poor. Good. Poor. Poor. Fair. Poor. Fair. Fair. Poor. * This white lead made by the Cylinder Process without the use of acetic acid. N. B.—Notice is called to the fact that White Lithopone Paints, when exposed to the weather, have not given satisfactory service upon wooden surfaces. For interior use, however, Lithopone Paints have proved highly satisfactory and very durable. Experiments with White Lithopone Paints, made up with special oils and vehicles designed to withstand exterior exposure, are under way. Inspection hade only on White Paints. Tinted Paints all in Superior Condition to Same Formulas in White. Remark-" 1 . Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Very white surface. Darkened surface caused by lithopone and lead mixture. Darkened surface caused by lithopone and lead mixture. Slightly darkened. Very white. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Disintegrated. Transparent. Semi-transparent. Semi-transparent. Surface very rough and darkened. Fairly white surface. Surface very rough and darkened. . White surface. Fairly white surface. Rough darkened surface. White surface with granular texture. Rough, darkened surface. Very white. Slightly dark. Slightly dark. Dark and rough. Dark and rough. Surface dark and rough. Dark surface is spotting off in places. Probably due to second chalking.t Rough surface. Transparent. Panel No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Formula Wo, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 * 23 24 25 26 27* 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 t In the Pittsburgh district, after the initial chalking of a paint has progressed, there is observed in some instances a darkened surface. This darkened surface is often removed to a great extent by the progressive chalking, or so-called “second chalking period,” through which a paint will sometimes go. Pure Linseed Oil used in all Paints. ( Basic Carbonate-White Lead. 30% Results of Inspection, Aug. 29, 1912: Zinc Oxide. 70% Chalking: Slight --- Checking: Some lateral checking 100% Condition : Fairly good Remarks: Surface dark 10 ci 1 a ci i-i £ 11 i Cl tH a a ci to 3 OP 0) sJ £4 0 ) O a 5 J C &J3§ 2 io i o £ o £ - 0 a; 1 01 « 6C § « o ~ c .2 a aSSS « -*-> 7: o 'v S ” J J c s £ nT P £ 1 w ij (j ^ 10 >0 O 'X 00 CO ^ rH 12 Old Tests Repainted o o 0> +J ctf C3 £ O © S ■£ X Co p^O g S 'fi a .5 °o = g •| V O E]j o o Remarks: White surface 14 i r. 00 o is 33 3 3 05 a 3 Cl, 02 0) 33 £ >. O) C3 fcjj g r£ p , C 3 d 6 u6k 00 00 ^ CO Tt, 1-1 £ o o - 05 05 05 -LJ 3 2* t: 2 c: ^ Co O cj C5 O CC _ . , 3 .3 — CC N txi 16 17 Zinc Oxide.. 73% Results of Inspection, Aug. 20, 1012: Calcium Carbonate. 2% Chalking: Medium Silica . 25% Checking: Considerable lateral checking - Condition: Poor 100% Remarks: Brittle, scaly, transparent surface 10 Music Carbonate-White Lead. 50% Results of Inspection, Aug. 20, 1912 Zinc Oxide. 50% Chalking: Medium Checking: None 100% Condition : Fairly Good Remarks: White Cl 5 05 Cl bi o g a. co o, ^ ss 'd o o bfi 2 o a a> o 03 ’4-1 P m a> ^ O tfC o-- G < 1 ) CD C G ® W O b. —i I—< f^4 w ^ H , t ,, •• &/D b£i g k O £ « .2 Q y H £ a. ^ --H S o-s 2 tH 32 C ® H g ^ G G O r — 1 Q fc 02 0) CD ‘ hH J «g g> ^ O j§ 2S S n TS ^ 0) S A 5 3 .q jq © a> 03 iOOOK 6 K £ A* o o co co ^ 1-1 -H r-l -M z/j a> 0> 0) c3 0) 0/ • o +-> c :ss o : BQ a fSaSu “•11 K g ^ O gg a w '“aw «■> q 3 o O tov. Til rt S 03 5,2 Ks:Stt ca 100 % MU /me Oxide. 25% Results of Inspection, Aug. 20, 1012: Basic Sulphate-White Lead. 75% Chalking: Medium --- Checking*: None 100% Condition : Very good Remarks. Very white surface ~ c ® s a — r " 1-1 o Oj DOC o i—i OKJOIO l- Cl O CO - a a> 4-> t; os re cj .re a> re _, -^OS n S „ .3 °0|§ *5d ^ ^ be k5oS 28 O 03 05 a u S ■g’S ^ . «h Eu 3 k « CO l-H .. •• .. CO l— X x o oj cdOOUPh Ph w PS X H X K Eh c O £ cb o fa £ X r- l- C 1 H H IOQOQOCO O l 01 I- >0 I- o ^ O' hH a> 0) i—< k -i_i s s 4-: s x a^x o o © o O S s *cc , Sbobm £ 0) f o cd D a cd r o o Cl be *5 0) o cd Xfl .2 a »d 0) ^a <2P “ U OiC cs *•- 1 o o -f. O) o> 0) O cc re /* 1 r 32 33 asic Carbonate-White Lead. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. 29, 1912: Chalking: Medium Checking: Considerable Condition: Poor Remarks: Much darkened Q a H g 3 < ft 6 a K CQ 33 H 3 go a s-l H O o a O £h o' z Eh 4 01 St o -i—> si a fcX) § S3 0) 3 33 to>' JE$oS 5 £ K ^ Q St: St ~ o ’.2 ^ —; : « +-» ?H ~ 03 « ■3S . : a; s a : 03 o ^ -OOfi 2 ►— 4 —* 3 i © U 34 Q W ,, £ ffl I- H CO n ►H £ P P w * _ 05 ~ % H g g co a - w ^ w H Q Hi o o pti Zinc Lead White. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. i Chalking: Considerable Checking: Medium Condition: Fairly good Remarks: Fairly white o o £ 3 Si o fa c-l T“1 c. a. ci bt iji ■ v2t o '-p h i , ZJ > Oj _ o> 3 G 2 " a a> o.?r «w be be 3 cr. o 3 0.2 a 00 l— a: ,14 a! " o3 +1 —I o “ a cj o a a 3 -G 33 O O* lUOQK o £ (1 0) G 3 fa £ o o 02 0> H 36 37 Zinc Oxide. 90% Results of Inspection. Aug. 29, 1912: Calcium Carbonate. 10% Chalking: Slight - Checking: Medium 100% Condition: Fail- Remarks: Surface darkened since last inspection o o 8 Formula ci T— cs 01 H 01 w o £ c; ci ti •< +-> cs a §? .2 c ■ ■» ” CO 5 o £ 02 01 H tw Slfi fcfl CO o S —H •—c c3 v. a a u « -I-"-' O D rl 75 cs 53 5,5,5 0) D oDQOK « lOOlO r-l 0) I I a; 4-> a a qg o ,p cs 2 ° a 41 Basic Sulphate-White Lead. 45% Results of Inspection, Aug. 29, 1912: Lithopone . 40% Chalking: Silica. 15% Checking:- - General Condition : - 100% Remarks: Disintegrated •42 4 T—! 05 m 6 £ "3 a c3 0* m o> »o 6 £ ei CO H os w H w £ O o o & c o s 44 45 Basic Sulphate-White Lead. 45% Results of Inspection. Aug. 29, 1912 Lithopone . 35% Chalking:- Asbestine . 20% Checking:- - General Condition :- 100% Remarks: Disintegrated 4G 47 i t M N 10 4 !> N L« 51 ci GQ H 0G W H £ H £ CO © co T—\ 6 * Cl tr a- ST «w C 02 t: o» K •• u O |i ic I o OOCK o c o (*“ «— c v'' k ^ >> I—I 52 N 1 4 05 3U 8 0 .53 •— rt H! rr 2^ Sh ri <— O'D^- 7:ct^a- ^ ^ ^ ^ 1_! W r- ^ ^ 5 in ,q S 3 £ooo« O' o c O' CO T- Tfl o o 54 55 Lithopone. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. 29, 1912 Chalking: - Checking: - General Condition: - Remarks: Disintegrated r i 8 iC o Cl ttl r— o biD 8b 1^ a, o a s a w 5 o O' £ r 4-> o CC 0) lh oo a> o O K o> o .o c3 o a> ctf rn r 60 61 100% Results of Inspection. Aug. 29, 1912 Chalking: Medium Checking: Slight General Condition: Fair Remarks: Fairly white surface 62 63 tasic Sulphate-White Lead. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. 29, 1912: Chalking: Heavy Checking: Very slight General Conditou: Good Remarks: White surface 64 65 Precipitated White Lead. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. 20, 1012: Chalking: Medium Checking: Medium General Condition: Poor Remarks: Rough, darkened surface 66 Basic Carbonate-White Lead. 100% Results of Inspection, Aug. 20, 1912: Chalking: Considerable (This white lead made by the cylinder process without Checking: Slight the use of acetic acid.) General Condition: Good Remarks: White surface with granular mire o 67 N 29 -t* LI CO CO 01 1—. i—I o o 08 GO Basic Carbonate-White Lead. 45% Results of Inspection. Aug. 20, 1012: Lithopone . 40% Chalking: Heavy Calcium Carbonate. 15% Checking: Considerable - General Condition : Poor 100% Remarks: Slightly dark T1 O frl t£ 5 ; 5 || >1 " d C- -d o J 5 g >» • •r ^sS S O ► ® 2 J 3 aj k S .t; tc q, c Q»d in 5KDga; ^ •• --C ) •• g> an 5 © .2 .5 7 ZU rf 24 rM r* -£ ~ o 2 3 7; c 3 0) S d T— 1 5 23 23 02 O . 31 CiJ Souok CQ 6 —* pH H 02 o Y~s & K , EH rt 02 <£ r- 1 ww P 4 lOOffl o w w Tt^ T —1 o fc c -M 1—1 o Tfi HH 02 H a +j c3 C O £! — C O 0/ e o & t) O B *3 .a «•" s I—i i-i 5& TO 71 74 ci T— c. cf Cl u c3 5? $-< O' O o o CO co 6 6 y £ ci CL; Trl c x x a> W) O « x ►/ ooo« o c (0