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HANDBOOK 
 
 • fw M M . I Gin f 
 
 C ij / 
 
 FOR 
 
 LANCASHIRE. 
 
 NEW EDITION , REVISED . 
 
 WITH MAP. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN MUBBAY, ALBEMAELE ST BEET, 
 
 1880. 
 
 The right of Translation is reserved. 
 
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET 
 AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Absolute accuracy is by no means claimed for this new edition 
 of the Handbook to Lancashire. At the same time, many cor- 
 rections and much additional information will be found in it. 
 The state of trade being so very uncertain, the Editor has 
 thought it better to confine himself to the general account 
 of the Lancashire Industries previously given, and to avoid 
 statistical detail. 
 
 The Editor will be thankful for any hints or information 
 which may be sent to him. Communications should be addressed 
 to the care of Mr. Murray, 50 Albemarle Street. 
 
 The Editor begs to state his grateful obligations to Mr. W. E. 
 A. Axon, of Manchester ; to Mr. Joseph Boult, of Liverpool ; 
 and to Mr. W. Boper, of Lancaster, for all information respecting 
 these towns. He has also thankfully to acknowledge the kind 
 co-operation of Mr. E. Kirk, of Pendleton, near Manchester ; 
 of Mr. James Clegg, Editor of the Bolton Chronicle ; of Mr. 
 W. Abram, Editor of the Blackburn Times ; of Mr. A. Sinclair, of 
 St. Helens ; of Mr. W. Beam on t, of Warrington ; of Mr. Dixon, 
 of Ormskirk ; of Mr. Bond, of Dalton-in-Eurness ; of Mr. C. B. 
 West, of Manchester; all of whom have endeavoured to insure 
 the accuracy of the work. 
 
 May, 1880. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction . . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Y 
 
 ROUTES. 
 
 *** The names of places are printed in italics only in those routes where the places 
 
 are described. 
 
 ROUTE PAGE 
 
 1 Warrington to Preston, by 
 
 Newton and Wigan ... 1 
 
 2 Stockport to Manchester . . 11 
 
 3 Manchester to Oldham , by 
 
 Ashton-under- Lyne . . 31 
 
 4 Manchester to Burnley, by 
 
 Middleton , Rochdale , and 
 Todmorden 39 
 
 5 Manchester to Accrington, by 
 
 Bury and Haslingden . . 48 
 
 6 Bury to Burnley, by Bacup 
 
 and Rossendale .... 54 
 
 7 Manchester to Clitheroe , by 
 
 Bolton , Blackburn , and 
 Whalley . * ... 58 
 
 8 Preston to Colne , by Blackburn, 
 
 Accrington , and Burnley . 80 
 
 9 Manchester to Wigan, by 
 
 Eccles and Tyldesley . . 85 
 
 10 Manchester to Preston, by 
 
 Bolton and Chorley . . 93 
 
 11 Rochdale to Liverpool, by 
 
 Bury, Bolton, and Wigan . 96 
 
 ROUTE PAGE 
 
 12 Manchester to Liverpool, by 
 
 Newton and B rescot . . 99 
 
 12a Manchester to Liverpool, by 
 
 Glazebrook and Warrington 107 
 
 13 Warrington to Liverpool, by 
 
 Widnes , Speke , and Gars - 
 ton . . . ... . 109 
 
 14 Liverpool to Southport ' '. . 112 
 
 15 Liverpool to Preston, by Orms- 
 
 kirk . , . . . . . 132 
 
 16 Preston to Fleetwood, ’ by Ly - 
 
 tham and Blackpool . .140 
 
 17 Preston to Kendal, by Lan- 
 
 caster 151 
 
 18 Morecambe to Carnforth Junc- 
 
 tion, by Wennington . . 161 
 
 1 9 Carnforth to Barrow , by XJl - 
 
 verston and Furness Abbey . 165 
 
 20 Ulverston to Ambleside, by 
 
 Newby Bridge and Bowness . 182 
 
 21 Furness Junction to Amble- 
 
 side, by Broughton, Coniston, 
 and Hawkshead . . .186 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Physical Geography and Geology v 
 
 II. Industrial Resources xi 
 
 III. Communications xxiv 
 
 IV. History and Antiquities xxvii 
 
 Y. Places of Interest xxxvi 
 
 VI. Skeleton Tour xxxix 
 
 VII. Antiquarian Tour xl 
 
 VIII. Pedestrian Tour xli 
 
 I.— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 LANCASHIRE. 
 
 The county palatine of Lancaster possesses in some degree a similarity 
 in its physical features to that of Salop, inasmuch as it contains within 
 its boundaries scenery of such opposite character. The fertile plain, the 
 desolate fenland, the moors and the mountains, have each their place in 
 Lancashire, and though there is much in it that is somewhat dreary super- 
 ficially, the riches that are obtained from under the surface make ample 
 amends. 
 
 The whole of South Lancashire, comprising the district between the 
 Mersey and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, is exceedingly flat 
 and unprepossessing, and it is not until we get north of that line that the 
 rising grounds of the coal-fields begin to show themselves and impart 
 some variety. The western portion of the coal basin, although tolerably 
 diversified, does not possess any attractive features — but as soon as the 
 traveller crosses the line marked by the Wigan and Preston Railway, a 
 great difference is seen. Here we have the conspicuous range of Rivington 
 Pike (1545 ft.), which appears higher than it really is from the extent 
 of the plain out of which it rises. The lofty moorlands and broken dells, 
 called locally “doughs” or “goyts,” extend southward as far as Bolton, 
 while northward they run to Blackburn, Haslingden, and Burnley, where, 
 divided by the valleys of the Calder and the Ribble, a fresh set of hills 
 takes their place. 
 
 It is a district given up to coal-pits, grit and sandstone quarries, and 
 dye-works, and is not one much visited by tourists ; but nevertheless it 
 contains some very picturesque scenery, the hills which overlook the 
 
vi i. Physical Geography and Geology : IntrocL 
 
 Irwell valley by Eamsbottom rising to a considerable height at Holcombe 
 Moor (1162 ft.), the valleys themselves being richly wooded. 
 
 Towards the source of the Irwell they run up into the heart of the 
 moorlands of Eossendale Forest, now only a forest in name. The general 
 elevation of Eossendale is in itself considerable, and the outline of the 
 hills so devoid of sharpness that the highest parts of the district, such 
 as Derplay (1429 ft.), Coupe Law (1438 ft.), and Haslingden Moors, lose 
 their effect amongst the moorlands by which they are surrounded, and 
 which extend eastward to Eochdale. Here, in the hills that overlook the 
 valleys of the Eoch and the Spodden, much beautiful scenery on a small 
 scale is to be found. The eastern border of the county is marked by a 
 much finer series of hills, which run far into Yorkshire, and form part 
 of the great backbone of the Pennine chain. Blackstone Edge and the 
 valley of the Calder, up to Todmorden, offer rugged and broken land- 
 scape of great interest, with many special features which will well repay 
 their exploration by the antiquary and the geologist. At Todmorden a great 
 transverse valley is reached, the right arm of which at once conveys the 
 traveller into Yorkshire, while the left introduces him to the mountain 
 region to the north of Burnley. Here the culminating point is reached in 
 Pendle Hill, an immense mass of mountain, 1803 ft. in height, which, with 
 its outliers of Padiham Heights, fills up the area between Burnley, Colne, 
 Clitlieroe, and Whalley. 
 
 At Clitheroe the broad valley of the Eibble intervenes, with its sub- 
 sidiary the Hodder, shutting off the hill districts of East and Mid Lancashire 
 from those of the north ; although, looking up the Yale of Hodder, the 
 tourist beholds the distant terrace-like mountains in the neighbourhood of 
 Whitewell, which connect this portion of the county with Lancaster by 
 means of the Fells of Wyerdale and Bleasdale, and the Forest of Bowland. 
 
 We have' thus traced the gradual development of high land, from the 
 flats and levels of South and West Lancashire, through the coalmeasure 
 plateaus of the middle of the county, to the rugged and inhospitable fells 
 of the north ; and we have now to continue our examination on the other 
 side of the Eibble, which, as it were, cuts the county in two, almost at its 
 narrowest part. Taking the line marked out by the Preston and Lancaster 
 Eailway, we have on 1. just such another series of mosses and levels as 
 we have between Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Preston, and w T hich appear to 
 be the concomitants of the estuaries of the large rivers, such as the Mersey, 
 Eibble, Wire, and Lune. 
 
 But as the hill country is approached (to the rt. of the railway), the 
 valleys become deeper, the rivers more rapid, and the scenery more pic- 
 turesque. The fells themselves are not remarkable for great height or 
 great beauty, but for all that they are worth ascending, on account of the 
 very extensive views seaward over the Irish Channel and the Isle of Man. 
 
 In the Yale of Lune, which acts as the second great break dividing the 
 Lancaster Fells from the Lake Mountains, there is much beautiful scenery, 
 especially as the tourist nears its head in the neighbourhood of Kirk by 
 Lonsdale, or the head of its tributary, the Wenning, in the vicinity of 
 Ingleton, where the mountain limestone not only composes the magnifi- 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 Vll 
 
 cent ranges of Ingleborough and Penyghent, but is the framework of those 
 extraordinary caverns which burrow into the recesses of the hills. At 
 Carnforth we are introduced into that glorious region of Lake Mountains, 
 which are only Lancastrian by arbitrary geographical division, but physi- 
 cally are continuous with Westmorland and Cumberland. 
 
 In the portion which belongs to the County Palatine are Windermere, 
 Esthwaite Water, and Coniston Water, all of which lakes have a parallel 
 course from N. to S., thus, determining the course of the rivers that issue 
 from them into the Bay of Morecambe, and also those limestone and 
 Silurian mountains, which, commencing with Weatherlam and Coniston 
 Old Man, gradually decline in height until they terminate seawards in the 
 Fells of Furness. 
 
 The geology of Lancashire, although full of general interest, is not so 
 varied as its scenery, by far the largest portion of the county being com- 
 prised in the carboniferous formation, which is of great extent and im- 
 portance. The most recent strata are those of the Triassic, or New Bed 
 Sandstone, which fringes the sea-coast districts on the W., and the river 
 district on the S. Speaking rather generally, the limits of it would be 
 defined by the course of the Lancaster, Preston, Ormskirk, and Liverpool 
 Eailway, and from the latter place to Manchester by the London and 
 North-Western Railway and the Mersey. 
 
 It consists principally of the Keuper beds, which are very uniform in 
 their lithological aspect throughout the district, being mostly a conglo- 
 merate containing quartz, pebbles, and nodules of clay. The Bun ter 
 Sandstone appears but little on the rising ground north of the Mersey, 
 where it has suffered too much from denudation; but it is seen along 
 the river valley, and the low-lying lands in the neighbourhood of Widnes. 
 Sections and well-borings at Liverpool show the Triassic beds to be of the 
 following thickness : — Keuper Red Marls, 100 ft. ; Upper Shales or Water- 
 stones, 75 ft. ; Red and Yellow Sandstones, 150 ft. ; Lower Shales, 50 ft. ; 
 Yellow and White Sandstones, with Conglomerate base, 175 ft. ; Bunter 
 Upper Sandstone, 400 ft. ; Pebble-bed, 350 ft. ; Lower Sandstones, 400 ft. ; 
 total thickness, 1700 ft. At Manchester the New Red is only 1200 ft., 
 showing that it diminishes rapidly as it goes S.E., as it is only 600 ft. in 
 Derby and Staffordshire, and 250 ft. in Leicester and Warwick. It is an 
 important aid to the commercial resources of Manchester, as it yields to 
 the bleachworks, factories, and breweries upwards of six million gallons 
 of water every twenty- four hours. Sections at Orsmkirk show the base of 
 the Keuper conglomerate, with the Bunter underneath, where it yields a 
 very valuable sand for foundry purposes. Warrington is, perhaps, the best 
 place in Lancashire for studying the New Red, for in the neighbourhood 
 the Bunter Sandstones are found not only on the north side, of the river, but 
 also at Hillcliff and Lymm on the Cheshire side. Moreover, it is not so 
 obscured by drift or u till ” as it is near Manchester, or along the west 
 coast, where it is scarcely visible on that account. 
 
 The Permian beds assume an importance in Lancashire which few 
 other counties possess, and which, of course, arises from their connection 
 with the large carboniferous area which they more or less fringe. The best 
 
Introd. 
 
 vm 
 
 i. Physical Geography and Geology 
 
 localities for studying them are the neighbourhoods of Warrington, Leigh, 
 and Manchester. They are well seen forming a belt of half a mile in width 
 from Grange, N. of St. Helens, and thence in the direction of Parr and 
 Sutton to Barnhill, when they are thrown out by a fault. Near Man- 
 chester Mr. Binney gives the following general sections of the Permian 
 beds : — 1. Laminated and fine-grained red sandstone (not seen). 2. Red 
 and variegated marls, with beds of limestone and gypsum, containing 
 schizodus, &c., 300 feet. 3. Conglomerates, 50 ft. 4. Lower Red sand- 
 stone, 500 ft. 5. Red shaley clays (not seen). 6. Astley pebble beds, 
 containing coal-plants, and termed by him Lower Permian, 60 ft. 
 
 The Carboniferous formation , including the coalmeasures, millstone grit, 
 shales, and limestone, occupy the remainder of the county, and are of vast 
 importance in an economic point of view, as also of extreme interest to 
 the geologist. Speaking generally, this formation is of great thickness in 
 Lancashire; the 
 
 The coalmeasures, the whole and uninterrupted series of which is fuund 
 here, is divided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Series; the Lower or 
 Ganister, resting directly on the Millstone Grit, and terminating at the 
 floor of the Arley Mine. The Middle series extends upwards to the floor of 
 the Pendleton Four-foot coal, while the Upper embraces the Ardwick beds. 
 Although it is a common fashion to speak of the different coal-fields of 
 Wigan, St. Helens, Bolton, &c., they are all part and parcel of the great 
 Lancashire basin, the only two fields that are really separated by geological 
 boundaries being those of Manchester and Burnley. 
 
 The Lancashire field is marked out on the W. by a great fault, which 
 throws down the New Red, and extends from Lathom Park, near Ormskirk, 
 to Huy ton. On the N., on the high grounds that run with considerable 
 uniformity from Chorley to Ashton-under-Lyne, the coal country declines 
 gradually from the foot of these hills to the Mersey, dipping under the 
 New Red and Permian Beds, which line its banks. The bulk of the 
 measures are those of the Middle Coal Series, the lowest horizon of which 
 is the Arley Mine, a most valuable and persistent coal, that forms an ex- 
 cellent geological starting-point for correlative purposes ; for, as usual, the 
 measures in the different places are nearly all called by their own particular 
 names, adding greatly to the confusion and difficulty of establishing identity. 
 The difficulty is increased by the rapid thickening of the sandstones and 
 shales towards the N.W. 
 
 Mr. Binney, however, has pointed out the continuity of several strata 
 throughout the basin, as, for instance, the “ Little Delf ” of St. Helens with 
 the Arley Mine at Wigan, the “ Riley ” Mine of Bolton and the “ Dog- 
 shaw ” Mine of Bury. The upper coalmeasures of the Lancashire basin 
 are either without coal, or with such thin beds as not to be worth working. 
 
 Coalmeas ures being 
 Millstone grit 
 Yoredale series . . 
 
 Feet. 
 
 8460 
 
 5500 
 
 5025 
 
 18,985 
 
IntrocL 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 ix 
 
 At St. Helens these have a thickness of 650 yards, and near Bolton of 420. 
 The St. Helens section shows 14 measures of coal varying from 1 ft. 6 in. 
 to 9 ft. (the St. Helens Main Coal). 
 
 At Wigan there are 15 beds, varying from 3 ft. to 7 ft., and the same 
 number at Bolton. The most valuable of the series are the Arley Mine 
 and the Cannel. The former is characterised by a very constant bed of 
 ironstone, charged with Anthracosia robusta. The latter is rich in fish 
 remains, but unfortunately it thins out in every direction from Wigan, 
 which appears to be the centre. But the whole of the measures have yielded 
 a great number of fossils, and particularly ferns. 
 
 The Lower coalmeasures of the Lancashire basin, or Ganister series, are 
 found principally occupying the high moorland to the N. of Wigan, 
 Horwich, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, and Staley Bridge. The coal-seams them- 
 selves are thin, and not nearly so important as those of the Middle 
 measures; but they are of great interest to the geologist, and are the 
 cause of considerable scenic beauty, characterised by deep winding valleys, 
 or 44 doughs,” excavated out of the shales and sandstones. The Ganister 
 series is also found occupying an area interposed between the Middle 
 measures from a point a little N. of St. Helens up to the valley of the 
 Tawd. Their appearance here is caused by a great fault, called the Up- 
 holland Fault, which brings up the Ganister beds on the E., and throws 
 out all the coals except the Mountain mines, which are so called because 
 they are generally worked by levels or galleries running into the hill- 
 sides. This area is marked superficially by the high grounds of Billinge, 
 Ashurst, and Upholland. A section at Billinge shows, in a thickness of 
 about 1800 ft., 6 beds of coal, varying from a few inches to 2 ft. 8 in. The 
 roofs of these coals abound in goniatites, &c., and the under-clays in 
 stigmaria. 
 
 The Manchester coalfield is really a distinct field, separated from the 
 main Lancashire basin by New Bed and by Permian rocks at Collyhurst. 
 It is but small, being only 44 m. long by 14 broad. Economically, it is 
 not of so much importance, as the thick coals of the Middle measures 
 below the Worsley Four-feet have not yet been reached; but to the 
 geologist it is exceedingly interesting, as affording one of the finest Upper 
 coalmeasure sections in England. These can be seen in the valley of the 
 Medlock at Ardwick, and consist of red clays, sandstones, and 6 beds of 
 limestone, containing spirorbis and fish. The coal-seams are few and 
 thin, but there is a bed of blackband, with fish and marine shells. 
 
 To the N.E. of the Lancashire basin, and separated by the Ganister 
 rocks and the millstone-grit plateaux of Bossendale and Habergham, is 
 the small but productive coal-field of Burnley, nearly oval in shape, lying 
 in a trough that passes under the town of Burnley, and bounded on all 
 sides by millstone-grit and Yoredale rocks. The E. boundary is formed 
 by a great fault, which has plunged the productive coalmeasures on the 
 W. towards the centre of the basin, where they are nearly horizontal. 
 The measures are those of the Middle and Lower series, the former 
 commencing with the Doghole coal and ending with the Fulledge coal, 
 the equivalent of the Arley mine, which is the 13th coal-seam in succes- 
 
X 
 
 Introd. 
 
 I. Physical Geography and Geology . 
 
 sion from the top. To the Fulledge coal succeed the Ganister coals 
 and millstone-grit series. To the geologist, the Burnley basin is specially 
 instructive, because it offers an uninterrupted section, commencing with 
 the outcrop of the Fulledge (or Arley) coal, through the Lower coal- 
 measures, Rough rock, Millstone-grit, and Yoredale series of Pendle Hill 
 * — a section of not much less than 10,000 feet. The whole of the series 
 abound in fish remains and shells. 
 
 The country between Rochdale, Todmorden, and Burnley, embracing 
 the rugged moorlands of Cliviger, is composed of hills of the Lower coal- 
 measures and millstone-grit; the Yoredale series, or limestone shales, 
 occupying the district between Burnley, Colne, and Olitheroe. To the 
 N.W., again, of these is a fine development of carboniferous limestone , 
 forming lofty ranges of hills between Clitheroe, Whitewell, and Lancaster. 
 This limestone is seen in its most picturesque forms along the valleys of 
 the Lune and Wenning, and skirting the shores of Morecamhe Bay. It 
 is to these rocks that are owing the magnificent cave series of Kirkby 
 Lonsdale and the valuable mineral riches of the Furness district, where 
 the junction of the limestone with the Silurian slates is marked by 
 workings for haematite ore. The Silurians of Furness are principally of 
 Wenlock and Caradoe age, embracing all the country up to Coniston, 
 under the name of Coniston Flags. At Coniston itself are seen not only 
 Coniston limestones, but the mudstones underneath these, containing fossils 
 of Llandeilo age. 
 
 The Drift formation in Lancashire is of great interest to the geologist, 
 and has been most minutely described, as regarding the S. of the county, 
 by Mr. Binney and Mr. Morton. The former geologist has divided the 
 drift in the neighbourhood of Manchester into — 1. Upper sand and gravel ; 
 2. Middle boulder clay, or “ till 3. Lower sand and gravel ; and, with 
 local differences, this division may stand for the greater part of the 
 county. The Upper sand, to the N. of Manchester, is at least 150 ft. 
 thick. The boulder clay is seen in great force along the lowlands on 
 the banks of the Irwell and Mersey ; and in the neighbourhood of Bolton 
 the upper surface “ assumes the form of a plain, which stretches to the 
 base of the hills, and through which the rivers wander in deeply cut 
 channels.” 
 
 On the N. hank of the Mersey, from Hale to Garston, the boulder clay 
 forms a conspicuous cliff, full of erratic blocks of old rocks. The Furness 
 district, too, is towards the S. thickly overlaid with drift, and offers most 
 instructive appearances of moraines, hummocks, roches moutonnes, and 
 plateaux. 
 
 Localities of Interest for the Geologist. 
 
 Coniston limestones and mudstones at Coniston Old Man, with Llandeilo 
 fossils. 
 
 Coniston flags (fossiliferous) at Lowick and the valley of the Crake. 
 
 Moulded limestones near Ulverston (Tarn Close). 
 
 Haematite ore-mines at Dalton and Lindale. 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 xi 
 
 Coniston flags and grits at Kirkby Ireleth. 
 
 Yoredale shales at Pendle Hill. 
 
 Carboniferous limestone (very rich in fossils) of the Bowland Forest. 
 Ditto at Clitheroe and Chatburn. 
 
 Section of Lower coalmeasures, Rough rock , and millstone-grit, between 
 Burnley, Padiham, and Pendle Hill. 
 
 Middle and Lower coalmeasures at Burnley, rich in shells, fish remains, 
 and ferns. 
 
 Lower coalmeasures at Billinge. 
 
 Ditto at Upholland, and millstone-grit at Grimshaw Delf. 
 
 Middle coalmeasures at Wigan (rich in fossils). 
 
 Ditto at Bolton and Bury, very rich in ferns. 
 
 Lower measures at Rivington and the bed of the Yarrow. 
 
 Ditto at Oldham (rich in shells and fish). 
 
 Ujpper measures at Ardwick ; fresh-water limestones , with spirorbis (shells 
 and fish). 
 
 Permian quarries (fossiliferous) at Bedford, near Leigh. 
 
 Permian beds at Colly hurst. 
 
 Ditto at Astley. 
 
 New Red sandstone at Warrington (Highcliff, in Cheshire), and between 
 Rainhill and St. Helens. 
 
 Drift in valleys of the Irwell and Irk. 
 
 Ditto at Blackpool (shell-bed at Gynn). 
 
 Boulder-clay cliff at Hale. 
 
 II.— INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Lancashire is from various causes one of the richest and most important 
 counties in England, whether we regard its natural productions or those 
 manufactures which have taken such deep root in it — on which such 
 an enormous population depend for their daily bread, and so many 
 millions of capital are embarked. One of the principal reasons of the 
 prosperity of Lancashire has been its vast coalfields, upon which her 
 busy factory towns stand, and without which they could not exist. The 
 hilly contour of the county, with its numerous streams and rivers, con- 
 tributed also to the establishment upon their banks of the various mills 
 which required the motive power of water, although in this respect the 
 mighty aid of steam has to a great degree neutralised these advantages ; while 
 in the rapid growth of Liverpool — after London the busiest port in the 
 world — may be seen another reason why the tide of commerce has poured 
 in with such a steady flow into the county palatine. 
 
 In metalliferous mines Lancashire is not wealthy, save in one respect, 
 and it is not difficult to understand why, when we consider the geological 
 formation of the county. Lead used to be worked at Whitewell, near 
 (Jlitheroe* in the carboniferous limestone, and that only to a small extent, 
 
xii ii. Industrial Resources : Introd. 
 
 the yield in 1868 being only 690 tons of ore, producing 489 tons of lead. 
 About five years afterwards, the supply came to an end, and. though, 
 doubtless, lead might be found in other parts of the hills, work has never 
 been resumed. Copper is more abundant, and is found at the most northern 
 extremity of the county, amidst the rugged cliffs of Coniston Old Man. 
 1686 tons of copper ore were extracted in 1868, from which the amount ot 
 fine copper was 147 tons, of the value of nearly 11,000?. The mines are 
 now (1879) at a standstill, owing to the depression of trade. 
 
 A little to the S. of Coniston, but in the same isolated section ol the 
 county, is the district of Furness, the richest locality for iron ore^ in the 
 kingdom. Argillaceous iron ores are worked in several localities where there 
 are °coal-seams ; but Furness is especially celebrated for its vast supplies 
 of haematite iron ore, which occurs just at the junction of the carboniferous 
 limestone with the Silurian slates. Not only has the discovery of this ore 
 given employment to a large mining population, but it has created within 
 the last 20 years the populous and busy iron town of Barrow, from whence 
 lines of railway run inland to supply the ironworks of other counties, 
 whilst a continuous fleet of ships carries the ore to South Wales. 
 
 There are about 10 principal mines in Furness, and a number of small 
 ones ; the ore raised annually may be counted by hundreds of thousands 
 of tons. The quantity raised in 1878 was 984,781 tons. The peculiarity of 
 the Furness mines is that the iron ores do not occur in beds or regular strata, 
 like the carbonaceous ores and blackbands, but are found in great irregular 
 masses like lodes. “ Among the more remarkable mines are those of Lmdal 
 Moor, worked to a depth of about 70 yards, but to a width almost as great. 
 Huge excavations are thus formed in a mass of solid ore as large, according 
 to the saying of the district which recalls the comfortable status of the 
 Furness churchmen, as a tithe-barn. The result has been the collapse °f l* 1 ® 
 ground into a deep gully for a quarter of a mile in length. On the north ot 
 the town of Dalton, at Rickett Hills, Elliscales, and Mousell, the hematite 
 has been worked in several isolated repositories, described as of a dish shape, 
 in which the excavation has been stopped on all sides by limestone ; several 
 of these, whose boundaries have been ascertained, run from 50 to 60 yards 
 in width, and 15 to 20 yards deep, having no cover over them but the 
 diluvium of drift.”— Geo?. Surv. Memoirs. The average percentage of iron 
 in the ore is from 60 to 65, which causes it to be in great request for mixing 
 
 with the inferior ores of other coalfields. 
 
 With the exception, however, of Barrow (Bte. 19) and Wigan (Rte. 1), 
 Lancashire is not a great iron-making county, . and nearly all the furnaces 
 that it does contain are devoted to the smelting of the haematite. The 
 Barrow Steel Company have ten furnaces in blast, and the Carnforth Com- 
 pany have two. The Kirkless Hall Company at Wigan have four, which 
 are supplied partly by haematite and partly by argillaceous ore. 
 
 At Newland and Blackbarrow are a couple of furnaces which are ted by 
 charcoal, the sole relics in England of the early days of smelting, when 
 timber was plentiful and pit-coal scarcely known. The amount of pig- 
 iron turned out in 1867 was 318,800 tons. 
 
 The Lancashire Coalfield contains 353 collieries, which give a total annual 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 xiii 
 
 yield of 13 million tons. A very large portion of this immense output is 
 used in the numberless factories, ironworks, foundries, and railways of the 
 county ; hut, on the other hand, enormous quantities are sent by rail to 
 London and all over the kingdom. The principal locality from whence these 
 supplies are derived is that of Wigan, the cannel coal of which is in high 
 reputation for producing a quick-burning blazing fire. The total area of the 
 three coalfields is 217 square miles. The quantity of available coal is 
 estimated by Mr. Hull at 3990 millions of tons, which he calculates will last 
 for 263 years. This, however, was taken in 1860 at the average yield 
 per annum of 11 millions of tons, whereas the output is now 13 millions. 
 
 Manufactures. Cotton . — As early as 1641 we hear that the Man- 
 chester people bought linen yarn from the Irish, and after weaving it, 
 returned it for sale in a finished state. They also bought cotton wool that 
 came from Smyrna to work into fustians and dimities. But the cotton of 
 those days was rather obscure as to the material, and from various Acts and 
 authorities it would seem to have been identical with the woollen cloth. 
 Leland speaks of Bolton “ standing by cottons,” and an Act of Edward YI.’s 
 reign provides “that all the cottons, called Manchester, Lancashire, and 
 Cheshire cottons, first brought to the sale, shall be in length 22 yards, and 
 contain in breadth three-quarters of a yard in the water, and shall weigh 
 30 lbs. in the piece at the least.” This, therefore, must have applied to 
 woollen textures ; and Dr. Ure mentions that Kendal cottons are still so 
 called, as they have been for the last 500 years, but that they consist of 
 coarse wool. The fustians which old writers so frequently mention was 
 either cotton by itself, or mixed with wool or linen. At all events it was 
 imported into England from Antwerp and Ghent by the religious refugees 
 who were artisans in this branch of trade, and a large number of whom 
 settled in Bolton and Manchester. Here, therefore, is one direct reason why 
 the manufacture has taken root in Lancashire. It rapidly increased, fostered 
 partly by the Warden and Fellows of the College, who gave strangers the 
 liberty of cutting timber for constructing their looms at the small rental of 
 4 d. each. Of such importance did the trade become, that in the reign of 
 Elizabeth special Acts were passed for regulating the office of aulneger , or 
 cloth-measurer, which had been in existence for a good many years, but 
 had fallen into abeyance. The aulneger became an official of considerable 
 dignity, and had deputies in Manchester, Bochdale, Blackburn, and Bury. 
 
 Dr. Stukeley mentions in his ‘ Itinerarium Curiosum ’ (early part of the 
 18th centy.) that the trade of Manchester in fustians, tuckings, tapes, &c., 
 exceeded that of any other town in the kingdom. But, notwithstanding all 
 this prosperity, the cotton trade had arrived at a point where it threatened 
 to stand still altogether, partly from bad legislation, and partly for want of 
 sufficient material, and the necessary machinery to work it up. In fact, the 
 cotton goods at the commencement of the 18th centy. were not strictly 
 cotton goods, the warp, which is the most valuable portion of the web, 
 being made of linen yarn ; and it was not until Arkwright introduced cotton 
 twist for warp, that goods were really made of cotton altogether. These 
 were manufactured to a considerable extent by Arkwright’s partners at 
 Derby, Messrs. Strutt and Need, who found, after a time, that the legis- 
 
XIV 
 
 n. Industrial Resources : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 lature not only imposed on their veritable cotton prints a double duty to 
 what it imposed on mixed goods, but prohibited their sale in the home 
 market. In George IIT.’s reign these absurd and mischievous laws were 
 repealed as follows : — “ Whereas a new manfacture of stuffs, made entirely 
 of potton spun in this kingdom, has been lately introduced, and some doubts 
 were expressed whether it was lawful to use it, it was declared by Par- 
 liament to be not only a lawful, but a laudable manufacture, and, therefore, 
 permitted to be used, on paying 3d. a square yard when printed, painted, 
 or stained with colour.” 
 
 The great impetus thus given to the trade by the abolishing of these 
 prohibitory measures was followed up about this time by the vast improve- 
 ments and undertakings of the Duke of Bridgewater, who, by his gigantic 
 system of inland navigation, placed Manchester and the cotton districts in 
 direct communication with the shipping port of Liverpool, thus cheapening 
 the cost of the raw material and the manufactured goods, besides stirring 
 up industries in a thousand ways, and imparting a new era of life not only 
 to Lancashire, but to the kingdom in general. Still, the cotton trade was 
 waiting for its great development. “ It was estimated that, in 1760, the 
 entire cotton manufacture of Manchester, and of any other and every other 
 part of England, did not collectively exceed 200,000?. per annum ; and it 
 is, therefore, plain that its growth must have been very slow. The homely 
 hand-cards combed out the cotton wool, the one- thread wheel spun it into 
 yarn, and the plain hand-loom wove this yarn into cloth. But the carding, 
 and spinning, and weaving, were all done under the humble roof of the 
 workman, and he had often difficulty in adjusting the quantity of yarn spun 
 to the quantity which he required for his weaving ; and he had many 
 a weary walk to buy materials and sell his produce .” — Land ive Live in. 
 
 The first tangible improvement in machinery was made by John Kay 
 in 1738, a weaver of Bury, who invented the “ fly-shuttle thus giving to 
 weavers a more expeditious way of throwing their shuttle by means of the 
 “ picking peg ” instead of by hand. This was not the same Kay who dis- 
 puted with Arkwright subsequently the invention of roller spinners — and 
 who had been employed by him to make his model, in consequence of his 
 familiarity with intricate machinery, from being a clockmaker at War- 
 rington. John Kay, of Bury, had a son, Robert, who followed up his 
 father’s ingenuity by devising the “ drop-box,” so as to enable the weaver 
 to use any of his shuttles at will, and thus to weave a coloured fabric 
 as easily as a plain one. In the same year that John Kay brought out 
 his fly-shuttle, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, both of Birmingham, took 
 out a patent for spinning cotton and wool by rollers. They established a 
 mill at Birmingham, and one was subsequently set up at Northampton in 
 which they were interested. Ingenious as was the plan, the scheme failed, 
 and Wyatt was ruined. Paul, however, who had nothing to lose, seems 
 to have got on better, and subsequently brought out a new patent, founded 
 on Wyatt’s, with some additional improvements. But, after all said and 
 done, they both failed to produce good yarn at remunerating prices, and 
 their efforts gradually became things of the past. But the question of 
 spinning by rollers, once started, did not drop, and it was reserved for 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 XT 
 
 Arkwright, the Preston barber, to successfully perform this achievement, 
 and manufacture good yarn in this way. His patent for drawing-rollers 
 was taken out in 1769. He employed in this matter Kay, the clockmaker 
 of Warrington, to make his models, and, soon afterwards, a great controversy 
 arose, which terminated in a trial of Arkwright’s patent in the King’s 
 Bench. It appears that Kay was employed by a man named Highs, 
 a reed-maker, in 1767, to put together a model containing wooden 
 rollers, whereupon Highs claimed to he the original inventor of the roller- 
 spinning, and asserted that Arkwright had stolen it. But the result of 
 the trial proved that Kay was a treacherous servant to both masters, and 
 more particularly to Arkwright, and he appears to have put Highs up to 
 the notion of disputing the invention. Highs certainly had some idea of 
 it floating through his head, hut he never produced any machine capable 
 of doing work. About the same period another great invention had 
 taken place, which, though travelling in a different groove from that 
 of Arkwright’s, was destined to make an equal revolution in the cotton 
 manufacture. The common household wheel, which could only spin one- 
 thread at a time, was superseded, 17 64, by Hargreaves' spinning-jenny, by 
 which “ several spindles, at first eight, afterwards eighty, were made to 
 whirl by one fly-wheel, while a movable frame, representing as many 
 fingers and thumbs as there were threads, alternately receded from the 
 spindles during the extension of the thread, and approached to them 
 in its winding on.” The spindles in this spinning-jenny were upright, 
 instead of being horizontal, as in the old wheel, and Hargreaves is said to 
 have taken the idea from noticing a common wheel revolve after it was 
 thrown on the floor with its spindle up. Secret as Hargreaves kept his 
 invention, it leaked out through his wife, and a furious mob soon broke 
 into his house and smashed his jenny, so that he migrated to Notting- 
 ham, where he took out his patent. Previously to this, however, he had, 
 under pressure of starvation, made several machines ; so that, when the 
 time came for recompense for his patent, he found that it was extensively 
 pirated, and he could get no compensation. Manufacturers in those days 
 had no more conscience in such matters than they have now, and they 
 reaped the benefit, while the inventor died heartbroken. 
 
 Arkwright may be said to be the father of the present factory system, 
 which he established at Cromford in Derbyshire, having had too much 
 experience of the obstinacy and malice of his neighbours to risk setting up 
 a mill in his native county. Here he erected his original water-power 
 spinning-machine in 1769, which he followed up in 1775 by fresh improve- 
 ments for carding, drawing, and roving machines. 
 
 But even by his own family his venture was looked upon as very 
 hazardous, and it is said that his wife felt so strongly about it that 
 she separated from him, rather than hazard her fortune in the concern. 
 Notwithstanding these discouragements the mill prospered, and turned out 
 “ warp and hosiery yarn as fine as 80s, or even 100’s, that might bear a 
 comparison with the firmest and most even water-twist of the present 
 day.” The Lancashire manufacturers were so disgusted with his success, 
 that they stirred up the mob to burn a mill which he had built at Birk- 
 
XVI 
 
 ii. Industrial Resources : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 acre, near Chorley, and entered into a combination amongst themselves 
 never to purchase any of his yarn. The same ignorant, miserable spirit 
 was seen also at Blackburn, when the mob attacked and burnt all jennies 
 with more than 20 spindles, and so disgusted Mr. Peel (afterwards Sir 
 Robert) that he withdrew for a long time to Burton-on-Trent. 
 
 Amongst those who successfully combated the storm was Mr. Doming 
 Rasbotham, an antiquary and learned gentleman who lived near Bolton, 
 44 who circulated a printed address among the weavers and hand-spinners, 
 explaining to them that every contrivance for cheapening production would 
 increase the demand for their goods and consequently the employment of 
 their labour.” — Ure. 
 
 The difference between Arkwright and Hargreaves’ machines was this — 
 the former was most suitable for spinning warp and hosiery yarns of a hard 
 and compact fabric, while Hargreaves’ was best adapted to soft weft yarn 
 of lower numbers. But in 1786 a machine was invented by Samuel 
 Crompton, which to a great degree superseded both. Like most of these 
 discoverers, Crompton was a poor working man, residing at Hall-i’-th- 
 Wood, near Bolton (Rte. 7), where he first made in secresy the “mule” 
 which had such a wonderful effect on the future of the cotton-trade. Like 
 most of these secrets, he was soon forced to display it to the world, which 
 gave him a better recognition of his merits than it did to previous inventors, 
 for he obtained 5000?. from Parliament as a reward. Part of the prin- 
 ciple of the mule was similar to Arkwright’s, inasmuch as Crompton 
 used roller-beams, but the gist and great value of the machine w^as the 
 spindle-carriage, which, by a hand-and-knee-movement, was made to 
 recede just as the rollers delivered the thread in a soft state, 4 4 so that it 
 would allow of a considerable stretch before the thread had to encounter 
 the stress of winding on the spindle.” — Kennedy . 
 
 Such an impetus was now given to the inventive faculty that a great 
 many improvements speedily followed Crompton’s mule, the principle of 
 which was the 44 slubbing-billy ” — a combination of the mule and the 
 jenny. In fact, so numerous did the modifications become, that the 
 spinning-trade naturally grouped itself into separate branches, and thus 
 produced the factory system, — to which one of the greatest con- 
 tributors was the employment of steam. The first cotton-mill was 
 erected on Shude Hill, Manchester, in 1780, and was driven by an 
 hydraulic wheel, and nine years afterwards the first steam-factory was 
 erected by Mr. Drinkwater. It is then only within the last 80 years 
 that this intricate system has grown up to the extent and importance 
 that it now occupies and has arrived at such an extraordinary degree of 
 perfection. 
 
 44 Our fine spinning-mills are the triumph of art and the glory of Eng- 
 land. They need fear no competition, nor are they, in fact, objects of 
 foreign rivalry. The delicacy of their machinery, the difficulty of keep- 
 ing it in order, the dexterity of their hands, and the demand for their pro- 
 ducts, are well known to other nations,” — Tufnell, 
 
 Having thus briefly spoken of the rise and progress of the cotton-trade 
 as far as it affects Lancashire, we will now r proceed to describe as briefly as 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 XVII 
 
 possible the processes through which cotton has to go, and what a visitor 
 may see in a walk through a factory. There is no real difficulty in 
 obtaining proper introductions to the owners of some one or other of the 
 mills, and the visitor producing such is readily and courteously shown over 
 it. But so great is the noise and the bewilderment that is frequently 
 produced on the spectator for the first time, that he comes away with a 
 very vague notion of the various processes that he has seen ; more par- 
 ticularly as his cicerone is usually under the impression that the constantly 
 moving parts of the machinery are as easily understood by others as they 
 are familiar to himself. Cotton-factories, as commonly so called, are sus- 
 ceptible of a good deal of distinction in their various branches, and may be 
 divided roughly into cotton spinning-mills, where yarn is made ready for 
 the weaver, mills where yarn is further spun into the form of thread, and 
 mills where the after process of weaving is carried on. All these are 
 further capable of subdivision, according to the numbers and quality of the 
 yarn made and of the different sorts of goods into which the yarns are 
 wove — whether fustians, cotton- velvets, or what not. Add to these the 
 printing, bleaching, and dyeing works, with the many trades dependent 
 upon them in their turn, such as machinists, colour-grinders, and others, 
 and it may readily be imagined what a vast array of people is directly 
 dependent on the organization of the cotton-trade. 
 
 Cotton in its natural and raw state is the filamentous down which covers 
 the seeds of the plant called gossypium, and is, of all textile materials, the 
 easiest to twist into a thread. There are many varieties of the gossypium 
 plant, which has a large range of habitat, though America, the East Indies, 
 and Egypt appear to be the countries in which it flourishes in the greatest 
 perfection. The relative value of cotton in the market depends entirely on 
 the fibres or filaments, which, when examined through the microscope, 
 appear to be hollow cylinders. “ The more nearly cylindrical they remain, 
 the stronger and more pliant to the spindle will they be found. On these 
 accounts, as well as from their greater length, the filaments of the Sea- 
 Island, Egyptian, Guianian, and Brazilian cottons hold a higher value in 
 the market than the Upland Georgian or the East Indian. In examining 
 a sample of cotton- wool, the spinner draws it out slowly between the fore- 
 fingers and thumbs of his two hands, and observes how the filaments suc- 
 cessively escape from pressure. He then draws out the staple in the other 
 direction, and thus alternately from hand to hand. In this manner he 
 judges of the length, smoothness, fineness, and strength of the cotton.” — 
 Dr. Ure. America has for many years been the principal storehouse of 
 supply to the Lancashire market, but the occurrence of the war produced 
 such a failure in crops, and such a consequent starvation of cotton yield, 
 that merchants were obliged to look to other countries for help. India, 
 Egypt, and the Mediterranean now supply a portion of the needs of the 
 cotton market. But America since the peace, has resumed her original 
 supremacy. The main distinction between cottons in the pod is that of 
 blackseeded and greenseeded — Lhe former of which part with their downy 
 wool very readily when operated upon by a pair of rollers worked by 
 haDd, while the latter retains its wool with a much greater force, and 
 
 [ Lancashire .] b . 
 
xviii 
 
 ii. Industrial Resources : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 requires to be ginned , which is performed by a powerful revolving saw- 
 mechanism worked by water or steam. After the wool is separated from 
 the seeds, it is packed in large canvas bags by an hydraulic press, each 
 bag containing about 500 lbs. 
 
 It is up to this point that Liverpool is interested more than Manchester, 
 as all the cotton bales have to come through that port, and thus give 
 employment to an immense amount of money, work, and speculation. 
 Cotton is sold at Liverpool by brokers, whose commission varies from 
 I to i per cent. The buyers, who are the Manchester cotton-dealers and the 
 spinners all over the country, also employ brokers, at the same rate of com- 
 mission, to make their purchases. The cotton is principally bought and sold 
 by samples, the purchasers very rarely considering it necessary to examine 
 the bulk. Many wealthy spinners now import their own cotton direct. 
 
 The bales, having been hauled up into the factory, the cotton is first sub- 
 jected to the action of the “ willow ,” a box made of wood or iron, with 
 revolving iron spikes. In this it is cleaned by loosening the large flocks 
 and shaking the dust out of them. Spiked willows should be used with 
 caution on long-stapled cottons, as it draws them into knots ; but when 
 coarse cottons are worked, such as Surats and Bengals, the self-acting 
 conical willow of Mr. Lillie is used. The cotton is put in at the narrow 
 end of the cone, rapidly revolved and wafted towards the broad end, while 
 the impurities are shaken out at the perforated bottom and sucked up by 
 a fan. The old-fashioned name of this machine is the well-deserved one of 
 the “ devil.” The cotton is then still further cleaned by the “ scutcher ” 
 and “ blower,” the object of which is thoroughly to loosen the filaments 
 already partially cleaned by the willow, and to carry off, through fans, the 
 residue of the dust. The cotton is carried by a travelling creeper to the 
 feeding rollers, and thence to the “ beater ” — which by means of flat bars 
 carried rapidly round at the rate of 800 times a minute, frees it still further 
 from impurities, and passes it on by a current of air ( blowing ) to a revolv- 
 ing cage, and thence, by a second travelling creeper, to a receptacle, whence 
 it is taken to the “ lap ” machine, in which the cotton, after being scutched 
 and blown, is coiled up in a fleece on a wooden roller at the delivery end 
 of the apparatus. The scutching and lap machines are frequently com- 
 bined, the cotton being turned out at once in the form of a cylindrical lap, 
 thus saving the labour of gathering and spreading. A scutching machine 
 will prepare about 5000 lbs. of cotton per week, that is of average staple ; 
 different qualities requiring different degrees of scutching : the short and 
 soft staples take less beating than the fine and long ones. 
 
 But the filaments of the cotton have to be still further disentangled and 
 laid lengthways, instead of being doubled up and convoluted as they 
 appear when leaving the scutching and lap machines, and this is carried 
 out by the “carding” machine, which was mainly the invention of Lewis 
 Paul of Northampton, as far as the cylinder cards were concerned. The 
 principle of it consists in the mutual action of two opposite surfaces, 
 studded thickly with obliquely placed hooks. 
 
 It is, in fact, one or more cylinder cards covered with card leather, and 
 a set of plain surfaces similarly covered, made to work against each other, 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 xix 
 
 but so that their points do not come into absolute contact. Each flock of 
 wool, therefore, experiences the tender mercies of each set of teeth, one set 
 trying to pull the filaments away with them while the other endeavours 
 to retain them. The ultimate effect is to draw out the fibres and place 
 them parallel with each other. 
 
 The cotton is delivered from the lap on to a series of these revolving 
 card-covered cylinders called “ squirrels,” which work very close to, but 
 do not touch, the central drum cylinder. As the squirrels revolve with 
 different degrees of speed, and are placed at varying distances from the 
 drum, the filaments cannot possibly escape, but have the knots which 
 passed through one set of squirrels teased out by another. At the opposite 
 of the drum cylinder is a smaller one called the “ doffer” which comes in 
 contact with it and strips off the filaments from it, becoming itself clothed 
 with a very fine and beautiful fleece. But as the fleece goes round on the 
 doffer it meets a sharp blade of steel, called the “ doffer-knife” which 
 shears it off from the doffer and forms it into a riband by passing it through 
 a funnel, when the riband becomes what is called a “ sliver ” As an 
 example of the enormous extension which the filaments undergo in the 
 carding machine, it may be mentioned that a lap of 30 ft, when intro- 
 duced by the feed rollers becomes, when detached by the doffer-knife, a 
 fleecy web of 2262 ft. in length. An improvement was made in 1844 
 upon the carding machine, which often broke the fibres, in the shape of the 
 combing machine, which possessed the property of separating the long 
 fibres from the short ones and laying the fibres parallel. The combing 
 machine most in use in this county is the invention of M. Heilmann of 
 Mulhausen. The lap is placed on revolving rollers and conducted to a 
 steel roller which places it between the open jaws of a nipper. The nipper 
 then approaches the comb cylinder, when it holds the fibres so as to allow 
 the comb to remove all impurities and broken cotton. When the combs 
 have passed through the cotton the nipper recedes, opens its jaws, and 
 allows the partially combed fibres to be drawn into a continuous sliver, 
 and the united slivers pass through the drawing head to undergo the 
 operation of “drawing ” The drawing frame, of which Arkwright was 
 the inventor, still further carries on the process of drawing out and 
 elongating the slivers or ribands of cotton, strengthening the filaments and 
 laying them parallel, by the action of revolving rollers, which grasp the 
 slivers between them. But w^ere the drawing of a riband of cotton con- 
 tinued till all its fibres acquired the proper degree of parallelism, it would 
 be apt, from excessive attenuation, to tear across. This is provided 
 against by “ doubling ,” viz., laying several ribands together at every repe- 
 tition of the process, and incorporating them by pressure of the rollers. 
 The inequalities of the riband thus disappear, and in proportion as the 
 drawings are finer the yarns will be finer. The manufacturer has now got 
 an uniform riband, but it still is not strong or coherent enough for 
 spinning. This is acquired by “ slubbingf in which the sliver receives a 
 twist, seeing that the elongated slivers of parallel filaments could not bear 
 any further extension without breaking, unless they w r ere condensed so as 
 to give cohesion. The “ roving ” process is a refinement on slubbing. “ At 
 
XX 
 
 II. Industrial Resources : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 first the tension is slight, in proportion to the extension, since the solidity 
 of the still coarse sliver needs that cohesion, and only in a small degree, 
 and looseness of texture must he maintained to facilitate to the utmost the 
 further elongation.” By the old roving frame the delicate texture of the 
 yarn used to he seriously injured, until Messrs. Higgins of Salford invented 
 the “ bobbin and fly ” frame, which is now used in almost all the factories 
 and gives two especial movements : 1, the twisting action ; 2, the winding- 
 on motion. It is intensely complicated, hut easily managed, delivering 
 from each spindle in the day from 6 to 8 lbs. of “ roving.” One person 
 can superintend two frames, piece the broken slivers, and replace full 
 bobbins by empty ones. The rovings, made on the bobbin and fly, or in 
 the “tube roving” frame, another variety of machine for the same end, 
 but usualty used for coarser spinnings, are either spun into yarn directly 
 or are further prepared in the “ stitching ” frame or stitching mule, which 
 is only required for fine work, and is, in fact, a still further attenuation of 
 the roving. As may easily be imagined, the material, after having under- 
 gone such a series of beating, blowing, teazing, combing, drawing, doubling, 
 and roving, is in a very tender state indeed, and requires careful handling 
 so as not to injure the yarn. 
 
 We now come to the finishing process in which the roving is spun into 
 yarn by different machines according to the quality required. These two 
 machines are the throstle and the mule . The throstle, or water frame (in 
 consequence of which the yarn is called “ water- twist ”), was the invention 
 of Arkwright, and performs the twisting and winding simultaneously upon 
 progressive portions of the roving. While in the mule the thread is 
 drawn out and stitched till a length of about 5 ft. is attained — then the 
 tension is completed and the spinning suspended, while the finished thread 
 is being wound up upon the spindles into double conical coils called 
 “ cops.” “ Throstle yarn is smooth and wiry, while the mule yarn is of a 
 soft and downy nature. The former is usually employed for warps in 
 heavy goods, such as fustians, cords, or for making sewing threads, and 
 the latter for the weft in coarse goods, as well as for both warp and weft 
 in finer fabrics.” 
 
 Before Crompton invented the mule it was a great thing to spin yarn of 
 No. 40 — it being understood that these numbers denote the respective 
 fineness by the number of hanks which it takes to make a pound weight, 
 each hank containing 840 yards. Arkwright, however, soon began to 
 produce on his water frame yarn of 80 or even 100 — so did Crompton. 
 But the amazing rapidity with which spinning has attained its perfection 
 may be imagined by the fact that the Messrs. Houldsworth of Manchester 
 have spun yarn of No. 460 — in other words yarn of which one pound 
 contains 386,400 yards, or 220 miles — reaching further than the distance 
 between London and Paris ! The throstle, which has superseded the water 
 frame, nevertheless has the same mechanical spinning fingers. Generally 
 speaking the number of spindles on a throstle frame 12 ft. long is 60 on 
 each side, and one woman and an assistant piecer can manage 240 spindles. 
 It is their duty to mind the broken ends, replace the empty bobbins in the 
 creel with full ones, and the full bobbins on the throstle by empty ones. 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 xxi 
 
 In a week of 69 hours, the average quantity of yarn turned out is about 
 24 hanks per spindle of 300 twist. The mule is mounted with from 240 
 to 1000 spindles, and spins as many threads, whereas in Hargreaves’ old 
 jenny ouly from 16 to 40 could he spun. The mule is mainly divided into 
 two parts : L, the fixed one containing the drawing roller beam and fixed 
 machinery ; 2, the carriage in which the spindles and moving apparatus 
 are placed. One spinner can attend to two mules which face each other, 
 so that he need only turn round from one mule to the other. The carriage 
 of the one mule is thus in the act of going out spinning, while that of the 
 other is finishing its twist. The quantity of yarn manufactured by a 
 mule in a given time depends upon the number of the spindles, and the 
 time taken to complete each stitch of the carriage. The finer the yarn 
 the slower the spinning, and the better the staple of the cotton wool, and 
 the more careful its preparation, the more excellent will be the spinning. 
 
 The self-acting Mule, or Iron Man, performs nearly everything itself, 
 and requires only some juvenile hands to piece the broken yarns, and to 
 stop it when the cop is quite formed, which it announces itself by ringing 
 a bell. The best known of these is Roberts’ self-actor, of which there 
 are half a million spindles at work. These are made at Messrs. Sharp, 
 Roberts & Co.’s factory, in Manchester. Further, the yarn is wound 
 into hanks from the bobbins of the throstle, or the cops of the mule, by an 
 automatic reel. The visitor who has seen all these processes in succession 
 has followed the cotton from its raw state into one fit for weaving. A 
 large proportion of the yarn, however, is used for making different 
 kinds of thread, such as sewing-thread, bobbin-net, stocking- thread, &c. 
 Ordinary sewing-thread consists of two or more single yarns laid parallel 
 and twisted together. The fine yarns which are used for lace, usually 
 Nos. 140 to 250, are previously subjected to the influence of a series of gas 
 jets, by which they are slightly singed or “ gassed.” The threads, after 
 being gassed, are then passed through a solution of weak starch, which 
 makes them more compact and smooth. They are then doubled and 
 twisted in machines specially adapted for them. 
 
 We now come to the weaving processes, which are not so much confined 
 to the Lancashire manufacturing towns as are those for spinning, for much 
 of the yarn is sent to the Continent to be there wove ; and a considerable 
 quantity is dispersed over the country districts. In many a Lancashire 
 hamlet and village the visitor may notice the long window in the upper 
 story of the cottage, and if he halts, may hear the clash of the weaver’s 
 shuttle, as he pursues his work. But the handloom weaver is now fast 
 becoming a thing of the past. 
 
 “Weaving may be defined as the art of making cloth by the rectangular 
 decussation of flexible fibres, of which the longitudinal are called the 
 warp, or chain, and the transverse the woof, or weft. The former extends 
 through the whole length of the web, and the latter over its breadth. 
 The outside thread on each side of the warp, round which the woof-thread 
 returns in the act of decussation, is called the selvage, or list.” — Ure . 
 The first operation of weaving is “ warping,” which is done in a warping 
 machine, and consists of laying the whole number of threads which are to 
 
xxii ii. Industrial Resources : Introd. 
 
 form the warp alongside of each other in a parallel plane. A prismatic 
 shaped cage, about 7 feet high, is turned easily round by a rope and wheel 
 worked by the warper, and on the outside of this cage is wound the 
 warp-yarn from top to bottom from off a frame full of bobbins mounted on 
 spindles. Upon this operation being nicely performed, and the warp 
 having an equal tension, depends the character of the weaving. The 
 w r aiq:> is then taken through the “ dressing” or sizing machine, where it is 
 subjected to a brushing with thin size, or paste ; and after undergoing 
 this, is transferred to the weaving loom, whether hand or power loom, 
 and this at once branches off from the plainest weaving to the most 
 complex and brilliant patterns. Figures, or patterns, are obtained by 
 using threads of different colours and texture, either in the warp or weft ; 
 but for these purposes the “ draw-loom ” is most generally used, espe- 
 cially for weaving spotted muslins, damasks, and carpets in which many 
 brilliant colours are required. In all large factories the power-loom is 
 used. “ In these looms steam power may be said to do everything. It 
 unwinds the warp from the warp-beam ; it lifts and depresses the treddles, 
 by which the warp-threads are placed in the proper position for receiving 
 the weft- threads ; it throws the shuttle from side to side, carrying the 
 weft-thread with it ; it moves the batten, or lay, by which the weft- 
 thread is drawn up close ; and, finally, it winds the woven cloth on the 
 cloth-beam which is to receive it. The female has merely to attend to a 
 few minor adjustments, which altogether about occupy her time. 
 
 A trade is carried on in Lancashire in the weaving of fustians, cords, 
 and velveteens, which, after being woven, are steeped in hot water to take 
 out the sizing. Special apparatus is used for raising the pile and cutting 
 it with a peculiar knife, although in many places, such as Lymm, in 
 Cheshire, a considerable number of persons gain their livelihood by 
 cutting fustians by hand. 
 
 An enormous number of people find employment in bleaching the 
 woven cloth after it comes from the factory. As pure air and water were 
 formerly the desiderata for good bleaching, nearly all the bleach-works 
 were placed as far as possible from the towns, and on the banks of a 
 stream in the early part of its course, before it became defiled. Jn the 
 earlier stages of the bleaching trade, indeed, cloths were bleached simply 
 by exposure to the atmosphere, which, of course, took days, weeks, and 
 even months ; but the science of chemistry has advanced so fast, that 
 a few hours now T suffice. When the bundles of cloth arrive at the 
 works they are tacked together, till a length of several hundred yards is 
 obtained, which is passed over a strip of heated copper, so as to singe off 
 the loose filaments. The piece of cloth is then still further lengthened, 
 and taken to the bleach-house, where it undergoes an immense number of 
 successive washings and soakings in bleaching-powder liquors. The 
 following is the process in its order : 1, washing, to get rid of the warping 
 size; 2, boiling in lime water; 3, washing; 4, steeping in dilute 
 ■sulphuric acid; 5, washing; 6, boiling in soda solution; 7, washing; 
 8, steeping in bleaching-powder solution ; 9, steeping in dilute sulphuric 
 acid; 10, washing; 11, boiling in soda; 12, washing; 13, steeping in 
 
In trod. Lancashire. xxiii 
 
 bleaching liquid ; 14, steeping in dilute acid ; 15, washing. After the 
 cloth has undergone this monotonous manipulation, it is untacked, dried 
 in a steam-heated room, and packed. If it has to show a nice gloss and 
 additional smoothness, it is taken to be calendered. A vast amount of 
 the bleached cotton wove goods is exported as plain bleached calico ; 
 but a still larger quantity is sent to the printers , where, by a most 
 ingenious application of the mechanical and chemical arts, it becomes 
 impressed with every variety of pretty colours and patterns. Calico- 
 printing is, in fact, 'the art of producing a pattern on cotton cloth by 
 printing in colours, or mordants, which become colours when afterwards 
 dyed. Linen, silk, wool, &c., are all adapted for printing, but linen does 
 not take such good colours, in consequence of the small affinity that flax 
 has for mordants. Printing was first begun in Lancashire in 1764 by 
 Mr. Clayton, of Bamber Bridge, near Preston. The cloth which was used 
 was made with linen warp and cotton weft, and principally manufactured 
 at Blackburn, which was for long the chief seat of the printing trade ; 
 but the introduction of powerloom cloth caused it subsequently to migrate 
 to Stockport and Staley Bridge. The Claytons were succeeded by Mr. 
 Bobert Peel, who carried on the business at Brookside, near Blackburn ; 
 but printing has now so enormously increased, that the weight of cotton 
 used is one-seventh of the entire importation into this country. As in 
 bleaching, the first step is to remove the fibrous down from the surface 
 by passing it rapidly over a flame of gas or hot plates, the latter more 
 frequently. The old-fashioned way of printing was by blocks, but this 
 has been almost entirely superseded by cylinder printing, which was first 
 invented in 1785 by the Preston firm of Livesey, Hargreaves & Co., 
 and this was followed up in 1805 by James Burton’s invention of the 
 mule machine, working with one or two engraved copper cylinders, and 
 one or two wooden rollers engraved in relief. 
 
 By cylinder-printing a colour or colours are rapidly printed from en- 
 graved copper cylinders or rollers by the mere rotation of the machine. 
 The cylinders were formerly engraved by hand, but the American plan of 
 Mr. Perkins for transferring engraving from one surface to another, by 
 meeans of steel roller-dies, was applied by Mr. Locke to calico-printing. 
 'Ey his eccentric engraving, or etching, there are produced on a varnished 
 roller the most curious patterns by means of diamond points. All the 
 labour required for cylinder printing is one man to regulate the rollers, and 
 a couple of boys to supply the colours, and these three can do as much 
 work as 200 men used to be able to turn out with blocks. Four, five, and 
 six-colour machines are now in use, which will turn out a piece of 200 
 yards in a minute, each of the cylinders applying its peculiar portion of 
 the pattern to the cloth as it passes along. The process of printing is as 
 follows : — the pieces to be printed are wound on a beam, and last of all a 
 few yards of common coarse cotton or calico, kept for this purpose. This 
 is for the printer to put the pattern on, to save good cloth. The roll being 
 put in its place behind the machine, the printer’s assistant stations himself 
 also behind, to guide the cloth evenly and pluck off any loose threads that 
 he may see. The master printer stands in front, and after having fitted 
 
xxiv 
 
 hi. Communications : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 the pattern on the cloth, attends to supplying the boxes with colour, and 
 regulating any inequality in the printing. The machine then prints rapidly. 
 After running through thirty or forty pieces, he removes the “ doctors ” 
 and brings them anew to a sharp bevelled edge. — lire . The “ doctors ” are 
 thin plates of steel, for cleaning the superfluous colour from off the rollers. 
 Printers of goods for hangings have machines capable of printing ten to 
 twenty colours at once. At the Castleton Print Works, near Rochdale, 
 woollen fabrics are printed with beautiful floral patterns, in imitation of the 
 French goods. One great point to be attended to in the calico is its hygro- 
 metric state, as dry calico does not take the colours so well as when con- 
 taining a certain amount of moisture. This is arrived at by keeping the 
 pieces in a large room to absorb moisture, or by passing them through 
 an artificial mixture of air and aqueous vapour. This process is called 
 44 ageing.” The proper thickness of mordants and colours is also a neces- 
 sary precaution, as a thin solution would have a tendency to run. Great 
 sharpness of outline is produced by means of thick colour on engraved 
 plates, under severe pressure, and when colours can be laid on the outside 
 of the cloth, so as not to penetrate, great brightness of shade is produced. 
 
 The colours are placed in ranges of pans to be boiled, and stirred mecha- 
 nically. Thickening substances are used in the various mordants and 
 colours, such as wheat-flour, starch, gum tragacanth, &c. 
 
 Mordants, the manufacture of which, and of dye-wood decoctions, is 
 quite a separate trade, are not colouring matters themselves, but act by 
 combining with both the cloth and colouring matter, and, chemically 
 speaking, they are generally acetates of iron and alumina. The following 
 list of the principal styles of printing will give some idea of their com- 
 plications : — 
 
 1st style, Madders ; 2nd, Garancin ; 3rd, Reserved ; 4th, Padded ; 5th, 
 Indigo; 6 th, China Blues ; 7th, Discharge on Turbary Red Ground; 8 th 
 Steam Colours; 9th, Spirit Colours ; 10th, Bronzes; 11th, Pigment Painting. 
 
 Of all the innumerable subdivisions of labour which these great ramifi- 
 cations of the cotton trade cause, it is impossible to give any attempt in 
 detail. 
 
 HI.— COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 The attentive student of Bradshaw, as he draws nearer to the North of 
 England, becomes more and more alive to the difficulties of the situation, 
 and arrives at the height of his embarrassment when he sees the intricate 
 network which connects the manufacturing towns of Lancashire. But 
 with a little care and arrangement, the puzzle is soon solved. Lancashire 
 is, in fact, admirably supplied with railways, which the rapid and constant 
 intercourse between the factory towns renders absolutely necessary, and it 
 will be found, that nearly all the lines are in the hands of two or three 
 companies, it being evident that only by the harmonious working of the 
 whole would traffic be accommodated with any facility and economy. 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 xxv 
 
 The Companies that hold Lancashire are the London and North-Western, 
 the Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Furness Company, the Midland, and 
 the Cheshire lines. 
 
 The London and North - Western is in great force, and carries on the 
 trunk connection between London and the North. From Warrington 
 and Runcorn, where it issues from Cheshire, it runs due N. to Newton, 
 Wigan, Preston, Lancaster, and Kendal ; hut during the whole of this 
 long lead it gives off very few branches; one from Warrington to Liver- 
 pool, following the course of the Mersey as far as Garston. At Ditton is 
 the junction with the main line branch from? Preston Brook, via Runcorn ; 
 from Garston the united traffic is carried by Edgehill to Liverpool. 
 At Widnes is a junction with the Lancashire Union Railway, and the 
 St. Helens branch of the North-Western. There is also a very short 
 branch from Hest Bank to Morecambe, and the Longridge Railway is 
 worked by this Company. But, as a rule, it leaves the local traffic to 
 local lines. 
 
 The line between Manchester and Liverpool (Rte. 12), the first pas- 
 senger line of any length opened in England, belongs to the same Company, 
 and gives off the following branches : 1, from Eccles to Wigan via 
 Tyldesiey ; 2, from Kenyon Junction to Leigh and Bolton ; 3, to St. 
 Helens, from whence a newly made rly. runs to Wigan, Chorley, and 
 Blackburn; 4, from Huy ton to Prescot, St. Helens, and Wigan. The 
 London and North-Western also work the line between Manchester and 
 Leeds, which quits the county at Mossley. 
 
 The Lancashire and Yorkshire Company have decidedly the lion’s share 
 of Lancashire traffic. It is difficult to say which is the main line, as they 
 all seem to be of equal importance ; but the least embarrassing way is to 
 divide them into E. and W. sections. The W. section starts from Liver- 
 pool (Tithebarn Street), and (1) runs by Ormskirk to Preston and 
 Blackburn, Burnley and Colne, giving off (2) a line to Bootle and South- 
 port, and (3) an important branch to Wigan, Bolton, Bury, and Rochdale — 
 thus tapping the county in its centre. (4) A cross line runs from 
 opposite Runcorn by St. Helens and Rain ford to Ormskirk, and (5) a 
 second cross line from Wigan to Southport. (6) From Preston runs the 
 Wyre rly. to Fleetwood, giving off a (7) short branch to Lytham, and (8) 
 another to Blackpool. The E. section has Manchester for its starting- 
 point, connecting that city with (9) Bolton, Chorley, and Preston, and 
 sending off a short branch (10) from Horwich to Wigan. (11) From Bolton 
 a line runs due N. to Blackburn, Whalley, and Clitheroe, while (12) 
 another is carried from Manchester to Bury, Haslingden, and Accrington, 
 giving off (13) a branch to Bacup and the Forest of Rossendale. 
 
 One of the most important Lancashire lines is (14) that between Man- 
 chester, Rochdale, Todmorden, and Burnley, which in its course sends off 
 short branches to (15) Middleton, (16) Oldham, and (17) Roy ton. At Tod- 
 morden the main line enters Yorkshire and becomes equally ubiquitous. 
 
 The Cheshire Lines Committee introduce their sj^stem into the county 
 between Partington and Cadishead, where their line from Stockport crosses 
 the Mersey, and runs by Warrington to Liverpool; from Grazebrooke 
 
XXVI 
 
 iil Communications : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 Junction the system is connected with Manchester and with the Lancashire 
 Union Railways, which traverse the Lancashire coalfield, connecting it 
 with all the ports on the Mersey. The Cheshire Lines Committee is 
 'composed of representatives from the Midland, the Great Northern, and 
 Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Companies, all of which have 
 running powers over the system, and are thus brought into connection 
 with Liverpool, and other towns on the extreme side of the county. 
 
 The Midland Company enters the county from Yorkshire at the N.E. 
 corner, near Hornby, and thence runs down the Yale of Lune to Lancaster 
 and Morecambe. By means of a branch from Wenning to Carnforth, it 
 is placed in profitable relations with the Furness Railway , which is 
 .exceedingly interesting both in its rise and progress, its construction, and 
 its commercial features (Rte. 19). It commences at Carnforth, and skirts 
 the Bay of Morecambe to Ulverston and Furness Abbey. It sends off 
 branches (1) from Ulverston to Windermere ; (2) from Dalton to Peel 
 and Barrow ; (3) from Foxfield to Broughton and Coniston. After passing 
 Foxfield the main line enters Cumberland, and runs to Whitehaven. 
 These, then, are the rlys. in Lancashire, not forgetting two little attempts 
 at rlys. — one of which connects Garstang with Pilling — and the other 
 brings stone and a few passengers from Longridge to Preston. The rlys. 
 in Lancashire have their peculiar social features : — 
 
 The London and North-Western, for instance, is marked by its long im- 
 portant-looking trains of through-passengers, most of whom are evidently 
 made up for a long journey N. or S., and look upon it as a serious matter. 
 Preston, some time about the afternoon, is the spot where these through- 
 trains disgorge their tenants for feeding purposes, and a lively half-hour 
 may be spent by the spectator, who is not in a hurry to dine, watching 
 those who are. 
 
 The Lancashire and Yorkshire line is devoted to cotton and coals and 
 cheap passengers. On the various (cotton) market-days the trains are filled 
 with spinners and manufacturers, anxiously talking over the aspects of 
 change and the rise or fall of half a farthing in cotton. During the 
 summer unusually long trains carry their thousands to Southport, Black- 
 pool, Morecambe, and many other more distant places. 
 
 The Furness rly. is characterised by the prevailing colour of deep red, 
 owing to the constant succession of haematite-ore trains. 
 
 The Garstang and Pilling line is marked by its having only two passenger 
 carriages, which are generally more than enough for the traffic. 
 
 Canals have been almost superseded by the railways, although, in the 
 southern portion of Lancashire, an historical era in the fortunes of England 
 was marked by the opening of the gigantic works of the Bridgewater Canal. 
 For many years this canal was the great highway, not only for goods, but 
 for people ; and it may fairly be said to have been one of the principal 
 stimulants to the rise and progress of the cotton-trade. The greater por- 
 tion of the Bridgewater Canal is in Cheshire, the Lancashire portion running 
 from Manchester to Ashton, where it crosses the Mersey, and, previously 
 to that, sending off a branch to the various collieries and underground 
 works at Worsley, and also to the town of Leigh. The Bridgewater Canal, 
 
IntrocL. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 XXVIX 
 
 however, was not actually the first made in England, precedence having 
 been taken by the Sankey Canal , which is carried between St. Helens 
 and the Mersey, at Fiddler’s Ferry, and the Act for which was obtained in 
 1755. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a very important water-system, 
 and enters Lancashire near Colne, where it runs past Burnley, Blackburn, 
 Chorley, Wigan, and Burscough. Near the latter place it is connected 
 with the Bibble estuary by a branch to Hesketh and also with the Bridge- 
 water Canal at Leigh. The Lancaster Canal joins Preston, Lancaster, and 
 Kendal, sending off a short cut to the Glasson Docks. The Ashton Canal 
 connects that town with Manchester, as also with Stockport, Oldham, 
 Dukinfield, and the Huddersfield Canal. The Bochdale Canal connects 
 Todmorden, Rochdale, Middleton, and Manchester with the Calder Navi- 
 gation in Yorkshire ; and in the latter city joins the Bridgewater system, 
 as does also the Bolton , Bury , and Manchester Canal. Lancashire is thus 
 put into close water-communication with the Yorkshire clothing districts, 
 and a through-navigation is opened up between the German Ocean and the 
 Irish Sea. 
 
 IV.— HISTOBY AND ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 The earliest history of Lancashire, beyond that it was the district in- 
 habited by the Brigantes, is of the most meagre description. Even old 
 Camden found the surrey of the county too much for him, and prefaced 
 his description of it by saying that “ after I had surveyed the far greater 
 part of it, I found but very few things as I had wished them ; the ancient 
 ruins seemed so much obscured by antiquity.” The Brigantes, after 
 struggling for a considerable time against the Roman power, in the time 
 of Caractacus, were at length followed into their fastnesses and compelled, 
 to yield to Agricola — at which time this part of the county became a 
 portion of the province Maxima Csesariensis. 
 
 It is very singular that, notwithstanding the undoubted importance of 
 the Roman occupation, as evinced by the remains found from time to 
 time, antiquaries should be so much in the dark as to the position of the 
 various stations, the only one which is accurately defined being that of 
 Mancunium, the present Manchester. 44 Lancashire long continued to 
 assert its Romano-British character against the Saxon invaders, as part 
 of Strathclyde, and its extreme north-western portions afterwards re- 
 mained attached to the independent British state of Cumberland, when 
 the rest was divided between the Saxon states of the Mercian Confederacy 
 (the district south of the Ribble), and the Northumbrian principality of 
 Deira. Twenty- six of the Marks or original settlements of the Anglo- 
 Saxons have been traced in the names of places in Lancashire. The 
 county, of course, shared the general fate of the Saxon kingdoms between 
 which it was partitioned during the Northman invasions, and became for 
 some time Scandinavian in its government.” 
 
 Domesday does not mention Lancashire at all, the district of what is 
 
Introd. 
 
 xxviii iv. History and Antiquities : 
 
 now South Lancashire, belonging to Cheshire under the title “ Inter 
 Ripam et Mersha ”=between the Rihble and Mersey — while the northern 
 hundreds were included in Yorkshire. The first great landholder after the 
 Roman conquest was Roger de Poictou, third son of Roger Montgomery, 
 who held most of the property between the Ribble and Mersey. He, 
 however, was banished in the reign of Henry I., when the “ honor” of 
 Lancaster was alienated from his possessions and came to the Crown. 
 Henry III. deprived Robert de Ferrars of the “honor” as well as of the 
 lands south of the Ribble, on account of his participation in the rebellion 
 of Simon de Montfort, and, uniting them into one, gave them to his son 
 Edmond Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster. His successors were created 
 Dukes of Lancaster, a title held by John of Gaunt in 1362. But on the 
 accession of his son Henry Bolingbroke to the throne, the Duchy Palatine 
 became attached to the Crown, where it has ever since remained. At the 
 same date at which this arrangement was made, certain courts were 
 established which have held more or less jurisdiction down to the present 
 time — such as the “ Duchy Court, in which all questions of revenue and 
 council affecting the Duchy possessions might be decided. This Court is 
 now held in the Duchy Office in Westminster. This is also a Court of 
 Appeal from the Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster, which is 
 a Court of Equity for matters of equity arising within the county, and is 
 held (by the Vice Chancellor) at Preston. In the Duchy Court the King 
 is presumed to be not only present, but personally acting through his 
 Chancellor and inferior officers.” 
 
 The middle ages were productive of a good deal of disquiet to Lancashire, 
 principally at the hands of the Scots, who, under Robert Brace, ravaged 
 the northern portions of it as far as Preston. The Furness district, too, 
 was in the reign of Henry VII. the scene of the great gathering under the 
 Earl of Lincoln and Lord Lovel, who combined with the Abbots of 
 Furness and Sir Thomas Broughton to raise a rebellion in favour of the 
 so-called Earl of Warwick, Lambert Simnel. 
 
 The Reformation was the period at which the hearts of Lancashire men 
 were most stirred up, and which caused an ebullition that happened in no 
 other part of England. The old families of the county were (as many are 
 still) staunch Catholics, while most of the clergy were Protestants only in 
 name, according to the Act of Supremacy. “ But in the south-east of 
 Lancashire the Reformation speedily obtained great strength, and from its 
 commencement assumed a Puritanical form and character. The busy 
 traders and manufacturers of Salfordshire, having formed mercantile con- 
 nections in Holland and Germany, became acquainted with the great 
 changes which had been so wonderfully wrought in the religion of those 
 countries. Better educated than their rustic neighbours, and having more 
 money to spare and more opportunity to spend it, they purchased books, 
 conversed with foreigners, occasionally travelled to Continental fairs, knew 
 more than their priests, prided themselves on a standing independence of 
 thought, and became, many of them, firm and zealous adherents of the 
 Reformation.” — Halley. When the storm burst, Lancashire soon ranged 
 itself into respective sides, and for many years the county was tho scene 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 XXIX 
 
 of much bloodshed and internal division. There was scarcely a town or 
 village but was the scene of some skirmish or siege during the Civil Wars, 
 in which Bolton, Manchester, Liverpool, Preston, and Lancaster played 
 the most conspicuous parts. In several ways the results of that great 
 contest impressed indelible marks on the nature of the inhabitants, and 
 even to this day the county contains a very large section of Boman 
 Catholic families, while, on the other hand, the bulk of the population is 
 characterised by a decidedly Evangelical tendency. 
 
 The Roman remains in Lancashire have been at various times numerous 
 and interesting. The towns which existed at that era were — 
 
 Mancunium or Mamucium, identified with Manchester. Coccium, sup- 
 posed to be identical with Ribchester, though others, on the authority of 
 Richard de Cirencester, have placed it at Rivington, near Blackrod. 
 
 The locality of Bremetonacis is considered to have been at Over Burrow, 
 which is on the extreme northern border of the county, near Kirkby 
 Lonsdale. Others, however, place it at Lancaster. Colunio is supposed 
 to be represented by Colne. 
 
 ? The remains at Mancunium (Rte. 2) have been exceedingly well 
 defined, and leave no doubt as to its position. Ribchester (Rte. 7), too, 
 whether Coccium or not, has yielded enough to show that it was an, 
 important Roman station. 
 
 Over Burrow (Rte. 18) is clearly a Roman station, but it is not im- 
 probable that it might have been nothing more than a castrum aestivum, 
 and that the more important town of Bremetonacis lay at Lancaster 
 (Rte. 17), where a great many remains have been found. 
 
 The Roman roads are with difficulty traced, except by their names. 
 Mancunium was a great centre, from which ran roads to Condate (Kinderton 
 in Cheshire), Yeratinum (Wilderspool, opposite Warrington), Melandra 
 Castle (near Glossop), Aquis of Ravenna (Buxton), and Coccium (Rib- 
 chester). 
 
 Of Camps and earthworks there are very few in Lancashire, which, con- 
 sidering the nature of the county, especially in its northern part, is a 
 singular fact. The only remains of Roman camps are at Over Burrow 
 (Rte. 18), and Mellor (Rte. 7), near Blackburn, which evidently lay 
 on the road between Mancunium and Coccium. The Dykes (Rte. 6), 
 near Bacup, is a fine work, most probably of Anglo-Saxon date. There 
 are also slight vestiges of an intrenchment at Cuerdley (Rte. 13), near 
 Widnes. 
 
 Mediaeval Buildings . — There are very few Castles in Lancashire, and 
 still fewer of any size or extent, the greater part consisting of little more 
 than a single tower. Of Rochdale only the castle mound exists. 
 
 Route 
 
 19. Arnside Tower. 
 
 7. Clitheroe Castle. Modernised. 
 
 19. Gleaston. 14th century. 
 
 17. Greenhalgh. Henry VII. 
 
 19. Heslop Tower. 
 
xxx IV. History mid Antiquities : Introd. 
 
 Route 
 
 17. Lancaster. Time of Edward III., modernised and incorporated with 
 
 the Gaol. 
 
 19. Peel of Fouldrey. Edward III. 
 
 5. Radclyffe Tower. Henry IV. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Remains. — Lancashire is rich in these, especially in the 
 matter of churches, many of which are of considerable size and beauty. 
 Time and fanaticism have played great havoc with the religious houses, of 
 some of which only the site is left — such as Hornby Priory. Only a few 
 pillars are standing of Burscough Priory (Rte. 15), founded in the reign of 
 Richard I. ; of Windleshaw Abbey (Rte. 13), which indeed was only an 
 abbey by courtesy, being in reality little more than a chapel ; or of Uphol- 
 land Priory (Rte. 11), founded in the reign of John. Cockersand Abbey 
 (Rte. 17) has its chapter-house left. Whalley Abbey (Rte. 7) is in a 
 terribly fragmentary condition, although enough has been rescued from 
 oblivion to show its extent, and to give us an idea of its magnificence. The 
 beautiful E. E. ruins of Furness Abbey (Rte. 1 9) make amends for much 
 deficiency, for in splendour and extent they rank amongst the most cele- 
 brated abbey remains in England. 
 
 The following are the Churches most deserving of a visit : — 
 
 Route 
 
 19. Aldingham. Norman. Windows. 
 
 8. Altbam Church. Stained glass. Font. 
 
 3. Ashton-under-Lyne. 15th century. Stained glass. Monuments. 
 
 15. Aughton. 16th century. Monuments. 
 
 19. Bardsea. Modern. Stained glass. 
 
 16. Bispham. Chalice. 
 
 7. Blackburn. Modem. Windows. 
 
 St. Peter’s. Altar-piece. 
 
 10. Blackrod. 
 
 7. Bolton. Modern. 
 
 20. Bowness. Stained glass. 
 
 21 Broughton. 16th century. Restored. 
 
 8. Burnley. Edward III. Towneley Monuments. 
 
 5. Bury. Very fine. Rebuilt. 
 
 St. John’s. Screen. 
 
 19. Cartmel Priory Church. Splendid old church of mixed styles from 
 
 Transition- Norm, to late Perp. Oak seats. Monuments. 
 
 19. Chapel Island Oratory. Norman. Ruins. 
 
 12a. Childwall. Brasses. Curious paintings. 
 
 16. Chipping. 16th century. Font. 
 
 10. Chorley. Oak carving. Stained glass. 
 
 18. Claughton Church. Old bell. 13th century. 
 
 7. Clitheroe. Monuments. Stained glass. ' 
 
 8. Colne. 16th century. Screen. Latin inscription. 
 
 19. Dalton. Norman. Font. 
 
 9. Eccles. Very fine church. 14th century. Chapels. Monuments. 
 
Introcl. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 XXXI 
 
 Route 
 
 15. Eccleston. Stained glass. Effigy. Old pews. 
 
 12a. Flixton. Norman. Brass. 
 
 17. Garstang. (Churchtown.) Windows. Stalls. Screen. Lady 
 
 Chapel. Monuments. 
 
 18. Gressingham. Norman. Doorway ; fine specimen. 
 
 18. Halton. Early cross. 
 
 5. Haslingden. 11th century. Font. Window. 
 
 21. Hawkshead. E. Norman. 
 
 18. Hey sham. Very interesting little church. Brass. Norman oratory. 
 
 15. Hoole. Brass. Window. 
 
 18. Hornby. Octagonal tower. Norman. 
 
 12. Huyton. Norman. Screen. Hammerbeam roof. Brass. Carved Pulpit. 
 11. Kirkby. Norman. Font. 
 
 21. Kirkby Ireleth. Perp. Doorway. 
 
 16. Kirkham. Monuments. 
 
 17. Lancaster. Stained glass. Norman. Wood carvings. 
 
 9. Leigh. Tudor. 
 
 1. Leyland. Singular aisles. Stained glass. Blackletter books. Piscina. 
 
 14. Liverpool — 
 
 St. Nicholas. 
 
 St. Peter’s. Altar-piece. 
 
 Chapel of Blind School. Paintings. 
 
 15. Lydiate. Henry VIII. 
 
 16. Lytham. (St. John’s.) Modern stained glass. 
 
 15. Maghull. Screen. Pulpit. Stalls. Monuments. 
 
 2. Manchester — 
 
 Cathedral. Perp. General effect. Monuments. 
 
 St. John’s. Paintings. Stained glass. 
 
 St. Peter’s. Altar-piece, and medallions. 
 
 18. Melling. Perp. Stained glass. Monuments. Hagioscope. • 
 
 4. Middleton. 16th century. Stained glass. Chapels. Monuments. 
 7. Mitton. Screen. Monuments. Sherborne Chapel. 
 
 21. Newfield. 
 
 14. North Meols. Monument by Nollekens . 
 
 15. Ormskirk. Perp. Singular duplicate tower. Chapel. Monuments. 
 
 N. window. 
 
 17. Overton. Norman. Doorway. 
 
 7. Padiham. Font. Handsome modern appearance, 
 
 16. Pen wortham. Monuments. 
 
 16. Poulton. 17th century. Monuments. 
 
 12. Prescot Church. Fine general appearance. Monuments?' 
 
 7. Prestolee. Modern. Stained glass. 
 
 16. Preston. Dec. Stained glass. 
 
 18. Quernmore. Dec. Stained glass. 
 
 5. Badcliffe. Norman. S. transept 13th century. Stained glass. 
 
 7. Ribchester. Screen. Monuments. Pulpit. E. window. 
 
 4. Rochdale. Debased Dec. Monuments. Stained glass. 
 
XXX11 
 
 iv. History and Antiquities : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 Route 
 
 15. Rufford. Monuments. Font. 
 
 15. Sephton. Monuments. Brasses. Stalls. 
 
 17. St. Michael-on- Wy re. Chapels. 
 
 13. Skelmersdale. Monuments. 
 
 1. Standish. 16th century. Monuments. 
 
 7. Stidd. Norman arch. Font. 
 
 18. Tunstall. Monuments. 
 
 19. Ulverston. Very fine church. Partly of 12th century and partly 
 
 of time of Henry VIII. Monuments. Painting. 
 
 11. Upholland. Fine old church. c Brasses. Windows. Ruins of 
 
 Priory. 
 
 19. Urswick. Monuments. Windows. Brasses. Piscina. Key. 
 
 15. Walton, Liverpool. Font. Monuments. 
 
 16. Walton, Preston. Monuments. Stained glass. 
 
 1. Warrington. General appearance. Monuments. Stained glass. 
 Crypt. 
 
 17. Warton. 14th century. Sedilia. Font. 
 
 7. Whalley* Dec. and Perp. Stalls. Carving. Stained glass. Monu- 
 
 ments. Bews Cross. 
 
 1. Wigan. Fine general appearance. Monuments. Bradshaigh 
 Chapel. E. window. Ancient Tapestry. 
 
 1. Winwick. Perp. Carving. Monuments. Brasses. 
 
 9. Worsley. Modern. Monuments. 
 
 Of old mansions and houses — principally of timber-and-plaster — Lanca- 
 shire possesses a great choice and variety ; and, generally speaking, they 
 are in better preservation than those of Cheshire, in which county by far 
 the larger portion are occupied as farmhouses. 
 
 Route 
 
 8. Accrington Grange. 
 
 10. Adlington Hall. 
 
 5. Agecroft Hall. Elizabethan. Timber-and-plaster. A splendid 
 example. 
 
 7. Alley, Clitheroe. 
 
 8. Altham Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 13. Ashurst Hall. Gateway. Farmhouse. 
 
 3. Ashton Old Hall. 
 
 10. Astley Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 1. Bamfurlong Hall. Moated. Farmhouse. 
 
 15. Bank Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 4. Barcroft. 16th century. 
 
 8. Barnside. 
 
 7. Bashall. 17th century. 
 
 3. Bestal. Ashton-under-Lyne. 
 
 12a. Barton Old Hall. Farmhouse. Going to ruins. 
 
 1. Bewsey Hall. Elizabethan. Moated. 
 
 19. Bi gland Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 12. Bold Hall. James I. Moated. 
 
Xntrod. Lancashire . 
 
 Koute 
 
 17. Bowers. Farmhouse. “ Priesthole.” 
 
 18. Borwick Hall. 1559. 
 
 1. Bradley Hall. Farmhouse. Moated. 
 
 11. Bradshaw Hall. 17th century. 
 
 5. Brandlesholme Hall. Bichard II. 
 
 17. Broughton Tower. Farmhouse. 
 
 21. Broughton Tower. 
 
 7. Browsholme. 17th century. 
 
 3. Buckley Hall. 1618. 
 
 17. Capernwray Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 19. Cark Hall. 16th century. 
 
 4. Castleton Hall. 17th century. 
 
 4. Chadderton Hall. Charles II. 
 
 4. Chadwick Hall. Edward III. 
 
 9. Chanters. Atherton. 
 
 2. Chetham Hospital. 17th century. 
 
 2. Chorlton Hall. 
 
 3. Cinderland Hall. 
 
 18. Claughton Old Hall. Henry VII. 
 
 4. Clegg Hall. 17th century. Alehouse. 
 
 16. Clifton Hall. 
 
 21. Coniston Hall. 15th century. Farmhouse. 
 
 5. Cob House. 17th century. 
 
 16. Cottam. Elizabethan. 
 
 15. Cuerdale Hall. 1700. Farmhouse. 
 
 8. Dane’s House. 
 
 11. Darcy Lever Hall. Timber-and-plaster. Priest-Hole. 
 10. Duxbury Hall. 
 
 8. Emmott Hall. 
 
 7. Entwistle Hall. Farmhouse. 15th century. 
 
 8. Extwistle Hall. 16th century. 
 
 8. Fulledge. Farmhouse. 
 
 7. Gawthorpe Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 15. Grad wells. Farmhouse. 
 
 20. Graythwaite Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 12a. Great Woolden Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 1. Haigh Hall. 
 
 13. Hale Hall. 17th century. 
 
 7. Hall-i’-th’-Wood. 17th century. 
 
 21. Hawkshead Hall. 
 
 21. Hawkshead Town Hall. 
 
 16. Hesketh End. Farmhouse. 
 
 8. Heysandforth. Edward II. Farmhouse. 
 
 8. Hoghton Tower. Elizabethan. 
 
 7. Higham Court House. 
 
 8. High Biley. Henry VIII. Farmhouse. 
 
 5. Holden Hall. 13th century. 
 
 {Lancashire.'] 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 c 
 
XXXIV 
 
 iv. History and Antiquities : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 Route 
 
 8. Hollins. 
 
 4. Holme. 15th century. 
 
 9. Hope Car. Moat. 
 
 18. Hornby Castle. Henry VIII. 
 
 7. Horrocksford Hall. 17th century. Farmhouse. 
 
 7. Huntroyde. Inigo Jones. 
 
 4. Hurst Wood. 
 
 13. The Hutt. Ruins. Moated. 
 
 1. Ince Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 12a. Irlam Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 9. Kempnall Hall. Timber-and-plaster. 16th century. 
 
 9. Kenyon Peel Hall. Timber-and-plaster. 17th century. 
 
 5. Kersal Cell. 
 
 21. Kirkby Hall. Tudor. 
 
 8. Knuzden Hall. 
 
 8. Langroyd Hall. 
 
 16. Lea Hall. 14th century. 
 
 1. Leyland Hall. Elizabethan. Farmhouse. 
 
 7. Little Bolton Hall. 1600. 
 
 10. Lostock Hall. Timber-and-plaster. 
 
 7. Lovely Hall. Old furniture. Cross. 
 
 15. Lydiate Hall. Old furniture and panelling. 
 
 16. Mains Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 15. Maudesley Hall. 17th century. Farmhouse. 
 
 1. Meadows, Wigan. Elizabethan. 
 
 7. Mearley Hall. 17th century. 
 
 17. Michael’s Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 7. Mitton Hall. Baronial hall. 
 
 9. Morleys Hall. 16th century. 
 
 17. Myerscough Lodge. James I. Farmhouse. 
 
 17. Nateby Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 1. Newton Old Hall. Timber-and-plaster. Farmhouse. 
 
 14. North Meols Hall. 
 
 5. Nuttall Hall. Richard II. 
 
 4. Oaken Rod Hall. 
 
 4. Ormerod. 16th century. 
 
 11. Orrel Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 7. Osbaldeston Hall. Moated. Farmhouse. 
 
 17. Out Rawcliffe Hall. 17th century. 
 
 7. Pendle Hall. 
 
 7. Pendleton Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 4. Pike House. Elizabethan. 
 
 9. Platt Fold. 17th century. 
 
 8, Pleasington Old Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 16. Redscar Hall. Elizabethan. 
 
 16. Rossall Hall. Now a school. 
 
 7. Rough Lee, 
 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 xxxv 
 
 Route 
 
 8. Rowley Hall. 16th century. 
 
 8. Royle. 17th century. 
 
 3. Royton Hall. 
 
 15. Rufford Old Hall. Elizabethan. Timber-and-plaster. 
 
 7. Sabden Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 7. Salesbury Hall. Elizabethan. Ruin. 
 
 7. Samlesbury Hall. Timber-and-plaster. 
 
 12a. Shaw Hall. James I. 
 
 8. Shuttleworth Hall. James I. 
 
 7. Smithills Hall. Henry VII. Splendid example. 
 
 11. Speke Hall. 16th century. Timber-and-plaster. Moated. 
 
 4. Spencer’s House. 
 
 4. Steanor. Old inscribed house. 
 
 19. Swarthmoor Hall. 17th century. 
 
 7. Symondstone Hall. 
 
 18. Thurland Castle. 16th century. Moated. 
 
 4. Todmorden Hall. 16th century. 
 
 4. Towneley. 16th century. 
 
 16. Tulketh Hall. 
 
 7. Turton Tower. 
 
 12a. Urmston Hall. Elizabethan. Timber-and-plaster. Farmhouse. 
 
 19. Urswick Hall. Farmhouse. 
 
 9. Wardley Hall. Edward VI. Timber-and-plaster. Moated. 
 
 17. Warton Rectory. Henry VIII. 
 
 7. White Lee. 13th century. Farmhouse. 
 
 3. Woodhouses. Timber-and-plaster. 
 
 9. Worsley Hall. Timber-and-plaster. 
 
 19. Wraysholme Tower. Farmhouse. 
 
 15. Wrightington Old Hall. Elizabethan, Timber. 
 
 8. Wycoller Hall. 
 
 9. Yates Peel Hall. 18th century. 
 
 The finest Seats are to be found as follows, though several of the most 
 interesting in the county are already included in the last list, on account 
 of their antiquity, such as Bold, Gawthorpe, Haigh, Hornby, Ormerod, and 
 Towneley : — 
 
 Route 
 
 17. Ashton Hall. 
 
 19. Conishead Priory. 
 12. Croxteth Park. 
 
 8. Cuerden Park. 
 
 8. Fenniscowles. 
 
 5. Heaton Park. 
 
 19. Holker Hall. 
 
 19. Hulton Park. 
 
 7. Huntroyde. 
 
 14. Ince Blundell. 
 
 12. Knowsley Park. 
 
 Route 
 
 15. Lathom. 
 
 18. Quernmore Park. 
 15. Rufford Hall. 
 
 15. Scarisbrick Hall. 
 10. Shawe Hill. 
 
 20. Storrs Hall. 
 
 17. Thurnham. 
 
 9. Trafford Park. 
 
 9. Worsley Hall. 
 20. Wray Castle. 
 
XXXVI 
 
 v. Places of Interest. 
 
 V.— PLACES OF INTEREST. 
 
 Introd. 
 
 Warrington. Church. Educational Institution. Museum. Bewsey 
 Hall. Boman Station at Wilderspool. Winwick Church. St. Oswald’s 
 Well. Old Houses. 
 
 Newton. Old Hall. Castle Hill. Bradley Hall. 
 
 Wigan. Church. Kirkless Hall Iron Works. Collieries. Haigh Hall. 
 Old Houses. Tyldesley Obelisk. Mab’s Cross. Meynes Park. Boman 
 Catholic Chapel at Westwood. Ince Hall. 
 
 Standish. Church. Hall. Arley Hall. 
 
 Euxton. Duxbury Park. Euxton Hall. Church. 
 
 Leyland. Church. Hall. 
 
 Chorley. Church. Boman Catholic Chapel. Astley Hall. Whittle 
 Springs. 
 
 Adlington. Bivington Church and Village. Liverpool Beservoirs. 
 Dean Wood. Bivington Pike. 
 
 Bolton. Church. Town Hall. Cotton Factories. Crompton Statue. 
 Smithills Hall. Little Bolton. Hall-i’-th’-Wood. Bingley Church. 
 Darcy Lever Hall. Bradshaw Hall. 
 
 Manchester. Infirmary. Boyal Exchange. Assize Courts. Town 
 Hall. Manchester and Salford Bank. Free Trade Hall. Natural His- 
 tory Museum. Boyal Institution. Athenaeum. Memorial Hall. Che- 
 tham Hospital and Library. Cathedral. Owens College. Blind Asylum. 
 Botanic Gardens. St. John’s. St. Peter’s. Boman Catholic Church of 
 St. John. Peel Park and Museum. Queen’s Park. Phillips Park. 
 Hulme Park. Zoological Gardens. Pomona Gardens. Theatres. Concert 
 Hall. Cotton Factories. Watt’s Warehouses. Swinton Industrial Schools. 
 Agecroft Hall. 
 
 Clayton Bridge. Clayton Hall. Fairfield Moravian Village. 
 
 Ashton. Church. Infirmary. Old Hall. Bestal. Stamford Park. 
 Staley Bridge. Mills. Wild Bank. Buckley Hall. 
 
 Mossley. Hartshead. Bucton Castle. 
 
 Oldham. Town Hall. Messrs. Platts’ Works. School of Art. Blue- 
 coat School. 
 
 Middleton. Church. Schwabe’s Print Works. Chadderton Hall. 
 Hopwood Hall. 
 
 Hey wood. Scenery of the Boch. 
 
 Bochdale. Church. Town Hall. Grammar School. Castleton Hall. 
 Buckley Hall. Clegg Hall. Healey Hall. Valley of the Spodden. The 
 Thrutch. Tyrone’s Bed. Whitworth Church. Wolstenholme Hall. 
 Oaken wood Hall. 
 
 Littleborough. Hollingworth Lake. Blackstone Edge. Pike House. 
 Old House at Steanor Bottom. 
 
 Todmorden. Scenery of the Calder Valley. Waterside Cotton Mills. 
 Todmorden Hall. Stanfield Hall. Stoodley Hill. 
 
 Holme. Scenery of the Cli verger “ Cloughs.” The Holme. Long 
 Causeway and Crosses. Ormerod. Bar croft. Towneley Hall. 
 
In trod. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 XXXVII 
 
 Radcliffe. Church. Tower. 
 
 Bury . Church. Peel Statue. Brandlesholme Hall. Stand Church. 
 
 Ramsbottom. Holcombe Hill. Peel Tower. Print Works. 
 
 Haslingden. Church. 
 
 Bacup. Forest of Eossendale. The Dykes. Source of the Irwell. 
 Walk to Burnley. Thieveley Pike. 
 
 Chapel Town. Turton Tower. Chetham’s Close. 
 
 Over Bar wen. St. John’s Church. India Mills. 
 
 Blackburn. Church. Old Church Tower. Town Hall. Corporation 
 Park. Billinge Hill. Samlesbury Hall. 
 
 Ribchester. Church. Osbaldeston Hall. 
 
 Whalley. Abbey Ruins. Church. Nab Side. Mitton Hall and 
 Church. Stony hurst College. Scenery of the Hodder. Padiham. Gaw- 
 thorpe Hall. 
 
 Clitheroe. Castle. Church. The Abbey. Pendle Hill. Mearley 
 
 Hall. Bashall. Browsholme. Whitewell. Scenery of the Hodder 
 
 Valley and Bowland. 
 
 Chatburn. Waddington Hall. Horrocksford Hall. Downham. Sawley 
 Abbey. 
 
 Colne. Church. Emmott Hall. Barnside. Wycoller. 
 
 Burnley. Church. Towneley Hall. Extwistle Hall. Rowley. Hurst- 
 wood. 
 
 Pleasington. Fenniscowles. 
 
 Hoghton. Tower. 
 
 Bccles. Church. Monk’s Hall. 
 
 Worsley. Church. Village. Worsley Hall. Bridgewater Canal. Col- 
 lieries. Walkden Moor Memorial. Wardley Hall. Kempnall Hall. 
 
 Leigh. Church. 
 
 Dean. Church. 
 
 Patricroft . Nasmyth’s Works. Barton Old Hall. Irlam Hall. Shaw 
 Hall. Flixton Church. Urmston Church and Hall. Chatmoss. 
 
 Bury Lane. Woolden Hall. 
 
 St. Helens. Bold Hall. Windleshaw Abbey. Glass Works. 
 
 Prescot. Church. Knowsley Hall. Huy ton Church. 
 
 Widnes. Chemical and Alkali Works. Viaduct over the Mersey. 
 
 Farnworth. Church. 
 
 Hale. Church. Decoy Hall. Hutt ruins. 
 
 Speke. Hall. 
 
 Liverpool. Custom House. St. George’s Landing Stage. Sailors’ 
 Home. Town Hall. Exchange. St. George’s Hall. Institution. Royal 
 Institution. St. Peter’s Church. St. Nicholas’ Church. Theatre. Zoological 
 Gardens. Art Gallery. Educational Establishments. 
 
 Waterloo. The Sands. 
 
 Crosby. Roman Catholic Church. Ince Blundell. School-buildings. 
 
 Southport . Sands. Pier. Atkinson Free Library. Art Gallery. 
 Aquarium. 
 
 Maghull. Sephton Church. Lydiate Chapel. 
 
 Ormskirk. Church. Burscough Priory. Lathom House. 
 
xxxviii 
 
 Introd. 
 
 y. Places of Interest : 
 
 Rujford. Old Hall. Church. 
 
 Croxton. Hall and Chapel. Eccleston Church. Gradwell’s Farm. 
 Bank Hall. 
 
 Preston . Town Hall. Scenery of Kibble. Penwortham Church. 
 
 Koman Catholic Churches. Literary Institute. Miller Park. Avenham 
 Park. Moor Park. Walton Church. Longridge Quarries. Lea Hall. 
 Cottam. 
 
 Kirkham . Church. Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Lytham. Church. Clifton Hall. 
 
 Poulton . Church. Bispham Church. 
 
 Blackpool . Cliffs. Pier. Kossall School. 
 
 Fleetwood . Views over Morecambe. Pilling Moss. Port. 
 
 Broughton. Church. 
 
 Garstang. Aqueduct. Church. Greenhalgh Castle. 
 
 Lancaster. Castle. Church. Roman Catholic Church. Grammar 
 School. Lunatic Asylum. Bleasdale Fells. Ripley’s Hospital. More- 
 cambe. Hey sham Church and Oratory. Cockersand Abbey. Sunderland. 
 Glasson Docks. 
 
 Ealton. Aqueduct. Quernmore Park and Church. 
 
 Caton. Scenery of the Lune and Artie Beck. Ravenscar Hill. 
 
 Hornby . Church. Castle. 
 
 Milling. Church. Thurland Castle. Tunstall Church. 
 
 Carnforth . Ironworks. Yealand Conyers. 
 
 Silverdale. Scenery of the Bay. 
 
 Arnside. Tower. Heslop Tower. Arnside Knot. Whitbarrow Scar. 
 Grange. Holm Island. Yewbarrow. Hempsfell. Cartmell Church. 
 Humphrey Head. 
 
 Cark. Holker Hall. Chapel Island. 
 
 Ulverston. Barrow Moor. Church. Sir J. Barrow’s Birthplace. Swart- 
 moor Hall. Iron Mines. • Conishead Priory. Bardsea Hall. Birkrigg. 
 Aldingham Church. Urswick Church. Gleaston Castle. 
 
 Dalton. Church. Lindal Mines. 
 
 Furness. Abbey. 
 
 Barrow . Island. Docks. Steel Works. Peel of Fouldrey. 
 
 Newby Bridge . Scenery of the Leven and Crake. Colton. Winder- 
 mere. Graythwaite Hall. Storrs Hall. 
 
 Bowness . Church. Curwen’s Island. Scenery of the Lakes. 
 
 Askham. Quarries. 
 
 Broughton . Tower. Church. Scenery of the Duddom The Stepping- 
 Stones. Cockley Beck. Dunnerdale. 
 
 Coniston. Lake. Old Man. Copper Mines. Yewdale. Tilber- 
 thwaite. 
 
 Eawkshead. Church. Town Hall. Hawkshead Hall. Esthwaite 
 Water. Wray Castle. Brathay. 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire . 
 
 xxxix 
 
 VI.— SKELETON TOUR. 
 
 (To be varied according to pleasure .) 
 
 (The places marked in Italics are the best for Head-quarters.) 
 
 Days. 
 
 1. See Liverpool, Docks, and public buildings. 
 
 2. Finish exploration of Liverpool. Afternoon, by rail to Speke Hall, 
 
 Widnes, and Warrington. 
 
 3. See Warrington Church, Bewsey Hall, Winwick Church, Newton, and 
 
 by rail to Wigan. 
 
 4. See Wigan. By rail to Upholland, thence to St. Helens, Prescot, 
 
 Huy ton, and Liverpool. 
 
 5. By rail to Southport. Afternoon to Burscough Priory, and sleep at 
 
 Ormskirk. 
 
 6. From Ormskirk by rail to Wigan and Tyldesley. See Worsley and 
 
 Kempnall Halls ; Eccles Church. In evening to Manchester. 
 
 7 and 8. Spend at Manchester. 
 
 9. By rail to Ashton-under-Lyne and Staley Bridge, returning to 
 Manchester. 
 
 10. Manchester by rail to Oldham and Middleton. In afternoon to 
 
 Rochdale , where sleep. 
 
 11. Scenery of the Koch ; Hollingsworth Lake. Scenery of the Calder 
 
 Y alley. Sleep at Todmorden. 
 
 12. Scenery of Cliviger, The Holme, Burnley. Sleep at Oolne. 
 
 13. Keturn to Burnley by rail. Walk over Rossendale to Bacup ; thence 
 
 by rail to Ramsbottom and Holcombe. Sleep at Bury. 
 
 14. See Radcliffe Tower, and by rail to Bolton. See Smithills Hall and 
 
 Hall-i’-th’-Wood. Sleep at Bolton. 
 
 15. By rail to Adlington. See Reservoirs, and ascend Rivington Pike. 
 
 Evening, by train from Bolton to Blackburn. 
 
 16. See Blackburn and Samlesbury Hall. Afternoon, by train to Whalley. 
 
 See Church and Abbey. Sleep at Whalley. 
 
 17. Drive or walk to Mitton and Stonyhurst, returning to Clitheroe. 
 
 A fternoon, excursion to Horrocksford or Mearley Halls. 
 
 18. By rail to Cbatburn. See Sawley Abbey. In afternoon, excursion to 
 
 Pendle Hill. 
 
 19. Walk or drive from Clitheroe to Whitewell, returning to Longridge, 
 
 where take the train to Preston. 
 
 20. Preston by rail to Rufford and Croxton. In afternoon, by rail to 
 
 Lytham and Blackpool , where sleep. 
 
 21. By rail to Fleetwood, returning to Preston , where spend the remainder 
 
 of the day. 
 
 22. From Preston by rail to Lancaster. 
 
 23. From Lancaster by rail to Morecambe. Excursion to Heysliam. In 
 
 afternoon, excursion by rail from Morecambe to Hornby, returning 
 to Lancaster to sleep. 
 
xl 
 
 vii. Antiquarian Tour : 
 
 Introd. 
 
 Days. 
 
 24. Excursion to the Trough of Bolland, over Wyresdale. 
 
 25. From Lancaster to Carnforth by rail, and branch off to Melling. 
 
 Excursion to Tunstall and Kirkby Lonsdale. Sleep at Grange. 
 
 26. See Cartmel Church and Holker Hall. Sleep at Ulverston. 
 
 27. Excursion to Conishead, Gleeston, Urswick, &c. 
 
 28. Bail to Dalton : Iron-mines. Afternoon, to Furness Abbey. 
 
 29. See Barrow Works and Docks; Peel of Fouldrey. Afternoon, by 
 
 train to Kirkby Ireleth (quarries) and Broughton , where sleep. 
 
 30. Excursion up the Duddon Valley and (if a pedestrian) over Walna 
 
 Scar to Coniston . 
 
 31. Ascend Coniston Old Man. Explore the Lake. 
 
 32. From Coniston to Hawkshead, Esth waite, and Ambleside. 
 
 33. By steamer to Bowness, Newby Bridge , and the Valley of the Leven. 
 
 VII.— ANTIQUARIAN TOUR. 
 
 ( The Places in Italics are the best Centres from which to explore.) 
 
 Days. 
 
 1. Manchester . Cathedral. High School. Old Houses. Chetham Hos- 
 
 pital. Old halls in the neighbourhood. 
 
 2. Ashton-under-Lyne Church. Old Hall. Bestal. Old houses in the 
 
 neighbourhood of Staley Bridge. Bucton Castle. 
 
 3. Middleton Church. Rectory. Chadderton Hall. Rochdale Church. 
 
 Grammar School. Castleton Mound and Hill. Buckley Hall. Clegg 
 Hall. 
 
 4. Healey Hall. Whitworth Church. Wolstenholme Hall. Chadwick 
 
 Hall. Tyrone’s Bed. Littleborough Church. Pike House. Steanor 
 Bottom House. Todmorden . 
 
 7. Long Causeway. Roman road over Blackstone Edge. The Holme. 
 
 Ormerod. Barcroft. Townley. Burnley. 
 
 8. Burnley Church. Extwistle Hall. Rowley. Colne Church. Barnside. 
 
 Wycoller. Emmott Hall. 
 
 9. Padiham Church. Gawthorpe. Huntroyde. Walk over the hills 
 
 to Bacup , visiting the Dykes. 
 
 10. Bacup Church. Ramsbottom. Nuttall Hall. Brandlesholme Hall. 
 
 Bury Church. Radcliffe Tower. Redvales. 
 
 11. Bolton. Smi thills Hall. Hall-i’-th’-Wood. Little Bolton. Turton 
 
 Tower. Entwistle Hall. 
 
 12. Blackburn Church. Pleasington Hall. Samlesbury Hall. Hoghton 
 
 Tower. 
 
 14. Ribchester Church (Roman Coccium ?). Stony hurst. Mitton Church. 
 
 Whalley. 
 
 15. Whalley Abbey. Church. Wiswell Hall. Ieppe Knave Grave. 
 
 Sabden. 
 
Introd. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 xli 
 
 Days. 
 
 16. Clitheroe. Church. Castle. Abbey. Mearley Hall. Horrocksford Hall. 
 
 Waddington Hall. Clitheroe. Sawley Abbey. Downham. 
 
 17. Bashall. Browsholme. Whitewell. Longridge. Chipping Church. 
 
 Redscar. Preston. 
 
 18. Preston Church. Walton Church. Penwortham Church. Lea Hall. 
 
 Cottam. Kirkharn Church. Lytham Church. Bispham Church. 
 
 19. Blackpool. Rossall Hill. Fleetwood. Return to Preston. Garstang 
 
 Church. Greenhalgh Castle. Lancaster. 
 
 20. Church. Castle. Ashton Hall. Thurnham. Hey sham Church and 
 
 Oratory. 
 
 21. Q.uernmore Church. Caton. Hornby Church and Castle. Melling 
 
 Church. Thurland Castle. Tunstall Church. Borwick Hall. 
 
 Capernwray Hall. 
 
 22. Grange. Arnside Tower. Heslop Tower. Cartmel Church. Holker 
 
 Hall. Chapel Island. JJlverston Church. 
 
 23. Swarthmoor Hall. Bardsea Hall. Aldingham Church. Gleaston Castle. 
 
 Urswick Church. 
 
 24. Dalton Church and Castle. Furness Abbey. Peel of Fouldrey. 
 
 25. Broughton Tower. Coniston Church. Hawkshead Church. Town 
 
 Hall and Hall. Amhleside. 
 
 26. Bowness Church. Return by rail to Preston. Rufford Hall. Cro- 
 
 ston Hall. Gradwells. Eccleston Church. 
 
 27. Leyland Church. Euxton Hall. Standish Church. Wigan. Church. 
 
 Old houses. Haigh Hall. Ince Hall. Old Halls between Golborne 
 and Wigan. 
 
 28. Leigh Church. Kenyon Peel Hall. Wardley Hall. Kempnall 
 
 Hall. Worsley Hall. Monk’s Hall. Eccles Church. Sleep at 
 Manchester. 
 
 29. Old halls on the banks of the Mersey. Flixton Church. Urmston 
 
 Church. Shaw Hall. Urmston Hall. Newton old Hall. Castle 
 Hill. Winwick Church. 
 
 30. Warrington Church. Wilderspool Station. Bewsey Hall. Cuerden 
 
 Earthworks. Farnworfch Church. Bold Hall. St. Helens . Win- 
 dleshaw Abbey. 
 
 31. Skelmersdale Church. Lathom. Burscough Priory. Ormskirk Church. 
 
 Lydiate Chapel. Maghull Church. Liverpool. 
 
 32. Liverpool Churches. Ince Blundell. Huy ton Church. Speke Hall. 
 
 Hale Hall. 
 
 VIIL— PEDESTRIAN TOUR. 
 
 Tour 
 
 1. From Glossop, to Bucton Castle and Mossley Stat. 8 m. By rail to 
 
 Rochdale . Scenery of the Roch. 
 
 2. Rochdale, to Littleborough and Blackstone Edge, and thence to Tod- 
 
 morden. About 12 m. 
 
 3. Explore Cliviger, and to Burnley by the Long Causeway, about 12 m. 
 
 [. Lancashire .] d 
 
xlii ix. Pedestrian Tour . IntrotL 
 
 Tour 
 
 4. To Cobie, over Boulsworth Hill and Forest of Trawden. About 12 m. 
 
 Back by rail to Burnley. 
 
 5. From Burnley, over Rossendale Forest to Bacup, 10 m. ; thence by 
 
 rail to Ramsbottom Walk over Holcombe Moor to Darwen Stat., 
 about 7 or 8 m. By rail to Blackburn. 
 
 6. Blackburn to Ribchester, 7 m., and on by Hurst Green and Stony- 
 
 hurst to Whatley , 6 m. 
 
 7. Whalley, by Sabden, and over Pendle Hill to Sawley Abbey, about 
 
 11 m., to Chatburn 2 m., and thence by rail to Clitheroe. 
 
 8. Clitheroe to Whitewell, 9 m., and Lancaster, over the Trough of 
 
 Bolland. The total distance is 25 or 26 m., and, if too far, a halt 
 can be made at Whitewell, 19 m. 
 
 9. Lancaster, by Quernmoor and Artie Beck, to Hornby. Thence by 
 
 Tunstall to Kirkby Lonsdale . 
 
 10. Kirkby Lonsdale across Hutton Roof Crag to Burton, and by Yealand 
 
 Conyers to Grange. 15 m. 
 
 11. Grange to Newby Bridge, Grayth waite and Hawkshead. About 15 m. 
 
 12. Hawkshead to Coniston. Ascend the Old Man. About 10 m. 
 
 13. Coniston, over Walna Scar, to Seath waite, and descend the Duddon 
 
 to Broughton. About 15 m. 
 
 14. Broughton, to Dalton and Furness Abbey. About 12 m. 
 
 15. Excursion round the Furness peninsula. Two days may be well 
 
 employed ; 30 m. is the least distance. 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 FOR 
 
 LANCASHIRE. 
 
 ROUTES. 
 
 *** The names of places are printed in italics only in those routes where the ‘places are 
 
 described. 
 
 ROUTE PAGE 
 
 1 Warrington to Preston, by New- 
 ton and Wigan .... 1 
 
 2 Stockport to Manchester k t 11 
 
 3 Manchester to Oldham , by Ash- 
 
 ton-under- Lyne . . . .31 
 
 4 Manchester to Burnley, by Middle - * 
 
 ton , Rochdale , and Todmorden . 39 
 
 5 Manchester to Accrington, by 
 
 Bury and Haslingden ... 48 
 
 6 Bury to Burnley, by Bacup and 
 
 j Rossendale 54 
 
 7 Manchester to Olitheroe , by i?o/- 
 
 Blackburn , and Whalley . 58 
 
 8 Preston to Colne, by Blackburn, 
 
 Accrington, and Burnley . . 80 
 
 9 Manchester to Wigan, by ifccfes 
 
 and Tyldesley ..... 85 
 
 10 Manchester to Preston, by Bolton 
 
 and Chorley . . .. . .93 
 
 11 Rochdale to Liverpool, by Bury, 
 
 Bolton, and Wigan ... 96 
 
 ROUTE PAGE 
 
 12 Manchester to Liverpool, by New- 
 
 ton and Prescot . . . . 99 
 
 12a Manchester to Liverpool, by Glaze- 
 
 brook and Warrington . . . 107 
 
 13 Warrington to Liverpool, by Wid- 
 
 nes, Speke, and Garston . .109 
 
 14 Liverpool to Southport . . .112 
 
 15 Liverpool to Preston, by Orms - 
 
 kirk . 132 
 
 1 6 Preston to Fleetu ood, by Lytham 
 
 and Blackpool 140 
 
 17 Preston to Kendal, by Lancaster 151 
 
 1 8 Morecambe to Carnforth J unction, 
 
 by Wennington . . . .161 
 
 1 9 Carnforth to Barrow , by L Iverston 
 
 and Furness Abbey • . . .165 
 
 20 Ulverston to Ambleside, by Newby 
 
 Bridge and Bowness . . .182 
 
 21 Furness Junction to Ambleside, 
 
 by Broughton , Coniston , and 
 Hawkshead . . . . . 186 
 
 ROUTE 1. 
 
 WARRINGTON TO PRESTON, BY 
 NEWTON AND WIGAN. 
 
 Warrington (Hotels : Lion; Patten 
 Arms ; there are two Inns in 
 antique wood and plaster, The 
 [. Lancashire .] 
 
 Fox and The Barley Mow), one 
 of the most asncient towns in Lan- 
 cashire, is a parliamentary borough 
 returning one member since the 
 Reform Act of 1832. It is most 
 irregular in the disposition of its 
 four chief streets, the two principal 
 of which form the great highways 
 between Liverpool and Manchester 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 Route 1 . — Warrington — Banlc Hall. 
 
 in the one direction, North wich and 
 Wigan in the other. Its situation 
 on rising ground, on the rt. bank of 
 the Mersey, which here flows in a 
 succession of curves, is not unpic- 
 turesque. The narrowness of its old 
 streets gives it a somewhat antiquated 
 appearance. Still Warrington pos- 
 sesses some buildings of fine archi- 
 tectural merit, and one, at least, of 
 more than ordinary interest, viz. the 
 * Church, which was founded before 
 the Conquest, as we learn from 
 Domesday, where we read that 
 “ Sanctus Elfin ” (a saint not men- 
 tioned in any martyrology) held a 
 carucate there. It was beautifully 
 restored between 1859 and 1867, 
 from designs of Messrs. Francis , and 
 is in eveiy way worthy of a visit. 
 It is one of the largest parish chs. 
 in the diocese, and consists of nave, 
 chancel, chapels, and aisles, the N. 
 aisle being one of the additions at the 
 time of the restoration. A very lofty 
 tower with spire (281 ft.) springs 
 from the junction of the nave and 
 chancel. The latter (built about 
 1358) is the oldest portion of the 
 building, and underneath it is a 
 crypt in good preservation, from 
 whence it is said (but without any 
 foundation) that a secret passage ex- 
 tended for some distance from the 
 ch. The aisles and nave are sepa- 
 rated by lofty Pointed arches with 
 clustered columns. The stained-glass 
 windows are very good ; the three 
 at the end are by Edmondson , and 
 the others by Gibbs. They are chiefly 
 memorial windows given by the Rec- 
 tor, the families of Blackburne, the 
 Lyons of Appleton, &c. The chancel 
 has a monument to Dr. Percival, with 
 an inscription written by Dr. Parr. 
 The S. aisle contains a brass to a 
 daughter of Lord Winmarleigh, and 
 a monument in memory of his wife ; 
 also an exquisite sculptured monu- 
 ment to T. Wilson Patten, who died 
 at Naples, 1819. In the N. aisle 
 (in what was the Bewsey Chapel) 
 is the elaborate alabaster monument 
 
 of Sir John and Lady Butler. The 
 former died in 1463. He is said to 
 have been foully murdered at Bewsey 
 (see post). Notice the figure of the 
 negro, who endeavoured to save his 
 master, although “ the fact that the 
 heroic servant was a negro is only 
 traditionary in the neighbourhood, it 
 not being specified in the Bodleian 
 MSS. Mr. Fitchett states that this 
 faithful negro, as the last earthly 
 reward that could be paid him, was 
 interred with Sir John and Lady 
 Butler in the family vault, in a small 
 chapel belonging to them, in War- 
 rington Ch., which now belongs to 
 the Athertons of Atherton ; and in 
 which the figures of the unfortunate 
 knight and his lady are represented 
 in alabaster, lying on a tombstone, 
 adorned with curious sculpture. On 
 the lady’s side of the tomb are re- 
 presentations of female saints, and 
 on that of the knight is one of 
 the Trinity, bearing saints. It 
 is evidently to this tombstone that 
 Pennant refers in his tour, when he 
 states that ‘ Sir Thomas (Butler), I 
 believe the last of his name, was, 
 with his lady, murdered in his house 
 by assassins, who in the night crossed 
 the moat in leathern boats or coracles 
 to perpetrate the villainy/ ” The 
 restoration of Warrington ch. cost 
 about 15,242 1., it having been found 
 that much more was required for 
 the safety of the building than was 
 originally believed. In the reign 
 of Edward I., when Pope Nicholas I. 
 in 1 292 made the taxatio ecclesiastica , 
 Warrington ch. was the principal one 
 in the enlarged hundred of West 
 Derby, and head of the rural deanery 
 of Warrington. — Halley. 
 
 Bank Hall (the work of Gibbs), 
 formerly the residence of Lord Win- 
 marleigh, but' now the town hall , is 
 a handsome building, and its park a 
 healthful place of recreation. 
 
 To the E. of the town stands the 
 Clergy Orphan Institution for the 
 
3 
 
 Boute 1 . — Warrington — Bewsey Hall. 
 
 daughters of clergymen, upon the 
 site of a large tumulus, formerly 
 known as the Mote or Moot Hill. Its 
 origin has been ascribed by different 
 antiquaries to Saxon, Roman, and 
 Norman dates ; but though various 
 articles were found in it during the 
 progress of excavation, such as fibulae, 
 pottery, glass, and coins, together 
 with two ancient chessmen, it is most 
 probable that it was of Norman ori- 
 gin. The Roman station existed at 
 Wilder spool, on the Cheshire side of 
 the river. 
 
 In Domesday Warrington is men- 
 tioned as Walintune, and was the 
 head of a hundred which was worth, 
 besides the demesne, 4Z. 10s. In 
 1643, the town was besieged by the 
 Parliamentary forces under Colonel 
 Ashton, and capitulated in 5 days. 
 
 Educational establishments are 
 numerous in Warrington, for, in ad- 
 dition to the Training School, there 
 is one supported by the Educational 
 Society, and a large Blue-coat School 
 founded by John Allen, in 1665 ; 
 also a good Museum and Library, in 
 Bold-street. 
 
 From the earliest times of Lan- 
 cashire's manufacturing reputation, 
 Warrington has taken a lead, and 
 especially in the production of coarse 
 checks and linen cloth. Of this 
 latter so large a quantity was once 
 made at Warrington that at the 
 time of the great American War 
 one-half of all the sail-cloth used 
 in the Royal Navy came from here, 
 but the trade ceased to be carried 
 on towards the beginning of this 
 centy. At present its trade is more 
 of a miscellaneous character, em- 
 bracing iron-foundries, glass-houses, 
 wire -works, together with cotton, 
 spinning, and power-loom weaving. 
 Tanning, too, is largely carried on, 
 the greater part of the leather re- 
 quired for army and police contracts 
 being tanned in this town and neigh- 
 bourhood. Nor must we forget the 
 breweries, which are celebrated in 
 Lancashire rhyme. 
 
 “ Your doctors may boast of their lotions. 
 And ladies talk of their tea, 
 
 But 1 envy them none of their potions— 
 
 A glass of good stingo for me. 
 
 The doctor may sneer if he pleases, 
 
 But my recipe never will fail, 
 
 For the physic that cures all diseases 
 Is a bumper of Warrington ale.” 
 
 The town also had a high reputa- 
 tion for literature and science as well 
 as trade — for from its local press 
 issued the first newspaper ever printed 
 in Lancashire, together with the 
 writings of Howard the philanthro- 
 pist, the poems of Mrs. Barbauld, 
 and other standard works. Amongst 
 Warrington worthies were the Aikins 
 (of which family was Mrs. Bar- 
 bauld) ; W. Enfield, LL.D., author of 
 the 4 Speaker Dr. Priestley, the che- 
 mist; Dr. Percival, founder of the 
 Manchester Literary and Philoso- 
 phical Society, and author of 4 Moral 
 and Literary Dissertations ; ’ Edward 
 Owen, translator of J uvenal ; and Wil - 
 liam Leland, who died in 1593, aged 
 140. The Warrington Academy was 
 a famous educational establishment 
 in the last centy., and numbered 
 among its tutors Dr. Priestley ; Dr. 
 Taylor, author of the Hebrew Con- 
 cordance ; Dr. Reinhold Forster, the 
 naturalist; and the Rev. Gilbert 
 Wakefield, editor of Virgil with 
 notes. Connected with the town 
 also were Litherland, inventor Of the 
 lever watch, and John M‘Gowan, a 
 baker, who wrote the satirical poems 
 of ‘ The Shaver ’ and the 4 Dialogue 
 of Devils.' Nor must we omit 
 from the catalogue the Lords 
 Butler, who, says Camden, 44 ob- 
 tained for Warrington the privi- 
 lege of a market from Edward 
 I." These Butlers, or Botelers, 
 took their name from the office of 
 44 Bottler," which they held under 
 Randal, Earl ©f Chester, in 1158, 
 and by the marriage of Almeric Butler 
 with Beatrice Villiers they became 
 possessed of the lordship of War- 
 rington. Their residence was at 
 Bewsey Hall , a beautiful old man- 
 sion, of a date rather anterior to 
 b 2 
 
4 
 
 J Route 1. — Or ford Hall — WinwicJc. 
 
 Elizabeth, on the banks of the 
 canal, 1J m. to the N.W. of the 
 town. A dreadful tragedy took place 
 here, which is thus narrated in the 
 MSS. in the Bodleian Library: — “ Sir 
 John Butler, knight, was slaine in 
 his bedde, by the procurement of 
 Lord Standiey, Sir Piers Legh, and 
 Mister William Savage joining with 
 him in that action (corrupting his 
 servants), his porter setting a light 
 in a window to give light upon the 
 water that was about his house at 
 Bewsey. They came over the moate 
 in leather boates, and so to his cham- 
 ber, where one of his servants, named 
 Houlcrofte was slaine, being his 
 chamberlain; the other basely be- 
 trayed his master — they payed him 
 a great rewarde, and so coming away 
 with him, they hanged him at a tree 
 in Bewsey Park.’ , This story is told 
 at length in a well-known Lancashire 
 ballad — 
 
 “ Savage by name and nature too 
 
 Piers Leigh, that pierced all too free, 
 
 Joined with Lord Stanley and his crew 
 And bought the warder’s treacherie. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 The false porter craved reward 
 
 For treacherous guiding in the dark ; 
 
 They paid him ; then for his false guard 
 They hung him on a tree in the park.” 
 
 The infant son and heir of the 
 Butlers is said to have been saved 
 the dreadful fate of his father by the 
 fidelity of a negro servant, who op- 
 posed single-handed all the three 
 murderers, whilst a nurse escaped 
 with the child. It must be stated, 
 however, that antiquaries are much 
 in doubt as to the truth of the whole 
 tale, as there are several anachron- 
 isms in it, which render it quite 
 impossible that the persons named 
 were engaged in it, although it is 
 very probable that some sort of tra- 
 gedy did occur here to a former 
 member of the Butler family. 
 
 Henry VII. visited the Earl of 
 Derby at Lathom, in honour of which, 
 and for the Kings greater conveni- 
 ence, ; he built the Bridge over the 
 .Mersey. “ Whereupon lie bought a 
 
 piece of land of one Norris of War- 
 rington, by which means he was pri- 
 vileged to .... on the other side, 
 and so builded a bridge at Warring- 
 ton on both sides, being his own 
 land.” This bridge, indeed, was the 
 cause of the alleged rupture between 
 the Earl and Sir John Butler, who had 
 previously enjoyed the privileges of 
 the ferry. In Bichard’s I.’s time, 
 however, the whole of the Mersey 
 ferries, from Kuncorn to Tlielwall, 
 were held by the Boydells. Near 
 the bridge stood an Augustinian 
 Priory, which was dissolved in Henry 
 VIII.’s time. 
 
 Orford Hall (W. Beamont, Esq.). 
 1 m. N.E., is noteworthy as having 
 been the seat of Mr. Blackburne, a 
 celebrated naturalist. He was the 
 second man in England to cultivate 
 the pineapple, and the first to raise 
 British cotton in his garden, four 
 ounces of which were made into a 
 dress for his wife. 
 
 Bail from Warrington. — ( London 
 and North- Western to; Wigan, 13m.; 
 Newton, 5 j ; Preston, 29 ; Lancaster, 
 50 ; Crewe, 24; London, 182; Man- 
 chester, 22 ; Liverpool, 17 J ; St. 
 Helens, 8. ( Cheshire Lines to) Wid- 
 ness, 6 ; Garston, 14 ; Liverpool, 17 b ; 
 Lymm, 6£: Altrincham, 11 ; Stock- 
 port, 21. ( Cheshire Junction to) 
 
 Chester, 18; Frodsham, 8^. 
 
 Distances - Northwich, 11 m. ; 
 Bewsey, 1J; Latchford, 1 ; Apple- 
 ton, 2 ; Winwick, 3. 
 
 From Warrington the main line 
 runs due N., passing rt. Winwich , one 
 of the richest livings in all England 
 (2400Z. per annum). It is supposed 
 to have been one of the seats of the 
 twelve Saxon chiefs, who formed 
 their establishment in South Lan- 
 cashire, prior to the formation of 
 parishes. It is particularly asso- 
 ciated by tradition with Oswald, 
 King of Northumbria, who fell in 
 battle with the Mercians in the 5th 
 centy. St. Oswald's Well , 1 m. to 
 
Route 1 . — St. Oswald's Well — Castle Hill . 
 
 5 
 
 the Ni, is still an object of peculiar 
 veneration in the eyes of the many 
 Roman Catholics who inhabit this 
 part of the country. The church , re- 
 stored in 1847, and again in 1858, 
 is a fine old building, dedicated to 
 St. Oswald, consisting of nave, aisles, 
 clerestory, and two chapels to the 
 families of Legh and Gerard. The 
 tower has a singular buttress on the 
 S', side, and a lofty octangular spire, 
 which forms a conspicuous land- 
 mark. The windows of the aisles are 
 Perp. On the gate of the Gerard 
 chapel is some very grotesque carv- 
 ing, of the date of 1471, together 
 with family crests and initials. In 
 the chapel of Legh of Lyme are 
 monuments and brasses to the me- 
 mory of Sir Peter Legh and his 
 lady ; on one of the windows is 
 the eagle and child (the crest of 
 the Stanley family), and the vestry 
 contains an oak bench, with a series 
 of Lathom and Stanley shields. 
 There is also a monkish inscription 
 to St. Oswald : — 
 
 “ Hie locus, Oswalde, quonda placuit tibi 
 valde ; 
 
 Nortanlmnbroru fueras rex, nucque polorum 
 
 Kegna tenes, prato passus, Marcelde, vocai o, 
 
 Poscimus liinc a te nostri memor esto beate.” 
 
 “ A piece of rude sculpture on stone, 
 resembling a hog fastened to a block 
 by the collar, has been adduced as 
 a proof of the antiquity of the 
 church at Winwick, on the supposi- 
 tion that this was the arms of Os- 
 wald ; but the heralds assign to that 
 monarch, azure, a cross between four 
 lions rampant, or. Superstition 
 sees in the chained hog the re- 
 semblance of a monster of former 
 ages which prowled over the neigh- 
 bourhood, inflicting injury on man 
 and beast, but it is probably only a 
 rude attempt to represent the crest 
 of the Gerards.”— Baines. 
 
 Amongst the rectors of Winwick 
 was Charles Herle, prolocutor of 
 the Westminster Assembly of Di- 
 vines during the Commonwealth. 
 Winwick is famous for being 
 
 the scene of two skirmishes: one 
 in 1643, between the Parliament- 
 ary forces under Colonel Ashton 
 and a body of Cavaliers, who were 
 routed; and again in 1648, at the 
 pass of Winwick, between Cromwell 
 and the Duke of Hamilton, in which 
 the former was victorious. 
 
 Winwick Hall is the seat of the 
 Rev. F. Hopwood, Winwick Cottage , 
 of the Misses Hornby, and Middleton 
 Hall , of Mrs. Comber. Southworth 
 Hall , now a farmhouse (1 m. E.), 
 was a Roman Catholic chapel ex- 
 isting in the time of Henry YI. 
 
 Further on, the traveller passes, 
 rt., the Vulcan Foundry , a large loco- 
 motive and engineering establish- 
 ment, belonging to the Messrs. Tay- 
 leur. 
 
 At 5 m. Earlston Junc. the 
 main line from Liverpool to Man- 
 chester is joined, and the north 
 train runs along it for a short dis- 
 tance to Newton Stat. The town of 
 Newton- le -Willows or Newton-in- 
 Makerfield, as it is formally styled, 
 is an old-fashioned little place, with 
 some timber houses still left in it. 
 It was formerly a noted place for 
 cock-fighting, and a cock-pit existed 
 here till 1831. {Inn: Legh Arms.) 
 Newton Old Hall , now a farm- 
 house, is a timber - and - plaster 
 building, of the date of Elizabeth, 
 on the rt. of the rly., which 
 has sadly interfered with it. There 
 are scarce any vestiges of the moat, 
 while the ancient tumulus, with 
 its underground passage, forms part 
 of the rly. embankment. The house 
 contains a chimney-piece, with the 
 arms of Queen Elizabeth upon it. 
 The right wing of brick- work, 
 arranged in lozenge fashion, is of 
 later date. In a field called Gallows 
 Croft a party of Highlanders were 
 defeated by Cromwell s army in 
 1648. A tumulus, probably sepul- 
 chral, exists at Castle Hill , to the N. 
 of the town. It was opened in 1843, 
 
6 
 
 j Route 1 . — Golborne Park — Bryn Hall. 
 
 and yielded ashes, potters’ clay, and 
 a whetstone, but no “kist-vaen.” 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Newton 
 is Golborne Park (W. J. Legh, Esq.), 
 which formerly belonged to the fami- 
 lies of Banastre and Langton, from 
 whom it descended to the Fleet- 
 woods, and was purchased from them 
 by the Leghs. Hay dock Lodge , the 
 old residence of the Haydock family, 
 has been turned successively into 
 a barrack and a lunatic asylum. 
 New Hall is a seat of Lord Gerard’s. 
 The sites only of some others are 
 visible between Newton and St. 
 Helens, as Brack Hall , belonging to 
 a family of that name, in the reign 
 of Henry VIII., and Peel Hall, the 
 moat of which is still to be seen. 
 
 In the township of Burtonwood 
 is a farmhouse ( Bradley Hall), 
 the gateway of which con- 
 tains a beam with the following 
 inscription : — “ The master dotlie 
 and mistress bothe accorde with 
 willing mindes and grateful hearts 
 to serve the living Lord.” 
 
 The main line to the N. turns off 
 from the Liverpool and Manchester 
 rly. about 1 m. from Newton, and 
 runs due N., through an uninteresting 
 country to 8 m. Golborne Stat. The 
 village of Ashton-in-Makerfield is on 
 the 1. 
 
 10 m. on 1. is the site of Bryn Hall, 
 now demolished. It was a singular 
 house of quadrangular shape, and 
 surrounded by a moat, the traces of 
 which are still visible. Bryn was, 
 in 1280, the seat of Peter de Bryn, 
 from whom it passed by the mar- 
 riage of his daughter to the Gerards. 
 The carved work for which this house 
 was famous was taken to Garswood , 
 near St. Helens, the present seat of 
 the Gerard family, together with a 
 celebrated relic called Father Arrow- 
 smith’s Hand. The former owner of 
 the hand was a priest who suffered 
 at Lancaster for his religion in 
 the reign of Charles I., though 
 some local historians declare that, 
 
 as Father Arrowsmith did not 
 lead a very saintly life, it is more 
 probable that he suffered death as a 
 punishment for crimes committed. 
 At all events, his hand, which was 
 cut off on the scaffold, was supposed 
 to confer healing powers on the sick. 
 The Gerards of Bryn were a famous 
 Lancashire family, one of whom 
 fought at Flodden — “ Sir Thomas 
 Jarred, that jolly knight, is joined 
 thereunder.” On the rt. of the rly. 
 is Abram ; its name is derived from 
 a family settled here in the reign of 
 Edward II. The church is a plain 
 brick building of about the year 
 1837. Here is a small endowed 
 school, and several old houses ; Bam- 
 furlong Hall, a moated half-timbered 
 farmhouse, formerly the residence of 
 the Ashtons, later of the Gerards, 
 and now the property of the Wal- 
 mesleys of Westwood. (This place 
 gives the name to the new railway 
 station.) Abram Hall and Bicker-* 
 shaw Hall are both modern erections, 
 and replace the ancient buildings of, 
 probably, the time of Henry YI. and 
 Edward II. One mile north of 
 Bamfurlong is all that remains of 
 Lowe Hall, once the residence of the 
 Langtons, who were lords of the 
 manor of Hindley, and were settled 
 here from a very early period. The 
 moated farmhouse marks the place 
 where the old mansion stood. The 
 numerous collieries and engine- 
 houses that now come into sight 
 betoken the approach to 
 
 13 m. Wigan Jung, with the Man- 
 chester line, via Tyldesley (Rte. 9). 
 Wigan ( Inns : Eagle ; Victoria) is a 
 town in which the traces and tra- 
 ditions of a bygone day struggle 
 curiously with the life and business 
 of a modern manufacturing district. 
 It is situated rather picturesquely 
 on rising ground, on either side the 
 little river Douglas ( Dim glas, black 
 water) — 
 
 “ Swart Dulas, coining in from Wyjyn with 
 her ayds .” 
 
7 
 
 'Route 1 . — Wigan — Mat's Cross . 
 
 The oldest portion is on the N. 
 bank, while the S. is occupied by 
 the more modern and artisan suburb 
 of Scoles (Scala). But the whole 
 neighbourhood is so black with 
 smoke and redolent of coal-tar 
 that few tourists ever care to 
 stop here. Amongst the improve- 
 ments made in this town are : a 
 handsome Market Hall, opened in 
 1877 ; the Meynes Park, laid out at 
 a great expense for the recreation of 
 the working population ; the Gram- 
 mar School, a spacious building after 
 designs by Waterhouse, and which 
 will probably be a great educational 
 centre for these parts ; the magnifi- 
 cent Free Library, which bids fair to 
 rank as one of the best in the king- 
 dom. The building and its contents 
 are the gift of two gentlemen, former 
 inhabitants of this town. The finest 
 of the churches is the Parish Ch ., 
 dedicated to All Saints, the beau- 
 tiful tower of which is well seen from 
 the rly. It possesses a fine peal of 
 bells, and a good organ, and consists 
 of nave, side aisles, chancel, and two 
 chantries, to the families of Gerard 
 and Bradshaw, now represented by 
 those of Walmesley and Lindsay. It 
 is a modern building, a reproduction 
 of an older one of the 17th century, 
 the base of the tower and the Wal- 
 mesley Chapel being part of the 
 original pile. The interior contains 
 an altarpiece in tapestry, represent- 
 ing the death of Ananias, the origin 
 of which is unknown, particularly 
 good E. and W. windows of stained 
 glass (the latter of 12 compartments), 
 and (in the Crawford Chapel) a 
 monument, with effigies of Sir Wil- 
 liam Bradshaw, of Haigh, cross- 
 legged and in mail-armour, and his 
 wife Mabel ; at one end of the tomb 
 is a representation of the lady at the 
 foot of the cross, and at the other are 
 the knights engaged in combat. 
 There are also two smaller monu- 
 ments to members of the Crawford 
 and Balcarres families, and one to 
 Dr. Hall, a former rector, and Bishop 
 
 of Chester, 1662-68 — a Latin in- 
 scription, written by himself, de- 
 claring that he was worthy of notice 
 only because he was his father’s son 
 or rather shadow — 
 
 “ Filins, imo umbra potius.” 
 
 The 4 succeeding rectors, in- 
 cluding Dr. Pearson, the author of 
 the ‘ Exposition of the Creed/ and 
 Dr. John Wilkins, were also Bishops 
 of Chester. The latter was one 
 of the earliest founders of the 
 Royal Society, and, according to 
 Aubrey, a man “ of much and deepe 
 thinkeing, and of a working head 
 and a prudent man as well as 
 ingeniose.” The living has been in 
 the gift of the Bridgeman family 
 since the 16th centy. Mat's Cross 
 is situated in Standish Gate, the 
 street leading to Wigan Lane, and 
 commemorates the story of Lady 
 Mabel Bradshaw, thus told in the 
 family genealogy of Haigh : — 
 
 “Sir William Bradshaghe, 2d son 
 to Sir John, was a great traveller 
 and a souldger, and married to Mabel, 
 daughter and sole heire of Hugh 
 Norris de Haghe and Blackrode. 
 
 “ Of this Mabel is a story by tradi- 
 tion of undoubted verity, that in Sir 
 William Bradshaghe’s absence (being 
 10 yeares away in the wares) she 
 married a W elch knight. Sir Wi lliam 
 retorninge from the wares, came in a 
 Palmer’s habit amongst the poore. 
 to Haghe, who when she saw and 
 congetringe that he favoured her 
 former husband, wept, for which the 
 kt. chasticed her, at wich Sir Wil- 
 liam went and made himselfe knowne 
 to his tenantes, in which space the 
 kt. fled. But neare to Newton Parke 
 Sir William overtooke him and slue 
 him. The saide Dame Mabell was 
 enjoyned by her confessor to doe 
 penances by going onest every week 
 barefout and barelegged to a crosse 
 ner Wigan from the Haghe wilest 
 she lived, and is called Mabb to this 
 day.” There is, however, a discre- 
 pancy in Sir William’s story, as the 
 
8 
 
 Route 1 .—Haigh Hall — Westwood House . 
 
 last of the Crusades took place be- 
 fore he was born ; but it is possible 
 that be might have been engaged in 
 Edward 11. s campaign against the 
 Scots. There is another tradition in 
 the Harleian MSS. respecting Mabel 
 Norreys, that she was the heiress 
 to the manor of Blackrod, though 
 she did not know it, and that she 
 was discovered baking cakes in a 
 peasant’s dress by Sir William. 
 
 Haigh Hall (2J m. N. of Wigan), 
 the locale of this story, and the 
 ancient seat of the Bradshaws, is now 
 that of the Earl of Crawford and Bal- 
 carres, and once possessed, amongst 
 other curiosities, a window on which 
 the whole of the legend was painted. 
 It is alluded to in the introduction 
 to Sir Walter Scott’s 1 Betrothed, ’ 
 but is not now in existence. The 
 library is one of the finest private 
 collections in England, and contains 
 in it £0,000 volumes and many 
 rare works. The old hall was 
 celebrated also for its quaint and 
 formal Flemish gardens and groves, 
 of which an interesting and curious 
 picture, as they existed at the be- 
 ginning of the 18th centy., is still 
 extant. The view from the hill is 
 very fine, embracing thirteen coun- 
 ties, and extending even to the Isle 
 of Man. 
 
 “ Wigan, though not mentioned in 
 Domesday, had become, in the reign 
 of Edward III., the most populous 
 town in W est Derby. When in that 
 reign writs were directed to the 
 mayors of the most wealthy towns 
 of England, requiring contributions 
 for the prosecution of the Scottish 
 war, those of Lancashire selected as 
 the most able to contribute were 
 Lancaster, Preston, and Wigan. The 
 parson of Wigan, being no common 
 rector or vicar, was entitled to all the 
 rights and privileges of the lord of the 
 manor, and held his Monday market 
 and Easter court-leet in rivalry of the 
 mayor’s Friday market and Michael- 
 mas court-leet. A great man he must 
 have been in the reign of Henry IV., 
 
 when in his house in London he 
 feasted two kings and two queens 
 with their attendants, seven hundred 
 messes of meat scarce serving for the 
 first dinner.” — Halley. 
 
 The first parson of Wigan, indeed, 
 John Mauncell, was also Provost of 
 Beverley, Treasurer of York, Parson 
 of Maidstone, Chief Justice of Eng- 
 land, one of the Privy Council, 
 Chaplain to the King, and Ambas- 
 sador to Spain— a specimen of a 
 pluralist that has seldom been 
 equalled. 
 
 Wigan and its neighbourhood offers 
 several objects of antiquarian in- 
 terest in old houses. In the town 
 are “ The Meadows ,” of Elizabethan 
 age ; Whitley Hall , of the date of 
 last centy. ; Wigan Hall , now the 
 rectory, was lately rebuilt from de- 
 signs by Street; and the Manor 
 House , in Bishopsgate, in which 
 Prince Charles Edward passed two 
 days in 1745, being carefully con- 
 cealed by the wife of the owner, 
 who was in the service of the king, 
 and fortunately absent. The Prison , 
 in Millgate, has stood since the time 
 of Henry VIII. 
 
 1 m. S. of Wigan is Westwood 
 House (W. G. Walmesley, Esq.), in 
 whose grounds there is an elaborate 
 R. C. chapel, from designs by Pugin. 
 1 m. on the Bolton road is Ince Old 
 Hall (J. Walmesley, Esq.), a beau- 
 tiful old timbered and gabled house, 
 which is the scene of an interesting 
 tale in Roby's 4 Traditions of Lan- 
 cashire.’ Ince Hall , formerly the 
 seat of J. Gerard, Esq., is now the 
 offices for Pearson and Knowles’ 
 Iron Works. 
 
 The early history of Wigan, which 
 derives its name from the Saxon 
 “wig,” a fight, is associated inti- 
 mately with King Arthur, some of 
 whose battles are supposed to have 
 been fought on the Douglas. In a 
 barrow, called Hasty Knoll, now dis- 
 appeared, human bones were found in 
 enormous quantities, and in another 
 
9 
 
 Route 1 . — Wigan Lane — Standish Rail. 
 
 a great quantity of horseshoes. 
 A battle was fought in this same 
 district between the Saxons and Bri- 
 tons, in which the latter were victori- 
 ous. In 1642 Wigan was garrisoned 
 for Charles I., but was soon taken by 
 the Parliamentary forces. The Earl 
 of Derby retook it, but only for a 
 time, for he was forced to yield it 
 to the opposite side, who destroyed 
 its walls and gates. In 1651 the 
 battle of Wigan Lane took place — a 
 skirmish between the Earl of Derby 
 and Col. Lilburne — in which the 
 former was defeated, while Lord 
 Widdrington and Sir T. Tyldesley 
 were slain, the latter being shot as 
 he was getting over a hedge. A 
 pillar was erected to his memory in 
 Wigan Lane, on the spot where he 
 fell. 
 
 Although a good deal of cotton- 
 spinning and weaving is carried on 
 at Wigan and its neighbourhood, its 
 principal trade lies in its iron and 
 coal. The Wigan Iron and Coal 
 Company carry on extensive works 
 for smelting iron at Kirkless Hall , 
 while the celebrity of Wigan coals 
 is of very long standing. “ In 
 Haigh, near Wiggin, in the grounds 
 of Sir Roger Bradshaigh, there are 
 very plentiful and profitable mines 
 of an extraordinary coal. Besides 
 the clear flame it yields in burning, 
 it has been curiously polished into 
 the appearance of black marble and 
 formed into large candlesticks, sugar- 
 boxes, spoons, with many other such 
 sorts of vessels, which have been pre- 
 sented as curiosities, and met with 
 very good acceptance both in London 
 and beyond sea.”— Camden. 
 
 The coal thus alluded to is the 
 cannel coal, for which this district is 
 renowned all over the kingdom. The 
 cannel seam, which is held in such 
 estimation for gas-making and do- 
 mestic purposes, is about 3 ft. in 
 thickness and about 600 yards deep 
 in the succession of the coal strata of 
 this basin. Wigan is, however, the 
 most valuable locality for this seam, 
 
 as it thins away in every direction as 
 from a centre. The Wigan coalfield 
 is reckoned to contain 1,784,000,000 
 tons of coal, a great portion of which 
 lies between two large and well 
 known faults, called the St. Cathe- 
 rine’s and the Haigh Faults. The 
 Earl of Balcarres is one of the largest 
 coal proprietors in the country, and 
 many owners of property do not 
 think it beneath their dignity to 
 work their own mines. 
 
 The Douglas has been rendered 
 navigable from Wigan to the Kibble 
 by an Act passed in 1719, and large 
 quantities of coal go to the North 
 and Ireland by this route. 
 
 Amongst the worthies of Wigan 
 was Dr. John Leland, 1691, a great 
 Presbyterian preacher and author. 
 His memory of books was so tena- 
 cious that he was usually called “ the 
 Walking Library.” 
 
 Bail from Wigan to Manchester, 
 17 m. via Tyldesley ; to Preston, 
 16 m., and the north ; Newton. 7 m. ; 
 Warrington, 13 m. ; Crewe, 37 m. By 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire line to 
 Liverpool, 19 m. ; Ormskirk, 13 m. ; 
 Bolton, 9 m. ; Rochdale, 22 m. ; 
 Bury, 16 m. ; St. Helens, 7J m. ,* 
 Chorley, 7J m. 
 
 From Wigan the rly. runs up the 
 valley of the Douglas, leaving the 
 woods of Haigh on the rt., to 15J m. 
 Standish Stat., to 1. of which is Staud- 
 ish village and Hall (C. H. Standish, 
 Esq.), in which the Lancashire plot 
 of 1694. for the dethronement of Win. 
 III., was concocted. In the reign of 
 Richard I. the family of Standish 
 was rewarded for their services in 
 putting down the insurrection of Wat 
 Tyler. The ch., which was rebuilt in 
 1584 under the direction of Richard 
 Moodi, a converted Franciscan monk 
 and the first vicar, consists of nave, 
 chancel, aisles, tower, and spire. In 
 the interior is a recumbent figure of 
 the vicar, Moodi ; an alabaster effigy, 
 with ruffs, to Sir E. Wrightington ; 
 
10 
 
 Boute 1 . — Coppull — Leyland and Worden Halls . 
 
 and a monument, by Bacon , to a 
 Liverpool merchant (1796), with a 
 group representing Commerce and 
 Industry. One of the pews contains 
 the arms of the De Chisnalls, and 
 an illegible inscription in gilt letters, 
 purporting to be a copy of Prince 
 Rupert’s commission to Edward 
 Chisenalle, one of the gallant de- 
 fenders of Lathom Plouse. 
 
 The will of Vicar Moodi is worth 
 quoting. He directed the chancel 
 to be finished out of his goods. 
 Mr. Alexander Standish was to have 
 his brewing utensils and things in 
 his brewery. Should any of the 
 legatees quarrel, they were to have 
 nothing. In the grounds of Standish 
 Rectory are some yew-trees, said to 
 be 600 years old. 
 
 On the rt. of the rly., 1 m., is Arley 
 Hall , an old moated house, and fur- 
 ther on is Adlington Hall (J. T. 
 Greene, Esq.). 
 
 19 m. Coppull Stat., near which 
 was Chisnall Hall , the residence of 
 the family of that name. 1J m. rt. 
 is Huxbury Park (C. S. Standish, 
 Esq.), midway between Coppull and 
 Chorley. Of this family was Dr. 
 Henry Standish, Provincial of the 
 Order of Franciscan Monks at the 
 time of the Reformation, to which 
 he so effectually contributed, in- 
 curring thereby the direct enmity of 
 the Popish authorities in England. 
 He was mainly instrumental in ob- 
 taining the abrogation of the im- 
 munities of the clergy, and after- 
 wards undertook the defence of 
 Queen Catherine against her hus- 
 band Henry VIII. Later on lived 
 Thomas Standish, a member of the 
 Long Parliament, while his son 
 Thomas was a zealous Royalist, and 
 was killed while fighting under Lord 
 Strange at the siege of Manchester. 
 Another member of this Duxbury 
 family was Capt. Miles Standish, 
 “ the fighting man of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers,” who escorted them to 
 America. 
 
 “He was a gentleman born, conld trace his 
 pedigree plainly 
 
 Back to Hugh Standish, of Duxbury Hall, 
 in Lancashire, England, 
 
 Who was the son of Ralph, and the grand- 
 son of Thurston de Standish, 
 
 Heir unto vast estates, of which he was 
 basely defrauded/’ — Longfellow. 
 
 21 m. rt. Gillibrand Hall (H. 
 Woods, Esq.), and Astley Hall 
 (R. Towneley Parker, Esq.); 1. 
 Euxton Hall (W. M. Anderton, 
 Esq.). The old house was rebuilt 
 in the time of Henry VIII., and 
 partially restored again in 1739 ; the 
 present one has a hall and staircase 
 finely decorated by Concilio. The 
 Andertons have held Euxton for 
 many generations, and in 1650 
 Charles II. lodged here, the then 
 owner, Sir Hugh Anderton, being a 
 prisoner. He is described as being 
 “ a bloody Papist, who, when Prince 
 Rupert was at Bolton, boasted much 
 of being in blood to elbows in that 
 cruel massacre.” 
 
 Euxton Ch. was built in 1513, as 
 a Roman Catholic chapel, but was 
 transferred to the Established Church 
 in the 18th century. It stands on 
 the brow of a hill, and has a very 
 rustic, antiquated appearance. The 
 R. C. ch. is a short distance from the 
 road, and is a beautiful stone build- 
 ing ; it was opened in 1865. 
 
 At Euxton Junc., 23 m., the 
 Bolton and Chorley line runs in at 
 
 24 J m. Leyland Stat., near which 
 are Leyland Hall , now a farmhouse 
 of Elizabethan date, and Worden 
 Hall, the seat of the Miss Faring- 
 tons * The Ch ., one of our oldest 
 ecclesiastical structures, has a fine 
 pinnacled and battlemented tower, 
 nave, chancel, and aisles, of singular 
 character, like passages, together 
 with a chapel to the Farington 
 family, a very ancient stock, which 
 dates its descent from Hugo de 
 Meolis, in the time of the Conqueror. 
 
 * This name is sometimes written as 
 ffarington , which was the old way of writing 
 many names in the North. When printed, 
 however, the capital F should be used. 
 
11 
 
 Boute 2 . — Stockport to Manchester . 
 
 It was restored in 1817. The stained- 
 glass windows are by Clayton and 
 Bell , and Warrington. The chancel 
 contains a piscina, sedilia, an ambry, 
 and the works of Foxe and Jewell in 
 black letter, chained to one of the 
 windows. In the vestry on the N. 
 of the chancel are some curious old 
 remnants of stained glass. Until 
 1816 there was a division of the 
 sexes in the ch., an arrangement 
 which still holds good in the free 
 seats. During the progress of some 
 alterations in 1852, portions of an 
 earlier ch. with Norm, details were 
 found. Near the churchyard is a 
 grammar school, endowed by Queen 
 Elizabeth with 31. 18s. a year, and in 
 the village are some almshouses built 
 by the Faringtons. “The first re- 
 corded mention of Leyland is in the 
 time of Edward the Confessor. It 
 was a royalty under the King, which 
 secured the people better treatment 
 than those living under the Thanes. 
 The King had here a hall and court 
 of justice, where disputes were 
 submitted periodically to a jury ot 
 freemen.” 
 
 The R. C. chapel stands not far 
 from the Parish ch ., and is a plain 
 brick building erected in 1854. 
 There is silver chalice in the vestry 
 of between 500 and 700 years old. 
 There are also Wesleyan Indepen- 
 dent and Methodist chapels at 
 Leyland. 
 
 About If m. W. of Leyland is the 
 district of Leyland Moss, where is a 
 new E. Eng. ch., built by Mrs. Faring- 
 ton, whose monument of Carrara 
 marble by Hutchison should be seen. 
 Amongst the industries of Leyland 
 is a manufactory of gold thread. 
 
 26 m. Farington Stat. 1J m. on 
 rt. is Cuerden Park , the beautiful 
 seat of R. Towneley Parker, Esq. 
 A house was erected here by Chris- 
 topher Banastre, of Banke, in 1660, 
 one of whose coheiresses brought 
 the property by marriage into the 
 Parkers. The present mansion had 
 been modernised by Wyatt. At 
 
 Cuerden was born Dr. Bichard 
 Kuerden , a celebrated antiquary, and 
 author of the great topographical 
 work, ‘ Brigantia Lancastriensis re- 
 staurata/ Farington Ch. was erected 
 in 1839. It is situated about a mile 
 from the village, and is built of 
 brick with stone facings. 
 
 At Farington the line from Black- 
 burn to Ormskirk crosses the London 
 and North-Western Rly., and the 
 traveller soon reaches the fertile vale 
 of the Ribble, which is crossed by a 
 lofty viaduct, to 29 m. Preston Stat. 
 (Rte. 16). Hotels: Victoria; Bull. 
 
 ) 
 
 ROUTE 2. 
 
 STOCKPORT TO MANCHESTER. 
 
 Quitting the high level stat. at 
 Stockport (see Hdbk. for Cheshire ), 
 the traveller gains a curious and in- 
 teresting view of the town as he 
 glides over the lofty viaduct that 
 spans the valley of the Mersey and 
 connects Lancashire and Cheshire. 
 At the Lancashire end is 
 
 i m. Heaton Norris Junc., a sub- 
 urb of Stockport, from whence a 
 branch is given on rt. to Ashton and 
 Staley Bridge. 
 
 li m. Heaton Chapel Stat. The 
 village (on rt.) has a plain chapel of 
 ease. 
 
 3 m. Levensliulme Stat. The 
 turnpike-road was formerly crossed 
 
12 Route 2 . — Manchester : Hotels ; Railway Stations, 
 
 near this point by an old earthwork, 
 called the Nicker Ditch ; but build- 
 ing operations have pretty well ob- 
 literated all such remains. 
 
 m. Longsight Stat., adjoining 
 the Bellevue Gardens. 
 
 Passing by a long viaduct through 
 Ardwick, noted for its lime, its 
 old corporation, and its cemetery, 
 in which are interred Dr. Dalton, 
 Samuel Butler the tragedian, and 
 Sir Thos. Potter, the traveller reaches 
 
 The London Koad Stat., almost 
 in the centre of the city of Man- 
 chester, one of the most interest- 
 ing places in the kingdom. It 
 boasts a history of great antiquity, 
 but is essentially modern in ch iracter, 
 and in its enormous growth is only to 
 be equalled by London itself. The 
 secret of the origin of this growth is 
 the factory system, of which Man- 
 chester is the headquarters and the 
 metropolis. “What Art was to the 
 ancient world, Science is to the mo- 
 dern — the distinctive faculty. In the 
 minds of men the useful has suc- 
 ceeded to the beautiful. Instead of 
 the city of the Violet Crown, a Lan- 
 cashire village has expanded into a 
 mighty region of factories and ware- 
 houses. Yet, rightly understood, 
 Manchester is as great a human 
 exploit as Athens/’- — D’ Israeli. 
 
 Manchester Hotels. — The Queen’s 
 (good), Royal, and Albion, all facing 
 the Infirmary; Waterloo, and Cla- 
 rence, near the London Road Stat. 
 (very comfortable) ; Palatine, close to 
 the Victoria Stat. (comfortable) ; the 
 Mitre, and the Cathedral Hotel (close 
 by the Cathedral) ; the Spread Eagle 
 (Hanging Ditch) ; the King’s Arms, 
 in Spring Gardens; the Trevelyan 
 (Temperance), in Corporation St. 
 There are innumerable Coffee-houses 
 and Restaurants , one of the latter 
 (Smallman s, in Barton Arcade) 
 doing a brisk business on strict 
 teetotal and vegetarian principles. 
 The Victoria Building will include 
 first - class hotel accommodation. 
 
 Amongst the second-class hotels 
 may be mentioned the Star, in 
 Deansgate ; the Brunswick, the 
 Mosley Aims, and the White Bear, 
 in Piccadilly. 
 
 The Post Office is in Brown Street, 
 and the chief Telegraph Office in 
 York Street. 
 
 Railway Stations. — London Road , 
 the point of departure for the London 
 and North-Western trains to Crewe 
 and London (Euston) ; the Man- 
 chester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire 
 trains to Sheffield and Hull ; the 
 Great Northern trains for Peter- 
 borough and London (King’s Cross) ; 
 the Midland trains for Buxton, Derby, 
 and London (St. Pancras). 
 
 The Victoria Stat. serves for Lon- 
 don and North-Western trains for 
 Liverpool, Bolton, Wigan, and the 
 North ; also to Huddersfield and 
 Leeds; Great Western trains to 
 Chester, Shrewsbury, and South 
 Wales; Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 trains to Ashton, Bolton, Preston, 
 Liverpool, Rochdale, Halifax, Burn- 
 ley, &c. 
 
 The Oxford Road Stat. is the pas- 
 senger terminus of the line to Al- 
 trincham, Warrington, Liverpool (on 
 the S. bank of the Mersey), and 
 Northwich. There are also several 
 smaller stations to accommodate the 
 residents in the suburbs, such as 
 Longsight, Ardwick, Ordsall Lane, 
 and Weaste Lane, on the London and 
 North-Western system ; Gorton, Ash- 
 bury, and Fairfield, on the Man- 
 chester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire 
 line ; Salford, Pendleton, Oldfield 
 Road, Miles Platting, and Newton 
 Heath, on the Lancashire and York- 
 shire ; Cornbrook and Old Trafford, 
 on the Cheshire line. 
 
 The Central Stat., in Windmill 
 Street, is the property of the Cheshire 
 Lines Committee. From here there 
 are frequent services of fast trains to 
 Warrington and Liverpool, passing 
 
Boute 2 . — Manchester . 
 
 13 
 
 through Urmston, Flixton, and 
 Glazebrook. 
 
 Notwithstanding its great size and 
 apparent regularity, Manchester is 
 very deficient in open spaces and 
 symmetry of arrangement. The old 
 town , or parish, lies altogether on the 
 E. bank of the Irwell, occupying a 
 considerable plain, but the progress 
 of time has brought with it such an 
 increase of buildings that a great 
 number of adjoining townships have 
 been absorbed, and have contributed 
 to form with Manchester proper a 
 vast city of 15 or 16 miles in cir- 
 cumference. From the Exchange 
 as the centre, the busy thoroughfare 
 of Market Street runs nearly E. and 
 W., terminating in an irregular 
 square, in the centre of which is the 
 Infirmary. Piccadilly is a continu- 
 ation of Market Street, and leads 
 into the London Road, which runs 
 S.E. to Ardwick. Many good streets 
 strike oif from the Infirmary Square, 
 such as Oldham, Mosley, Portland, 
 and George Streets. From the Ex- 
 change a great thoroughfare runs 
 due N. by the river bank to the 
 Cathedral and Victoria Station, 
 thence continuing by a long suburb 
 road to Broughton and Bury. Be- 
 tween the Oldham and Broughton 
 roads two other main streets start 
 from the centre of the town, both 
 running more or less in a northerly 
 direction. 1. To York Street ; 2. To 
 Rochdale Road ; both roads uniting 
 eventually at Middleton (Rte. 4). 
 At the W. of the town we have the 
 Irwell, crossed by several bridges and 
 uniting Manchester proper with Sal- 
 ford, just as Southwark forms part 
 of London. Across the Albert Bridge 
 runs the main thoroughfare to Pen- 
 dleton and Bolton, while, keeping 
 pretty close to the E. bank of the 
 river, is Deansgate, which eventually 
 terminates in two great high-roads 
 to Liverpool and Chester. Deans- 
 gate is one of the oldest thorough- 
 fares in the city, and had become 
 
 the centre of a densely populated 
 district. It was narrow and tor- 
 tuous, and the alleys and courts on 
 either side had no great reputation 
 for cleanliness or morality. The 
 schemes for street improvement, car- 
 ried out by the City Council, have 
 completely transformed it, and it is 
 now a wide thoroughfare, flanked by 
 handsome shops and offices. In this 
 reconstruction, Victoria or “ Smithy- 
 Door ” Market has entirely disap- 
 peared, and with it some of the few 
 picturesque houses that remained 
 of “old Manchester.” The site of 
 the Market is covered by buildings, 
 designed by Mr. W. Dawes , and in* 
 eluding not only the Victoria Hotel, 
 but extensive suites of business 
 offices and shops. The changes 
 which have been, in the last few 
 years, transforming the appearance 
 of the city are strikingly evident in 
 this part. On the S.W. is the Stret- 
 ford Road, connecting Manchester 
 with that village and Cheshire gene- 
 rally ; while Oxford Road is an im- 
 portant artery leading to Rusholme, 
 Cheadle, and the villages on the 
 Cheshire border. 
 
 As in most commercial towns of 
 the present day, few people live in 
 Manchester who can afford to live 
 out of it, particularly as the omnibus 
 and railway communication to the 
 suburbs is very complete and frequent. 
 The result is that at distances vary- 
 ing from 2 to 5 miles from the Ex- 
 change are vast numbers of villas 
 and residences of more or less taste, 
 but nearly all evincing no lack of 
 wealth. To the N., occupying ele- 
 vated ground, and lining the road 
 from Manchester to Bury, are Higher 
 and Lower Broughton, Kersall, with 
 the village of Prestwich. Further 
 E. is Cheetham Hill, succeeded by 
 Crumpsall and Harpurhey. The 
 N.E. suburb is of a poor class, partly 
 because the country is bleak and 
 uninviting, and partly because the 
 factory portion of the town princh 
 pally lies here, making the district 
 
14 
 
 Boute 2 . — Manchester : The Irwell. 
 
 of the Oldham Road and Ancoats any- 
 thing but a pleasant one. Coming 
 round to the E. are the suburbs of 
 Ardwick and Longsight, succeeded 
 on the S. by Chorlton-on-Medlock, 
 Didsbury, Rusholme,Witkington, and 
 Whalley Range. Hulme and Stret- 
 ford lie to the S.W., and Old Traflord 
 fills up the space to the banks of the 
 Irwell. On the other side of the river 
 we again come to rising ground, 
 occupied by the villages of Eccles, 
 Swinton, and Pendleton, separated 
 from Manchester by the crowded 
 borough of Salford. The rapid in- 
 crease in numbers has led to a 
 gradual displacement of population, 
 so that districts which a few years 
 ago were but sparsely peopled are 
 now human hives. The suburb of 
 Moss Side has thus developed into a 
 wilderness of houses. Gorton and 
 Bradford, which are essentially 
 working - class districts, have in- 
 creased at a rate that is only sur- 
 passed by Barrow-in-Furness. The 
 spaces between Manchester and the 
 towns and villages around are gra- 
 dually being filled by manufactories, 
 and by the cottages of those who 
 work in them. The inhabitants of 
 the “ genteel ” neighbourhood gra- 
 dually remove to a greater distance. 
 Thus the area of the real city is 
 ever enlarging, and the mere state- 
 ment of the nominal population or 
 extent conveys no adequate concep- 
 tion of what Manchester is, unless 
 we take into account the adjacent 
 villages which it is creating or ab- 
 sorbing. The population at the 
 Census of 1871 was: Salford, 124,801 ; 
 Manchester, 379,374. 
 
 The Irwell is the great natural 
 feature of Manchester, and, if un- 
 spoiled by the factories and buildings 
 on its banks, and by the inky blackness 
 of its water, would be an exceedingly 
 pretty river. Indeed, with *all its 
 disadvantages, the scenery of the 
 Irwell, as it flows at the foot of 
 the Peel Park and under the heights 
 
 of Broughton round the old race- 
 course, is still full of beauty. It 
 may be mentioned as a curious 
 circumstance that, from the most 
 southern point of the Crescent , Sal- 
 ford corn-fields may still be seen in 
 the valley of the Irwell. After a good 
 many windings from Kersall Moor 
 to the Cathedral, the Irwell has a 
 tolerably straight course to Old Traf- 
 ford, from whence it takes a sharp 
 turn to the W. in the direction of 
 Worsley and Liverpool, falling into 
 the Mersey not far from Flixton. It 
 is joined by three small tributaries 
 in its course through the city: — 
 1. The Irk , a streamlet of Stygian 
 blackness, which descends from the 
 high grounds beyond Middleton and 
 enters Manchester through the vale 
 between Cheetham Hill and Harpur- 
 hey. After being bridged, tunnel- 
 led, and built over every few yards, 
 it at length ceases its melancholy 
 existence by joining the Irwell close 
 to the Victoria Stat. On the banks 
 of the Irk was formerly the lord’s 
 mill, to which the burgesses were 
 obliged to carry their corn to be 
 ground, and near it was the lord’s 
 oven, where their bread was obliged 
 to be baked. 2. The Medbck is a 
 broader, though not a whit more 
 inviting, stream, and enters the city 
 from the N.E., passing through the 
 districts of Ancoats, Oxford Road, 
 and Knott Mill, where it joins the 
 Irwell. 3. The Cornbrook is a very 
 little stream, which rises near Green- 
 heys, and, after skirting the S. of the 
 town, comes to an end close to the 
 Pomona Gardens. These Acherontian 
 streams very seldom appear to the 
 light of day, and the stranger care- 
 lessly crossing them, where visible, 
 would be puzzled to know whence 
 they came and where they were flow- 
 ing. Their extremely black colour 
 is owing to the dye-works in the 
 outskirts of Manchester, which have 
 utilised the rivulets in their early 
 course. Once upon a time fish 
 existed in all these streams, for 
 
15 
 
 'Route 2 . — Manchester : Bridges ; History. 
 
 it is recorded that the fisheries 
 were valued at an annual rental of 
 two shillings for the Irwell, and 
 twelve pence for the Irk and Med- 
 lock. 
 
 The Irwell is bridged over between 
 Broughton and Trafford no less than 
 8 times. The Victoria Bridge , of 
 one arch of 100 feet span, has super- 
 seded the old Salford Bridge, which 
 had a chapel on it, erected by Thomas 
 del Booth, subsequently made a 
 dungeon. The Blackfriars Bridge 
 was originally a wooden bridge, put 
 up by a company of actors to cross 
 over to their theatre in Salford. The 
 Albert Bridge , near the New Bailey 
 was built in 1864. The Begent Boad 
 Bridge connects Hulme and Salford. 
 The Wellington Bridge unites Salford 
 with Strangeways. Above this are 
 the Springfield Lane and the Brough- 
 ton Bridges , the latter being a sus- 
 pension-bridge. There is also an- 
 other at Broughton. 
 
 The Throstle Nest Bridge connects 
 old Trafford with Salford, and the 
 Woden St (foot) bridge unites Ord- 
 sall and Hulme. 
 
 History of Manchester. — It has 
 been conjectured that Castlefield was 
 originally a British fortress, and was 
 taken possession of by the troops of 
 Agricola. Of this there is no abso- 
 lute evidence, but it certainly was a 
 Roman station of some importance. 
 A fragment of the wall still exists, 
 and is engraved in Procter’s ‘ Memo- 
 rials of Manchester Streets.’ Con- 
 siderable remains were visible when 
 Stukely (1724) and Horsley (1782) 
 wrote. At various times (and prin- 
 cipally during the formation of the 
 Bridgewater Canal) Roman remains 
 have been brought to light, con- 
 sisting of dishes, coins, busts, pottery, 
 with gold and bronze bullse. The 
 coins were of the date of Vespasian, 
 Antoninus Pius, Trajan, Hadrian, 
 Nero, Domitian, Vitellius, and Con- 
 stantine. The Saxon history of 
 Mamee easier takes us rather into j 
 
 legendary times, contemporaneous 
 with the Round Table and Arthur’s 
 battles on the Douglas. Holling- 
 worth, writing in the middle of the 
 17th centy., records a tradition that : 
 “ Sir Tarquine, a stoute enemie of 
 King Arthur, kept this castle, and 
 neere to the foord in Medlock, about 
 Mabhouse, hung a bason on a tree, 
 on which bason whosoever did strike, 
 Sir Tarquine, or some of his com- 
 pany, would come and fight with him ; 
 and that Sir Launcelot du Lake, 
 a Knight of King Arthur’s Round 
 Table, did beate vppon the bason, 
 fought with Tarquine, killed him, 
 possessed himself of the castle and 
 loosed the prisoners.” The authen- 
 tic notices of it in these early ages 
 are very scanty. It is not improb- 
 able that it was one of the scenes 
 of the missionary labours of Paulinus ; 
 and, if we may trust the testimony 
 of a later chronicler (Robt. Manning 
 of Brunne), it was for three months 
 the residence of Ina, king of Wes- 
 sex, and his queen, Ethelberga. Ina 
 is said to have rested here after 
 defeating Ivor and Henyr, about 
 a.d. 689. 
 
 From the Saxon Chronicle we 
 learn that, in 928, Edward, who was 
 then at Thelwall, sent an army of 
 Mercians to repair and man “ Man- 
 chester in Northumbria.” The entry 
 in Domesday Book names only Man- 
 chester, Salford, Rochdale and Rad- 
 cliffe, in the present Salford hundred. 
 Large portions of it were forest, wood, 
 and waste lands. The manor of Sal- 
 ford was subdivided among 21 thanes. 
 “ The Ch. of St. Mary and the Ch. 
 of St. Michael held in Manchester 
 one corner of land, free from all 
 customs, save (Dane) geld.” Con- 
 siderable uncertainty prevails as 
 to the identity of these churches. 
 Whilst it has been generally as- 
 sumed that both were in the town , 
 some antiquaries consider that one 
 of them was St. Michael's, Ashton- 
 under-Lyne, still part of the parish 
 of Manchester. 
 
16 
 
 Route 2 .— Manchester : History. 
 
 Salford received a charter from 
 Ranulph de Blundeville, in the 
 reign of Henry III. By this it was 
 constituted a free borough, and in 
 1301 Manchester received a similar 
 charter from its baron, Thos. Gresley, 
 whose ancestors had a grant of the 
 manor from Roger of Poictou, to 
 whom belonged all the land between 
 the rivers Mersey and Ribble. It is 
 perhaps needless to trace the various 
 families who obtained power in Man- 
 chester. In the 15th centy. it be- 
 came of very considerable ecclesias- 
 tical importance under the fostering 
 care of the Gresleys and De la 
 Warres. The last of the baronial 
 line of De la Warre was Thomas, 
 who was educated for the priesthood, 
 and became rector of the town. He 
 augmented the ch. lands, in order 
 to found and endow a collegiate 
 ch. The members of the “Sacred 
 Guild,” thus called into existence, 
 were to perform the necessary ser- 
 vices at the parish ch., and the old 
 “ baron’s hall ” was converted to 
 their use. The baronial rights of the 
 manor passed to Sir Reginald West, 
 the son of Joan Greslet, who was 
 summoned to Parliament as Baron 
 de la Warre. The manorial lights 
 remained with the Wests until 1579, 
 when they were soM for 3000Z. to 
 John Lacy, who in 1593 resold them 
 to Nicholas Mosley, and were vested 
 in his descendants until 1845, when 
 they were bought by the Corporation 
 of Manchester for 200,000Z. Though 
 paying tolls and taxes, &c., the in- 
 habitants of old Manchester had a 
 large share of local self-government, 
 and many of the municipal regula- 
 tions of the present day are found, 
 in a rudimentary form at least* in 
 the orders made by the Court Leet, 
 in the 16tli centy. Some of the 
 regulations then enforced have a 
 quaint air. No butter or suet must 
 be put in bread. No single woman 
 was allowed to be at her own hand to 
 keep house or chamber. No more than 
 6d. a head was to be paid for wed- 
 
 ding dinners. Leland thus describes 
 the town in 1638 “ It stondith 
 on south side of the Irwell river, in 
 Salfordshire, and is the fairest, best 
 builded, quickliest and most populous 
 townne of al Lancestreshire, yet is in 
 hit but one paroch chirch, but is a 
 college and almost througliowt double 
 ilyed ex quadrato lapide durissiipo, 
 whereof a goodly quarre is harde by 
 the towne. There be divers stone 
 bridges in the towne, but the best of 
 III. arches is over Irwell. On this 
 bridge is a praty little chapel.” The 
 trade of Manchester soon became so 
 important that the right of sanc- 
 tuary which had been conferred on 
 it by Henry VIII., a year later, was 
 taken away from it— “ because the 
 sanctuary men are prejudicial to the 
 wealth, credit, great occupyings, and 
 good order of the said town, by occa- 
 sioning idleness, unlawful games, un- 
 thriftiness, and other enormities.” In 
 1547 Manchester College was dis- 
 solved, but was refounded in Mary’s 
 reign, and the town soon afterwards 
 became the head - quarters of the 
 Commission established by Elizabeth 
 for advancing the reformed religion. 
 Towards the end of the centy. great 
 improvements were made in civilisa- 
 tion. “ Domestic comforts were en- 
 larged. At the houses of public 
 accommodation to which travellers 
 resorted, clean linen was placed 
 upon their beds and a separate room 
 was assigned to each, at the cost of a 
 penny a night if he came to the inn 
 unattended by a horse, and without 
 cost if he travelled on horseback.” — 
 Baines. 
 
 Manchester took a rather promi- 
 nent part in the Civil Wars, having 
 been garrisoned in 1642 by the 
 Parliamentary forces, under Colonel 
 Rosworm, against those of Charles 
 I., under Lord Strange. But the 
 fortifications had been put in such 
 an able state by the commander that 
 the besieged were able to hold their 
 own, and 10 years later the works 
 were dismantled. In an earlier skir- 
 
17 
 
 Route 2.— Manchester : History . 
 
 mish between the Puritans and some 
 of Lord Strange's partisans, the first 
 blood of the Civil War is said to 
 have been spilled. The town had 
 much increased, and its condition 
 about the beginning of the 18th 
 centy. is thus described by Mac- 
 aulay: — “It was mentioned by the 
 writers of the time of Charles II. 
 as a busy and opulent place. Cotton 
 had, during half a centy., been 
 brought hither from Cyprus and 
 Smyrna ; but the manufacture was 
 in its infancy. That wonderful em- 
 porium, which in population and 
 wealth far surpasses capitals so much 
 renowned as Berlin, Madrid, and 
 Lisbon, was then a mean and ill- 
 built market town, containing under 
 6000 people. It had then not a single 
 press. It now supports a hundred 
 printing establishments. It then had 
 not a single coach. It now supports 
 20 coachmakers.” Dr. Aiken, writ- 
 ing at the end of the 18th centy., 
 gives a description of the manners 
 of the place. The manufacturers 
 were always in their warehouses by 
 6 o’clock in the morning and break- 
 fasted at 7, the meal consisting of a 
 large dish of water porridge poured 
 into a bowl, and another of milk, 
 into which the masters and ap- 
 prentices dipped their spoons with- 
 out ceremony. Dinner was at 12. 
 At 2 the ladies went out visiting, 
 and always attended service in the 
 collegiate church at 4. The next 
 episode in the history of the town is 
 the rebellion of 1715, in which the 
 clergy mostly took the side of the 
 Pretender ; and again, in 1746, when 
 it was visited by Prince Charles 
 Edward and his army. During 
 their stay the Prince inhabited a 
 house in Market-street Laue. A 
 body of men, known as the Man- 
 chester regiment, was enrolled, and 
 commanded by Col. Francis Townley, 
 who had, amongst other officers, a 
 Lancashire gentleman named Daw- 
 son. The regiment surrendered at 
 Carlisle to the Duke of Cumberland, 
 [Lancashire.'] 
 
 and the Colonel, with eight other 
 officers, was tried in London, found 
 guilty, and beheaded on Rennington 
 Common. These proceedings, which 
 were considered to be harsh and in- 
 famous on the part of the Duke, are 
 commemorated in a couple of local 
 ballads, entitled * J emmy Dawson * 
 and 4 Townley’s Ghost.' The former, 
 written by Shenstone, touchingly de- 
 scribes how Dawson's execution was 
 witnessed by his intended bride, who 
 expired, broken-hearted, before she 
 left the spot : — 
 
 “ The dismal scene was o’er and past, 
 
 The lover’s mournful hearse retired, 
 
 The maid drew hack her languid head 
 
 And, sighing forth his name, expired.” 
 
 The popular feeling in this part 
 of the country was entirely opposed 
 to the Government, and drew forth 
 a curious and witty epigram from 
 John Byrom, F.R.S., a well-known 
 Manchester resident : — 
 
 “God bless the King, I mean, our faith’s 
 defender ! 
 
 God bless (no harm in blessing) the 
 Pretender ! 
 
 But who Pretender is— or who is king— 
 
 God bless us all — that’s quite another 
 thing.” 
 
 Manchester, which had been 
 strongly Puritan in the 17th centy., 
 was strongly Jacobite in the first 
 half of the 18th centy., and in the 
 latter half, strongly anti-Jacobin. 
 At the close of the last and the com- 
 mencement of the present century 
 the general distress had bred great 
 discontent, and there were loud de- 
 mands for Reform in Parliament, 
 and other supposed panaceas. 
 
 In 1819, Mr. Henry Hunt (after- 
 wards M.P. for Preston) presided 
 over an immense meeting in Peter’s 
 Field at Manchester. The meeting 
 was attacked by the yeomanry, and 
 several people were killed. It was a 
 lamentable occurrence, and produced 
 a degree of exasperation not easily 
 forgotten by the Lancashire opera- 
 tives, who called it the u Peterloo 
 Massacre. 5 ' 
 
 The field of Peterloo is now par- 
 o 
 
18 Route 2 . — Manchester: History; Public Buildings. 
 
 tially covered by the Free Trade 
 Hall. Amongst those present were 
 Samuel Bamford, who in his * Life of 
 a Radical,’ and ‘ Early Days/ has left 
 a graphic picture of the social con- 
 dition of the district ; other novels, 
 such as 1 The Manchester Man/ by 
 Mrs. G. L. Banks, ‘ Mary Barton/ 
 by Mrs. Gaskell, 4 Scarsdale/ by Sir 
 J. K. Shuttleworth, afford a vivid 
 picture of the troubles connected 
 with the political and trade agita- 
 tions of the town. 
 
 Manchester took a leading part 
 in the agitation which resulted in 
 the Reform Bill of 1832. It then 
 acquired the right of sending two 
 members to Parliament. It had 
 not been previously represented, 
 except in Cromwell's Parliament of 
 1654, when one of its representatives 
 was Lt.-Col. Chas. Worsley of Platt, 
 the man who executed the Protec- 
 tor’s order to “ remove that bauble.” 
 Still more marked was the part 
 which the town took in the agita- 
 tion for the Repeal of the Corn 
 Laws. It was the headquarters of 
 the free-trade party, as afterwards 
 of the “Manchester School” and of 
 the “ Alliance for the Suppression of 
 the Liquor Traffic.” 
 
 From first to last its history has 
 been closely interwoven with that of 
 the cotton- trade and factory system, 
 every crisis of which, whether of 
 success or adversity, is of incalcul- 
 able importance to the whole town 
 and neighbourhood. 
 
 Manchester is now, however, rather 
 the metropolis for the cotton trade 
 than a place of textile manufactures 
 in the ordinary sense. It is the 
 emporium for the sale of the goods 
 manufactured in the factories of the 
 Cotton Kingdom. Its own industries 
 are by no means confined to what 
 was once regarded as its specialite. 
 It is now the seat of large and im- 
 portant engineering and chemical 
 trades, and its industries are of the 
 most varied and metropolitan cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Manchester received a charter of 
 incorporation in 1838, and became 
 the seat of an episcopal see in 1847, 
 and was made a city by Royal 
 charter in 1853. 
 
 The stranger in Manchester will 
 naturally be anxious to see the mills 
 and warehouses which form the chief 
 characteristics of the district. The 
 chief cotton mills are : J. & J. 
 L. Gray, Pollard-st., AncOats; R. 
 Howarth & Co., Egerton Mills, Sal- 
 ford ; M‘Connel & Co. (Limited), 
 Union-st., Ancoats. Permission may 
 be obtained through friends, to visit 
 these and other like establishments 
 on application to the several mill- 
 owners. 
 
 Amongst the public buildings best 
 worth notice is the Royal Infirmary , 
 which occupies a conspicuous posi- 
 tion in a fine open space fronting 
 Piccadilly, and consists of 3 sides 
 of a quadrangle, one of which was 
 built by the munificence of Jenny 
 Lind, who devoted the proceeds of 
 two concerts to that object. The 
 architecture is Ionic, with a bold por- 
 tico in front supported by 6 columns 
 and surmounted by a domed clock- 
 tower. The arrangements of the in- 
 terior, which will accommodate 260 
 patients, are complete in every way. 
 In front is a fine open terrace, de- 
 corated by statues in bronze of the 
 Duke of Wellington, Watt, Dalton, 
 and Sir Robert Peel. The first and 
 last of these have each a well-exe- 
 cuted bas-relief of War and Plenty. 
 Manchester abounds with medical 
 charities, houses of recovery, and dis- 
 pensaries, which will not interest the 
 general visitor. 
 
 The Royal Exchange is a magnifi- 
 cent Italian building, at the bottom 
 of Market-street, erected, in 1869, 
 from designs by Messrs. Mills and 
 Murgatroyd. It stands in the heart 
 of the city, bounded by four principal 
 streets ; Exchange-st., Market-st., 
 Bank-st., and Cross-st. — from which 
 
19 
 
 Boute 2 . — Boyal Exchange ; Assize Courts . 
 
 is the chief entrance under a Corin- 
 thian portico — with towers at the 
 angles. The great domed hall of 
 meeting is one of the largest rooms 
 in the kingdom, the ceiling form- 
 ing a clear area, without supports, 
 of 120 ft. in width. The first Ex- 
 change was built, in 1729, by Sir 
 Oswald Mosley, but soon fell into 
 disrepute, and was taken down in 
 1792. The merchants congregated 
 round an obelisk which marked its 
 site, but this al fresco way of doing 
 business was found so inconvenient 
 that a new one was built in 1809. 
 This again was enlarged to such an 
 extent in 1849 that it was practically 
 a new building; and although it 
 contained an area of 1668 square 
 yards, the requirements of Man- 
 chester commerce have necessitated 
 the erection of this the third Ex- 
 change. 
 
 Strangers can obtain tickets for 3 
 days by having their names entered 
 by a subscriber, which gives the 
 right of entry into the well-supplied 
 news-room. The great sight of the 
 Exchange is on (cotton) market-days 
 (Tuesday and Friday), between 1 and 
 2, when town and country subscribers 
 meet together in one vast mass, each 
 man intent on buying or selling, and 
 helping to fill the room with a deep 
 hum of voices like a gigantic beehive. 
 Liverpool, Bolton, Wigan, Preston, 
 Blackburn, Bochdale, Oldham, Bury, 
 Stockport, with all the subsidiary 
 towns and villages, send forth their 
 spinners and mill-owners, their print- 
 ers and bleachers, to meet under this 
 great roof, and transactions of enor- 
 mous magnitude are concluded in a 
 few minutes’ time. 
 
 The Assize Courts (built in 1864) 
 are situated in Great Ducie-street, 
 on the site of old Strangeways Hall, 
 and form a magnificent pile of build- 
 ings from designs by A . Waterhouse , 
 A.B.A., in the mixed styles of E. 
 Eng. and Dec. Although surrounded 
 on all sides by streets, the front retires 
 
 considerably from the roadway, and 
 allows a good view of the irregular 
 groupings of pinnacles and towers. 
 The entrance from Great Ducie-street 
 is by a very beautiful portico, with 
 flanks and extensions at each end in 
 the form of pavilions. The interior 
 contains in the principal story the 
 Great Hall, the two Assize Courts, 
 criminal and Nisi Prius, and the 
 Sheriff's Court, with long corridors 
 containing all the necessary rooms 
 for barristers, officials, witnesses, 
 &c. The basement is occupied with 
 kitchens, heating-rooms, cells for 
 prisoners, &c. In the upper story 
 are the Chancery Court, the Grand 
 Jury Room, the Barristers’ Dining- 
 room, &c. ; and above it all is a fine 
 tower, 210 ft. high, which forms part 
 of the arrangements for ventilation. 
 
 The arrangements of the whole 
 building are remarkable for their 
 convenience, and those of the courts 
 for their perfect acoustic qualities. 
 The architectural ornamentation of 
 the portico and front facade are 
 very florid, the principal story being 
 lighted by a range of Dec. windows 
 with rich tracery ; while those of the 
 upper story are of E. Eng. date. 
 The windows of the portico are 
 adorned by statues of Alfred the 
 Great, Glanville, Henry II., Ed- 
 ward I., Gascoyne, Sir T. More, 
 Coke, and Sir Matthew Hale. The 
 Great Hall is a remarkably beauti- 
 ful room, lighted by a north window 
 of 7 lights, the stained glass of which 
 illustrates the signing of Magna 
 Charta. The S. window contains 
 the arms of England, Ireland, Scot- 
 land, the Duchy of Lancaster, and 
 towns in the Salford Hundred. N. 
 of the courts are the Judges’ lodg- 
 ings, a fine group of buildings in 
 the same style. The visitor should 
 notice the entrance hall, which con- 
 tains a beautiful stone screen, with 
 exquisitely carved capitals and spany 
 drils and shafts of polished serpen- 
 tine. The cost of the whole pile was 
 100,000Z. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 Route 2 . — Manchester : Town Hall ; Libraries . 
 
 The most imposing edifice which 
 Manchester possesses is the Town 
 Hall, in Albert-square, completed in 
 1877 from designs by Waterhouse. 
 It is Gothic in style, covers 8000 
 sq. yds., and contains more than 250 
 rooms. The site on which it stands 
 is triangular in form, and the archi- 
 tect had to deal with serious diffi- 
 culties, the chief of which is the 
 want of a central courtyard open to 
 the sky. Corridors, from 10 to 12 ft. 
 wide, form a continuous line round 
 the building on each floor, and are 
 for the most part inconveniently 
 dark. 
 
 The principal tower is in the 
 centre of the front towards Albert- 
 square, and contains a magnificent 
 peal of bells by Taylor of Lough- 
 borough, the largest weighing 6J 
 tons, and the smallest 7 cwt. They 
 form an almost perfect chromatic 
 scale of 21 bells. Each bell has on 
 it a legend from Tennyson, the lines 
 being selected from section cv. 
 of In Memoriam. The same tower 
 contains the clock and carillons. 
 From the top (260 ft. high), the 
 prospect is very extensive, including 
 the greater part of S. Lancashire 
 and Cheshire, with the Derbyshire 
 hills in the distance. There are other 
 towers at the Cooper-st. and Princess- 
 st. ends, which add to the diversity 
 and character of the structure. The 
 public room, 100 ft. long by 50, 
 contains a magnificent organ by M. 
 Cavaille-Coll of Paris. The cost 
 of the entire building has been about 
 800,000/. The stranger should no- 
 tice the vaulted corridors, the crypt- 
 like vestibules, the winding staircases 
 all studded with Gothic ornament and 
 elaborate tracery, and hundreds of 
 columns of polished marble and 
 granite. 
 
 The old Town Hall , in King-street, 
 is a fine, though rather heavy, build- 
 ing, erected, in 1832, in imitation of 
 the Erectheum of Athens, at a cost of 
 40,000/. The building having become 
 
 too small for municipal business, 
 the new Town Hall was in conse- 
 quence undertaken. The old Town 
 Hali is now used as a public Free 
 Library. The free libraries in 
 Manchester owe their origin to Sir 
 John Potter, by whose example and 
 influence a sum of 12,823?. was sub- 
 scribed, with which, in 1852, a build- 
 ing was purchased and stocked with 
 books, and then handed over to the 
 town for maintenance. This was 
 the first occasion on which the Public 
 Libraries Act was put in force. 
 From this first building, 5 branch 
 establishments have arisen in differ- 
 ent parts of the town, containing 
 commodious reading-rooms for books, 
 newspapers, and periodicals, to which 
 admission is absolutely free; books 
 also can be borrowed on the 
 guarantee of a ratepayer. These 
 libraries are situated in the midst of 
 the working populations, and are as 
 follows. The Hume Library , adjoin- 
 ing Hume Town Hall, having 
 13,745 vols. ; the Ancoats Library , 
 in Every-st., having 13,968 vols.; 
 the Reddall Road Library , in 
 Livesey-st., having 13,486 vols. ; the 
 Chorlton and Ardwick Library , in 
 Kusholme-road, having 14,661 vols. ; 
 and the Chetham Library , in York- 
 st., having 9088 vols. The Public 
 Reference Library (old Town Hall) 
 contains about 60,000 vols., includ- 
 ing a fine series of English historical 
 works, a remarkable collection of 
 tracts on political economy, and a 
 number of bibliographical curiosities, 
 amongst which may be named ‘ The 
 Golden Legend,’ print* d by Caxton ; 
 and the little London Directory of 
 1677, with the autograph of Thos. 
 Hearne. The extent to which the 
 institution is used will be seen from 
 the fact that, in 26 years, it has 
 issued 2,079,389 vols. for reference 
 and home reading. 
 
 Nearly opposite the old Town Hall, 
 in King-street, is the Branch Bank 
 of England, with a Doric facade from 
 designs by Cockerell. A more beau- 
 
21 
 
 Route 2 . — » Town Halls ; 
 
 tiful building is the Manchester and 
 Salford Bank, in Mosley-street, the 
 great hall of which is well worth a 
 visit The Salford Town Hall is 
 a Greco-Doric building, and con- 
 tains a portrait of the late Joseph 
 Brotherton, M.P. The Pendleton 
 Town Hall is an Italian building by 
 Darbyshire ; the principal room is 
 lighted by a stained-glass window, 
 in which the Queen is represented 
 as “ lady of the manor of Salford ” 
 and “ Duchess of Lancaster.’" The 
 Free Trade Hall, in Peter-street, 
 built, in 1806, from designs by 
 Walters, is a very fine building in 
 the Lombardo-Venetian style, and 
 serves as a convenient house of as- 
 sembly for concerts, banquets, meet- 
 ings, or any other object which 
 draws a large crowd together. The 
 principal front, which is 160 ft. in 
 length, is richly ornamented with 
 shields of arms of the various Lan- 
 cashire cotton-towns, and with sculp- 
 tures intended to typify free trade. 
 The free use of Aberdeen granite 
 imparts colour and relieves the 
 monotony. The interior, which will 
 hold 5000 people, has a fine coved 
 ceiling and richly decorated walls. 
 
 Adjoining is a building originally 
 used as the Natural History Museum , 
 but now for the Young Men’s Christian 
 Association. It contains lecture and 
 class rooms, gymnasia, library and 
 news-rooms. It is also a centre of 
 evangelistic and philanthropic work. 
 The Natural History collections are 
 at present put away in the new 
 buildings of Owens College. The 
 collection of birds is exceedingly 
 good ; there is also a first-rate collec- 
 tion of minerals, fossils, &c., which 
 has been added to and carefully 
 arranged by the Geological Professor 
 at Owens College, W. Boyd Daw- 
 kins, Esq., F.R.S. The Library 
 and Philosophical Society holds its 
 meetings in No. 56, George-st., once 
 a month during the winter season, 
 and the Natural History and Micro - 
 scopical section is incorporated with 
 
 Mechanics' Institution. 
 
 the above Society. The calibre of 
 this Society ranks very highly. 
 Dr. John Dalton was a former pre- 
 sident, and his laboratory is preserved 
 in the Society’s rooms. Sir Wm. 
 Fairbairn, the great engineer, and 
 many other men of note have been 
 presidents and members of the 
 Society. Manchester owns also other 
 library and scientific associations of 
 more than local importance, e.g. of 
 the Chetham Society for printing 
 memorials of the past history of 
 Lancashire and Cheshire; of the 
 Becord Society ; of the Spenser 
 Society, for reprinting early poetical 
 literature ; of the Holbein Society , 
 for reprinting emblem books ; and 
 of the English Dialect Society , for 
 printing glossaries, &c., of the folk's 
 speech of our country. 
 
 The Royal Institution is a fine 
 Doric building in Mosley-street, 
 from designs by Sir C. Barry. The 
 entrance hall contains a cast of the 
 Elgin Marbles, given by George IV., 
 and a sitting statue of the late Dr. 
 Dalton, by Chantrey. Exhibitions 
 of paintings are held here and courses 
 of lectures given, to whicli the public 
 are admitted at low prices, as well 
 as the proprietors, who are called 
 governors. 
 
 Close to it is the Athenaeum , also 
 by Barry, founded by Cobden and 
 others for “the advancement and 
 diffusion of useful knowledge.” It 
 offers all the advantages of a social 
 club, an excellent news-room and a 
 library of 16,000 vols., at an annual 
 subscription of less than one penny 
 a day ! There are several educational 
 classes in connection with the in- 
 stitution. It is largely used, especi- 
 ally by young men engaged in com- 
 mercial pursuit. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution is situ- 
 ated in David-street, and has a 
 library of 17,000 volumes. Con- 
 nected with it are some excellent 
 schools. The Portico in Mosley- 
 street is a proprietary library and 
 
22 Route 2 . — Manchester : Chetham, Hospital and Library . 
 
 news-room. It was founded in 1806, 
 and has about 20,000 vols. ; amongst 
 which may be named the ‘ Descrip- 
 tion de l’Egypte/ and a fine MS. of 
 Valerius Maximus, ‘ Maistre Symon 
 de Hesdin.* The Memorial Hall , 
 in Albert-square, is a mediaeval 
 building intended to commemorate 
 the memory of the 2000 ej ected mi- 
 nisters of 1662, and was built in 1866 
 for religious and educational pur- 
 poses of Nonconformist bodies. For 
 educational establishments generally 
 Manchester is well off. The High 
 School, in Long Millgate, has an hon- 
 ourable reputation among existing 
 grammar schools. It was founded in 
 1509 by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of 
 Exeter, “ out of the good mind he 
 bore to the county of Lancashire, per- 
 ceiving that the children thereof, 
 having pregnant wits, were for the 
 most part brought up rudely and idly, 
 that knowledge might be advanced, 
 and that the children might be better 
 taught to love, honour, and dread 
 God and His laws/’ — Hollingworth. 
 He ordained that the master and 
 usher should “ teach freely and in- 
 differently every child and scholar 
 coming to the school, of whatever 
 county or shire, without any money 
 or reward taken therefore, as cock- 
 penny, victor-penny, potation-penny, 
 or any other whatsoever, excepting 
 his stipend and wages.” He at the 
 same time devised some mills on the 
 Irk for its revenue. The master and 
 undermaster have each a stall in the 
 Cathedral, inscribed ‘ Arehididas- 
 culus ’ and i Hypodidasculus.’ 
 
 The school was further endowed 
 at both Universities in 1692, by the 
 will of Sarah, Duchess of Somerset. 
 It has now 250 free scholars, and 
 others are received on payment of 
 low fees. Mr. E. B. Langworthy 
 bequeathed 10,000?. for the founda- 
 tion of scholarships. Many eminent 
 men have been educated at this 
 school ; but the greatest of its 
 alumni is undoubtedly Thomas de 
 Quincey, who has left a vivid de- 
 
 scription of its not altogether satis- 
 factory condition in his youth. 
 
 Close to the Grammar School is 
 the venerable Chetham Hospital and 
 Library , the quiet cloisters and pass- 
 ages of which form a singular and 
 pleasing contrast in its repose to the 
 noise and racket of the adjoining 
 streets. The Hospital was founded 
 by Humphrey Chetham, a merchant 
 residing at Clayton Hall, in 1651, 
 for the maintenance and education 
 of 40 poor boys. The number has 
 now been increased to 100 boys, 
 owing to the increased value of the 
 property. For this purpose, the 
 “ College,” which had been originally 
 the “baron’s hall” and afterwards 
 the residence of the collegiate clergy, 
 was secured. The building is on 
 the side supposed to have been occu- 
 pied by the summer camp of the 
 Romans. The Chetham Library 
 claims to be the first in Europe 
 which threw open its doors in abso- 
 lute freedom to all comers. It is a 
 perfect paradise for book-lovers and 
 scholars. The reading-room is a 
 charming little room with a stained- 
 glass window and portraits of Hum- 
 phrey Chetham, Dean Nowell (1575), 
 Robert Bolton, a celebrated Puritan 
 divine ; William Whitaker, President 
 of St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 
 and John Bradford, the Lancashire 
 martyr : to these have been added 
 portraits of James Crossley, Esq., 
 F.S.A., the President of the Society ; 
 and of the late Thos. Jones, B. A., for 
 many years its librarian, whose con- 
 tributions to Notes and Queries , 
 under the signature of Bibliothe- 
 carius Chethamensis, showed the ex- 
 tent and diversity of his reading. 
 The library contains about 38,000 
 vols., and is rich in valuable books 
 of reference and MSS. It comprises 
 the rare Antwerp Polyglot Bible, 
 the Bishops’ Bible, a collection of 
 Byzantine Histories, a number of 
 standard county histories, a 14th- 
 centy. copy of the 4 Flores Histori- 
 aruin/ the compilations of Mat- 
 
23 
 
 Route 2. — Manchester : Owens College. 
 
 thew Paris, Higden’s 6 Polychro- 
 nicon/ and a large body of docu- 
 ments relating to Lancashire and 
 Cheshire archaeology. There is a 
 small collection of Oriental MSS., 
 including Firdusi and Hafiz, and a 
 Wickliffite New Testament; an in- 
 edited and incomplete 4 Venetian 
 Relation of England/ a unique 4 Tor- 
 rent of Portyngle/ and many others. 
 The bibliographical collections re- 
 lating to the English poets, by Mr. 
 S. Leigh-Sotherby ; the collection of 
 broadsides formed by Mr. J. O. 
 Halliweli - Phillips, the shorthand 
 collection of the late John Harland, 
 F.S.A., should also be mentioned. 
 The library of J. Byrom, F.R.S., was 
 bequeathed by his descendant, Miss 
 Asherton, to the Chetham Library. 
 It is rich in mystics and steno- 
 graphies ; there is a fine 15th-centy. 
 Aulus Gellius. There are also 
 Saxton’s maps of the date of the 
 16th centy., with an autograph of 
 Sir Christopher Hatton. The library 
 was originally the dormitory. The 
 hall, with dais and screen, is still per- 
 fect, and at one end of it is Chet- 
 ham’ s parlour. It now serves as a 
 refectory for the boys. Close by is 
 a fine wainscoted apartment known 
 as the “ Audit Room.” By the dais 
 there is a low side window, from 
 which the alms were distributed — 
 hence called the Dole Window. The 
 entrance from the outside world is 
 by a gateway from Victoria- st., 
 over which is the motto of the 
 founder, 44 Quod tuum, tene.” A 
 recently erected additional school- 
 room, by Waterhouse , has been de- 
 signed to harmonise with the older 
 building near it. 
 
 The Owens College , now in the Ox- 
 ford-road, is entirely a modern in- 
 stitution, founded in 1846 by a 
 Manchester merchant of that name, 
 who left the principal part of his 
 property, amounting to 97,000Z., 
 to trustees to found an institution 
 for providing instruction “ in such 
 branches of learning and science 
 
 as were then, and might be hereafter, 
 usually taught in the English Uni- 
 versities.” The college was opened 
 in 1851, and until 1872 occupied a 
 house in Quay-street, which had 
 formerly been the residence of Rich- 
 ard Cobden, and is now the County 
 Court. In 1867 an appeal was made 
 for funds, alike for an extension of 
 the course of studies and for the 
 provision of a new and adequate 
 building. The result was the pre- 
 sent edifice, the Owens College , an 
 oblong Gothic structure, designed by 
 A. Waterhouse , A.R.A., which was 
 opened in 1872. During the past 
 12 years upwards of 200,000?.' has 
 been raised by subscriptions and 
 bequests, exclusive of the bequest 
 in 1876 of the late Mr. C. F. 
 Beyer, the eminent mechanical en- 
 gineer, of the residue of his per- 
 sonal estate, which will probably 
 produce a sum not much less than 
 the endowment of the founder. The 
 capital funds of the college, includ- 
 ing the value of the site and build- 
 ings, amount to about 400,000/. 
 The building is a handsome one; 
 the chemical laboratory, forming a 
 separate building at the rear, is re- 
 garded as a model of its kind. The 
 first Bishop of Manchester be- 
 queathed his library to the college, 
 and incorporated with it is the 
 Manchester Royal School of Medicine , 
 founded in 1824, and one of the 
 most successful of the provincial 
 schools. The library of the Medical 
 Society , containing 22,000 vols., and 
 the Manchester Museum , originally 
 formed by the now defunct Natural 
 History Society, are also in the 
 college. The growing prosperity of 
 the college is (1879) about to result 
 in the establishment of a Northern 
 University. 
 
 The Lancashire Independent Col- 
 lege (Withington) is a handsome 
 building for the use of students for 
 the Congregational ministry. The 
 Baptists and Primitive Methodists 
 have also denominational colleges. 
 
24 
 
 Route 2 . — Manchester : Cathedral . 
 
 St. Bede's College (Alexandra Park) 
 is a R. C. institution. 
 
 The Deaf and Dumb and the Blind 
 Asylums are located under one roof 
 near Old Trafford, in a very hand- 
 some Early Eng. building erected 
 principally by a Mr. Henshaw, who 
 left 20,000L towards it. They are 
 both open to the visitor who is inter- 
 ested in these charities. There is 
 another Deaf and Dumb Institution 
 in Grosvenor-st., All Saints, for 
 aiding the adult deaf and dumb, of 
 whom there are about 400 in the city. 
 
 As an ecclesiastical city and the 
 centre of a diocese, it must be con- 
 fessed that Manchester is sadly de- 
 ficient in the outward appearance of 
 its churches. Even the Cathedral , 
 venerable as it is, does not soar above 
 the dignity of a collegiate church, 
 while many country churches exist 
 equal, if not superior to it, in archi- 
 tectural beauties. Nevertheless, the 
 old church, as it is commonly called, 
 is a fine building, and rises grandly 
 enough over the oldest portion of the 
 city, though even here there is but little 
 that is coeval with it. According to 
 Camden, “ the College of Manchester 
 was first founded a.d. 1421 by Thomas 
 de la Warre, as first rector of the 
 said parish church, and brother to 
 the Lord de la Warre, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in the estate and honour, and 
 then founded a college there, consist- 
 ing of 1 master, 8 fellow chaplains, 
 4 clerks, and 6 choristers, in honour 
 of St. Mary, to whom the parish ch. 
 was formerly dedicated, St. Denis of 
 France, and St. George of England.” 
 John Huntington, rector of Ashton, 
 who built the choir, was the first 
 warden, and the collegiate body was 
 styled “ The Guild of the Blessed Vir- 
 gin in Manchester.” The college was 
 originally located in the buildings now 
 occupied by the Chetham Hospital. 
 In the reign of Edward VI. it shared 
 the fate of most other monastic insti- 
 tutions and was dissolved, most of 
 
 its lands and possessions falling into 
 the hands of the Stanley family ; but 
 after the marriage of Queen Mary it 
 was re-established with all its be- 
 longings and its privileges, the only 
 change being in the title, it being 
 called Christ’s College, instead of 
 the College of the Blessed Virgin. 
 The College was again dissolved by 
 the Parliament in the 17th centy., 
 although again reorganised at the 
 time of the Restoration. Amongst 
 the Wardens who were at its head 
 were Dr. Chaderton, afterwards Bi- 
 shop of Chester and Lincoln; Dr. 
 Dee, who was popularly supposed to 
 have dealings with the devil from 
 his skill in the occult sciences ; 
 Richard Murray, who, on preaching 
 a very bad sermon before James I. 
 from the text “ I am not ashamed of 
 the Gospel,” was told by the King 
 “ that the Gospel had much more 
 reason to be ashamed of him Dr. 
 Wroe, so eloquent that he was styled 
 the “silver-tongued;” and Samuel 
 Peploe, Bishop of Chester in 1706. 
 
 Unfortunately for the building, 
 the materials, “ ex lapide duro,” 
 which Leland so much admired, had 
 weathered exceedingly badly, and the 
 whole cathedral was fast going to 
 decay. This, however, was soon pre- 
 vented, and a very large subscription 
 entered into for its restoration, which, 
 under the care of Mr. Holden , was 
 commenced in 1845 and finished in 
 1868 ; the last portion of the work 
 being the almost entire renovation 
 of the tower, which has been built of 
 more durable stone than the old 
 one. 
 
 The style of the Cathedral is 
 Perp., and, as it at present stands, 
 it is an irregular parallelogram in 
 form, consisting of nave, side aisles, 
 choir, Lady Chapel, western tower, 
 porch, and a series of side chapels, 
 which have the effect of making the 
 width of the church to be 112 ft. — 
 the widest parish ch. in England, 
 with the exception of Coventry. This 
 multiplication of aisles is very un- 
 
Route 2 . — Manchester: Cathedral. 25 
 
 common in England, though not so I 
 on the Continent. The total length 
 is 220 feet. The nave is of six bays. 
 The ceiling is of wood, with tie-beams, 
 and is illuminated in various colours. 
 The second aisles are of later date, 
 viz. about the end of the 15th centy., 
 while the nave is of the early part. 
 
 The chapels or chantries occur in 
 the following order : — On the N. side 
 of the nave is St. James’s, otherwise 
 known as the Strangeways or Ducie 
 Chapel. On the S. side, the one 
 nearest the S. porch, is St. George's, 
 known by the several names of 
 Bibby’s, Galley’s, and Browne’s 
 Chapel; and next to it is the St. 
 Nicholas or Trafford Chapel. On 
 the N. side of the choir is the St. 
 John's or Derby Chapel, with a small 
 supplementary one called the Ely 
 Chapel. The Lady Chapel, at the 
 E. end, is better known as the Chet* 
 ham Chapel. On the S. side of the 
 choir is the Chapter House, of oc- 
 tagonal form, to which succeeds the 
 Jesus or Byrom Chapel. Like the 
 Derby Chapel, this one had a small 
 mortuary chapel, called Hulme’s, 
 which was removed at the Restora- 
 tion. 
 
 There are some good stained-glass 
 windows, principally memorial, both 
 in the nave and choir ; in the nave, 
 to the memory of James Dunn, J. C. 
 Harter, and Samuel Fletcher. The 
 St. George’s Chapel contains one to 
 the Rev. J. Clowes, and the Trafford 
 Chapel one given by Sir Thomas de 
 Trafford. The choir has a fine seven- 
 light E. window by Hardman ; sub- 
 ject, the Crucifixion. The N.E. win- 
 dow, by Waites , is in memory of Hum- 
 phrey Chetham, whose marble statue 
 by Theed is placed close by. There 
 is also a statue, by Bailey , to a Mr. 
 Fleming in the S.E. corner, one in the 
 S. aisle to Mr. Dauntsey Hulme, by 
 Westmacott, representing the Good 
 Samaritan, and memorial windows 
 in the Derby Chapel, by Hughes and 
 Edmondson . In the Ely Chapel is 
 the altar-tomb of Bishop Stanley, 
 
 Warden in 1481, and Bishop of Ely in 
 1506. He is described as 
 
 “ A goodlie tawel man. as was in all England, 
 
 And sped well in matters that he took in 
 hand, 
 
 An great viander as anie in his dayes.” 
 
 The clerestory windows are to be 
 filled up with scenes from the Old 
 and those of the choir from the New 
 Testament. 
 
 The choir, which is also of 6 bays, 
 and has a fine panelled roof, con- 
 tains the Bishop’s throne and some 
 beautiful tabernacle work in the 
 canopies of the stalls, and notably in 
 that of the Dean’s stall. Notice also 
 the carvings of the miserere seats and 
 the reredos, which has been substi- 
 tuted for an ancient piece of tapes- 
 try that formerly stood there, repre- 
 senting Ananias and Sapphira. The 
 subjects of the carving on the seats 
 are figures of apes and foxes, one of 
 which is running off with a goose. 
 At the W. end of the stalls is the 
 Stanley shield, and the eagle and 
 child crest. The font (Perp.) is very 
 elaborate, and is a memorial of the 
 Frere family. “ The choir was built 
 by the first warden, John Hunting- 
 ton, bachelor in degrees and rector 
 of Ashton. This venerable and 
 learned divine continued to occupy 
 his dignified station for 87 years, and 
 lies buried in the choir, with his 
 effigy in sacerdotal vestments and 
 the inscription 4 Domine, dilexi de- 
 corem domus turn ’ over his remains. 
 The rebus of this warden is to be 
 seen on either side of the middle 
 arch, indicated on the left side by 
 hunting and on the right by a tun 
 — Huntington.” — Baines. 
 
 44 The eagles, which, instead of 
 angels, as in the nave, rise in the 
 choir between the capitals of the 
 vaulting shafts and the springers of 
 the roof, indicate that James Stanley, 
 who became Warden in 1481 (after- 
 wards Bishop of Ely), was connected 
 with this part of the building.” The 
 Lady Chapel was added by George 
 West, brother of Lord Delaware, 
 
26 
 
 Route 2 . — Manchester : Churches. 
 
 Warden in 1518. Notice the pecu- 
 liar circular arch leading into it from 
 the choir. Humphrey Chetham and 
 some members of his family are 
 buried here. 
 
 The new tower, which has a para- 
 pet and pinnacles, is 139 ft. in height, 
 and contains a fine peal of 10 bells, 
 most of which were cast by the Bud- 
 halls, a celebrated bell -founding 
 family who lived at Gloucester in the 
 18th centy. The nave and tower are 
 connected by a lofty Perp. arch, from 
 whence the visitor gains a beautiful 
 vista extending through the whole 
 length of the ch. to the Lady Chapel. 
 The roofs of nave and choir “ are on 
 the same level, and the arch opening 
 to the choir rises nearly to the roof, so 
 that the eye ranges beyond the choir 
 screen to the E. window. This lofty 
 choir arch and the unusual intricacy 
 produced by the double aisles are 
 the most noticeable points/’ There 
 are two organs, one by Father Smith 
 in the Derby Chapel, and a larger 
 one in ordinary use at the junction 
 of the nave and choir. The latter, 
 presented by Mrs. W. H. Houlds, 
 worth, is a magnificent instrument, 
 and was erected at a cost of over 
 7'OOOZ. ; the case, which is of oak, 
 gilded, was designed by the late Sir 
 G . Scott , B.A. 
 
 The endowments of the ancient 
 parish of Manchester are very con- 
 siderable ; and, under the Manches- 
 ter Rectory Division Bill of 1845, 
 after a provision of 1500Z. to the 
 Dean, and 600Z. per annum to 
 each of the 4 Canons, were divided 
 amongst the incumbents of the 93 
 district chs. within the ancient pa- 
 rish, affording to each a permanent 
 endowment of 150Z. 
 
 Nearly all the churches in Man- 
 chester, which number in the city and 
 suburbs upwards of 90, are more or 
 less modern, and few of them contain 
 any object of special interest, except 
 that some of the latest built, and 
 particularly those in the environs, 
 
 are good specimens of Dec. or E. 
 Eng. architecture. Amongst the most 
 noteworthy is St. John* 8 (1769), in 
 Deansgate, which possesses some 
 good paintings, a stained-glass win- 
 dow, said to have been originally 
 brought from a convent in Rouen, 
 and a monument in Caen stone to 
 Mr. W. Marsden, who was conspi- 
 cuous for his zeal in the half- 
 holiday movement. There is a 
 monument by Flaxman to its first 
 rector, the Rev. J. Clowes. St. 
 Peter’s, at the end of Mosley-street, 
 is a hideous Doric building, but has 
 a fine altar-piece of the Descent of the 
 Cross by A. Caracci, together with 
 some medallions, which are of ques- 
 tionable taste for church decora- 
 tion. The organ is good. For any- 
 thing like beauty of architectural 
 style the visitor must go to the 
 suburbs, to the chs. of St. Luke’s, 
 Chetham Hill (good organ^), St. 
 Paul’s, Kersall Moor, Crumpsall, 
 Birch (the minister of which, Mr. 
 Wiggins, is mentioned in the Lam- 
 beth MSS. as “ a painful preacher ”), 
 Longsight, St. George’s, Hulme, &c. 
 At Didsbury, a suburb to the S., was 
 formerly a chantry kirk, endowed 
 with land for the burial of the dead, 
 and the observance of all religious 
 rites required in the chapelry. 
 
 Ever since the Roman Catholics 
 were ejected from the collegiate 
 church, at the time of the Reforma- 
 tion, they had no chapel in Man- 
 chester till the beginning of last 
 centy., when there was one in Smithy- 
 door ; but they have several at the 
 present time, amongst which the 
 visitor should notice that of St. 
 Augustine’s, in Granby-row, and the 
 fine ch. of St. John , in Salford, which 
 is of the earliest Dec. character, and 
 has a spire 240 ft. in height. Non- 
 conformist places of worship are 
 numerous of every degree and kind, 
 and, taking it as a whole, few cities 
 are so well provided as Manchester 
 with religious institutions. By the 
 Census of 1851 it was shown that, 
 
27 
 
 Boute 2 . — City Gaol ; Paries. 
 
 out of a population of 491,073 (in 
 round numbers, half a million), there 
 were sittings for 156,473 persons. 
 
 In addition to the buildings 
 hitherto mentioned, the city con- 
 tains the usual number of municipal 
 and other establishments incidental 
 to all large towns, such as gaols, 
 police courts, workhouses, gas- and 
 water-works. The original gaol for 
 the Salford hundred was the New 
 Bayley , built in accordance with the 
 plans of Howard , the philanthropist. 
 In 1868 the present structure was 
 opened. It is at the rear of the 
 Assize Courts, is Norm, in style, 
 covers 9 acres, and cost 170,000Z. 
 The City Gaol , in Hy de-road, has 
 accommodation for 840. In con- 
 nection with the latter may be men- 
 tioned the Fenian attack on the 
 prisoners’ van in 1868. The city is 
 well supplied with water , vast works 
 having been constructed in the 
 Etherow valley, from which a daily 
 supply of 25,000,000 galls, can be 
 obtained, at a cost of 2d. per 1000 
 galls. With the exception of Glas- 
 gow, this is believed to be the 
 cheapest and most efficient supply 
 of any city in the world. But 
 even this has been found inade- 
 quate, and the royal assent has 
 been given to a bill to enable the 
 water of Thirlemere, in Cumberland, 
 to be brought to the city. 
 
 The lungs of Manchester are to be 
 found in three pretty and well-laid- 
 out parks. 
 
 The Peel Park, in Salford, em- 
 braces an area of 40 acres, over- 
 looking the rt. bank of the Irwell, 
 the windings of which, and the in- 
 equalities of the ground, have given 
 ample scope for excellent landscape 
 gardening and charming views up 
 the vale. The principal object of 
 notice is a statue of her Majesty by 
 Noble , erected to commemorate her 
 visit in 1851, when she was welcomed 
 by the National Anthem sung by 
 
 80,000 Sunday scholars. There are 
 also statues of the Prince Con- 
 sort, of Richard Cobden, Sir Robert 
 Peel, and Joseph Brotherton, once 
 M.P. for Salford. The building in 
 the park contains the Salford Library, 
 and a museum with a valuable and 
 interesting general collection. These 
 were originated by Mr. Jos. Brother- 
 ton and Mr. E. R. Langworthy ; 
 the latter gentleman contributed 
 4500Z. for the purchase of books, &c., 
 and left 10,000Z. for the extension 
 of the Institution. Out of this sum 
 the Langworthy Gallery has been 
 constructed, and some pictures pur- 
 chased, including “ The Last Sleep 
 of Argyle,” “ The Execution of Mon- 
 trose,” and “ The Dinner Party at 
 Moliere’s.” Amongst the curiosities 
 of the Museum may be named the 
 silver cradle which the followers 
 of Joanna South cote caused to be 
 made in anticipation of the birth 
 of the promised Shiloh. Notice, 
 before leaving, the Victoria Arch , in 
 memory of the Queen’s second visit 
 in 1857, a fine wrought-iron gateway 
 in a Byzantine setting of stonework, 
 and also the Pendleton Gates, given 
 by Lord Ducie. They were made in. 
 Rome, and were originally the gates 
 of Strangeways Hall. 
 
 Seedley Park and Ordsall Park 
 are 2 pretty additions to the open 
 spaces of Salford. 
 
 The Queens Park is in the Roch- 
 dale-road, at Harpurhey, overlooking 
 the valley of the Irk, which is here 
 of much more natural beauty than it 
 is while threading its underground 
 course through Manchester. Here 
 also is a museum, in which those 
 interested in phrenology will find an 
 extensive series of casts made by 
 Gall and Spurzheim, and completed 
 by the late Mr. W. Bally. An arti- 
 ficial lake adds to the scenery, to 
 which the prettily planted grounds 
 of Harpurhey Cemetery contribute no 
 little. 
 
 The Philips Park is very pretty, 
 in spite of its close proximity to the 
 
28 Boute 2 . — A lexandra 
 
 dense populations of Ancoats and | 
 Bradford- cum -Bes wick, &c. Park 
 Stat., on the Ashton branch of the 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire Riy., is 
 within a few yards of the park. In 
 laying it out, advantage has been 
 taken of the natural features of the 
 Medlock, which flows on the N. 
 and on a great part of the rest of 
 the park. 
 
 The Alexandra Park at Hulme 
 was opened in 1870, and has very 
 pretty ornamental grounds, though 
 yet bare of trees. 
 
 In addition to these open spots, 
 the crowds resorting to which prove 
 how highly they are appreciated, 
 there are other places of amusement, 
 such as the Zoological Gardens , at 
 Bellevue, near Longsight, where, in 
 addition to the attractions of such 
 places, fetes are given in the summer ; 
 and if the Southern visitor wants to 
 see a collection of Lancashire, York- 
 shire, Cheshire, Warwickshire, and 
 Staffordshire operatives,, or from the 
 Potteries, Wales, and Midland Coun- 
 ties, he should go there on an ex- 
 cursion day — a sight not easily for- 
 gotten. The Pomona Palace , on the 
 banks of the Irwell, is similar in 
 character, though on a smaller scale 
 and perhaps of somewhat lower resort. 
 The Botanical Gardens , at Old Traf- 
 ford, are- very prettily laid out, and 
 well worth visiting. It must be ad- 
 mitted that Manchester stands fairly 
 well for her supplies of fresh air, even 
 were there not a pretty and easily 
 accessible country on its outskirts. 
 A desideratum, however, as in most 
 populous towns, is the construction 
 of small childrens playgrounds here 
 and there amidst the courts and 
 alleys, so that not only would breath- 
 ing places of great value be esta- 
 blished, but the streets and the 
 houses of the poor would be relieved 
 to an immense extent of their daily 
 burden of inmates. 
 
 For indoor amusements there are 
 three theatres. 
 
 Park ; Fish Market. 
 
 The Theatre Royal , in Peter-street, 
 will hold 2500 people, and re- 
 placed an older one burnt down 
 in 1844. The character of the per- 
 formances (in which opera is occa- 
 sionally given) will bear comparison 
 with those in London. The Princes 
 (Oxford-st.) was built in 1864, and 
 will seat 2430 persons. The other 
 theatre is the Queen’s , in Bridge- 
 street. Music, however, is the 
 chief attraction, and there is pro- 
 bably not a town in the kingdom 
 where it is so keenly appreciated 
 or cultivated to so high a pitch. 
 Lancashire is notoriously a music- 
 loving county with all classes, and 
 Manchester has in addition a large 
 resident population of Germans, so 
 that it is no wonder that music finds 
 such favour. There is a fine Concert 
 Hall , in which, during the season, 
 subscription concerts of high-class 
 music are given. The Free Trade 
 Hall (see ante) is the great locale of 
 public performances, and it is a sight 
 worth seeing when any particular 
 attraction, such as one of Charles 
 Halle’s concerts, is going forward. 
 Indeed it is scarcely fair to mention 
 Manchester music without the name 
 of Halle', who, by his wonderful 
 genius and his long residence here, 
 has invested it with a peculiar 
 interest. There are several music 
 halls of a lower grade, mostly to be 
 found in the neighbourhood of Peter- 
 street, Deansgate and Bridge-street. 
 
 The Fish Market, in close proxi- 
 mity to the Smithfield Market , was 
 opened this year (1879). The whole 
 work has been carried out in uni- 
 formity with that portion of it which 
 was built about 7 years ago. The 
 style is free Gothic, of a Continental 
 type, and is well adapted to street 
 architecture. 
 
 The antiquary will find, to his 
 regret, that modern improvements 
 have destroyed nearly all the old 
 halls which were once pretty plenti- 
 ful in Manchester and the neigh- 
 
29 
 
 Route 2. — Hulme Hall ; Manchester Worthies. 
 
 bourhood, but of which, in most 
 cases, nothing but the name remains. 
 It will be sufficient to mention their 
 localities. Old Hulme Hall was the 
 seat of John de Hulme in Henry 
 II.’s reign, and passed successively 
 into the hands of the Prestwyches, 
 Mosleys, Blands, and Lloyds. It 
 was pulled down in 1764 by the 
 Duke of Bridgewater, who wanted 
 the ground for his new canal. Vast 
 treasures were supposed to exist 
 under Hulme Hall, for it is said that 
 the Dowager Lady Prestwych always 
 told her son that, if he continued 
 favourable to the Royal cause, there 
 would be plenty of assistance forth- 
 coming. But if this was the case, it 
 is there still, for the old lady died 
 suddenly without being able to reveal 
 the secret. 
 
 The Mosleys also held Ancoats , 
 Collyliurst , and Hough Halls. An- 
 coats was rebuilt at the commence- 
 ment of the present centy., and is 
 now a Working Men’s Club. A 
 similar use is made of Ordsall Hall, 
 once the residence of the powerful 
 family of the Radcliffes. It was 
 originally a timbered house of the 
 16th centy., but has had many addi- 
 tions and alterations. The banquet- 
 ing-hall should be inspected. 
 
 Smedley Hall (Malcolm Ross, Esq.), 
 a seat of the Chet hams ; Strange- 
 ways Hall, the site of the Assize 
 Courts, of the Hartleys; Denton Hall , 
 of the Hollands ; Birch Hall , of the 
 Haverseyes ; Reddish Hall , Barton 
 Hall , and Gulceth Hall , in Newton, 
 have all disappeared. So mostly has 
 Garrett Hall, the seat of a branch 
 of the Tratford family, for whom the 
 boys in the grammar-school were 
 obliged to pray for by name in 
 Henry VII/s reign. It was situated 
 on tiie site of the present Brook- 
 street, on the banks of the Medlock, 
 whither the young men of Man- 
 chester used to resort for snipe shoot- 
 ing. Broughton Hall , once a seat 
 of the Stanleys, and afterwards of 
 the Chethams, and in modern days 
 
 of the Clowes, is still tenanted, al- 
 though the park is being built upon. 
 Kersal Cell , the seat of the Byroms, 
 remained in that family in the person 
 of Miss Atherton, until her death in 
 1872 ; and Chorlton Hall , the seat of 
 the Mynshulls, is a boys’ school. It is 
 mentioned that this estate was sold in 
 1644 to Thomas Minshull for 300Z. ; 
 but the value of property had so in- 
 creased, even so long ago as the close 
 of last century, that it fetched 
 70,000 1 . 
 
 The antiquities of Manchester 
 ought scarcely to be mentioned 
 without a passing glance at the 
 worthies who have been born here, 
 or identified themselves with it from 
 long residence. Amongst the most 
 noteworthy are — Dr. W. Chaderton , 
 Warden of the College in 1579, and 
 subsequently Bishop of Lincoln and 
 Chester ; — John Bradford , a famous 
 preacher of the doctrines of the Re- 
 formation, who was burnt for his opi- 
 nions in Smithfield during the reign 
 of Mary ;—Dr. W. Barlow . Bishop 
 of Lincoln (16th centy.), of whom it 
 is related that, when he was made 
 : Bishop of Rochester, the poorest 
 diocese in the kingdom, he chose for 
 his motto, “ Discumbe in imo/’ but 
 when he gained the richer see of 
 Lincoln, he changed it for “ Amice ! 
 ascende superius ! ” — Humphrey 
 Chetham, the founder of the Hos- 
 pital and Library ; — Dr. R. Brideoak, 
 head master of the High School 
 (1680), and afterwards Bishop of, 
 Chichester, a timeserver and a 
 favourite of Charles II. and his mis- 
 tress, the Duchess of Portsmouth ; — 
 John Byrom, F.R.S., a poet and wit 
 (died 1763); -Dr. 8. Ogden , a cele- 
 brated scholar and Professor of Ge^ 
 ology at Cambridge (died 1778); — 
 Dr. J Whitaker , the historian of 
 j Manchester ; — Dr. J. Worthington, 
 Master of Jesus College, Cambridge; 
 — Col. Betliune-Drinkwater, author 
 of the ‘ Siege of Gibraltar ’ ; — Dr. 
 G. Hibbert Ware ; — Henry Liversege, 
 
30 
 
 Route 2 . — Manchester : Factory System . 
 
 artist; — Sir W. Fairbaim ; — Thos. 
 Walker , author of 4 The Original ’ ; 
 Thos. de Quincey ; — Mrs. Gaskell ; — 
 Charles Swain , poet. Dr. Henry , 
 the chemist, and Dr. Dalton , the 
 philosopher and discoverer of the 
 atomic theory, were residents of Man- 
 chester ; as was also Eaton Hodgkin - 
 son , the mathematician and engineer 
 (1861). Nor must we forget the 
 Rev. Hugh Stowell, who was rector 
 of Christ Church, Salford; or that 
 the first Sir Robert Peel was a 
 Manchester manufacturer. 
 
 The history of the factory system 
 and the cotton manufacture will be 
 found in the Introduction , as it more 
 or less forms an integral portion of 
 the history of every town in Lan- 
 cashire. That Manchester has long 
 been the headquarters of it, is proved 
 by Camden’s reference to 44 Manches- 
 ter cottons, ’’ in 1590. Lewis Roberts 
 writes in 1641, “ The town of Man- 
 chester buys the linen yarn of the 
 Irish in great quantities, and, weav- 
 ing it, returns the same again in linen 
 into Ireland to sell. Neither does 
 her industry rest here, for they buy 
 cotton-wool in London that comes 
 from Cyprus and Smyrna, and work 
 the same into fustians, vermilions, 
 and dimities, which they return to 
 London, where they are sold.” Fus- 
 tians seem, up to the middle of the 
 18th centy., to have been the staple 
 trade of Manchester, together with 
 tuckings and tapes, according to Dr. 
 Stukeley. 
 
 But although they were spoken of 
 generally as cotton goods, in reality 
 they had very little to do with that 
 material, as the warp was always 
 made of linen yam. In 1773 Ark- 
 wright’s genius provided a warp of 
 cotton twist, the first of the kind 
 having been manufactured by his 
 partners at their mills at Derby, in 
 the face of very great difficulties, 
 caused by the absurd enactments 
 of the Legislature, which imposed 
 double the duty on British calicoes 
 
 to that on mixed fabrics of linen 
 and cotton. This act having been 
 repealed, an immense impetus was 
 given to the trade by the invention 
 of Hargreave’s spinning -jenny in 
 1764. From that time may be dated 
 the commencement of Lancashire 
 pre-eminence in the cotton manu- 
 facture, of which Manchester soon 
 became the centre. One great cause 
 which contributed to this was the 
 completion of the Duke of Bridge- 
 water’s Canal in 1761 (Rte. 9), by 
 which the town was put into 
 close connection, not only with its 
 immediate neighbours, but with all 
 the principal cities of England. The 
 impulse was tenfold when the rail- 
 way system was introduced, and 
 the opening of the Liverpool and 
 Manchester Ely. in 1830 was the 
 signal for a vast increase in trade 
 of all descriptions. At the same 
 time the rlys. have materially altered 
 the relative position of Manchester 
 to the surrounding districts. For- 
 merly it was the centre of the factory 
 system, containing more mills than 
 any other place ; but gradually the 
 number of factories has decreased, in 
 proportion to the relative increase 
 of the place, millowners preferring, 
 from various causes, to erect their 
 mills in the adjoining towns and 
 villages. Various causes have con- 
 tributed to this change, such as 
 more moderate rental, greater faci- 
 lities of water-power, and so on; 
 while the opening of fresh rly. 
 branches to almost every hamlet has 
 put the manufacturers on the same 
 footing as though their mills were 
 in Manchester itself. The conse- 
 quence is, that it has become the 
 grand inland port, so to speak, or 
 warehousing focus where the cotton 
 of seven-tenths of Lancashire and 
 Cheshire is sent from the country 
 mills to be stored, sorted, packed, and 
 sent away to all parts of the world. 
 
 As a general rule, therefore, the 
 business is transacted in Manchester, 
 although the bulk of the actual 
 
Route 3 . — Manchester to Oldham. 
 
 31 
 
 weaving and spinning is carried on 
 elsewhere. To this fact Manchester 
 owes most of her characteristic ap- 
 pearance, both as to buildings and 
 population. Noble streets of ware- 
 houses have arisen, of such size and 
 splendour that they look more like 
 a succession of city palaces ; and 
 a walk down Portland - street or 
 Mosley-street will at once convince 
 the visitor of the magnitude of the 
 trade which demands such accom- 
 modation. A walk which will give 
 a good idea of the principal build- 
 ings and other objects of interest in 
 Manchester may be taken thus : — 
 Starting from the London Eoad 
 Stat., you follow the avenue leading 
 to the Exchange (Piccadilly), until 
 the Infirmary, a domed building, is 
 passed ; Mosley-street, by the 1. side 
 of the Infirmary, leads to the Town 
 Hall ; by continuing down Market- 
 street you reach the Exchange; 
 5 mins.’ walk S., through Cross- 
 street, you reach the Town Hall 
 in Albert-square. Proceeding N. 
 from the Exchange, along Vic- 
 toria-street, you come to the Cathe- 
 dral. Continuing on, turning slightly 
 to 1., you come to the Assize Courts, 
 in Strangeways, and so on. 
 
 Conveyances . — Manchester is well 
 supplied with the means of locomo- 
 tion, for in addition to the main 
 railways mentioned in p. 12, a sort 
 of connecting girdle runs all round 
 the city. By this means the great 
 systems are united, and the raw 
 cotton from Liverpool to the various 
 mills in the district is enabled to be 
 sent direct without transhipping. In 
 the same way calicoes and printed 
 goods which have to be sent to the 
 shipping-port without being ware- 
 housed in Manchester need not un- 
 dergo any delay there. There is 
 thus an intimate ramification be- 
 tween the port, the warehouse, and 
 the mill ; scarce any manufacturing 
 village, which is not served by some 
 railway branch or other. The rail- 
 
 way facilities enable business men 
 and many artisans to live in the 
 villages and districts surrounding 
 the city, and an extensive and ex- 
 tending system of tramways and 
 omnibuses facilitate intercourse be- 
 tween every part of Manchester and 
 the suburbs, which extend for some 
 miles on every side. 
 
 Distances . — London, 189 m. ; Bir- 
 mingham, 76 ; Crewe, 31 ; Stockport, 
 6; Alderley, 13; Cheadle, 7; Stret- 
 ford, 3^ ; Altrincham, 8 ; Bowdon, 
 8J ; Lymm, 13J ; Warrington, 22; 
 Newton, 16 ; Liverpool, 30 ; Patri- 
 croft, 5 ; Eccles. 4 ; Tyldesley, 9 ; 
 Chester, 40 ; Wigan, 17 ; Preston, 
 31 ; Chorley, 22 ; Bolton, 11 ; Bury, 
 10 J ; Clifton, 4J ; Blackburn, 24 J ; 
 Darwen, 20 J ; Middleton, 6 ; Boch- 
 dale, 10 J ; Hey wood, 10 ; Oldham, 
 7; Ashton - under - Lyne, 6^; New 
 Mills, 15; Buxton, 31; Hyde, 7; 
 Staley Bridge, 8. 
 
 Excursions andWalhs in the Neigh- 
 bourhood of the City. — Peel Park, 
 Queen’s Park, Botanical Gardens, 
 Bellevue, Bowdon, Dunham-Massey 
 Park, Bosthern Mere, Alderley 
 Edge, Marple, New Mills, Prestwich, 
 and Mere Clough. 
 
 EOUTE 3. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO OLDHAM, BY 
 ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE. 
 
 Like most of the Lancashire 
 spinning districts, that of Ashton 
 and the Cheshire border is accessible 
 from Manchester by two railway 
 systems, that of the London and 
 
32 
 
 Route 3 . — Clayton 
 
 North-Western and of the Sheffield 
 and Lincolnshire. 
 
 By the former line the traveller 
 quits the city at the Victoria Stat., 
 running through a densely populated 
 district to Miles Platting Junc., 
 where the Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 Rly. is given off to the 1. 
 
 Shortly after leaving the suburbs, 
 the country becomes open and undu- 
 lating, offering pleasant views of the 
 Cheshire moors, backed up by the 
 blue ranges of the Derbyshire hills, 
 and diversified by many a “ dough ” 
 and streamlet, picturesque enough 
 at its source, but considerably marred 
 and defiled when it gets amongst the 
 factories and printing works. For 
 miles and miles are seen tall slender 
 chimneys, marking the localities of 
 the various villages and towns, each 
 one the nucleus of a considerable 
 population entirely dependent on 
 the staple manufacture. The line 
 runs up the valley of the Medlock, 
 which, although disfigured by the 
 dye refuse, is nevertheless a different 
 stream to what it is when pent up in 
 its sewer-like course through Man- 
 chester. 
 
 2 m. Park Stat. 
 
 3J m. Clayton Bridge Stat. Clay- 
 ton Hall , nearly 1 m. to the rt., was 
 the residence of Humphrey Chet- 
 ham, founder of the hospital of that 
 name in Manchester. It is now the 
 parsonage of the new parish of St. 
 Cross, Clayton Bridge. The old hall, 
 supposed to have been constructed 
 of materials from the first wooden 
 church of Manchester, was de- 
 stroyed by fire. “In some MSS. 
 of receipts and disbursements be- 
 longing to the Chethams, kept in 
 the time of Charles II., there is an 
 item for moneys paid to the ‘ boon- 
 shearers ’ of Clayton Hall/’ “ Boon- 
 shearers ” were people subject to 
 certain rules of the lordship, such 
 as ploughing, harrowing, and carting 
 for the lord’s house. 
 
 5 m. Droylsden Stat. “ A singular 
 
 Hall — Droylsden . 
 
 wake custom was introduced here 
 about 1814, from Woodhouses, near 
 Fails worth, where it has been preva- 
 lent for more than the third of a 
 century. The ceremonial issued 
 from Greenside (a hamlet of Droyls- 
 den), and consisted of two male 
 equestrians grotesquely habited. 
 One, John, son of Robert Hulme of 
 Greenside, personified a man ; the 
 other, James, son of Aaron Etchells, 
 of Edge Lane, a woman. They were 
 engaged with spinning-wheels spin- 
 ning flax in the olden time, and con- 
 ducting a rustic dialogue in limping 
 verse, and gathering contributions 
 from spectators. Latterly a cart was 
 substituted for a saddle, as being a 
 safer position in case they grew 
 tipsy.” — Higsohs History of Droyls- 
 den. The substitution was not un- 
 necessary, as on one occasion it is 
 related that both performers fell off 
 the horse from excess of joviality. 
 An old local ballad commemorates 
 these wakers : — 
 
 “ It’s Dreighden wakes, un wey’re cornin' to 
 teawn 
 
 To tell ye o’ something o’ great reneawn : 
 Un’ if this owd jade ill Lem ’mi begin 
 Awl sho' yo heaw hard un how fast au can 
 spin, 
 
 So its threedy-wheel, threedy-wheel, 
 daw, don, dil, doe.” 
 
 “ Threedy-wheel ” is evidently a 
 corruption of “tread the wheel.” 
 Soon after leaving the junction 
 with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire 
 line, the tourist reaches the ancient 
 borough of Ashton-under- Lyne. 
 
 By the Sheffield and Lincolnshire 
 route the London Road terminus is 
 the starting point. At Ardwick 
 Jijnc. the London line (L. and 
 N.W.R.) turns to the S., the one to 
 Ashton running through an unin- 
 teresting district occupied by various 
 manufacturing establishments. At 
 Ashbury , 2 m., is the Britannia 
 railway-carriage factory, and a little 
 further on, at Gorton , are Messrs. 
 Beyers and Peacock’s engine works. 
 The country becomes more open at 
 4 m. Fairfield , where are reser- 
 
33 
 
 Route 3 . — Ashton-under- Lyne. 
 
 voirs, feeders of the Manchester and 
 Stockport Canal. Fairfield is almost 
 entirely occupied by a Moravian set- 
 tlement, first planted here in 1785. 
 
 5 m. Guide Bridge Junc. with 
 the Stockport and Staleybridge line, 
 and of the Ashton branch with the 
 main line. The latter soon enters 
 Cheshire, branching again at New- 
 ton J unc. for Hyde ( Udble . for 
 Cheshire). By this latter route Stock- 
 port gains another and independent 
 communication with Manchester. 
 
 7J m. Ashton-under- Lyne ( Inn : Old 
 Boar’s Head), althougii now a very 
 busy cotton town, of 64,000 Inhab., 
 has an ancient and respectable pedi- 
 gree, deriving its name from the 
 Saxon word aesc, an ash, and tun, an 
 enclosed place, which is incorporated 
 in the word Estun as found in the 
 Testa de Nevill. The additional 
 name was given it to signify its si- 
 tuation on the borders of Cheshire, 
 and to distinguish it from other places 
 of the same name, as Ashton-upon- 
 Mersey, and Ashton-in-Makerfield. 
 In 1336 (temp. Edw. III.) the manor 
 came into the hands of the Assheton 
 family, with whom the traditions and 
 history of Ashton are largely identi- 
 fied, and it remained in their pos- 
 session until the death of Sir Thomas 
 Assheton (in the reign of Henry 
 VIII.), whose daughter and heiress 
 carried it by marriage to Sir William 
 Booth, of Dunham-Massey, the an- 
 cestor of the Earls of Stamford, 
 who now hold it. 
 
 The Asshetons were great favour- 
 ites of their respective sovereigns, 
 who highly esteemed their valour. 
 Sir Kobert was appointed Governor 
 of Guynes, near Calais, Justice of 
 Ireland, High Treasurer and Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, and he lies 
 buried in Dover Castle, of which he 
 was governor. His son Thomas fought 
 at Neville’s Cross, and had the honour 
 of capturing there the standard of 
 Scotland. The town and manor are 
 
 [ Lancashire .] 
 
 the subject of some curious traditions 
 and customs associated with this 
 family. “ The ceremony of 4 Riding 
 the Black Lad * takes place on 
 Easter Monday in each year. So 
 conflicting are the traditions as to 
 the cause of this exhibition that one 
 version attaches to it infamy, and 
 another represents it as honourable 
 to the ancient dominant family. 
 According to the former it is meant 
 as an expression of perpetual abhor- 
 rence towards the memory of Sir 
 Ralph Assheton ; but the latter sup- 
 position is that, in some way not 
 very easy to be conceived, this cere- 
 mony is intended as a mark of honour 
 towards the hero of Neville’s Cross.” 
 — Baines. Dr. Hibbert Ware attri- 
 butes the custom to an old perambula- 
 tion still carried on in some Scotch 
 parishes called “ guld -riding,” the 
 object of which was to get rid of 
 a mischievous weed called “guld,’ 
 for every plant of which, when found, 
 the farmer was liable to be mulcted 
 in a wether sheep. “ It appears that 
 Ralph of Assheton,* the son of Sir 
 John, became by his alliance with a 
 rich heiress the lord of the neigh- 
 bouring manor of Middleton, and 
 soon afterwards received the honour 
 of knighthood, being at the same 
 time entrusted with the office of 
 Vice-Chancellor to Henry VI., and, 
 it is related, of Lieutenant of the 
 Tower. Invested with this authority, 
 he committed violent excesses in this 
 part of the kingdom. In retaining 
 also for life the privilege of 4 guld 
 riding/ he on a certain day in 
 spring made his appearance in this 
 manner clad in black armour (whence 
 his name of the Black Lad), 
 mounted on a charger, and attended 
 by a numerous train of his followers, 
 in order to levy the penalty arising 
 from neglect of cleansing the land of 
 4 carr gulds.’ The interference of so 
 powerful a knight could not but be 
 regarded by the tenants of Assheton 
 as tyrannical, and the name ot* the 
 4 Black Lad ’ is still regarded with 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 Route 3 . — Ashton-under -Lyne : Church . 
 
 no other sentiment but horror. 
 Tradition, indeed, has perpetuated 
 the prayer that was frequently 
 ejaculated for a deliverance from his 
 tyranny : — 
 
 “ ‘Sweet Jesu, for thy mercy’s sake. 
 
 And for thy bitter passion, 
 
 Save us from the axe of the Tower, 
 
 ,And from Sir Ralph of Assheton.’ 
 
 u Upon the death of the guld 
 rider of Assheton, Sir John’s heir 
 and successors abolished the usage 
 for ever, and reserved from the 
 estate a small sum of money (for- 
 merly 10s., now 5s.) for the purpose 
 of perpetuating, in an annual cere- 
 mony, the dreaded visits of the 
 Black Knight. This is kept up at 
 the present day. An effigy is made 
 of a man in armour, and the image 
 is deridingly emblazoned with some 
 emblem of the occupation of the 
 first couple that are linked together 
 in the course of the year. The 
 black boy is then fixed on horseback, 
 and after being led in procession 
 through the town, is dismounted, 
 and made to supply the place of a 
 shooting butt.” — Dr. Hibbert Ware. 
 The shooting has been long discon- 
 tinued, but a sort of pageant is still 
 made of it on Easter Monday, which 
 is kept as a great holiday in Ashton. 
 “The Black Knight of Ashton” 
 forms one of the most interesting of 
 Roby’s 4 Lancashire Traditions.’ 
 
 The very objectionable custom of 
 paying “heriot” existed in all its 
 force in the manor of Assheton. At 
 the death of the head of the family, 
 the priest usually claimed the best 
 beast which the family of the 
 deceased possessed, called the mor- 
 tuary beast, as a supposed quittance 
 of all unpaid claims of tithe. Asshe- 
 ton, however, had the additional tax 
 of a heriot to be paid to the Lord of 
 the Manor, who claimed the best 
 beast, the second best going as a 
 mortuary offering to the priest. This 
 latter was a sort of fee or honorarium, 
 and called “a corse-present,” but 
 eventually grew into a claim, and 
 
 was exacted as a right by the clergy 
 till the Reformation. 
 
 There was also an obligation to 
 grind corn at the Lord’s mill, on his 
 own terms of payment; but when 
 the owner’s corn came to be ground, 
 the miller was obliged to take every- 
 body else’s out of the hopper until 
 the Lord’s supply was furnished* 
 No wonder that, under the cir- 
 cumstances, the Lords of Assheton 
 were not the most popular. The old 
 manorial Corn Mills are still in ex- 
 istence, though now partly converted 
 into cotton-mills. From “ The Custom 
 Roll ” it appears that John of the 
 Edge was miller in 1422, and that 
 he paid 16s. 4 d. for rent. 
 
 The church was originally founded 
 in the 15th centy., but it has been so 
 often repaired and enlarged, and par- 
 ticularly in 1821, when it was nearly 
 destroyed by fire, that scarce any- 
 thing is left of the original building. 
 A steeple was added at the close of 
 the last centy. Concerning the ch. 
 it is told that, while the workmen 
 employed on it were one day amusing 
 themselves at a game of cards, a 
 woman came up and asked them 
 to turn up an ace, promising that, if 
 they did, she would build several 
 yards for them. The ace was ac- 
 cordingly turned up, and she fulfilled 
 her promise. The real truth seems 
 to have been that Lady Elizabeth 
 Assheton, finding the men idling 
 during the building of the steeple, 
 desired them to add her arms to 
 that of her husband, and they were 
 accordingly placed on the S. side — 
 Assheton impaling Stavley; but 
 subsequent repairs have destroyed 
 them. The shape of the escutcheon, 
 something like an ace, may have 
 given rise to the story. Some curious 
 arrangements were made by Sir 
 John. “ We find him assigning the 
 forms or benches to his tenants ; but 
 the names for whose uses they are 
 appointed are all females. From this 
 it may seem that seats in our 
 
35 
 
 Boute 3 . — Stamford Bark ; Gallows Meadow. 
 
 churches were first put up for their 
 convenience. Eighteen forms or 
 benches are mentioned for the occu- 
 pation of one hundred wives and 
 widows, who are named, besides their 
 daughters and servant wenches. 
 Their husbands had not this privi- 
 lege, being forced to stand or 
 kneel in the aisles, as the service 
 required.” The document which 
 contains these rules is adorned with 
 a rude plan of the ch., containing 
 the names of the different occupants 
 on their respective benches. On one 
 is “ Uxor Thomse de Claydon, 
 Uxor Radulphi de Wood and their 
 servants and other gentils strangers 
 and on another is inscribed, “ Ten- 
 ants wynches of Sir John the Byron 
 that dwel yon with him.” 
 
 The interior of the ch. contains 
 Some very old stained glass, some 
 tabernacle work in the chancel, and 
 several ornamental effigies of the 
 Assheton family. One of the former 
 rectors of Assheton was a brother of 
 Lord Fairfax, who had to fly during 
 the Civil Wars, and into whose place 
 John Harrison, described as an 
 orthodox though painful minister, 
 was inducted by a party of soldiers. 
 
 Ashton contains 7 other (modern) 
 chs., One of which, St. James’s , has 
 good stained glass in the chancel. 
 Amongst other buildings are the 
 Town Hall, erected in 1840 — it, from 
 designs by Young , in the Corinthian 
 style, and enlarged in 1878, stands 
 in the market-place ; the Oddfellows’ 
 Hall , in Stamford-street ; the In- 
 firmary, a handsome Elizabethan 
 building, prettily placed on high 
 ground ; and the Mechanics' Insti- 
 tute, built in 1861, and containing 
 a library of 4000 vols. The streets 
 are remarkably wide and well laid 
 out, a circumstance that the town 
 owes to the constant presence of 
 Lord Stamford s surveyors. 
 
 Stamford Park was opened in 1873, 
 and given by Lord Stamford to the 
 towns of Ashton and Staley Bridge. 
 
 In the centre stands the Museum, a 
 large building designed for the uses 
 of a library, picture-gallery and 
 museum ; and near it is placed a 
 memorial to a local botanist. 
 
 The Old Hall , formerly the ba- 
 ronial residence of the Asshetons, 
 has been partially restored, and is 
 the occasional residence of the Earl 
 of Stamford. Adjoining it is a stone 
 building, flanked on the E. and W. 
 by towers, and having a conical roof. 
 This is called the Dungeon, and was 
 formerly known as the Bestal (Bas- 
 tille?), which was held by Thomas 
 Stayley at the rent of one penny. 
 The Asshetons appear to have 
 held summary jurisdiction over the 
 dwellers on their lands. “ In the 
 Harleian MSS. mention is made of 
 annuities being paid to Sir Ralph, 
 with divers lordships, and a tun of 
 wine yearly. So powerful was his 
 jurisdiction, that a grant was made 
 to him to the effect that, if in cases 
 of emergency suitable persons could 
 not be procured for the trial of delin- 
 quents, his own authority should be 
 sufficient for the purpose.” — Moby. 
 Under these circumstances it is pro- 
 bable that the Bestal seldom lacked 
 an occupant, especially when the 
 lord happened to be of a tyrannical 
 nature like Sir Ralph. The Galloivs 
 Meadow , where they executed refrac- 
 tory offenders, is now occupied by 
 the goods yard of the rly. The 
 manor of Ashton is still governed 
 by a formidable list of officials, in- 
 cluding a mayor, a leet steward, 
 3 high constables, 4 assistant con- 
 stables, 12 to 24 jurymen, 12 by-- 
 law men, 2 bailiffs, 2 pounders, 3 
 afferers, an inspector of weights, 2 
 market lookers, an ale-taster, and 2 
 bellmen. 
 
 Ashton is largely dependent on 
 the cotton trade, but many thou- 
 sands of its population derive their 
 income from the iron, hat, and silk, 
 trades. Formerly wool was the staple 
 manufacture, but that has long been 
 d 2 
 
36 
 
 Route 3 . — Ashton — Limehurst . 
 
 given up. The parish contained in 
 1867 122 cotton-mills, the aggregate 
 of which employed 6833 horse-power, 
 16,770 power looms, and 2,278,000 
 spindles ; and now (1879) it is es- 
 timated that there are 3,000,000 
 spindles in use. In connection with 
 the Oxford Mills , it may be men- 
 tioned that a fine building, containing 
 Free Baths, Library, &c., has been 
 erected by the owner for the use of 
 his workpeople. 
 
 1 m. from Ashton on the Mottram 
 Road is Staley Bridge , a busy cotton 
 town, of some 35,000 inhabitants. 
 {Inn : Castle.) It was incorporated 
 in 1857, and returns one member to 
 Parliament. The river Tame di- 
 vides it, one-half being in Lanca- 
 shire, and the other in Cheshire. 
 Its principal buildings are of course 
 all modern, including a Town Hall, 
 Public Baths (the gift of Mr. Platt), 
 and 7 churches. It obtained its 
 name from the Stavley or Stayley 
 family, which intermarried with the 
 Asshetons. Robert de Staveley held 
 these lands in the time of Richard 
 III., and Thomas Assheton married 
 Margaret de Staveley, whose arms, 
 with those of her husband, were 
 placed on the steeple of Ashton- 
 under-Lyne ch. A hundred years ago 
 there were only 140 inhabitants in 
 Staley Bridge, and the first cotton- 
 mill was built in 1776, by a person 
 named Hall, who introduced ma- 
 chinery, but thereby underwent so 
 much popular odium that he was 
 forced to keep his mill regularly 
 garrisoned. At that time the village 
 only boasted one dyer, whose only 
 assistants were a couple of mastiffs, 
 whom he had trained to turn a little 
 mill in which the ingredients were 
 ground. Dukinfield (see Hdbk.for 
 Cheshire) is a suburb of this town, 
 and is included in its boundaries. 
 
 Like Ashton, Staley Bridge is well 
 supplied with conveniences of car- 
 riage, both towns having 2 inde- 
 pendent lines of rail, besides 2 or 3 
 
 canals. For a good view of the dis- 
 trict ascend Wild Bank , H m. rt. 
 (in Cheshire), which is 1300 feet in 
 height. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Ashton 
 abounds in the residences and villas 
 of manufacturers and others interested 
 in the place. There are also a few 
 old houses, such as Buckley Hall 
 (1 m. to the W.), built by Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Buckley in 1618, which, 
 though now decayed, shows some 
 old-fashioned features in its windows 
 and ornamental brickwork. Cinder- 
 land Hall , near it, was the residence 
 of the Cinderlands in the 12th 
 centy., and is fitted up internally with 
 good woodwork. At Woodhouses, a 
 hamlet to the N. of Cinderland, are 
 some old houses, called Diamond, 
 Within, and Brick Halls; and on 
 the bank of the Medlock at Water- 
 houses is an old timbered house, 
 called Woodhouse , built by Gregory 
 de Bardsley in 1422. Taunton Hall , 
 near to Ashton, of which there is 
 but little left, was the residence of 
 Thomas Claydon in the reign of 
 Henry YI. 
 
 Hurst , a large village forming a 
 suburb of Ashton, stands 1J m. N. of 
 the town. Most of the inhabitants 
 are employed by the Messrs. Whit- 
 taker, who have built a church and 
 school for their workpeople. At 
 Higher Hurst are the barracks, 
 erected in 1843 at a cost of 42,000Z. 
 
 From Ashton the journey north- 
 wards may be completed to Oldham 
 by 2 routes. The most direct is by 
 the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lin- 
 colnshire line. 2 m. on rt. is IAme 
 hurst, the estate of which was called 
 John of Jerusalem’s Land, and be- 
 longed to the Knight’s Hospitallers. 
 The tenant was compelled to bring a 
 rose on the feast of St. John the 
 Baptist, as an acknowledgment of lm 
 tenure. 
 
 8 1 m. at Parkbridge Stat. the line 
 crosses the Medlock, and there are 
 large ironworks, the property of the 
 
37 
 
 Route 3 . — Oldham 
 
 Lees family, which has resided at 
 Parkbridge for more than a cen- 
 tury. On 1. is the cotton village of 
 Bardsley , and in the grounds of 
 Bardsley House (W. Hulton Harrop, 
 Esq.) is a very large oak-tree, the 
 branches of which cover an area of 
 1360 square yards. Further on (1.) 
 is Deanshut , an old house built by 
 the Sandifords in 1611. 
 
 10£ m. Oldham Stat. 
 
 By the London and N.W. route, 
 the main line to Huddersfield and 
 Leeds, it is a more circuitous but 
 much prettier journey to Oldham. 
 Passing Staley Bridge, the line 
 follows the valley of the Tame, 
 which here divides Lancashire from 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 3 m. (from Staley Bridge) Mossley 
 Slat. The high grounds of Brown 
 Edge and Hartshead are worth 
 ascending for the sake of the view on 
 the Yorkshire Moors. On the latter 
 there is an unfinished tower or pillar, 
 intended to supply the place of an 
 older one, which fell in 1794. 
 
 To the W. of Hartshead, near the 
 farm of Twirl Hill, is the old Tythe 
 Stone , to which the farmers of the 
 district came for centuries to pay 
 their tithe to the Rector. At Knott 
 Hill is the reservoir which supplies 
 Ashton with water, containing two 
 hundred million gallons. The banks 
 are prettily laid out and planted. 
 1| m. E. of Mossley, on the hills, 
 is an old British earthwork, known 
 as Bucton Castle. From traces of a 
 Roman road running beneath it, 
 it is probable that it was sub- 
 sequently utilised as a castrum. 
 Beyond Mossley Stat. the line enters 
 Yorkshire, to 
 
 5 m. Greenfield Junc., from 
 whence the traveller goes westward 
 some 3 or 4 m. through a broken and 
 picturesque country. A tunnel is 
 passed through to 
 
 6 m. Grotton Stat. 
 
 Grotton Hall , the ancient seat of 
 the Buckley family (now represented 
 
 ; Public Buildings. 
 
 by Sir E. Buckley, Bart.), has been 
 modernised, but still retains its cen- 
 tral hall with wainscoted walls. In 
 one of the bedrooms were found a 
 suit of armour and a number of 
 swords. 
 
 6J m. Lees Stat. The adjoining 
 village of Hey is of considerable an- 
 tiquity, and there was built here, in 
 1742, a chapel of ease to Ashton 
 mother ch. 
 
 8 m. Oldham ( Inn : Albion) is one 
 of the most important of the South 
 Lancashire cotton towns, containing 
 a population of 113,000, entirely de- 
 pendent on the manufacture of fus- 
 tians, velveteens, calicoes, cotton and 
 woollen cords, &c. Formerly it was 
 celebrated for its hats, the making of 
 which is still largely carried on, 
 and it is to the munificence of Mr. 
 Henshaw, a hat-maker, that Oldham 
 is indebted for its excellent Blue- 
 coat School, and Manchester for its 
 Blind Asylum. 
 
 All the buildings in Oldham are 
 modern, and the parish ch., which is 
 Perp. in style, was rebuilt in 1829, 
 and many new chs. have recently 
 been built. 
 
 The places worth notice are the 
 Town Hall, the Lyceum, the School 
 of Science and Art, mainly esta- 
 blished by Mr. Platt, M.P., the Blue- 
 coat School , a handsome Gothic 
 building, to contain 120 boys, and 
 the Alexandra Parh , opened in 1865, 
 and partly begun as a means of 
 affording work to the distressed ope- 
 ratives during the Cotton Famine. 
 Before the Town Hall stands the 
 Platt Memorial , erected in 1878, 
 and consisting of a bronze figure of 
 John Platt, M.P., supported by 4 
 emblematical figures. A Grammar 
 School , founded in 1611 by one of 
 the Asshetons of Chadderton, is now 
 used as a bakehouse, and is the 
 oldest building in the town. Hidden 
 in the back lanes are some ves u tiges 
 of the older town ; as Bent HaU, a 
 house of the Radcliffes, and Cham - 
 
38 
 
 Route 3 . — Oldham — Milnrow < 
 
 her Hall , of the Oldhams. A house 
 in Church-lane bears the following 
 inscription : “ Nunc mei, mox hujus, 
 Sed postea nescio hujus.” 
 
 Probably no place has increased 
 faster than Oldham. A century ago 
 it was a large village, and at the 
 commencement of the present cen- 
 tury the pop. was but 12,000. The 
 collieries, which lie thickly in this 
 neighbourhood, have partly contri- 
 buted to the increase, but the cot- 
 ton trade has been the main cause. 
 Some of the finest factories in the 
 county are to be found here. Nor 
 should mention be omitted of the 
 splendid establishment of the Messrs. 
 Platt , who, as machinists, have a 
 world-wide reputation. “In 1794, 
 when the first steam-engine was 
 used here, there were only 12 mills. 
 In 1866 there were 120, containing 
 three million spiudles, with 9000 
 looms, employing upwards of 28,000 
 hands, and producing 2,780,000 lbs. 
 of yarn per week ; which is equal 
 to a consumption of one-ninth part 
 of the entire consumption of cotton 
 in Great Britain. There are now 
 (1879) 250 cotton mills, containing 
 9,000,000 spindles and 14,000 looms. 
 The cotton trade has experienced an 
 extraordinary development in this 
 town during recent years. About 
 50 new mills have been erected, 
 principally for cotton, containing 
 nearly 5,000,000 spindles, and having 
 a capital of 2,720,000Z. These mills 
 were started under the Limited 
 Liability Act ; the first was built in 
 1858, and promoted by members of 
 a Coal Co-operative Store. In 1874 
 the floating of new companies be- 
 came a mania; new and old mills 
 were launched indiscriminately, and, 
 for a time, there was great prosper- 
 ity. Shares reached their highest 
 in 1874, when 5 1, shares in the 
 Central Mill were selling at 40 1. 
 premium. In 1875 a reaction com- 
 menced, and most of these concerns 
 are contending with adverse ba- 
 lances.” 
 
 By means of the London and 
 North - Western , the Manchester, 
 Sheffield , and Lincolnshire , and the 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire systems, 
 Oldham is placed in direct com- 
 munication with Leeds, Rochdale, 
 7J m., Ashton, 9 m., and Manchester. 
 
 Continuing northwards by the 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire line, the 
 traveller arr rives at Royton Jung. 
 The village of Royton , prettily 
 situated in a deep valley, lies lj m. 
 N.W. It belonged in the 13th centy. 
 to the ancient family of the Byrons, 
 ancestors of the poet, and the Hall 
 is now the property of Sir Joseph 
 P. P. RadclifF, Bart. It is worth 
 mention, as an example of the re- 
 fined taste of many of the weaving 
 class of workmen, that there is in 
 Royton a flourishing Botanical So- 
 ciety, first established in 1794 by 
 John Mellor, a weaver. 
 
 3 m. (from Oldham) Shaw Stat. 
 The country becomes bleak and un- 
 interesting. 
 
 4J m. New Hey Stat. 
 
 5 1 m. Milnrow Stat. The ch. here 
 (rebuilt in 1869) was formerly an 
 oratory belonging to the Byrons of 
 Butterworth Hall. Milnrow, how- 
 ever, founds its reputation on being 
 the residence of John Collier, other- 
 wise known as “ Tim Bobbin,” cele- 
 brated as painter, musician, poet, and 
 village schoolmaster; and, besides 
 which, his own bookseller, often 
 carrying his works about with him, 
 sometimes glad to receive payment 
 in kind. We read in his account 
 book, “ Paid John Kenyon a book for 
 a wig ;” “ Exchanged a book of ‘ Hu- 
 man Passions/ for 3 lbs. of thread at 
 3s. per lb. ; blue tape J a yd. ; tape 
 Id. a knot ; a gross of laces.” His 
 poems are largely read and quoted in 
 the district, and are rich specimens 
 of Lancashire humour and broad ver- 
 nacular. His best is the Dialogue 
 between Tummus o’ Williams o’ Mar- 
 git’s o’ Roaph’s and Meary o’ Dick’s 
 o’ Tummy's o’ Peggy’s. “ The vil- 
 
39 
 
 Boute 4 .- — Manchester to Burnley . 
 
 lage of Milnrow lies on the ground 
 not unlike a tall tree laid length- 
 wise in a valley, by a river-side. 
 At the bridge its roots spread them- 
 selves in clots and fibres in all 
 directions, while the almost branch- 
 less trunk runs up, with a little 
 bend, above half a mile to Oldham, 
 where it again spreads out in an 
 umbrageous way at the small fold 
 called Butterworth Hall.” The late 
 Canon Raines, a well-known Lanca- 
 shire antiquary, was vicar of Miln- 
 row 46 years. 
 
 7J m. Rochdale (Rte. 4). 
 
 ROUTE 4. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO BURNLEY, BY 
 MIDDLETON, ROCHDALE, AND 
 TODMORDEN. 
 
 The traveller quits Manchester 
 by the Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 Rly.. from the Victoria Terminus, and 
 turns off at 1 J m. Miles Platting 
 Junc. with the Ashton line (Rte. 
 3), On 1. are Collyhurst Hall , an 
 old seat of the Mosleys, and Whit- 
 worth Hall , now a labourer’s cottage, 
 but once the residence of the Whit- 
 worth family. 
 
 2J m. Newton Heath Slat, for 
 Failsworth. 1 m. 1. is Harpurliey , a 
 suburb of Manchester, in which the 
 Queen’s Park is situated ; and 
 further north, on the Rochdale road, 
 is Blackley (pronounced Blakeley), 
 where is the damask-weaving fac- 
 
 tory of the Houldsworths. In old 
 times Blackley was celebrated for its 
 park, which possessed a deer-leap, 
 and was worth “ in pannage, aery 
 of eagles, herons, hawks, honey-bees, 
 mineral earths, ashes, and other 
 irones, fifty-three shillings and four 
 pence.” Blackley Hall , now de- 
 stroyed, formerly belonged to the 
 Leghs, and was celebrated for the 
 “boggart ” which tenanted it. 
 
 5| m. Middleton Junc. A branch 
 line on rt. goes to Oldham (Rte. 3), 
 which is well seen on the high 
 ground some 3 m. distant. 
 
 Just within the comer of the line, 
 on rt., stands Foxdenton Hall , the 
 seat of a branch of the Radclyfie 
 family. It is a large house of the 
 17th centy. The estate was con- 
 veyed by Margaret Chadderton to 
 her husband John Radclyfie, son of 
 John de Radclyfie, in the reign of 
 Rich. II. Sir William Radclyfie, a 
 descendant of this branch, was taken 
 prisoner by the Parliamentary forces 
 at Marston Moor, 1644 {see Rad- 
 clifie, Rte. 5). 
 
 A short branch line on 1. leads to 
 
 6 m. Middleton {Inn : Boar’s 
 
 Head), a busy little manufacturing 
 town, which, like Oldham, was a 
 mere hamlet at the close of the last 
 centy., but which, with its suburbs 
 of Rhodes and Tonge, now contains 
 a population of 20,000 dependent on 
 collieries, silk weaving, and calico 
 printing. 
 
 The country all about the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Irk is very pictu- 
 resque and broken, and especially at 
 the head of the valley at which 
 Middleton is situated. In very early 
 times the manor was attached to the 
 Honour of Clitheroe, and was held by 
 the De Lacys, Earls of Lincoln. 
 
 The family of De Middleton held 
 the manor until the reign of Ed- 
 ward II., when Agnes de Middleton 
 conveyed it to John de Barton, whose 
 descendant, Margery, brought it into 
 the Assheton family by marriage, in 
 
41 
 
 Route 4 . — Middleton : Church ; Old Hall. 
 
 the latter part of the 15th centy. 
 Soon after the death of Sir Ralph 
 Assheton, in 1716, the then repre- 
 sentative of the family, it came by 
 marriage into the possession of the 
 Lords Suffield, where it remained 
 until 1848, when (sad ending to its 
 joint descent) it was bought by 
 Messrs. Peto and Betts, in whose 
 possession it remained until the 
 dispersal of their estates by the great 
 failure of 1861. 
 
 The church , supposed to have 
 been originally founded in the reign 
 of Henry III., was partly rebuilt in 
 the 16th centy. by Richard Assheton 
 and his wife, and was further added 
 to in 1847. It consists of nave and 
 side aisles, chancel, tower, and three 
 chapels, called respectively the 
 Rector’s, Hopwood, and Assheton 
 Chapel. 
 
 There is a remnant of the old 
 Norm. ch. in the arch between the 
 nave and the tower. 
 
 The Assheton Chapel is at the 
 S.E. corner, and contains amongst 
 monuments and remnants of that 
 family some of the armour of Sir 
 Richard Assheton, which on his 
 return from Flodden he deposited 
 here and dedicated to St. Leonard, 
 the patron saint of the ch. There 
 is also a stone altar with 5 incised 
 crosses. Amongst the monuments is 
 one to Sir Ralph Assheton, com- 
 mander of the Lancashire forces (d. 
 1650), and his wife, and to Sir Ralph, 
 the last of the line (d. 1765). 
 
 The Rector’s Chapel contains a 
 stained-glass portrait of Thomas de 
 Langley, Bishop of Durham and 
 Chancellor of England, a native of 
 the parish. 
 
 The Hopwood Chapel has the 
 monuments of the Hopwoods of 
 Hopwood. The rails which shut 
 off the chapel from the remainder of 
 the ch. are of the date of Charles II. 
 Notice also the oak screen which 
 divides nave and chancel. It is of 
 9 compartments, and contains shields 
 
 of the Bartons, Asslietons, Rad- 
 clyffes, Byrons, and Stanleys. 
 
 The .ch. contains some good 
 brasses , on the N. of the chancel 
 floor, to Richard Assheton and his 
 wife, 1618 ; and on 2 supplementary 
 brasses are their 6 sons, all kneel- 
 ing, except the child in swaddling 
 clothes and the two daughters. To 
 this succeed brasses of a lady and 
 three men, one a yeoman, the other 
 two military — these represent Alice, 
 wife of John Lawrence, and her 
 subsequent husbands Richard Rad- 
 cliffe de Tower and Thomas Bothe 
 de Hackensall, 1531. In the centre 
 is an ecclesiastic— Edmund Asshe- 
 ton, Rector of Middleton in 1522. 
 In the S. of the chancel are brasses 
 to a gentleman and his wife, their 
 7 sons and 6 daughters. 
 
 There is some remarkably inter- 
 esting stained glass. That in the 
 chance] window was transferred 
 from the Rectory, known as the 
 u Old Hall,” and contains the arms 
 of the Asshetons and the families 
 with whom they have intermarried. 
 “ In the N. window is a group of 
 figures representing persons of note 
 in the neighbourhood, to whom 
 tradition has assigned the honour of 
 having led the Middleton bowmen 
 in the battle of Flodden Field — 
 though a discrepancy in the date, 
 which is 8 years antecedent to that 
 battle, seems to negative the suppo- 
 sition. In this antique group we 
 have the chaplain, Henry Taylor, 
 and the 17 warriors, all in a kneel- 
 ing posture, and each bearing on 
 his left shoulder his bow, with 
 relaxed string, while his quiver, 
 charged with arrows, is slung on 
 his back. A mutilated inscription, 
 strangely transposed in repairing 
 the window, invites the parishioners 
 to pray 4 for the good estate of Sir 
 Richard Assheton and those who 
 glazed this window, and whose arms 
 and pictures are shown above/ ” 
 
 The Rectory, or lt Old Hall ” (moder- 
 
41 
 
 Route 4 . — Middleton — Heywood Hall. 
 
 nised and lately rebuilt), still retains 
 some of the buttresses and a portion 
 of the moat, with the loop-holed wall 
 for the discharge of arrows. As late 
 as the end of the last centy. it was 
 entered by a drawbridge and a 
 bridgehouse. 
 
 Middleton possesses a good Gram- 
 mar School, founded in Queen Eliza- 
 beth’s reign by Alexander Nowell, 
 Dean of St. Paul’s, who endowed it 
 with the Manor of Upberry and 
 Rectory of Gilham in Kent. But 
 Sir Edward Hobie, who was lessee 
 of the property, diverted the rents 
 of Middleton School to his own 
 use, to prevent which the dean was 
 obliged to petition the Keeper of 
 the Great Seal. This document is 
 still preserved in the Harleian MSS. 
 
 The trade carried on at Middleton 
 embraces calicoes, nankeens, ging- 
 hams, checks, and the weaving of silk, 
 which, however, does not seem to 
 prosper. The Messrs. Schwabe have 
 very large print works at Rhodes, 
 which give employment to 1000 
 hands. 
 
 In the neighbourhood are Lang- 
 ley Hall, an old brick building — 
 Cardinal Langley was born there, 
 Bhodes House (Mrs. Schwabe), Litch- 
 ford Hall (now a school), Alkring- 
 ton Hall (W. H. James, Esq.j, 
 once the seat of the Levers, where 
 Sir Ashton Lever collected his cele- 
 brated museum, contemporary with 
 the Towneley Museum. In 1785 he 
 obtained permission to dispose of it 
 by lottery, and it was drawn by a 
 Mr. Parkinson, who, after exhibiting 
 it for some time, sold it. 
 
 Continuing northwards from Mid- 
 dleton, on rt. of the rly., is Chadder- 
 ton, a village principally tenanted 
 by handloom weavers. 
 
 Chadderton Hall was formerly the 
 property of the Traffords, one of 
 whom took the surname of Chad- 
 derton, but by marriage it subse- 
 quently passed into the hands of the 
 Radcliffes, Ashtons, and, by pur- 
 chase, to the Hortons, The old Hall 
 
 is going to decay, but lately con- 
 tained some memorials of its former 
 greatness in the portraits of the 
 Horton family and the old oak stair- 
 case of the date of Charles II. 
 
 In 1536 Lawrence Chadderton be- 
 came the first Master of Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge. So highly was 
 he esteemed for his learning that he 
 was chosen by James I. to be one of 
 the Commissioners for translating the 
 Bible. 
 
 Not far from the village is the 
 Oldham cemetery, the town of Old- 
 ham being about 2 m. distant. 
 
 A little further (on 1.) is Hopwood 
 Hall , which has been the seat of 
 that family from the 13th to the 
 18th centy., when it was devised to 
 Mr. Gregg, who assumed the sur- 
 name of Hopwood. Galfridus Hop- 
 wood is mentioned in 1441 as one 
 of the witnesses to the licence for 
 the foundation of Manchester ch. 
 The house, originally a quadrangular 
 building of the time of Henry V III., 
 has been modernised. In 1855 Hop- 
 wood was the subject of a famous 
 Lancashire will case, which ended 
 in the estate being secured to Capt. 
 Hopwood, the present owner. 
 
 8J m. Blue-pits Junc. [From 
 hence the branch to Heywood and 
 Bury is given off. Heywood , 70 
 years ago a small village of hand- 
 weavers, is now a populous manu- 
 facturing town of 10,000 inhabitants, 
 to the growth of which the family of 
 Peel contributed much, the first 
 mill that was started here being 
 built by the father of the first Sir 
 Robert. Heywood Hall (W. Roberts, 
 Esq.), an old ivy-covered house, was 
 the residence of the Heywood family. 
 Peter Heywood of this family is said 
 to have been mentioned by Lord 
 Clarendon in his ‘ Great Rebellion,’ 
 whose fortune it was to contribute 
 to the discovery of the conspirators 
 implicated in the Gunpowder Trea- 
 son, and who narrowly escaped as- 
 sassination at a subsequent period 
 
42 
 
 Route 4 . — Rochdale : Town Rail. 
 
 by the hand of a frantic Dominican 
 friar, for urging “ poor Catholics to 
 take the oath of supremacy and 
 allegiance.'’ 
 
 The scenery of the Koch, a little 
 to the N., is in many places very 
 charming, but is better visited from 
 Rochdale.] 
 
 10 J m. Rochdale ( Inn : Wellington, 
 poor), in ancient charters called 
 Racked or Reced-ham, is now a 
 busy and important town, contain- 
 ing upwards of 40,000 people actively 
 engaged in manufacturing pursuits. 
 Cottons and calicoes form a large por- 
 tion of the trade, but the proximity of 
 the Yorkshire border is shown in its 
 woollen factories, which monopolise 
 the greatest amount of industrial 
 energy. Fustians, flannels, and 
 friezes, are also made here in con- 
 siderable quantities, and a number 
 of villages in the neighbourhood 
 contribute to swell the u hands,” 
 for there is scarcely a hamlet without 
 its woollen or cotton mill. One 
 reason of this is the broken and 
 romantic nature of the ground, 
 which is watered by several boun- 
 tiful streams, affording a constant 
 water supply. 
 
 Few manufacturing towns have 
 such pretty scenery at its doors 
 as Rochdale, situated as it is on 
 steep ground above the junction of 
 the Roch with the Spodden. Toge- 
 ther with the picturesque doughs 
 and dells formed by these streams 
 there is an unusual number of old 
 houses, which have survived de- 
 struction, and which add much 
 interest to the locality. Curiously 
 enough, there is no real township of 
 Rochdale, but it is an aggregation 
 of four other townships, Castleton, 
 Spotland, Hundersfield, and Butter- 
 work. The old manor, which be- 
 longed to the Lacys, passed from 
 them to the Ellands, who held it in 
 partnership with the Saviles in the 
 14th centy. The ancient chief rents, 
 payable to the lord of the manor, 
 
 are still called “ Saville rents.” The 
 Duchy rents are called “ Rex rents,” 
 from the moiety of the manor having 
 been acquired by John of Gaunt 
 with the co-heiress of Henry Duke 
 of Lancaster. In the reign of 
 Henry VII. the manor merged in 
 the Crown, and was leased to Sir 
 John Byron, whose descendants af- 
 terwards purchased it of the Crown, 
 and held it until 1823, when they 
 sold it to the present possessors, the 
 family of Dearden. The largest por- 
 tion of the town is on the rt. or 
 N. bank of the Roch, the district tb 
 the S. being in Castleton. 
 
 The parish ch. of St. Chad is of a de- 
 based style of architecture, although 
 it possesses some ancient features in 
 its interior. It consists of nave and 
 aisles, chancel, a low tower, and a 
 chapel of the Holy Trinity at the 
 end of S.E. aisle. The nave and S. 
 aisle were rebuilt in the 16th centy., 
 and the choir is of earlier date, and 
 is lighted by a fine E. window, filled 
 with stained glass. The ch. contains 
 monuments and gravestones to the 
 families of Halliwell, Holt, Chad- 
 wick, and Walmesley, also a modern 
 tablet in memory of Sir Bertine En- 
 twistle , who was long in the service of 
 Henries V. and VI. He was present 
 at Agincourt, and eventually killed at 
 the battle of St. Albans, 1455. The 
 original inscription in brass ran thus 
 — “ Here lyeth Sir Bertine Entwisel, 
 Knight, who was bom in Lancaster- 
 shy re, and was Viscount and Baron 
 of Brybeke, in Normandy ; Bailiff of 
 Constantine, who died fighting in 
 King Henry the Sixth’s party, the 
 28th May, 1455, on whose soul Jesu 
 have mercy.” 
 
 The Town ' Hall is a fine new 
 Gothic building, erected in 1869, 
 from designs by Mr. Crossland . 
 The length of the north front is 220 
 feet, and the height of the tower 
 150 feet. There is also a handsome 
 Public Hall of Italian design. 
 
 The Free Library now (1879) pos- 
 
Route 4 . — Grammar 
 
 sesses 26,844 volumes. Among the 
 additions to the collection are several 
 of local interest from the library of 
 the late Canon Raines. 
 
 The Grammar School is a modern 
 Elizabethan building on Sparrow 
 Hill, founded by Dr. Parker, 2nd Pro- 
 testant Archbishop of Canterbury, in 
 1562. Rochdale has for many years 
 held a position of some notoriety in 
 English politics, from its association 
 with the family of Bright, which 
 owns a large cotton-mill at Field 
 House. The Rt. Hon. John Bright, 
 member for Birmingham, resides at 
 Rochdale. The town also has the 
 honour of being the first place 
 in England that started the sys- 
 tem of co-operative stores, which 
 present here an important social 
 feature, although it is doubtful 
 whether they are a financial success in 
 every case. The Equitable Pioneers 
 Soc. number nearly 7000 in their 
 ranks, and the North of England 
 Co-operative Soc. more than 32,000 ; 
 the system is extended to various 
 branches of business, such as corn- 
 mills, land and building, manufac- 
 tures, &c. The New Central Store, 
 at St. Mary’s Gate, cost 10,000Z., and 
 is worth seeing. The clothing trade 
 took root here at a very early period, 
 “ many of the Flemish emigrants in 
 the reign of Edward III. having 
 made their abode in the western part 
 of the parish, where they introduced 
 their craft as clothiers. Two centu- 
 ries afterwards, Rochdale still con- 
 tinued famous for its woollen manu- 
 factures, and the aulnager of Queen 
 Elizabeth found it necessary to em- 
 ploy a deputy here for the stamping 
 of woollen cloth, under the authority 
 of the Act passed in 1566.” A large 
 trade too arises from collieries, be- 
 sides quarries of stone and flags in 
 the neighbourhood ; and facilities of 
 traffic are given by rail into York- 
 shire, Manchester, Bury, Bolton, and 
 N. Lancashire ; the Rochdale Canal, 
 too, connects Manchester with the 
 
 School ; Clegg Hall. 43 
 
 Calder navigation at Sowerby Bridge, 
 near Halifax. 
 
 The immediate neighbourhood of 
 Rochdale is exceedingly picturesque 
 and interesting. To the S., on the 
 Manchester road, is Castleton — a 
 lofty mound and fosse being all that 
 is left of the old castle ; but a portion 
 of the valley below is called Kil- 
 danes, from the traditionary story of 
 a number of Danish invaders having 
 been destroyed here. The date of the 
 castle must have been very far back, 
 for the Domesday Survey does not 
 mention even its foundations. Near 
 it are Castle Mere (Miss Leigh), and 
 Castleton Hall (J. Leach, Esq.), the 
 old mansion of the Holts of Stubley. 
 The house having become ruinous, 
 Robert Holt rebuilt some part of it 
 about 1630, and in 1717 it was 
 enlarged by Samuel Chetham, Esq., 
 who married the co-heiress of the 
 last Holt. Inside is some tapestry, 
 and some stained-glass windows, with 
 the arms of the Holts, and Stanley, 
 Earl of Derby. 
 
 Foxholes , in the Wardleworth dis- 
 trict (N.E. of the town), is the seat 
 of the Entwisles, a member of 
 which family was the Sir Bertine to 
 whom the tablet is erected in the 
 ch. Buckley Hall (Mrs. Schofield) 
 is a modern house erected close to 
 the scanty remains of the old hall, 
 the seat of Geoffrey de Buckley, who 
 fell in the battle of Evesham in the 
 reign of Henry III. One of this 
 family, Captain Buckley, fought a 
 duel in 1722 with Major Crooke, in 
 which the latter was killed, and the 
 former found guilty of manslaughter. 
 Near Buckley are Hamer Hall , now 
 modernised, but in Edward IV.’ s 
 reign the seat of the Plamers or 
 Heymers, and Howarth or Howard l 
 Hall, from whence is said to have 
 sprung the original stock of the 
 noble family of Howard. 
 
 2J m. to the N.E. of the town, on 
 the banks of the canal, is Clegg Hall , 
 now an ale-house, but still bearing 
 traces of once having been a fine 
 
44 
 
 Route 4 . — Beljield 
 
 mansion, built in the 17th centy. by 
 Theophilus Ashton. The original 
 Clegg Hall was an old timbered 
 house erected by Beunulf and Que- 
 nilda Clegg, in the reign of Stephen. 
 The present house was the scene 
 of most extraordinary disturbances 
 caused by a “ boggart” called “No- 
 man,” and the notoriety thus gained 
 extended to the whole neighbour- 
 hood till of late years. Beyond Clegg, 
 and near to Littleborough, is Stub- 
 ley , the old mansion of the Holts, 
 but it was abandoned when they 
 migrated to Castleton, in the early 
 part of the 17th centy. Stubley 
 new Hall adjoins the old mansion. 
 
 Beljield Hall , near Milnrow, formed 
 part of the possessions of the Knights 
 of St. John of Jerusalem, and came 
 by devise in 1728 from the Butter- 
 worths to the Townleys. Some re- 
 mains of the old quadrangular court 
 are still to be seen. 
 
 On the road to Bacup, 2 m., is 
 Healey Hall (R. L. Tweedale, Esq.), 
 formerly the seat of the Chadwicks, 
 a branch of the Chadwicks of Chad- 
 wick. The present house was built 
 in 1788 by John Chadwick, in lieu of 
 a house, erected by Oliver Chadwick 
 in 1620. “ In the remote hamlet of 
 Healey (signifying ‘ high pasture ’ ) 
 dwelt a family, probably of Saxon 
 origin, whose name, De Healey, 
 from their place of residence, had 
 in all likelihood been assumed soon 
 after the Norman conquest. Their 
 descendants of the same name con- 
 tinued to reside here until the reign 
 of Edward III., holding their lands 
 as Abbey lands, under the Abbot of 
 Stanlaw in the reign of Henry II., 
 and subsequently under the Abbot 
 of Whalley from the year 1296. In 
 1483 John Chadwyke married Alice, 
 eldest daughter and co-heir of Adam 
 Okeden, of Healey, and in his right 
 settled at the mansion of Healey 
 Hall, then a large unsightly struc- 
 ture of wood and plaster, built ac- 
 cording to the fashion of those days.” 
 
 Hall — Whitworth . 
 
 — Boby. The valley of the Spodden , 
 overlooking the 1. bank of which is 
 Healey Hall, is charmingly pic- 
 turesque, even more so than that of 
 the Roch — 
 
 “First Roch, a dainty rill, from Rochdale 
 her dear dame, 
 
 Who, honor'd with the half of her stem 
 mother’s name, 
 
 Growes proud, yet glad herselfe into my 
 banks to get, 
 
 Which Spodden from her springs, a pretty 
 rivulet 
 
 As her attendant, brings.” — Drayton. 
 
 and at this particular spot it runs 
 through a narrow wooded glen called 
 the “ Thrutch ” or Thrust, signify- 
 ing a deep channel in the rocks. 
 In this Thrutch are curious rocks, 
 worn into circular basins by the 
 action of the stream ; hence another 
 name for it is the “Fairie’s Chapel.” 
 The whole course of the Spodden is 
 very pretty, and may be seen in a walk 
 from Rochdale to Bacup, 7 m. 
 
 la m. beyond Healey is Ihe village 
 of Whitworth , the ch. of which is 
 cruciform. A local celebrity is at- 
 tached to this place, from its being 
 the residence of the “Whitworth 
 Doctors,” a family which, without 
 possessing any education or qualifica- 
 tion for surgical practice, has attained 
 an extraordinary reputation for bone* 
 setting. “ For three generations 
 they have exercised their skill in 
 their native village, and right re- 
 verend prelates have been found in 
 the crowd which proceeded to this 
 modern Bethesda. The practice of 
 the Whitworth Doctors has been 
 comprehensive enough to embrace 
 dogs, horses, and men; the setting 
 of fractured limbs is now their forte, 
 but they are also famed for the cure 
 of cancerous complaints, scrofula, 
 and tumours of the joint, popularly 
 called white-swellings, which is prin- 
 cipally effected by the agency of a 
 powerful caustic application, bearing 
 the appropriate name of ‘ keen.’ ” 
 
 On the Bury road, 3J m., is Wol - 
 stenholme Hall, now a modern gabled 
 house, but once the residence of the 
 
Boute 4 . — Knoll Kill — bteanor Bottom . 
 
 45 
 
 De Wolstenholmes, from the 12th 
 to the 17th centy. It is said that 
 a custom still exists of the coun- 
 try people meeting at Knoll Hill , 
 
 1 m. to the N., on the first Sunday 
 in May, and drinking congratulatory 
 bumpers in the spring water, on 
 account of the winter having passed. 
 
 [The Bury road should be followed 
 for the sake of the scenery of the 
 Roch. } m. Oakenrod Hall (A. H. 
 Royds, Esq.), an old mansion once 
 the seat of the Gartsides. 1 m. Roch 
 Bank (R. .T. Heape, Esq.). Chadwick 
 Hall , the residence of the De Chad- 
 wykes, from the time of Edward III. 
 to 1722. 2 m. The Roch here runs 
 
 in a narrow glen, with steep wooded 
 banks, known as Tyrone's Bed , from 
 a legend that the Earl of Tyrone, 
 the great Irish leader in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, was in the habit of fre- 
 quenting the glen as a place of con- 
 cealment. An old mansion of the 
 Holts, by name Grizlehurst, existed 
 at that time, and it is said that the 
 Earl formed a clandestine attach- 
 ment to Constance Holt, the daughter 
 of the house. This tale forms one 
 of Roby’s 4 Traditions of Lancashire.’ 
 Crimhle is the residence of Mrs. Fen- 
 ton, widow of J. Fenton, Esq., M.P. 
 
 At Hooley Bridge , 3 m., the Naden 
 joins the Roch after flowing through 
 a very picturesque dingle. On the 
 S. bank of the river is Hey wood 
 Hall (p. 41), and overlooking the 
 Naden is Bamford Hall , a modern 
 house (J. Fenton, Esq.), but for- 
 merly the seat of the Bamfords, from 
 the reign of Henry III. to the pre- 
 sent century. 
 
 m. Bury (Rte. 5).] 
 
 Elys, from Rochdale to Manches- 
 ter, 10£ m. ; Oldham, 7J ; Todmor- 
 den, 8 ; Burnley, 17^ ; Bury, 6 ; 
 Heywood, 3 ; Bolton, 12 m. 
 
 Continuing northwards, the rly. 
 reaches 
 
 18J m. Littleborough Stat. A short 
 distance on the rt. is Hollingworth 
 Lake , the great holiday resort of 
 
 excursion parties from the factory 
 towns, for whose accommodation good 
 hotels have been built, surrounded 
 by pleasure grounds, and containing 
 the usual paraphernalia of boats and 
 other amusements. The botanist 
 will find here, and on the adjoining 
 hills, LittoreUa lacustris , Campanula 
 hederacea, Anagallis tenella, Parmelia 
 saxatilis , Atricum laxi folium, &c. 
 Littleborough is a pretty little vil- 
 lage at the foot of Blackstone Edge, 
 and at the entrance of the gorge of 
 the Calder, that forms one of the 
 principal passes into Yorkshire. 
 
 The church is a small building of 
 debased style, and contains a stained- 
 glass window, which was brought 
 from Stubley Hall. The pedestrian 
 should ascend Blackstone Edge , a fine 
 precipitous escarped hill on the rt., 
 on the crest of which runs the York- 
 shire and Lancashire boundary. A 
 road strikes up it from Littleborough 
 to Sowerby Bridge, but the steepest 
 part is breasted by a Roman road. 
 From the summit the visitor obtains 
 on a clear day a magnificent view, 
 extending to the Irish Sea and the 
 Welsh mountains, while the whole 
 district in the neighbourhood is wild 
 and broken. On the return to Little- 
 borough, pass Pike House , an old seat 
 of the Halliwells, who resided here 
 in the time of Elizabeth, and now 
 occupied by their representative, Mrs. 
 Halliwell, Beswicke, Royds. 
 
 The rly. soon enters the defile, 
 and attains its summit level at Cal- 
 derbrook, where there is a tunnel 
 2860 yards in length. Close to the 
 summitl evel of the canal at Steanor 
 Bottom is a curious old house with an 
 elaborate carving and the following 
 inscription running along its whole 
 length : — 
 
 “NOMANON BY MANY 
 
 EARTHCANTE STROKES THE 
 
 LLTHETORMENT WORK IS DONE 
 
 THATSINEL 
 
 1700 
 
 THAT COVLD 
 NOT BE PER 
 FORMD BY ONE * s 
 
46 
 
 Route 4 . — Todmorden — Holme . 
 
 The admirer of rock scenery is ad- 
 vised to walk from Littleborough to 
 Todmorden, 5 m.; for which he will 
 he amply repaid. The valley on 
 the rt. is bounded by a series of es- 
 carpments, locally called “edges,” 
 such as Blackstone Edge, Light 
 Lazzles Edge, Stoney and Longfield 
 Edges, on the summits of which 
 is a series of reservoirs communi- 
 cating with one another, and feeding 
 tlie Rochdale Canal. The bottom of 
 the glen is occupied by the rlv., the 
 road, the canal, and the river. 
 
 18 J m. Todmorden Junc. The town 
 of Todmorden (Inn: Queen’s), an- 
 ciently called Todmaredene (—the 
 valley of Foxmere), is most charm- 
 ingly situated on the banks of the 
 Calder, and at the junction of 3 val- 
 leys which are shut in by hills of 
 considerable height. The small old 
 ch. of St. Mary is parochial, and 
 still used for divine service. A new 
 one, called Christ Church , has been 
 built. It will be remembered in 
 connection with a terrible tragedy, 
 in which the vicar and his wife were 
 murdered by a jealous factory hand. 
 Todmorden is entirely dependent on 
 the manufacture of fustians, satteens, 
 &c. It stands partly in Yorkshire and 
 partly in Lancashire, and near the 
 j unction of 4 townships, whose united 
 population, amounting to 16,830, 
 has doubled in 40 years. The Water- 
 side Cotton Mills of the Fielden family 
 are amongst the largest in the king- 
 dom. They are flanked on either side 
 by a weaving shop, a room measuring 
 100 yards by 60 yards, lighted from 
 above by skylights, and filled with 
 900 or 1000 pair of looms, placed as 
 close together as is possible to allow 
 passage for the 500 hands who at- 
 tend to them. A bronze statue of 
 John Fielden, Esq., M.P., by Foley , 
 has been erected in the town. Stan- 
 field Hall (Thomas Fielden, Esq.) 
 lies on the slope of the hill over- 
 looking the town. It was probably 
 built about the time of Henry VII., 
 
 but is much altered and modernised. 
 Todmorden Hall , the seat of the 
 Radclytfes in the 15th and 17th 
 centuries, is an interesting gabled 
 house containing some painted glass 
 and a carved oak mantel-piece, with 
 the arms of the Radclytfes, 1603. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Todmorden 
 is full of beautiful and romantic 
 scenery. On Stoodley Hill , to the 
 E., is an obelisk erected to comme- 
 morate the termination of the Penin- 
 sular War. At the breaking out of 
 the Crimean War, it tumbled down, 
 but has since been rebuilt. 
 
 The main line, which turns off to 
 the rt., runs to Sowerby Bridge, Hali- 
 fax, and Leeds, while the branch to 
 Burnley keeps sharp to the N.W., 
 ascending the Vale of Calder, and 
 passing 1 . Scaii cliff (Mrs. Crossley). 
 
 At Knot's Mill , near Scaitcliff, is 
 a remarkable rock, towering above 
 the valley. It is referred to in 
 Roby’s ‘ Lancashire Witches.’ 
 
 21 J m. Portsmouth Stat. The Ir- 
 well rises in the hills on the 1. to- 
 wards Bacup, about 2 m. distant. 
 Portsmouth House (J. Green, Esq.). 
 
 23J m. Holme Stat. The ch. con- 
 tains a memorial window and vault 
 of the Whitaker family, two of whose 
 most celebrated members were Hr. 
 Whitaker, the antiquary and histo- 
 rian of Whalley Abbey ; and his pre- 
 decessor and namesake, Hr. William 
 Whitaker, Master of St. John’s Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Hivinity in 1579. He was 
 a strong Calvinist, and of rather in- 
 tolerant views, though Bishop Hall 
 calls him “ the honour of our schools 
 and the angel of our church, than 
 whom our age saw nothing more 
 memorable.” The Holme (T. H. 
 Whitaker, Esq.), which lies to the 
 rt. of the rly., has been the re- 
 sidence of this family since 1431. 
 The house is built of wood, and has 
 preserved most of its ancient cha- 
 racteristics by judicious alterations. 
 
47 
 
 'Route 4 . — Hohne — Towneley. 
 
 Even up to 1717 the W. wing re- 
 mained in its original state, and 
 was noted for the number of hiding 
 places it contained for priests. 
 Great improvements were made in 
 the last centy. by planting, nearly 
 half a million of trees having been 
 planted by the then owner. Op- 
 posite the Holme is Thievely Pike, 
 whose rocky edges are locally known 
 as “Thievely Skirts.’’ The whole 
 district is remarkable for its rocky 
 and stony character, from which 
 it obtained the Anglo-Saxon name 
 of Cliviger — “ a rocky place.” It 
 gives rise to the Irwell and to 
 both the Calders, which, springing 
 from the same marsh, flow in oppo- 
 site directions, and fall into different 
 seas. Between Portsmouth and 
 Holme the scenery is rugged and 
 broken, the steep “ doughs ” in 
 rainy weather being occupied by 
 waterfalls of very respectable dimen- 
 sions. The chief of these ravines 
 are (going west) Red water Clough, 
 Beater Clough, Ratten Clough, 
 EaiTs Bower, and Dodbottom Gully. 
 The antiquary should ascend the 
 hills above Holme House, and cross 
 the Moor to the Long Causeway , a 
 mountain-road between Burnley and 
 Mytholm Bridge. A succession of 
 stones inscribed with crosses marks 
 the way, and are named Stiperden, 
 Duke s, Maiden, and Stump Crosses. 
 The Long Causeway was the road 
 by which the Lacies travelled in 
 their progresses from Pontefract to 
 Clitheroe and Lancaster. The pe- 
 destrian can proceed thus to Burn- 
 ley, passing Ormerod House (Rev. W. 
 Thursby). The house was erected 
 at the latter end of the 16th centy., 
 and has the names of the founder, 
 Lawrence Ormerod, and his wife 
 carved upon it. It descended to 
 Col. Hargreaves, through the sole 
 daughter of that famdy ; and his co- 
 heiress married the Rev. W. Thursby. 
 Close to and on the E. side of Ormerod 
 is Hurst Wood, an old house belong- 
 ing to the Towneleys, who married 
 
 into the Ormerod family ; and ad- 
 joining it is ‘ Spenser's House * where 
 the poet is said to have retired when 
 he left Cambridge, and to have 
 written * The Shepheardes Calendar/ 
 The rly. continues its course up 
 the valley, passing rt. Bar croft, an 
 old house of the 16th centy., now 
 belonging to the Towneleys ; and 
 the beautiful park of Towneley , a 
 fine old house with wings and towers. 
 It was once quadrangular, and the 
 N.E. side contained the chapel, 
 gateway, sacristy, and library, the 
 work of Sir J. Towneley (temp. 
 Henry VII.). On the S.W. is the 
 hall, and a west wing was added 
 by the present owner. The inte- 
 rior contains a number of family 
 portraits, including one of Richard 
 Towneley, 1598, who was so long a 
 wanderer in foreign countries that, 
 on his return, he was recognised only 
 by his dog; Christopher Towneley, 
 the antiquary, 1608 ,* Charles Towne- 
 ley, slain at Marston Moor ; and C. 
 Towneley, the collector of the cele- 
 brated marbles which are now in 
 the British Museum, and known as 
 the Towneley Collection, for which 
 20,0001. was paid. “ In this collection 
 there is not a single statue, bust, or 
 basso-relievo, which does not rise far 
 above mediocrity ; and with the ex- 
 ception of some seven or eight sub- 
 jects beyond the hope or possibility 
 of present attainment, it certainly 
 contains the finest specimens of an- 
 cient art yet remaining in the world.” 
 The vestments of the chapel are 
 said to have been brought from 
 Whalley Abbey. The Towneleys 
 claim to have been settled here since 
 the time of Alfred. During the 
 Civil Wars they were staunch Royal- 
 ists, Charles Towneley, the head of 
 the family in 1644, having been 
 killed in the battle of Marston Moor. 
 
 26J m. Towneley Stat ., overlooking 
 the park, and the town of 
 
 27 m. Burnley (Inn: Bull, bad). 
 (Rte. 8.) 
 
48 
 
 Route 5 . — Manchester to Accrington. 
 
 ROUTE 5, 
 
 MANCHESTER TO ACCRINGTON, BY 
 BURY AND HASLINGDEN. 
 
 The traveller leaves Manchester by 
 the Victoria Terminus (Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire system), the rly. 
 parting company with the Liverpool 
 line immediately after crossing the 
 bridge over the Irwell. 
 
 J m. Salford Stat. was for many 
 years the Manchester terminus. 
 
 2^ m. Pendleton Stat The Peel 
 Park is a little on the rt. Emerging 
 from the cuttings, exceedingly pretty 
 views are gained of the wooded 
 heights of Broughton, Kersal Moor, 
 Prestwich Ch., and the windings of 
 the Irwell. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Pendleton 
 on the 1. is a favourite one for resi- 
 dential purposes, and particularly in 
 the prettily wooded district between 
 Eccles and Swinton Park. Amongst 
 the seats here are Hope Hall (for- 
 merly the residence of Sir E. Armi- 
 tage), described as an ancient house 
 in 1595, but rebuilt ; Acresfield (Miss 
 Heywood) ; Claremont (Oliver Hey- 
 wood, Esq.), &e. 
 
 1J m. from Pendleton, on the 
 Bolton road, is the village of Pendle- 
 bury , and Pendlebury House. The 
 Ch. of St. Augustine is worth a 
 visit. It is of Geometric Gothic, 
 built from designs by Bodeley, and 
 is filled with some of the finest spe- 
 cimens of modern glass by Burlison 
 and Grylls. Still further is 
 
 Swinton , where is the fine range 
 of buildings of the Industrial 
 Schools, opened in 1816, affording 
 accommodation for nearly 1000 
 children. Close to the rly., be- 
 yond Pendlebury on 1., is Ageeroft 
 Hall, an interesting old wood-and- 
 plaster hall of the reign of Elizabeth. 
 It is quadrangular, and is entered 
 by an archway into a courtyard. 
 Notice the fine oriel timber window 
 with its richly carved bracket. 
 In the interior is much good wood- 
 work, and some stained glass with 
 the arms of the Langleys and John 
 o’ Gaunt. The Langleys were its 
 original possessors, and it passed 
 from them in 1561 to the family of 
 Dauntesey, and is now the residence 
 of Mrs. Foxton. At the bottom of 
 the hill the Irwell is crossed by 
 Ageeroft Bridge, which leads to 
 Kersal Moor. It is mentioned by 
 Leland, who speaks of it as a “Bridge 
 veri long and greate of tymbre on 
 Irwel.” The Manchester racecourse 
 used to be in this neighbourhood, 
 but is now at Cross Lane, Salford. 
 On the opposite side of the river 
 is Kersal Cell, the old seat of the 
 Byroms, occupied, till her death, 
 by their descendant, Miss Atherton ; 
 and a little higher up the stream is 
 Irwell Park, the property of the 
 descendants of the late Thomas 
 Drinkwater, Esq. The course of 
 the river through this valley is 
 one of considerable beauty, even 
 though its waters are none of the 
 clearest. That this defilement is of 
 no very modem date is shown by 
 the MSS. notes of Mr. Rasbotham, 
 made in 1786, who says, “ The river 
 hath trout, shoulders, chubs, dace, 
 gudgeons, and eels. Salmon came 
 up it before the establishment of the 
 fishery at Warrington, higher than 
 this township ; but there is no such 
 thing experienced at present.” 
 
 At 4J m. rt. Clifton Junc. the 
 Bolton line turns off to the 1. The 
 tourist will perceive by the long 
 
49 
 
 Route 5 . — Rhodes — Radcliffe. 
 
 trains of coal trucks and the numerous 
 chimneys and winding engines, that 
 he is traversing the Lancashire coal- 
 field. The district between Man- 
 chester, Bolton, and Bury, contains 
 some splendid coal seams, the prin- 
 cipal of which are the Worsley, 4 ft., 
 the Trencher Bone coal, the Cannel 
 mine aud the Arley mine, all 
 of which have yielded to the geo- 
 logist a large quantity of fossil 
 fishes (see Introduction). Mr. Bin- 
 ney, of Manchester, has been and 
 still is a most active scientific 
 labourer in this direction. Clifton 
 Hall. At Woodgate, a little higher 
 up, Ainsworth, of Latin dictionary 
 renown, was born. 
 
 The rly. to Bury now crosses the 
 Irwell and the Bolton Canal, leaving 
 on rt. The Fark (R. N. Philips, Esq.). 
 
 On the 1. of the rly. and on the 
 bank of the river is Rhodes farm, 
 of which a curious story is told 
 in Watson’s MSS. : — “ Rhodes, of 
 Rhodes, leaving his estate, and it 
 being land of inheritance, and lying 
 within the manor of Pitkin gton, 
 then belonging to Sir John Pil- 
 kington, the knight, desirous of 
 purchasing the estate, applied to 
 Rhodes ; but he, being unwilling to 
 part with it, refused to sell. The 
 estate is of considerable length, and 
 is bounded by the river Irwell for 
 more than a mile, and at the ex- 
 tremity of the land stood a cow- 
 house, of which Rhodes made use as 
 a shelter for young cattle during 
 the winter, but at other times it 
 was disused. Into this building, it 
 is said, Sir John ordered some of his 
 own cattle to be put and locked 
 them up there, giving out that they 
 were stolen, and offered a reward 
 accordingly. Some time passed be- 
 fore the cattle were found. At 
 length, as had been concerted, some 
 of Sir John’s people found them in 
 the cow-house, and proceedings in 
 law were commenced immediately 
 against Rhodes for this pretended 
 robbery, against which he defended 
 [ Lancashire .] 
 
 himself; but the fact of the cattle 
 having been locked up in his build- 
 ing being notorious, and the pre- 
 sumption of his being privy, if not 
 a principal to the concealment, was 
 evidence so strong against Rhodes 
 that he was obliged to come upon 
 terms with Sir John, which caused 
 the loss of his inheritance. Sir J ohn 
 afterwards forfeited the manor of 
 Pilkington ; this, in those days, was 
 called a just j udgment, and believed 
 to be inflicted upon him for the above 
 treachery.” Close to Rhodes is 
 Molyneux , once the residence of the 
 Mullineux family. 
 
 5J m. Molyneux Brow Slat. 
 
 7 m. Ringley Road Stat. 
 
 8 m. Radcliffe Bridge Stat., where 
 the Irwell, which makes a con- 
 siderable detour to the W., is 
 crossed again by the rly., and also 
 by a turnpike-road bridge of 3 arches. 
 To the rt. and on the N. bank of 
 the river is the ancient village of 
 Radcliffe, so called in Saxon from 
 the red rock or cliff* which overhangs 
 the Irwell just below its confluence 
 with the Roch. In Saxon times 
 Edward the Confessor held Rad- 
 cliffe, and bestowed it on Roger de 
 Poictou, who forfeited it soon after 
 the Domesday Survey. It then re- 
 mained with the Crown till Stephen’s 
 reign, when it was given to Ranulph 
 de Gernons, Earl of Chester. In 
 the reign of Henry II. we first hear 
 of a De Radeclive, and for many 
 generations that family played an 
 important part in Lancashire his- 
 tory, Sir Richard de Radcliffe being 
 seneschal and minister of the Royal 
 Forests of Blackburnshire, Of his 
 two sons, Sir John, the younger, was 
 the ancestor of the Radclyffes of 
 Foxdenton (Rte. 3), while from Sir 
 William, the 'elder, usually styled 
 the “ Great William,” descended the 
 Barons of Fitz waiter and Earls of 
 Sussex. Sir John was himself 
 known as knight of Ordshall, from 
 having his estate there ; and one of 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 Route 5 . — Radcliffe : Church . 
 
 his successors, also Sir John Rad- 
 elyffe of Ordshall, lost five sons in 
 different battles within two years, 
 1598-99. In the same year, too, his 
 daughter, a maid of honour to Queen 
 Elizabeth, died of grief for loss of 
 her brothers. Of the family of Rad- 
 clyffe was the unfortunate Earl 
 of Derwent water, whose title and 
 life were forfeited through his ad- 
 herence to the Stuart cause. 
 
 “ An unbroken male descent far a 
 period nearly coeval with, if not 
 previous to, the Conquest — their inter- 
 marryings with some of the noblest 
 families of England— their deeds of 
 valour on the battle-field, their wis- 
 dom in the council chamber, suffi- 
 ciently attest their antiquity and 
 importance — whilst the mere record 
 of their dignities proves the high 
 rank they enjoyed. The house of 
 Radclyffe produced 14 Earls, 1 Vis- 
 count, 5 Barons, 7 Knights of the 
 Garter, 1 Lord Deputy of Ireland, 
 2 Ambassadors, several Bannerets 
 and Knights of the Bath, along with 
 many Privy Councillors, warriors, 
 and statesmen.” — Burke. In Henry 
 IV. ’s reign, James Radclyffe had 
 permission to enclose his manor 
 house of Radclyffe, 44 and those 
 walls, hall, and towers so made, to 
 krennel and embattle.” It is now in 
 ruins ; but even in decay shows 
 traces of strong masonry. Only the 
 lower story is left, a sycamore tree 
 used to occupy the place of the others. 
 The old hall adjoining the tower, of 
 brick and timber, has been taken 
 down to make room for a row of 
 modern cottages. 
 
 Radclyffe possesses to this day the 
 tradition of a terrible tragedy, which 
 is told in Percy's Reliques. One Sir 
 William de Radclyffe had a very 
 beautiful daughter, whose mother 
 died in giving her birth. He mar- 
 ried again, and the stepmother con- 
 ceived a violent hatred to the girl, 
 whom she sent one day, when Sir 
 William was out hunting, into the 
 kitchen, with a message to the cook 
 
 that he must dress the white doe. 
 The cook professed ignorance of the 
 particular white doe he was to dress, 
 and asserted that he was ordered to 
 kill the daughter, which he did, and 
 made her into a pie. When Sir 
 William came home, he asked for 
 his daughter, and the wife declared 
 that she had gone into a nunnery. 
 Whereupon the scullion boy de- 
 nounced the stepmother, and warned 
 Sir William against eating the pie. 
 The cruel woman was burnt, and 
 the cook was condemned to stand in 
 boiling lead, but the scullion boy 
 was made heir to Sir William's pos- 
 sessions. The story is told in a 
 ballad in the Pepys' collection called, 
 
 4 The Lady Isabella’s Tragedy ; or, 
 the Stepmother’s Cruelty ; ’ but by 
 other antiquaries, such as Roby and 
 Baines, and in the Lancashire bal- 
 lads, it is called 4 Fair Ellen of 
 Radcliffe.’ It is most graphically 
 told : — 
 
 “ She strayhte into the kitchen went 
 Her message for to tell : 
 
 And then she spied the master cook 
 Who did with malice swell. 
 
 ‘ Nowe, master cooke, it must he soe, 
 
 Do that which 1 thee tell ; 
 y ou needs must dress the milk-white doe 
 Which you do knowe full well/ 
 
 Then stray ht his cruel, bloody hands , 
 
 He on the ladye laid, 
 
 Who quivering and ghastly stands, 
 While thus to her he say’d, 
 
 ‘ Thou art the doe that I must dress, , 
 
 See here, behold, my knife ; 
 
 For it is pointed, presentli 
 To ridd thee of thy life.’ 
 
 0 then, cryed out the scullion boye, 
 
 As loud as loud might be, 
 
 * Q save her life, good master cook, 
 
 And make your pyes of me/ ** 
 
 Radcliffe Ch. is of Norm, date, 
 coeval with the building of the 
 tower. It is cruciform, and consists 
 of nave with aisles, N. and S. tran- 
 septs, chancel, and tower. The N. 
 transept and chancel are of modern 
 date, but the S. transept, called the 
 “Sun” chapel or chantry, is of the 
 date of the 13th centy. In the in- 
 terior are some good modern memo- 
 
51 
 
 . Route 5 . — Prestwick — Bury. 
 
 rial windows of stained glass. The 
 subjects are the arms of Radclytfe, 
 with the head of a queen; another 
 has the head of a king, which may be 
 a portrait of Edward III. ; on another 
 window on the W. is a painting of 
 St. John the Evangelist. The monu- 
 ment of James de Radclytfe and his 
 lady, which was of alabaster, has 
 unfortunately disappeared, owing in 
 a great measure to the excessive 
 veneration with which the people 
 regarded it, which prompted them 
 to break off bits, that they might 
 keep them as amulets. The ch. was 
 restored and enlarged in 1873. 
 
 Near Radcliffe Bridge is St 
 Thomas's Ch. It was, originally, in 
 the form of an eastern pagoda, but 
 has recently been replaced by a new 
 ch. 
 
 Soon after leaving Radcliffe, the 
 Irwell is once more crossed, and the 
 visitor arrives at 
 
 10 1 m. Bury Stat. 
 
 [Bury may also be reached from 
 Manchester by omnibus, which starts 
 every half-hour from Hanging Ditch" 
 and Hyde’s Cross. It follows the 
 road to Broughton, passing the As- 
 size Courts, and through a succession 
 of villas and residences, which be- 
 come larger and more ambitious the 
 further they are from Manchester. 
 A railway to Manchester taking 
 much the same route is completed. 
 
 4J m. Prestwich. The eh., of 
 New Red sandstone, overlooking the 
 Irwell, consists of nave, side aisles, 
 chancel, and chapels at the end of the 
 aisles called the Wilton and Lever 
 chapels. The parish of Prestwich 
 is of great extent, being at least 
 15 m. in length, and embracing the 
 town of Oldham, which was formed 
 into a chapelry of this parish in the 
 reign of Edward III. “ The popu- 
 lation and wealth of the neighbour- 
 hood increased so fast as to induce 
 the papal nuncio in 1465 to esta- 
 blish in Manchester a sale of 
 indulgences.*’ The Rectory is now 
 
 a modern house, but the old one, 
 taken down in 1840, was the 
 residence of successive rectors from 
 1485. It was always called the 
 Deyne (Saxon, “ den w ) from its 
 position at the edge of a small 
 dough or valley. A little to the rt. 
 of the village is Heaton Hall , the 
 beautiful seat of the Earl of Wilton. 
 The house, from designs by Wyatt, 
 has an Ionic portico, and is placed 
 in a finely wooded park, 5 m. in 
 circumference. Heaton originally 
 belonged to the Langleys and the 
 Hollands, from whom it passed by 
 marriage to the family of Egerton, 
 one of whom, Sir Thomas Grey 
 Egerton, was created Baron Grey de 
 Wilton in 1784, and Earl of Wilton 
 in 1801. 
 
 The County Lunatic Asylum is 
 situated at Prestwich. 
 
 6 m. at Whitefield or Stand there 
 is a handsome modern ch. of the 
 date of the 14th centy. “ The old 
 hall of the Pilkingtons at Stand, 
 forming the Stand in the park, 
 from whence the place derives its 
 name, and which, according to tra- 
 dition, was originally a story 
 higher than at present, with a flat 
 roof, for the purpose of witnessing 
 the hunting below, is still existing, 
 and near it is a large barn, erected 
 from the remains of a neighbour- 
 ing chapel, which contains some 
 curiously carved oak principals, still 
 in good preservation. The roof of 
 the barn, which is also of ancient 
 carved oak, exactly resembles the 
 roof of the S. aisle of Prestwich ch” 
 — Baines . At Blackford Bridge the 
 road crosses the Roch, and passes 
 the old house of Starhies. Redvales 
 is another old mansion, of the date 
 of 1628.] 
 
 8 m. Bury ( Hotel : DerbjO is a 
 busy manufacturing town of con- 
 siderably over 30,000 inhabitants, 
 though in 1793 it did not contain 
 3000. Nevertheless, it is by no 
 e 2 
 
Route 5 . — Bury — Walmesley. 
 
 52 
 
 means a modern town, for it is men- 
 tioned as having been held by the 
 Lacies soon after the Conquest, toge- 
 ther with the lordship of Black- 
 burnshire. 
 
 Leland, too, speaks of it as “ Byri 
 on Irwell, iv or v miles from Man- 
 chestre, but a poore market. There 
 is a ruine of a castel by the paroch 
 chirch yn the towne.” Even the 
 ruins of this castle have disappeared, 
 and on its site a Volunteer armoury 
 has arisen. Remains, however, have 
 frequently been dug up, and the 
 foundations have been traced. The 
 church , the rebuilding of which was 
 completed in 1876, is now one of 
 the finest in the county. The tower 
 and spire are as they were built in 
 1843. There is a R. C. ch. here, 
 with an exquisite lantern tower by 
 Pugin. At the back of the ch. is a 
 steep and rather precipitous descent, 
 at the foot of which the Irwell is 
 said to have flowed, previous to the 
 diversion of its course Other mo- 
 dern buildings are the Town Hall 
 and Athenaeum, forming part of a 
 handsome block adjoining the Derby 
 Hotel, to the erection of which the 
 Earl of Derby, as chief landowner, 
 largely contributed. 
 
 Bury contains a good Free School , 
 founded by Roger Kay, Prebendary 
 of Salisbury in 1726. 
 
 In the market-place is a bronze 
 statue, by Bailey , of Sir Robert Peel, 
 the statesman, placed there in 1851. 
 Bury is largely indebted to the 
 family of Peel for its prosperity. 
 The first Sir Robert Peel had ex- 
 tensive works here for calico-print- 
 ing, and resided for many years at 
 Chamber Hall , where his son, the 
 future Prime Minister of England, 
 was born. Bury first figures as a 
 manufacturing town in the reign 
 of Henry VIII., although then prin- 
 cipally for woollens. In the reign 
 of Elizabeth it had attained great 
 importance, so much so “ that an 
 aulnager was appointed at Bury by 
 Act of Parliament to stamp wool- 
 
 len cloth, for the purpose of pre- 
 venting it being unduly stretched 
 on the tenters;” so that it seems 
 that commercial frauds are not 
 limited to our own day. In the 
 last centy. a family of the name of 
 Kay lived here, one of whom invented 
 the mode of throwing the shuttle, 
 by means of the “ picking-peg” in- 
 stead of by the hand ; and this was 
 followed up by an invention of his 
 sons in the shape of the drop-box. 
 by which the weaver can use any 
 of these shuttles at will, and thus 
 weave a fabric of colours as easily 
 as a common calico. 
 
 A further improvement in cotton- 
 spinning was made in 1791 by Mr. 
 Whitehead, the postmaster of Bury, 
 consisting in “pieeeing” the ends 
 of the perpetually breaking threads 
 while the machine was in motion. 
 
 Amongst Bury worthies of earlier 
 date may be mentioned John War- 
 burton, born 1681, a celebrated anti- 
 quary and Somerset herald. 
 
 Bail from Bury to Manchester, 
 10J m. ; Heywood, 3| ; Rochdale, 6 ; 
 Haslingden, 9 ; Accrington, 12 j ; 
 Blackburn, 17; Bacup, 12; Bolton, 
 6 ; Wigan, 15 J. 
 
 The line to Haslingden and Ros- 
 sendale keeps due N., following the 
 E. bank of the Irwell, and passing 
 
 1J m. Walmesley, near which, on 
 the bank of the river, is an earth- 
 work, known as Castle Steads. To 
 the 1. is Brandlesholme Hall, now 
 a farmhouse, but once the residence 
 of the Greenhalghes in the reign of 
 Richard II. A little further W. is 
 Tottington, which, although now an 
 insignificant village, was the seat of 
 the Imperial Court, to which the 
 manors of Bury, Middleton, Chad- 
 derton, and Alkrington did suit and 
 service. The manor of Tottington 
 was given to General Monk as a 
 reward for his services during the 
 Restoration, and is now enjoyed by 
 the Duke of Buccleuch as heir to 
 the Albemarle estates. 
 
53 
 
 Route 5 . — -Summer seat — Hasting den. 
 
 13 m. Summerseat Stat. The valley- 
 now begins to close in, and becomes 
 extremely picturesque. On rt. on 
 the hill above is a prospect tower, 
 erected by the Messrs. Grant, with 
 whose name the interests and pros- 
 perity of this valley are so deeply 
 associated. The visitor will feel 
 equally interested when he knows 
 that the two brothers Grant were the 
 originals of the Brothers Cheeryble 
 in 4 Nicholas Nickleby.’ 
 
 2 m. E. of Summerseat is Cob 
 House , the residence of the brave 
 Captain Kay in 1644. 
 
 On 1., under the shoulder of Hol- 
 combe Moor, is the village of Hol- 
 combe, most charmingly situated, 
 and possessing a pretty Dec. modern 
 ch. Holcombe Hill, which rises in 
 steep terraces above, is surmounted 
 by a lofty tower, erected to the 
 memory of Sir Robert Peel, which, 
 from its position, is a landmark for 
 many miles both E. and W. Nutt- 
 all Hall was the seat of the De 
 Notoghs (temp. Richard II.), and 
 after passing through many hands, 
 is now, by purchase, in those of the 
 Grant family, at present represented 
 by Mrs. Lawson, Brough Hall. 
 
 14J m. Ramsbottom (Inn: Grant 
 Arms). This is a busy little manu- 
 facturing village, once mainly de- 
 pendent on the cotton-mills of the 
 Messrs. Ashton, and the print-works 
 of the Grants, who have erected a 
 Scotch ch., which has recently been 
 very much enlarged. St. Andrew's, 
 originally a Presbyterian ch. (also 
 built by the Messrs. Grant), has 
 since been used for Ch. of England 
 worship. There is also St. Paul’s 
 Ch., built in 1850. The scenery is 
 extremely pretty, and the visitor 
 should ascend Holcombe Hill from 
 here, and, if he choose, cross to Over 
 Darwen, on the Bolton and Black- 
 burn line (Rte. 7). 
 
 15 m. Stubbins Junc. with the 
 Bacup and Rossendale line (Rte. 6), 
 with which the main line keeps 
 parallel for a little distance, though 
 
 gradually attaining a higher level. 
 On the 1. is the Tor Hill, conspi- 
 cuous for its oval form; and Mus- 
 bury Hill, which was formerly en- 
 closed for the lord's deer. On the 
 rt. is the flat-topped hill of Coupe 
 Law, where horse-races were once 
 held. 
 
 At Helmshore (Stat.) there are a 
 few cotton and fulling mills. 
 
 19 J m. Haslingden (Inn : Commer- 
 cial), has a busy population of nearly 
 11,000, which finds employment in 
 the various cotton-mills of the town 
 and the stone quarries in the neigh- 
 bourhood. There is very little to 
 see in it ; the ch. having been re- 
 built at the end of the last century. 
 Daring some repairs in 1857 a skull 
 and cross-bones were dug up, the 
 latter having gilding upon them. 
 These were probably relics of St. 
 James, the patron saint, which were 
 hidden on the visit of the Chantry 
 Commissioners, who found only “ ii 
 lyttel belles ” and ornaments to the 
 value of 7s. 6d. It contains a me- 
 morial E. window to Mrs. Hoyle, and 
 a font (date 1540) with the arms of 
 the Holden and Towneley families 
 upon it. A curious mention of the 
 early church at Haslingden is made 
 in the i Iter Lancastrense,’ a poem 
 written in 1636 by the Rev. Richard 
 James, and printed by the Chetham 
 Society, from a MS. in the Bodleian 
 Library. In the course of his ex- 
 cursion to Pendle occur the follow- 
 ing quaint lines : — 
 
 “ Churches faire doe stand 
 
 In laymen’s lands, and chappels have no 
 land 
 
 To cherish learned curates, though Sir Jhon 
 
 Doe preach for foure pounds unto Hase- 
 lington ; 
 
 Such yeerly rent with right of begging 
 corne 
 
 Makes Jhon a sharer in my Ladie’s home. 
 
 He drinks and prayes, and 40 yeeres this 
 life 
 
 Leading at home, keepes children and a 
 wife. 
 
 Theis are y e wonders of our careless dayes : 
 
 Small store serves him who for y e people 
 prayes.” 
 
54 
 
 Route 6 . — Bury to Burnley . 
 
 Holden Hall , 1 m. S.W., now a 
 farmhouse, was a manor-house of 
 great antiquity, and believed to be 
 the residence of Robert de Hasling- 
 den in the loth century. The 
 scenery in the vicinity of Hasling- 
 den (the town of the hazles) is of 
 rather a sombre character, the hills, 
 although of tolerable height, pos- 
 sessing but little diversity of outline. 
 They are of the carboniferous sand- 
 stone age, and have evidently been 
 much acted on by denudation. The 
 views on the north, towards Pendle 
 Hill and Padiham, are picturesque, 
 and betoken that the visitor is ap- 
 proaching the bold ranges of moun- 
 tains which characterise North Lan- 
 cashire. To the S. is the valley of 
 the Irwell, terminated in the dis- 
 tance by the Derbyshire hills, and 
 westwards the eye wanders over 
 Amounderness and the Irish Chan- 
 nel. The manufactures of Haslingden 
 consist principally of woollen goods, 
 of the class called backings, dometts, 
 flannels, and calicoes. 
 
 20J m. Baxenden Stat. On rt. is 
 the Laund (J. Worsley, Esq.). 
 
 23 m. Accrington Junc. (Rte. 
 
 8 ). 
 
 ROUTE 6. 
 
 BURY to BURNLEY BY BACUP AND 
 ROSSENDALE. 
 
 As far as Stubbins Junc. see last 
 route. The Bacup branch follows 
 the course of the Irwell, at a lower 
 level than the main line, to Accring- 
 
 ton. On rt. is the straggling village 
 of Edenfield. 
 
 6J m. Ewood Bridge Stat. 
 
 8 m. Bawtenstall (Inn : Queen’s) 
 was, in the reign of Edward II., one 
 of the eleven vaccaries (now known 
 as cow pastures or booths) into which 
 the Forest of Rossendale was di- 
 vided, and which were valued at 10s. 
 each, although they subsequently 
 became worth very much more. It 
 is now a busy little cotton town 
 of 8000 inhabitants, with regular 
 and well-built streets, the whole 
 place bearing a prosperous and con- 
 tented aspect. The traveller has 
 now fairly entered the precincts of 
 the j Forest of Bossendale , one of the 
 four that at the time of the Conquest 
 made up the Forest of Blackburn- 
 shire, and containing about 30 square 
 miles, or 19,505 statute acres. “ The 
 forests were at that time not com- 
 prised within the limits of any 
 township, or other subdivision of 
 property or estate, and being with- 
 out paramount owner, were natu- 
 rally claimed by the first Norman 
 barons or other dignitaries, the 
 favourites and followers of the Con- 
 queror, who would readily endorse 
 their title thereto, in consideration 
 of fealty and distinguished ser- 
 vices.” — Newbigging . The Honours 
 of Clitheroe and Lancaster were 
 given to Roger de Poictou, third son 
 of Roger de Montgomery, Earl of 
 Arundel and Shrewsbury, but they 
 were soon forfeited, owing to his 
 taking part in several rebellions. 
 The Honour of Lancaster was then 
 given to Stephen, and that of 
 Clitheroe to the family of Lacy. 
 Passing by marriage into the House 
 of Lancaster, they became royal 
 property, until they were bestowed 
 by Charles II., at his restoration, 
 on Gen. Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 
 from whom they have descended to 
 the Duke of Buccleuch, the present 
 Lord of the Honour. A consider- 
 able portion of the Forest of Rossen- 
 dale was given by the De Lacies 
 
Route 6 . — Rossendale Forest — Newchurch. 
 
 55 
 
 to the Abbots of Whalley, a docu- 
 ment, dated 1861, being in existence, 
 static g, “ that the chase of Rossen- 
 dale with Accrington, for herbage 
 and other profits beyond the feed- 
 ing of beasts of chase, is worth by 
 the year 20 1. 2s.” In Henry VII. 's 
 reign a commission was issued which 
 resulted in partitioning the forest 
 lands, and thus giving a great im- 
 petus to cultivation, many people 
 becoming owners of copyholds on 
 the strength of the commission. 
 The value of property increased 
 until the reign of James I., when the 
 Crown lawyers discovered that the 
 title was bad, and thus inflicted a 
 terrible blow on the many families 
 who had settled here. But, after an 
 immense amount of litigation, the 
 matter was settled by an Act arrang- 
 ing for the confirmation of the titles 
 by the payment of 40 years’ rent, 
 half of which was paid during 
 James I/s reign, and the other half 
 in 1650. 
 
 The association of Rossendale 
 Forest with wild animals is shown 
 by the frequency of names connected 
 with them, such as Boarsgreave, 
 Hogshead, Swinshaw, Wolfstone, 
 Wolfenden, Deerplay, Stacksteads 
 (Stagsteads), Roecliff, Harthill, and 
 others. It was consequently a fa- 
 vourite hunting-ground, and subject 
 to the rigorous laws then in opera- 
 tion. In ancient times the follow- 
 ing rhymed oath was taken by every 
 inhabitant residing within the forest 
 and being of the age of 12 years : — 
 
 ■“ You shall true Liege man be 
 Unto the King’s Majestie : 
 
 Unto the beasts of the Forest you shall no 
 hurt do, 
 
 Nor to anything that doth belong there- 
 unto : 
 
 The offences of others you shall not conceal, 
 But to the utmost of your power, you shall 
 them reveal 
 
 Unto the officers of the forest, 
 
 Or to them who may see them redrest : 
 
 All these things you shall see done 
 So help you God at his holy doom.” 
 
 Newbigging. 
 
 The forest was governed by 
 
 Greaves, or Reeves, whose duty it 
 was to uphold the forest laws, to 
 apprehend vagrants and robbers, 
 and generally to superintend the 
 affairs of the district very much as 
 parish officers have to do nowadays. 
 At present Rossendale is a forest 
 only in name, the greater part of 
 it being under cultivation as moor- 
 land farms. The geological formation 
 is that of the Lower Coal-measures, 
 which crop out in various places. 
 The highest elevations are Trough 
 Edge End (1475 ft.), and Thieveley 
 Pike (1474 ft.), both in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bacup, and Coupe Law 
 (1438 ft.), which lies a little to the 
 S. of Newchurch. Although the 
 scenery is not very romantic, it is 
 wild and open, and contains many 
 a charming “ dough ” and seques- 
 tered glen. 
 
 Soon after quitting Rawstenstall, 
 the rly. passes on 1. the mill of 
 Hareholme , one of the earliest in 
 the district, and originally built for 
 a worsted manufactory, but now used 
 for cotton. 
 
 10 m. Newchurch ( Inns : Royal ; 
 Duke of Buccleuch, at Waterfoot), 
 on high ground to the 1. of the 
 rly., is a thriving village, de- 
 pendent on the cotton-trade. The 
 modern ch. (1824) superseded an old 
 chapel of the time of Henry VIII., 
 respecting the building of which 
 there is a tradition that its founders 
 three times attempted to place it 
 in another locality, but that each 
 time the materials were deposited 
 at the present site in the course of 
 the night. A similar story is told 
 of the churches of Burnley and 
 Rochdale. In the churchyard is a 
 curious epitaph to the memory of 
 John Kershaw and his wife, who 
 founded the grammar school in 
 1700 : — 
 
 “ They lived long beloved, 
 
 And dy'd bewaiL’d, 
 
 And two estates 
 
 Upon one school entail’d.” 
 
 Clough Fold Chapel, near New- 
 
56 
 
 Route 6 . — Stackstead- 
 
 church, was reputed to be the scene 
 of the labours of Dr. Watts, the 
 author of the hymns that bear his 
 name. A modern ch. has been built 
 at Waterfoot, near the rly. From 
 Waterfoot a road, at right angles to 
 the main road through the valley, 
 leads to Burnley (9 m.), by way 
 of Dean. This is one of those se- 
 questered nooks of Rossendale which 
 stands apart from the chief thorough- 
 fare of traffic. Its inhabitants are 
 of a simple and primitive type. 
 They have long been distinguished 
 for their musical ability, both vocal 
 and instrumental, and are known 
 far and wide as the “ Deighn Lay- 
 rocks.” 
 
 lOf m. Stackstead is the stat. for 
 the village of Tunstead ( Inn : Com- 
 mercial), the inhabitants of which 
 are occupied in cotton and woollen 
 spinning. The ch. is modern. Near 
 the village are Fern Hill and Heath 
 Hill (R. Munn, Esq.). 
 
 Following up the valley of the 
 Irwell, the terminus of the line is 
 reached at Bacup ( Inns : Market ; 
 Queen ; Green Man ; Railway), a 
 thriving though irregularly built 
 town at the foot of the moors, in 
 which the river takes its rise. 
 Although in size and importance 
 the metropolis of Rossendale, it is 
 not so old a place as either Good- 
 shaw or Newchurch, the few people 
 who lived at Bacup at the close of 
 the last centy. being obliged to go 
 to church or chapel at Newchurch, 
 by a road still called “the Kirk 
 Gate.” It has now, however, a 
 population of over 18,000, employed 
 in cotton-spinning, woollen manu- 
 facture, and dye works. There are 
 three churches, none of which pos- 
 sess any interest, except that of 
 St. Saviour, which has a baptis- 
 tery. Co-operative stores find great 
 favour in Bacup, there being a large 
 establishment in the town, in addi- 
 tion to four others in the suburbs. 
 “ The capital invested in co-opera- 
 
 — Source of the Irwell . 
 
 tive cotton factories in Rossendale 
 and the immediate neighbourhood 
 amounts to nearly half a million of 
 money ; and the shareholders range 
 from 8000 to 10,000.” 
 
 The antiquary will find, on the 
 hill-side overlooking the very pretty 
 dingle that leads to Burnley, an 
 ancient earthwork, known as The 
 Dykes. “ It measures more than 
 1800 ft. in length, is situated at 
 the edge of a gentle slope, and 
 has a trench at least 51 ft. broad at 
 the bottom. From its position it is 
 capable of protecting a large army 
 in front, but it is easily accessible 
 from the E., and must have been 
 abandoned by its defenders when- 
 ever the enemy had turned their 
 flank. Its construction can only 
 have been suggested by temporary 
 necessities, since it has evidently 
 been abandoned in an unfinished 
 state.” — Wilkinson. 
 
 Mr. Wilkinson, in an elaborate 
 paper read before the Historic Soc. 
 of Lancashire and Cheshire, con- 
 siders that this place was one of the 
 outworks in connection with the lo- 
 cale of the battle of Brunanburh, 
 which he believes was fought at 
 Burnley, between the Saxon troops 
 of Athelstan and the conjoined forces 
 of the Danes, Welsh, and Scotch, 
 under the Danish chief Anlaf. The 
 Saxons were victorious in the affray, 
 which was very sanguinary, re- 
 sulting in the loss of five sea-kings 
 and seven jarls. 
 
 Bail from Bacup: — Newchurch, 
 3 j m. ; Bury, 12 m. ; Rochdale, 7 m. 
 
 It is a charming mountain walk 
 of 7 m. to Burnley, the road running 
 through a prettily wooded dingle, 
 passing on 1. The Dykes and 1. 
 Broaddough ( J. Whitaker, Esq.). 
 
 As the way ascends, the wood- 
 land ceases, and the traveller 
 emerges on the open moor, with 
 its invigorating breeze. In the 
 hollow a little to the rt., 3 m. from 
 the town, is the Source of the 
 Irwell , described by Harrison as 
 
57 
 
 Route 6 . — Thieveley Pike. 
 
 il a noteable water that riseth above 
 Bacup and goeth thence to Rossen- 
 dale.” The district in which it 
 rises, though to all intents and 
 purposes part of Rossendale Forest, 
 is geographically in Cliviger, a wild 
 moorland extending northwards, the 
 inhabitants of which are said to 
 have removed these landmarks 
 further south than they were en- 
 titled to, and thus gained for them- 
 selves a considerable portion of 
 Rossendale. Various explanations 
 of the name Irwell have been given. 
 Ir Gaeil, or the Western Torrent, 
 has been suggested by Whitaker, the 
 historian of Manchester ; Ere well, 
 or Spring in the Hoar (frost), by 
 Whitaker, the antiquary of Whal- 
 ley ; while Mr. Newbigging, in his 
 ; History of Rossendale,’ considers 
 it to be derived from Eire, one of 
 the old Celtic deities. Whatever be 
 its origin, the Irwell is one of the 
 most remarkable streams in Great 
 Britain, from the great value of 
 its waters for manufacturing pur- 
 poses, and the enormous trade which 
 has been attracted to its banks in 
 its comparatively short course. 
 
 At the top of the hill the road 
 turns, leaving on rt. Thieveley Pike , 
 1474 ft., one of the highest of the 
 Rossendale hills. From the summit, 
 on a clear day, the view is very 
 fine, extending over Musbury and 
 Holcombe hills and Coupe Law ; 
 E, over Black Hambledon and 
 Blackstone Edge ; to the N. and 
 N.W. over Pendle Hill, Ingle- 
 borough and Penyglient. Towards 
 the Lancashire plain the spectator 
 beholds “ a succession of swelling 
 moorlands succeeding each other 
 until lost on the far horizon, pre- 
 serving throughout a striking gene- 
 ral uniformity of elevation, and 
 presenting the appearance of an 
 extensive undulating table-land. 
 Were he further to extend his re- 
 searches and cross over this large 
 expanse of elevated moorland, he 
 would find that it is intersected 
 
 by numerous deep, narrow, tortuous 
 channels running in various direc- 
 tions, and cut into the hard grit 
 rocks below, through which flows 
 the water collected on the uplands, 
 and to whose eroding action, com- 
 bined with other subaerial agencies, 
 they evidently owe their exist- 
 ence.” — Aitken. Thieveley Pike was 
 formerly one of the old beacon sta- 
 tions, and still shows traces of the 
 circular bed of stones in which the 
 beacon-fire was lighted. Further 
 on, at the foot of Dirpley ( = Deer- 
 play) Hill, a road from Newchurch 
 falls in. A very charming “ dough ” 
 or wooded dingle opens into the 
 valley of the Calder, and, passing 
 Towneley Hall (Col. Towneley), the 
 traveller reaches, 7 m., Burnley 
 (Rte. 8). 
 
 From Bacup the traveller may 
 also take the Sharneyford road to 
 Todmorden, 5 m., passing Tooter 
 Hill to the rt., and going by a 
 gradual ascent a distance of 1^ m. 
 to the ridge of the hill, where stands 
 the highest cotton-mill in England. 
 This ridge has been described by 
 “Tim Bobbin” as the “riggin o’ 
 tlT world.” Thence, going down 
 the wooded dough, Todmorden is 
 reached, at a further distance of 
 3J m. The scenery from Sharney- 
 ford to Todmorden is of the most 
 romantic and beautiful description. 
 
58 
 
 Boute 7 . — Manchester to Clitheroe. 
 
 EOUTE 7. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO CLITHEROE, BY 
 BOLTON, BLACKBURN, AND 
 WHALLEY. 
 
 From Manchester to Bolton, the 
 traveller proceeds by the Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire Ely., the Bury line 
 branching off to the rt. at 
 
 4J m. Clifton Junc. (see Ete. 5), 
 from which point the rly. runs N.W., 
 following the valley of the Irwell as 
 far as Farnworth. 
 
 m. Stoneclough Stat. On the op- 
 posite side of the river (on rt.) is the 
 village of Ringley , forming part of 
 the township of Pilkington. There 
 are handsome new churches both at 
 Eingley and Prestolee, a little higher 
 up. The latter contains some ex- 
 cellent stained glass, and it is worth 
 notice that the W. window, which 
 cost 200Z., was contributed by the 
 operatives of the cotton-mills be- 
 longing to the Crompton family, 
 who were mainly instrumental in 
 building the ch. 
 
 8J m. Halshaw Moor Stat. On 
 1. is the populous township of Farn- 
 worth , the inhabitants of which are 
 principally employed in the adja- 
 cent collieries, cotton-mills, paper- 
 making and chemical works. The 
 little river Tonge, with its tributary 
 streams, the Croal and Bradshaw, 
 here fall into the Irwell, the latter 
 river making an abrupt turn as it 
 flows N.E. from Eadclifle and Bury. 
 Overlooking it is Birch House (W. 
 B. Whittam, Esq.) built in the 
 reign of Charles I. It was originally 
 the seat of the Eishtons, from whom it 
 came into the hands of the Dornings 
 
 and, subsequently, the Easbothams, 
 a member of which family, Mr. 
 Doming Easbotham, was a well- 
 known Lancashire antiquary and 
 man of literary attainments, and 
 high sheriff of the county in 1769. 
 Farnworth Old Hall , a half tim- 
 bered house of the early part of the 
 16th centy., and the residence of 
 a branch of the Hulton family in 
 Charles II.'s reign, is now a work- 
 man’s cottage. Farnworth has un- 
 dergone great improvement and 
 extension within the last few years, 
 and is now provided with a hand- 
 some public park. 
 
 This township claims to have had 
 born within it, in 1544, Dr. Ban- 
 croft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and one of the Lords of the Privy 
 Council to James I., who obtained 
 his promotion to a canonry of Can- 
 terbury as a reward for a learned 
 sermon against the Puritans. His 
 appointment, says Strype, “ which 
 met with considerable opposition, 
 was owing in a great measure to the 
 activity and exertions of the Arch- 
 bishop and the Lord Treasurer. 
 Some, indeed, had represented him 
 as inclined to popery, but his high 
 character and deserts were properly 
 set forth by his Grace’s orders, and 
 sent to court. It was stated that 
 his conversation had been without 
 blame in the world, having never 
 been complained of, detected, or, for 
 aught he knew, suspected of any 
 extraordinary enormity. He had 
 been a preacher against popery 
 above 24 years, and was certainly 
 no papist.” It was to Archbishop 
 Bancroft that Lambeth Palace is 
 indebted for the famous library, 
 which he founded and bequeathed 
 to his successors. A recent investi- 
 gation claims Farnworth, near Pres- 
 cot, as the real place of his nativity. 
 
 In the peat of Kersley Moss , a 
 little to the S., bog oak has been 
 found, the relics of the ancient 
 forest that covered it. 
 
 9 m. Moses ’ Gate Stat. 
 
Route 7- 
 
 10J m. Bolton", a large and im- I 
 portant manufacturing town, inter- 
 sected by the Lancashire and York- 
 shire Railway system, whose lines 
 pass through it from Manchester to 
 Chorley, Preston, and the North; 
 to Wigan and Liverpool; to Bury, 
 Rochdale, and Yorkshire; and also 
 to Darwen, Blackburn, Whalley, 
 and Clitheroe. Bolton is also con- 
 nected with the London and North- 
 Western system by a branch line 
 from Kenyon; and a new line to 
 Manchester by Eccles (see Rte. 9) 
 was opened by the L. and N.W. 
 Co. in 1875. There is also a branch 
 rly. (1J m.) to Astley Bridge, a 
 populous suburb between which and 
 the town there are half-hourly om- 
 nibuses. 
 
 Bolton ( Inns : Swan, Victoria, and 
 Lever’s Arms) is one of the earliest 
 homes, and has long been one of the 
 principal seats, of the cotton indus- 
 try, the local conditions for which 
 are peculiarly favourable. Though 
 a town of considerable antiquity, 
 for as early as the 12th cent, it was 
 noted for its woollen trade and in 
 1256 it was raised to the rank of a 
 market town by charter of Henry 
 III., it is mainly to the inventions 
 of Arkwright and Crompton that it 
 is indebted for its great extension 
 and its present prosperity. Blome 
 described it as a “fair well-built 
 ‘town, with broad streets,” in the 
 17th centy. ; but this was ere the 
 advent of cotton-mills, and there 
 can be no doubt that at a later 
 period, as factories and foundries 
 began to multiply, it lost much 
 of this prepossessing appearance. 
 Within the last quarter of a century 
 great and extensive improvements 
 have been carried out; new and 
 wide streets have been formed ; the 
 character of its street architecture 
 has been greatly improved; and 
 some of its public buildings — nota- 
 bly its Town Hall and its Market' 
 Hall — will bear comparison with 
 
 -Bolton. 59 
 
 similar edifices in any other part of 
 the country. 
 
 Surrounded as it was in the re- 
 mote past by dreary aud inhospit- 
 able moors, we have but little light 
 as to the earlier history of the town. 
 Etymologists are by no means 
 agreed as to the derivation of its 
 name ; but we may accept Bolton 
 as from Both el- ton, i.e. Boil , an 
 abode or dwelling, and tun , a town. 
 There can be no doubt that the 
 town, which in its earlier history 
 was variously spoken of as Bodelton, 
 Bothelton, Bowlton, Boitune, and 
 Bolton-super- Moras, then as Bolton- 
 1 e-Moor, and now simply according 
 to its municipal charter as Bolton 
 without the affix which hitherto 
 was thought requisite to distinguish 
 it from Bolton-le-Sands and other 
 places, has a much higher antiquity 
 than the era of the Norman Con- 
 quest. Not till the advent of the 
 Norman Conquest, however, do we 
 come fairly within the historic 
 period; from that time we have 
 frequent references to the manor of 
 Bolton, end we have evidence that 
 one of these feudal lords dwelt at 
 the manor-house in Little Bolton,, 
 on the banks of the Croal. The 
 manor of Bolton was given by Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, in the year 
 1067, to his cousin Roger de Poictou, 
 whom he at the same time advanced 
 to the dignity and title of Earl of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Bolton, like most of the manufac- 
 turing towns, has progressed with 
 extraordinary rapidity since the 
 commencement of the factory system, 
 for whereas the population of Great 
 aud Little Bolton in 1801 was only 
 17,416, the present population of 
 the borough (1879) is estimated at 
 105,000 ; the population of the 
 Bolton Poor-law Union in 1871 
 being 158,402. 
 
 In the battle of Flodden Field, 
 the fame of the Bolton men, who 
 fought under Sir Edward Stanley, 
 is celebrated in language which con- 
 
60 
 
 Route 7. — Bolton . 
 
 veys a strong impression of their cou- 
 rage and prowess : 
 
 « W th fellowes fearce and fresh for feight 
 W ch Halton feilds did turne in foores 
 W th lustie ladds lira and light 
 From Blackborne and Bolton in ye Moores.” 
 Baines. 
 
 The most eventful portion of the his- 
 tory of Bolton happened during the 
 Civil Wars, when it was garrisoned 
 for the Parliament, and attacked by 
 the Earl of Derby’s forces from 
 Wigan, who endeavoured to carry it 
 by assault. After great carnage the 
 enemy was beaten off, and the Gover- 
 nor reinforced from Manchester. But 
 the attack was renewed on the 28th 
 of May, 1644, by Prince Rupert, at 
 the head of 10,000 men, and the 
 Earl of Derby, who had joined him 
 from the Isle of Man. The garrison 
 consisted of 3000 men, under Colonel 
 Rigby. At first the issue was doubt- 
 ful, but the Earl, at the head of 200 
 picked men, got up to the walls 
 while the cavalry, it is said, were 
 treacherously admitted by a towns- 
 man. The slaughter of the towns- 
 people was terrible, and it was 
 alleged that 4 ministers of religion 
 were put to the sword ; and that an 
 officer, named Captain Booth, was 
 killed, after quarter had been asked 
 for and granted. Subsequent in- 
 quiry, however, seems to have proved 
 that the ministers escaped with their 
 lives. In the battle of Worcester, 
 which was so disastrous to the forces 
 and hopes of Charles II., the Earl of 
 Derby was taken, and sent down to 
 be executed at Bolton, as a sort of 
 retributive punishment for the ex- 
 cesses of which he was accused at 
 the siege 7 years previously. On the 
 15th October, 1651, as already stated, 
 he was beheaded opposite the Man 
 and Scythe Inn, Church Gate. 
 
 Although the history of Bolton's 
 manufacturing prosperity has cul- 
 minated since the beginning of the 
 present centy., it was always remark- 
 able for a pre-eminence in trade. As 
 early as the reign of Richard I., an 
 
 aulnager, or measurer by the ell, was 
 appointed to measure and mark with 
 the king’s seal all w r oollen cloths 
 for sale ; and, in the reign of Edward 
 III., a number of Flemish clothiers 
 settled here, being promised, as old 
 Fuller quaintly puts it, “ that their 
 beds would be good and their bed- 
 fellows better, seeing that the richest 
 yeomen in England would not dis- 
 dain to marry their daughters to 
 them.” Under Henry VIII. trade 
 flourished, and Leland speaks thus : 
 — “ Bolton - upon - Moore Market 
 stondith most by cottons and course 
 yorne. Divers villages in the Moores 
 about Bolton do make cottons.” 
 These cottons, however, were in reality 
 woollens, the cotton trade not being 
 established until 1641, when Bolton 
 is mentioned as a celebrated place 
 for the manufacture of “fustians, 
 vermillions, and dimities,” in the 
 making and sale of which Hum- 
 phry Chetham, the founder of the 
 Chetham Hospital, in Manchester, 
 was actively engaged. Mr. Ras- 
 botham, the antiquary, who lived 
 at Birch House (p. 58), writes that 
 “there is a staple here for fus- 
 tians of divers sorts, especially those 
 called Augsburg and Milan fustians, 
 which are brought into its markets 
 and fairs from all parts of the 
 country, and sold to the country- 
 men for clothes, and to the gentry 
 for lining and other uses.” Cotton, 
 velvet was fiist made here by Jere - 
 miah Clarke in 1756. Bolton can 
 also boast of being the place where 
 Arkwright , who was a barber in 
 Church Gate, in 1768, perfected his 
 inventions in spinning. He did not, 
 however, carry them out here, owing 
 to the popular opposition in Lan- 
 cashire to everything in the shape 
 of machinery, but retired to found 
 works and a fortune in Derbyshire. 
 
 Seven years afterwards (in 1775), 
 Samuel Crompton , also a resident in 
 the parish, and a native of Bolton, 
 brought out his “Mule,” which 
 created a thorough revolution in the 
 
61 
 
 Route 7 . — Bolton 
 
 spinning- trade. The town now con- 
 tains about 150 factories, employ- 
 ing, it is estimated, 25,000 hands, 
 and producing shirtings, quiltings, 
 cambrics, muslins, counterpanes, &c. 
 Bleaching is largely carried on, it 
 being estimated that 6 millions of 
 pieces of cloth are annually bleached 
 here. “ The factories or spinning- 
 mills contain from 20 to 100,000 
 spindles each, and those of recent 
 erection are really handsome build- 
 ings. There are about 3 millions 
 of spindles in the borough. A mule 
 — the machine upon which the cotton 
 is spun— the invention of Samuel 
 Crompton, contains from 500 to 1000 
 spindles, and a pair of these is ma- 
 naged by a spinner and 3 piecers. 
 The tall chimneys belonging to the 
 factories give the town a very pecu- 
 liar appearance to a stranger. The 
 by-laws of the borough require them 
 to be at least 40 yards high, and 
 some are more than double that 
 height, one, “the big chimney,” 
 being in fact 122J yds. The yarns 
 spun in Bolton are generally very 
 fine. As low as 10’s are spun in 
 one or two cases, but the “Bolton 
 counts” are 60s and upwards : and 
 as high as 200's are spun, the mule 
 being capable of spinning a pound 
 of cotton to the enormous length of 
 950 miles. In addition to the cotton 
 factories, there are many extensive 
 machine works — such as those of 
 Hick, Hargreaves & Co., and Mus- 
 grave & Son, for steam-engines ; 
 Dobson & Barlow, for cotton ma- 
 chinery, &c. ; besides brass foundries, 
 iron works, steel works, chemical 
 works, collieries, &c. 
 
 Bolton has always had rather a 
 pronounced character for the rough- 
 ness of its inhabitants; and it is a 
 common saying in Lancashire “ to 
 be as rough as a Bolton chap,” in 
 contradistinction to a Manchester 
 “ man ” and a Liverpool “ gentle- 
 man.” 
 
 The Post . Office is in Bradshaw- 
 gate, fronting Nelson-square. 
 
 : Public Buildings , 
 
 The old Parish Ch. of St. Peter 
 had fallen into such decay, from the 
 perishable nature of its stone, that 
 it was pulled down, and a new one 
 opened in 1871, from designs of Mr, 
 Paley, of Lancaster, the entire cost, 
 over 40,000£., being borne by Peter 
 Ormrod, Esq., a local cotton-spin- 
 ner and banker. It is a handsome 
 building, consisting of nave, tran- 
 septs, chancel with aisles, organ 
 chapel, and a western tower 150 ft. 
 high. The chancel contains stained- 
 glass windows which belonged to the 
 old ch. The registers commence in 
 1587, and have an entry of the burial 
 of 78 soldiers, who fell in the attack 
 by Prince Rupert. Bolton contains 
 15 other chs., but they are all more 
 or less modern, and do not possess 
 any features of interest, except All 
 Saints and St. George's, which have 
 some excellent stained glass. St. 
 Paul’s, Deansgate, and St. Matthew’s 
 are also good specimens of eccle- 
 siastical architecture. The ch. of St. 
 Stephens was the first ch. in Eng- 
 land built of terracotta, and has a 
 very graceful spire, copied from that 
 of Freiburg. 
 
 The Town Hall , in the Town-Hall 
 square, is a fine new building, with 
 a portico, surmounted by a tower 
 220 ft. in height. It was opened 
 by the Prince of Wales in 1873, and 
 cost 170, 000Z. 
 
 The Market Hall , built in 1855, 
 at a cost of 50,000Z., is very ex- 
 tensive, and covers an area of 
 7010 square yards ? There is also a 
 public Library and Museum, con- 
 taining about 40,000 volumes. Ad- 
 joining the parish ch. is the Church 
 Institution , a mediaeval building, 
 in which a middle-class school, a 
 school of art, and evening classes 
 are held. 
 
 The Grammar School was founded 
 by Robert Lever, in 1641, and is 
 noticeable from having amongst 
 its former masters Ainsworth , the 
 author of the Latin Dictionary, and 
 
62 
 
 Boute 7 . — Bolton : Smithills Hall. 
 
 Lempriere , of the Classical Diction- 
 ary. 
 
 In Nelson-square are the Infir - 
 mary and a statue of Crompton, the 
 inventor of the “ Mule.” A new 
 Infirmary is about to be erected on 
 land adjoining the public park. 
 
 Bolton possesses a handsome park 
 of 60 acres, between Chorley New 
 Road and Spa-lane, in which is a 
 series of lakes, artificially formed out 
 of a “ dough.” There is another of 
 20 acres, on the E. of the town, called 
 the Bradford Park. A noticeable 
 feature is the public playground of 
 9 acres, known as the Heywood 
 Recreation Ground, a most valuable 
 institution in crowded towns, which, 
 it is to be regretted, is not more 
 common. 
 
 In another part of the town is the 
 Darbishire Recreation Ground ; and 
 in the Public Park is a Museum 
 of Natural History, the late Dr. 
 Chadwick having left 5000Z. for that 
 purpose. The Chadwick Orphanage, 
 the gift of Dr. and Mrs. Chadwick, 
 is a very fine institution. A statue 
 of the Doctor, raised by public sub- 
 scription, stands in the Town-Hall 
 square. 
 
 Among the celebrities of Bolton 
 parish were Bichard Bothwell , the 
 exorcist (1563), who declared that 
 he was always having contests with 
 devils. “ It was the boast of one 
 of his descendants, a peruke-maker 
 in Bolton, in the latter part of the 
 18th centy., ‘ I am a real Rothwell, 
 none of your Leeredge Rothwells, 
 but a descendant of him that beat 
 the devil/ ” The Bev. Oliver Hey- 
 ivood was a celebrated Noncon- 
 formist divine, in 1629. Bicliard 
 Arkwright (afterwards Sir Richard) 
 was the inventor of the “ Water 
 frame ; ” and Samuel Crompton , 
 of the “ Mule/’ Tannahill , the 
 
 Scotch poet and writer of ‘ Jessie, 
 the Flower of Dunblane/ worked in 
 Bolton as a weaver of cambric 
 muslins. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Bolton is 
 
 naturally pretty, but is considerably 
 spoilt by factory appliances and 
 collieries. Adjoining the town, on 
 the N., is Little Bolton , the Hall 
 of which, an old brick-and-plaster 
 building, in 1600 the seat of Richard 
 Bolton, was a few years ago restored 
 by its owner, S. Blair, Esq. Continue 
 as far as the turnpike, and take the 
 road to the 1. On the brow of the 
 opposite hill, 2J m. from Bolton, is 
 Smithills Hall (R. H. Ainsworth, 
 Esq.), a very interesting old house, 
 originally belonging to the Ead- 
 cliffes. The last Sir Ralph Radcliffe 
 had a daughter Joan, who by mar- 
 riage brought the estate into the 
 family of Barton, in the reign of 
 Henry YI. It was afterwards held 
 by the Byrons, and passed by sale 
 to the great-uncle of the present 
 owner. 
 
 The Hall is supposed to have been 
 built in the reign of Henry VII., by 
 Andrew Barton, from the fact of 
 having the initials A. B. and the 
 rebus of a tun crowned by a bar, a 
 humorous device common in those 
 days. It is one of the quaintest old 
 houses in the county, consisting of 
 a courtyard and side wings, the E. 
 one containing the chapel. The walls 
 of the courtyard are painted with 
 white and black trefoils. A singular 
 wooden window of the 14th centy. 
 is supposed to have been copied from 
 Baggiley in Cheshire. It has an ogee 
 head, and is considered by anti- 
 quaries to be very remarkable. The 
 interior of Smithills is decorated 
 with carved oak wainscoting and 
 fittings, and the hall is lighted by 
 stained-glass windows. In a passage 
 near the dining-room is shown the 
 imprint of a foot, concerning which 
 the following story is current. 
 
 In 1555, George Marsh, who re- 
 sided in the adjoining parish of 
 Dean, was apprehended and brought 
 before Justice Barton, for holding 
 religious opinions which were very 
 obnoxious to the persecuting go- 
 vernment of Queen Mary. At the 
 
63 
 
 Route 7 . — Sharpies — Bromley Cross. 
 
 examination, his friends besought 
 him to conform to the religion of 
 his superiors, but he remained 
 steadfast, and, stamping his foot, 
 cried, “ If my cause be just, let the 
 prayer of thine unworthy servant 
 be heard.” It is said that the print 
 of the foot ever afterwards remained 
 indelibly fixed in the stone, which, 
 according to popular opinion, was 
 endowed with supernatural qua- 
 lities. 
 
 The story is told at length in 
 the 4 Lancashire Traditions,’ by 
 Roby, who asserts that the Sir 
 Roger Barton, before whom Marsh 
 was taken, was descended from Sir 
 Andrew Barton, the famous Puri- 
 tan captain, knighted by James 
 III. of Scotland. Marsh was after- 
 wards examined before the Earl of 
 Derby, at Lathom, and finally burnt 
 as a heretic at Chester, on April 24, 
 1555. 
 
 A curious tenure exists by which 
 Smithills is held from the adjoin- 
 ing Manor of Sharpies, viz. the 
 presentation of a pair of gilt spurs 
 annually, and the unlimited use of 
 the Smithills cellars whenever the 
 Lord of Sharpies came that way. 
 Fortunately for the owner of Smit- 
 hills, this latter portion of the 
 tenure has lapsed into desuetude. 
 
 The walk to Smithills may be ex- 
 tended further N. to Eivington 
 Pike (Ete. 10), or a return made to 
 Bolton through Halim ell, mentioned 
 in the reign of Edward I. as being 
 the scene of a homicide, whereby 
 Roger FitzJohn of Halliwell killed 
 Richard Smalltrot. Moss Bank (W. 
 Hargreaves, Esq.), Halliwell Hall 
 and Halliwell Lodge (James Orm- 
 rod, Esq.). 
 
 To the E. of Smithills, and 2 m. 
 from Bolton on the road to Darwen, 
 is Sharpies, where are situated the 
 reservoirs that supply Bolton with 
 water. On the opposite bank of 
 the Tonge, which separates Sharpies 
 from Bradshaw, is Hall-i’-ih'-Wood 
 
 (the property of La Gendre Starkie, 
 Esq.), a fine old half timbered, 
 mullioned house, on the porch of 
 which is the date 1648. Here re- 
 sided Samuel Crompton, and it was 
 in the attics of this old house that he 
 concealed his darling invention of 
 the mule, during the machine-break- 
 ing riots of Bolton. 
 
 Bail from Bolton to Manchester, 
 11m.; Bury, 6; Wigan, 11; Hor- 
 wich, 6.^ ; Leigh, 8; Darwen, ; 
 Blackburn, 14 J. 
 
 The Rivington Reservoirs, m. 
 from Bolton, are well worth visiting ; 
 nearest stations Horwich and Ad- 
 lington. 
 
 The rly. to Blackburn runs due 
 N. through a somewhat bleak and 
 upland country, which, nevertheless, 
 has many beautiful points about it, 
 owing to the deep ravines in which 
 the rivulets have cut their way 
 through the coal-measures and sand- 
 stones. The line on leaving Bolton 
 takes the high ground between 
 the Bradshaw Brook and the river 
 Tonge. 
 
 13 m. Oaks Stat. On 1. is Hall- 
 i’-th’-Wood, and The Oaks (H. Ash- 
 worth, Esq.). 
 
 13 J m. Bromley Cross Stat. On rt. 
 is Turton Tower (J. Kay, Esq.), the 
 former residence of the Orrels, de- 
 signated by Camden as “ an illus- 
 trious family,” by whom it was sold 
 to Humphry Chetham. It is a pic- 
 turesque, irregular old building, 
 originally intended for defence, with 
 a tower of 4 stories, and an em- 
 battled parapet. The drawing-room 
 contains some good oak panelling. 
 There is also a remarkable and mas- 
 sive oak bedstead, covered with 
 carving, and called “ Queen Anne’s 
 Bedstead.” It is some hundreds of 
 years old, and is said to have been 
 used by Oliver Cromwell. Some 
 time ago the enormous sum of 6000Z. 
 was offered and refused for this 
 venerable piece of furniture. The 
 hills in the neighbourhood begin to 
 
64 
 
 Route 7 . — Entwistle — BlacJcburn. 
 
 attain greater height, and there is 
 an exceedingly fine view from Chet- 
 hams Close , just above and to the 
 I. of Turton. On the rt. the Hol- 
 combe Hills and the Peel Tower 
 are very conspicuous. (Rte. 5.) 
 
 A viaduct crosses the Bradshaw 
 Brook at a considerable height as 
 it emerges from a large reservoir 
 constructed to utilise the hill- 
 streams for the various mills on 
 its banks. 
 
 16 J m. Entwistle Stat. At Entwistle 
 Hall, now a farmhouse, was born 
 the Sir Bertine Entwistle, at the 
 beginning of the 15th centy., whose 
 memory is perpetuated by a slab in 
 Rochdale ch. He was one of the 
 heroes of Agincourt, and a loyal 
 and brave follower of Henry Y. and 
 VI., by whose side he fell, fighting 
 at the battle of St. Albans, in 1455. 
 From this family are descended the 
 Entwistles of Foxholes. 
 
 At the other end of the succeed- 
 ing tunnel is the busy town of 
 
 20 m. Over Darwen , containing a 
 population that has grown from 3500 
 at the beginning of the present centy. 
 to about 26,000. {Inn: Angel.) It 
 contains the usual manufacturing 
 appliances of cotton-mills, print and 
 bleach works, &c., while the neigh- 
 bourhood abounds in coal-pits and 
 stone quarries. Some of the factories 
 are of large size, and in particular the 
 India mills of Eccles, Shorrock & Co., 
 which are not only very extensive 
 but of a higher class of architecture 
 than mill-owners generally encou- 
 rage. It covers an area of 31,000 
 square feet, and contains 160,000 
 spindles. In these mills, before 
 they were fitted up, an exhibition 
 for fine arts and machinery was 
 held in 1868. The following are 
 amongst the annual productive in- 
 dustries of Darwen : — Paper* stain- 
 ing, about 8 million dozen yards ; 
 paper- making, 6000 tons; calico* 
 spinning, 6 million lbs. of yarn ; 
 
 cotton-spinning, 28,550,000 lbs. Dar- 
 wen contains four chs. of the Esta- 
 blishment, and several large Dis- 
 senting places of worship. The 
 town itself is irregularly built, and 
 not attractive, but the fells around 
 it are very lofty and striking, and 
 offer many a sequestered nook and 
 wide view. 
 
 22 m. Lower Darwen Stat. This 
 is a manufacturing village, contain- 
 ing extensive cotton and paper-mills ; 
 indeed the whole of the valley of 
 the Darwen river from its source 
 to below Blackburn, is dotted with 
 mills and works. 
 
 24J m. Blackburn Junc., from 
 whence radiate lines to Clitheroe, 
 Pa diham, Accrington, Wigan, Burn- 
 ley, and Preston. 
 
 Blackburn ( Hotel : Old Bull, com- 
 fortable) is one of the most progres- 
 sive and important of the Lancashire 
 cotton towns, its population having 
 increased within the last 100 years 
 from 5000 to 96,000. Few of the 
 manufacturing towns are more pret- 
 tily situated, it being environed by 
 wooded hills, the highest of which, 
 Billinge Hill, is 900 ft. high, and 
 gives a pleasant aspect of cultivation 
 and shelter. 
 
 It lies at the entrance, as it were, 
 of the somewhat rugged country 
 that extends eastward to Pendle 
 Hill and the Pennine Chain, and, 
 in the 8th centy., is recorded as 
 being a district almost inacces- 
 sible. From Roger de Poictou, the 
 Norm, owner, the manor passed into 
 the possession of Henry de Black- 
 burne, and was ultimately divided ; 
 the one portion going to the Hulton 
 family, the other to John de Lacey, 
 who gave it up to the Monks of 
 Stanlaw Abbey, in Cheshire. When 
 they removed to Whalley, Black- 
 burn of course fell to the share of 
 that establishment, and was held by 
 the Abbots of Whalley until the 
 Dissolution. Archbishop Cranmer 
 
Boute 7 . — Blackburn. 
 
 65 
 
 was the first rector (and patron) 
 of the living, after the Reforma- 
 tion. Like Bury and Bolton, Black- 
 burn has contributed its full share 
 to the improvements and prospe- 
 rity of the cotton trade. Even in 
 the 17th centy. it was famous for ' 
 its “ checks,” which consisted of 
 linen warp and cotton weft, with 
 dyed threads ; but the greatest 
 invention was in 1764, when John 
 Hargreaves, a Blackburn weaver, 
 conceived the idea of the spinning 
 jenny. “ Several spindles, at first 
 8 and afterwards 80, being made to 
 whirl by one fly-wheel, while a 
 movable frame, representing so 
 many fingers and thumbs as there 
 were threads, alternately receded 
 from the spindles during the exten- 
 sion of the threads and approached 
 them in its winding on. The spindle 
 in the spinster’s wheel was always 
 horizontal, but those in Hargreaves 5 
 machine were upright, or very 
 slightly inclined from the perpen- 
 dicular — a position, in fact, essen- 
 tial to its due operation, and one 
 which was suggested to him, it is 
 said, by observing a common wheel 
 continue to revolve after it was 
 accidentally thrown down on the 
 floor with its spindle turned up.” — 
 Ure. 
 
 For a time Hargreaves concealed 
 the result of his ingenuity, but it 
 at length becoming known, the mob 
 broke into his house and destroyed 
 it. Finding that even his life was 
 not safe, he retired to Nottingham, 
 where he erected a small mill and 
 stocked it with spinning-frames. As 
 is usually the case with inventors, 
 he found that the large capitalist 
 traders pirated his patent as soon 
 as the advantages of it were known, 
 and Hargreaves never reaped much 
 benefit from it, although he did 
 not die in poverty. In addition 
 to Hargreaves’ discovery, Blackburn 
 has produced a large number of 
 mechanicians, whose improvements 
 have greatly developed the perfeet- 
 [ Lancashire.'] 
 
 ing of the power-loom. Blackburn 
 is celebrated for its calicoes, and 
 the Indian market is chiefly sup- 
 plied from here, about 55,000 power- 
 looms being at work in the mills. 
 The establishment of the factory 
 system was mainly owing to Mr. 
 Peel, grandfather of the Prime 
 Minister, who resided here ; his son, 
 the first baronet, having been born 
 in 1750, at a house in Fish-lane. 
 Besides the various cotton -mills 
 which give employment to the town, 
 there are large machine works and 
 engine factories. Of the former, the 
 most noteworthy are those of the 
 Messrs. Yates, John Dugdale and 
 Sons, Dickinson and Sons, Clayton 
 and Goodfellows, and Willan and 
 Mills. 
 
 The parish church is modern, and 
 succeeded, in 1824, a building, dating 
 from the reign of Henry VIII., of 
 w hich the tower, venerable and time- 
 worn, was in 1870 ruthlessly de- 
 molished, in order that it might be 
 turned into money. According to 
 the ‘ Status de Blagborneshire,’ the 
 firstch. was rebuilt at Blackburn, soon 
 after the introduction of Christianity 
 into this country by St. Augustine. 
 The present ch. is very handsome, 
 consisting of a nave, aisles, chancel, 
 and W. tower, and contains a very 
 fine E. window of stained glass of 
 ten compartments, each represent- 
 ing one of the Apostles. It is said 
 to have been brought from Cologne 
 by a late rector, Dr. Whitaker. The 
 tracery of the windows generally is 
 very rich, one having been copied 
 from Roslyn Chapel, in Scotland; 
 and there is some old stained glass 
 in the clerestory windows. The ch. 
 was damaged by fire in 1831, but 
 restored by Rickman. The parish 
 ch. belonged to the abbots of Whal- 
 ley,but, after the execution of Abbot 
 Pa slew, in 1537, the rectory was 
 given to Cranmer, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. The other churches 
 are modern — St. Peter's possesses a 
 
 p 
 
66 Route 7 . — Blackburn — Samlesbury. 
 
 stained-glass window and an altar- 
 piece, a copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s 
 “ Last Supper.” 
 
 The municipal buildings of Black- 
 burn are on a handsome scale, par- 
 ticularly the Toivn Hall , a fine 
 Italian building, which covers an 
 area of 2600 square yards, and has 
 cost 40,000?. Opposite it is the Ex- 
 change. , a Gothic building with an 
 octagonal tower, and containing a 
 large hall 140 ft. long. Hard by 
 is the Free Public Library , a hand- 
 some fabric in Domestic Gothic, 
 enriched on its main fronts with 
 groups of emblematic sculpture. It 
 contains about 24,000 volumes, and 
 an interesting museum. 
 
 The Market Hall has a lofty 
 campanile clock-tower, with tele- 
 graphic time-ball. The Infirmary 
 and the Reform Club are both fine 
 buildings, and contribute much to 
 the appearance of the town. The 
 Grammar School was founded by 
 Queen Elizabeth, who directed that 
 “ it should be free to all the world.” 
 Amongst the alumni of this school 
 were Robert Bolton, an eminent Puri- 
 tan divine ; and a Catholic named 
 Anderton, so celebrated for his elo- 
 quence that he was called “ the 
 G olden-mouthed.” 
 
 Outside the town is the Corpora- 
 tion Park , a very prettily planted 
 piece of ground of 50 acres on the 
 side of Revidge Hill, from whence 
 the views towards Billinge, Witton, 
 and Darwen are exceedingly pic- 
 turesque. The villas of many of 
 the gentry surround the park. Ad- 
 joining it is the Alexandra Meadow , 
 for the purposes of recreation and 
 Volunteer pursuits. 
 
 1J m. W. of Blackburn is Witton 
 Hall (Col. Fielden). The house is 
 of Grecian order, and is placed in 
 a charmingly wooded park, having 
 for its background, on the N., Bil- 
 linge Hill , 900 ft. Although this is 
 no great height, the view in clear 
 
 weather is very extensive, and in- 
 cludes the North Welsh Hills, the 
 Cumberland Fells, and the Isle of 
 Man. Blackburn is well supplied 
 with water from a reservoir at Fish 
 Moor, which holds a supply of 360 
 million gallons. 
 
 Further on towards Preston are 
 Fenniscowles (Sir W. L. Feilden, 
 Bart.) and Pleasington Hall (J. E. 
 Butler Bowden, Esq.). (Rte. 8.) 
 
 4 m. on the upper Preston road 
 is the old Hall of Samlesbury , ex- 
 tended and partially rebuilt by Sir 
 Thos. South worth in 1548, and re- 
 stored by the late owner, J. Har- 
 rison, Esq. It is a good specimen 
 of the timber-and-plaster mansion. 
 It is in the form of the letter L, the 
 short arm being occupied by the 
 ancient banqueting-hall, which has 
 a fine timber roof. The minstrels’ 
 gallery, with its richly carved screen 
 and posts with grotesque figures, 
 still remains. The end bay con- 
 tained the chapel, which extended 
 upwards to the top of the house, 
 and is lighted by a large 3-light 
 window, said to have been brought 
 from Whalley. It contains the ori- 
 ginal piscina. There are inscrip- 
 tions testifying to the builder in the 
 music gallery and over the fireplace 
 in the dining-hall. Between Sam- 
 lesbury and Blackburn, to the N., 
 is the village of Mellor , close to 
 which was a small Roman station, 
 probably a castrum sestivum at- 
 tached to Ribchester. Further in- 
 formation respecting Blackburn and 
 the neighbourhood may be found in 
 the ‘History of Blackburn,’ recently 
 brought out by Mr. W. Abram, 
 editor of the Blackburn Times. 
 
 Rail from Blackburn to Ac- 
 crington, 5J m . ; Whalley, 7J m. ; 
 Clitheroe, lOJm. ; Burnley, 11 J m. ; 
 Darwen, 4 J m. ; Bolton, 14 m. ; Tur- 
 ton, 11 m. ; Manchester, 24 £ m. ; 
 Hoghton, 5 m. ; Preston, 11 m. 
 
 27 J m. Wiltshire Stat. (for Rib- 
 chester). The little village, on the 
 
Boute 7 . — Bibchester. 
 
 67 
 
 site of the Roman city, is about 3 m. 
 away down the valley of the Ribble. 
 It is most prettily situated on the 
 rt. bank of the river at its conflu- 
 ence with the Dutton and Boyce’s 
 Brook. Its name (the Castrum on 
 the Ribble) at once betokens both 
 its origin and antiquity, it being 
 thought by some to be identical with 
 the Roman station of Coccium, by 
 others with Rhigodunum. Camden, 
 who paid two visits here, says of it, 
 
 The Rhibell turning short about, 
 to the westward, gives its name to 
 a village called at this day Ribble- 
 chester, where so many signs of 
 Roman antiquity, statues, coins, 
 pillars, pedestals of pillars, chapi- 
 ters, altars, marbles and inscrip- 
 tions, are commonly dug up, that 
 this hobbling rhyme of the inha- 
 bitants does not seem to be alto- 
 gether groundless : — 
 
 “ ‘,It is written upon a wall in Rome 
 
 Kibchester was as rich as any town in 
 Christendom/ 
 
 Moreover, the military ways meet 
 here, the one plain by its high 
 causeway from York, the other from 
 the north through Bowland.” An 
 altar was found here in 1603, dedi- 
 cated to the “ Mother Goddesses,’’ 
 another to Mars and Victory, to- 
 gether with inscribed stones, hel- 
 mets, and a bust of Minerva. In 
 1811 the foundations of a large build- 
 ing, believed to be the temple of 
 this goddess, were discovered, to- 
 gether with several skeletons, Samian 
 ware, &c. 
 
 In 1833 a stone altar (inscribed) 
 was dug up, which for many years 
 stood at the vicarage, but has re- 
 cently been sold. The ch. has nave, 
 chancel, and aisles, with a chapel 
 at the end of the south aisle called 
 the Houghton Choir, which has an 
 ornamental screen. In the N. aisle 
 is the Dutton Choir, containing a 
 tombstone with the cross and sword 
 of an Hospitaller. In this chapel 
 also is a curious old painted E. win- 
 
 dow, representing the second coming 
 of Christ. The pulpit has some 
 interesting woodwork in compart- 
 ments. m. N. of the village is the 
 hamlet of Stidd , in the old chapel 
 of which the Vicar of Ribchester 
 performs service on the afternoon of 
 the last Sunday in the month, 
 Good Friday, and New Year’s Day. 
 At Stidd was a preceptory of the 
 Knights Hospitallers, of the age of 
 King John, of which the chapel is 
 the present representative. It has a 
 Trans.-Norm. arch, and some small 
 Norman windows. The font is octa- 
 gonal. Under a decorated stone lie 
 one of the lords of Salesbury and his 
 lady, and in front of the altar is 
 buried the Roman Catholic bishop 
 of Armoricum, 1725. 
 
 To the S. of Ribchester Manor, on 
 the other bank of the Ribble, is the 
 old house of Osbaldeston, now a 
 farmhouse, standing within a moat. 
 It was rebuilt by Sir Edward Osbal- 
 destone about the reign of James I. 
 Salesbury Hall is an interesting 
 fragment of the old mansion of the 
 Talbots, having a stone basement 
 with timber superstructure. An 
 inscribed stone, inserted in a wall 
 of this house when detached, was 
 found by Whitaker to have an ex- 
 quisite Roman basso-relievo. Lovely 
 Hall , 1J m. S. of Salesbury, has 
 some old furniture and stained glass. 
 
 At Wiltshire Stat. the rly. 
 emerges into the valley — 
 
 “ Where Ribble from ber springs, 
 An alien known to be, and from the moun- 
 taines rude 
 
 Of Yorkshire getting strength, here boldly 
 dares intrude.” 
 
 A beautiful and extensive view 
 is gained looking northwards to 
 Clitheroe and Pendle Hill, and west- 
 wards over the woods of Longridge 
 
 Fell. 
 
 “ These mountaines make me proud, to gaze 
 on me they stand, 
 
 So Longridge once arrived on the Lancas- 
 trian land 
 
 Salutes me.” Drayton. 
 
 F 2 
 
63 
 
 Boute 7 . — Whalley. 
 
 30 m. Langho Stat. 1J m. off is an 
 episcopal chapel, built from the ma- 
 terials of Whalley Abbey. A new 
 ch. is being built on a fresh site, 
 and the ancient building will be 
 preserved as a mortuary chapel. A 
 lofty viaduct carries the rly. across 
 the C alder to 
 
 32 m. Whalley Stat . Stonyhurst 
 Roman Catholic College is seen in 
 the distance on the 1., and the 
 remains of the abbey on the rt. 
 
 Whalley (Inns: Swan, Whalley 
 Arms) is a quiet, ancient little 
 town on the rt. bank of the Calder, 
 which flows through a beautiful 
 valley from Burnley and Padiham 
 to join the Ribble near Mitton. 
 The name of Whalley is believed to 
 be of Saxon origin, and to mean the 
 “ field of wells/’ probably from 
 the fact that it lies at the foot of the 
 Pendle range which drains into 
 the valley beneath. The old parish 
 of Whalley is of enormous extent, 
 embracing 161 square miles, or 
 nearly one-ninth part of all Lanca- 
 . shire. It contains one borough and 
 49 townships, of which 4 are market 
 towns, and it is also the mother of 7 
 parish churches. The founder of the 
 once splendid monastic establish- 
 ment here was Henry de Lacy, Earl 
 of Lincoln, who bestowed it on the 
 Cistercian monks of Stanlaw in 
 Cheshire. 44 They immediately re- 
 moved to Whalley, much to the 
 annoyance of the neighbouring 
 Abbey of Sawley, whose brethren 
 complained that the new-comers 
 raised the markets by the increased 
 demand for provisions. But the 
 latter took root notwithstanding, 
 and would seem to have been a 
 joyous, charitable brotherhood, well- 
 disposed to make the most of life, 
 but within reasonable limits, and 
 no less inclined to assist the poor 
 and needy. Amongst other items 
 in the annual computations of their 
 expenses, we find a large sum paid 
 to the wandering 4 minstrallis,’ 
 
 though in some monasteries of a 
 stricter rule it was an established 
 law that no minstrels should enter 
 their gates. As a set-off to this, 
 we learn from another item that 
 they regularly employed and paid a 
 shoemaker to make shoes for the 
 poor, the leather being supplied from 
 their own tanneries.” A Hermitage 
 was founded by Henry, Duke of Lan- 
 caster, for the reception of women 
 who took the vows, but eventually 
 a good deal of license took place in 
 this branch of the establishment, 
 and the conduct of one Isole de 
 Heton at last became so outrageous 
 that it afforded ground for peti- 
 tioning the King, Henry VI. to dis- 
 solve it because “ that divers of 
 the wymen that have been attend- 
 yng to the recluses afortym have 
 byn misgovernyd and gotten with 
 chyld within the seyd plase halowyd, 
 to the grete displeasance, hurt, and 
 disclander of the abba ye. v The 
 
 story of this fair sinner is elaborated 
 in Ainsworth’s 4 Lancashire Witches.’ 
 The Abbot himself kept a good 
 table, as may be gathered from the 
 accounts, called the Coucher Book 
 or Chartulary, which is still in 
 existence. 
 
 For nearly 250 years Whalley 
 Abbey flourished, being one of the 
 richest in the North of England, 
 and its abbots amongst the most 
 powerful. But its fall took place 
 in 1537 at the collapse of the monk- 
 ish revolt against Henry VIII., 
 known as the Pilgrimage of Grace : 
 by which its leaders endeavoured to 
 preserve the greater monasteries from 
 the hands of the King's Commis- 
 sioners. The abbots of Jervaulx, 
 Fountains, Sawley, and Whalley, 
 were all concerned in the rebellion ; 
 the latter, Abbot Paslew, the 17th 
 and last Abbot, having raised a 
 large body of men, and himself 
 taken the field under the title of 
 the Earl of Poverty. But the affair 
 ended almost as soon as it had 
 begun, and John Paslew expiated 
 
69 
 
 Route 7 . — Whalley Abbey . 
 
 Ills rebellion by being hung on 
 the 12th of March 1537. The Cis- 
 tercian establishment of Whalley 
 was broken up, and the last sur- 
 viving monk, Thomas Holden, is 
 found as a Protestant minister at 
 Haslingden, 37 years after the Dis- 
 solution. Whalley Abbey and the 
 estate attached were put in trust 
 with John Braddyl, who made such 
 good use of his opportunities that in 
 1 4 years he was enabled to buy the 
 manor, in conjunction with Richard 
 Assheton, for 2132 1. They made a 
 partition of the property, Assheton 
 keeping the buildings and Braddyl 
 the demesnes. During the Civil 
 Wars the abbey was held for a time 
 by the Royalists under the Earl of 
 Derby. Col. Richard Shuttleworth, 
 however, attacked him with his 
 Parliamentarians, when the Earl 
 was defeated, and retreated to Pres- 
 ton. 
 
 The Abbey fabrics have been re- 
 duced by constant demolitions to 
 comparative insignificance as ruins. 
 From excavations made in 1798, 
 it seems that the abbey buildings 
 consisted of three quadrangles, the 
 most westerly of which was the 
 cloister formed by the nave of 
 the conventual ch. on the N., the 
 chapter-house on the E., the dormi- 
 tory on the W., and the refectory 
 and kitchen on the S. The cloister 
 was of wood, but the corbels that 
 supported it still remain; in the 
 space within, the monks were buried, 
 and against the wall on the S. is 
 an arch which contained the lava- 
 tory. To the E. of this quadrangle 
 was another, formed partly by the 
 choir of the ch. on the N. and by 
 the abbot’s residence on the E. At 
 the S. end of the latter is an ivy- 
 covered ruin, which appears to have 
 been the abbot’s private chapel. 
 
 There is but little detail left to 
 attest the richness and grandeur of 
 the abbey — scarcely more, indeed, 
 than to show the ground-plan of it. 
 The conventual church consisted of 
 
 a nave, presbytery with side aisles, 
 N. and S. transept, and 2 chapels on 
 each side the choir. In the excava- 
 tions carried on by Dr. Whitaker, a 
 beautiful fragmentary pavement was 
 discovered, together with skeletons, 
 evidently those of the abbots, who 
 were buried near the high -altar. 
 The De Lacys, too, were buried 
 here, brought hither from Stanlaw. 
 The original enclosure was more 
 than 36 acres in extent, and there 
 is still left near the railway a 
 beautiful gateway with a groined 
 roof, which was the N.W. entrance 
 to it. The present main entrance 
 to the abbey grounds is by the N.E. 
 gateway, a stately structure of the 
 early Tudor period. At the back of 
 the abbot’s residence, on the river 
 bank, was the abbey mill. 
 
 To the E. of the abbey is the 
 very interesting church , originally 
 called the “ White Church under 
 the Legh,” which in its early 
 foundation “ is nearly coeval with 
 the introduction of Christianity 
 into the North of England.” Here 
 it was that Paulinus, the mis- 
 sionary sent by Gregory the Great, 
 lifted up the standard of Chris- 
 tianity in the 7 th centy. — an event 
 the supposed memorials of which are 
 still to be seen in the chiv:chyard in 
 the shape of a curious Anglo-Saxon 
 cross, with its mutilated shaft and 
 head. There are two other singular 
 crosses of very early date. The 
 ancient rectors of the ch., in conse- 
 quence of the extensive jurisdiction 
 given them by the Bishops of Lich- 
 field, called themselves Deans ; and 
 the Deanery of Whalley was held by 
 hereditary succession till the Lateran 
 Council in 1215, when it was dis- 
 solved. The ch., which is of a mix- 
 ture of Dec. and Perp. styles, con- 
 sists of nave, aisles, chancel, and 
 west tower, which seems to be the 
 oldest part of the building, “ and to 
 be coeval with Peter de Cestria, the 
 first and only rector, probably a 
 natural son of J ohn de Laci, and a 
 
70 
 
 Route 7 . — Whatley Abbey . 
 
 man of great ecclesiastical and poli- 
 tical influence, who had in 1283 a 
 grant of free warren in Whalley 
 conferred upon him.” The ch. un- 
 derwent its last restoration in 1868, 
 when a new S. porch was added. 
 
 In the interior the nave is sepa- 
 rated from the aisles by four 
 pointed arches, the columns of the 
 N. aisle haying circular pillars, and 
 of the S. octagonal. St. Mary’s 
 Chapel, in the S. aisle, belongs to 
 Whalley Abbey, and the Little 
 Mitton Chapel, in the N. aisle, to 
 that manor. Notice the beautiful 
 openwork of the oak roof, the car- 
 ving on the vicar's pew, the rood- 
 screen, and particularly the carving 
 of the stalls in the chancel, which 
 are relics of the old conventual ch. 
 Some of the representations are full 
 of humour, and include an old woman 
 beating her husband with a ladle, 
 and a man shoeing a goose. One 
 of the pews was canopied, and called 
 “ St. Anton’s Cage.” The E. win- 
 dow is filled with stained glass, 
 with heraldic insignia and arms of 
 the various families of the district, 
 and in the S. aisle is an exceedingly 
 handsome memorial window of 3 
 compartments to the late T. Brookes, 
 Esq. The N. aisle has a curious 
 dormer window projecting from the 
 clerestory. There is a monumental 
 efligy to the Bev. T. D. Whitaker, 
 vicar of Whalley, a learned anti- 
 quary and author of the ‘History 
 of Whalley Abbey.’ Notice also a 
 floor-stone marked B. 1671 W., and 
 a brass of a knight (Balph Catteral) 
 and his lady with 9 sons and 11 
 daughters. At the entrance to the 
 Mitton Chapel is a stone marked 
 with a floriated cross and chalice, 
 and the words “ Jhu fili dei miserere 
 mei.” This stone Whitaker believes 
 to mark the burial-place of Abbot 
 Paslew. The font is octagonal. 
 Not the least interesting of the 
 curiosities are the key and knocker 
 of the south door of the chancel. 
 The Grammar School was endowed 
 
 by Edward VI. with 20 marks a 
 year. Whitaker calls attention to 
 the fact, that remains of Boman 
 origin exist in Whalley. The S. 
 boundary of the ch.-yard is a deep 
 and distinct foss and agger, while 
 there is a corresponding one on the 
 N. side. 
 
 There is a charming walk up 
 Nab Side , which overhangs Whalley 
 on the S. bank of the Calder, and 
 a knoll near the foot of the Nab 
 is said to be the spot where Abbot 
 Paslew was hung. 1 m. N.W. is 
 Wiswell Hall, the old abode of the 
 Paslews, now a farmhouse. Upon 
 the hill beyond Wiswell is marked 
 in the Ordnance Map Ieppe Knave 
 Grave. It is supposed by Mr. Whit- 
 aker to refer to the execution of one 
 Ieppe for theft, as in the old record 
 it is mentioned — “ Ieppe ki fust 
 decolle come laron.” The Bev. T. D. 
 Whitaker, to whom reference has so 
 often been made as the historian of 
 the parish, was Vicar of Whalley 
 between 1809 and 1813. His family 
 estate is situated at Holme in Cli- 
 viger, within the parish. He after- 
 wards became Bector of Heysham 
 and Vicar of Blackburn, where he 
 died, leaving directions that a cer- 
 tain larch- tree should be cut down, 
 and his body placed within a section 
 of the hollowed trunk. 
 
 Another celebrity of local noto- 
 riety was Dr. John Wolton (born at 
 Wistwell near Whalley, in 1535, the 
 son of John Wolton, yeoman, by his 
 wife, Isabella Nowell, sister of Dean 
 Alexander Nowell), Bishop of Exeter 
 and Warden of the .Collegiate Ch. 
 of Manchester (d. 1591). He was 
 the author of many religious works, 
 and, according to Hooker, “ univer- 
 sally read in all good lettres.” 
 
 The parish was formerly dis- 
 turbed by reputed witches, especially 
 Margaret Johnson, of Marsden, and 
 Utley, a conjuror, who bewitched to 
 death the son of Bafe Assheton, 
 for which he was condemned and 
 executed. 
 
Boute 7 . — Clerk Hill — Lancashire Witches . 
 
 71 
 
 [To Padiham, 5 m., it is a beautiful 
 excursion, the road running over a 
 richly wooded hill above the Calder, 
 which is, however, but little seen. 
 
 1J m. 1. Clerk Hill, commands a 
 splendid view. It was the property 
 of the Crombrocks until 1699, when 
 they sold it to the Whalleys for 73 51. 
 The estates of the Whalleys were 
 sold, a few years since, for 12,000Z. 
 to a Mr. Long worth. On rt., over- 
 looking the Calder, is Moreton Hall. 
 The old house that preceded the 
 present Elizabethan building was 
 supposed to have been, m the 
 15th centy., the residence of the 
 mortuary collector of the Abbey of 
 Whalley. It is mentioned in the 
 reign of Elizabeth as being granted 
 to John Morton, citizen and haber- 
 dasher of London. 
 
 2 m. Sabden Brook , a pretty 
 stream. Bead Hall (E. Fort, Esq.) 
 is a modern mansion built on the 
 site of an older one which (temp. 
 Elizabeth) was held and inhabited 
 by the family of Alexander Nowell, 
 Dean of St. Pauls, who, during 
 part of his life, was exceedingly un- 
 popular with her Majesty. 44 On 
 one occasion lie was proposed as 
 Provost of Eton, but the queen re- 
 fused to have him placed so near 
 her ; on another, Parker was com- 
 pelled to erase his name from the 
 list of clergymen selected to preach 
 before her; on a third, she gave 
 ‘Mr. Dean’ a terrible scolding, be- 
 cause he had placed a prayer-book 
 with pictorial illustrations before her 
 in St. Paul’s, which illustrations she 
 denounced as popish and idolatrous.” 
 — Halley. Strype adds that the 
 
 matter occasioned all the clergy in 
 and about London, and the church- 
 wardens of each parish, to search 
 their churches and chapels, and to 
 wash out of the walls all paintings 
 which seemed to be Eomish. The 
 Dean’s brother, Lawrence Nowell, 
 became Dean of Lichfield (d. 1576). 
 He was a great topographer, and 
 the author of / Polychronicon,’ and 
 
 several curious and interesting 
 maps. Bishop Ileber, of Hodnet, 
 Salop, was descended from this 
 family. 
 
 To the N. of Read Flail (about 
 3 m.) is Sabden ( Inn : Com 
 
 mercial), an isolated little manu- 
 facturing town with some cotton 
 mills and dye- works. It is situated 
 close under the southern slopes of 
 Pendle Hill. The whole district is 
 broken and wild, and a considerable 
 amount of interest is attached to it, 
 from its having been the ancient 
 haunts of the Lancashire Witches , 
 upon whose pretended supernatural 
 powers and legal prosecution Mr. 
 Flarrison Ainsworth has founded his 
 interesting novel of that name. 
 
 The witches, whose proceedings se 
 troubled North Lancashire, were at 
 their zenith in the reign of James 1., 
 and were suppressed by the most 
 severe edicts, many having been 
 brought to trial and burnt at Lan- 
 caster, Yarmouth, Bury St. Edmund's, 
 and elsewhere. The following story 
 is told in Whitaker’s 4 Whalley :’ — 
 
 U A number of persons, inhabit- 
 ants of Pendle Forest, were appre- 
 hended in the year 1633, upon the 
 evidence of Edmund Robinson, a 
 boy about 1 1 years old, who deposed 
 before two of his Majesty’s Justices 
 at Padiham, that on All Saints’ Day 
 he was getting 4 bulloes,’ when he 
 saw two greyhounds, black and 
 brown, come running over the field 
 towards him. When they came nigh, 
 they fawned on him, and he sup- 
 posed they belonged to some of the 
 neighbours. He expected presently 
 that some one would follow ; but, 
 seeing no one, he took them by a 
 string, which they had tied to their 
 collars, and thought he would hunt 
 with them. Presently a hare sprang 
 up near to him, and he cried 4 Loo, 
 loo ! ’ but the dogs would not run. 
 Whereupon he grew angry, and tied 
 them to a bush, for the purpose of 
 chastising them ; but, instead of the 
 black greyhound, he now beheld a 
 
72 
 
 Bouse 7 . — The Lancashire Witches — Padiham. 
 
 woman, the wife of one Dickonson, 
 a neighbour. The other was trans- 
 formed into a little boy. At this 
 sight he was much afraid, and would 
 have fled, but the woman stayed him 
 and offered him a piece of silver, 
 like a shilling, if he would hold his 
 peace ; but he refused the bribe. 
 Whereupon she pulled out a bridle, 
 and threw it over the little boy’s 
 head, who was her familiar, and im- 
 mediately he became a white horse. 
 The witch then took the deponent 
 before her, and away they galloped 
 to a place called Malkin Tower, by 
 tlie Hoarstones at Pendle. He then 
 beheld many persons appear in like 
 fashion, and a great feast was pre- 
 pared, which he saw and was invited 
 to partake, but he refused. Spying 
 an opportunity, he stole away and 
 ran towards home ; but some of the 
 company pursued him until he came 
 to a narrow place, called ‘ the Bog- 
 gart Hole,’ where he met two horse- 
 men; seeing which, his tormentors 
 left off following him. He further 
 said that, on a certain day, he saw 
 a neighbour’s wife of the name of 
 Loynd, sitting upon a cross-piece 
 of wood within the chimney of his 
 father’s dwelling-house. He called 
 to her, saying, ‘ C me down, thou 
 Loynd wife ! ’ and immediately she 
 went up out of sight. Likewise upon 
 the evening of All Saints’ before 
 named, his father sent him to look 
 up the kine, when, coming through 
 a certain field, he met a boy who 
 began to quarrel with him, and they 
 fought until his face and ears were 
 bloody. Looking down, he saw the 
 boy had cloven feet, and away he 
 ran. It was now nearly dark, but 
 he descried at a distance a light like 
 a lantern. Thinking this was car- 
 ried by some of his friends, he made 
 all haste towards it, and saw a 
 woman standing on a bridge, whom 
 he knew to be Loynd’s wife ; turn- 
 ing from her, he again met with the 
 boy, who gave him a heavy blow on 
 the back, after which he escaped. 
 
 On being asked the names of the 
 women he saw at the feast, he men- 
 tioned 17 persons, all of whom were 
 committed to Lancaster for triai. 
 In the end they were set at liberty, 
 the boy Robinson having confessed 
 that he was suborned to give evi- 
 dence against them.” There are 
 several old houses in the Sabden 
 district, such as Pendleton Hall, 
 Old Laund Hall , Sabden Hall , 
 Whitehough , all farmhouses. Pougli 
 Lee Hall was the abode of Mistress 
 Alice Nutter, a celebrated Pendle 
 witch, in the time of James I. The 
 Wesleyan congregation here was 
 founded by John Wesley himself, 
 during a visit in the year 1752 to 
 this wild neighbourhood. 
 
 4 m. 1. Huntroyde is a fine old 
 house, occupying the site of a hunt- 
 ing-lodge of John of Gaunt. It was 
 rebuilt by Inigo Jones, and is situated 
 in a spacious park remarkable for the 
 size and beauty of the oaks, some of 
 which date from the time of Elizabeth. 
 Huntroyde is the seat of Le Gendre 
 N. Starkie, Esq., whose ancestors ac- 
 quired it in the 15th centy. by mar- 
 riage with the family of Symond- 
 stone , which resided at the old Hall 
 of that name, on the rt. of the road. 
 John de Symondstone granted the 
 monks of Wlialley leave to dig stone 
 here for building their abbey. A 
 family of the Whitakers subsequently 
 acquired, and still possess the estate. 
 
 The road now descends to Padi- 
 ham ( Inn : Starkie’s Arms), a town 
 on the Calder, dependent on the 
 cotton trade, and possessing little 
 interest for the tourist. A newly 
 opened loop line of the Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire Rly. connects it with 
 Burnley and Blackburn. The ch. 
 was rebuilt in 1868, and consists of 
 nave, side aisles, transepts, chancel, 
 and aisles. Tuere are some handsome 
 stained-glass windows, that of the 
 E. being in memory of the late Mr. 
 Starkie, of Huntroyde. The old font 
 
73 
 
 Route 7 . — Gawthorpe and Mitton Halls . 
 
 was given by Paslew, the last Abbot 
 of Whalley. 
 
 Near the town is Gawthorpe Hall , 
 the seat of Sir U. Kaye-Shuttlc- 
 worth, Bart., M.P., whose family has 
 been in possession since the time of 
 Richard II. The present house is 
 of Elizabethan age, built by Lau- 
 rence Shuttle worth, in 1605, and 
 restored by Sir Charles Barry. The 
 interior contains some fine carving 
 and plaster work, and a gallery of 
 family portraits, including that of 
 Capt. William Shuttleworth, who 
 was killed when fighting on the side 
 of the Parliament. The Shuttle- 
 worths were people of considerable 
 importance at this time. One was 
 Puritan member for Preston in the 
 Long Parliament, and 2 of his 
 grandsons were colonels in Lam- 
 bert’s army. During the restoration 
 a large number of gold coins were 
 found under the panel of one of the 
 rooms, and were supposed to have 
 been hidden there when Charles 
 Edward s army passed through Lan- 
 cashire in 1715. — Burke. Over- 
 looking Gawthorpe is the site of the 
 manor-house of Ightenhill, said to 
 have been occasionally a residence 
 of John of Gaunt, and an ancient 
 seat of the De Lacys. 1 m. to the N. 
 is High Whitaker, “ formerly used 
 as a Roman Cath. chapel, and con- 
 jectured to have been the residence 
 of Thomas Whitaker, who, being 
 much persecuted, was accustomed 
 to escape into a subterranean pas- 
 sage, but was at length appre- 
 hended, and, being brought to trial, 
 was executed at Lancaster in 1616 
 for priesthood.” — Baines. 
 
 Still higher up the valley are 
 Pendle Hall , belonging to the 
 Starkies, and White Lee, of the date 
 1593, where was born in 1617 Sir 
 Jonas Moore, author of the ‘ Domes- 
 tic Economist.’ 
 
 The village of Higharn , in the 
 hills to the N., contains a building 
 called the Courthouse, on the front 
 of which are the arms of John of 
 
 Gaunt. It is said to have been 
 anciently used for trying and exe- 
 cuting criminals.] 
 
 [A 2nd and still more interesting 
 excursion can be made from Whalley 
 to the Roman Catholic College of 
 Stonyhurst , 5 m., through Mitton 
 village. Tickets are necessary to 
 see Stonyhurst, and can be obtained 
 from several of the Roman Catholic 
 priests in Preston or Blackburn. 
 For the whole way the building is 
 conspicuous to the traveller, who 
 is inclined to underrate the distance, 
 but he will find the road winds con- 
 siderably. 
 
 2 m. The view is charming at 
 Mitton Bridge, where a corner of 
 Yorkshire is entered, a little above 
 the confluence of the Ribble and 
 the Hodder. Below that again, the 
 Calder falls in — 
 
 “ As Hodder, that from home attends me from 
 my spring, 
 
 Then Calder coming down, from Blackstone 
 Edge doth bring 
 
 Me eas’iy on my way.” — Drayton. 
 
 “ The Rybell, a river verie rich 
 of salmon and lampreie, dooth 
 in manner inviron Preston in 
 Andermeere, and it riseth neere 
 to Ribbesdale, above Gisburne. 
 It goeth from thence to Sawley 
 or Salley, Chatburne, Clitthe- 
 row Castell, and beneath Mitton 
 meeteth with the Odder. It hath 
 not gone farre, but it meeteth with 
 the Calder.” — Harrison. The old 
 country rhyme has it thus : — 
 
 “ The Hodder, the Calder, 
 
 Kibble, and rain, 
 
 All meet together 
 In Mitton domain.” 
 
 On the 1., overlooking the river, 
 is Mitton Hall (John Hick, Esq., 
 M.P. for Bolton), formerly the resi- 
 dence of the Catterals, and after- 
 wards of the Sherburnes. In the 
 17th century it was purchased by 
 Alexander Holt, goldsmith of Lon- 
 don, through whose descendants it 
 came by marriage to the Beaumonts. 
 
74 Boute 7 . — Great Mitton Church — Stonyhursl. 
 
 The interior contains a fine old 
 Gothic hall, and is altogether a 
 good specimen of domestic archi- 
 tecture of the reigns of Henry VII. 
 and Henry VIII. On the other side 
 the bridge is the Aspinall Arms Inn , 
 a comfortable little hostelry, which 
 the artist or the fisherman will find 
 a convenient locality for their respec- 
 tive pursuits. The ch. of Great 
 Mitton has been well restored, and 
 is very interesting from the monu- 
 mental remains of the Sherburne 
 family. It consists of nave, chan- 
 cel, N. aisle (called the Sherburne 
 Chapel), and W. tower. The E. 
 window is of 5 lights and of stained 
 glass with armorial bearings of the 
 Sherburnes. On S. side of the altar 
 are sedilia, and there is some good 
 carving in the oak screen, the pul- 
 pit, and the top of the font. The 
 screen is said to have been brought 
 from Cockersand Abbey, and has a 
 Latin inscription running across it, 
 to the effect that it was put up in 
 the time of the Lord Abbot William 
 Staynford. The Sherburne Chapel 
 contains monuments to Sir Nicholas 
 Sherburne, 1688, with a curious epi- 
 taph setting forth his goodness in 
 teaching his neighbours wool spin- 
 ning and combing ; a recumbent 
 effigy of Sir Richard Sherburne, 
 1629 ; also of another Sir Richard 
 Sherburne and his wife ; and of the 
 Hon. Peregrine Widdrington, who 
 was thrown with his brother into 
 prison after the Preston affair of 
 1715. 
 
 4 m. the Hodder is crossed — a 
 delightful bit of landscape — and 
 Lancashire re-entered. 
 
 5 m. Stonyhurst is the most im- 
 portant seminary for Roman Catho- 
 lic students in England, the next 
 largest being that of Oseott, in 
 Staffordshire. The buildings are 
 on a fine scale, the nucleus of them 
 being the Elizabethan mansion of 
 the Sherburnes, 1596, to which large 
 additions have been made to accom- 
 
 modate the increasing wants of the 
 school. A very extensive and hand- 
 some new block of buildings to 
 form the chief S. fa9ade is erected. 
 After the death of Sir Nicholas Sher- 
 burne, it came into the hands of his 
 daughter, the Duchess of Norfolk, 
 and then to Mr. Weld, of Lulworth, 
 who installed here the English Je- 
 suits, who after their expulsion from 
 St. Omer, settled at Liege, only to 
 be turned out of that town by the 
 government, which followed up the 
 suppression of the order by Pope 
 Clement XIV. There are a fine S. 
 front and quadrangle, 80 ft. by 100, 
 but the rest of the buildings are of 
 modern character. The main por- 
 tion was erected by Sir Richard 
 Sherburne, knighted for his bravery 
 at the battle of Leith ; and the 
 cupolas of the towers were added by 
 Sir Nicholas, who, it was said, only 
 spent 50 1. upon them. The chief 
 objects of interest are the Dormi- 
 tories, the Infirmary, the Refectory, 
 which contains a painting after 
 Murillo , ‘and the Chapel, which has 
 some fine frescoes and painted ceil- 
 ing. The Library is very well ar- 
 ranged, and contains amongst its 
 30,000 vols. some rare works and 
 curiosities. Among the former are 
 some beautiful Missals and a com- 
 plete copy of Froissart’s ‘ Chroni- 
 cles a fine series of black letter 
 works ; early specimens of printing, 
 including Cax ton’s 4 Golden Le- 
 gende;’ a MS. attributed to St. 
 Francis de Sales ; the Homilies of 
 Pope Gregory ; a copy of the Gos- 
 pels of St. John, supposed to have 
 been found in the tomb of St. Cuth- 
 bert; and several Amharic MSS., 
 brought from Abyssinia. Among 
 the latter are a Bible that belonged 
 to Mary, Queen of Scots, and which 
 she held in her hand when she 
 mounted the scaffold; Sir Thomas 
 More’s hat and seal ; a cabinet of 
 Mary, Queen of England; and a 
 large collection of stuffed birds pre- 
 sented by Mr. Waterton. 
 
Boute 7 . — Clitheroe : Castle . 
 
 75 
 
 The gardens are very well worth 
 seeing, and are remarkable for their 
 quaint arrangement and the dark 
 walks shaded by yew-trees. The 
 centre of the garden is occupied by 
 an observatory, magnetic and astro- 
 nomical. 
 
 The College is divided into t wo sec- 
 tions — an upper one for the students, 
 and the seminary for the boys, of 
 which there are 200. There is 
 another house on the banks of the 
 Hodder, which accommodates 30 of 
 the younger ones. A certain number 
 of elder students are received, who 
 enjoy privileges over the others, and 
 are styled “philosophers,” a large 
 number of them being foreigners. 
 A large farm is attached to the 
 College within its boundaries, and 
 altogether it is a perfect colony, 
 producing almost everything that it 
 requires. To the S. of Stonyhurst 
 is 
 
 Hurst Green , a village with some 
 bobbin manufactories ( Inn : Sher- 
 burne Arms). The tourist can 
 either return to Whalley, or round 
 the Fell to Longridge. (Rte. 16. )j 
 
 From Whalley Stat. the rly. runs 
 due N., passing on 1. Great Mitton, 
 and on rt. Standen Hall (J. P. 
 Aspinall, Esq.). 
 
 35 m. Clitheroe (Inn : Swan) was 
 in Norman times one of the two an- 
 cient seats of the De Lacys (the other 
 being at Pontefract), who became 
 possessed of the Honour of Clitheroe, 
 either by direct gift from William 
 the Norman or through Roger de 
 Buisli and Albert Greslet, to whom 
 the original Baron, Robert de Poic- 
 tou, had granted the Hundred. 
 
 Henry de Lacy, the last of the 
 line, left one daughter (1310), who 
 married and brought the Honour into 
 the possession of Thomas Plantage- 
 net, Earl of Lancaster. But on the 
 Earl’s attainder, the property was 
 forfeited to the Crown, and con- 
 tinued an appanage of the Duchy 
 
 of Lancaster until Charles II. be- 
 stowed it upon General Monk, Duke 
 of Albemarle. From him it has 
 descended to the Duke of Buccleuch, 
 the present owner. A curious docu- 
 ment is in existence respecting the 
 conveyance of rents from Clitheroe 
 to London. “ One pound in every 
 hundred was allowed to the steward 
 as a kind of insurance. The whole 
 was packed up in canvas bags, and 
 2 shillings per diem were allowed 
 for fifteen days in eundo , morando 
 et redeundo , during the convey- 
 ance.” — Whitaker . 
 
 The Castle, which is in a most 
 commanding situation on the sum- 
 mit of a limestone rock overlooking 
 the vale of Ribble, was dismantled 
 by the Parliament during the Civil 
 War, and nothing of the original 
 building remains but the keep and 
 portions of the outer wall, within 
 which was formerly the chapel of 
 St. Michael de Castro. On part of 
 the site of the castle stands the com- 
 paratively modern residence with 
 embattled fronts of A. J. Robinson, 
 Esq., the Duke’s steward for the 
 Honour. The Grammar School was 
 founded in 1554 by Philip and 
 Mary. An old place in the town 
 called The Alleys was the residence 
 of the Cliderhows, and was moated, 
 but there are not any traces of the 
 ancient mansion. The Clyderhowes 
 are first heard of in the reign of Ed- 
 ward I., when the Welsh marched 
 through Lancashire to unite with the 
 English against the Scots. The 
 church has been modernised. It con- 
 tains a couple of mutilated figures, 
 supposed to be effigies of Sir Richard 
 Radclifie and his wife ; a brass , 
 ornamented with a horoscope, in 
 memory of Dr. Webster, author of 
 the ‘ Disco verie of Witchcraft ’ 
 (1677), and other wmrks, and mas- 
 ter of the grammar school (1682); 
 and a monument, by Westmacott , 
 to Thomas Wilson, also a master, 
 who held office in the present eenty . 
 
76 
 
 Boute 7 . — Clitheroe — Pendle Hill . 
 
 The E. window is of stained glass, 
 with armorial bearings. Clitheroe 
 also numbers among its natives 
 Captain James King, the friend and 
 companion of Captain Cook, the 
 voyager; and the ancestors of Sir 
 William Dugdale, the antiquary. 
 Immediately across the bridge is 
 a farmhouse called Edisford , which 
 marks the site of a famous hos- 
 pital for lepers, dedicated to 
 St. Nicholas as “ Domus Lepro- 
 sorum de Edisforth,” but it does 
 not seem to have existed later than 
 1500. With the exception of 
 the castle, and the view from it, 
 there is not much to interest the 
 visitor ; but Clitheroe is a good point 
 from whence to ascend Pendle Hill , 
 which rises in a huge mass to 
 the E. to the height of 1851 ft. 
 Although inferior to other hills 
 within sight, it is described in the 
 Yorkshire doggrel — 
 
 “ Ingleborough, Pendle Hill, and Penny- 
 ghent 
 
 Are the highest hills between Scotland 
 and Trent.” 
 
 Its outlines are not the most pic- 
 turesque, denudation having re- 
 duced the summit to a plateau- but 
 the view from it is very fine, em- 
 bracing on the W. the whole of the 
 Irish Channel, and on the E. ex- 
 tending as far as York Minster 
 on a clear day. “ The very 
 name of Pendle Hill carries 
 with it, in Lancashire, something 
 impressive, though it may often be 
 indefinably so. It is a synonym, 
 throughout the district, for the 
 profoundest antiquity, and is asso- 
 ciated at once With watch fires and 
 with witchcraft. Yet, except for 
 the explorer, the reward of the 
 climb is indifferent. The views are 
 grand, and plenty of mountain 
 plants may be collected, but there 
 is nothing peculiar. A pleasing 
 association exists, however, in the 
 circumstance that John Kay, the 
 father of English botany, records in 
 his Synopsis that near the beacon 
 
 he gathered Bifolium minimum , 
 now called Lister a cor data. This 
 would be about 1690.” — Grindon. 
 
 Owing, perhaps, to the depth of the 
 peat and the quantity of springs, 
 Pendle Hill is notable for several 
 very alarming inundations, one of 
 which, in 1669, was so sudden and 
 powerful that, as two people were 
 crossing on horseback a brook on 
 their way to church, the hinder one 
 could not pass. On the other side 
 of the hill is a a great ravine called 
 “ the Brast or Burst Clough ,” which 
 is said to have been formed entirely 
 from this cause. The summit of the 
 Pendle was dreaded, in old days, 
 from its being crowned by Malkin 
 Tower , the resort of witches. 
 
 Bubus Chamaemorus also grows 
 on Pendle Hill — a semi-arctic plant, 
 which Prof. Forbes considered to 
 belong to the glacial era. Pendle 
 was one of the great forests into 
 which Blackburnshire was divided, 
 the others being Trawden, Rossen- 
 dale, and Accrington. Nearly at its 
 foot, overlooking Clitheroe, is Mear - 
 ley Hall , an old residence of the 
 Nowells. A fine old bay window is 
 left, said to have been brought 
 by Christopher Nowell from Sawley 
 Abbey. 
 
 Clitheroe Moor was the scene of 
 a battle between David I. of Scot- 
 land and King Stephen. 
 
 A considerable trade is carried on 
 in the town and neighbourhood in 
 cotton - spinning, calico - printing, 
 paper-making, bobbin-turning, &c. 
 Pop. 10,000. 
 
 [A very beautiful excursion, suit- 
 able chiefly for pedestrians, may be 
 taken from Clitheroe, over the 
 mountains, to Lancaster, between 
 25 and 26 m., by Whitewell, 9 m. 
 
 1 m. Lowmoor , a little factory 
 village on the banks of the Kibble, 
 which is crossed just between the 
 road entering Yorkshire. 
 
 2J m. Bashall , an old residence 
 of the Talbot family. Between this 
 
Boute 7 . — Browsholme — Bowland. 
 
 77 
 
 place and Waddington a number of 
 skeletons were found, together with 
 some fibulae, probably indicating 
 an engagement between the Ro- 
 mans and Britons. 
 
 6| m. Browsholme (pronounced 
 Brooslem), the seat of T. G. Parker, 
 Esq., hereditary Forester of Bow- 
 land. The house dates from 1604, 
 and consists of a centre, two 
 wings, and front facade. It con- 
 tains some valuable MSS. and the 
 silver seal of the Commonwealth 
 “for the approbation of public 
 preachers.” The hall is a fine apart- 
 ment, adorned with old oak and 
 suits of armour. Amongst the 
 curiosities is the stirrup of the forest, 
 through which every dog was ex- 
 pected to be able to pass. 
 
 From hence the road ascends the 
 hill of Rudholme Laund (the latter 
 term signifying an enclosure for 
 deer), and then plunges suddenly 
 dowm a steep descent, into the valley 
 of the Hodder, to 
 
 9 m. Whitewell , a charming little 
 village, with a remarkably com- 
 fortable Inn close to the river’s 
 edge. Hard by is the little chapel 
 erected in the time of Henry VII., 
 and in the valley above is the train- 
 ing establishment of Col. Towneley. 
 
 At the head of the valley the 
 Hodder turns to the rt., receiving 
 the tributaries of the Brennand, the 
 Langden, and the Hareden Brook. 
 “ The Hodder, coming down from 
 Cross of Greet, forms the boundary 
 of Yorkshire and Lancashire, as it 
 must originally have done between 
 two British tribes, the word 2 * 4 Odre ’ 
 in that language signifying a 
 limit or bound.” — Whitaker. The 
 hills here rise to a considerable 
 height, varying from 1000 to 1400 
 ft., and the road turns to the 1., 
 following the course of the Langden 
 for 2 m., and then breasting the 
 hill of Trough Bank (1383 ft.) by 
 what is known as the Trough of 
 Bowland, the highest point which 
 the road has to ascend. The forest 
 
 of BmvJand , or Bolland, is the 
 watershed of streams, which run 
 into the Lune on the one side and 
 the Ribble on the other — and the 
 Yorkshire boundary passes along 
 the crests of its highest ridges — 
 Wolf Crag, Cross of Greet, Bolland 
 Knots and Burmoor— names which 
 are more picturesque than the 
 country in which they are found. 
 The forest of Bowland belonged to 
 the Honour of Clitheroe, and was 
 celebrated for its reputation as a 
 sporting district, on which account 
 it obtained its name. The laws of the 
 day were very severe. Amongst 
 others, it was provided “that the 
 several tenants, as well leaseholders 
 as fee-farmers, are bound to suffer 
 the deere to go unmolested into 
 their several grounds ; they are also 
 fyned, if anie, without lysens, keep 
 anie dogg bigger than will go 
 through a stirupe, to hunt the deere 
 out of the eorne.” 
 
 On the other side of the Trough 
 of Bolland the road descends upon 
 the Wyre, which takes its rise in 
 Manshaw Fell close by — 
 
 “Arriving but a rill, at first from Wyres- 
 dale’s lap, 
 
 Yet still receiving strength from her full 
 mother’s pap, 
 
 As down to seawarde shee, her serious 
 course doth plye, 
 
 Takes Calder coming in, to bear her com- 
 pany, 
 
 And Bowland from her breast, sends Brock 
 her to attend, 
 
 As shee a forest is .” —Drayton. 
 
 The road does not, however, keep 
 close to it for long, but strikes 
 across the shoulder of a hill to the 
 Grysdale Brook, a tributary of the 
 Wyre. From hence it is a succes- 
 sion of hill and dale to Lancaster 
 (Rte. 17).] 
 
 2 m. N.W. of Clitheroe, within 
 the Yorkshire boundary and across 
 the Ribbie, is Waddington Hall , an 
 old seat of the Tempests, who in- 
 
 herited it by the marriage of their 
 
 ancestor with Alice, heiress of the 
 
78 
 
 Boufe 7 . — Waddington Hall — Sawley Abbey. 
 
 De Waddingtons in the reign of 
 Edward I. “The usurper, Henry 
 VI., after the battle of Hexham, in 
 1463, was conveyed into this county, 
 where he was concealed by his 
 vassals for an entire twelvemonth, 
 notwithstanding the most diligent 
 search made after him. At length 
 he was surprised at 'dinner at Wad- 
 dingtcn Hall, and taken at Bun- 
 gerley Hippingstones near Clithe- 
 row. The house was burnt, but 
 the king found means to get out, 
 ran across the fields below Waddow 
 Hall, and passed the Kibble on the 
 stepping - stones into a wood on 
 the Lancashire side called Christian 
 Pightle, but, being closely pursued, 
 was there taken. From thence he 
 was carried to London in the most 
 piteous manner on horseback, with 
 his legs tied to the stirrups/ 5 ' — 
 Pennant. A grant was made to Sir 
 John de Waddyngton for assisting 
 in the capture, although a gross 
 breach of hospitality — “ pro servitio 
 suo in magni captura adversarii 
 nostri Henrici nuper de facto non 
 de jure regis Anglise.” 
 
 The rly. continues N.E. from 
 Clitheroe, passing on 1. an old house 
 called Horrocksford Hall , formerly 
 the residence of the Parkers of 
 Browsholme; and several lime- 
 works, which are very abundant 
 in this part of the county— reaching 
 
 37 m. Chatburn Stat. ( Inn : 
 PendL ). A large number of Roman 
 coins were found here in the last 
 century. To the rt. is Downham , 
 the seat of R. Assheton, Esq. In 
 the neighbourhood are found crys- 
 tals as lustrous as Bristol stones, 
 and called Downham diamonds. 
 They are alluded to in the old 
 song — 
 
 “ When Downham stones with diamond rings 
 And cociles he with pearles compared.” 
 
 The Asshetons have held Downham 
 since the 17th centy., when it was 
 in the possession of Nicholas Asshe- 
 
 ton, a somewhat jovial Puritan, and 
 author of the ‘Journal,’ dated 
 1617. He is a prominent cha- 
 racter in Ainsworth’s ‘Lancashire 
 Witches/ The church contains 
 the monuments of the family. 2 m. 
 to the N. of Clitheroe, within the 
 Yorkshire border, are the ruins of 
 Sawley Abbey (Cistercian). The 
 actual remains are very slight and 
 of little architectural importance — 
 but the ground plan, by the direc- 
 tion of the Marquis of Ripon, the 
 present owner, has been most care- 
 fully traced, and in this respect 
 Sawley is not less interesting than 
 Fountains or Jervaulx. 
 
 Sawley (no doubt, as Whitaker 
 suggests, the “ willow field,” seal , 
 A.-S. = a willow) was founded in 
 1147 by William de Percy, Lord of 
 Topcliffe and Spofforth and of the 
 whole of Ribblesdale within Craven, 
 The house (which was dedicated to 
 St. Mary and St. Andrew, and 
 known as Mons Sti. Andrese de 
 Salley) was colonised from New- 
 minster, in Northumberland — the 
 first offshoot from Fountains — but 
 about 40 years after its foundation 
 the poverty of Sawley was so great 
 that it would have been suppressed, 
 had not Maud, Countess of War- 
 wick, the founder s daughter and 
 heiress, granted to it the ch. of 
 Tadcaster and 100 acres of land in 
 Cal ton, where she was born. The 
 convent still remained poor and 
 dissatisfied, however, complaining 
 of the bad climate, of the hospitality 
 they were compelled to show to 
 numbers of people passing on to the 
 public way near their house, and of 
 the ravages of the Scots — but al- 
 though few additional grants of 
 land seem to have been made to it, 
 a household book of the abbey, pre- 
 served at Whalley, shows that, in 
 1381, its revenue amounted to about 
 377 l. y so that its position had by 
 that time greatly improved. The 
 last abbot, William Tr afford, was 
 concerned in the Pilgrimage of 
 
79 
 
 Route 7 . — Sawley : Church . 
 
 Grace, and was accordingly hanged 
 at Lancaster in 1537. The house, 
 which was then dissolved, was 
 granted to Sir Arthur Darcy, one of 
 the Northern Commissioners for the 
 suppression. From him it passed 
 through many hands to its present 
 owner. 
 
 There were frequent disagree- 
 ments between the monks of Sawley 
 and Whalley — the former com- 
 plaining that their arrival had 
 made all the necessaries of life 
 dearer in the neighbourhood. In a 
 provincial chapter of the Cister- 
 cian abbots, held in 1305, the monks 
 of the two houses were exhorted to 
 live in brotherly love, and it was 
 ordered that every Sawley monk 
 offending against Whadey should 
 be sent to Whalley for punishment, 
 and vice versa. This ingenious plan 
 seems to have been effectual in 
 preventing breaches of the monastic 
 peace. 
 
 The site of Sawley can never have 
 been so secluded as those of other 
 Cistercian houses in the county; 
 but the highway which now runs 
 close to the river was originally on 
 the W. of the mill stream, and the 
 park or close of about 50 acres 
 quite surrounded the abbey. This 
 close, which was entered by two 
 gates called N. and S. port, has been 
 cleared, and from the high ground 
 above it there is a very fine view up 
 and down Kibblesdale. 
 
 The church was in progress of 
 alteration when the house was sup- 
 pressed, and the plan, owing to the 
 condition in which the work was 
 arrested, is at first perplexing. The 
 first ch. was cruciform, but with 
 the peculiarity that the length of 
 the transept exceeded that of the 
 united nave and choir by 12 ft. 
 There were no aisles. The transept 
 had 3 eastern chapels in each wing. 
 The short nave, of which the walls 
 remain to a height of 25 ft., seems to 
 have had no side windows, and to 
 have been lighted only from above 
 
 the W. door. Outside its N. wall 
 is a foundation ranging with the 
 nave, but prolonged considerably 
 beyond it. This seems to have been 
 an additional aisle or chapel, built 
 during the Dec. period, since a 
 piscina of that character remains 
 in the (once exterior) wall of the 
 nave. There was no communica- 
 tion, however, with the nave, and 
 apparently none with the transept. 
 In the southernmost of the chapels 
 is a large tomb slab, sculptured with 
 two polished crosses. S.W. of it, 
 in the body of the transept, is the 
 tomb slab of William of Eiving- 
 ton, Prior of Sawley, and, in 1372, 
 Chancellor of Oxford. The pave- 
 ments in the middle chapel of each 
 transept are of the 13th centy., and 
 excellent of design. In the northern- 
 most chapel is a slab which covered 
 the remains of “ Sir Kobert de 
 Clyderhow,” once “ Parson of 
 Wigan, a strong supporter of 
 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in his 
 quarrel with Edward II. in 1321. 
 The choir seems to have been re- 
 built in the Perp. period, although 
 the walls of the original Norm, 
 choir still remain, and were pro- 
 bably left till a central tower could 
 be erected. 
 
 At the S. end of the transept 
 are the foundations of the chapter- 
 house and two adjoining apartments 
 not easily appropriated. The S. side 
 of the cloister court has been de- 
 molished nearly to the foundation. 
 Here, however, were the great re- 
 fectory and kitchen. Of the farm 
 buildings, a granary and corn-mill 
 alone remain, at a short distance 
 W. The northern gate-house, in 
 which the Tudor arch of the outer 
 and inner walls is alone ancient, 
 stands about 270 ft. from the ruins. 
 An extension of the railway from 
 Chatburn, formerly the terminus of 
 the line, through Gisburn, to con- 
 nect with the Midland line to Car- 
 lisle and Scotland at Hellifield is 
 now opened. 
 
80 
 
 Route 8 . — Preston to Colne . 
 
 EOUTE 8. 
 
 PRESTON TO COLNE, By BLACKBURN, 
 ACCRINGTON, AND BURNLEY. 
 
 The Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 Ely., which connects these towns, 
 leaves the London and North- 
 Western immediately outside the 
 general station at Preston (Kte. 16), 
 and crosses the Eibble by a long 
 viaduct. The view on each side is 
 exceedingly pretty, the banks of 
 the river immediately beneath the 
 rly. being gay with flowers, and the 
 well-kept walks of the Miller and 
 Avenham Parks. 
 
 The line then runs S.E., leaving 
 the ch. and village of Walton-le- 
 Dale to the 1. 
 
 At Preston Ji:nc. the line from 
 Ormskirk and Liverpool falls in 
 (Ete. 15). 
 
 3 m. Bamber Bridge St at., a 
 populous village with several large 
 cotton-mills. Adjoining it is Cuer- 
 den Hall, the seat of the late E. 
 Towneley Parker, Esq., whose an- 
 cestor, Banastre Parker, built it in 
 1716. An older house existed here in 
 the 15th centy., which belonged to 
 Christopher Banastre, of Bank, one 
 of whose heiresses brought it to the 
 Parker family by marriage. 
 
 6 m. Hoghton Stat. About 1J m. 
 on the rt., occupying a conspicuous 
 position on the summit of an abrupt 
 wooded hill, is Hoghton Tower, in 
 the 16th and 17th centuries one of 
 
 the proudest of English mansions, 
 but for many years past a dilapi- 
 dated ruin. It has now, however, 
 in respect of its external walls, 
 been put in repair, and is no longer 
 open to the public. It is the fa- 
 mily seat of the De Hoghtons (Sir 
 Charles de Hoghton, Bart.), who held 
 property here, it is said, since the 
 time of Henry II., in the person of 
 Adam de Hocton or Dominus de 
 Hocton, to whose descendant, Sir 
 Bichard, permission was given to 
 I enclose a park. The present house, 
 which has been so long in a ruined 
 state, was built in 1565, by Thomas 
 Hoghton, Esq., “who/' sajs Kuer- 
 den, the antiquary, “ translated this 
 manor-house formerly placed below 
 the hill, nere unto the waterside. 
 Betwixt ye inward square court 
 and the second (between the 1st 
 and 2nd courts) was a very strong 
 tall tower or gate-house, which, in 
 the late and unhappy civil wars, was 
 accidently blown up with powder, 
 with some adjacent buildings, after 
 the surrender thereof, and Captain 
 Starkey, with 200 more, were killed 
 in that blast most woefully. This 
 stately fabric is environed with the 
 remnant of a spacious park, which 
 in former times was so full of timber 
 that a man passing through it could 
 scarce have seen the sun shine at 
 middle of day ; but, of later days, 
 most of it has been destroyed. It was 
 much replenished with wild beasts, 
 as with boars and bulls of a white 
 and spangled colour, and red deer 
 in great plenty — the last as yet pre- 
 served for game by the lords thereof.*’ 
 The main body of the building, 
 which is entered from the quad- 
 rangle by a circular flight of steps, 
 contains some fine rooms ; the hall, 
 51 ft. long by 30 ft. wide, the green 
 room, the marble room, and the 
 king’s room, which King James I. 
 occupied during his visit to Sir 
 Kichard de Hoghton in 1617. This 
 occasion was the most notable in 
 the history of Hoghton Tower, the 
 
81 
 
 "Route 8 . — Hoghton Tower : Park. 
 
 royal guest not only bringing with 
 him a splendid court, but attract- 
 ing half Lancashire to assist at the 
 sports and pay respect to majesty. 
 Sir Richard himself met the king 
 at the foot of the hill with a long 
 train of the proudest gentry of 
 Lancashire, who did not disdain 
 to wear Sir Richard’s livery out 
 of compliment. An extract from 
 Nicholas Assheton's ( of Downham) 
 diary says : u My brother Sher- 
 borne’s taylor brought him a suit of 
 apparel, and us two others, and a 
 livery cloak from Sir Richard Hogh- 
 ton, that we should attend him 
 at the king’s coming, rather for 
 his grace and reputation than any 
 exacting of mean service.’ , No ex- 
 pense was spared to keep the king 
 constantly amused by masques, 
 dances, feasts, and stag-hunts in 
 Hoghton Park. “ A petition which 
 was presented here to King James 
 by a great number of Lancashire 
 peasants, tradesmen, and servant's, 
 requesting that they might be al- 
 lowed to take their diversions (as 
 of old accustomed) after divine 
 service on Sundays, is said to have 
 been the origin of the ‘ Book of 
 Sports,’ soon after promulgated by 
 royal authority. James being per- 
 suaded that those were Puritans who 
 forbade such diversions, and that 
 they were Jewishly inclined, be- 
 cause they affected to call Sunday 
 the Sabbath, recommended that 
 diverting exercises should be used 
 after evening prayers, and ordered 
 the book to be read publicly in all 
 churches ; and such ministers as 
 refused to obey the injunction were 
 threatened with severe punishment 
 in the High Commission Court. 
 This legal violation of the day 
 which is unequivocally the Chris- 
 tian Sabbath, roused at the time 
 the indignation of the seriously dis- 
 posed, and has been frequently re- 
 probated by historians. Foremost 
 of its opposers, and eminent in 
 example, stands the virtuous and 
 [ Lancashire ] 
 
 firm Archbishop Abbot, who, being 
 at Croydon the day it was ordered 
 to be read in churches, flatly forbade 
 it to be read there, which the king 
 was pleased to wink at, notwith- 
 standing the daily endeavours that 
 were used to irritate the king against 
 him .” — NichoVs * Royal Progresses of 
 James I.’ 
 
 It was during one of the banquets 
 at Hoghton that King James is 
 said to have knighted the loin of 
 beef and ordered it ever afterwards 
 to be called the Sir-loin ; although, 
 according to some, the beef was 
 already called sur-loin, and the 
 royal punster merely played upon 
 the word — 
 
 “ The god, in guise of yeoman tall. 
 
 Pass’d along the crowded hall; 
 
 And with portly mien and bland 
 Gave this to the monarch’s hand. 
 
 The well known dish the king surveyed, 
 And then drew forth the shining blade, 
 
 He waved it thrice, with gentle tap 
 Thrice imposed the knightly slap.” 
 
 Old Ballad. 
 
 The view from the gateway of 
 Hoghton Tower is fine, and em- 
 braces a vast expanse of the valley 
 and estuary of the Ribble, with the 
 mountains of Wales, occasionally 
 visible to the S.W., the ] dlls of the 
 Lake region to the N.W., and the 
 Yorkshire Fells at the head of 
 Ribblesdale to the N.E. 
 
 From Hoghton Stat. the rly. has 
 a very picturesque course at the 
 foot of Hoghton Hill, the ravine 
 of which is crossed by a viaduct 
 116 ft. high, overlooking on 1. the 
 valley of the Darwen, dotted with 
 mills and hamlets. 
 
 8 m. Pleasington Stat. On rt. 
 is Fen/'scowles (Celtic, Pen-ys-goil, 
 Head of the Cliff), the seat of Sir 
 W. L. Feilden, Bart. An old Saxon 
 tradition held that Feniscowles was 
 the locus habitandi of the Phoenix. 
 In Henry III.’s reign this property 
 belonged to the De Pleasingtons, 
 who failing in the male line, it was 
 brought by the heiress to the De 
 G 
 
82 
 
 Route 8 .—Pleasington Hall — Hapton. 
 
 Wynkleys, and afterwards to the 
 Ainsworths, by whom it was sold 
 to the grandfather of the present 
 baronet. The house contains paint- 
 ings by Ostade, Murillo, H. Caracci , 
 C. Dolce , N. Poussin, &c. 
 
 On 1. of rly. is Pleasington Hall 
 (J. E. Butler-Bowden, Esq.), a hand- 
 some modern Grecian mansion. The 
 old hall still exists ; a good specimen 
 of an Elizabethan residence. Upon 
 the porch is the date 1587. Plea- 
 sington was long the residence of 
 the family of Ainsworth, a member 
 of which, in the time of James I., 
 was Henry Ainsworth, a noted Puri- 
 tan preacher, and author of 4 Anno- 
 tations on the Five Books of Moses,’ 
 and numerous controversial tracts. 
 
 9 m. Cherry Tree Stat. On 1. is 
 Witton (Maj.-Gen. Feilden). 
 
 11 m. Blackburn Junc. (Kte. 
 
 7 ). 
 
 13f m. near Rishton Stat. there is 
 a large reservoir, to feed the Leeds 
 and Liverpool Canal. 
 
 15 J m. near Church Stat. are the 
 Rhyddings (K. Watson, Esq.) and 
 Paddock House (G.Walmsley, Esq.), 
 and a little to the N. are the vil- 
 lages of Clayton-in-Moors and En- 
 field. The latter contains a Eoman 
 Catholic chapel, with an altar-piece 
 by Caracci, representing “ The Pre- 
 sentation in the Temple.” Adjoin- 
 ing the village are Dunkenhaigh 
 Park (H. Petre, Esq.), the hall of 
 which was built temp. James I., 
 and recently rebuilt in Elizabethan 
 style ; Sparth House , the old seat of 
 the Whalleys ; and Clayton Hall 
 (James Lomax, Esq.), the property 
 of the Be Claytons in the reign of 
 Edward lit. The present house is 
 modern. Some little distance to the 
 rt. of the rly. are Knuzden Hall, an 
 old seat of a family named Baron ; 
 and Peel Fold, where the first Sir 
 Robert Peel resided in his early life. 
 
 16^ m. Accrington Junc. 
 
 Accrington (Inn: Hargreaves Arms) 
 
 is a busy manufacturing town and 
 new municipal borough of about 
 30,000 inhab., principally employed 
 in the factories for cotton and mous- 
 seline de laine, in machine and 
 print works. Its chief architectural 
 objects are the Peel Institution (now 
 the Town Hall), a handsome Italian 
 building, erected in 1857 at a cost 
 of 8000/. ; the Market House ; the 
 new Mechanics’ Institute ; and the 
 new Baptist ch., near the rly. stat. 
 There are 3 chs., the parish ch. and 
 2 new ones. The Grange, an old 
 house, was probably a monastic farm- 
 house belonging to Kirkstall Abbey. 
 In the neighbourhood are Hollins, 
 which was plundered in consequence 
 of the owner’s (Robt. Cunliffe) op- 
 position to Cromwell’s measures; 
 and High Riley, the residence of 
 tiie Rileys in the I6th centy. 
 
 Arden (B. Hargreaves, Esq.), near 
 Accrington, was a station of the 
 army placed here by William the 
 Conqueror to guard the passes be- 
 tween Lancashire and Yorkshire. 
 It was also a grange to Kirkstall 
 Abbey. 
 
 The line now keeps a northerly 
 direction through a somewhat bleak 
 country to 
 
 18 J m. Huncoat Stat., to 1. of 
 which is Altham. The ch. has some 
 frescoes and a stained-glass E. win- 
 dow, by Clutterbuck, to the memory of 
 Hacking, the inventor of the carding 
 engine. The font was given to the 
 ch. by Abbot Paslew, of Whalley. 
 Altham Hall, now a farmhouse, was 
 originally moated, and contains 
 some Pointed doorways. Shuttle- 
 worth Hall, between Hapton and 
 Altham, was the seat of the Shuttle- 
 worths, temp. Edward III. The 
 present house was built in the reign 
 of James I. 
 
 19 j m. Hapton Stat. Both the 
 old halls at these places are now 
 farmhouses ; the latter was the 
 residence of the Habergham family 
 
83 
 
 Boute 8 .— 
 
 in the 14th centy. The old castle 
 of Hapton was once a seat of the 
 Towneleys, who had a large park 
 here of 10 miles in circumference. 
 It still contains traces of the pitfalls 
 dug for impounding stray deer, when 
 the two families of the Towneleys and 
 the Haberghams were on bad terms 
 with each other. A fter the death of 
 Charles Towneley at Marston Moor, 
 it was sequestrated. To the S. is 
 Hameldon Rill , locally celebrated for 
 its building-stone quarries of car- 
 bonaceous sandstone. A Roman road 
 runs near the foot of Hapton Scouts. 
 
 21 m. at Rosegrove Junc. the 
 branch to Todmorden (Rte. 4) is 
 given off, the main line turning to 
 the 1. to 
 
 22 j m. Burnley Stat. ( Inn : Bull). 
 Burnley, anciently called Brunley, 
 from its situation at the confluence 
 of the little river Brun with the 
 Calder, is a large manufacturing 
 town, containing about 50,000 Pop. 
 dependent on cotton-spinning and 
 weaving, and the woollen trade. 
 Except for the pretty scenery in the 
 neighbourhood, the tourist need not 
 be detained, for the town is smoky, 
 and contains not many fine public 
 buildings or objects of historic in- 
 terest. 
 
 The church dates from the time 
 of Edward III., but has been fre- 
 quently repaired and added to: it 
 contains nave, with aisles, chancel, 
 chapels, and tower. The chancel 
 end has been recently handsomely 
 rebuilt. The Towneley family have 
 a number of monuments here in 
 the Towneley Chapel, at the E. 
 of the N. aisle, amongst which 
 is one to Charles Towneley, the 
 antiquary (d. 1805). He resided 
 many years in Rome, and formed 
 the large collection of antique 
 marbles, known as the Towneley 
 marbles, in the British Museum. 
 The E. end of the S. aisle is occu- 
 pied by the Stansfield Chapel, which 
 contains a monument to the wife of 
 
 - Burnley . 
 
 Major Thursby. The chancel has 
 a stained-glass window^ in memory 
 of Archdeacon Master. 
 
 Burnley contains the usual busi- 
 ness and municipal institutions, and 
 also a Grammar School founded in 
 1650, for which a very elegant new 
 school-house has lately been erected. 
 u Many pure Danish words are still 
 current in Burnley, and are very 
 expressive in their meaning/ 5 
 
 In the neighbourhood of the town 
 are Bank Rail , the seat of the late 
 Gen. Sir Jas. Scarlett; Towneley Rail 
 (the late >Col. Towneley) (Rte. 4); 
 and The Holme (J. H. Whitaker, 
 Esq.), the former residence of Dr. 
 Whitaker, the antiquary and histo- 
 rian of Whalley (Rte. 7): also the 
 following old houses — Fulledge , J m, 
 S.E., between Burnley and Towne- 
 ley ; Boyle , on the "banks of the 
 Calder, 1 m. N.W., built in the 17th 
 centy. ; Rey sand forth, 1 m. N.E., on 
 the banks of the Brun, the seat, in 
 Edward IP’s time, of Oliver Stans- 
 feld ; and Danes or Dancer House, 
 J m. N., once the property of the 
 ancient family of Foldys. Pleasant 
 excursions can be made from 
 Burnley along the vale of Calder 
 to Todmorden (Rte. 4), over 
 the moors of Cliviger to Bacup, 
 by Deerplay Hill, 7 m. (Rte. 6), 
 and to Whalley, 6 m., through Padi- 
 ham, 3 m., and one especially inte- 
 resting to pedestrians (which is sub- 
 joined) may be taken from Burnley 
 to Clitheroe. 
 
 2 m. Rudley Hollow ; cross the 
 Calder. 2 m. Fence Church; 1 m. 
 New Kirk ; 1 m. Barley, foot of 
 Pendle Hill ; 1 m. summit of Pendle 
 Hill ; 2 m. Mearley Hall ; 2 m. 
 Clitheroe. 
 
 Bail to Todmorden, 8^ m. ; Roch- 
 dale, 16. | m. ; Colne, 5J m. ; Skipton, 
 18 m. ; Accrington, 5| m. ; Black- 
 burn, 11m.; Manchester, 27 m. (by 
 Rochdale). 3^ m. to the E. is Ex- 
 twistle Rail , an old ruined residence of 
 the Parkers in the 16th centy. ; and 
 between it and Burnley is Rowley , 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 Boute 8 . — Colne- 
 
 the old seat of the Halsteads, of th ■* 
 date of 1543. Lawrence Halstead 
 was keeper of the records in the 
 Tower, and so determined a Royalist 
 that he was excepted out of all acts 
 of indemnity in the treaties between 
 Charles I. and the Parliament. 
 
 The rly. continues northward 
 through a broken and picturesque 
 district to 25 m. Brierfield Stat. On 
 rt. is the manufacturing village of 
 Marsden and Marsden Hall , and 1. 
 are Old Laund Hall and Carr Hall 
 (T. Every-Clayton, Esq.). 
 
 26 m. Nelson Stat. Nelson in 
 Marsden is now (1879) a large manu- 
 facturing village of some 10,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 28 m. Colne Stat. ( Inn : Swan.) 
 Upon the ridge of a hill stands the 
 little town of Colne, which, from 
 the discovery of rings and coins at 
 various times, is supposed to have 
 been the site of the Roman station 
 Colunio of the Ravennas. Colne, 
 which has now a number of cotton 
 factories, was formerly noted for its 
 trade in woollen and worsted goods ; 
 and a building still exists, called The 
 Piece Hall , once used as a sort of 
 exchange, but now for general pur- 
 poses. “ In the 4th of Edward II. 
 there was one fulling-mill, charged 
 at 6s. 8 d. ; a circumstance which 
 implies that cloth was manufactured 
 here at an early period, and contra- 
 dicts the generally received opinion 
 that English wool was universally 
 manufactured in Flanders, till an 
 Act of the 10th of Edward III.” — 
 Hugdale. 
 
 The church is of the 16th centy., 
 and contains nave, low tower, side 
 aisles, chancel, and 2 chapels ; that 
 on the N. of the chancel belonging to 
 the family of Bannister of Parkhill, 
 and on the S. to the Towneleys of 
 Barnside, an old house in the neigh- 
 bourhood. In the interior is a carved 
 rood-screen. The E. and W. win- 
 dows are Perp., and there are some 
 Norm, columns in the N. aisle. 
 
 — Wy coller Hall . 
 
 “Against the E. wall of the N. 
 chapel, is a singular Latin inscrip- 
 tion, cut upon oak, and probably of 
 the date of 1508, in which a fervent 
 invocation is br< athed to the Virgin, 
 by William Hyrd, for protection 
 against diabolical illusions in the 
 hour of death.” — Baines. Close to 
 the ch.-yard is the Grammar School , 
 where Archbishop Tillotson was 
 educated. He was a native of these 
 parts, his mother being a Nutter of 
 Pendle Forest. 
 
 There are several old houses in 
 the neighbourhood ; and Colne Hall 
 is now a mean cottage. Langroyd 
 Hall (W. T. Carr, Esq.) is an old 
 mansion partly modernised. Barn- 
 side , the ancient residence of a 
 branch of the Towneley family, is 
 3 m. to the E., and belonged to the 
 Priory of St. John of Pontefract. 
 It is a strongly built house, in a 
 bleak situation. Emmott Hall (Geo. 
 Emmott Greene, Esq.), 2J m. on 
 the Skipton road, near Laneshaw 
 Bridge. The old house was built 
 by Robert de Emott in 1310 ; though 
 it is said that even before this time 
 there was a Due de Emot who came 
 over with William the Conqueror 
 and settled here. Camden mentions 
 that in the Emmott pastures grew 
 two rare Lancashire plants. Lichen 
 glaucus and L. ampullaceus. 
 
 1 m. to S. of Emmott is Wycoller 
 Hall , now a ruin, but formerly the 
 seat of the Hartleys and afterwards 
 of the Cunliffes. 
 
 Wycoller was a very characteris- 
 tic mansion, seated at the foot of 
 the wild moors that form the Forest 
 of Trawden, and still contains a 
 large fire-place detached from the 
 wall, with stone benches all round 
 it. In the possession of the Cun- 
 liffes is an old MS. which gives a 
 description of family life there in 
 former days : — 
 
 “ At Wycoller Hall they usually 
 kept open house for 12 days at 
 Christmas. Their entertainment 
 
85 
 
 Route 9 . — Manchester to Wigan . 
 
 was a long table, plenty of fru- 
 menty like new milk made of husked 
 wheat, boiled and roasted beef, with 
 a fat goose and pudding, with plenty 
 of good beer for dinner. A round- 
 about fire-place, surrounded with 
 stone benches, where the young 
 folks sat and cracked nuts and 
 diverted themselves ; and in this 
 manner the sons and daughters got 
 matching without going much from 
 home.” 
 
 The dialect of this district is very 
 peculiar, 44 being a mixture of Lanca- 
 shire and the Craven. The verb ‘ to 
 gawm ’ is used to imply to under- 
 stand, and hence the word ‘ gawra- 
 less,’ which is a genuine provincial- 
 ism of the county. The general 
 patois is very rugged, and the na- 
 tural sound oo is perverted into that 
 of oy t as 4 spoyn ’ and 4 noyn ’ for 
 spoon and noon , The fame of the 
 Pendle witches extended to Colne ; 
 and to guard the inhabitants against 
 their machinations, Margaret Pear- 
 son, of Pad i ham, one of the weird 
 sisters, was placed, in 1612, upon 
 the pillory here, by sentence of Sir 
 Edward Bromley. It does not ap- 
 pear that the inhabitants of the 
 district took any very prominent 
 part in the Civil Wars; but, in a 
 despatch sent to Parliament in 1642, 
 they are commemorated amongst 
 4 .sturdy churls, who were ready to 
 fight against the king’s forces 
 4 rather than that the beef and fat 
 bacon should be taken from them.’ ” 
 — Baines. 
 
 From Colne the rly. passes rt. 
 Alkincoals , the ancient seat of the 
 De Alkincoats in Edward II. ’s time, 
 and now a second house of the 
 Parkers of Browsholme. There are 
 large canal reservoirs, near 
 
 Foulridge Stat. Crag House (W. II. 
 Wood, Esq.) Here the rly. enters 
 Yorkshire {Handbook for Yorkshire ) . 
 
 ROUTE 9. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO WIGAN, BY ECCLES 
 AND TYLDESLEY. 
 
 London and North- Western Bailway. 
 
 Leaving Manchester by the Vic- 
 toria Stat., the traveller passes on 
 the 1. whilom Hew Bay ley Prison, 
 now a portion of the Lancashire and 
 Yorkshire goods stat. 
 
 Ordsall Lane Stat ., so called from 
 the old country road which leads 
 from the main road through Salford 
 to Ordsall Hall , an old seat of the 
 Radclitfe family, and the scene of 
 Harrison Ainsworth’s novel 4 Guy 
 Fawkes.’ The old hall is now used 
 as a working men’s club. It is sur- 
 rounded by cottages and mills. A 
 little further on 1. is the Ordsall 
 Public Park ; Infantry Barracks ; 
 Manchester Pact course ; Militia 
 Barracks ; Salford Workhouse and 
 Salford Cemetery. 
 
 2 m. Cross Lane Stat. On the 
 rt. is the extensive cattle market, 
 the only open one in Manchester 
 and Salford ; Seedley Public Park ; 
 and in rear of that, running 2 m. 
 in S.W. direction, is Eccles Old 
 Road, one of the finest roads in the 
 county, and bordered by many of 
 the best houses in the vicinity 
 of Manchester. (Taking the road 
 from E. to W. in order : SummerhiU 
 (W. Agnew, Esq.); Builla Hill 
 (Mr. Alderman Bennett) ; Chaseley 
 (Chas. Heywood, Esq.) ; Light 
 Oaks (E. S. Heywood, Esq.) ; Clare- 
 mont ( O. Heywood, Esq. ) ; Hart 
 Hill (T. H. Birley, Esq.) ; Hope 
 
86 
 
 'Route 9 . — Redes. 
 
 Hall (F. W. Grafton, Esq.) ; The 
 Bool eery fE. Armitage, Esq.); The 
 Weaste (Mrs. Tootal) ; Fair Hope 
 (Thos. Agnew, Esq ) : Broom House 
 (Emil Beiss, Esq.); Bentcliffe House , 
 the seat successively of the Holts, 
 the Valentines, and the Whittakers. 
 The grounds have been sold for 
 building upon.) 
 
 3 m. Weaste Stat ., so called from 
 a piece of waste land which existed 
 here. On 1. Bolton Lodge (John 
 Greenwood, Esq.) ; Irwell Banh 
 (J. Dugdale, Esq.) ; Eccles Vicarage 
 (Bev. J. P. Pitcairn). 
 
 4 m. Eccles Stat. {Hotel: Cross 
 Keys, near ch.). Eccles gives the 
 name to a large old ecclesiastical 
 parish, once extending from Salford 
 to Bolton, and latterly containing 
 over 22,000 acres. The hamlet was 
 formerly called Eccles with Moni- 
 t homes, and is situate in the town- 
 ship of Barton-upon -Irwell. 
 
 Adam de Eccles is said to have 
 held land here in the time of 
 William II., and a John Eccles was 
 Abbot of Whalley 140 years after 
 its foundation (temp. Henry VI.). 
 
 The church , which has undergone 
 many restorations (twice within the 
 last 20 years), is supposed to date 
 from the year 1111, and is dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin Ecclesia (the 
 ch. probably giving the name to 
 the place). Since the last restoration, 
 when the lime- wash wns scraped off 
 and a new chancel arch put in, 
 the ch. .presents a greatly improved 
 appearance. It was appropriated 
 to the Abbot of Stan! aw, whose 
 house was removed to Whalley. 
 
 In the Bridgewater Chapel are the 
 recumbent figures of Bichard Brere- 
 ton. ofWorsley, and his wife Dorothy, 
 with their infant son in swaddling 
 clothes. She is attired in large ruffs 
 round her neck and ankles. Dorothy 
 afterwards married one of the Leghs, 
 and it was by her will that the 
 Worsley estate passed to Sir Thomas 
 (afterwards Lord Chancellor) Eger- 
 ton, and thence to the present owner. 
 
 There are also monuments to the 
 Dauntseys of Agecroft Hall (17th 
 centy.), Bayley of Hope, Whittakers 
 and Sergeants, and one to the Bev. 
 Wm. Marsden, a late vicar. Bobert 
 (brother of George) Stephenson is 
 buried in the ch.-yd. The Bev. 
 Thos. Williamson was Vicar of 
 Eccles from December 1576 to 
 about May 1606 : “He was an able 
 writer and a good man, a sound 
 scholar and of extensive reading.” 
 Dr. John White, Chaplain in Ordi- 
 nary to James I., was also vicar 
 here. He wrote the 4 Way of the 
 True Church,’ and other works, 
 collected in 1624. The martyr 
 John Bradford preached in Eccles 
 ch. The colours of the Trafford 
 old Volunteers are now suspended 
 from the panelled roof of the chancel. 
 
 Eccles church formerly possessed 
 four chantries, viz. 
 
 1. St. Catherine’s, founded by 
 Thomas del Bothe, of Barton, before 
 1368. This was extinguished in 
 the 16th centy., and its site is 
 marked by a chapel on the S. side. 
 
 2. The Bothe or Booth Chapel, 
 also founded, in 1450, by a member 
 of the same family, Law Bothe, D.D. 
 
 3. The Jesus Chapel, founded by 
 William Bothe, D.D., 1460. It is 
 on the N. side, and now called the 
 Trafford Chapel, from its belonging 
 to that family, who also claim pro- 
 prietorship of the church porch. 
 
 4. The Holy Trinity Chantry, 
 founded by Sir Geoffrey Massey, of 
 Worsley, in the 15th centy. This is 
 now called the Bridgewater Chapel. 
 Some of the old church documents 
 are very curious. 44 By a vestry order, 
 dated Aug. 27, 1595, the church- 
 wardens were empowered to appoint 
 places in the church for the gentle- 
 men of the parish, and for the vicar, 
 and to place the rest of the pa- 
 rishioners as were husbandmen and 
 cottagers, as others of meaner estate 
 and calling, having reference to 
 their charges and payments to the 
 church. Servants, boys, young wo- 
 
j Route 9. — Eccles. 
 
 • 87 
 
 men, or children, not to presume 
 into the upper places or pews; if 
 they do, the churchwardens to re- 
 move them to seats or standing 
 room in the inferior places in the 
 church. Seats high in the church 
 were appointed to the wives of 
 Eccles, in proportion to the sums 
 paid by their husbands as church 
 lay, beginning with 11 d. or above; 
 next, 9 d. to 11^., Id. to 9 d., 5 d. to 
 7 d., 3 d. to 5 c/., 2d. to 3 d., and Id. to 
 2d. To all householding men paying 
 Id. to 12d., seats on certain settles 
 below those who pay 12d. a piece. 
 Still lower to those paying Id., and 
 lowest seats of all to old people 
 living on benevolence.” — Baines. 
 
 There is a curious legend about 
 the tithes of Eccles, which in the 
 reign of Henry VIII. belonged to 
 Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. A cock- 
 fight took place at Westminster, 
 when the Duke fought a main with 
 one of the Andertons of Lydiate-, the 
 stakes to be the Eccles tithes. The 
 Lancashire gentleman produced a 
 magnificent duck-winged cock, ob- 
 serving : — 
 
 “ There is a jewel of England ! 
 
 For a hundred in hand 
 
 And a hundred in land, 
 
 I’ll fight him against any cock in England.” 
 
 He won the victory, and to this day 
 duck-winged cocks are called “ An- 
 derton jewels.” 
 
 At the Eccles old vicarage, pulled 
 down in 1871, died Mr. Huskis- 
 son, M.P., who received mortal inju- 
 ries on the opening of the Liverpool 
 and Manchester Rly., 16th Sep- 
 tember, 1830. 
 
 Eccles was long famous for its 
 festivals and sports. Bull-baiting 
 survived its fellow brute-sport, bear- 
 baiting, by a few years. The last 
 bull-bait took place at the wakes of 
 1833. The cock-pit still stands, but 
 is going (1 879 ) to give way to a To wn 
 Hall. Horse-racing was in vogue 
 down to 1856. The wakes were 
 abolished in 1877. In Lancashire, 
 
 Yorkshire, and Cheshire, they have 
 long been an institution of some 
 importance in the country districts, 
 being generally kept on the anniver- 
 sary of the patron saint, or the date 
 of the ch. foundation . They were ori- 
 ginal I y a religious observance, but,, 
 according to Dugdale, the people 
 “ fell to lecherie and songs, dancing, 
 harping, piping, and also to glotony 
 and sinne, and so turned holinesse 
 to cursedness.” The commission 
 appointed by Queen Elizabeth put 
 down for a time all such frivolous 
 vanities, but the publication of the 
 ‘ Book of Sports,’ and the permission 
 granted by King James I. at Hogh- 
 ton Tower (Rte. 8), re-established 
 them with more than the former 
 importance and licence. Large sums 
 were spent by the villagers in decora- 
 tions and games. It is mentioned 
 in a rare tract published in 1778, 
 that at the festival called Gyot Ale, 
 or Guising, held at marling, or 
 manuring season, the Eccles in- 
 habitants spent on one occasion 
 2242/., an enormous sum for those 
 times. Each township vied with 
 its neighbour as to which should be 
 most extravagant, an ambition which 
 frequently led to village broils and 
 disturbances. 
 
 Within the area, and near Patri- 
 croft Stat., are the offices of Barton- 
 upon-Irwell Poor Law Union, Rural 
 Sanitary and School Attendance 
 Committee. This union comprises 
 the townships of Barton-upon Irwell, 
 Worsley, Clifton, Stretford, Hoxton, 
 and Urmson. The increase in the 
 population between 1861 and 1871 
 was 62*25 per cent., a rate which 
 has not diminished. The popula- 
 tion of Eccles parish in 1776 was 
 8723; in 1871 it was 67,766. 
 
 “ Eccles cakes ” have long been 
 famous. There are two establish- 
 ments at which these cakes are 
 made, opposite to each other, ne ir 
 the ch. gates. The sign of one 
 reads : “ Bradburn s. The Old Ec- 
 cles cake-maker. Never removed.” 
 
88 
 
 Route 9 . — Redes — Worsley. 
 
 The other runs thus : “ Birch's. 
 The old-established Eccles cake- 
 makers. Removed from the oppo- 
 site side.” These two places turn 
 out together 3 millions of cakes 
 annually. 
 
 Sixteen new churches have been 
 built in the old parish since 1776. In 
 the immediate locality are : St. Cathe- 
 rine s, consecrated 1843, seats 600; 
 Christ's Ch ., Patricroft, 1868, seats 
 600 ; St. Andrew s , Eccles, 1879, 
 seats 800. Monton Ch ., founded out 
 of the ejection of the Rev. E. Jones, 
 vicar of Eccles, by the Act of 
 Uniformity, was sacked in 1714 by 
 a mob under Tom Lyddall. The 
 congregation is now Unitarian, 
 and a chaste new church, seating 
 600, built from designs by Mr. T. 
 Worthington , ., and costing 
 
 over 18,000Z., was opened in 1875. 
 The Wesleyan Chapel, Eccles, was 
 opened in 1876, and cost, with 
 schools, 15,000Z. All Saints (R. C.), 
 a splendid building, erected at the 
 sole co^t of Sir Humphrey de Traf- 
 ford, was opened in 1868. The 
 Presbyterians, Baptists, Primitive 
 Methodists, and other denominations 
 have places of worship here. 
 
 (The line westward from Eccles 
 Stat. intersects the old glebe lands 
 of the monks of Eccles, and the old 
 grange, still known as Monks Hall , 
 is existing. It is partly timber and 
 plaster. After passing through va- 
 rious hands, it was sold in 1853 to 
 the Northern Building Society, and 
 portioned out. It is now nearly 
 covered with villa residences. On 
 the rt. is Ellesmere Park, which is 
 being rapidly built over with villas. 
 Conveyances from Manchester to 
 Eccles ; over 40 trains daily ; 2 lines 
 of tramways, open cars running 
 every 15 min.). 
 
 There are many interesting old 
 residences in the neighbourhood. 
 Tt afford Park , on 1., is the seat of 
 Sir Humphrey de Trafford, a Roman 
 Catholic family, which has been 
 
 seated here from before the Con- 
 quest, and held direct and unin- 
 terrupted possession for eight cen- 
 turies; in fact, the pedigree com- 
 mences with Randolphus de Traf- 
 ford, in the time of Canute the 
 Dane, 1030. The house is modern, 
 but a portion of the gables of the 
 old building is attached to it. 
 
 1 J m. farther on, on rt., is Swinton , 
 a hamlet of the township of Worsley. 
 The ch. (by Street) cost 17,0002. 
 Near it are the Manchester Moral 
 and Industrial Training Schools , in 
 the Elizabethan style, built in 1845, 
 at a cost of 70,00 )2. More to the 
 rt. is Swinton Park , where there 
 are a number of fine mansions. 
 Swinton Moor , on which the village 
 ch. and industrial school stand, w T as 
 enclosed in 1685 ; it had been 
 owned by the Knights Hospitallers 
 of St. John, and the Barons of 
 Rochdale. The highways from 
 Manchester to Preston, and from 
 Manchester to Leigh and Wigan, 
 pass through here. 
 
 6 m. Worsley Stat. ( Inn : Bridge- 
 water, in the village). For 1 m. 
 before reaching the stat. the tra- 
 veller gets a fine view on his 1. of 
 Worsley Hall, the monument, ch., 
 and village.. | m. before the stat. 
 the line crosses the Roman road 
 from Manchester to Wigan. 
 
 The founder of the family of 
 Worsley is said to have been a 
 personage of the name of Elias at 
 the time of the Conquest, of such 
 gigantic stature that he was usually 
 termed Elias gigas. He was the 
 first Anglo-Norman who volunteered 
 to join his personal friend, Duke 
 Robert of Normandy, in the first 
 Crusade. Elias is said to have, 
 “fought many duels, combats, &c., 
 for the loue of our Lord and Saviour 
 Jesus Christ, and abtanied many 
 uictor : es.” His death, most likely 
 typical, was caused by a serpent 
 in the island of Rhodes, where he 
 was buried. The 2nd Abbot of 
 Whalley was Helias de Workesley, 
 
89 
 
 Boute 9 . — Worsley Hall : Church. 
 
 who died in 1318, and is supposed 
 to have been descended from Eliseus. 
 The estates passed through various 
 hands, until they came to Richard 
 Brereton and Dorothy Legh, by 
 whose will it passed to Sir Thomas 
 (afterwards Lord Chancellor) Eger- 
 ton, the friend of Milton, in whose 
 honour Comus was written. His 
 son was created Earl of Bridgewater. 
 Scroope Egerton, the 4th Earl, was 
 created Duke of Bridgewater, and 
 was the first to entertain the idea of 
 inland navigation, although it came 
 to nothing in his time. But his 
 second son, Francis, who became 
 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, was the 
 one who made himself an undying 
 name in connection with canal navi- 
 gation. On his death, unmarried, 
 in 1803, the title became extinct. 
 The Earldom of Bridgewater went 
 with the Ashridge estate to Gen. 
 Egerton, while Worsley went to the 
 Marquis of Stafford, afterwards Duke 
 of Sutherland, with remainder to 
 his second son, Lord Francis Leve- 
 son Gower. He, on succeeding to 
 the> estate, took the well-known 
 name of Lord Francis Egerton, and 
 was created Earl of Ellesmere and 
 Viscount Brackley in 1846. His 
 grandson is the present Earl. The 
 will was coupled with the condition 
 that the heir assumed the name of 
 Egerton within 3 months of the 
 Duke’s decease. The property was 
 vested in the hands of trustees, and 
 so remains. 
 
 Worsley New Hall , the seat of the 
 Earl of Ellesmere, built in 1840, is 
 a large handsome structure, in Tran- 
 sition style From it portions of 
 7 counties in England and Wales 
 may be seen. Here are some splen- 
 did paintings, including Landseer’s 
 “ Return from Hawking,” which 
 gives the likenesses of the 1st Earl 
 of Ellesmere and his family. There 
 are also some Roman relics from 
 Campfield, Manchester, and some 
 antiquities from Hulme Hall. Her 
 Majesty the Queen visited Worsley 
 
 Hall in 1851 and 1857, and the 
 Prince and Princess of Wales in 
 1869. The Hall occupied by the 
 Duke of Bridgewater stood between 
 the New Hall and Worsley Old 
 Hall . The latter is the seat of the 
 Hon. A. Egerton, M.P. (son of the 
 1st Earl of Ellesmere, and Secretary 
 to the Admiralty). It is ancient, 
 of the magpie style, pretty and re- 
 tired. It was the residence of several 
 successive owners of Worsley, as the 
 Masseys, Breretons, &c. A little to 
 the W. is a Monument to the 1st E. 
 of Ellesmere, built by public sub- 
 scription. It is an octagonal shaft, 
 132 ft. high, with enriched base, 
 designed by Driver and Webber. 
 It is ascended by a spiral stair 
 inside, and is open to the public, 
 except on Sundays. It commands 
 a very fine view, and will repay a 
 climb. 
 
 Booth Hall , J m. further, the seat 
 of the old family of Booth, is men- 
 tioned by Leland as the seat of Mr. 
 Worsley. 
 
 I m. E. of the Hall is Worsley 
 Church , a beautiful structure. It 
 was built at the sole cost of the 
 1st E. of Ellesmere, from designs 
 by the late Sir G. G. Scott , with 
 additions, for 20,000Z. ; seats 800, 
 all free. It is the burial-place of the 
 Ellesmere family. The ch. contains 
 a life-like effigy of the founder (by 
 Noble), in white marble, and a rich 
 reredos to the memory of his dowager. 
 The present vicar is the Rev. and 
 Hon. the E. of Musgrave, eldest son 
 of the Marquis of Normanby. The 
 ceremony of crowning the May 
 Queen is celebrated here with great 
 display. There is a pretty timber 
 court, schoolhouse, &c. In the work- 
 yard is a clock which strikes thirteen 
 at 1 o’clock. It is said the Duke 
 came one day at noon to his men. 
 and asked them how it was they 
 did not resume their work at 1 as 
 readily as leave it at 12. One man 
 answered, “ 1 isn’t so good to hear 
 as 12.” “ Just so,” said the Duke ; 
 
90 
 
 Boute 9 . — Bridgewater Canal . 
 
 and he had a clock made to strike 
 13. 
 
 As being the centre from whence 
 originated the celebrated Bridge- 
 water Canal , Worst ey wilt ever be a 
 locality of great interest. Although 
 the first Duke obtained an act to 
 commence a canal from Worst ey to 
 the Irwell, it was never begun by 
 him, and it remained for Francis, 
 3rd and last Duke, to commence 
 a work which, for perseverance and 
 singlehanded daring, has rarely, if 
 ever, had its parallel. 
 
 Smarting under the rupture of 
 his engagement with the gay 
 Duchess of Hamilton, because she 
 would not give up the society of her 
 sister, Countess of Coventry, upon 
 whom some scandal rested, he re- 
 turned to his Worsley estate, and 
 called in John Gilbert, his steward, 
 to see if they could devise the cutting 
 of a canal by which the coals on the 
 estate might be taken to Manchester. 
 He therefore, in 1759, applied for and 
 obtained an Act to make a canal 
 between Worsley and Salford, and 
 to extend it westward to the Mersey. 
 The rising town of Manchester was 
 equally interested with the Duke, 
 for he bound himself not to charge 
 more than 2s. 6e?. per ton freight for 
 coals (whereas the old Mersey Com- 
 pany charged 3s. 4c?.), and not to 
 sell the coal at Manchester for more 
 than 4c?. a hundred. At the outset 
 a difficulty occurred, it having been 
 proposed to descend from the colliery 
 at Worsley to the Irwell by a series 
 of levels which would have entailed 
 a very expensive system of working. 
 
 The Duke then called in the 
 assistance of James Brindley, the 
 engineer who, after making an 
 “ ochilor servey or a ricconitoring,” 
 advised that the canal should be 
 carried on the same level over the 
 Irwell. For this a second act was 
 necessary, and obtained, and the 
 canal was therefore taken across the 
 Irwell at Barton by an aqueduct. 
 “ A large basin was excavated at 
 
 Worsley Mill, of sufficient capacity 
 to contain a great many boats, and 
 to serve as a head for the navigation. 
 It is at Worsley Basin that the 
 canal enters the bottom of the hill 
 by a subterranean channel which 
 extends for a great distance — con- 
 necting the different workings of the 
 mine, so that the coals can be readily 
 transported in boats to their place 
 of sale. It lies at the base of a cliff 
 of sandstone, some hundred feet in 
 height, overhung by luxuriant fo- 
 liage. The barges, laden with coal, 
 emerge from the river through the 
 two low semicircular arches opening 
 at the base of the rock, such being the 
 entrances to the underground work- 
 ings. The barges are narrow and 
 long, each conveying about 10 tons 
 of coal. They are drawn along the 
 tunnels by means of staples fastened 
 to the roof. When they are empty, 
 and consequently higher in the 
 water, they are so near the roof that 
 the bargemen, lying on their backs, 
 can propel them with their feet. 
 The smaller aperture is the mouth 
 of a canal of only half a mile in 
 length, serving to prevent the ob- 
 struction which would be caused 
 by the ingress and egress of so 
 many barges through a single 
 passage. The other archway is the 
 entrance of a wider channel, ex- 
 tending nearly 6 m. in the direction 
 of Bolton, from which various other 
 canals diverge in different direc- 
 tions. 
 
 “ In Brindley’s time this subterra- 
 nean canal, hewn out of the rock, 
 was only about a mile in length, 
 but it now extends to nearly 40 m. 
 in all directions underground. When 
 the tunnel passed through earth or 
 coal, the arching was of brickwork 
 — but when it passed through rock 
 it was hewn out. This tunnel acts 
 not only as a drain and water- 
 feeder for the canal itself, but as a 
 means of carrying the facilities of 
 the navigation through the very 
 | heart of the collieries.” — Smiles. 
 
91 
 
 Boute 9 . — Kempnough — Tyldesley . 
 
 The canal was sold in 1872 to the 
 Bridgewater Navigation Company. 
 
 A little to the 1. of the rly. is 
 Kempnough , or Kempnall Hall , now 
 cottages, a wood -and- plaster build- 
 ing. It was till recently the pro- 
 perty of Le Gendre Starkie, Esq., of 
 Huntroyde, near Padiham, whose 
 ancestor, Nicholas Starkie, lived 
 here in 1578. (It now belongs to 
 the E. of Ellesmere). Kempnall 
 during his tenure became very 
 notorious, on account of the demons 
 that, it was believed, entered into 
 and tormented his family for more 
 than 2 years. First of all his 
 two children, aged 9 and 10, were 
 afflicted, and the father applied 
 to John Hartley, a reputed con- 
 juror, to give them relief. Pie, 
 therefore, took up his abode there, 
 and made himself so much at home 
 that he refused to go when re- 
 quested, and when Mr. Starkie 
 finally got rid of him, five of his 
 family were possessed of devils. 
 Dr. Dee, the Warden of Man- 
 chester, then advised godly preach- 
 ing ; but for a long time the 
 remedy was useless, the house 
 being a perfect Bedlam, and the 
 sick people blaspheming and abusing 
 everybody who came near them. 
 It at length required the presence 
 of 30 godly people before the devils 
 were expelled. Hartley was taken 
 up and tried, when he confessed 
 that the devils were sent by him, 
 and was accordingly executed. 
 
 1 m. to the N. is Wardley Hall , 
 a fine old quadrangular wood-and- 
 plaster hall of the time of Edward 
 VI., entered by an archway into a 
 court. The hall is moated, and has 
 a good oak roof, and the arms of 
 the Downes, the former possessors, 
 who succeeded the Tyldesleys, and 
 were themselves succeeded by the 
 4th Earl Rivers, then by the 4th Earl 
 Barrymore. It is now the property 
 of the Earl of Ellesmere. On the 
 stair there is a small locked recess, 
 
 in which is a skull, said to have 
 been that of Roger Downes. Many 
 have been the attempts to change 
 its position, either from carelessness 
 or frolic, but such disturbances took 
 place that the head was speedily 
 brought back to its old quarters. 
 The skull is still shown. Over the 
 entrance to the quadrangle are the 
 initials “ R. H. D. 1625. ’ In Roby’s 
 * Lancashire Traditions ’ the story is 
 told under the name of “ The Skull 
 House.’’ 
 
 8 m. Ellenbrooh Stat. Between 
 here and Worsley a branch line 
 opens to Bolton : 200 yds. to 1. of 
 Eliesbrook Stat. is the old chapel 
 (rebuilt) founded by the monks of 
 Eccles. It is a “donative,” the 
 living being left by Dorothy Legh, 
 on condition that it is not merged 
 into the Established Church. On 
 the high ground of Walkden Moor , 
 1J m. rt., is a beautiful memorial 
 by Jackson to the dowager Coun- 
 tess of Ellesmere, who died 1866. 
 It is 50 ft. in length, and surmounted 
 by a spire and cross. It is orna- 
 mented by four statuettes of a Lan- 
 cashire operative, a collier, and two 
 factory girls, besides figures of 
 Piety, Charity, Munificence, and 
 Prudence. Here are the colliery and 
 estate offices of the Bridgewater 
 Trustees. 
 
 9 m. Tyldesley Jtjnc., from 
 whence branches are given off N. to 
 Bolton, S. to Kenyon Jung. 
 
 The village of Tyldesley contains 
 a handsome E. English ch. from 
 designs by Smirke. Here was bom 
 Sir Thomas Tyldesley, the famous 
 leader of the Royalists in the Civil 
 Wars, who received the honour of 
 knighthood from Charles I. for his 
 bravery in storming the bridge at 
 Burton-on-Trent. He fell at Wigan 
 Lane, August 25, 1651, in an action 
 against the Parliamentary force 
 under Lilburne. The family of Tyl- 
 desiey, for practical purposes, is now 
 extinct. The name is a very com- 
 
92 
 
 Route 9 . — Choivbent — Bedford Leigh. 
 
 moil one still in the locality. Orme- 
 rod, the Cheshire historian, was born 
 here. 
 
 Clewortli Hall occupies the site 
 of the ancient residence of the 
 Starkies, and shared with Kempnall 
 the notoriety occasioned by Hartley 
 the wizard. The cotton-trade is the 
 staple manufacture, the first mill 
 being erected in Tyldesley in 1776. 
 Mining, cotton and silk give em- 
 ployment to one-half the popula- 
 tion. There are several old family 
 seats ; among others, Chaddock Hall , 
 an ancient house of ihe Clowes 
 family, and Garret Hall , a house 
 of the Tylde^eys. 2 m. E. are 
 Peel Hall (Harrison Blair, Esq.) 
 and Kenyon Peel Hall , the seat of 
 Lord Kenyon. The latter is a wood- 
 and-plaster building with a stone 
 gateway containing the inscription, 
 “ Peace within these walls, Geo. 
 Rigby, 1637.” The former house, 
 known also as Yates Peel Hall, is a 
 partially castellated mansion, con- 
 sisting of a Centre and wings. Over 
 the entrance hall are the arms of 
 the Yates family, of whom was Sir 
 Joseph Yates, Justice of the Common 
 Pleas, 1770. 
 
 To the S. of Tyldesley, near 
 Astley, is Astley Hall , originally 
 known as Dam House, and the 
 ancient seat of the Mort family. 
 
 9J m. Ghowbent Slat., near which 
 is Atherton , a little manufacturing 
 town dependent on cotton mills and 
 collieries. There is an old building 
 called the Chanters. The Atherton 
 family built an enormous house called 
 Atherton Hall, but it was never 
 finished, and eventually was taken 
 down by Lord Lilford. Chowbent 
 is famous for the memory of its 
 fighting minister, Woods, who led 
 eighty of Ms congregation into the 
 N., and held the passage of the 
 Kibble near Walton. He was ever 
 afterwards known as Gen. Woods. 
 
 12 m. Chequerbent Stat. In the 
 
 days of Queen Mary, one Ralph 
 Holme, of Chequerbent, had a pre- 
 sentment filed against him by the 
 vicar of Dean for “ harbouring in 
 his howse dyverse priests.” 
 
 On rt. of rly. is Hulton Park (W. 
 F. Hulton, Esq.), who is the 25th 
 in descent that has possessed this 
 estate from Blethyn de Hulton, 
 temp. Henry II. The old hall lias 
 disappeared, and the present house is 
 modern, with a semicircular wing 
 and portico. 
 
 14 m. Daubhill Stat. 
 
 15J m. Bolton Junc. (Rte. 7). 
 
 [To Kenyon Junc. 5 m. On rt. 
 Atherton Hall (W. Selby, Esq.) and 
 Atherton Old Hall (J. P. Fletcher, 
 Esq.). 
 
 3 m. Bedford Leigh Stat. On rt. is 
 the manufacturing town of Leigh 
 ( Inn : White Horse), containing 
 some 10,000 inhabitants, but very 
 little of interest except the ch., 
 which is of Tudor date, and con- 
 sists of nave, chancel, aisles, and 2 
 chantries or chapels, that of the 
 Tyldesley s to the N., and the 
 Athertons on the S. It was re- 
 stored and partly rebuilt in 1873, 
 at a cost of 10,000Z. “ Sir Thomas 
 
 Tyldesley, the hero of the battle of 
 Wigan Lane, was interred here in 
 the Tyldesley Chapel, although 
 there is no trace of his gravestone ; 
 and it is said that James, Earl of 
 Derby, on his way through Leigh to 
 Bolton, previous to his execution, 
 wished to visit the grave of his 
 gallant companion in arms, but 
 was denied that gratification by his 
 military guard.” — Baines. 
 
 Traces of the old moat of the 
 parsonage are still visible. Amongst 
 the customs of Leigh was the use 
 of a kind of spiced ale called 
 “ braggot” on Mid-Lent Sunday, 
 after which the boys used to teaze 
 the women on their way to church by 
 liooking a piece of cloth on to their 
 dresses. The neighbourhood abounds 
 with old houses, such as Shuttleworth 
 
Route 10. — Manchester to Preston . 93 
 
 Hall , a farmhouse; Hope Car , where 
 the moat is to be seen ; and Platt 
 Fold , of the date of the 17th centy. 
 Morleys Hall , between Bedford and 
 Astley, was, in 1536, the seat of 
 Sir William Leylande, to whose 
 family Lelarrd the antiquary 
 claimed affinity. He at all events 
 paid a visit to Morleys, and de- 
 scribed the house and gardens in 
 a very glowing style. Tradition 
 relates that the heiress of one of 
 the Leylandes was shut up in her 
 <ch amber, on account of an attach- 
 ment to the heir of the Tyldes- 
 leys, whereupon he flung a rope 
 across the moat, which she tied 
 round her waist and was dragged 
 across. The happy couple were 
 away and married before her ab- 
 sence was discovered. 
 
 5 m. Kenyon Juno, with the 
 Manchester and Liverpool main 
 line (Rte. 12).] 
 
 The rly. to Wigan crosses the old 
 Bolton and Kenyon line, and runs 
 through an uninteresting country, 
 abounding in collieries. 
 
 13 m. Hindley Green Stat. 
 
 14 m. Platt Bridge Stat. 
 
 17 m. Wigan Junc. (Rte. 1). 
 
 ROUTE 10. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO PRESTON, BY 
 BOLTON AND CHORLEY- 
 
 For route from Manchester to 
 Bolton see Rte. 7. From thence 
 the line follows up the valley of the 
 
 little river Croal, passing, rt., Gil- 
 nough (J. Haslam, Esq.) to 
 
 13 J m. Lostogk Junc. with the 
 Wigan and Liverpool line. Lostock 
 Hall , on rt., was a fine half-timbered 
 Elizabethan building, but the greater 
 part of it has been taken down. 
 The date of 1590 and the royal arms 
 are still seen on its front. 
 
 17 m. Horwich and Blackrod Stat. 
 On rt. the rly. skirts the exten- 
 sive moors and hilly ground which 
 are such conspicuous features in 
 Mid-Lancashire. They extend from 
 Bolton to near Blackburn ; the cul- 
 minating point being seen in Biv- 
 ington Pike , which, although only 
 rising to the height of 1545 feet, is 
 visible for a great extent, and is of 
 almost proverbial celebrity in Lan- 
 cashire topography. Leland thus 
 writes of it : — “ Aboute Lediate 
 Mosse I began to see a hill or hilles 
 on the right hande, that stil con- 
 tinued on the same hand as a 
 mighty long bank ontil I came to 
 Lancastre. One part of this hille, 
 when I saw it first, is caullid Faier- 
 lokke. But communely the people 
 thereabout caullith hit Rivenpike. 
 One told me that aboute Lidiate 
 Mosse, under the hille, is a village 
 caullid Riven or Riventon ; and 
 thereaboute I markid myselfe that 
 there was a coppe in the hill, as a 
 bakke standing up above the resi- 
 due of the hille.” Although the 
 word “ pike,” which means peaked 
 or pointed, is scarcely applicable 
 to the swelling contour and mono- 
 tonous outlines of the range, Riving- 
 ton Moors have much beauty, and 
 the tourist should by all means 
 ascend by the banks of the little 
 river Douglas to the beacon tower on 
 the summit, from whence there is an 
 extensive and magnificent view, em- 
 bracing Preston, the whole of the 
 Fylde plain, the estuaries of the 
 Ribble and the Wyre, the Bay of 
 Morecambe, Blackpool, and South- 
 
94 
 
 Route 10 . — Horwich— 
 
 port; and far north are the faint 
 outlines of the great Lake moun- 
 tains. The view in the immediate 
 neighbourhood is one of busy in- 
 dustry, including Bolton, Preston, 
 Chorley, Wigan, and a number 
 of manufacturing villages ; while 
 directly at foot are the large 
 and by no means unpieturesque 
 reservoirs for supplying Liverpool 
 with water. The beacon tower was 
 built at the time of the Spanish 
 Armada. A document is in exist- 
 ence in the Harleian Collection with 
 regard to a vote of taxation, issued 
 by her Majesty’s Privy Council, for 
 watching “ Ryven Pike and carrying 
 armour,” towards which the parishes 
 of Manchester, Bolton, and Middle- 
 ton were required to contribute. F ar- 
 ther on the Moor formerly stood two 
 heaps of stones, known as the “ Two 
 Lads,” or the “ Wilder Lads,” sup- 
 posed by the country people to com- 
 memorate the death of two shepherd 
 boys (or by others the two sons of 
 Bishop Pilkington) in the snow. 
 The tale is most probably incor- 
 rect. “ These mural monuments have 
 been gradually accumulated by the 
 passers-by— a custom handed down 
 from the most remote ages — and 
 there is little doubt but that they 
 are remnants yet lingering amongst 
 us of the altars upon the hill, once 
 dedicated to Baal or Bel.” — Roby. 
 Only one of these memorials now 
 remains. There is a popular tradi- 
 tion that Kivington Moor is the 
 nightly resort of a spectre horse- 
 man, which forms the subject of one 
 of Mr. Roby’s t Traditions of Lan- 
 cashire.’ 
 
 Horwich , which is now a manu- 
 facturing village of some size, con- 
 taining bleaching- works and cotton- 
 mills, was formerly a vast forest, 
 sloping down from the sides of Riving- 
 ton Pike, 16 miles in circumference. 
 It then belonged to the Gresleys, 
 Lords of Manchester; but probably 
 the abundance of its fuel was the 
 cause of its destruction, for we read 
 
 -Rivington Reservoirs. 
 
 that Horwich became one of the 
 very earliest places for spinning yarn 
 in the time of Henry VIII. 
 
 A short branch rly. now connects 
 Horwich with the main line at Hor- 
 wich Junction. 
 
 Rlackrod, the seat of a manor- 
 house of the De Blakerods of the 
 time of King John, stands upon a 
 lofty elevation opposite Rivington 
 Pike, the rly. from Bolton to Preston 
 passing through the valley between 
 the two. The great Roman high- 
 road to the N., commonly called the 
 “ King's Streite ,” passes through 
 this township, and, until recent 
 years, antiquarians generally re- 
 garded this as the Roman station 
 of Coccium. One of the 8 forts 
 erected by Agricola in Lancashire 
 was planted here. The ancient 
 parish ch., dedicated to St. Kathe- 
 rine the Virgin, is worth a visit. 
 Some portions of it date back as far 
 as 1138. A Grammar School was 
 founded in 1568 by Richard Plolmes, 
 but it has recently been amalgamated 
 with Rivington, at which place a 
 new and greatly enlarged school is 
 now erected. 
 
 19 m. Adlington Stat. There is a 
 considerable manufactory here of 
 mordants for dyeing, and also ex- 
 tensive cotton-spinniug and weaving 
 mills. On 1., 1 m., is Adlington Hall 
 (John Gerard, Esq.), an old seat of 
 the Standish family. It afterwards 
 came into the possession of the 
 Claytons, one of whom was Richard 
 Clayton, Lord Chief Justice of Ire 
 land. 
 
 On the rt. a pretty walk of little 
 more than a mile leads to the 
 Rivington Reservoirs , by which Liver- 
 pool is supplied with water, at 
 an expense of 700,OOOZ. The Act 
 was obtained in 1817. The total 
 area is 500 acres, which are di- 
 vided by an embankment into two 
 portions, the Rivington and the An- 
 glezark reservoirs ; the former con- 
 tains 1300 millions and the latter 
 
Route 10. — Rivington — Dean Wood. 95 
 
 1800 millions of gallons, which are 
 supplied from the rivers Douglas, 
 Yarrow, Roddlesworth, and their tri- 
 butaries, that drain the high grounds 
 of Rivington and Anglezark Moors. 
 In rainy seasons, when the reser- 
 voirs are full, there are really fine 
 waterfalls over the steps intended 
 for overflows. The length of the 
 lakes is so great that they form an 
 exceedingly picturesque element in 
 the landscape, and advantage has 
 been taken of them to erect some 
 handsome residences, with grounds 
 running down to the water’s edge. 
 On the E. bank, just above the 
 middle embankment, is the Blacka- 
 moor’s Head Inn, a great resort for 
 picnic and excursion parties in the 
 summer, for whose accommodation a 
 daily omnibus runs from Bolton. 
 
 Close to the inn is the village of 
 Rivington , which possesses a Gram- 
 mar School, founded in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth by Bishop Pilking- 
 ton, u for the bringing up, teaching, 
 and instructing children and youth 
 in grammar and other good learning, 
 to continue for ever.” A building, 
 just alluded to, is now erected. The 
 family of Pilkington, of which the 
 Bishop was a celebrated member, 
 lived at Rivington Hall, and was 
 settled here before the Conquest, it 
 being recorded that the chief of the 
 family was fain to disguise himself 
 as a mower for espousing the cause 
 of Harold. 
 
 The Bishop was Master of St. 
 John’s College, Cambridge, and one 
 of the six divines for correcting 
 the Book of Common Prayer, and 
 was appointed Bishop of Durham in 
 1560. According to Strype, “ he 
 was a grave and truly reverend man, 
 of great learning and piety, and such 
 frugality of life as well became a 
 modest Christian prelate.” He had 
 not been long instituted to his office 
 when he had the courage to bring 
 an action against the Queen for a 
 recovery of the forfeited estates, 
 which he won, although charged 
 
 with an annuity to the Crown of 
 1020Z. 
 
 Few men in those troublesome 
 times were such ardent reformers as 
 Bishop Pilkington in ecclesiastical 
 matters. “It is to be lamented,” 
 says he, “ how negligently they (the 
 clergy) say any service, and how 
 seldom. Your cures all, except Roch- 
 dale, be as far out of order as the 
 worst in all the country. Whalley 
 hath as ill a vicar as the rest. The 
 Bishop of Man liveth here at ease 
 and as merry as Pope Joan. The 
 Bishop of Chester hath compounded 
 with my Lord of York for his visita- 
 tion, and gathereth up the money 
 by his servants, but never a word 
 spoken of any visitation or reforma- 
 tion.” 
 
 The tourist should not leave 
 Rivington without visiting Dean 
 Wood, a most charming glen (about 
 f m. N.E.), running up towards 
 Rivington Moor. At its head is a 
 pretty waterfall. 
 
 The rly. now passes 1., S., Eller- 
 beck House (R. Smethurst, Esq.) 
 and Duxbury Hall (Henry Standi sh. 
 Esq.), an ancestor of whom distin- 
 guished himself in Richard II.’s reign 
 by helping to kill Wat Tyler. “ The 
 King, though he was but a child in 
 years, yet, taking courage to him, 
 commanded the mayor to arrest 
 him. The mayor, being a man of 
 incomparable boldness, rode to him 
 and arrested him, in reaching him 
 such a blow on the head that he 
 sore estonied him therewith ; and 
 straightweyes others that were about 
 the King, as John Standish, an 
 esquire, and divers more of the 
 King’s servants, drew their swords 
 and thrust him through in divers 
 parts of his bodie, so that he fell 
 presentlie from his horse downe to 
 the earth, and died there in the 
 place.” — Holinshed. Another of the 
 family of Standish was knighted for 
 his valour at the battle of Hopton 
 Field, 1482, while Henry Standish 
 was Bishop of St. Asaph in 1519, and 
 
96 
 
 Route 11 . — Rochdale to Liverpool, 
 
 was instrumental in obtaining Queen 
 Catherine s divorce from Hen. VIII. 
 
 22 m. Chokley Junc. with the 
 St. Helens, Wigan, and Blackburn 
 Rly. Chorley ( Inn : Royal Oak) 
 is a busy little manufacturing town 
 of some 16.000 inhab, dependent 
 on cotton-mills and calico-printing, 
 the latter being carried on at Birk- 
 acre on a very large scale. Leland 
 describes it as ‘ k Chorle, wonderful 
 poore, and having no market.” As 
 marking its growing importance, a 
 handsome town -hall has recently 
 been erected. The town possesses 
 but little of interest except the ch., 
 which has a pinnacled tower and 
 contains some fragmentary stained 
 glass with armorial bearings, and 
 some modern memorial windows to 
 the Standish and Crosse families. 
 The Standish pew has a finely 
 carved oak canopy. At the bottom, 
 of the ch. wall is a perforated stone, 
 held in great veneration by the 
 Roman Catholics. Another ch. (E. 
 Eng.) was built in 1825. 
 
 In the Roman Catholic chapel are 
 some handsome windows by Hard- 
 man, and a series of paintings in the 
 arcades over the altar. Adjoining 
 the town, on the W., is Astley Hall , a 
 fine Elizabethan residence, supposed 
 to have been built by Robert Char- 
 nock, one of the Lancashire gentle- 
 men who signed a declaration of 
 loyalty to the Queen and subse- 
 quently to James I. It then came 
 by marriage to the Brooks, of Mere, 
 in Cheshire, and by marriage of their 
 heiress to the Towneley Parkers. 
 Oliver Cromwell is said to have 
 slept here after the battle of Preston, 
 
 1 648. Amongst the furniture is an 
 ancient oak shovel or shove-groat 
 table. Shakespeare alludes to this 
 game in Henry IV.: — “Hit him 
 down, Bardolph, like a shove-groat 
 shilling.” 
 
 Gillibrand Hall , 1 m. S.W. (H. 
 Woods, Esq.), was the seat of the 
 Fazakerleys ; the old hall, of which 
 
 only a portion of the meat is left, 
 having been the residence of the 
 Gillibrand family. The approach 
 from the N. is over a handsome 
 three-arched bridge. 
 
 A road on N. runs to Whittle 
 Springs , 6 m., passing Sliawe Hill 
 ( T. B. Crosse, Esq.), a fine modern 
 mansion of Grecian character. The 
 entablature running round the stair- 
 case is copied from the temple of 
 Jupiter Stator at Rome, and the 
 lodge from an Ionic temple on the 
 banks of the Ilyssus. The grounds 
 were laid out by Gilpin. Whittle 
 Springs has a local celebrity on 
 account of its mineral springs, which 
 rise for some considerable depth from 
 the coal-beds beneath, and are very 
 beneficial in cases of rheumatism 
 and chronic sores. For the accom- 
 modation of visitors an hotel has 
 been built, and a kind of pump- 
 room. 
 
 At Euxton Juno., 25 m., the line 
 joins the London and North-Western 
 Railway, and passes Leyland and 
 Farrington Stations (Rte. 1) to 
 Preston . . 
 
 ROUTE 11. 
 
 ROCHDALE TO LIVERPOOL, BY BURY, 
 BOLTON AND WIGAN. 
 
 For the branch of the Lancaster 
 and Yorkshire Rly., between Roch- 
 dale, Heywood, and Bury, see Rte. 
 4. From Bury the line runs 
 westward, crossing the Irwell and 
 the Manchester Canal, by the side 
 
Route 11 . — Little Lever — Deane . 
 
 97 
 
 of which there is a large reservoir 
 or feeder. 
 
 2J m. Black Lane Stat. To rt. 
 is the village of Ainsworth , which, 
 in the reign of Edward, belonged to 
 the Abbot of Cockersand. 
 
 4 m. Bradley Fold Stat. To 1. is 
 Little Lever , a mining village situ- 
 ated near the confluence of the 
 Croal and Irwell. The old Hall, 
 the seat of the Levers in the 16th 
 centy., is no longer in existence ; 
 but Little Lever is celebrated as 
 the birthplace of at least two Lan- 
 cashire worthies. One was Dr. 
 Thomas Lever, Master of St. John’s 
 College, Cambridge, and chaplain to 
 Edward VI. During the troublous 
 times of Queen Mary he fled to 
 Switzerland, where he was chosen 
 pastor of the congregation at Zurich. 
 Under his presidency St. John’s 
 College became a hotbed of the 
 doctrines of the Puritans, so much 
 so that he was convened before the 
 Archbishop of York and deprived 
 of his ecclesiastical preferment. 
 Like Bishop Pilkington, he was an 
 ardent reformer of abuses ; and it 
 was entirely owing to his exertions 
 that the Hospital of Sherburne, to 
 the headship of which he was ap- 
 pointed, was rescued from its state 
 of decay. 
 
 The second celebrity to whom 
 Little Lever can lay claim was 
 Oliver Hey wood, a Nonconformist 
 divine in the 17th centy., who, 
 during the reign of Charles II., 
 underwent much persecution on ac- 
 count of his opinions, which were 
 only allowed full scope when James 
 II. came to the throne. His diary 
 shows that he was an earnest and 
 energetic man. In it he says, 
 “ This year, 1678, I preached 64 
 times on week-days, have kept fifty 
 fast days, four days of thanksgiving, 
 and travelled one thousand and 
 thirty-four miles.” Another passage 
 bears testimony to the length of 
 sermons in those days. “ Lord’s 
 Day preached too long, being under 
 
 [ Lancashire .] 
 
 a mistake a whole hour. I was 
 employed six hours — not weary.” 
 It is a question whether his con- 
 gregation could say as much. 
 
 Lomax Fold is an old residence. 
 
 Darcy Lever Old Hall (now oc- 
 cupied as a farm), a picturesque old 
 building with wood - and - plaster 
 gables, is the original seat of the 
 Levers, one of whom was the founder 
 of the Bolton Grammar School. 
 
 The New Hall (F. Broadbent, 
 Esq.) was built in the last centy. 
 
 Bradshaw Hall (Bradshaw Isher- 
 wood, Esq.) is a 17th-centy. house, 
 built by the Bradshaws, the owners 
 of Marple, in Cheshire. Of this 
 family was John Bradshaw, the 
 president of the court that tried 
 Charles I. ; according to Clarendon, 
 “ a gentleman of ancient family, 
 but of a fortune of his own making ; 
 not without parts, but of great 
 insolence and ambition.” 
 
 Crossing the Tonge, the rly. enters 
 Bolton (Rte. 7). 
 
 Quitting Bolton, the line runs up 
 the little valley of the Croal, passing 
 1. Deane , the ch. of which parish 
 contains a timber roof, dated 1570, 
 and sorqe armorial bearings of the 
 Yates and Huttons on banners and 
 glass. The ch. itself, however, ex- 
 isted in 1215. Deane played an im- 
 portant part in the religious politics 
 of the 16th centy. “ The preaching 
 of John Bradford and George Marsh 
 in this parish seems to have imbued 
 the minds of the people with a 
 strong feeling in favour of the Puri- 
 tans; and hence we find, during 
 the period of the Commonwealth, 
 Mr. Horrocks, of Deane, delegated 
 to the Westminster Assembly of 
 Divines ; and J ames Walker, of 
 Deane, in the second Presbyterial 
 classis of Lancashire ; while at the 
 Restoration, the Rev. John Til- 
 desley, vicar of Deane, was ejected 
 from his living.” — Baines. Mr. Hor- 
 rocks appears to have been an object 
 of special disgust to Prince Ru- 
 pert’s troopers, who exclaimed, after 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 Boute 10 . — Ince and Bispham Ralls . 
 
 the Bolton massacre, “ Oh, that we 
 had that old rogue Horrocks, that 
 preaches in his grey cloake.” 
 
 Amongst other worthies of Deane 
 was George Marsh, 1555, curate 
 of this parish, who was apprehended 
 for preaching the reformed doctrine, 
 and brought before Mr. Barton, of 
 Smitliills (Rte. 7). After a formal 
 examination at Lancaster, before 
 the Earl of Derby, he was taken to 
 Spital Boughton, near Chester, and 
 there burnt to death. Of this parish, 
 too, was Dr. Martin Heton, Bishop 
 of Ely in 1599, to whom Queen Eliza- 
 beth wrote the following letter, 
 when he hesitated to comply with 
 one of her demands 
 
 “ Proud prelate, — I understand 
 you are backward in complying with 
 your agreement, but I would have 
 you to know that I, who made you 
 what you are, can unmake you — and 
 if you do not forthwith fulfil your 
 agreement, by God I will imme- 
 diately unfrock you. Yours, as you 
 demean yourself, 
 
 “ Elizabeth.” 
 
 Dr. Bancroft, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, is commonly believed to 
 have been born at Farnworth in 
 this parish (Rte. 7). Some believe 
 that Farnworth near Warrington 
 was his birthplace. 
 
 9 m. Lostock Junc. with the 
 Chorley line to Preston. 
 
 Westhoughton St at. The village, 
 which lies to the 1., was once 
 part of the possessions of Cockersand 
 ARbey. On the adjoining moor 
 Prince Rupert assembled his forces 
 to lead them to the attack upon 
 Bolton. 
 
 At Ilf m. Hindley Junc., a 
 short connecting branch comes in 
 from Chorley, placing it in more 
 direct communication with Wigan, 
 rt. Hindley Hall (Roarer Leigh, Esq.). 
 During the Civil War, a party of 
 Cavaliers pulled down the pulpit in 
 Hindley Ch., played at cards in the 
 pews, and tore the Bible in pieces, 
 sticking the leaves upon posts in the 
 
 village, and saying, “This is the 
 Roundhead Bible.” 
 
 13 m. Ince Stat. The country 
 about here is completely devoted 
 to collieries and ironworks, conspicu- 
 ous amongst which are the blazing 
 furnaces of the Kirkless Hall Com- 
 pany. The Rosebridge Colliery , at 
 Ince, was for many years the deepest 
 in the world, coal having been won 
 at a depth of 600 yards. But in- 
 creased geological knowledge has 
 developed coal-mining so much that 
 that depth has been exceeded in 
 other parts of the kingdom. On rt. 
 is Ince Hall (W. Gerrard, Esq.), a 
 fine old gabled building. 
 
 15 m. Wigan Junc. (Rte. 1). 
 From hence the line runs due W., 
 crossing under the London and 
 North-Western through an unin- 
 viting colliery district to 
 
 16f m. Femberton Stat. 
 
 18 m. Upholland Stat. On 1. 
 Winstanley Hall , the finely wooded 
 residence of M. Rankes, Esq., and 
 the high ground of Billinge Beacon. 
 On rt. are Orrel Mount formerly a 
 nunnery of French Benedictines ; 
 and Orrel Hall , a farmhouse of 
 Elizabethan date. 
 
 Bispham Hall (W. H. Brancker, 
 Esq.). At the village of Upholland, 
 which was formerly a market-town, 
 1 m. rt., are a few remains of the 
 Benedictine Priory of Black Monks 
 founded by Robert de Holland. The 
 family of the Hollands was seated 
 here since the reign of John, and rose 
 to high rank in the county. Thomas 
 de Holland became Earl of Kent, 
 and another member was Duke of 
 Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon. 
 After the deposition of Henry VI., 
 with whom he was a great favourite, 
 he became reduced to such poverty 
 that he was obliged to beg his bread, 
 and his body was eventually found 
 floating in the Channel near Dover. 
 During the Reformation they were 
 great Puritans, and Richard Hol- 
 land, the High Sheriff, received the 
 
99 
 
 Route 12 . — Manchester to Liverpool. 
 
 thanks of the Queen for his services 
 in prosecuting recusants. The re- 
 mains of the priory consist of a high 
 ivy-covered wall, with 5 square win- 
 dows in it, and there are traces of 
 arches in a house built close by. The 
 ch. has nave, aisles, chancel, and 
 massive low tower. On the S. side 
 are some oriel windows, and it had 
 a noble E. window, which fell in 
 1840. The interior contains a good 
 semicircular tower arch and some 
 brasses of the Bispham family, 
 some old oak benches with tbe 
 date 1635, and old glass with the 
 Holland coat. The ch. is much in 
 need of restoration. In the church- 
 yard is a tombstone, with the follow- 
 ing grandiloquent inscription : — 
 
 “ HERE UNDERNEATH, 
 
 THOU DOST APPROACH MAN 
 
 THE BODY OF JOHN SMITH, 
 
 THE COACHMAN.” 
 
 19J m. Pirnbo Lane Stat. 
 
 22 m. Rainford Junc. with the 
 St. Helens and Ormskirk line. The 
 village of Rainford , 1 m. 1., is noted 
 for the number of people employed 
 in tobacco-pipe making. 
 
 26 J m. Kirkby Stat. The ch ., 
 dedicated to St. Chad, was rebuilt 
 in 1871 by the Earl of Sefton in 
 memory of his father, at a cost of 
 18,000Z. It contains a Roman font, 
 which is said to have been here 
 since the time of William Rufus. 
 “ The base is decorated with 2 
 wreathed bands, while on the sides 
 are figures representing the Fall, the 
 Saviour bruising the Serpent’s head, 
 and seven other figures in ecclesias- 
 tical costume, supposed to represent 
 the orders of clergy in the Saxon 
 church.” 
 
 To the rt. of (28J m.) Fazaherley 
 Stat. is the Liverpool race-course at 
 Aintree. 
 
 30 m. Walton Junc, with the 
 Ormskirk and Preston line. 
 
 33 m. Liverpool (Rte. 14). 
 
 ROUTE 12. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO LIVERPOOL, BY 
 NEWTON. 
 
 The line by which the traveller of 
 the present day is conveyed between 
 these two large cities deserves some- 
 thing more than a casual mention, 
 for it was practically the inaugura- 
 tion of the great railway system of 
 England. 
 
 Even after the completion of the 
 Duke of Bridgewater’s canal to the 
 Mersey, one of the most magnificent 
 works of that or any other time, 
 communication between Manchester 
 and Liverpool was difficult and un- 
 frequent, not only for goods, but 
 persons. “In fine weather, those 
 who required to travel the 30 
 miles which separated them could 
 ride or walk, resting at War- 
 rington for the. night. But in 
 winter, the roads, like most of the 
 other country roads at the time, 
 were impracticable, although an act 
 had been passed as early as the year 
 1726 for repairing and enlarging 
 the road from Liverpool to Prescot. 
 Coaches could not come nearer to 
 the town than Warrington, in 1750, 
 the road being difficult for vehi- 
 cles, even in summer. A stage- 
 coach was not started between Li- 
 verpool and Manchester until the 
 year 1767, performing the journey 
 only three times a week. It re- 
 quired six, and sometimes eight, 
 h 2 
 
100 Route 12 . — Liverpool and Manchester Railway. 
 
 horses to draw the lumbering ve- 
 hicle along the ruts and through 
 the sloughs, the whole day being 
 occupied in making the journey. 
 The coach was accustomed to start 
 early in the morning from Liverpool 
 — it breakfasted at Prescot, dined at 
 Warrington, and mostly arrived in 
 Manchester in time for supper. As 
 late as 1775 no mail-coach ran, the 
 bags being conveyed on horseback.” 
 — Smiles. 
 
 About the year 1821, trade and 
 manufactures had so much increased 
 in South Lancashire that a tram- 
 road between the two places was 
 mooted. It was found that it took 
 longer to convey the cotton to Man- 
 chester from Liverpool than it did 
 to bring it to England from America, 
 and for a long time this proved a 
 great stumbling-block in the way of 
 progress. Not only were the canals 
 blocked up with traffic, but the fact 
 of their being the only means of con- 
 veyance threw enormous power into 
 the hands of the companies that 
 owned them, who were exorbitant 
 in their charges, and deaf to all 
 remonstrance or abuse. The tram- 
 way was broached by a Mr. Sandars, 
 a Liverpool merchant, and a com- 
 mittee having been formed, a survey 
 was made under the greatest diffi- 
 culties and opposition by Mr. James, 
 of We»t Bromwich, who foresaw 
 what a radical change it would in- 
 troduce. The first survey being 
 imperfect, Robert Stephenson was 
 sent from Darlington by his father 
 to assist in making a new one. This 
 proving favourable, a company was 
 formed to make the railway, by which 
 it was hoped and believed that the 
 traffic could be conducted between 
 Manchester and Liverpool in 5 or 6 
 hours, at one-third of the then cost. 
 The act was obtained in 1825, and 
 the difficulties that surrounded the 
 whole thing are now well-known 
 matters of history, as is also Mr. 
 William Brougham’s advice to Ste- 
 phenson not to mention the possibility 
 
 of travelling at the rate of 20 miles 
 an hour, unless he wished to damn 
 the whole thing, and run the risk 
 of being sent to Bedlam as a lunatic. 
 But, after an obstinate contest of 
 two months, the promoters gained a 
 victory, the works were commenced, 
 and the* portion finished as far as 
 Chat Moss, so that an experimental 
 train filled with passengers passed 
 over it on New Year’s Day, 1830, 
 drawn by the famous ‘ Rocket ' 
 engine, the only one which had ful- 
 filled the requirements of the judges 
 in the memorable locomotive contest 
 at Rainhill. On the 14th June in 
 the same year the whole of the line 
 was finished, and Stephenson him- 
 self drove his engine, the ‘ Arrow,’ 
 occupying one hour and a half in the 
 journey. The railway was eventually 
 opened on the 15th September by a 
 grand ceremony, at which the Duke 
 of Wellington was present, though 
 it was unfortunately marred by the 
 fatal accident that happened to 
 Mr. Huskisson, one of the members 
 for Liverpool. Notwithstanding the 
 length of time that has elapsed since 
 the opening of this line, and the 
 vast and increasing improvements 
 that have been constantly made to 
 permanent way, engines, rolling 
 stock, and in fact to everything con- 
 nected with railway property, it is 
 no slight matter that the Liverpool 
 and Manchester Ely. still remains 
 one of the best lines in the kingdom, 
 a lasting monument to the perse- 
 verance and talent of George Ste- 
 phenson. The distance of 31 miles 
 is run by the express trains in 
 45 min. 
 
 For that portion of the line 
 between Manchester and Eccles 
 Junc. 4 m. see Rte. 9. It continues 
 from thence to 5 m. Patricroft Stat., 
 a busy manufacturing town of 5000 
 inhabitants, although a few years 
 ago it only contained one or two 
 rows of houses. Besides cotton 
 mills, there is the Britannia Foun- 
 
101 
 
 Houle 12 . — 
 
 dry, of considerable celebrity, be- 
 longing to the family of Nasmyth, 
 whose name is so well known in 
 connection with machinery gene- 
 rally, and the steam-hammer ^in 
 particular. 
 
 The place takes its name from 
 a small farm, derived from Pater 
 (father), and Croft (a small enclo- 
 sure). 
 
 The train arrived at this station 
 in 1851, and sailed thence by barge 
 over the Bridgewater Canal to 
 Worsley. 
 
 To the 1. of Patricroft is the 
 village of Barton , where the Irwell 
 is crossed by the Bridgewater Canal. 
 
 The aqueduct is 200 yds. long and 
 12 wide, the middle arch of the 
 bridge being 63 ft. span, which 
 enables barges to pass underneath 
 without lowering their masts. This 
 bridge was one of Brindley’s earliest 
 canal works, and was considered a 
 great engineering triumph. It is 
 related that on the day the water 
 was let in he was so anxious 
 and excited that he ran away, and 
 took to his bed until the news was 
 brought that all had passed off 
 successfully. 
 
 Barton Old Hall, now going to 
 ruins, was the seat successively of 
 the Bartons, Booths, and Leighs. 
 
 Barton Booth, the celebrated tra- 
 gedian of the early part of last centy., 
 whose remains lie in the Poets’ 
 Corner of Westminister Abbey, was 
 the youngest son of John Booth, 
 Esq., of Barton.’’ 
 
 From Patricroft the rly. soon 
 enters the flat and monotonous level 
 of Chat Moss , which, though now 
 drained and cultivated, was in old 
 days the most notorious bog in 
 England, being 4 m. long, and con- 
 taining 6000 acres of peat. Like 
 all great bogs, trunks of trees have 
 been constantly turned up, proving 
 that the surface was originally well 
 covered with fine timber, probably 
 of prehistoric age, as in the ‘ Domes- 
 
 Ghat Moss. 
 
 day Book ’ no mention is made of it 
 as a forest. Of it Drayton writes ; — 
 
 “ Great Chatmosse at every fall 
 Lyes full of turf and marie, her unctuous 
 minnerell, 
 
 And blocks as blacke as pitch, with boring 
 augers found 
 
 Then at the generell floode supposed to be 
 drown’d/' 
 
 Horns of extinct animals, curious 
 leather shoes, &c., have been found 
 in it. In 1322 it is described as the 
 property of the Lords of Barton, 
 Worsley, Astley, and Bedford. It is 
 mentioned by Lei and under the 
 name of Chateley Moss ; Camden 
 also refers to it. There have been 
 several eruptions of the Moss, 
 caused by a spontaneous generation 
 of gas from below. In 1663, it is 
 said to have strewn the Manx, 
 Welsh, and Irish coasts with peat. 
 On several occasions gas has been 
 tapped by boring, and on getting 
 ignited the country has been illu- 
 minated with the glare. It was 
 infested by vipers and other noxious 
 reptiles. 
 
 The first attempt at the reclama- 
 tion of this enormous surface was 
 made in 1805 by Mr. Koscoe, the 
 gifted author of ‘ Lorenzo de’ Medici,’ 
 who intersected 2500 acres with open 
 drains, and underdrained a great 
 portion of this. Burrow followed 
 Boscoe, and in 1821 Ed. Baines, 
 the Lancashire historian, took the 
 work up, under whose persevering 
 care some 200 acres were made pro- 
 ductive and to yield good crops, 
 while about 200,000 trees, black pop- 
 lar, Scotch firs, and larches were 
 planted. From the other sides of the 
 bog, cultivation gradually spread, 
 and the carrying across it of the Man- 
 chester and Liverpool railway ac- 
 celerated operations very largely, 
 both from the example set by the 
 engineers of what could be done, 
 and from the facilities of communi- 
 cation by which the produce could be 
 conveyed to market. This portion of 
 the line presented what appeared at 
 first to be insuperable difficulties, al- 
 
J 02 Route 12 . — Chat Moss : Engineering Triumph. 
 
 though the genius of Stephenson 
 overcame them, and it really proved 
 the cheapest part of the whole un- 
 dertaking ; Mr. Giles’ estimate for it 
 being 270,000/., whereas the total 
 cost was only 28,000/. “Although 
 a semifluid mass, the surface of 
 Chat Moss rises above the level of 
 the surrounding country. Like a 
 turtle’s hack, it declines from the 
 summit in every direction, having 
 from 30 to 40 ft. gradual slope to 
 the solid land on all sides. In rainy 
 weather, such is its capacity for 
 water, that it sensibly swells and 
 rises in those parts where the moss 
 is deepest.” — Smiles. When the 
 engineers began to make their pre- 
 parations, they were obliged to 
 walk on boards fastened to the soles 
 of their boots, as the only way of 
 keeping them from sinking. The 
 difficulty to be solved, therefore, was 
 how a spongy mass which would 
 not bear a man’s weight could 
 be made to bear a railway, with 
 locomotives and carriages. This 
 Stephenson managed by making a 
 fioating road. First of all, a foot- 
 path of heather was made, upon 
 which temporary rails and sleepers 
 were placed to admit of the waggons 
 running along with the necessary 
 materials, while at the same time 
 drains were dug at the sides. Upon 
 the surface between were thrown 
 branches of trees, hedge-cuttings, 
 and, in the softest places, hurdles 
 interwoven with heather. Over 
 these again was a thin layer of 
 gravel, on which the permanent 
 line was laid. The greatest diffi- 
 culty was found in the rising ground 
 of the middle of the moss, where 
 the drains filled up with spongy 
 bog as fast as they were dry. 
 Stephenson s remedy for this was to 
 lay down a kind of drain or sewer 
 of empty tar-barrels, which were 
 placed as soon as there was room 
 for them, before the cutting had 
 time to fill. Another difficulty was 
 the embankment at the edge of the 
 
 bog on the Manchester side, which 
 as soon as it was 3 or 4 ft. in 
 height, suddenly disappeared, and 
 this happened not once or twice, 
 but scores of times. In fact, so 
 serious was this part of the under- 
 taking that the directors consulted 
 about abandoning it altogether, or 
 making a viaduct on lofty timber 
 piles. Weeks went by, and there 
 was literally nothing to show for 
 the work, the directors continuing 
 the labour solely because it was 
 judged less expensive to go on 
 than to stop; and the engineer, 
 because he felt that there must be 
 a bottom somewhere, and that in 
 course of time the embankment 
 must show. “And so the filling 
 went on ; several hundred men and 
 boys were employed to skim the 
 Moss all round for many thousand 
 yards by means of sharp spades, 
 called by the turf cutters ‘tommy 
 spades,’ and the dried cakes of turf 
 were afterwards used to form the 
 embankment, until at length, as 
 the stuff sunk and rested upon 
 the bottom, the bank gradually 
 rose above the surface, and slowly 
 advanced onwards, declining in 
 height, and consequently in weight, 
 until it became joined to the floating 
 road already laid upon the Moss. 
 In the course of forming the em- 
 bankment, the pressure of the bog- 
 turf tipped out of the waggons 
 caused a copious stream of bog- 
 water to flow from the end of it, in 
 colour resembling stout ; and w T hen 
 completed, the bank looked like a 
 long ridge of tightly-pressed tobacco 
 leaf. The compression of the turf 
 may be imagined from the fact that 
 670,000 cubic yards of raw moss 
 formed only 277,000 cubic yards of 
 embankment at the completion of 
 the work.’’ — Smiles. Draining has 
 altered the features of the Moss, 
 and reduced it very much in depth. 
 Two rly. stats., Barton Moss and 
 Astley , are now upon it. Cultivation 
 is progressing rapidly on two sides. 
 
103 
 
 1 Route 12 . — Newton Bridge. 
 
 To the S. are the mosses of Hol- 
 croft, Glazebrook, and Risley, which, 
 like Chat Moss, are undergoing more 
 or less transformation to civilised 
 and cultivated ground. Culclieth 
 Hall 1. the seat of T. E. Wither- 
 ington, Esq., was the property of 
 the Culchets in Henry II. s reign. 
 I)r. Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, 
 was once minister of Culcheth Ch. 
 
 10 j Glazebury Stat., formerly Bury 
 Lane. The Glaze , a rivulet, is 
 crossed here, and falls into the 
 Mersey a few miles on the 1. There 
 aTe several old halls about here, 
 as Light Oaks , Holer oft Hall , &c. 
 Bury Lane lakes its name irom the 
 fact that after a battle during the 
 Civil Wars several of the fallen v\ere 
 buried here. 
 
 12f m. Kenyon Junc. with the 
 Leigh and Bolton line (Rte. 9). 
 
 14 m. Parkside Junc. Here the 
 line to Wigan, Preston, Carlisle, 
 and Scotland is given off on rt. 
 (Rte. 1). 
 
 This is one of the forks forming 
 the delta of the rly M which coupled 
 the N. line to Wi^an and Preston 
 with the Liverpool and Manchester 
 line. 
 
 An inscription on a large marble 
 slab fixed against the rock on the 1. 
 side of the line marks the spot where 
 Mr. Huskisson was struck down by 
 the 4 Rocket 9 engine on the day of 
 the opening of the rly., Sept. 15, 
 1830, while shaking hands with 
 the Duke of Wellington. “ It was 
 cited at the time as a remarkable 
 fact, that the ‘Northumbrian’ en- 
 gine, driven by George Stephenson 
 himself, conveyed the unfortunate 
 gentleman a distance of about 15 
 miles in 25 minutes, or at the rate 
 of 36 miles an hour.” 
 
 15f m. Newton Bridge Stat. ( Inn : 
 LeghArms). This is the name of the 
 stat. at Newton-le-Willows, a pretty 
 village relieved by several artificial 
 lakes. It gave the name to one of 
 the hundreds as far back as Saxon 
 times ; and had a market and fair. 
 
 There was a court-leet here for re- 
 covery of small debts. Here is a 
 tumulus called Castle Hill. Close 
 by the st ition are the printing-works 
 of Messrs. M‘Corquodale and Co. 
 
 In the old chapel-yard is a curious 
 inscription to an engine driver. 
 
 Amongst the curiosities in the 
 neighbourhood is “ The Bloody 
 Stone,” which is said to give off a 
 sanguinary fluid after a shower. 
 The present lord of Newton is Mr. 
 Legh, of Lyme Hall, who still holds 
 court-leet here. 
 
 16 J m. at Earlestown Junc. the 
 line to Warrington, Crewe, and 
 London, is given off on 1. Earles- 
 town is so called after the late Sir 
 
 H. Earle ; it has become a very popu- 
 lous village, and here are extensive 
 railway waggon works belonging to 
 the London and North Western Rly. 
 Co. On rt. is the Newton race- 
 course, visible to the traveller and 
 sloping to the Sankey Canal, which 
 was the first navigable canal of 
 modern times, having been made in 
 1755. The line crosses the Sankey 
 brook and canal by a fine viaduct. 
 
 18 m. Collins Green Stat., after 
 which the rly. crosses Parr Moss on 
 a solid, though invisible embank- 
 ment, 25 feet in depth. Parr was 
 owned by Sir T. Parre, temp. Henry 
 VIII., father of Catherine Parr. 
 
 19f m. St. Helens Junc. [From 
 hence the tourist may diverge rt. or 
 
 I. by means of a line from Widnes 
 to St. Helens and Ormskirk, which 
 crosses the Manchester and Liver- 
 pool rly. (Rte. 13). On 1. 1 J m. is the 
 fine park of Bold, the seat of the 
 Bold family until the middle of 
 the last centy., when, by the failure 
 of male issue, the estate came, by 
 marriage with the heiress of the 
 Bolds, to the Pattens. From them 
 it passed, by marriage with an 
 heiress, into the family of Hoghton. 
 The Bolds are mentioned in the 
 Testa de Neville, and were seated 
 here at the Conquest. The chief 
 
104 
 
 Route 12 . — RainJiill : Locomotive Contest . 
 
 beauty of Bold is its noble tim- 
 ber, some of the oaks being of 
 great size ; the Old Hall was 
 built by Bichard Bold in the 
 reign of James I., and surrounded 
 by a moat, and on the doorway are 
 his initials and those of his wife, a 
 daughter of Sir Peter Legh of Lyme, 
 with the date 1616. 
 
 Dr. Leigh, who wrote a Natural 
 History of Lancashire and Cheshire, 
 in 1700, mentions the vast quantities 
 of wild ducks and swans which used 
 to frequent the lake in the park, 
 and he says the former came to be 
 fed on a person striking a hollow 
 vessel with a stone. 
 
 On rt. of the line is St. Helens 
 (Bte. 13), which, like the rest of 
 this district, is given up to col- 
 lieries, glass and chemical, copper 
 and earthenware works.] 
 
 21| m. Lea Green Stat. There are 
 traces of an old moated house, about 
 J m. on 1. Indeed the whole of this 
 neighbourhood, now so utterly de- 
 voted to manufacturing purposes, 
 once abounded in ancient residences 
 and crosses, with which probably 
 the Abbey of Windleshaw, near St. 
 Helens, had some connexion; but 
 they have almost all disappeared, 
 and their place knoweth them no 
 more. 
 
 22f m. Bainhill Stat. On 1. Bain- 
 hill Hall (Hon. Mrs. Stapylton 
 Bretherton). Here it was that in 
 1829 took place the celebrated trial 
 of locomotives previous to the open- 
 ing of the new rly., which was to 
 decide to the world what kind of 
 locomotive (if any) would hence- 
 forth be used. The competitors 
 were Messrs. R. Stephenson and 
 Co/s 4 Rocket,’ Messrs. Braithwaite 
 and Ericson’s 4 Novelty,’ Mr. Timo- 
 thy Hackworth's 4 Sanspareil,’ and 
 Mr. Burstall's 4 Perseverance.’ The 
 ground selected was 2 miles of level 
 railway, each engine to run the dis- 
 tance 20 times. The attendance of 
 
 spectators and the enthusiasm were 
 tremendous. The 4 Rocket ’ Tan 
 12 miles in 53 minutes, and at- 
 tained the maximum velocity of 
 29 miles an hour. The 4 Novelty,’ 
 although at one time moving at the 
 rate of 24 miles, broke down on the 
 second day. as also did the 4 Sans- 
 pareil;’ while the ‘Perseverance’ 
 was out of the race at a very early 
 stage. The 4 Rocket,’ which was 
 the pioneer of all subsequent loco- 
 motives, may now be seen in the 
 Museum of Patents at South Ken- 
 sington. On rt. is the County Luna- 
 tic Asylum. 
 
 On the high ground 1 \ m. to thert. 
 of Rainhill is Prescot ( Inn : George), 
 a busy little manufacturing town, 
 the inhabitants of which are prin- 
 cipally employed in making watch 
 tools and movements, such as 
 balances, centre pinions, pillars, 
 hands, tools, wheels, cocks, second- 
 hands, fusees, levers, frames, dittons, 
 barrels, &c. 
 
 The ch. is conspicuous for its lofty 
 tower acd spire, 156 ft. high, which 
 is visible for a long distance. It 
 possesses a nave with aisles, tran- 
 septs, chancel, and a carved timber 
 roof. Amongst the monuments is 
 one to Mr. Atherton, by U'estmacott, 
 and an upright effigy of Capt. Ogle, 
 in the dress of the 17th centy. The 
 rectorial tithes of Prescot were given 
 by James I. to King’s College, 
 Cambridge, under the following cir- 
 cumstances. When staying at 
 Knowsley, he was riding in a lane, 
 and picked up a silver horse-shoe. 
 At dinner he produced it, thinking 
 it belonged to some of the wealthy 
 noblemen of the county, when it was 
 claimed by the rector of Prescot. 
 The king drily observed that, if 
 the Prescot rertors could afford to 
 waste their money on silver horse- 
 shoes, it was time that it was be- 
 stowed where it was more wanted. 
 And so the rector became a vicar. 
 A MS., entitled 4 An Abstract of the 
 Proceedings in Prescot Court,’ con- 
 
105 
 
 Route 12 . — Knowsley. 
 
 tains some exceedingly fanny en- 
 tries, as follows : — 1583 : Catherine 
 Dempster, banished the town, being 
 of evil government. 1607 : An order 
 against putting batter on bread or 
 cakes, on forfeiture of 5s. a time. 
 1609 : An order that the constables 
 pump on Alice Allerton, so often as 
 she comes into the streets to chide or 
 abase herself. 1630 : Bichard Hal- 
 sall presented for saying the town 
 was governed by fools, 3s. 4 d. 1633 : 
 An order for banishing out of the 
 town a woman called Pretty Peggy. 
 1096: Mr. Parr, for tussling with 
 Esq. Cross, and Esq. Cross for tuss- 
 ling with him again. 
 
 Kemble, the tragedian, was born 
 at Prescot. 
 
 Adjoining Prescot on the N. and 
 N.W. is Knowsley (anciently spelt 
 Knouselegh), the family seat of the 
 Bight Hon. the Earl of Derby. 
 The park is the largest in the 
 northern counties, and is 2500 acres 
 in extent; it is well walled round 
 and entered by about a dozen lodges; 
 the principal of which is the Liver- 
 pool Lodge, an imposing edifice, 
 with a fine arch flanked by two 
 towers, one round, the other square. 
 With the arms and crest, is this in- 
 scription upon the lodge, “ Bring 
 good news, and knock boldly.” The 
 park is beautifully wooded, and 
 contains seveial lakes; the largest, 
 over 90 acres in extent, is called 
 “ White Man's Dam,” it is said, 
 from a white nude figure, which 
 stands near, and is said to have been 
 found in the lake. There are red, 
 fallow, and other deer in the “ Deer 
 Park.” This noble property, Knows- 
 ley, came to the Stanley family by 
 the marriage of Sir John Stanley 
 with Isabel, daughter and heiress of 
 Sir Thos. Lathom, about the middle 
 of the 14th centy. The Hall has 
 often been visited by royalty of 
 various countries. 
 
 The first Baron Stanley was Sir 
 Thomas Stanley (1456), whose second , 
 
 son. Sir William, was beheaded by 
 Henry VII., on pretence of being 
 concerned in the Perkin Warbeck 
 conspiracy. Lord Stanley’s eldest 
 son, Thomas, became the 1st Earl of 
 Derby, having been advanced to the 
 earldom by his stepson, Henry VII., 
 after the battle of Bosworth Field, 
 in 1485. Upon his son, George Stan- 
 ley, was conferred the title of the 
 9th Lord Strange, in right of his 
 wife, Jane, daughter and heiress of 
 John, 8th Lord Strange, of Knockin. 
 He, however, died before his father, 
 and his son succeeded to the earl- 
 dom. The 2nd Earl succeeded in 
 1504, and lived at Lathom (Bte. 15), 
 where he kept a household of extras 
 ordinary splendour. The 5th Earl, 
 Ferdinand, was chiefly remarkable 
 for his extraordinary illness and 
 death, popularly supposed to result 
 from witchcraft, but more shrewdly 
 suspected to have arisen from poison 
 administered by his master of horse. 
 James, the 7th Earl, married Char- 
 lotte of Tremouille, and became the 
 most famous of all the Stanley 
 family in connection with the Loyal- 
 ist cause during the Civil War. He 
 was beheaded at Bolton in 1651 
 (Bte. 7). In consequence of James, 
 the 10th Earl, grandson of the for- 
 mer, dying without issue, the barony 
 of Strange passed into the family 
 of Athol. Edward, the 12th Earl, 
 was a great patron of the turf, and 
 founded that most celebrated of 
 English races, “ the Derby,” in 1780. 
 Of the 14th Earl of Derby, the late 
 Premier of England, who died 1869, 
 it is unnecessary to speak. Whether 
 in history, politics, territorial influ- 
 ence, or social life, the family of 
 Stanley has been so interwoven with 
 Lancashire and its prosperity that 
 it would be impossible to dissociate 
 them. 
 
 Knowsley Hall has been built 
 at several times. One portion, 
 which was built in the time of the 1st 
 Earl for the visit of Henry VII. 
 in 1495, is still called “ The King’s 
 
106 
 
 Route 12 . — Knowsley. 
 
 Chambers ; ” the 3rd and 7th Earls 
 made additions also, but the princi- 
 pal part, as the hall now stands, was 
 built by the 10th Earl. 
 
 Tn the colonnade, which was 
 built in 1820-21, is a basso-relievo, 
 representing the expulsion of Adam 
 and Eve, and a stone tablet with 
 the following inscription, “James 
 Earl of Derby, Lord of Man and 
 the Isles, grandson of James Earl 
 of Derby and of Charlotte, daughter 
 of Claude, Duke de la Tremouaille, 
 whose husband James was be- 
 headed at Bolton, XY Oct. MDLXI. 
 for strenuously adhering to Charles 
 II., who refused a Bill passed una- 
 nimously by both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment for restoring to the family the 
 estates lost by his loyalty to him, 
 MDCCXXXII.” The accuracy of 
 the inscription has been doubted. 
 The material used in the exterior 
 of the Hall is red sandstone. 
 
 The interior of the Hall contains 
 some fine pictures, including Bel- 
 shazzar's Feast, by Rembrandt ; 
 Seneca in the Bath, by Rubens ; sea- 
 pieces, by Vandervelde ; and others 
 by S. Rosa , Teniers , Correggio , Van- 
 dyck , Claude Lorraine , &c. ; the 
 Princess Charlotte, by Chalon ; the 
 Stanley children, by Romney. The 
 library contains the chair in which 
 the 7th Earl was seated at his exe- 
 cution in Bolton. 
 
 Knowsley Ch. is IJ m. from the 
 Hail, and was built as a mausoleum 
 for the family, who for ages pre- 
 viously had been buried at Orms- 
 kirk and Burscough. It is a pretty 
 Gothic building, with transepts, and 
 contains some good stone carving, 
 and a stained-glass window. There 
 is a burial-chapel and monument to 
 the late Earl Derby. 
 
 From Rainhill the line passes 1. 
 Halsnead Park (H. A. de Amyers 
 Willis, Esq.), formerly the seat 
 of the Pemberton and Tarbuck 
 families, now extinct. On rt. 
 are The Hazels (Sir Thomas B. 
 
 Birch, Bt.) and Hurst House (Miss 
 Willis). 
 
 25f m. Huyton Stat. The cli ., on 
 rt., has a venerable old tower, nave, 
 aisles, and chancel, the latter sepa- 
 rated from the body of the ch. by a 
 fine oak screen, of the date of Henry 
 VII. The chancel has a singular 
 hammer-beam roof. There is also 
 some good stained glass, and a bra*s 
 to Mr. William Bell, ejected from 
 Huyton vicarage in 1662, “a most 
 Famous Preacher, whose Pithy and 
 Sententious Sermons warmed the 
 hearts of all Good Xtians.” Of 
 late years Huyton has become a 
 favourite residence for Liverpool 
 merchants. 
 
 26J m. Roby Stat. On 1. is Roby 
 Hall (Sir T. Edwards Moss, Bart.), 
 and on rt. 3 m. is Croxteth Park, the 
 seat of the Earl of Sefton, whose 
 ancestors, the Molyneuxes, have en- 
 joyed it ever since the reign of 
 Henry VI. The park, which con- 
 tains about 850 acres, is mentioned 
 by Leland as “ a parke of the Kinge’s 
 land by Molineux’s house also in 
 a document of Edward II. ’s time as 
 “ parcus de Crostath super le mosse 
 de Levepole.” The house, ap- 
 proached by a broad terrace, is of 
 brick, with stone dressings. 
 
 28 m. Broad Green Stat. On 1. 
 2 m. is Childwall Hall (R. Brock! e- 
 bank, Esq.), a seat of the Marquis 
 of Salisbury, whose ancestor ac- 
 quired it by marriage with the 
 heiress of the Gascoignes. The Hall 
 is a castellated building by Nash. 
 The ch. contains tome curious paint- 
 ings on canvas, and some brasses of 
 a knight in plate-armour, and a lady 
 in Elizabethan costume. A docu- 
 ment of the churchwardens records 
 that, in 1635, William Bamber was 
 prosecuted for “ usually sleeping in 
 the church in the tyme of divine 
 service.” 
 
 The lord of Childwall has a claim 
 “ to certain small dues, amounting 
 to a penny or twopence from each 
 
107 
 
 Boute 12a. — Manchester to Liverpool. 
 
 occupier of land, which was for- 
 merly paid to the Knights Hospi- 
 tallers of St. John of Jerusalem, who 
 had a house upon the hill by Great 
 Woolton.” — Burke. 
 
 At Childwall was born, in 1693, 
 Jeremiah Markland, a celebrated 
 scholar, and author of an edition of 
 the 4 Sylvae ’ of Statius. 
 
 The line now enters the Olive 
 Mount Cutting , “the first extensive 
 stone cutting executed on any rly., 
 and to this day one of the most 
 formidable. It is nearly 2 m. long, 
 and in some parts 80 ft. deep. It is 
 a narrow ravine or defile cut out of 
 the solid rock, and not less than 
 480,000 cubic yards of stone were 
 removed from it. Mr. Vignolles, 
 afterwards describing it, said it 
 looked as if it had been dug out by 
 giants.” 
 
 At 30J m. Edgehill Stat. the line 
 enters the tunnel, at the other end 
 of which it runs in to the Lime 
 Street Stat. From Edgehill is a 
 branch to the N. end of Liverpool, 
 half encircling the town. On the 
 opposite side branches the line 
 through Widnes. 
 
 31 i m. Liverpool (Rte. 14). 
 
 ROUTE 12a. 
 
 MANCHESTER TO LIVERPOOL, BY 
 GLAZEBROOK AND WARRINGTON. 
 
 From the central station, Man- 
 chester, the traveller is borne west- 
 ward to Liverpool by quick train in 
 45 min. through a flat country all 
 the way, with a number of interest- 
 ing places on the route. He is not 
 
 outside the city before he is on the 
 verge of the Irwell on rt., where he 
 sees the confluence of the Medlock 
 with that river near the site of old 
 Hulme Hall. On his left is Hen- 
 shaw’s Blind Asylum, the site of the 
 Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, 
 and the Botanical Garden. He 
 passes within a few yards of the old 
 ford, the Trafiord recently bridged 
 over. Close by it are the remains 
 of the old residence of the ancient 
 family of Trafford, hence the name 
 of the locality, Old Trafford. This 
 family was settled here before the 
 Conquest, and traces its pedigree 
 back to the time of King Canute. 
 From then to now there have not 
 been wanting heirs male to inherit 
 the large estates. The present 
 owner, Sir Humphrey de Trafiord, 
 the second baronet, resides a couple 
 of miles N.W. of here, in the centre 
 of a large park. He owns large 
 tracts of land in Stretford, Barton, 
 Wilmslow, &c. The family were 
 persecutors of the Catholics in Eliza- 
 beth’s time. Sir Cecil Trafiord, 
 knighted at Hoghton Tower by 
 James I., was converted to Roman- 
 ism in 1633, and the family has re- 
 mained so since. A cuiious legend 
 is told of the family motto. 
 
 Stretford village is seen J m. on 
 the 1. 
 
 1J m. Cornbkook Junction. 
 
 5 m. Urmston Stat. ( Hotel : The 
 Lord Nelson). Urmston, a sup- 
 posed residence of the Orme3 of the 
 Ormulu, is a rapidly growing place. 
 Here is a handsome new eh. of Dec. 
 style, built in 1868, in which 
 coloured stones have been used with 
 good effect. The Mall, now a farm- 
 house, is an Elizabethan wood-and- 
 plaster building, one gable of which 
 is ornamented with lozenges and 
 trefoils. It was formerly the seat 
 of the Urmstons, and then of the 
 Hydes. In a cottage which for- 
 merly stood near here, called 
 
108 
 
 Route 12 a. — Flixton — Irlam. 
 
 “Richard of Jone's,” was born John 
 Collier, better known as “ Tim 
 Bobbin.” His baptism is thus en- 
 tered in the Flixton registers, in 
 which old parish Urmston stands: 
 “John, son of Mr. [this prefix is 
 interlined] John Collier of Vrme- 
 stone, Baptized Janry y e 6 th .” This 
 was in the year 1708-9. Collier’s 
 old school stood near. The Grange 
 (J. T. Hibbert, Esq.). Between 
 here and Flixton Church, distance 
 little over a mile, the Mersey me- 
 anders 5 m. 
 
 \ m. 1. is Sltaw Hall , once the 
 residence of the Egertons, who held 
 property in this parish, one of whom, 
 Peter Egerton, was a colonel under 
 Fairfax in the Revolution. The 
 hall is of the age of James I., and 
 has the characteristic gables, para- 
 pets, and chimneys. The interior 
 contains some tapestry, and some 
 curious pictures of Persian subjects, 
 one of which covers part of the ceil- 
 ing, and represents Darius and his 
 family kneeling before Alexander 
 the Great. It is said to be more 
 than 200 years old. 
 
 J m. on rt. is Davyhulme Hall 
 (R. H. Norreys, Esq.) on the other 
 side of the Irwell ; it was the seat of 
 John de Hulme (temp. Henry II.). 
 
 6J m. Flixton Stat. The ch., re- 
 cently restored, is a plain old build- 
 ing with an embattled tower and 
 round-headed windows. It con- 
 tains a monumental brass , represent- 
 ing Richard Radclyffe of Ordsall, 
 his 2 wives, 2 sons, and 3 young 
 daughters, in Elizabethan ruffs. 
 There are many quaint houses 
 about here, and a new bridge unites 
 the 2 counties palatine, 1 m. from 
 the stat. It was owing to a dis- 
 pute about a footpath here that the 
 Manchester “Ancient Footpath As- 
 sociation” was formed. Flixton 
 House (W. W. W. Wright, Esq.). 
 
 Near the confluence of the Mer- 
 sey and Irwell, the latter is crossed 
 by an iron bridge. 
 
 8 m. Irlam Stat. Irlam Hall , on 
 rt., now a farmhouse, belonged to 
 the Irlams in the 15th centy., and 
 then to Sir Geo. Lathom, in whose 
 family it remained until the Revo- 
 lution, when his estate was alienated. 
 It is a fine old Elizabethan building, 
 and is said to contain the largest 
 beam in the county. A neat ch 
 seating 300, was built in 1866. 
 
 Cadishead , a village on 1., con- 
 tains a large Wesleyan chapel. 
 Fustian cutting is largely carried on. 
 
 9| m. Glazebrook Jtjnc. The 
 portion of the line from Stockport, 
 Godley, and Woodley runs in here. 
 
 On rt. are Little and Great Wool- 
 den Halls , the latter now a gabled 
 farmhouse, but once the seat of the 
 Holcrofts, “ one of a family who 
 shared largely in ch. property at the 
 Reformation, but not the notorious 
 Sir Thos. Holcroft, of Yale Royal.” 
 The Glaze joins the Mersey on the 
 1., near Hollins Ferry, where the 
 Duke of Cumberland ferried his 
 army over in 1745. 
 
 14 m. Padgate Stat. 
 
 16 m. Warrington ( see Rte. 1). 
 
 18^ m Sankey Stat. (for Penketh 
 see Rte. 13). 
 
 22 m. Farnworth Stat. ( see Rte. 13). 
 
 24 m. Hough Green Stat. 
 
 26 m. Halewood Stat. ( see Rte. 13). 
 
 27 J m. Hunt’s Cross Stat. 
 
 29 2 m. Garston Stat. ( see Rte. 13). 
 
 30 J m. Cressington Stat. 
 
 31 m. Mersey Road Stat , 
 
 32 J m. Otter spool Stat. 
 
 33J m. S. Michaels Stat. 
 
 35 m. S. James’s Stat. This was 
 formerly the terminus of the Cheshire 
 Lines route to Liverpool . The trains 
 now run to 
 
 36 J m. Central Stat. in Ranelagh 
 Street. 
 
Route 13 .— Warrington to Liverpool. 109 
 
 EOUTE 13. 
 
 WARRINGTON TO LIVERPOOL, BY 
 GARSTON. 
 
 This line is a continuation of the 
 Manchester, Altrincham, and South 
 Junction Ely., which passes through 
 Warrington at the Arpley Stat. 
 This line was formerly used by 
 the Midland and Great Northern 
 Companies as a means of access 
 for their trains to Liverpool; but 
 since the opening of the line via 
 Glazebrook by the Cheshire Lines 
 Committee, they have ceased to use 
 it, and it is only employed by the 
 London and North-Western. The 
 line, which during its progress in 
 Cheshire has kept the S. bank of the 
 Mersey, crosses it at Warrington, and 
 runs along the N. bank all the way to 
 Liverpool. Passing under the Lon- 
 don and North-Western main line 
 to Scotland, the traveller skirts the 
 banks of the Mersey and the Sankey 
 Canal , which runs between Wid- 
 nes, Warrington, and St. Helens. 
 This undertaking was the earliest of 
 the canal systems in England. The 
 original intention was to deepen 
 Sankey Brook, but it was ultimately 
 made a separate water-way, only 
 connecting with the brook once or 
 twice. 
 
 1 m. Sankey Bridge Stat. 
 
 3 m. F idler's Ferry Stat. At Pen- 
 keth, a little to the rt., was born 
 Thomas Penketh, the Augustinian 
 friar of Warrington, said, by Fuller, 
 to have had a prodigious memory. 
 
 He is mentioned by Shakespeare in 
 ‘ Eichard HI.’ — 
 
 “Go, Lovel, with all speed to Doc' or Shaw. 
 Go thou to friar Penker ; — bid them both 
 Meet me, within this hour, at Baynard's 
 Castle.” 
 
 Across the river, the wooded high 
 grounds of Daresbury, Norton, 
 and Halton, afford an agreeable 
 prospect ; and a fine view is ob- 
 tained of Norton Priory , the beauti- 
 ful seat of Sir Eichard Brooke, 
 Bart, (see Cheshire Hdbk.). Between 
 the river and rly. on 1. are vestiges 
 of an entrenchment at Cuerdley 
 Marsh. In the township of 
 Cuerdley was born Dr. William 
 Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and 
 founder of Brasenose College. He 
 was also Lord President of Wales. 
 
 6 m. Widnes Junc. with the 
 St. Helens line. 
 
 On the 1. is the manufacturing 
 town of Widnes , of such modern 
 growth that in 1840 there was 
 scarcely any population. Alkali 
 works were, however, established 
 here in 1847, by Mr. Hutchinson ; 
 and since that time the growth of 
 the place has been extraordinarily 
 rapid, having now a population of 
 more than 20,000. The district 
 embracing Widnes and St. Helens 
 is now the principal seat of the 
 alkali manufacture in England, and 
 in it are annually produced about 
 
 150.000 tons of soda-ash and caustic 
 soda and 50,000 tons of bleaching- 
 powder, in manufacturing which 
 
 250.000 tons of salt, 750,000 tons 
 of coal, 250,000 tons of limestone, 
 and 150,000 tons of pyrites are used. 
 At Widnes is also one of the largest 
 soap manufactories in the kingdom, 
 two manure-works, and two works 
 for the recovery from the pyrites, 
 above named, of the copper which 
 it contains, the sulphur therein 
 having been first extracted at the 
 alkali works. After the sulphur 
 and copper have been both elimi- 
 nated, the residue is an iron-ore, 
 
110 
 
 Route 13 . — Si. Helens — Windleshaw Abbey. 
 
 which is smelted. Nearly the whole 
 of the above-named raw materials 
 and products pass to or from the 
 Mersey by the docks at Widnes 
 and Garston and the St. Helens 
 Canal. The visitor should inspect 
 the new Runcorn railway bridge, 
 which carries the London and 
 North-Western Railway across the 
 Mersey, by 3 spans of 100 yds. 
 each, from London to Liverpool. 
 
 [A divergence may be made from 
 Widnes by rail to St. Helens and 
 Ormskirk, 21 m., passing 1 m. Ap- 
 pleton Stat. 
 
 Here is a large Roman Catholic 
 establishment, with a fine chapel 
 and schools. 
 
 2J m. Farnworth Stat. The ch. 
 contains several monuments to the 
 family of Bold, whose seat of Bold 
 Hall is in this parish (Rte. 12). 
 There are traces of a moat at Cran- 
 sliaw Hill, on 1. of the line. 
 
 6^ m. Sutton Oak Stat. A hand- 
 some new church has been built here 
 from designs by Paley. 
 
 St. Helens Stat. {Inns: Raven, 
 Fleece). 
 
 St. Helens is the centre of the 
 manufacturing energies of this dis- 
 trict, and particularly of the glass 
 trade, which has been established 
 here since 1773. There are also 
 large copper and alkali works. 
 
 Crown, sheet, and plate glass are 
 made here of great purity and size, 
 the latter being cast in plates of 
 lbO inches long by 120 wide, and 
 concave mirrors 36 in. in diameter. 
 
 The chief establishments are 
 the British Plate Glass, the London 
 and Manchester Plate Glass, the St. 
 Helens Crown Glass, and Union 
 Plate Glass companies. “ In this dis- 
 trict one-half the glass made in Eng- 
 land is manufactured, one-fourth of 
 the alkali, and one-fourth of the cop- 
 per ; the gross value of these articles 
 manufactured in St. Helens, and of 
 the coal raised there, being more 
 than 3 millions sterling annually, 
 
 while the weekly wages paid are 
 20,000Z. The manufactories of 
 glass include 4 plate or cast glass, 
 1 crown and sheet or blown window- 
 glass, 2 flint and 4 bottle-glass works. 
 The plate-glass works make three- 
 fourths, the crown and sheet one- 
 third, and the flint and bottles one- 
 tenth, of all such glass made in 
 England. The St. Helens Rly., 
 which only forms one-fortietli of the 
 London and North-Western Com- 
 pany’s mileage, conveys two million 
 tons, or one-seventh of their entire 
 traffic.” — Baines. The town, though 
 much improved of late years, contains 
 little of interest. The town was in- 
 corporated as a municipal borough 
 in 1869, and now contains a Pop. 
 estimated at 57,500. A handsome 
 town-hall has been recently built. 
 In 1872 a new branch rly., 6 m. in 
 length, was opened, leaving the 
 Liverpool and Manchester line at 
 Huyton, running to St. Helens, and 
 there joining the line to Wigan, thus 
 placing St. Helens on the main 
 line from Liverpool to Preston and 
 the N. 
 
 1 m. to the N. are the very scanty 
 remains of Windleshaw A bbey , a 
 place held in great veneration by the 
 Roman Catholics, who have a bury- 
 ing-ground here, and are brought 
 hither for interment from long 
 distances. Although dignified by 
 the name of abbey, it is probable 
 that it was never anything more 
 than a chapel, partly because history 
 is silent as to its foundation, and 
 partly because the ruins are and 
 evidently were of such small extent. 
 “The chapel was but small, not 
 more than 12 yards in length, and 
 about 3 in width, and the tower was 
 scarcely 8 yards high. Its insig- 
 nificance probably may account for 
 the obscurity in which its origin 
 is involved. It fell into disuse after 
 the Dissolution, and its final ruin 
 took place during the Civil Wars.” 
 —Boby. A well near the ruins, 
 
Ill 
 
 Boute 13. — Hale — Speke. 
 
 called St. Thomas s Well , seems to 
 indicate that the chapel was dedi- 
 cated to that saint. 
 
 The line to Ormskirk continues 
 in a north-westerly direction, passing 
 
 9J m. Gerard’s Bridge Stat. 
 
 10 1 m. Mossbank Stat. On 1. are 
 Windleshaw Abbey, Windle Hall (W. 
 W. Pilkington, Esq.), and Windle 
 Hurst (Colonel Gamble). 
 
 11 1 m. Crank Stat. On rt. is 
 rather high ground, and Bamford 
 Hall (R. Pilkington, Esq.). 
 
 13 m. Booker y Stat. 
 
 13§ m. Bainford Stat. The village 
 is locally celebrated for its tobacco 
 pipes, there being no less than ten 
 manufacturers of them. On the rt. 
 Muncaster Hall (R. Pennington, 
 Esq.). 
 
 15 m. Rais ford Junc. with the 
 Bolton, Wigan, and Liverpool line 
 (Rte. 11). 
 
 17| m. Skelmersdale Stat. The 
 country in this neighbourhood is 
 monotonous and uninteresting, and 
 is principally given up to collieries. 
 On rt., f m., is Skelmersdale, over- 
 looking the valley of the little river 
 Taw<l. It gives the title of Baron 
 to the Bootle- Wilbraham family, 
 whose monuments may be seen in 
 the ch. Twenty years ago the 
 place was composed of a few farm- 
 steads, cottages, and green fields. 
 It is now a large and increasing 
 town with a local board, public 
 hall, &c. On the high ground of 
 Ashurst, about 2 m. N., is Ashurst 
 Hall , a large mansion of the 17th 
 centy., with a gateway. It is now a 
 farmhouse. Ashurst Beacon was con- 
 stantly watched during the French 
 Revolution, and kept ready to be set 
 alight at the first alarm. Passing rt. 
 the woods of Lathom House and 
 New Park, and 1. Cross Hall , the 
 ancient seat, now dismantled, of the 
 first and second collateral branches 
 of the Stanley family, the tourist 
 reaches Ormskirk Junc. (Rte. 16). ^ 
 From Widnes the rly. continues 
 
 to skirt the banks of the Mersey, 
 being joined at Ditton Junc. by 
 the direct line of the London and 
 North-Western from Crewe to Liver- 
 pool. 
 
 Ditton Hall (the Marchioness 
 Stapylton - Bretherton) ; she has 
 made it a home for the Jesuits ex- 
 pelled from Germany a few years 
 since, and built a handsome Roman 
 Catholic ch. for their use. 
 
 9Jm .Hale Stat. On 1. is Hale Hall, 
 a fine old mansion partly modernised, 
 and the seat of J. Ireland Blackburne, 
 Esq., M.P. The oldest portion, the 
 north front, was built by Sir Gilbert 
 Ireland in 1604. At the back of 
 the grounds, nearer to Ditton, is a 
 decoy for catching wild-fowl. The 
 lord of the manor has a right to 
 claim fourpence for every vessel 
 that anchors off the north shore in 
 this part of the river, which is here 
 about 3 m. in breadth. In Hale 
 churchyard is buried a celebrated 
 giant called the Childe, of Hale, who 
 was 9 ft. 3 in. in height, and died 
 in 1623. Hale Wood was held by 
 the Irelands in the reign of Elizabeth 
 by the annual rendering of two roses 
 on Midsummer Day. The moated 
 ruins of the Ilutt, the ancient home 
 of the Irelands, still exist there. 
 
 11^ m. Speke Stat. On 1. is 
 Speke Hall, another beautiful old 
 mansion (Miss Watt). It was built 
 in 1598 by Edward Norreys, which 
 family possessed the estate by mar- 
 riage of the heiress of the Moly- 
 neux with William Norreys of 
 Sutton. The heiress of the Norreys 
 married in 1736 Lord Sydney Beau- 
 clerk, from whose son, Topham 
 Beauclerk, the friend ot' Dr. Johnson, 
 it passed by purchase to the present 
 possessors. (The name of this 
 branch of the Norreys family is 
 usually spelt Norris ; they were inti- 
 mately connected with Liverpool, 
 supplying representatives in Parlia- 
 ment, and among the corporation 
 regalia is the sword of state borne 
 before Sir W. Norris when he went 
 
112 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool to Southport, 
 
 as ambassador to the Great Mogul.) 
 In form it is a quadrangle, a portion 
 of which is in the old timber-and- 
 plaster style. The principal en- 
 trance was over a moat, and through 
 the stone porch with the inscription 
 in black letters — “This worke, 25 
 yds. long, was wolly built by Edw. 
 N., Esq., anno 1598.” The great 
 hall is ornamented with a wainscot, 
 said to have been brought from 
 Holyrood by Sir Edward Norris, 
 who fought under Lord Stanley at 
 Flodden, and was honoured by a 
 letter from Henry VIII., compli- 
 menting him for his gallantry. It 
 is divided into eight compart- 
 ments, subdivided into panels, 
 with carved heads. On one of 
 them is written, “Slepe not till 
 ye hathe consedered howe thow 
 hast spent ye Day past. If Thow 
 have well don, thank God ; if other 
 ways, Eepent ye.” Over the door is, 
 
 “ The streyghtest God to love and serve 
 
 Waye to heaven ^ Above all thyng.” 
 
 13 m. Allerton Stat. On 1. is Gars- 
 ton , where are two docks belonging 
 to the London and North Western 
 Rly. Company, ^ containing respec- 
 tively 6J and 8 acres, with the most 
 modern appliances for the shipment 
 of coal, and the discharge of vessels 
 bringing inward cargoes. The traffic 
 using these docks is entirely free 
 from the Liverpool Dock and Town 
 dues, paying only a due proportion 
 of the lights and buoys protecting 
 the approach from the sea to the 
 Mersey. On rt. the village of 
 Woolton , one of the prettiest in the 
 neighbourhood of Liverpool, and 
 much in request for residential pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Woolton Hall (F. R. Leyland, 
 Esq.), Allerton Hall (L. R. Baily, 
 Esq.), Allerton Tower (Sir Thomas 
 Earle, Bart.). The rly. now rapidly 
 approaches the outskirts of Liver- 
 pool, and passing 14 J m. Mossley 
 Stat., reaches Edgehill, and through 
 the tunnel to Lime-street Stat, 
 
 ROUTE 14. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO SOUTHPORT. 
 
 Liverpool. — Hotels. The principal 
 are the North-Western, which ad- 
 joins the Lime-street Stat., and is 
 the property of the Rly. Company ; 
 the Royal, the Alexandra, Angel 
 and Saddle, all in Dale-street ; 
 the Adelphi and the Compton, not 
 far from the Lime-street and Cen- 
 tral Stats., and much frequented by 
 Americans ; the Feathers, Union, 
 and New Waterloo, in Clayton-sq., 
 are more commercial. The Wash- 
 ington is closed for alterations, to 
 be opened on temperance principles, 
 on which Laurence’s in Clayton-sq., 
 and Roscoe in Mount Pleasant are 
 also conducted. 
 
 Bailway Stations. — Liverpool is 
 placed in direct communication with 
 all parts of the kingdom, and many 
 of the great companies have inde- 
 pendent access to it. The London 
 and North- Western stat. is in Lime- 
 st. for Manchester, Leeds, London, 
 the West of England, and Scotland. 
 The Great Northern, Manchester , 
 Sheffield , and Lincolnshire, and the 
 Midland rlys. use the central stat. 
 in Ranelagh-st., the property of the 
 Cheshire Lines Committee. The 
 Great Western and the London and 
 North-Western have a joint stat. in 
 Birkenhead, close to the Woodside 
 Ferry. 
 
 The Lancashire and Yorkshire stat. 
 is in Tithebarn-st., and is called the 
 Exchange Stat., being close to that 
 commercial centre. 
 
113 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool : History . 
 
 The Post Office forms part of the | 
 Revenue buildings in Canning-place 
 at the bottom of South Castle-street, 
 but there are numerous branch 
 offices for postal and telegraphic 
 business. 
 
 Liverpool, when compared with 
 most of the great cities of England, 
 or even of Lancashire, can be 
 scarcely said to have a history ; for 
 it is not once mentioned in Domes- 
 day Book, and, even as late as 1635, 
 it was not of sufficient importance 
 to find a place in the Map of Eng- 
 land. But that such a place did 
 exist is proved by early documents. 
 It was taken by King John from 
 Warme de Lancaster in exchange 
 for other property, and the king 
 granted to any who became bur- 
 gesses in the town, that they should 
 have “ all liberties and free cus- 
 toms in Liverpool, which any free 
 borough on the sea hath in our land/’ 
 There seems no doubt that it was 
 used by this king, and some of bis 
 successors, in expeditions against 
 Scotland, Ireland and Wales. It 
 was then a small fishing-village, 
 called by the various names of Lyr- 
 pol, Litherpol, Leverpol, Lierpol, 
 and ultimately Liverpool. Its posi- 
 tion on the Mersey, of course, gave 
 the “ pool,” but the first part of the 
 name is still a subject of discussion 
 amongst antiquaries and philolo- 
 gists. Formerly there were two pools 
 here : one at the foot of Edgehill, 
 on the side of Abercrombie and Falk- 
 ner squares and the adjacent streets, 
 in later times known as the Moss- 
 lake ; but doubtless a stagnant pool 
 except when flooded, and therefore 
 called the Litherpool. The water 
 which overflowed from this, passed 
 in a circuitous route by Crown-st., 
 Stafford-st., aud Richmond-row to 
 Byrom-st., in its way turning water- 
 mills, the rapid descent being favour- 
 able for that purpose. At the N. 
 end of Byrom-st. the stream entered 
 a tidal pool which extended to the 
 
 [Lancashire. ] 
 
 Mersey, which it entered through 
 the site of the present Custom-house ; 
 its mouth was converted into the 
 first dock constructed in the town. 
 The tidal pool, from its position, re- 
 ceived the name of Lear pool, Welsh 
 Lyerpoo 1, i.e., the $eapool, or Lifear- 
 pol ; as the letter i bad the sound of 
 ee, the conversion of the orthography 
 to Leverpool was very natural. The 
 latter name is sometimes referred to 
 the family of Lever, Darcy Lever ; 
 but there is not the slightest ground 
 for supposing that they or any others 
 of the name were ever connected with 
 the town. The seal of the town is 
 a bird, holding a sprig of green 
 leaves. Of its very early history, 
 Camden says, “ The Mersey at last 
 opens into a wide mouth, very com- 
 modious for trade, and then runs 
 into the sea near Litterpoole, in 
 Saxon Lipepyole, call’d so (’tis 
 thought) from the waters spread 
 like a fenn there. Roger de Poic- 
 tiers, who was Lord of the Honour of 
 Lancaster, built a castle here ; for 
 all the land between the Ribell and 
 the Mersey belonged to the said 
 Roger, as appears by Domesday.” 
 Whether this is correct, it is certain 
 that the proximity of Liverpool to 
 the Irish coast soon attracted a cer- 
 tain amount of trade ; King John 
 built a fortress, or, what is more 
 likely, repaired and enlarged the 
 one which Roger de Poictiers had 
 built before. But with all this 
 encouragement, we find that Liver- 
 pool, in Edward l.’s reign, only con- 
 tained 800 inhabitants ; and “ when 
 the war broke out between France 
 and England in 1347, when Ed- 
 ward III. summoned the various 
 ports in the kingdom to make con- 
 tributions towards the naval power, 
 according to their means, London 
 was required to provide 25 ships and 
 662 men ; Bristol, 22 ships and 608 
 men ; Hull, 16 ships and 466 men ; 
 whilst Liverpool was only asked to 
 find 1 bark and 6 men. In Queen 
 Elizabeth’s time, the burgesses pre- 
 i 
 
114 
 
 Boute 14 .^ — Liverpool : History. 
 
 sented a petition to her Majesty, 
 praying her to remit a subsidy 
 which had been imposed upon it 
 and other seaport towns, in which 
 they style their native place, “ Her 
 Majesty’s poor decayed town of 
 Leverpool.” “ In 1634-5, when 
 Charles I. made his unconstitutional 
 levy of ship - money throughout 
 England, Liverpool was let off with 
 a contribution of 15Z. ; whilst Ches- 
 ter paid 100L, and Bristol not less 
 than 10Q0Z.”— Smiles. 
 
 On this last occasion, the High 
 Sheriff of Lancashire wrote, “ If you 
 shall tax and assess men according 
 to their estate, then Liverpool being 
 poor, and now goes, as it wore, a 
 begging, must pay very little.” 
 
 For all this, Liverpool, even in 
 Henry VIXI.’s time, showed that she 
 possessed the germs of her coming 
 fortune, for Leland expressly men- 
 tions the “ small custom paid that 
 causeth merchants to resort, and 
 also the good merchandise at Lyr- 
 pole, much Yrish yarne that Man- 
 chester men do buy there.” 
 
 In the Civil Wars Liverpool held 
 out for 24 days against Prince 
 Rupert, who had expected an easy 
 victory over its mud fortifications, 
 which he had designated a “ crow’s 
 nest at the end of this time, how- 
 ever, he gained the day, and accord- 
 ing to Sir Edward More, “tooke 
 Leeverpoole Whesontid 1644 put- 
 ting all to y e sword for many 
 hours, giving noe quarter ; where 
 Carill y l is now Lord Mullinex 
 kiled 7 or 8 pore men w th his 
 owne hands ; Good Lord deliver us 
 from y e cruelty of blue! thirsty 
 Papest.” From this period the 
 town may be said to have taken 
 a decided start in life. The fol- 
 lowing is a description of it in 
 1673 : — “ Lerpoole or Leverpoole, 
 commodiously seated on the goodly 
 river Mersey, where it affords a bold 
 and safe harbour for ships, which at 
 low water may ride at 4 fathoms, 
 
 and at high at 10 ; which said river 
 is navigable for many miles into the 
 country, and affords abundance of 
 all sorts of fowl and fish, especially 
 great quantities of lampreys and 
 smelts of the largest size, so plenti- 
 fully taken, that they are commonly 
 sold at 20 a penny. ... Its church 
 (though large and good, wherein 
 were 4 chantries of ancient and 
 honourable foundation), is not 
 enough to hold its inhabitants, 
 which are many, amongst which 
 are divers eminent merchants and 
 tradesmen, whose trade and traffic, 
 especially into the West Indies, 
 make it so famous ; its situation 
 affording in great plenty and at 
 reasonabler rates than most parts of 
 England, such exported commodities 
 proper for the West Indies, as like- 
 wise a similar return for such im- 
 ported commodities, by reason of 
 the sugar-bakers and great manu- 
 facturers of cotton in the adjacent 
 parts.” — Blome. The ch. here men- 
 tioned was supplemented by another, 
 in 1699, when Liverpool was made 
 a separate parish, having previously 
 been a chapelry in the parish of 
 Walton. The Dee having very con- 
 siderably silted up, Chester gradu- 
 ally declined and Liverpool rose 
 upon its ruins with wonderful ra- 
 pidity — the first dock having been 
 made and opened in 1700, soon after 
 which the ships had increased to 
 84, and the number of sailors man- 
 ning them to 900 ; while 350 vessels 
 annually entered the port. 
 
 For a considerable time this dock 
 and a graving dock were sufficient 
 for the Liverpool trade, which prin- 
 cipally consisted of the very ques- 
 tionable traffic to the West Indies 
 of African slaves, in which the 
 Liverpool merchants were largely 
 engaged ; but it was found necessary 
 to make a second in 1738, on account 
 of the increasing trade. The open- 
 ing up of the inland navigation of 
 the Irwell and the Weaver, and the 
 formation of the Duke of Bridge- 
 
115 
 
 Boute 14:.—— Liverpool : Streets . 
 
 water’s Canal, so vastly increased 
 the business, that a third, called 
 the Duke’s Dock, was added, and 
 was soon followed by others, until, 
 at the present time, there is an un- 
 interrupted line of b miles devoted 
 to docks, which, with the Birken- 
 head docks on the opposite shore, 
 complete the largest and most gi- 
 gantic commercial undertakings of 
 the age, 
 
 The plan of the town may be 
 described as a semicircle, the base 
 of which is formed by the Mersey, 
 in itself the most restless and busi- 
 est of Liverpool’s highways. From 
 the river branch away, principally 
 to the N., the various blocks of 
 streets — some of them tolerably 
 broad and handsome, some mere 
 rows of offices and warehouses, 
 and others, unfortunately, reeking 
 with dirt, misery, and crime. 
 
 Commencing at the Landing Stage, 
 which is nearly the centre of the bow- 
 line, are Water-street and Chapel- 
 street, both running eastwards ; the 
 former leads to the heart of the 
 town at the Exchange, and con- 
 tinues pretty straight under the 
 name of Dale-street, which finds its 
 termination near St. George’s Hall. 
 Chapel-street runs into Tithebarn- 
 street, which leads into the old road 
 to Scotland, now called Marybone, 
 at the junction with which Vaux- 
 h all-road turns out a right angle to 
 the N. end. From the Town Hall, 
 Castle-street runs almost due S. to 
 the Custom-house, to the S. end of 
 the town, and Toxteth Park. At 
 St. George’s Ch., to the 1., is Lord- 
 street, which with Church-street 
 and Bold-street forms one of the 
 principal thoroughfares, containing 
 the best shops. To the 1. is Lime- 
 street, and the site of Liverpool 
 Pleath, on which Prince Rupert 
 planted some of his batteries, which 
 is now being converted into a place 
 of striking and noble character. It 
 contains the fagade of the Lime- 
 
 street Stat., including the handsome 
 hotel designed by Waterhouse; St. 
 George s Hall ; the Art Gallery ; 
 the Alexandra Theatre ; and the 
 site of the projected New Post 
 Office in Commutation-row ; also 
 the equestrian statues of the Queen 
 and Prince Consort ; the Welling- 
 ton Column ; and the Stebel Foun- 
 tain. There are also a number of 
 hotels and taverns, and likewise 
 places of amusement. Eastward, a 
 short way up London-road, is an 
 equestrian statue of George III. 
 ( Westmacott). On the high ground 
 above Lime-street are to be found 
 the resident population of the town, 
 those of the wealthier portion, who 
 have not suburban residences, being 
 found chiefly to the E. and S.E., 
 where the land belongs, to a con- 
 siderable extent, to the Corporation, 
 and has been laid out in wide and 
 handsome streets. These gradually 
 merge into the suburban districts, 
 which in turn, longo interval! o, give 
 place to the open country. To the 
 S. lies Toxteth Park, formerly a 
 Royal park, now a densely peopled 
 town, in which have been reserved 
 two places of recreation : Prince's 
 Park by R. Y. Yates, Esq., and 
 Sefton Park by the Corporation. 
 Beyond Toxteth are Aigburth, Gar- 
 ston, and Mossley Hill. To the E. 
 is Edgehill, formerly much sought 
 by wealthy residents, now also 
 densely peopled. Beyond are the 
 Old Swan, Knotty Ash, Wavertree, 
 Childwall, and Woolton. To the 
 N.E. are Everton (spoken of by De 
 Quincey, who lodged there with his 
 mother), Kirkdale, Walton, and 
 West Derby ; and, to the N., all 
 the numerous seaside suburbs which 
 fringe and feed the rly. to South- 
 port, including the borough of 
 Bootle, Seaforth, Waterloo, Blundel- 
 sands, Crosby, and Formby 
 
 As a rule, Liverpool merchants 
 reside out of town at a greater 
 distance from their businesses than 
 those of Manchester. This is partly 
 
 i 2 
 
116 Route 14 . — Liverpool: Mersey — Landing-stage. 
 
 attributable to the unequalled sea- 
 range which they possess, the limits 
 of which are simply bounded by the 
 means of access. From Bootle, 
 which joins Liverpool on the N., to 
 Formbv, in one direction the sea- 
 coast is lined with villages and 
 marine residences ; while in the 
 other the tide of population goes 
 off to the river-side villages of Aig- 
 burth, Garston, Hale, &c. Thou- 
 sands take up their abode on the 
 Cheshire coast, from Eastham to 
 New Brighton, which is made very 
 accessible by numerous well-ap- 
 pointed ferries and steamboats, and 
 includes the important borough of 
 Birkenhead, which still, with its 
 own suburbs, retains very much of 
 its old position as a residential ap- 
 purtenance to its older and more 
 important sister. The Hoylake Ely. 
 conveys many of the mercantile 
 classes to the sea-breezes of St. 
 George’s Channel, and the Welsh 
 scenery at the mouth of the Dee. 
 
 The Mersey, which, except the 
 Thames, is the most thronged of 
 any river in the world, is a peculiar 
 feature in Liverpool scenery and 
 Liverpool life. At its narrowest 
 point, between the landing - stage 
 and Birkenhead, it is f m. in breadth, 
 although above and below it widens 
 considerably ; to the 1. forming what 
 is called the Sloyne, where a ship of 
 war is generally anchored, together 
 with the training frigate and the 
 Floating Reformatory. Further up 
 it possesses a width of 3 or 4 miles, 
 the greatest that it attains between 
 Liverpool and Runcorn. To the rt. 
 it widens again, assuming between 
 New Brighton and Bootle all the 
 characters of the sea — 
 
 “ Whence, where the rivers meet, with all 
 their btaieiy trim, 
 
 Proud Mersey is so great in entering of 
 the Maine, 
 
 As hee would make a showe for Empry 
 to stand 
 
 And wrest the 3-forked mace from out 
 grym Neptune's hand.” Drayton. 
 
 Between the hours of 6 o’clock in 
 the morning and midnight, a per^ 
 petual stream of passengers is cross- 
 ing the river, from the various 
 villages on the Cheshire coast, all 
 of whom converge to the Landing- 
 stage, and contribute to make it the 
 liveliest spot in Liverpool. Steamers 
 start hence to Woodside every 10 mi- 
 nutes ; to Seacombe, every quarter 
 of an hour ; toEgremont, every half- 
 hour ; to New Brighton, every half- 
 hour; to Tranmere, every quarter 
 of an hour ; Rock Ferry, every half- 
 hour ; New Ferry, every hour ; East- 
 ham, every hour during the season. 
 The busiest periods of the day are na- 
 turally about 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when 
 the flowing and ebbing tides of busi- 
 ness men fill the boats to repletion. 
 So great, indeed, is the traffic, that 
 it is in contemplation to make a 
 subway underneath the bed of the 
 river; for, rapid as the boats are, 
 there are certain little delays which 
 the impatience of merchants would 
 fain abridge ; and in rough weather 
 the passage across, short as it is, 
 is wet and uncomfortable. Indeed, 
 in gales and fogs the transit is 
 almost stopped. The Mersey is soon 
 lashed up into a sea which makes 
 it extremely dangerous for small 
 craft. A subway would obviate 
 these mischances, and perhaps be 
 more feasible than the other pro- 
 position of a very long and lofty 
 high-level bridge. 
 
 The Landing-stage is worth exa- 
 mination. The part for the ferry 
 steamers, or the George's Stage, is 
 500 ft. long, and built from designs 
 by Sir William Cubitt on floating 
 pontoons, so that it may rise and 
 fall with the tide. A little to the 
 N. of it is the Princes Landing- 
 stage for sea-going steamers, dif- 
 fering from the other only in its 
 length, being 1700 ft. Both stages 
 are 80 ft. wide, and were connected 
 in 1874 by an intermediate stage of 
 about 500 ft. long. On the 28th 
 
Route 14 . — Liverpool: Landing-stages; Docks. 117 
 
 of July of that year, a few days 
 after it had been thrown open to 
 the public, the entire structure was 
 destroyed by fire. The stage has 
 been rebuilt, and now presents a 
 continuous line of deck, 2063 ft. 
 long, by 80 ft. wide, having 7 
 bridges connecting it with the 
 shore ; and upon it are erected 
 waiting and refreshment rooms ; a 
 customs depot, for the examination of 
 passengers’ baggage ; a postal tele- 
 graph office ; a river police station ; 
 and offices for the Underwriters' 
 Association, steamship companies, 
 the proprietors of ferries, &c. The 
 stage is connected with the piers 
 by numerous bridges, some of which 
 are roofed in for protection in wet 
 and stormy weather, and, in addi- 
 tion, there is a long floating road- 
 way to the shore, available tor 
 vehicles as well as pedestrians. 
 From this stage start the larger pas- 
 senger steamers and vessels to Scot- 
 land, Ireland, London, and the Isle 
 of Man, and the visitor to Liverpool 
 should not fail to pass a morning 
 here watching the never ceasing 
 activity and bustle that prevail, as 
 may well be imagined when the 
 average number of persons embark- 
 ing and disembarking is about 
 24,000. No port in the world is so 
 connected with foreign steam naviga- 
 tion as the port of Liverpool, and it 
 is sufficient to mention the world- 
 wide names of transit lines as 
 the Cunard, the Mclver, the Inman, 
 Guion, White Star, Allan, and Na- 
 tional, in connection with the United 
 States and Canada, besides various 
 companies which ply to Australia, 
 the Mediterranean, West Indies, 
 S. America, China, &c. 
 
 At Woodside there is also a land- 
 ing-stage, 800 ft. long by 80 ft. 
 wide, with 2 bridges from the shore. 
 There is in connection with this 
 stage a floating bridge, 678 ft. long 
 by 30 ft. wide. Lower down, on the 
 same side of the river, is the Wal- 
 lasey Stage, 350 ft. long by 70 ft. 
 
 wide, attached to the shore by 2 
 bridges, and intended chiefly for 
 business in connection with the 
 railway traffic at Birkenhead. 
 
 The Liverpool Docks extend in 
 a tolerably straight line over 6 miles 
 from N. to S. The examination of 
 them is an arduous and fatiguing 
 undertaking, but it is one that will 
 well repay, for in addition to the 
 enormous quantity of shipping and 
 merchandise, each dock presents its 
 own peculiar characteristics in the 
 vessels frequenting them, the cargo, 
 sailors, and labourers. 
 
 The best plan is to commence at 
 the George’s Pier, and take the 
 docks in order, N. and S., beginning 
 with the nearest. This is the 
 George s Dock, one of the oldest in 
 Liverpool, formed in 1771, and en- 
 larged in 1825. It has a water 
 art a of 5J acres, with a quayage of 
 1000 yards, including its passage, 
 and is used for general trade. The 
 passage communicates on the south 
 with the Canning Dock, opened in 
 1829, previously an open basin 
 known as the Dry Dock. The 
 Canning Dock is appropriated to the 
 coasting trade, and has a water area 
 of 4 acres, and a quayage of 585 . 
 yards. This formerly led into the 
 old dock of 3J acres — the first dock 
 in the port, opened in 1715 — which 
 was filled up in 1829, and is now 
 the site of the massive block of 
 buildings comprising the Custom- 
 house, the Post Office, and the 
 offices of the Mersey Docks and 
 Harbour Board. 
 
 On the north side of these build- 
 ings, facing up South Castle-street, 
 is a bronze statue by Gibson , of the 
 Right Hon. William Huskisson; 
 and on the east the Sailors Home , 
 for the use of sailors in port, and 
 for registering those connected with 
 the mercantile marine. The Local 
 Marine Board and the Board of 
 Trade also occupy portions of the 
 building, which is a handsome struc- 
 ture in the Elizabethan style, by 
 
118 Route 1 4 . — Liverpool : 
 
 Cunningham , erected in 1852 at a 
 cost of 30.000Z., exclusive of the land, 
 which is the gift of the Corporation ; 
 the foundation stone was laid by 
 the Prince Consort in 1816. The 
 number of inmates during the year 
 is from 9000 to 10,000, and the 
 benefits conferred by the institution 
 are so great that a branch establish- 
 ment in Luton-street has been 
 recently opened in connection with 
 the northern docks. A dispensary 
 has been lately established, and 
 during ten months there were 817 
 different patients and 2363 attend- 
 ances, at an uniform charge of Is. 
 for each attendance, including medi- 
 cines and other requisites. 
 
 Under the same roof the Board of 
 Trade have a savings bank, a tem- 
 porary deposit bank, and a free 
 money order office. Resuming the 
 tour of the docks we visit the Can- 
 ning Half Side Dock , which is 2J 
 acres in extent, and is a feeder to 
 the Albert, Canning, Salt house, and 
 George’s Docks ; also to the Can- 
 ning Graving Docks. Between it 
 and George’s Dock is the Manchester 
 Dock of 11 acre, and a quayage of 
 400 yards : this is used for the car- 
 rying trade. The Albert Dock , 
 opened in 1815, is nearly 8 acres in 
 extent, with a quayage of 885 yards. 
 It is surrounded with lofty ware- 
 houses, and is devoted to the im- 
 port trade from the East Indies, 
 China, and South America. In con- 
 nection with it to the E. is the Salt- 
 house Dock , first opened in 1753, 
 and subsequently altered and en- 
 larged. It has an area of 6J acres, 
 with a quayage of 781 yards, and is 
 chiefly used as an export dock. 
 The Wapping Basin and the Wap- 
 ping Dock , constructed in 1855, 
 have an aggregate area of 7 acres 
 and 1270 yards of quayage, and are 
 used for mixed shipping, both ex- 
 port and import. A pile of fire- 
 proof warehouses stands on the E. 
 quay of the Wapping Dock. To 
 the W. of this duck is the Kings 
 
 Sailors' Home ; Hocks . 
 
 Dock , opened in 1788.. Its area is 
 nearly 8 acres, and quayage 875 
 yards. A block of single-story 
 sheds, covering an area of about 
 21,000 square yards, occupies the 
 western side. They are used for 
 the storage of tobacco, and contaiu 
 at times nearly 22,000 hogsheads, 
 out of a total stock in the port of 
 over 50,000 hogsheads. The Queen’s 
 Dock , opened in 1796, and enlarged 
 in 1816, has an area of 10 J acres, 
 with a quayage of 1211 yards. It 
 is used by vessels in the Baltic, 
 Russian, and New Brunswick trades. 
 The Queen’s Half Tide Dock , of 1 
 acres, and quayage 145 yards, leads 
 into the Queen’s Dock and the 
 Queen’s Graving Docks. To the 
 W. of the graving docks a large 
 area of land, with a frontage to the 
 river, is used for shipbuilding pur- 
 poses. Southward is the River 
 Craft Dock , of 1 acre and 419 yards 
 quayage, used for the carrying trade. 
 Near is the Coburg Dock, of 8 acres, 
 and a quayage of 1053 yards. It 
 occupies the site of the Brunswick 
 Basin and the Union Dock, con- 
 structed in 1816, and was altered 
 to its present form in 1858. It is 
 an import dock used by vessels 
 in the Spanish and Mediterranean 
 trades. A hydraulic crane capable 
 of lifting 25 tons stands on its east- 
 ern quay. The Brunswick Dock, of 
 12 1 acres and 1086 yards of quay- 
 age, and the Brunswick Half Tide, 
 of nearly 2 acres and quayage of 
 491 yards, opened in 1832, were for 
 many years the great resort of the 
 timber trade in the port. Since the 
 removal of that trade in 1858 to 
 more extended accommodation in 
 the northern docks, the Brunswick 
 Dock has been used chiefly by 
 shipping engaged to and from the 
 Mediterranean. The Brunswick 
 Graving Docks open out of the 
 Brunswick Dock, and to the west- 
 ward are yards occupied by ship- 
 building and repairing trades. The 
 Toxtetli Dock , the Harrington Dock 
 
119 
 
 Boute 14 . — Liverpool : Docks. 
 
 and basin, and the Egerton Bock , 
 small docks immediately to the S., 
 are about to be absorbed in a general 
 scheme of dock extension on this 
 portion of the estate. Still further 
 to the south, and completing the 
 list of docks in this direction, comes 
 the Herculaneum Dock , of nearly 4 
 acres and 416 yards of quayage, 
 opened in 1866, and the large gra- 
 ying docks attached to it. This 
 dock derives its name from a pot- 
 tery which formerly stood on part 
 of the site, and was closed about 
 forty years since. Before the Staf- 
 fordshire Potteries were established 
 Liverpool was one of the principal 
 sites for that trade ; and its ware is 
 in request among collectors. 
 
 Returning to the George’s Pier, 
 and proceeding northward, the first 
 Dock after the George’s is the 
 Prince's, opened in 1821. It has a 
 water area of over 1 1 acres, and a 
 quayage of nearly 1200 yards. This 
 is not appropriated to any special 
 class of trade, but is used for gene- 
 ral purposes. The Half Tide Dock 
 is 5 acres in extent. It is succeeded 
 by the Corn Warehouse Dock , of 
 nearly 3 acres and 500 yards of 
 quayage. This dock has lofty fire- 
 proof warehouses on three sides, 
 specially fitted up and appropriated 
 to the storage of grain. They 
 occupy an area of 11,550 square 
 yards, and contain an aggregate 
 area of floor space of 57,000 square 
 yards, capable of storing 52,000 
 tons of grain. The Waterloo Dock , 
 of 3J acres and a quayage of 533 
 yards, chiefly occupied by the 
 American trade. The Prince’s Half 
 Tide Dock, the Corn Warehouse, 
 and Waterloo Docks, were con- 
 structed in 1868, and occupy the 
 site of a previous Waterloo Dock 
 and Prince’s Basin. The very excel- 
 lent mechanical arrangements for 
 elevating grain from the holds of 
 vessels in the dock, and for distri- 
 buting it in different parts of the 
 extensive range of warehouses, or 
 
 into carts or railway waggons, de- 
 serve the attention of all who are 
 interested in such applications of 
 science. They were designed by the 
 present able engineer to the dock 
 estate, Mr. Lyster , and executed by 
 Sir W. Armstrong and Co. Next 
 comes the Victoria Dock , of 6 acres 
 and 755 yards of quayage, from 
 whence a great part of the emigra- 
 tion traffic is conducted, and the Tra- 
 falgar Dock, of 6 acres and quayage 
 764 yards, principally devoted to 
 the steam coasting trade. The two 
 last-mentioned docks were opened 
 in 1836. The Clarence Dock, of 6 
 acres, with the Half Tide Dock, of 
 nearly 4J more, and quayage of 914 
 and 635 yards respectively, are used 
 by steamers carrying on the trade 
 between Liverpool and Ireland. 
 They were opened in 1830. The 
 Salisbury Dock, of 3| acres and 400 
 yards quayage, is conspicuous from 
 the tower on its pier with an illu- 
 minated clock. At the back of it 
 is the Collingwood Dock, of 5 acres 
 and 553 yards of quayage, used for 
 the coasting trade, and at the back 
 of that again is the Stanley Dock, of 
 7 acres and a quayage of 753 yards. 
 Fireproof warehouses stand on the 
 N. and S. quays of this dock, and a 
 chain of locks communicating with 
 the Leeds and Liverpool Canal leads 
 out on its E. side. The Nelson 
 Dock, of 8 acres and 800 yards of 
 quayage, has a general trade with 
 European ports, and the Bramley- 
 Moore Dock next to it, nearly 10 
 acres and 935 yards quayage, with 
 the Brazils, United States, and 
 Egypt. The five docks last named 
 were opened in 1848. In the Wel- 
 lington Dock , of 8 acres and 820 
 yards quayage, are found steamers 
 to British America and the United 
 States, and attached to it is a Half 
 Tide Dock of 3 acres and 400 yards 
 quayage. These two docks were 
 opened in 1850. A high-level coal 
 railway in direct communication with 
 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Rail- 
 
120 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool : Docks — Birkenhead. 
 
 way, having powerful hydraulic 
 cranes for loading coal into vessels 
 berthed alongside, extends the entire 
 length of the E. quays of the Bramley- 
 Moore and Wellington Docks. Tne 
 Smdon Dock , of 10 acres, with 867 
 yards of quayage, opened in 1851, is 
 used by vessels trading to the 
 United States. On its N. side are 
 6 graving docks for the repair of 
 vessels A 50-ton steam crane and 
 steam masting shears of 20-tons 
 power stand on its quay margins. 
 The Huskisson Dock , with its 
 branches and locks, opened in sec- 
 tions and at different times from 
 1851 to 1872, contains an area of 32 
 acres and 3100 yards of quayage, 
 and is used by steamers engaged in 
 the British American, United States, 
 and Egyptian trades. The Canada 
 Dock , of 18 acres and 1272 yards of 
 quayage, opened in 1858, is chiefly 
 used by timber-laden vessels ; spa- 
 cious landing quays and extensive 
 yards with offices are provided here 
 for the accommodation of the timber 
 trade. This dock is entered by a 
 lock 100 feet wide and 500 feet 
 long. Attached to the dock is the 
 Canada Half Tide , opened in 1862, 
 with an area of 4 acres, and enlarged 
 to 11 \ acres and 1000 yards of quay- 
 age in 1871. Two small docks, 
 called the N. and S. Carriers Docks, 
 of about 4f acres and 1250 yards 
 quayage, constructed in 1862, com- 
 plete the list of the Liverpool Docks 
 open and in use for the present. A 
 lofty square tower in granite marks 
 the entrance to the northernmost 
 docks, and about a mile further to 
 the northward on the line of river- 
 wall, a lighthouse, with a look-out 
 across Liverpool Bay, has recently 
 been erected. 
 
 At Birkenhead , on the Cheshire 
 side of the Mersey, dock construction 
 has gone on of late years to a large 
 extent. The Birkenhead Docks 
 originally projected in 1844, but 
 which up to 1858, when they were 
 incorporated with the estate of the 
 
 Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, 
 had progressed but slowly, began at 
 the latter date to be rapidly deve- 
 loped. From a wet dock area of 
 about 7 acres they were by 1869 
 increased to 147 acres, and now by 
 large additions show a total of 160 
 acres, with a length of quayage of 
 9 miles. Lines of railway amount- 
 ing to 31 miles are laid throughout 
 the estate. Grain warehouses of 
 equal capacity to those at Liver- 
 pool have been erected, and other 
 warehouses, with ample shed accom- 
 modation, provided. Three large 
 graving docks have been con- 
 structed, and coal hoists and tips 
 provided ; also a 60-ton steam crane 
 and one 25-ton hydraulic crane set 
 up. Hydraulic power is extensively 
 used at Birkenhead, and all the 
 machinery for opening and closing 
 the dock gates and bridges is worked 
 by that power. By an elaborate 
 and costly system of sluicing pro- 
 vided at Birkenhead, a greater depth 
 of water at the river entrances to 
 the docks has been given than at 
 Liverpool. For vessels so deeply 
 laden as to be unable at times to 
 enter the Liverpool Docks, this is a 
 great advantage. 
 
 New works of an extensive cha- 
 racter are in progress at the N. and 
 S. ends of the dock estate in Liver- 
 pool. These extensions comprise at 
 the N. end dock accommodation 
 for ocean-going steamers and ship- 
 ping engaged in the coal trade, 
 amounting to 82 acres, besides 
 graving docks. This new exten- 
 sion will, like the docks at Birken- 
 head, be provided with deep-water 
 entrances maintained and kept clear 
 of silt by an elaborate system of 
 sluicing. At the S. end of the 
 estate 32 acres of new docks are in 
 course of construction for import and 
 local carrying purposes. The con- 
 templated increase N. and S. is 114 
 acres of dock space, with a quayage 
 of about 9 miles. 
 
 All these extensive additions, 
 
121 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool : Docks. 
 
 which are of stupendous character, 
 unequalled in any other port, are 
 being constructed from the designs 
 and under the superintendence of 
 G. Fosbery Lyster , Esq., the engineer 
 to the board ; who also designed the 
 great Landing-stage, with its ap- 
 proaches, all the recent work in 
 Birkenhead, and the corn warehouses 
 on both sides of the river. His 
 works are his best credentials. 
 During the year ending Midsummer 
 1878 the amount expended in new 
 works alone exceeded half a million 
 sterling ; the total expenditure, in- 
 cluding maintenance, was nearly 
 800,000Z. 
 
 The total area of water space in 
 docks and basins at Liverpool and 
 Birkenhead is 481 acres, with 29 
 miles of quayage, to be increased 
 when the new docks at Liverpool 
 are completed to 548 acres of docks 
 and 3s miles of quayage. The 
 aggregate length of all the graving 
 docks in Liverpool and Birkenhead 
 (23 in number) is upwards of 4000 
 yards, and with the addition of 4 
 more in course of construction in 
 Liverpool, will amount to over 4600 
 yards. 
 
 The area of the land and water 
 space forming the dock estate in 
 Liverpool is 1039 acres, and at Birk- 
 enhead 506 acres, or a total of 1545 
 acres. 
 
 The growth of commerce in the 
 port which has called for this great 
 amount of dock accommodation, 
 although slow at first, has exhibited 
 during the past 50 years a develop- 
 ment of a steadily expanding cha- 
 racter. 100 years ago the shipping 
 trade of the port amounted to not 
 more than about 100,000 tons annu- 
 ally, with a revenue by duties of 
 under 5000Z. In 1800, this had in- 
 creased to 450,000 tons, with receipts 
 by duties of over 23,000Z. In 1820 to 
 805,000 tons, and duties of nearly 
 45,000Z. In 1840 to 2,445,708 tons, 
 and duties 178,197Z. In 1860 to 
 4,697,238 tons, and duties 397,316Z. 
 
 In 1870 to 5,728,504 tons, and duties 
 511,703 l.y while for the last year 
 ending the 1st July, 1878, it was 
 7,029,082 tons, and duties 663/717Z. 
 
 The gross revenue of the estate 
 from duties, rents of property, dock 
 warehouses, and other sources for 
 the same year was 1,190,820Z. 
 
 The Liverpool Docks w T ere founded 
 by the Corporation of the town, who 
 defrayed the cost of the first dock, 
 and from time to time have given 
 about fifty acres of land, chiefly 
 foreshore, for dock purposes. With 
 enlightened foresight it was deter- 
 mined from the first that the income 
 derived from the dues should be 
 appropriated for the benefit of the 
 port, either in providing additional 
 accommodation or in reducing the 
 charges. 
 
 In 1859 the Mersey Docks and 
 Harbour Board was constituted by 
 Act ’of Parliament, and the docks of 
 Liverpool and Birkenhead placed 
 under their management. The 
 members of the board are in fact 
 trustees, who are bound to manage 
 their gigantic estate for the benefit 
 of the commerce of the whole world 
 frequenting the port; no dividends 
 or other direct profit accruing to any 
 individuals. The board consists of 
 28 members, four of whom are ap- 
 pointed by the Board of Trade, and 
 the remainder by the dock rate- 
 payers; one-fourth of the members 
 retire annually, but are eligible for 
 re-election. 
 
 There are stated meetings of the 
 whole board weekly throughout the 
 year; and various committees meet 
 on four other days : so it will be seen 
 that the duties are onerous, and 
 they are entirely honorary ; an ex- 
 ample of disinterestedness probably 
 without parallel. 
 
 The Fort of Liverpool extends 
 from the mouth of the Dee to the 
 Kibble, and all over the tidal waters 
 of the Mersey up to Warrington and 
 Frodsham bridges. Its supervision, 
 including the lighting and buoy- 
 
122 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool: Trade . 
 
 age, is shared by the Mersey Docks 
 and Harbour Board and the Upper 
 Mersey Commission, their jurisdic- 
 tions being separated by an imagi- 
 nary line drawn from Dingle Point 
 in Toxteth to Eastham Ferry in 
 Cheshire. 
 
 The value of exports and imports 
 have increased in a corresponding 
 ratio, being 35,000,000Z. in 1833, and 
 87,000,000Z. in 1866. In 1845 the 
 duties were taken off cotton, wool, 
 and other raw materials. The prin- 
 cipal imports which have given Liver- 
 pool such a world- wide reputation are 
 those of cotton, provisions, tobacco, 
 and timber. Of cotton imported in 
 1868 there were 3,326,543 bales. 
 
 Before the American War, 8 parts 
 out of 9 of all the raw cotton sent 
 from the United States to Great 
 Britain entered the port, which still 
 holds the position of principal re- 
 ceiver for the cotton districts, al- 
 though the sources of supply are 
 considerably modified, and embrace 
 India, Egypt, &c., together with 
 America. The railway system is quite 
 as complete in Liverpool as it is in 
 Manchester, although, from the 
 formation of the town, it is not so 
 conspicuous to ordinary passers-by. 
 But nearly every dock, and par- 
 ticularly those of the northern sec- 
 tion, which contain the largest ships, 
 are in direct communication with 
 the railway waggons, which, by 
 means of magnificent machinery, 
 are loaded with surprising quickness, 
 and taken as quickly to the ware- 
 house of the merchant at Manchester. 
 The provision trade is another great 
 feature in the Liverpool commerce, 
 Canada and North America sending 
 over vast quantities of beef and 
 pork ; while Ireland contributes her 
 bacon, butter, lard, eggs, and live- 
 stock to this larder of the world. 
 Nor must we forget, amongst the 
 multitudinous exports that leave 
 Liverpool for every part of the 
 world, the cargoes of emigrants to 
 Australia, Canada, North and South 
 
 America, taken out weekly by the 
 splendid fleet of liners such as the 
 Inman and Black Ball vessels. 
 During the autumn quarter of 1869, 
 the emigration from the Mersey 
 under the Act was 47,942 persons, 
 of which number 38,957 went to the 
 United States, and 7443 to Canada. 
 The constant increase that has been 
 made in the extent of the docks 
 and the attendant requirements of 
 wharfs, warehouses, and streets 
 leading to them, has caused a cor- 
 responding increase in population 
 and the value of land. In 1700 the 
 number of inhabitants wq,s 5714, 
 which had increased, by 1756, to 
 18,500 ; in 1800, to 77,000 ; in 1821, 
 to 119,000; in 1861, to 437,000; in 
 1867, to 492,000; and in 1868 to 
 500,676. At present it is considerably 
 over half a million. “ At the Parlia- 
 mentary survey in 1851, the increase 
 of the houses in the circuit of the 
 townships adjoining the town was 
 estimated at 700 per annum ; while 
 the price of building ground was 
 excessively high both in the town 
 and suburbs. As much as 10 gui- 
 neas a square yard has been given 
 in the middle of the town, and the 
 price in the outskirts ranges from 
 1000Z. to 3000Z. per acre. Even at a 
 distance of 4 miles, as much as 500Z. 
 per statute acre has been given, and 
 is not an unfrequent price ; while 
 in the neighbourhood of the Ex- 
 change land has been sold at more 
 than 50 guineas a square yard. 5 ' 
 This is a great contrast to the time 
 when a house in Castle-street let 
 for 4s. a year, and 10Z. was consi- 
 dered a good purchase price for 
 two houses in the same situation. 
 The last 20 years have been active 
 ones in the improvement of Liver- 
 pool. Noble buildings have arisen, 
 streets have been widened, and sa- 
 nitary arrangements carried out ; 
 but with all these, it remains a fact 
 that Liverpool has still a death-rate 
 of alarmingly high proportions, and 
 a corresponding proportion of crime. 
 
123 
 
 Route 14 * — Liverpool : Public Buildings. 
 
 Those who know the terribly 
 crowded state of the lowest classes 
 here will not wonder, for it possesses 
 a large population in peculiarly 
 wretched circumstances, both moral 
 and physical. As a great seaport, 
 it is particularly liable to a per- 
 petual influx of all sorts and con- 
 ditions of maritime strangers, while 
 its proximity to the coast of Ireland 
 has caused its alleys and slums to 
 be filled with the very lowest class 
 of Irish immigrants. 
 
 The tourist, while pursuing his 
 examination of the docks, should 
 visit at the same time those build- 
 ings which are associated with them. 
 
 First and foremost is the Custom- 
 house , or more properly the Revenue 
 Buildings, which comprise the Cus- 
 tom-house, General Post Office , 
 Inland Revenue and Dock Offices. 
 When the Salthouse Dock was 
 formed, the old dock was filled up, 
 and this fine building erected on its 
 site, which was valued at 90,000Z. 
 It was built by the Corporation, but 
 was bought by the Government for 
 150,000Z. It is a noble pile, 430 ft. 
 long, with a lofty Ionic portico 
 facing the river, and a dome rising 
 from the centre supported by 8 large 
 pillars. The windows of this dome 
 light the Long Room of the Custom- 
 house, 146 ft. long, by 70 ft. wide. 
 Although the space in which the 
 Revenue Buildings stand is toler- 
 ably open, the situation is low and 
 the fine proportions are lost. 
 
 In the open space on the N. 
 stands a statue of the late Mr. Hus- 
 kisson, by Gibson; close by, in 
 Canning-place, is the Sailors Hume 
 for the use of sailors when in port, 
 and for registering those connected 
 with the mercantile marine. It is 
 a handsome Elizabethan building, 
 the foundation stone of which was 
 laid by the Prince Consort in 1846, 
 and, amongst the internal arrange- 
 ments, it is worth mention, is a 
 
 Savings Bank, in which the deposits 
 amount to 14,000Z. The annual 
 number of inmates varies between 
 6000 and 7000, a vast boon to a class 
 which suffers more than any other 
 from villany and extortion of all 
 kinds. 
 
 From the Docks and the Landing- 
 stage, the principal entry into the 
 town is by Water-street, which in 
 Edward III.’s reign contained the 
 tower “erected by Sir Thomas de 
 Lathom, through whose heiress it 
 was conveyed to the Stanleys, and 
 was long held by them to the 
 grievous offence and annoyance of 
 their powerful rivals, and often bit- 
 ter enemies, the Molineux of the 
 Castle. In the deadly strife of these 
 families for pre-eminence, the bur- 
 gesses prospered or suffered with 
 their respective patrons, although 
 their chief family, the Mores, con- 
 trived to get something considerable 
 from both sides.” — Halley. Water- 
 street is now covered with offices, 
 the architecture of some of which is 
 no mean contribution to Liverpool 
 beauty. 
 
 At the head of Water-street and 
 Castle-street is the Town Hall , built 
 (or rather rebuilt after a fire in 
 1795) from designs by Wood , of 
 Bath. It is of classical architecture, 
 with a fine sculpture in the front, 
 representing Commerce offering her 
 treasures to Neptune. From the 
 centre rises a dome supported by 
 Corinthian columns. The interior 
 is well worth a visit, especially the 
 grand staircase, in which is a statue 
 of Canning, by Chantrey , and the 
 saloon, which contains portraits of 
 George III. by Lawrence , George IV. 
 when Prince of Wales, William IV. 
 when Duke of Clarence, by Shee. 
 At the northern face of the Town 
 Hall is the Exchange , an open 
 flagged space surrounded by a hand- 
 some range of buildings by T. H. 
 IF?/a^,containin g News-room, Under- 
 writers' room, and numerous suites 
 of offices for merchants, brokers, &c. 
 
124 Boute 14 . — Liverpool 
 
 Strangers are allowed to frequent 
 the news-room for a month on the 
 introduction of a subscriber. In 
 the room are 2 fine alto-relievos ; the 
 one an allegorical group of Liver- 
 pool and the Mersey, the other of 
 Commerce instructing youth. They 
 are conjectured to be the work of Le 
 Gee, who had charge of Chantrey’s 
 studio for many years, and previously 
 resided in Liverpool. On the arcade 
 are statues by Wooding ton , A.R.A., 
 of Columbus, Mercator, Galileo, 
 Cooke, Raleigh, and Drake ; and the 
 front of the building is adorned by 
 relievos by the same art st. The 
 news-room contains an area of 1400 
 yards on the groundfloor. 
 
 In the centre stands the monu- 
 ment to Nelson, from designs by 
 Wyatt , the figures having been mo- 
 delled and cast in bronze by West- 
 macott. It was finished in 1813, at 
 a cost of 9000L 
 
 Chapel-street, which is almost as 
 important as Water-street, in connect- 
 ing the landing-stage and the town, 
 contains the parish ch. of St. Nicho- 
 las, anciently a chapel in the parish 
 of Walton, designed for the use of 
 sailors and other voyagers, who 
 herein invoked the blessings of Our 
 Lady and St. Nicholas, to whom it 
 was dedicated ; in the chapel were 
 four chanlries. Chapel-street leads 
 from the river to the Exchange 
 Buildings and news-room, and to 
 the Exchange stat. of the Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire Ely., and in it are 
 numerous handsome buildings for 
 the accommodation of the mercantile 
 community. 
 
 In the municipal buildings in 
 Dale-street, a very handsome pile, are 
 concentrated all the offices of the 
 town council and of the school board ; 
 the Town Hall being reserved for 
 meetings of the council, and for 
 civic hospitality. In the rear of the 
 municipal offices the Government 
 has recently commenced a large 
 structure for the reception of the 
 
 : St . George's Hall. 
 
 various courts of law, for which ac- 
 commodation is not provided in St. 
 George's Hall. In Dale-street also 
 are the police courts, the Liberal club- 
 house, the Stock Exchange, Agnew’s 
 Picture Gallery, some of the first 
 hotels, and many other important 
 structures. 
 
 By far the finest edifice in 
 Liverpool, indeed in the whole pro- 
 vinces, is St. Georges Sail, placed 
 in the large open space near the 
 Lime-street rly. stat. This noble 
 building, which contains the Liver- 
 pool assize courts, was finished in 
 1854 at a total cost of 400,000Z. The 
 designs were by the late Mr. Lons- 
 dale Elmes , the general style of the 
 building being Corinthian. The 
 principal facade is opposite to the 
 London and North-Western rly. 
 stat. in Lime-street, and is more 
 than 400 ft. in length, its salient 
 feature being the advanced colon- 
 nade supported by 15 noble columns 
 of 50 ft. in height, allowing a spa- 
 cious covered terrace-walk under- 
 neath it, and defining externally 
 the position of the Great Hall 
 within. At the S. is a portico with 
 12 columns, 4J ft. in diameter, and 
 45 ft. in height. The tympanum 
 above is occupied by a group of 
 figures in Caen stone, designed by 
 Cockerell , representing Britannia re- 
 ceiving the 4 quarters of the world. 
 The entrances are marked by 
 polished granite gate-piers bearing 
 Tritons, and by massive pedestals 
 with recumbent lions sculptured by 
 Nichol. The internal arrangement 
 consists of the S. Entrance Hall ; 
 the Great Hall, the dimensions of 
 which, 169 ft. by 74 ft., make it one 
 of the largest rooms in the king- 
 dom. The height of the roof is 84 
 ft., the whole of it being beautifully 
 panelled and decorated. Support is 
 given by columns of porphyry, the 
 niches between which will be all 
 filled with statues ; those already 
 i placed are : Sir Robert Peel, by 
 j Noble ; George Stephenson, by Gib- 
 
125 
 
 Route 1 4 . — Liverpool : Pubic Institutions. 
 
 son ; the late Earl of Derby, by 
 Theed ; W. E. Gladstone and Dr. 
 McNeil, late Dean of Ripon, by 
 Adams ; the Rev. R. Brooks, first 
 Archdeacon of Liverpool, by Spence ; 
 Joseph Mayer, the liberal donor of 
 the museum that bears bis name, 
 by Fontana ; Sir William Brown, 
 who presented the building known 
 as the Brown Library, by Macdowell , 
 and others. In the N. entrance 
 hall is a statue to Henry Booth, who 
 rendered great assistance in in- 
 troducing and developing railways. 
 The great attraction of this magni- 
 ficent room is the organ, built by 
 Willis, and one of the finest, though 
 not the biggest, in the kingdom. 
 The Corporation provide that a 
 weekly performance should take 
 place every Saturday at 3 p.m., and 
 every Thursday evening at 8 ; and 
 the visitor should on no account 
 omit the opportunity of hearing 
 Mr. Best, the organist. 
 
 It is worth mention that the 
 ventilating and heating arrange- 
 ments are on such an extensive scale 
 throughout the building, that there 
 are seven miles of pipes. 2000 persons 
 may be comfortably seated in the 
 Great Hall, while at the northern 
 end is another concert hall, which 
 will hold 1000 more. The remainder 
 of the premises is devoted to the 
 assize courts, which consist of the 
 Crown and Nisi Prius Courts, both 
 handsome apartments and well ar- 
 ranged for their respective purposes ; 
 also to the Court of the Vice-chancel- 
 lor of the Duchy of Lancaster and 
 the Sheriffs Court. In the large 
 area in front of the building are 
 equestrian statues in bronze by 
 Thorny croft, of the Queen and 
 Prince Consort, erected by the town 
 council. 
 
 On the opposite side of Lime-st. 
 Stat. is the North Western Fly., the 
 total frontage of which is 700 ft., also 
 the Alexandra Theatre, much es- 
 teemed for its interior. N. of St. 
 George’s Hall, from which it is 
 
 separated by William Brown-street, 
 is a large and imposing group of 
 buildings, consisting of the Brown 
 Library, the Pidon Beading-room 
 and the Walker Art Gallery. 
 
 In 1852, Mr. J. A. Picton, F.S.A., 
 the latest historian of his native 
 town, being a member of the town 
 council, induced that body to estab- 
 lish a Free Public Library. For this 
 purpose various donations of books 
 were presented to the town, and an 
 Act of Parliament was obtained, 
 empowering the town council to 
 levy rates for the maintenance of 
 the institution, being the first legis- 
 lative attempt in this country to 
 promote the establishment of free 
 libraries and reading-rooms acces- 
 sible to the whole community. The 
 embryo of the present noble institu- 
 tion first saw light in a small build- 
 ing in Duke-street. The permanent 
 building was erected at the cost of 
 Sir William Brown, on a piece of 
 land provided by the Corporation ; 
 and was formally opened in 1860, 
 and entitled the Brown Free Library. 
 It having been found necessary to 
 erect a new reading-room, the coun- 
 cil have built the Circular Boom, 
 100 ft. in diameter inside, which 
 stands between the library and the 
 art gallery. It has been named the 
 Pidon Beading-room , in acknow- 
 ledgment of the valuable services of 
 its namesake. The Brown Library 
 contains the Derby Museum, the 
 Mayer Museum, which includes the 
 celebrated Fawcett Collection of 
 Anglo-Saxon remains; the Binns 
 Collection of documents of county 
 interests ; as well as other valuable 
 objects. In connection with the 
 library are two district circulating 
 libraries 
 
 The Walker Art Gallery was the 
 gift of Sir A. Barclay Walker, and 
 was opened by the present Earl of 
 Derby, with the annual exhibition of 
 paintings, in 1877. The works for 
 the permanent gallery in this build- 
 ing form the nucleus of an important 
 
126 Route 14 . — Liverpool : Public Institutions. 
 
 collection, consisting of works by 
 Ward, Armitage, Herkomer, Turner, 
 Sidney Cooper, T. Duncan, Fripp, 
 Birkett Foster, Gilbert, Lindholm, 
 Anderson, and others. The two in- 
 teresting historical works by Armi- 
 tage cost 3000Z., and were presented 
 by Mr. Alderman Bennett. The 
 Harvey Collection of water-colour 
 drawings is a legacy from Mrs. R. E. 
 Harvey. The unique Napoleonic 
 table, which is decorated with beau- 
 tiful miniatures of the first Napoleon 
 and his marshals, was the gift of the 
 late John Mather, Esq. ; the sculp- 
 ture in front of the art gallery is the 
 work of Mr. Warrington Wood; 
 those of Raphael and Michael Angelo 
 on either side of the portico, are 
 sometimes thought too large, and 
 injurious to the edifice by dwarfing 
 its apparent size, whilst that on the 
 top (of the Town of Liverpool , treated 
 allegorically) is held by the same 
 critics to be too small. 
 
 To the E. of the art gallery is the 
 Wellington Column , bearing a statue 
 of the late duke by Lawson, but it 
 is at such a height as to render 
 criticism impossible. In front of the 
 column is a fountain, the gift of 
 Colonel Steble, and the area is being 
 laid out ornamentally. 
 
 The Royal Institution , in Colquit- 
 street, was opened in 1817 bv Win. 
 Roscoe, once M.P. for Liverpool, and 
 author of the 4 Life of Lorenzo de 
 Medici.’ Its Museum is worth in- 
 spection, and particularly by those 
 who take an interest in ornithology, 
 the collection of birds being upwards 
 of 4000. The Permanent Gallery of 
 Art which is attached to it contains 
 a good selection of costly pictures 
 of the old masters, and a statue of 
 Roscoe, by Chantry . There are also 
 casts of the Elgin Marbles, presented 
 by George IV., and of the iEgina and 
 Phigalean Marbles, presented by 
 John Foster, Esq., who was of the 
 party with Cockerell and others by 
 whom the originals were discovered. 
 
 In the library are a small alto-relievo 
 by Gibson (Alexander the Great 
 discovering the Iliad) and two 
 valuable works presented by Napo- 
 leon IH., ‘ Catacombes de Rome,’ par 
 Louis Perret, and ‘ Musee de Sculp- 
 ture Antique et Moderne.’ There 
 is a day-school for boys in connec- 
 tion with the Royal Institution. The 
 learned societies of the town hold 
 their meetings within its walls. The 
 Liverpool Institute is an extensive 
 Ionic building in Mount-street, 
 founded originally by Mr. Huskisson 
 in 1825, though the present estab- 
 lishment only dates from 1838, the 
 previous one having been destroyed 
 by fire. It is particularly complete 
 in the way of school education, 
 and comprises a high, a commercial, 
 a girls’, an evening school, and a 
 school of art. The girls’ school in 
 connection with this institute is held 
 in Blackburn House, at the top of 
 Mount-street. The buildings have re- 
 cently been much extended by the 
 munificence of the Holt family. 
 Whatever may be the fate of most 
 institutes, there is no doubt ' that 
 this one has been a great and uni- 
 form success since its foundation, 
 and one of its most useful additions 
 has been that of the Queen’s College , 
 whence students may proceed for 
 examination for degrees at the 
 University of London. The Liver- 
 pool College, in Shaw-street, is 
 another of the educational establish- 
 ments which are so abundant here. 
 It only differs from the Institute in 
 that it is managed by members of 
 the Church of England exclusively. 
 It is a handsome Tudor building 
 by the late Mr. Lonsdale Limes , the 
 front of which contains statues of 
 Lord Stanley and Lord Francis 
 Egerton. In the interior are a large 
 picture hall, museum, and library. 
 The branch establishment for girls 
 is in Grove-street, and has been 
 erected at the suggestion of Dr. 
 Howson, Dean of Chester, formerly 
 principal of the college. 
 
127 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool : Churches. 
 
 There are in the town a School of 
 Art , and numerous classes in con- 
 nection with the departments of 
 science and art. 
 
 The Liverpool Observatory , main- 
 tained by the Mersey Docks and 
 Harbour Board, is on Bids ton Hill ; 
 and the Time Gun , on the Morpeth 
 Pier, Birkenhead, is discharged from 
 thence by electricity at 1 p.m. daily. 
 
 An Act of Parliament has been 
 passed to form a Bishopric of Liver- 
 pool ; and, an adequate sum for 
 the endowment having been col- 
 lected, West Derby Hundred is with- 
 drawn from the diocese of Chester, 
 and makes that of Liverpool. 
 The Rev. J. C. Ryle was appointed 
 bishop, 1880, and a cathedral will 
 shortly be built. It has been sug- 
 gested that Sir Christopher Wren’s 
 first grand plan for St. Paul’s, a 
 model of which exists in London, 
 might advantageously be adopted 
 for this Protestant cathedral, in 
 which a large congregation could 
 be conveniently collected under a 
 grand central dome. It is under- 
 stood' that St. Luke's Ch., at the 
 top of Bold- street, will be the pro- 
 cathedral : it was built by the Cor- 
 poration, from designs by Foster, at 
 a cost of nearly 60,000/., and is an 
 excellent example of the ecclesias- 
 tical architecture of that date. 
 
 The parish ch. of St. Peter’s, in 
 Church -street, was erected when the 
 parish was formed distinct from 
 Walton at the end of the 17th cent. ; 
 the other parish ch., and the oldest 
 in Liverpool, St. Nicholas, at the 
 bottom of Chapel-street, represents 
 the old Chapel of Our Lady and 
 St. Nicholas. A document is in 
 existence respecting St. Nicholas’, 
 dated 1685, declaring u That no per- 
 son under the degree of an alderman 
 shall sit in the aldermen’s seats, 
 without licence from Mr. Mayor and 
 the chapel wardens ; that none 
 under the degree of an alderman’s 
 wife shall sit in the seat next unto 
 the aldermen without licence ; that 
 
 none but housekeepers shall sit in 
 the seat on the N. side, ’twixt the 
 pulpit and the N. door, who are to 
 be seated according to their quality 
 and age; and that all apprentices 
 and servants shall sit or stand in 
 the alleys according to ancient 
 custom.” The style of the parish 
 ch. presents all kinds of additions, the 
 latest being the fine Gothic lantern 
 tower. The interior contains some 
 very good memorial windows. 
 
 The ch., attached to the School 
 for the Blind , is a copy of the 
 portico of the Temple of Jupiter 
 Panhellenius, at iEgina. In the 
 interior is a monument, by Gibson, 
 to Mr. Pudsey Dawson, a great bene- 
 factor to the institution ; also a 
 painting, by Hilton , of Christ re- 
 storing sight to the Blind, and one 
 by Haydon , of Christ blessing little 
 children. An enormous number of 
 new churches have been built in 
 Liverpool. There are now within the 
 city limits 67, besides 20 belongingto 
 the Roman Catholics, including their 
 pro-cathedral, and numerous build- 
 ings belonging to other denomina- 
 tions. The principal of these archi- 
 tecturally are : St. Margaret's Ch ., by 
 Street ; the Synagogue , by Audsley ; 
 and the Greek Cli., by Sumners, in 
 Prince’s-road ; the Unitarian Ch., by 
 Barry and Brown, in Hope-street; the 
 Independent Chapel , by Franklin , in 
 Great George’s-street ; the Church of 
 the Jesuit Fathers, St. Francis Xavier, 
 by Welby Pugin , in Salisbury-street, 
 with the college adjoining, and St 
 Margarets, Anfield, by Audsley, in 
 Belmont-road ; St. Johns, The Brook, 
 by Bodeley, is a short distance beyond 
 the borough boundary. 
 
 Liverpool contains a large num- 
 ber of charitable establishments. 
 The Boyal Infirmary, in Brownlow- 
 st., is a fine building of Ionic style 
 by Foster ; the Northern Hospital, in 
 Great Howard-street, by Welch, one 
 of the architects of the Town Hall 
 in Birmingham ; the Royal Southern 
 Hospital , in Caryl-street, by Sumners, 
 
128 
 
 Route 14 . — Liverpool : Amusements. 
 
 1872 ; the Children's Infirmary , in 
 Myrtle-street; the school for the 
 Deaf and Dumb , in Oxford-street; 
 the Blue-coat Hospital in School- 
 lane, founded in 1709 for the educa- 
 tion of 350 boys and girls ; the Orphan 
 Asylum , in Myrtle-street ; the Mer- 
 chant Seamen's Orphan Asylum , by 
 Waterhouse , in Newsham Park, &c. 
 
 With amusements the town is well 
 provided, and particularly in the way 
 of theatres and music-halls, though 
 some of the latter, as is usually the 
 case in seaport towns, are of a rather 
 low character. There is, however, 
 nothing special in any of the build- 
 ings except the Alexandra Theatre , 
 by Salomons , in Lime-street, and the 
 Philharmonic Hall, by Cunningham , 
 in Hope-street. The Prince of 
 Wales, the Royal Amphitheatre , the 
 Theatre Royal, and the Sefton 
 Theatre, St. James Hall in Lime- 
 street, and the Concert Hall in Lord 
 Nelson-street, with the two first- 
 named, are the chief places of resort. 
 The Gymnasium , in Myrtle-street, 
 should be visited by those who ap- 
 prove of ‘‘ muscular Christianity .” 
 
 In the matter of Parks and public 
 recreation grounds, Liverpool is 
 much better provided than formerly, 
 though there is still room for im- 
 provement. Princes Park was laid 
 out by Sir Joseph Paxton in 1843, 
 and contains about 40 acres of 
 pleasure-ground. Separated from 
 Prince’s Park by Ullet-road, is Se fton 
 Park , about 400 acres, one-half of 
 which is reserved for the purposes 
 of recreation, the remainder being 
 appropriated for the erection of 
 private residences. The park was 
 laid out under the superintendence 
 of Mr. Hornblower of Liverpool, and 
 M. Andre of Paris. The grottoes 
 are beautiful specimens of rockwork 
 by Parisian artists, though the ab- 
 sence of water and ferns deprives 
 them of much of the beauty they 
 would otherwise possess. In a pro- 
 minent position is a marble statue, 
 
 by Foley , of the late William Bath- 
 bone, the friend of Roscoe : in panels 
 on the pedestal are three alto-relievos 
 by Brock, illustrative of his renown 
 as a merchant, philanthropist, and 
 educationist. The Park was opened 
 in 1872 by His Royal Highness 
 the Duke of Connaught. On the 
 E. of the town are Waver tree Park 
 and the Botanic Gardens. All the 
 parks, with the exception of Prince’s 
 Park, belong to the Corporation, and 
 have cost in the aggregate nearly 
 1,000,000Z. To the S. lies Toxteth, 
 a very populous district, part of 
 which is included in the borough 
 boundary. In the 14th cent. Tox- 
 teth was a forest, containing the 
 houses of one Stanley, who was the 
 parker, and of one, Scarisbrick, who 
 was the forester, with some cottages 
 for their servants, and stabling for 
 their horses and dogs. There are 
 many excellent collections of pic- 
 tures, porcelain, and sculpture, be- 
 longing to the wealthy merchants 
 and brokers of the town, access to 
 which can sometimes be had by 
 special favour. There are also works 
 by Gibson, Foley, and others in the 
 chapel of St. James’s Cemetery, in 
 the parish ch. of Walton, the Uni- 
 tarian Chapel in Renshaw-street, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 St. James's Cemetery , formerly a 
 stone quarry, is very picturesquely 
 situated, and prettily planted, and 
 contains an Oratory, built upon a 
 rock of New Red sandstone. Hus- 
 kisson is interred in this cemetery, 
 the mausoleum is a copy of the 
 temple of Lysicrates, containing a 
 marble statue by Gibson. Near the 
 cemetery is the Mount , an artificial 
 embankment with a garden, shrub- 
 bery, and four residences attached. 
 This embankment was formed to 
 give employment during a period of 
 great distress in 1867. From it 
 there is a charming view of the river, 
 the coast of Cheshire, and the Welsh 
 hills. At Wavertree is a Well sup- 
 posed to have belonged to the priory 
 
Route 14 . — Liverpool: Celebrities; Conveyances . 129 
 
 at Childwall. It has on it an in- 
 scription — “ Qui non dat quod habet 
 daemon infra ridet, 1414,” vulgarly 
 translated : — 
 
 “ He that hath and won’t bestow, 
 
 The Devil will laugh at him below.” 
 
 At West Derby is a fine eli. of Dec. 
 style, with a square tower, 160 
 feet high, erected from designs by 
 Sir G. G. Scott, at a cost of 17,000?. 
 The suburb of Everton, famous for 
 its “ toffee,” was the head-quarters 
 of Prince Rupert during the siege of 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Amongst the celebrities, natives of 
 Liverpool, may be mentioned Jere- 
 miah Horrox, an astronomer, born 
 at Toxteth, in 1619, the first to ob- 
 serve the transit of Verms; Mrs. 
 Hemans , the poetess, who died at 
 Waver tree, in 1835; George Stubbs , 
 a noted animal painter, in the 18th 
 centy. ; William Roscoe , author of 
 ‘ The Life of Lorenzo di Medici,’ 
 and of ‘Leo the Tenth/ formerly 
 M.P. for Liverpool, and a great op- 
 ponent of the slave trade(died 1831) ; 
 William Rathbone , the Quaker, also 
 a leader of the anti-slavery party 
 (died 1868) ; Matthew Gregson, the 
 antiquary, and author of 4 Frag- 
 ments * (died 1824); Sir William 
 Brown , a wealthy merchant, and 
 founder of the Brown Free Library 
 (died 1864) ; Lord Wensleydale 
 (died 1868); Lord Cardwell; Rt. 
 Hon. W. E. Gladstone ; Ansdell, 
 the painter; Santley , the vocalist; 
 Sothern , the actor; Mrs. Oliphant , 
 the novelist ; James Martineau , the 
 philosopher. Associated with Liver- 
 pool, though not natives, were Dr. 
 Raffles , a Nonconformist minister ; 
 Gibson , the sculptor ; and George 
 Stephenson , the father of railways. 
 
 Conveyances from Liverpool. By 
 London and North-Western Rly. 
 (Lime - street) to Huyton, 6 m. ; 
 Newton, 16 m. ; Manchester, 31} m. ; 
 Crewe, 44 m. ; Runcorn, 18m.; Staf- 
 
 [Lancashire.'] 
 
 ford, 63 m. ; London, 204 m. By 
 Cheshire Lines (Ranelagh-st.), Gar- 
 ston, 6 m.; Hale, 10 m. ; Warring- 
 ton, 18 m. ; Altrincham, 27 m. ; 
 Stockport, 38 m. ; Hull, 180 m. 
 By Lancashire and Yorkshire Rly. 
 (Tithebarn-st.), Ormskirk, 12 m. ; 
 Southport, 19 m. ; Formby, 11 m. ; 
 Preston, 29 m. ; Wigan, 19 m. ; 
 Bolton, 29 m. ; Bury, 35 m. ; Roch- 
 dale, 42 m. 
 
 Steamers throughout the day to 
 New Brighton, New Ferry, Tran- 
 mere, Seacombe, Egremont, Rock 
 Ferry, and Eastham. 
 
 Omnibuses to Aigburth, Garston, 
 Bootle, Crosby, Kirkdale, Walton, 
 Everton, Old Swan, Knotty Ash, 
 Woolton, West Derby. 
 
 Liverpool to Southport. 
 
 The Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 Rly., by which the traveller reaches 
 Southport, skirts the coast the whole 
 distance, running for half the way 
 through a continuous series of marine 
 villages, the favourite residences of 
 Liverpool merchants. 
 
 Passing the town stations of Sand- 
 hills and Miller’s Bridge , convenient 
 for the Canada and other docks, 
 the train reaches, 
 
 3 m. Bootle Stat. St. John’s is a 
 fine modern cruciform ch. of New 
 Red sandstone, the geological forma- 
 tion in which Liverpool is situated. 
 Bootle has long supplied Liverpool 
 with considerable quantities of water, 
 and in conjunction with the other 
 pumping-stations at Green Lane, 
 West Derby, Dudlow Lane, Waver- 
 tree, and Windsor, Toxteth, furnish 
 about one-third of the weekly con- 
 sumption of 110,000,000 gallons, 
 the remainder being derived from 
 the reservoirs on the Rivington 
 Hills (Rte. 10) near Chorley. Ex- 
 periments are now being made by 
 Messrs. Mather & Platt, of Manches- 
 ter, who have sunk, near Bootle 
 stat., a bore hole to the depth of 
 1300 ft., with the object of ascertain* 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 Route 14 . — Crosby — Formby. 
 
 ing if water can be obtained in 
 quantity and quality for increasing 
 the supply to the whole district of 
 60 square miles. 
 
 3J m. Marsh-lane Stat. 
 
 4 m. Seaforth Stat. The Hall 
 (J. Muspratt, Esq.). The manor 
 of Litherland, a village adjoining, 
 seems to point to a connexion with 
 that of Liverpool. 
 
 5^ m. Waterloo Stat. The modern 
 village of Waterloo is becoming 
 very large, and much frequented 
 for its bathing. 
 
 6 \ m. Crosby Stat. ( Hotel : Blun- 
 dell Arms). Near the village of 
 Great Crosby is a grammar-school, 
 founded in i618 by James Harrison, 
 a Merchant Taylor of London, and 
 a native of this place. A new 
 group of school-buildings in place 
 of the former structure was com- 
 pleted and opened in 1878, and 
 is an attraction to the neighbour- 
 hood. A beautiful Boman Catholic 
 ch. in Little Crosby reminds the 
 tourist that he is in the vicinity 
 of some of the oldest Roman Ca- 
 tholic estates in Lancashire, viz., 
 Crosby Hall , the seat of Nicholas 
 Blundell, Esq. ; and Ince Blundell , 
 of T. Weld Blundell, Esq., whose 
 ancestors have held it from the 
 time of the Conqueror. The late 
 Mr. Henry Blundell was well known 
 in the artistic world for his fine 
 collection of antiques which he 
 made in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, 
 and for the reception of which he 
 built a museum after the model of 
 the Pantheon. In addition to the 
 statuary, which includes a Theseus 
 taken from Adrian’s villa, there 
 are some valuable paintings — a Holy 
 Family by An. del Sarto , others by 
 Canaletto , and some splendid ta- 
 pestry, worked with subjects from 
 Teniers. 
 
 9.j m. Hightown Stat. (Inns: High- 
 town ; Rifle Ranger). The train 
 then crosses the river Alt, near the 
 Formby Lighthouse, the light of 
 
 which was formerly visible for 10 
 miles. The lighthouse, however, is 
 no longer used, its place is supplied 
 by the Formby lightship, situate 
 near the entrance to the Formby 
 Channel. A fog-signal is also placed 
 here, for the benefit, during foggy 
 weather, of the numerous large 
 ocean steamers constantly passing. 
 
 11 m. Formby Stat. The country 
 here is certainly not remarkable for 
 picturesqueness, it being exceedingly 
 flat, and intersected on the land- 
 side by many cuts and drains. On 
 the coast it is a series of desolate 
 sand-hills and rabbit-warrens, of an 
 aspect as dreary as can well be 
 imagined : though the incursions of 
 sand have been considerably miti- 
 gated by the planting of Arundo 
 arundinaria , or bent-grass. The 
 first potatoes ever sown in England 
 are said to have been planted in 
 Formby, introduced there by a 
 Formby man, who sailed in Sir W. 
 Raleigh’s expedition. 
 
 The place is now beginning to 
 show signs of improvement, and, as a 
 watering-place under the name of 
 Formby-by-the-Sea , promises to be- 
 come popular. It has now two 
 rly. stats, on the Liverpool and 
 Southport line ; and near one of 
 these, Freshfield, is a large hotel 
 called by that name. Freshfield 
 College, Rev. G. Bartle, D.D., is 
 pleasantly situated close by the 
 sand-hills. 
 
 Formby Hall (rt.), long the resi- 
 dence of the Formby family, is a small 
 mansion of considerable antiquity. 
 
 2 m. to rt. is Altcar , famous for 
 its coursing meeting, known as the 
 Waterloo meeting. 
 
 15 m. Ainsdale Stat. From a fish- 
 ing village, this place is beginning 
 to grow into a favourite little sea-side 
 resort, with a large hotel and several 
 places of worship. Between Ains- 
 dale and Birkdale is the Birkdale 
 Roman Catholic Reformatory, under 
 
131 
 
 Boute 14 .— -Southport — Marion Mere . 
 
 the supervision of the Rev. F. 
 Spencer. 
 
 17 m. Birkdale Stat. This is really 
 a suburb of Southport. The park 
 contains many villa residences with 
 grounds tastefully formed out of 
 what a few years ago were naked 
 sand-hills. It has a local board, 
 town hall, a hydropathic establish- 
 ment, two large hotels (Palace ; 
 Park), and is in fact the “ West 
 End ” of Southport. 
 
 19 m. Southport ( Hotels : Palace, 
 first class ; Victoria, very good ; 
 Royal ; Scarisbrick Arms ; Prince of 
 Wales), although not many years ago 
 a small village, has now become a 
 populous and flourishing town, owing 
 to the favour with which it is re- 
 garded, principally by Lancashire 
 people, as a watering-place. It is 
 not that the neighbourhood has any 
 beauty about it, but the contrary. 
 Nor is the bathing particularly good, 
 as the sea goes out for an enormous 
 distance ; but the air is beautifully 
 mild, so as to have obtained for 
 Southport the name of the English 
 Montpellier. “In 1809 there were 
 only 38 houses, and 100 inhabitants, 
 while at the present time there are 
 upwards of 17,000 residents and 
 3000 houses, of which about 600 are 
 lodging-houses.” It contains the 
 usual agrements of an English bath- 
 ing-place, and some fine modern 
 buildings, including a pier 1465 yds. 
 in length, erected at a cost of 20,000Z., 
 a Town Hall, and a Convalescent 
 Hospital. Cambridge Hall, the 
 foundation stone of which was laid 
 by Her Royal Highness the Duchess 
 of Teck in 1872, is an elegant stone 
 building, and adjoining it, in Lord- 
 street, is the Atkinson Free Library 
 and Art Gallery, the munificent gift 
 of W. Atkinson, Esq. The Winter 
 Gardens and Aquarium are situate 
 at the W. end of the town ; the Gla- 
 ciarium is one of the best in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 A line of railway has been opened 
 
 from Southport to the mouth of the 
 Douglas at Hesketh Bank, with the 
 intention of continuing it to Preston, 
 to shorten the distance between 
 Southport and the northern district. 
 Uninviting as are the sand-hills to 
 the casual visitor, they are interest- 
 ing to the naturalist, as they contain 
 over 700 species of native plants, in- 
 cluding Pyrola , Parnassia , Chlora , 
 Erythrsea, &c. There are also many 
 varieties of shells, besides rare lizards 
 and butterflies. The encroachments 
 of the sands have given rise to 
 several traditions of 'lands covered 
 up by them, of which Mr. Roby has 
 taken advantage in his story of ‘ The 
 Lost Farm. ’ 
 
 The district at the back of South- 
 port was formerly a wide marsh, 
 known as Marton Mere , which was 
 partially drained by Mr. Fleetwood, 
 of North Meols, in 1750. But his 
 works having proved unavailing, 
 they were recommenced by Mr. Ec- 
 cleston Scarisbrick, who called to 
 his aid the Duke of Bridgewater’s 
 engineer, Mr. Gilbert, of Worsley, 
 and in the course of some thirty 
 years after Mr. Fleetwood’s death, 
 produced satisfactory results. The 
 land, however, has always been liable 
 to disastrous inundations; and it 
 was not until 1850 that Sir Thomas 
 Hesketh ultimately cleared the land 
 of water and made it flood-proof. 
 Since then it has been most pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 It is about 7 m. across the estuary 
 of the Ribble to Lytham , of which 
 good views are generally obtained. 
 
 At North Meols, 2 m. to the N., is 
 the old hall of the Heskeths, now 
 a farmhouse. The church contains 
 a monument to Roger Hesketh, by 
 Nollekens , and one to Thomas Fleet- 
 wood, who attempted to drain Marton 
 Mere. The gravestones in the cli.- 
 yard record a great many instances 
 of longevity. 
 
 The Botanic Gardens here are ex- 
 tensive and well laid out, and afford 
 k 2 
 
132 
 
 Route 15 . — Liverpool to Preston. 
 
 a pleasant resort for the Southport 
 residents, being easily reached either 
 by the West Lancashire Ely. or by 
 tramway. 
 
 From Southport the tourist can 
 proceed by rail to Burscough Junc. 
 (Ete. 15), whence he can journey 
 either to Liverpool by Ormskirk, to 
 Preston, or to Wigan. 
 
 EOUTE 15. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO PRESTON, BY 
 ORMSKIRK. 
 
 Quitting Liverpool from the Lan- 
 cashire and Yorkshire station in 
 Tithebarn - street, the rly. runs 
 through the very populous district 
 near the Docks, and arrives at 
 3 J m . W Alton Junc. , where the line 
 to Wigan and Bolton goes off to the 
 rt. The ch. of Walton is of great an- 
 tiquity, although much modernised. 
 In the reign of Henry VIII. we find 
 Sir Edward Molyneux, the parson of 
 Walton, prosecuting Thomas Baure, 
 for an illegal taking of the tithes of 
 lamb’s wool, mortuaries, and tithe 
 fishing. The ch. contains (in the 
 vestry) a painted window with the 
 crest of the Molineux family; an 
 octagonal font, ornamented with 
 figures and flowers ; and the brass 
 of an ecclesiastic. “ The ancient 
 practice of lifting or bearing , in 
 allusion to the resurrection of the 
 Saviour, prevailed in this parish ; 
 and on Easter Monday groups of 
 rustics were seen running after the 
 
 maids; and ©n the day following 
 groups of women running after the 
 men, whom having caught they 
 took in their arms, and lifted them 
 above their heads, for which service 
 a small tribute was claimed before 
 they were suffered to depart. The 
 custom, however, has fallen into 
 disuse.’’— Baines. It prevailed also 
 at Clitheroe, and many of the Lan- 
 cashire towns, and in a document 
 belonging to the Society of Anti- 
 quaries, it is mentioned that there 
 is an entry of 141. paid “ to seven 
 of the Queen’s ladies and damsels, 
 because they took up the King in 
 his bed on the morrow of Easter, 
 and made him pay a fine for the 
 peace of the King, which he did of 
 his own gift, through the hand of 
 Hugo de Cerr.” 
 
 On rt. is Walton Hall (J. Naylor, 
 Esq.). 
 
 5 m. Aintree Stat. On the rt. is 
 the Grand Stand of the Liverpool 
 Eacecourse, well known in sporting 
 circles. The course is 1J m. long, 
 with a direct run in of 1100 yards. 
 
 7 m. Magliull Stat. On 1. 2 m. is 
 Sephton , the ancient seat of the 
 Earls of Sefton, who have long since 
 migrated to Oroxteth Park. A 
 moat is all that remains to mark 
 the old house. Maghull contains 
 an ancient chantry, for many years 
 the incumbency of the Eev. G. 
 Holden, an expositor of Scripture 
 of some note. The cli. is a fine 
 building of the 16th centy., having 
 been rebuilt in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. by Anthony Molyneux, rector. 
 It consists of nave, aisles, chancel, 
 tower and spire, and two chapels, 
 belonging to the Molineux and Blun- 
 dell families. At the base of the spire 
 rise stone uprights, called by Mr. 
 Easbotham, the antiquary, “ four ill- 
 disposed, heavy pinnacles.” In spite 
 of this so-called defect, the appear- 
 ance of the spire, when seen from the 
 W. at a short distance, is one of 
 
133 
 
 Boute 15 . — Sephton — Lydiate. 
 
 almost unequalled symmetry and 
 gracefulness of outline. In the 
 interior are very fine carved oak 
 screens, one dividing the nave and 
 chancel, the other separating the 
 chapel from the side aisles. The pul- 
 pit is carved, and has in gilt letters 
 the inscription — “ He that covereth 
 hi& sinne shall not prosper. But who- 
 so eonfesseth and forsaketh them 
 shall have mercie, happy is the man, 
 1685.” There is another inscrip- 
 tion on the sounding-board. In the 
 chancel are 16 finely carved stalls, 
 as are also some of the seats in the 
 nave. There are several interesting 
 monuments to the families of Moli- 
 neux and Blundell, and particularly 
 an altar- tomb, of white marble, to 
 Joan, Lady of Bradley, and wife of 
 Sir Richard Molineux. Here also 
 was buried, in 1789, John Sadler, of 
 Liverpool, who, in 1756, invented, 
 with Guy Green, the art of applying 
 printed patterns to earthenware. 
 At Lydiate , 3 m. N.W., are a few 
 ivy-covered remains of a chapel, 
 known as Lydiate Abbey, much 
 resorted to for burial by Roman 
 Catholic families. It was built 
 by the Irelands, whose arms are 
 over the porch, and consists at pre- 
 sent of the nave, and a castellated 
 tower of about the date of Henry 
 VIII. Near the chapel is a new 
 Roman Catholic ch., which contains 
 an alabaster figure of a bishop, sup- 
 posed to be St. Cuthbert, the patron 
 saint of Halsall ; also in the panels 
 of the altar and reading-desk some 
 alabaster sculptures, representing 
 the martyrdom of St. Catherine of 
 Alexandria. These were taken from 
 the old chapel. Lydiate HaU is a fine 
 old timbered house, much altered 
 and spoilt. It was the residence of 
 the Irelands, and afterwards of Sir 
 Thomas Anderton, who built the 
 porch. The hall is very character- 
 istic, and still possesses the dais 
 with oak canopy, the carved oak 
 wainscotting and panel, with large 
 mantelpiece. A room upstairs pos- 
 
 sesses a curious cornice, and a pa- 
 nelling representing Henry VIII. 
 and ;his wives. Amongst the other 
 curiosities are some old paintings of 
 religious subjects ; “ the priest hole,*’ 
 or hiding-place ; an alabaster figure 
 of St. Catherine, &c. Sir Francis 
 Anderton narrowly escaped behead- 
 ing after his taking part in the re- 
 bellion of 1715, and only escaped by 
 promising to lead a very quiet life at 
 Lydiate, and not to go beyond 6 
 miles from it. Sir Francis was one 
 of the numerous Lancashire Roman 
 Catholic gentry who, in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, were rigorously perse- 
 cuted for recusancy. 
 
 10 m. Town Green Stat. The ch. 
 on 1. is Aughton. It consists of a 
 nave, N. aisle, chancel, chapel, and 
 a tower with octagonal spire, rising 
 from the N. aisle, which is separated 
 from the nave by 4 pointed arches, 
 resting on octagonal pillars. Most 
 of the ch. is of the 16th centy., but 
 the aisle is of later date. The inte- 
 rior contains a monument by West - 
 macott, with 2 beautiful bas-reliefs, 
 to Rev. G. Vanbrugh, a former 
 rector ; also a brass with the fol- 
 lowing curious inscription : — 
 
 “My Ancestors Have Been Interred Here 
 Above 380 Yeares, 
 
 This To Me By Auncient Evidence Ap- 
 peares ; 
 
 Which That All May Know, And None 
 L)oe Offer Wrong, 
 
 It Is Ten Foot and One inch Broad and 
 Foure Yards and Half Long. 
 
 Richard Mossock, 1686. Amen. 
 
 God Save The King To The Greate Glorye 
 of God.” 
 
 A similar brass is affixed to the 
 N. wall of Ormskirk ch. The 
 Mossock family lived at Mossock 
 or Mosy Oak Hall in Bickerstaffe. 
 A Lieut. Mossock was among the 
 royalist prisoners taken at the battle 
 of Aughton Common, near Orms- 
 kirk, in 1644. A curious relic was 
 found near this house a year or two 
 ago, in the shape of a sleeve-link,- 
 on which was depicted in relief a 
 mounted cavalier and the inscription 
 “ Lord Charlemont.” 
 
134 
 
 Route 15 , — OrmsJcii'lc. 
 
 A new eli. was built in 1869 in the 
 parish of Aughton. On rt. is Moor 
 Hall , an old house of the 16th centy., 
 erected by P. Stanley, Esq., one of 
 the Stanleys of Horton, and the seat 
 of Miss Rosson. Aughton Old Hall , 
 Gerard Hall , and Walsh Hall are all 
 farmhouses. 
 
 12 m. Ormskirk Junc. with the 
 St. Helen's and Runcorn line. The 
 town of Ormskirh , celebrated for 
 its gingerbread ( Inns : Wheatsheaf, 
 King’s Arms), is clean and well 
 built, and contains an interesting 
 ch. near the outskirts. It has been 
 frequently altered, though the Perp. 
 style predominates, and consists of 
 nave and 3 aisles, chancel, and 
 chapels, called the Derby, Bicker- 
 stafie, and Scarisbrick chapels. At 
 the W. end is a massive tower, and 
 at the W. of the S. aisle is another, 
 surmounted by a spire. The door 
 on the W. side of the tower has 
 Norm, mouldings, and on the out- 
 side wall, under the E. window, 
 are two curious and very rude 
 figures, almost obliterated. The cu- 
 rious arrangement of towers has 
 given rise to the tradition that the 
 ch. was built by two maiden sisters 
 named Orme, who quarrelled at 
 the termination of their under- 
 taking whether there should be a 
 steeple or spire, and eventually each 
 carried out her own idea. But 
 this story is erroneous. “ The parish 
 of Ormskirk belonged to Orm, a 
 Saxon proprietor of Halton, near 
 Runcorn, who established himself 
 here, and by his marriage with 
 Alice, a daughter of Herveus, a 
 Norman nobleman, ancestor of Theo- 
 bald Walter, obtained large estates 
 in ‘ this county. He was no doubt 
 the founder of the ch. which was 
 co-existent with the name of Orms- 
 kirk in the reign of Richard I., 
 when Robert, son of Henry de 
 Tarboch and Latham, who is sup- 
 posed to be a descendant of Orm, 
 founded the priory.” — Baines. An 
 
 extensive work of restoration has 
 led to the discovery of many inter- 
 esting features in this ch. not hither- 
 to known to exist. One of the prin- 
 cipal being a fine Norman window 
 in the N. wall of the chancel, long 
 concealed from view by plaster and 
 wood-work. Some fine E. English 
 features are also brought more promi- 
 nently to light in the spire, by the 
 removal of obstructive galleries, &c. 
 In Edward II. ’s time a charter was 
 granted to the Prior of Burscough 
 to have one market a week at their 
 manor at Ormskirk. It is said that 
 the bells of the ch. at Ormskirk 
 belonged to Burscough, in proof of 
 which is an inscription on one — 
 “ I. S. de B. Armig et e ux me fe- 
 cerunt in honore Trinitatis R. B. 
 1497.” When they were removed 
 to Ormskirk, it was found that 
 the tower was not large enough 
 to hold them, and hence the pro- 
 bable addition of the second. The 
 chapel on the S.E. of the chancel 
 has been for ages the burial-place of 
 the Stanley family, and it contains 
 an altar-tomb with the recumbent 
 effigy of a knight, which time has 
 cut in half. The head is remark- 
 able for its flowing hair. A female 
 figure reclines by his side. In the 
 Derby Chapel, are two other effi- 
 gies, commonly called King and 
 Queen of the Isle of Man, and pro- 
 bably representing some of the 
 members of the Stanley family. In 
 the Scarisbrick Chapel is an effigy, 
 supposed to represent a knight of 
 that family, James Scarisbrick, of 
 Bickerstaffe, the probable donor of 
 the large bell above mentioned. 
 
 To the S. of the town, on the 
 Aughton road, there is a fine Roman 
 Catholic chapel. Ormskirk was one 
 of the last places in England to 
 part with its ducking-stool: — 
 
 “ I’ll speed me to the pond, where the high 
 stool 
 
 On ihe long planks hangs o’er the muddy 
 pool. 
 
 That stool, the dread of every scolding 
 queen. ”-^G'ay. 
 
135 
 
 Route 15 . — Ormsfdrh : Burscough Priory. 
 
 Near it formerly stood the town’s 
 dungeon, built after the model of 
 the Black Hole of Calcutta, and 
 close by was the stocks. 
 
 It is a pretty walk of 2 m. to the 
 N. on the Preston road to Burscough 
 Priory , the scanty ruins of which 
 stand in a field to the rt. Only 2 
 pillars of the central arches of the 
 eh. remain, but from their propor- 
 tions they must have been noble 
 ones. 
 
 “ Burscough Priory was founded 
 for Black Canons by Robert Fitz- 
 henry, Lord of Lathom, in the reign 
 of Richard I. It was formerly the 
 burial-place of the Earls of Derby, 
 but many of the coffins have been 
 removed to their vault in the ch. at 
 Ormskirk, built by Edward, the 3rd 
 Earl, great-grandson of Thomas, 1st 
 Earl of Derby, who had the honour 
 of crowning Henry VII. at Bosworth 
 Field. At the Dissolution, this 
 priory had a superior, 5 monks, and 
 40 servants. The last prior was 
 John Barton, who surrendered the 
 living and subscribed to the King’s 
 supremacy, dying in the year 1553.” 
 — Roby. 
 
 During the tenure of the prior’s 
 office by Thomas de Litherland, a 
 terrible scandal happened from the 
 disappearance of a maiden, named 
 Margaret de la Bech. It was found 
 that the prior had seized upon her 
 and kept her immured in a deep 
 dungeon. From this, however, she 
 was rescued, a maniac, by Michael 
 de Poynings and George le Clarke, 
 both of whom were overtaken by the 
 prior and slain. Notwithstanding 
 the heinous nature of the crime, the 
 prior's importance was so great, 
 that he received a free pardon from 
 Edward III. 
 
 3 m. from Ormskirk is the village 
 of Halsall , the living of which is 
 worth 3500 1. The ch. has been re- 
 cently restored, and is a very fine 
 example of the Dec. order. It con- 
 tains in the chancel some interesting 
 oak stalls, with grotesque carvings — | 
 
 such as a laughing head, men fight- 
 ing, and a priest trying to interfere ; 
 also the marble figure of an eccle- 
 siastic, said to be a bishop of Dur- 
 ham, but more probably one of the 
 rectors of Halsall. On the opposite 
 side is an altar-tomb, with the effigy 
 of a knight of the Halsall family ; 
 and on the S. side of the chancel is 
 a piscina. The door and doorway 
 on the N. side, leading into the 
 vestry, are of exquisite beauty. 
 Within a short distance of Halsall 
 ch., the first excavation of the Leeds 
 and Liverpool canal took place. 
 
 3 m. N.E. of Ormskirk is Lathom 
 House , the baronial mansion of Lord 
 Skelmersdale, one of the noblest and 
 most historic houses of the North of 
 England, with which the fortunes 
 of the Stanley family have ever been 
 bound up. The estates and manor 
 were originally possessed by Orm 
 the Saxon, the founder of Ormskirk, 
 and afterwards by Robert Fitzhenry, 
 founder of Burscough Priory, whose 
 grandson, Sir Robert de Lathom, 
 married Amicia, co - heiress of 
 Thomas Lord of Alfreton. His son, 
 by marriage with Sir Thomas de 
 Knowsley’s daughter, obtained the 
 estates which now belong to the 
 Derby family ; and, by the subse- 
 quent marriage of Isabella, daughter 
 of Sir Thomas de Lathom, with Sir 
 John Stanley, Lathom came into 
 the possession of the Stanleys, who 
 held it for 300 years. On the death 
 of the 9th Earl of Derby, his 
 daughter, Lady Ashburnham, sold 
 it to a Mr. Furness, who, after a 
 short possession, sold it again to the 
 Bootle Wilbrahams, ancestors of the 
 present owner. “ While the Stan- 
 leys held Lathom, it surpassed for 
 magnificence and hospitality all the 
 residences of the North, assuming 
 in these respects the attitude of a 
 royal court, and its possessors were 
 regarded with such veneration and 
 esteem, that the following harmless 
 inversion was familiar as household 
 
136 
 
 Route 15 . — OrmshirTc: Lathom House . 
 
 words : 1 God save the Earl of Derby 
 and the King.’ ” — Burke. Indeed, 
 the profusion that prevailed through- 
 out the whole establishment was of 
 a royal kind, the weekly consump- 
 tion in the 16th centy. being an ox 
 and 20 sheep, 15 hogsheads of beer, 
 besides large quantities of venison 
 from the park, game from the wood, 
 fish from the ponds. In 1561 the 
 amount of wine drunk was 13 J tuns. 
 Six gentlemen of the county were 
 grooms of the chamber, and, accord- 
 ing to the “ Checkrowle of my Lord 
 of Darby's householde ” in 1587, the 
 Steward had 3 servants, the Con- 
 troller 3, and the Keceiver-General 
 3. Seven gentlemen waiters had 
 each a servant, and the chaplain, 
 Sir Gilbert Townley, had 1. Then 
 came 19 yeoman ushers, 6 grooms 
 of the chamber, 2 sub - grooms, 
 13 yeomen waiters, 2 trumpeters, 
 and inferior servants ; making the 
 total daily number to feed, 118 per- 
 sons. “ The last, though not perhaps 
 the least, in the goodly catalogue is 
 4 Henry y e ffoole/ The Earl is also 
 said to have kept a conjuror who 
 cast out devils and healed diseases/’ 
 Amongst the heroes that came from 
 Lathom were Sir Thomas Stanley, 
 Chief Governor of Ireland, who was 
 called to Parliament as Lord Stanley 
 in 1456; his son, the 1st Earl of 
 Derby, who crowned Henry VII. on 
 the field of Bosworth, in 1485 ; Sir 
 William Stanley, who w T as beheaded 
 on a charge of adherence to Perkin 
 Warbeck ; Sir Edward Stanley, the 
 hero of Flodden Field — 
 
 “ There is Sir Edward Standley stout 
 For martial skill clear without make 
 Of Lathom House by line came out 
 Whose blood will never turn their back.” 
 Hai l. MSS. 
 
 and the famous Earl of Derby, who 
 w~ as beheaded for his loyalty to the 
 King, at Bolton. King Henry VII. 
 paid a visit, after the execution of 
 Sir William Stanley, to Lathom; 
 and it is recorded that 44 the Earl, 
 after his royal guest had viewed the 
 
 whole house, conducted him up to 
 the leads for a prospect of the 
 country. The Earl’s fool, who was 
 among the company, observing the 
 King draw near to the edge, not 
 guarded by a balustrade, stepped 
 up to the Earl, and, pointing down 
 to the precipice, said, ‘Tom, re- 
 member Will.’ The King under- 
 stood the meaning, and made all 
 haste down-stairs and out of the 
 house; and the fool, long after, 
 seemed mightily concerned that his 
 lord had not had courage to take 
 the opportunity of avenging himself 
 for the death of his brother.” — 
 Burke. A memorial of this royal 
 visit is supposed to exist in “the 
 King’s chancel,” in Ormskirk ch., 
 lying between the nave and the 
 ‘ 4 high-chancel.” No other satis- 
 factory reason being offered for the 
 singular title and arrangement. 
 
 But the crowning incident in the 
 history of Lathom House was the 
 siege in 1644 by the Parliamentary 
 forces under Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 The Earl of Derby was then in his 
 castle in the Isle of Man, having 
 left Lathom in charge of his coun- 
 tess, Charlotte de la Tremouille, 
 daughter of Claude Due de Tremo- 
 uille, and granddaughter of William 
 Prince of Orange. To this heroic 
 lady Sir Thomas Fairfax declared 
 that she should be safely conducted 
 to Knowsley, and there enjoy half 
 the Earl’s estates, on condition of 
 surrendering Lathom. The mes- 
 sage was delivered by Colonel Mor- 
 gan, 44 a little man, short and 
 peremptory, who met with staid- 
 nesse to coole his heat, and he had 
 the honour to carry backe this last 
 answere, for her ladyship could 
 scrue them to noe more delayes. 
 
 44 1st. That she refused all their 
 articles, and was truely happy they 
 had refused hers, protesting that 
 she had rather hazard her life than 
 offer the like again. 
 
 44 2nd. That though a woman and 
 a stranger, divorc’d from her friends, 
 
Route 15 . — Ormskirh: Lathom House . 
 
 137 
 
 and rob’d of her estates, she was 
 ready to receive their utmost vyo- 
 lence, trusting in God both for 
 protection and deliverance.” As 
 Lathom House then existed, it 
 was surrounded by a strong wall, 
 strengthened by 9 towers, filled 
 with ordnance, and commanding 
 each other. In the centre was the 
 Eagle Tower, more lofty than the 
 others, and facing the Gatehouse, 
 which had a strong tower on each 
 side. Externally a moat ran round 
 the walls, and between them a 
 strong row of palisades. “ Before 
 the house, to the S. and S.W., is a 
 rising ground, so near as to over- 
 look the top of it, from which it 
 falls so quick that nothing planted 
 against it on those sides can touch 
 it further than the front wall ; and 
 on the N. and E. sides there is 
 another rising ground, even to the 
 edge of the moat.” The garrison 
 consisted of 300 men, and included 
 Captains Charnock, Chisenall, Ogle, 
 Molyneux, and Ffarington, while 
 the besieger’s forces numbered over 
 3000, commanded by Cols. C. Eger- 
 ton, Ashton, Holland, and Morgan. 
 For II days they, deceived by the 
 representations of the chaplain, the 
 Bev. Mr. Butter, an old friend of 
 one of the Parliamentarians, thought 
 they would endeavour to reduce the 
 place by famine, believing that 
 the supplies were very short ; but 
 finding their mistake, they set 
 about constructing trenches, during 
 which they were often sadly 
 harassed by the brave garrison. In 
 3 months’ time, however, a battery 
 was raised near the moat, and a 
 mortar planted there — a mighty 
 engine, throwing stones 13 inches 
 in diameter, and 80 lbs. weight, and 
 also grenadoes, balls of iron, filled 
 with powder, and lighted by fusees. 
 This mortar was the terror of the 
 besieged as well as the besieging, 
 to whom it frequently did the most 
 danger ; and on Easter Monday, 
 succeeded in lodging a 24-pounder 
 
 in her ladyship’s chamber in the 
 Eagle Tower, where she and her 
 children were at breakfast. “ The 
 little ladyes had stomack to digest 
 cannon, but the stoutest souldiers 
 had noe hearts for grenadoes, and 
 might not they att once free them- 
 selves from the continual expecta’con 
 of death ? ” Whereupon the coun- 
 tess ordered a sally— 
 
 “ ’Twas then they rais’d ’mid sap and siege 
 The banners of their ryhtful liege 
 At their she-captain’s call, 
 
 Who miracle of womankind 
 Lent mettle to the meanest hind 
 That mann’d her castle wall 
 
 and, accordingly, on the 26th April 
 the sally took place, which resulted 
 in the loss of two men on the be- 
 siegers’ side, the destruction of the 
 enemy’s cannon, and the levelling 
 of the ditch. On the 27th of May 
 another sally was made, but it was 
 found that the enemy had finally 
 retreated, intelligence having been 
 received that Prince Bupert had 
 entered Lancashire, and was then 
 at Stockport. For 4 months the 
 siege had continued, the garrison 
 having lost but 6 men, while the 
 Parliamentary forces lost 500 men 
 and expended 100 barrels of gun- 
 powder. The skeletons of the 6 
 men have all been found buried just 
 below the surface of the earth, close 
 to the S.W. angle of the present 
 hou&e. They were nearly perfect, 
 and seemed to belong to tall, broad- 
 shouldered men. About 1860, in 
 making alterations in some of the 
 walls of the house near the spot 
 where the skeletons were found, a 
 large mullioned window was dis- 
 covered, evidently a N. window of 
 the chapel, showing their bodies 
 had probably been buried inside the 
 private chapel of the castle. 
 
 The gallant Countess and her 
 family then returned to the Isle of 
 Man, and after the execution of the 
 Earl at Bolton, Lathom underwent 
 another siege by General Egerton, 
 when, the garrison being driven to 
 
138 
 
 Route 15 . — Apply 
 
 straits by the failure of supplies, 
 the brave old house was surrounded 
 and destroyed ; on which occasion 
 “ the sequestrators under Crom- 
 well, wearying of the slow disposal 
 of the building materials by sale, 
 invited the peasants of the hundred j 
 of West Derby to take away the 
 stones and timbers without any 
 charge.” 
 
 Not a vestige remained of old 
 Lathom. Golforden, along whose 
 banks knights and ladies have a 
 thousand times made resort, hark- 
 ing to stories as varied as those 
 of Boccaccio — the maudlin well, 
 where the pilgrim and the lazar 
 devoutly cooled their parched lips 
 — the brewing-house — the training 
 round— every appendage to antique 
 baronial state — all now are changed, 
 and a modern mansion and a new 
 possessor fill their place.” — Hey- 
 wood. 
 
 The modern house of Lathom is 
 a splendid one, and was commenced 
 by the 9th Earl, and finished by 
 Sir Thomas Bootle, Chancellor to 
 Frederick, Prince of Wales, in the 
 last centy. The N. front is 156 ft. 
 in length, and is connected with the 
 offices by a colonnade wilh Ionic pil- 
 lars. The park is 4 miles in circum- 
 ference, and contains fallow deer. 
 In it stands the present private 
 chapel, on the site of an old chantry, 
 founded in 1500 by the 2nd Earl of 
 Derby, to which was attached an 
 almonry for 6 old men, where 
 now stand the present almshouses. 
 Bishops Butter, Wilson, and Sher- 
 lock were almoners at Lathom. 
 
 15 m. Burscough Junc., where 
 the Southport and Wigan line 
 crosses. [From thence it is 8 m. 
 to Southport (Bte. 14), passing New 
 Lane and Besear Lane stats. 
 
 To the 1. of the latter, 1| m., is 
 Scarisbrieh Hall , the seat of the 
 Marquis de Casteja, son-in-law of 
 the late Lady Scarisbrick. The 
 house has been restored, from the , 
 
 Bridge — Rufford. 
 
 ra ther fantastic designs of the Pugins , 
 father and son, in Tudor style, at a 
 cost of 85,000Z. The corridors are 
 all laid with mosaic, and the hall, 
 a fine apartment, is hung round with 
 figures of knights, carved in oak, 
 i said to have been brought from 
 Spain by the late Chas. Scarisbrick, 
 Esq., the last lineal male descendant 
 of the Scarisbrick family, who have 
 occupied the seat from the time of 
 King Stephen. To Wigan (rt.) it .is 
 11 m., passing 2J m. Newburgh Stat. 
 
 5 m. Apply Bridge Stat. To rt. 
 is the high ground of Ashurst 
 Beacon and Upholland, and to 
 1. that of Eccleston and Wrighting- 
 ton. Wrightington Hall is the seat 
 of T. Dicconson Scarisbrick, Esq., 
 and Harrock Hall of Mrs. Bolton. 
 Close to Wrightington, which is 
 situated in a very picturesque park, 
 full of deer, is the old Elizabethan 
 timber hall, with black and yellow 
 compartments. Wrightington Hall 
 was the first house N. of the Trent 
 dignified by the adornment and 
 luxury of sash-windows. Harrock 
 was formerly occupied for four gen- 
 erations by the Rigbies, a family 
 well known in Lancashire history of 
 the Civil Wars. 
 
 On Shevington Moor is an old 
 Causeway, called Criyplegate , from 
 a tradition that two maiden ladies 
 gave alms to every cripple that 
 passed along it. Shevington Hall 
 (J. Tayleur, Esq.). 
 
 7 m. Gathurst Stat. 
 
 10 m. Wigan Junc. (Bte. 1).] 
 
 17f m. Rufford Stat. To the 1. is 
 Rufford Hall , the seat of Sir T. G. 
 Hesketh, Bart., a handsome Grecian 
 mansion ; it was built in 1798. The 
 estate formerly belonged to the 
 Fyttons, and was brought into the 
 present family by marriage of 
 Maud Fytton with Sir William 
 Heskayte in 1310. 
 
 In the park is Old Rufford 
 Hall , an interesting Elizabethan 
 wood - and - plaster building, with 
 , some carved panellings. The ban- 
 
Route 15 . — Croston — Eccleston. 
 
 189 
 
 quet hall has a fine open timber 
 roof, with carved angels supporting 
 shields. The screen is detached 
 from the walls, and movable. 
 
 Rufford Ch ., rebuilt in 1870, con- 
 tains the effigy of a knight (Sir 
 Thomas Hesketh) and lady. Roger 
 Dods worth, the antiquary, is also 
 buried here. The old font was deco- 
 rated with the same inscription as the 
 one at Sandbach, in Cheshire, and 
 the one at S. Bartholomew’s, Syden- 
 ham, near London, viz. : NIPPON 
 ANOMHMA MH MONAN OTIN. It 
 can be read either way. A new 
 font, erected a few years ago, in 
 honour of the late Sir Thomas Hes- 
 keth, Bart., by the Freemasons of 
 W. Lancashire, has taken the place 
 of the earlier one. A beautiful 
 monument by Flaxman , said to be 
 the only one in the county by that 
 sculptor, is affixed to the wall in the 
 S.E. angle of the nave. 
 
 2 m. E. of Rufford is Maudes- 
 ley Hall , now a farmhouse. It was 
 the seat of the Maudesley family in 
 the I7th centy., and is picturesquely 
 situated on a rock of New Red 
 sandstone. 
 
 Crossing the river Douglas the 
 train reaches, 20 m., Croston JStat. 
 
 The village, which is situated on 
 the banks of the Yarrow, is of con- 
 siderable antiquity, and contains 
 the base of a large market-cross. 
 The ch. has nave, chancel, and 
 aisles, and a fine oak roof. The cur- 
 few is still rung every night. In the 
 grounds of Croston Hall (S. C. De 
 Trafford, Esq.) is a beautiful Ro- 
 man Catholic chapel, from designs 
 by Pugin , who also built the hall, 
 in true Gothic taste. In the 16th 
 centy. Croston was inhabited by the 
 family of Ashton, who were stern 
 Papists. Roger Ashton was exe- 
 cuted for “ entertaining missioners ” 
 nominally, but really because he was 
 an emissary of the Queen of Scots 
 in her communications with the 
 English exiles in Flanders. 
 
 Eccleston Ch ., 1J m. further up 
 
 the Yarrow, has a stained-glass 
 window by Ballantyne , and the 
 effigy of a priest. “ One of the most 
 noteworthy features in the ch. is the 
 pewing, which affords us evidence 
 of the origin of pews, and takes us 
 back to the transition period, when 
 the wealthy parishioners were be- 
 ginning to put up for themselves, 
 on the floor of the parish ch., wooden 
 enclosures, each erecting his own, of 
 the size and shape he liked best. 
 The pews here are of all shapes, 
 bearing various dates. Each is a 
 distinct enclosure of oak, its own 
 partition being carried entirely 
 round, even though the partition of 
 another pew be only an inch or two 
 distant ; while here and there, where 
 the more considerable families have 
 left a space of 2 or 3 ft., some hum- 
 bler parishioner has erected a seat 
 without any enclosure at all.” At 
 Gradwells Farm , 1 m. N.E., are 
 traces of a religious house, incorpo- 
 rated in the building, and a very 
 perfect stone cross still exists in the 
 garden. 
 
 Near Bretherton, 2 m. 1., is Bank 
 Hall , an Elizabethan (farm) house 
 of the date 1608. 
 
 2 m. N. of Bretherton is Hoole . 
 overlooking the mouth of the 
 Douglas. The ch. contains a brass 
 and E. window in memory of the 
 Rev. Jeremiah Horrox, the astro- 
 nomer, who was curate of Hoole. 
 “ The window represents him re- 
 ceiving the sun’s disk on a sheet, 
 with the motto — ‘Venus in sole 
 visu,’ and his own exclamation, 
 ‘ Ecce gratissimorum spectaculum 
 et tot votorum materiem.’ ” Close to 
 the estuary of the Douglas is Hesketh- 
 with-Becconsall, which formerly was 
 in request as a watering-place, until 
 the Ribble Navigation Company 
 erected a large embankment, which 
 utterly spoilt it. William Fleet- 
 wood, lawyer, antiquary, and Re- 
 corder of London, was born here, 
 1569. 
 
 22 m. Midge Hall Stat . 
 
140 
 
 Route 16 . —Preston to Fleetwood. 
 
 26 m. Preston Junc., from whence 
 the Blackburn line continues to the 
 rt., the traveller to Preston, 29 m., 
 approaching the London and North- 
 Western Ely., and crossing the 
 Kibble, to run into 
 Preston Junc. Stat. 
 
 EOUTE 16. 
 
 PRESTON TO FLEETWOOD, BY 
 LYTHAM AND BLACKPOOL. 
 
 Preston ( Hotels : Victoria, Bull), 
 although almost entirely devoted to 
 manufacturing pursuits, is an in- 
 teresting town both from its beau- 
 tiful situation and the high position 
 that it has always taken in Lan- 
 cashire annals, and which obtained 
 for it the high sounding title of 
 “ Proud Preston.” 
 
 Placed upon the summit of a long 
 ridge, which runs parallel to the 
 north bank of the Kibble, it over- 
 looks a large expanse of flat country 
 to the south and north of the estuary, 
 which speedily acquires a consider- 
 able breadth, while a picturesque 
 background is afforded by the 
 wooded fells of Longridge and 
 Kibblesdale. Camden says of it, 
 “ But when the grandeur of this 
 city (Coccium) having come to its 
 full period, was at last destroyed by 
 either wars or earthquake (for so 
 His commonly supposed) somewhat 
 lower, when the tide flows up the 
 Eibbel, and is called by the geogra- 
 phers Bellisama Estuarium, near 
 Penworth (where stood a castle in 
 
 the Conqueror’s time, as appears by 
 the records of the said king). From 
 the ruins of Eibblechester sprang 
 Preston, a large town, handsome for 
 these parts and populous, so called 
 from the religious, for the name 
 in our language signifies Priest’s 
 Town.” Dr. Kuerden, an anti- 
 quary of note, was convinced that 
 Preston was the Ehigodunum of 
 Ptolemy, his principal argument 
 being that a Eoman highway passed 
 from Kibchester, close to the N. side 
 of the town, on its way to Kirk ham, 
 and that the country people in his 
 day called this road the Watling 
 Street. It is of great antiquity, 
 dating from the Saxons, who built 
 a Mote Hall, and it was probably 
 then called Amounderness, which 
 has given its name to the Hundred. 
 During the reign of Edward III., 
 when the county was made palati- 
 nate, Preston was attacked by the 
 Scots under Eobert Bruce, and a 
 great portion of it burnt. T fc was 
 even then an important town, occu- 
 pying a position that commanded 
 the navigation, the fisheries, and 
 the lower fords of the Eibble. u The 
 old castle of Penwortham, situate 
 nearer the estuary, a baronial resi- 
 dence in earlier times of the great 
 Earls of Chester, had, on the merging 
 of their lands in the vast estates of 
 the Duchy of Lancaster, lost its 
 ancient grandeur and strength. No 
 longer able to protect the village 
 which had grown under its shelter, 
 it was forsaken by the neighbouring 
 fishermen and craftsmen, who pre- 
 ferred to settle in the flourishing 
 town on the opposite side of the 
 river. The Benedictine priory, 
 although only a timber building of 
 moderate dimensions, survived its 
 protector, the stone castle, until the 
 dissolution of the religious houses. 
 But the rival town, the town of 
 priests, was the favourite residence 
 of ecclesiastics, the district Amoun- 
 derness having been given by Athel- 
 stan to the church at York, which 
 
141 
 
 Route 16 . — Preston : History . 
 
 was the probable cause of its con- 
 nection with large cathedral esta- 
 blishments. A borough by pre- 
 scription, Preston boasts of the an- 
 tiquity of its charters, the honours 
 of its guilds, and, though never the 
 assize town, its ancient privilege of 
 gibbet and gaol, tumbril and pillory. 
 Although Lancaster was the capital 
 of the county, Preston, as its people 
 never forgot, was the capital of the 
 Duchy, and all the business of the 
 Duchy, at one time more consider- 
 able than that of the county, was 
 transacted in the palatine county of 
 Preston.” — Halley. 
 
 From the time of Henry I. to that 
 of Charles II. no less than fifteen 
 charters were granted to the town. 
 King James I. was entertained at 
 the Town Hall on his way to par- 
 take of the festivities of Sir Richard 
 Hoghton at Hoghton Tower, and 
 was entertained by a grand recep- 
 tion, in which the boys of the gram- 
 mar school took part, and the Cor- 
 poration “presented him with a 
 bowle.” During the Civil War 
 Preston took the side of the Par- 
 liament, the majority of the Council 
 being Cromwellians. Adam Morte, 
 a Royalist, declined to serve as 
 Mayor, having no sympathy with 
 his companions, and was therefore 
 fined 100 marks for his contumacy. 
 But he was soon afterwards killed 
 in an attack made upon the town 
 in 1643 by the Parliamentary forces 
 under Sir John Seaton, when great 
 slaughter took place amongst the 
 Royalists who were driven out. 
 
 Never did Preston go through a 
 more formidable crisis than in 1715, 
 when the English and Scoth rebels 
 who supported the old Pretenter 
 marched from Lancaster to Preston, 
 and, raising his standard at the 
 market cross, proclaimed him then 
 and there King of England. The 
 rebels might have made a good 
 stand, had they not fallen victims 
 to the hospitality of the Preston 
 inhabitants and the smiles of the 
 
 Lancashire witches. But even at 
 the last, when the rebels were worsted 
 by the Royal forces under General 
 Wills, the Scotch, under the leader- 
 ship of the brave Brigadier Macin- 
 tosh and the unfortunate Earl of 
 Derwentwater, might have achieved 
 success, had not the rebel army 
 been cursed by a weak commander, 
 General Forster, who first of all 
 gave up his two subordinates to the 
 English as hostages, and surren- 
 dered the town next morning, 
 loth Nov. The English Papists 
 saved themselves by running away, 
 but about 1500 Scotch were taken 
 to expiate their rebellion on the 
 gallows or in the Plantations. This 
 unfortunate episode is commemo- 
 rated in several of the Lanca- 
 shire ballads, such as 1 Towneley’s 
 Ghost,’ ‘ Jemmy Dawson,’ 4 The 
 Preston Prisoners to the Ladies 
 about Court,’ and ‘ Macintosh’s Fare- 
 well.’ 
 
 “ My Lord Derwentwater, when he found 
 That Forster had drawn his left wing 
 round, 
 
 Said ‘ I wish I were with my dear wife, 
 
 For I fear that I will lose my life.’ 
 Macintosh he shook his head 
 To see his soldiers all lie dead; 
 
 ‘ it was not for the loss of those, 
 
 But I fear we’re taken by our foes ! ’ ” 
 
 It was during the 18th centy. 
 that Preston was at its glory, as a 
 rendezvous of fashion and society. 
 Dr. Whitaker calls it “ an elegant 
 and economical town, the resort of 
 well-born but ill-portioned and ill- 
 endowed old maids and widows.” 
 The adherents of the old Pretender 
 were probably more dazzled by the 
 (to them) unaccustomed gaiety, for 
 in an account written by one of 
 them, it is said that 44 the Ladys in 
 this towne, Preston, are so very 
 beautiful and so richly attired, that 
 the gentlemen soldiers from Wed- 
 nesday to Saturday minded nothing 
 but courting and feasting.” 
 
 As an illustration of the state of 
 trade in the middle of the last 
 century, it is mentioned by Mr. 
 
142 
 
 Route 16 . — Preston: Cotton Trade. 
 
 Thomas Walker, in 4 The Original/ 
 that the wine merchant who used 
 to supply Manchester lived in Proud 
 Preston, as being the resort of all 
 the gentry, and that his orders, 
 which rarely exceeded a gallon of 
 wine at a time, were always exe- 
 cuted on horseback. 
 
 The rebellion of 1745 formed an- 
 other leading episode in the history 
 of Preston, when Prince Charles 
 Edward marched through the town 
 at the head of the insurgents, and 
 was proclaimed Prince Regent in 
 the marketplace on the 27th Nov. 
 But on the following 12th Dec. 
 they passed through again, much 
 dispirited after their march from 
 Derby. 
 
 The modern history of the town 
 is associated with the cotton trade 
 and the factory system, which by 
 the introduction of spinning in 1777 
 has increased the population from 
 6000, which it then was, to about 
 90,000. One of the greatest bene- 
 factors that the town had in the 
 way of encouraging and fostering 
 trade was Mr. Samuel Horrocks , who 
 was so successful in his efforts to 
 localise the cotton manufacture 
 here that the character of the town 
 became completely altered — the old 
 county interest having to compete 
 with that of the manufacturers. Mr. 
 Horrocks contested the representa- 
 tion of Preston, and won bis seat, 
 having for his colleague the late 
 Earl of Derby. “ The great exten- 
 sion of the cotton trade must be 
 attributed to the fact that the sur- 
 plus agricultural labour from the 
 N. and W. of the county finds its 
 way first of all to Preston, giving 
 the manufacturers the advantage of 
 abundant labour at a rather cheaper 
 rate than elsewhere, while this is 
 compensated to the operatives by 
 the cheaper cost of provisions, being 
 less than in the districts more en- 
 tirely given up to manufacturing 
 industry/' — Baines. There are up- 
 
 wards of 77 mills, many of which, 
 such as Swainson and Birley’s, are 
 of great size and importance. These 
 give employment to about 26,000 
 persons ; the total number of spindles 
 is 1,652,668 : the number of looms, 
 50,608; and the weekly produce 
 of yarn, 518 cwt. Unfortunately 
 Preston has not been satisfied with 
 its pre-eminence in the cotton trade, 
 but has acquired for itself a reputa- 
 tion for strikes — which have fre- 
 quently happened of long duration 
 and systematic organization. One of 
 the most formidable was the strike 
 which commenced in Oct., 1853, 
 and lasted till the succeeding May, 
 during which time 16,000 hands 
 were supported by voluntary con- 
 tributions from sympathisers of their 
 own class. 44 The strike of 1828 led 
 to the invention of the self-actor, 
 which in the great strike of 1836 
 was partially introduced, and since 
 that of 1853 has been generally 
 adopted, so that 4 hand-mules * are 
 now only used in works where very 
 high numbers (or very fine thread) 
 are spun/' Amongst the natives of 
 Preston was Arkwright, who fol- 
 lowed his trade as a barber, 1732, 
 and here erected his first power- 
 loom. He was celebrated for his 
 skill in dying hair and making wigs, 
 his being esteemed the best in the 
 country ; and during his travels for 
 the purchase and sale of hair, he was 
 struck with the continual complaint 
 of deficiency of the supply of cotton 
 weft and the want of cotton warp 
 yarns. Having devoted some atten- 
 tion to clockmaking, he set to work 
 and devised in 1769 his waterframe 
 spinning-machine, which was erected 
 at Cromford on the Derwent, Ark- 
 wright having seen too much of the 
 risk that attached to inventions, to 
 think of setting up his machine in 
 his own county. After a long and 
 prosperous career, in which he 
 founded the fortunes of his family, he 
 died, in 1792, Sir Richard Arkwright, 
 having been knighted for presenting 
 
Route 16. — Preston: Churches . 
 
 143 
 
 an address to George III. in his 
 official capacity of High Sheriff of 
 Derbyshire. Lady Hamilton, the 
 friend of Nelson, was also a native 
 of Preston ; and of more modern 
 celebrities, may be mentioned Ma- 
 dame Lemmens-Sherrington, the 
 vocalist. 
 
 The Post-office is in Fishergate. 
 
 The town consists principally of 
 one long street running E. and W., 
 and occupying a rather steep ridge, 
 from which the ground falls off 
 rapidly to the Ribble, which is 
 crossed by 4 bridges — the Walton 
 Bridge of 3 arches, the Penwortham 
 Bridge of 5, and 2 lofty viaducts, 
 over which the London and North- 
 Western and the Lancashire and 
 Yorkshire Railways are respective- 
 ly carried. The main streets are 
 Fishergate, Church-street, and Friar- 
 gate, and it is in these that the 
 principal public buildings are con- 
 gregated. Of these the chief is the 
 Town Hall , conspicuous for many 
 miles for its noble tower and spire. 
 It is situated in the market-place, 
 and is a magnificent Early English 
 building, from designs by Sir G. G. 
 Scott , who has blended with it 
 Continental features, which give it 
 a very distinctive and striking cha- 
 racter. The front, which faces 
 Fishergate, is 86 ft. in height, and 
 has a covered arcade, the carved 
 figures on which are well worthy of 
 examination. Above it is a stone 
 balcony, with a very elaborate 
 wrought-iron railing. 
 
 From the S.W. of the building 
 springs the tower, which is alto- 
 gether 197 ft. in height, and con- 
 tains a magnificent clock and chimes, 
 the former being the largest in the 
 kingdom next to that of W estminster. 
 The north, or Market-place front, is 
 74 ft. in length, and that of the 
 Fishergate 92 ft. The interior is 
 divided into two portions, somewhat 
 like St. George’s Hall at Liver- 
 pool : the one being for the official 
 and commercial community, the 
 
 other for county and general meet- 
 ings. The Great Hall is a noble 
 apartment, 82 ft. long by 54 broad, 
 and will seat 1100 persons. Medal- 
 lions of celebrities in art, science, 
 and discovery, are freely lavished 
 amongst the ornaments, while the 
 windows are adorned with the armo- 
 rial bearings of Preston and other 
 Lancashire towns. The vestibule, 
 opposite the entrance to the hall, 
 is also most elaborately decorated, 
 and contains, in the S. vestibule, an 
 interesting series of wall-pictures, 
 in 12 compartments, representing 
 a guild procession in the time of 
 Henry VIII., with an extract un- 
 derneath from Queen Elizabeth’s 
 charter, bearing upon the rights and 
 liberties of the guild. In the N. 
 vestibule the corresponding pic- 
 tures are representative of peace 
 and war. 
 
 The ground- floor is principally 
 occupied by the Exchange, the 
 ceiling of which is supported by 
 remarkably fine granite pillars. 
 The carving of the capitals, as well 
 as of the chimney-pieces, should 
 be particularly noticed. The whole 
 building cost 45,000Z., and is one of 
 the finest of its class in the whole 
 kingdom. It was opened, with great 
 state, in 1867, by the Duke of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 The churches of Preston are 
 nearly all of modern erection. St. 
 John’s , the parish ch., in Church- 
 street (rebuilt in 1853), is a fine 
 Dec. building, with nave, chancel, 
 aisles, and lofty spire. The interior 
 contains a profusion of stained glass. 
 The other churches are Christ Ch., 
 of pseudo-Norm, style, with 2 octa- 
 gonal towers ; Trinity Ch ., good 
 stained glass; St. Mark’s , Maud- 
 lands, E.E, from designs by Paley , 
 with apsidal chancel ; with some half- 
 dozen others, of no particular interest. 
 There are also 7 R. C. churches, of 
 which St. Walburg’s, in Maudlands, 
 is worth visiting for its beautiful 
 E. E. architecture, its spire, 303 ft., 
 
144 
 
 Route 16. — Preston: Paries ; Guilds . 
 
 and its stained glass. Maud lands 
 itself obtained its name from having 
 been the site of the old hospital 
 dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen. 
 St. Wilfrid's , which has just been 
 rebuilt, has a fine altar-piece : sub- 
 ject, the Descent from the Cross. 
 In St. Ignatius-square is a large 
 It. C. school, at which 500 children 
 daily attend for instruction. In 
 Winckley-square is the Literary 
 Institute , which possesses a well- 
 filled library and museum ; and 
 there is a second establishment of 
 the same kind, called the Institu- 
 tion for the Diffusion of Useful 
 Knowledge, at Avenham, which was 
 founded by Dr. Shepherd in 1761, 
 who bequeathed to it his valuable 
 library. 
 
 The town of Preston is likely 
 to possess, very shortly, a block of 
 buildings on a very comprehensive 
 scale, containing a Free Library, 
 a Museum, and a Gallery of Art, 
 the cost of which is estimated at 
 70,000Z., exclusive of land, which 
 will be defrayed with the funds 
 arising out of a munificent bequest 
 made by Mr. Harris, a gentleman 
 well known in the town, who left 
 a large sum at the disposal of 
 trustees for the establishment of 
 such an institution and other edu- 
 cational agencies. 
 
 Few towns are so well off as 
 Preston now is for public gardens 
 and recreation grounds. The Aven- 
 ham Park is situated on the steep 
 bank of the Kibble, to the E. of the 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire Ply., 
 occupying the site of what used to 
 be called the ‘‘ Washing Steed,” 
 where the Preston housewives used 
 to wash their clothes. Adjoining the 
 Avenham Park is Miller Park, which 
 extends as far as the London and 
 North-Western Ply., the two form- 
 ing a charmingly picturesque piece 
 of ground of 26 acres. Not only 
 have the natural features of the 
 steep bank been brought into active 
 
 harmony with the landscape garden- 
 ing, but the slopes of the rly. em- 
 bankments, which are usually such 
 eyesores, have been prettily planted, 
 and thus made to add to the effect. 
 They were both designed and laid 
 out by Mr. Milner, and are most 
 picturesque ; the Avenham Park 
 being approached by an avenue of 
 lime-trees, supposed to be 170 years 
 old. The view of the parks, as the 
 tourist is crossing the viaducts of 
 the rlys., with their gay parterres 
 and fountains, the river flowing in 
 a graceful sweep, and the wooded 
 terrace-bank, topped with handsome 
 villa residences, make as pleasant a 
 picture for the outskirts of a large 
 town as can well be imagined. 
 
 An interesting point, too, in the 
 formation of these parks is the fact 
 that when the stoppage of trade 
 took place during the cotton famine, 
 immense numbers of people found 
 employment in the laying them 
 out. 
 
 The Moor Park is a third park, 
 situated on the high ground near 
 Fulwood Barracks, quite on the 
 outskirts of the town, and prettily 
 laid out, though not possessing the 
 same scenic advantages as the other 
 two. 
 
 Preston should not be dismissed 
 without mention of its guilds , insti- 
 tuted by Henry III. for the renewal 
 of the freedom of the burgesses. They 
 have been held in the town at peri- 
 odic intervals of 20 years, the mayor 
 for the year being dignified by the 
 name of the Guild Mayor. The 
 festival which then takes place is 
 something like that of Shrewsbury 
 or Coventry, and is participated in 
 by all the traders of the town, who 
 parade in grand procession. In 17 62, 
 the guild mayor was Pobert Parker, 
 Esq., who, the old historian of 
 Preston says, “was singularly stu- 
 dious to please, and to inspire mirth 
 and festivity into every individual.” 
 Amongst the curious old Council 
 
Boute 16 . — Preston — Penwortham. 
 
 145 
 
 orders that prevailed here was one 
 passed at the guild of 1 682, intended 
 to limit the number of freemen of 
 the borough. No one was to be 
 admitted a burgess within the next 
 five years, except in some special 
 exceptions, when the mayor was 
 allowed to confer the freedom “ for 
 y e greater reput n , state, and credit 
 o’ this Incorporacon upon some 
 P.sons of honour, nobility, or gen- 
 try; but upon no o’ p. sons except 
 it bee upon some rare or special oc- 
 casion/’ 
 
 “ The holding of a guild was very 
 expensive. The one held in the 
 year 1802 cost the corporation 
 1302Z., and that held in 1822, 1278Z. 
 It is erroneously supposed by some 
 io be obligatory upon the corpo- 
 ration to celebrate a guild every 20 
 years ; but no such obligation exists. 
 The guilds have, indeed, for upwards 
 of 2 centuries and a half been held at 
 regular intervals, in virtue of a by- 
 law of the Mayor, Stewards, and 
 Aldermen of the Guild, passed in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; but 
 this is quite a matter of choice and 
 arrangement, and should the en- 
 tertainments and processions ever 
 wholly cease, no privilege or fran- 
 chise would be lost.” — Baines. 
 
 Preston, while ranking high as a 
 manufacturing town, is also a port, 
 vessels of considerable size being 
 able to ascend the Kibble, at spring- 
 tides, as far as the New Quay. It 
 has also a trade, though of no great 
 importance, in iron shipbuilding. By 
 the convergence of several lines of rly. 
 it is placed in communication with 
 all parts of the kingdom, and a fine 
 new stat. is now (1879) being built. 
 
 Bail to Manchester by Chorley, 
 31 m. ; Wigan, 15 m. ; Warrington, 
 27 m. ; Liverpool by Ormskirk, 29 
 m. ; Fleetwood, 20 m. ; Blackpool, 
 18 m. ; Lytham, 14 m. ; Kirkham, 
 8 m. ; Garstang, 9 J m, ; Lancaster, 
 21 m. ; Blackburn, 11m.; Hoghton 
 Tower, 6 m.; Longridge, 7 m, 
 [Lancashire. 
 
 On a. high wooded bank, on the 
 N. side of the Kibble below Preston 
 is Penwortham , formerly the seat 
 of the powerful Earls of Chester, 
 and afterwards of the Benedictine 
 Priory attached to that of Evesham. 
 Of these buildings, which gave 
 importance to the district before 
 Preston rose up, nothing is left; 
 and Penwortham is now a pretty 
 suburban village, ornamented with 
 handsome residences, such as The 
 Priory , originally a cell, sold to 
 the Fleetwoods by Queen Elizabeth, 
 and converted into a modem resi- 
 dence by the late Colonel Rawstorne 
 in 1832 ; The Hall (F. E. Marshall, 
 Esq.) ; Hurst Grange (W. A. Hulton, 
 Esq.). The ch. is approached by a 
 long and beautiful avenue, on the 1. 
 side of which is the stone pedestal 
 of a stone cross. The church is 
 thought to have been raised during 
 the 15th centy., and was restored 
 in 1856 by Paley. It contains nave, 
 chancel, and aisles, with a low 
 tower, and in the interior some 
 monuments to the families of Fleet- 
 wood and Rawstorne. About 1830 
 a pavement of blue boulder stones 
 was discovered, which was probably 
 a vicinal way between Penwortham 
 and the Roman station at Walton. 
 In 1856 excavations were carried 
 on in the Castle Hill by the Lan- 
 cashire Historic Society, when traces 
 of early habitation were found. 
 
 Walton-le-Vale is another prettily 
 situated village, 2 m. from Preston, 
 up the Kibble, possessing some 
 cotton-factories and print-works, and 
 is a favourite residence with Preston 
 merchants. The church overlooks 
 the Kibble (S. bank), and consists 
 of nave, chancel, and modern tran- 
 sept. The stained glass is by Wailes. 
 There are monuments to the Hogh- 
 tons of Hoghton Tower and the As- 
 shetons. Among the former is a 
 brass with the following inscrip- 
 tion : — “ Here lyeth the body of a 
 pure virgin, espoused to the man Xt 
 Jesus, Mrs. Cordelia Hoghton, whose 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 Route 16. — Walton-le-Dale. 
 
 honorable descent you know. Know 
 now her ascent.” A Eoman Catho- 
 lic ch. has been erected. 
 
 Walton is historically famous as 
 the scene of the battle between 
 Oliver Cromwell and the Duke of 
 Hamilton, and also of a skirmish, 
 in 1715, between Parson Woods of 
 Chowbent, at the head of his con- 
 gregation, and the Scotch rebels. 
 From remains discovered by Mr. 
 Hardwick, it seems that Walton 
 was the site of a Eoman station, 
 and perhaps that of Coccium. In 
 the neighbourhood is Cover dale Hall , 
 now a farmhouse, of the date 1700. 
 Cooper Hill is noteworthy, as having 
 a lightning conductor affixed to it 
 by Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 [An excursion can be made 
 from Preston to Longridge by rail- 
 way from Maudland Stat ., calling at 
 Deepdale Stat ., near Moor Park. It 
 was originally intended for the con- 
 veyance of stone from the quarries 
 at Longridge, and was afterwards 
 adapted for passenger-traffic. 
 
 4 m. Grimsargh Stat. About 1 m. 
 to the left is Whittingham Asylum, 
 a very spacious building, capable of 
 holding about 1000 inmates. It is 
 now being enlarged. Grimsargh ch. 
 is built in the Gothic style, and 
 1 m. past the stat. is Alston Eoman 
 Catholic ch., also Gothic. To the rt., 
 1 J m., is Bed Scar , the picturesquely 
 situated Elizabethan seat of W. As- 
 sheton Cross, Esq., placed in a most 
 beautiful position on a steep bank, 
 or “scar,” overlooking the Eibble, 
 which, in its course to Eibchester, 
 winds in a very circuitous manner. 
 The Preston water-reservoirs are 
 situated at Grimsargh, and at Long- 
 ridge. About 1 m. Lorn the high- 
 way on the rt. is Alston Hall , the 
 seat of J. Mercer, Esq., beautifully 
 situated on a height above a bend 
 of the river. Just before reaching 
 Longridge , 7 m. (Inn : Towneley 
 Arms), is Alston College , established 
 
 by the Kev. T. A. Peters. With the 
 exception of the quarries in the 
 millstone-grit, which are very exten- 
 sive, there is nothing to see in the 
 locality. The village has grown 
 rapidly within the last few ytars, 
 and is recommended for the salubrity 
 of its air. Tootle Height , above it, 
 commands far reaching views. The 
 antiquary will find at Writen Stone , 
 1J m. N.E., a stone with the in- 
 scription, “Eaufie Eadclitfe laide 
 this stone here to lye for ever 
 1655.” The panon of Longridge is 
 mentioned in a document of the 
 date of 1556 as ‘*Sir Kobert Cot- 
 tome, priest of Longryche, able to 
 read the Gospel and mynystre 
 the Divine ofiyces, although a 
 Decon only. He was grave and 
 chaste, could plaie on the musiques, 
 and was noe typler or dyce man.” 
 A Eoman Catholic ch. has been 
 erected, the schools of which were 
 opened in 1869. The scenery on this 
 side the Fell is somewhat dreary, 
 although the distant views of the 
 Bleasdale Fells are very fine. 
 The pedestrian can make his way 
 from Longridge to the Yale of 
 Hodder, and on to Whitewell , the 
 distance being between 8 and 9 m. 
 At 3 m. the road falls into the 
 valley of the Loud river, which 
 further on joins the Hodder in a 
 prettily-wooded little valley, under 
 Longridge Fell. Near this point on 
 1. is an old house called Hesketh End , 
 formerly the seat of the Alstons, 
 which has inscriptions on the out- 
 side commemorating the landing of 
 the Eomans, Saxons, Danes, and 
 Normans, and the Protestant Defor- 
 mation. Close by is a chapel, the 
 earliest Nonconformist place of wor- 
 ship in Lancashire. 2 m. from Long- 
 ridge is Lee House Eoman Catholic 
 Chapel. On the 1., 5 m., is Chip - 
 ping, an out-of-the-w ay little village 
 at the foot of the hills, which pos- 
 sesses a charity school, founded, in 
 1684, by John Brabbin. Over the 
 door is the motto, “ Doce, disce vel 
 
Route 16 . — Lea Road , 
 
 147 
 
 discede.” The ch. is of the date of 
 the 16th centy., although there are 
 some sculptures on the pillars which 
 would seem to be of earlier date. 
 The same may be said of the font, 
 the pedestal and sides of which are 
 decorated with shields containing 
 symbols of the Passion, and the ini- 
 tials of donors. These appearances 
 have puzzled antiquaries, they 
 having at different times been de- 
 clared to be Runic. There is also a 
 Roman Catholic chapel. Adjoining 
 the village, and nestling under the 
 slopes of Parlick Fell (1416 ft.), 
 is Leagram Hall (J. Weld, Esq.). 
 Most of the houses, even tiie 
 labourers’ cottages, in the parish of 
 Chipping are old, families living 
 here for centuries undisturbed by 
 the world. 
 
 From the junction of the Loud 
 with the Hodder up to Whitewell 
 (Rte. 7) there is no regular path for 
 the whole way. The tourist should 
 take the rt. bank, and the valley 
 will well repay him, for it is full 
 of delicious river views, and high 
 wooded banks coming close to the 
 water.] 
 
 The Wyre Valley Rly. quits the 
 main line soon after leaving the 
 general station, and turns to the 1., 
 traversing the uninteresting district 
 between the estuaries of the Ribble 
 and the Wyre, known as the Fylde. 
 “ This soil bears oats pretty well, 
 but is not so good for barley; it 
 makes excellent pasture, especially 
 towards the sea, where it is partly 
 champain, where a great part of 
 it is called the File, as one would 
 guess for the Feild, yet in the re- 
 cords of the Tower it is expressed 
 by the Latin word Lima, which 
 signifies a file, a smith’s instrument, 
 wherewith iron or other things are 
 polished. In other places it is fenny, 
 and therefore less wholesome.” — 
 Camden. 
 
 On the 1. the village of Ashton, 
 in which are some handsome sub- 
 
 urban residences overlooking the 
 Ribble — the Willows (W. O. Pil- 
 kington, Esq.) ; the Larches (W. 
 Birley, Esq.). Tulketh Hall , now 
 a parsonage, is an old castellated 
 building, said to have been the 
 original residence of the monks 
 of Furness on their first arrival 
 from Normandy into Lancashire. 
 To the rt. of the line is Cottam , 
 an old timber house, the seat of the 
 Haydocks ; one of whom, George 
 Haydock, was executed for con- 
 spiracy in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 3 m. Lea Road Slat. On 1. is 
 Clifton Hall (E. Birley, Esq.), the 
 ancient seat of the family of Clifton, 
 which in the time of the Civil War 
 was the most powerful in the Fylde, 
 being lords not only of Clifton, but 
 of Fairsnape, Westby, Lytham, and 
 other manors. In the reign of 
 Edward III. we hear of William de 
 Clifton prohibiting the Rector of 
 Kirkham from performing Divine 
 service, whipping the Abbot’s de- 
 puty through the streets, for- 
 bidding his tenantry to have their 
 children baptized, and sundry 
 other ungodly acts. During the 
 war they were strong Royalists. 
 Near the river bank is Lea Hall , 
 which came to the Hoghtons by 
 the marriage of Sir Richard de 
 Hoghton, 1309, to Sibille, heiress of 
 William de Lea. Thomas Hogh- 
 ton, the sheriff* was slain here by 
 Thomas Langton, Baron of Newton, 
 in 1589. 
 
 5 m. From Salwick Stat. the rly. 
 runs rather inland to 
 
 8 m. Kirkham Junc. The town 
 of Kirkham on 1. is a brisk, thriving 
 little place, partly dependent on 
 flax and spinning mills. The ch ., 
 which consists of nave, aisles, 
 chancel, and spire, has been 
 so added to of late years as to be 
 almost a new one. In the interior 
 are monuments to the Clifton family, 
 
148 
 
 Route 16 . — Kirkham — Lytham. 
 
 and a tombstone with the following 
 epitaph — 
 
 “ She desired us, in a humble voice, not to be 
 angry, 
 
 Not to be angry. 
 
 Mortals, neither swear nor lie, 
 
 But do as you would be done by.” 
 
 The R. C. church is a fine E. Eng. 
 building by Pugin. 
 
 Near the town towards Wrae 
 Green is Pibby Hall , the seat of 
 H. H. Hornby, Esq., and 2J S. is 
 Frechleton, the marshy ground ad- 
 joining which was the locale of a 
 fierce encounter in 1644 between 
 the Royalists under Sir Thomas 
 Tyldesley and the Parliamentary 
 troops under Col. Booth ; the former 
 were routed and more than 1000 
 prisoners taken. Numerous Roman 
 remains have been found in the dis- 
 trict. Perhaps the greatest curiosity 
 is the boss, or umbo, of a shield 
 wrought in brass, which was re- 
 moved from a brook in a field called 
 the Mill-hill in 1792. 
 
 To the N. of Kirkham is Weeton, 
 where are traces of a Roman road 
 called Dean's, or Dane’s Path. 
 Weeton is also notable for its British 
 cairns at Weeton Lane Heads, from 
 which many urns have been ex- 
 humed by Mr. Thornber and Mr. 
 Just, and for being associated with 
 the oldest ghost of the Fylde country 
 — the hairy ghost, the Celtic equiva- 
 lent of the ancient Satyr. Up to 
 a generation ago, the Teanla fires 
 were still burnt through all these 
 parts on All Saints night, and the 
 old pits for them, with ashes and cal- 
 cined stones, may be found in every 
 township. “ The ‘ Thirty Sworn 
 Men’ of Kirkham was the name 
 given to a council which regulated 
 parochial matters, amongst other 
 things, appointing the churchwar- 
 dens. It was composed of repre- 
 sentatives from the 15 townships 
 into which the parish is divided. 
 The tenure of office was for life, or 
 until the members thought proper 
 to resign. The origin of the name, 
 
 ‘ Sworn Men,’ dates from the 14th 
 centy., and the institution seems to 
 have been common in this part of 
 Lancashire ; Preston, Lancaster and 
 Garstang having had similar as- 
 semblies, but consisting only of 24 
 men each.” — Porter’s Hist . of the 
 Fylde of Lancashire. 
 
 A singular mode of extracting 
 salt is mentioned as being in vogue 
 in these seaside parishes by Bowen 
 in 1772. “ The inhabitants gather 
 great heaps of sand together, which 
 having lain some time, they put 
 into troughs full of holes at the 
 bottom, pour water upon them, and 
 boil the lees into white salt.” 
 
 [A branch line is given off on the 1. 
 to Lytham, from whence the tourist 
 can proceed to Blackpool without 
 returning to Kirkham. 
 
 1J m. Wrea Green Stat. A guide 
 is always stationed at Wrea to take 
 people safely across the ford of the 
 Ribble to Hesketh Bank. There is 
 a free school here, which owes its 
 existence to one James Thiselton, a 
 tailor, who, although his daily wages 
 were only 4 d. with his food, managed 
 to accumulate a sufficient fund to 
 secure this, the great object of his 
 life. 
 
 4 m. Moss Side Stat. 
 
 m. Warton Stat. There is a 
 small dock near this point, where 
 vessels sailing to Preston discharge 
 their cargoes into smaller craft. 
 
 6 m. Lytliam (Inns: Clifton 
 
 Arms; Neptune) is a modern bath- 
 ing place, much sought after by Lan- 
 cashire visitors, who prefer its quiet 
 to the more noisy and excursion- 
 haunted Blackpool or Southport. 
 Although the character of the sea is 
 too much that of the estuary, the air 
 is very fine and clear, and the views 
 towards Preston, Southport, and in 
 clear weather the Welsh hills, are 
 extremely pretty. The parish eh. 
 (St. Cuthbert’s) was rebuilt in 1 834, 
 and contains some stained glass 
 
149 
 
 Boule 16 . — Boulton — Blackpool. 
 
 and monuments to the Clifton family, 
 whose seat, Lytliam Rail (Col. 
 Clifton) adjoins the town on the N. 
 There is some good glass in St. 
 John’s ch. on the E. beach. “ In 
 ancient times the name of this place 
 was variously written Ledin and 
 Lethum. The whole district be- 
 longed at one period, about 1197, to 
 Richard Fitz-Roger, who gave all 
 liis lands here to the monks of 
 Durham, for the purpose of founding 
 a Benedictine cell in honour of St. 
 Mary and St. Cuthbert. The lands 
 thus granted constitute the whole of 
 the present parish of Lythain. In 
 1551 we find the site, cells, and 
 domains of Lytham granted to Sir 
 Thomas Holcroft, who in 1606 is 
 said to have sold the property to 
 Sir Cuthbert Clifton of Westby. At 
 all events the last-named family held 
 the manor and estates in the reign 
 of Charles I.” — Burke . 
 
 6f m. Ansdell. There is a siding 
 here at which trains for Blackpool 
 call if required. 
 
 9 m. St. Anne’s Stat. This place, 
 which until 1872 simply consisted 
 of a few fishermen’s huts, called the 
 Heyhouses , is rapidly developing into 
 a watering-place. There is a first- 
 rate hotel, and the whole estate, 
 which has been leased by J. T. 
 Clifton. Esq., to a company for a 
 term of 1100 years, has been judi- 
 ciously and tastefully laid out by 
 Messrs. Maxwell & Tuke, of Bury. 
 A public garden is in course of for- 
 mation. u This locality was indi- 
 cated in the foundation charter of 
 the Lytham Benedictine Cell, as 
 Kilgrimol, derived probably from 
 the British words Kilgury , a corner, 
 and mat or meol , a sandhill.” — Por- 
 ter’s History of the Fylde. 
 
 12| m. South Shore Stat., a suburb 
 of Blackpool, though formerly a dis- 
 tinct and separate hamlet. 
 
 14J m. Blackpool."] 
 
 13 m. Poulton Junc. The vil- 
 
 lage of Poulton-in-the- Fylde (gene- 
 rally called Pooton) is situated on 
 rising ground to 1. of the station, 
 and although insignificant as to size, 
 is a sort of centre for the district of 
 the Fylde. The ch ., which con- 
 tains nave and chancel, was erected 
 in the last centy. in place of an old 
 chapel which had existed for several 
 hundred years. The tower of this 
 chapel, which was built in Charles 
 I.’s reign, still forms a portion of 
 the present ch. In the interior are 
 monuments to the Fleetwood and 
 Hesketh families. In the main 
 street of Poulton is a pillar rest- 
 ing on a basement of steps. The 
 curfew bell is rung here during the 
 winter, and a pancake bell at mid- 
 day on Shrove Tuesday. 
 
 About 1 m. to rt, on the bank of 
 the Wyre is Mains Hall, an old house 
 of the Heskeths, in the secret hiding 
 places of which Cardinal Allen, in 
 the reign of Elizabeth, often found 
 security. 
 
 [A line on 1. runs to Blackpool, 
 passing Bispliam Stat. Domesday 
 Book mentions it as Biscopham, 
 and the ch. contains a medieval 
 chalice. 
 
 18 m. Blackpool. Hotels: The Im- 
 perial, a magnificent and first-class 
 hotel situated at the N. end of the 
 town in the grounds of Claremont ; 
 Clifton Arms, good ; Albion ; with 
 every kind of refreshment-houses 
 suitable to the wants and necessities 
 of the excursionists who during the 
 summer come in countless numbers. 
 Manchester, Preston, Blackburn, 
 and Liverpool empty themselves on 
 fine summer days into Blackpool, 
 which is the chosen Arcadia of 
 manufacturing Lancashire. It is 
 worth seeing under these circum- 
 stances, though how far they con- 
 tribute to the pleasure of residents 
 is a matter of doubt. Blackpool, 
 which was not many years ago a 
 little village, so called from a peaty 
 
150 
 
 Route 16 . — Rossall Hall. 
 
 brook, now converted into the main 
 sewer, extends from South Shore to 
 Claremont, a distance of more than 
 2 m. in an uninterrupted line. Its 
 situation is fine, the low sandy 
 shore which prevails at Lytham 
 gradually giving place to cliffs some 
 60 or 70 feet high. The houses thus 
 gain a fine sea view over the Irish 
 Sea and the entrance to Morecambe 
 Bay, while the air is of the freshest 
 and sometimes of the roughest. 
 When the weather is tolerably clear, 
 the Fells of Westmoreland and Cum- 
 berland, the mountains of Wales, 
 and even the Isle of Man, are 
 plainly visible. The amusements 
 of Blackpool are en regie with those 
 of watering-places generally, the 
 principal and most fashionable pro- 
 menade being the Pier, which is 
 1400 feet long, and forms quite an 
 establishment of itself. It is con- 
 structed of iron piles, placed in clus- 
 ters and trussed together, such a mode 
 being found to answer best where the 
 situation is exposed, as in this case. 
 In rough weather it is a fine sight 
 to see the showers of spray dash- 
 ing over it. Startling incidents are 
 related of the curative properties of 
 the sea at Blackpool ; amongst others, 
 that of a man totally blind, who, 
 after drinking large quantities of sea 
 water, and daily bathing his eyes in 
 it, quite recovered his sight ! Fox 
 Hall , now a public house, at South 
 Shore, occupies the site of an old 
 house built by Sir Thomas Tyldes- 
 ley (author of the 1 Tyldesley 
 Diary,’ a new edition of which has 
 been brought out by Rev. G. Gil- 
 low and Mr. A. Hewitson of Pres- 
 ton), which afterwards became a 
 great place for the concealment of 
 priests. With the exception of the 
 cliffs, along which there is a plea- 
 sant breezy walk for miles, there 
 is but little of interest in the interior. 
 Marton Mere , 2J m. inland, is the 
 subject of a tradition that it was 
 haunted by a mermaid. The geolo- 
 gist will find in the cliffs at the 
 
 Gynn , m. X. of Blackpool, a 
 
 maiine deposit containing a num- 
 ber of shells. Great encroachments 
 have been made by the sea on this 
 coast, and about 1 m. from land, at 
 very low tides, may be seen just 
 rising from the waves a rock known 
 as the Fenny Stone (opposite 
 Norbrock, 2 m. N.), from a tradition 
 that travellers used formerly to tie 
 their horses to it, when they alighted 
 to get a penny pot of ale at the 
 public-house close by. Tire local 
 saying is — 
 
 “ Penny stood, Carling fled, and Ited Bank 
 ran away.” 
 
 The walk may be extended hence 
 to] 
 
 3 m. Cleveleys Stat., where are an 
 inn and a few cottages tenanted by 
 bathers in summer. 1J m. beyond 
 that again is Rossall Hall, once the 
 seat of Sir Peter Fleetwood, but 
 now converted into a famous north 
 country school, where some 400 or 
 500 boys are educated on the same 
 basis as at the public schools. The 
 school buildings, though in a very 
 exposed situation, are extensive and 
 commodious, and the chapel is ex- 
 ceedingly handsome. It contains 
 some stained glass by Hardman , a 
 reredos of alabaster, and an organ 
 by Willis. During the reign of 
 Elizabeth, Rossall was the resi- 
 dence of the Allen family, noted 
 Catholics, one of whom, Dr. Wil- 
 liam Allen, 1532, rose to the 
 dignity of a cardinal and arch- 
 bishop, and was the defender of 
 Sir William Stanley’s treachery in 
 the surrendering the town of De- 
 venter to the Spaniards. Of the 
 Fleetwood family was Dr. William 
 Fleetwood, Bishop of St. Asaph 
 and Ely (d. 1723). 
 
 From Poulton the rly. is carried 
 over a desolate region alongside of 
 and across a portion of the estuary 
 of the Wyre, a vast expanse of peaty, 
 mud-covered surface, which at low 
 
Boute 17 . — Preston to Kendal. 
 
 151 
 
 water is depressing enough to tra- 
 verse — 
 
 “ That Wyre, when once she knew how well 
 these floods had sped, 
 
 When their reports abroad in every place 
 was spred, 
 
 It vex’d her very heart their eminence to 
 see, 
 
 Their equal at the least, who thought her- 
 selfe to be. 
 
 She in her crooked course to seaward 
 softly slides 
 
 Where Pellin’s mighty moese and Merton’s 
 on her sides 
 
 Their boggy breasts outlay.” 
 
 The Wyre, like several other Lan- 
 cashire streams, was formerly noted 
 for its pearl mussels , “called by 
 the inhabitants Hambleton Hookins, 
 from their manner of taking them, 
 which is done by their plucking 
 them from their skeers or beds with 
 hooks.” — Dr. Leigh. 
 
 The chimneys of Rossall are 
 seen on the 1. by the seashore. The 
 terminus is reached at 20 m. Fleet- 
 wood (Inns: Royal, Crown, Queen’s), 
 a place which owes its entire ex- 
 istence to the owner of the soil, Sir 
 P. Hesketh Fleetwood, who, seeing 
 its capabilities as a port, built docks 
 and quays, and laid out the plan of 
 a considerable town, where, as re- 
 cently as 1836, was nothing but 
 a rabbit warren. As a water- 
 ing place it is tolerably well pa- 
 tronized in the summer, though its 
 principal prosperity depends on the 
 line of steamers which daily run to 
 Belfast, and in the summer time 
 from Fleetwood to Piel, on the 
 opposite coast of Furness. A large 
 iron wharf was placed here by 
 Stephenson , made of iron piles, 
 faced with iron plates, and driven 17 
 ft. below low- water mark. Fleetwood 
 is the head-quarters of a Govern- 
 ment School of Musketry, which 
 infuses a little life into what would 
 be otherwise an exceedingly dull 
 residence. Inland there is not much 
 to encourage the visitor, but seaward 
 the views over Morecambe Bay and 
 the Fells of Furness are exceedingly 
 fine. On the opposite coast of the 
 
 Wyre estuary is the village of Free - 
 sal, occupying the only bit of rising 
 ground for a considerable distance. 
 Near it is Parrox Hall (D. H. El- 
 let son, Esq.), and lower down is 
 Stalmine (C. Bourne, Esq.). 
 
 About 1 ra. from Stalmine is 
 Pilling Moss, of 2 or 3 acres in 
 extent, and the most extraordinary 
 breeding ground for sea-gulls in the 
 kingdom. The nests in the season 
 average from 10,000 to 12,000, and 
 are frequently so close together that 
 it is almost impossible to set the foot 
 down between them. They formerly 
 bred on Walney Island, but being 
 disturbed there, they migrated hither, 
 and are preserved by the owners of 
 the property in accordance with the 
 Sea Birds Preservation Act. The 
 gulls are of the variety known as 
 Larus ridihundus , though there is a 
 colony of a different species ( Larus 
 catnus) a few miles off. “ As inex- 
 haustible as Pilling Moss ” was an 
 old local saying, now obsolete, as 
 it has been nearly all (several 1000 
 acres) reclaimed. Pilling Hall was 
 an old grange belonging to Cocker- 
 sand Abbey. 
 
 ROUTE 17. 
 
 PRESTON TO KENDAL, BY 
 LANCASTER. 
 
 This route is performed bv the 
 main line of the London and North- 
 Western Rly. to Carlisle and Scot- 
 land, running through a pretty 
 country that skirts the base of the 
 Bleasdale Fells, although they do 
 
152 
 
 Route 17 . — Goosnargh — Garstang. 
 
 not enter much into the composition 
 of the landscape. 
 
 On it. the cattle-market and the 
 barracks of Fullwood are passed on 
 the way to 
 
 5 m. Broughton Stat. 1 m. to 
 the rt. is Broughton Tower, the old 
 residence of the Singleton family, 
 and now a farmhouse. The ch. 
 is aisled, the N. arch being called 
 the Barton Chapel, after its founder, 
 Thomas Barton, while the S. aisle 
 is the Singleton Chapel. 
 
 A little further on rt. is Barton 
 Ball (C. R. Jacson, Esq.). “ The 
 original seat, called Barton Old 
 Ball, was a brick edifice, erected 
 in the time of Henry VIII., with 
 two gables in front, a projecting 
 wing, and mullion windows/’ 
 
 On the 1. is Newsham Hall (J. 
 Hawkins. Esq.). 
 
 At 7J m. Brock Stat., the river 
 Brock is crossed, and the Lan- 
 cashire Canal runs parallel with 
 the rly. to Garstang. On 1. are 
 Myerscough Hall (Major Cunliffe), 
 and House (J. Parkinson, Esq.). 
 Myerscough Lodge , now a farm- 
 house, was, at the time of the 
 Civil War, the seat of the Tyl- 
 desleys, “ a family unanimously 
 and invariably Royalist, which fur- 
 nished the ablest soldier who fought 
 for the King in Lancashire, and pro- 
 bably the most active, resolute, and 
 uncompromising partisan. If Lord 
 Strange was the head of the King’s 
 forces in Lancashire, Sir Thomas 
 Tyldesley (see Rte. 16) was the right 
 hand, or rather their heart and soul 
 and living power. A soldier by 
 temperament as well as profession, 
 early trained in the wars of the 
 Low Countries, brave, proud, gene- 
 rous, enthusiastically loyal, he raised 
 and equij>ped troops at the expense 
 of his family, and commanded them 
 at the. battle of Edge Hill. With 
 indomitable zeal and courage he 
 served at the sieges of Bolton and 
 
 Lancaster. After the execution of 
 the King, he rallied the Royalists 
 in support of the cause of Prince 
 Charles, and persevered amidst 
 many discouragements, until, fight- 
 ing at the head of his soldiers in the 
 battle of Wigan Lane, he was shot 
 by one of Lilburn s Roundheads.” — 
 Halley. Myerscough is mentioned 
 by some as the house in which the 
 petition was presented in favour of 
 the ‘ Book of Sports ’ to King James, 
 when making his grand progress to 
 Hoghton Tower. Charles II. also 
 stopped here on his road from Pres- 
 ton southwards. In the interior are 
 an oak staircase and chimney-piece, 
 carved in panels. 
 
 About 3 m. rt. of Brock is Goos - 
 nargh , where there is a hospital, 
 founded in 1735 by Dr. William 
 Bush ell, for decayed gentry of the 
 townships of Preston, Euxton,Whit- 
 tingham, Goosnargh, Fulwood, and 
 Elston. The house, which is like 
 any other gentleman’s house, con- 
 tains 30 inmates. A very curious 
 document is in existence, called the 
 Book of the Twenty-four, or the 
 Church-book of Goosnargh, which 
 gives much interesting information 
 as to the parochial life of the day. 
 Near Goosnargh is Middleton Hall, 
 now a farmhouse. It was origi- 
 nally a seat of the Singletons, who 
 were succeeded by the Rigby family, 
 who, in their turn, ceased living at 
 it about 80 years ago. Of this family 
 was Colonel Rigbye, the besieger of 
 Lathom House. At the head of 
 the Brock, or the Bleasdale Fells, 
 is Bleasdale Tower (W. J. Garnett, 
 Esq.), and close by is the North Lan- 
 cashire Reformatory School, the boys 
 of which are occupied in reclaiming 
 the moor. 
 
 §lm.Garstang Stat. Between Brock 
 and Garstang on the rt. is Claugliton 
 Hall, the seat of W. F. Broekholes, 
 Esq. The town of Garstang (Inns: 
 Eagle and Child, Royal Oak) is 
 situated about 1| m. to the L, on 
 
153 
 
 Route 17 . — St. Michael' s-on-Wy re. 
 
 the rt. bank of the Eiver Wyre, 
 and although now an unimportant 
 little place, it was brisk and thriving 
 enough in the old coaching days. 
 It was sufficiently important, more- 
 over, to obtain a charter from Ed- 
 ward II., which was subsequently 
 confirmed by Charles II., who granted 
 additional privileges. A paper-mill 
 at Catterall, a small hamlet to the 
 S. of the town, gives some employ- 
 ment to the population. Occupation 
 is found, too, in some cotton-mills at 
 Calder Vale , a village 2J m. to the 
 N.E. of the station. There is but 
 little to see in the place except 
 a fine bridge over the Wyre and 
 the aqueduct which carries the 
 Lancaster Canal across it. The 
 former was built in lieu of an old 
 one, erected by the Earl of Derby to 
 maintain communication with Green- 
 halgh Castle. A curious notice of 
 Garstang cattle-market is preserved 
 in some doggrel Latin verses by 
 Drunken Barnaby : — 
 
 „ “ Veni Garstang, ubi nata, 
 
 Sunt armenta fronte lata, 
 
 Veni Garstang, ubi male 
 tntrans Forum Bestiale, 
 
 Forte vacillando vico 
 Hue et illuc cum amico, 
 
 In juvencie dorsum rui 
 Cujus cornu lsesus fui.” 
 
 The 'parish ch ., curiously enough, 
 is situated at least 1J m. S. of the 
 town, not far from the confluence of 
 the Calder with the Wyre, and its 
 place in Garstang is supplied by a 
 chapel of ease of modern erection. 
 The old ch. (restored in 1868) con- 
 sists of nave, aisles, and clerestory, 
 chancel, tower, and chapel in the S. 
 aisle. The E. window, of 5 lights, 
 is remarkably good, and the W. 
 windows of the aisles are also worth 
 notice. The chancel contains some 
 good carved oak stalls and a screen, 
 shutting off the N. chancel-aisle, in 
 which is placed the organ. The S. or 
 Lady Chapel has a piscina and an oak 
 roof, the beams of which have several 
 Latin inscriptions. The S. chancel- 
 
 aisle was the burying-place of the 
 Banasters, and that of the N. of the 
 Butlers of Kirkland, to one of whom 
 there is a marble slab. There is 
 also the effigy of a priest, in bad 
 preservation. 
 
 [A short branch rly. is thrown off 
 at Garstang stat. to 8 m. Pilling, 
 Originally it was intended that the 
 line should be carried across the 
 Wyre to Fleetwood, and so the 
 north immediately connected with 
 that seaport. But funds have been 
 wanting to carry it beyond Pilling. 
 It is a railway of even more primb 
 tive construction than the one from 
 Preston to Longridge. It is chiefly 
 used by farmers. The trains are 
 generally composed of one carriage 
 and a few trucks, which are usually 
 more than enough for the traffic. 
 
 1^ m. N.W. of Garstang are 
 Natehy Hall and Bowers , both farm- 
 houses. The latter contains a cu- 
 rious “priest-hole/’ approached by 
 winding stairs. Lower down the 
 Wyre, at its junction with Brock, is 
 the village of St. Michael’ s-on- Wyre, 
 the ch. of which contains a chapel 
 to the Butler ffimily, now extinct. 
 It formerly contained the effigy of 
 St. Catherine, the patron saint, which 
 used to be brought out during hay- 
 making time. St. Michael’s Hall , an 
 antique farmhouse, was the seat of 
 the Kirkbys and Longworths, old 
 Fylde families. Still lower down the 
 river is Rawcliffe Hall, a seat of the 
 Wilson-ffrance family, and Out-Raw - 
 cliff e, an old 17th-centy. mansion, 
 modernised. Turnover Hall, the 
 ancient seat of the Shuttleworths, 
 and afterwards one of the mansions 
 of the Westbys, is in this neighbour- 
 hood. Between Garstang parish ch. 
 and the town is Kirkland Hall, the 
 old seat of the Butlers. The rly. 
 crosses the Calder at the Garstang 
 Stat., at a considerable elevation, and 
 amidst very pretty scenery on both 
 sides. Between the line and Gars- 
 tang town are the scanty ruins of 
 Greenhalgh Castle , which, according 
 
154 
 
 Route 17. — Glasson — Overton . 
 
 to Camden, “ was built by Thomas 
 Stanley, the first Earl of Derby of 
 that family, while he was under ap- 
 prehension of danger from certain 
 of the nobility outlawed in this 
 county, whose estates had been given 
 him by Henry VII., for they made 
 several attempts upon him, fre- 
 quently making inroads into his 
 grounds, till at last these feuds were 
 wisely quieted by the moderation of 
 this excellent person/’ Later on, 
 in the Civil War, Greenhalgh be- 
 came an important situation, being 
 garrisoned for the King by Ander- 
 ton of Euxton. But at his death, 
 the garrison being dispirited, sur- 
 rendered the castle, and it was 
 demolished by order of the Parlia- 
 ment in 1649. 
 
 Near Scorton Stat., 12 J m., the 
 fells approach the rly., which here 
 crosses the Wyre, on its way from 
 its source in Wyresdale Fells — 
 
 ** Arising but a rill at first from Wyresdale’s 
 lap, 
 
 Yet still receiving ail her strength from her 
 full mother’s pap, 
 
 As down to seaward she her serious course 
 doth ply. 
 
 Takes Calder coming in, to beare her com- 
 pany.” 
 
 Between Garstang and Scorton, 
 on the right, is a shooting-box of 
 Lord Bective’s, well situated on the 
 hill side. Almost opposite it, in the 
 valley, on the 1. is Woodacre Hall, 
 now a farmhouse, formerly the dower- 
 house of the Duchesses of Hamilton. 
 Immediately to the rt. of Scorton 
 stat., and in a line with each other, 
 are the ch. and the Roman Catholic 
 chapel, both modern and very hand- 
 some buildings. Beautifully situ- 
 ated on the hill above the village 
 is Wyersdale Park, the seat of the 
 late P. Ormrod, Esq., now the pro- 
 perty of his widow ; 2§ m. on the 1. 
 is Winmarleigh, House, the seat of 
 Lord Winmarleigh. a modern build- 
 ing by Paley of Lancaster. 
 
 16 m. Bay Horse Stat. On 1. are 
 
 Clifton Hill (Mrs. Brockholes), Ellel 
 Grange (G. T. R. Preston, Esq.), 
 and Haycarr (W. B. Mortimer, Esq.). 
 Near the Grange is seen the spire 
 a chapel erected bv the late W. 
 Preston, Esq., the interior of which 
 is very elaborately though somewhat 
 tawdrily decorated ; and 2 m. rt., 
 overlooking the Wyre , is Wyreside 
 (H. Garnett, Esq.). 
 
 At 17 £ m. Galgate Stat. the river 
 Conder is crossed — 
 
 “ To Neptune lowting low, the chrystall 
 Lon doth cease, 
 
 And Conder comming in, conducts her by 
 the hand, 
 
 And lastly shee salutes the poynt of Sun- 
 derland.” 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 On 1. are Ellel Hall (W. Ford, Esq.), 
 and Ashton Hall , the beautiful seat of 
 J. Chamberlain Starkie, Esq., which 
 was formerly in the possession of 
 the Dukes of Hamilton, through the 
 marriage of James, Earl of Arran, 
 with the heiress of Digby, Lord 
 Gerard, in the reign of James II. 
 It is of the date of the 15th and 
 16th cents., and has a large square 
 tower at one end with turrets, battle- 
 ments, and machicolations. The inte- 
 rior contains a splendid baronial hall. 
 Ashton is beautifully situated in 
 an extensive park overlooking the 
 mouth of the Lune and the Bay of 
 Morecambe. At the point where 
 the estuary of the Lune begins to 
 narrow are the docks of Glasson , 
 intended to serve as the port of 
 Lancaster. There are two docks, 
 one of which is 12 acres in extent, 
 and will receive vessels of 400 tons. 
 They communicate with the Lancas- 
 ter Canal by a short branch which 
 joins it at Galgate. A rly. is pro- 
 jected from Lancaster to Glasson. 
 
 Nearly opposite Glasson, on the 
 W. shore of the Lune estuary, is 
 Overton , the inhabitants of which 
 petitioned that, as they were sur- 
 rounded by the sea twice in 24 hours, 
 they might have a minister of their 
 own, instead of being obliged to go 
 to Heysham, or the parson being 
 
155 
 
 Route 17 . — Cocker sand Abbey. 
 
 obliged to come from there. The 
 ch. has a Norm, doorway, which is 
 a triple recessed arch with zigzag 
 moulding and square imposts. At 
 the end of the neck of land on which 
 Overton is situated is Sunderland , 
 used as a bathing-place by the Lan- 
 castrians. “ Sambo’s Grave ” is a 
 large stone slab, with a brass let 
 into it. The inscription states that 
 there lies “ poor Sambo, a faithful 
 negro, who (attending his master 
 from the West indies) died on his 
 arrival at the mouth of the river 
 Lune, below Lancaster, about sixty 
 years ago i.e. about 1736. 
 
 2 m. S. of Glasson, on the pen- 
 insula formed by the mouths of the 
 Lune and the Cocker, is the ruin of 
 Cocker sand Abbey — 
 
 “ Where Coker, a shy nymph that clerely 
 seems to shun 
 
 All popular applause, who from her chrys- 
 tall head 
 
 In Wyresdale, near where Wyre is by her 
 fountain fed.” 
 
 It at one time was of such im- 
 portance as to be reckoned the third 
 in dignity of the Lancashire mona- 
 steries, and covered an acre of land. 
 The remains chiefly consist of 
 the octagonal chapter-house, used 
 as the burial-place of the Daltons. 
 A finely clustered column rises 
 from the centre to support the roof. 
 An amusing story is told by Fox 
 of Cockerham Church, in the time 
 of Queen Mary. The parishioners, 
 wishing to renew their rood, which 
 had been decayed, bargained with 
 the carpenter to make a new one, 
 and when it was finished they re- 
 fused payment, because it was not 
 like the old one, which “ was a 
 well-favoured man,” but, instead, 
 “ was the worst-favoured man they 
 had ever set eyes on, gaping and 
 grinning in such sort that their 
 children were afraid to look him in 
 the face or go near him.” Where- 
 upon the carpenter summoned the 
 churchwardens before the Mayor of 
 Lancaster, who decided that he was 
 
 entitled to payment, as having done 
 the best he could; and if the pa- 
 rishioners “did not like their god they 
 could put a pair of horns upon him 
 and he would make a capital devil.” 
 At the period of the Dissolution, the 
 lands of Cockersand passed to the 
 Kitchens of Pilling, and thence by 
 marriage to the Daltons of Thurn- 
 ham one of the most powerful of 
 the hundred of Lonsdale families, 
 whose ancient seat of Thurnham is on 
 the 1. During the Civil War, Thomas 
 Dalton raised and equipped a regi- 
 ment of cavalry for the king, at the 
 head of which he marched south- 
 wards, and died, fighting bravely, 
 at Newbury. Thurnham Hall (Sir 
 G. Dalton FitzGerald ) was refronted 
 in the beginning of this centy. It 
 contains some family pictures, and 
 some excellent portraits by Lonsdale. 
 It is a fine castellated building, 
 and close by it is a very handsome 
 Roman Catholic chapel, with a lofty 
 spire. 
 
 The rly. now passes 1. Aldcliffe 
 Hall (E. Dawson, Esq.), the grounds 
 of which are remarkable for an ex- 
 traordinarily long embankment of 
 2000 yards, by which 160 acres were 
 reclaimed from the sea. For this 
 work Mr. Dawson received the Gold 
 Medal of the Society of Arts in 1820. 
 On the rt. is Ripley's Hospital , and 
 on the 1 . The Albert Asylum for 
 Idiots. Thi3 latter building pro- 
 vides for the gratuitous education of 
 idiots and imbeciles of all classes 
 belonging to the counties of Lanca- 
 shire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, West- 
 moreland, Cumberland, Durham, and 
 Northumberland, It is a handsome 
 structure in the Domestic Gothic 
 style, the architects being Messrs. 
 Paley & Austin of Lancaster. Be- 
 sides the asylum buildings there are 
 several lodges and cottages, and also 
 a complete set of farm buildings 
 forming a separate industrial esta- 
 blishment. The train now glides 
 under the old castle walls of 
 
156 
 
 Route 17 . — Lancaster: Castle . 
 
 21 \ m. Lancaster Jfnc. with the 
 Midland Ely. to Settle, Ingleton, 
 and Leeds. 
 
 Lancaster ( Inns : County ; King’s 
 Arms, old-fashioned and comfort- 
 able, formerly containing some very 
 tine furniture, which was dispersed 
 at a sale in 1877; it is chronicled in 
 one of Dickens’s stories ; Queen’s ; 
 Commercial) was a Koman station, 
 and possessed a camp on the lofty 
 site of its present Castle in the 1st 
 centy. The mound on which it 
 stands is supposed to be partly 
 artificial. 
 
 The view from the Castle is one 
 of great beauty; in front is the fine 
 expanse of Morecambe Bay, with 
 Morecambe town on its shores, 
 the mountains of the Furness dis- 
 trict, Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land, and to the 1. the Lune winding 
 through fertile meadows and a rich 
 variegated country. 
 
 “ After came the stony, shallow Lune, 
 
 That to old Lancaster its name doth lend ” 
 Spenser . 
 
 Camden says : — “ The river Lone 
 sees Lancaster on the S. side of it, 
 the chief town of this county, which 
 the inhabitants more truly call 
 Loncaster, and the Scots Loncastell, 
 from the river Lon. Both its name 
 at this day and the river under it 
 in a manner prove it to be the Lon- 
 govicum, where, under the lieute- 
 nant of Britain (as the Nobilia in- 
 forms us) a company of the Longo- 
 vicarians, who took that name from 
 the place, kept garrison” Many 
 Boman remains have been found at 
 various times, and Lancaster is con- 
 sidered by many antiquaries to be 
 identical with Bremetonacis. In 
 1772 an altar was duir up, dedicated 
 u to the Divine Shades by Lucius 
 Julius Apolimaris, a Trever citizen, 
 thirty years of age, a horseman of 
 the Ala. ...” A sepulchre with 
 remains was revealed in excavating 
 a cellar in Church-st., and in 1774 
 a Boman tile manufactory at Queru- 
 
 more. Several milliaria , or Boman 
 mile-stones, formerly existed on the 
 road to Over Burrow ; and between 
 Lancaster and Cockerham, a number 
 of sculptured heads and figures were 
 turned up. About 1823 a tablet 
 was discovered in Church-st., which 
 records that the Ala Sebussiana, 
 under the direction of Octavius Sa- 
 binus, a man of illustrious rank and 
 President of Britain, rebuilt a bath r 
 and restored a basilica. In 1834 a 
 milliary of Trajan was found on the 
 Castle Hill. u Traces of the old 
 earth-mounds are still visible in the 
 field to the N.W. of the footpath 
 from the ch. to the quay, though 
 the remains of the wall have entirely 
 disappeared. But, following the line 
 which this fosse must have taken in 
 encircling the hill towards the E., 
 the wall is again found in a garden — 
 a huge overhanging mass, exactly 
 answering to Stukeley’s descrip- 
 tion, and of a character unmistakc- 
 ably Boman.” Lancaster was be- 
 stowed by William the Conqueror 
 on Boger of Poictou, who built or 
 added to the castle in 1094 ; and it 
 became the capital of this Norman 
 noble, who was further enfeoffed bv 
 William of 398 English manors and 
 of the whole county of Lancashire. 
 The town early acquired extensive 
 privileges, among which were an 
 assize of bread, a pillory, and a gal- 
 lows. Henry, Earl of Derby, son of 
 Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, was 
 created Duke of Lancaster, by a 
 patent dated March 6th, 1351. In 
 the reign of Edward III., Lanca- 
 shire was raised to the dignity of a 
 Palatinate, and he granted a char- 
 ter to its capital in 1363. It became 
 the residence of John of Gaunt. He 
 built the magnificent gateway of the 
 castle, but very little of the tower 
 which is called by his name. This 
 latter was probably buil t in the 13th 
 centy. by Hubert de Burgh. The 
 castle was for many years his occa- 
 sional residence, and over the gate- 
 way is an effigy of him, soulptured 
 
Route 1 7 . — Lancaster : Castle . 
 
 157 
 
 by a Scotch mason of the name of 
 Nimmo, and placed there in 1822. 
 The appearance of the Castle from 
 the rly. is not very imposing, little 
 of it being visible, except the modern 
 assize-courts. It should be viewed 
 from the E. side, where its grand 
 proportions are very conspicuous. 
 The terrace-walk, a stone pavement 
 carried nearly round the castle- 
 walls, forms a pleasant promenade 
 with a glorious view. Outside the 
 castle, and near the ch.-yard, is a 
 spot where the gallows used to be 
 erected for executions. One of the 
 former chaplains of the gaol is said 
 to have attended no less than 170 
 criminals to the scaffold. Among 
 the notable prisoners which the cas- 
 tle has had are John Paslew, last 
 Abbot of Whalley, in 1586, on a 
 charge of high treason for taking 
 part in the rebellion of “ The Pilgri- 
 mage of Grace and in 1554, 
 George Marsh, who was burnt at 
 Chester, the year after, for refusing 
 to conform to the Roman Catholic 
 religion. The famous trial of the Lan- 
 cashire witches in August 1612, was 
 also held here. The gateway tower is 
 flanked by 2 octagonal turrets, 66 ft. 
 high, surmounted by watch towers. 
 This is, perhaps, the finest part of 
 the building. There are altogether 
 4 towers — the Gateway Tower ; the 
 Lungess Tower, or Great Norman 
 Keep, at the top of which is a turret 
 called John of Gaunt’s Chair ; the 
 original Norman windows still exist 
 in the lower part, but the upper 
 portion was rebuilt by Queen Eliza- 
 beth. Part of the interior is used 
 as a chapel, the rest as work- 
 rooms and dormitories; Adrian’s 
 Tower, which is now cased over, 
 and the Well Tower, the foun- 
 dations of which are ascribed to 
 Constantine Chlorus in 305. Two 
 stories of dungeons are beneath the 
 ground. The Dungeon Tower, built 
 on Roman foundations, was de- 
 molished in 1818, to make way for 
 the Penitentiary. The Gateway 
 
 Tower contains 8 large rooms and 
 several small ones : the Constable’ s- 
 room, the Smugglers' -room, and the 
 “ Pin-box,” in which Henry IV. is 
 said to have given audience to the 
 King of Scotland and the ambassa- 
 dors of France. On entering the 
 quadrangle, the modern character of 
 the greater part of the building is 
 apparent. There are the assize- 
 courts, gaol, and apartments for the 
 officers. The walls of the great 
 tower or keep are 10 ft. thick, and 
 of immense strength. The interior is 
 occupied by the prison chapel. The 
 assize-courts are spacious and hand- 
 some ; but, since the division of the 
 county and the consequent transfer 
 of the greater portion of its legal 
 business to Liverpool and Man- 
 chester, the assizes, which formerly 
 occupied a fortnight or 3 weeks, 
 now seldom extend beyond 3 days. 
 
 In the Crown Court, opened in 
 1796, the Judge’s Chair is surmount- 
 ed by some richly carved woodwork, 
 and by a large painting of George 
 III. on horseback, by Northcote. At 
 the back of the dock in this court 
 is to be seen the “holdfast,” into 
 which were put the left hands of 
 criminals who had been sentenced 
 to be burned in the hand, the punish- 
 ment being inflicted in open court. 
 The NisiPrius Court, opened in 1798, 
 is a larger and more imposing struc- 
 ture, the ceiling being of open stone- 
 work, supported by elegant clustered 
 columns. The 2 pictures were pre- 
 sented by the late Sir Robert Peel — 
 one of Colonel Stanley, the other of 
 John Blaekburne, Esq., former re- 
 presentatives of Lancashire in Par- 
 liament. The castle was besieged 
 and taken in the Civil Wars by 
 both sides, and on the S.W. side of 
 the town maybe seen remains of the 
 trenches, and of the batteries for 
 breaching the walls. In November 
 1745 the Pretender entered Lancas- 
 ter at the head of his Highlanders, 
 marching on foot to encourage his 
 followers. In the following month 
 
158 
 
 Route 17 . — Lancaster : Churches. 
 
 they were in full retreat, only stay- | 
 ing a night at Lancaster. Her 
 Majesty the Queen visited Lancaster 
 Castle in 1851, and ascended to the 
 top of “ John of Gaunt’s chair,” the 
 doorway in the turret being made 
 for this purpose and bearing the 
 initials and date, “ V. R. 1851. ’ 
 
 The parish ch. ( S . Mary s') on the 
 summit of the hill (restored by 
 Paley ) was built on the site of a 
 Benedictine priory, for the most part 
 of the date of the 15th centy. Some 
 portion of it, however, is as early as 
 the 13th centy. The aisles are 
 divided from the body of the ch. 
 by 8 Pointed arches, the capitals of 
 the supporting pillars being richly 
 moulded. The plan is that of a 
 complete parallelogram, eight bays 
 in length. The chancel, the ar- 
 cades of which are particularly fine, 
 is of the same length as the nave. 
 Its oak stalls, which are said to have 
 been brought from Cockersand Ab- 
 bey, but more likely from Furness, 
 are of the finest work, and for the 
 date (Early Decorated) probably un- 
 equalled. The tower was rebuilt 
 in 1759. There is a brass to the 
 memory of Thomas Coveil, who was 
 governor of the castle for 48 years, 
 with an inscription, a curious liter- 
 ary composition. There are three 
 good windows by Clayton and Bell, 
 the other painted glass being of the 
 worst possible type. Amongst the 
 monuments is one, by Boubilliac , to 
 William Stratford, LL.D. ; and an- 
 other to the memory of Sir Samuel 
 Eyre, one of the judges of the Court 
 of King’s Bench in the reign of 
 William III. 
 
 A very rare cross, with a Runic 
 inscription, was dug up in the ch.- 
 yard ; making the 5th of that cha- 
 racter known in Great Britain. 
 
 Christ Church was erected and 
 endowed by Samuel Gregson, Esq., 
 one of the members of the town, and 
 was opened in 1859. Mr. Gregson 
 
 also erected the baths and wash- 
 houses on the Green Area. 
 
 St. Peter's Roman Catholic ch. 
 in the East road, is a fine building 
 erected in 1859, from designs by 
 Faley, at a cost of 15,000Z. The 
 interior is unusually spacious and 
 striking. The style is Geom.-Goth. 
 The groined wood ceiling of the 
 chancel is decorated with gold and 
 colours. The high altar and the 
 Lady Chapel altar are composed 
 of various coloured marbles. The 
 3 E. windows are of stained glass, 
 by Hardman, the centre one repre- 
 senting the Ascension — the 1. St. 
 Peter standing in the Gateway of 
 Heaven, and receiving the keys — 
 that on the rt. St. Paul caught up 
 to the third Heaven, and his Con- 
 version on the way to Damascus. 
 The tower and spire are 240 ft. in 
 height. 
 
 On the hill above it is the Gram- 
 mar School , a Tudor modern build- 
 ing, over the door of which is a 
 statuette of Her Majesty as Duchess 
 of Lancaster. The original build- 
 ing was a Jacobean structure, and 
 stood on the western side of the 
 parish church. Here were educated 
 Dr. Whewell and Professor Owen, 
 both natives of the town. The 
 visitor should ascend to the top of 
 the hill for the sake of the view , 
 which is one of the most extensive 
 to be found in this country on a clear 
 day. The Isle of Man and the 
 mountains of Wales can be seen 
 distinctly. N. are the Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland hills; W. are 
 Morecombe Bay and the Irish Sea ; 
 S. stretches the wide plain of the 
 Fylde district ; E. are Ingleborough 
 — the highest mountain in York- 
 shire, Clougha and the Wyresdale 
 Fells. At the back is the Lunatic 
 Asylum , a very fine and commodious 
 establishment, built to holdover 1000 
 patients. The Town Hall is a heavy 
 edifice, built of freestone, and con- 
 tains portraits of Geo. III., the Duke 
 of York, Mr. Pitt, and Lord Nelson ; 
 
Route 17 . — Lancaster : Excursions . 
 
 159 
 
 the two latter were painted by Lons- 
 dale, and presented by him to his 
 native town. 
 
 The other public buildings are not 
 important. Ripley’s Hospital , which 
 forms a prominent object on ap- 
 proaching the city and close to the 
 rly. on rt., was erected for the main- 
 tenance and education of orphans, by 
 the widow of Thomas Ripley, Esq., a 
 native of Lancaster and a Liverpool 
 merchant, who had devoted 100,000/. 
 for the purpose. It is a noble build- 
 ing of the Early Pointed style of 
 the 12th centy., and is intended for 
 the education of 150 boys and 150 
 girls. The clock-tower in the centre 
 is 110 ft. in height. 
 
 At Horseshoe Corner, in the town, 
 is a horseshoe fixed in the pave- 
 ment, which is renewed at certain 
 intervals. The custom is^. supposed 
 to have originated in the time of 
 John of Gaunt, who once rode into 
 the town upon a charger which lost 
 its shoe at this place. It was taken 
 up and fixed in the middle of the 
 street, and a new one has been re- 
 gularly placed there every 7th year, 
 at the expense of the townsmen who 
 reside near the spot. As a seaport, 
 Lancaster was once of greater im- 
 portance than Liverpool, and carried 
 on a considerable trade with the 
 West Indies, Archangel, and the 
 Baltic; but the close of the last 
 centy. saw a great change for the 
 worse. When Charles I. levied 
 ship-money, Lancaster was assessed 
 at 30/., Liverpool at 15/., and Pres- 
 ton at 20/., for fitting out a ship of 
 400 tons. The population has in- 
 creased of late years — silk thread, 
 railway waggon-making, cabinet- 
 making, cocoa-matting, table baize, 
 and cotton spinning, constitute the 
 principal industries, being the main 
 sources of trade. The quiet streets 
 present, a great contrast to the stir 
 and bustle of most of the other Lan- 
 cashire towns. Lancaster, however, 
 stands high in sanitary improve- 
 ments, and particularly in that of 
 
 water supply, which is brought from 
 the Abbeystead, Lea, Dunkenshaw, 
 and Tarnbrook Fells, and is the 
 purest supplied to any town in 
 England. It first sent representa- 
 tives to Parliament in 1293, but 
 ceased in 1359 ; resumed its privi- 
 leges in 1547, and continued them 
 until 1868, when it was disfranchised 
 for general and habitual corruption. 
 
 Rail from Lancaster, by London 
 and North- Western, to Preston, 21 £ 
 m. ; Warrington, 48£ m. ; London, 
 231 m. ; Carnforth, m. ; Kendal, 
 21 m. ; Carlisle, 69J m. ; Winder- 
 mere, 29.J m. By Furness Rly. to 
 Grange, 15f m. ; Ulverston, 25^ m. ; 
 Furness Abbey, 3 If m. ; Dalton, 
 30 m. ; Barrow, 35 m. By Midland , 
 to Morecambe, 3£m. ; Halton, 2 J m. ; 
 Hornby, 8 m. ; Settle, 23J m. ; Leeds, 
 65£ m. 
 
 Excursions to Quernmore Park, 
 3 m. (Rte. 18) ; Morecambe and Heys- 
 ham, 5 m. (Rte. 18) ; Thurnham 
 and Glasson Docks (from Gal- 
 gate Stat.); over the Fells to the 
 head of Wyresdale and the Trough 
 of Bolland, 11 m., the road passes 
 through wild country, and over 
 barren moss about 1000 ft. above 
 the level of the sea ; the views along 
 the road are beautiful and extensive ; 
 White well, 16£ m. ; Clitheroe (Rte. 
 7), 25^ m. 
 
 From the Castle Stat. the train 
 glides over the Lune and the Mid- 
 land Rly., having a fine view on rt. 
 up the river towards Halton and 
 Caton, with (rt.) the aqueduct of the 
 Lancaster and Kendal canal. 
 
 At 3 m. Hest Bank Junc., a 
 short branch comes in from More- 
 cambe, or rather Poulton (Rte. 18). 
 The line here passes close to the 
 shores of the bay, which at low 
 water presents an enormous expanse 
 of sand. Up to the time of the 
 opening of the Furness rly. in 1857 
 a coach, called the Over Sands 
 coach, daily plied from Lancaster 
 
160 
 
 Route 1 7 . — Bolton-le- Sands — Carnforth . 
 
 via Hestbank to Ulverston (Rte. 
 19). 
 
 4 m. Bolton-1 e-Sands Stat. The 
 village on rt. is a favourite resi- 
 dence with visitors who seek great 
 quiet and beautiful air. The ch. 
 consists of nave, side aisle, modern 
 chancel, and fine old tower, and con- 
 tains some modern stained glass. 
 2 m. S. of Bolton is a curious cavern 
 called Dunald Mill Hole , in the 
 township of Nether Kellet. A brook 
 falls in, with several cascades, and 
 emerges again at Carnforth. Its 
 underground course is about 2J m., 
 during which it reappears once at 
 Gingle Pot Hole near Over Kellet. 
 
 6 1 m. Carnforth Jfnc. At 
 this spot a population has arisen, 
 brought together by the erection 
 of the Carnforth furnaces for the 
 smelting of Lancashire haematite 
 ore. Their locality was, of course, 
 determined by the meeting of several 
 rlys., viz., the London and North- 
 Western to north and south, the 
 Midland Rly. from Carnforth to 
 Wennington and Leeds, and the 
 Furness Rly. to Ulverston and 
 Barrow (Rte. 19). A considerable 
 portion of the township has been 
 at various times washed away by 
 the tide. On the rt., 2 m., is the 
 village of Over Kellet , adjoining 
 which are Hall Garth (Aylmer Ains- 
 lie, Esq.), and Capernwray Hall (G. 
 B. H. Marton, Esq.). The Old Hall 
 is now a farmhouse. The Martons 
 claim as their ancestor Paganus 
 de Marton, Lord of East and West 
 Marton in Craven. In the Park, 
 which overlooks the charming 
 scenery of the Keer, is a private 
 chapel. 
 
 Leaving Carnforth, on 1. is the 
 village of Warton, situated under 
 the limestone hills of Warton Crag, 
 a spot on which, called the Bride's 
 Chair , used to be frequented by 
 young women before the ceremony 
 of matrimony. The Three Breeders , 
 
 or Bredors, are three rocking stones 
 about 40 ft. apart. There are also 
 earthworks on the N. side of War- 
 ton Crag, and a cave, supposed in 
 old times to have been the resort 
 of fairies. The ch. is of the date of 
 the 14th and 15th centy., and con- 
 tains some sedilia and an early Norm, 
 or Saxon font lined with leadwork 
 inside. The rectory adjoining the 
 ch. is incorporated with the build- 
 ings of the ancient one of the time 
 of Henry VIII., of which a gable 
 and some arches remain. There is a 
 grammar school in Warton, founded 
 by Matthew Hutton, successively 
 Bishop of Coventry, Durham, and 
 Archbishop of York in 1594. In 
 the township were born Sir Thomas 
 Kytson, a rich merchant in the 
 reign of Henry VIII., and Lucas 
 the historian of the parish. Further 
 on (1.) is Hyning (W. B. Bolden, 
 Esq.), and the village of Yealand 
 Conyers , at the back of which are 
 Morecambe Lodge (C. D. Ford, Esq.), 
 and Leighton Hall , the seat of R. T. 
 Gillow, Esq. In early times it was 
 held by Adam de Avranches, whose 
 heiress married Adam de Redman 
 of Yealand in the reign of Edward I. 
 
 At Bur ton-in- Kendal Stat., 1 1 \ m., 
 the rly. enters the county of West- 
 moreland. 
 
 14£ m. Milnthorpe Stat . 
 
 19 m. Oxenholme Jijnc. for 
 Kendal (Handbook for the Lakes'), 
 
161 
 
 Route 18 . — Morcccimbe to Carnforth Junction. 
 
 ROUTE 18. 
 
 NIORECAMBE TO .'CARNFORTH 
 JUNCTION, BY WENNINGTON. 
 
 ( Midland Railway.) 
 
 By means of this section of the 
 Midland system, Lancashire is 
 brought into direct communication 
 with the manufacturing towns of 
 Yorkshire, and a large and pictu- 
 resque agricultural district in North 
 Lancashire and North-West York- 
 shire is opened up. 
 
 Morecamhe , originally called Poul- 
 ton-le-Sands, is a pleasant water- 
 ing place, although it lias, like Black- 
 pool, its occasional avalanches of 
 excursionists. It commands exceed- 
 ingly beautiful views of the Bay 
 and the Lake Hills, and an un- 
 failing supply of fresh sea-breeze. 
 ( Hotels ; Midland; Imperial. Inns: 
 King’s Arms, West View.) A 
 line of steamers runs between 
 Morecamhe and Portrush weekly. 
 There are Winter Gardens, with 
 an unusually pretty hall and Aqua- 
 rium, also Summer Gardens be- 
 tween Morecamhe and Heysham, 
 and a Pier from which extensive 
 views of the Lake Mountains can 
 be seen. The place is rapidly ex- 
 tending. There is a very charming 
 walk along the shore to Heysham , 
 2J m., a most picturesque little vil- 
 lage situated on a wooded rocky 
 promontory, which, compared with 
 the flat and level country round 
 [Lancashire.'] 
 
 it, looks higher than it really is. 
 Enormous quantities of mussels 
 and herrings are caught in the 
 fisheries adjoining. Enclosed within 
 the carefully kept churchyard are 
 the minute church, the remains 
 of the oratory of Heysham, and 
 a number of stone coffins, for 
 the inspection of which visitors 
 are requested to obtain a penny 
 ticket at the clerk's house near the 
 gate. This money goes to the general 
 expenses of taking care of the ruins, 
 although it is doubtful how far the 
 right extends of charging a fee for 
 entering the ch.-yard. The Norm.c/i. 
 of St. Patrick, which was restored 
 in 1864, is of very small dimensions, 
 and consists of nave, with a double 
 aisle, chaiicel, and north porch. 
 The W. window is of stained glass, 
 and by the altar is a brass of the 
 date 1670, and an old tomb in 
 the N. aisle. The nave occupies 
 the area of an ancient Saxon ch. 
 Traces of this building are dis- 
 cernible in the remains of a W. 
 doorway, and in the chancel arch 
 with its curious cabled impost 
 mouldings, and in building the 
 new N. aisle a doorway and wail, 
 of undoubted Saxon architecture, 
 were discovered.” 
 
 The new Ch. of St. Lawrence 
 ( Paley and Austin) was consecrated 
 in 1878. The Oratory, which stands 
 on the rock overlooking the ch., was 
 only 13 ft. 6 in. by 9 ft., and is said 
 to have been erected for the accom- 
 modation of the monks, whose 
 duty it was to pray for mariners ; 
 it obtained such a reputation for 
 sanctity, that burial within the 
 precincts was greatly sought after. 
 The remains consist of 3 of the 
 4 walls, an arch of Saxon date, and 
 rock tombs or stone coffins: Heys- 
 
 ham is rather a favourite resort in 
 summer time. Adjoining the village 
 are Heysham Hall (F. W, Grafton, 
 Esq.), and Heysham Tower (W. 
 Bennett, Esq.). 
 
 From Morecamhe a short branch 
 
 M 
 
162 
 
 Boute 18 . — Halt on — Quernmore. 
 
 of 2 m. runs up to Hest Bank, I 
 to join the London and North- 
 Western. 
 
 The Midland Ely. to Lancaster 
 runs underneath the latter, and by 
 the side of the river, which it crosses 
 to the Green Ayre Stat ., at Lan- 
 caster, where a branch runs in from 
 the Castle stat. It then proceeds 
 up the rt. bank of the river, crossing 
 under the aqueduct (a very tine 
 specimen of the end of the last 
 centy.) of the Lancaster and Kendal 
 Canal to 
 
 2J m. Holton Stat The village, 
 with its church, stands on the 1., 
 embowered in trees, as are also the 
 Bectorv (Eev. S. Hastings), Hatton 
 Hall (J. Birkbeck, Esq.), and 
 Beaumont Ball. The ch., with the 
 exception of the ancient western 
 tower (Perp.), was rebuilt in 1877 
 from designs by Paley and Austin. 
 That the original ch. was of great 
 antiquity is proved by the dis- 
 covery of a capital and other carved 
 stones of a style of architecture 
 nearly 300 years anterior to the 
 Norman Conquest. These remains 
 were built, at the restoration of the 
 present ch., into the walls of the S. 
 porch. It is probable that this ch. fell 
 into decay, and that another smaller 
 one was erected some years after the 
 Conquest. A cross, which may be 
 ascribed to the 7th centy., was dis- 
 covered, and is now used as a sun- 
 dial. Halton Hall, one of the most 
 beautifully situated mansions in the 
 north of England, was built by one 
 of the last of the Carus family, on 
 the site of the ancient manor-house 
 of the Dacres. A Bom an altar, 
 which was discovered in the ch. -yard 
 here in 1794, was built into a wall 
 of one of the rooms. A chased 
 silver cup was also found about the 
 same time on Halton Moor, contain- 
 ing 860 silver pennies, 6 pieces of 
 gold, and a silver torque. 
 
 Halton is one of the 38 manors in 
 the Domesday Book. 
 
 On rt., 2f m., is Quernmore Park , 
 the seat of W. Garnett, Esq. The 
 house is quadrangular, from designs 
 by Harrison , and is beautifully 
 situated in a considerable park, 
 commanding a fine view up the vale 
 of Lune towards Hornby. At the 
 back are the Fells of Littledale. 
 Quernmore was disforested by Act 
 of Parliament in 1811. u The name 
 has, in all probability, been de- 
 rived from the stone which is 
 found here, called Hungerstone, 
 full of hard, flinty pebbles, and 
 similar to ancient Koman querns, 
 whereof small millstones were for- 
 merly made. This conjecture seems 
 to be confirmed by the discovery 
 of several querns recently dug up 
 in the neighbourhood ” — Burke. 
 
 The Park contains much pictu- 
 resque scenery, especially at one 
 spot, called “The Knotts.” The 
 poet Gray, in a letter to Dr. War- 
 ton, describes the view from the 
 road looking up towards Caton, 
 saying that “ every feature which 
 constitutes a perfect landscape of 
 the extensive sort is here not only 
 boldly marked but also in its best 
 position.” 
 
 Quernmore Church was built in 
 beautiful Dec. style, by Mr. Garnett, 
 from designs by Paley. 
 
 A curious history is attached to 
 the stained glass E. window, which 
 was ordered for, and sent out to, the 
 English church at Cannes. But the 
 vessel in which it sailed foundered 
 near Marseilles, and a new one was 
 sent for to England. In the mean- 
 time a Greek merchant bought the 
 wreck of the first vessel, and found 
 in it the window, none the worse 
 for its submerging. It was then 
 sold by auction at Marseilles, and 
 bought by Mr. G arnett for his church 
 at Quernmore. 
 
 The course of the rly. up the 
 river-side is very charming, smooth 
 reaches alternating with rapids, the 
 
163 
 
 JRoute 18 .- 
 
 wooded banks in many places over- 
 hanging the water’s edge — 
 
 “ As Lon comes ambling on from Westmore- 
 land, when first 
 
 Arising from her head, amongst the moun- 
 tains nurst 
 
 By many a pretty spring, that howerly 
 getting strength, 
 
 Arriving in her course in Lancashire at 
 length, 
 
 To Lonsdale shows herselfe, and lovingly 
 doth play 
 
 With her dear daughter Dale.” — Drayton. 
 
 After leaving Halton, the line 
 crosses and recrosses a bend of the 
 Lune, within which is the Hermit- 
 age (J. Sharp, Esq.), to 4| m. Caton 
 Stat. The village is on rt., near the 
 junction of the Artie Beck with the 
 Lune and nestling under Littledale 
 Eell. The ch., with the exception 
 of the tower, has been rebuilt. In 
 1803 some Korean antiquities were 
 found here, including a pillar with 
 an inscription to the Emperor Adrian 
 and a milliarium. 
 
 On rt. are Escowbeck (J. Greg, 
 Esq.) and Gresgarth Hall (T. G. 
 Edmondson, Esq.). In the grounds 
 of the latter is Raven scar, a favourite 
 place for Lancaster pic-nics. On 1. 
 is Halton Park (A. Greg, Esq.). 
 
 Pass rt. the village of Claughton , 
 where is the old Mall, the seat of 
 the Croft family in the 15th centy. 
 It possesses a gateway with oriel 
 window of the time of Henry VII., 
 and a terrace with two towers, of 
 a later date — probably Charles I. 
 The ch., a restoration of a very 
 ancient one, was built in 1815, and 
 contains the oldest dated bell in the 
 kingdom (1296 ) with a Longobardic 
 inscription. In a romantic glen 
 behind Claughton ch. is a beautiful 
 waterfall, little known except to 
 residents in the district. The water 
 descends without a break about 
 30 ft. 
 
 9 m. Hornby Stat. (Inn: Castle). 
 Few villages are situated more 
 prettily. The river Wenning, whose 
 
 — Hornby . 
 
 stream has just been increased by 
 the joint waters of the Hyndburn 
 and the Roeburn, flows into the 
 Lune a little to the W., while 
 the wooded Park and the noble 
 turrets of Hornby Castle form a 
 superb background. The Castle 
 (W. Foster, Esq.) has an historic 
 celebrity, and is believed by anti- 
 quaries to occupy the site of a 
 Roman villa, as coins and orna- 
 ments have been found here in 
 excavating. Nicholas Montbegon, 
 a protege of Roger de Poitou, was 
 the first to. perceive the value of the 
 situation, and he accordingly erected 
 a fortress here ; which, after many 
 changes of ownership by the De 
 Burghs, the Nevills, and the Har- 
 ringtons, at last came into the pos- 
 session of Sir Edward Stanley, the 
 fifth son of the first Earl of Derby, 
 who for his prowess at the battle 
 of Flodden Field was created Baron 
 Monteagle by Henry VIII. He it 
 was who built the present noble 
 building, although it has undergone 
 much restoration and alteration at 
 the hands of the late owner, Mr. 
 Pudsey Dawson. Sir Edward Stan- 
 ley, however great was his renown 
 as a warrior, was not held in such 
 good reputation in other respects, 
 for it was generally asserted that 
 he was a freethinker and that he 
 dabbled in the black art. People 
 went so far as to say that he had 
 obtained Hornby through a partici- 
 pation in the poisoning of Sir John 
 Harrington, into whose family he 
 had married. During the Civil 
 War, Hornby was garrisoned by 
 the Royalists, and considered to be 
 impregnable, being deemed from 
 its situation inaccessible on three 
 sides. Nevertheless, Col. Assheton, 
 who commanded the Parliamentary 
 forces, while making an apparent 
 attack on the fourth side, detached 
 a party, under the guidance of a 
 deserter, who, climbing up the pre- 
 cipice, made an entry through one 
 of the windows and captured the 
 m 2 
 
164 
 
 Route 18 . — Melting * 
 
 Castle, which was ordered by the 
 Parliament to be “ defaced, dis- 
 mantled, and rendered defenceless.” 
 Of late years Hornby has passed 
 by purchase to various owners. 
 The only ancient part of the castle 
 now standing is the square tower 
 or keep built by Sir E. Stanley, 
 and which bears his motto and 
 name, “ Glav et Gant. E. Stanley,” 
 on the north side. Great improve- 
 ments are now being carried out in 
 the castle. The ch. is a singular- 
 looking building, with an octagonal 
 tower, set diagonally upon an oc- 
 tagonal base. This, with the chan- 
 cel, was built by Lord Monteagle, 
 who is said to have been converted 
 from his materialistic views by the 
 parson of Slaidburn, Hugh Parker. 
 In the interior is a monument to Dr. 
 Lingard, the historian, who was 
 officiating minister at the Roman 
 Catholic chapel here; and in the 
 ch.-yd. is a monolith with rudely 
 sculptured sides. 
 
 A farmhouse on the banks of the 
 Lune marks the site of Hornby 
 Priory, supposed to have been 
 founded by .Roger de Montbegon ; 
 it was a cell of St. John of Croxton 
 Keyrial in Leicestershire. The 
 order was Premonstratensian. 
 
 10 m. The village of Wray is 
 on rt. at the confluence of the 
 Hindburn with the Roeburn, about 
 a mile above their junction with the 
 Wenning. The valleys of the Hind- 
 burn and Roeburn above Wray are 
 noted for the beauty of their scenery. 
 The mountains of Whernside, Ingle- 
 borough, and Benygant stand on the 
 N.E., and the rivers run through 
 richly wooded ravines very similar 
 to those in North Wales. The 
 upper part of the Hindburn Dale is 
 bleak and bare, and the line of the 
 Roman road from Ribchester to 
 Burrow can be clearly traced on the 
 side of the fell. In the millstone 
 grit in this locality there are some 
 thin seams of coal — there is also a 
 silk-mill in the village. 
 
 ' — Tliurland Castle . 
 
 At 12 m. Wennington Juno, the 
 Midland branch from Carnforth 
 falls in on the 1., and the rly. di- 
 rectly afterwards enters Yorkshire. 
 
 [The tourist who is anxious to 
 explore this remote corner of Lan- 
 cashire should return by the Carn- 
 forth line. On leaving the junc- 
 tion is Wennington Hall (W. A. F. 
 Saunders, Esq.). 
 
 2 m. Melting Stat. The ch ., of 
 Perp. date, consists of nave, chancel, 
 aisles, porch, and a chantry called the 
 Morley Chapel. It contains an un- 
 usual number of stained glass win- 
 dows, a hagioscope, and a mutilated 
 slab supposed to mark the resting- 
 place of Lord Monteagle, his wife 
 and children The altar is on a 
 much higher level than the body of 
 the ch., owing to situation of the 
 building on sloping ground. On the 
 1. is Storrs Hall. To the rt. is 
 Wrayton Hall ( J. G. Burrows, Esq.), 
 very prettily situated on the 1. bank 
 of the Greta, a little above its 
 junction with the Lune. 
 
 On the opposite bank is Tliurland 
 Castle , one of the few old moated 
 houses of Lancashire. It has been 
 destroyed lately by fire, but is about 
 to be rebuilt from designs by Messrs. 
 Paley and Austin. Ever since the 
 Norman Conquest and the arrival of 
 Roger de Poitou, a fortress existed 
 at Thurland for the purpose of over- 
 awing the wild borderers. In the 
 16th centy. it was the residence of 
 Sir Brian Tunstall, the “ stainless 
 knight ” of Flodden ; and of the 
 same family was Cuthbert Tunstall, 
 Bishop of Durham, the only pre- 
 late who refused to acknowledge 
 the Act of Supremacy put forth by 
 Henry VIII. Previous to the Civil 
 War the Tunstall family had suf- 
 fered so much from fines and se- 
 questrations that they were com- 
 pelled to alienate most of their 
 estates, and Thurland then came 
 into the possession of Sir John 
 G irlington, a staunch Catholic, who 
 
165 
 
 Route 19 . — Carnforth to Barrow . 
 
 defended it on the Royalist side 
 against the Parliamentary forces 
 under Col. Assheton. But it soon 
 surrendered, and the Puritans cap- 
 tured “ much money and plate, with 
 many disaffected ladies and gentle- 
 men.” Subsequently Sir John 
 again took possession, on which Col. 
 Rigby marched hither and ordered 
 the place to be dismantled. The 
 Castle was eventually rebuilt from 
 designs by Sir Jeffrey Wyatt. At 
 the back of the park is Tunstall , the 
 ch. of which is of late Perp., and 
 contains a mutilated effigy, be- 
 lieved to be that of Sir Thomas 
 Tunstall, the builder of Thur- 
 land, and monuments to the 
 family of Fenwick, whose seat 
 of Burrow Hall (Mrs. Fenwick) 
 is 1J m. N. on the 1. bank of 
 the Lune. The village of Burrow 
 or Over Burrow shows traces of its 
 having been a Roman encampment 
 from its position, and from the tes- 
 selated pavements and coins found 
 here at various times. It is con- 
 sidered by some antiquaries to be 
 identical with Bremetonacis, though 
 it is more likely that that station 
 was at Lancaster. Mr. Rauth- 
 mell, in 1746, discovered that on 
 the eastern and southern sides the 
 ramparts were quite visible, and he 
 describes an altar dedicated toMagon 
 by a Roman lady on the recovery 
 of her health. To the E. of Over 
 Burrow was a castrum festivum, and 
 on the side of the road to Lancaster 
 a milliare or Roman milestone was 
 found. 2}j m. further N. is Kirkby 
 Lonsdale. (See Handbook for West- 
 moreland.') 
 
 Crossing the Lune, the traveller 
 reaches, 3 m., Arkholme Stat. In 
 the village the inhabitants used to 
 be principally engaged in the making 
 of hampers. On 1. is Storrs Hall 
 (F. F. Pearson, Esq.), and further 
 S. the village of Gressingham , the 
 church of which contains a Norm, 
 doorway, one of the finest specimens 
 of late Norman (almost Early En- 
 
 glish) in this part of the county. 
 The line then passes Gapernwray , 
 the seat of G. B. H. Marton, Esq. 
 (Rte. 17). 
 
 6 m. Borwick Stat. Berwick Hall, 
 built in 1559, with a “peel” at- 
 tached to one end, was formerly the 
 property of the He Borwicks, and 
 then of the Bindlosses, whose arms 
 used to be over the fireplace. A 
 curious “ priest-hole ” used to be 
 seen in one of the rooms, by which 
 the fugitive suddenly disappeared 
 on pressing the floor. Charles II. 
 once stopped the night here, sharing 
 the hospitality of Sir Robert Bind- 
 loss. 
 
 8jm. Carnforth Junc. (Rte. 19).] 
 
 ROUTE 19. 
 
 CARNFORTH TO BARROW, BY UL- 
 
 VERSTON AND FURNESS ABBEY. 
 
 The Furness district, formerly the 
 boundary between the kingdoms of 
 England and Scotland, is most con- 
 veniently approached from Lancaster 
 by the Furness Rly., and the tourist 
 to the Lakes is strongly recom- 
 mended to visit this district first. 
 The tract called Furness, mentioned 
 in Domesday as Hougunai or the 
 Hill, is supposed to be the modern 
 Walney, and is bounded on the W. 
 by the river Duddon, on the N. by 
 Cumberland, on the E. by West- 
 moreland, and on the S. by the sea. 
 The mountain of Black Combe is 
 a noble termination to its S. boun- 
 dary. “ The tract called 4 Fur- 
 
166 
 
 'Route 19. — Morecambe Ray. 
 
 ness Fell/ ” says Camden, u is all 
 mountains and high rocks, among 
 which the ancient Britons lived, 
 securely relying on those natural 
 fastnesses, which, however, were not 
 impregnable to the Saxon conqueror, 
 for that the Britons lived here in 
 the 228th year after the first arrival 
 of the Saxons in the S. part of the 
 island is proved by the curious his- 
 torical fact, that a king of the 
 Northumbrians gave to St. Cuthbert 
 the land called Cartmel and all the 
 Britons on it , as is related in his 
 life. This district was long re- 
 nowned for the wealthy and magni- 
 ficent Abbey of Furness and its two 
 priories of Cartmel and Conishead.” 
 
 Morecambe Bay , along the north 
 shore of which the rly. to TJlverston 
 is carried, receives the waters of the 
 Lune, the Keer, the Kent, the Win- 
 ster, and the Leven, and is en- 
 vironed by scenery of singular 
 beauty. The irregular and indented 
 shores are diversified by numerous 
 vales, parks, woods sloping to the 
 water’s edge, interesting old towns, 
 and picturesque villages. At low 
 water the sands form a plain of 
 great extent, which in days previous 
 to the rly. was traversed daily by 
 travellers and even by a coach which 
 ran between Lancaster and Ulver- 
 ston, and was called the “ Over- 
 sands ” coach. This old route began 
 at Hest Bank , and the track was 
 marked by branches of trees, called 
 brogs, stuck in the sand. On reach- 
 ing Kent’s Bank the coach travelled 
 for a few miles on the Cartmel 
 shore, and then crossed the estuary 
 of the Leven to TJlverston. 
 
 The construction of the rly. in 
 1857 across the bend of Morecambe 
 Bay, for a distance of 8 m., partly on 
 solid embankments, and partly on 
 iron viaducts, is one of the most re- 
 markable achievements of modern 
 engineering science. The bay ex- 
 tends about 17 m. inland from its 
 point of embouchure in the Irish 
 Channel, and is of an average breadth 
 
 of 10 m. Towards the bend of the 
 bay the waters shoal very much, and 
 an immense extent of sand and allu- 
 vial mud is left high and dry at low 
 water. Many have been the hair- 
 breadth escapes that occurred in the 
 crossing. Nor did travellers always 
 escape the perils of the journey. The 
 registers of the parish of Cartmel 
 up to this year show that not fewer 
 than 145 persons have been buried 
 in its ch.-yard, who were drowned in 
 attempting to cross the sand. These 
 are independent of similar burials in 
 the ch.-yard of adjacent parishes on 
 both sides the bay. 
 
 In the spring of 1846, a party of 
 9 young men and women returning 
 from the hiring fair at Ulverstone, 
 were overtaken by the advancing 
 tide, and every one of them perished. 
 The principal danger arises from 
 the treacherous nature of the sands, 
 and their constant shifting during 
 the freshes which occur in the 
 rivers flowing into the bend of the 
 bay. A guide was appointed by 
 the Government at the noble salary 
 of 12 1. a year, whose duty it was to 
 be ready at low water to point out 
 the track, and particularly where 
 the river Keer runs in, the danger 
 of the river being sufficiently illus- 
 trated by the old adage, 
 
 “ The Kent and the Keer 
 Have parted many a good man and his 
 
 meer (mare).” 
 
 The first project of embanking 
 the Lancaster sands was proposed 
 by Mr. Housman at a cost of 
 200,0001; but, though he had the 
 encouragement of the Duke of 
 Bridgewater, it came to nothing. 
 Subsequently, in 1887, Stephenson 
 recommended the construction of 
 a rly. from Poulton to Humphrey 
 Head, on the opposite coast, as part 
 of a west coast line to Scotland. 
 
 He proposed to carry the road 
 across the sand in a segment of a 
 circle of 5 m. His design was to 
 drive piles for the whole length, and 
 
167 
 
 'Route 19 . — Railway Embankment. 
 
 form a solid fence of stone blocks on 
 the land side of the piles, for the 
 purpose of retaining the sand and 
 silt brought down by the rivers from 
 the interior. It was calculated that 
 the value of the 40,000 acres of rich 
 alluvial land thus reclaimed from 
 the bay would have more than co- 
 vered the cost of forming the em- 
 bankment. But this scheme was 
 not prosecuted, and a line was subse- 
 quently adopted, though in a greatly 
 modified form, by the Ulverston and 
 Lancaster Ely. Go., at the suggestion 
 of Mr. Brogden, who used to reside 
 on Holme Island, Grange, close to 
 the line of which he may be said to 
 have been the projector. It was his 
 wish to have taken it straight across 
 the bay, somewhat after Mr. Stephen- 
 son’s plan ; but it was eventually de- 
 termined to carry it nearer to the 
 land across the estuaries of the 
 rivers Kent and Leven. 
 
 The work, during its progress, was 
 a daily encounter with difficulties, 
 occurring at every ebb and flow of 
 the tide, besides the constant wash- 
 ing of the embankment on the land 
 side by the rivers flowing into the sea ; 
 and when to the flow of the tide was 
 added the force of a south-westerly 
 storm, the temporary havoc was cal- 
 culated greatly to discourage the pro- 
 jectors of the undertaking. 
 
 The principal difficulties were en- 
 countered in crossing the channels 
 of the Leven and Kent rivers. In 
 making the trial borings nothing but 
 sand was found to a depth of 30 ft. 
 In one case the boring was carried 
 70 ft. down, and then there was 
 nothing but sand. It was necessary, 
 in the first place, to confine the 
 channels of the rivers to a fixed bed, 
 which was accomplished by means of 
 weirs, most ingeniously constructed 
 to counteract the effect of the eddies 
 upon the line of the embankment or 
 main weir. When the currents had 
 been fixed, viaducts of 50 spans of 
 30 ft. each were thrown over the 
 channels, and in each viaduct was 
 
 placed a drawbridge, to permit the 
 passing of sailing-vessels. To pro- 
 tect the foundations of the piers of 
 these viaducts, as well as the rly. 
 embankments, weirs were also formed 
 parallel with the current of the 
 stream, which had the further effect 
 of retaining the silt inland, and thus 
 enabling large tracts of land to be 
 reclaimed. This land behind the 
 embankment of the Kent estuary 
 is now under cultivation, where only 
 a short time since fishermen were 
 accustomed to ply their trade. 
 
 The chief difficulty which the engi- 
 neer, Mr. Brunlees, had to encounter, 
 was in finding a solid foundation 
 amidst the shifting sands for the 
 piers of the extensive viaducts across 
 the mouths of the rivers. He finally 
 overcame this by the use of iron 
 disc piles, which he sunk to an 
 average depth of 20 ft., by means of 
 hydraulic pressure. The water being 
 passed through a pipe down the 
 interior of the pile, loosened the 
 sands immediately beneath the disc, 
 and allowed the pile to sink by its 
 own weight ; after the pressure of 
 water was withdrawn, the piles were 
 driven down by short blows from 
 a heavy “ tup,” and up to the pre- 
 sent time, though supporting a line 
 upon which there is a very heavy 
 traffic, they have given no signs of 
 subsidence. The interior of the 
 embankment is generally formed 
 of sand, the slopes on the sea 
 side being protected by layers of 
 puddle, 12 in. thick, ‘‘ quarry rid” 
 6 in. thick, and stone pitchings from 
 8 to 12 in. in thickness. On the 
 landward side, the slopes of the 
 embankment are protected by pitch- 
 ing or sods, according to position. 
 The entire work must be regarded 
 as a complete triumph of English 
 engineering over that element which 
 usually tests its highest skill. 
 
 The passenger for Ulverston or 
 Furness has generally to change 
 carriages at Carnfortli (but several 
 I trains go through now from the 
 
168 
 
 Route 19 . — Arnside — Grange . 
 
 south), immediately after which 
 a junction is formed with the Mid- 
 land Ely. from Wennington, which 
 places the haematite districts in di- 
 rect communication with the York- 
 shire ironworks, bringing hack coal 
 and coke to the Barrow works. Fine 
 views are obtained very shortly 
 of Morecambe Bay. The shelving 
 shores of limestone, and the verdure 
 of the woods present fine contrasts of 
 colour, and the manner in which the 
 white mountain limestone sometimes 
 crops out on the tops of the bald 
 hills gives them a very peculiar ap- 
 pearance, in some places as if they 
 were covered with hoar-frost. The 
 line crosses the Keer, and winds 
 round Warton Crag to 
 
 3J m. Silver dale Stat. (Inns: Bri- 
 tannia, Victoria). The village, pret- 
 tily situated on Morecambe Bay, 
 1 J m. from the station, is resorted to 
 as a watering-place in the bathing 
 season, though the lodging-houses 
 are few. Large quantities of cockles 
 and “ flukes, ” i.e. flounders, are 
 taken here, and sent to the nearest 
 market towns. A ravine leading 
 past Lindeth Tower to the sea should 
 be visited. The limestone crops out 
 picturesquely, and forms escarp- 
 ments, clothed with lichens, ferns, 
 and other plants. Quiet, sea air, and 
 pleasing scenery may be enjoyed 
 here. 
 
 On the opposite hill-side is Leigh- 
 ton Hall (E. T. Gillow, Esq.). 
 
 6 m. Arnside Stat. This place is 
 developing as a seaside resort, its 
 hotel accommodation being im- 
 proved, and many additional lodg* 
 ing-houses having been erected. 
 From here there is a loop line of 
 the Furness Ely. running along 
 the beach, past Haverbrack banks, 
 through Sandside (Milnthorpe\ to 
 the Oxenholme Junct. of the L. & 
 N. W. Ely. Its only utility to the 
 tourist is a quicker journey to Win- 
 dermere (via Kendal) than is pos- 
 
 sible via U1 version and Lakeside. 
 Arnside Knot (522 feet) is on the 1., 
 with Arnside Tower , a square build- 
 ing, from which fine views of the 
 bay, Peel Castle, and the estuary 
 of the Kent are commanded. In 
 former days it was a border strong- 
 hold ; the walls are of great thick- 
 ness, with small windows and nu- 
 merous embrasures. The interior 
 is a mere shell, but there are re- 
 mains of a narrow staircase. The 
 ruin is finely placed, with Arnside 
 Knot on one side, and Middlebarrow 
 Wood on the other. On rt. of the 
 line is Hazelslack, or Heslop Tower , 
 another old fortress, once used as a 
 beacon. The district possesses much 
 interest for the geologist and the 
 botanist. The limestone formation 
 is more displayed, and the hedgerows 
 produce some rare ferns. The view 
 from the larch - crowned Arnside 
 Knot will well repay. In the valley 
 to rt. of the rly. is a small lake called 
 Hawes Water , said to contain im- 
 mense quantities of pike, and remark- 
 able for a thick bed of white minute 
 univalve sea-shells. The Kent is 
 here crossed by a viaduct, from which 
 the fine limestone crag of Whitbar- 
 row Scar is seen to great advantage, 
 on the rt. The rly. skirts the shore, 
 of which 100 acres have been re- 
 claimed from the sea by the embank- 
 ment. 
 
 8 m. Grange Stat. — (Inns: The 
 Grange Hotel, a first-rate establish- 
 ment in a beautifully picturesque 
 situation, and fitted up with great 
 comfort; the Crown Hotel, which 
 many people prefer, and the Com- 
 mercial Inn). Coaches , once a day 
 during the season, from the Stat. 
 to Lakeside at the foot of Winder- 
 mere, returning in the afternoon. 
 From the Esplanade leading from 
 the Church Square along a ter- 
 race overlooking the Bay, are 
 to be had fine views of Holme 
 Island, Arnside Knott, Carnforth, 
 Hest Bank, and Morecambe. The 
 
169 
 
 'Route 19 . — Cartmel Priory . 
 
 village is -situated on the shores of 
 the Bay, and is sheltered by pic- 
 turesque and lofty crags richly 
 wooded. The scenery has made 
 Grange a favourite resort, and the 
 mildness of the air renders it a de- 
 sirable winter residence. The place 
 is fast assuming town-like propor- 
 tions, and seems destined to become 
 a favourite watering-place. Withers- 
 lack , a short distance off, is the resi- 
 dence of the Bight Hon. F. A. Stan- 
 ley. There are many pleasant walks 
 in the neighbourhood, along which 
 the botanist will find many rare 
 plants. Lindal Lane , on the road 
 to Newby Bridge, should be visited, 
 with the pretty little ch. and village 
 of Lindal, together with Yeivbarrow , 
 the top of which presents phe- 
 nomena of interest to the geologist, 
 in the shape of large fissures or 
 cracks. Near Castle Head , in the 
 lower escarpment of rock on the S. 
 side, the junction of the two forma- 
 tions of slate and limestone is very 
 distinctly marked. Hampsfell , 3 m. 
 from Grange, is well worth the ascent. 
 Picturesque masses of limestone crop 
 out from the heathery waste, and 
 their crevices are filled with beauti- 
 ful ferns. The Hospice is a modern 
 building, erected by an incumbent 
 of Cartmel for the shelter of visitors. 
 The interior of the tower is provided 
 with stone seats and a fireplace, and 
 there is a tablet with a poetical in- 
 scription. The view from the top 
 of Hampsfell is magnificent, com- 
 prising the majority of the lake 
 hills, the bay, the. Furness district, 
 and the country south and eastward 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 [Cartmel, 2f m. N.W. of Grange, 
 is a small, quiet, and primitive old 
 town, with a church, said to be the 
 only conventual building in Lan- 
 cashire that escaped destruction 
 after the dissolution of the mona- 
 steries. The priory was founded a.d. 
 1188, by William Mareshall, Earl 
 of Pembroke, and dedicated to the 
 
 Virgin Mary. “ The site was, accord- 
 ing to a legend, chosen in obedience 
 to a voice heard by some monks, 
 who were building a priory else- 
 where, which directed them to build 
 in a valley between two streams 
 running south and north ; the monks 
 after wandering over a considerable 
 portion of the north of England, 
 found in the valley of Cartmel two 
 such streams, and erected the priory 
 between them.” (Roper 1 s Churches 
 and Castles of N. Lancashire.) It is one 
 of the finest and most interesting spe- 
 cimens of ecclesiastical architecture 
 in the district, and affords examples 
 of almost every style, from Trans.- 
 Norm. down to Late Eng. Cart- 
 mel was never raised to the dignity 
 of an abbey. The Charter declares 
 that the Earl founded it “ for the 
 increase of our holy religion, giving 
 and granting to it every kind of 
 liberty that heart can conceive, or 
 the mouth utter.” The priory was 
 enriched by many subsequent bene- 
 factors. The Charter was confirmed 
 by Edward HI. Henry VIII. dis- 
 solved the priory, the establishment 
 of which at that time consisted of 
 10 monks and 38 servants. In 
 the original Articles of Survey for 
 the Dissolution of Lancashire 
 monasteries are the following : — 
 ‘ 4 It’m, for y e Church of Cartmell, 
 being the Priorie and alsoe P’sh 
 Church, whether to stand unplucked 
 downe or not? Answer — Ord d by 
 M r Chauncellor of the Duchie to 
 stand still. It’m, for a suet of 
 coopis (copes) claymd by y e Inha- 
 bitants of Cartmell, to belong to y e 
 Church thereof — Ord d that the 
 P’ocbians shall have them styll.” — 
 Whitaker. The ch.-tower is re- 
 markable for its plan, the upper 
 portion being set diagonally upon 
 the lower. The interior of the 
 ch. is a fine specimen of the E. 
 Eng., and the centre is supported 
 by large clustered pillars. The 
 walls of the choir and the transept 
 belong to the first erection, whilo 
 
170 
 
 Route 19 . — Cartmel Priory. 
 
 the windows are of later date. The 
 N.E. window is 40 feet high, and 
 contains a little ancient stained 
 glass. In the N. transept are some 
 of the original lanGet windows, all 
 of which, with one exception, are 
 now blocked up. There are 2 fine 
 Norm, doorways, of about the date 
 1188. The nave, which is extreme- 
 ly plain, pointed arches dividing it 
 from the side aisles, is of the 15th 
 centy., and was plastered and white- 
 washed by the Puritans; but the 
 whole of this disfigurement has now 
 been removed, and the walls restored 
 to their original state. For nearly 2 
 centys. the chancel was without a 
 roof, and the fine oak stalls suffered 
 accordingly. Their seats are 500 
 years old, with grotesque carvings, 
 the work, doubtless, of the monks ; 
 but the upper portions are modern. 
 Mr. Preston, a former owner of 
 Flolker Hall, commenced the resto- 
 ration of the ch. in 1640, and erected 
 the carved oak screen. There are 2 
 chapels; one called the Py per choir, 
 which has a groined stone roof, and 
 the other, the Town choir. The win- 
 dow at the E. end of the town choir, 
 which has two of its lights blocked 
 up for monuments to members of 
 the Lowther family, contains some 
 stained glass, on which may be read 
 names of several of the descendants 
 of King David. The arches in the 
 clerestory were walled up until 
 1859, when they were discovered 
 by accident. The capitals of the 
 pillars are of richly-sculptured foli- 
 age. On the N. side of the aisle 
 is an altar-tomb of William de 
 Walton, prior. There is a magni- 
 ficent monument to Sir John Har- 
 rington and his wife recumbent 
 beneath a fine fretwork arch, and 
 decorated by numerous symbolical 
 figures. The base is surmounted 
 by images of chanting monks. The 
 monument was supposed to have 
 been brought from Gleaston Castle, 
 but it is more likely that it stood in 
 some other part of the ch. or priory, 
 
 and was placed in the chancel after 
 the Dissolution, or at some later re- 
 storation of the edifice. It has suf- 
 fered considerably either in its 
 removal or from age. The elaborate 
 decorations of the upper portion of 
 the tomb represent some of the 
 events of the Passion, such as the 
 buffeting before Pilate, the Scourg- 
 ing, &c. Below the monument is 
 what remains of a piscina, with a 
 curious nail-headed moulding. In 
 the vestry is a valuable library of 
 nearly 300 books, bequeathed by 
 Thomas Preston of Holker in 1692, 
 including a Bible, printed at Basle, 
 in 1511 ; an edition of Thomas 
 Aquinas, printed at Venice, 1506 ; 
 and some other rare specimens of 
 early typography. Here is also 
 preserved a large and very heavy 
 umbrella, supposed to have been 
 used at funerals more than 200 
 years ago. The interior has um 
 dergone a complete renovation : the 
 plaster ceiling, which long disfigured 
 the nave, has been removed, and 
 woodwork substituted ; the hideous 
 galleries, which prevented the fine 
 proportions of the building from 
 being seen, have been taken down 
 and swept away, and replaced by 
 oak seats. ■ The present porch was 
 erected in 1626, Here are some 
 remains of the monastic buildings, 
 and almost due W. of the ch. stands 
 the ancient gateway of the priory. 
 Its appearance now is not improved 
 by the ground-floor being formed 
 into a shop. The heads of some of 
 the original windows are preserved, 
 and display the trefoil moulding of 
 the earlier part of the 14th centy. 
 Not far from the town is the Holy 
 Well of Cartmel, a medicinal spring, 
 which once attracted many visitors. 
 Staveley, in the parish of Cartmel, 
 was the birthplace of Dr. Law, Bp. 
 of Carlisle in the 18th centy. and 
 a rather celebrated divine in his 
 day. 
 
 Holme Island , opposite Grange, 
 
Route 19 . — Carle: Holker Hall. 
 
 171 
 
 has been converted into a tasteful 
 domain, the property of Mr. Brun- 
 lees. The island is about 11 acres 
 in extent, and a causeway con- 
 nects it with the mainland. From 
 Grange an excursion may be made 
 to the promontory of Humphrey 
 Head , 4 m., where tradition states 
 that Sir John Harrington killed the 
 last wolf in England. Its summit 
 commands a fine panorama, and at 
 its base is a mineral spring, known 
 as the Holy Well."] 
 
 10 m. Kent's Bank Stat. Prior 
 to the construction of the rly., the 
 stage coach from Lancaster to Ul- 
 verston crossed the sands from Hest 
 Bank to this place. A commodious 
 inn has been erected on the hill-side ; 
 the old one is now converted into 
 the Furness Collegiate School. 
 
 Between the Head and Kent’s 
 Bank is Kirkhead Cavern , which 
 yielded, to Mr. Morris’s exploration, 
 bones both human and animal, axes, 
 hammers, bone and bronze orna- 
 ments, and Roman coins, showing 
 that there must have been a prolonged 
 tenancy of the cave, and that it had 
 not been disturbed for 1800 years or 
 more. 
 
 On rt. of rly. is Wraysholme Tower , 
 an old Border “ peel house of the 
 Harringtons. The early arms of the 
 Stanley family are still to be seen 
 on two of the diamond-shaped panes 
 of glass, preserved in the farmhouse 
 close to the tower. 
 
 12 m. Cark Stat. On the rt. is 
 Holker Hall , a seat of the Duke of 
 Devonshire on the 1. bank of the 
 estuary of the Leven, and sur- 
 rounded with noble woods. The 
 park slopes gently to the water’s 
 edge, and is well stocked with deer. 
 The mansion, with its exquisite 
 gardens, is most liberally shown, 
 even during the residence of the 
 Duke. The greater part of the fine 
 collection of pictures at Holker was 
 burned in the fire that occurred in 
 
 1871 ; 103 out of 162 pictures were 
 destroyed, among them being several 
 portraits by Sir P. Lely ; a portrait 
 by Reynolds ; a landscape by Ru- 
 bens, &c. To the rt. of the house 
 is a figure in freestone of Sir 
 Geoffrey Hudson, the dwarf at- 
 tached to the Court of Charles 
 I., armed and holding an arque- 
 bus in his hand. The interior 
 of Holker contains much carved 
 oak furniture, and a series of fine 
 landscapes, chiefly formed in the 
 latter part of the last centy. by 
 SirWilliam Lowther, which, together 
 with the hall, passed by marriage 
 into the possession of the Burling- 
 ton family. Previous to its posses- 
 sion by the Lowthers, Holker was 
 the property of the Prestons in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 The library contains a fine chim- 
 ney-piece of about 1490, executed 
 by the Lombardi family, whose 
 workmanship so greatly contributed 
 to the decoration of Venice. In the 
 corridors is a series of historical 
 portraits. 
 
 Cark Hall (H. F. Rigge, Esq.), 
 the ancient seat of the Cur wens, is 
 an old mullioned house, with very 
 thick walls. It is a fair example of 
 the ancient manor-house, now so rare, 
 that few as complete as that can be 
 found in N. Lancashire. The front 
 appears to have been built by Chris- 
 topher Rawlinson in the 18th centy., 
 the other side probably erected about 
 half a centy. earlier. One of the 
 bedrooms is panelled, and contains 
 a iarge carved wood mantelpiece. 
 Bigland Hall, to the N. of Cark, 
 is another old house, the kitchen of 
 which contains a singular inscrip- 
 tion on the oak chimney-piece. 
 
 The fishing villages on the 
 Cartmel coast are very primitive 
 places, large quantities of shell-fish, 
 flounders, and plaice, being taken by 
 stake-nets in the bay. From the ham- 
 let of Flookburgh alone 1000 tons of 
 cockles are sent in the course of the 
 
172 
 
 Soule 19 . — Ulverston . 
 
 year to the various market towns of 
 Lancashire. The “cocklers” belong 
 to the poorest class ; and although 
 all are intent on the same pursuit, 
 they are said never to quarrel, in 
 consequence of a belief that if they 
 did the cockles would all leave the 
 sands with the following tide. The 
 cockles lie buried about an inch 
 below the surface, and their place 
 is known by two little holes or eyes 
 in the sand; they are jerked out 
 into a basket by a three-pronged 
 bent fork, called a 44 cram.” An 
 expert “cockier” will collect 16 
 quarts of cockles in an hour. 
 
 . To the 1. of Cark, off the shore, is 
 Chapel Island , upon which the 
 monks of Furness built an oratory, 
 where prayers were daily offered for 
 the safety of the people crossing the 
 sands. An arch and some portions 
 of the wall remain. 
 
 The shores of the Leven estuary 
 here present a beautiful combina- 
 tion of limestone crags, hanging 
 woods and grassy mounds, with the 
 moors and mountains in the dis- 
 tance. 
 
 Passing on 1. the sea entrance of 
 the canal, the tourist reaches, 17 J m., 
 the stat. of TJlverston , a brisk little 
 market town, with a pop., in 1871, 
 of 7607. ( Inns : County Hotel, Sun, 
 Braddyll’s Arms.) 
 
 On the rt., as the town is ap- 
 proached, is Hoad Hill, upon which 
 has been erected a monument 100 
 ft. high in imitation of the Eddy- 
 stone Lighthouse, to the memory of 
 Sir John Barrow, for many years 
 Secretary of the Admiralty and a 
 native of this town. It was put up 
 in 1850, and is of wrought lime- 
 stone. The diameter of the interior 
 is 19 ft. ; a staircase leads to the 
 top. On the 1. are the woods of 
 Conishead Priory. Ulverston is an 
 oldfashioned town, the capital of 
 the Furness district, and was 
 granted, with a manor attached, to 
 the Abbey of Furness, by King 
 Stephen, a.d, 1217. Its name is 
 
 supposed to have been derived from 
 Ulphus, a Saxon noble, who ex- 
 | tended his conquest to Furness. Its 
 | commercial status was considerably 
 j increased by the canal made in 
 1795, under the direction of Kennie, 
 the celebrated engineer, which is 
 capable of admitting ships of 400 
 tons burthen: though it must be 
 confessed that Barrow has now com- 
 pletely eclipsed Ulverston, and 
 robbed it of nearly all its trade. 
 The iron-mines in the neighbour- 
 hood, however, give Ulverston some 
 importance. 
 
 The church (St. Mary’s), on an 
 eminence overlooking the town, is 
 a noble one, said to have been 
 originally erected in 1111, partly 
 rebuilt in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 and again in 1804, and in 1866. 
 The Norm. S. doorway is supposed 
 to have been brought from Furness 
 Abbey. It is a fine example, with a 
 double recessed semicircular arch 
 and a chevron moulding. A stone 
 in the S. side of the tower bears the 
 date 1164, which is believed to be 
 that of the construction of the 
 original edifice ; but this date evi- 
 dently cannot belong to the tower, 
 which is of Perp. style, and is sup- 
 posed by antiquaries to have been a 
 mistake of the mason, who mistook 
 the 5 for a 1. Amongst the monu- 
 ments is one to Sir John Barrow; 
 an altar-tomb, with effigy in armour, 
 of William Sandys, of Conishead, 
 temp. Elizabeth, and of the Dodding 
 family, 17th centy. In the vestry 
 is a painting after Vandyck, of the 
 4 Entombment of Christ.’ 
 
 In Trinity Ch. is an altar-piece, 
 after Guido , by Ghirardi , the 
 painter of the former one. 
 
 Amongst the worthies of Ulver- 
 ston were Bichard Ulverston , a 
 celebrated antiquary in the reign of 
 Henry VI., and Sir John Barrow. 
 
 J m. from the town is the village 
 of Dragley Bech ; and fronting the 
 Bardsea road is a small cottage, 
 the birthplace of Sir John Barrow, 
 
Route 19 . — Swarthmoor. 
 
 ns 
 
 over the door of which is the motto, 
 “Paulum sufficit. ,, 
 
 Swarthmoor Hall, formerly the re- 
 sidence of George Fox, the founder 
 of the Quaker sect, 1 m. from Ulver- 
 ston, on the road to Urswick, is a 
 large irregular Elizabethan edifice. 
 The spot is of some historical in- 
 terest, as having been the place 
 where the first regular meetings of 
 the Society of Friends were held. 
 The house was for a long period in 
 a very dilapidated state ; but it has 
 undergone a complete renovation, 
 and has been converted into a com- 
 fortable residence. A portion of it 
 is occupied as a farmhouse. One 
 of the rooms is pointed out as having 
 been the study of Judge Fell, and 
 afterwards of Fox. In the princi- 
 pal bedroom is a finely carved fire- 
 place and some good panelling. Out 
 of another room is a small one from 
 which a door opened, 10 ft. from the 
 ground. From this position Fox 
 used to occasionally address his con- 
 gregation, assembled in the meadow 
 below. The house became his pro- 
 perty on his marriage with the 
 widow of Judge Fell, who was one 
 of his first converts. In 1652, while 
 travelling in Furness, Fox called at 
 Swarthmoor Hall, and in the ab- 
 sence of the Judge, then on circuit, 
 preached to Mrs. Fell and her 
 daughters with so much success 
 that they at once adopted the tenets 
 of Quakerism. On his return the 
 Judge was much distressed at the 
 change which had taken place in 
 the religious opinions of his family ; 
 whereupon Fox requested permis- 
 sion to explain his doctrines, which 
 he did so much to the satisfaction 
 of the Judge that he allowed a 
 weekly meeting to be held at the 
 Hall. Fox married the Judge’s 
 widow in 1 669. She died at Swarth- 
 moor Hall in 1702. I m. from the 
 house is the first Quakers’ meeting- 
 house built in England. 
 
 Swarthmoor is 2 m. S.W. of Ul- 
 
 verston. The army which invaded 
 England from Ireland, in 1487, in 
 support of the pretensions of the im- 
 postor Lambert Simnel, and which 
 included 2000 Burgundian merce- 
 naries, encamped here. In 1643 
 there was an affair near the same spot 
 between the Parliamentary and the 
 King’s forces, in which the latter 
 were worsted. The High Constable 
 of Furness wrote to the Parliament : 
 — “ On 16th of September there 
 came an army into Furness, of 1 500 
 men, Lord Molyneux, Sir George 
 Middleton, and Sir John Girlington 
 being chief commanders fo^ the 
 King. Our people thought to have 
 kept them out, but they had three 
 nights’ billet at Ulverston, and took 
 most part of our arms, and 500/., 
 and plundered the place very sore. 
 We (the Parliamentarians), how- 
 ever, got together 1500 men, horse 
 and foot, many of them out of Cum- 
 berland, 8 companies of foot, and 
 3 troops of horse, all firemen, except 
 about 20, who had pikes ; they were 
 all complete, and very stout fellows. 
 They came to Ulverston, and rested 
 there that night ; and early on 1st 
 October, 1643, being Sunday, they 
 set forward, and had prayers on 
 Swartmoor, which being ended they 
 marched forward until they came to 
 Lyndal, and there the foot halted, 
 and the horse went on to Lyndal 
 Castle, and drew up in a valley, 
 facing and shouting at Col. Huddle- 
 stone’s horse, who were drawn up on 
 the top of Lyndal Close, who shouted 
 also in return ; which lasted about an 
 hour, while the foot was receiving 
 powder, shot, and match ; which 
 being ended, the foot marched up 
 to the horse : then the King’s horse 
 fled ; whereupon they raised a great 
 shout, and pursued them very hotly, 
 taking Col. Huddlestone and 300 
 soldiers prisoners, besides 6 colours, 
 2 drums, aud much money and 
 apparel.” 
 
 The Ulverston district has been 
 called the Peru of Furness. The 
 
174 
 
 Route 19 . — River ston Iron-ore District . 
 
 iron-mines are chiefly in the vicinity 
 of Lindal and Dalton. Hollingshed 
 says that the Scots in the reign of 
 Edward II., during one of their raids 
 into England, “met with no iron 
 worth their notice until they came 
 to Furness in Lancashire, where 
 they seized all they could find, and 
 carried it off with the greatest joy ; 
 and, although so heavy of carriage, 
 they preferred it to all other plun- 
 der.” 
 
 The iron ore (haematite) is very 
 rich, the best producing 16 or 17 
 cwt. of metal to the ton. The 
 deposits are found in the carboni- 
 ferous limestone, and vary in depth 
 from 30 to 60 yards. The Furness 
 mines produce between 700,000 and 
 800,000 tons of very rich ore every 
 year, although 30 years ago all the 
 iron ore raised was exported in one 
 small vessel. “ The mode in which 
 that valuable ore of iron (haematite) 
 was deposited in the pre-existing 
 cavities of the carboniferous forma- 
 tion is matter of great geological 
 interest ; joints, fissures, and caverns 
 were formed in the older rocks 
 antecedent to the deposition of the 
 Permian strata ; and in these the 
 ore of iron, so widely diffused 
 throughout the Permian rocks in a 
 portion of the N.W. region, assumed 
 the character of haematite. The 
 earlier Permian rocks of both Eng- 
 land and Scotland are strongly im- 
 pregnated with iron, their composi- 
 tion consisting principally of silica 
 and an oxide of this metal. This 
 inference concerning the Permian 
 age of the haematite has also been 
 arrived at by Professor Phillips.” — 
 Sir R. Murchison , ‘ Transactions E. 
 G. Society, 1864.’ The deposits of 
 “ kidney ore ” in the Ulverston dis- 
 trict are, however, of more recent 
 origin, being found in the fissures 
 and hollows' of the limestone. They 
 in some places mark the presence 
 of a great irregular “fault;” in 
 others they have been precipitated 
 in open water-worn caverns. In 
 
 such cases the ore was probably 
 introduced during the New Bed 
 sandstone era, while the waters of 
 the sea, saturated with red oxide of 
 iron, flowed through the fissures 
 and caverns of limestone, and filled 
 them gradually up with the metallic 
 matter held in partial solution. 
 Large boulders of limestone are fre- 
 quently found encased in the ore, 
 together with clay and other sub- 
 stances. The productiveness of 
 these mines is a source of great 
 prosperity to the neighbourhood. 
 
 Rail to Furness Abbey, 7J m. ; 
 Grange, 9J in.; Carnforth, 17£ m.; 
 Barrow, 9 J m. ; Newby Bridge, 8J m. 
 
 \_Conishead Priory , 2 m. S.E. of 
 Ulverston, is approached by a road 
 through the park. The mansion, 
 which is in the Elizabethan style, 
 from designs by Wyatt, formerly be- 
 longed to the Braddyll family, but 
 is now converted into a hydropathic 
 establishment : a lovelier place for 
 invalids could not be found. The 
 drive through the park to Bard- 
 sea presents some pleasing scenery, 
 the grounds extending to the 
 shores of Morecambe Bay. Conis- 
 head stands on the site of an an- 
 cient priory, founded in the reign of 
 Henry II. by Gam el de Pennington, 
 assisted by the first Baron of Kendal, 
 William de Taillebois. It was ori- 
 ginally designed as a hospital for 
 the poor of Ulverston, under the 
 charge of the monks of the order of 
 St. Augustine. On the rt. of the 
 road, near the S. lodge, is Bardsea 
 Hall , sheltered by woods. It was 
 once a hunting-seat of the Moly- 
 neux family, and is supposed to 
 occupy the site of the ancient 
 hospital of Bardsea — the oldest 
 ecclesiastical establishment in Fur- 
 ness. From the top of the wooded 
 hill behind the hall, the sylvan 
 scenery of Conishead Park and the 
 wide expanse of the Bay may be 
 viewed to great advantage. 
 
'Route 19 . — Bardsea — TJrswick. 
 
 175 
 
 3 m. Bardsea ( Inn ; Braddyll’s 
 Arms), is situated on a hill sloping - 
 gently down to the shore. The ch. 
 is modern, and contains some hand- 
 some stained glass. 
 
 From Bardsea a walk may be 
 taken to the summit of Birkrigg, 
 2 m., following the road that skirts 
 the boundary wall of Bardsea Hall 
 Park, until the common is reached. 
 Proceed to the hamlet of Sunbrick, 
 and return to Bardsea by Well House 
 (Mrs. Petty). The view from Birk- 
 rigg is very striking, and embraces 
 the Bay, the Irish Channel, the 
 Isle of Man, the Yale of Ulverston, 
 the “ Old Man ” of Coniston, with 
 other Cumbrian mountains. There 
 -are some interesting antiquities on 
 Birkrigg, viz., an early British 
 circle of 10 stones, about 3 ft. high, 
 overlooking Bardsea, a camp or en- 
 closure, called Foula , between Sun- 
 brick and Scales, and on an emi- 
 nence, J m. S.W. of Urswh-k ch., the 
 foundations of some ruder buildings, 
 called The Stone Walls , which were 
 probably an early settlement of the 
 Celtic period. The Furness Ely. 
 Compy. are about to construct a loop 
 line to connect this village, which 
 yearly becomes more popular as a 
 summer resort, with Barrow and the 
 Lake district. A coach runs daily 
 between Ulverston and Bardsea. 
 
 4 m. S. of Bardsea is Aldtngham. 
 The ch. formerly belonged to the 
 ancient manor of Muchland, or 
 Michel-land, which, tradition re- 
 ports, included the villages of Elios 
 and Crinleton, submerged in con- 
 sequence of the subsidence of this 
 part of the coast. Tradition, how- 
 ever, is incorrect in this instance, 
 for the localities still exist under 
 the names of Newton and Eoose. 
 A statement of the boundaries 
 and annual value of these pa- 
 rishes is preserved in the ancient 
 records of Furness Abbey. The ch. 
 is all that remains of the original 
 village of Aldingham. It consists 
 of a chancel, nave with aisles, and | 
 
 a square? massive tower ; it contains 
 several brasses , some windows with 
 singular tracery, and pillars separa- 
 ting the aisle from the nave, alter- 
 nately octagonal and cylindrical. 
 There is an opening (technically 
 called a “ squint ”) cut obliquely 
 through the chancel wall, to enable 
 the worshippers, in Catholic times, 
 placed in the S. aisle, to see the 
 Elevation of the Host. A moat, 1 m. 
 distant, indicates the former site 
 of a castle, or more probably of 
 a beacon or watch-tower, which 
 commanded a wide prospect qf the 
 coast and bay, and communicated 
 with another at Lancaster. “ When 
 George Fox was upon his wandering 
 mission in 1652, after visiting Ul- 
 verston, he writes, 4 The first day 
 after I whs moved to go to Alden- 
 ham steeplehouse, and when the 
 priest had done, I spoke to him, but 
 he got away. Then I declared the 
 Word of Life to the people, and 
 warned them to turn to the Lord.’ ” 
 — Baines. 
 
 TJrswick , 4 m. S. of Ulverston, is 
 picturesquely situated in a valley 
 on the banks of Urswick Tarn. The 
 ch. is very ancient, dating from the 
 Conquest. The massive embattled 
 tower contains a mutilated figure of 
 the Mater Dolorosa, to whom it is 
 dedicated. Some of the windows are 
 lancet-shaped, and ornamented with 
 tracery work ; others are plain and 
 squareheaded. In the interior are 
 some curious brasses , a monumental 
 stone of the 13th centy., with Longo- 
 bardic characters, some stained 
 glass on the S. side of the chancel, 
 and a piscina. The massive key of 
 the S. door (E. Norm.) is a remark- 
 able specimen of mediaeval work- 
 manship, and bears traces of having 
 been gilt. Impressions have fre- 
 quently been taken of it by archaeo- 
 logists. The belfry contains a matins 
 bell 450 years old. The E. and S. 
 windows of the chancel, beautiful 
 [ specimens of Decorated architecture, 
 
176 
 
 Boute 19 . — Gleaston Castle — Dalton. 
 
 were removed from the ch. about 30 
 years ago, and now stand in the gar- 
 den at Hawk field* Urswick Hall , 
 now a farmhouse, was held by the 
 Fell family for 19 generations. The 
 population in the neighbourhood is 
 principally employed in the Ad- 
 garley and Sta inton iron mines. The 
 old chapel called Bolton Chapel forms 
 one of the barns of a farmhouse 
 about J m. from Urswick. 
 
 Gleaston Castle , about 3 m. S., is 
 believed to have been built by the 
 Harringtons, Lords of Aldingham, 
 after the sea had swept away 
 their original residence. The date 
 of erection is not certain, but the 
 style of architecture in the two 
 remaining towers points to the early 
 part of the 14th centy. The inte- 
 rior was enclosed by a thick wall, 
 forming a parallelogram 288 ft. long, 
 170 ft. broad at the N., and 130 ft. 
 broad at the S.W. end, with towers 
 at each angle. The ruins consist of 
 3 of the towers, and a portion of the 
 curtain wall connecting them. The 
 remains of the largest tower stand 
 at the N.E. coruer. The walls, 
 though in many places 9 ft. thick, 
 are roughly built, and the mortar 
 used has been very poor. It is 
 pleasantly situated in a valley, sur- 
 rounded by well-cultivated hills, and 
 the luxuriant growth of ivy over the 
 crumbiing towers tends to make the 
 Castle of Gleaston one of the most 
 picturesque ruins in the district. 
 
 A good trout stream flows past 
 the ruins. 3 
 
 Proceeding from Ulverston by 
 rly. to Furness Abbey, the first stat. 
 is 20J m. Lindal , near which the 
 encounter between the Royal and 
 Parliamentary forces took place in 
 1643. The iron mines, with their 
 tall chimneys, are conspicuous 
 objects. Between Ulverston and 
 Lindal on the rt. is Pennington, on 
 the hills above which are some 
 earthworks, supposed, according to 
 local tradition, to be the site of the 
 
 castle of the Penningtons before the 
 Conquest. But, there being no in- 
 dications of the foundations of build- 
 ings, it is more likely to have been 
 a British fortress. Just above Pen- 
 nington is Conynger Hurst , the resi- 
 dence of the Misses Yarker. When 
 the house was rebuilt, a circular 
 tomb was discovered, in excavating 
 for the cellars, and a number of 
 bones were found, together with an 
 ancient sword, which crumbled to 
 pieces soon after they were exposed 
 to the air. While the rly. was being 
 constructed several querns, stone 
 balls, and axes were found 12 ft. 
 below the surface. Lord Muncaster 
 is the present representative of the 
 Pennington family. 
 
 22 m. Dalton Stat., a small town, 
 though once the ancient capital of 
 Furness. It has been said (but it 
 is doubtful) that the Roman road 
 from Maryport to Lancaster passed 
 through it, and it was a Roman 
 station. The Manor Court of the 
 Abbots of Furness was held here, 
 and the civil business of the mona- 
 stery transacted in the square tower 
 near the Market-place, still called 
 Dalton Castle, and occupying the 
 site of an older fortress, supposed 
 (hut very doubtful) to be coeval with 
 the invasion of Agricola. It is an 
 oblong building of 2 stories, the lower 
 portion serving as a prison. The up- 
 per story has a 4-light window with 
 segmented arch, and Dec. windows 
 at the sides. At the angle of the 
 parapet is a figure of a knight in the 
 costume of Edward III. In 1631 
 Dalton was almost depopulated by 
 the plague. It is now only remark- 
 able for being the centre of the 
 iron mines, which give employment 
 to a large population. The tower 
 of the ch. is ancient, as is also the 
 N. door, part of which is of late Norm . 
 date, and carved with grotesque 
 figures. In the interior is an old 
 font, said to have belonged to Fur- 
 ness Abbey, and in the church- 
 
177 
 
 Route 19 . — Furness Abbey . 
 
 yard is the grave of Romney , the 
 painter, a native of the place, whose 
 father was a cabinetmaker here. 
 It is marked by a plain stone, and 
 the words u Pictor cel&berrimus.” 
 The town, of late years, has been 
 considerably enlarged, owing to the 
 development of the iron-ore mines of 
 the district. The miners here are 
 of a provident class, it being com- 
 puted that four-fifths of them live in 
 their own houses. They have also 
 a large co-operative association, with 
 a capital of 33,000/. Among the old 
 customs of Dalton was one called the 
 Dalton Hunt , succeeded by a ball, 
 called the Dalton Rout, which is 
 mentioned in the ‘ Tatler/ It fell 
 into disuse in 1789. 
 
 The tourist soon enters the beauti- 
 ful valley of Furness ; at the head 
 of which the main line to White- 
 haven turns off to the rt., while a 
 short branch runs down the glen 
 to 
 
 25 m. Furness Abbey Junc. 
 Close by the station is the Abbey 
 Hotel, a pretty building in keeping 
 with the character of the scenery. 
 The accommodation is excellent, 
 and there is a good refreshment 
 room. From hence the traveller 
 may proceed by frequent trains to 
 Barrow, 2 m. ; Ulverston, m. ; 
 Broughton, 10^ m. ; Coniston, 19 m. 
 
 The remains of Furness Abbey , 
 one of the finest examples of me- 
 dieval ecclesiastical architecture, 
 are close to the rly. on the rt. The 
 style of the Abbey was E. E., but 
 as. additions were made to it as 
 its wealth increased, it gradually 
 assumed a mixed character. The 
 abbey originated in a colony of 
 monks from Savigny, in Normandy, 
 who first of all settled near Preston 
 (Tulketh Hall), and afterwards mi- 
 grated to this spot, then called Beek- 
 ansgill, or the Valley of Deadly 
 Nightshade. In a poem composed by 
 one of the monks, the deadly night- 
 shade is said to have been changed 
 into a harmless plant, doubtless by 
 
 [. Lancashire .] 
 
 the sanctity imparted to the ground 
 by the Abbey and its inmates : — 
 
 “ Haec vallis tenuit olim sibi nomen ab herba 
 
 Bekan, qua viruit dulcis nunc, tunc sed 
 acerba : 
 
 Unde domus nomen Bekenesgill claruit 
 ante, 
 
 Jam patriae tantae nomen partitur et omen.” 
 The monks were invited by 
 Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, after- 
 wards King of England, to settle 
 here, and build the abbey under his 
 protection. The sculptured heads 
 of Stephen and his Queen Maud 
 are still seen, one on each side of 
 the great E. window. In addition 
 to the immense sum which must 
 have been expended in the construc- 
 tion of so magnificent an edifice, 
 Stephen endowed the convent, not 
 only with the lands lying contiguous 
 to it, but with large estates in Lan- 
 cashire, Yorkshire, and Cumberland,* 
 including the whole of Borrowdale, 
 besides property in the Isle of Map, 
 and in Ireland. The annual revenue 
 of the monastery at the time of its 
 dissolution in 1537 was nearly 950/., 
 equivalent to 9000/. at the present 
 day. The society possessed ships of 
 considerable burden, with which it 
 traded to foreign countries; and 
 the iron-mines in Furness, although 
 they do not appear to have been 
 very extensively worked, supplied 
 it with a valuable commodity for 
 exchange. Mention is made of iron- 
 ore found on Walney Island, for the 
 smelting of which the monks erected 
 2 furnaces. In the reign of Edw. I. 
 the revenue of the abbey was esti- 
 mated at a sum equivalent to 18,000/. 
 of our present money. There were 
 33 monks at the time of the Disso- 
 lution, and 100 other inmates, in- 
 cluding servants. What is now 
 the hotel was the residence of the 
 abbot, and subsequently that of 
 the Preston family. The abbey and 
 its extensive range of offices were 
 built of the red sandstone of 
 the district. The masonry work 
 was so good, that portions of the 
 walls still remain as firm as if 
 N 
 
178 
 
 Route 19 . — Furness Abbey. 
 
 they had been just built. The 
 boundary-wall enclosed an area of 
 65 acres, in which were bakeries, 
 malt-kilns, breweries, granaries, 
 gardens, fish-ponds, and all the 
 other appurtenances of a rich and 
 luxurious conventual establishment. 
 The abbey having been first settled 
 from Normandy, the language of 
 the common people of the Furness 
 district is said still to retain some 
 French words and idioms not met 
 with elsewhere in Lancashire. The 
 surrounding estates of the abbey 
 included the whole of the pro- 
 montory on which it is situated; 
 and to the N., as far as the division 
 of the counties of Westmoreland, 
 Cumberland, and Lancashire, at the 
 top of Wrynose, and the space be- 
 tween Windermere on the E. and 
 the river Duddon on the W. — a dis- 
 trict as large as the Isle of Man. 
 It possessed also in its tenantry a 
 military force, numbering 1200 men, 
 of whom 400 were horsemen, avail- 
 able against the inroads of the Scots 
 in the Border wars. A body of 
 these troops, commanded by Sir 
 Edward Stanley, was present at the 
 Battle of Flodden Field, and they 
 are thus referred to in the ancient 
 ballad— 
 
 “ From Bowland billmen bold were brun, 
 With such as Bottom Banks did hide, 
 
 From Wharemore up to Whittington, 
 
 And all to Wenning water- side ; 
 
 From Silverdale to Kent sand-side ; 
 
 Whose soil is sown with cockle-shells ; 
 From Cartmel also and Arnside, 
 
 With fellows fierce from Furness Fells.” 
 
 There was a beacon-tower on the 
 hill above the abbey, which, on any 
 -alarm of invasion, flashed its fires 
 across the Bay of Morecambe to 
 the garrison of Lancaster. The en- 
 tran ce was through 2 low Gothic 
 arch es. On the 1. is a small build- 
 ing, formerly used either as a 
 porter’s lodge or an almonry. On 
 the N. is t he large transept-window, 
 its arch sti 11 perfect, but overgrown 
 with ivy : below is the principal 
 
 door, a beautiful specimen of tran- 
 
 sitional work. There are appear- 
 ances in the wall as if two lancets 
 occupied the place of the present 
 Perp. window; to the 1. are re- 
 mains of several tombs of the abbots 
 and of distinguished persons who 
 were buried there. The transept is 
 1 29 ft. long and 28 ft. wide, and 
 the ch. is 294 ft. from E. to W. On 
 the E. of the N. transept are 8 
 chapels, entered through pointed 
 arches springing from clustered pil- 
 lars. There are 2 other chapels and 
 the sacristy (the walls of the latter 
 being now only a few feet high) at- 
 tached to the S. transept. The great 
 tower rose from the centre of the 
 transept, and was supported on 4 
 arches ; 3 of the pillars remain, and 
 the E. arch, alone, is perfect. The 
 arch of the great E. window is 
 broken; below the latter stood the 
 high altar ; the beautiful sedilia 
 remain ; they are supposed to have 
 been richly gilt, and, with the co- 
 loured capitals of the choir and 
 nave, and the rich stained glass 
 of the windows, the interior must 
 have presented a very gorgeous ap- 
 pearance. On the ground within the 
 choir are many monumental slabs, 
 some bearing the arms of the first 
 Barons of Kendal. There are effigies 
 of 3 mailed cross-legged warriors of 
 the age of Henry III. or Edward I. 
 Upon the heads of 2 are cylindrical 
 flat-topped helmets, with horizontal 
 slits in the vizors — very curious. 
 There is also a draped female figure, 
 well executed ; and ranged in some 
 order are several very perfect tombs 
 of ecclesiastics, marked by crosses. 
 At the W. end are the remains of a 
 lofty tower, the walls of which are 
 supported on 3 sides by staged but- 
 tresses projecting nearly 10 ft. from 
 the walls. It is of later date than 
 the generality of the building, and 
 was probably built about the com- 
 mencement of the 15th centy. The 
 W. window, measuring 35 feet in 
 height, by 11 ft. 6 in. wide, is orna- 
 mented by a series of flowers and 
 
179 
 
 Boute 19 . — Furness Abbey . 
 
 grotesque heads introduced in the 
 hollow of the jambs. 
 
 The Chapter-house is to the S. of 
 the chancel, and must have been a 
 very elegant building, and, even in 
 its decay, furnishes exquisite subjects 
 for the pencil. A pillar has been 
 judiciously reconstructed out of the 
 fragments, and stands in its original 
 upright position, with its elegant 
 shaft and capital, giving some idea of 
 what the room must have been when 
 perfect. It measures 60 ft. by 45 ft. 
 Its groined and fretted roof has fallen 
 in. The remains of the pillars which 
 supported the 12 ribbed arches show 
 the extreme beauty and simplicity 
 of the design. Above the Chapter- 
 house were the library and scrip- 
 torium ; beyond was the refectory, 
 with rooms connected with it — one, 
 the locutorium, where the monks 
 retired after dinner for conversa- 
 tion, and another the calefactorium, 
 also the lavatorium, which opened 
 upon the garden. The kitchen and 
 other offices communicated with 
 these apartments. Under the hill 
 to the E. of the abbey are the ruins 
 of a building which may have been 
 the hospital or infirmary. The W. 
 end of the ch. was intended to bear 
 a lofty belfry. 
 
 In* the hotel may be seen some 
 good bas-reliefs, formerly ornaments 
 of the abbey. In the coffee-room 
 is a sculpture of Adam and Eve, 
 and in the upper rooms are Mary 
 Magdalene anointing our Lord's 
 feet, the Woman with the Issue of 
 Blood, John the Baptist, and St. 
 John. The great hall of the mona- 
 stery was in the Early Dec. style, 
 but is now a mere ruin. The cloister 
 court was oblong in form. On the 
 E. side is a noble arcade of 5 arches, 
 surmounted by a series of beautiful 
 lancet windows. All these arches 
 are deeply recessed, and are sup- 
 ported by massive triangular pillars, 
 the mouldings of which have suffered 
 from exposure. The abbey posses- 
 sed great power, and was supreme 
 
 throughout Furness. The whole 
 pop. was in a state of vassalage to 
 the house ; the mesne lords, on re- 
 ceiving the summons of the abbot, 
 provided their respective contingents 
 for the service of the convent, and 
 every tenant was bound to furnish 
 a man and horse, fully equipped for 
 the Border wars and for the protec- 
 tion of the coast. 
 
 For a period of 400 years the 
 abbots succeeded peaceably in their 
 rule over this grand convent an<l its 
 princely domains, receiving constant 
 accessions of wealth, the greater 
 part of which was grossly abused. 
 The day of reckoning came at last, 
 and the abbey was formally sur- 
 rendered to Henry VIII. by its 
 last abbot, Koger Pyle. From that 
 period it went gradually to decay, 
 and much of its ornamental stone- 
 work and materials were carried 
 away to decorate or build parish 
 churches. The rooks and daws 
 have had uninterrupted possession 
 of its ivied tower for 3 centuries. 
 The ruin is the property of the 
 Duke of Devonshire, who has taken 
 judicious measures for its preserva- 
 tion. They who may be interested in 
 the history of the abbey are referred 
 to Part IV. of Mr. W. O. Poper’s 
 excellent and reliable work, ‘The 
 Churches, Castles, and Halls of N. 
 Lancashire.’ The best view of it 
 is from a hill to the E., the spot 
 where the beacon -tower formerly 
 stood. Wordsworth has left, in one 
 of his sonnets, a record of the im- 
 pression which he received from 
 Furness Abbey : — 
 
 ‘•'Here, where of havoc tired and rash 
 undoing, 
 
 Man left this structure to become Time’s 
 prey ; 
 
 A soothing spirit following in the way 
 
 That Nature takes, her counter-work per- 
 suing. 
 
 See how her ivy clasps the sacred ruin, 
 
 Fall to prevent or beautify decay ; 
 
 And on the mouldering walls how bright, 
 how gay, 
 
 The flowers in pearly dew their bloom 
 - renewing.” 
 
 N 2 
 
180 
 
 Route 19 . — Barrow Island. 
 
 21\ m. Barrow Stat. ( Inns : Im- 
 perial, Victoria, Royal). The town 
 of Barrow, the neighbouring island 
 of Walney, and the Peel of Fouldrv, 
 can all be reached in a few min- 
 utes from Furness. Barrow Island , 
 which is separated from the town 
 by a narrow channel, is said to 
 have been a favourite burial-place 
 of the Northmen, who desired that 
 their “barrows"’ should he on high 
 and unenclosed spots, that they 
 might he seen hy travellers hy 
 sea and land. The island, which 
 is small, has been long under culti- 
 vation, so that no traces remain of 
 the graves from which it probably 
 derived its name. 
 
 Barrow is the port from which 
 the iron-ore of Furness is shipped. 
 In the early part of the present 
 centy. there was only one house on 
 the peninsula on which Barrow now 
 stands. A poor fishing-village then 
 sprang up and increased rapidly 
 to a considerable town, which was 
 incorporated in 1867. There are, 
 indeed, but few instances of so 
 sudden a creation of a place of 
 commercial importance. In 1847 
 the population of Barrow was 325 ; 
 in 1864 it amounted to 10,068, in 
 1867 to 17,000, and in 1878 to 40,000. 
 The great development of the Fur- 
 ness iron mines, some of the largest 
 in the country, has caused this rapid 
 progress. These mines are only 
 excelled in extent and importance 
 by the famous works at Essen in 
 Germany, and Creuzot in France. 
 In 1847 the Furness Ely. was opened, 
 and in that year it conveyed to the 
 port 103,768 tons of iron-ore. In 
 1863 the quantity conveyed for ship- 
 ment was 621,525 tons. The Barrow 
 Hsematite Steel Company’s works, 
 1 m. from the town, are well worth a 
 visit : 8 large furnaces are in con- 
 stant blast, and are capable of turn- 
 ing out from 2000 to 3000 tons of 
 metal per week. The establishment 
 comprises all the latest improve- 
 ments in the art of smelting. The 
 
 gas generated from the furnaces is 
 utilised, both for light and heat, by 
 being caught at the furnace top and 
 carried away in pipes to various 
 parts of the works. It is a beautiful 
 sight to see the emptying of the 
 retorts, which hold 5 tons of molten 
 metal. It is so “ lively 99 that it 
 must be covered up and weighted 
 while at a white heat, otherwise, 
 like quicksilver, it would rise up 
 and overflow the moulds. In a 
 portion of the factory where the 
 metal is converted into steel by the 
 Bessemer process, may be seen the 
 formation of the steel into fabrics 
 of different kinds. Steel rails, tires 
 for wheels, &c., grow into shape 
 with inconceivable rapidity. In 
 illustration at once of the excel- 
 lent quality of the steel here manu- 
 factured, and of the strength of the 
 machinery, it may be mentioned 
 that steel rails have actually been 
 bent and twisted into a knot with- 
 out exhibiting any flaw or strain in 
 the fibre. In consequence of the 
 high percentage of the Furness 
 haematite ore, its easy fusibility, in- 
 tense heating property, and great 
 strength, it is peculiarly adapted 
 for conversion into steel. The steel 
 works at Barrow, when in full 
 operation, can convert weekly about 
 1000 tons of pig-iron into Bessemer 
 steel, worth from 12Z. to 14Z. per 
 ton. Y ards for ship-building, rope- 
 walks, and brick-works, give em- 
 ployment to numbers of persons 
 at Barrow. The town possesses two 
 clubs (Liberal and Conservative); 
 a working man’s institute, and also 
 one for mechanics ; 5 churches, dedi- 
 cated respectively to St. George, St. 
 James, St. Matthew, St. Mark, and 
 St Luke ; the 3 latter being tempo- 
 rary structures, provided through 
 the liberality of the Dukes of Buc- 
 cleuch and Devonshire, the mining 
 masters, and others of the district. 
 Churches have also been erected at 
 Newbarn and on old Barrow. In 
 no other town has an event occurred 
 
Route 19 . — Barrow Bocks. 
 
 181 
 
 similar to that in September 1878 at 
 Barrow, namely, the consecration of 
 4 new churches on one day. In the 
 centre of the principal thorough- 
 fare, Duke-st., is erected a statue of 
 Sir James Ramsden, to whom the 
 town owes much of its prosperity, 
 and who resides at Abbot’s Wood, 
 on the hill-side opposite the ruins of 
 Furness Abbey. 
 
 The Docks . — The channel divid- 
 ing Barrow Island from the main- 
 land has been converted, by en- 
 closing it from the open sea at both 
 ends, into extensive floating docks. 
 Of these docks, next to the size — in 
 which respect they stand unrivalled 
 on this line of coast, with the ex- 
 ception of those at Birkenhead — the 
 great merit consists in the economy 
 of their construction. Although the 
 total cost will be about 300,000Z., it 
 is alleged that no such docks in the 
 kingdom will have been completed 
 for so small a sum. The mode in 
 which the site was turned to account 
 is in the highest degree ingenious. 
 Of the numerous islands on the S. 
 side of the peninsula, the nearest, 
 Barrow Island, was separated from 
 the town by a narrow channel. The 
 rly. company, however, encroaching 
 more and more upon the sea, re- 
 duced the distance between the 
 island and the mainland until there 
 was only a tideway some few hun- 
 dred yards in width. This tideway 
 the engineers conceived the design 
 of converting into floating docks, so 
 that the island and mainland should 
 in future be one, with the space 
 between no longer a free channel 
 for the sea, but a basin in which 
 vessels might float at all times of 
 the tide. The southern face of 
 Barrow Island has been appropri- 
 ated for ship-building yards ; several 
 4000-ton steamers have been built 
 here. The outer island, Walney, 10 
 m. in length, serves as a natural 
 breakwater to Barrow, and it is esti- 
 mated that around and in different 
 
 parts of Barrow Island, which the 
 rly. company has purchased, there 
 are 10 m. of sidings. The docks 
 are adapted to vessels of all sizes, 
 the depth of water maintained being 
 22 ft. The quays are 1 J m. in length, 
 the area of the Devonshire Dock 
 is 30 acres, that of the Buccleuch 
 Dock 33 acres, that of the timber- 
 pond 35J acres, and of the Ramsden 
 Dock 200 acres. There are also rly. 
 rolling stock works, foundries and 
 engineering works, rope works, steam 
 corn mills, fiax and jute mills, all 
 on. the most extensive scale. 
 
 The principal neighbouring is- 
 lands are Old Barrow, Walney, 
 Foulney, Peel of Fouldry, Roe Is- 
 land, Dora Howe, and Ramsey. 
 Walney is about 10 m. long by 1 
 broad, and rises like a wall out of 
 the sea, as its name denotes : — 
 
 “The isle of Walney lyes, whose longitude 
 doth swage 
 
 His fury, when his waves on Furnesse seem 
 to warre 
 
 Whose crooked back is arm’d with many a 
 rugged scarre 
 
 Against his boystrous shocks, which this 
 defensive isle 
 
 Of Walney still assayle, that shee doth 
 scorne the while. 
 
 Which to assist her with the Pile of Foul- 
 dry set 
 
 And Fulney at her backe, a pretty insulet.” 
 Drayton. 
 
 Walney possesses a rich soil, and 
 produces good grain crops. Biggar 
 Bank , part of this island, has been 
 acquired by the Corporation as a 
 recreation ground for the inhabi- 
 tants. Ferry boats ply daily bet ween 
 Barrow and the ancient village of 
 N. Scale, another part of the island, 
 where there is a good hotel. 
 
 The Abbots of Furness erected 
 dikes to prevent the irruption of 
 the sea at high tides and in gales 
 of wind, but after the dissolution 
 of the monastery these precautions 
 were neglected, and the sea has 
 several times since flowed over 
 the island, doing immense damage. 
 Inundations occurred in 1771, 1796, 
 
182 
 
 Route 20. — Ulverston to Ambleside. 
 
 and 1821, in which latter year the 
 sea broke down part of the dike and 
 flooded many acres. Large flocks of 
 sea-fowl haunt the island, amongst 
 which the naturalist may observe 
 Tadorna vulpanser (shell duck), 
 Charadrius hiaticula (ring plover), 
 Hsematopus ostralegus (oyster 
 catcher), Larus marinus (black 
 backed gull), &c. At the S.E. end 
 is a lighthouse, 68 ft. high, erected 
 in 1799. 
 
 A branch rly. from Barrow to 
 the extremity of the peninsula op- 
 posite, 4 m., has been carried, by 
 means of an embankment, to Roe 
 Island, where there is a long pier. 
 Steamers ply daily from it to the 
 Isle of Man (Douglas), Belfast, and, 
 in the summer, two or three times 
 a day to Fleetwood (Rte. 16). On 
 the beach of Roe Island may be seen 
 many large boulders of granite, 
 which were transported during the 
 glacial period from Shap Fells. 
 
 The Peel of Fouldry can be reached 
 in a few minutes by a boat from Peel 
 pier. The Castle was built in the 
 reign of Stephen for the protection 
 of the harbour, and as a place of 
 retreat for the people of the neigh- 
 bourhood during hostile incursions 
 from the Border, and it was rebuilt 
 and strengthened about the middle 
 of the 14th centy. It was called 
 the Pile of Foudry, from which it is 
 evident that the island formerly bore 
 the name of Foudry, or the Flame 
 island, from u foudra” Norse for 
 flame, and “ ey” an island. — Fergus - 
 son. The keep was divided into 3 
 compartments of 3 stories in each, 
 and was protected by a double moat, 
 walls, and flanking towers. On the 
 N. side of the inner wall are the 
 ruins of the chapel, three of the 
 walls only remaining, but the foun- 
 dations of the altar may be seen. 
 A considerable portion of the walls 
 of the castle has been destroyed by 
 the inroads of the sea, and frag- 
 ments of them are scattered along 
 
 the shore; but the judicious resto- 
 ration by the owner, the Duke of 
 Buccleuch and Queensberry, has 
 now arrested the progress of decay. 
 The buttresses and the mullions of 
 the windows are of red sandstone, but 
 the mass of the building was built 
 apparently of the boulders collected 
 from the beach, rudely but strongly 
 cemented together. On the N. and 
 W. sides the 2 moats, the double lines 
 of wall, and the strong flanking 
 towers, give a good idea of the origi- 
 nal strength and solidity of the 
 ancient fortress. Here was it that, 
 in the reign of Henry VII., the Earl 
 of Lincoln and Lord Lovel, with 
 2000 German soldiers under Martin 
 Swart, and a number of Irish under 
 Lord Geraldine, landed, to support 
 the pretensions of Lambert Simnel ? 
 the self-styled Earl of Warwick. 
 
 ROUTE 20. 
 
 ULVERSTON TO AMBLESIDE, BY 
 NEWBY BRIDGE AND BOWNESS. 
 
 A branch rly. runs from Ulver- 
 stone to Lake Side (Windermere), 
 calling at Haverthivaite Stat., whence 
 the tourist can proceed to Newby 
 Bridge, and there embark on board 
 the steamer for Bowness, Lowwood, 
 and Ambleside. 
 
 The line passes under the foot of 
 Hoad Hill, crowned by Sir John 
 Barrow’s monument, and skirts the 
 high ground which overlooks the 
 estuary of the Leven. On the oppo- 
 site side are Speel Bank and the 
 heights above Cartmel. 
 
183 
 
 Route 20 . — Newby Bru 
 
 At Newland , 1J m., is a small 
 iron-work. 
 
 At 3J m., Greenodd Stat.., the 
 road divides: to the rt. to Newby 
 Bridge; to the 1. to Spark Bridge 
 and Coniston, by the side of the 
 pretty river Crake. 
 
 Penny Bridge Hall is the seat of 
 J. P. Machell, Esq., and Summer 
 Hill , a little higher up the vale of 
 Crake, of J. Clarke, Esq. A little 
 further on the line crosses the stream 
 of the Rusland Pool, and over the 
 Ireland Moss to 
 
 6 m. Haverthwaite Stat. At 
 Lowwood are powder-works. The 
 whole of the district, though not 
 by any means so grand an order 
 of scenery as most of the Lake 
 country, and consequently seldom 
 visited, will, nevertheless, amply 
 repay the pedestrian, for there is a 
 great variety of rock and woodland, 
 larch, ash, hazel, and fir, which, in 
 addition to adding zest to the 
 scenery, are of much commercial 
 value for the use of the bobbin and 
 hoop manufacturers, and the two or 
 three charcoal iron furnaces in the 
 neighbourhood. This, indeed, is 
 nearly the only locality in Great 
 Britain where the old fashioned 
 smelting by charcoal has not been 
 superseded by coal or coke. The 
 pedestrian may extend his wander- 
 ings into the hilly parish of Colton. 
 Near the ch. is the farmhouse of 
 Greenhead , formerly the seat of the 
 Bawlinsons, of which family was 
 Christopher Rawlinson, author of 
 the Saxon version of 4 Boethius 
 de Consolatione Philosophise/ attri- 
 buted to King Alfred. From Colton a 
 charming mountain road runs across 
 to Nibthwaite , at the foot of Coniston 
 Water, about 5 m. from Greenodd. 
 There is a large bobbin - factory 
 here. From Haverthwaite Stat. he 
 may follow up the valley of the 
 Rusland, through Bouth, to the 
 hamlet of Rusland (the Hall , C. D. 
 Archibald, Esq.), and thence to 
 
 Idge — Windermere . 
 
 Esthwaite Water, and Hawkshead. 
 Grand panoramas are constantly 
 obtained of the Coniston mountains 
 — the Old Man, Wetherlam, and all 
 that rugged range, with the more 
 distant ranges towards Langdale, 
 which form a superb background 
 to the softer woodlands and valleys 
 all round. 
 
 At Backbarrow , 7J m., where is 
 an iron-work, the Leven is crossed, 
 and the tourist soon reaches the 
 Swan at Newby Bridge , 8J m., one of 
 the best and most famous hotels in 
 the Lake district. The river flows 
 in front of the hotel, and is spanned 
 by a bridge of three arches. The 
 hill above the hotel should be as- 
 cended for the sake of the views 
 of Windermere, and the Leven es- 
 tuary. There are few better salmon 
 rivers in England than the Leven, 
 but the fishing is in the hands of 
 a private association. 
 
 A steamer leaves Lake Side several 
 times a day for Bowness, Lowwood, 
 and Waterhead (Ambleside). 
 
 The tourist emerges upon the sur- 
 face of Windermere , the largest of 
 the English lakes, in circumference 
 somewhat less than 23 m., though in 
 breadth it rarely exceeds 1 m. Its 
 principal affluents are the Rothay, 
 the Brathay, Cunsey Beck, and the 
 Troutbeck river. Its effluent is the 
 Leven, which, after a course of 5 m. 
 enters Morecambe Bay. The water 
 of Windermere is particularly clear, 
 and the lake preserves a generally 
 uniform level. Trout, pike, perch, 
 and char abound in it, and salmon are 
 occasionally taken. The scenery of 
 its banks is soft, excepting in its N. 
 reach, where, in consequence of the 
 proximity of the Langdale Pikes, 
 and Bowfell, one of the most pictu- 
 resque of the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, it rises into grandeur. To 
 see it thoroughly many excursions 
 would be required. A considerable 
 portion of it, and especially towards 
 Newby Bridge, has the appearance 
 
184 
 
 Boute 20 . — Storrs Hall. 
 
 rather of a river than a lake. From 
 Bowness to its S. extremity both 
 banks are richly wooded, but the 
 hills are only of moderate elevation. 
 
 As the steamer proceeds up the 
 lake, on the 1. is Finsthwaite and 
 Stott Park (John Fell, Esq.), opposite 
 the larch-covered height of Gum - 
 mers How , to the islands of Blake 
 Holme and Silver Holme. On 1. is 
 High Graytlnvaite Hall , the beauti- 
 ful Elizabethan seat of Capt. Sandys, 
 whose ancestors settled in Furness, 
 temp. Henry YI. Of this family, 
 a member of which married the 
 heiress of an Abbot of Furness, were 
 Edwyn Sandys, Archbishop of York 
 (Rte. 21) and his son, George, an 
 eminent traveller and scholar. One 
 of the curiosities of Graythwaite is 
 the “ peg ” tankard, marked in the 
 inside with a row of silver pegs, to 
 show where each guest drank. 
 
 Higher up, on the same side, the 
 Cunsey Peck flows in from Esth- 
 waite water. Nearly opposite, on 
 the rt. bank, is Storrs Hall (Rev. T. 
 Staniforth). The mansion is finely 
 situated, but the interior is not 
 shown during the residence of the 
 owner. It was built by Sir John 
 Legard, and was often visited by 
 Mr. Canning during the proprietor- 
 ship of Mr. Bolton. In 1825, 
 Canning, Scott, Wordsworth, and 
 Wilson, “the Admiral of the* Lake,” 
 as Mr. Canning called him, assem- 
 bled there, and the reunion of so 
 many illustrious persons was cele- 
 brated by a brilliant regatta on 
 Windermere, over which “ Christo- 
 pher North” presided. The mansion 
 contains some pictures of great 
 merit. The collection was formed 
 by Mr. Bolton. The following enu- 
 meration of them is from Waagen’s 
 4 Galleries and Cabinets of Art 
 in Great Britain : ’ — Lot and his 
 Daughters, by Guercino ; a copy of 
 Quentin Matsys ’ Misers, the original 
 in Windsor Castle; Joseph giving 
 the Child to the Virgin, Murillo; 
 a Sea-piece, by William Van de 
 
 Velde; Ruins, by Jan Asselyn; an 
 Apothecary with a Book in a window 
 recess, by Metzu; a Landscape, by 
 Jan Baptiste Weenix; a Virgin and 
 Child, by Giovanni Pedrini ; 4 small 
 pictures of the Seasons, by Teniers ; 
 a male Saint with a palm-branch, 
 by Carlo Dolce; a Landscape, for- 
 merly in the possession of Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, by Claude Lor- 
 raine ; a Party in the open air, by 
 Jan Steen , one of the finest works 
 of the master ; a fine bust of Can- 
 ning, by Chantrey. There is also 
 a rich collection of porcelain, with 
 specimens of the different manu- 
 factories. 
 
 At Storrs Hall the boundary 
 between Lancashire and Westmore- 
 land is crossed, as far as regards the 
 E. side of Windermere, though on 
 the west bank the former county 
 extends to the very head. The 
 steamer now calls at Bowness, 1J m. 
 from Birth waite or Windermere 
 Stat. ( Hotels : Old England, on the 
 lake; Royal and Crown, some dis- 
 tance from the lake). 
 
 The cli. is very old, and was dedi- 
 cated to St. Martin. The stained 
 glass in the E. window was sup- 
 posed to have been brought from 
 Furness Abbey, but Mr. Stockdale, 
 the historian of Cartmel, in his 
 6 Annales Caermoelenses,’ proves 
 that it was removed from one or 
 more of the windows of Cartmel Ch. 
 But little of the design can be 
 traced, in consequence of the im- 
 perfect manner in which the glass 
 has been put together, or from sub- 
 sequent injury. The window is 
 divided into three compartments, 
 one of which is said to represent 
 St. George and the Dragon, others 
 the Crucifixion. Above are the arms 
 of France and England, and a group 
 of monks in their habits, with their 
 names on scrolls underneath. The 
 whole is surrounded by a border 
 of armed figures and tracery, with 
 the armorial bearings of different 
 families, benefactors to the Abbey. 
 
Route 20 . — Belle Isle — Wray Castle. 185 
 
 Bishop Watson was buried in the ' 
 churchyard near the E. window, 
 and there is a neat monument to 
 his memory in the ch. In 1865 
 some curious memorials of the Re- 
 formation were discovered on remov- 
 ing the whitewash and plaster from 
 the walls, consisting of a great num- 
 ber of texts, with comments on them, 
 explanatory of the new doctrines. 
 
 Belle Isle , or Curwen’s Island, is 
 nearly opposite Bowness, and com- 
 prises about thirty acres prettily 
 wooded, with a mansion in the 
 middle. Visitors are permitted to 
 walk in the grounds. The island 
 was a stronghold of the Royalists 
 during the Civil Wars, and was the 
 property of the Philipsons, an ancient 
 family of Westmoreland, of whom 
 there are some monuments in the 
 ch. of Bowness. j 
 
 There are several spots near Bow- 
 ness whence fine views of the lake 
 are to be obtained, especially from 
 Biscay How, a rocky eminence to 
 the E., and also from a field on the 
 1. of the road leading to Winder- 
 mere village, and especially from 
 Miller Brow ( The Priory , W. Carver, 
 Esq.), 1 m. on the Ambleside road. 
 The woods of Calgarth here form a 
 foreground to a landscape of wonder- 
 ful beauty, including the whole of 
 the upper reach of the lake, Conis- 
 ton Old Man, and Langdale Pikes. 
 A short distance from Bowness, near 
 the shore of the lake, is Rayrigg , 
 an old mansion-house once occupied 
 by William Wilberforce. 
 
 Conveyances. — A coach daily dur- 
 ing the season from the Ferry Inn 
 opposite Bowness, through Hawks- 
 head (Rte. 21), to Ooniston, 10 m., 
 for the rly. to Furness Abbey, which 
 may thus be conveniently visited 
 from Bowness or Windermere Stat. 
 A coach to Patterdale on Ullswater 
 daily, 10 m., and one daily to and 
 from Keswick. There is a pleasant 
 footpath to the ferry 1 m. across the 
 fields. The ferry-boat conveys car- 
 
 riages and passengers across the lake 
 in 5 minutes. 
 
 A few minutes’ walk from the 
 ferry inn is a summer-house called 
 the Station , belonging to the pro- 
 prietor of Curwen’s Island. Each 
 window is filled with differently- 
 coloured glass. The effect produced 
 is singular. 
 
 Continuing up the lake, con- 
 spicuous on the 1. (and in Lanca- 
 shire) are the towers of Wray Castle , 
 built in 1842 by James Dawson, Esq., 
 M.D., of Liverpool, and intended to 
 represent a feudal fortress of the 
 Middle Ages. The best parts of it, 
 however, are the outside, and the 
 situation, which cannot be surpassed. 
 The views up Langdale are superb 
 from this part of the lake, and in- 
 clude Harrison and Stickle Pikes, 
 High Easdale, Lingmoor, and Ser- 
 jeant Man, while the foreground 
 is filled with the mighty masses of 
 Loughrigg and the Rydal Fells. 
 Close to Lowwood Hotel , where the 
 steamer calls, is Dovesnest , for a 
 short time the residence of Mrs. 
 Hemans, a plain unpretending house, 
 beautifully situated. At the head of 
 the lake the village of Clappersgate 
 is seen nestling under the wooded 
 heights of Loughrigg, together with 
 Brathay Hall { G. Redmayne, Esq.), 
 in the centre of a wooded park. The 
 tourist fairly enters Westmoreland, 
 and the most lovely portion of the 
 lake district at Waterliead Pier , 
 from whence omnibuses complete 
 the journey of 1 m. to Ambleside 
 ( Handbook to the Lattes'). Hotels: 
 Salutation, Brown’s Queen’s Hotel, 
 White Lion. 
 
186 
 
 Route 21 . — Furness Junction to Ambleside. 
 
 ROUTE 21. 
 
 FURNESS JUNCTION TO AMBLESIDE, 
 
 BY BROUGHTON, CONISTON, AND 
 
 HAWKSHEAD. 
 
 The Whitehaven line, after pass- 
 ing through the Yale of Nightshade, 
 skirts the E. shore of the Duddon 
 estuary nearly to Broughton. 
 
 4 m. Askarn Stat. , formerly Ireleth. 
 On the 1. may be seen the Park 
 Mines, the present aspect of which 
 indicates the extensive quantities 
 of mineral which have been obtained. 
 At Askarn may be seen the haema- 
 tite iron furnaces of the Furness Iron 
 and Steel Company, and one of, if 
 not the highest chimneys in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 7} m. Kirhby Stat. On the rt. are 
 the extensive slate quarries belong- 
 ing to the Duke of Devonshire, in 
 which several hundred workmen 
 are employed. The quarries pro- 
 duce some of the best roofing-slates 
 in the kingdom, and are largely 
 exported from Barrow. The debris 
 which cover the side of the hill 
 have the appearance of military 
 earthworks. The men employed in 
 the quarries have to be let down by 
 ropes for the purpose of boring pre- 
 vious to blasting the slate. Some of 
 the slates take a good polish, and 
 exhibit fossils ; over 10,000 tons are 
 annually sent away from here. 
 
 The eh ., partly rebuilt in 1826, is 
 late Perp., and has a good S. door- 
 way with deep mouldings and beak- 
 
 head carving. Old Kirkby Ball , 
 the seat of the Kirkby family for 
 10 generations, is a fine old Tudor 
 building with a large hall and some 
 curiously carved rooms. In one, 
 called the chapel, the Lord’s Prayer, 
 Creed, and Commandments, with 
 texts of Scripture, are painted in 
 curious characters on the walls ; but 
 they are all partially obliterated by 
 decay. At one end is a priest’s hole. 
 The rly. here takes a very wide bend, 
 so as to circumvent the Duddon es- 
 tuary, and it was at one time proposed 
 to throw an embankment across to 
 the opposite coast, which would re- 
 duce the distance by nearly two- 
 thirds, but the project has been 
 abandoned. 
 
 9} m. at Foxfield Jtjnc., from 
 which may be seen Eccleriggs , the 
 residence of the Rt. Hon. R. A. Cross, 
 the main line enters Cumberland 
 {Handbook to the Lakes), while a 
 branch is given off on rt. to 
 
 10} m. Broughton Stat. ( Inns : the 
 Old King’s Head ; the New King’s 
 Head), a small neat town, built 
 on a gentle slope, the inhabitants 
 occupied for the most part in 
 making hoops and rake -handles 
 from the brushwood of the Furness 
 Fells. Broughton Tower (Mrs. 
 Caine), an old embattled, gloomy- 
 looking mansion on a hill above 
 the town, is approached by an 
 avenue of ancient firs. A portion 
 of the N. side of the mansion is all 
 that remains of the former edifice. 
 The walls are of immense thickness, 
 but the interior has been consider- 
 ably modernised. It originally be- 
 longed to Sir Thomas Broughton, 
 who joined Lambert Simnel on his 
 landing. The family of Broughton 
 was of great antiquity, and the 
 influence of Sir Thomas was so 
 considerable, that he was one of the 
 prominent members of the con- 
 federacy which attempted to sub- 
 vert the government of Henry VII. 
 
187 
 
 Route 21 . — Broughton — The Buddon. 
 
 Sir Thomas is said to have fallen in 
 battle ; but there is a tradition that 
 he lived many years in conceal- 
 ment at Witherslack, in Westmore- 
 land. The views from the grounds 
 of Broughton Tower, which are 
 open to tourists, both inland and 
 towards the sea, will repay a visit. 
 The ch., a building of the 16th 
 centy., has been restored, but the 
 curious appearance and antiquity of 
 the older edifice have been ruthlessly 
 destroyed. In the ch.-yd., under the 
 E. wall, is a series of gravestones of 
 the Lathom family, the ages of the 
 deceased sufficiently betokening the 
 great healthiness of the locality; 
 under one tombstone there repose 
 the remains of 7 members of one 
 family, who reached the remarkable 
 ages of 78, 80, 84, 92, 101, and 104. 
 Broughton is situated on high 
 ground close to the junction of the 
 little river Lickle with the Duddon. 
 This latter river rises on Wrynose, 
 in the vicinity of the three Shire 
 Stones, runs 12 m. as a stream to 
 Broughton, forming the boundary 
 between Lancashire and Cumber- 
 land, and then expands into an 
 estuary of 9 m. in length, with a 
 mean width of about 2£ m. to the 
 sea. Its highest reach runs through 
 the narrow vale, called the Yale of 
 Duddon, to Seath waite ; its central 
 reach traverses a wider vale, called 
 the Plain of Dunnerdale ; its next 
 reach, as far as Broughton, is in the 
 Yale of Ulpha, and its estuary com- 
 prises about 13,000 acres of silty 
 deposit, quite capable of being con- 
 verted, by warping, into a tract of 
 fertile land. The Duddon, above 
 the tidal flow, abounds in trout, 
 salmon, and particularly fine cockles. 
 On Heaththwaite Fells, 2 m. to E. of 
 Broughton, are some cairns and a 
 series of stone walls without mortar, 
 supposed to be an early British 
 settlement. 
 
 Broughton is the starting-point 
 whence to make the excursion up 
 the Duddon, which, by hiring a con- 
 
 veyance, may be accomplished in 
 5 or 6 hours. Leaving the Bootle- 
 road, at Duddon Bridge, the road 
 turns to the rt. and leads between 
 high hedges to the Ulpha Fells. 
 The lower course of the river is 
 here hidden by the woods of Buddon 
 Grove (Major Rawlinson) on the 
 1., a neat mansion beautifully situ- 
 ated on the rt. bank of the stream. 
 More conspicuous than the house 
 is a small temple of white free- 
 stone, the entablature supported 
 by plain columns with Corinthian 
 capitals; the interior is decorated 
 with stained glass. Duddon Grove 
 may be reached by entering a 
 wooded lane to the 1. (1^ m. from 
 Duddon Bridge), first passing 
 through a farmyard. From the 
 bridge at the end of the lane the 
 river scenery is very beautiful, and 
 will well repay a short detour. A 
 little beyond Duddon Grove, Ulpha 
 Fell is reached, where the scenery 
 becomes wilder and more open. Cor- 
 ney, Stainton, and Birker Fells, 
 are all conspicuous objects in the 
 distance ; but, “ grand as the wild 
 fells are when purpled with autum- 
 nal splendour, the speciality, the 
 very genius of this valley’s charm 
 is the varied loveliness of its stream. 
 Every turn in it brings a new picture 
 to the eye.” — Machay. 
 
 Ulpha , or Ulpha Kirk (4 m. from 
 Duddon Bridge, 5J from Broughton), 
 a small hamlet ; the Inn affords but 
 humble accommodation. The ch.- 
 yd. is the subject of one of Words- 
 worth’s fine sonnets on the river 
 Duddon. 
 
 “ How sweet were leisure ! could it yield no 
 more 
 
 Than ’mid that wave- washed churchyard 
 to recline, 
 
 From pastoral graves extracting thoughts 
 divine, 
 
 Or there to pace and mark the summits 
 hoar 
 
 Of distant moonlit mountains faintly shine. 
 
 Soothed by the unseen river’s gentle roar.” 
 
 The rocks here are curiously water- 
 worn ; being scooped by the eddies 
 
188 
 
 j Route 21 . — The Stepping Stones. 
 
 into large holes called “ pots/’ A 
 little beyond Ulpha is Mill Bridge, 
 where the river flows over mossy 
 rocks. From this point the scenery 
 progressively rises in interest, Hard- 
 knot, Bowfell, and Scawfell grandly 
 towering in the distance. 
 
 At Newfield in Seathwaite are the 
 “ Stepping Stones,” the subject of 
 Wordsworth’s Sonnets X. and XI. 
 Here is undoubtedly the finest 
 scenery of the Duddon ; the valley 
 retaining much of its cultivated 
 character, and the mountains being 
 still sufficiently distant to preserve 
 their atmospheric tints. For some 
 distance, the ■ bed of the river is 
 strewn with masses of rock, which 
 have fallen from the crags above. 
 The river here receives the stream 
 which flows from Seathwaite Tarn. 
 Looking up the gorge, through 
 which the Duddon makes its way 
 into Dunnerdale, flanked on the rt. 
 by the perpendicular rock called 
 the Pen, and on the opposite side 
 by Wallabarrow Crag, the scene is 
 one that will not readily be for- 
 gotten. The impetuous course of 
 the river in flood, combined with the 
 character of its banks, has given rise 
 to many curious phenomena — deep 
 quiet pools of emerald-green water, 
 and rocks fashioned into most fan- 
 tastic shapes. 
 
 “From this deep chasm, where quivering 
 sunbeams play 
 
 Upon its loftiest crags mine eyes behold 
 A gloomy niche, capacious, blank, and cold ; 
 A concave free from shrubs and mosses 
 gray; 
 
 In semblance fresh, as if, with dire affray, 
 Some statue, placed amid these regions old 
 For tutelary service, thence had rolled, 
 Startling the flight of timid Yesterday.” 
 
 The chief interest of the Duddon 
 valley commences at Hall Dunner- 
 dale Bridge ; cross it, go up the 
 bank by the river as far as the 
 “ Stepping Stones ” at Newfield, 
 cross the stream by them and re- 
 join your car, which has proceeded 
 by the road. There is a reach in 
 this part of the Duddon, which, 
 
 once seen, can never be effaced from 
 the memory. The whole course of 
 the river, from Dunnerdale Bridge 
 for 4 m., is one continuous series of 
 pictures, a combination of rock, wood 
 and water seldom equalled. Birks 
 Bridge is a few yards off the high- 
 way, and the view from it should 
 not be lost ; but it is necessary to 
 order the driver of your car to pull 
 up when near it, or you will be 
 driven past a most interesting point 
 at full-trot, and so miss the most 
 perfect picture of its kind to be seen 
 anywhere. Below Dunnerdale the 
 crags cease, and above Birks the 
 wood is more scanty, and the heights 
 recede further from the stream. 
 
 There used to be a small inn at 
 Newfield, but the building is now 
 a farmhouse. The present tenant, 
 however, is very obliging, and will 
 supply light refreshments if re- 
 quested to do so. In the ch.-yd. is 
 a slab supported by two upright 
 stones, • marking the grave of the 
 Kev. Bobert Walker, who died in 
 1741, aged 90, — a clergyman whose 
 character has been thought worthy 
 of a sonnet, and of an elaborate 
 panegyric in prose, by Wordsworth. 
 He was a simple, zealous, and labor- 
 ious pastor ; and although his annual 
 stipend only amounted to 51., he 
 reared 12 children, and died worth 
 2000Z. Close to the ch. is the par- 
 sonage, a small cottage covered with 
 climbing roses, in which Walker 
 lived. His employments were multi- 
 farious ; he was the parish priest, 
 schoolmaster, and doctor of the 
 district ; he made wills and pre- 
 pared and engrossed deeds, was 
 the amanuensis of his uneducated 
 parishioners, sold home-brewed beer, 
 cultivated his glebe with his own 
 hands, and worked for wages at hay- 
 making and sheepshearing. 
 
 The little chapel is scarcely larger 
 than a labourer’s cottage. Walker’s 
 pew is shown, lined with cloth woven 
 by himself. 
 
 Cockley Beck , 5 m. from Newfield, 
 
189 
 
 Route 21 . — Cochley Beelc — Walna Scar . 
 
 is nearly at the extremity of the 
 valley of the Duddon. The scenery 
 between Cockley Beck and Wrynose 
 is dreary ; the river is merely a 
 brawling mountain-stream, and the 
 valley a scene of almost unmitigated 
 desolation, with Grey Friars on the 
 rt. and Harter Fell and Hardknot 
 on the 1. At Cockley Beck is a 
 solitary farmhouse, shaded by syca- 
 mores, “ the cottage rude and grey ” 
 of Wordsworth’s sonnet. Here one 
 road turns to the rt. over Wrynose 
 into Langdale, and the other to the 
 1. over Hardknot into Eskdale. 
 
 [An interesting walk may be 
 taken from Coniston over Walna 
 Scar, a ridge which lies to the south- 
 west of the Old Man joining the road 
 which has just been described above 
 Seathwaite ch. Of this road Pro- 
 fessor Wilson says, “ There are few 
 grander walks in the North of Eng- 
 land.” Of the view of Dunnerdale, 
 from Walna Scar, Wordsworth also 
 says, “ Towards the close of Septem- 
 ber, when the aftergrass of the mea- 
 dow is still of a fresh green, with the 
 leaves of the trees faded, but per- 
 haps none fallen, is truly enchant- 
 ing. At a point elevated enough 
 to show the various objects of the 
 valley, and not so high as to di- 
 minish their importance, the stranger 
 will instinctively halt. On the fore- 
 ground, a little below the most 
 favourable station, a rude foot-bridge 
 is thrown over the bed of the noisy 
 brook foaming by the wayside. Bus- 
 set and craggy hills of bold and 
 varied outline surround the level 
 valley, which is besprinkled with 
 grey rocks, plumed with birch-trees. 
 A few homesteads are interspersed, 
 peeping out from among the rocks 
 like hermitages, where sites for 
 houses have been chosen for the bene- 
 fit of sunshine as well as shelter.” 
 
 To take this walk, go under the 
 railway arch by Coniston Stat., and 
 follow the road fronting you by the 
 stream, until you come to a gate 
 in a wall opposite. Here cross the 
 
 stream and turn 1. up a slight ascent 
 and almost immediately afterwards 
 turn right into a lane between 
 hedges. Follow this track which, 
 on emerging from the lane, has a 
 wall on its 1. until it is crossed by 
 another wall which has a gate in it, 
 which gate leads out to an open fiat 
 of moor, lying at the base of the 
 Old Man. Follow the track through 
 this gate until, some distance on, 
 it forks, when take the right-hand 
 branch/ and keep straight along this 
 until it enters a kind of valley 
 formed by the crags of the Old Man 
 on the rt., and a chain of hillocks 
 on the 1. Here avoid a track which 
 is seen ascending in zigzags on the 
 rt., and keep on the present track 
 across two or three water-courses 
 until you reach the bed of a torrent 
 larger than those previously crossed. 
 Here the road forks. Cross the tor- 
 rent and follow the path until you 
 reach a footbridge which crosses 
 Torver Beck, as the stream is called, 
 which carries off the water of 
 the Goat’s Tarn hollow, which you 
 see on your rt. Cross the bridge 
 and follow the track, disregarding 
 all turns and well-looking roads to 
 the rt., which only lead to slate 
 quarries in the Old Man, until the 
 road forks once more, when take 
 the l.-hand turn, and you reach the 
 summit-level of the pass, whence 
 you look over into the Duddon 
 Yalley. In descending the road 
 starts towards some slate quarries. 
 Just before reaching these, turn off 
 sharp to the rt., descending through 
 a gate in the wall below you. 
 Thence* you reach the valley with- 
 out difficulty, and the road which 
 has been described above, from 
 Broughton and Ulpha.] 
 
 An admirer of the poet of the 
 Duddon may probably prefer follow- 
 ing the stream from its source with 
 the volume containing the Sonnets 
 in his hand, to ascending its banks 
 from Broughton. To do this, he 
 may proceed either from Coniston, 
 
190 
 
 Route 21 . — Coniston Old Man. 
 
 through Yewdale, or from Amble- 
 side, through Little Langdale, to 
 Fell Foot, 5 m., from whence he will 
 commence the ascent of Wrynose. 
 At its summit are the 3 Shire Stones, 
 marking the junction of the 3 
 counties of Lancaster, Westmore- 
 land, and Cumberland. Immedi- 
 ately after, passing these, on turning 
 to the 1., a little out of the road, he 
 will come upon the source of the 
 Duddon in a bed of green moss. 
 
 44 To dignify the spot that gives thee birth, 
 
 No sign of hoar Antiquity’s esteem 
 
 Appears, and none of modern Fortune’s 
 care; 
 
 Yet thou thyself hast round thee shed a 
 gleam 
 
 Of brilliant moss, instinct with freshness 
 rare, 
 
 Prompt offering to thy foster mother 
 Earth !” — Sonnet III. 
 
 After a descent of 1J m. the tourist 
 will reach Cockley Beck. From 
 Cockley Beck the course of the river 
 may be followed to Duddon Bridge ; 
 and no difficulty will be found in 
 identifying the several spots de- 
 scribed by the poet. 
 
 From Broughton the rly. runs up 
 the glen watered by the Steers 
 Pool to 
 
 4 m. Woodland Stat ., and as it 
 approaches 
 
 5 m. Torver Stat ., where the 
 chapel is said by tradition to have 
 been erected by Archbp. Cranmer, 
 the tourist gains the first view on 
 rt. of Coniston Water, at the head 
 of which is situated the charming 
 village of 
 
 8J m. Coniston , the terminus of 
 the line ( Hotel : Waterhead, Lake 
 Bank Hotel ; both excellent). Co- 
 niston Lake lies parallel to and 
 about 5 m. W. of Windermere ; it 
 is 6 m. in length, by § m. broad. 
 The char are considered the best 
 in the Lake district. The scenery 
 of its banks is generally soft and 
 pleasing ; but at its northern ex- 
 tremity it is more imposing. A 
 steam gondola plies on the lake 2 
 or 3 times a day, and after 6 p.m. it 
 
 may be engaged for private excur- 
 sions at a charge of 15s. At Nib- 
 thwaite, the river Crake flows out, 
 and the lake is here seen to great 
 advantage, the broken promontories 
 of the distant Yewdale crags and 
 the fine mass of the Old Man form- 
 ing a superb background. 
 
 The road on the E. side is rather 
 disappointing. It is between woods, 
 and at no point commands a perfect 
 view, and the Old Man and Wea- 
 therlam are too near for effect. The 
 most beautiful point is that between 
 the Lake Bank Hotel and Gunnery 
 Bank on the W. About 1 m. from 
 the head of the lake on the W. bank 
 is Coniston Hall , the old seat of the 
 Flemings, but now a farmhouse, 
 which contains some work of the 
 15th centy. It is the scene of Mr. 
 Greslev’s novel, ‘ Coniston Hall/ 
 The hall is turned into a barn. 
 
 Coniston Old Man (2632 ft.) is so 
 called from the pile of stones on 
 its summit, such piles on the tops 
 of hills being provincially called 
 “ men or, perhaps, from “Alt 
 Maen,” high rock. The geological 
 features of the mountain are interes- 
 ting. From the village to the top, 
 the strata are shown in fine open 
 sections. At the base is a bed of tran- 
 sition limestone ; granite and felspar 
 are met with in the ascent, but the 
 mass of the mountain is composed of 
 blue slate, of which there are several 
 quarries. In commencing the ascent 
 from the village, follow along the 
 course of the stream flowing from 
 Levers Water, a tarn on the N. side of 
 the mountain. The road is steep and 
 irregular. On reaching the copper- 
 mines, the crest of the mountain is 
 on the 1. above 2 slate-quarries, the 
 one at a higher elevation than the 
 other, the highest of which is con- 
 nected by a road with the lower. 
 Shortly after quitting the higher of 
 these quarries, the mountain tarn 
 of Low Water is seen, the highest of 
 the Coniston tarns, and from this 
 point the track is marked by a zig- 
 
Houte 21 . — Goniston . 
 
 191 
 
 za g path, passing a third quarry, 
 and leading along a sloping ridge 
 to the summit. The N. side of 
 Levers Water , the largest of all the 
 tarns, and one of the most beautiful 
 both in shape and position, mea- 
 suring 1 m. in circumference, and 
 nearly circular in form, is passed 
 during the ascent. It lies between 
 the Old Man and Wetherlam. 
 From it there is a road to Low 
 W ater . The ascent may also be made 
 by following the road over Walna 
 Scar for about 1 m. and then turning 
 to the rt. towards an old slate-quarry, 
 whence it is a rough scramble to the 
 top. Blind Tarn, so called from its 
 having no outlet, will be visible to 
 the S. under Walna Scar, and a 
 walk of J m. from the top to the 
 N.W. will bring the tourist in sight 
 of Seathwaite Tarn, from whence 
 the Bark issues to fall into the 
 Duddon. The mountain - range of 
 Wetherlam, which sweeps round to 
 the N. of the Old Man, is well worth 
 a visit for the grand and varied 
 prospects it affords. From Wether- 
 lam the return may be made to 
 Coniston through Tilberthwaite and 
 Yewdale. The ascent to the sum- 
 mit of the “ Old Man ” from Conis- 
 ton will occupy 2 hours. Charge 
 for pony, 5s. The mountain may 
 also be ascended from Torver , taking 
 the rly. to that village, 2 m. This 
 is much the easiest way of reaching 
 the top, but the route is not so pic- 
 turesque as the others, although if 
 time be an object it may be pre- 
 ferred. The ascent from Torver 
 can be made easily in 1 J hr. Gates 
 Water , a tarn between the Old Man 
 and the Dow Crag, is passed by 
 this route. It has an oval form, 
 and is about \ m. in circumference. 
 It possesses a wild, savage, almost 
 terrific character. Three out of its 
 4 sides are overhung by naked, dark, 
 lofty precipices, reft with chasms; 
 while its fourth side is formed of an 
 accumulation of fallen rocks. The 
 panorama from the summit of the 
 
 Old Man embraces the estuaries of 
 the Kent, Leven, and Duddon, a 
 long line of coast, the Isle of Man, 
 Black Combe, Scawfell, and Bow- 
 fell. Coniston Lake is seen for its 
 whole length, together with Es- 
 thwaite Water and part of Winder- 
 mere. Snowdon may also be seen 
 on a clear day. 
 
 Very charming walks may be 
 taken from Coniston into Yewdale 
 2 m., to Grisedale, 3 m., and round 
 the bay at the upper end of the 
 lake to the Hawkshead road and 
 the hill above. The road to Yew- 
 dale turns to the rt. opposite the 
 ch., and the shady lane by the side 
 of Yewdale Beck is followed for 
 about 2 m., w r ith Yewdale crags on 
 the 1. On reaching High Yewdale 
 the road to the rt. leads to Grasmere 
 and that to the 1. through Tilber- 
 thwaite to Langdale. At this point 
 the scenery is highly picturesque. 
 The road to the secluded vale of 
 Tilberthwaite may be followed for a 
 short distance, the ascent gradually 
 opening views of Coniston and the 
 valley, which are well worth the 
 trouble of a short excursion. Grise- 
 dale lies between Coniston Lake and 
 Windermere. It is reached by a 
 road to the 1. from the E. side of the 
 lake. The valley is picturesque 
 without possessing any very striking 
 features. 
 
 The botanist will find at Coniston 
 the following plants On the Old 
 Man, Saxifraga stellaris ; at Conis- 
 ton Waterhead, Geranium syloa- 
 ticum ; on the E. side of Coniston 
 Lake, Ornithopus perpusillus ; and 
 on the high ground between Co- 
 niston and Hawkshead, Habenaria 
 alb id a. 
 
 Instead of proceeding direct to 
 Coniston from Ambleside, the 
 Hawkshead road may be taken, and 
 that town and Esthwaite Water 
 first visited. The Hawkshead road 
 turns off to the 1. from the Coniston 
 road, 2 m. from Ambleside. 
 
 The views, shortly after the 
 
192 
 
 Route 21 . — Hawkshead. 
 
 Hawkshead road is entered, are i 
 very striking. Step on to thd fell 
 on 1. of the road for a distant view 
 of Ambleside, and of Windermere 
 with its wooded promontories below. 
 “Here let the tourist pause, and 
 admire the prospect opening out 
 before him, of the lake, of the quiet 
 picturesque town of Ambleside, and 
 the magnificent panorama of moun- 
 tains that encircle the whole ; if he 
 is fortunate enough to have a fine 
 day, with a cloudless sky, he will 
 acknowledge that English mountain 
 scenery, if not the grandest, is among 
 the most beautiful in Europe.” — 
 Maekay. 
 
 Nearly 3 m. to the E. of Coniston, 
 is Hawkshead ( Inn : Old King’s 
 Head), a curious antique little town. 
 The ch. perched on a rocky eminence 
 consists of a nave with aisles, and 
 chancel with side chapels. The 
 arches dividing the nave from the 
 aisles are semicircular, and sup- 
 ported on massive Saxon pillars. 
 The clerestory was added in 1633. 
 In the chapel on the N. of the chancel 
 is a tomb erected by Archbishop 
 Sandy s to the memory of his parents. 
 It bears their arms. Among the 
 monuments are some to members of 
 the Sandy s family ; to Thomas 
 Alcock Beck, author of the 4 Annales 
 Furnesienses to Elizabeth Smith, 
 of whom De Quincey writes an elo- 
 quent panegyric. In the tower are 
 six bells with curious inscriptions. 
 From the ch.-yard there is a lovely 
 view of the vale and the moun- 
 tains at the back of Ambleside, 
 and about Kirkstone Pass. An en- 
 dowed Grammar School exists here, 
 where Wordsworth received his 
 early education, together with his 
 brother. Dr. Wordsworth, the Mas- 
 ter of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Dr. Sandys, Archbp. of York, was 
 also educated here, and bequeathed 
 his library, chiefly theological, to 
 the school. A member of the family 
 which still occupies Graythwaite 
 Hall (Rte. 20), he was the friend of 
 
 Jewell, Hooker, and Cranmer, and 
 suffered imprisonment for 7 months 
 in the Tower, on account of his 
 opinions. He afterwards fled to the 
 Continent, and lived for some time 
 in exile. On his return to England, 
 he took part in the translation of 
 the Bible, and rose successively to 
 the sees of Worcester, London, and 
 York (1577-1588). The school still 
 contains the old oak chest of the 
 16th centy. for keeping the charters, 
 also the school seal, representing a 
 pedagogue with uplifted birch. The 
 Town-hall is a very curious little 
 building. 
 
 \ m. from the church is Hawks- 
 head Hall , now a farmhouse, but 
 once the property of the Abbots 
 of Furness, where they held their 
 manorial court ; the mullioned win- 
 dows over the gateway were those 
 of the Court-room. From this 
 road there are charming views of 
 Esthwaite Water , a small lake 1 J m. 
 in length. The best way of see- 
 ing it is by taking the road on the 
 W. bank past Esthwaite Hall, from 
 whence a lane on the 1. skirts the 
 whole of the lake bank to Hawks- 
 head. Two promontories almost 
 divide it, and the best view is ob- 
 tained from the promontory on the 
 W. side, looking N. Its chief feeder 
 is a brook that rises in Yewdale 
 Fells, while from its foot flows the 
 Cunsey Beefy to connect it with 
 Windermere. Plantations and fields 
 alternately diversify the shores, 
 white farmhouses are scattered over 
 the slopes, and give to its banks a 
 character of peace and rural seclu- 
 sion. The lake abounds in trout, 
 perch, and pike. The soil of the 
 Vale of Hawkshead is fertile; but 
 the cultivation of coppice- wood has 
 been introduced as the most profit- 
 able use to which the land can be 
 applied. A plantation is divided 
 into 20 portions, one of which is cut 
 every year. Much of the wood is 
 used in the manufacture of bobbins, 
 and charcoal is largely produced. 
 
193 
 
 Boute 21 . — Sawrey — Ambleside . 
 
 A road runs from Hawkshead along 
 the eastern shore of the lake to the 
 ferry on Windermere, nearly oppo- 
 site Bowness, passing through the 
 pretty village of Sawrey , 2 m., near 
 which the most beautiful views are 
 obtained. 
 
 From Hawkshead to Ambleside, 
 6J m., the road runs past Hawks- 
 head Hall on 1., over rather high 
 ground, prettily fringed with wood. 
 
 On rt. is Blelliam Tarn , soon after 
 which a view is gained of W T ray 
 Castle. Further on is the beautiful 
 little inlet on Windermere of Pull 
 Wyhe , and the tourist then skirts 
 the park of Brathay (J. Redmayne, 
 Esq.), and, passing through the 
 village of Clappersgate, crosses the 
 border to 
 
 Ambleside ( Hotels : Salutation 
 Brown's, Queen’s, White Lion). 
 
 [ Lancashire .] 
 
 o 
 
( 194 ) 
 
 INDE X. 
 
 ABRAM. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abram, 6 ; Hall, 6 
 Accrington, 82 
 Acresfield, 48 
 
 Adlington, 94 ; Hall, 10, 94 
 Agecroft Hall, 48 ; bridge, 48 
 Ainsdale, 130 
 Ainsworth, 97 
 
 Aintree stat., 132 ; race-course, 
 99 - U2 
 
 Albert Asylum for Idiots, the, 
 155 
 
 Aldcliffe Hall, j 55 , 
 
 Aldingham church, 175 
 Alkin coats, 85 $ 
 
 Alkrington Hall, 41 
 Allerton siat., 112 ; Hall, 112; 
 Tower, 112 
 
 Alston College, 146; Hall, 146 
 Altar, inscribed stone, 67 
 Altcar, 130 
 
 Altham church, 82 ; Hall, 82 
 Ambleside, 185, 193 
 An coats Hall, 29 
 Anne’s, St., stat., 149 ; the 
 Heyhouses, 149 
 Ansdell, 149 
 Antiquarian tour, xl. 
 Antiquities, xxvii. 
 
 Appleton, no 
 Apply Bridge stat., 138 
 Arden, 82 
 Ardwick junc., 32 
 Arkholme, 165 
 
 Arkwright’s inventions, xv., 60, 
 62 ; birthplace, 142 
 Arley Hall, 10 
 
 Arnside, 168; Knot, 168; 
 
 Tower, 168 
 Ashbury, 32 
 Ashton, 147 ; Hall. 154 
 Ashton-in-Makerlield, 6 
 Ashton-under-Lyne, 33 ; the 
 Assheton family, 33 ; the 
 Bestal, 35; buildings, 35; 
 church, 34 ; Gallows mea- 
 dow, 35; history, 35; Old 
 Hall, 35; Oxford Mills, 36; 
 Stamford Park, 35 
 Ashurst Beacon, in; Hall, in 
 Askam, 186 
 Aspinall Arms Inn, 74 
 
 BLACKBURN. 
 
 Astley Hall, 10, 92, 96 J , 
 Atherton, 92 
 
 Aughton church, 133; Old 
 Hall, 134 
 
 B. 
 
 Backbarrow, 183 
 Bacup, 56 ; co-operative stores, 
 56 
 
 Bamber Bridge stat., 80 
 Bamtord Hall, 45 
 Bamfurlong Hall, 6 
 Bancroft, Archbp., birthplace, 
 58 
 
 Bank Hall, 83, 139 
 Barcroft, 47 
 
 Bardsea church, 175; Hall, 
 174; village, 175 
 Bards ley, 37 ; House, 37 
 Barlow, Dr. W., birthplace, 29 
 Barnside, 84 
 
 Barrow, 180; docks, 181 ; is- 
 land, 180; port, 180; steam- 
 ers from, 182; steel- works, 
 180 
 
 , Old, 181 
 
 Barton aqueduct, 101 ; Old Hall, 
 101 
 
 Hall, 152 
 
 Bashall, 76 
 Baxenden stat., 54 
 Bay Horse stat., 154’] 
 
 Beater Clough, 47 
 Beaumont Hall, 162 
 Bedford Leigh stat., 92 
 Belfield Hall, 44 
 Belle Isle, or Curwen’s Island, 
 185 
 
 Bentcliffe House, 86 
 Bescar Lane stat., 138 
 Bickershaw Hall, 6 
 Bigger Bank, 181 
 Bigiand Hall, 171 
 Billinge Beacon, 98 ; Hill, 66 
 Birch House, 58 
 Birkdale stat., 13 1 
 Birkrigg Hill, 175 ; antiquities, 
 175 
 
 Biscay How, 185" 
 
 Bispham Hall, 98 ; stat., 149 
 Blackamoor’s Head Inn, 95 
 Blackburn, 64; buildings, 66; 
 
 BROUGHTON. 
 
 church, 65; history, 64; 
 manufactures, 65 ; Park, 66 
 Blackford Bridge, 51 
 Black Lane stat., 97 
 Blackley, 39 
 
 Blackpool, 149 ; pier, 1 50 
 Blackrod, 94 
 Blackstone Edge, 45 
 Bleaching, xxii. 
 
 Bleasdale Fells, 146 ; Tower, 152 
 Blelham Tarn, 193 
 Blue-pits junc., 41 
 Bold, 103 ; Old Hall, 104 
 Bolton, 59 ; buildings, 61 ; 
 celebrities, 60, 62 ; churches, 
 61 ; Grammar School, 61 ; 
 history, 59, 60; manufac- 
 tures, 61 ; origin of name, 
 59; parks, 62 
 
 Chapel, 176 1 
 
 Little, 59 ; Hall, 62 
 
 le-Sands, 160 
 
 Lodge, 86 
 
 Booth Hall, 89 
 Bootle, 129 
 
 Borwick Hall, 165; “priest- 
 hole,” 165 
 Boulder clay, x. 
 
 Bouth, 183 
 
 Bowers, the “ priest-hole,” 153 
 Bowland, or Bolland, forest, 
 77 ; laws, 77 
 
 Bowness, 184 ; church, 184 
 Bradford, John, birthplace, 29 
 Bradley Fold stat., 97 
 — Hall, 6 
 
 Bradshaw, brook, 64 ; Hall, 97 
 Brandlesholme Hall, 52 
 Brathay, 193; Hall, 185 
 Bretherton, 139 
 Bride’s Chair, 160 
 Bridgewater Canal, 90 ; aque- 
 duct over the lrweil, 101 
 Brierfield stat., 84 
 Broadclough, 56 
 Broad Green stat., 106 
 Brock stat., 152; river, 152, 
 153 
 
 Bromley Cross stat., 63 
 Broom House, 86 
 Broughton near Furness, 186; 
 church, 187 ; Tower, 186 
 
 near Preston, 152 ; church, 
 
 152 ; Tower, 152 
 
INDEX. 
 
 195 
 
 BROUGHTON. 
 
 Broughton Hall, 29 
 Brown Edge, 37 
 Browsholme, 77 ; ‘ stirupe ’ of 
 the forest, 77 
 Bruck Hall, 6 
 Brunanburgh, battle of, 56 
 Bryn Hall, 6 ; Father Arrow- 
 smith’s hand, 6 
 Buckley Hall, 36, 43 
 Bucton Castle, 37 
 Builla Hill, 85 
 
 Burnley, 83, 47; church, 83; 
 excursions, 83 
 
 near Bacup, 56 
 
 Burrow Hall, 165 ; Roman en- 
 campment, 165 
 
 Burscough junc., 138; Priory, 
 1 15 
 
 Burton-in-Kendall stat., 160 
 Burtonwood, 6 
 
 Bury, 51 ; church, 52; natives, 
 52 
 
 to Burnley, 54 
 
 Lane, 103 
 
 c. 
 
 Cadishead, 108 
 
 Calder, river, 46, 68, 73, 153; 
 
 source, 47; valley, 57, 153 
 Calderbrook, 45 
 Calgarth woods, 185 
 Calico printing, xxiii. 
 
 Camps, xxix. 
 
 Canals, xxvi. 
 
 Capernwray Hall, 160, 165 
 Carboniferous formation, viii. 
 
 limestones, x. 
 
 Cardwell, Lord, birthplace, 129 
 Cark stat., 171; Hall, 171 
 Carnforth junc., 160 
 
 to Barrow, 165 
 
 Carr Hall, 84 
 
 Cartmel , 169; church, 169; 
 Holly Well, 170, 17 1 ; 
 
 Priory, 169 
 Castle Head, 169 
 
 Mere, 43 
 
 Steads, earthwork, 52 
 
 Castleton, 43 ; Hall, 43 
 Caton, 163 
 
 Chadderton, 41 ; Hall, 41 
 Chaddock Hall, 92 
 Chadwick Hall, 45 
 Chapel Island, 172 
 Charles Edward, Prince, at 
 Manchester, 17 ; concealed at 
 Wigan, 8 
 Chaseley, 85 
 Chat Moss, the, 101 
 Cbatburn stat., 78 
 Chequerbent, 92 
 Cherry Tree stat. 82 
 
 CRAG. 
 
 Chetham, Humphry, birthplace, 
 29 
 
 Chetham’s Close, 64 
 Childwall Hall, 106 
 Chipping, 146 
 Chisnall Hall, 10 
 Chorley junc., 96; town, 96 
 Chorlton Hall, 29 
 Chowbent, 92 
 Church stat., 82 
 Churches, xxx. 
 
 Cinderland Hall, 36 
 Circle, British, 175 
 Clappersgate, 185, 193 
 Claremont, 48, 85 
 Claughton, 163 ; Old Hall, 163 ; 
 waterfall, 163 
 
 Hall, 152 
 
 Clayton Bridge stat., 32 
 
 Hall, 32, 82 
 
 in-Moors, 82 
 
 Clegg Hall, 43 
 Clerk Hill, 71 
 Cleveleys, 150 
 Cleworth Hall, 92 
 Clitheroe , 75; Castle, 75; 
 
 church, 75; excursion, 76; 
 Moor. 76 ; trade, 76 
 Clifton Hall, 49, 147 
 
 Hill, 154 
 
 junc., 48 
 
 Clough Fold Chapel, 55 
 Cloughs, v. 
 
 Coaltield, Lancashire, xii., 149 
 
 , Manchester, ix. 
 
 Cob House, 53 
 Cockersand Abbey, 155 
 Cockley Beck, 188, 190 
 Collin’s Green stat., 103 
 Collyhurst Hall, 39 
 Colne, 84; church, 84; Hall, 
 84; Piece Hall, 84 
 Colton, 182 
 Conder, river, 154 
 Conishead Priory, 174 
 Coniston , 190 ; copper-mines, 
 190; Hall, 190; lake, 190; 
 Old Man, 190; tarns, 190, 
 191 
 
 Conynger Hurst, 176 
 Cooper Hill, 146 
 Copper, xii. 
 
 Copull stat., 10 
 
 Cornboook junc., 107 ; stream- 
 let, 14 
 Cottam, 147 
 
 Cotton, xiii. ; plant, xvii. ; gin- 
 ning, xviii. ; carding, xviii. ; 
 drawing, doubling, stubbing, 
 and roving, xix. ; spinning, 
 xx. ; weaving, xxii. ; calen- 
 dering, printing, xxiii. 
 
 Coupe Law, 53 55 
 Coverdale Hall, T46 
 Crag House ,85 
 
 ECCLERIGGS. 
 
 Crake, river, 183 
 Crank stat., hi 
 C ranshaw Hill, no 
 Cressington stat., 108 
 Crimble, 45 
 Cripplegate, 138 
 Croal, river, 93 ; valley, 97 
 Crompton, S., his “ mule,” xvi. ; 
 
 birthplace, 62 ; residence, 63 
 Crosby Hall, 130 ; stat. 130 
 
 , Great and Little, 130 
 
 Cross Hall, in 
 - — - Lane stat., 85 
 Crosses inscribed on stones, 47 
 Croston church, 139; Hall, 139 
 Croxteth Park, 106 
 Cuerden Hall, 80 ; Park, 1 1 
 Cuerdley, 109 
 Culcheth Hall, 103 
 Cunsey Bank, 184, 192 
 Cur wen’s Island, 18* 
 
 D. 
 
 Dalton Castle, 176 ; church, 176 ; 
 Hunt, 177 
 
 Danes, or Dancer, House, 83 
 Darcy Lever, 97 
 Darwen, Lower, 64 
 
 , Over, 14 
 
 , river, 64 ; valley, 81 
 
 Daubhill stat., 92 
 Davyhulme Hall, 108 
 Dean Wood, 95 
 
 Deane, 97 ; church, 97 ; wor- 
 thies ; 97, 98 
 Deanshut, 37 
 Deepdale stat., 146 
 “ Deighn Layrocks,” the, 56 
 Dirpley Hill, 57 
 Ditton Hall, in ; junc., in 
 Dodbottom Gully, 47 
 Douglas, river, 6, 9, 93, 139 
 Dovesnest, 185 
 Downham, 78 ; diamonds, 78 
 Dragley Beck, 172 
 Drift formation, x. 
 
 Droylsden stat., 32 ; wake cus- 
 tom, 32 
 
 Duddon Grove, 187 ; river, 187, 
 
 Dunald Mill Hole, 160 
 Dunkenhaigh Park, 82 
 Dunnerdale, 188 ; bridge, 188 
 Duxbury Hall, 95 ; Park, 10 
 Dykes, earthwork, the, 56 
 
 E. 
 
 Earlestone junc., 103 
 Earl’s Bower, 47 
 Earlston junc., 5 
 Eccleriggs, 186 
 
196 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ECCLES. 
 
 Eccles , 86 ; cakes, 87 ; churches, 
 86 ; cockfighting, wakes, 87 
 
 Vicarage, 86 
 
 Ecclesiastical remains, xxx. 
 Eccleston church, 139 
 Edenfield, 54 
 Edgehill stat., 107 
 Edisford, 76 
 
 Ellel Grange, 154; Hall, 154 
 Ellenbrook stat., 91 
 Ellerbeck House, 95 
 Ellesmere Park, 88 
 Emmott Hall, 84 
 Enfield, 82 
 Entwistle, 64 
 Escowbeck, 16? 
 
 Esth waite Hall, 192 ; Water, 
 182, 192 
 
 Euxton Hall, 10 
 
 junc., 10, 96 
 
 Everton, 129 
 Ewood Bridge stat., 54 
 Extwistle Hall, 83 
 
 F. 
 
 Factory system, xv. 
 
 Fair Ellen of Radcliffe, 50 
 Fair Hope, 86 
 Fairfield, 32 
 Farington stat., n 
 Farnvjorth, 58 ; Old Hall, 58 ; 
 Bancroft, Archbp. of Canter- 
 bury, 58 
 stat., no 
 
 Father Arrowsmith’s hand, 6 
 Fazakerley stat., 99 
 Fenniscowles, 66, 81 
 Fern Hill, 56 
 Fiddler’s Ferry stat., 109 
 Finsth waite, 184 
 Fleetwood , 151 
 
 Flixton, 108 ; church, 108 ; 
 
 House, 108 
 Flookburgh, 171 
 Fly-shuttle invented, xiv. 
 Formby, 130; Hall, 130 
 
 by-the-sea, 130 
 
 Fossil fishes, 49 
 Foula, camp, 175 
 Foulridge stat., 85 
 Fox Hall, 150 
 Foxdenton Hall, 39 
 Foxfield junc., 186 
 Foxholes, 43 
 
 Freckleton, 148 ; Roman re- 
 mains, 148 
 Freshfield, 130 
 
 Furness Abbey, 177 ; archi- 
 tecture, 178 ; Chapter-house, 
 179 ; history, 177 ; hotel, 177 
 
 to Ambleside, 186 
 
 Fulledge, 83 ; coal, ix. 
 
 Fylde, the, 147 
 
 HALSNEAD. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galgate stat., 154 
 
 Gallows Croft, 5 
 
 Garret Hall, 92 
 
 Garrett Hall, 29 
 
 Garstang, 152 ; aqueduct, 153 ; 
 
 churches, 152 
 Garston stat., 112 
 Gars wood, 6 
 Gates Water, 191 
 Gathurst stat., 138 
 Gawthorpe Hall, 73 
 Geology, vii. 
 
 Gerard’s Bridge stat., no 
 Gillibrand Hall, 10, 96 
 Gilnough, 93 
 Gingle Pot Hole, 160 
 Gladstone, W. E., birthplace, 
 129 
 
 Glasson Docks, 154 
 Glaze, rivulet, 103 
 Glazebrook junc., to8 
 Glazebury stat., 10? 
 
 Gleaston Castle, 176 
 Golborne Park, 6 ; stat., 6 
 Goosnargh Hospital, 1 52 
 Gorton, 32 
 
 Gradwells Farm, 139 
 Grange, 168 
 , the, 108 
 
 Grant, Messrs., originals of 
 the Brothers Cheeryble, 53 
 Great Mitton church, 74 
 Green Ayre stat., 162 
 Greenfield junc., 37 
 Grenhalgh Castle, 153 
 Greenhead, 183 
 Greenodd stat., 183 
 Gresgarth Hall, 163 
 Gressingham church, 165 
 Grimsargh stat., 146 
 Grisedale, 191 
 Grotton stat., 37 ; Hall, 37 
 Grysdale, brook, 77 
 Guide Bridge junc., 33 
 Gummer’s How, 184 
 Gynn, fossils, 1 50 
 
 H. 
 
 Haigh Hall, 8 
 
 Hale Hall, hi; stat., in; 
 
 Wood, in 
 Hale wood stat., 108 
 Hall Garth. 160 
 Hall-i’-th’- Wood, 63 
 Halliwell, 63 ; Hall, 63 ; Lodge, 
 63 
 
 Halsall church, 135 
 Halshaw Moor, 58 
 Halsnead Park, 106 
 
 HOLKER. 
 
 Halton, 162 ; Hall, 162 ; Park, 
 162 
 
 Hameldon Hill, 83 
 Hamer Hall, 43 
 Hampsfell, 169 
 Hapton, 82 
 Hareholme, 55 
 
 Hargreave’s spinning-jenny, 
 xv., 65 
 
 Harpurhey, 39 
 
 Harrock Hall, 138 
 
 Hart Hill, 85 
 
 Hartshead, 3 7 
 
 Haslingden, 53 
 
 Ha verth waite stat , 183 
 
 Hawes Water, 168 
 
 Hawkshead, 192 ; church, 192 ; 
 
 Hall, 192 
 Haycarr, 154 
 Hay dock Lodge, 6 
 Hazels, the, 106 
 Hazelslack, 168 
 Healey Hall, 44 
 Heath Hill, 56 
 Heath waite Fells, 187 
 Heaton Hall, 51 
 
 Chapel stat., 1 1 
 
 Norris junc., 11 
 
 Helens , St., no ; plate-glass 
 works, no 
 
 junc., 103 
 
 Helmshore, 53 
 
 Hemans, Mrs., birthplace, 129 
 Henry VII., at Warrington, 4 
 Hermitage, 163 
 Hesketh End, 146 
 Hesketh-with-Becconsall, 139 
 Heslop Tower, 168 
 Hest Bank junc., 159 
 Heton, Bishop, 98 
 Hey, 37 
 
 Heysandforth, 83 
 Heysham, 161 ; Hall, 161 ; Ora- 
 tory, 161 ; Tower, 161 
 Hey wood, 41 ; Hall, 41, 45 
 Hey wood, Oliver, birthplace, 
 97 
 
 High Graythwaite Hall, 184 
 
 Riley, 82 
 
 Whitaker, 73 
 
 Higham, 73 
 Hightown, 130 
 Hindburn Dale, 164 
 Hindley Green stat., 93 
 
 junc., 98 ; Hall, 98 
 
 History of Lancashire, xxvii. 
 Hoad Hill, 172, 182 
 Hodder, river, 73, 74, 77 
 Hoghton stat., 80; ‘Book of 
 Sports,’ 81; rqyal progress, 
 80; Tower, 80 
 
 Holcombe Hill, 53; Moor, 53; 
 
 village, 53 
 Holden Hall, 54 
 Holker Hall, 171 
 
INDEX. 
 
 197 
 
 H0LL1NGW0RTH. 
 
 Hollingworth Lake, 45 
 Hollins, 82 
 Holme stat., 46 
 
 Island, 170 
 
 , the, 46, 83 
 
 Hoole, 139 
 Hooiey Bridge, 45 
 Hope Car, 92 
 
 Hall, 48, 85 
 
 Hopwood Hall, 41 
 Hornby , 163 ; Castle, 16 3 ; 
 
 church, 164 ; history, 16 3 ; 
 Priory, 164 
 Horrocksford Hall, 78 
 Horrox, Jeremiah, birthplace, 
 129 
 
 Horwich, 94 
 
 and Blackrod stat., 9 3 
 
 Hough Green stat., 108 
 Howard Hall, 4? 
 
 Huime Hall, Old, 29 
 Hulton Park, 92 
 Humphrey Head, 17 1 ; Holy 
 Well, 171 
 Huncoat stat., 82 
 Huntroyde, 72 
 Hunt’s Cross stat., 108 
 Hurst, 36 
 
 Grange, 145 
 
 Green, 75 
 
 House, 106 
 
 Wood, 47 
 
 Huskisson, Mr., monument to, 
 103 
 
 Hutt, ruins of the, m 
 Huy ton, 106 
 Hyning, 160 
 
 I. 
 
 Ieppe Knave Grave, 70 
 Ightenhill, 73 
 Ince Blundell, 130 
 
 Hall, 8 ; Old Hall, 8 
 
 stat., 98 ; Hall, 98 
 
 Industrial Resources, xi. 
 
 Ireland Moss, 183 
 
 Ireleth, 186 
 
 Irk, streamlet, 14 
 
 Irlam Hail, 108 ; stat., 108 
 
 Iron Ore, xii., 174 
 
 Irwell Bank, 86 ; Park, 48 
 
 , river, 14, 46, 48, 101 ; 
 
 source, 47, 56 ; valley, 56 
 
 J. 
 
 James I., his royal progress, 80 
 , St., stat., 108 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kay, John, inventor of the 
 fly-shuttle, xiv. 
 
 Kempnough, or Kempnall, 
 Hall, 91 
 
 Kent, river, 167, 168 
 Kent’s Bank stat., 171 
 Kenyon, John, or ‘Tim Bob- 
 bin,’ 38 
 
 junc., 93, 103 
 
 Peel Hall, 92 
 
 Kersal Cell, 29, 48 ; Moor, 48 
 Kersley Moss, 58 
 Keuper beds, vii. 
 
 Kildanes Valley, 43 
 King’s Streite, 94 
 Kirkby, 99 
 
 , 186; church, 186; slate- 
 
 quarries, 186; stat., 186 
 
 , Old, Hall, 186 
 
 Lonsdale, 165 
 
 Kirkham, 147 ; church, 147 
 Kirkhead Cavern, 17 1 ; Roman 
 remains, 17 1 
 Kirkland Hall, 153 
 Kirkless Hall, 9 
 Knights of St. John, 44 
 Knoll Hill, old custom, 45 
 Knot’s Mill, 46; rock near, 46 
 Knott Hill, 37 
 
 Knowsley Hall, 105; pictures, 
 106 
 
 church, 106 
 
 Knuzden Hall, 82 
 Kuerden, Dr. R., birthplace, 11 
 
 L. 
 
 Lancaster, 156; Castle, 156; 
 churches, 158 ; courts, 157 ; 
 excursions, 159 ; Grammar 
 School, 158; history, 156; 
 Horse-shoe Corner, 159 ; Rip- 
 ley’s Hospital, 159; trade, 
 159 
 
 Langden, river, 77 
 Langho stat., 68 
 Langley Hall, 41 
 
 , Card., birthplace, 41 
 
 Langroyd, 84 
 Larches, the, 147 
 Lathom House, 135, 138 ; Char- 
 lotte de la Tremouille, 136 ; 
 Henry VII.’s visit, 136 ; 
 siege, 137 
 Laund, 54 
 Lea Green, 104 
 
 Hall, 147 
 
 Road stat., 147 
 
 Lead, xi. 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 
 Leagram Hall, 147 
 Lees stat., 37 
 
 Leigh, 92 ; church, 92 ; old cus- 
 toms, 92 
 
 Leighton Hall, 160, 168 
 
 Leland, Dr. J., 9 
 
 Leven, river, 171, 172, 183 
 
 Levenshulme stat., 11 
 
 Levers Water, 19 1 
 
 Ley land church, 10 ; Hall, 10 ; 
 
 Moss, 11 ; stat., 10 
 Light Oaks, 85 
 Limehurst, 36 
 Lindal, 176; Lane, 169 
 Lindeth Tower, 168 
 Litchford Hall, 41 
 Litherland, manor of, 130 
 Little Lever, 97 
 Littleborough stat., 45 
 Liverpool, 112 ; charitable es- 
 tablishments, 127 ; churches, 
 
 127 ; commerce, 121 ; con- 
 veyances from, 129; docks, 
 117-121 ; history, 113 ; land- 
 ing-stages, 1 16 ; Mersey 
 river, 116; natives, 129; 
 parks, 128; plan of the town, 
 115 5 Port of, 121 ; public 
 buildings, 123 ; institutions, 
 125; stations, 112 ; steamers, 
 129; St. George’s Hall, 124 ; 
 streets, 115; theatres, &c. , 
 
 128 
 
 to Preston, 132 
 
 to Southport, 1 12 
 
 Lomax Fold, 97 
 
 Long Causeway, the, 47 
 
 Longridge, 146 
 
 Longsight stat., 12 
 
 Lostock junc., 93, 98 ; Hall, 
 
 T 93 
 
 Loud, river, junction with the 
 Hodder, 147 
 Lovely Hall, 67 
 Low Water, 190 
 Lowe Hall, 6 
 Lower Darwen, 65 
 Lowmoor, 76 
 
 Lowood Hotel, 185 ; powder- 
 works, 183 
 
 Lune, estuary, 154; river, 156; 
 vale, 162 
 
 Lydiate, 133; Abbey, 133; 
 Hall, 1 33 
 
 Lytham, 148 ; Hall, 149 
 
 M, 
 
 Maghull, 132 
 Mains Hall, 149 
 Malkin Tower, 76 
 Manchester, 12 ; antiquities, 
 29 ; assize courts, 19 ; asy- 
 lums, 24; Athenaeum, 21 ; 
 
198 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 
 banks, 20 ; Botanical Gar- 
 dens, 28 ; bridges, 15 ; Ca- 
 thedral, 24 - 26 ; Chetham 
 Hospitai and Library, 22 ; 
 churches, 26 ; conveyances, 
 31 ; excursions and walks, 
 3 1 ; factory system, 30 ; fish- 
 market, 28 ; Halls, 20, 21 ; 
 history, 15-18; hotels, 12; 
 Lancashire Independent Col- 
 lege, 23; libraries, 20; Me- 
 morial Hall, 22 ; museums, 
 2 1 ; Old Town, 13 ; Owens 
 College, 23 ; parks, 27, 28 ; 
 rivers, 14 ; Royal Exchange, 
 18 ; Royal and Mechanics’ 
 Institutions, 21 ; Royal In- 
 firmary, 18; Salford, 16; 
 schools, 22 ; societies, 21 ; 
 stations, 12 ; suburbs, 13 ; 
 theatres, 28 ; trades, 18 ; 
 worthies, 29 ; Zoological Gar- 
 den, 28 
 
 Manchester to Accrington, 48 
 
 • to Burnley, 39 
 
 to Clitheroe, 58 
 
 to Liverpool, by Newton, 
 
 99 
 
 to Liverpool, by Glaze- 
 
 brook and Warrington, 107 
 
 to Oldham, 31 
 
 to Preston, 93 
 
 to Wigan, 85 
 
 Mansions and Houses, old, xxii. 
 Manufactures, xiii. 
 
 Markland, Jeremiah, birth- 
 place, 107 
 
 Marsden, 84 ; Hall, 84 
 Marsh, George, story of, 62, 
 63 
 
 Marsh Lane stat., 130 
 Marton Mere, 131, 150 
 Maudesley Hall, 1*9 
 Maudland stat., 146 
 Mearley Hall, 76 
 Mediaeval buildings, xxix. 
 Medlock, river, 14, 36; valley, 
 
 32 
 
 Melling church, 164 
 Mellor, 66 
 Mersey, river, 116 
 
 Road stat , 108 
 
 Michael’s, St., Hall, 153 ; stat., 
 108 
 
 — , — , -on-Wyre, 153 
 Middleton , 39; church, 40; 
 history, 39 ; Rectory or “ Old 
 Hall,” 40 ; school, 41 ; trade, 
 4 i 
 
 Hall, 5 
 
 — - junc., 39 
 Midge Hall stat., 1 39 
 Miles Platting junc., 32 
 Mill Bridge, 188 
 Miller Brow, 185 
 
 OLD TRAFFORD. 
 
 Milnrow stat., 38 
 Milnthorpe stat., 160 
 Mitton Bridge, 73 ; Hall, 73 
 
 , Great, church, 74 
 
 Molyneux, 49 
 
 Brow stat., 49 
 
 Monks Hall, 88 
 
 Morecambe, 161 ; churches, 16 1 
 
 to Carnforth junc. by 
 
 Wennington, 161 
 Morecambe Bay , 166; railway 
 embankment, 167 
 
 Lodge, 160 
 
 Moreton Hall, 71 
 Morleys Hall, 93. 
 
 Moses’ Gate stat., 58 
 Moss Bank, 63 ; stat., in 
 
 Side stat., 148 
 
 Mossley stat., 37, 112 
 Muncaster Hall, in 
 Musbury Hill, 53 
 Myerscough Hall, 152; House, 
 152; Lodge, 152 
 
 N. 
 
 Nab Side, 70 
 Naden, river, 45 
 Nateby Hall, 153 
 Nelson, 84 
 New Hall, 6, 97 
 
 Hey stat., 38 
 
 Lane stat., 138 
 
 Newburgh stat., 138 
 Newby Bridge, 183 
 Newchurch, 55 
 
 Newfield, 188 ; “ Stepping 
 
 Stones,” 188 
 Newland, 183 
 Newsham Hall, 152 
 Newspaper, the first, printed in 
 Lancashire, 3 
 Newton Bridge, 103 
 
 . Heath stat., 39 
 
 le-Willows, 5 
 
 Old Hall, 5 
 
 stat., 5 
 
 Nibthwaite, 183 
 Nicker Ditch, earthwork, n 
 North Meols, 13 1 
 Norton Priory, 109 
 Nowell, Dean, 71 
 
 , Lawrence, 71 
 
 Nuttall Hall, 53 
 
 0 . 
 
 Oaks stat., 63 
 
 , the, 63 
 
 Oakenrod Hall, 45 
 Old Laund Hall, 84 
 
 Man, the Coniston, 190 
 
 Trafford, 107 
 
 PLATT FOLD. 
 
 Oldham, 37 ; Alexandra Park’ 
 37; Blue-coat School, 3 7’ 
 cotton trade, 38 ; Platt me- 
 morial, 37 
 
 stat., 37 
 
 Olive Mount Cutting, 107 
 Ordsall Hall, 29, 85 
 
 Lane stat., 85 
 
 Otford Hall, 4 
 Ormerod House, 47 
 Ormskirk, 134 ; gingerbread, 
 134 ; history, 134 
 Orrel Hall, 98 ; Mount, 98 
 Osbaldeston, 67 
 Oswald’s Well, St., 4 
 Otterspool stat., 108 
 Out Rawcliffe. 153 
 Over Burrow, 165 
 
 Darwen, 64 
 
 Kellet, 160 
 
 Sands Route, 159 
 
 Overton, 154 
 Oxenholme junc., 160 
 
 P. 
 
 Paddock House, 82 
 Padgate stat., 108 
 Padiham, 72 
 Park, the, 49 
 
 stat., 32 
 
 Parkbridge stat., 36 
 Parkside junc., 103 
 Parr Moss, 103 
 Parr ox Hall, 151 
 Patricroft, 100 
 Pearson, Dr., of Wigan, 7 
 Pedestrian Tours, xli. 
 
 Peel Fold, 82 
 Hall, 6, 92 
 
 of Fouldry, 182; castle, 
 
 182 
 
 Pemberton stat., 98 
 Pendle Hall, 73; Hill, 76 
 Pendlebury House, 48 ; village, 
 48 
 
 Pendleton stat., 48 
 Penketh, Thos., 109 
 Pennington, 170 
 Penny Bridge Hall, 183 
 
 Stone, the, 150- 
 
 Penwortham, 145 ; Hall, 145 
 Permian beds, vii. 
 
 Peter loo Massacre, the, 17 
 Physical Geography and Geo- 
 logy, v. 
 
 Pike House, 45 
 
 Pilling, 153; Hall, 151 ; Moss, 
 151 
 
 Pimbo Lane stat., 99 
 Places of Interest, xxxvi. 
 
 Platt Fold, 93 ; Bridge stat., 
 93 
 
PLEASINGTON. 
 
 Pieasington Hall, 66, 82 ; stat., 
 81 
 
 Portsmouth House, 46; stat., 
 46 
 
 Poulton junc., 149 
 
 in-the-Fylde church, 149 
 
 Preesal, 15 1 
 
 Prescot, 104; curious entries, 
 105 
 
 Prestolee church, 58 
 Pkeston, 140 ; churches, 143 ; 
 cotton trade, 142 ; guilds, 
 144; hstory, 141; Mr. 
 Horrocks, 142 ; natives, 142 ; 
 parks, 144 ; rails, 145 
 
 to Colne, 80 
 
 — — to Fleetwood, 140 
 
 to Kendal, 15 1 
 
 Prestwich, 51 
 Priory, the, 145, 185 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers’ Meeting House, first 
 in England, 17? 
 
 Quernmore Park, 162 ; church, 
 162 ; Knotts, 162 
 
 K 
 
 Radcliffe, 49 ; church, 50 ; Fair 
 Ellen of, 50; history, 49 ; St. 
 Thomas’s church, 51 
 
 Bridge stat., 49 
 
 Railways, xxiv. ; Furness, 
 xx vi. ; Lancashire and York- 
 shire, xxv. ; London and 
 N.W., xxv ; Midland, xxvi. 
 Rainford, 99, hi 
 R ain hill, 104; trial of loco- 
 motive engines, 104 
 
 Hall, 104 
 
 Ramford Hall, in 
 Ramsbottom, 53 
 Rathbone, W., birthplace, 129 
 Ratten Clough, 47 
 Raven scar, 163 
 Rawcliffe Hall, 153 
 Rawtenstall, 54 
 Rayrigg, 185 
 
 Read Hall, 71 ; Dean Noweli, 
 7 * 
 
 Red Scar, 146 
 Red vales, 51 
 Redwater Clough, 47 
 Rhodes Farm, 49 ; House, 41 
 Rhyddings, 82 
 
 Ribble, river, 67, 73, 80 ; val- 
 ley, 67 
 
 Ribby Hall, 148 
 Ribchester Manor, 67 
 Ringley, 58 
 Road stat., 49 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SHAW. 
 
 Rishton stat., 82 
 Rivington, 95 ; Bishop Pilk- 
 ington’s School, 95; reser- 
 voirs, 63, 94 
 
 Pike, 93 
 
 Roby, 106; Hall, 106 
 Rock, river, 45, 51 ; junction 
 with the Spodden, 42 
 Bank, 45 
 
 Rochdale, 42 ; canal, 43 ; 
 church, 42 ; co-operative sys- 
 tem, 43 ; Grammar School, 
 4? ; Library, 42 ; Town-hall, 
 42 ; trade, 43 
 
 to Liverpool, 96 
 
 Rocking stones, three, 160 
 Roe Island, 182 
 Roeburn, valley of, 164 
 Roman remains, xxix. 
 
 road, 94, 148, 164 
 
 station, 66 
 
 Romney, the painter, birth- 
 place and grave, 177 
 Rookery, the, 86 
 
 stat., hi 
 
 Roscoe, W., birthplace, 129 
 Rosebridge Colliery, 98 
 Rosegrove junc., 83 
 Rossall Hall School, 150 
 Rossendale, forest of, 54 
 Rothwell, the exorcist, 62 
 Rough Lee Hall, 72 
 Rowley, 83 
 Royle, 8 ? 
 
 Roy ton junc., 38 ; village, 38 
 Rudholme Laund, 77 
 Rufford Hall, 138; church, 
 138 
 
 , Old, Hall, 138 
 
 Runcorn Railway Bridge, no 
 Rusland Hall, 183 ; valley, 183 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabden, 71 ; Crook, 71 
 Salesbury Hall, 67 
 Salford stat., 48 
 Salwick stat., 147 
 Sambo’s grave, 155 
 Samlesbury Old Hall, 66 
 Sandstones, vii. 
 
 Sankey Bridge stat., 109; 
 
 brook, canal, ioj, 109 
 Sawley Abbey, 78 ; church, 79 
 Sawrey, 193 
 Scaitcliffe, 46 
 Scar isbrick Hall, 138 
 Scorton church, i >4 ; stat., 1 54 
 Seaforth Hall, 130; stat., 130 
 Sea-gulls, 151 
 Seath waite Tarn, 191 
 Sephton, church, 132 
 Sharpies, 63 
 
 Shaw Hall, 108; stat., 38 
 
 199 
 
 THRUTCH. 
 
 Shawe Hill, 96 
 
 Shevington Hall, 138 ; Moor, 
 138 
 
 Shuttleworth Hall, 82 
 Silurian slates, x. 
 
 Silverdale, 168 
 Skeleton Tours, xxxix. 
 Skelmersdale, in 
 Smithills Hall, 62 
 - South Shore stat., 149 
 Southjport, 13 1 ; natural his- 
 tory, 13 1 
 
 Southworth Hall, 5 - 
 
 Sparth House, 82 
 Speel Bank, 182 
 Speke Hall, in; stat., in 
 Spenser’s House, 47 
 Spodden, valley, 44 
 Stackstead stat., 56 
 Staley Bridge, 36 
 Stalmine, 15 1 
 Stand, 51 
 Stan den Hall, 75; 
 
 Standish Hall, 9 ; village, 9 
 
 family, the, 10 
 
 Stanfield Hall, 46 
 Stanley family, the, 105 
 Starkies, 51 
 Station, the, 185 
 Steanor Bottom, 45 
 Stidd, 67 
 
 Stockport to Manchester, 11 
 Stoneclough stat., 58 
 Stones inscribed with crosses, 
 47 
 
 Stonyhurst, Roman Catholic 
 College, 74, 75 
 Stoodley Hill, 46 
 Storrs Hall, 164, 165, 184 
 Stott Park, 184 
 Stretford, 107 
 Stubbins junc., 53 
 Stubbs, Geo., birthplace, 129 
 Stubley, 44 
 Summer Hill, 183 
 Summerhill, 85 
 Sunderland, 155 
 Sutton Oak, no 
 Swarthmoor Hall, 173 
 
 , battle at, 173 
 
 Swinton, Industrial Training 
 Schools, 48, 88 
 
 Moor, 88 ; Park, 88 
 
 Symondstone family, the, 72 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarne, river, 36 ; valley, 37 
 Tannahill, the Scotch poet, at 
 Bolton, 62 
 Taunton Hall, 36 
 Tawd, river, in 
 Thieveley Pike, 55, 57 
 Thrutch, or Thrust, Glen, 44 
 
200 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 THURLAND. 
 
 Thurland Castle, 164 
 Thurnham Hall, 155 
 Tilberthwaite, 191 
 Tim Bobbin, birthplace, 108 
 Todmorden junc., 46 ; church, 
 46; Hall, 46; town, 46; 
 trade, 46 
 
 Tonge, river, 58, 63 
 Tooter Hill, 57 
 Tootle Height, 146 
 Tor Hill, 53 
 Torver, 191 ; stat., 190 
 Tottington, 52 
 
 Tours, antiquarian, xl. ; pedes- 
 trian, xli. ; skeleton, xxxix. 
 Town Green stat., 13 j 
 Towneley, 47 ; Hall, 57, 83; 
 stat., 47 
 
 Trafford Park, 88 
 Trough Bank, 77 
 — Edge End, 55 
 Tulketh Hall, 147 
 Tumulus, 5 
 Tuns tall, 165 
 Tunstead, 56 
 
 Turton Tower, 63 ; Queen 
 Anne’s bedstead, 63 
 Tyldesley junc., 91 , 
 
 Tyrone’s Bed, 45 
 Tythe Stone, the, 37 
 
 u. 
 
 Ulpha, 187; Fell, 187 
 Ulverston, 172 ; churches, 172 
 
 to Ambleside, 182 
 
 Upholland stat., 98 ; Benedic- 
 tine priory, 98 
 Urmston, 107 ; Hall, 107 
 Urswick church, 175 ; Hall, 
 176; Tarn, 175 
 
 V. 
 
 Vale of Ulpha, 186 
 Vulcan Foundry, the, 5 
 
 W. 
 
 Waddington Hall, 77; Henry 
 VI. concealed there, 78 
 Walkden Moor, 91 
 
 WIGAN. 
 
 Walmesley, 52 
 Walna Scar, 189 
 Walney Island, 181; natural 
 history, 182 ; Peel Island, 
 182; Peel of Fouldry, 182 
 Walton junc., 132 ; ancient 
 custom, 132 ; church, 132 ; 
 Hall, 132 
 
 Walton-le-Dale, 143 ; battle, 
 146 ; church, 145 
 Wardley Hall, 91 ; skull house, 
 9 1 
 
 Warrington, 1 ; BewseyHall, 
 3; bridge, 4; church, 2; 
 educational establishments, 
 3; environs, 4; legend of 
 Sir J. Butler, 4 ; Moot Hill, 
 3 ; public buildings, 2 ; trade, 
 3 ; worthies, 3 
 
 to Liverpool, 109 
 
 to Preston, r 
 
 Warton, 160; church, 160; 
 
 Crag, 160 ; stat., 148 
 Waterfoot, 56 
 Waterhead Pier, 185 
 Waterloo, 130 
 Wavertree, 128 
 Weaste, the, 86 ; stat., 86 
 Weeton, 148 
 Well House, 175 
 Wenning, river, 163 
 Wennington Hall, 164 
 Wensleydale 3 Lord, birthplace, 
 129 
 
 West Derby, 129 
 Westhoughton stat., 98 
 Westwood House, 8 
 Whalley Abbey , 68 ; church, 
 69; excursions, 71; history, 
 68 ; natives, 70 ; school, 70 ; 
 stat., 68 
 
 Whitaker, Dr., 46 
 
 , Dr. W., 46 
 
 Whitbarrow Scar, 168 
 White Lee, 73 
 Whitefield, 51 
 Whitewell, 77, 146 
 Whittingham Asylum, 146 
 Whittle Springs, 96 
 Whitworth Hall, 39; church, 
 44 ; “ Doctors,” 44 
 Widnes junc., 109; soap- 
 works, 109 
 
 Wigan, 6 ; battle of, 9 ; Cannel 
 coal, 9 ; church, 7 ; history, 
 8 ; Mab’s Cross, 7 ; Meynes 
 
 YEWDALE. 
 
 Park, 7 ; old houses, 8 ; rails 
 9 ; trade, 9 ; worthies, 9 
 Wigan junc., 98 
 
 Lane Battle, 9 
 
 Wild Bank, 36 
 
 ducks, 104 
 
 Wilder Lads, the, 94 
 Willows, the, 147 
 Wilpshire stat., for Ribchester, 
 66 ; Manor, 67 
 Windermere, 183 
 Windle Hall, m 
 
 Hurst, hi 
 
 Windleshaw Abbey, no, in 
 Winmarleigh House, 154 
 Winstanley Hall, 98 
 Winwick, 4; church, 5; Cot- 
 tage, 5 ; Hall, 5 
 Wiswell Hall, 70 
 Witches, Lancashire, 71, 72 
 Witherslack, 169 
 Witton, 82 ; Hall, 66 
 Wolstenholme Hall, 44 
 Woodgate, 49 
 Woodhouse, j6 
 Woodhouses, 36 
 Woodland stat., 190 
 Woolden Halls, Great and 
 Little, 108 
 
 Woolton, 112; Hall, i>2 
 Worden Hall, 10 ; church, 10 
 Worsley, 88; Bridgewater fa- 
 mily, 89 ; Brindley, 90; canal, 
 90 ; church, 89 ; Hall, 88 ; 
 New Hall, 89 ; Old Hall, 89 
 Wray, 164 ; Castle, 185 
 Wraysholme Tower, 17 1 
 Wrayton Hall, 164 
 Wrea Green Stat., 148 
 Writen Stone, 146 
 Wrightington Hall, 138 
 Wrynose, ascent of the, 190 
 Wycoller Hall, 84 
 Wyersdale Park, 154 
 Wyre, river, 77, 149, 153 ; es- 
 tuary, 1 50 
 Wyreside, 154 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yarn, xx. 
 
 Yarrow, river, 139 
 Yates Peel, 92 
 Yealand Conyers, 160 
 Yew barrow, 169 
 Yewdale, 191 ; Beck, 191 
 
 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS* 
 
HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 1880-81. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 FOREIGN AGENTS McCracken & Go. ......... pp 2-3 
 
 RAILWAY AND STEAMBOAT COMPANIES : PAGE 
 
 CALEDONIAN RAILWAY 4 
 
 -GENERAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY 6 
 
 GLASGOW AND THE HIGHLANDS— ROYAL ROUTE 8 
 
 GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY 7 
 
 LONDON TO ANTWERP, “ BARON OSY ” 7 
 
 LONDON AND SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY 6 
 
 MIDLAND RAILWAY 5 
 
 HOTELS AND MISCELLANEOUS ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 A1X- LES-B AINS . 
 
 PAGE 
 . 8,9 
 
 AIX LA CHAPELLE . 
 
 . 8, 9 
 
 ALEXANDRIA . 
 
 9, 27 
 
 ALLEVARD-LES-BAINS 
 
 . 9 
 
 AMIENS 
 
 . 10 
 
 AMPHION-LES-BAINS. 
 
 . 10 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 . 10 
 
 ANTWERP . 
 
 . 11 
 
 ARONA 
 
 . 11 
 
 ASHBURTON, DEVON 
 
 . 11 
 
 AVIGNON . 
 
 . 11 
 
 BADEN 
 
 11, 12 
 
 BAGNERES DE BIGORRE 
 
 . 11 
 
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 . 44 
 
 BARCELONA 
 
 12, 13 
 
 BELFAST . 
 
 . 13 
 
 BERLIN 
 
 13, 14 
 
 BIDEFORD . 
 
 . 14 
 
 BOLOGNA . 
 
 . 14 
 
 BONN .... 
 
 . 14 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 . 14 
 
 BOULOGNE-SUR-MER . 
 
 14, 15 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH. 
 
 . 15 
 
 BRISTOL . 
 
 . 15 
 
 BRUGES ... 
 
 15, 17 
 
 BRUSSELS . 
 
 16-18 
 
 CAEN .... 
 
 18, 19 
 
 CAIRO .... 
 
 . 27 
 
 CANNES 
 
 18-20 
 
 CARLSBAD . 
 
 . 21 
 
 CHALONS-SUR-MARNE 
 
 . 20 
 
 CHAMONIX 
 
 . 21 
 
 CHERBOURG 
 
 . 23 
 
 COBLENTZ . 
 
 . 21 
 
 COLOGNE . 
 
 21, 22 
 
 CONSTANCE 
 
 . 23 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE . 
 
 . 23 
 
 CORFU 
 
 . 24 
 
 CREUZNACH 
 
 . 24 
 
 CULOZ .... 
 
 . 24 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DEESIDE . 
 
 
 
 . 33 
 
 DIEPPE 
 
 
 
 . 24 
 
 DIJON . 
 
 
 
 24, 25 
 
 DINARD 
 
 
 
 . 25 
 
 DRESDEN . 
 
 
 
 25, 26 
 
 DUNDEE 
 
 
 
 . 24 
 
 DUSSELDORFF 
 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 EDINBURGH 
 
 
 
 . 28 
 
 FALMOUTH 
 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 FLORENCE . 
 
 
 
 . 28 
 
 FRANKFORT 
 
 
 
 28, 29 
 
 FREIBURG IN BA: 
 
 DEN 
 
 . 29 
 
 GENEVA 
 
 
 
 29, 31 
 
 GENOA 
 
 
 
 . 29 
 
 GLENGARRIFF 
 
 
 
 . 30 
 
 GRENOBLE . 
 
 
 
 31, 65 
 
 HAMBURG . 
 
 
 
 . 31 
 
 HANOVER . 
 
 
 
 . 31 
 
 HAVRE 
 
 
 
 . 33 
 
 HEIDELBERG 
 
 
 
 32, 33 
 
 HOMBURG . 
 
 
 
 33, 34 
 
 HYERES 
 
 
 
 3 < , 36 
 
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 . 36 
 
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 34,37 
 
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 . 35 
 
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 . 36 
 
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 . 37 
 
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 . 37 
 
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 . 37 
 
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 38-44, 66 
 
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 37, 44, 45 
 
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 . 44 
 
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 . 45 
 
 MALAGA . 
 
 
 
 . 45 
 
 MARIENBAD 
 
 
 
 . 46 
 
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 . 46 
 
 MAYENCE . 
 
 
 
 46, 47 
 
 MENTONE . 
 
 
 
 45-47 
 
 MILAN . 
 
 
 
 47, 48 
 
 MOFFAT 
 
 
 
 . 48 
 
 PAGE 
 
 MUNICH . 
 
 . 48 
 
 NAPLES 
 
 . 48 
 
 NICE . 
 
 48-50 
 
 NUREMBERG 
 
 . 50 
 
 OSTEND 
 
 . to 
 
 OXFORD . 
 
 . 50 
 
 PARIS . 
 
 51, 52 
 
 PAU . 
 
 . 61 
 
 PENZANCE . 
 
 , 63 
 
 PISA . 
 
 . 53 
 
 PLYMOUTH 
 
 53, 54 
 
 RHEINFALL NEU HAUSEN . 15 
 
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 . 54 
 
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 55, 56 
 
 ROTTERDAM 
 
 54,57 
 
 ROUEN 
 
 55, 56 
 
 ROY AT-LES-B AIN S 
 
 . 56 
 
 SALISBURY . 
 
 . 57 
 
 SANDOWN . 
 
 . 57 
 
 SAN REMO . 
 
 57, 59 
 
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 . 67 
 
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 . 59 
 
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 V . 67 
 
 ST. MORITZ 
 
 . 53 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG 
 
 . 58 
 
 STOCKHOLM 
 
 . 60 
 
 STUTTGART 
 
 » 59 
 
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 . 61 
 
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 . 59 
 
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 . 61 
 
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 . 63 
 
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 . 63 
 
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 . 62 
 
 VICHY 
 
 . 63 
 
 VIENNA 
 
 63, 64 
 
 WIESBADEN 
 
 . 64 
 
 WILDBAD . 
 
 . 65 
 
 WURZBURG 
 
 . 65 
 
 ZARAGOZA . 
 
 . 65 
 
2 
 
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1880 . 
 
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4 
 
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 CALEDONIAN RAILWAY. 
 
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 The Caledonian Railway Company have arranged a system of Tours — about 70 in 
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 for scenery or historical associations throughout Scotland, including — . 
 
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 DUMFRIES, PEEBLES, STIRLING, 
 
 PERTH, CRIEFF, DUNKELD, OBAN, INVERARAY, 
 The Trosachs, Loch Katrine, Loch-Lomond, Locli-Earn, Lock-Tay, 
 Loch-Awe, Caledonian Canal, Glencoe, Iona, Staffa, Sltye, Balmoral, 
 Braemar, Arran, Bute, The Firth of Clyde, The Falls of Clyde, «fcc., dc. 
 
 TOURISTS are recommended to procure a copy of the Caledonian Railway Com- 
 pany’s “Tourist Guide,” which can be had at any of the Company’s Stations, and also at the 
 chief Stations on the London and North-Western Railway, and which contains descriptive 
 notices of the districts embraced in the Tours, Maps, Plans, Bird’s-eye View, &c, 
 
 Tickets for these Tours are issued at the Company's Booking Offices at all the large Stations. 
 
 The Tourist Season generally extends from June to September inclusive. 
 
 The Caledonian Co. also issue Tourist Tickets to the Lake District of 
 England, The Isle of Man, Connemara, The Lakes of Killarney, dc. 
 
 The Caledonian Railway, in conjunction with the London and North-Western Railway, 
 forms what is known as the 
 
 WEST COAST ROUTE 
 
 BETWEEN SCOTLAND k ENGLAND. 
 
 DIRECT TRAINS RUN FROM AND TO 
 
 Glasgow, Edinburgh, Greenock, Paisley, Stirling, Oban, Perth, 
 Dundee, Aberdeen, Inverness, and other places in Scotland. 
 
 TO AND FROM 
 
 London (Euston), Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, 
 Bradford, and other places in England. 
 
 SLEEPING A DA Y SALOON CARRIAGES. THROUGH G UARDS A COND UCTORS. 
 
 The Caledonian Company’s Trains, from and to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Carlisle, &e., connect 
 at Greenock and Wemyt-s Bay with the “ Columbia,” “Iona,” “Lord of the Isles,” “ Gael,” 
 and other steamers to and from Dunoon, Innellan, Rothesay, Largs Millport, the Kyles of 
 Bute, Arran, Campbeltown, Ardrisbaig, Inveraray, Loch Goil, Loch-Long, &c., &c. 
 
 A full service of Trains is also run from and to Glasgow, to and from Edinburgh, 
 Stirling, Perth, Oban, Dundee, AberdeeU, and the North; and from and to Edinburgh, to 
 and from these places. ■ 
 
 For particulars of Trains, Fares , Ac., see the Caledonian Railway Company’s Time Tables. 
 General Manager’s Office, JAMES SMITHELLS, 
 
 Glasgow, 1880 . General Manager. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 5 
 
 MIDLAND RAILWAY. 
 
 The PICTURESQUE and FAVOURITE ROUTE 
 
 Between London and Manchester and Liverpool, and all parts of 
 Lancashire via Matlock and the Peak of Derbyshire. 
 
 The NEW TOURIST and POPULAR ROUTE 
 
 Between England and Scotland, via Settle and Carlisle, is Now Open, and 
 a Service of Express and Fast Trains is run between London and Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow, with connections and Through Booking arrangements 
 from principal Stations in the West of England, Midland Counties, York- 
 shire and Lancashire, and principal Towns and Places of Tourist resort 
 in Scotland. 
 
 Pullman Drawing-Room Cars by Day, and Sleeping 
 Cars by Night, 
 
 Rim between London (St. Pancras Station) and Edinburgh and Glasgow ; 
 and from July to October, between London and Perth ; also between 
 London and Liverpool and London and Manchester by the Express Trains 
 cf this Company. These Cars are well ventilated, litted with Lavatory, 
 &c., and accompanied by a Special Attendant, and are unequalled for 
 eomfort and convenience in travelling. 
 
 At London the Midland Company's Trains start from and arrive at the 
 St. Pancras Station, where the Company have erected one of the largest 
 Hotels in the world, containing upwards of 400 Bed-Rooms, with spacious 
 Coffee-Room and numerous Drawing Rooms, which will be found replete 
 with every accommodation. 
 
 Tourist Tickets, available for Two Calendar Months, 
 
 Are Issued during the Summer, from principal Stations on the Midland 
 Railway, to — 
 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 Matlock, 
 
 Portsmouth, 
 
 Malvern, 
 
 Glasgow, 
 
 Buxton, 
 
 Isle of Wight, 
 
 Leamington, 
 
 Scarboro’, 
 
 Yarmouth, 
 
 Bournemouth, 
 
 Swansea, 
 
 Harrogate, 
 
 Lowestoft, 
 
 Torquay, 
 
 Tenby, 
 
 Windermere, 
 
 Dover, 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Aberystwith, 
 
 Keswick, 
 
 Ramsgate, 
 
 Exeter, 
 
 Llandudno, 
 
 Morecombe, 
 
 Hastings, 
 
 Bath, 
 
 Rhyl, 
 
 Blackpool, 
 
 Brighton, 
 
 Ilfracombe, 
 
 Isle of Man, 
 
 and most of the principal places 
 
 of Tourist resort in the United Kingdom. 
 
 Tickets at Reduced Fares 
 
 Are issued from May 1st to the end of October to Pleasure Parties of not 
 less than Six First, or Ten Third-Class Passengers, desirous of taking 
 Pleasure Excursions to places on or adjacent to the Midland Railway. 
 
 For particulars of Trains, Tourist and Pleasure Party arrangements, 
 and other information respecting the Midland Railway Company, see the 
 Official Time Tables, to be obtained at all Stations, or apply to 
 
 JOHN NOBLE, General Manager. 
 
 Derby, April, 1880. 
 
6 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May. 
 
 GENERAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. 
 
 LONDON AND BOULOGNE . — The Dolphin, Bkine, Cologne, Moselle, or Concordia . — Direct from 
 and to Irongate and St. Katharine’s Wharf. From London — Daily. From Boulogne — Daily. 
 FARES — London to Boulogne, 12s., or 8s. Gd . ; Return (available for One Month), 18s. 6d. or 13s. 
 
 LONDON TO PARIS, direct from London, via Boulogne.— FARES— Single (available for 
 Three Days), Saloon, 1st Class Rail, 11. 7s. 6 d. ; Saloon, 2nd Class Rail, 11. 3s. ; Fore Cabin. 2nd Class Rail, 
 19s. 6d. ; 3rd Class Rail, 16s. 6d. Return (available for Fourteen Days), 21. 12s. 6d. ; 21. ; 11. 15s. ; 11. 6s. 
 
 “LONDON AND HAVRE. — Swift — From Irongate and St. Katharine’s Steam Wharf. From 
 London— Every Thursday. Prom Havre — Every Sunday. FARES— (Steward’s Fee included), Chief 
 Cabin, 13s. ; Fore Cabin, 9s. ; Return Tickets (available for One Month), 20s. 6 d. and 14s. 
 
 LONDON AND QSTEND. — The Swift and Swallow . — From and to Irongate and St. Katharine’s 
 Wharf. Prom London— Wednesday and Sunday. Prom Ostend — Tuesday and Friday. FARES; 
 (Steward’s Fee included), Chief Cabin, 18s. ; Fore Cabin, 12s. 6cl. Return Tickets (available for One Month), 
 27 s. 6 d. and 19s. 
 
 ^LONDON AND ANTWERP. — The Dawk, Teal, Falcon, or Gapulet . — From and to Irongate and 
 St. Katharine’s Wharf. Prom London — Every Tuesday and Saturday. Prom Antwerp — Every Tues- 
 day and Friday. FARES (Steward’s Fee included), Chief Cabin, 20s. ; Fore Cabin, 12s. 6d. Return Tickets 
 (available for One Month), 31s. and 19s. 3d. 
 
 LONDON.AND HAMBURG . — The Gannet, Libra, Osprey, Iris, Bainbow, Martin, Granton, Widgeon, 
 Nautilus, or Alford — 'Prom London — Every Tuesday Thursday, and Saturday. Prom Hamburg — 
 Three times a week. FARES (including Steward’s Fee), Chief Cabin, 45s. ; Fore Cabin, 29s. Return Tickets 
 (available for One Month) 68s. and 44s. 
 
 LONDON AND BORDEAUX. — Kestrel, Bittern, and Lapwing . — From and to Irongate am St. 
 Katharine’s Wharf. Prom London — Every Thursday. Prom Bordeaux — Every Friday. FARES (no 
 Steward’s Fees), Chief Cabin, 31. ; Fore Cabin, 21. Return Tickets (available for One Month), Chief Cabik, 51. 
 Fore Cabin, 31. 6s. id. \ 
 
 LONDON AND EDINBURGH (Granton Pier). — T he Virgo and Stork . — From and toLIrongateand 
 St. Katharine’s Wharf. Prom London — Every Wednesday and Saturday. Prom Edinburgh. — 
 (Granton Pier) — Every Wednesday and Saturday. FARES (Steward’s Fee included), Chief Cabin, 22s. ; 
 Fore Cabin, 16s. Return (available for One Month), 34s. and 24s. 6cl. Deck (Soldiers and Sailors only), 10\. 
 
 LONDON AND HULL. — The Heron, Ostrich, or Hamburg . — From and to Irongate and St. 
 Katharine’s Wharf. From London — Every Wednesday and Saturday, at 8 morn. Prom Hull — Eveiy 
 Wednesday and Saturday. FARES (Steward’s Fee included), Saloon, 8s. ; Fore Cabin, 5s. Return Tickets 
 (available for One Month), 12s. 6d. and 8s. 1 
 
 LONDON AND YARMOUTH. — During the winter months there is a regular Weekly Steamer 
 leaving London on Tuesday, and Yarmouth on Sunday. During the summer there is a special daily service 
 FARES, Saloon, 9s. ; Fore Cabin, 7s. Return Tickets (available for One Month), 12s. 6cl. and 10s. 6d. 
 
 For further particulars apply to the Secretary , 11, Lombard Street , London , E.G. 
 
 LONDON AND SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY, 
 
 LONDON STATION, WATERLOO BRIDGE. 
 
 The Cheap and Picturesque Route to Paris, Havre, Rouen, 
 Honfleur, Trouville, and Caen, via Southampton and Havre, 
 every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The last Train from London at 
 9 p.m. goes into Southampton Docks alongside the Steamer. Fares 
 throughout (London to Paris), Single Journey, First Class, 33s. ; Second 
 Class, 24s. Double Journey (available for One Month), First Class, 55 s. ; 
 Second Class, 39s. 
 
 Jersey, Guernsey, Granville, and St. Malo. Daily Mail Service 
 to Channel Isles, via Southampton (the favourite route), every Week-day 
 after 1st May. The last Train from London goes into Southampton Docks, 
 alongside the Steamer, leaving Waterloo at 9 p.m. (except on Saturdays, 
 on which day the last Train leaves at 5.20 p.m., and the Steamer goes to 
 Jersey only. Fares throughout (London and Jersey or Guernsey), Single 
 Journey, First Class, 33s. ; Second Class, 23s. Double Journey (available 
 for One Month), First Class, 48s. ; Second Class, 38s. 
 
 Direct Service , Southampton to St. Malo , every Monday , Wednesday , 
 and Friday , according to Tide . 
 
 Steamers run between Jersey and St. Malo, and Jersey and Granville, 
 twice Weekly eacli way. 
 
 For further information apply to Mr. Bennett, 3, Place Vendome, 
 Paris ; Mr. L angst aff, 67, Grand Quai, Havre ; Mr. Enatjlt, Honfleur ; 
 Mr. E. Spurrier, Jersey; Mr. Spencer, Guernsey; Mr. E. D. Le 
 Couteur, St. Malo ; Messrs. Mahieu, Cherbourg ; or to Mr. E. K. Corke, 
 Steam Packet Superintendent, Southampton. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 7 
 
 GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 
 
 THE TOURIST’S ROUTE TO THE CONTINENT 
 IS via HARWICH. 
 
 The Continental Express Train leaves Liverpool Street Station, London, 
 for Rotterdam every evening (Sundays excepted), and for Antwerp on 
 Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, in direct connection 
 with the Fast and elegantly fitted up Passenger Steamers of the Company. 
 
 The Steamers are large powerful Vessels, ranging from 800 to 1200 tons 
 burden, with ample sleeping accommodation ; and consequently Passengers 
 sufier less from mal de mer than by any of the shorter Sea Routes. 
 
 The Provisions on Board are supplied from the Company’s own Hotel 
 at Harwich, and are unequalled in quality. Luggage can be registered 
 through to all principal Towns on the Continent from Liverpool Street 
 Station. Through Tickets are issued at — 
 
 The Great Eastern Company’s West End Office, 28, Regent Circus, 
 Piccadilly, London, W. 
 
 Cook and Son’s Tourist Office, Ludgate Circus, London, E.C. 
 
 Gaze and Son’s Tourist Office, 142, Strand, London, E.C. 
 
 O. Caygill’s Tourist Office, 871, Strand, London, E.C. 
 
 And the Continental Booking Office, Liverpool St. Station, London, E.C. 
 For further particulars and Time Books apply to the Continental 
 Department, Liverpool Street Station, London, E.C. 
 
 LONDON to ANTWERP. 
 
 BY THE FAST AND POWERFUL PADDLE STEAMER, 
 
 ‘is .a.3r,o::v osy, 9 
 
 1150 Tons burthen, bnilt in 1875. J. VEBBIST, Commander. 
 
 This STEAMER, which is elegantly fitted up with spacious Saloons and Private Cabins, 
 leaves London, from IRONGATE and ST. KATHARINE’S WHARF, Tower, every 
 Sunday at noon, returning from Antwerp every Wednesday at noon, from 1st October 
 to 1st April, and 1 o’clock (afternoon) from 1st April to 1st October. Passengers walk on 
 board. 
 
 Travellers going by this Steamer may proceed by the Railroad via Antwerp and 
 Cologne to Hamburg, Berlin, Leipzic, Dresden, &c. 
 
 FARES (including Steward’s Fee) — Chief Cabin, 24s. ; ditto Return, available one 
 Month, 3 Is. ; Fore Cabin, 16s. ; ditto Return, 24s. 6 d. Children under 10 years Half-price. 
 Four-wheel Carriages, £4 4s. ; two- wheel Carriages, £3. Horses, £3 3s. 
 
 Apply to the Agents: 
 
 London.— Messrs. Arnati & Harrison, ll & 12, Great Tower Street, E.C.; and Old White 
 Horse Cellar, 155, Piccadilly, W. 
 
 Antwerp. — Messrs. Huysmans & Bulcke, 10, Quai Magerman. 
 
 Brussels. — M. Lelotte-Town, 88, Montague de la Cour. 
 
 Arrangements have now been made whereby the RETURN TICKETS issued by this 
 Steamer are, without extra payment, available by the Steamers belonging to the General 
 Steam Navigation Company. The advantage of five regular Departures per Week each 
 way between London and Antwerp is thus secured to the Public. The RETURN TICKETS 
 issued by the General Steam Navigation Company are available by the * Baron Osy/ 
 
8 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 GLASGOW AND THE HIGHLANDS. 
 
 (ROYAL ROUTE via CRINAN AND CALEDONIAN CANALS'.) 
 The Royal Mail Steamers— Columba, Iona, Mountaineer, Clansman, Glencoe, 
 Chevalier, Pioneer, Clydesdale, Glengarry, Gondolier, Cygnet, Staffa, 
 Linnet, Plover, Fingal, Lockiel, Islay, Queen of the Lake, and Inverary 
 Castle, Sail during the Season for ISLAY, LOCH AWE, OBAN. FORT-WILLIAM; 
 INVERNESS, STAFFA, IONA, GLENCOE, TOBERMORY, PORTREE, STROME- 
 FERRY, GAIRLOCH, ULLAPOOL, LOCHLNVER, and STORNOWAY ; affording 
 Tourists an opportunity of visiting the magnificent Scenery of Lochawe, Glencoe, the Coolin 
 Hills, Loch Scavaig, Loch Coruisk, Loch Maree, and the famed Islands of Staffa and Iona. 
 
 Official Guide Book, 2d. Illustrated copy, 6d. Time-Bills, with Map and Tourist Fares, 
 free, of Messrs. Ohatto and Windus, Publishers, 214 Piccadilly, London ; or by post from 
 the owner. 
 
 DAVID MACBRAYNE, 119, Hope Street, Glasgov. 
 
 AIX-LES-BAI NS. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE L’EUROPlt 
 
 Proprietor, J. BERNASCON. 
 
 F IRST-CLASS House, admirably situated near the Casino, 
 the Baths, and the English Church. This Hotel is 
 strongly recommended to Travellers for the comfort of its 
 arrangements. Good Gardens, with a beautiful view of the 
 Lake and Mountains. Large and small Apartments for Families 
 at moderate prices, and a Chalet in the Garden for Families 
 who may prefer being out of the Hotel. Excellent Table- 
 d’Hote. Open all the Year. LAWN TENNIS. 
 
 Carriages for hire, and an Omnibus belonging to the 
 Hotel to meet every Train. 
 
 Savoie.) AIX-LES-BAI NS- (Savoie. 
 
 HOTEL VENAT ET BRISTOL. 
 
 OPEN ALL THE YEAR ROUND. 
 
 UROPEAN REPUTATION. Re-built and Re-furnished. 
 150 Bed Rooms and 20 Sitting Rooms, surrounded by 
 an extensive Garden and Park, and with View of the Lake of 
 Bourget. Nearest to the Baths, English Church, and Casino. 
 LAWN TENNIS GAME. 
 
 G. KOSSIGNOLI. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 
 UOYER’S IMPERIAL CROWN HOTEL, 
 H near the Kurbaus and Bath-houses, with 
 large Garden. Very comfortable Apart- 
 ments. Single Rooms. Excellent Cooking, 
 and attentive attendance. Very Moderate 
 Charges, and advantageous arrangements for 
 Winter. OTTO HOYER. 
 
 AIX-LES-BAINS. 
 
 HOTEL DAMES IN and CONTINENTAL. 
 Open all the Tear. 
 
 This Hotel is particularly recommended to Eng- 
 lish Families for its comfort and beautiful situation. 
 Smoking, Billiard Room, and Ladies’ Drawing 
 Room. Pension from 7 francs a day. Omnibus at 
 Train. American Proprietress. 
 
 DAMESIN, Proprietor. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 9 
 
 AIX- LES- BAINS. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE L’UNIYERS. 
 
 First-Class Establishment, Open all the Year. 
 
 QPLENDID Situation ; immense Garden ; South aspect well shaded ; 
 M a very extended view of Lake Bourget and the Mountains. Belvedere, with fine 
 prospect of the principal points of view, and Excursions. Small and large Apartments ; 
 Salons for Families; Drawing Room, Reading Room, and Smoking Room, with every comfort 
 that can be desired. French and Foreign Payers. 
 
 Arrangements made for Pension. Private Carriages. Stable and Coach-house. 
 
 Omnibus of the Hotel meets every Train. 
 
 C LLE - RENAUD, Proprietor. 
 
 AIX - LA - CHAPE LLE, 
 
 GRAND MONARQUE HOTEL. 
 
 Close by the Railway Stations and the Baths. 
 
 NUELLEN’S HOTEL. 
 
 Opposite the Fountain “ Eliza.” 
 
 KAISERBAD HOTEL (built in 1865). 
 The principal Spring rises in the Hotel itself. 
 
 NEUBAD HOTEL. 
 
 (Renovated in 1879.) 
 
 Mr. G. F. DREMEL is the Proprietor of these four hotels of European reputation. The combination in 
 one hand of Four Establishments of such magnitude, enables Mr. Dremel to afford suitable accommodation 
 to all comers ; to visitors to whom money is no object, as well as to parties desirous of living at a moderate 
 ra te of expense. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT. 
 
 THE ALEXANDRIA 
 
 STATIONERS’ AND BOOKSELLERS’ COMPANY, 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
 ANDREW V. PHILIP, Manager. 
 
 English and American Publications — Tauehnitz Editions. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS RECEIVED BY EVERY MAIL. 
 
 LATEST NEWS RECEIVED DAILY BY TELEGRAPH. 
 
 GOODS FORWARDED TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Agencies in the principal Cities of Europe and the United States. 
 
 ALLEVARD- LES- BAINS. (ISERE.) (Goncelin Station.) 
 
 The Switzerland of Dauphiny. Altitude 1510 feet. 
 
 T'HE HOTEL DU LOUVRE. — This splendid and best-situated Hotel recom- 
 mends itself as much for the comfort of its Apartments, as for its Table and Wines, 
 which form part of the rest of the very Moderate Prices. Magnificent view of the Glaciers. 
 Omnibus of the Hotel at the Station of Goncelin. 
 
 BERTHET, Proprietor and Manager. 
 
10 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 May, 
 
 AMPHION-LES-BAINS. 
 
 Near EVIAN (Haute- Savoie), upon the Shores of 
 LAKE GENEVA. 
 
 Alkaline Spring ( much bicarbonated), and Chalybeate Spring. Situated 
 in an unexceptional Situation upon the borders of the Lake of Geneva, 
 close to all the beautiful spots of Switzerland. First-Class Hotels. 
 Immense English Park. Boats upon the Lake. Carriages for Drives. 
 
 Omnibus of the Hotel 
 
 At the arrival of the Steamboats at Evian. Line of Steamers from Geneva 
 to Amphion. 
 
 Telegraph Office in the Hotel* 
 
 OPEN THE 1st JUNE . 
 
 G. GOUGOLTZ, Director. 
 Proprietor of Grand Hotel Beau-Site at Cannes. 
 
 AMIENS. 
 
 TTOTEL DE L’UNIVERS.— First-Class Hotel, facing St. Denis’ 
 Square, near the Railway Station. Three minutes’ walk to the Cathedral. Drawing 
 and Bath Rooms. English Interpreter. 
 
 Omnibus of the Hotel at every Train. 
 
 AMIENS. 
 
 TTOTEL DE FRANCE, D’ANGLETERRE, and DE L’EUROPE. 
 
 LL BRULE, Proprietor. — First-Class Hotel, one of the oldest on the Continent. Situated 
 in the centre and the finest part of the town. Having recently been newly furnished, it offers 
 great comfort. Families and Single Gentlemen accommodated with convenient Suites of 
 Apartments and Single Rooms. 
 
 OMNIBUS AT STATION. ENGLISH SPOKEN. 
 
 AMSTERDAM. 
 
 AMSTEL HOTEL. 
 
 fPHIS Magnificent First-Class House is situated near the 
 
 -f- Zoological and Botanical Gardens, the Crystal Palace, &c. Cheerful Views 
 on the Amstel River. It is provided with every comfort , and contains 200 
 well-furnished Rooms and Saloons ; Reading and Smoking Rooms , and a special 
 Ladies' Saloon . A Steam Launch for Excursions . 
 
 Terms Moderate. Telegraph Office and Stables attached to the House. 
 Branch Office of the Dutch Railway Company : Tickets sold and 
 Luggage registered to all parts of Europe. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 11 
 
 ANTWERP. 
 
 HOTEL ST. ANTOINE. 
 
 PLACE VERTE, Opposite the Cathedral. 
 
 npHIS excellent FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, 'which enjoys the well- 
 
 merited favour of Families and Tourists, bas been re-purcbased by its old and well- 
 known Proprietor, Mr. SCHMITT SPAENROVEN, who, with his Partner, will do every- 
 thing in their power to render the visit of all persons who may honour them with their 
 patronage as agreeable and comfortable as possible. 
 
 BATHS IN THE HOTEL. 
 
 MODERATE PRICES. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 HOTEL DU DRAGON D’OR. 
 
 Close to Kursaal and Bath Houses. 
 Reputation for comfort, cleanliness, and 
 very moderate Charges. Table d’Hote at 
 1 and 5 o’clock. 
 
 CARL THOMES, Proprietor 
 
 BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL DE PRANCE. 
 
 First-class Hotel. Best Situation. 
 Excellent Cooking, and Moderate Charges. 
 
 CARL ULRICH, Proprietor. 
 
 A RON A. (Lake Maggiore, Italy.) 
 Hotel d’ltalie et Poste. 
 
 Magnificent Position, opposite the Steam- 
 boat Pier. Comfort. Moderate Prices. 
 Garden. Reading Room. Table d’Hote. 
 Horses and Carriages for Excursions. 
 ZANETTA FRERES, Proprietors. 
 
 BAGNERES DE BIGORRE. 
 Grand Hotel Beau-Sejour. 
 First-Class. 
 
 The most comfortable and the best situated. 
 
 ASHBURTON, DEVON. 
 
 GOLDEN LION HOTEL. 
 
 M. A. SEXTONT, Proprietor. 
 
 0 ITUATED on the Borders of Dartmoor, and in the immediate neighbourhood 
 ^ of the most beautiful of the far-famed Devon scenery, including the upper reaches of 
 the Dart, and the celebrated Buckland and Holne Chase drives ; it is peculiarly adapted for 
 the resort of Tourists and Travellers. It contains spacious private Apartments, has a good 
 Garden attached, and is replete with every convenience for the comfort of Families. 
 
 Post-Horses and Carriages of every description. 
 
 Good Salmon and Trout Fishing, on moderate terms, for long or short periods, can be had. 
 Particulars on application to the Proprietor of the Hotel. 
 
 AVIGNON. 
 
 HOTEL D’ EUROPE. 
 
 H IGHLY recommended to English Travellers on their journey to Nice, 
 Italy, &c. First-Class and Moderate Prices. The Proprietor and his Wife having 
 lived in England, are aware of the wants of English Travellers ; and he assures them that 
 their comforts shall be studied. Omnibus at all Trains. 
 
 BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL ST AD T BADEN. 
 
 On the right hand side and nearest the Station. 
 
 C OMMANDING a delicious view of the Old Castle and high rocks. Known for its Clean- 
 liness, excellent Cooking, good Attendance, and fixed Moderate Charges. 
 
 E. HOESSLER, Landlord. 
 
12 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 VICTORIA HOTEL. 
 
 Proprietor, Mr. FRANZ GROSKOLZ. 
 
 THIS is ono of the finest-built and besf>furnished First-class 
 
 Hotels, situated on the new Promenade, near the Kursaal and Theatre ; it 
 commands the most charming views in Baden. It is reputed to be one of the best 
 Hotels in Germany. The Table and Wines are excellent, with prompt attendance 
 and great civility. Prices very moderate. English and other Journals. 
 
 BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL DE HOLLANDE and Dependance. 
 
 A U BEAU SEJOUR.— A. Roessler, Proprietor. This favourite and first-class 
 Hotel, situated near the Kursaal, Promenade, and Theatre, commands one of the mo^t 
 charming views in Baden. The Hotel and Dependance consist of One Hundred and Sixty 
 Sleeping Apartments, elegant Sitting-rooms, and a Garden for the use of visitors. Extensive 
 and airy Dining-room, and a comfortable Public Sitting-room, with Piano and Library. It is 
 conducted under the immediate superintendence of the Proprietor, who endeavours, by the 
 most strict attention and exceedingly Moderate Prices, to merit the continued patronage of 
 English and American visitors. English and American Newspapers. The Table d’Hote and 
 Wines of this Hotel are reputed of the best quality in Baden. Fixed moderate charges for 
 everything. Rooms from 2s. and upwards. 
 
 PENSION in the early and later part of the Season. 
 
 BADEN - BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL EUROPE, BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 Proprietor, OTTO KAH. 
 
 TTlIBST-CLASS Hotel, opposite the Conversation House and Trinkhalle. 
 
 -I- Reading Room, &c. Recommended. 
 
 BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL DE LA COUR DE BADE. 
 
 Eadischer Hof. 
 
 (Not to be confounded with the Hotel de la Ville de Bade , opposite the 
 Bailway Station.) 
 
 A FIRST-BATE and large Establishment near the Promenade and 
 the Conversation House, with extensive Gardens, Warm, Mineral, and other Baths, 
 enjoying a well-meritecl reputation for its great comfort and attention. It is patronised by 
 the most distinguished Families. 
 
 Manager, Mr. Fr. ZIEGLER. 
 
 BARCELONA (SPAIN). 
 
 VDA DE A. SARDA E HIJO- 
 
 EXCHANGE OFFICE, 
 
 In the Rambla del Centro No. 37, near the Grand Hotel des Quatre Nations. Payment in 
 Cash for Bank Notes, Cheques, and Circular Notes. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 13 
 
 BARCELONA. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DES QUATRE NATIONS. 
 
 IN THE EAMBLA. 
 
 T HE largest and finest Hotel in Barcelona ; most advantageously situated in 
 the best position in the Rambla, facing the Teatro Principal, and close to the Post and 
 Telegraph Offices. Full Southern Aspect. Enlarged and newly decorated. Table d’Hote. 
 Private Service. Large and small Apartments. Many Fire-places. Bath. Reading Room, 
 with Piano. Smoking Room and Parlour. Foreign Newspapers. Carriages of every 
 description. Great Comfort and Cleanliness. French Cuisine . Omnibus at Railway 
 Stations. Interpreters. Moderate Terms. English and German Spoken. Arrangements 
 ior Pension during the Winter Season. 
 
 BELFAST. 
 
 X XX Jii X JLVX Jr Jca. X\ X 11 Xfx XX w X XSsl Xn x 
 
 FIRST CLASS . BEST SITUATION. 
 
 Omnibuses meet all Trains and Steamers, 
 
 W. J. JURY, Proprietor. 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 HOTEL D’ANGL E T ERR E, 
 
 2, SCHINKEL-PIiACE, 2. 
 
 SITUATED IN THE FINEST AND MOST ELEGANT PART OF THE TOWN, 
 
 Near to the Royal Palaces, Museums, and Theatres. 
 
 S INGLE Travellers and large Families can be accommodated with entire Suites of Apart- 
 ments, consisting of splendid Saloons, airy Bedrooms, &c., all furnished and carpeted 
 in the best English style. First-rate Table d’Hote, Baths, Equipages, Guides. Times and 
 Galignani’s Messenger taken in. Residence of Her British Majesty’s Messengers. 
 
 it. SIEJBEIilST, Proprietor. 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 HOTEL DE RUSSIE. 
 
 r is well-known FIEST-CLASS HOTEL, newly restored 
 and handsomely decorated, and situated in the most attracting part 
 of the City, facing the Imperial Castle, 
 
 NEAR UNTER DEN LINDEN, 
 
 recommends itself for the comfort it offers to its Visitors. 
 
 CARL FRIEDRICH KUHET. 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 HOTEL R OYA I*. 
 
 Inter den tindeiL No. 3 , and Cornea' of WSIlaclisa Street. 
 
 O PPOSITE the English Embassy, Mr. Friedrich Lange, Proprietor. — This Hotel is in the 
 best situation in the town, near the Promenade, the King’s Theatre, the Museum, &c. 
 It is most elegantly furnished. Saloons and Large Apartments for Families. Baths in the 
 Hotel. Carriages. Private Dinners and Suppers at any hour. Prompt Attendance and 
 Moderate Prices. 
 
14 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 /YRAND HOTEL DE ROME, under the Tilleuls, 39, corner of 
 LA Charlotten Street. This great and beautiful Hotel, the largest and best situated of 
 the Capital, combines real English comfort with reasonable prices, and is kept in a very 
 fashionable manner. Two hundred Rooms, twenty -five Saloons, three large Dining Rooms for 
 more than 600 persons. Reading Rooms supplied with all foreign Newspapers. Music Saloon, 
 and Conversation Room, &c. Restaurant “a la Fran 9 aise.” The prices are placed in every 
 Room. Cold and Warm Baths. Post Office, Telegraph, &c. Omnibuses at the Station. 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG HOTEL. 
 
 Unter den Linden 31. 
 
 The Table d’Hote and Wines of this Hotel 
 are reputed of the best quality in Berlin. 
 Fixed Moderate Charges. 
 
 T. HEUDTLASS, Proprietor. 
 
 BONN. 
 
 RHE1NECK HOTEL, 
 
 AT THE LANDING PLACE. 
 
 Finest View on the Seven Mountains. 
 
 Booms from 2 Marks. 
 
 Breakfast , 1 Mark. Dinner , 2£ Marks. 
 
 BIDEFORD. 
 
 NEW INN, FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL HOTEL. 
 
 HENEY ASCOTT, Proprietor. 
 
 T HIS old-established and commodious Hotel and Posting-House is pleasantly situated in 
 an elevated and central part of the town, and commands extensive and beautiful views 
 of the river Torridge, and surrounding country. Is 11 miles distant from Clovelly, 8 miles 
 from Hobby drive, and 3 miles from Westward Ho. Private Suites of Apartments. Coffee, 
 Commercial, and Biiliard Rooms. Posting and Livery Stables. Omnibuses meet all Trains. 
 
 BONN. 
 
 THE GOLDEN STAR HOTEL. 
 
 T HIS First-rate and unrivalled Hotel, patronised by the 
 English Koyal Family, Nobility, and Gentry, is the 
 nearest Hotel to the Eailway Station, and to the Landing- 
 places of the Rhine Steamers. The Proprietor, Mr. J. 
 SCHMITZ, begs leave to recommend his Hotel to Tourists. 
 The Apartments are comfortably furnished and carpeted in 
 the best style, and the charges are moderate. Arrangements 
 for the Winter may be made, on the most moderate terms. 
 
 BONN. 
 
 GRAND ROYAL HOTEL, 
 
 On the Banks of the Bhine. European Repute. 200 Booms and Saloons . 
 
 S ITUATION without equal, facing the Rhine ; Seven Mountains and Park. Near the 
 Landing Place and Railway Station. Extensive English Gardens, Reading and 
 Smokiog Rooms, Ladies Saloons. Warm and Cold Baths in the Hotel. 
 
 BOLOGNA, ITALY. 
 
 HOTEL PELLIGRXNO. 
 
 BORDEAUX. 
 
 HOTEL DE PARIS. 
 
 SECOND-CLASS HOTEL, but Good. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOTEL. 
 
 The Four Languages spoken. 
 
 F. RAVALDONI, Proprietor. 
 
 Much frequented by English and American 
 Travellers. 
 
 BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. 
 
 HOTEL DES BAINS ET DE BELLE VUE. 
 
 Opposite the Folkestone Steamers and Railway Station. Carriages and 
 Commissionnaire attend all Arrivals. Table d’Hote at 6 o’clock. 
 
 E. & C. MTJNTON, Managers. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 15 
 
 BOULOGNE - SUR - SV1ER. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL C HRI8T0 L & BRISTOL, 
 
 [First-class Hotel. 
 
 Best Situation in the Town. Highly recommended 
 for Families and Gentlemen. 
 
 Carriage in Attendance on Arrival of all Trains and Boats. 
 F. CHRISTOL, Proprietor and Manager. 
 
 BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU NORD. 
 
 I3ATBONIZED by their Majesties the Emperor and Empress 
 
 A of the French, and of Austria, and Don Carlos. 150 First-Class Bed and 
 Sitting Rooms; Reading, Music, Conversation, Billiard, and Smoking Rooms. 
 Telegraph and Post Offices in the Hotel du Nord. 
 
 GOOD STABLING AND COACH-HOUSES, &c. &c. 
 
 C. LACOSTE, Proprietor. 
 
 HOTEL PORTER AT ARRIVAL OF ALL BOATS. 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH. 
 
 MEWLYITS EXETER FARR MOTEL. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS FAMILY HOTEL. 
 
 Accommodation, Cuisine, and Wines of the best description. Charges 
 
 Moderate. 
 
 Proprietor Twelve Years Manager of the Principal London Clubs. 
 
 BRISTOL. 
 
 ROYAL HOTEL, COLLEGE GREEN. 
 
 UIKST -CLASS. Central, and pleasantly situated. Very 
 
 A spacious Coffee, Dining, Reading, Smoking, and Billiard Rooms. Private 
 Apartments en suite. One Hundred and Twenty Bed-rooms* Steam Lift and 
 Laundry. Hot and Cold Baths. Postal Telegraph Office and Post-office in the 
 Hotel. Fixed Charges. The Hotel Omnibus meets all principal Trains. Night 
 Porter kept. 
 
 E. SWANSON, Manager. 
 
 BRUGES. 
 
 H OTEL DE FLANDRE. First-Class House. Table d’Hote at 1 and 
 
 5 o’clock. Beautiful Garden. Hot and Cold Baths. Arrangements can be made at 
 any time during the Year by the Week or Month. PENSION during Winter, commencing 
 at £6 per Month. The Proprietors of the Hotel have the monopoly of the celebrated 
 Sparkling Rhenish Wine “ Rheingold,” and keep a Dep6t of all kinds of German Wines for 
 exportation to England. An Annexe has been added to the Hotel, containing twenty 
 splendid"Apartments. 
 
16 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 Ma) v , 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL DE BELLE VUE. 
 
 Proprietor, Mr. EDWARD DREMEL. 
 
 r p HIS magnificent Hotel, in offering to Visitors every 
 kind of comfort and accommodation, has the great advantage of 
 being situated adjoining 
 
 THE PALACE OF THE KING, 
 
 and facing 
 
 THE PLACE ROYALE AND THE PARK. 
 
 Price List, with every detail of its moderate charges in every room. 
 Single Rooms from 4 francs upwards. 
 
 Table d’Hote richly served at Six o’Clock, after the arrival of the 
 latest London day Train. 
 
 Heading Room, with the best English, American, French, German, 
 and Dutch daily Papers and Periodicals. 
 
 Smoking Room. Terraces with splendid View overlooking the 
 Park. 
 
 Arrangements for the Winter from 15 francs per person per 
 day, including everything but Wine. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL DE FLANDRE. 
 
 T HIS first-rate old-established and highly -recommended Hotel has 
 been considerably enlarged and elegantly furnished, and has a 
 
 NJEW JOINING- HOOIVI, 
 
 Which is the admiration of evefy Visitor. 
 
 The Situation of the Hotel de Flandke, overlooking the Place Royale 
 and Ihe Park, its capital 
 
 TABLE d’HOTE and WINES', 
 
 added to the attention and civility shown to all Visitors, have made this 
 House deservedly popular. 
 
 MODERATE CHARGES : Rooms from 3 francs upwards. 
 
 Board and Lodging during the Winter Months from 15 francs per person 
 per day , including everything hut Wine. 
 
 TARIFFS IN EVERY ROOM. 
 
1880 . 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 17 
 
 BRUGES. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU COMMERCE. 
 
 LURST-CLASS HOTEL. — Proprietor, C. Vanden Berghe, The largest 
 
 J- and oldest Hotel of the Town. Comfort. Moderate Charges. 
 
 Special Omnibus. 
 
 BRUSSELS. ~ 
 
 HOTEL DE SUEDE. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, in a thoroughly central position near the New Boulevards. 
 
 EXCELLENT TABLE D’HOTE. CHOICE WINES. 
 
 VAN CUTSEM, Proprietor. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL MENGELLE 
 
 (RUE ROYALE). 
 
 B. MENGELLE, Proprietor. 
 
 rpHIS large and beautiful First-Class Hotel is situated in the finest and 
 -L most healthy part of the Town, near to the Promenades the most frequented, and is 
 supplitd with every modern accommodation and comfort. Table d’Hote at 6 and 7.15, 
 five francs. Restaurant h la carte, and at fixed prices, at any hour. Excellent “ Cuisine ” 
 and Choice Wines. 
 
 Baths, Smoking Room, Reading Room, and Carriages. 
 Arrangements made with Families during the Winter Season. 
 
 ~~ BRUSSELS. ^ 
 
 HOTEL DE L’ EUR OPE, 
 
 PLACE ROYALE. 
 
 The best situation in Brussels, near the Park, Royal 
 Palace, Boulevards, and Museum. 
 
 Table d'Hole. 
 
 ENGLISH SPOKEN. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL BE LA POSTE, 
 
 KUE FOSSti-AUX-LOUPS, 
 
 NEAR THE PLACE DE LA MONNAIE. 
 
 This Hotel, specially frequented by English and Americans, is situated in the 
 centre of the Town, and near the principal Theatres. 
 
 BEST TABLE D’HOTE. MODERATE CHARGES. 
 
 English Spoken. Omnibus at the Station. 
 
 g 
 
18 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. May, 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL DE L’UNIYEES, 
 
 SUE NEUVE, 
 
 Has a Wide Entrance from the New Boulevards, which places it in one 
 of the best and most advantageous positions in the city. A First-class 
 House for Families, to be recommended for its Comfort and Moderate 
 Prices. Table d’Hote, Restaurant, Smoking-room, Reading-room. 
 Arrangements made for the Winter Season , or for a prolonged residence . 
 SCHOEFFTERrWIERTZ, Proprietor. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL-GERNAY. 
 
 Moderate Charges . Ancien PropriJtaire de V Hotel de Portugal a Spa. 
 
 This Hotel is close to the Railway Station for Ostend, Germany, Holland, Antwerp, 
 and Spa, forming the Corner of the Boulevard Botanique et du Nord. 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 HOTEL DE FRANCE. 
 
 RUE ROYALE AND MONTAGNE DU PARC. 
 
 TV/TR. JOHN BARBER, the new Proprietor, has entirely refitted and 
 lAlL re*arranged the Hotel de France. The Beautiful Situation of the Hotel (adjoining 
 the Park), the Moderate Charges, Excellent Cuisine, and greatly improved Arrangements 
 ior the Comfort of Visitors, render this Hotel especially deserving the patronage of 
 Travellers. Rooms from 3 francs and upwards. 
 
 Table d'Hote (at Five o'clock in Winter , Six in Summer) 5 francs. 
 
 English and. other Languages spoken. 
 
 HOTEL D’ESPAGNE, 
 
 71 & 73, RUE ST. JEAN. 
 
 A. MARIE, Proprietor. FIRST-CLASS ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Recommended to Families. Moderate Prices. 
 
 CANNES. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL CALIFORNIE. 
 
 F IRST-CLASS Hotel, magnificently situated in extensive Pleasure 
 Grounds, with a commanding View over the Bays, combines every 
 comfort with elegance. 
 
 Open from the 1st of October to the 1st of June. 
 
 CHABASSIEUE, Proprietor, 
 
 And also Proprietor of the “ SPLENDID HOTEL ” and of the “ CONTINENTAL 
 HOTEL ” at the Baths of Royat (Puy de Dome), France. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 19 
 
 CAEi. 
 
 HOTEL JH! D’ANGLETERRE, 
 
 Rue St. Jean, Nos. 77, 79, 81. 
 
 Situated in tlie Centre of the Town. Eendezvous of the 
 
 best Society. 
 
 100 Elegantly Furnished and Comfortable Bed Booms and 
 Sitting Booms. 
 
 BREAKFASTS A LA CARTE. 
 
 ©IMMEl AT TABLE © 9 H©TE a 4 FlRAMBo 
 
 SUITES OF APARTMENTS FOR FAMILIES. 
 ENGLISH AND SPANISH SPOKEN. 
 
 L. MANGEL, Proprietor. 
 
 CANNES. 
 
 HOTEL BEAU SITE. 
 
 gIT DATED at the West end of Cannes, adjoining Lord 
 Brougham’s property ; the finest part of the Town. Newly 
 enlarged. 200 Rooms. 20 private Sitting-rooms. Reading 
 and Smoking-rooms, and English Billiard-table. 
 
 Sheltered Situation, commanding an unequalled view of the 
 Sea, the lies Lerins, and the Esterel Mountain. Large 
 beautiful Gardens, Promenades, and Lawn Tennis belonging 
 to the estate. Arrangements made for the Season for Families. 
 Moderate Charges. Bath-rooms and Lift. 
 
 Omnibuses at the Station. 
 
 OPENED TPIE 1st OF OCTOBER. 
 
 GEORGES GOTJOGOLTZ, Proprietor. 
 
20 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 CANNES. 
 
 WINDSOR HOTEL. 
 
 rPHIS First-Class Family Hotel is beautifully situated, not 
 -L too far from the Town and the Sea, of which, however, it enjoys an 
 extensive view. 
 
 Most Comfortable Apartments and Careful 
 Attendance, 
 
 ED. SCHMID , Proprietor . 
 
 CANNES. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE PROVENCE. 
 
 Boulevard du Cannet. Proprietress, English. 
 
 CITUATED on rising ground, away from the Sea. Well sheltered, 
 iO standing in its own grounds, with beautiful views of the Town, the Isles de Lerins, 
 and the Esterel. Broad Terrace, and sheltered walks in the Gardens. Lawn Tennis and 
 Croquet Ground. The Hotel combines the comfort and quiet of an English borne, with 
 all the accessories of a First-Class Hotel. Good Cuisine. Drawing, Billiard, and Smoking 
 Rooms. The situation is highly recommended by medical men. 
 
 An Omnibus meets the Trains. 
 
 CANNES. 
 
 HOTEL NATIONAL. 
 
 /'NPEN all the year. Central position. Southern aspect. 
 MODERATE Charges. Arrangements made by the week. 
 
 JOSEPH CARDON, Proprietor. 
 
 ENGLISH SPOKEN. 
 
 CHALONS-SUR-MARNE. 
 
 HOTEL DE LA CLOCHE D’OR, 
 
 ET DU PALAIS ROYAL. 
 
 Kept by JATJNAUX ERNEST, Proprietor and Director. 
 
 This Hotel has always been recommended for its great comfort. 
 
 TABLE D'HOTE AND RESTAURANT. 
 
 PERSIAN SMOKING ROOM. CHOICE WINES. 
 
 OMNIBUSES TO AND PROM THE STATION. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 21 
 
 CARLSBAD. 
 
 Hotel and Dependance “ Villa Helenenhof ” De Hanover. 
 
 LHRST-CLASS HOTEL, situated in the centre of the Town, near all 
 the SpriDgs. Cuisine, and strictly Moderate Charges. English spoken. Omnibus at 
 Ihe Station. C. E. ZORKENDORFER, Proprietor. 
 
 CHAMONIX. 
 
 HOTEL DP MONT BLANC. 
 
 Enjoying an exceptional View of Mont Blanc and the Valley. 
 
 GOOD TABLE AT MODERATE PRICES. 
 
 Baths and Garden attached to the Hotel, 
 
 CACHAT, Proprietor. 
 
 hotel 
 
 CHAMONIX. 
 
 DE S ALPE S. 
 
 A VERY comfortable Hotel, with splendid View from every side of the House. 
 
 First-rate Cuisine. Hot and Cold Baths in the House. English, French, and German 
 Newspapers. Moderate Charges and Reduction for a long Residence. 
 
 J. J. KLOTZ, Proprietor. 
 
 CHAMONIX. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL IMPERIAL AND DE SAUSSURE. 
 
 FIRST-RATE HOUSE. 
 
 All desirable comfort is secured in this Establishment. Baths. English 
 and American Newspapers. Reading, Smoking, and Billiard Rooms. 
 
 BEST VIEW ON THE GLACIERS. 
 
 HOTEL ROYAL. 
 
 fPHIS First-Class Family Hotel is in the most beautiful situation in 
 I Chamonix, with large Park and Observatory. Patronised by the 
 Royal Family of England, and other Sovereigns of the World. 
 
 These two Hotels belong to the same Company. 
 
 COBLENTZ. 
 
 Grand Hotel de Belle Vue. 
 
 FIliST-CLASS HOTEL, 
 
 With every Comfort. Magnificent Yiew of 
 the Rhine. Moderate Charges. 
 
 Proprietor y H. HO CHE. 
 
 COLOGNE. 
 
 HOTEL DU DOME. 
 
 More comfortable than luxurious. In the 
 front of the Cathedral ; three minutes from 
 the Central Station. Fixed but Moderate 
 Charges. (65 Journals.) 
 
 THEODOR METZ, Proprietor. 
 
MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 22 
 
 COLOGNE ON THE RHINE. 
 
 JOHANN MARIA FARINA, 
 GEGENUBER DEM JULICH’S PLATZ 
 
 (Opposite the Julich’s Place), 
 
 PURVEYOR TO H.M. QUEEN VICTORIA; 
 
 TO H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES ; 
 
 TO H. M. WILLIAM KING OF PRUSSIA; THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA; 
 
 THE EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA; 
 
 THE KING OF DENMARK, ETC. ETC., 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ONLY GENUINE EAU DE COLOGNE, 
 
 Which obtained the only Prize Medal awarded to Eau de Cologne at the Paris Exhibition 
 
 of 1867. 
 
 T'HE frequency of mistakes, which are sometimes accidental, but for the most 
 “*■ part the result of deception practised by interested individuals, induces me to request 
 the attention of English travellers to the following statement : — 
 
 The favourable reputation which my Eau de Cologne has acquired, since its invention by 
 my ancestor in the year 1709, has induced many people to imitate it ; and in order to be able 
 to sell their spurious article more easily, and under pretext that it was genuine, they pro- 
 cured themselves a firm of Farina , by entering into partnership with persons of my name, 
 which is a very common one in Italy. 
 
 Persons who wish to purchase the genuine and original Eau de Cologne ought to be parti- 
 cular to see that the labels and the bottles have not only my name, Johann Maria Farina , 
 but also the additional words, gegeniiber dem Julich’s Platz (that is, opposite the Julich’s 
 Place), without addition of any number. 
 
 Travellers visiting Cologne, and intending to buy my genuine article, are cautioned against 
 being led astray by cabmen, guides, commissioners, and other parties, who offer their services 
 to them. I therefore beg to state that my manufacture and shop are in the same house, 
 situated opposite the Julich’s Place, and nowhere else. It happens too, frequently, that the 
 said persons conduct the uninstructed strangers to shops of one of the fictitious firms, where, 
 notwithstanding assertion to the contrary, they are remimerated with nearly the half part of 
 the price paid by the purchaser, who, of course, must pay indirectly this remuneration by a 
 high price and a bad article. 
 
 Another kind of imposition is practised in almost every hotel in Cologne, where waiters, 
 commissioners, &c., offer to strangers Eau de Cologne, pretending that it is the genuine one, 
 and that I delivered it to them for the purpose of selling it for my account. 
 
 The only certain way to get in Cologne my genuine article is to buy it personally at my 
 house, opposite the Julich’s Place , forming the comer of the two streets, Unter Goldschmidt 
 and Oben Marspforten, No. 23, and having in the front six balconies, of which the three 
 bear my name and firm, Johann Maria Farina , Gegeniiber dem Julich’s Platz. 
 
 The excellence of my manufacture has been put beyond all doubt by the fact that the 
 Jurors of the Great Exhibitions in London, 1851 and 1862, awarded to me the Prize Medal ; 
 that I obtained honourable mention at the Great Exhibition in Paris, 1855 ; and received 
 the only Prize Medal awarded to Eau de Cologne at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and in 
 Oporto 1865. 
 
 Cologne, January , 1880. J OHANN MARIA FARINA, 
 
 GEGENUBER DEM JULICH’S PLATZ. 
 
 *** Messrs. J. & R. M c Cracken, 38, Queen Street , Cannon Street , E.C., 
 are my Sole Agents for Great Britain and Ireland . 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 23 
 
 CHERBOURG. 
 
 HOTEL I)ES BAINS HE MER. 
 
 SEASON FROM MAY TO OCTOBER, 
 
 T HE only Hotel facing tlie Sea. Drawing Room, Reading 
 Room, Ball Room. Military Band in the Garden twice a week. 
 
 The Bathing Establishment is attached to the Hotel. 
 
 For Rooms apply to the Director. 
 
 CONSTANCE. 
 
 HOTEL AND PENSION CONSTANZERHOF AU LAC. 
 
 (Formerly BATH HOTEL.) 
 
 ' OPLENDID situation, on the Lake of Constance, and surrounded by 
 ^ pretty Parks, with magnificent view towards the Alps. Sea-Bathing 
 Establishment. Warm, Roman, Fresh Water, and Turkish Baths. 
 Rooms, 1 mk. 50 pfg. and upwards. No charge for the usual lights and 
 attendance. Boarding Terms, including Rooms, 5 Mks. per day. 
 
 EMIL KUPPER. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 The Proprietor of the 
 
 HOTEL D’ANGLETERRE 
 
 (MISSIRIE), 
 
 In view of the great number of Families and Gentlemen travelling in this 
 Capital, has thought it expedient to fit up a Branch for the accommoda- 
 tion of the same, consisting of the 
 
 HOTEL ROYAL, 
 
 For some time the residence of H.B.M.’s Ambassador, Sir H. Elliot, His 
 Majesty the Emperor of the Brazils, and lately, for two months, of His 
 Excellency the Marquis of Salisbury. It is needless to say anything in 
 praise of the fine position and splendid view on the Golden Horn. The 
 Arrangements are thoroughly comfortable, and the Furniture first-class. 
 The Hotel is within two minutes’ walk of the British Embassy ; and the 
 Arrangements have given the greatest satisfaction to the above high 
 personages. The Proprietor begs to inform Gentlemen travelling, that 
 both Establishments are provided with every desirable comfort, Guides, 
 and Attendants ; and at Prices calculated to suit passing Travellers, as 
 well as those making a prolonged stay. 
 
 F. LOGOTHETTI. 
 
24 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 • May, 
 
 CORFU. 
 
 HOTEL ST. GEORGE. 
 
 Tins FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, very well situated on the best side of 
 -L the Esplanade, close to the Royal Palace, is fitted up after the English style, alfording 
 first-rate accommodation for Families and Single Gentlemen. Excellent Pension, and 
 prices very moderate. A large addition to the Hotel just now finished, makes it one of the 
 most comfonable of the Continent, with splendid Apartments, Conversation Saloon, Reading 
 Saloon and Library, Smoking and Billiard Rooms, and Bath Room. Magnificent Carriages 
 and Horses, the whole new, neat, and elegant. All Languages spoken. Ladies travelling 
 alone will find here the greatest comfort and best attendance. The Hotel is under the 
 patronage of King George I., the Emperor of Austria, and the Grand Duke of Mecklenburgh. 
 
 S. P. MAZZUCHY, Proprietor. 
 
 CREUZNACH. 
 
 H OLLAND HOTEL, kept by Foltynski & Woog. — This First-Class 
 
 Hotel offers superior accommodation at very moderate charges to Families and Single 
 Gentlemen. Is situated in the finest and healthiest part of the town ; is surrounded by a 
 beautiful garden. It is fitted up after the English and American style. Splendid large Dining 
 Room, a newly fitted-up Conversation Saloon; very well and comfortably Furnished Apart- 
 ments (with many Balconies). Good airy Baths. Excellent Kitchen. Adjoining the Hotel 
 is a Private Boarding House, the prices of which are very moderate. Pension in Winter. 
 
 CULOZ. 
 
 HOTEL FOLLTET, 
 
 Facing the Station, much recommended, and 
 the most comfortable in Culoz ; very conve- 
 nient for stopping half way between Paris 
 and Turin, with advantage of making all the 
 journey by day 
 
 N.B.—ASK FOR THE “HOTEL FOLLIET .” 
 
 DUNDEE. 
 
 A First-Class Family and 
 Commercial Hotel. 
 
 DIEPPE. 
 
 HOTEL ROYAL, 
 
 Facing the Beach , close to the Bathing Establishment and the P arade. 
 TT IS ONE OF THE MOST PLEASANTLY SITUATED HOTELS 
 
 J- IN DIEPPE, commanding a beautiful and extensive View of the Sea. Families and 
 Gentlemen visiting Dieppe will find at this Establishment elegant Large and Small Apart- 
 ments, and the best of accommodation, at very reasonable prices. Large Reading Room, 
 with French and English Newspapers. The Refreshments, &c., are of the best quality. In 
 fact, this Hotel fully bears out and deserves the favourable opinion expressed of it in 
 Murray’s and other Guide Books. 
 
 LAFOSSE AIN E. — L AR SON NEUX, Succr., Proprietor. 
 
 Table d’Hote and Private Dinners. *** This Hotel is open all the Tear. 
 
 DIJON. 
 
 HOTEL DE LA CLOCHE. 
 
 Mr. GOISSET, Proprietor. 
 
 Q UITE near the Kailway Station, at the entrance of the 
 Town. First-Class House of old reputation. Enlarged 
 in 1870. Apartments for Families. Carriages for drives. 
 Table d’Hote and Service in private. Beading Boom. Smoking 
 Boom. English spoken. Exportation of Burgundy Wines. 
 
 EDMOND GOISSET. 
 
1880. 
 
 Murray’s Handbook advertiser. 
 
 25 
 
 DIJON. 
 
 HOTEL DU JURA. 
 
 MM. DAVID et MERCIER, Proprietors. 
 
 Hotel is the nearest to the Eailway Station, the Cathe- 
 
 «.»1, and the Public Garden Saloons. Apartments and Rooms for Families. 
 Table d’Hote. Private Carriages for hire by the hour. English Newspapers. 
 Omnibus to carry passengers to and from each train. English spoken. The 
 greatest attention is paid to English visitors. Bureau de Change in the Hotel. 
 Considerably enlarged and newly furnished, 1875. The best Burgundy Wines 
 shipped at wholesale prices. 
 
 DINARD, ILLE ET VILAINE (Brittany). 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU CASINO. 
 
 CPHIS First-Class Hotel is the nearest to the Casino and 
 J- Bathing Establishment. Splendid View from the Terrace 
 adjoining the Garden of the Hotel. Private Dining Saloons 
 and Smoking Rooms. Table d’Hote at 11 o’clock a.m. and 
 6 o’clock p.m. Terms from 12 to 15 francs per day. Excellent 
 Cooking. Choice Wines. English Newspapers. Stabling. 
 
 VICTORIA HOTEL. 
 
 T HIS First-rate Establishment, situated near the great public 
 Promenade, and five minutes from the Central Station for 
 Prague, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Frankfort, combines comfort 
 with elegance, and has the advantage of possessing a spacious 
 and beautiful Garden. 
 
 TWO SUPERIOR TABLES D’HOTE DAILY. 
 
 PRIVATE DINNERS AT ANY HOUR. 
 
 During the Winter , Board and Lodging at very moderate rates . 
 
 Mr. Weiss has an extensive Stock of the best Bhenisli, 
 Bordeaux, Burgundy , and Spanish Wines, and will be most 
 happy to execute Orders at Wholesale Prices. 
 
 L. BIARDOT, Proprietor. 
 
 DRESDEN. 
 
26 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. May, 
 
 DRESDEN. 
 
 HOTEL BELLEVUE. 
 
 Situated on tlie river Elbe, facing the new Opera, tbe Gal- 
 leries, the Green Vaults, Cathedral, and Briihl’s Terrace. 
 Well-known First-Class Establishment, with 150 Booms. 
 Families desirous of taking Apartments for the Winter can 
 make arrangements at very moderate prices. 
 
 LOUIS FEISTEL, Manager. 
 
 DU3SELDORF. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION 
 
 FOR RHENISH PRUSSIA, WESTPHALIA, 
 
 And Neighbouring Districts in connection with a 
 
 General German Art-Exhibition. 
 
 DUSSELDORF, 1880. 
 
 LARGEST EXHIBITION IN GERMANY. 
 
 Duration of same from 9th of May until the End of September, 1880. In 
 the vicinity of the Exhibition there are special Railway Stations of the 
 Bergisch-Maerkisch, of the Koeln-Minden, and of the Rhenisch Railroad. 
 
 Information respecting Lodgings, and all particulars, gratuitously at the 
 Office, 
 
 5, BAZARSTRASSE, DUSSELDORF. 
 
 FALMOUTH. ~ 
 
 FALMOUTH H OTEL 9 
 
 Surrounded by its own Grounds, close to the Railway Station, Bathing 
 Beach, and Pendennis Castle. 
 
 GENERAL COFFEE ROOM . LADIES' DRAWING ROOM. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 DR. BEGGI’S GALLERY OP ORIGINAL PAINTINGS 
 
 By the most eminent Masters of every School, and three Original Pen and Ink Drawings by 
 Raphael. Nine other larger Drawings by Correggio, and Water-colour Drawings. 
 
 No. 15, VIA MAGGIO PALAZZO RIDOLFI (Ground Floor), FLORENCE. 
 FREE AD MISS ION. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAYS HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 2 ? 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. ’ CAIRO. 
 
 HOTEL D’EUROPE, 
 
 Tiiis well-known Hotel, 
 patronised by bis Royal High- 
 ness the Prince of Wales, is 
 situated on the 
 
 GRAND PUBLIC SQUARE. 
 
 it is highly recommended to 
 English and American 
 Families. 
 
 Travellers arriving in 
 ALEXANDRIA will find 
 attentive 
 
 DRAGOMAN 
 
 and 
 
 Omnibus from the Hotel. 
 
 Grand New Hotel. 
 
 Patronised by English and American 
 Families. 
 
 This magnificent Hotel, with its 
 splendid garden, has been improved 
 by the Proprietor, who has spared 
 no expense to make it the best 
 and most comfortable in Egypt. It 
 is situated opposite the Park and 
 Opera House. Large and small 
 Apartments, and elegant Bath 
 Rooms to each Floor. 
 
 Table d ? Hote with attentive 
 Waiters, speaking different 
 Languages. 
 
 Special Saloons and Reading Rooms, 
 with English and Foreign News- 
 papers. 
 
 Omnibus and Dragoman at the 
 arrival of each Train. 
 
 Pension : 
 
 12 Shillings per day . 
 
 Pension : 
 
 12 to 16 Shillings per day. 
 
28 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 WATERLOO HOTEL, Waterloo Place, Princes Street. 
 
 ROYAL BRITISH HOTEL (Family and Commercial), 
 22, Princes Street. 
 
 BALMORAL HOTEL, 91, Princes Street. 
 PALACE HOTEL, 109, Princes Street. 
 
 THESE FIRST-CLASS HOTELS, in the principal thoroughfare overlooking 
 the PUBLIC GARDENS, and opposite the CASTLE, command the 
 FINEST VIEWS OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 LUXURIOUSLY FURNISHED. CUISINE SUPERB. 
 
 PBICES MODERATE. 
 
 Continental Languages Spoken. 
 
 Patronised by ilie Royal Family and Nobility . 
 
 J. GRIEVE & J. FERGUSON, Proprietors and Managers . 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 PROFESSOR EMILIO COSTANTINI, 
 
 6, VIA DEL PODERE. 
 
 STUDIO OPEN FROM 10 TO 4 DAILY. 
 
 SPECIALITY WATER-COLOUR COPIES OF THE OLD MASTERS. 
 Facsimiles Guaranteed. 
 
 Highest Recommendations from English and Foreign Gentlemen. 
 
 FRANKFORT O. M. 
 
 GEORGE SCHEPELER, 
 
 BOSSMABKT 3, 
 
 IMPORTER OF HAVANA CIGARS. 
 
 FRANKFORT O. M. 
 
 M U Bit AY’S HANDBOOK 
 
 For NORTH GERMANY, the RHINE, 
 the BLACK FOREST, &c. 
 
 Post 8 vo. 10s. 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 
 
 FRANKFORT O. M. 
 
 Mr. C. LOHR, Proprietor. 
 
 HOTEL ROMAN EMPEROR. 
 
 Well-known Family Hotel . 
 
 Table d’H6te at One ..M3 
 „ „ Five. . M 4 : 50 
 
 Breakfast M 1 : 30 
 
 Tea M 1 : 30 
 
 Bedroom .... irom M 1 : 70 to 8 Mks. 
 
1880, 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 29 
 
 FRANKFORT O. M. 
 
 P. A. TACCHI’S SUCCESSORS, 
 
 Mo. 4=4. 
 
 BOHEMIAN FANCY GLASS AND CRYSTAL WAREHOUSE. 
 
 Chandeliers for Gas and Candles in Glass and Brass. 
 
 Correspondent in England, Mr. LOUIS IIENLE, 3, Budge Row, Cannon St., London, E.C, 
 
 FREIBURG IN BADEN. 
 
 HOTEL VICTORIA. 
 
 THIS new and comfortable House is in the most beautiful situation and 
 -I healthiest part of the Town, near the Railway Station. Opposite the Post and Tele- 
 graph Offices. Recommended for its excellent Cooking, good attendance, and Moderate 
 Charges. 
 
 GENEVA. 
 
 A, 
 
 &c. 
 
 GOLAY, LERESCHE & SONS 
 
 31, QUA! DES BEROUES, 
 
 (Established in 1837.) 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 W AT C HES, J EWE LRY, CLOCKS, 
 
 Largest Stock in Geneva. 
 
 ORDERS PER POST PUNCTUALLY ATTENDED TO. 
 
 Paris House, Ho. 2, RUE DE LA PAIX. 
 
 GENEVA. 
 
 HOTEL HE E’EOTJ. 
 
 PATRONISED BY ENGLISH FAMILIES. 
 
 B EAUTIFUL situation on the Lake. Excellent Kitchen and Cellar. 
 Rooms from 2 francs. Pension in Winter. Baths in the Hotel. 
 
 HAAKE BROS., Proprietors. 
 
 ~ GENEVA. 
 
 HOTEL DE LA C O U R O N N E. 
 
 yve. y . BAUR, Proprietor. 
 
 THIS ESTABLISHMENT of the first rank, situated in front of the 
 L “ Pont du Mont- Blanc,” enjoys a most extensive view of Lac Leman and Mont Blanc. 
 Good Cuisine and Cellar. English and American Newspapers. 
 
 Most moderate Prices. Omnibus waiting at all the Trains. 
 
 GENOA. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE GENES. 
 
 Messrs. L. BONERA AND BROTHERS. 
 
 PLACE CARLO FELICE, the most beautiful situation in the City. 
 
 (FULL SOUTH.) 
 
 This Hotel, formerly the Palazzo Marchese Spinola, was newly opened and entirely 
 re-fumished about two years ago. Its situation, opposite the celebrated Theatre Carlo 
 Felice, on the Piazza de Ferrari, the healthiest part of the town, in the vicinity of the 
 English Church, the Telegraph, the Post Office, the principal Public Buildings, and near 
 all the curiosities in the town ; free from the noise of tne Railway and the Harbour. Large 
 and small Apartments. Table d’Hote. Restaurant. Reading and Smoking Saloon. Baik 
 Rooms. Omnibus from the Hotel meets every Train. Moderate Charges. 
 
30 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May. 
 
 GLENGARRIFF. 
 
 I S strongly recommended by Eminent Physicians for its equable, mild, but 
 not relaxing climate. The Excursions by land and water are numerous ; amoDgst 
 others, the celebrated drive to the LAKES OF KILLARNEY, thus described by Lord 
 John Manners: — 
 
 “ The twenty miles from Kenmare to Glengarriff form the grandest road , 'barring the 
 Alpine passes, that I know.” 
 
 The celebrated Thackeray writes “ What sends picturesque tourists to the Rhine and 
 Saxon Switzerland ? Within jive miles of the pretty Inn of Glengarriff, there is a country 
 of the magnificence of which no pen can give an idea. The journey from Glengarriff to 
 Kenmare is one of astonishing beauty ; and I have seen Killarney since, and am sure that 
 Glengarriff loses nothing by comparison with this most famous of lakes.” 
 
 From Happy Thought Notes, — Punch. “ Glengarriff . — Eccles Hotel. Charmingly 
 situated. Facing the Bay, and on the road. Old-fashioned, covered with creepers and roses, 
 and Bed Rooms commanding the Bay. Eccles Hotel, Glengarriff, is worth far more than a 
 passing visit. I am delighted with it. It is, as far as attendance and cuisine and general 
 comfort, the best Hotel I’ve been in. The Coffee Room seems to have been fitted up to 
 the very latest fashion of taste ; the climate is so mild, that even at nine o’clock on an early 
 spring evening you can sit out in front of the Hotel, and enjoy your coffee and cigar. Only 
 hire your car from Killarney to Glengarriff. You can get another at your own con- 
 venience, and just as good at Glengarriff, to take you on.” 
 
 Murray’s Handbook for Ireland describes this Hostelry as one of the best of the 
 South of Ireland Hotels. Over Twenty Thousand Pounds have recently been expended on 
 
 THE ECCLES HOTEL 
 
 and its extensive Pleasure Grounds, through which are five miles of beautiful walks and 
 drives. A new Esplanade has recently been constructed. 
 
 The Hotel is replete with indoor comforts, Library, Picture Gallery, &c. The Telegraph 
 Office, Marina, and Pier adjoin the Hotel. Sea-Bathing, Boating, Fishing, Shooting, <&c. 
 Reduced Tariff during the Winter Months. Terms and Testimonials from Eminent 
 Physicians can be obtained from 
 
 MRS. ECCLES, Glengarriff, County Cork. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 31 
 
 GRENOBLE. 
 
 HOTEL MONNET. 
 
 T HIS splendidly-situated First-Class Hotel, winch is the largest in the 
 Town, and enjoys the well-merited favour of Families and Tourists, 
 has been enlarged and Newly Furnished. The Apartments, largo and 
 small, combine elegance and comfort, and every attention has been paid 
 to make this one of the best Provincial Hotels. Public and Private 
 Drawing-rooms ; English and French Papers. Table d’Hote at 11 and 6. 
 Private Dinners at any hour. Excellent Cuisine. Moderate Charges. 
 The Omnibuses of the Hotel meet all Trains. 
 
 L . TRILLAT, Proprietor. 
 
 First-Class Carriages can be had at the Hotel for Excursions to the 
 Grande Chartreuse, Uriage, and all places of interest amongst the Alps 
 of Dauphine. 
 
 URIAGE- LES- BAINS. 
 
 HOTEL RESTAURANT, MONNET. 
 
 Founded in 1816. English Visitors will find every comfort and luxury 
 in this First-Class Establishment. Private Rooms for Families. Excellent 
 Cuisine and Wines. Table d’Hote, 11 and 6. Carriages and Horses can 
 be had in the Hotel for Excursions and Promenades. 
 
 GENEVA MUSICAL. BOXES. 
 
 By Special Appointment to H.R.H. the PRINCE OF WALES. 
 PRIZE MEDALS, PARIS, 1867 & 1878 ; PHILADELPHIA, 1376. 
 Wholesale — Retail — Export . 
 
 B. A. BREMOND, Place des Alpes, Geneva. 
 
 GOLDEN LYRE HOUSE— OPPOSITE THE BRUNSWICK MONUMENT. 
 
 Tham^u r g . 
 
 . HOTEL ST. PETERSBURG. 
 
 THIS First-Class Hotel, facing the Alster Lake, is most advantageously 
 -L situated on the Jungfernstieg. Elegantly Furnished Apartments. Every modem 
 requisite. English and French Newspapers. Charges strictly Moderate. 
 
 U. REUTER, Proprietor. 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 HOTEL HOYAlL. 
 
 (FIRST-CLASS HOTEL.) 
 
 S ITUATED in the best part of the City, and opposite the General Railway Station. 
 
 Large and small Apartments and Single Bed-rooms for Gentlemen. Every comfort. 
 Baths in the Hotel. MODERATE CHARGES. 
 
 CHRIST BUGS., Proprietors. 
 
 uiviorsr hotel, hanover. 
 
 mHIS WELL-KNOWN FIRST-CLASS HOTEL for Private Families and Single Gentle- 
 ± men, is beautifully situated right opposite the Railway Station. 
 
 PENSION, FIVE MARKS, and upwards. 
 
 FRIEDRICH VOLKERS , Proprietor. 
 Also of the Grand Hotel des Bains at Pyrmont. 
 
32 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 HEIDELBERG. —Hotel Prince Charles. 
 
 / Y enlarged bv a Mew Building. Contains a splendid Dining Room, Breakfast Room, and a 
 
 \J fine Reading Room. Ten Balconies. This Hotel, patronised by their Highnesses the Prince of Wales 
 and Prince Alfred, is the largest in the Town, and thoroughly Renovated and Newly Furnished. Best 
 Cookery. Good Wines. Charges Reasonable. Moderate Arrangements made by the Week. The Hotel is 
 situated in an open Square, eight, minutes’ walk from the celebrated Castle, with the finest view of the ruins 
 from all the balconies and nearly all the windows ; two minutes’ walk to the Necker Bridge Close to the 
 Nurnburg and Wurzburg Railway Station. Omnibus and Hotel Porter meet the Train. Mr. Sommer exports 
 Wine to England. Mr. Ellmer was for many years the Manager of the Hotel Baur au Lac, at Zurich. 
 
 *** Railway Tickets can be obtained at the Bureau of the Hotel, and Luggage booked to all Stations. 
 
 SOMMER & ELLMER, Proprietors. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 HOTEL SCHRIEDER. 
 
 fPHIS old-established and excellent Hotel is the sixth from 
 the Kailway Station, and has been lately re-arranged in a most 
 comfortable manner. It is situated in a large garden, and commands a 
 splendid view of the Castle. The Cuisine, Cellar, and Service are 
 excellent. Charges Moderate. 
 
 Table d'Hote at 1 and 5 o'clock. Restaurant a la Carle, 
 
 BACK Sc WELSCH. 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL. 
 
 T'HIS First-rate Hotel is quite new, and has been superbly 
 -L decorated; it affords every modem comfort and convenience, and 
 has the advantage of being situated in a garden. From it may be 
 obtained a beautiful view of the Castle ; it is close to the Kailway Station, 
 and opposite the Hotel Sehrieder. It contains large and small Apartments, 
 very suitable for Families making a long stay. 
 
 Moderate Prices. 
 lable d'Hote at 1 and 5 o'clock. 
 
 BACK Sc WELSCH. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 33 
 
 HAVRE. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE NORMANDIE. 
 
 RUE DE PARIS. 
 
 F IRST-CLASS HOTEL, exceedingly well situated in the 
 centre of the Town. Apartments for Families. Music and Conver- 
 sation Saloons. “ Table d'Hote.” Restaurant a la Carte. English and 
 German spoken. 
 
 M. DESCLOS, Proprietor. 
 
 HAVRE. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL ET BAINS ERASCATI. 
 
 First-Class Establishment. 
 
 Entirely Re-built in 1871. The only Hotel in Havre situated on the 
 banks of the Sea. 
 
 Mr. J. DESCLEVES, Manager. 
 
 Moderate Charges. Open all the Year. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 HOTEL EUROPE. 
 
 T HE finest and best situated Hotel in Heidelberg ; kept in very superior and elegant style 
 of a First-class Family Hotel. The beautiful extensive Gardens are for the exclusive use 
 of the Visitors. Hot and Cold Baths fitted up in a superior manner in the Hotel. Omnibus 
 at the Station. Terms strictly moderate. Railway Tickets are issued in the Hotel. 
 
 HAEFELI-GUJER, Proprietor. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 Hotel de Darmstadt. 
 
 Four minutes from the Station, on 
 Bismarck Square, and close by the new 
 Neckar Bridge. Known as a good House. 
 Very Moderate Prices. 
 
 DEESIDE 
 
 Hydropathic Establishment. 
 
 HEATHCOT, NEAR ABERDEEN. 
 
 Terms, £2 10s. per Week; for Two in 
 One Room, £2 each. 
 
 Apply to PR. STEWART, Medical Superintendent, 
 
 HOMBURG. 
 
 H otel des quatre sai-sons and villa, with 
 
 the finest view of the Taunus. 
 
 Kept by Mr. W. SCHLOTTERBECK. 
 
 This first-rate House is exceedingly well-situated near the Sources and the Kursaal. It 
 combines every comfort desirable, with moderate charges. Lately newly restored and 
 embellished by a large building with an additional new Diuing-room, and a large Reading 
 and Smoking room. Beautiful Carden for the use of Visitors. Bath in the Hotel. Grounds 
 for Hare and Partridge Shooting at the full disposal of the Visitors. The Proprietor deals 
 extensively in Wines. Arrangements made at the early and later part of the Season at 
 moderate charges. 
 
 D 
 
MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 H OTEL DU TYROL. — First-Class Hotel, in a beautiful position near 
 the Station, with magnificent Views of the Valley of the Jnn and the Mountains. 
 Comfortable Apartments, Heading, Smoking, and Bath Rooms, with every modern con- 
 venience. From the top of the Hotel a fine bird’s-eye view of the Town and Valleys. 
 
 CAUL LAND SEE, former Director of Hotel du Parc, Lugano. 
 
 ~ OMBURG. 
 
 TTOTEL BELLE VUE.- — First-Class Hotel, exceedingly well situated, 
 TJ- opposite the Park of the Kursaal, and close to the Springs. Families, and Single 
 Gentlemen, will find this Hotel one of the most comfortable, combining excellent accommo- 
 dation with cleanliness and moderate Charges. Best French and English Cooking. Excellent 
 Wines. Hare and Partridge Shooting free. 
 
 H. ELLENBERGER, Proprietor. 
 
 HOMBURG, 
 
 DOYAL VICTORIA HOTEL. — First-rate for Families and single Gentlemen, close to the 
 
 Springs and the Kursaal ; one of the finest and best situated Hotels in the town. Newly enlarged 
 (115 Rooms, 14 Balconies, some overlooking the fine Taunus Mountains). Patronised by H.R.H. the 
 Prince of Wales, and several other Royal personages Tne Proprietor, who has been for years in first-class 
 hotels in London, offers Visitors the advantages of good and comfortable accommodation. Airy and quiet 
 Apartments. Splendid covered Verandah, and fine Garden. At the early and late part of the Season arrange- 
 ments are made on very reasonable terms. English spoken. Best French and English cooking. Excellent 
 Wines. Best Stag Shooting, Roebuck Shooting. Hare and Partridge Shooting, as well as good Trout Fish- 
 ing, free for the guests of tue Hotel. Moderate Charges. GUSTAVE WJEIGAND, Proprietor. 
 
 HYERES. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DES ILES D’OR. 
 
 rrHIS SPLENDID FIRST-CLASS HOTEL is the largest 
 
 J- in the Town ; charmingly situated, and surrounded by a most beau- 
 tiful Garden. The Cuisine is intrusted to one of the first Cooks from 
 Paris, and the cellar contains the best of Wines. Dining-Room for 200 
 persons. Drawing-Room facing the south, and decorated by pictures of a 
 celebrated painter. Smoking-Room, Billiards, Baths. Boarding from 
 10 francs per day. Omnibus meets every Train. 
 
 E. WEBER, Proprietor. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 35 
 
 EEENESE OBERLAND. INTERLAKEN. SWITZERLAND. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL RENDEZVOUS OF TOURISTS 
 
 FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MOST CELEBRATED CLIMATERIC HEALTH RESORT. 
 
 ALTITUDE 1800 FEET ABOVE SEA. 
 
 C ENTRAL STATION and Starting Point for all Excursions 
 to the grand region of the ALPS and Glaciers of the world-famed 
 BEENESE OB EEL AND. Beautiful change of scenery according to each 
 season. Splendid floral period in the Spring season — from April to June. 
 In the Summer season — from July to August — the temperature is always 
 moderate, owing to the refreshing breezes from both lakes ; whilst in the 
 lovely Autumn season — from September to October — the air is the purest, 
 the temperature warm, and the vegetation in its full growth. Whey 
 and Grape Cure. Magnificent alleys of chestnut trees, and shady 
 walks. Park-maze in the Engen Pine Woods. Numerous Hotels, from 
 the luxurious grand hotel to the nice wooden Chalet ; Private Apartments 
 to all requirements. Special Protestant, English, Scotch Presbyterian, and 
 Eoman Catholic Churches. The Kursaal (Park Garden) is the centre 
 of reunion of all visitors, and contains Dancing, Concert, and Eeading 
 Eooms, with a well-selected Library. Choicest selections played daily by 
 the superior Cur-orchestra. The Prices in the Hotels and Boarding- 
 Houses are not higher, but rather lower, than in most other frequented 
 places. The annual average of visitors is upwards of 100,000. 
 
 
 
 Rooms. 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 G d . Hotel . . . . 1st Glass 
 
 230 
 
 Ed. Ruchti. 
 
 Ritschard 
 
 >* n 
 
 235 
 
 Familie Ritschard. 
 
 Jungfrau 
 
 „ „ 
 
 150 
 
 F. Seiler-Sterchi. 
 
 Des Alpes 
 
 ,, „ 
 
 180 
 
 Jb. Maurer. 
 
 Rugenhotel Jungfraublick „ 
 
 100 
 
 J. Oesch-Muxler. 
 
 Beau-Rivage 
 
 G d . Hotel .. 
 
 100 
 
 H. Reg li. 
 
 Schweiz erhof . 
 
 Hotel and Pension ,, 
 
 80 
 
 STRUBIN & WlRTH. 
 
 Belvedere 
 
 ,, „ 
 
 70 
 
 M. MuLLKR-ST^HLr. 
 
 Interlaken 
 
 „ „ 2nd Class 
 
 80 
 
 A. Bratjen. 
 
 Deutscherhof . 
 
 >» 5' ,, 
 
 70 
 
 J. Borter-Rubin. 
 
 Ober-Beha 
 
 5. ,, )» 
 
 60 
 
 Wwe. Ober-Beha. 
 
 Du Nord 
 
 >• ,, ,, 
 
 50 
 
 Dl. Vogel. 
 
 Wyder . 
 
 >> ,, -r 
 
 60 
 
 H. Wyder. 
 
 Beau-Site 
 
 • ,, ' ■ 
 
 80 
 
 Alb. Ruchti. 
 
 Oberland 
 
 ,, „ „ 
 
 50 
 
 Wagner. 
 
 Du Pont 
 
 51 55 55 
 
 50 
 
 Brunner-Tschakz. 
 
 Bellevue 
 
 S> ,, 
 
 40 
 
 Elmer. 
 
 Adler 
 
 „ „ 
 
 20 
 
 Kernen. 
 
 De la G-are . . 
 
 
 30 
 
 E. Haller. 
 
 Kreuz 
 
 Hotel. .. .. ,, 
 
 25 
 
 F. Bohren-Strubih. 
 
 Rossli 
 
 Hotel and Pension . 3rd Class 
 
 20 
 
 F. Sterchi. 
 
 Volz .. 
 
 Pension 
 
 24 
 
 Dr. Volz. 
 
 Reber 
 
 „ 
 
 20 
 
 Gutzchebauch. 
 
 Berger 
 
 Hotel and Pension . 2nd Class 
 
 15 
 
 Berger. 
 
 Pension Anglaise . . 
 
 
 20 
 
 E. SlMPKIN. 
 
 Krebs 
 
 Hotel and Pension . 2nd Class 
 
 15 
 
 Ivrebs- Borter. 
 
 Indermuhle . . 
 
 Brasserie-Restaurant, 1st Class Establishment. 
 
36 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 f Provence — HYERES — Ville. 
 
 HOTEL DES ET RANGERS. 
 
 S ITUATED full south, shaded from the west winds; very comfortable. Excellent 
 Wines included in charges of the House. Very much frequented. Omnibus at Hyeres 
 
 Station (town). BERTHET, Proprietor. 
 
 ILFRACOMBE. 
 
 ROYAL CLARENCE 
 
 FAMILY & COMMERCIAL HOTEL. 
 
 "DEPLETE with every Home Comfort. Spacious Ladies’ 
 it Coffee Room. Moderate Charges. r. Proprietor. 
 
 Large and Spacious Commercial and Stock Rooms have been recently added. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS BILLIARD ROOM. GOOD POST HORSES. 
 
 Omnibus meets every Train. 
 
 General Coach Office and Delivery Agent. Coaches Daily to Lynton. 
 
 ILFRACOMBE. 
 
 THE ILFRACOMBE HOTEL is on the Sea-shore, in its 
 
 “*■ own picturesque grounds of five acres. It contains 250 Rooms, and is fitted with every 
 sanitary improvement which science could suggest. Charges fixed and moderate. Table 
 d’Hote Daily. Every information of the Manager. Tourist Tickets to Ilfracombe for Two 
 Months are issued at all principal Railway Stations in England. 
 
 KILLARNEY. 
 
 LAKES OE KILLARNEY. 
 
 By Her Most Gracious Majesty’s Special Permission. 
 
 THE ROYAL VICTORIA HOTEL, 
 
 Patronized by H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES; by H.R.H. PRINCE ARTHUR, 
 and by the Royal Families of France and Belgium, &c. 
 
 THUS HOTEL is situated on the Lower Lake, close to the water’s edge, within 
 L ten minutes* drive of the Railway Station, and a short distance from the far-famed Gap of 
 Dunloe. It is lighted with gas made on the premises ; and is the Largest Hotel in the 
 district. A magnificent Coffee-room, a public Drawing-room for Ladies and Families, 
 Billiard and Smoking-rooms, and several suites of Private Apartments facing the Lake, 
 have been recently added. 
 
 TABLE D’HOTE DURING THE SEASON. 
 
 Cars, Carriages , Boats , Ponies , and Guides at fixed moderate charges. 
 Drivers, Boatmen, and Guides are paid by the Proprietor, and are not allowed to solicit 
 gratuities. The Hotel Omnibus and Porters attend the Trains. 
 
 THERE IS A POSTAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE IN THE HOUSE. 
 
 Boarding Terms from November to May, inclusive. 
 
 It is necessary to inform Tourists that the Railway Company, Proprietors of the Railway 
 Hotel in the Town, send upon the platform, as Toutersfor their Hotel, the Porters, Car-drivers, 
 Boatmen, and Guides in their employment, and exclude the servants of the Hotels on the 
 Lake, who will, however, be found in waiting at the Station-door. 
 
 JOHN O’LEARY, Proprietor. 
 
1S80* 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 37 
 
 INNSBRUCK. 
 
 HOTEL JDE L’EUROPE. 
 
 Kept by Mr. J. REINHART.— A new and well-furnished Hotel, conveniently situated 
 just facing the splendid valley of the Inn, opposite the Railway Station. Excellent Table 
 d’Hote and private Dinners. Arrangements made at very reasonable prices. Well-furnished 
 Apartments. English Newspapers taken in. Splendid situation, commanding a fine View 
 of the Mountains. English spoken. 
 
 LAUSANNE. 
 
 Hotel et Pension du Faucon. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOUSE. 
 
 English Comforts. Prices Moderate. 
 
 A. RAACH, Proprietor. 
 
 LEAMINGTON. 
 
 Hydropathic Establishment, 
 FOR VISITORS AND PATIENTS. 
 Close to Warwick and Kenilworth Cattles, 
 Stratford-on-Avon, Coventry, and other 
 places of interest. 
 
 Dr. OWENS, Physician and Proprietor. 
 
 LISBON. 
 
 BRAGANZA HOTEL. 
 
 THUS First-Class well-known Family Hotel, lately renovated by the 
 Royal House of Braganza, and fitted up by the new Proprietor, Victor C. Sassetti, 
 highly recommendable for its large, airy, and comfortable Apartments, commanding the 
 most extensive and picturesque views ol the River Tagus, as well as of Lisbon. Superior 
 Cuisine, and carefully- selected Wines. Under the same Management, within 2£ hours’ 
 drive, VICTOR’S HOTEL, CINTRA. 
 
 LUCERNE. ~ ~ ~ 
 
 SWAN HOTEL. 
 
 F IRST-CLASS HOUSE, specially for English and American Families, fitted up with all 
 modern improvements. The main building, reconstructed in 1878 in a pure 
 Renaissance Style, commands undoubtedly the finest view of the Lake and Mountains 
 from its number of new Balconies. 
 
 Mr. HiEFELI, Proprietor and Manager, is most anxious Ijo please. 
 
 LAUSANNE-OUCHY. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL BEAU RIVAGE (OUCHY). 
 
 Director, A. MARTIN-RUFENACHT. 
 
 ^HIS splendid Establishment, constructed on a grand scale, 
 is situated on one of the most beautiful spots on the shores 
 of the Lake of Geneva, surrounded by an English Park and 
 Garden. It is near the Steamboat Landing and the English 
 Church. 
 
 PENSION IN WINTER FROM 5 FRS. PER DAY. 
 Board, Lodging, and Service included. 
 
 Constant communication with the City and Railway Station 
 
 by Omnibus. 
 
 Baths , Telegraph, and Post Office in the Hotel . 
 
38 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 HEAL AND SON’S 
 
 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 
 
 / 
 
 WITH PRICES OF 
 
 BEDSTEADS, 
 
 BEDDING, 
 
 AND 
 
 BEDROOM FURNITURE. 
 
 SENT FREE BY POST TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD 
 
 ON APPLICATION TO 
 
 195, 196, 197, & 198, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, 
 
 LONDO N, W. 
 
 N.B.— 150 Bedsteads, fitted with, every description of 
 Bedding*, and 60 Suites of Bedroom Furniture, in addition 
 to their general Stock, are fixed ready for inspection in 
 Six Galleries and Two large Ground-floor Warerooms; the 
 whole forming the most complete Stock of Bedroom Fur- 
 niture in the kingdom. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 39 
 
 LON DO N. 
 
 THE GRAND HOTEL, 
 
 TRAFALGAR SQUARE. 
 
 This Magnificent Hotel occupies the Finest Site in the 
 
 CENTRE OF THE METROPOLIS, 
 
 And combines the Elegance and Luxury of the 
 most important, and attractive Hotels in Europe and 
 America, with the Repose and Domestic Comfort 
 which are essentially English. 
 
 T'HE HOTEL stands on the site of the former Northumber- 
 
 J- land House, and commands the entire view of Trafalgar Square. It is but 
 a short WALKING DISTANCE from the PRINCIPAL PUBLIC BUILDINGS, 
 Fine Art and other Galleries, Theatres, and Places of Amusement ; and is in 
 the midst of the means of Conveyance to all parts of London and the Suburbs. 
 
 THE GROUND FLOOR is occupied by the Grand Salle a Manger, and 
 spacious Secondary Dining and Reception Rooms. 
 
 ON THE FIRbT FLOOR are the Ladies’ Drawing Rooms, Library, and 
 various Suites of Apartments, comprising all the convenience of Family 
 Residences. The upper Storeys contain between 200 and 300 Rooms, either 
 en suite or in separate Apartments. 
 
 For Particulars apply to 
 
 THE MANAGER, GRAND HOTEL, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, 
 LONDON. 
 
 One of the Sights and one of the Comforts of London . 
 
 THE HOLBORN RESTAURANT, 
 
 218, HIGH HOLBORN. 
 
 THE FAMOUS TABLE D’HOTE DINNER, served at separate Tables, accompanied 
 with Selection of High-class Music by complete Orchestra. 
 
 5.30 to 6.30 every Evening. 3s. 6d. 
 
40 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 T HE LONDON AND WESTMINSTER BANK, Limited, 
 
 issues Circular Notes of £10, £25, and £50 each, for the use of Travellers, 
 payable in the principal Towns on the Continent of Europe, also in Asia, Africa, 
 and North and South America. No expense whatever is incurred, and when cashed 
 no charge is made for commission. Letters of Credit are also granted on the same 
 places. They may be obtained at the City Office in Lothbury, or at any of the 
 Branches, viz.: — 
 
 Westminster Branch . l,St. James’s Square. 
 
 Bloomsbury „ . 214, High Holborn. 
 
 Southwark „ . 6, High St., Borough. 
 
 Eastern . „ . 130, High St., White- 
 
 May, 1880. cba P e1, 
 
 Marylebone Branch . 4, Stratford Place, 
 
 Oxford Street. 
 
 Temple Bar „ . 217, Strand. 
 
 Lambeth „ . 89 & 91, Westminster 
 
 Bridge Road. 
 
 JOSEPH GILLOTT’S 
 
 STEEL PENS. 
 
 Sold by all dealers throughout the World. 
 
 GOLD MEDAL PARIS EXHIBITION, 1878. 
 
 ( Twelfth International Medal awarded .) 
 
 Frys Cocoa 
 
 FRY’S CARACAS COCOA in packets and tins, 
 specially recommended by the Manufacturers, is prepared 
 from the celebrated Cocoa of Caracas, combined with other 
 choice descriptions. 
 
 “ A most delicious and valuable article.” — Standard. 
 
 Frys Cocoa 
 
 FRY'S EXTRACT OF COCOA — “Which really 
 consists of Cocoa Nibs deprived of superfluous oil, than 
 which, if properly prepared, there is no nicer or more 
 wholesome preparation of Cocoa.” — Food, Water , and Air , 
 Dr. Hassall. 
 
 J. S. FRY & SONS, BRISTOL AND LONDON. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 41 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS. 
 
 Ladies visiting the Seaside, Kinking, Driving, 
 or otherwise exposed to the scorching rays of 
 the Sun, or heated particles of dust, will find 
 
 ROWLAND’S KALYDOR 
 
 Most cooling and refreshing to the face, hands, 
 and arms ; it eradicates all Sunburn, Freckles, 
 Tan, Stings of Insects, &c. 
 
 Sizes, 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 
 ROWLAND’S ODONTO 
 
 Whitens the Teeth, prevents and arrests 
 decay. 2s. 9 d. per Box. 
 
 Ash any Chemist , Perfumer , or Hairdresser , for 
 
 ROWLAND’S ARTICLES. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC PRESENTS. 
 
 In the Student’s Elements of Geology, by Lyell](1874), he says:— “As it is impossible 
 lo enable the reader to recogDise rocks and minerals at sight by aid of verbal descriptions 
 or figures, he will do well to obtain a well-arranged collection of specimens, such as may be 
 procured from Mr. Tennant (149. Strand), Teacher of Mineralogy at King's College, London." 
 These Collections are supplied on the following terms, in plain Mahogany Cabinets : — 
 
 100 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 3 Trays .. .. £ 2 2 0 
 
 200 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 5 Trays .. .. 5 5 0 
 
 300 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 9 Drawers .. 10 10 0 
 
 400 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 13 Drawers .. 21 0 0 
 
 More extensive Collections at 50 to 5000 Guineas each. 
 
 Mr. TENNANT gives Practical Instruction in Geology and Mineralogy 
 at 149, Strand , W.C . 
 
 PROFESSOR TENNANT, F.G.S., &c., 
 
 Having been engaged as a practical Mineralogist and Geologist during upwards of half a 
 century, is about to retire from the active business of his profession. With this view he 
 takes tbe liberty of inviting attention to his extensive Collections of Minerals and Fossils, 
 which he is now in a position to offer at greatly reduced prices. The Specimens are arranged 
 in Sets, adapted to the young Amateur as well as to the more advanced Student ; and it is 
 thought that many persons might feel disposed to take advantage of the present opportunity, 
 which is not likely to occur again, especially with respect to the large and unique Col- 
 lections, which are equally well adapted to the Gallery of the Nobleman or Gentleman, the 
 Museums of our Public Schools, or the Colleges of our Colonies. 
 
 149, STKAND, W.C., April 1880. 
 
42 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. May, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 THE 
 
 COMMERCIAL BANK OF ALEXANDRIA, LIMITED. 
 
 CAPITAL, £480,000, in Shares of £6 each. 
 Paid-up £3 per Share, say £240,000. 
 RESERVE FUND, £25,000. 
 
 Thomas S. Richard 
 John Michael Agelasto, Esq. 
 Giovanni Antoniadis, Esq. 
 
 Jacob Bright, Esq., M.P. 
 
 John Constantine Choremi, Esq. 
 Joseph Mellor, Esq. 
 
 Auditors — W. W. Deloitte 
 
 HEAD OFFICE— 2, MOORGA 
 John Cow, Manager. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA OFFICE 
 Basil Georgala, Manager. 
 
 38an 
 
 BANK OF ENGLAND. LOS 
 
 do rs. 
 
 son, Esq.. Chairman. 
 
 Antonio Nicolopulo, Esq. 
 
 Theodore Michel Ralli, Esq. 
 Constantine Michel Salvago, Esq. 
 Constantine Georgio Zervudachi, Esq. 
 i, Esq., and John Elin, Esq. 
 
 TE STREET, LONDON, E.C. 
 
 | John Record, Secretary. 
 
 :-RUE CHERIF PACHA. 
 
 | Duke Baker, Sub- Manager. 
 
 hers. 
 
 IDON AND COUNTY BANK. 
 
 Letters of Credit granted on Alexandria, and payments made in Cairo and Suez. 
 
 Bills for collection encashed in any part of Egypt, and the purchase and sale of Egyptian 
 and all kinds of Securities undertaken. 
 
 Interest allowed at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum on money deposited for net less 
 than twelve months. 
 
 FOREIGN BOOKS A' 
 
 Travellers may save expense and t 
 England at the same Prices at which t 
 
 WILLIAMS < 
 
 have published the following Cl 
 
 1. CLASSICAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 2. THEOLOGICAL CATA- 
 
 LOGUE. 
 
 3. FRENCH CATALOGUE. 
 
 4. GERMAN CATALOGUE. 
 
 5. EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 6. ORIENTAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 7. ITALIAN CATALOGUE. 
 
 8. SPANISH CATALOGUE. 
 
 9. ART-CATALOGUE. Art, Archi- 
 
 tecture, Painting, Illustrated Books. 
 
 10. NATURAL HISTORY 
 CATALOGUE. Zoology, Bo- 
 tany, Geology, Chemistry, Mathe- 
 matics, &c. 
 
 ANY CATALOGUE SENT P( 
 
 WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 
 
 14, Henrietta Street, Co 
 20, South Frederics 
 
 r FOREIGN PRICES. 
 
 rouble by purchasing Foreign Books in 
 hey are published in Germany or France. 
 
 & NORGATE 
 
 YTALOGUES of their Stock s— 
 
 11. NATURAL SCIENCE 
 CATALOGUE . Mathematics, 
 Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, 
 Technology. 
 
 12. MEDICAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Medicine, Surgery, and the Depen- 
 dent Sciences. 
 
 13. SCHOOL CATALOGUE. Ele- 
 mentary Books, Maps, &c. 
 
 14. FOREIGN BOOK CIRCU^ 
 LARS. New Books, and New 
 Purchases. 
 
 15. SCIENTIFIC-BOOK CIRCU- 
 LARS. New Books and Recent 
 Purchases. 
 
 )ST-FREE FOR ONE STAMP. 
 Importers of Foreign Books, 
 
 vent Garden, London, and 
 : Street, Edinburgh. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 43 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 EPPS’S 
 
 CHOCOLATE 
 
 ESSENCE. 
 
 Product of a special re- 
 fining process, it is Chocolate 
 devoided of its overrichness 
 and substantiality. Sugar- 
 less, and, when made, of the 
 consistence of Coffee, it is 
 essentially an Afternoon 
 Chocolate. Sold only in 
 Packets, labelled JAMES 
 EPPS and CO., Homoeopathic 
 Chemists, London. 
 
 TO CONTINENTAL TRAVELLERS. 
 
 DORRELL AND SON’S PASSPORT AGENCY, 
 
 15, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 
 
 A PASSPORT is a ready means of identification, and although it 
 
 may not be asked for in some countries, in others it is absolutely necessary, and the want of 
 it may cause great inconvenience. 
 
 British Subjects visiting the Continent will save trouble and expense by obtaining their 
 Passports through the above Agency. No personal attendance is required, and country 
 residents may have their Passports forwarded through the post. A Form of Application 
 forwarded by Post. Passports Mounted and enclosed in Cases with the name of the bearer 
 impressed in gold on the outside ; thus affording security against injury or loss, and pre- 
 venting delay in the frequent examination of the Passport when travelling. 
 
 Fee, Obtaining Passport , Is. 6d. ; Visas , Is. each. Cases, Is. 6 d. to 5s. each. 
 
 BEN HAM AND SONS, 
 
 Nos. 50, 52, 54, WIGMORE STREET. 
 
 MARBLE aid CARVED WOOD CHIMNEY-PIECES, 
 
 In the Cinque-Cento, Louis XVI., “ Queen Anne,” “ Adam,” and other styles. 
 
 STOVES of every description, to correspond with the above, 
 including many specially designed and modelled by the late 
 Alfred Stevens. 
 
 CHINA TILE PANELS FOR FIREPLACES, 
 
 Also to correspond with the above , from Special Private Designs. 
 
 COOKING APP ARATUS & HEATING APPARATUS. 
 ENGINEERING IN ALL BRANCHES, 
 
 For large or small Establishments . 
 
44 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 May, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 OINNEFORD S MAGNESIA. 
 
 The Medical Profession for over Forty Years have approved of this pure Solution 
 as the best remedy for 
 
 ACIDITY of the STOMACH, HEARTBURN, HEADACHES, 
 GOUT, and INDIGESTION. 
 
 And as the safest Aperient for Delicate Constitutions, Ladies, Children, and Infants. 
 
 DINNEFORD’S MAGNESIA. 
 
 LUCERNE. 
 
 Englischer Hof —Hotel d’Angleterre. 
 
 Proprietor— JEAN REBER. 
 
 THIS First-rate Establishment, very well recommended by 
 
 the best class of Travellers, is situated close to the Steamers’ Landing-place, and vis-h - 
 vis the Railway Stations, on the loveliest position of the Lake, with superb views of the 
 Rigi, Pilatus, Alps, and Glaciers ; contains several Saloons, 62 comfortable Rooms, Smoking 
 and Reading Rooms, where are French and English Newspapers. Omnibus at the Station. 
 
 MODERATE PRICES. 
 
 LUCERNE. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL NATIONAL. 
 
 SEGESSER BROTHERS and C™., Proprietors. 
 
 rflHIS large and splendid HOTEL is one of the most 
 comfortable in Europe. Situated in front of the Lake, with the 
 finest Views. Every attention paid to Tourists. 
 
 A LIFT FOR THE USE OF VISITORS. 
 
 LUCHON (BAGNERES DE) PYRENEES. 
 
 Hotel Bonnemaison et cle Londres ? 
 
 Opposite the Springs. 
 
 First-Class Hotel. Recommended to Families. 
 
 HTE. VIDAL Fils, Proprietor. 
 
 LYNTON (NORTH DEVON). 
 
 THE VALLEY OF HOCKS HOTEL. 
 
 THIS favourite and beautifully situate First-Class Hotel is 
 
 JL built on one of the finest sites in the neighbourhood, and largely patronised by the 
 best Families. It has been considerably enlarged, remodelled, and improved ; and combines, 
 with Moderate Charges, all necessary means for the accommodation and comfort of Families 
 and Tourists. The splendid Table d’Hote and Coffee Room, Reading Rooms, Ladies* 
 Drawing Room, and several Private Sitting Rooms, replete with every comfort, range in a 
 long lront, overlooking the Sea, and looking into the extensive Private Grounds of the 
 Hotel. It is most conveniently situate as a centre for visiting all the places of interest in 
 the district. Handsomely-fitted Billiard Room open during the Season for Residents in the 
 Hotel only. 
 
 Post-Horses and Carriages ; also the very lest hind of Modern Stalling. 
 
 JOHN CROOK, Proprietor. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 45 
 
 LUCERNE. 
 
 SOHWEIZERHOF. LDZERNERHOF. 
 
 First-Class Hotels, 
 
 HAUSER BROTHERS, Proprietors. 
 
 BEST SITUATION ON THE QUAY. 
 
 With splendid View of the Celebrated Panorama of the 
 LAKE AND MOUNTAINS. 
 
 HOTEL DE°I/UNIVERS. 
 
 OPPOSITE THE STATION. FULL SOUTH. 
 
 The Landlady and her Sons speak English. 
 
 MALAGA. 
 
 HOTEL D E LA A LAMEDA. 
 
 BRUETETTI FHEHES, Proprietors. 
 
 SAME PROPRIETORS — 
 
 HOTEL WASHINGTON IRVING, 
 
 ALHAMBRA, GRANADA. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOTELS. APARTMENTS FOR FAMILIES. 
 
 Moderate Prices. 
 
 HOTEL DE 
 
 MENTONE. 
 
 I SNARD’S 
 
 BELLE 
 
 VUE. 
 
 T HIS well-known ESTABLISHMENT is beautifully situated in the 
 
 best quarter of the Town, with a vast Garden, and affords every English comfort. 
 
46 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 MARIENBAD (BOHEMIA). 
 
 HOTEL KLINGER. 
 
 Proprietor, J. D. HALBMAYR. 
 
 THIRST and LARGEST HOTEL in this Watering Place. 
 
 X Preferred on account of its charming situation at the corner of the Pro- 
 menade and Park, and has a beautiful View. Newly and elegantly furnished with 
 every comfort and in noble style, containing, with the dependance, 270 Rooms, 
 Saloons, &c. English spoken in the Hotel. 
 
 Carriages in the Hotel. Omnibus to the Mailway Station. 
 
 MARSEILLES. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL NOAILLES. 
 
 24 EUE NOAILLES (Cannebiere Prolongee). 
 
 T HE largest and most important of the great Hotels of 
 Marseilles. The only one in the Hue Noailles with a Garden having 
 Dining Eooms in it. An Hydraulic Lift serving every Floor. Omnibus 
 and Carriages enter the Hotel, and are found at all Trains. 
 
 The prices of the Hotel are placed in every Room. 
 
 4 MAYENCE. 
 
 HOTEL DE HOLLANDE. 
 
 KLEEBLATT & STOECXICHT, Proprietors. 
 
 (Formerly FERD. BUD INGEN.) 
 
 I ^HIS First-class well-known Hotel, much frequented by English Families and 
 Tourists, has been greatly enlarged and improved, and contains now 140 
 Rooms and Saloons. Cold, Warm, and Shower Baths. English comfort. This 
 Hotel is situated on the River, opposite to the Landing-place of the Rhine 
 Steamers, and near the Railway Station, and affords from its Balconies and Windows 
 splendid views of the Rhine and Taunus Mountains. This Hotel is reputed for its 
 excellent cooking, exquisite Wines, cleanliness, and good Attendance. English 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Choice Rhine and Moselle Wines , wholesale and for exportation . 
 
 MENTONE. 
 
 HOTEL AND PENSION DU MIDI. 
 
 Situated Promenade du Midi, commanding a splendid view of the Sea. 
 Tension from % francs per day. BIGNON, Proprietor. 
 
1880 . 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 47 
 
 MAYENCE. 
 
 HOTEL DU RHIN. 
 
 Proprietor, W. SCHIMMEL. 
 
 ry^HIS well-known First-Class Hotel, by the present Proprietor greatly 
 L enlarged and improved, with 150 Rooms and Saloons. Drawing, Heading, Smoking 
 Room, and Garden. Cold, Warm, and Shower Baths in the Hotel. The Hotel is near the 
 landing-place of the Rhine Steamers, and near the Railway Station. The Rooms are all 
 furnished with English comfort, and those in the front afford a splendid view on the Rhine 
 and the Taunus Mountains. Moderate and fixed prices in every room. Bougies and 
 service not charged. 
 
 The Hotel has a great reputation for its good Kitchen and excellent Wines. 
 
 MENTONE. 
 
 HOTEL WESTMINSTER. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 B UILT and furnislied with, taste and according to the latest 
 improvements. In a Southern aspect overlooking the Sea, and a 
 beautiful Garden giving access to the public “ Promenade du Midi.” 
 Large Public Saloon. Billiard and Smoking Rooms. 
 
 ENGLISH AND SEVERAL FOREIGN LANGUAGES SPOKEN. 
 
 OMNIBUS TO AND FROM THE RAILWAY STATION. 
 
 MENTONE. (Alpes Maritimes.) 
 
 HOTEL DES ANGLAIS. 
 
 THIS well-known Establishment has been newly improved, 
 -®- and combines every modern comfort with moderate and fixed prices. 
 It is always conducted under the Superintendence of the Proprietors, 
 
 Messrs. CLERICY BROTHERS. 
 
 M I LAN. 
 
 moth m la grande bretagae. 
 
 E REICHMANN. 
 
 Proprietor, J. LEG- NAN I. 
 
 T HE House is situated in the centre of the Town, near the Cathedral and all 
 other Places of Interest. Good Table d’Hote. The Times , &c. Several 
 Languages spoken. The House is only two Storeys high. Five minutes’ walk 
 from the English Church. 
 
 Omnibus at the Station to meet all Trains. 
 
48 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 MILAN. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE MILAN. 
 
 200 Booms and Saloons, with every comfort and requirements 
 of the present day. 
 
 Pension in the Winter Months. 
 
 V THE ONLY HOUSE AT MILAN WHICH HAS A HYDRAULIC LIFT. 
 
 J. SPATZ-WURMS. 
 
 MOFFAT HYDROPATHIC ESTABLISHMENT AND 
 SANATORIUM, DUMFRIESSHIRE, N.B. 
 
 Resident Physician , Dr. R. THOMSON' FORBES. 
 
 T HIS Establishment, which occupies a beautiful situation on the western slope of the 
 beautifully wooded Gallowhill, and within a short distance of the far-famed “ Moifat 
 Well,” is replete with every comfort for visitors and patients. The public rooms, halls, and 
 corridors are universally recognized as unsurpassed by any similar Establishment, and the 
 baths are of the most varied and perfect construction. Moffat has long been a favourite 
 resort for those seeking health and pleasure, and in the Establishment, there is the addi- 
 tional attraction of good society and varied amusements. 
 
 To accommodate those who prefer to dine late, Dinner is given at 6 o’clock, as well as at 
 2 o’clock. For full particulars, apply to 
 
 C. NAU, Manager. 
 
 MUNICH. 
 
 BAVARIAN MOTEL. HOTEL DE BAVIERE. 
 
 ATTO PLOECKER, Proprietor. Excellent First-class Hotel. Finest and healthiest 
 
 v/ situation on the Promenade Plate, near the Royal Theatres and Galleries. Every modem Comfort. 
 Baths and Carriages in the Hotel. Best Cooking and Wines. Moderate Charges. Personal management 
 by the Proprietor. 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 HOTEL DE ROME. 
 
 FIRST-RATE HOTEL. 
 Incomparable situation facing the Sea and 
 overlooking the Bay and Mount Vesuvius. 
 Great Bath Establishment. 
 
 A. BRUSCHETTI, Manager. 
 
 NICE — (CARABACEL). 
 
 JULLIEN’S HOTEL. 
 
 Highly Recommended. 
 CHARGES VERY MODERATE. 
 JULLIEN, Proprietor. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 49 
 
 NICE. 
 
 HOTEL DE LA GRANDE BRETAGNE. 
 
 (Limited Company.) 
 
 First-Class Establishment. Full South. 
 
 Patronised by the elite of English and American Families . 
 
 JARDIN PUBLIC. 
 
 Overlooking the Sea, the Quais, and the Promenade des Auglais. 
 New Reading and Smoking Rooms with South aspect. 
 
 BATHS. 
 
 Reputation for Excellent Cuisine. 
 
 CONCERTS DAILY IN THE PUBLIC GARDENS FACING THE HOTEL. 
 
 J. LAVIT, Manager. 
 
 NICE. 
 
 HOTEL CHAU TAIN. 
 
 Quai St. Jean Baptiste (full South). 
 
 "CHEST-CLASS. European Keputation. The Handsomest 
 Hotel of Nice. Splendid Atrium. Restaurant, with Private 
 Families’ Parlour. 
 
 TABLE D'HOTE (one of the very best in Slice). 
 
 Charges Reasonable and Fixed. 
 OMNIBUS AT ALL TRAINS. 
 
 NICE. 
 
 HOTEL DE PRANCE— Quai Massfoa. 
 
 J. ZTJNDEL, Proprietor. 
 
 "HIRST-CLASS FAMILY HOTEL of universal reputation, 
 commanding a fine View of the Sea, and in best central position, 
 close to the Public Garden and the Promenade. House Patronised 
 especially by English and American Families. 
 
 Table d’Hote, having the Reputation of being the best in Nice. Charges 
 very moderate. 
 
50 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 NICE. 
 
 HOTEL DE L’ ELY SEE. 
 
 59, Promenade des Anglais, 59* 
 
 Full South , with fine Gardens , every Comfort , Lift and Baths. 
 
 Reading, Bitting, Smoking, and Billiard Rooms, all looking 
 
 South. 
 
 Arrangements made for Prolonged Stay. 
 
 J. LAVIT, Manager. 
 
 NUREMBERG, 
 
 SGHLENK’S HOTEL OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE. 
 
 Facing the Kriegerdenkmal ( Monument for the Fallen Soldiers .) 
 
 T'HIS First-class Establishment has recently been con- 
 siderably enlarged and most elegantly re-fitted up. It contains 
 beautiful Apartments, English and Foreign Newspapers, and recommends 
 itself for its excellent Cuisine and choice Wines. Carriages. 
 
 Omnibus at the Station. 
 
 L. SCHLENK, Proprietor. 
 
 NUREMBERG. 
 
 HOTEL BE B AVIEEE, 
 
 Proprietress, Mrs. G, P. AUINGER. 
 
 T HIS First-class Hotel is situated in the middle of the Town, close to the 
 River. It is highly patronized by English and American Families. Every 
 comfort and Moderate Charges. Hot and Cold Baths in the Hotel. 
 
 Omnibuses to and from each Train. Carriages in the Hotel. 
 
 ENGLISH CHURCH SERVICE HELD EVERY SUNDAY IN THE HOTEL. 
 
 OSTEND. 
 
 HOTEL FONTAINE. 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS HOUSE. ARRANGEMENT WITH FAMILIES. 
 
 TABLE D’HOTE at 5 : 30. OMNIBUS AT THE STATION. 
 
 The Salle a Manger contains a Collection of Paintings of the Masters. 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 RANDOLPH HOTEL. 
 
 THE ONLY MODERN HOTEL. FIRST CLASS. 
 
 Every Comfort. Close to the Colleges. Prices Moderate. 
 
 MISS X’ANSON, Manageress. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 51 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 HOTEL DES DEUX MONDES 
 ET D’ANGLETERRE. 
 
 22, AVENUE DE L’OPERA. 
 
 Founded in 1854, formerly 8, Hue d'Antin. 
 
 Mr. LEQTJETJ, Proprietor. 
 
 Splendid Situation between the Tuileries and the New Grand Opera. 
 
 The most comfortable Family Hotel, being built specially. 
 Patronized by the English Aristocracy. 
 
 EXCELLENT TABLE D’HOTE. 
 
 READING, SMOKING, AND BILLIARD ROOMS ; BATHS. 
 
 LIFT. MODERATE CHARGES. 
 
 ARRANGEMENTS MADE FOB BOARD. 
 
 WINTER RESORT, renowned for the numerous cures 
 
 which a residence has effected, particularly in cases of 
 Affections of the Chest, Heart, Larynx, and Throat. Pau 
 possesses a mild and salubrious climate, lying in the midst of 
 scenery of great grandeur. On three days in each week Fox- 
 hunting and Polo Matches take place, and during the Winter and 
 Spring there are Horse Races. In addition to these attractions, 
 there are good Clubs, a Theatre, Opera, Casino Balls, Pigeon 
 Shooting Matches, Cricket Matches, Skating Rinks, &c., &c. 
 
 Villas , Houses , and Furnished Apartments to Let , at various 
 
 For all particulars, which will be sent gratuitously, 
 address the Directeur G^rant de rilnion Syndicate, 7 Hue 
 des Cordeliers, Pau. 
 
 PAU 
 
 Prices . 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 TOBACCO IN PARIS. 
 
 W. D. & H. O. WILLS’ 
 
 BEST BIRD’S-EYE AND CIGARETTES 
 
 Are now (by the courtesy of the French Government) sold at 
 the Bureau of the Eegie Grand Hotel, Paris, at the rate of 
 
 12 Francs the Pound, and 80 Centimes the Bos of 
 Ten Cigarettes. 
 
 WIRES’ “BEST BIRD’S-EYE,” 
 
 WYT T Q.) (( cpYYT21?Tf7 r j A QtFT 'V7C2' » 
 
 W AA^iAiiS A JtA A\ A!ii wA S A AslJSlSj 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRES' “ WESYWARD-HQ,” 
 
 SMOKING MIXTURE, 
 
 (All specially prepared for export) may also be obtained in 
 Brussels, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Stockholm, Gothenburg, in 
 most towns in Switzerland, and in the principal cities of the 
 German Empire. 
 
 Purchasers should beware of imitations , and see that every 
 packet bears the name of 
 
 W, D. Sc H, O. WILLS, 
 
 BRISTOL & LONDON. 
 
1880, 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 53 
 
 PENZANCE 
 
 QUEEN’S HOTEL. (On the Esplanade.) 
 
 Patronised by Her Majesty the Queen of Holland. 
 
 T HIS magnificent Hotel has a frontage of over 170 feei, all the Rooms of which overlook 
 the Sea. it is the only Hotel that commands a full and uninterrupted view of Mount's 
 Bay. Apartments en suite. Penzance st.andsTmrivalled for the variety and quiet beauty 
 of its scenery, whilst the mildness of its climate is admirably adapted to invalids. Indies’ 
 Coffee and Drawing Rooms. Billiard Room. Hot and Cold Baths. Table d’Hote at 
 7 o’clock. An Omnibus meets every Train. Posting in all its Branches. Yachts, &c. 
 
 A. H. HOE A, Proprietor. 
 
 LETTS. 
 
 A LARGE Collection of Views of this Neighbourhood, from 
 Is. each ; also of Views of other parts of the United Kingdom, 
 France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, Norway, Switzerland, Egypt, Palestine, 
 India, United States, English Cathedrals, Abbeys and Castles, on approval, 
 to double amount of cash sent. Lists on receipt of stamped addressed 
 envelope to 
 
 LETTS, SON, & CO., LIMITED, 
 
 72, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C. 
 
 PISA. 
 
 EOYAL VICTORIA HOTEL. 
 
 Clean. Great attention. Recommended. 
 
 Messrs. Maquay Hooker’s Banking Office 
 is in the Hotel. 
 
 ST. MORITZ (ENGADINE) 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 HOTEL DE L’ENGADINE 
 
 (ENGAD1NERHOF). 
 
 Close to the Baths, comfortable, clean, and reasonable 
 terms. 
 
 Gr. HORNBACHER, Proprietor. 
 
 PLYMOUTH. 
 
 The only Hotel with Sea View. 
 
 GRAND H OTEL. 
 
 (ON THE HOE.) 
 
 Facing Sound, Breakwater, Eddystone, &c. Mail Steamers anchor in sight. Public Rooms 
 and Sitting Rooms, with Balconies. JAMES BOHN, Proprietor 
 
54 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 PLYMOUTH. 
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL HOTEL. 
 
 Railway Terminus — Plymouth, Devon (Postal Telegraph Office). First-Class Family Hotel. 
 Table d’HSte daily. Mrs. C. H. BUDB, Manager. 
 
 PLYMOUTH. 
 
 THE ROYAL HOTEL, 
 
 FIRST-GLASS FAMILY AND POSTING HOUSE. 
 
 S. PE ARSE, Proprietor. 
 
 RIGL 
 
 HOTEL AND PENSION RIG-HI-SCHEIDECK. 
 
 Terminus Station of the Rigi KaltTbad-Scheideek Railway. 
 
 Excellently suited for Tourists and Pensioners. View on Pie Alps as 
 beautiful as that from Rigi-Kulm. 
 
 M ODERATE CHARGES,' LIBERAL TREATMENT. By a stay of not less 
 
 than four days, arrangement en pension can be made at 8 francs to 12 francs a day 
 per person. For further information kindly apply to the 
 
 Proprietors, HAUSER & STIERLIN. 
 
 N.B.— Tourists having tickets from Vitznau to Rigi-Kulm can interrupt the journey at 
 Rigi-Kaltbad, take advantage of the beautiful excursion to Scheideck and back, and then 
 continue the journey to Kulm by a following train. 
 
 ROTTERDAM. 
 
 TTICTOEIA HOTEL. — This Hotel, opened in May, 1869, and built 
 
 t expressly for an English Hotel, is situated in the centre of the Town (West End), on the most fashion- 
 able Promenade of Rotterdam, just opposite the Landing-place of all the Steamers to and from England. 
 The Rooms spacious and airy, are elegantly Furnished, and English Travellers will find here every desirable 
 comfort, combined with the most civil Attendance and moderate Charges. Table d’Hdte. Choice Wines. 
 English Newspapers. English, French, and German spoken. Mr. J. TYSSEN will spare no pains to deserve 
 the patronage of English Travellers. 
 
1880 , 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 55 
 
 i RHESNFALL. NEU HAUSEN, SCHAFFHAUSEN. 
 
 HOTEL SCHWEIZERHOF, Proprietor, Mr. WEGENSTEIN. 
 
 THE HOTEL SCHWEIZERHOF, known to English visitors as one of the best Hotels in 
 
 -I- Switzerland, has been e-reatlv enlarged, and is now a snlendid first- rato ostaKh'shmp.nt. 
 
 Switzerland, has been greatly enlarged, and is now a splendid firs t- ra te establishment. 
 
 The SCHWEIZERHOF is situate opposite the celebrated Falls of the Rhine, and surrounded by a fine 
 park and garden. The position is unsurpassed, the eye ranging a distance of above 180 miles— a panoramic 
 view including the whole range of the Swiss Alps and the Mont Blanc. Healthy climate. Church Service. 
 Preserved Trout Fishing. Prices moderate. Pension. Hotel Omnibuses at Neuhausen and Schaffhausen. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE RUSSIE, 
 
 ET EES ILES BEIT AMIQUES. 
 FIRST-CLASS ESTABLISHMENT possesses tlie 
 
 — vantage of a beautiful Garden, and is situated near the English 
 and American Churches ; the principal Apartments face the South, the 
 entire Hotel being warmed by two caloriferes, and the whole arrangements 
 and moderate prices give universal satisfaction. 
 
 ROUEN. 
 
 HOTEL D’ANGLETERRE, on the Quay, Mr. 
 
 Ll£ON SOU CHARD, Proprietor, Successor of Mr. DELAFCSSE. — This Hotel is 
 distinguished for the salubrity of its situation, &c. ; and the new Proprietor has entirely 
 re-fitted it, and added a very comfortable Smoking-Room. It is situated on the Quay facing 
 the Bridges, and commauds the finest view of the Seine, and the magnificent Scenery 
 encircling Rouen, that it is possible to imagine. Travellers will find at this first-rate 
 Establishment every comfort — airy Rooms, good Beds, Refreshments and Wines of the best 
 quality at moderate Prices. An excellent Table d’Hote at Six o’clock. Restaurant 
 a la carte. 
 
 Mr, Souchard speaks English, and has English Servants. 
 
 An excellent Descriptive Guide of Rouen can be bad of Mr. Souchard. 
 
 ROME. 
 
 MAZZERI, Proprietor. 
 
56 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 
 
 ROME. 
 
 J P. SHEA, English House Agent. Office Removed from 
 • No. 11 to No. 43 PIAZZA DE SPAGNA. (Established in 1852.) 
 Baggage, Works of Art, &c., &c., packed, under personal superintendence, and 
 forwarded through reliable Agents to England, America, and all parts. 
 
 ROUEN. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU NORD, 
 
 91, RUE DE LA GROSSE HORLOGE, 91, 
 
 VAST ESTABLISHMENT IN THE CENTRE OF THE TOWN. 
 
 BREAKFAST. DINNERS. SALON, 
 
 ROUEN. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE FRANCE, 
 
 RUE DES CARMES. 
 
 V 
 
 T HE longest established in the Town, much patronised bv the French Nobility. 
 
 Situated in a central position near the Public Buildings and Theatres. Grand S iloons. 
 Spacious Bed-rooms tastefully decorated. Families will find every comfort and Special 
 Service. Prices moderate. Excellent Table d’Hote at Six o’clock. Much frequented. 
 Price 3 fr. 50 c. English, German, and Spanish spoken. 
 
 MR. SOULE, Proprietor. 
 
 ROYAT- LES- BAINS (Puy de Dome). 
 
 SPLENDID CONTINENTAL HOTEL, 
 
 OPEN FROM the 15 th of MAY to the 1st of OCTOBER. 
 
 CHABASSIERE, Proprietor. 
 
 AND PROPRIETOR ALSO OP THE 
 
 GRAND HOTEL CALIFORNIE AT CANNES. 
 
 (ALPES MARITIMES.) 
 
 ROYAT-LES-BAI NS. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL. 
 
 SERVANT, Proprietor. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOUSE. ENGLISH SPOKEN. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 57 
 
 H. 
 
 ROTTERDAM. 
 
 A. KRAMERS & SON, 
 
 IMPORTERS OP FOREIGN BOOKS. 
 
 Mr. Murray’s ‘ Handbooks for Travellers,’ Bradshaw’s Monthly Railway Guides, Bae 
 deicer’s ‘ ReisehandbUcher,’ and Hendschel’s ‘ Telegraph,’ always in Stock. English, French , 
 German andltalian Books imported Weekly, and a great variety of New Books kept in Store. 
 
 28, GELDERSCHE RAPE, 26. 
 
 SALISBURY. 
 
 THE WHITE HART HOTEL. Nearly Opposite the Cathedral. The largest 
 
 -i- and principal Hotel in the City. — This old established first-class Hotel contains every accommodation for 
 Families and Tourists. A Ladies’ Coffee Room, Billiard and Smoking Rooms, and spacious Coffee Room for 
 Gentlemen. Table d’Hote daily during the season from 6 to 8.30 p.m. at separate tables. Carriages and 
 Horses on hire for Stonehenge and other places of interest. Excellent Stabling, Loose Boxes, &c. Tariff on 
 application to 
 
 H. T. BOWES, Manager, Posting Master to Her Majesty. 
 
 THE GRANVILLE, ST. LAWRENCE-ON-SEA, RAMSGATE.— This far-famed 
 
 Hotel is situate on the East Cliff, 200 ft. above the sea level, commanding the most beautiful Sea Views 
 in the world. For salubrity of climate and beauty of situation, it is unequalled as a place of residence in 
 winter and summer. It contains Hydropathic, Turkish, Vapour, Ozone, Swimming, and every description 
 of Medical Baths the most complete in Europe Suites of handsomely Furnished Apartments, Eight Public 
 Rooms, including Ladies’ Drawing Room, Reading Room and Billiard Rooms ; it has a beautiful Winter 
 Promenade, half a mile long, in its own gardens, spacious Skating Rink, American Bowling Alley, Tennis 
 Lawns, and a pretty Theatre, where concerts, and dramatic performances are given by the best artistes. 
 Celebrated Cuisine and choice Wines. Table D’Hote daily at 6.30 p.m. The Gran vills and Westgate-on-Fea 
 Express Train leaves Victoria and Charing Cross Stations daily. Address— THE MANAG&R. 
 
 SANDOWN HOTEL, 
 
 SAND0WN BAY, ISLE OF WIGHT. 
 
 WALTER MEW, Proprietor. 
 FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, 
 
 Billiard Room, Croquet and Tennis Lawn. 
 Railway from Ryde to Sandown,time 
 15 7 ninutes. 
 
 SHANKLIN. 
 
 A perfect Summer and Winter climate. 
 
 Hinton’s Royal Spa Hotel 
 
 On the Beach is one of the best appointed 
 Hotels in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 SAN REMO, ITALY. 
 
 WEST -END HOTEL. 
 
 A LARGE Building, expressly built for an Hotel, with all 
 the latest appliances to insure perfection in sanitary arrangements 
 —its Closets being on the most approved English principle. Beautifully 
 situated at the West End of the Town, a good distance from the Sea, 
 commanding an extensive View of the Bay. Lift. Beading, Billiard, and 
 Smoking Saloons. Ladies’ Drawing Boom. English and Foreign News- 
 papers. Excellent Cuisine, and choice Wines. Great Cleanliness. 
 Omnibus of the Hotel meets all Trains. The old West-End Hotel, adjoin- 
 ing, built by an English lady for her own residence, is under the same 
 Management, and will form an excellent residence for Families desiring 
 quietness and privacy, with the convenience of a large Hotel. 
 
 Special arrangements for a lengthened sojourn. 
 
 All Languages spoken. 
 
 Proprietor , BOBEBT WULFING. 
 
58 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 May, 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG. 
 
 HOTEL D’ANGLETERRE, 
 
 ST. ISAAC’S SQUARE. 
 
 ( Gostinitza Angle ter re , Issakofski Sabor.) 
 
 EL SCHMITZ, Proprietor. 
 
 T'HIS new and well-conducted Hotel, situated in the centre 
 
 of the City, facing the St. Isaac’s Church, near the Post-office, the Royal 
 Palaces and Public Buildings, affords large suites of well-furnished Apartments 
 for Families, and comfortable and airy Bedrooms for Single Gentlemen. A large 
 Dining-room where Dinners are served from Three till Seven o’Clock, from 
 one rouble and above. A well-furnished Reading-room. The ‘ Times/ and 
 other English, French, and German Newspapers. 
 
 EOT AND COLD BATHS, TUBS, AND SITTING BATES . 
 
 Guides and Servants speaking English. 
 
 Omnibuses at the Stations, and Steamboats near Landing-places from Stockholm 
 
 and England. 
 
 THE QUEEN’S MESSENGERS FREQUENT THIS HOTEL. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 59 
 
 SAN REMO. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL VICTORIA. 
 
 ICIEST-CLASS HOUSE, with a large Garden. Entirely newly-furnished 
 L by the new Proprietor, 
 
 COLOMBO PANICCI. 
 
 S PA. 
 
 8BAND HOTEL BRITANNIQUE. 
 
 F. LEYH, Proprietor. 
 
 PATRONISED BY THE ROYAL FAMILY OF BELGIUM, 
 
 And maintains a high reputation among the Aristocracy of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 SITUATED IN THE HEALTHIEST PART OF THE TOWN, 
 
 LARGE GARDEN AND SWIMMING BATHS. 
 
 Adjoining the Boulevard des Anglais and the English Church . 
 
 ENGLISH SPOKEN. 
 
 OMNIBTJS A.T EALOB ARRIVAL. 
 
 SPA. 
 
 GRAND HdTEL DE L’EUROPE. 
 
 I^IRST-CLASS HOTEL. Splendid Situation. Fine Apartments. Drawing and Reading 
 i- Room. Every Comfort. Spacious and handsome alterations have been lately made. 
 
 Omnibus of the Hotel at the Arrival of every Train. 
 
 STUTTGART. 
 
 PENSION SIEGLE. 
 
 IS situated vis-a-vis the Royal Gardens, near the Palace and the Theatre. 
 x Very comfortable and healthy in every respect. Prices Reasonable. 
 
 18, HECKAR 
 TOURS. 
 
 HOTEL DE L’UHXVERS. 
 
 Pleasantly Situated. Has a European 
 
 Reputation. 
 
 Specially arranged for Families. 
 
 English Spoken. 
 
 STRASSE. 
 
 toursT*”” - 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK 
 FOR FRANCE. 
 
 Part I. Normandy, Brittany, 
 Pyrenees, &c. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 
 
60 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 May, 
 
 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. 
 
 A 
 
 GRAND HOTEL. 
 
 T HIS Handsome Building is situated in the finest part of the City, 
 between Charles the Xllth's Square and the National Museum, on 
 one of the Principal Quays, just at the confluence of the Lake Malar an 1 
 the Baltic. 
 
 The Royal Palace, one .of the stateliest in Europe, faces the Hotel on 
 the opposite side of the Harbour. The Royal Opera and the Principal 
 Theatres are in close proximity. 
 
 The balconies and roof of the Hotel command the most extensive Views 
 of the City. 
 
 The House is replete with every modern improvement and convenience, 
 and no expense has been spared to render it one of the first and most com- 
 fortable Hotels on the Continent. 
 
 The Building contains Pour Hundred Sleeping Apartments, besides 
 Dining Rooms, Sitting Rooms, Coffee and Reading Rooms, a Billiard Room, 
 a Telegraph and Post Office, Baths, Retiring Rooms, a Laundry, and other 
 accommodations. The several flats can be reached by Steam Lifts. 
 
 All European Languages spoken. Guides and Conveyances supplied to 
 all places of interest in the City and Neighbourhood. Terms will be found 
 to compare favourably with those of other first-class Hotels. 
 
 The jBCotel Mydberg. 
 
 Gustaf Adolf’s Torg. 
 
 T HIS Old-established House has long been favourably known to Travel- 
 lers. It contains One Hundred and Fifty Sleeping Apartments. 
 
 The Proprietor of these Tsvo First-Class Hotels is in a position to offer 
 every advantage to strangers visiting the Swedish Capital. 
 
 R. CADI ER, 
 
 Proprietor of the Grand Hotel and the Hotel Rydberg. 
 
1880. 
 
 M (IRKA’S >S HANDBOOK ADVERTISES. 
 
 61 
 
 SUEZ HOTEL, SUEZ, 
 
 Facing the Mari- 
 time Canal; every Ship 
 passing through can be 
 seen from the Hotel. 
 
 TOURIST’S FA- 
 MILIES visiting Egypt 
 will find in this long- 
 established and First- 
 Class Hotel (under Eng- 
 lish Management) every 
 comfort and attention. 
 
 CLEANLINESS is 
 
 particularly studied in 
 every Department. 
 
 REDUCED RATES 
 
 are made to Visitors re- 
 siding in the Hotel over 
 a week. 
 
 SUEZ is noted for its purity of atmosphere and equable climate during the winter, and 
 is considered by physicians to be one of the most beneficial places in the world for the cure 
 of Pulmonary Complaints. 
 
 THE WELLS OF MOSES, and supposed position of the locality tvhere the Israelites 
 crossed the Red Sea, can be viewed from the roof of the Hotel. 
 
 GOOD FISHING AND SHOOTING can be had in the neighbourhood during 
 winter months. 
 
 CAMELS AND GUIDES procured for Travellers proceeding to Sinai, Syria, or 
 Palestine. And the best and freshest provisions can be had from the Store in the Hotel at 
 moderate rates. Cheesemongery, Jams, Jellies, Pickles, and Marmalade; and Preserved 
 Provisions are received regularly from Barnes and Co., London, by P. & C. Steamers. 
 
 ■ Applications addressed to THE MANAGER will receive prompt attention. 
 
 VARESE. (Lombardy.) 
 
 GRAND HOTEL VARESE. 
 
 In direct communication by Rail with 
 
 MILAN , LAKE MAGGWRE , COMO , and LUGANO. 
 
 F IBST-CLASS HOTEL, surrounded with an extensive GARDEN 
 
 and PARK, situated in the best and healthiest part of Lombardy, 1319 feet above the 
 Sea, commanding a most extensive view of the Alps, Monte Rosa Chains, and containing 
 
 SOO Kooms ajmdL Salo oiin, 
 
 PENSION. Baths on each floor. English Church. Dr. Daubeny, M.D., attached to the Hotel. 
 
 D. MAE»I MI, Manager. 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE L’EUROPE. 
 
 Situated on the Grand Canal near St. Marc Square. 
 
 OLD-ESTABLISHED FIRST-CLASS HOTEL. 
 MODERATE CHARGES. 
 
 MARSEILLE BROS., Proprietors. 
 
62 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. May, 
 
 VEVEY - MONTREUX. 
 
 LAKE OE GENEVA. 
 
 Clarens, Vernex, Territet, Veytaux, Villeneuve, Les 
 Avents, Glion, Villars-sur-Ollon. 
 
 HOTELS AND PENSIONS RECOMMENDED. 
 
 VEVEY. 
 
 Hotel des Trois Couronnes 
 Grand H6tel de Vevey . . 
 
 Grand Hotel du Lac Vevey 
 Hotel Mooser (Chemenin) 
 
 Hotel des Alpes . . . 
 
 Hotel et Pension Vautier 
 Hotel National . 
 
 Hotel du Gygne . . . 
 
 Hotel Beau-Rivage . 
 Hotel Monney . . . 
 
 Pension Lorius . . . 
 
 Hotel Roy .... 
 
 Pension Mooser 
 Hotel Suisse 
 Hotel Roth . 
 Hotel des Cretes 
 Pension Ketterer 
 Pension Pilivet . 
 
 . 100 Rooms. 
 
 Hotel d’Angleterre . . 
 
 # 
 
 . 40 Rooms. 
 
 . 100 
 
 — 
 
 Pension du Chateau 
 
 
 . 30 
 
 
 
 . 80 
 
 — . 
 
 Pension Comte . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 80 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Mon Desir . . 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 
 
 Restaurant Bellevue. 
 
 
 
 
 MONTREUX. 
 
 
 
 
 . 100 Rooms. 
 
 Pension Masson . . . 
 
 
 
 Rooms. 
 
 . 80 
 
 — 
 
 Pension du Chatelard . 
 
 
 . 30 
 
 _ 
 
 C* A 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Belle- Vue . . 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 . 60 
 
 
 Pension Bonivard . . 
 
 
 . 21 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Pension Visinand . . 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Pension Clarentia . . 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Hotel Victoria . . . 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 __ 
 
 , 40 
 
 — 
 
 Hotel d’Angleterre . . 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 — 
 
 . 35 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Mury-Monney , 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Mont-Fleury . 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Pension Monnoud . . 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 — 
 
 . 30 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Printaniere 
 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 . 26 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Depallens . 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Pension Germann . . 
 
 
 . 10 
 
 — 
 
 VXLLENEUVE. 
 
 Hotel Byron 
 
 60 Rooms. 
 
 Hotel du Righi 
 
 ENVIRONS OF MONTREUX. 
 
 Glion ou Righi Vaudois (Alt. 625 m .) 
 
 . . . . 80 Rooms. I Hotel Victoria . . 
 
 60 Rooms. 
 
 LES AVENTS. 
 
 Grand Hotel des Avents .... 
 
 (Alt. 960 m .) 
 
 80 Rooms. 
 
 VILLARS-SUR-OLLON. (Alt. 1275 m .) 
 
 Hotel du Grand Muveran . . 100 Rooms. | Pension des Chalets .... 20 Rooms. 
 
 These various places of sojourn are situated in a fertile and lovely country, sheltered 
 from the north winds by the surrounding mountains. 
 
 The climate is particularly soft, and it has been called the “Nice of Switzerland,” 
 and may be said to rival that of the most favoured places. In consequence of the tem- 
 perature, a large number of persons come here whose health requires care and caution. 
 
 Visitors come here in the autumn for the grape cure, in the winter to enjoy the mildness 
 of the climate, and in the spring to admire the rapid changes of effect caused bv the sun on 
 the surrounding mountains. In summer these places, rendered cool and refreshing by the 
 breezes from the lake, are the centre of interesting excursions; among which must be 
 part cularly cited G-iion, Les Avent s, and Villars-sur-Ollon, three places very 
 much visited at this period of the year, and each possessing Post and Telegraph Offices. 
 
 These Hotels and Pensions offer every modern comlort at prices varying from 5 to 
 10 francs a day. 
 
 At Montreux there is a Kursaal, with large Park. Orchestra in the principal Etablisse- 
 ments. Twelve Steamers and Trains every day each way. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 63 
 
 VERONA. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE LONDRES. 
 
 FORMERLY HOTEL DE LA TOUR DE LONDRES. A. CERESA, New Proprietor. 
 
 T HE largest and finest Hotel in Verona, near the Roman Amphitheatre, and the new English Church. 
 
 Most central position. Great comfort. All Languages spoken. Omnibus to and from the Stations. 
 Highly recommended. 
 
 T. CAVESTRI, Manager. 
 
 VENTNOR (Isle of Wight). 
 
 Rayner’s Temperance Commercial 
 
 HOTEL AND BOARDING HOUSE, 
 
 17 & 19, VICTORIA STREET. 
 
 “A home away from a home.” 
 
 Spacious Coffee Room. Sets of Rooms en 
 suite. Terms Moderate. 
 
 VENTNOR. 
 
 MUREAY’S HANDBOOK 
 
 For SURREY, HANTS, and the ISLE 
 OF WIGHT. Post 8vo. 10s. 
 
 John Murray, Albemarle Street. 
 
 VICHY. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU PARC. 
 
 THE LARGEST AND MOST COMFORTABLE IN VICHY. 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, situated in the Park, facing the Baths, 
 Springs, and Casino. 
 
 PRIVATE PA VILIOR FOR FAMILIES. 
 
 GERMOT, Proprietor. 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 J. & L. LOBMEYR, 
 
 GLASS MANUFACTUBEBS, 
 
 Appointed Purveyors to the Imperial Court of Austria, 
 
 No. 13, KARNTHNERSTRASSE, 
 
 The most extensive Establishment for Bohemian Crystal , Fancy 
 Glass , and Chandeliers . 
 
 Every variety of Glass for Household use, Ornament, and in Art Work- 
 manship. Specialities in Engraved Glass and Looking-glasses. Chandeliers, 
 Candeiabras, in Crystal and Bronze. 
 
 LARGE SHOW-ROOMS UPSTAIRS. 
 
 The prices are fixed, and are very moderate. — English is spoken. 
 
 Their Correspondents in England, Messrs. J. and R. M'Cracken, No. 88, 
 Queen Street, Gannon Street, E.C., London, will transmit all orders with the 
 greatest care and attention. 
 
84 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER, 
 
 M *>y> 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 KARNTHNERRING No. 9, 
 
 SITUATED on the most elegant and frequented Square of 
 ^ the City. Three hundred rooms from 1 florin upwards. 
 Apartments from 6 florins upwards. Beautiful Dining 
 Saloon, Bestaurant Saloons, Conversation, Smoking, and 
 Iieading Booms. 
 
 BATHS & TELEGRAPH OFFICE IN THE HOUSE. 
 
 Lifts for Communication with each Storey. 
 
 DINNERS & SUPPERS 2 LA CARTE. TABLE D’HOTE. 
 
 OMNIBUSES AT THE RAILWAY STATIONS. 
 
 WIESBADEN. 
 
 FOUR SEASONS HOTEL AND BATHS. 
 
 F INEST airy situation in the Theatre Square, opposite the Kursaal and 
 Park. Family Apartments. Single Rooms from 2 Marks. Pension. Best Cuisine 
 and Wines. Reasonable Charges. 
 
 New Proprietor, W, ZAIS. 
 
 WIESBADEN. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DU RHIN & RATH. 
 
 TpIBST-CLASS New House, exceedingly well situated, just 
 D opposite the Railway Station, the Post and Telegraphic direction, 
 on the Promenades, combining comfort with Moderate Charges. Music 
 and Reading Saloons. Rooms from 2mks. 50 pf. per day, inclusive of 
 Candles and Service. In W inter the whole Building and Winter Gardens 
 are well warmed. The Omnibus for Schwalbach and Schlangenbad starts 
 from near the Hotel. 
 
 Large stock of the best Rhine and Moselle Wines for wholesale. 
 
 Bailway 'lichets for all the Towns on the Continent are issued in the Hotel. 
 
 WIESBADEN.-ROSE HOTEL AND BATH HOUSE. 
 OPLENDID First-Class Establishment close to the Cursaal, opposite the 
 
 O Trinkballe, and adjoining the Promenade. No other Hotel except this is surrounded 
 by a Garden of its own, or supplied with Baths direct from the hot springs (Kochbrunnen). 
 Quiet and airy situation, with English comfort and reasonable Charges. Drawing. Reading, 
 and Smoking Rooms, and Billiard Room, containing a full-sized Billiard Table. Table 
 d’Hote at One and Five o’clock. 
 
1880. 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 65 
 
 WILDBAD. 
 
 HOTEL KLUMPP, 
 
 Formerly HOTEL DE L’OURS. 
 
 Mr. W. KLUMPP, Proprietor. 
 
 T HIS First-class Hotel, containing 45 Saloons and 235 Bed-rooms, with a separate 
 Breakfast and new Reading and Conversation Rooms, as well as a Smoking 
 Saloon, and a very extensive and elegant Dining Room ; an artificial Garden over 
 the river ; is situated opposite the Bath and Conversation House, and in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the Promenade. It is celebrated for its elegant and comfortable 
 apartments, good Cuisine and Cellar, and deserves its wide-spread reputation as an 
 excellent Hotel. Table d’Hote at One and Five o’clock. Breakfasts and Suppers 
 a la carte . Exchange Office. Correspondent of the principal Banking-houses of 
 London for the payment of Circular Notes and Letters of Credit. Omnibuses of the 
 Hotel to and from each Train. Elevators to every floor. Fine Private Carriages 
 when requested. Warm and Cold Baths in the Hotel. 
 
 EXCELLENT ACCOMMODATION. 
 
 WURZBURG. 
 
 KRONPRINZ HOT EL. 
 
 H ONOU RED by the presence of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Germany, on the 
 occasion of his recent visit to this town. This First-Class Hotel is particularly 
 recommended for its Large and Airy Apartments, having the finest situation near the 
 Station, facing the Palace, and adjoining a fine Garden. Reading Rooms, Cold and Warm 
 Baths, &c. Moderate Charges, No extra charges for service and candles. 
 
 Proprietor — T. AMMOR. 
 
 HOTEL BELLE VUE. WILDBAD. 
 
 F. STOKINGER. 
 
 F IRST-CLASS Establishment. Best situation, 
 at the entrance of the Promenade, facing the 
 Thermal Baths, next the new Trinkhalle, opened 
 last season. Fitted up with every English Comfort. 
 Cold and Warm Baths at the Hotel. 
 
 Table d’Hote at One and Five o’clock. 
 
 GRENOBLE. 
 
 GRAND HOTEL DE L’EUROPE. 
 
 PLACE GRENETTE. 
 
 FIRST-CLASS HOUSE. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR ITS 
 COMFORT AND EXCELLENT POSITION. 
 
 OMNIBUS TO ALL TRAINS. 
 
 BESSON, Proprietor. 
 
 ZARAGOZA, SPAIN. 
 
 Grand Hotel de I’Europe. 
 
 Excellent Cooking and Moderate 
 Charges. 
 
 VIUDA DE ZOPPETTI Y HIJOS, 
 
 Proprietors. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 MURRAY’S HANDBOOK ADVERTISER. 
 
 May, 1880. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1882. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL GUIDE & TRAVELLERS’ DEP0T, 
 
 AND 
 
 passport mib Couriers’ |^gpxg, 
 
 LEE & CARTER, 
 
 440, WEST STRAND, LONDON 
 
 (Nearly opposite the Charing Cross Hotel). 
 
 KNAPSACKS PORTMANTEAUX EAGS 
 
 STIFF OR LIMP. OF ALL PATTERNS. OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 Intending Tourists are respectfully invited to visit this Establishment 
 before making purchases for their journey, 
 
 AN EXTENSIVE STOCK OF TRAVELLERS’ REQUISITES TO SELECT FROM. 
 LISTS GRATIS. 
 
 COURIERS, DRAGOMEN, 
 
 AND 
 
 TRAVELLING SERVANTS 
 
 of good character and experience, speaking European 
 and Eastern Languages, can be engaged at the 
 above Establishment. 
 
 Also Passports and Visas obtained. Passports 
 mounted on Linen and put in Cases, with Name 
 printed outside. 
 
 440, WEST STRAND. 
 
 London : Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. 
 
0*- X 6 oc/ 
 
MURRAY’S ENGLISH HANDBOOKS 
 
 HANDBOOK— LONDON AS IT IS : Its Buildings, Sights, Amusements, 
 
 Topography, &c., <fcc. Map and Plans. 16mo. 3s. Gd. 
 
 HANDBOOK — ENVIRONS OF LONDON.. An Account, from personal visits, 
 of every Town and Village within a circle of twenty miles round the Metro- 
 polis. Alphabetically arranged. By JAMES THORN K, F.8. A. With Index 
 of Names. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 21s. 
 
 THE A. B. C. HANDBOOK OF ENGLAND AND WALES. Condensed into 
 
 One Volume. Map. Post Svo. 10s. 
 
 HANDBOOK — EASTERN COUNTIES — Chelmsford, Harwich, Col- 
 chester, Maldon, Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Bury St. Edmund’s, IrswicH, 
 Woodbridge, Felixstowe, Lowestoft, Norwich, Yarmouth, Cromer, &c. 
 Map and Plans. Post Svo. 12s. 
 
 HANDBOOK — KENT — Canterbury, Dover, Ramsgate, Margate, 
 Rochester, Chatham. Map. Post Svo. 7s. Gd. 
 
 HANDBOOK — SUSSEX — Brighton, Chichester, Worthing, Bognor, 
 Hastings, St. Leonards, Lewes, Arundel. Map. Post 8vo. 6s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— SURREY, HANTS, AND ISLE OF WIGHT— Kingston, 
 Croydon, Reigate, Guildford, Dorking, Boxuill, Winchester, Southamp- 
 ton, New Forest, Bournemouth, Portsmouth. Map. Post Svo. 10s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— BERKS, BUCKS, AND OXON. -Windsor, Eton, Reading, 
 Aylesbury, Henley, Oxford, Blenheim, and The Thames. Map. Post Svo. 
 7s. Gd. 
 
 HANDBOOK— WILTS, DORSET, AND SOMERSET— Salisbury, Chippen- 
 ham, Weymouth, Dorchester, Wimborne, Sherborne, Wells, Bath, 
 Bristol, Taunton, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 10s. 
 
 HANDBOOK — DEVON — Exeter, Ilfracombe, Linton, Sidmouth, 
 Dawlish, Teignmouth, Plymouth, Deyonport, Torquay. Map. Post Svo. 7s. Gd. 
 
 HANDBOOK— CORNWALL— Launceston, Penzance, Falmouth, Truro, 
 Helston, Bodmin, The Lizard, Land’s End, &c. Map. Post Svo. 6s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTER— Ciren- 
 cester, Cheltenham, Stroud, Tewkesbury, Leominster, Ross, Malvern, 
 Ledbury, Kidderminster, Dudley, Bromsgrove, Evesham. Map. Post 
 8vo. 9s. 
 
 HANDBOOK — NORTH WALES — Bangor, Carnarvon, Beaumaris, 
 Snowdon, "Llanberis, Dolgelly, Cader Idris, Conway, &c. Map. Post 
 Svo. 7s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— SOUTH WALES— Monmouth, Llandaff, Merthyr, Vale 
 of Neath, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Tenby, Swansea, and The Wye, Ac. 
 Map. Post 8vo. 7s. 
 
 HANDBOOK — DERBY, NOTTS, LEICESTER, & STAFFORD— Matlock, 
 Bakewell, Chatsworth, The Peak, Buxton, Hardwick, Dovedale, Ash- 
 borne, Southwell, Mansfield, Retford, Burton, Belvoir, Melton Mow- 
 bray, Wolverhampton, Lichfield, Walsall, Tamworth. Map. Post Svo. 9s.. 
 
 HANDBOOK— NORTHAMPTON AND RUTLAND— Peterborough, Tow- 
 cester, Daventry, Market Harborough, Kettering, Wellingborough, 
 Thrafston, Stamford, Uppingham, Oakham, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 7s. Gd. 
 
 HANDBOOK— SHROPSHIRE AND CHESHIRE— Shrewsbury, Ludlow 
 Bridgnorth, Oswestry, C a ester, Crewe, Alderley, Stockport, Birken- 
 head. Map. Post Svo. 
 
 October, 1879. 
 
 IGordinuedL 
 
MURRAY’S ENGLISH HANDBOOKS-(cowfcW). 
 
 HANDBOOK— LANCASHIRE—' Washington, Boby, Manchester, Liver- 
 pool, Burnley, Clitheroe, Bolton, Blackburn, Wigan, Preston, Rochdale, 
 Lancaster, Southport, Blackpool, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 
 
 HANDBOOK— YORKSHIRE— Doncaster, Hull, Selby, Beverley, Scar- 
 borough, Whitby, Harrogate, RiroN, Leeds, Wakefield, Bradford, Halifax, 
 Huddersfield, Sheffield. Map and Plans. Post Svo. 12s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND— Newcastle, Dar- 
 lington, Bishop Auckland, Stockton, Hartlepool, Sunderland, Shields, 
 Berwick, Tynemouth, Alnwick. Map. Post Svo. 9s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— WESTMORLAND, CUMBERLAND, THE LAKES — Lan- 
 caster, Furness Abbey, Ambleside, Kendal, Windermere, Coniston, 
 Keswick, Grasmere, Ulswater, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Penrith, Appleby. 
 Map. Post 8vo. 6s. 
 
 *** Murray’s Travelling Map of the Lake District. 3s. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 HANDBOOK— SCOTLAND— Edinburgh, Melrose, Abbotsford, Glasgow, 
 Dumfries, Galloway, Ayr, Stirling, Arran, The Clyde, Oban, Inverary, 
 Loch Lomond, Loch Katrine and Trosachs, Caledonian Canal, Inverness, 
 Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, Braemar, Skye, Caithness, Boss, and Suther- 
 land. Maps and Plans. Post Svo. Os. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 HANDBOOK— IRELAND— Dublin, Belfast, Giant’s Causeway, Donegal, 
 Galway, Wexford, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Wicklow, Killarney, 
 Bantrey, Glenoariff, Munster. Map. Post Svo. 10s. 
 
 [In Preparation.] 
 
 HANDBOOK-HUNTINGDON AND LINCOLN. Map. PostSyo. 
 
 HANDBOOK-HERTS, BEDS, WARWICK. Map. Post 8vo. 
 
 ENGLISH CATHEDRALS. 
 
 HANDBOOK — SOUTHERN CATHEDRALS — Winchester, Salisbury, 
 Exeter, Wells, Rochester, Canterbury, Chichester, and St. Albans. With 
 130 Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown Svo. 36s. 
 
 *** St. Albans may be had separately. 6s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— EASTERN CATHEDRALS— Oxford, Peterborough, Ely, 
 Norwich, and Lincoln. With 90 Illustrations. Crown Svo. 18s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— WESTERN CATHEDRALS— Bristol, Gloucester, Here- 
 ford, Worcester, and Lichfield. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 16s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— NORTHERN CATHEDRALS— York, Ripon, Durham, Car- 
 lisle, Chester, and Manchester. With 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2 vols. 21s. 
 
 HANDBOOK— WELSH CATHEDRALS— Llandaff, St. David’s, Bangor, 
 and St. Asaph’s. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 15s. 
 
 IIANDBOOK-ST. PAUL’S. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 
 
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