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 https://archive.org/details/practicalcottonsOOscot_0 
 
» 
 
t 
 
THE PRACTICAL 
 
 COTTON SPINNER, 
 
 AND 
 
 MANUFACTURER. 
 
THE PRACTICAL V- 
 
 COTTON SPINNE 
 
 AND 
 
 MANUFACTURER: 
 
 THE 
 
 MANAGERS', OVERLOOKERS', AND MECHANICS' 
 COMPANION. 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF 
 
 CALCULATIONS OF fflLL GEARING AND MACHINERY, 
 
 FROM THE PEIMAEY MOVING POWEK, THROUGH THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES OF 
 
 CARDING, DRAWING, SLUBBING, ROVING, SPINNING, AND WEAVING, 
 With the recent improvements in Machinery. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 Compendious Tables of Yarns and Heeds for Silk, Linen, Worsted, and Wool. 
 BY R. SCOTT. 
 
 Comctiti anJj jHnlarstU, toitlj ^3Iatcs of Hmcrtcait <l'laci)iitcs, 
 BY OLIVER BYRNE, 
 
 CiyiL, MILITARY, AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER ; 
 
 COMPILER AND EDITOR OF THE " DICTIONARY OF MACHINES, MECHANICS, ENGINE-WORK, AND 
 ENGINEERING AUTHOR OF " THE PRACTICAL MODEL CALCULATOR,'' AUTHOR OF " THE 
 COMPANION FOR MACHl NISTS , MECHANICS, AND ENGINEERS ; " AUTHOR AND INVENTOR 
 OF A NEW SCIENCE, TERMED THE CALCULUS OF FORM," A SUBSTITUTE FOR 
 THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS; AND NUVIEROUS OTHER 
 MATHEMATICAL AND MECHANICAL WORKS, ETC. ETC. ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 SUCCESSOR TO E. L. CAREY. 
 
 1851. 
 
Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 Office of the Clerk of the District Court in and for the Eastern District of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 T. IC. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. 
 
PEEF ACE. 
 
 Several publications on Cotton Spinning have appeared, the 
 merits of "which it is not my intention to discuss. As a practical 
 ■working man, I may however observe, that those which have 
 come under my notice are, to a considerable extent, destitute of 
 much practical utility. The systems they contain of making the 
 calculations, are not sufficiently explicit, and hence can never 
 achieve the great and important object of combining practice 
 with theory, which is so essential, particularly to managers and 
 overlookers. 
 
 The present work contains every necessary calculation con- 
 nected with the most recent improvements in the machinery em- 
 ployed in the spinning and manufacturing business. The rules, 
 examples, and illustrations are simple and easily understood ; 
 so much so that any person having a knowledge of the element- 
 ary rules of arithmetic may, without difficulty, by a little atten- 
 tion to the rules and examples, prepare himself to fill the impor- 
 tant situation of overlooker or manager in any department of 
 the spinning and manufacturing business. The rules and exam- 
 ples are all original, and have been reduced to practice with 
 great care. 
 
 Calculations relative to the machinery used in the spinning and 
 manufacturing of all fibrous substances, are attainable by the 
 rules established in this work, so that it will be found equally 
 beneficial to those engaged in the spinning and manufacturing of 
 silk, flax, worsted, and wool. Compendious tables are arranged, 
 accompanied with rules, examples, and illustrations, to show the 
 size, girt, hank, or proportion of hank, in every operation. The 
 
 \ ^ ^ ^ 
 
vi 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 fineness of yarns according to the different lengths, constituting 
 the lea, cut, or hank, with the different systems of counting 
 worsted reeds, are added. 
 
 During my engagements for many years in the different de- 
 partments of the cotton business, I found a great deficiency of 
 theoretical knowledge among practical persons filling important 
 situations in cotton and other factories. This led to the deter- 
 mination, at the request and by the encouragement of several 
 friends, to prepare a complete system of calculations; and I have 
 no hesitation in saying, that such a system will be found in the 
 present work. And while it answers as a book of reference to 
 the master, and an assistant to the manager, overlooker, and 
 mechanic, it will convey instructions to the aspiring operative, 
 and may be found a useful auxiliary in the tuition of young per- 
 sons intended for the spinning, manufacturing, or machine busi- 
 ness. This work will not only be found to convey a correct 
 knowledge of its appropriate calculations, but, in following out 
 the rules here laid down, a considerable degree of pleasure must 
 be experienced when it is found that theory and practice are so 
 beautifully combined, and that it will enable persons to give 
 general satisfaction in the management of their respective de- 
 partments of this peculiarly important business. 
 
 It has been remarked, that "the country which parts with the 
 raw materials of labor, is afterwards bereft of the sustenance of 
 man — food goes away to visit industry, and hunger remains to 
 dwell with idleness, and famine descends, Avith all its terrors, to 
 castigate the folly which blindly relinquishes the material of 
 manufactures." 
 
 Foreign manufactures are the destruction of any country ; 
 and we believe, the people may stop or retard that destruction 
 by superseding such manufactures, by producing articles equally 
 good and cheap. A divided people, it is manifest, cannot pur- 
 chase victory in war ; the industrial prosperity of peace is equally 
 impossible to a people who are at war with each other. Besides — 
 let us not blink the truth — the nations that have distinguished 
 themselves in industry and commerce, had always first distin- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 guished themselves in arms for freedom. When the Persian 
 was chased from the shores of Greece like a wolf, the republican 
 Greek became a great trader. 
 
 The Saracens' conquests gave place to their commerce ; after 
 the scimitar came the shuttle. The Dutch laid down the arque- 
 buse to assume the tiller. The Italians of their republican ages 
 relieved guard alternately at the rich loom and the Goth-defying 
 bastion. 
 
 However, it requires not a prophet's inspiration to foretell that 
 the day is fast approaching when none but the superabundant raM" 
 material will be shipped from this country. The South and West 
 have made more than a beginning in manufacturing their own 
 cotton, iron, hemp, flax, &c., and the North and East can more 
 than vie with Europe in wonder-working machinery. I have 
 held these opinions for some time, and am much strengthened in 
 them, on reviewing the vast improvements introduced into the 
 cotton manufacturing business by American machinists and engi- 
 neers. I may particularize the Niagara Throstle, or McCuUey's 
 patented improved Spinning Frame ; Mason's Self-acting Mule ; 
 Judkin's Heddle Machine. Respecting these machines we have 
 entered into particulars, and have given large working drawings 
 of them. 
 
 I should have mentioned the Cop-spinner of Dodge and Sons, 
 of Dodgeville, Attleborough, Massachusetts. This first class 
 machine will wind the yarn as fast as twisted, or when properly 
 twisted, upon each of the spindles in a regular or proper shaped 
 cop, which shall have a binding thread between each two adja- 
 cent layers of yarn, which prevents the cop from falling apart 
 while being removed from the spindle. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 MILL GEARING, &c. 
 
 Page 
 
 Revolutions of Shaft a minute .... 9 
 
 Revolutions of Beater at Blowing Machine a minute . . 22 
 
 Revolutions of main Cylinder of Carding Engine . . 23 
 
 Revolutions of Counter Shaft a minute ... 24 
 
 ON MIXING COTTON. 
 Observations ou ...... 25 
 
 ON MACHINERY. 
 
 Observations and Rules for working Speeds, &c . . 26 
 
 Willow, Particulars of . . . . .26 
 
 Blowing Machine ...... 27 
 
 Dimensions of a double Blowing JIachine, including speeds, tra- 
 versing of Rollers, &c. . . . . .35 
 
 Lap Machine . . . . . .35 
 
 Particulars of Lap Machine, including speeds, intermediate 
 
 draughts, total draughts, &c. .... 48 
 
 Carding Engine, Observations on . . . .48 
 
 Speeds, intermediate draughts, total draught, consumption, pro- 
 duction, &c. ...... 49 
 
 Particulars of a Carding Engine .... 70 
 
 Drawing Frame, speeds, intermediate draughts, total draughts, 
 consumption and production at each head, weight of Cotton, 
 and length of Carding required to supply the first head of 
 drawing, &c. ...... 71 
 
 1 
 
X 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Particulars of Drawing Frame .... 
 
 Page 
 91 
 
 Tube Frame, Observations on .... 
 
 92 
 
 Speeds, intermediate draughts, total draught, consumption, pro- 
 
 
 duction, &c. ...... 
 
 92 
 
 Particulars of a Tube Frame ..... 
 
 110 
 
 Slubbing Frame, speeds, intermediate draughts, total draught. 
 
 
 consumption and production, turns per inch, size, girt, or 
 
 hank of slubbing, &c. . . . . .111 
 
 Roving Frame, speeds, intermediate, draughts, total draught, 
 consumption of slubbing, production of roving, size, girt, or 
 hank roving, loss sustained in working, turns per inch, &c. . 123 
 Throstles, Observations on . . . . .132 
 
 Speeds, intermediate draughts, total draught, production, &c. . 133 
 Particulars of Throstle ..... 143 
 
 Mules, speeds, intermediate draughts, total draught, gain at 
 carriage, consumption of Roving, production of Yarn, turns 
 per inch, &c. ..... . 144 
 
 Tables, showing the Weight of Carding and Drawing, according 
 to the length, weight, and size or girt in each operation, with 
 rules and examples ..... 164 
 
 Table, showing the dividend for any number of inches from 1 to 
 36, whereby the Weight of Cotton required to be fed on the 
 Feed Cloth at the Lap Machine may be ascertained for any 
 numbers of Yarn, according to the proportion of the hank at 
 the Lap Machine, with rules and examples . . .177 
 
 Tables of Carding, Drawing, Slubbing and Roving, with rules 
 
 and examples; Change Wheels, &c. . . . 178 
 
 Self-acting Mule, revolutions of all the different movements per 
 minute, intermediate draughts, total draught, traverses, pro- 
 duction, turns per inch, &c. &c. .... 192 
 
 Particulars of the Self-acting Mule, with observations, &c. . 228 
 Hank or proportion of Hank in each and every operation from 
 
 the Spinning to the Lap Machine .... 230 
 
 Loss in working Cotton ..... 235 
 
 Table of multipliers for ascertaining the loss sustained in work- 
 ing any given length, or weight of Cotton, &c. . . 244 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 
 Page 
 
 Loss in working any given length, or weight . . . 246 
 
 Average Cop and weight of Sets .... 247 
 
 Spinner's Book, &c. . . . . . . 255 
 
 Dressing Machine, speed, &c. .... 257 
 
 Particulars of Dressing Frame .... 262 
 
 Power Loom, speeds, weight of Yarn required for a piece of 
 
 Cloth, &c. ....... 263 
 
 Wheels required to produce any given draught, &c. . . 271 
 Wheels required to produce any given draught, &c., by cancel- 
 ling ....... 282 
 
 Reed Tables, explanation ..... 293 
 
 Reed Tables, different systems of counting Reeds brought into 
 
 conjunction with each other, with rules and examples . 295 
 Manufacturing of Cotton, Silk, &c., weight of Warps and Weft 
 
 required for any fabric of Cloth .... 306 
 
 Linen Yarn Tables, different Reels .... 336 
 
 Linen Yarn Tables, showing the weight according to the num- 
 bers or fineness of Yarns, and the different lengths weighed, 
 
 with rules and examples ..... 337 
 
 Linen manufacture. Yarns required to produce any fabric of 
 
 Cloth ....... 364 
 
 Worsted and Woollen Yarns, Observations on, with explanation 
 
 to the Yarn Table ...... 367 
 
 Tables of Worsted and Woollen Yarns, showing the weight of 
 one hank, dozen, and gross, according to the fineness, with 
 rules and examples for ascertaining the length and weight 
 
 of Yarns for any fabric of Cloth, &c. . . . 368 
 
 Worsted Count of Reeds, Observations on, and explanation of 
 
 Reed Tables ...... 380 
 
 Worsted Reed Table, with rules, examples, &c. . . 381 
 
 Miscellaneous Questions and Examples . . . 386 
 Rule and Examples for changiag light Gearing to heavy, or 
 
 heavy Gearing to light ..... 396 
 
 C. J. Judkins' American Healds, or Heddles . . . 398 
 
 Mason's Self acting Mule ..... 399 
 
 Niagara Throstle or McCulley's Spinning Frame . . 416 
 Plates I. IL III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. . . .416 
 
THE 
 
 PEACTICAL COTTON SPINNER 
 
 AND 
 
 MANUFACTURER. 
 
 MILL GEERING. 
 
 Opinions relative to the best speeds for machinery may differ ; 
 however, the following speeds are such as are generally adapted 
 to machines spinning medium numbers ; but all machinery must 
 be speeded according to the quantity required. 
 
 RULES FOR WORKING SPEEDS OF SHAFTS. 
 
 Multiply the strokes of the steam engine, or revolutions of the 
 waterwheel, by the number of teeth in the wheel fixed on the 
 first moving power, or given shaft, for a dividend, and divide by 
 the number of teeth in the wheel fixed on the intended driven 
 shaft, and the quotient will be the speed or revolutions of shaft 
 required. 
 
 To find the speed of any given shaft, when the speeds of the 
 intermediate shafts are not required. 
 
 Multiply all the driving wheels together respectively, so far as 
 the shaft you want the speed of, and that product by the strokes 
 of the engine, the revolutions of the waterwheel, or any shaft: 
 the speed being known for a dividend, then multiply all the 
 driven wheels together accordingly, for a divisor, and the quo- 
 tient will be the speed, or revolutions of the shaft required. 
 
 If a steam-engine makes 22 double strokes a minute (that is 
 the same as to make the crank revolve 22 times a minute) with 
 a wheel fixed on the crank, or fly-shaft, containing 106 teeth ; 
 what revolutions will the first or main line of shafts make, if the 
 wheel with 106 teeth works into a wheel on the first or main line 
 of shafts with 47 teeth ? 
 2 
 
10 
 
 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 22 strokes or revolutions each minute. 
 106 teeth in wheel of crank or fly-shaft. 
 
 132 
 220 
 
 Teeth of wheel on J 47)2332(49.617 revolutions a minute of first 
 mam line of shait S 100 • r c i, 
 
 188 or main line 01 shafts. 
 
 452 
 423 
 
 290 
 282 
 
 80 
 4T 
 
 330 
 
 329 
 
 1 
 
 If a wheel with 61 teeth be fixed on the first or main line of 
 shafts, which makes 49.617 revolutions a minute; what revolu- 
 tions a minute will a cross-shaft make with a wheel 57 teeth 
 fixed on it, worked by the wheel with 61 teeth? 
 
 49.617 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 61 teeth in wheel or shaft. 
 
 49617 
 297702 
 
 Teeth of wheel on ) 57)3026.637(53.098894 revolutions of cross- 
 
 cross-snatt ) ^85 shaft a minute, or 
 
 510 53.1— nearly. 
 
 176 456 
 
 171 
 
 540 
 
 563 513 
 
 513 
 
 50 
 456 
 
 270 
 
 507 228 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 11 
 
 If a wheel with 75 teeth be fixed on a shaft revolving 49.617 
 times a minute, works into a wheel with 41 teeth, fixed on a 
 shaft for driving looms ; what number of revolutions will it make 
 a minute ? 
 
 49.617 revolutions of shaft a min. 
 75 
 
 248085 
 347319 
 
 41)3721.275(90.7628 revolutions a min- 
 369 ute of shaft driving 
 
 looms. 
 
 312 
 287 
 
 257 
 246 
 
 115 
 
 82 
 
 330 
 328 
 
 2 
 
 If a wheel with 52 teeth be fixed on a shaft making 90.7626 
 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel with 41 teeth, on the 
 foot of an upright-shaft for driving mules; what revolutions a 
 minute will the upright-shaft make? 
 
 90.7628 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 52 teeth of wheel on shaft. 
 
 1815256 
 4538140 
 
 Teeth of wheel on shaft 
 for driving looms 
 
 47196656 
 
12 
 
 SPEED OP SHAFTS. 
 
 Teeth of wheel on~) 
 
 foot of upright- y 41)47196656(115.1138 revolutions a minute 
 shaft, j 41 of upright-shaft, driv- 
 
 61 
 41 
 
 209 
 205 
 
 46 
 41 
 
 56 
 41 
 
 ing mules. 
 
 155 
 123 
 
 326 
 
 328— nearly. 
 
 If a drum, 20 inches diameter, be fixed on an upright-shaft, 
 for driving mules, which makes 115.1138 revolutions a minute; 
 what revolutions will the upright-shaft in wheelhouse for driving 
 rim or fly-shaft make, if a pulley, 12 inches in diameter, be fixed 
 on a shaft, and worked by a strap from the drum 20 inches di- 
 ameter ? 
 
 115,1138 revolutions a minute, upright-shaft. 
 Inches diam ^ inches diameter of drum on shaft, 
 
 of 
 
 Uprigut-oiiaiL I 
 
 in wheelhouse, J 
 
 } 12)2302.2760 
 sht-shaft ( 
 
 191.8563 revolutions of upright-shaft a 
 minute in wheelhouse, for driv- 
 ing rim-shaft. 
 
 If a wheel with 61 teeth be fixed on the first or main line of 
 shafts, making 49.617 revolutions a minute ; what number of 
 revolutions will an upright-shaft make, with a wheel 57 teeth 
 fixed on it, worked by the wheel of 61 teeth? 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 13 
 
 Teeth in wheel on^ 
 main-shaft working 
 into wheel on foot of 
 upright-shaft, 
 
 49.617 revol. a min. of main-shaft. 
 . . 61 
 
 49617 
 297702 
 
 a mm- 
 
 Teeth of wheel on foot 1 3^26637(53,098894 revols. 
 
 of upright-shaft, / ^285 ute of upright- 
 
 shafts. 
 
 176 
 171 
 
 563 
 513 
 
 507 
 
 456 
 
 510 
 456 
 
 540 
 513 
 
 270 
 228 
 
 42 
 
 If a wheel with 70 teeth be fixed on the top of an upright- 
 shaft making 53.098894 revolutions a minute, and works into a 
 wheel with 39 teeth on a lying-shaft; what revolutions will the 
 lying-shaft make a minute? 
 
 53.098894 revols. of upright-shaft a minute. 
 70 teeth in wheel on upright-shaft. 
 
 3716.922580 
 
14 
 
 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 Teeth of) 
 
 wheel on ly-V 39)3716.922580(95.3057 revolutions of lying- 
 
 206 
 195 
 
 119 
 117 
 
 222 
 195 
 
 275 
 273 
 
 If a drum 30 inches diameter be fixed on a shaft making 
 95.3057 revolutions a minute ; what number of revolutions a 
 minute will a shaft make with a drum fixed on it 18 inches dia- 
 meter, worked by a strap from the drum 30 inches diameter? 
 
 95.3057 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 30 inches diam. of drum. 
 
 i.8428 revolutions of shaft a 
 
 105 
 
 90 
 
 159 
 144 
 
 151 
 144 
 
 77 
 72 
 
 ing-shaft, 
 
 351 
 
 shaft the minute. 
 
 minute. 
 
 51 
 36 
 
 150 
 144 
 
 6 
 
SPEED OP SHAFTS. 
 
 15 
 
 If a drum 45J inches diameter be fixed on a shaft making 
 95.30558 revolutions a minute; what number of revolutions a 
 minute will a shaft make with a pulley fixed on it 13f inches 
 diameter, and driven by a strap from the drum 45J inches dia- 
 meter ? 
 
 95.30558 revolutions of shaft. 
 45.5 diameter of drum. 
 
 47652790 
 47652790 
 38122232 
 
 Inches 
 of 
 
 '\?r°^' I 13.75)4336.403890(315.3748 revols. of counter- 
 J 4125 shafts a minute, 
 
 driving blowing 
 
 2114 and lap machines. 
 
 1375 
 
 7390 
 6875 
 
 5153 
 4125 
 
 10288 
 9625 
 
 6639 
 5500 
 
 11390 
 11000 
 
 390 
 
 If a drum 86 inches diameter be fixed on a shaft making 
 315.3748 revolutions a minute ; what number of revolutions will 
 the beaters of a blowing machine make, if a pulley 6 inches 
 diameter be fixed on the end of the beaters, and driven by a 
 strap from the drum 36 inches diameter? 
 
16 
 
 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 315.3748 revolutions of counter-shaft a minute. 
 36 inches diameter of drum on shaft. 
 
 18922488 
 
 9461244 
 
 Diam. of pul- ") 
 
 ley on beat- V 113534928 
 ers, 6 inches, j 
 
 1892.2488 revolutions of beaters a minute. 
 
 If a wheel with 62 teeth be fixed on a shaft making 53.098894 
 revolutions a minute ; what number of revolutions will a shaft 
 make with a wheel 46 teeth fixed on it, and driven by the wheel 
 with 62 teeth? 
 
 53.098894 revolutions of given shaft a minute. 
 62 teeth in wheel on given shaft. 
 
 106197788 
 318593364 
 Teeth of) 
 
 wheel on V 46)3292.131428(71.568074 revolutions of shaft a 
 shaft, j 322 minute. 
 
 72 
 46 
 
 261 
 230 
 
 313 
 276 
 
 371 
 
 368 
 
 342 
 322 
 
 208 
 184 
 
 24 
 
 If a wheel with 63 teeth be fixed on a shaft making 71.568074 
 revolutions a minute; what number of revolutions will a shaft 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 IT 
 
 make with a wheel of 45 teeth fixed on it, and driven by the 
 wheel of 63 teeth? 
 
 71.568074 revolutions of shaft a min. 
 63 teeth in wheel. 
 
 214704222 
 429408444 
 
 Teeth of wheel on ) 45)4508.788662(100.1953 revolutions of shft. 
 
 ^ 45 a minute driving 
 looms. 
 
 087 
 45 
 
 428 
 405 
 
 238 
 225 
 
 136 
 135 
 
 If a wheel with 49 teeth be fixed on a shaft making 100.1953 
 revolutions per minute, drives a wheel of 38 teeth, fixed on foot 
 of upright-shaft ; what revolutions will the upright-shaft make a 
 minute? 
 
 100.1953 revol. of given shaft a minute. 
 Teeth of wheel on shaft 49 
 
 9017577 
 4007812 
 
 Teeth of wheel on J 
 foot of upright- V 38)4909.5697(129.2 revolutions of upright- 
 shaft, 5 38 shaft a minute — Spin- 
 
 ning-room. 
 
 110 
 76 
 
 349 76 
 
 342 78— nearly. 
 
18 
 
 SPEED OE SHAFTS. 
 
 If a drum 21 inches diameter be fixed on an upright-shaft, 
 for driving upright-shaft in wheelhouse, making 129.2 revolutions 
 a minute ; what number of revolutions a minute will the upright- 
 shaft in wheelhouse make, with a pulley 14 inches diameter fixed 
 on it? 
 
 129.2 revol. a min. of upright-shaft. 
 21 inches diameter of drum on it. 
 
 1292 
 2584 
 
 Inches diam. of pulley, 14)2713.2(193.8 
 
 14 
 
 131 
 126 
 
 53 
 42 
 
 112 
 112 
 
 If a wheel with 60 teeth, fixed on a shaft, makes 53.098894 
 revolutions a minute; what number of revolutions per minute 
 will an upright-shaft make, with a wheel of 44 teeth fixed on its 
 foot, and driven by the wheel of 60 teeth? 
 
 53.098894 revolutions a minute. 
 60 teeth wheel. 
 Teeth of wheel on ^ 
 
 foot of upright- [ 44)3185.933640(72.40758 revol. of upright- 
 shaft, ) 308 shaft a min., for 
 
 Dressing-room. 
 
 105 
 88 
 
 256 
 
 179 220 
 
 176 
 
 364 
 
 333 352 
 
 308 
 
 revolutions of upright- 
 shaft in wheelhouse a 
 minute, working rim or 
 fly-shafts. 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 19 
 
 Or thus, dividing bv 4 and 11 for 44. 
 
 4 <{ 3185.93364 
 
 11 79648341 
 
 72.40758—12 
 
 If an upright-shaft makes 72.40758 revolutions a minute, with 
 a wheel of 75 teeth fixed on top, working into a wheel of 41 teeth, 
 fixed on a lying-shaft; what revolutions a minute will the lying- 
 shaft make ? 
 
 72.40758 revols. of upright-shaft a min. 
 75 teeth of wheel. 
 
 36203790 
 50685306 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 
 Tin shaft I 41)54.3056850(132.4529 revolutions a min. of 
 °' ' ^41 shaft driving Dress- 
 
 133 
 123 
 
 100 
 
 82 
 
 ing-frame. 
 
 185 
 164 
 
 216 
 205 
 
 118 
 
 82 
 
 365 
 369 — nearly. 
 
 The speed of any shaft may he obtained, tvithout ascertaining the 
 speeds of the intermediate shafts, by the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the number of double strokes of the steam-engine, or 
 the number of revolutions of any given shaft per minute by the 
 
20 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 number of teeth in the driving-wheels respectively, or, if drums 
 or pulleys, by the inches in the diameters respectively, or in the 
 place they occur, for a dividend, and all the driven-wheels, drums, 
 or pulleys, in the same manner, for a divisor, and the quotient 
 will be the speed of the shaft required. 
 
 If a steam-engine be making 22 double strokes or revolutions 
 a minute, with the following driving and driven-wheels, drums, 
 and pulleys ; what number of revolutions a minute will the shaft 
 make which is intended to drive a blowing machine or scutcher ? 
 
 DRIVING. 
 
 Revolutions a minute, crank 
 or fly-shaft 22. 
 
 Wheel on crank or fly-shaft 
 106 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on first lying-shaft, driv- 
 ing upright-shaft 61 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on top of upright-shaft 
 70 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of drum on shaft 45 J [ inches, 
 inches. | 
 
 22 revolutions a minute crank or fly-shaft. 
 106 teeth in wheel on crank-shaft. 
 
 132 
 220 
 
 2332 
 
 61 teeth in wheel on first lying-shaft, driving 
 
 upright-shaft. 
 
 2332 
 13992 
 
 142252 
 
 70 teeth in wheel on top of upright-shaft. 
 
 9957640 
 
 45.5 or 45J inches diameter of drum on shaft. 
 
 49788200 
 49788200 
 39830560 
 
 453072620.0 dividend. 
 
 DRIVEN. 
 
 Wheel on first lying-shaft 47 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel top of upright-shaft 57 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on next lying-shaft, 39 
 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on shaft for 
 driving blowinsr machine 131 
 
 3C 
 
SPEED OP SHAFTS. 
 
 V,- 21' 
 
 47 teeth in -wheel on first line of shafts. ''"^ vi^ i\ 
 57 teeth in wheel on foot of upright-shaft. 
 
 329 
 235 
 
 2679 
 
 39 teeth in wheel on second lying-shaft. 
 
 24111 
 8037 
 
 104481 
 
 13.75 or 13f inches diameter of pulley on shaft 
 
 for driving blowing machines. 
 
 522405 
 731367 
 313443 
 104481 
 
 1436613.75 divisor. 
 
 1436613.75)453072620.0(315.375388 revolutions a minute, shaft 
 430984125 driving blowing machine. 
 
 220884950 
 143661375 
 
 772235750 
 718306875 
 
 539288750 
 430984125 
 
 1083046250 
 1005629625 
 
 774166250 
 718306875 
 
 558593750 
 430984125 
 
 1276096250 
 1149291000 
 
 1268052500 
 1149291000 
 
 1276096250 
 
 118761500 
 
22 
 
 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 iV. B. — The small difference arising in the above system of work- 
 ing, is on account of ivorking all the different speeds of shafts 
 separately. (See former Examples.) 
 
 If a drum 45J inches diameter be fixed on a shaft making 
 315.375388 revolutions a minute ; what number of revolutions 
 ■will the beater of a blowing machine make, with a pulley fixed 
 on the beater end, 10 inches diameter, and driven by a strap 
 from the drum 45 J inches diameter? 
 
 315.375388 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 45.5 or 45J inches diam. of drum. 
 
 1576876940 
 1576876940 
 1261501552 
 
 Inches diam. 
 
 of pulley on 1 10)14349.5801540 
 
 beater end, j 
 
 1434.9580154 revolutions of beater a min. 
 
 If a shaft makes 84 revolutions a minute, with a wheel of 60 
 teeth fixed on it, working into a wheel on a cross or upright-shaft, 
 with 52 teeth ; what number of revolutions will the cross or up- 
 right-shaft make? 
 
 84 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 60 teeth in wheel on shaft. 
 
 Teeth of wheel on cross 1 rn\c:n4r\ff\G noo 1 e 
 
 )- 52)5040(96.923 revols. of cross or up- 
 or upright-shait, | ma • i i. u ^i. • i. 
 
 ^ ° ' 468 right-shait a minute. 
 
 360 
 312 
 
 480 
 468 
 
 120 
 104 
 
 160 
 156 
 
 4 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 23 
 
 If a cross or upright-shaft be making 96.923 revolutions a 
 minute, with a wheel of 52 teeth fixed on it, which is driven by 
 a wheel with 60 teeth fixed on the lying-shaft; what number of 
 revolutions will the lying-shaft make a minute ? 
 
 96.923 revols. a min. of cross or upright-shaft. 
 52 teeth of wheel fixed on shaft. 
 
 193846 
 484615 
 Teeth of"| 
 
 wheel on V 60)5039.996(84 nearly, revolutions of lying-shaft, 
 lying shft. j 480 
 
 239 
 
 240 — nearly. 
 
 If a drum 18 inches diameter be fixed on a shaft making 
 96.923 revolutions a minute; what number of revolutions will 
 the main cylinder of a carding-engine make, with a pulley fixed 
 on the cylinder end 15 inches diameter, and driven by a strap 
 from the drum 18 inches diameter? 
 
 96.923 revols. a min. of shaft. 
 18 inches diam. of drum. 
 
 775384 
 96923 
 
 Inches diameter of V^^^^j\i5)iU4.QU{116.Srevoh. of main 
 on cylinder end, j ic i- j 
 
 ' -'15 cylinder a mm. 
 
 24 
 15 
 
 94 
 90 
 
 46 
 45 
 
 Required the diameter of a pulley to make 116.3 revolutions 
 
24 
 
 SPEED OF SHAFTS. 
 
 a minute ; the drum fixed on the shaft being 18 inches diameter, 
 making 96.923 revolutions a minute: — 
 
 96,923 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 18 inches diameter of drum. 
 
 775384 
 96923 
 
 Revols. required 116.3)1744.614(15 in. diam. of pulley required. 
 1163 
 
 5816 
 5815 
 
 1 
 
 N. B. — The speed of any piece of machinery may he ascertained, 
 according to the foregoing Rules and Examples. 
 
 The speed of a counter-shaft is required, the following parti- 
 culars being given : — 
 
 First shaft 96 revolutions a minute. — Drum on said shaft 18 
 inches diameter. — Drum on second shaft 14 inches diameter. 
 — Drum on the second shaft for driving the third shaft 10 
 inches diameter. — Drum on the third shaft 9 inches diameter. 
 
 Drum on 2d shaft 14 inches diameter. 
 Drum on 3d shaft 9 inches diameter. 
 
 126 divisor. 
 
 96 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 
 18 inches diameter of drum on this shaft. 
 
 768 
 96 
 
 1728 
 
 10 inches diameter of drum on 2d shaft. 
 
 17280 
 
SPEED OF SHAFTS — MIXING COTTON. 25 
 
 126)17280(137.14 revels, of counter-shaft a min. 
 126 
 
 468 
 378 
 
 900 
 882 
 
 180 
 126 
 
 540 
 
 504 
 
 36 
 
 MIXING COTTON. 
 
 On account of the many varieties and variations even of the 
 same kinds of cotton, it "will be found best to mix a number of 
 bales or bags together ; arranging them properly in the place 
 appropriated for the purpose, which done, proceed to throvr 
 abroad one bale or bag, covering as much surface as convenience 
 ■will allow, according to the number intended to be mixed, and 
 proceed till the last is thrown on your stock, treading it well 
 down as you proceed. When wanted for use, rake it down with 
 a rake, similar to a garden rake, regularly from the top to the 
 bottom ; this process will be found not only to mix it regularly, 
 but will open the cotton considerably, which is very essential, 
 prior to being put through the first preparatory piece of ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 In all cases it is best to mix as great a number of bales or 
 bags of cotton as can be done conveniently ; because, whenever 
 there is a fresh mixing of cotton, it is almost sure to require an 
 alteration in some of the machinery, as it seldom happens that 
 the new mixing will produce the same weight of roving or yarn. 
 3 
 
26 
 
 MACHINERY — WILLOW. 
 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 In treating on machinery, the rules and examples will be laid 
 down in the most easy, plain, and simple manner, so that per- 
 sons possessing only a knowledge of the fundamental rules of 
 arithmetic, will be able to comprehend them : and by following 
 the rules, examples, and illustrations laid down, they will be able 
 to acquire every qualification requisite, so far as regards calcula- 
 tions, for persons filling the important situations of managers or 
 overlookers in any or every department of cotton manufacturing. 
 
 In the succeeding calculations, all common fractions, as far as 
 possible, are omitted, and decimal fractions used. A knowledge 
 of decimals may be easily obtained from almost any work on 
 Arithmetic; but the best for the mechanic is the Practical Model 
 Calculator, by the editor of this work, Oliver Byrne. 
 
 WILLOW. 
 
 Willows are generally used for opening the cotton, and taking 
 out the heavy dirt. They are of various constructions. The one 
 of which the following are the particulars, is of recent construc- 
 tion : — 
 
 A square cylinder measuring 30 inches from angle to angle. 
 
 4 strips, one at each corner, 4 inches by 3J inches. 
 
 4 strips on the top corners, 4 inches by 3J inches. 
 
 8 teeth or pins in each strip on the cylinder, at a regular dis- 
 tance from each other. 
 
 7 teeth in each strip on the top, or cover, and set opposite the 
 centre of the spaces. 
 
 Distance of teeth 4 inches; length of teeth 4 inches. 
 
 Diameter of teeth at bottom 1 inch, regularly tapering to | inch. 
 
 Circular iron grate bars, or rods, half inch distant from each 
 other. 
 
 The time for the cotton remaining in the willow is governed 
 by wheel-work ; one of the wheels has a pin fixed in it, and 
 every time it revolves, works upon a spring connected with a 
 lever, which opens the lid and discharges the cotton. 
 
 N. B. — It is customary with some to take off the wheels, having 
 the lid continually down, consequently, the cotton thrown in 
 will only revolve once or twice, before being discharged. 
 
 ■ t 
 
BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 2T 
 
 This system is adopted by the probability of the cotton being 
 strung, by being too long detained in the machine. 
 
 If the shaft for driving a willow makes 158.84 revolutions a 
 minute, with a drum fixed on it 26 inches diameter, and the 
 pulley on the end of willow cylinder be 12 inches diameter ; what 
 number of revolutions will the cylinder make a minute ? 
 
 158.84 revolutions of shaft a min. 
 
 26 inches diam. of drum on shaft. 
 
 95304 
 31768 
 
 Inches diameter of ^ 
 
 pulley on willow- V 12)4129.84 
 cylinder end, j 
 
 344.15333 revols. a min. of cylinder. 
 
 BLOWING MACHINE WITH TWO BEATERS. 
 
 Shaft for driving blowing machine 315.374 revolutions a min. 
 Drum on said shaft 45.5 inches diameter. Pulley on beater ends 
 10 inches diameter. 
 
 315.374 revolutions of shaft a min. 
 45.5 inches diam. of drum on shaft. 
 
 1576870 
 1576870 
 1261496 
 
 Inches diameter of j 10^14349 5^^0 
 pulley on beaters, ) ' 
 
 1434.9517 revols. of beater at blowing 
 machine a minute. 
 
 If a pulley inches diameter be fixed on the end of a 
 beater, making 1535 revolutions a minute ; what number of 
 revolutions a minute will a shaft make, with a pulley fixed on it 
 31 inches diameter, and driven by a strap from the pulley 4.75 
 inches diameter ? 
 
28 
 
 BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 1435 revolutions of beater a minute. 
 4.75 in. diam. of pul. on beater end. 
 
 7175 
 10045 
 5740 
 
 Inches diameter of) 
 
 pulley on under- V 31)6816.25(219.879 revols. of shaft a min, 
 shaft, j 62 
 
 61 
 31 
 
 306 
 279 
 
 272 
 248 
 
 245 
 217 
 
 280 
 279 
 
 1 • 
 
 If a -wheel with 14 teeth be fixed on the end of the shaft at 
 blowing machine, making 219.879 revolutions a minute ; what 
 number of revolutions a minute will a shaft make with a wheel of 
 88 teeth, fixed on the end, and driven by a wheel of 14 teeth ? 
 
 219.879 revolutions of given shaft a min. 
 14 teeth wheel on end of shaft. 
 
 879516 
 219879 
 
 8078,306 
 
BLOWING MACHINE. 29 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 
 F wheel on Igg.gQ^g gQQ.gj gg ^^^^^^^ geering-shaft 
 ffeerms-shait, I op i • i 
 
 ^ " ' 264 a minute. 
 
 438 
 352 
 
 k 
 
 863 
 792 
 
 710 
 704 
 
 6 
 
 If a wheel with 35 teeth be fixed on the other end of geering- 
 shaft, working into wheel 35 teeth on bottom of bevil-shaft, and 
 a wheel 35 teeth on the top. of bevil-shaft, be working into a 
 wheel 60 teeth on the end of creeper, or delivering-roller ; what 
 revolutions will the creeper, or delivering-roller make a minute ? 
 
 34.98 revols. of geering-shaft a min. 
 35 teeth wheel on top of bevil-shaft. 
 
 17490 
 10494 
 
 Teeth of wheel on^ 
 
 end of creeper- V 60)1224.30 
 
 roller, j 
 
 20.405 revols. of creeper, or delivering- 
 roller, a minute. 
 
 I^.JB. — The 35 teeth wheels on end of geering-shaft, and bottom 
 of bevil-shaft are omitted, on account of their being the same 
 as carrying, or connecting wheels only. 
 
 If a wheel of 18 teeth be fixed on creeper, or delivering-roller, 
 making 20.405 revolutions a minute, working into a wheel on 
 stud with 40 teeth, which works into a wheel of 64 teeth on 
 another stud, which works into wheel of 96 teeth on the front, 
 or second wire cylinder end; what number of revolutions will 
 the cylinder make a minute? 
 
30 
 
 BLOWING MACHINK. 
 
 JSf. B. — All the intermediate wheels between the creeper-roller and 
 wheel on wire cylinder end are omitted in the operation^ being 
 only carrying, or connecting wheels, which, if made use of, 
 must be considered as both driving and driven-wheels. 
 
 20.405 revols. of creeper-roller a min. 
 18 teeth, wheel on end of roller. 
 
 163240 
 20405 
 
 Teeth of wheel on | 96)367,290(3.826 nearly revols. 2d wire 
 wire cylinder end, / ^388 ^ cylinder a minute. 
 
 792 
 768 
 
 249 
 192 
 
 570 
 
 576 — nearly. 
 
 If a wheel with 52 teeth be fixed on the end of geering-shaft, 
 making 34.98 revolutions a minute, working into a wheel of 52 
 teeth (a shaft which is the length of the machine, for propelling 
 the shafts of the feed-rollers); on the lying-shaft is a wheel with 
 50 teeth working into a wheel on the bottom of upright-shaft 
 40 teeth, and a wheel with 39 teeth on the top of upright-shaft, 
 working into a wheel 82 teeth on the end of the feed-rollers; 
 what number of revolutions will the feed-rollers make ? 
 
 iV. B. — The first two wheels, 52 teeth each, are omitted, being only 
 carrying or connecting wheels. 
 
 When there are more than one driving and driven-wheels, 
 multiply the revolutions a minute of your given shaft by the driv- 
 ing-wheels respectively for a dividend, and your driven-wheels 
 (only) together for a divisor, and the quotient will be the revolu- 
 tions a minute required. 
 
BLOWINa MACHINE. 
 
 31 
 
 34.98 revolutions of given shaft a minute. 
 50 teeth wheel first driver. 
 
 1749.00 
 
 39 teeth wheel top of upright-shaft working 
 into wheel 82 teeth on roller end. 
 
 15741 
 5247 
 
 68211 dividend. 
 
 40 teeth wheel on bottom of upright-shaft. 
 82 teeth wheel on feed-roller end. 
 
 3280 divisor. 
 
 3280)68211(20.796 revols. a min. of 2d feed-roller. 
 6560 
 
 26110 
 
 22960 
 
 31500 
 29520 
 
 19800 
 19680 
 
 120 
 
 If a wheel with 12 teeth be fixed on the end of the feed-rollers, 
 making 20.793 revolutions a minute, works into a stud-wheel 26 
 teeth, which works into wheel 26 teeth on the first creeper-roller 
 end; what number of revolutions a minute will the first creeper- 
 roller make? 
 
 20.793 revols. of 2d feed-roller a min. 
 12 teeth in wheel on feed-roller. 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 1st creeper, 
 
 26)249.516(9.6 revols. of 1st creeper-roller 
 234 a minute. 
 
 155 
 
 156 — nearly. 
 
32 
 
 BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 If a wheel with 16 teeth be fixed cn the first creeper-roller, 
 making 9.0 revolutions a minute, works into a stud-wheel 96 
 teeth (carrier), which works into wheel of 96 teeth on first wire 
 cylinder end ; what number of revolutions will the first wire cylin- 
 der make a minute? 
 
 9.6 revols. of first creeper-roller a min. 
 16 teeth-wheel fixed on first creeper-roller. 
 
 676 
 96 
 
 Teeth of wheel 1 9(3\i53 gn g revols. of 1st wire cyl. a minute, 
 on 1st wire cyl. J qq 
 
 576 
 576 
 
 If a wheel with 40 teeth be fixed on a lying-shaft, making 
 34.98 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel 50 teeth on the 
 bottom of an upright-shaft, and a wheel 40 teeth fixed on the 
 top of upright-shaft works into wheel 82 teeth on end of feed- 
 rollers; what number of revolutions will the first feed-roller make 
 a minute ? 
 
 Wheel on bottom of upright-shaft 50 teeth. 
 Wheel on 1st feed-roller end 82 teeth. 
 
 4100 divisor. 
 
 34.98 revolutions of lying-shaft a minute. 
 40 teeth wheel on lying-shaft. 
 
 1399.20 
 
 40 teeth wheel on top of upright-shaft. 
 
 4100)55968.00(13.65 revolutions of 1st feed-roller a min. 
 41 
 
 149 
 123 
 
 266 
 246 
 
 208 
 205 
 
BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 33 
 
 If a wheel with 12 teeth fixed on the end of feed-rollers, making 
 13.65 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel of 26 teeth on 
 feed-cloth-roller ; what number of revolutions a minute will the 
 feed-cloth-roller make? 
 
 13.65 revols. of feed-roller a min. 
 12 teeth wheel on end. 
 
 Teeth of wheel on end of 1 26)163.80(6.8 revols. of feed-cloth- 
 feed-cloth-roller, / roller a minute. 
 
 78 
 78 
 
 If the feed-cloth-roller be 3 inches diameter, making 6.3 revo- 
 lutions a minute; how many inches will the feed-cloth traverse? 
 
 6.3 revols. of feed-cloth-roller a minute. 
 3 inches diameter of feed-cloth-roller. 
 
 18.9 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 
 1131 
 189 
 756 
 189 
 567 
 
 69.37624 inches feed-cloth traverses a min. 
 
 If the first creeper-roller be 3.5 inches diameter, making 9.6 
 revolutions a minute; how many inches will it traverse? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 3.5 diameter of creeper-roller. 
 
 157080 
 94248 
 
 10.99560 inches circumference of creeper-roller. 
 9.6 
 
 6597360 
 9896040 
 
 105.557760 inches first creeper-roller traverses a min. 
 
34 
 
 BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 If the second feed-roller be 1.5 inch diameter, making 20.793 
 revolutions a minute ; how many inches will it traverse ? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 1.5 diameter of feed-roller. 
 
 157080 
 31416 
 
 4.71240 inches circumference of feed-roller. 
 20.793 
 
 141372 
 424116 
 329868 
 942480 
 
 97.9849332, or nearly 98 inches feed-roller traverses 
 a minute. 
 
 If the second creeper, or delivering-roller, be 3.5 inches di- 
 ameter, making 20.405 revolutions a minute; how many inches 
 will it traverse? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 3.5 inches diameter of second creeper, or de- 
 
 livering-roller. 
 
 157080 
 94248 
 
 10.99560 inches circumference of second creeper, or 
 20.405 delivering-rollers. 
 
 649780 
 4398240 
 2199120 
 
 224.3652180 inches creeper, or delivering-roller, traverses 
 
 a minute. 
 
 N.B. — The draught of any jriece of machinery may be ascer- 
 tained by dividing the distances traversed, into each other, as 
 will appear in a future part of this tvorlc. 
 
DIMENSIONS AND MOTIONS OF A DOUBLE BLOWING MACHINE. 35 
 
 DIMENSIONS AND MOTIONS OF A DOUBLE BLOWING MACHINE. 
 
 Beaters make 1435 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Feed-cloth-roller makes 6.3 revolutions a minute. 
 
 First feed-roller makes 13.65 revolutions a minute. 
 
 First creeper-roller makes 9.6 revolutions a minute. 
 
 First wire cylinder makes 1.6 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Second feed-roller makes 20.8 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Second creeper, or delivering-roller, in the front of machine, 
 
 makes 20.405 revolutions a minute. 
 Second wire cylinder makes 4.888 revolutions a minute. 
 Distance of grate-bars from each other J an inch. 
 Distance of grate-bars from beaters 1|- to J an inch. 
 Diameter of beaters 18 inches. 
 Diameter of feed-cloth-rollers 3 inches. 
 Diameter of iron-feed-rollers IJ inch. 
 Diameter of plain iron-rollers 2 inches. 
 Diameter of creeper-rollers 3| inches. 
 Diameter of wire cylinder 22 inches. 
 
 ]^.B. — The rollers not named a second time are of the same di- 
 mensions as those above. 
 
 Feed-cloth-roller traverses 59.37624 inches a minute. 
 First creeper-roller traverses 105.55776 inches a minute. 
 Second feed-roller traverses 98 inches a minute — nearly. 
 Second creeper, or delivering-roller, traverses 224.365218 inches 
 a minute. 
 
 N.B. — The above particulars ivill materially differ from some 
 blowing machines, but the particulars of any machine may be 
 found by following the examples and illustrations laid down. 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 It has become very general of late years to have two lap ma- 
 chines, in place of a blowing machine and a lap machine, and 
 where it is the case, two or three laps from the first machine are 
 put up at the second, which has a great tendency to equalize the 
 lap, and produce more even carding; however, the following are 
 the particulars where only a certain weight is fed on a given 
 length of the feed-cloth without any doubling, but there will be 
 little difference in the machine further than the diiference at the 
 feeding parts, or in the draughts of the machine. 
 
36 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 If the shaft for driving a lap machine makes 315.3747 revo- 
 lutions a minute, the drum on said shaft 40.5 inches diameter, 
 and the pulley on the beater end 11.25 inches diameter; how 
 many revolutions will the beater make a minute? 
 
 315.3747 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 40.5 
 
 15768735 
 126149880 
 
 Inches diam. \ ii.25)12772.67535(1135.3489 revols. of beater 
 of pulley, / ^ 
 
 a 
 
 1125 minute. 
 
 1522 
 1125 
 
 3976 
 3375 
 
 6017 
 5625 
 
 3925 
 3375 
 
 5503 
 4500 
 
 10035 
 9000 
 
 10350 
 10125 
 
 225 
 
 If a pulley 4.75 inches diameter be fixed on the end of a beater 
 making 1135.3489 revolutions a minute ; what revolutions a 
 minute will a shaft make with a pulley fixed on it 31.5 inches 
 diameter, and driven by a strap from the pulley 4.75 inches 
 diameter ? 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 37 
 
 1185.3489 revolutions of beater a min. 
 4.75 in. diam. of pulley on beater 
 
 = end. 
 
 56767445 
 79474423 
 45413956 
 
 Inches diam of J 31,5)5392.907275(171.2 revols. of shaft work- 
 pulley on shaft, ^ r ^ • • • , 
 ^ *' ^ ^ 315 mg geering a minute. 
 
 2242 
 2205 
 
 379 
 315 
 
 640 
 
 630 
 
 10 
 
 If a wheel 14 teeth be fixed on shaft making 171.2 revolu^ 
 tlons a minute, and works into a carrying-wheel with 30 teeth, 
 which drives a wheel 88 teeth on geering-shaft ; what number of 
 revolutions a minute will the geering-shaft make. 
 
 171.2 revols. of shaft a min. working geering, 
 14 teeth wheel fixed on said shaft. 
 
 6848 
 1712 
 
 Teeth of wheel ) ' 
 
 on geering- > 88)2396.8(27.236 revols. a minute of geering- 
 shaft, ) 176 shaft. 
 
 636 
 616 
 
 208 
 176 
 
 320 
 264 
 
 560 
 628 
 
38 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 If a wheel with 16 teeth be fixed on a shaft making 27.236 
 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel 88 teeth on the end of 
 lap-roller; how many revolutions will the lap-roller make a 
 minute ? 
 
 27.236 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 16 teeth wheel on said shaft. 
 
 163416 
 27236 
 
 kprol^er^^^^^ \ ^^vols. of lap-roller a min. 
 
 837 
 792 
 
 457 
 440 
 
 176 
 176 
 
 iV. B. — There is a wheel of 30 teeth fixed on the first lap-roller^ 
 which tvorJcs into a wheel 20 teeth on stud, which drives a 
 wheel 30 teeth on the second lap-roller, consequently it will he 
 the same speed as the first. 
 
 If a wheel 22 teeth fixed on geering-shaft, make 27.236 revo- 
 lutions a minute, works into a wheel 88 teeth on front iron-roller; 
 what number of revolutions will the front iron-roller make a 
 minute ? 
 
 27.236 revols. of geering-shaft a min. 
 22 teeth wheel on geering-shaft. 
 
 54472 
 54472 
 
 Teeth of wheel on ) 88)599.192(6.809 revolutions of front iron- 
 iront iron-roller, \ Voo n • i. 
 
 ' ozo roller a minute. 
 
 711 
 704 
 
 792 
 792 
 
 ii 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 39 
 
 If a 'wheel of 20 teeth fixed on the front iron-roller, making 
 6.809 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel of 19 teeth on 
 stud, which works into a wheel of 19 teeth on creeper-roller; 
 what number of revolutions will the creeper-roller make a minute ? 
 
 6.809 revolutions of iron-rollers a min. 
 20 teeth wheel fixed on iron-rollers, 
 
 Teethof wheel on | i9^i36.i80(7.167 revol. of creeper-roller a 
 creeper-roller, / ^^33 
 
 31 
 19 
 
 128 
 114 
 
 140 
 183 
 
 If a wheel of 18 teeth fixed on the end of creeper-roller, making 
 7.167 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel with 64 teeth on 
 stud, which works into a wheel of 96 teeth on wire cylinder end; 
 what number of revolutions will the wire cylinder make a minute ? 
 
 7.167 revols. of creeper-roller a min. 
 18 teeth wheel fixed on creeper-roller. 
 
 57336 
 7167 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 
 a^eemoiwneeion 96)129.006(1.3438 revols. of wire cyl. a min. 
 Wire cylinder, ) qp 
 
 96 
 
 830 
 288 
 
 420 
 384 
 
 — - 780 
 
 366 768 
 288 
 
40 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 If a wheel with 36 teeth, fixed on the end of the creeper-roller, 
 making 7.167 revolutions a minute, works into a wheel with 36 
 teeth on feed-roller shaft, and on the other end of feed-roller 
 shaft is a wheel with 46 teeth, which works into a wheel with 30 
 teeth on feed-roller end ; what number of revolutions will the 
 feed-rollers make a minute? 
 
 7.167 revols. of creeper-roller a min. 
 46 teeth on end of feed-roller shaft. 
 
 43002 
 28668 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 feed-roller, 
 
 10.9894 nearly 11 revolutions of feed- 
 rollers a minute. 
 
 N'. B. — The two 36 teeth wheels are not noticed, the one being a 
 driver, and the other driven. 
 
 If a wheel with 12 teeth fixed on feed-rollers, making 10.9894 
 revolutions a minute, works into a stud-wheel of 26 teeth, work- 
 ing into wheel of 26 teeth on feed-cloth-roller end; what number 
 of revolutions will the feed-cloth-roller make a minute? 
 
 30)329.682 
 
 10.9894 revols. of feed-roller a min. 
 12 teeth wheel on feed-rollers. 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 1 26)181.8728(5.072 revols. of feed-cloth- 
 feed-cloth-roller, / ^^3^ roller a minute. 
 
 187 
 
 182 
 
 52 
 52 
 
 What number of inches will the feed-cloth traverse a minute, 
 if the diameter of feed-cloth-roller be 3 inches, making 5.072 
 revolutions a minute ? 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 41 
 
 N. B. — To find the circumference of wheels, drums, pulleys, roll- 
 ers, ffc, multiply the diameters hy 3.1416, tuhich is equal to the 
 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 5.072 revols. of feed-cloth roller a min. 
 3 inches diameter of feed-cloth-rol. 
 
 15.216 
 3.1416 
 
 91296 
 15216 
 60864 
 15216 
 45648 
 
 47.8025856 being rather more than 47| in. 
 
 feed-eloth traverses a minute. 
 
 If the feed-rollers of lap machine be 1| inch diameter, making 
 10.9894 revolutions a minute; what number of inches will they 
 traverse a minute? 
 
 10.9894 revolutions of feed-rollers a min. 
 1.5 inch diameter of feed-rollers. 
 
 549470 
 109894 
 
 16.48410 
 
 3.1416 cii'cumference when the diam. is 1. 
 
 989046 
 164841 
 659364 
 164841 
 494523 
 
 51.78644856 inches feed-rols. traverse a min. 
 
 What is the draught between feed-cloth and feed-rollers, from 
 the two preceding examples? 
 4 
 
42 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 Inches feed-cloth traverses. Inches feed- rollers traverse. 
 
 47.8025856)51.78644856(1.083 inch draught be- 
 478025856 tween feed-cloth 
 
 and feed-roller. 
 
 3983862960 
 3824206848 
 
 1596561120 
 1434077568 
 
 162483552 
 
 If the creeper-roller at lap machine be 3| inches diameter, 
 making 7.167 revolutions a minute; what number of inches will 
 it traverse in a minute ? 
 
 7.167 revolutions of creeper-roller a minute. 
 3.5 inches diameter of creeper-roller. 
 
 35835 
 21501 
 
 25.0845 
 
 3.1416 equal to circumference when diam. is 1. 
 
 1505070 
 250845 
 
 1003380 
 
 250845 
 752535 
 
 78.80546520 inches creeper traverses a minute. 
 
 Required the draught between the feed-rollers and the creeper ; 
 the feed-rollers traversing 51.78644856 inches a minute, and the 
 creeper the same as in the preceding example. 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 43 
 
 Inches feed-rollers traverse. Inches the creeper traverses. 
 
 51.78644856)78.80546520(1.5217 draught between 
 5178644856 feed-roller and 
 
 creeper-rollers. 
 
 27019016640 
 25893224280 
 
 11257923600 
 10357289712 
 
 9006338880 
 5178644856 
 
 38276940240 
 36250513992 
 
 2026426248 
 
 If the iron-roller in front of lap machine be 3 j | inches diame- 
 ter, making 6.809 revolutions a minute; what number of inches 
 will it traverse a minute? 
 
 f4)15.00 decimal of}! = .9375 
 16^ 
 
 ( 4)3.75 
 
 inches. 6.809 revols. of iron-rol. a min. 
 
 .9375 therefore=3i| = 3. 9375 inches diam. on iron-rol. 
 
 34045 
 47663 
 20427 
 61281 
 20427 
 
 26.8104375 
 
 3.1416 circum. when diam. is 1. 
 
 1608626250 
 268104375 
 1072417500 
 268104375 
 804313125 
 
 84.22767045000 inches, or 84} inches 
 nearly, iron-roller front of lap machine traverses a minute. 
 
44 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 Required the draught between creeper-roller and iron-roller, 
 from the preceding examples. 
 Inches. Inches. 
 
 78.8)84.22767(1.068 draught between creeper-roller 
 788 and iron-roller at lap machine. 
 
 5427 
 4728 
 
 6927 
 
 6996 6304 
 6304 
 
 623 
 
 B. — It is not practically necessary or requisite to carry any 
 examples to more than 3 or 4 decimal figures, however they may 
 occur in multiplying ; hut they may be used if thought proper 
 in dividing. 
 
 If the lap-roller be 6| inches diameter, making 4.952 revolu- 
 tions a minute; how many inches will it traverse a minute? 
 
 4.952 revolutions of lap-roller a minute. 
 6.5 inches diameter of lap-roller. 
 
 24760 
 29712 
 
 32.1880 
 3.1416 
 
 193128 
 32188 
 128752 
 32188 
 96564 
 
 101.1218208 inches lap-roller traverses a minute. 
 
 Required the draught between the iron-roller and the lap-roller, 
 from the preceding examples. 
 
 Inches. Inches lap-roller traverses a minute. 
 84,2276)101.1218208(1.2 draught between iron-roller and 
 842276 lap-roller. 
 
 1689422 
 1684552 
 
 4870 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 The total draught at the lap machine may be ascertained by. 
 multiplying the diflferent draughts into each other : 
 
 OR, 
 
 By multiplying all the driving-wheels together, beginning at 
 the wheels driving the lap-roller, and taking them respectively 
 (except the driving and driven-wheels, which, being of the same 
 number of teeth, are omitted) to the feed-cloth-roller, the pro- 
 duct of which must be multiplied by the diameter of the feed- 
 cloth-roller, for a divisor, and all the driven-wheels multiplied in 
 the same manner, the products of which must be multiplied by 
 the diameter of the lap-roller for a dividend, and the quotient 
 will be the draught, as in the following examples: — 
 
 Draught between feed-cloth and feed-rollers 1.08. 
 Draught between feed-roller and creeper-roller 1.52. 
 Draught between creeper-roller and iron-roller 1.068. 
 Draught between iron-roller and lap-roller 1.2. 
 
 1.08 draught between feed-cloth and feed-rollers. 
 1.52 draught between feed-roller and creeper-roller. 
 
 216 
 540 
 108 
 
 1.6416 
 
 1.0688 draught between creeper-roller and iron-roller. 
 
 131328 
 131328 
 98496 
 164160 
 
 1.75454208 
 
 1.2 draught between iron-roller and lap-roller. 
 
 350908416 
 175454208 
 
 2.105450496 total draught at lap machine. 
 
 THE SAME EXAMPLE AS LAST — BY WHEELS. 
 
 The first driven- wheel on lap-roller is 88 teeth, working into a 
 •wbeel 16 teeth on the end of geering-shaft ; then on the other 
 
46 
 
 LAP MACHINE. 
 
 end of geering-shaft there is a wheel with 22 teeth, working into 
 a wheel with 88 teeth on iron-roller; on the other end of iron- 
 roller a wheel with 20 teeth works into a wheel with 20 teeth on 
 the top-roller, which works into a wheel with 20 teeth on a stud, 
 which works into a wheel with 19 teeth on the creeper-roller end; 
 on the other end of creeper-roller there is a wheel with 36 teeth, 
 working into a wheel with 36 teeth on the end of the feed-roller- 
 shaft; on the other end of the feed-roller-shaft there is a wheel 
 with 46 teeth working into a wheel with 30 teeth on the end of 
 the feed-roller; on the other end of the feed-roller there is a 
 wheel with 12 teeth working into a wheel with 26 teeth on a stud, 
 which works into a wheel with 26 teeth on the end of the feed- 
 cloth-roller ; the lap-roller is 6| inches diameter, and the feed- 
 cloth-roller 3 inches diameter; what is the draught at lap 
 machine ? 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 88 teeth wheel on lap-roller. 
 22 teeth wheel on geering-shaft. 
 
 176 
 176 
 
 1936 
 
 20 teeth wheel on iron-roller. 
 
 38720 
 
 46 teeth wheel on- feed-shaft. 
 
 232320 
 154880 
 
 1781120 
 
 12 teeth wheel on feed-roller. 
 
 21373440 
 
 3 inches diameter of feed-cloth-roller. 
 
 64120320 divisor. 
 
 JV. B. — The carrying^ or connecting wheels, and driving and 
 driven-wheels working together, where they contain the same 
 number of teeth, are omitted, as will be found in the preceding 
 and following examples: — 
 
LAP MACHINE. 
 
 »RIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 16 teeth wheel on geering-shaft. 
 88 teeth wheel on iron-roller. 
 
 128 
 128 
 
 1408 
 
 19 teeth wheel on ereeper-roller. 
 
 12672 
 1408 
 
 26752 
 
 30 teeth wheel on feed-roller. 
 
 802560 
 
 26 teeth wheel on feed-cloth-roller. 
 
 4815360 
 1605120 
 
 20866560 
 
 6.5 diameter of lap-roller. 
 
 104382800 
 125199360 
 
 135632640.0 dividend. 
 
 Divisor. 
 
 64120320)135632640(2.115 draught at lap machine. 
 128240640 
 
 73920000 
 64120320 
 
 97996800 
 64120320 
 
 338764800 
 320601600 
 
 18163200 
 
48 
 
 CARDING-ENGIISiE. 
 
 iV. B. — The small difference hetiveen the last two examples is in 
 the method of ivorldng, arising from the decimal parts ; how- 
 ever, working draughts by wheels, as in the last example, is the 
 surest ^vay where great accuracy {which is indispensable), is 
 required. 
 
 The following are the particulars of a lap machine, where 
 there are no doublings : — 
 
 Beater makes 1135.348 revolutions a minute. 
 Feed-cloth-roller makes 5.072 revolutions a minute. 
 Feed-rollers make 10.9894 revolutions a minute. 
 Creeper-roller makes 7.167 revolutions a minute. 
 Iron-rollers make 6.809 revolutions a minute. 
 Lap-rollers make 4.952 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Distance of grate-bars from each other | an inch. 
 Distance of grate from beater 1 inch. 
 Diameter of beater 18 inches. 
 Diameter of feed-cloth-roller 3 inches. 
 Diameter of feed-rollers 1| inch. 
 Diameter of creeper-roller 3J inches. 
 Diameter of iron-rollers 3J| inches. 
 Diameter of lap-rollers 6|- inches. 
 
 Feed-cloth-roller traverses 47.7025856 inches a minute. 
 Feed-rollers traverse 51.78644856 inches a minute. 
 Creeper-rollers traverse 78.8054652 inches a minute. 
 Iron-rollers traverse 84.2276704 inches a minute. 
 Lap-rollers traverse 101.12182808 inches a minute. 
 
 Draught between feed-cloth and feed-rollers 1.108. 
 Draught between feed-rollers and creeper 1.52. 
 Draught between creeper and iron-rollers 1.0688. 
 Draught between iron-rollers and lap-rollers 1.2. 
 
 Total draught at lap machine 2.115. 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 Carding-engines are of various constructions, but the construc- 
 tion of machinery will make no difference in the system of cal- 
 culation, as all the various speeds, &c., are ascertained from that 
 part which first receives motion, which is without exception the 
 main cylinder. 
 
 4 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 49 
 
 The opinions of persons connected with cotton carding are dif- 
 ferent; however, all nearly agree in the most essential points, 
 that is, in having the cards true and sharpened to a diamond 
 point, and whether worked with rollers, rollers and clearers, 
 rollers clearers and part Jlats, or all flats, to have the wire set 
 near as possible, so as not to touch each other, the first 3 or 4 
 flats set rather more on the heel, or back of card, for the purpose 
 of detaining the heavy dirt. Some kinds of cotton require con- 
 siderably more carding than others ; however, it may be observed, 
 that the less cotton is carded the better, so that the dirt is taken 
 out, and the fibres laid straight, after which, the cotton by being 
 continued in the cards is only iveakened, consequently the yarns 
 will be weakened in proportion, which must appear reasonable to 
 any practical person. 
 
 If a shaft make 95.3057 revolutions a minute, with a drum 
 fixed on it 16 inches diameter; what number of revolutions a 
 minute will the main cylinder of a carding-engine make, with a 
 pulley fixed on it 14 inches diameter, and driven with a strap 
 from the drum 16 inches diameter? 
 
 95.3057 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 16 inches diameter of drum. 
 
 If the main cylinder of a carding-engine makes 108.92 revo- 
 lutions a minute, with a wheel on its axis of 22 teeth, working 
 into a wheel of 140 teeth on stud — on same stud there is a wheel 
 of 32 teeth, working into a wheel of 130 teeth on a stud, which 
 drives a wheel of 130 teeth on end of dofi"er-cylinder — what num- 
 ber of revolutions will the main cylinder make for the dofi'er- 
 cylinder one, and what number of revolutions will the doffer- 
 cylinder make a minute ? 
 
 5718342 
 953057 
 
 Inches diam. of 
 pulley. 
 
 14)1524.8912(109 revols. of main cylinder a 
 14 minute. 
 
 124 
 
 126 — nearly. 
 
50 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 140 teeth wheel on stud. 
 130 teeth wheel on doffer-cylinder end. 
 
 4200 
 140 
 
 18200 divisor. 
 
 108.92 revolutions of main cylinder a min. 
 22 teeth wheel on axis of cylinder. 
 
 21784 
 21784 
 
 2396.24 
 
 32 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 479248 
 718872 
 
 18200)76679.68(4.213 revols. of doffer-cylinder a min. 
 72800 
 
 38796 
 36400 
 
 23968 
 18200 
 
 57680 
 54600 
 
 3080 
 
 The revolutions of the main cylinder for the doflFer- cylinder 
 one, will be found by dividing the revolutions of the main cylin- 
 der by the revolutions of the doffer-cylinder. 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 51 
 
 Revols. of doffer-cyl. 4.213)108.92(25.85 revols. of main cyl. for 
 
 8426 doffer 1. 
 
 24660 
 21065 
 
 35950 
 33704 
 
 22460 
 21065 
 
 1395 
 
 The number of revolutions the main cylinder makes for the 
 doffer-cylinder one, will be found by multiplying the driving- 
 wheels together for a divisor, and the driven-wheels together for 
 a dividend, as in the following example: — 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 Wheel on cylinder end 22 teeth. 
 Wheel on stud 32 teeth. 
 
 44 
 66 
 
 704 divisor. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 Wheel on stud 140 teeth. 
 Wheel on doffer-cylinder 130 teeth. 
 
 4200 
 140 
 
 18200 dividend. 
 704)18200(25.85 revols. main cylinder makes for 
 1408 doffer-cylinder 1. 
 
 4120 
 3520 
 
 3680 
 
 6000 3520 
 5632 
 
52 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 What will the main cylinder of a carding-engine traverse a min. 
 if it makes 108.92 revolutions, and its diameter be 37 inches? 
 
 108.92 revols. of main cyl. a minute. 
 37 inches diam. of main cylinder. 
 
 76244 
 32676 
 
 4030.04 
 
 3.1416 circum. when the diam. is 1. 
 
 2418024 
 403004 
 
 1612016 
 
 403004 
 1209012 
 
 1 foot = 12 in.)12660.773664 
 
 1 yard = 3 feet)1055.064472 
 
 inches main cyl. trav. a minute, 
 feet main cyl. trav. a minute. 
 
 351.688157333 yards main cyl. trav. a min. 
 
 What surface will the doffer-cyl. of a carding-engine traverse 
 a minute, if it makes 4.213 revolutions, and is 18 inches diameter? 
 
 4,213 revolutions of doffer-cyl. a minute. 
 18 inches diameter of doffer-cylinder. 
 
 33704 
 4213 
 
 75.834 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 
 455004 
 75834 
 
 303336 
 
 76834 
 227502 
 
 1 foot = 12 in.)238.2400944 inches doffer-cyl. trav. a minute. 
 
 1 yard = 3 feet )19.8533412 feet doffer-cyl. trav. a minute. 
 
 6.6177804 yards doffer-cyl. trav. a minute. 
 
 4 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 53 
 
 How many feet of fillet, 2 inches wide, will it require to cover 
 a doffer-cylinder 18 inches diameter, and 36 inches wide ? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 18 inches diameter of doffer-cylinder. 
 
 251328 
 31416 
 
 56.5488 
 
 36 inches width of doffer-cylinder. 
 
 3392928 
 1696464 
 
 orfiHet^^^*^ I 2)2035.7568 inches area of doffer-cylinder. 
 1 foot = 12 in.)1017.8784 inches of fillet required for cyl. 
 
 84.8232 or nearly 85 feet of fillet required 
 for cylinder. 
 
 N". B. — By taking the taper off one end of the fillet, and putting 
 it to the other end, nearly b feet of fillet will be saved; conse- 
 quently 80 feet of the above fillet will be sufficient to cover a 
 cylinder of the above dimensions. 
 
 Whatever the width of the fillet is, divide the number of inches 
 in the area of the cylinder, by the width of the fillet, and the 
 quotient will be the number of inches required to cover the cylin- 
 der ; then deduct the inches in the circumference of the cylinder 
 from the quotient, and the remainder will be the net length of 
 fillet required. 
 
 iV^. B. — The circumference of the cylinder must only be deducted 
 when the taper end is cut off the beginning of the fillet, and is 
 intended to be put on at the other end. 
 
 How many feet of 1^ inch fillet will be required to cover a 
 cylinder 18 inches diameter, and 36 inches wide? 
 
CAKDING-ENGINB. 
 
 3.1416 equal to circum. when diam. is 1. 
 18 inches diameter of cylinder. 
 
 251328 
 31416 
 
 56.5488 circumference of cylinder. 
 36 inches width of cylinder. 
 
 3392928 
 1696464 
 
 2035.7568 
 
 Deduct 56.5488 circumference of cylinder. 
 
 1.5)1979.2080(1319.472 inches of fillet required 
 
 29 1 ft. = 12 in.)1319.472 inches. 
 15 
 
 1 yd. = 3 feet)109.956ornearlyll0ft. 
 
 142 
 
 70 
 60 
 
 108 
 105 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 Required the speed of the feed-rollers of a carding-engine, 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of doffer-cylinder a minute 4.213. 
 
 Wheel on dofier-cylinder end, driving feed-roller-shaft 28 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on feed-roller-shaft (doffer end) 28 teeth. 
 
 W^heel on feed-roller-shaft, driving feed-rollers 13 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on feed-roller end 128 teeth. 
 
 to cover the cylinder. 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 Or, 
 
 135 
 
 36.652yds., nearly 36f 
 yards. 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 55 
 
 iV. B. — The wheels 28 teeth on the doffer-cylinder end, and feed- 
 roller-shaft, may be omitted, the one bemg a driving and the 
 other a driven-wheel. 
 
 4.213 revols. of doifer-cyl. a minute. 
 13 teeth ■wheel on feed-roller shaft. 
 
 12639 
 4213 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 1 i28)54.769(.4278 revols. of feed-rols. a min. 
 leed-roller-shart, j ' g-j^2 
 
 356 
 256 
 
 1009 
 896 
 
 1130 
 1024 
 
 106 
 
 If the diameter of the fecd-rollcrs be 1^ inches, making .4278 
 revolutions a minute ; how many inches will the feed-rollers tra- 
 verse? 
 
 .4278 revolutions of feed-rollers a min. 
 1.5 inches diameter of feed-rollers. 
 
 21390 
 4278 
 
 .64170 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 385020 
 64170 
 256680 
 64170 
 192510 
 
 2.015964730 or 2g'g inches nearly feed-rollers 
 traverse a minute. • 
 
56 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE, 
 
 What length of lap will be required to supply a carding-engine 
 1 day, allowing it to work 10 hours (2 hours being allowed for 
 stripping, grinding, &c.), if the feed-rollers traverse 2. 01596472 
 inches a minute? 
 
 2.01596472 inches feed-rols. traverse a minute. 
 60 minutes = 1 hour. 
 
 120.95788320 
 
 10 hours = 1 day. 
 
 1209.57883200 inches, or nearly 100 feet 10 
 inches a day. 
 
 Required the weight of cotton to supply a carding-engine 1 
 day, the feed-rollers of which traverse over a surface equal to 
 1209.578832 inches, there being 24 ounces fed on 30 inches of 
 feed-cloth at lap machine, and the draught at lap machine being 
 2.115. 
 
 oz. cotton. 
 
 Draught at lap machine, 2.115)24.000(11.347517 oz. weight of 30 
 
 2115 inches of lap. 
 
 2850 
 2115 
 
 7350 
 6345 
 
 10050 
 8460 
 
 15900 
 14805 
 
 10950 
 10575 
 
 3750 
 2115 
 
 16350 
 14805 
 
 1545 
 
 J 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 5T 
 
 Feed-cloth at lap mach. 30 in.)1209.578832 in. feed-rols. trav. 
 
 40.3192944 number of feeds. 
 11.347517 oz. weight of 30 in. 
 of lap. 
 
 2822350608 
 403192944 
 2015964720 
 2822350608 
 1612771776 
 1209578832 
 403192944 
 403192944 
 
 4)457.5238786320048 nearly 457i oz., or 
 
 28/(jR)s. nearly. 
 
 4)114.3809696580012 
 
 28.59524241450031bs. 
 
 Multiply the number of inches (say 30), on which 24 ounces 
 weight of cotton is fed on the feed-cloth at lap machine, by the 
 draught at lap machine, (draught 2.115,) and that sum by the 
 number of ounces in 1ft). for a divisor, and the number of inches 
 the feed-rollers traverse in one day, or 10 hours, by the number 
 of ounces fed on 30 inches on feed-cloth at lap machine, for a 
 dividend, and the quotient will be the pounds weight required to 
 supply the engine. 
 
 2.115 draught at the lap machine. 
 
 30 inches length fed on feed-roller. 
 
 63.450 
 
 16 ounces make one pound. 
 
 380700 
 63450 
 
 5 
 
 1015.200 divisor. 
 
58 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 1209.578832 inches of lap required a day. 
 
 24 oz. weight fed on 30 inches of feed- 
 cloth at lap machine. 
 
 4838315328 
 2419157664 
 
 1015.2)29029.891968(28.5952 pounds a day. 
 
 20304 16 ounces= 1 pound. 
 
 87258 35712 
 81216 5952 
 
 60429 9.5232 oz. 
 
 50760 4 qrs. = l oz. 
 
 96691 2.0928 qrs. 
 91368 
 
 53239 
 50760 
 
 24796 
 20304 
 
 4492 • 
 
 iV". B. — The iveight of cotton required to supply a preparation, 
 must he according to the number of carding-engines. The 
 weight consumed by one carding-engine, multiplied by the 
 number of carding-engines in the preparation, will give the 
 weight of cotton required. 
 
 What number of revolutions will the doffer-cylinder of a card- 
 ing-engine make, for the feed-rollers 1, if the wheels on the 
 doffer-cylinder end and feed-roller-shaft be the same ; and on the 
 other end of feed-roller-shaft, a wheel with 13 teeth, working 
 into a wheel 128 teeth on feed-roller end ? 
 Teeth of wheel on feed-shaft, 13)128(9.846 revols. of dolfer-cyl. for 
 
 117 feed-rollers 1. 
 
 110 
 
 104 80 
 78 
 
CARDING-BNGINE. 
 
 59 
 
 The speed of the lap-rollers at carding-engine is required from 
 the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of feed-rollers a minute, .4278 ; wheel on feed- 
 roller end 17 teeth, working into a wheel 84 teeth on stud, which 
 works into a wheel 46 teeth on lap-roller. 
 
 .4278 revolutions of feed-rollers. 
 17 teeth wheel on feed-rollers. 
 
 29946 
 4278 
 
 46)7.2726(.1581 revols. of lap-rollers a min, 
 46 
 
 267 
 230 
 
 Teeth of wheel on 
 lap-roller, 
 
 372 
 368 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 • If the lap-roller makes .1581 revolutions a minute, and be 3f 
 inches diameter ; what number of inches will it traverse ? 
 .1581 x3.75=.592875x 3.1416=1.8625761, or rather more 
 than l.hl inches, lap-roller traverses a minute. 
 
 If the feed-rollers traverse 2.01596472 inches a minute, and 
 the lap-rollers 1.862576 inches; what draught is there between 
 the feed-rollers and lap-rollers ? 
 
 1.862576 in.)2.01596472(1.082 draught between lap-rollers, 
 1862576 and feed-rollers. 
 
 15838872 
 14900608 
 
 4382640 
 3725152 
 
 657488 
 
60 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 OR, 
 
 xhe draught between the feed-rollers and lap-rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on end of feed-rollers 17 teeth, working into stud-wheel 
 84 teeth, which works into wheel 46 teeth on the end of lap- 
 rollers ? 
 
 Diameter of feed-rollers, IJ inches. 
 Diameter of lap-rollers, 3| inches. 
 
 3.75 inches diameter of lap-rollers. 
 17 teeth in wheel on feed-rollers. 
 
 2625 
 375 
 
 63.75 divisor. 
 
 1.5 inches diameter of feed-rollers. 
 46 teeth wheel on lap-rollers. 
 
 90 
 60 
 
 63.75)69.00(1.0823 draught between lap-rollers and 
 63.75 feed-rollers. 
 
 52500 
 51000 
 
 15000 
 12750 
 
 22500 
 19125 
 
 3375 
 
 Required the draught between the feed-rollers and lap-follers, 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Revolution of feed-rollers a minute, .4278. 
 Revolution of lap-rollers a minute, .1581, 
 Diameter of feed-rollers, 1.5 inches. 
 Diameter of lap-rollers, 3.75 inches. 
 
 1 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 61 
 
 .1581 revolution of lap-rollers a minute. 
 3.75 inches diameter of lap-rollers. 
 
 7905 
 11067 
 4743 
 
 5.92875 divisor. 
 
 .4278 revolution of feed-rollers a minute. 
 1.5 inches diameter of feed-rollers. 
 
 21390 
 4278 
 
 5.92875)6.41700(1.082 draught between feed-rollers 
 592875 and lap-rollers. 
 
 4882500 
 4743000 
 
 1395000 
 1185750 
 
 209250 
 
 What weight of cotton will be required to supply a carding- 
 engine 1 day, or 10 hours, according to the following particu- 
 lars ? 
 
 Weight fed on 30 inches of feed-cloth at lap machine, 24 ounces. 
 
 Draught at lap machine 2.115. 
 
 Lap-roller traverses 1.862576 inches a minute. 
 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 111.754560 
 
 10 hours = 1 day. 
 
 1 foot = 12 in. )1117. 545600 inches a day, lap-rol. traverses. 
 
 93.1288 feet a day, lap-roller traverses. 
 
CAEDING-ENGINE. 
 
 93.1288 feet of lap required a day. 
 
 24 oz. weight fed on 2J feet, or 30 inches of 
 feed-cloth at lap machine. 
 
 3725152 
 1862576 
 
 2235.0912 dividend. 
 
 2.115 draught at lap machine. 
 
 2.5 feet, or 30 in. feed-cloth at lap machine. 
 
 10575 
 4230 
 
 5.2875 
 
 16 ounces = 1 pound. 
 
 317250 
 52875 
 
 84.6000 divisor. 
 
 84.6)2235.0912(26 6i weight of cotton required, 
 1692 to supply a carding-engine 
 1 day, or 10 hours. 
 
 5430 
 
 5076 
 
 354 
 
 16 ounces 1 pound. 
 
 2124 
 354 
 
 84.6)5664(6 oz. 
 5076 
 
 588 
 4 
 
 84.6)2352(2 qrs. 
 1692 
 
CARDING-ENGINB. 
 
 63 
 
 iV. B. — If there had been no draught between the feed-rollers and 
 lap-rollers, the iveight of cotton required would have been 28 
 pounds 9| ounces. 
 
 The speed of the calender-rollers, or delivering-balls, is re- 
 quired from the following particulars : — 
 Revolutions of doffer-cylinder a minute 4.213, 
 Wheel on doffer-cylinder end 130 teeth, working carrying- 
 wheels, which works into a wheel of 28 teeth on delivering-ball- 
 shaft. 
 
 4,213 revolutions of doffer-cylinder a min. 
 130 teeth wheel on doffer-cylinder. 
 
 126390 
 4213 
 
 Teeth of wheel ^ 
 
 on cal. ball- > 28)547.690(19.56 revolutions of delivering-halls 
 shaft, j 28 a minute. 
 
 267 
 252 
 
 156 
 140 
 
 169 
 168 
 
 1 
 
 Required the speed of the calender-rollers, or delivering-balls, 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of main cylinder a minute, 108.92. 
 Wheel on axis of main cylinder, 22 teeth. 
 Wheel on stud, 140 teeth. 
 Wheel on stud, 32 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on doffer-cylinder end, 130 teeth. — (Working carriers.) 
 Wheel on delivering-ball-shaft, 28 teeth. 
 
 108.92 revolutions of main cylinder a minute. 
 22 teeth wheel on axis of main cylinder. 
 
 21784 
 21784 
 
 2396,24 
 
 * 
 
64 
 
 CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 2396.24 
 
 32 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 479248 
 718872 
 
 76679.68 dividend. 
 
 140 teeth wheel on stud. 
 28 teeth wheel on delivering-ball-shaft. 
 
 1120 
 
 280 
 
 3920 divisor. 
 
 Divisor. Dividend. 
 
 3920)76679.68(19.56 revols. of delivering-balls a 
 3920 minute. 
 
 37479 
 35280 
 
 21996 
 19600 
 
 23968 
 23520 
 
 448 
 
 If the calender-rollers, or delivering-balls, make 19.56 revo- 
 lutions a minute, what number of inches, feet, and yards will it 
 traverse, if their diameters be 3| inches? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 3.875 diameter of delivering-balls. 
 
 157080 
 219912 
 251328 
 94248 
 
 12.1737000 
 
CAKDING-BNGINE. ' 65. 
 
 12.1737000 _ vJ-";^ 
 
 19.56 revols. of delivering-balls a minute. 
 
 730422 
 608685 
 1095633 
 121737 
 
 1 ft. = 12 in. )238. 117572 inches, delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 
 1 yd. = 3 ft. )19. 843131 feet, delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 
 6.614377 yards, delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 
 Or, 6 yds. 1 ft. 10^ in. nearly, the delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 
 The speed of the licker-in is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of main cylinder a minute 108.92. 
 Diameter of pulley on cylinder, 14 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on licker-in, 7 inches. 
 
 108.92 revols. of main cyl. a minute. 
 14 inches diameter of pulley. 
 
 43568 
 10892 
 
 Inches diam. of pul. 
 on licker-in, 
 
 217.84 revolutions of licker-in a min. 
 
 JV. 5. — The only utility of a licker-in is the preservation of the 
 cards on the main cylinder, and whilst many approve of them, 
 more disapprove of them. 
 
 The speed of the crank is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of main cylinder a minute, 108.92. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on cylinder for driving crank-shaft, 16 inches. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft, 7 inches. 
 
 7)1524.88 
 
66 
 
 CAKDING-ENGINB. 
 
 108.92 revols. of main cyl. a minute. 
 16 inches diam. of pulley. 
 
 65352 
 10892 
 
 Inches- diam. of pul. ) 7)174972 
 
 on crank-shaft, 
 
 248.96 or nearly 249 revolutions of 
 crank-shaft a minute. 
 Required the draught of a carding-engine from the following 
 particulars ; — 
 
 Lap-rollers at carding-engine traverse 1.862576 inches a minute. 
 Calender-rollers, or delivering-balls, traverse 238.117572 inches 
 a minute. 
 
 1.862576)238.117572(127.843 draught of carding-engine. 
 1862576 
 
 5185997 
 3725152 
 
 14608452 
 13038032 
 
 15704200 
 14900608 
 
 8035920 
 7450304 
 
 5856160 
 5587728 
 
 268432 
 
 Required the draught of a carding-engine from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on calender or delivering-ball-shaft, 28 teeth. 
 Wheel on doffer-cylinder end, 130 teeth. 
 Wheel on feed-roller-shaft, 13 teeth. 
 Wheel on feed-rollers, 128 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on feed-roller end for driving lap-rollers, 17 teeth. 
 Wheel on lap-roller end, 46 teeth. 
 Diameter of calender or delivering-balls, 3.875 inches. 
 Diameter of lap-rollers, 3.75 inches. 
 
CARDINQ-BNGINE. 
 
 67 
 
 JSf.B. — The carrying, or connecting wheels are omitted, as in 
 former examples. 
 
 28 teeth wheel on delivering-ball-shaft. 
 13 teeth wheel on feed-roller-shaft. 
 
 84 
 28 
 
 364 
 
 17 teeth wheel on feed-roller end, driving lap- 
 
 rollers. 
 
 2548 
 364 
 
 6188 
 
 3.75 inches diameter of lap-rollers. 
 
 30940 
 43316 
 18564 
 
 23205.00 divisor. 
 
 130 teeth wheel on doffer-cylinder. 
 128 teeth wheel on feed-rollers. 
 
 3840 
 128 
 
 16640 
 
 46 teeth wheel on end of lap-roller. 
 
 99840 
 66560 
 
 765440 
 
 3.875 diameter of delivering-balls. 
 
 3827200 
 5358080 
 6123520 
 2296320 
 
 2966080.000 dividend. 
 
68 
 
 CARDING-ENGINB. 
 
 23205)2966080.000(127.8 draught of carding-engine. 
 23205 
 
 64558 
 46410 
 
 181480 
 162435 
 
 190450 
 185640 
 
 4810 
 
 If one preparation in the card-room requires 8 carding-engines, 
 and each carding-engine delivers 238.117572 inches of carding a 
 minute ; what length -will the whole preparation of carding-en- 
 gines deliver in one day, allowing them to work 10 hours? 
 
 238.117572 in. of carding delivered a min. (1 engine). 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 14287.054320 inches delivered an hour. (1 engine.) 
 10 hours equal to 1 day. 
 
 142870.543200 inches delivered a day. (1 engine.) 
 
 8 carding-engines, one preparation. 
 
 inches. 
 
 1 ft. = 12)1 142964.345600 inches of carding delivered a day from 
 
 1 preparation. 
 
 1 yd. =3 ft.)95247.0288 feet of carding a day from 1 preparation. 
 
 31749.0096 yds. of carding a day from 1 preparation. 
 
 What length of lap will be required to supply 8 carding-en- 
 gines 1 day, allowing them to produce 1142964.3456 inches of 
 carding, and the draught at the carding-engine to be 128? 
 
CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 69 
 
 Inches of carding. 
 Draught at card. en. 128)1142964.3456(8929.4 inches of lap re- 
 
 1024 quired. 
 
 1189 
 1152 
 
 376 
 256 
 
 1204 
 1152 
 
 523 
 512 
 
 11 
 
 How many weighings of cotton must be fed on the lap machine, 
 (each weighing fed on 30 inches of feed-cloth,) to produce 8929.4 
 inches of lap, allowing the draught at lap machine to be 2.115; 
 and what weight of cotton will it require, allowing each weighing 
 to be 24 ounces? 
 
 2.115 draught at lap machine. 
 30 inches length of feed. 
 
 63.450 in. of lap each weighing produces. 
 
 63.45)8929.4(140.731, nearly 140f weighings of cotton 
 6345 required a day. 
 
 25844 
 25380 
 
 46400 
 44415 
 
 19850 
 19035 
 
 8150 
 6345 
 
 1805 
 
70 
 
 CARBING-ENGINE. 
 
 140.731 number of weighings of cotton required a 
 24 oz. weight of one weighing. [day. 
 
 562924 
 281462 
 
 . , . ) 4)3377.544 
 1 pound IS ( 
 
 16 oz. 844.386 
 
 211.0965 pounds, or 211 pounds 1^ oz. weight of 
 
 16 oz. 1 pound. [cotton required a 
 
 day for 1 prepa- 
 
 5790 ration. 
 965 
 
 1.5440 
 
 4 qrs. 
 
 2.1760 
 
 The foregoing examples are considered sufficient, because what- 
 ever principle may be considered best, the calculations must be 
 made in the same way ; the consumption and production, whether 
 single and double carding, or for coarse or fine spinning, may be 
 ascertained Avith the least trouble and greatest accuracy by a 
 strict adherence to the rules and examples illustrated. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF A CARDING-ENGINE. 
 
 Speed of main-cylinder a minute 108.92 revolutions. 
 Speed of doffer-cylinder a minute 4.213 revolutions. 
 Speed of lap-rollers a minute 0.1581 revolutions. 
 Speed of feed-rollers a minute 0.4278 revolutions. 
 Speed of licker-in a minute 217.84 revolutions. 
 Speed of delivering-balls a minute 19.56 revolutions. 
 Speed of crank a minute 248,96 revolutions. 
 Diameter of main-cylinder 37 inches, traversing 12657.77 inches 
 a minute. 
 
 Diameter of doffer-cylinder 18 inches, traversing 288.24 inches 
 a minute. 
 
 Diameter of licker-in 9 inches, traversing 6159.29 inches a 
 minute. 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 71 
 
 Diameter of lap-rollers 3|- inches, traversing 1.862576 inches a 
 minute. 
 
 Diameter of feed-rollers IJ inches, traversing 2.016 inches a 
 minute. 
 
 Diameter of delivering-balls 3| inches, traversing 238.117572 
 
 inches a minute. 
 Diameter of pulley on main-cylinder 14 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on main-cylinder for crank 16 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft 7 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley for driving licker-in 14 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on licker-in 7 inches. 
 Crank half radius 1| inches, or 3f inches sweep. 
 Draught between lap-rollers and feed-rollers 1.08. 
 Total draught at carding-engine 128 nearly. 
 Weight of lap required to supply a carding-engine 1 day, or 10 
 
 hours 26 pounds 6| ounces. 
 Length of carding delivered per engine a day 142870| inches. 
 Length of lap consumed by 1 carding-engine a day 1117-i inches. 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 FIRST HEAD. 
 
 The shaft under the drawing-frame for driving drawing-boxes, 
 makes 163.38 revolutions a minute. — Drums on shaft are 12 
 inches diameter. — Pulleys on the front rollers are 7 inches di- 
 ameter ; the speed of the front roller is required. 
 
 163.38 revols. of shaft a minute. 
 
 12 inches diam. of drums on shaft. 
 
 Inches diam of pul.)g 9gQ_5Q 
 on front roller, ^ ' 
 
 326.76 revolutions of front roller a min. 
 
 If the front roller of a drawing-frame makes 326.76 revolutions 
 a minute, and its diameter be 1| inches; what will it traverse? 
 
 326.76 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 1.125 inches diameter of front roller. 
 
 163380 
 65352 
 32676 
 32676 
 
 367.60500 
 
72 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 367.60500 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 2205630 
 367605 
 1470420 
 367605 
 1102815 
 
 1154.8678680 nearly 1155 inches, front roller tra- 
 verses a minute. 
 
 The speed of shaft under rollers, for driving middle and back 
 rollers, is required from the following particulars : — 
 Front roller makes 326,76 revolutions a minute. 
 Wheel on front roller for driving wheel on shaft 15 teeth. 
 Wheel on shaft under-rollers for driving middle and back rollers, 
 
 104 teeth. 
 
 326.76 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 15 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 163380 
 32676 
 
 Teeth of wheen 
 
 on shaft under > 104)4901.40(47.128 revols. of shaft under rols. 
 rollers, ) 416 
 
 741 
 
 728 
 
 184 
 104 
 
 300 
 208 
 
 920 
 832 
 
 88 
 
 ■■I 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 73 
 
 The speed of the middle roller is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of shaft under rollers 47.128 a minute. 
 Wheel on shaft for driving middle roller 90 teeth. 
 Wheel on middle roller 33 teeth. 
 
 47.128 revolutions of shaft under rollers. 
 90 teeth wheel on do. [a min. 
 
 Teethofwheelon) 33 4241.520(128.53 revolutions of middle 
 mid. rol., V ''oo ^ n • ^ 
 
 ' 66 roller a minute. 
 
 94 
 66 
 
 281 
 264 
 
 175 
 
 165 
 
 102 
 
 99 
 
 3 
 
 If the middle roller makes 128.53 revolutions a minute, and 
 its diameter be 1^ inches; what will it traverse? 
 
 128.53 revolutions of middle roller a minute. 
 1.125 inches diameter of roller. 
 
 64265 
 25706 
 12853 
 12853 
 
 144.59625 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 86757750 
 14459625 
 67838500 
 14459625 
 
 43378875 454.263579000 inches, middle roller 
 — traverses a minute. 
 
74 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 The draught between the middle and front roller is required, 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Front roller traverses 1154.867868 inches a minute. 
 Middle roller traverses 454.26358 inches a minute. 
 
 454.26358)1154.867868(2.542 draught between middle and 
 90852716 front roller. 
 
 246340708 
 227131790 
 
 192089180 
 181705432 
 
 103887480 
 90852716- 
 
 12984764 
 
 The speed of the back roller is required, from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of shaft under rollers, 47.128 a minute. 
 Wheel on shaft for delivering back roller, 68 teeth. 
 Wheel on back roller, 56 teeth. 
 
 47.128 revols. of shaft under rols. a min. 
 68 teeth wheel on shaft. 
 
 377024 
 282768 
 
 Teeth of wheel ) 56)3204.704(57.22685 revolutions of back roL 
 on DacJc roller, ) ^80 a minute. 
 
 384 
 
 404 336 
 
 392 • 
 
 480 
 
 127 448 
 
 112 
 
 320 
 
 150 280 
 112 
 
DRAWINa-FRAME. 75 
 
 If the back roller makes 57.22585 revolutions a minute, and 
 its diameter be inches; what will it traverse? 
 
 57.22685 revols. of back roller a minute. 
 1.125 inches diam. of back roller. 
 
 28613425 
 11445370 
 5722685 
 5722685 
 
 64.38020625 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 
 38628123750 
 6438020625 
 25752082500 
 6438020625 
 19314061875 
 
 202.256855955000, or 202J inches, back roller tra- 
 verses a minute. 
 The draught between the back and middle roller is required, 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Middle roller traverses 454.26358 inches a minute. 
 Back roller traverses 202.25685 inches a minute. 
 202.25685)454.26358(2.24597 draught between back and 
 40451370 middle roller. 
 
 49749880 
 40451370 
 
 92985100 
 80902740 
 
 120823600 
 101128425 
 
 196951750 
 182031165 
 
 149205850 
 141579795 
 
 7620055 
 
76 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 JSf. B. — The total draught of any machine, zvhere fJiere are inter- 
 mediate draughts, may be found hy multiplying the draughts 
 respectively into each other, the sum of which will be the total 
 draught. 
 
 The draught may also be found by the wheels, as will appear 
 hereafter. 
 
 The speed of the calender-rollers, or delivering-balls, is re- 
 quired from the following particulars: — 
 
 Front roller makes 326.76 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Wheel on front roller 38 teeth, working into carr-ying-wheels. 
 
 Wheel on calender, or delivering-ball-shaft, 100 teeth. 
 
 326.76 revols. of front roller a min. 
 38 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 261408 
 98028 
 
 24.1688 revolutions of calender, or 
 delivering-balls a minute. 
 
 The draught between the front roller and calender-rollers, or 
 delivering-balls, is required from the following particulars: — 
 Front roller traverses 1155 inches a minute. 
 Calender, or delivering-balls trav. 1170.266 inches a minute. 
 
 1155)1170.266(1.013 draught between front roller 
 1155 and delivering-balls. 
 
 1526 
 1155 
 
 3716 
 3465 
 
 251 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 77 
 
 If the calender, or delivering-balls make 24.1688 revolutions 
 a minute, and their diameters be 3 inches ; what will they tra- 
 verse ? 
 
 124.1688 revols. of delivering-balls a minute. 
 3 inches diameter of delivering-balls. 
 
 372.5064 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam, is 1. 
 
 22350384 
 3725064 
 14900256 
 3725064 
 11175192 
 
 1170.26610624 inches, calender-rollers, or deliver- 
 ing-balls traverse a minute. 
 
 The draught at the first head of a drawing-frame is required, 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Back roller makes 57.22685 revolutions a minute. 
 Calender, or delivering-balls, make 124.1688 revols. a min. 
 Diameter of back roller IJ inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 Delivering-balls 3 inches in diameter. 
 
 57.22685 revolutions of back roller a minute. 
 1.125 diameter of back roller. 
 
 28613425 
 11445370 
 5722685 
 5722685 
 
 64.38020625 divisor. 
 
 124.1688 revolutions of delivering-balls. 
 
 3 inches diam. of delivering-balls. 
 
 372.5064 dividend. 
 
78 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 64.38)372.5064(5.786 draught at first head of drawing- 
 32190 frame. 
 
 50606 
 45066 
 
 55404 
 51504 
 
 39000 
 38628 
 
 372 
 
 The draught at the first head of a drawing-frame is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Calender, or delivering-ball, traverses 1170.2661 inches a minute. 
 Back roller traverses 202.2568 inches a minute. 
 
 202.2568)1170.2661(5.786 draught at first head of drawing. 
 10112840 
 
 15898210 
 14157976 
 
 17402340 
 16180544 
 
 12217960 
 12135408 
 
 82552 
 
 The draught at the first head of drawing is required from the 
 following particulars : — 
 / Wheel on front roller 15 teeth, working into wheel 104 teeth on 
 
 shaft under rollers. 
 Wheel on the other end of shaft under rollers 68 teeth, working 
 
 into wheel on back roller 56 teeth. 
 Wheel on calender, or delivering-ball-shaft, 100 teeth, driven by 
 
 carrier-wheels from wheel on front roller, 38 teeth. 
 Diameter of back rollers 1^ inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 Diameter of calender, or delivering-balls 3 inches. 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 79 
 
 100 teeth wheel on delivering-ball-shaft. 
 15 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 1500 
 
 68 teeth wheel on end of shaft on the rols. 
 
 12000 
 9000 
 
 102000 
 
 1.125 inch diameter of back rollers. 
 
 510000 
 204000 
 1122000 
 
 114750.000 divisor. 
 
 38 teeth wheel on front roller, driving deliv.-ball-shaft. 
 104 teeth wheel on shaft under roller. 
 
 152 
 
 380 
 
 3952 
 
 56 teeth wheel on "back roller. 
 
 23712 
 19760 
 
 221312 
 
 3 inches, diameter of delivering-balls. 
 
 14750)663936(5.786 nearly, draught at first head of drawing- 
 573750 frame. 
 
 901860 
 803250 
 
 986100 
 918000 
 
 681000 
 
 688500— nearly- 
 
80 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 What length of carding •will it require to supply the first head 
 of a drawing-frame, having 2 pair of calender, or delivering- 
 balls in front, and 6 ends of carding put up at back to each 
 pair of calender, or delivering-balls, the back roller traversing 
 202.256856 inches a minute? 
 
 202.256856 or rather more than 202J inches. 
 
 12 ends of carding to 2 pair of balls. 
 
 2427.082272 
 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 145624.936320 inches an hour required. 
 
 If there be 8 carding-engines to a preparation, producing 
 1142964 inches a day, how long will it require the first head of 
 a drawing-frame to work, to consume what the carding-engines 
 produce, allowing the first head of drawing-frame to consume 
 145625 inches an hour? 
 
 145625)1142964(7.8486 hours. 
 
 1019375 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 1235890 50.9160, or 7 hours 51 min. nearly. 
 1165000 
 
 708900 
 582500 
 
 1264000 
 1165000 
 
 990000 
 873750 
 
 116250 
 
 iV. B. — It will require the first head of a drawing-frame to work 
 
 7 hours 51 minutes successively, to consume the production of 
 
 8 carding-engines, according to the ttvo foregoing examples. 
 
 The consumption and production of any piece of machinery 
 will be ascertained in the same way ; therefore it will not be re- 
 peated. 
 
DRAWINQ-FBAME. 
 
 81 
 
 What weight of cotton will it require to be fed on the lap ma- 
 chine to produce 1142964 inches of carding a day (which is 
 required to supply the first head of drawings), allowing 24 ounces 
 of cotton to be fed on 30 inches of feed-cloth at the lap machine, 
 and the draught at the carding-engine to be 127.8, and the 
 draught at lap machine 2.115 ? 
 
 Multiply the draughts together, and that product by the num- 
 ber of inches of feed-cloth that your weight of cotton is fed on 
 at lap machine, for a divisor, and the number of inches of carding 
 required to supply your drawing-frame, by the weight fed on the 
 given number of inches of feed-cloth at lap machine, for a divi- 
 dend, and the quotient will be the weight in ounces required. 
 
 127.8 draught at carding-engine. 
 
 2.115 draught at lap machine. 
 
 6390 
 1278 
 1278 
 2556 
 
 270.2970 
 
 30 inches length of feed-cloth at lap 
 
 ■ machine. 
 
 8108.9100 divisor. 
 
 142964 inches of carding required. 
 
 24 ounces, weight fed on feed-cloth at lap 
 
 machine. 
 
 4571856 
 2285928 
 
 8108.91)27431136(3382.8 ounces, or rather more than 211 
 2432673 pounds 8|- oz. weight of cotton re- 
 quired to be fed on the lap machine. 
 
 3104406 
 
 2432673 
 
 6717330 
 6487128 
 
 6802380 
 
 2302020 6487128 
 
 1621782 
 
 315252 
 
82 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 SECOND HEAD, 
 
 The front rollers of the diiferent heads of a drawing-frame are 
 generally of the same speed, and the only difference is the 
 draught between the rollers. 
 
 If the front roller makes 326.76 revolutions a minute, the 
 revolution of the middle roller is required, from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on end of front roller, for driving-shaft under rollers, 14 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on end of shaft under rollers, 104 teeth. 
 Wheel on end of shaft under rollers, driving middle roller, 90 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 33 teeth. 
 
 104 teeth wheel on shaft under rollers. 
 33 teeth wheel on middle roller. 
 
 312 
 312 
 
 3432 divisor. 
 
 326.76 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 14 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 130704 
 32676 
 
 4574.64 
 
 90 teeth wheel on shaft under rollers. 
 
 3432)411717.60(119.9643, or nearly 120 revolutions. 
 
 3432 which middle roller makes 
 
 a min. 
 
 6851 22080 
 3432 20592 
 
 34197 14880 
 30888 13728 
 
 33096 11520 
 30888 10296 
 
 22080 1224 
 
 4 
 
DRAWINa-FRAME. 
 
 83 
 
 If the middle roller at second head of drawing makes 
 119.9643 revolutions a minute, what will it traverse, if the di- 
 ameter be 1^ inch ? 
 
 119.9643 revolutions of middle roller a min. 
 1.125= It inch diameter of roller. 
 
 5998215 
 2399286 
 13196073 
 
 134.9598375 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 8097590250 
 1349598375 
 5398393500 
 1349598375 
 4048795125 
 
 423.98982549000, or nearly 424 inches, the middle 
 roller traverses a minute. 
 
 If the front roller of the second head of drawing traverses 
 1154.867868 inches, and the middle roller traverses 423.989825 
 inches per minute, what draught is there between the middle and 
 front rollers ? 
 
 423.989825)1154.867868(2.72 draught between middle and front 
 847979650 rols. 
 
 3068882180 
 2967928775 
 
 1009534050 
 847979650 
 
 161554400 
 
 Required the draught between the middle and front rollers of 
 the second head of drawing, from the following particulars : — 
 Front roller makes 326.76 revolutions a minute. 
 Middle roller makes 119.96 revolutions a minute. 
 
84 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 119.96)326.76(2.72 draught between the middle and front 
 23992 rollers, second head of drawing. 
 
 86840 
 83972 
 
 28680 
 23992 
 
 4688 
 
 The speed of back roller at second head of drawing is required, 
 from the following particulars : — 
 Speed of front roller, 326.76 revolutions a minute. 
 Wheel on end of front roller for driving-shaft under rollers, 14 
 
 teeth. 
 
 "Wheel on end of shaft under rollers, 104 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on end of shaft under rollers, driving back roller, 68 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on end of back roller, 56 teeth. 
 
 104 teeth wheel of shaft under roller. 
 56 teeth wheel of back roller. 
 
 624 
 520 
 
 5824 divisor. 
 
 326.76 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 14 teeth wheel on end of front roller. 
 
 130704 
 32676 
 
 4574.64 
 
 68 teeth wheel on shaft under rollers. 
 
 3659712 
 2744784 
 
 311075.52 dividend. 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 85 
 
 5824)311075,52(53.412 revolutions of back roller a min. 
 29120 
 
 19875 
 17472 
 
 24035 
 23296 
 
 7392 
 5824 
 
 15680 
 11648 
 
 4032 
 
 If the back roller at the second head of drawing makes 53.412 
 revolutions a minute, and its diameter be IJ inch, what will it 
 traverse ? 
 
 63.412 revolutions of back roller a minute. 
 1.125 = IJ inch diameter of do. 
 
 267060 
 106824 
 687532 
 
 60.088500 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1, 
 
 3605310 
 600885 
 
 2403540 
 
 600885 
 1802655 
 
 188.77403160 inches, the back roller traverses a min. 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers, at the second 
 head of drawing, is required from the following particulars;— 
 Middle roller traverses 424 inches a minute. 
 Back roller traverses 188.774 inches a minute. 
 
86 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 188.774)424.000(2.246 draught between middle 
 377548 and back rols. 2d head 
 
 of drawing. 
 
 464520 
 377548 
 
 869720 
 755096 
 
 1146240 
 1132644 
 
 13596 
 
 The draught between the back and front roller is required, 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Front roller traverses 1154.867868 inches a minute. 
 Back roller traverses 188.774 inches a minute. 
 
 188.774)1154.867868(6.117 draught between the 
 1132644 back and front rols., 
 
 2d head of drawing. 
 
 222238 
 188774 
 
 334646 
 188774 
 
 1458728 
 1321418 
 
 137310 
 
 The total draught at the second head of drawing is required, 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Wheel on calender or delivering-balls'-shaft, 100 teeth. 
 AVheel on front roller, 38 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on front roller, working shaft under front rollers, 14 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on shaft under rollers, 104 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on shaft under rollers, 68 teeth, working into a wheel 
 
 on back rollers, 56 teeth. 
 Diameter of calender or delivering-balls, 3 inches. 
 Diameter of back roller, IJ inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 87 
 
 Multiply the number of teeth in the driving-wheels together, 
 respectively, and that product by the diameter of the back roller, 
 for a divisor, and the number of teeth in the driven-wheels to- 
 gether, and that product by the diameter of the calender, or 
 delivering-balls, for a dividend, and the quotient will be the real 
 or total draught, as in the following example: — 
 
 100 teeth wheel on delivering-ball-shaft. 
 14 tth. wheel on front roL, driving-shaft under 
 
 rollers. 
 
 1400 
 
 68 teeth wheel on shaft under rollers. 
 
 11200 
 8400 
 
 95200 
 
 9 or li inch diameter of back roller. 
 
 856800 divisor. 
 
 38 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 104 teeth wheel on shaft under rollers. 
 
 152 
 380 
 
 3952 
 
 56 teeth wheel on back roller. 
 
 23712 
 19760 
 
 221312 
 
 24 or y = 3 inches, diam. of deliv.-balls. 
 
 885248 
 442624 
 
 5311488 
 
88 
 
 DRAWING-FKAME. 
 
 856800)5311488(6.199, or 6.2 nearly, draught between 
 5140800 back roller and delivering-balls. 
 
 1706880 
 856800 
 
 8500800 
 7711200 
 
 7896000 
 7711200 
 
 184800 
 
 If the third, or last head of drawing be same as the second 
 head, what will the total draught at the three heads of drawing 
 be, and what doubling will there be, allowing 6 ends to be put 
 up against each pair of calender, or delivering-balls, at each head 
 of drawing? 
 
 5.786 draught at first head of drawing. 
 6.199 draught at second head of drawing. 
 
 52074 
 62074 
 5786 
 34716 
 
 35.867414 
 
 6.199 draught at third head of drawing. 
 
 322806726 
 322806726 
 35867414 
 215204484 
 
 222.342099386 rather more than 222/^, total 
 draught at the three heads of 
 drawing. 
 
 -J 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 89 
 
 DOUBLING. 
 
 6 ends of carding, first head of drawing-frame. 
 6 ends of drawing, second head of drawing-frame. 
 
 36 
 
 6 ends of drawing, third head of drawing-frame. 
 
 216 total doubling at drawing-frame. 
 
 B. — The above doubling is small, considering the quantity of 
 doubling at many places ; however, that may be arranged ac- 
 cording to the opinion of managers, cjx. 
 
 If two pairs of calender, or delivering-balls, at the first head 
 of drawing, traverse 1120.266 inches each pair a minute; what 
 length of drawing will they produce in 7.8476 hours, or 7 hours 
 51 minutes? 
 
 1120.266 in., delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 2 pairs at each head of drawing. 
 
 2240..532 
 
 7.8476 hours. 
 
 13443192 
 15683724 
 8962128 
 17924256 
 15683724 
 
 17582.7989232 
 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 1 ft. = 12 in.)1054967.9353920 inches produced in 7.8476 hours. 
 
 1 yard=3 ft.)87913. 994616 feet produced in 7.8476 hours. 
 
 29304.664872 yards produced in 7.8476 hours. 
 
 If the back roller at the second head of drawing traverses 
 188.774 inches a minute, and 12 ends be put up; i. e., 6 ends to 
 each pair of delivering-balls; what time must it work to consume 
 1054968 inches, which the first head of drawing produces ? 
 
90 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 188.774 inches, back roller traverses a minute. 
 12 ends, i. e., 6 to each pair of deliv.-balls. 
 
 2265,288 inches consumed a minute. 
 
 2265.288)1054908.0(465.71 minutes, or 7 hours 45 minutes 
 
 9061152 42| seconds, the second head 
 
 must work, to consume what 
 
 14885280 the first head produces. 
 13591728 
 
 12935520 
 11326440 
 
 10090800 
 15857016 
 
 2337840 
 2265288 
 
 72552 
 
 If 2 pairs of delivering-balls in front of the first head of draw- 
 ing, traverse 1170.266 inches each a minute; what length will 
 they produce if they work successively 7 hours 51 minutes, or 
 7.8476 hours? 
 
 1170.266 inches, delivering-balls traverse a min. 
 
 2 pairs of deliv.-balls traverse in first head. 
 
 2340.532 
 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 140431.920 
 
 7.8476 hours. 
 
 84259152 
 98302344 
 56172768 
 112345536 
 98302344 
 
 1102053.535392 inches, 2 pairs of delivering-balls at first 
 head of drawing produces in 7.8476 hours, or 7 hours 51 min. 
 
DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 91 
 
 If 12 ends be put up n,t the second head of drawing, that is, 
 6 ends to each pair of delivering-balls, and the back roller tra- 
 verses 188.774 inches a minute; what time must the second head 
 of drawing work, to consume what the first head produces, say 
 1102053.5 inches? 
 
 188.774 inches back roller traverses a minute. 
 12 ends. 
 
 2265.288 divisor. 
 
 2265.288)1102053.5(486.5 minutes nearly, or 8 hours 
 9061152 61 minutes. 
 
 19593830 
 18122304 
 
 14715260 
 13591728 
 
 11235320 
 11326440— nearly. 
 
 It requires 8 hours 6J minutes for the second head of drawing 
 to work, to consume what the first head produces. 
 
 iV. B. — The consumption and production of the third head of 
 drawing will he the same as the second head. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF A DRAWING-FRAME. 
 
 First head, front roller, 326.76 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Middle roller, 128.53 revolutions a minute. 
 Back roller, 57.226 revolutions a minute. 
 Delivering-balls, 124.168 revolutions a minute. 
 Diameter of rollers, 1|^ inch. 
 Diameter of delivering-balls, 3 inches. 
 Draught between back and middle rollers, 2.246. 
 Draught betvy-een middle and front rollers, 2.542. 
 Draught between front roller and delivering-balls, 
 1.013. 
 
 Total draught at the first head of drawing, 5.786. 
 
92 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 Second head, front roller, 326.76 revolutions a minute. 
 
 Middle roller, 120 revolutions a minute. 
 Back roller, 53.412 revolutions a minute. 
 Delivering-balls, 124.168 revolutions a minute. 
 Diameter of rollers, 1^ inch. 
 Diameter of delivering-balls, 3 inches. 
 Draught between back and middle roller, 2.246. 
 Draught between middle and front roller, 2721. 
 Total draught at the second head of drawing, 6.123- 
 
 i\r. B. — The third head of drawing is the same as the second head. 
 
 First head, back roller traverses 202.256 inches a minute. 
 
 Delivering-balls traverse 1170.266 inches a minute. 
 Back roller consumes 1142964 inches, or 211R)S. 8| 
 
 oz. in 7 hours 51 minutes. 
 Delivering-balls produce 1102053 inches, or 211ibs. 
 
 8f oz. in 7 hours 51 minutes. 
 
 Second and third head back rollers traverse 188.774 inches a 
 minute. 
 
 Delivering-balls traverse 1170.266 inches a minute. 
 Back rollers consume 1102053 inches, or 211ibs. 8| 
 
 oz. in 8 hours 6J minutes. 
 Delivering-balls produce 1102603 inches, or 211ibs. 
 
 8| oz. in 8 hours 6J minutes. 
 
 iV. B. — The above weights of draiving are the gross weight of 
 cotton; the net weight will be according to its proportionate 
 size, or girt, in any operation, as will be shown hereafter. 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 The tube-frame is well calculated for coarse and medium yarns. 
 
 SPEEDS, DRAUGHTS, ETC., OF THE TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 Speed of shaft for driving-frame, 143 revolutions a minute. 
 Diameter of drum on said shaft, 30 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on frame, 9f, or 9.75 inches. 
 
 d 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 93 
 
 143 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 30 inches, diameter of drum on shaft. 
 
 Diam. of pulley 9.75 in. )4290.00(440 revolutions a minute of 
 3900 front rollers, second head. 
 
 3900 
 3900 
 
 N.B. — There are 2 sets or tiers of rollers to some of these 
 frames; the hack or receiving-rollers are called the first head^ 
 and the front or delivering-rollers the second head. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 400. 
 Wheel on front rollers 21 teeth, working into stud-wheel 42 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on same stud 30 teeth, working into wheel 32 teeth 
 on the end of middle rollers. 
 
 440 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 21 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 440 
 880 
 
 9240 
 
 30 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 277200 dividend. 
 
 42 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 32 teeth wheel on middle roller. 
 
 84 
 126 
 
 1344 divisor. 
 
94 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 1344)277200(206.25, or 206^ revols. of mid. rols, a min. 
 2688 
 
 8400 
 8064 
 
 3360 
 2688 
 
 6720 
 6720 
 
 The speed of the back rollers is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 440. 
 Wheel on front rollers 23 teeth, working into wheel 44 teeth on 
 stud; on same stud there is a wheel 20 teeth, working into 
 wheel 41 teeth on back rollers. 
 
 44 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 41 teeth wheel on back roller. 
 
 44 
 176 
 
 1804 divisor. 
 
 440 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 23 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 1320 
 
 880 / 
 
 10120 
 
 20 teeth wheel on stud- 
 
 202400 dividend. 
 
 I 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 95 
 
 1804)202400(112.195 revolutions of back roller a minute. 
 1804 
 
 2200 
 1804 
 
 3960 
 3608 
 
 3520 
 1804 
 
 17160 
 16236 
 
 9240 
 9020 
 
 220 
 
 The speed of the front rollers at the first head is required from 
 the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of back roller, second head, a minute, 112.195. 
 Wheel on back roller, second head 41 teeth, working into car- 
 rying-wheel 41 teeth on stud, which works into wheel 46 teeth 
 on front roller, first head. 
 
 112.195 revols. of back roL, 2d head, a min. 
 41 teeth wheel on back rol., 2d head. 
 
 112195 
 448780 
 Teeth of wheel ) 
 
 on front rols. [ 46)4599.995(99.9, or 100 revols. nearly, front 
 first head, ) 414 rols. first head, a min. 
 
 459 
 414 
 
 459 
 414 
 
 45 
 
96 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers at the first head is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 100. 
 Wheel on front rollers 21 teeth, working into a wheel on stud 42 
 
 teeth ; wheel 30 teeth on same stud, works into wheel 32 teeth 
 
 on middle roller. 
 
 42 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 32 teeth wheel on middle roller. 
 
 84 
 126 
 
 1344 divisor. 
 
 100 revolutions of front roller a minute. 
 21 teeth wheel on it. 
 
 2100 
 
 30 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 1344)63000(46.875 revols. of mid. rol. a minute. 
 
 5376 
 
 9240 
 8064 
 
 11760 
 10752 
 
 10080 
 9408 
 
 6720 
 6720 
 
 The speed of the back roller at the first head is required from 
 the following particulars : — 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 100. 
 Wheel on front rollers 27 teeth, working into stud wheel 58 teeth ; 
 
 on same stud there is a wheel 17 teeth, working into wheel 58 
 
 teeth on back rollers. 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 97 
 
 58 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 58 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 464 
 290 
 
 3364 divisor. 
 
 100 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 27 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 2700 
 
 17 teeth in wheel on stud. 
 
 18900 
 2700 
 
 3364)45900(13.644 revolutions of back roller a minute. 
 3364 
 
 12260 
 10092 
 
 21680 
 20184 
 
 14960 
 13456 
 
 15040 
 13456 
 
 1584 
 
 iV. B. — When toorldng the speeds of rollers, the driven-ioheels 
 onultiplied into each other will be the divisor. 
 
 The speed of the friction rollers is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Eevolutions of front rollers, second head, a minute, 440. 
 
 Wheel on front rollers 28 teeth, working into wheel 59 teeth on 
 bevil-shaft ; on the other end of bevil-shaft there is a wheel 
 32 teeth, working into wheel 50 teeth on friction-roller-shaft. 
 
98 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 59 teeth wheel on bevil-shaft. 
 50 teeth wheel on friction-roller-shaft. 
 
 2950 divisor. 
 
 440 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 28 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 3520 
 880 
 
 12320 
 
 32 teeth wheel on bevil-shaft. 
 
 24640 
 36960 
 
 2950)394240(133.64 revolutions of friction-rols. a minute. 
 
 2950 
 
 9924 
 
 8850 
 
 10740 
 
 8850 
 
 18900 
 17700 
 
 12000 
 11800 
 
 200 
 
 The speed of the tubes is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of pulley-shaft a minute, 440. 
 Diameter of pulley on said shaft, 18 inches. 
 Diameter of tubes, | inch, or .875 inch. 
 
 440 revolutions of pulley-shaft a min. 
 18 inches, diam. of pul. on said shaft. 
 
 3520 
 440 
 
 7920 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 99 
 
 Inches diam. of tubes. 875)7920(9051.428 revols. of tubes a min. 
 
 7875 
 
 4500 
 4375 
 
 1250 
 875 
 
 3750 
 3500 
 
 2500 
 1750 
 
 7500 
 7000 
 
 500 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers at the first 
 head is required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of back rollers a minute, 13.644. 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 46.875. 
 Diameters of back and middle rollers, 1 inch. 
 
 13.644)46.875(3.435 draught between back and 
 40932 middle rollers. 
 
 59430 
 64576 
 
 48540 
 40932 
 
 76080 
 68220 
 
 7860 
 
 The draught between the middle and front rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 46.875. 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 100. 
 
100 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 Diameter of middle rollers, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1|- inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 100 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 1.125 inch diameter of do. 
 
 46.875)112.500(2.4 draught between middle and front rols. 
 93750 
 
 187500 
 187500 
 
 The total draught at the first head is required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Draught between back and middle rollers, 3.435. 
 Draught between middle and front rollers, 2.4. 
 3.435 
 2.4 
 
 13740 
 6870 
 
 8.2440 nearly 8J total draught, first head. 
 
 The draught between the front roller first head, and the back 
 roller second head, is required from the following particulars: — 
 Revolutions of front rollers first head a minute, 100. 
 Revolutions of back rollers second head a minute, 112.195. 
 Diameter of front rollers first head, 1| inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 Diameter of back rollers second head, 1 inch. 
 
 100 revols. of front roller a min. first head. 
 1.125 inches diameter of front roller. 
 
 112.500 divisor. 
 
 112.5)112.195(0.997 diminution of draught between 
 10125 the two heads of rollers. 
 
 10945 
 10125 
 
 8200 
 7875 
 
 325 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 101 
 
 N. B.—On account of the distance between the first and second 
 head of rollers, a draught would he injurious. 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers at the second 
 head is required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of back rollers a minute, 112.195. 
 Ilevolutions of middle rollers a minute, 206.25. 
 Diameters of middle and back rollers, 1 inch. 
 
 112.195)206.250(1.8383 draught between back and 
 112195 middle rollers second head. 
 
 910550 
 897560 
 
 429900 
 336585 
 
 933150 
 897560 
 
 355900 
 336585 
 
 19815 
 
 The draught between the middle and front rollers at the secondl 
 head is required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 206.25. 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 440. 
 Diameter of middle roller, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of front roller, 1\ inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 1.125 inch, diameter of front rollers. 
 
 440 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 
 45000 
 4500 
 
 206.25)495000(2.4 draught between mid. and front rols. 
 41250 
 
 82500 
 82500 
 
102 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 The draught between the front rollers and friction-rollers is 
 required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 440. 
 Revolutions of friction-rollers a minute, 133.64. 
 Diameter of friction-rollers, 4 inches. 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1^ inch, or 1.125 inch. 
 
 440 revolutions of front rollers. 
 1.125 inches diameter of front rollers. 
 
 45000 
 4500 
 
 495.000 divisor. 
 
 133.64 revolutions of friction-rollers. 
 
 4 inches diameter of friction-rollers. 
 
 495)534.56(1.08 nearly, draught between front 
 495 rollers and friction-rollers. 
 
 3956 
 
 3960— nearly. 
 
 The total draught at the second head is required from the 
 foUov/ing particulars : (including draught between front rollers 
 and friction-rollers.) 
 
 Draught between back and middle rollers, 1.8383. 
 Draught between middle and front rollers, 2.4. 
 Draught between front and friction-rollers, 1.08. 
 
 1.8383 draught between back and middle rollers. 
 2.4 draught between middle and front rols. 
 
 73532 
 36766 
 
 4.41192 draught between back and front rollers. 
 1.08 di'aught between front and friction-rols. 
 
 8529536 
 4411920 
 
 4.7648736 total draught between back rollers second 
 head, and friction-rollers. 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 103 
 
 The total draught at a tube-frame is required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Draught at first head, 8.244 
 Draught at second head, and friction-rollers, 4,764 
 
 32976 
 49464 
 67708 
 32976 
 
 39.274416 total draught. 
 
 The total draught at a tube-frame is required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on friction-roller-shaft 50 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on bevil-shaft 32 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on top of shaft 59 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on front roller second head 28 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on front roller second head 23 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on stud 44 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on same stud 20 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on back roller second head 41 teeth, working into a 
 
 Wheel on stud 41 teeth, which works into 
 
 Wheel on front roller first head 46 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on front roller 27 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on stud 58 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on same stud 17 teeth, working into 
 
 Wheel on back roller first head 58 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of friction-pulley, 4 inches. 
 
 Diameter of back roller fii'st head, 1 inch. 
 
 50 teeth wheel on friction-roller-shaft. 
 
 59 teeth wheel on top of bevil-shaft. 
 
 2950 
 
 23 teeth wheel on front roller second head. 
 
 8850 
 ~ 5900 
 
 67850 
 
 20 teeth wheel on second head. 
 
 1357000 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 1357000 
 
 41 teeth wheel on stud between the heads. 
 
 1357000 
 5428000 
 
 55637000 
 
 27 teeth wheel on front roller first head. 
 
 389459000 
 111274000 
 
 1502199000 
 
 17 teeth wheel on stud first head. 
 
 10515393000 
 1502199000 
 
 25537383000 divisor. 
 
 32 teeth wheel on bevil-shaft. 
 
 28 teeth wheel on front roller second head. 
 
 256 
 64 
 
 896 
 
 44 teeth wheel on stud second head. 
 
 8584 
 3584 
 
 39424 
 
 41 teeth wheel on back roller. 
 
 39424 
 157696 
 
 1616384 
 
 46 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 9698304 
 6465536 
 
 74353664 
 
TUBE-FRAME, 
 
 105 
 
 74353664 
 
 58 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 594829312 
 371768320 
 
 4312512512 
 
 58 
 
 34500100096 
 21562562560 
 
 250125725696 
 
 4 inches diameter of friction-pulley. 
 
 25537383.000)1000502902.784(39.178 total draught between 
 
 76612149 back rols. first head and 
 
 friction-rols. 
 
 234381412 
 229836447 
 
 45449657 
 25537383 
 
 199122748 
 178761681 
 
 203610674 
 204299064— nearly. 
 
 B. — The small difference between this and the other method 
 arises from the decimal farts; however, the last method. is the 
 most accurate. 
 
 If the back rollers at the first head make 13.644 revolutions a 
 minute, and their diameter be 1 inch ; what will they traverse ? 
 
 teeth wheel on back roller first 
 
 head. 
 
 8 
 
lOG 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 13.644 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diam. is 1. 
 
 81864 
 13644 
 54576 
 13644 
 40932 
 
 42.8639904 nearly 43 inches, back rollers tra- 
 verse at first head a minute. 
 
 If 22 drawings be put up at the back of the tube-frame, what 
 length will it consume a minute, if the back rollers traverse 
 42.864 inches a minute? 
 
 42.864 inches back rollers traverse a minute. 
 22 drawings put up at the back of the frame. 
 
 85728 
 85728 
 
 943.008 inches of drawing consumed a minute. 
 
 What time must a tube-frame work to consume 551027 inches 
 of drawing, if it consumes 943 inches a minute.'' 
 
 943)551027(584 minutes, or 9 hours, 44 minutes 
 4715 tube-frame must work successive- 
 
 ly, to consume what the last head 
 
 7952 of drawing produces. 
 7544 
 
 4087 
 3772 
 
 315 
 
 N.B. — There are 1102054 me/tes of drawing produced at the 
 last head of draivings; but on account of the drawing being 
 put up double at the back of the frame, only one-half the length 
 is reckoned for consumption, i. e. 551027 inches. 
 
 t 
 
TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 107 
 
 If the front roller of a tube-frame makes 440 revolutions a 
 minute, and the diameter of the rollers be IJ inch; what length 
 of roving will the frame produce, if it contains 22 tubes, and 
 works 9 hours, 44 minutes successively in 1 day? 
 
 1.125 diameter of front rollers = IJ inch. 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 6750 
 1125 
 4500 
 1125 
 3375 
 
 85.343000 
 
 440 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 
 1413720 
 141372 
 
 1555.0920 inches, each tube receives a minute. 
 22 drawings put up at back of the frame. 
 
 3110184 
 3110184 
 
 34212.024 inches, or 950 yards, 12 inches, or 1 hank 
 110 yards, 12 inches, tube-frame produces a minute, i. e., if there 
 be no draught betwixt the front rollers and the friction-rollers. 
 
 34212 inches of roving produced a minute. 
 584 minutes = 9 hours, 44 minutes. 
 
 136848 
 273696 
 171060 
 
 C 6)19979808 inches of roving produced. 
 
 lyd. = 36in.^ 
 
 t 6)3329968 
 
 554994.66 
 
108 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 Yards in a hank, 840)554994.66(660.7 hanks, or 660 hanks, 4 
 5040 leas, 114 yards. 
 
 5099 
 5040 
 
 5946 
 6880 
 
 66 
 
 If 660 hanks of roving weighs 211JK)S. what hank roving will 
 it be? 
 
 211.5)660.7(3.124, or 3| hank roving nearly. 
 6345 
 
 2620 
 2115 
 
 5050 
 4230 
 
 8200 
 
 8460— nearly. 
 
 iV. B. — If the 211J?5s. of cotton had been carried through all the 
 different processes of carding, drawing, and roving, without 
 any loss, it would have produced a roving equal to 3.124 hanks 
 to the pound, but as loss is sustained in the different processes, 
 that loss can only be accurately ascertained by working the 
 zveight of cotton consumed regularly through all the processes, 
 and ascertaining the net weight of roving which will be accord- 
 ing to the following example. 
 
 If the roving be 3.75 hanks to the pound; what will be the 
 net weight of 660.7 hanks, and what weight will be lost at the 
 different processes, allowing 211Jl]bs. to have been consumed at 
 the carding-engines ? 
 
TUBE-FRAME. ,109 
 
 Hank roving, 3.75)660.7(176.186ibs. weight of roving producM-^-- 
 375 from 211^ibs. of cotton. 
 
 2857 
 2625 
 
 2320 
 2250 
 
 700 
 375 
 
 3250 
 3000 
 
 2500 
 2250 
 
 250 
 
 211.5ibg. of cotton consumed at 1 prep, a day. 
 176,1 BGlbs. of roving produced at 1 prep, a day. 
 
 35.314ibs. loss sustained in working through the 
 different processes, which is nearly 2|- ounces to the pound. 
 
 If a tube-frame produces 176.18Gibs. of roving a day; what 
 weight of roving will it produce in 6 days? 
 
 176.186K)S. of roving produced a day. 
 6 days 
 
 1057.116ibs., or 1057R)S. If oz. a week. 
 16 oz. = ISb. 
 
 696 
 116 
 
 1.856 oz. 
 
 4 qrs. = 1 oz. 
 
 3.424 qrs. 
 
110 
 
 TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF A TUBE-FRAME. 
 
 Revolutions of friction-rollers a minute, 133.64. 
 Revolutions of front rollers second head a minute, 440. 
 Revolutions of middle rollers second head a minute, 206.25. 
 Revolutions of back rollers second head a minute, 112.195. 
 Revolutions of front rollers first head a minute, 100. 
 Revolutions of middle rollers first head a minute, 46.875. 
 Revolutions of back rollers first head a minute, 18.644. 
 Revolutions of tubes a minute, 9051.428. 
 Diameter of friction-rollers, 4 inches. 
 Diameter of tubes, | inch. 
 
 Diameter of front rollers first and second head, Ij inch. 
 Diameter of middle and back rollers first and second head, 1 inch. 
 Tube traverses a minute, 24881 inches. 
 Friction-rollers traverse a minute, 1679 inches. 
 Front rollers second head traverse a minute, 1555 inches. 
 Middle rollers second head traverse a minute, 648 inches. 
 Back rollers second head traverse a minute, 352.5 inches. 
 Front rollers first head traverse a minute, 353.4 inches. 
 Middle rollers first head traverse a minute, 147.24 inches. 
 Back rollers first head traverse a minute, 42.85 inches. 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Draught between back and middle rollers first head, 3.435. 
 Draught between middle and front rollers first head, 2.4. 
 Draught between front rollers first head and back rollers second 
 head, 0.997. 
 
 Draught between back and middle rollers second head, 1.8383. 
 Draught between middle and front rollers second head, 2.4. 
 Draught between front rollers and friction-rollers, 1.08. 
 Total draught at the first head, 8.244. 
 Total draught at the second head, 4.4119. 
 Total draught at tube-frame, 39.178. 
 
 N. B. — The consumption and production is according to the 
 traversing of the rollers, ivhich in all cases will be found hy 
 multiplying the number of revolutions of the rollers by their 
 circumferences. 
 
 The distance of the rollers from each other must be regulated 
 according to the staple and quality of cotton. 
 
SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 Ill 
 
 SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 The speed of the principal, or main-shaft at slabbing-frame, is 
 required from the following particulars ? 
 
 Revolutions of shaft a minute driving slabbing-frame, 114. 
 Diameter of drum on said shaft, 16 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on frame-shaft, 15 inches. 
 
 114 revels, of driving-shaft a minute. 
 16 diameter of drum on driving-shaft. 
 
 684 
 114 
 
 Diam. of pulley, 15 in.)1824(121.6 revols. of frame-shaft a min. 
 15 
 
 32 
 30 
 
 24 
 15 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 The speed of the front rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of frame-shaft a minute, 121.6. 
 
 Wheel on said shaft 64 teeth, working into carrying-wheel 138 
 
 teeth on stud, which works into a wheel 60 teeth on front 
 
 rollers. 
 
 121.6 revols. of frame-shaft a min. 
 64 teeth wheel on said shaft. 
 
 4864 
 7296 
 
 Wheel on front roller, 60 tth.)7782.4 
 
 129.706 revols. of front rols. a min. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
112 
 
 SLABBINQ-FRAME. 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 129.7. 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 stud ; on the same stud a wheel 25 teeth works into wheel 56 
 teeth on back rollers ; wheel on the other end of back rollers 
 30 teeth, working into wheel 64 teeth on stud, which works 
 into wheel 27 teeth on middle rollers. 
 
 129.7 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 24 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 5188 
 2594 
 
 3112.8 
 
 25 teeth wheel on stud. (Change pinion.) 
 
 155Q40 
 
 62256 
 
 77820.0 
 
 30 teeth wheel on back roller. 
 
 2334600 dividend. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 56 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 3920 
 
 27 teeth wheel on middle roller. 
 
 27440 
 7840 
 
 105840 divisor. 
 
 105840)2334600(22.0578 
 211680 
 
 217800 
 211680 
 
 612000 
 529200 
 
 revols. of middle rols. a min. 
 
 828000 
 740880 
 
 871200 
 846720 
 
 24480 
 
SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 113 
 
 The speed of the back rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 129.7. 
 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 
 stud; wheel 25 teeth on same stud, works into wheel 56 teeth 
 
 on back rollers. 
 
 129.7 revolutions of front rollers a min. 
 24 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 5188 
 2594 
 
 3112.8 
 
 25 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 155640 
 62256 
 
 77820.0 dividend. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 56 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 3920 divisor. 
 
 3920)77820(19.852 revolutions of back rols. a minute. 
 
 3920 
 
 38620 
 35280 
 
 33400 
 31360 
 
 20400 
 19600 
 
 8000 
 7840 
 
 160 
 
114 
 
 SLABBING-PRAME. 
 
 The traversing of the front, middle, and back rollers, are re- 
 quired from the three foregoing examples, allowing the front 
 rollers to be Ij inch, and the middle and back rollers 1 inch 
 diameter. 
 
 129.7 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 1.125 inches, diameter of front rollers. 
 
 6485 
 2594 
 1297 
 1297 
 
 145.9125 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 8754750 
 1459125 
 6836500 
 1459125 
 4377375 
 
 458.39871000 inches, front roller traverses a min. 
 
 22.0578 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 1323468 
 220578 
 882312 
 220578 
 661734 
 
 69.29678448 inches, middle rollers traverse a min. 
 
 19.852 revolutions of back rollers a min. 
 3.1416 circum. when the diameter is 1. 
 
 119112 
 19852 
 79408 
 19852 
 59556 
 
 62.3670432 inches, back rollers traverse a min. 
 
 i 
 
SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 115 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers, the draught 
 between the middle and front rollers, and the total draught is 
 required from the three foregoing examples? 
 
 62.367)69.29678(1.111, or rather more than li draught 
 62367 between back and middle rollers. 
 
 69297 
 62367 
 
 69308 
 62367 
 
 69410 
 62367 
 
 7043 
 
 69.2967)458.39870(6.615 draught between middle and front 
 4157802 rollers. 
 
 4261850 
 4157802 
 
 1040480 
 692967 
 
 3475130 
 3464835 
 
 10295 
 
 62.367)458.3987(7.35 draught between back and front rols., 
 436569 or total draught at slabbing-frame. 
 
 218297 
 187101 
 
 311960 
 311835 
 
 125 
 
116 
 
 SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on back rollers 30 teeth, working into wheel 64 teeth on 
 
 stud, which works into wheel 27 teeth on middle roller. 
 
 Diameter of back and middle rollers, each 1 inch. 
 
 rr, J. V 1 ( 3)30 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 Teeth oi wheel on ) 
 
 middle roller, 27 
 
 9)10 
 
 1^ draught between back and middle 
 
 rollers. 
 
 The draught between the middle and front rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Wheel on front roller 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 stud ; wheel 25 teeth on same stud, working into wheel 56 
 teeth on back rollers ; on the other end of back rollers, wheel 
 30 teeth working into wheel 64 teeth on stud; same stud wheel 
 working wheel 27 teeth on middle rollers. 
 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1|, or 1.125 inch. 
 
 Diameter of back rollers, 1 inch. 
 
 DRIVma-WHEELS. 
 
 24 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 25 teeth wheel on stud working back rols. 
 
 120 
 
 48 
 
 600 
 
 30 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 18000 
 
 8, or 1 inch diameter of middle rollers. 
 
 44000 divisor. 
 
 DRIVBN-WHEELS. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 56 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 3920 
 
SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 117 
 
 3920 
 
 27 teeth wheel on middle rollers- 
 
 27440 
 7840 
 
 105840 
 
 9, or I inch diameter of middle rollers. 
 
 144000)952560(6.615 draught between middle and front 
 864000 rollers. 
 
 885600 
 864000 
 
 216000 
 144000 
 
 720000 
 720000 
 
 The total draught is required from the following particulars: — 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 stud ; wheel on same stud 25 teeth, working into wheel 56 
 teeth on back rollers. 
 
 Diameter of back rollers, 1 inch. 
 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1^, or 1.125 inch. 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 24 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 25 teeth wheel on stud. (Change pinion.) 
 
 120 
 
 48 
 
 600 
 
 8, or 1 inch diameter of back rollers. 
 
 4800 divisor. 
 
118 SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 56 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 3920 
 
 9, or 1^ inch diameter of front rollers. 
 
 48.00 
 
 12)352.80 
 4) 29.4 
 
 7.35 total draught at slabbing-frame. 
 
 What length of drawing will be required to supply a slabbing- 
 frame 1 day (allowing it to work at the rate of 9 hours suc- 
 cessively), having 40 spindles, and the back rollers traversing 
 62.367 inches a minute ? 
 
 62.367 inches, back rollers traverse a min. 
 40 spindles in frame. 
 
 2494.680 
 
 9 hours = 1 day. 
 
 22452.120 
 
 60 minutes = 1 hour. 
 
 36 in., 1 yard, < 
 
 ( 6)1347127.200 inches of drawing required a day. 
 
 ( 6)224521.2 
 
 37420.2 yards of drawing, or 44 hanks, 3 
 leas, 110^ yards, required to supply a slabbing-frame 9 hours, 
 or 1 day. 
 
 What time must a slabbing-frame with 40 spindles work a day, 
 to consume 1102054 inches of drawing, if it consumes 2494.68 
 inches a minute? 
 
SLABBING-PRAME. 
 
 119 
 
 2494.68)1102054(441.76 minutes or 7 hours, 21 minutes, 
 997872 45 seconds, the slabbing-frame 
 
 must work to consume what the 
 
 1041820 last head of drawings produces. 
 
 997872 
 
 439480 
 249468 
 
 1900120 
 174.6276 
 
 1538440 
 1496808 
 
 41632 
 
 If the front rollers of a slabbing-frame traverse 458.4 inches 
 a minute, and the diameter of the rollers be 1^ inch, the number 
 of spindles 40 ; what length of slabbing will it produce in 7 hours, 
 21 minutes, and 45 seconds, or 441.76 minutes? 
 
 458.4 inches, rollers traverse a minute. 
 40 spindles in frame. 
 
 18336.0 slabbing-frame produces a minute. 
 441.76 minutes, or 7 hours, 21|- minutes. 
 
 110016 
 128352 
 18336 
 73344 
 73344 
 
 r 6)8100111.36 inches of slabbing produced in 7 
 
 lyd.=36in. < hours 21|- minutes. 
 
 (6)1350018.56 
 
 1 lea = 120 yds.)225003.0933 yards of slabbing produced in 7 
 
 hours, 21f minutes. 
 
 1 hank = 7 leas)1875. 02577 leas of slabbing produced in 7 
 
 hours, 21| minutes. 
 
 267.860822 
 
120 
 
 SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 267.860822 hanks of slabbing produced in 7 
 7 leas, 1 hank, [hours, 21f minutes. 
 
 6.025755 leas. 
 
 120 yards, 1 lea. 
 
 3.090666 yds. or 267 hanks, 6 leas, 3 yds. 
 
 If 267 hanks, 6 leas, and 3 yards, or 267.8608 hanks of slab- 
 bing weighs 211Jl]bs.; what hank will it be? 
 
 RULE — Divide the number of hanks by the weight, and the 
 quotient will be the hanks in one pound. 
 
 Sbs. Hanks. 
 
 211.5)267.8608(1.266 hanks of slabbing in one pound. 
 2115 
 
 5636 
 4230 
 
 14060 
 12690 
 
 13708 
 12690 
 
 1018 
 
 If the 211|- ibs. of cotton had been carried through the dif- 
 ferent operations without waste, according to the foregoing dou- 
 blings and draughts, it would have produced a slabbing equal to 
 1.266, or rather more than IJ hanks to the pound, but on trying 
 the slabbing I find it to be equal to 1.5 hanks to the pound : 
 what loss is sustained in working ? 
 
 RULE — Divide the number of hanks produced by the hank- 
 slabbing, which, subtracted from the gross weight of cotton, 
 say 211JS)S., will show the loss sustained in working. 
 
SLABBING-FRAME. 
 
 121 
 
 Hanks 
 
 Ilank-slabbing, 1.5)267.8608(178.574, or 178ibs. 9 oz. of slab- 
 15 bing produced from 211Jibs. 
 
 of cotton. 
 
 117 
 105 
 
 128 
 120 
 
 86 
 75 
 
 110 
 
 105 
 
 58 
 
 60 — nearly. 
 
 ft)s. oz. 
 
 211 . . 8 gross weight of cotton fed on lap machine. 
 178 . . 9 net weight of slabbing produced. 
 
 32.. 15 loss sustained in working. (Flies, strips, &c.) 
 
 TURNS AN INCH ON SLABBING. 
 
 The turns an inch on the slabbing, are required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of frame-shaft a minute, 121.6. 
 
 Wheel on said shaft 90 teeth, working into wheel 138 teeth on 
 
 stud, which works into wheel 46 teeth on shaft for driving 
 
 spindles. 
 
 Wheel on shaft driving spindles, 50 teeth. 
 Wheel on spindles, 25 teeth. 
 
 Front rollers traverse 458.3987, or nearly 458.4 inches a minute. 
 
 iV". B. — The wheel 138 teeth is a carrying-wheel ; there is another 
 ivheel 138 teeth ivhieh is omitted, it being a carrier also. 
 
 9 
 
SLABBING-FRAMB. 
 
 121.6 revolutions of frame-shaft a minute. 
 90 teeth in wheel on said shaft. 
 
 10944.0 
 
 50 teeth wheel on spindle-shaft. 
 
 547200 dividend. . 
 
 46 teeth wheel (driven) on spindle-shaft. 
 25 teeth wheel on spindles. 
 
 230 
 
 92 
 
 1150 divisor. 
 
 1150)547200(475.8 revolutions of spindles a minute. 
 4600 
 
 8720 
 8050 
 
 6700 
 6750 
 
 9500 
 9200 
 
 300 
 
 Inches. Revolutions of spindles. 
 
 458.3987)475.8260(1.038 turns an inch on slabbing. 
 4583987 
 
 17427300 
 13751961 
 
 S6753390 
 36671896 
 
 81494 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 123 
 
 ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 The speed of the first propelled-shaft of the roving-frame is 
 required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of shaft driving roving-frame a minute, 143. 
 Diameter of drum on said shaft, 16 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on frame-shaft, 15 inches. 
 
 143 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 16 inches diameter of drum on shaft. 
 
 858 
 148 
 
 Inches diam. of J^^""^^ 
 pulley, 15, , 
 
 3)457.6 
 
 152.533 revolutions of first propelled-shaft 
 at roving-frame a minute. 
 
 The speed of the front rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of frame-shaft a minute, 152.533. 
 Wheel on same shaft 54 teeth, working into carrying-wheel 138 
 teeth, which works into wheel 70 teeth on front rollers. 
 
 152.533 revols. of shaft a minute. 
 54 teeth wheel on said shaft. 
 
 610133 
 762666 
 
 frontM ^^'^^ } 70)8236.800 
 
 117.66857 revols. of front rollers a miu. 
 
 If the front rollers of a roving-frame make 117.66857 revolu- 
 tions a minute, and their diameter be 1^, or 1.125 inch; what 
 will they traverse a minute ? 
 
 117.6685 revols. of front rollers a minute, 
 1.125, or IJ inch diameter of front rol. 
 
 5883425 
 2353370 
 1176685 
 1176685 
 
 132.3770625 
 
124 
 
 ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 132.3770625 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 7942623750 
 1323770625 
 5295082500 
 1323770625 
 3971311875 
 
 415.87577955000 inches, front rol. traverses a min. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 117.6685. 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 stud ; on same stud wheel 24 teeth, works into wheel 60 teeth 
 on back rollers ; wheel 30 teeth on the other end of back 
 rollers, works into wheel 64 teeth on stud, which works into 
 wheel 24 teeth on middle rollers. 
 
 117.6685 revols. of front rols. a min. 
 24 teeth wheel on do. 
 
 4706740 
 2353370 
 
 2824.0440 
 
 24 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 11296176 
 5648088 
 
 67777.056 
 
 30 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 2033311.680 dividend. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 60 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 4200 
 
 24 teeth wheel on middle rollers. 
 
 16800 
 8400 
 
 100800 divisor. 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 125 
 
 1008.00)20333.11.68(20.1717 revols. of mid. rols. a minute. 
 2016 
 
 1731 
 1008 
 
 7231 
 7056 
 
 1756 
 1008 
 
 7488 
 7056 
 
 432 
 
 If the middle rollers be 1 inch diameter, making 20.1717 re- 
 volutions a minute ; what will they traverse ? 
 
 20.1717 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 1210302 
 201717 
 806868 
 201717 
 605151 
 
 63.37141272 inches, middle rollers trav. a minute. 
 
 The speed of the back rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 117.6685. 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 70 teeth on 
 stud; on same stud wheel 24 teeth, works into wheel 60 teeth 
 on back rollers. 
 
 117.6685 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 24 teeth wheel on do. 
 
 4706740 
 2353370 
 
 2824.0440 
 
126 
 
 ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 2824.0440 
 
 24 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 11296176 
 5648088 
 
 67777.056 dividend. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 60 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 4200 divisor. 
 
 42.00)677.77.056(16.137 revolutions of back rollers 
 42 a minute. 
 
 257 
 252 
 
 57 
 42 
 
 157 
 126 
 
 310 
 294 
 
 16 
 
 If the back rollers be 1 inch diameter, making 16.137 revolu- 
 tions a minute ; what will they traverse ? 
 
 16.137 revolutions of back rollers a minute. 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 96822 
 16137 
 64548 
 16137 
 48411 
 
 50.6959992, or 50/^ inches nearly, back rollers 
 
 traverse a minute. 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 127 
 
 The draught of roving-frame is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on front rollers, 24 teeth (driving). 
 Wheel on stud, 70 teeth (driven). 
 Wheel on same stud, 24 teeth (driving). 
 Wheel on back rollers, 60 teeth (driven). 
 Diameter of back rollers, 1 inch (driving). 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1^ inch (driven). 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 24 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 24 teeth wheel on stud. (Change pinion.) 
 
 96 
 48 
 
 576 
 
 8=1 inch, diameter of back rollers. 
 
 4608 divisor. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 70 teeth wheel on stud. 
 60 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 4200 
 
 9, or 1 J inch, diameter of back rollers. 
 
 37800 dividend. 
 
 4608)37800(8.203 
 36864 
 
 9360 
 9216 
 
 14400 
 13824 
 
 576 
 
 If the back rollers of a roving-frame traverse 50.696 inches 
 a minute, with 72 spindles ; what length of slabbing will it con- 
 
128 
 
 ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 sume, allowing the slabbing to be doubled, or 2 ends to each 
 spindle ? 
 
 50.696 inches, back rollers traverse a minute. 
 72 spindles in frame. 
 
 101392 
 354872 
 
 3650.112 
 
 2 slabbings to each spindle. 
 
 7300.224 inches, of slabbing consumed at roving- 
 frame a minute. 
 
 If 1 roving-frame consumes 7300.224 inches of slabbing a 
 minute ; "what time must 2 roving-frames work, to consume 
 8100111.36 inches? 
 
 7300.224 inches, consumed a min. by 1 frame. 
 2 frames. 
 
 Divisor, 14600.448 inches, 2 frames consume a minute. 
 
 14600.448)8100111.36(554.78 minutes, or 9 hours, 14f minutes, 
 73002240 2 roving-frames must work suc- 
 
 cessively, to consume what the 
 
 79988736 slabbing-frame produces. 
 
 73002240 
 
 69864960 
 58401792 
 
 114631680 
 102203136 
 
 124285440 
 116803584 
 
 7481856 
 
 What length of roving will 2 frames, of 72 spindles each, pro- 
 duce in 9 hours, 14|- minutes, or 554.78 minutes, if the front 
 rollers traverse 415.87 inches a minute? 
 
 I 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 129 
 
 415.87 inches front rollers traverse a minute. 
 72 spindles in 1 frame. 
 
 83174 
 291109 
 
 29942.64 inches of roving one frame produced a 
 2 frames. [minute. 
 
 59885.28 inches of roving 2 frames prod, a min. 
 554.78 minutes, or 9 hours, 14| minutes. 
 
 47908224 
 41919696 
 23954112 
 29942640 
 29942640 
 
 33223155.6384 inches of roving the 2 frames produce 
 in 554.78 minutes, or 9 hours 14f min. 
 
 How many hanks of roving are there in 33223155.6384 
 inches? 
 
 (0)33223155.6384 inches of roving. 
 
 1 yard is 36 in. 
 
 6)5537192.6064 
 
 1 hank is 840 yards,)922865.4344(1098.6493 hanks of roving. 
 
 840 7 leas 1 hank. 
 
 8286 4.5451 leas. 
 
 7560 120 yards 1 lea. 
 
 7265 65.4120 yards. 
 
 6720 
 
 7834 
 
 5454 7560 
 5040 
 
 2744 
 
 4143 2520 
 
 3360 
 
 224 
 
 3^223155.6384 inches of roving will be 1098.6493 hanks, or 1098 
 hanks, 4 leas, and 65 yards. 
 
130 
 
 ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 If 1098 hanks, 4 leas, and 65 yards, or 1098.6493 hanks of 
 roving weigh 211^ pounds; what hank will it be? 
 Pounds. Hanks. 
 211.5)1098.6493(5.194 hanks roving. 
 10575 
 
 4114 
 2115 
 
 19999 
 19035 
 
 9643 
 8460 
 
 1183 
 
 N. B. — If the 211|Z5s. of cotton could be carried through all the 
 different operations in the card room to the roving without 
 ivaste, it zvould produce a roving equal to 5.194 hanks in the 
 pound [allowing the doublings and draughts to be the same, 
 as shown informer examples). 
 
 If, on trying the roving, its weight is equal to 6.15 hanks in 
 the pound, what weight of roving will there be in 1098.649 
 hanks ? 
 
 Hanks. Hanks yarn. 
 
 6.15)1098.649(178.64 pounds of roving. 
 615 16 oz. 1 pound. 
 
 4836 384 
 4305 64 
 
 5314 10.24 oz. 
 4920 
 
 3949 
 3690 
 
 2590 
 2460 
 
 130 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 131 
 
 Weight of cotton fed on lap machine, 211S)S. 8 oz. 
 Weight of roving produced, - - - 178Sbs. 10} oz. 
 
 Loss sustained in working, - - . 32ft>s. 13| oz. 
 
 The speed of the spindles of roving-frame is required from 
 the following particulars: — 
 Revolutions of frame-shaft a minute, 152.533. 
 Wheel on frame-shaft 68 teeth, working into carrying-wheel 138 
 
 teeth, which works into a wheel 52 teeth on spindle-shaft ; 
 
 wheel 72 teeth on spindle-shaft, works into wheel 18 teeth on 
 
 spindle. 
 
 152.533 revolutions of frame-shaft a minute. 
 68 teeth wheel on frame-shaft. 
 
 1220266 
 915200 
 
 10372.266 
 
 72 teeth wheel on spindle-shaft for driv- 
 
 ing spindles. 
 
 20744533 
 72605866 
 
 746803.200 dividend. 
 
 52 teeth wheel on spindle-shaft. 
 18 teeth wheel on spindle. 
 
 416 
 
 52 
 
 936 divisor. 
 
 936)746803.2(797.86 
 6552 
 
 9160 
 8424 
 
 7363 
 6552 
 
 revolutions of roving-frame 
 spindles a minute. 
 
 8112 
 7488 
 
 6240 
 5616 
 
I 
 
 132 
 
 THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 The turns an inch of roving are required, from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of spindles a minute, 797.86. 
 Front rollers traverse a minute, 316 inches. 
 
 316)797.86(2.525 turns an inch of roving. 
 632 
 
 1658 
 1580 
 
 786 
 632 
 
 1540 
 
 1580 — nearly. 
 
 The speeds of any moving power belonging to machinery may 
 be found in the same manner as illustrated in the foregoing ex- 
 amples. 
 
 The construction of the slabbing and roving-frames differs 
 materially; every machine-maker having a method of his own, 
 whereby to work the different moving powers, belonging to, and 
 connected with, the slabbing and roving-frames; while every 
 master, manager, and overlooker generally gives a preference 
 to some particular machine-maker. 
 
 Improvements in all kinds of machinery are continually pro- 
 gressing, but the system of calculations remains the same; there- 
 fore the system being well grounded, and on sure data, the 
 improvements possible to be made will be the more easily arrived 
 at, and while theory and practice are combined together, it will 
 give both pleasure and satisfaction to the mind. 
 
 THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 Throstles, like all other machinery, vary in construction 
 either in one part or another, and while some persons prefer the 
 patent throstles, of which there are several, others give the pre- 
 ference to the common throstle; but whatever the construction 
 of the machine may be, any person having a thorough knowledge 
 of calculations in addition to practice, will be enabled to form a 
 proper estimate of machinery according to improvements and 
 alterations made. 
 
THROSTLE-FRAME, 
 
 133 
 
 To produce regular yarns, it is very essential to have good 
 Avashers; in place of round pieces of cloth, many prefer a strip of 
 stout washer cloth, of a proper width, and length of the throstle, 
 with holes, according to the number and distance of spindles. 
 The washers, being stationary, have more power on the bobbins ; 
 consequently, the yarns receive the twist more regularly. 
 
 The speed of the tin drum, or cylinder for driving spindles, is 
 required from the following particulars: — 
 Revolutions of shaft for driving throstles a minute, 153. 
 Diameter of drum on said shaft, 24 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on tin drum, or cylinder-shaft for driving 
 
 spindles, 10 inches. 
 
 153 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 24 inches, diam. of drum on shaft. 
 
 612 
 
 306 
 
 Diam. of pulley, 10 in. )3672 
 
 367.2, or 3671- revolutions of tin drum, 
 or cylinder for driving spindles, a minute. 
 
 If the tin drum, or cylinder for driving spindles, makes 367.2 
 revolutions a minute ; what number of revolutions will the spin- 
 dles make, if the tin drum, or cylinder, be 12 inches diameter, 
 and the wharves 1 inch. 
 
 367.2 revols. of tin drum, or cylinder, a min. 
 12 inches, diameter of tin drum. 
 
 4406.4 revolutions of spindles a minute. 
 
 The revolutions a minute of the front rollers are required 
 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of pulley-shaft a minute, 367.2. 
 
 Wheel on same shaft 32 teeth, working into large stud wheel 122 
 teeth ; on same stud a wheel 40 teeth, works into carrying- 
 wheel 122 teeth, which works into wheel 54 teeth on front 
 rollers. 
 
134 
 
 THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 367.2 revolutions of pulley-shaft a minute. 
 32 teeth wheel on shaft. 
 
 7344 
 11016 
 
 11750.4 
 
 40 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 470016.0 dividend. 
 
 122 teeth wheel on stud. 
 54 teeth wheel on end of front rollers. 
 
 488 
 610 
 
 6588 divisor. 
 
 6588)470016(71.344 revols. of front rols. a min. 
 46116 
 
 8856 
 6588 
 
 22680 
 19764 
 
 29160 
 26352 
 
 28080 
 26352 
 
 1728 
 
 If the front rollers of a throstle make 71.344 revolutions a 
 minute; what will they traverse if they be 1 inch diameter? 
 
THROSTLE-FKAMB. 
 
 135 
 
 71.344 revolutions of front rollers a min. 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 428064 
 71344 
 
 285376 
 
 71344 
 214032 
 
 224.1343104 rather more than 224|- inches, front 
 rollers traverse a minute. 
 
 If the front rollers of a throstle traverse, or deliver 224.134 
 inches a minute ; how many hanks a spindle will be produced in 
 1 week, if the throstle works successively 60 hours, thus allow- 
 ing 9 hours for doffing and other stoppages ? 
 
 224.134 inches, front rollers deliver a min. 
 60 minutes, 1 hour. 
 
 13448.040 
 
 60 hours, 1 week. 
 
 C 6)806882.400 inches produced a spindle a week, 
 
 36 inches, 1 yd. 
 
 (6)134480.4 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yds. )2241.3.4 yards produced a week. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas, )186. 77833 leas produced a week. 
 
 26.682619 hanks produced a week. 
 7 leas 1 hank. 
 
 4.778333 leas. 
 
 120 yards 1 lea. 
 
 93.340000 yards. 
 
 The length produced a spindle in 60 hours, or 1 week, will be 
 26 hanks, 4 leas, and 93/g yards. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
13l3 
 
 THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 71.344. 
 Wheel on front rollers 20 teeth, working into stud wheel 90 teeth ; 
 on the same stud change wheel 23 teeth, works into wheel 46 
 teeth on back rollers; on the other end of back rollers there 
 is a wheel 25 teeth, working into carrying-wheel 36 teeth on 
 stud, which works into wheel 19 teeth on middle rollers. 
 
 71.344 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 20 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 1426.880 
 
 23 teeth wheel. (Change pinion.) 
 
 4280640 
 2853760 
 
 32818.240 
 
 25 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 16409120 
 G563648 
 
 820456.00 dividend. 
 
 90 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 46 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 4140 
 
 19 teeth wheel on middle rollers. 
 
 37260 
 4140 
 
 78660 divisor. 
 
 78660)820456(10.43 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 78660 
 
 338560 
 314640 
 
 239200 
 235980 
 
 3220 
 
TimOSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 137 
 
 If the middle rollers of a throstle be | inch diameter, making 
 10.43 revolutions a minute ; what will they traverse ? 
 
 10.43 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 .75, or J inch diameter of middle rollers. 
 
 5215 
 7301 
 
 7.8225 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 469350 
 78225 
 312900 
 78225 
 234675 
 
 24.57516600 or rather more than 24J inches, middle 
 rollers traverse a minute. 
 
 The speed of the back rollers of a throstle is required from 
 the following particulars : — 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 71.844. 
 Wheel on front rollers 20 teeth, working into large stud wheel 
 90 teeth ; small stud wheel, or change pinion 23 teeth, work- 
 ing into wheel 46 teeth on back rollers. 
 
 71.344 revolutions of front rollers a min. 
 20 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 1426.880 
 
 23 teeth wheel change pinion. 
 
 428064 
 285376 
 
 32818.24 dividend. 
 
 90 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 46 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 4140 divisor. 
 
 10 
 
138 
 
 THROSTLE-FKAME. 
 
 4140)32818.24(7.927 revolutions of back rollers a 
 28980 minute. 
 
 88382 
 37260 
 
 11224 
 
 8280 
 
 29440 
 28980 
 
 460 
 
 If the back rollers of a throstle be | inch diameter, making 
 7.927 revolutions a minute; what will they traverse? 
 
 7.927 revols. of back rollers a minute. 
 875 or ^ inch diam. of back roller. 
 
 39635 
 55489 
 63416 
 
 6.936125 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1- 
 
 41616750 
 6936125 
 27744500 
 6926125 
 20808375 
 
 21.7905303000, or rather more than 21f inches, 
 back rollers traverse a minute. 
 
 If the back rollers of a throstle traverse 21.79 inches a minute, 
 and the middle rollers 24.575 inches ; what draught will there be ? 
 
 21.79)24.575166(1.128 draught between back and 
 2179 middle rollers. 
 
 2785 
 2179 
 
 6061 17036 
 
 4358 17432-^nearly. 
 
THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 139 
 
 If the middle rollers of a throstle traverse 24.575166 inches 
 a minute, and the front rollers 224.13431; what draught will 
 there be between the middle and front rollers? 
 
 24.575)224.13431(9.12 draught between middle 
 221175 and front rollers. 
 
 29593 
 24575 
 
 50181 
 49150 
 
 1031 
 
 If the back rollers of a throstle traverse 21.79 inches a minute, 
 and the front rollers 224.1343; what draught will there be be- 
 tween the front and back rollers? 
 
 21.79)224.1343(10.286 draught between the back 
 2179 and front rollers. 
 
 6234 
 4358 
 
 18763 
 17432 
 
 13310 
 13074 
 
 236 
 
 If the driving-wheels be 20 and 23, and the driven-wheels 90 
 and 46, the diameter of the front rollers 1 inch, and the back 
 rollers | inch ; what draught Avill there be ? 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 20 
 23 
 
 460 
 
 Back roller | inch, or 7 
 
 3220 divisor. 
 
uo 
 
 THKOSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 90 
 46 
 
 4140 
 
 8 = 1 inch front rollers. 
 
 3220)33120(10.286 nearly, draught in rols. 
 3220 
 
 9200 
 6440 
 
 27600 
 25760 
 
 18400 
 . 19320— nearly. 
 
 If one spindle produces 26 hanks, 4 leas, and 93 yards, or 
 26.682G22 hanks of twist a week; what length and weight of 
 No, 30's twist will 6876 spindles produce? 
 
 26.682622 hanks a spindle a week. 
 6876 spindles. 
 
 160095733 
 186778355 
 213460977 
 160095733 
 
 No. of twist, 3.0's)18346.9.709988 hanks of twist a week. " 
 
 6115.6569996ft)s. of twist a week. 
 16 ounces 1 ib. 
 
 39419976 
 6569996 
 
 10.5119936 ounces. 
 
 4 qrs. 1 oz. 
 
 2.0479744 
 
 Length of twist produced, 18346.97, nearly 18347 hanks. 
 Weight of twist produced, 6115it)s. 10^ oz. of No. 30's twist. 
 
 I] 
 
THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 141 
 
 The speed of the mangle- wheel is required, from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of pulley-shaft a minute, 367.2. 
 Wheel on said shaft 32 teeth, Avorking into stud-wheel 122 teeth; 
 wheel on same stud G teeth, working into wheel 110 teeth 
 on mangle-wheel-shaft ; wheel 8 teeth on mangle-wheel-shaft, 
 working into mangle-wheel 82 teeth. 
 
 122 teeth wheel on stud. 
 110 teeth wheel on mancle-wheel-shaft. 
 
 13420 
 
 82 teeth mangle-wheel. 
 
 26840 
 107360 
 
 1100440 divisor. 
 
 367.2 revolutions of pulley-shaft a minute. 
 82 teeth wheel on pulley-shaft. 
 
 7344 
 11016 
 
 11750.4 
 
 6 teeth wheel on stud. 
 
 70502.4 
 
 8 teeth wheel on mangle-wheel-shaft. 
 
 1100440)564019.2(.512539, or rather more than half a 
 5502200 revolution of mangle-wheel 
 
 1379920 
 1100440 
 
 2794800 
 2200880 
 
 5939200 
 5502200 
 
 a minute- 
 
 10686800 
 
 4370000 9903960 
 
 3301320 
 
 782840 
 
142 
 
 THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 The speed of the traverse-shaft is required, from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolution of mangle- wheel a minute, .512539. 
 Wheel on mangle-wheel 21 teeth working racks, which works 
 into wheel 43 teeth on traverse-shaft. 
 
 .51254 revolution of mangle-wheel a minute. 
 21 teeth on mangle-wheel, working racks. 
 
 51254 
 102508 
 Teeth of wl. ^ 
 
 on traverse- V 43)10. 76384(.25, or rather more than |- of a revo- 
 shaft, J 86 lution of traverse-shaft a min. 
 
 216 
 215 
 
 1 * 
 
 What will the traverse move a minute, according to the follow- 
 ing particulars: — 
 
 Revolution of traverse-shaft a minute, .25, or J. 
 .Diameter of pulleys on traverse-shaft, 1^^ inch. 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 1.5, or IJ inch diameter of pulleys on 
 
 traverse-shaft. 
 
 157080 
 31416 
 
 4.71240 
 
 .25 or J revolution of traverse-shaft. 
 
 235620 
 94248 
 
 1.178100, or rather more than IJ inch, tra- 
 verse moves a minute. 
 
 If the front rollers of a throstle traverse, or deliver 224.135 
 inches a minute, and the spindles make 4406.4 revolutions a 
 minute, how many turns will there be in 1 inch of twist ? 
 
 I 
 
THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 143 
 
 Deliv. a min., 224.135 in.)4406.400(19.65958 turns an inch for 
 
 224135 No. 30's twist. 
 
 2165050 
 2017215 
 
 1478350 
 1344810 
 
 1335400 
 1120675 
 
 2147250 
 2017215 
 
 1300350 
 1120675 
 
 1796750 
 1793080 
 
 3670 
 
 PARTICULARS OF A THROSTLE-FRAME. 
 
 Revolutions of a tin-drum, or cylinder for driving spindles a 
 
 minute, 367.2. 
 Revolutions of spindles a minute, 4406.4. 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 71.34426. 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 10.4304. 
 Revolutions of back rollers a minute, 7.927. 
 Revolution of mangle-wheel a minute, 0.51254. 
 Revolution of traverse-shaft a minute, 0.25. 
 Diameter of pulleys on drum, or cylinder-shaft, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of drum, or cylinder driving spindles, 12 inches. 
 Diameter of wharves, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of middle rollers, f inch. 
 Diameter of pulleys on traverse-shaft, IJ inch. 
 Front rollers traverse or deliver a minute, 224.134 inches. 
 Middle rollers traverse a minute, 24.57 inches. 
 Back rollers traverse or consume a minute, 21.79 inches. 
 Traverse or bobbin rail moves a minute, 1.17956 inches. 
 Draught between back and middle rollers, 1.2878 nearly. 
 
144 
 
 MULES. 
 
 Draught between middle and front rollers, 9,12. 
 Total draught in rollers, 10.286. 
 Turns per inch for 30's twist, 19.659, or 19f nearly. 
 Hanks per spindle produced, 26 hanks, 4 leas, and yards 
 a week of sixty hours. 
 
 MULES. 
 
 The speed of the rim-shaft is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of shaft for driving upright-shaft in wheel-house, 86. 
 Dili meter of drum on said shaft, 25 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on upright-shaft in wheel-house, 12 inches. 
 Wheel on foot of upright-shaft in wheel-house 68 teeth, working 
 into wheel 45 teeth on rim-shaft. 
 
 86 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 25 inches diameter of drum on shaft. 
 
 430 
 172 
 
 2150 
 
 68 teeth wheel on foot of upright-shaft 
 
 in wheel-house. 
 
 17200 
 12900 
 
 146200 dividend. 
 
 12 inches diameter of pulley on upright-shaft in 
 45 teeth wheel on rim-shaft. [wheel-house. 
 
 540 divisor. 
 
 54.0)14620.0(270.74 revolutions of rim-shaft a 
 108 minute. 
 
 382 
 378 
 
 220 
 
 400 216 
 378 
 
MULES. 
 
 145 
 
 Or thus, which is preferable ^Yhen it can be divided by com- 
 ponent parts: — 
 
 9)2436.66 
 
 270.'} 4 revolutions of rim-shaft a minute. 
 
 The speed of the front rollers is required, from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of rim-shaft a minute, 270.74. 
 
 Wheel on rim-shaft 50 teeth, working into wheel 64 teeth on top 
 of long driver-shaft; wheel on bottom of long driver-shaft 40 
 teeth, working into wheel 80 teeth on front rollers. 
 
 270.74 revolutions of shaft a minute. 
 50 teeth wheel on shaft. 
 
 13537.00 
 
 40 teeth wheel on bottom of long driver. 
 
 541480 dividend. 
 
 64 teeth wheel on top of long driver. 
 80 teeth wheel on front rollers. 
 
 5120 divisor. 
 
 512.0)54148.0(105.75 revolutions of front rollers 
 512 a minute. 
 
 2948 
 2560 
 
 3880 
 3584 
 
 2960 
 2560 
 
 54.0 
 
 400 
 
146 
 
 MULES. 
 
 If the front rollers be 1 incli diameter, making 105.75 revolu- 
 tions a minute, what will they traverse ? 
 
 105.75 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 63450 
 10575 
 42300 
 10575 
 31725 
 
 332.224200, or 332ii inches, front rollers tra- 
 verse a minute. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required, from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 105.75. 
 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 100 teeth 
 on shaft for driving back rollers ; wheel on shaft for driving 
 back rollers 25 teeth, working into wheel 50 teeth on back 
 rollers ; wheel on back rollers 24 teeth, working into carrying- 
 wheel 40 teeth on stud, which works into wheel 21 teeth on 
 middle rollers. 
 
 105.75 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 24 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 42300 
 21150 
 
 2538.00 
 
 25 teeth wheel (change pinion) on shaft driving 
 back rollers. 
 
 12690 
 5076 
 
 63450 
 
 24 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 253800 
 126900 
 
 1522800 dividend. 
 
 I 
 
MULES. 
 
 147 
 
 100 teeth wheel on shaft driving back rollers. 
 50 teeth wheel on back rollers. 
 
 5000 
 
 21 teeth wheel on middle rollers. 
 
 105000 divisor. 
 
 105.000)1522.800(14.5 revolutions of middle rollers a 
 105 minute. 
 
 472 
 420 
 
 528 
 525 
 
 3 
 
 If the middle rollers be |^ inch diameter, making 14J revolu- 
 tions a minute; what will they traverse? 
 
 14.5 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 .875, or I inch diameter of rollers. 
 
 725 
 1015 
 1160 
 
 12.6875 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 761250 
 126875 
 507500 
 126875 
 380625 
 
 39.85905000 inches, middle rollers traverse a min. 
 
 The speed of the back rollers is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 14.5 inches. 
 Wheel on middle roller 21 teeth, working into carrying-wheel 40 
 teeth on stud, which works into wheel 24 teeth on back rollers. 
 
148 MULES. 
 
 14.5 revolutions of middle rollers a minute. 
 21 teeth wheel on middle roller. 
 
 145 
 290 
 
 Teethofwheel > 24)304.5(12.6875 revolutions of back rollers a 
 on mid. rols. S oa ■ ^ 
 
 ' 5:4 mmute. 
 
 64 
 48 
 
 165 
 144 
 
 210 
 192 
 
 180 
 168 
 
 120 
 120 
 
 If the back rollers be | inch diameter, making 12.6875 revo- 
 lutions a minute; what will they traverse? 
 
 12.6875 revolutions of back rollers a minute. 
 .875, or \ inch diameter of rollers. 
 
 634375 
 888125 
 1015000 
 
 11.1015625 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 666093750 
 111015625 
 444062500 
 111015625 
 333046875 
 
 34.87666875000, or 34| inches, back rollers traverse 
 a minute. 
 
MULES. 
 
 149 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Middle rollers traverse a minute, 39.859. 
 Back rollers traverse a minute, 34.876. 
 
 34.876)39.859(1.14288 draught between back and 
 34876 middle rollers. 
 
 49830 
 34876 
 
 149540 
 139504 
 
 100360 
 69752 
 
 306080 
 279008 
 
 270720 
 
 279008— nearly. 
 
 The draught between the front and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Front rollers traverse a minute, 332.2242 inches. 
 Middle rollers traverse a minute, 39.859 inches. 
 39.859)332.2242(8.3349 draught between front and mid. rols. 
 318872 
 
 133522 
 119577 
 
 139450 
 119577 
 
 198730 
 159436 
 
 392940 
 358731 
 
 34209 
 
150 
 
 MULES. 
 
 The draught between the front and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Front rollers traverse a minute, 332.2242 inches. 
 Back rollers traverse a minute, 34.8766 inches. 
 
 34.8766)332.2242(9.525 draught between back and 
 3138894 front rollers. 
 
 1833480 
 1743830 
 
 896500 
 697532 
 
 1989680 
 1743830 
 
 245850 • 
 
 The draught in rollers at mules is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Wheel on front rollers 24 teeth, working into wheel 100 teeth on 
 shaft for driving back rollers ; change wheel 25 teeth on same 
 shaft, works into wheel 50 teeth on back rollers. 
 
 Diameter of back rollers, | inch. 
 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1 inch. 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 24 teeth wheel on front roller. 
 
 25 teeth wheel, or change pinion. 
 
 120 
 48 
 
 600 
 
 .875, or I inch diameter of back rollers. 
 
 525.000 divisor. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 100 teeth wheel on shaft for driving back rollers. 
 50 teeth wheel on do. 
 
 5000 
 
 1 inch diameter of front rollers. 
 
 6000 dividend. 
 
 1 
 
MULES. 
 
 151 
 
 525)5000(9.521 draught between back and front 
 4725 rollers. 
 
 2750 
 2625 
 
 1250 
 1050 
 
 2000 
 
 2100— nearly. 
 
 iV, B. — The small difference between this and the last example, 
 arises from the decimal fractions, ivhich occur in the other sys- 
 tem of ivorlcing. 
 
 If the front rollers deliver 55 inches each stretch, which puts 
 up 60 inches; the gain or draught in the carriage will be 5 inches, 
 which is equal to lyS draught; the draught in the rollers is 
 9.524 ; what will the total draught be ? 
 
 9.524 draught in rollers. 
 
 60 inches length of stretch. 
 
 r 5)571.440 
 
 Delivd. from rols. 55 in. < 
 
 (11)114.288 
 
 ^ 
 
 10.3899, or 10/a (nearly), total 
 draught at mules. 
 
 If the total draught at mules be 10.39, and the numbers to be 
 spun 40's ; the length required to be spun 20 hanks a spindle a 
 week, the number of spindles in the mules 1000; what hank 
 roving will be required, what number of hanks, and what weight? 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the number of spindles in the mules, by the number 
 of hanks required a spindle, and the product will be the total 
 number of hanks of yarn produced a week ; which, divided by 
 the draught, will give the number of hanks of roving required. 
 Then divide the numbers of yarn by the draught in the mules, 
 and the quotient will be the hank roving. Then divide the 
 
152 
 
 MULES. 
 
 number of hanks of roving required to produce the given length 
 of yarn, by the hank roving, and the quotient will be the weight 
 of roving required. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 1000 number of spindles in mules. 
 
 20 hanks, length required a spindle. 
 
 20000 total number of hanks. 
 Hanks. 
 
 Draught 10.39)20000(1925 nearly, hanks of roving required. 
 1039 
 
 9610 
 9351 
 
 2590 
 2078 
 
 5120 
 
 6195 — nearly. 
 
 Nos. of yarn. 
 Draught 10.39)40.00(3.85 hank roving required. 
 3117 
 
 8830 
 8312 
 
 5180 
 
 5195 — nearly. 
 Hanks. 
 
 Hank roving, 3.85)1 925(500ibs. net weight of roving required. 
 1925 
 
 The speed of the scroll is required from the following par- 
 ticulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of rim-shaft a minute, 270.74. 
 
 Wheel on rim-shaft 20 teeth, working into wheel 60 teeth on 
 
 short driving-shaft. 
 Wheel on bottom end of short driving-shaft, 32 teeth, working 
 
 into wheel 100 teeth on scroll-shaft. 
 
MULES. 
 
 153 
 
 270.74 revolutions of rlm-shaft a min. 
 20 teeth wheel on rim-shaft. 
 
 5414.80 
 
 32 teeth wheel on bottom end of short 
 
 driver. 
 
 108296 
 162444 
 
 173273.6 dividend. 
 
 60 teeth wheel on top of short driver. 
 100 teeth wheel on scroll-shaft. 
 
 6000 divisor. 
 6.000)173.273.6 
 
 28.879 nearly, revols. of scroll-shaft a min. 
 
 If the scroll makes 28.879 revolutions a minute, and be 4 
 inches diameter ; what will it traverse ? 
 
 28.879 revolutions of scroll a minute. 
 4 inches, diameter of scroll. 
 
 115.516 
 
 3.1416 circumference when diameter is 1. 
 
 693096 
 115516 
 462064 
 115516 
 346548 
 
 362.9050656 nearly 363 inches, scroll trav. a min. 
 
 The gain, or draught in carriage is required from the follow- 
 ing particulars : — 
 
 Scroll traverses a minute, 362.9050656 inches. 
 Front rollers traverse a minute, 332.2242 inches. 
 11 
 
154 
 
 MULES. 
 
 332.2242)362.9050656(1.09235 gain, or draught in 
 3322242 carriage. 
 
 30680865 
 29900178 
 
 7806876 
 6644484 
 
 11623920 
 9966726 
 
 16571940 
 16611210— nearly. 
 
 By multiplying the draught in rollers, by the draught, or gain 
 in carriage, it will give the total draught at mules. 
 
 If the length of the stretch be 61 inches, and the gain or 
 draught in carriage be 1.09235, what length will the rollers 
 deliver, and how many inches will the carriage gain a stretch? 
 
 Inches stretch. 
 
 Draught at carriage, 1.09235)61.00000(55.8429 inches, delivered 
 
 546175 at rollers a minute. 
 
 638250 
 546175 
 
 920750 
 873880 
 
 468700 
 436940 
 
 317600 
 218470 
 
 991300 
 983115 
 
 8185 
 
MULES, 
 
 155 
 
 61.0000 inches, length of stretch. 
 55.8429 inches, delivered at rollers. 
 
 5.1571 inches, carriage gains. 
 
 The speed of the spindles at mules is required from the fol' 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of rim-shaft a minute, 270.74. 
 Diameter of rim, 23j inches. 
 Diameter of rim-band-pulley, 18J inches. 
 Diameter of twist-pulley, 14J inches. 
 Diameter of drums in carriage, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of wharves, J inch. 
 
 270.74 revolutions of rim a minute. 
 23.25 inches, diameter of rim. 
 
 135370 
 54148 
 81222 
 54148 
 
 6294.7050 
 
 14.25 inches, diameter of twist-pulley. 
 
 31473525 
 12589410 
 25178820 
 6294705 
 
 89699.54625 dividend. 
 
 18.25 inches, diameter of rim-band-pulley. 
 .75, or f inch, diameter of wharves. 
 
 9125 
 12775 
 
 13.6875 divisor. 
 
156 
 
 MULES. 
 
 13.687)89699.54625(65.536 revolutions of spindles 
 82122 at mules a minute. 
 
 75775 
 68435 
 
 73404 
 68435 
 
 49696 
 41061 
 
 86352 
 82122 
 
 4230 
 
 If the scroll at a pair of mules traverse at the rate of 363 
 inches a minute, and the spindles make 6553 revolutions ; how 
 many turns an inch will there be in the yarn ? 
 
 363)6553(18.05 turns an inch in yarn, while carriage is 
 363 coming out. 
 
 2923 
 2904 
 
 1900 
 1815 
 
 85 
 
 How many turns will the rim make a stretch, if the front 
 rollers deliver 57 inches, allowing the rim to make 271 revolu- 
 tions, while the front rollers deliver 332.224 inches? 
 
 RULE. — Multiply the revolutions of the rim by the length of 
 the stretch, and divide by the number of inches delivered at 
 the front rollers, and the quotient will be the revolutions, or 
 turns of rim a stretch. 
 
MULES. 
 
 157 
 
 271 revolutions of rim. 
 57 inches length of stretch. 
 
 1897 
 1355 
 
 Inches delivered, 332.224)15447.000(46.4957 revolutions, or 
 
 1328896 turns of rim a 
 stretch. 
 
 2158040 
 
 1993344 
 
 1646960 
 1328896 
 
 3180640 
 2990016 
 
 1906240 
 1661120 
 
 2451200 
 2325568 
 
 125632 
 
 To find the number of turns required for twist, or weft an inch. \ 
 RULE. — For twist, multiply the square root of the numbers, or 
 counts of yarn by 3.75, or 3f, and for weft, multiply the 
 square root of the numbers, or counts of yarn by 3.25, or 3J, 
 and the products will be the turns an inch required. 
 
 What number of turns an inch will 44's twist require, accord- 
 ing to the foregoing rule ? 
 
 COUNTS. 
 
 44(6.633 square root of 44. 
 36 
 
 126)800 
 756 
 
 1323)4400 
 
 3969 39789 
 
 13263)43100 3311 
 
158 
 
 MULES. 
 
 6.633 square root of 44. 
 3.75, or 3|. 
 
 33165 
 46431 
 19899 
 
 24.87375, or nearly 25 turns an inch, required for 
 
 No. 44's twist. 
 
 What number of turns an inch will 36's weft require? 
 6 is the square root of 36. 
 3.25 
 
 19.50, or 19J turns an inch required for 36's weft. 
 
 What number of turns an inch will lOO's twist require? 
 10 is the square root of 100. 
 3.75 
 
 37.50, or 37f turns an inch required for No. lOO's 
 
 twist. 
 
 The preceding rules for ascertaining the turns an inch required 
 for twist and weft, have been generally adopted ; however, where 
 a good, or even a fair quality of cotton is used, the following 
 rule will be found to answer, particularly for some qualities of 
 yarns. 
 
 RULE. — Multiply the numbers, or counts of yam by 12, the 
 square root of which gives the turns an inch required for twist. 
 Weft will require 3J, or 4 turns an inch less than twist. 
 
 N. B. — Some cotton requires more twist than others, according 
 to its quality. 
 
 What number of turns an inch will be required for No. 50's 
 twist, or weft, according to the above rule? 
 
 50's numbers, or counts of yarn. 
 12 
 
 600(25 turns nearly, required for 50's twist, less 
 4 3J turns for weft. 
 
 45)200 
 
 225 — nearly. 
 
MULES. \<- 7^59 
 
 What number of turns an incli ■will be required for lOO's twist'," 
 or weft? 
 
 lOO's numbers, or counts of yarn. 
 12 
 
 1200(34.64 turns an inch required for No. lOO's 
 9 twist, less 3J turns, which will be equal 
 
 to 31.14 turns an inch for lOO's weft. 
 
 64)300 
 256 
 
 686)4400 
 4116 
 
 6924)28400 
 27696 
 
 704 
 
 RULE for ascertaining the revolutions of spindles, for the rim 
 1. — Multiply the diameters of the driving-pulleys together for 
 a dividend, and the driven-pulleys accordingly for a divisor, 
 and the quotient will be the revolutions of the spindles for the 
 rim 1. 
 
 If the rim and rim-band-pulleys be each 22 inches diameter, 
 the twist pulley 13J inches, and the wharves | inch ; what revo- 
 lutions or turns will the spindles make for the rim 1? 
 
 N. B. — The rim and rim-band-pulley being of the same diameters 
 are omitted in the working. 
 
 Diameter of wharves, .875)13.500(15.428 revolutions of spindles 
 
 875 for rim 1. 
 
 4750 
 4375 
 
 3750 
 3500 
 
 2500 
 1750 
 
 7500 
 7000 
 
 500 
 
160 
 
 MULES. 
 
 If the rim be 33 inches diameter, the rim-band-pulley 26 
 inches, the twist-pulley 14J inches, and the wharves f of an 
 inch ; what number of revolutions, or turns will the spindles 
 make for the rim 1? 
 
 DRIVERS. 
 
 Twist-pulley, 14.25 inches. 
 Rim, 33 inches. 
 
 4275 
 4275 
 
 470.25 dividend. 
 
 DRIVEN. 
 
 26 inches drum-band-pulley. 
 .75, or I inch wharves. 
 
 130 
 182 
 
 19.50 divisor. 
 
 195.)470.25(24.115 revols. of spindles for rim 1. 
 390 
 
 802 
 780 
 
 225 
 195 
 
 300 
 195 
 
 1050 
 975 
 
 75 
 
 BELL-WHEEL, OR REVOLUTIONS OP RIM A STRETCH. 
 
 EXILE. — Multiply the turns required an inch, by the number of 
 inches in the length of the stretch, for a dividend, and divide 
 
 1 
 
MULES. 
 
 161 
 
 by the revolutions, or turns the spindles make for the rim 1, 
 and the quotient will be the number of teeth for the bell-wheel, 
 or revolutions of rim a stretch. 
 
 If 18.62 turns an inch be required, and the length of the 
 stretch be 58 inches, the revolutions or turns of spindles 15.428 
 for the rim 1 ; what number of teeth must there be in the bell- 
 wheel, or what revolutions must the rim make a stretch? 
 
 18.62 turns required ah inch. 
 58 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 14896 
 9310 
 
 15.428)1079.96(70 teeth required for bell-wheel, or re- 
 107996 volutions of rim a stretch. 
 
 The turns an inch are required from the following particulars : — 
 Bell- wheel, 70 teeth; rim, 22 inches diameter; rim-band-pulley, 
 22 inches diameter; twist-pulley, 13J inches diameter; drums 
 in carriage, 10 inches diameter; wharves, ^, or .875 inch 
 diameter, and length of stretch, 58 inches. 
 
 N.B. — The rim, rim-hand, pulley, and drum in carriage are 
 omitted, on account of being drivers and driven of the same 
 dimensions. 
 
 Multiply the number of teeth in the bell-wheel, by the diame- 
 ters of the driving-pulleys respectively for a dividend; then 
 multiply the number of inches in the length of a stretch, by the 
 diameters of the driven-pulleys accordingly for a divisor, and the 
 quotient will be the revolutions or turns an inch. 
 
 58 inches, length of stretch. 
 .875, or I inch, diameter of wharves. 
 
 7000 
 4375 
 
 50.750 divisor. 
 
 13.5 or 13J inches, diameter of twist-pulley. 
 70 teeth bell-wheel, or re vols, of rim a stretch. 
 
 94.5000 
 
162 
 
 MULES. 
 
 50.75)94.5000(18.62 turns an inch. 
 5075 
 
 43750 
 40600 
 
 31500 
 30450 
 
 10500 
 10150 
 
 350 
 
 If 26 turns an inch be required, and the length of the stretch 
 be 61 inches; the revolutions, or turns of the spindles 24.115 for 
 the rim 1 ; what number of teeth must there be in the bell-wheel, 
 or what revolutions must the rim make a stretch ? 
 
 26 turns an inch. 
 
 61 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 26 
 156 
 
 24.115)1586.000(65.768, or nearly 66 teeth required 
 144690 for bell-wheel, or revolu- 
 tions of rim a stretch. 
 
 139100 
 
 120575 
 
 185250 
 168805 
 
 164450 
 144690 
 
 197600 
 192920 
 
 4680 
 
 The turns an inch are required from the following particulars : — 
 Bell-wheel, 66 teeth; length of stretch, 60 inches; diameter of 
 rim, 33 inches; diameter of rim-band-pulley, 26 inches; diame- 
 ter of twist-pulley, 14 J inches; diameter of drums in carriage, 
 10 inches, and diameter of wharves, | inch. 
 
MULES. 
 
 163 
 
 66 teeth bell-wheel. 
 
 33 inches, diameter of rim. 
 
 198 
 198 
 
 2178 
 
 14.25, or 14J inches, diameter of twist-pulley. 
 
 10890 
 4356 
 8712 
 2178 
 
 31036.50 dividend. 
 
 26 inches, diameter of twist-pulley. 
 60 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 1560 
 
 .75, or f inch, diameter of wharves. 
 
 7800 
 10920 
 
 1170.00 divisor. 
 
 1170.)31036.5(26.52 turns an inch required. 
 2340 
 
 7636 
 7020 
 
 6165 
 5850 
 
 3150 
 2340 
 
 810 
 
 Whatever the principle of the mules is, any particular may be 
 found by attending to the rules and examples illustrated. 
 iV! B. — The general rules are exemplified tvith the different tables, 
 
 and will appear in their regular course. 
 
164 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 TABLES, 
 
 Showing the size, hank, and j^roportion of hank in every ope- 
 ration, from the lap machine through all the various processes of 
 carding, drawing, slabbing, roving and spinning, with practical 
 rules and examples. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLES. 
 
 The first line in the carding and drawing-table is the decimal 
 of the hank according to its length and weight, which will be 
 found in the following manner: Multiply all the draughts to- 
 gether as far as regards the operation you intend trying, whether 
 it be slabbing, drawing, or carding, for a dividend, and all the 
 doubling accordingly for a divisor, the quotient will be the 
 draught ; then divide the numbers you are spinning, or the num- 
 bers you wish to spin, by the net draught, and the quotient will 
 be the decimal of the hank ; opposite to which in the table, you 
 will have the weight according to the length weighed. 
 
 Suppose the total draught to be 181440, the doubling 1728, 
 and the numbers to be spun 40's ; what weight will 2 yards of 
 carding, or doubling be ? 
 
 1728)181440(105 draught more than doubling. 
 1728 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 8640 
 8640 
 
 Draught more than 
 doubling. 
 
 Counts. 
 105)40.0(0.38 
 315 
 
 decimal of a hank. Opposite 
 to which in the table under 
 2 yards will be found, 1 dwt. 
 19.8 grains, the weight re- 
 quired. 
 
 850 
 840 
 
 10 
 
CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 165 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .05 to .089 decimal of hank for 2, 4, and 6 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 2 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 4 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 
 6 yards. 
 
 hank. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 nank. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 n^i 
 .uo 
 
 1 Q 
 
 91 QQ 
 
 Of; 
 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 1 Q 1 R 
 
 0*1 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 e 
 
 0. 
 
 
 1 o 
 
 1 /< 7Q 
 
 O^i 1 
 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 O OR 
 
 O^i 1 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 y.oo 
 
 
 1 Q 
 1 o 
 
 o.0 1 
 
 0fi9 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1 1 fi9 
 
 01^9 
 
 . v04 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 14. Oo 
 
 
 
 9 4R 
 
 0^1 'I 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9Q 4Q 
 
 .uoo 
 
 /it 
 
 4 
 
 on QO 
 4U.oy 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 9n A^i 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 1 7S 
 
 .U04 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 o no 
 
 4.y4 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 ^ HQ 
 i O.Uo 
 
 O'l'S 
 
 .U 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 0 (iR 
 U.OO 
 
 0*1 
 .UOO 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 C\ f\C\ 
 
 1 u.uy 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 Q R 1 
 y.D 1 
 
 OPiR 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 Q 7Q 
 lo. I o 
 
 .uoo 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 U 
 
 1 7.O0 
 
 .Vt) / 
 
 1 9 
 
 zl QO 
 
 i.oy 
 
 nfi7 
 .uo / 
 
 
 ft 
 D 
 
 Q 9Q 
 
 0^17 
 
 .U.J / 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 U 
 
 O 1 Q 1 
 4. lo 
 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 17 91 
 
 .uoo 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 7 
 1 / 
 
 lo.oo 
 
 
 1 1 
 i i 
 
 1 o.'lo 
 
 O^iQ 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 47 
 
 .uoo 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 1 .yo 
 
 OR 
 
 1 1 
 1 X 
 
 1 Q 77 
 
 OR 
 
 
 4 
 
 99 Ofi 
 .44.U0 
 
 OR 
 
 1 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 1 .oo 
 
 .UOl 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 Q 99 
 
 0R1 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 9 Q4 
 
 ORI 
 
 .U U 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 0 
 
 oo 1 ^ 
 44.17 
 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 A fH 
 •l.O 1 
 
 0fi9 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 1 Q 
 4.10 
 
 0R9 
 
 .UU4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 0 
 
 o.yo 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 J. 1 
 
 0 
 
 u.oo 
 
 OR^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 Q R 
 ly.D 
 
 ORQ 
 .uuo 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 A 
 1 4 
 
 OA 1 ^ 
 4U. 10 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 90 A 1 
 
 0R4. 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 .00 
 
 0R4 
 
 1 
 
 1 A 
 1 4 
 
 7 .ii 
 
 
 1 0 
 1 U 
 
 1 R /I 1 
 
 ORIS 
 
 
 3 
 
 Q Q9 
 o.o^ 
 
 OR'i 
 .uuo 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 o 
 
 iy.7o 
 
 .UuD 
 
 1 0 
 
 1 9 1^9 
 
 ORR 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 Q ^ 
 
 ly.oo 
 
 ORR 
 .uuo 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 Q 
 1 o 
 
 O.U7 
 
 nfi7 
 
 1 u 
 
 ft 7 
 
 0R7 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 01 
 14. Ul 
 
 0fi7 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 9 
 1 4 
 
 40. 7o 
 
 
 1 0 
 1 u 
 
 OQ 
 
 ORR 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 RQ 
 
 ORR 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 9 
 14 
 
 Q "^Q 
 
 y.7y 
 
 nfiQ 
 .uuy 
 
 
 1 .'10 
 
 ORQ 
 
 
 1 
 
 91 41 
 
 ORQ 
 .uuy 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 O.) Q>'Y 
 44. o7 
 
 .U i 
 
 Q 
 
 99 OQ 
 
 07 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 4 RQ 
 1 4. oy 
 
 07 
 .u / 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 O 
 
 1 4.0 
 
 .U / 1 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 1 Q 7/1 
 lo. /'I 
 
 07 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 Oft 
 
 071 
 .U / 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 O I'^'O 
 4.74 
 
 079 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 1 o.oy 
 
 079 
 
 V 1 
 
 9 9Q 
 
 079 
 .U < 4" 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 lU 
 
 1 Q 1 Q 
 
 lo.iy 
 
 f»7^ 
 .U / o 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 1 9 Q 1 
 
 07^ 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 Q 1 9 
 
 iy.i4 
 
 07 Q 
 .U / o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 <y AO 
 
 074 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 Q 9.'> 
 
 074 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 9 Qf^ 
 
 14. yo 
 
 074 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 oo 1 ^ 
 44.17 
 
 07^ 
 
 9 
 
 6.22 
 
 07f^ 
 
 
 0 
 
 6.94 
 
 07^1 
 
 .u / o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 13.21 
 
 
 9 
 
 3.29 
 
 07 R 
 
 
 0 
 
 l.l 
 
 07R 
 .u / o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 4.39 
 
 .077 
 
 9 
 
 0.45 
 
 .077 
 
 
 18 
 
 0.9 
 
 .077 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 19.85 
 
 .078 
 
 8 
 
 21.67 
 
 .078 
 
 
 17 
 
 19.35 
 
 .078 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 11.52 
 
 .079 
 
 8 
 
 18.97 
 
 .079 
 
 
 17 
 
 13.94 
 
 .079 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 3.41 
 
 .08 
 
 8 
 
 16.33 
 
 .08 
 
 
 17 
 
 8.66 
 
 .08 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 .081 
 
 8 
 
 13.76 
 
 .081 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.52 
 
 .081 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 11.78 
 
 .082 
 
 8 
 
 11.25 
 
 .083 
 
 
 16 
 
 22.5 
 
 .082 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 4.25 
 
 .083 
 
 8 
 
 8.8 
 
 .083 
 
 
 16 
 
 17.6 
 
 .083 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 20.9 
 
 .084 
 
 8 
 
 6.41 
 
 .084 
 
 
 16 
 
 12.82 
 
 .084 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 13.37 
 
 .085 
 
 8 
 
 4.07 
 
 .085 
 
 
 16 
 
 8.15 
 
 .085 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6.73 
 
 .086 
 
 8 
 
 1.79 
 
 .086 
 
 
 16 
 
 3.59 
 
 .086 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 23.89 
 
 .087 
 
 7 
 
 23.57 
 
 .087 
 
 
 15 
 
 23.14 
 
 .087 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 17.21 
 
 .088 
 
 7 
 
 21.39 
 
 .088 
 
 
 15 
 
 18.78 
 
 .088 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10.68 
 
 .089 
 
 7 
 
 19.26 
 
 .089 
 
 
 15 
 
 14.53 
 
 .089 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 4.29 
 
166 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What will 8 yards of .08, or ^ hank weigh ? 
 Proportion of hank, .08)66.66 
 
 No. of grains in 1 oz., 437.5)833.33 grains,(l oz. 
 
 437.5 
 
 1 (Iwt. is 24 grains,)395.83(16 dwts. 
 24 
 
 155 
 144 
 
 11.83 grains. 
 
 Weight of 8 yards of .08 decimal of hank drawing, will be 1 
 oz., 16 dwts., 11.83 grains. 
 
 If 8 yards of drawing weigh 1 oz., 16 dwts., 11.83 grains, 
 what size or proportion of hank will it be ? 
 
 1 ounce 437.5 grains. 
 
 16 dwts. X 24 grains 384. grains. 
 
 11.833 grains. 
 
 1 oz., 16 dwts., 11.83 grains, 833.333 
 The dividend for 8 yards is Q6.66d. 
 
 833. 33)66. 6666(.08 decimal of a hank, or size of 
 666066 drawing. 
 
 What will 6 yards of .1, or Jq hank drawing weigh ? 
 
 Dividend for 6 yards is 50. (See Table of Dividends.) 
 0.1 j50. 
 
 500 grains weight. 
 1 ounce,437.5 grains, )500. 0(1 oz. 
 
 437.5 
 
 1 dwt. is 24 grains,)62.5(2 dwts. 
 
 48 
 
 14.5 grains. 
 
 Weight of 6 yards of 0.1, or j'g hank drawing, will weigh 1 
 oz., 2 dwts., 14:1 grains. 
 
CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. "■r5-/^7 " ''^'7\j 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .09 to .129 decimal of hank for 2, 4, and 6 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 2 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 4 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 6 yards. 
 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 .09 
 
 7 
 
 17 18 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 Il\J tO 4 
 
 .09 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 A 
 + 
 
 99 (\^ 
 
 .091 
 
 7 
 
 15.15 
 
 .091 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 .091 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 A. 
 
 1 0,\30 
 
 .092 
 
 7 
 
 13.15 
 
 .092 
 
 
 15 
 
 2.3 1 
 
 .092 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 
 .093 
 
 7 
 
 1 1.21 
 
 .093 
 
 
 14 
 
 22.42 
 
 .093 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 .094 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 9.3 
 
 .094 
 
 
 14 
 
 18.6 
 
 .094 
 
 I 
 
 Q 
 o 
 
 99 41 
 
 .095 
 
 7 
 
 7 43 
 
 .095 
 
 
 14 
 
 14.87 
 
 .095 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 1 n 1 
 
 .096 
 
 7 
 
 5.61 
 
 .096 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 1 .22 
 
 .096 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 .oo 
 
 .097 
 
 7 
 
 3.82 
 
 .097 
 
 
 14 
 
 7 64 
 
 .097 
 
 I 
 
 Q 
 t> 
 
 
 .098 
 
 7 
 
 2.06 
 
 .098 
 
 
 14 
 
 d 1 "i 
 
 .098 
 
 I 
 
 Q 
 o 
 
 0 7 
 
 .099 
 
 7 
 
 0.35 
 
 .099 
 
 
 14 
 
 0 7 
 
 .099 
 
 J 
 
 9 
 
 
 .1 
 
 Q 
 
 22.66 
 
 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 .1 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 .101 
 
 5 
 
 21.01 
 
 .101 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 H 0^ 
 
 X O . V/ . J 
 
 .101 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 Q 0^ 
 
 .102 
 
 g 
 
 19.39 
 
 .102 
 
 
 13 
 
 ] 4,79 
 
 .102 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 
 .103 
 
 g 
 
 17.81 
 
 .103 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 1 .62 
 
 .103 
 
 I 
 
 
 9^ 
 
 .104 
 
 6 
 
 16.25 
 
 .104 
 
 
 13 
 
 O . 1 
 
 .104 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 Q 9fi 
 
 .105 
 
 g 
 
 14.72 
 
 .105 
 
 
 13 
 
 5.46 
 
 .105 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 ^. uo 
 
 .106 
 
 g 
 
 13.13 
 
 .106 
 
 
 13 
 
 2.27 
 
 .106 
 
 I 
 
 
 £7 . i/ 1 
 
 .107 
 
 g 
 
 1 1.76 
 
 .107 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 .107 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 
 ^ 7ft 
 
 .108 
 
 g 
 
 10.32 
 
 .108 
 
 
 12 
 
 20.64 
 
 .108 
 
 J 
 
 
 1 .tu 
 
 .109 
 
 g 
 
 8.9 
 
 .109 
 
 
 12 
 
 17 81 
 
 .109 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 u 
 
 91 9 1 
 
 .11 
 
 g 
 
 7.51 
 
 .11 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 f)^ 
 1. o^yjo 
 
 .11 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 u 
 
 1 7 04 
 
 .111 
 
 g 
 
 6.15 
 
 .111 
 
 
 12 
 
 19^ 
 
 .111 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 
 .112 
 
 g 
 
 4.98 
 
 .112 
 
 
 12 
 
 Q 97 
 
 .112 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 n 
 
 
 .113 
 
 g 
 
 3.49 
 
 .113 
 
 
 12 
 
 6.98 
 
 .113 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 4 Q7 
 
 .114 
 
 g 
 
 2.19 
 
 .114 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 .114 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 1 HQ 
 
 .115 
 
 6 
 
 0.92 
 
 .115 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.85 
 
 .115 
 
 
 18 
 
 2.78 
 
 .116 
 
 5 
 
 23.67 
 
 .116 
 
 
 11 
 
 23.35 
 
 .116 
 
 
 17 
 
 23.03 
 
 .117 
 
 5 
 
 22.45 
 
 .117 
 
 
 11 
 
 20.9 
 
 .117 
 
 
 17 
 
 19.35 
 
 .118 
 
 5 
 
 21.24 
 
 .118 
 
 
 11 
 
 18.48 
 
 .118 
 
 
 17 
 
 15.72 
 
 .119 
 
 5 
 
 20.05 
 
 .119 
 
 
 11 
 
 16.11 
 
 .119 
 
 
 17 
 
 12.16 
 
 .12 
 
 5 
 
 18.88 
 
 .12 
 
 
 11 
 
 13.77 
 
 .12 
 
 
 17 
 
 8.66 
 
 .121 
 
 5 
 
 17.74 
 
 .121 
 
 11 
 
 11.48 
 
 .121 
 
 
 17 
 
 5.22 
 
 .122 
 
 5 
 
 16.61 
 
 .122 
 
 
 11 
 
 9.22 
 
 .122 
 
 
 17 
 
 1.83 
 
 .123 
 
 5 
 
 15.5 
 
 .123 
 
 
 11 
 
 7. 
 
 .123 
 
 
 16 
 
 22.5 
 
 .124 
 
 5 
 
 14.4 
 
 .124 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.81 
 
 .124 
 
 
 16 
 
 19.22 
 
 .125 
 
 5 
 
 13.33 
 
 .125 
 
 
 11 
 
 2.66 
 
 .125 
 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 .126 
 
 5 
 
 12.27 
 
 .126 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.5 
 
 .126 
 
 
 16 
 
 12.82 
 
 .127 
 
 5 
 
 11.23 
 
 .127 
 
 
 10 
 
 22.46 
 
 .127 
 
 
 16 
 
 9.7 
 
 .128 
 
 5 
 
 10.2 
 
 .128 
 
 
 10 
 
 20.41 
 
 .128 
 
 
 16 
 
 6.62 
 
 .129 
 
 5 
 
 9.19 
 
 .129 
 
 
 10 
 
 18.39 
 
 129 
 
 
 16 
 
 3.59 
 
168 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The follo'win"; will be the dividends, according to the number 
 of yards for ascertaining the weight of any decimal part of a 
 hank. 
 
 Yards 
 
 T)i viflpnf^c! 
 
 1 
 
 8.333 
 
 2 
 
 16.6Q6 
 
 3 
 
 25. 
 
 4 
 
 33 333 
 
 5 
 
 41.666 
 
 6 
 
 60. 
 
 7 
 
 58!333 
 
 8 
 
 66.666 
 
 9 
 
 ■ 75. 
 
 10 
 
 83.333 
 
 15 
 
 125. 
 
 20 
 
 166. 
 
 30 
 
 250. 
 
 40 
 
 333.333 
 
 60 
 
 500. 
 
 80 
 
 666.666 
 
 120 
 
 1000. 
 
 RULE. — Divide the dividend by the hank, or decimal part of a 
 hank, according to the number of yards weighed, and the quo- 
 tient will be the weight in grains. 
 
 What will 2 yards of 0.13 of a hank weigh? 
 
 Dividend for 2 yards. 
 13)16.666(128.2 grains, or 5 dwts., 8.2 grains, 
 13 weight of 2 yards. 
 
 36 
 26 
 
 106 
 104 
 
 26 
 26 
 
CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 169 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .13 to .187 decimal of hank for 2, 4, and 6 yards. 
 
 1 
 
 1 Dec. of 
 1 hank. 
 
 2 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 4 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 6 yards. 
 
 dvvts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dvvts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 — 
 
 dvvts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 1 
 
 j .13 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 .13 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.4 
 
 .13 
 
 
 16 
 
 0.6 
 
 .131 
 
 5 
 
 7.22 
 
 .131 
 
 
 10 
 
 14.45 
 
 .131 
 
 
 15 
 
 21.67 
 
 .132 
 
 5 
 
 6.26 
 
 .132 
 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 .132 
 
 
 15 
 
 18.78 
 
 .133 
 
 5 
 
 5.31 
 
 .133 
 
 
 10 
 
 10.62 
 
 .133 
 
 
 15 
 
 15.93 
 
 .134 
 
 5 
 
 4.37 
 
 .134 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.75 
 
 .134 
 
 
 15 
 
 13.13 
 
 .135 
 
 5 
 
 3.45 
 
 .135 
 
 
 10 
 
 6.91 
 
 .135 
 
 
 15 
 
 10.37 
 
 .136 
 
 5 
 
 2.55 
 
 .136 
 
 
 10 
 
 5.2 
 
 .136 
 
 
 15 
 
 7.74 
 
 .137 
 
 5 
 
 1.65 
 
 .137 
 
 
 10 
 
 3.3 
 
 .137 
 
 
 15 
 
 4.96 
 
 .138 
 
 5 
 
 0.77 
 
 .138 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.54 
 
 .138 
 
 
 15 
 
 2.31 
 
 .139 
 
 4 
 
 23.9 
 
 .139 
 
 
 9 
 
 23.8 
 
 .139 
 
 
 14 
 
 23.7 
 
 .14 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 .14 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 .14 
 
 
 14 
 
 21. 
 
 .141 
 
 4 
 
 22.2 
 
 .141 
 
 
 9 
 
 20.4 
 
 .141 
 
 
 14 
 
 18.6 
 
 .142 
 
 4 
 
 21.37 
 
 .142 
 
 
 9 
 
 18.74 
 
 .142 
 
 
 14 
 
 16.1 1 
 
 .143 
 
 4 
 
 20.55 
 
 .143 
 
 
 9 
 
 17.1 
 
 .143 
 
 
 14 
 
 13.65 
 
 .144 
 
 4 
 
 19.74 
 
 .144 
 
 
 9 
 
 15.48 
 
 .144 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 1 .22 
 
 .145 
 
 4 
 
 12.94 
 
 .145 
 
 
 9 
 
 13.88 
 
 .145 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.82 
 
 .146 
 
 4 
 
 18.15 
 
 .146 
 
 
 9 
 
 12.31 
 
 .146 
 
 
 14 
 
 6.46 
 
 .147 
 
 4 
 
 17.37 
 
 .147 
 
 
 9 
 
 10.75 
 
 .147 
 
 
 14 
 
 4.13 
 
 .148 
 
 4 
 
 16.61 
 
 .148 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.22 
 
 .148 
 
 
 14 
 
 1.83 
 
 .149 
 
 4 
 
 15.85 
 
 .149 
 
 
 9 
 
 7.71 
 
 .149 
 
 
 13 
 
 23.57 
 
 .15 
 
 4 
 
 15. 11 
 
 .15 
 
 
 9 
 
 6.22 
 
 .15 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.33 
 
 .151 
 
 4 
 
 14.37 
 
 .151 
 
 
 9 
 
 4.75 
 
 .151 
 
 
 13 
 
 19.12 
 
 .1525 
 
 4 
 
 13.29 
 
 .1525 
 
 
 9 
 
 2.57 
 
 .1525 
 
 
 13 
 
 15.86 
 
 .153 
 
 4 
 
 12.93 
 
 .153 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.86 
 
 .153 
 
 
 13 
 
 14.79 
 
 .155 
 
 4 
 
 11.52 
 
 .155 
 
 
 8 
 
 23.05 
 
 .155 
 
 
 13 
 
 10.58 
 
 .157 
 
 4 
 
 10.15 
 
 .157 
 
 
 8 
 
 20.31 
 
 .157 
 
 
 13 
 
 6.47 
 
 .1575 
 
 4 
 
 9.82 
 
 .1575 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 1 9.6 
 
 .1575 
 
 
 13 
 
 5.46 
 
 .159 
 
 4 
 
 8.82 
 
 .159 
 
 
 8 
 
 17.64 
 
 .159 
 
 
 13 
 
 2.46 
 
 .16 
 
 4 
 
 , 8.16 
 
 .16 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.33 
 
 .16 
 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 .163 
 
 4 
 
 6.24 
 
 .163 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.49 
 
 .163 
 
 
 12 
 
 18.74 
 
 .165 
 
 4 
 
 5.1 
 
 .165 
 
 
 8 
 
 10.2 
 
 .165 
 
 
 12 
 
 15.3 
 
 .167 
 
 4 
 
 3.8 
 
 .167 
 
 
 8 
 
 7.6 
 
 .167 
 
 
 12 
 
 11.4 
 
 .17 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 .17 
 
 
 8 
 
 4. 
 
 .17 
 
 
 12 
 
 6. 
 
 .173 
 
 4 
 
 0.33 
 
 .173 
 
 
 8 
 
 0.67 
 
 .173 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.01 
 
 .175 
 
 3 
 
 23.32 
 
 .175 
 
 
 7 
 
 22.65 
 
 .175 
 
 
 11 
 
 21.98 
 
 .179 
 
 3 
 
 21.1 
 
 .179 
 
 
 7 
 
 18.21 
 
 .179 I 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 15.3-2 
 
 .18 
 
 3 
 
 20.59 
 
 .18 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.18 
 
 .18 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 13.77 
 
 .183 
 
 3 
 
 19.07 
 
 .183 
 
 
 7 
 
 14.14 
 
 .183 
 
 
 11 
 
 9.22 
 
 .185 
 
 3 
 
 18.1 
 
 .185 
 
 
 7 
 
 12.18 
 
 .185 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 6.27 
 
 .187 
 
 3 
 
 "■'1 
 
 .187 
 
 
 7 
 
 10.25 
 
 .187 
 
 I 11 
 
 3.37 
 
 12 
 
170 EXAMPLES. 
 
 What will 4 yards of 0.26 of a hank weigh? 
 
 0.26)33.333(128.2 grains, or 5 dwts., 8.2 grains. 
 26 
 
 73 
 
 52 
 
 213 
 208 
 
 53 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 What will 6 yards of 0.335 of a hank weigh? 
 
 0.335)50.000(149.25 grains, or 6 dwts. 5i grains. 
 335 
 
 1650 
 1340 
 
 3100 
 3015 
 
 850 
 670 
 
 1800 
 1675 
 
 125 
 
 If 6 yards of carding, or drawing weigh 6 dwts., 5j grains, 
 what will the decimal of the hank be? 
 
 6 dwts. 51 grs. = 149.25 grs.)50.0000(0.335 decimal of a hank, 
 
 44775 and opposite which in 
 
 ■ the table under 6 yards 
 
 52250 will be found 6 dwts. 
 44775 51 grains. 
 
 74750 
 74625 
 
 125 
 
CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 171 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .19 to .31 decimal of hank for 2, 4, and 6 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 2 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 4 yards. 
 
 Dfic. of 
 hank. 
 
 6 yards. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grams. 
 
 oz 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grams. 
 
 .19 
 
 Q 
 
 15.71 
 
 .19 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 7.43 
 
 .19 
 
 
 10 
 
 23.15 
 
 .193 
 
 3 
 
 14.35 
 
 .193 
 
 
 7 
 
 4.71 
 
 .193 
 
 
 10 
 
 19.06 
 
 ,195 
 
 Q 
 o 
 
 13.47 
 
 .195 
 
 
 7 
 * 
 
 2.94 
 
 .195 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.41 
 
 .197 
 
 3 
 
 12,6 
 
 .197 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.2 
 
 .197 
 
 
 10 
 
 13.8 
 
 .2 
 
 3 
 
 1 1.33 
 
 .2 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.66 
 
 .2 
 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 .203 
 
 3 
 
 10.09 
 
 .203 
 
 
 Q 
 
 20.2 
 
 .203 
 
 
 10 
 
 6.3 
 
 .205 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 .205 
 
 
 Q 
 
 18.6 
 
 .205 
 
 
 10 
 
 3.9 
 
 .207 
 
 3 
 
 8.51 
 
 .207 
 
 
 Q 
 
 17.03 
 
 .207 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.54 
 
 .21 
 
 3 
 
 7.36 
 
 .21 
 
 
 g 
 
 14.73 
 
 .21 
 
 
 9 
 
 22.1 
 
 .213 
 
 3 
 
 6.24 
 
 .213 
 
 
 Q 
 
 12.49 
 
 .213 
 
 
 9 
 
 ] 8.74 
 
 .215 
 
 3 
 
 5.51 
 
 .215 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1 1.03 
 
 .215 
 
 
 9 
 
 16.55 
 
 .217 
 
 3 
 
 4.8 
 
 .217 
 
 
 6 
 
 9.6 
 
 .217 
 
 
 9 
 
 14.4 1 
 
 .22 
 
 3 
 
 3.75 
 
 .22 
 
 
 6 
 
 7.51 
 
 .22 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 1.27 
 
 .223 
 
 3 
 
 2.73 
 
 .223 
 
 
 6 
 
 5.46 
 
 .223 
 
 
 9 
 
 8.21 
 
 .225 
 
 3 
 
 2.07 
 
 .225 
 
 
 5 
 
 4.14 
 
 .225 
 
 
 9 
 
 6.22 
 
 .227 
 
 3 
 
 1.42 
 
 .227 
 
 
 6 
 
 2.84 
 
 .227 
 
 
 9 
 
 4.26 
 
 .23 
 
 3 
 
 0.46 
 
 .23 
 
 
 6 
 
 0.92 
 
 .23 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.38 
 
 .233 
 
 2 
 
 23.53 
 
 .233 
 
 
 5 
 
 23.06 
 
 .233 
 
 
 g 
 
 22.59 
 
 .235 
 
 2 
 
 22.92 
 
 .235 
 
 
 5 
 
 21.84 
 
 .235 
 
 
 g 
 
 20.76 
 
 .237 
 
 2 
 
 22.32 
 
 .237 
 
 
 5 
 
 20.64 
 
 .237 
 
 
 Q 
 
 18.97 
 
 .24 
 
 2 
 
 21.44 
 
 .24 
 
 
 5 
 
 18.88 
 
 .24 
 
 
 Q 
 
 16.33 
 
 .243 
 
 2 
 
 20.58 
 
 .243 
 
 
 5 
 
 17.17 
 
 .243 
 
 
 g 
 
 1 3.76 
 
 .245 
 
 2 
 
 20.02 
 
 .245 
 
 
 5 
 
 16.04 
 
 .245 
 
 
 Q 
 
 12.06 
 
 .247 
 
 2 
 
 19.47 
 
 .247 
 
 
 5 
 
 14.95 
 
 .247 
 
 
 g 
 
 10.42 
 
 .25 
 
 2 
 
 18.66 
 
 .25 
 
 
 5 
 
 13.33 
 
 .25 
 
 
 g 
 
 8. 
 
 .253 
 
 2 
 
 17.87 
 
 .253 
 
 
 5 
 
 11.75 
 
 .253 
 
 
 8 
 
 5.62 
 
 .255 
 
 2 
 
 17.36 
 
 .255 
 
 
 5 
 
 10.71 
 
 .255 
 
 
 8 
 
 4.07 
 
 .257 
 
 2 
 
 16.85 
 
 .257 
 
 
 5 
 
 9.7 
 
 .257 
 
 
 8 
 
 2.55 
 
 .26 
 
 2 
 
 16.1 
 
 .26 
 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 .26 
 
 
 8 
 
 0.3 
 
 .263 
 
 2 
 
 15.37 
 
 .263 
 
 
 5 
 
 6.74 
 
 .263 
 
 
 7 
 
 22.11 
 
 .265 
 
 2 
 
 14.89 
 
 .265 
 
 
 5 
 
 5.78 
 
 .265 
 
 
 7 
 
 20.67 
 
 .27 
 
 2 
 
 13.72 
 
 .27 
 
 
 5 
 
 3.45 
 
 .27 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.18 
 
 .275 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 .275 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.21 
 
 .275 
 
 
 7 
 
 13.81 
 
 .28 
 
 2 
 
 11.52 
 
 .28 
 
 
 4 
 
 23.04 
 
 .28 
 
 
 7 
 
 10.56 
 
 .285 
 
 2 
 
 10.47 
 
 .285 
 
 
 4 
 
 20.95 
 
 .285 
 
 
 7 
 
 7.43 
 
 .29 
 
 2 
 
 9.47 
 
 .29 
 
 
 4 
 
 18.94 
 
 .29 
 
 
 7 
 
 4.41 
 
 .295 
 
 2 
 
 8.49 
 
 .295 
 
 
 4 
 
 16.99 
 
 .295 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.49 
 
 
 2 
 
 7.55 
 
 .3 
 
 
 4 
 
 15.11 
 
 .3 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.66 
 
 .305 
 
 2 
 
 6.64 
 
 .305 
 
 
 4 
 
 13.28 
 
 .305 
 
 
 6 
 
 19.93 
 
 .31 
 
 2 
 
 5.76 
 
 .31 
 
 
 4 
 
 11.52 
 
 .31 
 
 
 6 
 
 17.28 
 
172 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Suppose 2 yards of carding, or drawing weigh 2 dwts., 20 
 grains, or 68 grains; what proportion of a hank will it be ? Thus 
 2 yards is of a lea, which is equal to 16.666 grains, which 
 must be divided by the weight 2 yards, which is 68 grains. 
 2 dwts., 20 grains, = 68 grns.)16.666(.245 decimal, or proportion 
 
 136 of a hank. 
 
 306 
 272 
 
 346 
 840 
 
 6 
 
 What will 6 yards of 0.4 hank drawing weigh ? 
 0.4)50.00 
 
 125 grains, or 5 dwts., 5 grains. 
 
 If 6 yards of carding, or drawing weigh 5 dwts., 5 grains ; 
 what proportion of a hank will it be ? 
 
 5 dwts., 5 grains, = 125 grains,)50. 000(0.4 proportion of hank. 
 
 500 
 
 What will 3 yards of 0.7 hank carding, or drawing weigh? 
 Decimal of a hank, 0.7)25.00 
 
 1 dwt., is 24 grns.)35.71(l dwt., 11.7 grains weight. 
 24 
 
 11.71 
 
 What will 4 yards of 0.7 hank carding, or drawing weigh ? 
 Decimal of hank 0.7)33.333 
 
 24)47.619(1 dwt., 23.6 grains weight. 
 24 
 
 23.6 
 
CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 173 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .315 to .95 decimal of hank for 2, 4, and 6 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 2 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 4 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 6 yards. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 O 1 
 
 .o 1 0 
 
 2 
 
 4.91 
 
 OIK 
 
 .dlo 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.82 
 
 O "1 c 
 
 .315 
 
 
 6 
 
 14.73 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.08 
 
 oo 
 
 .32 
 
 
 4 
 
 8.16 
 
 .32 
 
 
 6 
 
 12.24 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.28 
 
 oo K 
 
 
 4 
 
 6.56 
 
 .325 
 
 
 6 
 
 9.84 
 
 .do 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 o o 
 .dd 
 
 
 4 
 
 5.01 
 
 .33 
 
 
 6 
 
 7.51 
 
 Q Q f; 
 
 .000 
 
 2 
 
 1.75 
 
 O O 
 .ddO 
 
 
 4 
 
 3.5 
 
 .335 
 
 
 6 
 
 5.25 
 
 O A 
 
 2 
 
 1. 
 
 O A 
 
 .34 
 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 .34 
 
 
 6 
 
 3. 
 
 .o40 
 
 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 O 'I K 
 
 .345 
 
 
 4 
 
 0.61 
 
 .345 
 
 
 6 
 
 0.92 
 
 .do 
 
 
 23.61 
 
 O K 
 
 .do 
 
 
 3 
 
 23.23 
 
 .35 
 
 
 5 
 
 22.85 
 
 o 
 
 
 22.94 
 
 O K K 
 .dOO 
 
 
 3 
 
 21.89 
 
 .355 
 
 
 5 
 
 20.94 
 
 .do 
 
 
 22.29 
 
 o a 
 .do 
 
 
 3 
 
 20.59 
 
 .36 
 
 
 5 
 
 18.88 
 
 O 
 
 .dbo 
 
 
 21.66 
 
 .365 
 
 
 3 
 
 19.22 
 
 .365 
 
 
 5 
 
 16.98 
 
 On' 
 .OI 
 
 
 21.04 
 
 .37 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.09 
 
 .37 
 
 
 5 
 
 15.13 
 
 .o70 
 
 
 20.44 
 
 .375 
 
 
 3 
 
 16.88 
 
 .375 
 
 
 5 
 
 13.32 
 
 .do 
 
 
 19.86 
 
 o o 
 
 .38 
 
 
 3 
 
 15.71 
 
 .38 
 
 
 5 
 
 11.58 
 
 .dOD 
 
 
 19.29 
 
 .385 
 
 
 3 
 
 14.58 
 
 .385 
 
 
 5 
 
 9.87 
 
 oo 
 
 .dy 
 
 
 18.73 
 
 on 
 
 
 3 
 
 13.47 
 
 .39 
 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 OQ^ 
 
 
 18.19 
 
 OOK 
 
 .dyo 
 
 
 3 
 
 12.38 
 
 .390 
 
 
 5 
 
 6.58 
 
 A 
 
 .4 
 
 
 17.66 
 
 A 
 .4 
 
 
 3 
 
 11.33 
 
 .4 
 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 .41 
 
 
 16.65 
 
 A 1 
 
 .41 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 A 1 
 
 .41 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.95 
 
 A O 
 
 
 15.68 
 
 A O 
 
 .44 
 
 
 3 
 
 7.36 
 
 A O 
 
 
 4 
 
 23.05 
 
 /I O 
 .4d 
 
 
 14.75 
 
 A O 
 .4d 
 
 
 3 
 
 5.51 
 
 A O 
 
 .43 
 
 
 4 
 
 20.28 
 
 A A 
 .44 
 
 
 13.87 
 
 A A 
 
 .44 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.75 
 
 A A 
 
 .44 
 
 
 4 
 
 17.63 
 
 A Fi 
 
 .40 
 
 
 13.03 
 
 A 
 
 .40 
 
 
 3 
 
 2.07 
 
 A 
 
 .40 
 
 
 4 
 
 15.11 
 
 .4D 
 
 
 12.23 
 
 A £* 
 
 .4b 
 
 
 3 
 
 0.46 
 
 A a 
 .4b 
 
 
 4 
 
 12.69 
 
 A 
 
 .4 / 
 
 
 11.46 
 
 A ^ 
 
 .47 
 
 
 2 
 
 22.92 
 
 .47 
 
 
 4 
 
 10.38 
 
 .4o 
 
 1 
 
 10.72 
 
 .48 
 
 
 2 
 
 21.44 
 
 A O 
 
 .48 
 
 
 4 
 
 8.16 
 
 .4y 
 
 
 10.01 
 
 .49 
 
 
 2 
 
 20.02 
 
 .49 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 .5 
 
 
 9.33 
 
 .5 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.66 
 
 .5 
 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 .52 
 
 
 8.05 
 
 .52 
 
 
 2 
 
 16.1 
 
 .52 
 
 
 4 
 
 0.15 
 
 .54 
 
 
 6.86 
 
 .54 
 
 
 2 
 
 13.72 
 
 .54 
 
 
 3 
 
 20.59 
 
 .56 
 
 
 5.76 
 
 .56 
 
 
 2 
 
 11.52 
 
 .56 
 
 
 3 
 
 17.28 
 
 .58 
 
 
 4.73 
 
 .58 
 
 
 2 
 
 9.47 
 
 .58 
 
 3 
 
 14.2 
 
 .6 
 
 
 3.77 
 
 .6 
 
 
 2 
 
 7.55 
 
 .6 
 
 
 3 
 
 11.33 
 
 .65 
 
 
 1.64 
 
 .65 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.28 
 
 .65 
 
 
 3 
 
 4.92 
 
 .7 
 
 
 23.8 
 
 .7 
 
 
 
 23.6 
 
 .7 
 
 
 2 
 
 23.42 
 
 .75 
 
 
 22.22 
 
 .75 
 
 
 
 20.44 
 
 .75 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.66 
 
 .8 
 
 
 20.83 
 
 .8 
 
 
 
 17.66 
 
 .8 
 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 .85 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 15.21 
 
 .85 
 
 
 2 
 
 10.82 
 
 .9 
 
 
 18.51 
 
 .9 
 
 
 
 13.04 
 
 •9 
 
 2 
 
 7.55 
 
 .95 
 
 
 17.54 
 
 .95 
 
 
 
 11.08 
 
 .95 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.62 
 
174 EXAMPLES. 
 
 If 8 yards of drawing weigh 1 oz., 7 dwts., 0.5 grains; what 
 decimal part of a hank will it be? 
 
 Then 18 dwts. 5J grains troy is equal to 1 oz. avoirdupois; 
 therefore 1 oz., 7 dwts., 0.5 grains will be equal to 25 dwts., 6 
 grains troy, or 606 grains, which will be the divisor, and 8 yards 
 which is of a lea, or 66.666 grains, will be the dividend. 
 
 606 grains,)66. 666(0, 11 decimal tof a hank. 
 606 
 
 606 
 606 
 
 If 10 yards of carding, or drawing weigh 1 oz., 12 dwts., 18.5 
 grains ; what decimal of a hank will it be ? 
 
 Grains. 
 1 ounce = 437.5 
 12 dwts. = 288 
 18.5 
 
 744 grains, in 1 oz., 12 dwts., 18J grains. 
 
 744 grains,)83.333(0.112 decimal of a hank. 
 744 
 
 893 
 744 
 
 1493 
 1488 
 
EXAMPLES. 175 
 
 What -will 8 yards of 0.112 of a hank drawing weigh ? 
 
 Dividend. 
 0.112)66.666(595.2 grains. 
 560 
 
 1066 
 1008 
 
 586 
 560 
 
 266 
 224 
 
 42 
 
 1 oz. is 437.5 grs.)595.2(l oz. 
 
 437.5 
 
 1 dwt. is 24 grs.)157.7(6 dwts. 
 144 
 
 13.7 grains. 
 
 OR, 
 
 1 oz« 6 dwts., 13.7 grains. 
 
176 
 
 CARDINa AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .066 to .11 decimal of hank for 8 and 10 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 8 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 10 yards. 
 
 oz. 
 
 (Iwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dvvts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 1 '^'^^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 0 
 
 lo.l 
 
 .066 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 3.6 
 
 1 .067 
 
 z 
 
 ■ 0 
 
 0. 
 
 .067 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 8.7 
 
 1 -^^^ 
 
 z 
 
 4 
 
 y.4 
 
 .068 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 14.4 
 
 .069 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 19.1 
 
 .069 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 20.7 
 
 .07 
 
 
 6 
 
 O.d 
 
 .07 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 3.3 
 
 .071 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 -4 
 
 15.9 
 
 .071 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 10.7 
 
 .072 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 Z 
 
 2.9 
 
 .072 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 18.4 
 
 .073 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 14.!<5 
 
 .073 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 .074 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 
 Z. 
 
 074 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11.1 
 
 .075 
 
 z 
 
 U 
 
 TOO 
 
 .075 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 20.1 
 
 .076 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 0 
 
 z.z 
 
 .076 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5.4 
 
 .077 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 077 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 15.2 
 
 .078 
 
 \ 
 
 17 
 
 n o 
 9.2 
 
 .078 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1.3 
 
 .079 
 
 
 1 D 
 
 22. d 
 
 .079 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 11.8 
 
 .08 
 
 
 lb 
 
 1 1 o 
 
 11.8 
 
 .08 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 .081 
 
 
 1 D 
 
 1.5 
 
 .081 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9.8 
 
 .082 
 
 
 1 f) 
 
 IRK 
 
 10.5 
 
 .082 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 21.2 
 
 .083 
 
 
 1 0 
 
 5.7 
 
 .083 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9, 
 
 .084 
 
 j 
 
 1 4 
 
 2U. 1 
 
 .084 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 21. 
 
 .085 
 
 
 14 
 
 10.8 
 
 .085 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9.3 
 
 .086 
 
 
 14 
 
 l.b 
 
 .086 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 21.8 
 
 .087 
 
 : 
 
 Id 
 
 lb. 7 
 
 .087 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10.9 
 
 .088 
 
 : 
 
 lo 
 
 o 
 o. 
 
 .088 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 23.3 
 
 .089 
 
 : 
 
 1 o 
 1 4 
 
 
 .089 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 13.2 
 
 .09 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 15.2 
 
 .09 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2.7 
 
 .091 
 
 } 
 
 12 
 
 7.1 
 
 .091 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 16.7 
 
 .092 
 
 
 11 
 
 23.1 
 
 .092 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 .093 
 
 
 11 
 
 15.3 
 
 .093 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 21. 
 
 .094 
 
 
 11 
 
 7.7 
 
 .094 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 11.5 
 
 .095 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.2 
 
 .095 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 2.1 
 
 .096 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.9 
 
 .096 
 
 
 17 
 
 22.5 
 
 .097 
 
 
 10 
 
 9.7 
 
 .097 
 
 
 17 
 
 13.6 
 
 .098 
 
 
 10 
 
 2.7 
 
 .098 
 
 
 17 
 
 4.8 
 
 .099 
 
 
 9 
 
 19.9 
 
 .099 
 
 
 16 
 
 20.2 
 
 .1 
 
 
 9 
 
 13.1 
 
 .1 
 
 
 16 
 
 11.8 
 
 .102 
 
 
 9 
 
 0. 
 
 .102 
 
 
 15 
 
 19.4 
 
 .104 
 
 
 8 
 
 11.5 
 
 .104 
 
 
 15 
 
 3.7 
 
 .106 
 
 
 7 
 
 23.4 
 
 .106 
 
 
 14 
 
 12.6 
 
 .108 
 
 
 7 
 
 11.7 
 
 .108 
 
 
 13 
 
 22.1 
 
 .11 
 
 
 7 
 
 0.5 
 
 .11 
 
 
 13 
 
 8. 
 
EXAMPLES. 5^ 177 
 
 When the proportion or decimal of the hank is founcl,''-the''ft)l^ 
 lowing table will show the dividend for any number of inches in 
 length, from 1 to 36 inches, when the quotient will be the weight 
 in grains: — 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 1 
 
 .23148 
 
 19 
 
 4.39812 
 
 2 
 
 .46296 
 
 20 
 
 4.6296 
 
 3 
 
 .69444 
 
 21 
 
 4.86108 
 
 4 
 
 .92592 
 
 22 
 
 5.09256 
 
 5 
 
 1.15740 
 
 23 
 
 5.32404 
 
 6 
 
 1.38888 
 
 24 
 
 5.55555 
 
 7 
 
 1.62036 
 
 25 
 
 5.787 
 
 8 
 
 1.85184 
 
 26 
 
 6.01848 
 
 9 
 
 2.08332 
 
 27 
 
 6.24996 
 
 10 
 
 2.3148 
 
 28 
 
 6.48144 
 
 11 
 
 2.54628 
 
 29 
 
 6.71292 
 
 12 
 
 2.77777 
 
 30 
 
 6.9444 
 
 13 
 
 3.00924 
 
 31 
 
 7.17588 
 
 14 
 
 3.24072 
 
 32 
 
 7.40736 
 
 15 
 
 3.4722 
 
 33 
 
 7.63884 
 
 IG 
 
 3.70368 
 
 34 
 
 7.87032 
 
 17 
 
 3.93516 
 
 35 
 
 8.1018 
 
 18 
 
 4.16666 
 
 36 
 
 8.3333 
 
 N. B. — The above tables will shotv the dividends for any number 
 of inches of lap, or cotton fed on feed-cloth at laj) machine ; 
 tlie quotient of which will be the weight in grains ; the divisor 
 must be invariably the decimal, or proportion of the hank. 
 
 If the decimal, or proportion of the hank at the lap machine, 
 according to the draught and doubling, be 0.0005; what weight 
 of cotton must be fed on 12 inches of feed-cloth at lap machine? 
 
 Thus— Dec. of hank, 0.0005)2.7777 dividend for 12 inches. 
 
 5555.5 grains, or 12 oz., 12 dwts., 
 17^ grains, the weight of 
 cotton required. 
 
 N". B. — The loss sustained in working must be added to the net 
 weiglit according to the number of hanks produced. 
 
178 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 CARDINa AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 From .112 to .24 decimal of hank for 8 jmd 10 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 S yards. 
 
 Bee. of 
 
 10 yards. 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 .112 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 ft 
 
 1,^ 7 
 
 .112 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 18 5 
 
 XO . 
 
 .114 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3.2 
 
 .114 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 5.4 
 
 .116 
 
 1 
 
 ij 
 
 17 9 
 
 X t 
 
 .116 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 16.8 
 
 .118 
 
 1 
 
 *J 
 
 7 4 
 
 .118 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 7 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 
 .12 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 X \J 
 
 16.6 
 
 .122 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 rt 
 
 12 9 
 
 .122 
 
 1 
 
 1 0 
 
 X \J 
 
 5.5 
 
 .124 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.2 
 
 .124 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 18.5 
 
 .126 
 
 1 
 
 
 19 6 
 
 .126 
 
 1 
 
 q 
 
 7 8 
 
 .128 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 .128 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 21.5 
 
 .13 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3.3 
 
 .13 
 
 1 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 .132 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 19.5 
 
 .132 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1.8 
 
 .134 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 12. 
 
 .134 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 15.6 
 
 .136 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 .136 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 * 
 
 7.2 
 
 .138 
 
 1 
 
 
 21.5 
 
 .138 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 22.3 
 
 .14 
 
 1 
 
 
 14.6 
 
 .14 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 13.7 
 
 .142 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 9 
 
 1 • «-' 
 
 .142 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5.3 
 
 .144 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 .144 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 21.2 
 
 .146 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 19. 1 
 
 .146 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12.6 
 
 .148 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 12.9 
 
 .148 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6. 
 
 .15 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 6.9 
 
 .15 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 22. 
 
 .1525 
 
 
 18 
 
 5.1 
 
 .1525 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 12.9 
 
 155 
 
 
 17 
 
 22.1 
 
 .155 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.1 
 
 .1575 
 
 
 1 7 
 
 15.2 
 
 .1575 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 19.6 
 
 .16 
 
 
 1 7 
 
 8.6 
 
 .16 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 .165 
 
 
 16 
 
 X\J 
 
 20 
 
 .165 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 19.5 
 
 .17 
 
 
 16 
 
 8.1 
 
 .17 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4.5 
 
 .175 
 
 
 15 
 
 20.9 
 
 .175 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14.6 
 
 .18 
 
 
 15 
 
 10. 
 
 .18 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.4 
 
 .185 
 
 
 15 
 
 0.3 
 
 .185 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 12.9 
 
 .19 
 
 
 14 
 
 14.8 
 
 .19 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 1.1 
 
 .195 
 
 
 14 
 
 5.8 
 
 .195 
 
 
 17 
 
 19.3 
 
 .2 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.3 
 
 .2 
 
 
 17 
 
 8.6 
 
 .205 
 
 
 13 
 
 13.2 
 
 .205 
 
 
 16 
 
 22.5 
 
 .21 
 
 
 13 
 
 5.4 
 
 .21 
 
 
 16 
 
 12.8 
 
 .215 
 
 
 12 
 
 22. 
 
 .215 
 
 
 16 
 
 3.5 
 
 .22 
 
 
 12 
 
 15. 
 
 .22 
 
 
 15 
 
 18.7 
 
 .225 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.2 
 
 .225 
 
 
 15 
 
 10.3 
 
 .23 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.8 
 
 .23 
 
 
 15 
 
 2.3 
 
 .235 
 
 
 11 
 
 19.6 
 
 .235 
 
 
 14 
 
 18.6 
 
 .24 
 
 
 11 
 
 13.7 
 
 .24 
 
 
 14 
 
 11.2 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 179 
 
 If 8 yards of carding, or drawing weigh 16 dwts., 20 grains; 
 what proportion, or size of hank will it be? 
 
 Then 16 dwts., 20 grains are equal to 404 grains, which will 
 be the divisor; and 8 yards are of a lea, or 66.666 grains, 
 which will be the dividend. 
 
 404)66.666(0.165 decimal, or proportion of hank, 
 404 opposite to which in the table 
 
 under 8 yards, is 16 dwts., 20 
 
 2626 grains, the weight. 
 
 2026 
 2020 
 
 6 
 
 If 8 yards of carding or drawing weigh 4 dwts., 5 grains; 
 what proportion, or size of hank will it be? 
 
 4 dwts., 5 grs, are equal to 101 grs.)66. 666(0. 66 proportion, or 
 
 606 size of hank. 
 
 606 
 606 
 
 What will 8 yards of 0.165 of a hank of carding, or drawing 
 weigh ? 
 
 Then 8 yards are of a lea, Avhich is equal to 66.666 grains, 
 which will be the dividend, and the decimal of the hank 0.165 
 the divisor. 
 
 0.165)66.666(404 grains, or 16 dwts., 20 grains, which 
 660 will be found in the column under 8 
 
 yards; to the left hand of which will 
 
 666 be found 0.165, which is the decimal, 
 660 or size of a hank for 8 yards of card- 
 
 ing or drawing that "weighs 16 dwts. 
 
 6 20 grains. 
 
180 
 
 CARDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 CAEDING AND DRAWING-TABLE. 
 
 From .245 to .48 decimal of hank for 8 and 10 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 8 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 
 10 yards. 
 
 hank. 
 
 
 
 grains. 
 
 hank. 
 
 
 
 grains. 
 
 .245 
 
 
 11 
 
 8.1 
 
 .245 
 
 
 14 
 
 4. 
 
 .25 
 
 
 11 
 
 2.6 
 
 .25 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.3 
 
 .255 
 
 
 10 
 
 21.4 
 
 .255 
 
 
 13 
 
 14.7 
 
 .26 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.4 
 
 .26 
 
 
 13 
 
 8.5 
 
 .265 
 
 
 10 
 
 11.5 
 
 .265 
 
 
 13 
 
 2.4 
 
 .27 
 
 
 10 
 
 6.9 
 
 .27 
 
 
 12 
 
 20.6 
 
 .275 
 
 
 10 
 
 2.4 
 
 .275 
 
 
 12 
 
 15. 
 
 .28 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 .28 
 
 
 12 
 
 9.6 
 
 .285 
 
 
 9 
 
 17.9 
 
 .285 
 
 
 12 
 
 4.3 
 
 .29 
 
 
 9 
 
 13.8 
 
 .29 
 
 
 11 
 
 23.3 
 
 .295 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.9 
 
 .295 
 
 
 11 
 
 18.4 
 
 .3 
 
 
 9 
 
 6.2 
 
 .3 
 
 
 11 
 
 13.7 
 
 .305 
 
 
 9 
 
 2.5 
 
 .305 
 
 
 11 
 
 9.2 
 
 .31 
 
 
 8 
 
 23. 
 
 .31 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.8 
 
 .315 
 
 
 8 
 
 19.6 
 
 .315 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.5 
 
 .32 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.3 
 
 .32 
 
 
 10 
 
 20.4 
 
 .325 
 
 
 8 
 
 13.1 
 
 .325 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.4 
 
 .33 
 
 
 8 
 
 10. 
 
 .33 
 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 .335 
 
 
 8 
 
 7. 
 
 .335 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.7 
 
 .34 
 
 
 8 
 
 4. 
 
 .34 
 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 .345 
 
 
 8 
 
 1.2 
 
 .345 
 
 10 
 
 1.5 
 
 .35 
 
 
 7 
 
 22.4 
 
 .35 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 .355 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 19.7 
 
 .355 
 
 
 9 
 
 18.7 
 
 .36 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.1 
 
 .36 
 
 
 9 
 
 15.4 
 
 .365 
 
 
 7 
 
 14.6 
 
 .365 
 
 
 9 
 
 12.3 
 
 .37 
 
 
 7 
 
 12.1 
 
 .37 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.2 
 
 .375 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.7 
 
 .375 
 
 
 9 
 
 6.2 
 
 .38 
 
 
 7 
 
 7.4 
 
 .38 
 
 
 9 
 
 3.3 
 
 .385 
 
 
 7 
 
 5.1 
 
 .385 
 
 
 9 
 
 0.4 
 
 .39 
 
 
 7 
 
 2.9 
 
 .39 
 
 
 8 
 
 21.6 
 
 .395 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 .395 
 
 
 8 
 
 18.9 
 
 .4 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 .4 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.3 
 
 .41 
 
 
 6 
 
 18.6 
 
 .41 
 
 
 8 
 
 11.2 
 
 .42 
 
 
 6 
 
 14.7 
 
 .42 
 
 
 8 
 
 6.4 
 
 .43 
 
 
 6 
 
 11. 
 
 .43 
 
 
 8 
 
 1.8 
 
 .44 
 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 .44 
 
 
 7 
 
 21.3 
 
 .45 
 
 
 6 
 
 4.1 
 
 .45 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.1 
 
 .46 
 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 .46 
 
 
 7 
 
 13.1 
 
 .47 
 
 
 5 
 
 21.8 
 
 .47 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.3 
 
 .48 
 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 .48 
 
 
 7 
 
 5.6 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 181 
 
 What will 18 yards of IJ hank slabbing weigh? 
 
 Then 18 yards is ^^j, of a lea, or 120 yards, which is equal to 
 150 grains of a 1 hank, which, divided by 1^, or 1.25, will give 
 the weight in grains that 18 yards should weigh. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank slabbing 1,25)150.0(120 grains, or 5 dwts., weight 
 125 required. 
 
 250 
 250 
 
 If 18 yards of slabbing weigh 5 dwts., or 120 grains ; what 
 hank will it be? 
 
 120)150.00(1.25 hank slabbing. 
 
 120 
 
 300 
 240 
 
 600 
 600 
 
 What will 37 yards of If hank slabbing weigh? 
 
 Then 37 yards is of a lea, or 120 yards, which is equal to 
 308.333 grains of a 1 hank, which, divided by If, or 1.75, will 
 give the weight in grains that 37 yards should weigh. 
 
 1.75)308.3333(176.19 grains, or 7 dwts., 8.19 
 175 grs., weight required. 
 
 1333 
 1225 
 
 1083 
 1050 
 
 333 
 175 
 
 1583 
 1575 
 
182 GARBING, DRAWING, AND SLABBING-TABLE. 
 
 CARDINa, DRAWING, AND SLABBING-TABLE. 
 From .5 to .99 decimal of hank for 8, 10, and 20 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 8 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 10 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 20 yards. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 .5 
 
 5 
 
 13.3 
 
 .5 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 .5 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.2 
 
 .51 
 
 5 
 
 10.7 
 
 .51 
 
 
 6 
 
 19.4 
 
 .51 
 
 
 13 
 
 14.8 
 
 .52 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 .52 
 
 
 6 
 
 16.2 
 
 .52 
 
 
 13 
 
 8.4 
 
 c o 
 .00 
 
 5 
 
 5.7 
 
 .53 
 
 
 6 
 
 13.2 
 
 .53 
 
 
 13 
 
 2.4 
 
 .54 
 
 5 
 
 3.4 
 
 .54 
 
 
 6 
 
 10.3 
 
 .54 
 
 
 12 
 
 20.6 
 
 .55 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 .55 
 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 .55 
 
 
 12 
 
 15. 
 
 .5b 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 .56 
 
 
 6 
 
 4.8 
 
 .56 
 
 
 12 
 
 9.6 
 
 .57 
 
 4 
 
 20.9 
 
 .57 
 
 
 6 
 
 2.2 
 
 .57 
 
 
 12 
 
 4.4 
 
 .00 
 
 4 
 
 18.9 
 
 .58 
 
 
 5 
 
 23.6 
 
 .58 
 
 
 11 
 
 23.2 
 
 .59 
 
 4 
 
 17. 
 
 .59 
 
 
 5 
 
 21.2 
 
 .59 
 
 
 11 
 
 18.4 
 
 .0 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 .6 
 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 .6 
 
 
 11 
 
 13.6 
 
 .02 
 
 4 
 
 11.5 
 
 .02 
 
 
 5 
 
 14.4 
 
 n o 
 
 .62 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.8 
 
 .04 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 .b4 
 
 
 5 
 
 10.2 
 
 .64 
 
 
 10 
 
 20.4 
 
 p f* 
 
 .OD 
 
 4 
 
 5. 
 
 .00 
 
 
 5 
 
 6. 
 
 .66 
 
 
 10 
 
 12. 
 
 f*o 
 .ob 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 .bo 
 
 
 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 .68 
 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 .7 
 
 3 
 
 23.2 
 
 .7 
 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 .7 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 . /2 
 
 3 
 
 20.6 
 
 .72 
 
 
 4 
 
 19.6 
 
 .72 
 
 
 9 
 
 15.2 
 
 
 3 
 
 18. 
 
 . <4 
 
 
 4 
 
 16.6 
 
 .74 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.2 
 
 .7o 
 
 3 
 
 15.7 
 
 Ti^ 
 
 .75 
 
 
 4 
 
 13.6 
 
 T C* 
 
 . /D 
 
 
 9 
 
 3.2 
 
 *-' O 
 
 .10 
 
 3 
 
 13.4 
 
 . /8 
 
 
 4 
 
 10.8 
 
 . / 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 21.6 
 
 o 
 .0 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 D 
 
 .0 
 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 o 
 
 .8 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 3 
 
 10.3 
 
 o 1 
 
 .oi 
 
 
 4 
 
 6.8 
 
 O 1 
 
 .81 
 
 
 8 
 
 13.7 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 O.I 
 
 .o2 
 
 
 4 
 
 5.6 
 
 .oz 
 
 
 8 
 
 11.2 
 
 o o 
 .oo 
 
 3 
 
 8.2 
 
 .83 
 
 
 4 
 
 4.3 
 
 .83 
 
 
 8 
 
 8.8 
 
 o ,i 
 .o4 
 
 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 O ( 
 
 .o4 
 
 
 4 
 
 3.2 
 
 .84 
 
 
 8 
 
 6.4 
 
 .00 
 
 3 
 
 6.4 
 
 o ^ 
 .00 
 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 .85 
 
 
 8 
 
 4. 
 
 or* 
 .00 
 
 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 .bo 
 
 
 4 
 
 0.9 
 
 .86 
 
 
 8 
 
 1.8 
 
 .87 
 
 3 
 
 4.6 
 
 .87 
 
 
 3 
 
 23.7 
 
 .87 
 
 
 7 
 
 23^5 
 
 .88 
 
 3 
 
 3.7 
 
 .88 
 
 
 3 
 
 22.7 
 
 .88 
 
 
 7 
 
 21.4 
 
 .89 
 
 3 
 
 2.9 
 
 .89 
 
 
 3 
 
 21.6 
 
 .89 
 
 
 7 
 
 19.2 
 
 .9 
 
 3 
 
 2. 
 
 .9 
 
 
 3 
 
 20.6 
 
 .9 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.2 
 
 .91 
 
 3 
 
 1.2 
 
 .91 
 
 
 3 
 
 19.5 
 
 .91 
 
 
 7 
 
 15.1 
 
 .92 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 .92 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.6 
 
 .92 
 
 
 7 
 
 13.2 
 
 .93 
 
 3 
 
 23.6 
 
 .93 
 
 
 3 
 
 17.5 
 
 .93 
 
 
 7 
 
 11.2 
 
 .94 
 
 2 
 
 23. 
 
 .94 
 
 
 3 
 
 16.6 
 
 .94 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.2 
 
 .95 
 
 2 
 
 22.1 
 
 .95 
 
 
 3 
 
 15.6 
 
 .95 
 
 
 7 
 
 7.3 
 
 .96 
 
 2 
 
 21.4 
 
 .96 
 
 
 3 
 
 14.8 
 
 .96 
 
 7 
 
 5.6 
 
 .97 
 
 2 
 
 20.7 
 
 .97 
 
 
 3 
 
 13.9 
 
 .97 
 
 
 7 
 
 3.8 
 
 .98 
 
 2 
 
 20. 
 
 .98 
 
 
 3 
 
 13. 
 
 .98 
 
 
 7 
 
 2. 
 
 .99 
 
 2 
 
 19.3 
 
 .99 
 
 
 3 
 
 12.1 
 
 .99 
 
 
 7 
 
 o's 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 183 
 
 The slabbing and roving tables rise progressively in 20th parts 
 of a hank, as will be seen in the following tables. Thus 1, 1.05, 
 or Ij'o and so on to 2 and 3 hank, &c. 
 
 What will 20 yards of IJ, or 1.25 hank slabbing weigh? 
 
 Then 20_yards is i of a lea, or 120 yards, which is equal to 
 166.66 grains of a 1 hank, as shown in a preceding table; which, 
 divided by IJ, or 1.25, will give the weight in grains that 20 
 yards should weigh. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank slabbing, 1.25)166.66(133 
 125 
 
 416 
 375 
 
 416 
 375 
 
 416 
 375 
 
 416 
 375 
 
 41 
 
 If 20 yards of slabbing weigh 5 dwts., 13.3 grains; what hank 
 will it be ? 
 
 5 dwts., 13.3 grains = 133.33)166.66(1.25, or 1+ hank slabbing. 
 
 13333 
 
 33336 
 26666 
 
 66706 
 66666 
 
 .33, or 5 dwts. 13/o grs. weight, 
 which will be found in the 
 table opposite 1.25, and 
 under 20 yards. 
 
 40 
 
184 
 
 SLABBING AND ROVING-TABLE, 
 
 SLABBING AND ROVING-TABLE. 
 
 From 1 hauk to 2.95 hanks for 20, 30, 40, and 60 yards. 
 
 ! 
 
 Hank 
 
 20 yards. 
 
 30 yards. 
 
 40 yards. 
 
 60 yards. j 
 
 roving. [ 
 
 dvvts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grams. 1 
 
 1. 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 13 
 
 21.3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 I 
 
 i.UO 
 
 6 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 13 
 
 5.4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14.7 
 
 l.i 
 
 0 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 9 
 
 11.2 
 
 !o 
 
 15. 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 17. 
 
 i.io 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.3 
 
 12 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 18 
 
 2.7 
 
 1 O 
 
 L.Z 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.3 
 
 11 
 
 13.7 
 
 
 17 
 
 8.6 
 
 i.zo 
 
 5 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 8 
 
 8. 
 
 11 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 i.o 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 8 
 
 0.3 
 
 10 
 
 16.4 
 
 
 16 
 
 0.6 
 
 i.rfo 
 
 5 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.1 
 
 10 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 15 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.4 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 
 7 
 
 10.5 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 
 14 
 
 21.1 
 
 1.45 
 
 4 
 
 18.9 
 
 
 7 
 
 4.4 
 
 9 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.8 
 
 i.o 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 9 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.3 
 
 1.00 
 
 4 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 6 
 
 17.2 
 
 8 
 
 23. 
 
 
 13 
 
 10.5 
 
 I.o 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 o 
 
 12.2 
 
 8 
 
 16.3 
 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 l.DO 
 
 4 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 0 
 
 7.6 
 
 8 
 
 10.2 
 
 
 12 
 
 15. 
 
 1.7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 b 
 
 3. 
 
 8 
 
 4. 
 
 
 12 
 
 6.1 
 
 1.7o 
 
 3 
 
 23.9 
 
 
 5 
 
 22.8 
 
 7 
 
 22.4 
 
 
 11 
 
 21.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 3 
 
 20.6 
 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 7 
 
 17.1 
 
 
 11 
 
 13.7 
 
 l.OO 
 
 3 
 
 18. 
 
 
 r 
 
 0 
 
 15.1 
 
 7 
 
 12.1 
 
 
 11 
 
 6.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 3 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 r 
 
 0 
 
 11.5 
 
 7 
 
 7.4 
 
 
 10 
 
 23.1 
 
 1.90 
 
 3 
 
 13.4 
 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 7 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 10 
 
 16.4 
 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 2.UD 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.9 
 
 6 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 3.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 6 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 9 
 
 22. 
 
 2.15 
 
 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 4 
 
 20.2 
 
 6 
 
 11. 
 
 
 9 
 
 16.4 
 
 2.2 
 
 3 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 4 
 
 17.6 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 9 
 
 11.3 
 
 2.25 
 
 3 
 
 2_ 
 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 6 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 9 
 
 6.2 
 
 2.3 
 
 3 
 
 0'4 
 
 
 4 
 
 12.6 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.3 
 
 2.35 
 
 2 
 
 22.9 
 
 
 4 
 
 10.3 
 
 5 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 8 
 
 10'6 
 
 2.4 
 
 2 
 
 21.4 
 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.2 
 
 2.45 
 
 2 
 
 20. 
 
 
 4 
 
 G. 
 
 5 
 
 16. 
 
 
 8 
 
 12. 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 5 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 8 
 
 8. 
 
 2.55 
 
 2 
 
 17.3 
 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 5 
 
 10.7 
 
 
 8 
 
 4. 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 
 
 16.1 
 
 
 4 
 
 0.1 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 8 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.G5 
 
 2 
 
 14.9 
 
 
 3 
 
 22.3 
 
 5 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 7 
 
 20.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 2 
 
 13.7 
 
 
 3 
 
 20.6 
 
 5 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.2 
 
 2.75 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 7 
 
 13.8 
 
 2.8 
 
 2 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 3 
 
 17.2 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 
 7 
 
 10.5 
 
 2.85 
 
 2 
 
 10.4 
 
 
 3 
 
 15.7 
 
 4 
 
 20.9 
 
 
 7 
 
 7.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 2 
 
 9.4 
 
 
 3 
 
 14.2 
 
 4 
 
 18.9 
 
 
 7 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.95 
 
 2 
 
 8.5 
 
 3 
 
 12.7 
 
 4 
 
 17. 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.5 
 
EXAMPLES. 185 
 
 What will 30 yards of 2/^ hank roving weigh? 
 
 250 is the dividend for 30 yards, which must be divided by the 
 hank roving, and the quotient will be the weight in grains. 
 
 Hank roving, 2.9)250(86.2 grains, or 3 dwts., 14.2 grs., which 
 232 will be found in the table under 30 
 - — r-T- yards, and opposite 2.9 in the co- 
 
 180 lumn of the hank roving. 
 
 174 
 
 60 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 If 40 yards weigh 4 dwts., 5 grains; what hank-roving will 
 it be? 
 
 4 dwts., 5 grains, = 101 grs.)333.33(3.3, or Sj% hank-roving. , 
 
 303 
 
 303 
 303 
 
 What will 60 yards of 3f, or 3.75 hank-roving weigh? 
 
 500 is the dividend for 60 yards. 
 
 Hank-roving 3f, or 3.75)500.00(133.3, or 5 dwis., 13.3 grs.^ 
 
 375 weight of 60 yards of 
 
 a 3| hknk-roving. 
 
 1250 
 1125 
 
 1250 
 1125 
 
 1250 
 1125 
 
 125 
 
 13 
 
186 
 
 ROVING-TABLE. 
 
 ROVING-TABLE. 
 
 From 3 hank, to 7.25 hanks, for 20, 30, 40, and 60 yards. 
 
 1 
 
 j Hank 
 
 20 yards. 
 
 30 yards. 
 
 1 40 yards. 
 
 1 
 
 60 yards. 1 
 
 roving. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 dwts 
 
 1 grains. 
 
 j dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 1 grains. 
 
 3. 
 
 2 
 
 7.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 3.05 
 
 2 
 
 6.6 
 
 3 
 
 9.9 
 
 4 
 
 13.2 
 
 6 
 
 19.9 
 
 3.1 
 
 2 
 
 5.7 
 
 3 
 
 8.6 
 
 4 
 
 11.5 
 
 6 
 
 16.3 
 
 3.15 
 
 2 
 
 4.9 
 
 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 4 
 
 9.8 
 
 6 
 
 14.7 
 
 3.2 
 
 2 
 
 4. 
 
 3 
 
 6.1 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 6 
 
 12.2 
 
 3.25 
 
 2 
 
 3.2 
 
 3 
 
 4.9 
 
 4 
 
 6.5 
 
 6 
 
 9.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 3 
 
 3.7 
 
 4 
 
 5. 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.35 
 
 2 
 
 1.7 
 
 3 
 
 2.6 
 
 4 
 
 3.5 
 
 6 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 2 
 
 1. 
 
 3 
 
 1.5 
 
 4 
 
 2. 
 
 6 
 
 3. 
 
 3.45 
 
 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 4 
 
 0.6 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 1 
 
 23.6 
 
 2 
 
 23.4 
 
 3 
 
 22.2 
 
 5 
 
 22.8 
 
 3.55 
 
 1 
 
 22.9 
 
 2 
 
 22.4 
 
 3 
 
 21.9 
 
 5 
 
 20.8 
 
 3.6 
 
 1 
 
 22.3 
 
 2 
 
 21.4 
 
 3 
 
 20.6 
 
 5 
 
 18.8 
 
 3.65 
 
 1 
 
 21.6 
 
 2 
 
 20.5 
 
 8 
 
 19.3 
 
 5 
 
 16.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 1 
 
 21. 
 
 2 
 
 19.5 
 
 3 
 
 18.1 
 
 5 
 
 15.1 
 
 3.75 
 
 1 
 
 20.4 
 
 2 
 
 18.6 
 
 3 
 
 16.8 
 
 5 
 
 13.3 
 
 3.8 
 
 1 
 
 19.8 
 
 2 
 
 17.7 
 
 3 
 
 15.7 
 
 5 
 
 11.5 
 
 3.85 
 
 1 
 
 19.2 
 
 2 
 
 16.9 
 
 3 
 
 14.5 
 
 5 
 
 9.9 
 
 3.9 
 
 1 
 
 18.7 
 
 2 
 
 16.1 
 
 3 
 
 13.4 
 
 5 
 
 8.2 
 
 3.95 
 
 1 
 
 18.1 
 
 2 
 
 15.3 
 
 3 
 
 12.4 
 
 5 
 
 6.6 
 
 4. 
 
 1 
 
 17.6 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 3 
 
 1].3 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 4.1 
 
 1 
 
 16.6 
 
 2 
 
 12.9 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 5 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 1 
 
 15.7 
 
 2 
 
 11.5 
 
 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 4 
 
 23. 
 
 4.3 
 
 1 
 
 14.7 
 
 2 
 
 10.1 
 
 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 4 
 
 20.2 
 
 4.4 
 
 1 
 
 13.8 
 
 2 
 
 8.8 
 
 3 
 
 3.7 
 
 4 
 
 17.6 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 13. 
 
 2 
 
 7.5 
 
 3 
 
 2. 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 4.6 
 
 } 
 
 12.2 
 
 2 
 
 6.3 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 4 
 
 12.7 
 
 4.7 
 
 
 111 
 1 1 .-± 
 
 2 
 
 
 9 
 
 99 Q 
 
 Tt 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 10.7 
 
 2 
 
 4.1 
 
 2 
 
 21.4 
 
 4 
 
 8.1 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 10. 
 
 2 
 
 3. 
 
 2 
 
 20. 
 
 4 
 
 6. 
 
 b. 
 
 
 9.3 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 2 
 
 18.6 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 5.25 
 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 23.6 
 
 2 
 
 15.2 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 23.2 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 21.4 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 5.75 
 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 19.5 
 
 2 
 
 9.9 
 
 3 
 
 15. 
 
 6. 
 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 17.6 
 
 2 
 
 7.5 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 6.25 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 16. 
 
 2 
 
 5.3 
 
 3 
 
 8. 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 14.4 
 
 2 
 
 3.2 
 
 3 
 
 4.9 
 
 6.75 
 
 
 O.G 
 
 
 13. 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 2. 
 
 7. 
 
 
 23.8 
 
 
 11.7 
 
 1 
 
 23.6 
 
 2 
 
 23.4 
 
 7.25 
 
 
 22.9 
 
 
 10.4 
 
 1 
 
 21.9 
 
 2 
 
 20.9 
 
ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 18T 
 
 CHANGE-PINIONS AT ROVING-FRAME. 
 
 By changing the driving-wheels, less pinions produce finer 
 roving, by increasing the draught in rollers : driven-wheels de- 
 crease the hank-roving by reducing the draught in the rollers. 
 RULE. — Multiply the hank-roving by the number of teeth in the 
 change-wheel, or pinion, and divide by the hank-roving you 
 want, and the quotient will be the change-wheel, or pinion re- 
 quired. 
 
 If a 4 hank-roving requires a 24 teeth change-wheel, or pinion ; 
 what will a 4| hank require? 
 
 4 hank-roving. 
 
 24 teeth, change-wheel, or pinion. 
 
 Hank-rov. required, 4.75)96.00(20.21, or 20 teeth, change-pinion, 
 
 9500 being a driving-wheel. 
 
 1000 
 950 
 
 500 
 475 
 
 25 
 
 If a 4 hank-roving requires a 48 teeth (driven) change-wheel, 
 or pinion ; what will a 4^ hank require ? 
 
 4 hank-roving. 
 48 teeth, change-wheel. 
 
 Hank-rov. required, 4.25)192.00(45.17, or 45 teeth, change-whl. 
 
 1700 or pinion required, being 
 
 ■ a driven-wheel. 
 
 2200 
 2125 
 
 750 
 
 425 
 
 3250 
 2975 
 
 275 
 
 B.—It seldom occurs that a change-wheel can he had to pro- 
 duce exactly what is wanted. 
 
188 
 
 ROVING-TABLE. 
 
 ROVING-TABLE. 
 
 From 7.5 to 18.5 hanks for 30, 40, 60, and 120 yards. 
 
 Dec. of 
 hank. 
 
 30 yards. 
 
 40 yards. 
 
 60 yards. 
 
 120 yards or 1 lea. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 7.5 
 
 1 
 
 9.3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20.4 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 5 
 
 13.3 
 
 7.75 
 
 1 
 
 8.2 
 
 1 
 
 19. 
 
 
 2 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 9. 
 
 8. 
 
 1 
 
 7.2 
 
 1 
 
 17.6 
 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 8.25 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 1 
 
 16.4 
 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 1 
 
 5.4 
 
 1 
 
 15.2 
 
 
 2 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 4 
 
 21.6 
 
 8.75 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 
 
 1 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 2 
 
 9.1 
 
 
 4 
 
 18.2 
 
 9. 
 
 1 
 
 3.7 
 
 1 
 
 13. 
 
 
 2 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 9.25 
 
 1 
 
 3. 
 
 1 
 
 12. 
 
 
 2 
 
 6. 
 
 
 4 
 
 12. 
 
 9.5 
 
 1 
 
 2.3 
 
 1 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.2 
 
 9.75 
 
 1 
 
 1.6 
 
 1 
 
 10.1 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 4 
 
 6.4 
 
 10. 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 10.25 
 
 1 
 
 0.39 
 
 1 
 
 8.52 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.78 
 
 
 4 
 
 1.56 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 23.81 
 
 1 
 
 7.73 
 
 
 1 
 
 23.62 
 
 
 3 
 
 23.23 
 
 10.75 
 
 
 23.26 
 
 1 
 
 7. 
 
 
 1 
 
 22.52 
 
 
 3 
 
 21.04 
 
 11. 
 
 
 22.72 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 1 
 
 22.15 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 11.25 
 
 
 22.22 
 
 1 
 
 5,62 
 
 
 1 
 
 20.44 
 
 
 3 
 
 16.88 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 21.73 
 
 1 
 
 4.98 
 
 
 1 
 
 19.47 
 
 
 3 
 
 14.95 
 
 11.75 
 
 
 21.27 
 
 1 
 
 4.33 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.55 
 
 
 3 
 
 13.1 
 
 12. 
 
 
 20.83 
 
 1 
 
 3.77 
 
 
 1 
 
 17.66 
 
 
 3 
 
 11.33 
 
 12.25 
 
 
 20.4 
 
 1 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.81 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.6 
 
 12.5 
 
 
 20. 
 
 1 
 
 2.66 
 
 
 1 
 
 16. 
 
 
 3 
 
 8. 
 
 12.75 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 1 
 
 2.14 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.21 
 
 
 3 
 
 6.43 
 
 13. 
 
 
 19.23 
 
 1 
 
 1.64 
 
 
 1 
 
 14.46 
 
 
 3 
 
 4.92 
 
 13.25 
 
 
 18.86 
 
 1 
 
 1.16 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.73 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.47 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 18.51 
 
 1 
 
 0.69 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.03 
 
 
 3 
 
 2.07 
 
 13.75 
 
 
 18.18 
 
 1 
 
 0.24 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.36 
 
 
 3 
 
 0.72 
 
 14. 
 
 
 17.85 
 
 
 23.8 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.71 
 
 
 2 
 
 23.42 
 
 14.25 
 
 
 i / .04: 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 17.24 
 
 
 22.98 
 
 
 1 
 
 10.48 
 
 
 2 
 
 20.96 
 
 14.75 
 
 
 16.94 
 
 
 22.89 
 
 
 1 
 
 9.89 
 
 
 2 
 
 19.79 
 
 15. 
 
 
 16.66 
 
 
 22.22 
 
 
 1 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.66 
 
 15.25 
 
 
 16.39 
 
 
 21.85 
 
 
 1 
 
 8.78 
 
 
 2 
 
 17.57 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 16.12 
 
 
 21.52 
 
 
 1 
 
 8.25 
 
 
 2 
 
 16.57 
 
 15.75 
 
 
 15.87 
 
 
 21.16 
 
 
 1 
 
 7.74 
 
 
 2 
 
 15.49 
 
 16. 
 
 
 15.62 
 
 
 20.83 
 
 
 1 
 
 7.25 
 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 15.15 
 
 
 20.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 17. 
 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 5.41 
 
 
 2 
 
 10.82 
 
 17.5 
 
 
 14.28 
 
 
 19.05 
 
 
 1 
 
 4.57 
 
 
 2 
 
 9.14 
 
 18. 
 
 
 13.88 
 
 
 18.51 
 
 
 1 
 
 3.77 
 
 
 2 
 
 7.55 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 13.51 
 
 
 18.01 
 
 
 1 
 
 3.02 
 
 
 2 
 
 6.05 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 189 
 
 If 30 yards of roving, with a 24 teeth change-wheel, weigh 2 
 dwts., 14| grains; what number of grains will the same length 
 weigh with a 22 teeth change-wheel (driving) ? 
 2 dwts., 141 grs., = 62.5 grs., weight of 30 yds. with 24 tth. whl. 
 22 teeth change-wheel. 
 
 1250 
 1250 
 
 Chn. whl. 24 tth.)1375.0(57.29, or 2 dwts., 9|- grains. 
 120 
 
 175 
 168 
 
 70 
 
 48 
 
 220 
 216 
 
 4 
 
 If 62^ grains of roving require a 24 teeth change-wheel, or 
 pinion; what change-wheel, or pinion will there be required to 
 produce a hank-roving the same length which will weigh 57 J 
 grains? 
 
 57.25 grains, weight required. 
 
 24 teeth, change-pinion, or wheel. 
 
 22900 
 11450 
 
 Given weight, 62.5 grs.) 1374.00(22 teeth, nearly, change-wheel, 
 1250 or pinion required. 
 
 1240 
 
 1250 — nearly. 
 
 B. — Whe7t the number of grains which any given length 
 weighs, is taken instead of the hank, multiply the grains by 
 the cha7ige-wheel, or pinion you intend putting on, and divide 
 by the change-ivheel you have working, and the quotient will be 
 the weight in grains required. 
 
190 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The following -will be the dividends for any number of leas, 
 from 1 to 7 leas, or 1 hank : — 
 
 iV. B. — For as many leas that you weigTi, take as many thousands 
 for your dividend, as shown in the annexed table of dividends. 
 
 Leas. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 1 
 
 1000 
 
 2 
 
 2000 
 
 3 
 
 3000 
 
 4 
 
 4000 
 
 5 
 
 5000 
 
 6 
 
 6000 
 
 7 
 
 7000 
 
 What will 2 leas of 22J hank-roving, or yarn weigh ? 
 
 Hank-roving, or yarn, 22.5)2000.0(88.888 grs, or 3 dwts. 16.88 
 
 1800 grains. 
 
 2000 
 1800 
 
 2000 
 1800 
 
 2000 
 1800 
 
 2000 
 1800 
 
 200 
 
 If 2 leas weigh 8 dwts., 17 grains ; what hank will it be ? 
 
 3 dwts., 17 grains = 89 grs.)2000(22.5, or 22* hanks, nearly. 
 
 178 
 
 220 
 178 
 
 420 
 
 445 — nearly. 
 
ROVING AND YARN-TABLE. 
 
 191 
 
 ROVINa AND YARN-TABLE. 
 
 From 19 to 33.5 hanks for 1, 2, 3, and 4 leas. 
 
 Hank 
 roving. 
 
 1 
 
 lea. 
 
 2 leas. 
 
 3 leas. 
 
 4 leas. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 1 dwts. 
 
 1 
 
 1 grains. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 19. 
 
 2 
 
 4.63 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.26 
 
 6 
 
 13.89 
 
 
 8 
 
 18.52 
 
 19.5 
 
 2 
 
 2.28 
 
 
 4 
 
 6.56 
 
 6 
 
 9.84 
 
 
 8 
 
 13.12 
 
 20. 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 6 
 
 6. 
 
 
 8 
 
 8. 
 
 20.5 
 
 2 
 
 0.'78 
 
 
 4 
 
 1.56 
 
 6 
 
 2.34 
 
 
 8 
 
 3.12 
 
 21. 
 
 1 
 
 23.61 
 
 
 3 
 
 23.23 
 
 5 
 
 22.85 
 
 
 7 
 
 22.47 
 
 21.5 
 
 1 
 
 22.51 
 
 
 3 
 
 21.02 
 
 5 
 
 19.53 
 
 
 7 
 
 18.40 
 
 22. 
 
 1 
 
 21.45 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 5 
 
 16.36 
 
 
 7 
 
 13.81 
 
 22.5 
 
 1 
 
 20.44 
 
 
 3 
 
 16.88 
 
 5 
 
 13.33 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.77 
 
 23. 
 
 1 
 
 19.47 
 
 
 3 
 
 14.95 
 
 5 
 
 10.43 
 
 
 7 
 
 5.61 
 
 23.5 
 
 1 
 
 18.55 
 
 
 3 
 
 13.1 
 
 5 
 
 7.65 
 
 
 7 
 
 2.2 
 
 24. 
 
 1 
 
 17.66 
 
 
 3 
 
 11.33 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 24.5 
 
 1 
 
 16.81 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.63 
 
 5 
 
 2.44 
 
 
 6 
 
 19.26 
 
 25. 
 
 1 
 
 16. 
 
 
 3 
 
 8. 
 
 5 
 
 0. 
 
 
 6 
 
 16. 
 
 25.5 
 
 1 
 
 15.21 
 
 
 3 
 
 6.43 
 
 4 
 
 21.64 
 
 
 6 
 
 12.86 
 
 26. 
 
 1 
 
 14.46 
 
 
 3 
 
 4.92 
 
 4 
 
 19.38 
 
 
 6 
 
 9.84 
 
 26.5 
 
 1 
 
 13.73 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.47 
 
 4 
 
 17.2 
 
 
 6 
 
 6.94 
 
 27. 
 
 1 
 
 13.03 
 
 
 s 
 
 2.07 
 
 4 
 
 lo.ll 
 
 
 r* 
 
 o 
 
 4.14 
 
 27.5 
 
 1 
 
 12.36 
 
 
 3 
 
 0.72 
 
 4 
 
 13.09 
 
 
 6 
 
 1.44 
 
 zo. 
 
 
 11 71 
 1 1. / 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 23.42 
 
 4 
 
 11.14 
 
 
 5 
 
 22.85 
 
 28.5 
 
 1 
 
 11.08 
 
 
 2 
 
 22.17 
 
 4 
 
 9.26 
 
 
 5 
 
 20.34 
 
 29. 
 
 1 
 
 10.48 
 
 
 2 
 
 20.96 
 
 4 
 
 7.44 
 
 
 5 
 
 17.93 
 
 29.5 
 
 1 
 
 9.89 
 
 
 2 
 
 19.79 
 
 4 
 
 5.09 
 
 
 5 
 
 15.58 
 
 30. 
 
 1 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 o 
 
 18.66 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 
 5 
 
 13.33 
 
 30.5 
 
 1 
 
 8.78 
 
 
 2 
 
 17.57 
 
 4 
 
 2.36 
 
 
 5 
 
 11.14 
 
 31. 
 
 1 
 
 8.25 
 
 
 o 
 ^ 
 
 16.51 
 
 4 
 
 0.76 
 
 
 5 
 
 9.03 
 
 31.5 
 
 1 
 
 7.74 
 
 
 2 
 
 15.39 
 
 3 
 
 23.23 
 
 
 5 
 
 6.78 
 
 32. 
 
 1 
 
 7.22 
 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 3 
 
 21.75 
 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 32.5 
 
 1 
 
 676 
 
 
 2 
 
 13.53 
 
 3 
 
 20.3 
 
 
 5 
 
 3.16 
 
 33. 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 2 
 
 12.6 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.21 
 
 33.5 
 
 1 
 
 5.85 
 
 
 2 
 
 11.7 
 
 8 
 
 17.55 
 
 
 4 
 
 23.4 
 
 For Yarn-Tables from IVo. 1 to 300, and from 1 to 7 leas, and 
 10 hanks in length, see Tables published by Robert Scott. 
 
192 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The speed of the twist-shaft is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of lying-shaft a minute, 136. 
 Diameter of drum on shaft, 21 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on counter-shaft, 14 inches. 
 Diameter of drum on counter-shaft, 16 inches. 
 Diameter of pulleys on twist-shaft, 12 inches. 
 
 136 revolutions of lying-shaft a minute. 
 21 inches, diameter of drum on lying-shaft. 
 
 136 
 272 
 
 2856 
 
 16 inches, diam. of drum on counter-shaft. 
 
 17136 
 
 2856 
 
 45696 dividend. 
 
 14 inches, diam. of pulley on counter-shaft- 
 12 inches, diam. of pulleys on twist-shaft. 
 
 168 divisor. 
 
 168)45696(272 revolutions of twist-shaft a min. 
 336 
 
 1209 
 1176 
 
 336 
 336 
 
 iV. B. — The self-acting mules from widch these calculations are 
 made, are spinning numbers 36's pin cops for power loom 
 weaving. 
 
 The speed of the spindles is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 193 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Diameter of grooved pulley on tAvist-shaft, 17§ inches. 
 Diameter of grooved twist-pulley for driving vertical shaft, 10|- 
 inches. 
 
 Diameter of grooved pulley on vertical shaft, 10 J inches. 
 Diameter of grooved pulley on tin drums, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of tin drums, driving spindles, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of spindle-wharves, ^ inch. 
 
 JV. jB. — ITiere are generally 3 grooves in the hand-pulley on the 
 twist-shaft, the diameters of which are 17 f, 18, and 18f inches. 
 
 When the driving and driven-pulleys, or drums, are alternately 
 of the same dimensions as in the above question, they are omitted 
 in the work. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 17.375, or 17f inches, diameter of groove in 
 
 1360 
 1904 
 816 
 
 1904 
 
 272 
 
 4726.000 dividend. 
 
 The divisor will be .875, which is equal to 7-8ths of an inch, 
 the diameter of the spindle-wharves. 
 
 .875)4726.000(5401.1428 revolutions of spindles 
 
 pulley on twist-shaft. 
 
 4375 
 
 a minute. 
 
 3510 
 3500 
 
 1000 
 875 
 
 1250 
 875 
 
 2500 
 1750 
 
 3750 
 3500 
 
 7500 
 7000 
 
194 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The speed of the vertical shaft is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Diameter of groove in pulley on twist-shaft, 17f inches. 
 Diameter of grooved twist-pulley for driving vertical-shaft, lOj 
 inches. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 17.375, or 17f inches, diameter of groove in 
 
 pulley on twist-shaft. 
 
 1360 
 1904 
 816 
 1904 
 272 
 
 4726.000 dividend. 
 
 The divisor will be 10.25, or lOJ inches, the diameter of the 
 grooved twist-pulley for driving vertical shaft. 
 
 10.25)4726.00(461.07317 revolutions of vertical shaft 
 4100 a minute. 
 
 6260 
 6150 
 
 1100 
 1025 
 
 7500 
 7175 
 
 3250 
 3075 
 
 1750 
 1025 
 
 7250 
 7175 
 
 75 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 195 
 
 W. B. — There is a 40 teeth-ioheel on the grooved twist-pulley- 
 shaft, which works into a 40 teeth-wheel on the foot of the ver- 
 tical-shaft; but one being a driving and the other a driven- 
 wheel, and each containing the same number of teeth, they are 
 omitted in the above question and example. 
 
 The speed of the front rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 
 Back pinion on twist-shaft, 18 teeth. 
 
 Back intermediate wheel, 42 teeth. 
 
 Back adjustable intermediate wheel, 70 teeth. 
 
 Back change-wheel on back-shaft, 50 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on back-shaft driving front rollers, 40 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on front rollers, connected with catch-box, 40 tth. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 18 teeth, back pinion on twist-shaft. 
 
 2176 
 272 
 
 4896 dividend. 
 
 The divisor will be 50, being the number of teeth in the change- 
 wheel on the back-shaft. All the other wheels, with the exception 
 of the back pinion on the twist-shaft, are omitted, on account of 
 being connecting, or driving and driven-wheels containing the 
 same number of teeth. 
 
 5.0)489.6 
 
 97.92 revols. of front rollers a minute. 
 
 If the front rollers at the mules be 1 inch diameter, making 
 97.92 revolutions a minute; how many inches will they traverse ? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 97.92 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 
 62832 
 282744 
 219912 
 282744 
 
 307.625472 inches, front rollers traverse a minute. 
 
 JC 
 
196 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The speed of the middle rollers is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 97.92, 
 
 Wheel on the front rollers, 20 teeth. 
 
 Crown-wheel, 108 teeth. 
 
 Change-pinion, 24 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on the back rollers, 50 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on the end of back rollers, working into stud-wheel which 
 
 drives middle rollers, 32 teeth. 
 Wheel on the middle rollers, 25 teeth. 
 
 97.92 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 20 teeth, wheel front rollers. 
 
 1958.40 
 
 24 teeth, change-pinion. 
 
 78336 
 39168 
 
 47001.6 
 
 32 teeth, wheel on the end of back rollers. 
 
 940032 
 1410048 
 
 1504051.2 dividend. 
 
 108 teeth, crown-wheel. 
 
 50 teeth, wheel on the back rollers. 
 
 5400 
 
 25 teeth, wheel on the middle rollers. 
 
 27000 
 10800 
 
 135000 divisor. 
 f5)1504.051.2 
 
 5 xfx 3=^35 i 
 
 1^ 3)33.42336 
 
 11.14112 revolutions of middle rollers a 
 minute. 
 
 i 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 197- 
 
 If the middle rollers be f of an inch diameter, making 11.14112 
 revolutions a minute; how many inches will they traverse ? 
 
 11.14112 revolutions of middle rollers a min. 
 .75 or f inch diameter of middle rollers. 
 
 5570560 
 7798784 
 
 8.3558400 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 5013504 
 835584 
 
 3342336 
 
 835584 
 2506752 
 
 26.250706944, or rather more than 26| inches, mid- 
 dle rollers traverse a minute. 
 The speed of the back rollers is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of the front rollers a minute, 97.92. 
 
 Wheel on the front rollers, 20 teeth. 
 
 Crown-wheel, 108 teeth. 
 
 Change-pinion, 24 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on the back rollers, 50 teeth. 
 
 97.92 revolutions of front rollers a minute. 
 20 teeth, wheel on front rollers. 
 
 1958.40 
 
 24 teeth, change-pinion. 
 
 78336 
 39168 
 
 47001.6 dividend. 
 108 teeth, crown wheel. 
 
 50 teeth, -wheel on the back rollers. 
 
 ^77^ A- ■ (9)470.01.6 
 54.00 divisor, or J J_ 
 
 9 X 6 = 54 I 6)52.224 
 
 8.704 revolutions of back rol- 
 lers a minute. 
 
198 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 If the back rollers be |ths of an inch diameter, making 8.704 
 revolutions a minute ; how many inches will they traverse ? 
 
 8.704 revolutions of back rollers a minute. 
 .875, or '^ths of an inch, diam. of rollers. 
 
 43520 
 60928 
 69632 
 
 7.616000 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 45696 
 7616 
 
 80464 
 
 7616 
 22848 
 
 23.9264256, or nearly 24 inches, back rollers traverse 
 a minute. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Middle rollers traverse 26.250706944 inches a minute. 
 Back rollers traverse 23.9264256 inches a minute. 
 23.9264256)26.250706944(1.0971428, or nearly l^'g draught 
 239264256 between the mid. and 
 
 back rols. 
 
 2324281344 
 2153378304 
 
 1709030400 
 1674849792 
 
 341806080 
 239264256 
 
 1025418240 
 957057024 
 
 683612160 
 478528512 
 
 2050836480 
 1914114048 
 
 136722432 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 199 
 
 The draught between the front and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — ■ 
 
 Front rollers traverse 307.625472 inches a minute. 
 Middle rollers traverse 26.250706944 inches a minute, 
 26.250706944)307.62547200(11.71875 draught between the 
 26250706944 front and mid.rollers. 
 
 45118402560 
 26250706944 
 
 188676956160 
 183754948608 
 
 49220075520 
 26250706944 
 
 229693685760 
 210005655552 
 
 196880302080 
 183754948608 
 
 131253534720 
 131253534720 
 
 The draught between the front and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Front rollers traverse 307.625472 inches a minute. 
 Back rollers traverse 23.9264256 inches a minute. 
 23.9264256)307.625472(12.857 draught between the front 
 239264256 and back rollers. 
 
 683612160 
 478528512 
 
 2050836480 
 1914114048 
 
 1367224320 
 1196321280 
 
 1709030400 
 1674849792 
 
 34180608 
 
200 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The draught between the front and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Draught between the front and middle rollers, 11.71875. 
 Draught between the middle and back rollers, 1.09714. 
 
 11.71875 draught between front and mid. rols. 
 1.09714 draught between middle and back rols. 
 
 4687500 
 1171875 
 8203125 
 10546875 
 11718750 
 
 12.8571093750 draught between the front and back 
 
 rollers. 
 
 The draught between the front and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 Wheel on front rollers, 20 teeth. 
 Crown-wheel, 108 teeth. 
 Change-pinion, 24 teeth. 
 Wheel on back rollers, 50 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on the end of back rollers, working a stud-wheel which 
 
 drives the middle rollers, 32 teeth. 
 Wheel on middle rollers, 25 teeth. 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1 inch or fths. 
 Diameter of middle rollers, | inch, or gths. 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 20 teeth, wheel on front rollers. 
 24 teeth, change-pinion. 
 
 480 
 
 32 teeth, wheel on the end of back rollers. 
 
 960 
 1440 
 
 15360 
 
 fths, or I inch diameter of middle rollers. 
 
 92160 divisor. 
 
 :4 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 201 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 108 teeth, crown wheel. 
 
 50 teeth, wheel on back rollers. 
 
 5400 
 
 25 teeth, wheel on middle rollers. 
 
 27000 
 10800 
 
 135000 
 
 |ths, or 1 inch, diameter of front rols. 
 
 1080000 dividend. 
 
 92160)1080000(11.71875 draught between the front and 
 02160 middle rollers. 
 
 158400 
 92160 
 
 662400 
 645120 
 
 172800 
 92160 
 
 806400 
 737280 
 
 691200 
 645120 
 
 460800 
 460800 
 
 The draught between the front and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on front rollers, 20 teeth. 
 Crown-wheel, 108 teeth. 
 Change-pinion, 24 teeth. 
 Wheel on back rollers, 50 teeth, 
 
 14 
 
202 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1 inch, or §ths. 
 Diameter of back rollers, | inch, or {rths. 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS, 
 
 20 teeth, wheel on front rollers. 
 24 teeth, change-pinion. 
 
 480 
 
 |ths, or I inch, diam. of back rollers. 
 
 3360 divisor. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 108 teeth, crown-wheel. 
 
 50 teeth, wheel on back rollers. 
 
 5400 
 
 f ths, or 1 inch, diameter of front rollers. 
 
 43200 dividend. 
 
 3360)43200(12.8571 draught between the front and 
 3360 back rollers. 
 
 9600 
 6720 
 
 28800 
 26880 
 
 19200 
 16800 
 
 24000 
 23520 
 
 4800 
 3360 
 
 1440 
 
 Xi. B. — By examining the different systems of working draughts 
 as shown in the last examples, it will he found that they all 
 agree with each other ; therefore, any of the systems may he 
 adopted. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 203 
 
 The speed of the long drawing-out shaft is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Back pinion on twist-shaft, 18 teeth. 
 ^ f Back intermediate wheel, 42 teeth. 
 \ Back adjustable intermediate wheel, 70 teeth. 
 Back change-wheel on back shaft driving front rols. 50 teeth. 
 Wheel on back shaft, 19 teeth. 
 
 Back change-wheel on long drawing-out shaft, 61 teeth. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 18 teeth, back pinion on twist-shaft. 
 
 2176 
 272 
 
 4896 
 
 19 teeth, wheel on back shaft. 
 
 44064 
 4896 
 
 93024 dividend. 
 
 50 teeth, change-wheel on back shaft, for driving front rols. 
 61 teeth, back change-wheel on long drawing-out shaft. 
 
 3050 divisor. 
 
 3050)93024(30.499, or nearly SOJ revolutions of long 
 9150 drawing-out shaft a min. 
 
 15240 
 12200 
 
 30400 
 27450 
 
 29500 
 27450 
 
 2050 
 
 * These are only carrying or connecting-wheels; consequently, they are oiTiitted 
 in the ■wrork. 
 
204 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The speed of the drawing-out scroll-shaft is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of long drawing-out shaft a minute, 30.5. 
 Bevil-wheel on long drawing-out shaft, 24 teeth. 
 Bevil-wheel on scroll-shaft, 48 teeth. 
 
 30.5 revols. of long drawing-out shaft a min. 
 24 teeth, bevil-wheel on drawing-out shaft. 
 
 1220 
 610 
 
 Teeth of bev.] 
 
 wl, on scroll- > 48)732.0(15.25 revolutions of drawing-out scroll- 
 shaft, J 48 shaft a minute. 
 
 252 
 240 
 
 120 
 
 96 
 
 240 
 240 
 
 The speed of the dravfing-ont scroll-shaft is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 llevolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Back pinion on twist-shaft, 18 teeth. 
 
 Back change-wheel on back shaft, for driving front rollers, 50 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on back shaft, 19 teeth. 
 
 Back change-wheel on long drawing-out shaft, 61 teeth, 
 Bevil-wheel on long drawing-out shaft, 24 teeth. 
 Wheel on drawing-out scroll-shaft, 48 teeth. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 205 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 18 teeth, back pinion on twist-shaft. 
 
 21V6 
 272 
 
 4896 
 
 19 teeth, wheel on back shaft. 
 
 44064 
 4896 
 
 93024 
 
 24 teeth, bevil- wheel on long drawing-out shaft. 
 
 372096 
 186048 
 
 2232576 dividend. 
 
 50 teeth, back change-whl. on back shaft, for driv. front rols. 
 61 teeth, back change-wheel on long drawing-out shaft. 
 
 3050 
 
 48 teeth, bevil-wheel on drawing-out scroll-shaft. 
 
 24400 
 12200 
 
 146400 divisor. 
 
 146400)2232576(15.25, or 15|- revolutions nearly, 
 146400 drawing-out scroll a min. 
 
 7685'i6 
 732000 
 
 365760 
 292800 
 
 729600 
 
 732000— nearly. 
 
206 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 If the drawing-out scroll be 6| inches diameter, making 15|- 
 revolutions a minute ; how many inches will the scroll, or carriage 
 traverse ? 
 
 15.25, or 15J revolutions of scroll a minute. 
 6.75, or 6| inches, diameter of scroll. 
 
 7625 
 10675 
 9150 
 
 102.9375 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 6176250 
 1029375 
 4117500 
 1029375 
 3088125 
 
 323.38845000, or nearly 323/^ inches, drawing-out 
 
 scroll traverses a minute. 
 
 The length delivered by the front rollers a stretch is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Carriage, or drawing-out scroll traverses 323.38845 inches a 
 minute. 
 
 Front rollers traverse 307.625472 inches a minute. 
 Length of stretch put up, 60.5, or 60| inches. 
 
 307.625472 inches front rollers traverse a min. 
 60.5, or 60J inches length of stretch. 
 
 1538127360 
 18457528320 
 
 18611.3410560 dividend. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 207 
 
 Car. travs. a min. 323.38845 in.)18611.3410560(57.551 in., front 
 
 161694225 rollers deliver a 
 stretch. 
 
 244191855 
 
 226371915 
 
 178199406 
 161694225 
 
 165051810 
 161694225 
 
 33575850 
 32338845 
 
 1237005 
 
 If the length delivered at the front rollers a stretch, be 57.551 
 inches, and the length of the stretch put up, be 60.5, or 60|^ 
 inches; how many inches a stretch does the carriage gain? 
 
 60.500, or 60|- inches, length of stretch put up. 
 
 57.551 inches, length deliv. at front rols. a stretch. 
 
 2.949, or nearly 3 inches gain of carriage. 
 
 The draught between the carriage and front rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Carriage traverses 323.38845 inches a minute. 
 Front rollers traverse 307.625472 inches a minute. 
 307.625472)323.388450(1.05124 draught between carriage 
 307625472 and front rollers. 
 
 1576297800 
 1538127360 
 
 381704400 
 307625472 
 
 740789280 
 615250944 
 
 1255383360 
 1230501888 
 
 24881472 
 
208 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The length of the stretch is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Front rollers deliver 57.551 inches a minute. 
 Draught between carriage and front rollers, 1.05124. 
 57.551 inches, front rollers deliver a minute. 
 1.05124 draught between carriage and front rollers. 
 
 230204 
 115102 
 57551 
 287755 
 576510 
 
 60.49991324, or 60i inches, length of stretch. 
 
 The total draught at mules is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Draught between front and back rollers, 12.857109375. 
 Draught between carriage and front rollers, 1.05124. 
 
 12.857109375 draught between front and back rols. 
 1.05124 draught between car. and front rols. 
 
 51428437500 
 25714218750 
 12857109375 
 64285546875 
 128571093750 
 
 13.51590765937500, or rather more than 13| total draught 
 at mules. 
 
 The total draught at mules is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 » 
 
 Revolutions of drawing-out scroll a minute, 15.25, 
 Revolutions of back rollers a minute, 8.704. 
 Diameter of scroll, 6f inches, or 54-8ths. 
 Diameter of back rollers, | inches, or 7-8ths. 
 
 15.25 revolutions of drawing-out scroll a min. 
 54-8ths, or 6| inches, diameter of drawing- 
 
 out scroll. 
 
 6100 
 7625 
 
 823.50 dividend. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 209 
 
 8.704 revolutions of back rollers a minute. 
 7-8ths, or I inch, diameter of back rollers. 
 
 60.928 divisor. 
 
 Divisor. Dividend. 
 
 60.228)823.500(13.515 total draught at mules. 
 60928 
 
 214220 
 182784 
 
 314360 
 
 304640 
 
 97200 
 60928 
 
 362720 
 304640 
 
 58080 
 
 The total draught at mules is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Bevil-wheel on drawing-out scroll-shaft, 48 teeth. 
 *Bevil-wheel on long drawing-out shaft, 24 teeth. 
 
 Back change- wheel on drawing-out shaft, 61 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on back shaft, 19 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on front rollers, 20 teeth. 
 
 Crown-wheel, 108 teeth. 
 *Change-pinion, 24 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on back rollers, 50 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of drawing-out scroll, 6f inches, or 54-8ths. 
 Diameter of back rollers, | inch, or 7-8ths. 
 
 * These wheels are omitted in working, one beint; a driving and the other a 
 driveii-wheel, each containing the same number of teeth. 
 
 ■ 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 DRIVING-WHEELS. 
 
 48 teeth, bevil-wheel on drawing-out scroll-shaft. 
 61 teeth back change-wheel on drawing-out shaft. 
 
 48 
 288 
 
 2928 
 
 20 teeth, wheel on front rollers. 
 
 58560 
 
 7-8ths inch, diameter of back rollers. 
 
 409920 divisor. 
 
 DRIVEN-WHEELS. 
 
 19 teeth, wheel on back shaft. 
 108 teeth, crown-wheel. 
 
 152 
 190 
 
 2052 
 
 50 teeth, wheel on back rollers. 
 
 102600 
 
 54-8ths, or 6|- in. diam.of drawing-out scroll. 
 
 410400 
 513000 
 
 5540400 dividend. 
 
 409920)5540400(13.5158 total draught at mules. 
 409920 
 
 1441200 
 1229760 
 
 2380800 
 
 2114400 2049600 
 
 2049600 
 
 3312000 
 
 648000 3279360 
 
 409920 
 
 32640 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES, 
 
 211 
 
 iV, B. — By changing the 50 teeth wheel on the hack shaft, it loill 
 affect the front rollers and drawing-out scroll in the same 
 2yroportion ; consequently, the gain, or draught at carriage, will 
 remain the same. The gain, or draught at carriage, may be 
 altered by changing the 61 teeth wheel on the long drawing- 
 out shaft; both being driven-ioheels from the first moving power, 
 a less number of teeth will increase the speed, whereas, had 
 they been driving-wheels, it loould have required a greater 
 number of teeth to have produced an increase of speed, and the 
 reverse for a decrease in speed. 
 
 The speed of the quadrant-shaft is required from the following 
 particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of drawing-out scroll a minute, 15.25. 
 
 Diameter of scroll, 6.75 inches. 
 
 Diameter of drum on quadrant-shaft, 6.125. 
 
 15.25 revols. of drawing-out scroll a minute. 
 » 6.75, or 6| inches, diameter of scroll. 
 
 7625 
 10675 
 9150 
 
 102.9375 
 
 Diam. of drum on quad. -shaft, 6.125 in. )i02. 9375(16. 806 revols. 
 
 6125 of quad. -shaft 
 
 a rnin. 
 
 41687 
 36750 
 
 49375 
 49000 
 
 37500 
 36750 
 
 750 
 
 JSf. B. — The quadrant-shaft is driven by the draiving-out scroll 
 band while the carriage is drawing out, and the chain on the 
 winding-on drum is counterbalanced by a lueight at the eiid of 
 a band working on pulleys and connected with the winding-on 
 
212 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 drum, tvhich is out of geer while drawing out, and is put into 
 geer hy a spring connected with the long lever and vertical 
 shaft when the carriage is going in; during which time, the 
 speed of the winding-on drum is governed by a strap working 
 the governor-wheels connected with the worm, when the slide 
 to which the winding-on chain is affixed rises in the recess of 
 the quadrant hy means of the worm, and decreases the length 
 of the chain from the drum, regulating the winding on accord- 
 ing to the increasing thickness of the cop. When the cop has 
 attained the intended tltickiiess, then the governor-wheels cease 
 to tvork, and the length of the chain going on the winding-on 
 drum remains the same till the cop is completed. 
 
 The number of teeth the quadrant moves a stretch is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Carriage traverses 323.38845 inches a minute.- 
 Revolutions of quadrant-shaft a minute, 16.806. 
 Wheel on quadrant-shaft, 22 teeth. 
 Length of stretch, 60J inches. 
 
 16.806 revols. of quad. -shaft a min. 
 22 teeth, wheel on quad. -shaft. 
 
 33612 
 33612 
 
 369.732 
 
 60.5, or 60| in., length of stretch. 
 
 1848660 
 22183920 
 
 Car. travs., 323.38845 in.)22368.7860(69.17 num. of teeth quad. 
 
 194033070 moves a stretch of 
 
 Q^h inches. 
 
 296547900 
 291049605 
 
 54982950 
 32338845 
 
 226441050 
 226371915 
 
 69135 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. \'^/^213'' - 
 
 The turns an inch of yarn are required from the following: 
 particulars : — 
 
 Bell-wheel worked by a worm on the twist-shaft, 56 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of the grooved pulley on the twist-shaft, 17f inches. 
 /Diameter of grooved twist-pulley, driving vertical shaft, lOJ 
 V inches. 
 
 * (Diameter of grooved pulley on the vertical shaft, lOJ inches. 
 /Diameter of grooved pulley on tin drums, 10 inches. 
 \Diameter of tin drums, driving the spindles, 10 inches. 
 
 Diameter of wharves on the spindles, | inch. 
 
 Length of stretch put up, 60^ inches. 
 
 17.375, or 17f inches, diam. of grooved pul. on 
 66 teeth, bell-wheel. [the twist-shaft. 
 
 104250 
 86875 
 
 973.000 dividend. 
 
 .875, or |ths of an inch, diam. of wharves. 
 60.5, or 60J inches, length of stretch. 
 
 4375 
 62500 
 
 52.9375 divisor. 
 
 52.9375)973.0000(18.38 turns an inch of yarn 
 529375 required. 
 
 4436250 
 4235000 
 
 2012500 
 1588125 
 
 4243750 
 4235000 
 
 8750 
 
 ^ * These are all omitted in the work, being driving and driven, of the snme 
 dimensions. 
 
214 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The number of teeth in the bell-wheel is required from the 
 following particulars : — 
 
 Number of turns an inch of yarn required, 18.38. 
 
 Length of stretch put up, 60.5 inches. 
 
 Diameter of wharves on the spindles, | inch, 
 f Diameter of drum driving wharves, 10 inches. 
 ^ J Diameter of pulley on drum driving wharves, 10 inches, 
 j Diameter of pulley on vertical shaft, 10^ inches. 
 (^Diameter of pulley driving vertical shaft, 10^ inches. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on twist-shaft, 17f inches. 
 
 18.38 turns an inch, 
 60.5 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 9190 
 110280 
 
 1111.990, or 1112 turns in a st'ch of 601 in. 
 .875, or I inch, diam. of spindle wharves. 
 
 555995 
 778393 
 889592 
 
 In. diam.^ 
 
 of pul. on y 17.375)972.99125(56 nearly, number of teeth re- 
 tAvist-s'ft, j 86875 quired in the bell-wheel. 
 
 104241 
 
 104260— nearly. 
 
 iV. B. — All the rules are fully laid doivn in a former fart of 
 this u'ork. (See Hand Mules.) 
 
 The speed of the short going-in shaft is required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Wheel on loose pulley, 36 teeth. 
 Wheel on short going-in shaft, 54 teeth. 
 
 • These are omitted in the work on account of being driving and driven of the 
 same dimensions; bnt if tlie diameters had been of different dimensions, they must 
 have been made use of as in former examples. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 215 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 36 teeth, wheel on loose pulley. 
 
 1632 
 816 
 
 Teeth of wheel ^ 
 
 on short going-in V 54)9792(181.33, or ISIJ revolutions of short 
 shaft, j 54 going-in shaft a minute. 
 
 439 
 432 
 
 72 
 54 
 
 180 
 162 
 
 180 
 162 
 
 18 
 
 The speed of the long going-in shaft is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Wheel on loose pulley, 36 teeth. 
 Wheel on short going-in shaft, 54 teeth. 
 Wheel on short going-in shaft, 17 teeth. 
 Wheel on long going-in shaft, 20 teeth. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 36 teeth, wheel on loose pulley. 
 
 1632 
 816 
 
 9792 
 
 17 teeth, wheel on short going-in shaft. 
 
 68544 
 9792 
 
 166464 dividend. 
 
216 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 54 teeth, wheel on short going-in shaft. 
 20 teeth, wheel on long going-in shaft. 
 
 1080 divisor. 
 
 1080)166464(154.133 revolutions of long going-in 
 1080 shaft a minute. 
 
 6846 
 5400 
 
 4464 
 4320 
 
 1440 
 1080 
 
 3600 
 3240 
 
 3600 
 3240 
 
 360 
 
 The speed of the going-in scroll-shaft is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Wheel on loose pulley, 36 teeth. 
 Wheel on short going-in shaft, 54 teeth. 
 Wheel on short going-in shaft, 17 teeth. 
 Wheel on long going-in shaft, 20 teeth. 
 Bevil-wheel on long going-in shaft, 16 teeth. 
 Bevil-wheel on scroll-shaft, 45 teeth. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-shaft a minute. 
 36 teeth, wheel on loose pulley. 
 
 1632 
 816 
 
 9792 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 217 
 
 9792 
 
 17 teeth, wlieel on short going-in shaft. 
 
 68544 
 9792 
 
 166464 
 
 16 teeth, bevil-wheel on long going-in shaft. 
 
 998784 
 166464 
 
 2663424 dividend. 
 
 54 teeth, wheel on short going-in shaft. 
 20 teeth, wheel on long going-in shaft. 
 
 1080 
 
 45 teeth, bevil-wheel on scroll-shaft. 
 
 5400 
 4320 
 
 48600 divisor. 
 
 48600)2663424(54.80296 revolutions of going-in 
 243000 scroll a minute. 
 
 230424 
 194400 
 
 390240 
 388800 
 
 144000 
 97200 
 
 468000 
 437400 
 
 306000 
 291600 
 
 14400 
 
218 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The revolutions of the going-in scroll a stretch, are required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Circumference, or chase of scroll a stretch, 22 inches. 
 Length of stretch put up, 60J inches. 
 
 22)60.5(2.75, or 2f revolutions of going-in 
 44 scroll a stretch. 
 
 165 
 154 
 
 110 
 110 
 
 The speed of the backing-off wheel is required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of long going-in shaft a minute, 154.133. 
 Wheel on long going-in shaft, 12 teeth. 
 Backing-off wheel, 77 teeth. 
 
 154.133 revols. of long going-in shaft a min. 
 12 teeth, wheel on long going-in shaft. 
 
 Teethofback-K^.jg^g gQQ,24.02 revols. of backing-off wheel 
 mg-off wheel, ; a minute. 
 
 809 
 308 
 
 160 
 154 
 
 6 
 
 iV. B. — The haeJcmg-off loheel can he regulated by the leather fric- 
 tion pulley , which works into the hacJcing-off wheel, and may 
 he made slacker, or tighter, by means of a bolt and nut con- 
 nected with the friction pulley. The proper friction on the 
 hacking-off tvheel is very essential, which will soon he ascer- 
 tained by any practical person. 
 
 Required, from the following particulars, the length of time a 
 stretch the carriage occupies while going in. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 219 
 
 Eevolutions of going-in scroll a minute, 54.80296. 
 Revolutions of going-in scroll a stretch, 2.75. 
 
 2.75 revols. of going-in scroll a 
 60 seconds, 1 min. [stretch. 
 
 Revols. of going-inK^ gQ29exig5_QQQQQ,3 010-^86, or rather 
 scroll a minute, J K-i inooo ^v, 
 
 ' ^ 16440888 more than 
 
 3 seconds 
 
 5911200 a stretch. 
 
 5480296 
 
 43090400 
 38362072 
 
 47283280 
 43842368 
 
 34409120 
 32881776 
 
 1527344. 
 
 If it requires 56 turns or revolutions of the twist-shaft to draw 
 out one stretch, what time will it require, if the twist-shaft makes 
 272 turns or revolutions a minute ? 
 
 272)56.0(.20588 minute a stretch. 
 
 544 
 
 1600 
 1360 
 
 2400 
 2176 
 
 2240 
 2176 
 
 64 
 
 .20588 minute a stretch. 
 
 60 seconds, 1 minute. 
 
 12.35280 seconds required to draw out 1 
 
 stretch. 
 
220 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 The number of stretches a mule a minute is required from 
 the following particulars, allowing 2J seconds a stretch for 
 backing olF. 
 
 Drawing out a stretch, 12.3528 seconds. 
 Backing off a stretch, 2.5 seconds. 
 Going in a stretch, 3.0107 seconds. 
 
 17.8635 seconds a stretch. 
 
 17.8635)60.0000(3.3588, or rather more than stretches 
 535905 a minute, each mule. 
 
 640950 
 535905 
 
 1050450 
 893175 
 
 1572750 
 1429080 
 
 1436700 
 1429080 
 
 7620 
 
 If a mule produce 3.3588 stretches a minute, and each stretch 
 be 60 inches, how many hanks a spindle will be produced in one 
 week, allowing them to work successively for 65 hours ? 
 
 3.3588 stretches a minute. 
 60 minutes, 1 hour. 
 
 201.5280 stretches an hour. 
 65 hours in 1 week. 
 
 1007640 
 1209168 
 
 13099.320 stretches in 1 week. 
 60 inches each stretch. 
 
 785959.200 inches of yarn a spindle a week. 
 
 A 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 221 
 
 1 yard jg) inches of yarn a spindle a week. 
 
 36mclies,jg^-^gQC)g3 2 
 
 21832.2 yards a spindle a week. 
 
 1 hank is 840 yds.)21832.2(25.99 nearly 26 hanks a spindle a, 
 1680 week.. 
 
 5032 
 4200 
 
 8322 
 7560 
 
 7620 
 7560 
 
 60 
 
 The speed of the leather-contact pulley is required from the 
 following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 
 Wheel on loose pulley, 36 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on leather-contact pulley shaft, 33 teeth. 
 
 272 revolutions of twist-pulley a min. 
 36 teeth, wheel on loose pulley. 
 
 1632 
 816 
 
 Teeth-wheel on 'J • 
 
 leather-contact 133)9792(296.727 revols. of leather-contact 
 pulley, j 66 pulley a minute. 
 
 319 
 297 
 
 222 90 
 198 66 
 
 240 240 
 231 231 
 
 90 9 
 
222 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 If the leather-contact pulley be 3J inches diameter, making 
 296.727 revolutions a minute, what will it traverse ? 
 
 296.727 revols. of leather-contact pulley a min. 
 3.75, or 3| inches, diameter of do. 
 
 1483635 
 2077089 
 890181 
 
 1112.72625 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 
 667635750 
 111272625 
 445090500 
 111272625 
 333817875 
 
 3495.740787000 inches leather-contact pulley traverses 
 
 a minute. 
 
 The revolutions of the spindles for the twist-shaft once are re- 
 ijuired from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of spindles a stretch, 1112. 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a stretch, 56, 
 
 Revols. of twist-shaft^ 8)1112 revols. of spindles a stretch. 
 
 a stretch is 56, then > 
 
 8 X 7=56, J 7)139 
 
 19.857 revols. of the spindles for the 
 twist-shaft once. 
 
 Required, from the following particulars, the revolutions a 
 stretch of the spindles for winding on yarn at the beginning of 
 the set — i. e., when the spindles are bare : — 
 
 Diameter of winding-on drum, 4|- or 4.125 inches. 
 Length of chain thrown off drum, 60J or 60.5 inches. 
 Wheel on the winding-on drum, 41 teeth. 
 Pinion on winding-on drum-shaft, 25 teeth. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 223 
 
 f Bevil-wheel on winding-on drum-shaft, 40 teeth. 
 \ Bevil-wheel on foot of vertical shaft, 40 teeth. 
 Diameter of pulley on vertical shaft, 10^ or 10.25 inches. 
 Diameter of spindle-wharves, ^ or .875 inch. 
 
 4.125 inches, diameter of winding-on drum, 
 3.1416 inches, circum. when the diam. is 1. 
 
 24750 
 4125 
 
 16500 
 
 4125 
 12375 
 
 12.9591000 
 
 25 teeth, pinion on winding-on drum-shaft. 
 
 647955 
 259182 
 
 323.9775 
 
 .875 inches, diameter of wharves. 
 
 16198875 
 22678425 
 25918200 
 
 283.4803125 divisor. 
 
 60.5 in., length of chn. thrown off wind. -on drum. 
 41 teeth, wheel on winding-on drum. 
 
 605 
 2420 
 
 2480.5 
 
 10.25 inches diam. of pulley on vertical shaft. 
 
 124025 
 49610 
 248050 
 
 25425.1250000 
 
 * These are omitted in the work, being driving and driven; and the tin drums 
 for driving spindles are omitted, being intermediate. 
 
 \ 
 
224 
 
 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 283.4803125)25425.1250000(89.689 
 22678425000 
 
 27467000000 
 25513228125 
 
 19537718750 
 17008818750 
 
 25289000000 
 22678425000 
 
 26105750000 
 25513228125 
 
 592521875 
 
 If it requires the bare or empty spindles to make 89.689 re- 
 volutions to wind on a stretch 60 J inches long; what will the 
 circumference and diameter of the spindles be ? 
 
 89.689)60.5000(.67455 inch, circumference of spindles. 
 538134 
 
 668660 
 627823 
 
 408370 
 358756 
 
 496140 
 448445 
 
 476950 
 448445 
 
 revols. of spindle a stretch, 
 winding yarn on bare spin- 
 dles. 
 
 28505 
 
62832 
 
 46280 
 31416 
 
 148140 
 125664 
 
 224760 
 219912 
 
 4848 
 
 The speed of the spindles for winding on the yarn will be in 
 accordance with their diameter, from which may be ascertained 
 the size of the winding-on drum, or pinion on the winding-on 
 drum-shaft. 
 
 If the diameter of the spindles be ^ inch; how many revolu- 
 tions must they make to wind on 605- inches of yarn? 
 
 3.1416 circumference when the diameter is 1. 
 .25, or ^ inch, diameter of spindles. 
 
 157080 
 62832 
 
 .785400 circumference of spindle. 
 
 .7854)60.5000(77 revolutions required for spin- 
 54978 die, to wind on 60J inches of 
 
 Required, the revolutions of the winding-on drum, for the 
 spindles to make 77 revolutions, or turns a stretch, according to 
 the following particulars : — 
 
 Diameter of spindle wharves, |, or .875 inch. 
 Diameter of pulley on vertical shaft, lOj inches. 
 
 yarn. 
 
 55220 
 54978 
 
 242 
 
226 SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 Pinion on winding-on drum-shaft, 25 teeth. 
 Wheel on winding-on drum, 41 teeth. 
 
 .875 diameter of spindle-wharves. 
 77 revols., or turns of spindles a stretch. 
 
 6125 
 6125 
 
 67.375 
 
 25 teeth, pinion on winding-on drum-shaft. 
 
 336875 
 134750 
 
 1684.375 dividend. 
 
 10.25 inches, diameter of pulley on vertical shaft. 
 41 teeth, wheel on winding-on drum. 
 
 1025 
 4100 
 
 420.25 divisor. 
 
 420.25)1684.375(4 revolutions of winding-on drum 
 168100 a stretch required. 
 
 337 
 
 If the winding-on drum be required to make 4 revolutions a 
 stretch; what must the circumference be to wind on 60 J inches 
 of chain ? 
 
 4)60.5 
 
 15.125, or 15J inches, circumference of drum. 
 
 If the winding-on drum be 15.125, or 15J inches circumfer- 
 ence; what will the diameter be? 
 
SELF-ACTINa MULES. 
 
 227 
 
 3.1416)15.1250(4.8144 inches, diameter of winding- 
 125664 on drum. 
 
 255860 
 251328 
 
 45320 
 31416 
 
 139040 
 125664 
 
 133760 
 125664 
 
 8096 
 
 The iron-contact pulley on the cam-shaft is SjJ inches diame- 
 ter, and has 4 recesses, or spaces in it at an equal distance, which 
 relieve it from the leather-contact pulley, and is also assisted by 
 4 pins in the front of the escape-plate, each of which works 
 against a spring, when the spring at the back of the escape-plate 
 moves from one bolster to another when acted upon by the lever 
 connected, and which gives power, by the assistance of the leather- 
 contact pulley, to the different motions on the cam-shaft, which is 
 as follows : — 
 
 Motions from the escape-plate. 
 
 First — Back and front cams for the strap-lever. 
 
 Second — Backing-off cam connected with the friction-pulley, 
 
 working into backing-off wheel-pulley. 
 Third — Front roller eccentric. 
 
 Fourth — Stop-finger connected with the bell-wheel-shaft. 
 Fifth — Going-in eccentric. 
 Sixth — Drawing-out eccentric. 
 
 The following are the alternate movements on the cam-shaft 
 each stretch : — 
 
 First — Roller geer and drawing-out motions. 
 Second — Twist motion. 
 Third — Backing-off motion. 
 Fourth — Going-in motion. 
 
228 
 
 SELF-ACTINa MULES. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PARTICULARS OF THE SELF-ACTING 
 
 MULES: — 
 
 Revolutions of twist-shaft a minute, 272. 
 Revolutions of spindles a minute, 5401.1428. 
 Revolutions of vertical shaft a minute, 461.07317. 
 Revolutions of front rollers a minute, 97.92. 
 Revolutions of middle rollers a minute, 11.14112. 
 Revolutions of back rollers a minute, 8.704. 
 Revolutions of long drawing-out shaft a minute, 30.499 or 30J. 
 Revolutions of drawing-out scroll a minute, 15.249 or 15J. 
 Revolutions of quadrant-shaft a minute, 16.806. 
 Revolutions of short going-in shaft a minute, 181.333. 
 Revolutions of long going-in shaft a minute, 154.1333. 
 Revolutions of going-in scroll a minute, 54.80296. 
 Revolutions of going-in scroll a stretch, 2.75 or 2f . 
 Revolutions of backing-off wheel a minute, 24.02. 
 Revolutions of leather-contact pulley a minute, 296.727. 
 Revolutions of spindles per twist-shaft once, 19.857. 
 Revolutions of bare or empty spindles for winding on yarn a 
 
 stretch, at the beginning of set, 89.689. 
 Diameter of pulleys on twist- shaft, 12 inches. 
 Diameter of grooved band-pulley on twist-shaft, 17f, 8, and 
 
 18| inches. 
 
 Diameter of grooved twist-pulley for driving vertical shaft, lOJ 
 inches. 
 
 Diameter of grooved pulley on vertical shaft, lOj inches. 
 Diameter of grooved pulley on tin drums, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of tin drums for driving spindles, 10 inches. 
 Diameter of spindle-wharves, | inch. 
 Diameter of front rollers, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of middle rollers, f inch. 
 Diameter of back rollers, | inch. 
 Diameter of drawing-out scroll, 6f inches. 
 Diameter of quadrant-shaft drum, 6^ inches. 
 Diameter of leather-contact pulley, 3f inches. 
 Diameter of iron-contact pulley, 5}^ inches. 
 Diameter of winding-on drum, 4^ inches. 
 Diameter of spindles, .2147 inch. 
 Front rollers traverse a minute, 307.625472 inches. 
 Middle rollers traverse a minute, 26.250707 inches. 
 Back rollers traverse a minute, 23.926425 inches. 
 Drawing-out scroll traverses a minute, 323.38845 inches. 
 
SELF-ACTING MULES. 
 
 229 
 
 Front rollers traverse a stretch, 57.551 inches. 
 Carriage traverses a stretch, 60.5 inches. 
 Going-in scroll traverses a revolution, 22 inches. 
 Leather-contact pulley traverses a minute, 3495.749787 inches. 
 Draught between the middle and back rollers, 1.0971428, nearly 
 
 Draught between the front and middle rollers, 11.71875. 
 
 Draught between the front and back rollers, 12.8571. 
 
 Draught between the front rollers and carriage, 1.05124. 
 
 Total draught at the mules, 13.5158. 
 
 Gain at carriage each stretch, 2.949, nearly 3 inches. 
 
 Turns each inch in yarn, 18.38. 
 
 Turns each stretch of 60J inches, 1112. 
 
 Bell-wheel, 56 teeth. 
 
 Number of teeth the quadrant moves each stretch of 60J inches, 
 69.17. 
 
 Time each stretch drawing carriage out, 12.3528 seconds. 
 
 Time each stretch allowed for backing off, 2.5 seconds. 
 
 Time each stretch carriage going in, 3.0107 seconds. 
 
 Time required to complete each stretch, 17.8635 seconds. 
 
 Number of stretches a minute, each mule, 3.3588. 
 
 Number of stretches an hour, each mule, 201.528. 
 
 Number of stretches a week, each mule, 13099.32. 
 
 Number of hanks a spindle a week, 25.99, or 26 hanks nearly. 
 
 The faller rises by the lowering of the coping-rail, by means 
 of a lever connected with the faller-sector working upon it. The 
 faller-sector at the same time works into a 22 teeth-wheel on 
 the faller-shaft. 
 
 The backing-off eccentric is loose on the vertical shaft; and 
 the chain attached to the eccentric and connected with the faller- 
 sector is governed by a catch fixed to the plate of the eccentric, 
 working against the ratchet-wheel while backing oif. 
 
 N. B. — Tlie number of teeth in the ratchet-ivheel is 88. 
 
 At the commencement of a set, when the spindles are bare or 
 empty, great care must be taken to set the coping-rail and wind- 
 ing-on chain to their proper places, by means of the worm or 
 screw connected ; for, if right, then they will regulate them- 
 selves afterwards. 
 
 Whatever bevil the coping-rail may have will be the length of 
 the chase given to the faller, which may be increased or de- 
 creased by giving more bevil to the coping-rail, and by changing 
 the wheel on the worm-shaft connected with the shaper or coping- 
 
 is 
 
230 
 
 HANK, OR PROPORTION OF HANK, ETC. 
 
 plate. The cop may be made larger or smaller. A larger wheel 
 ■will make a larger cop, on account of the worm-shaft connected 
 with the shaper or coping-plate moving slower ; and a smaller 
 wheel will make a smaller cop by the worm-shaft connected with 
 the shaper or coping-plate moving quicker, there being a finger 
 attached to the carriage which works the catch on the wheel of 
 the worm-shaft, and causes the wheel to move one tooth each 
 stretch, which gives the bevil to the coping-rail. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance that every attention be given 
 to machinery by having every part of the machine properly ad- 
 justed, and set square with the scrolls and other bands of a pro- 
 per tightness; and that regular cleaning and oiling be particu- 
 larly attended to, which is indispensable in all machinery — the 
 neglect of which causes machinery to work ill, and destroys it 
 much sooner than it otherwise would have been had proper care 
 been taken. 
 
 Neglect always brings the best machinery into disrepute, con- 
 sequently is injurious to the best machinists, and trade generally 
 suffers materially. 
 
 I ^Within these last few years, there have been a number of 
 patents obtained by different machinists for improvements in 
 machinery, used in all the different operations of carding, draw- 
 ing, slabbing, roving, spinning, and weaving. 
 
 HANK, OR PROPORTION OF HANK, ETC. IN EACH OPERATION. 
 
 The following examples will show the hank and the decimal, 
 or proportion of hank, in each and every operation, from the 
 spinning to the lap machine. 
 
 Suppose the numbers or counts of yarn be 40's, with a draught 
 of 9.6, or 9 /q, what hank roving will be required ? 
 
 Draught, 9.6)40.0(4.1666, or 4| hank roving required. 
 384 
 
 160 
 96 
 
 640 
 576 
 
 640 
 576 
 
 640 
 
 676 
 
 640 
 
 64 
 
HANK, OR PROPORTION OP HANK, ETC. 
 
 231 
 
 If the draught at roving-frame he 7.5, or 7^, producing a 4^ 
 hank roving, what hank -vvill the slabbing be, allowing 2 slabbings 
 to each roving ? 
 
 iV. B. — Where there is doubling, multiply the hanh, or propor- 
 tion of hanh, hy the number of ends doubled, and divide by 
 the draught. 
 
 Hank roving, 4J, or 4.1666 
 
 2, number of ends doubled. 
 
 Draught 7J, or 7.5)8.3333(1.1111, or 1^ hank slabbing. 
 75 
 
 83 
 75 
 
 83 
 75 
 
 83 
 75 
 
 83 
 75 
 
 8 
 
 If the draught at the slabbing-frame be 6.875, and the slab- 
 bing be 1.1111, or 1^ hank, what decimal or proportion of hank 
 will the drawing be, put up at the back of slabbing-frame, there 
 being no doubling ? 
 
 Draught, 6.875)1.1111(0.1616 decimal, or proportion of hank, 
 6875 last head of drawing. 
 
 42361 
 41250 
 
 11111 
 
 6875 
 
 42361 
 41250 
 
 1111 
 
232 
 
 HANK, OR PROPORTION OF HANK, ETC. 
 
 If 8 ends be put up at the last head of drawings, and the 
 draught be 6.125, and the decimal of the hank 0.1616; what 
 decimal, or proportion of hank will the drawings be that are put 
 up ? 
 
 0.1616 decimal, or proportion of hank at 
 8 ends doubling. [last head. 
 
 Draught, 6i, or 6.125)1.2929(0.211 decimal, or proportion of 
 12250 hank at middle, or second 
 head of drawings. 
 
 6792 
 
 6125 
 
 6679 
 6125 
 
 554 
 
 If the hank drawing at second head be 0.211; what will the 
 decimal, or proportion of hank be at the first head, if the draught 
 be 6.25, and the doubling 8? 
 
 0.211 decimal, or proportion of hank at 
 8 ends doubling. [middle head. 
 
 Draught, 6|-, or 6.25)1.688(0.27 decimal, or proportion of 
 1250 hank at first head of draw- 
 
 ings. 
 
 4880 
 4875 
 
 5 
 
 If the decimal, or proportion of hank at the first head of draw- 
 ings be 0.27, the draught 6.25, and the doubling 8; what decimal, 
 or proportion of hank, will the carding be ? 
 
HANK, OR PROPORTION OF HANK, ETC. 
 
 233 
 
 0.27 decimal of hank at first head of 
 8 ends doubling. [drawings. 
 
 Draught, 6J, or 6.25)2.1600(0.3456 decimal of hank card- 
 1875 ing. 
 
 2850 
 2500 
 
 3500 
 3125 
 
 3750 
 3750 
 
 If the decimal of the hank-carding be 0.3456, and the draught 
 at the carding-engine be 130; what will the decimal of the hank 
 lap be? 
 
 Dr't at carding-engine, 130)0.3456(.00265846 decimal, or pro- 
 
 260 portion of hank 
 
 lap. 
 
 856 
 
 760 
 650 
 
 1100 
 1040 
 
 600 
 520 
 
 800 
 780 
 
 20 
 
 iV". B. — The weight of any number of yards of carding or draw- 
 ing may he found in the tables, according to the decimal, or 
 proportion of hank. 
 16 
 
234 
 
 HANK, OR PROPORTION OF HANK, ETC. 
 
 If the decimal, or proportion of the hank lap be 0.00265846, 
 and the draught at the lap machine be 2.75, or 2| ; what -will 
 the decimal, or proportion of the hank of cotton fed on feed-cloth 
 at the lap machine be ? 
 
 Draught at lap machine, 2.75)0.00265846(0.0009667 decimal of 
 
 2475 hank fed on feed- 
 
 cloth at lap ma- 
 
 1834 chine. 
 1650 
 
 1846 
 1650 
 
 1960 
 1925 
 
 35 
 
 If the decimal, or proportion of hank at the lap machine be 
 0.0009667; what will the net weight of cotton fed on 30 inches 
 of feed-cloth at the lap machine be? 
 
 Look in the table of dividends for inches, and opposite 30 will 
 be found 6.9444 the dividend; which, divided by 0.0009667 the 
 decimal, or proportion of hank at the lap machine, will give the 
 net weight of cotton in grains. 
 
 Decimal of hank, 0.0009667)6.9444(7183 grs., or 1 lb., 0 oz., 7 
 
 67669 dwts., 15 grains. 
 
 17754 
 9667 
 
 80874 
 77336 
 
 35384 
 29001 
 
 6383 
 
 B. — The above weight being subtracted from the gross weight 
 of cotton fed on feed-cloth at lap machine, will give the weight 
 of loss sustained in working. 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 235 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 Suppose there be 18-^- ounces of cotton fed on the feed-cloth 
 at the lap machine, and the weight of yarn produced (as appears 
 from the preceding example) be 1 ft., 0 oz., 7 dwts., and 15 
 grains; what will the loss sustained in working be? 
 
 oz. dwts. grs. 
 
 18J ounces, = 18 . . 9 . . 2J weight of cotton at lap machine. 
 16 . . 7 . . 15 weight of yarn produced. 
 
 2 . . 1 . . llf weight lost in working. 
 Or, 
 
 The loss sustained in working any kind of cotton maybe found 
 in the following manner: — 
 
 Multiply all the draughts together successively for a divisor, 
 and all the doublings together accordingly, and that product by 
 the numbers of yarn produced for a dividend, and the quotient 
 will be the decimal, or proportion of the hank. 
 
 Then look for the dividend in the table opposite the number 
 of inches any given weight of cotton is fed on the feed-cloth at 
 the lap machine, and divide by the decimal, or proportion of the 
 hank, and the quotient will be the net weight in grains; which, 
 subtracted from the weight of cotton fed on the feed-cloth at the 
 lap machine, will show the loss sustained in working. 
 
 The loss sustained in each operation may be ascertained in the 
 same manner. 
 
 Suppose the draughts and doubling are as follows : the num- 
 bers to be spun 40's, and the weight of cotton fed on 30 inches 
 of feed-cloth at the lap machine be 18 J ounces; what will be the 
 loss in working ? 
 
 Draught at lap machine, 2.75. 
 Draught at carding-engine, 180. 
 Draught at 1st head-drawing, 6.25. 
 Draught at 2d head-drawing, 6.25. 
 Draught at 3d head-drawing, 6.125. 
 Draught at slabbing-frame, 6.875. 
 Draught at roving-frame, 7.5. 
 Draught at mules, 9.6. 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 Doubling 1st head-drawing, 8. 
 Doubling 2d bead-drawing, 8. 
 Doubling 3d head-drawing, 8, 
 Doubling roving-frame, 2. 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 2.75 lap machine. 
 130 carding-engine. 
 
 8250 
 275 
 
 357.60 
 
 6J draught at 1st head-drawing. 
 
 2145.0 
 89375 
 
 2234.375 
 
 6J draught at 2d head-drawing. 
 
 13406.250 
 
 55859375 
 
 13964.84375 
 
 6| draught at 3d head-drawing. 
 
 83789.06250 
 174560546875 
 
 [to the last head of drawing! 
 
 85534.66796875 total draught from lap machic 
 6.875 draught at slabbing-frame. 
 
 42767333984375 
 59874267578125 
 68427734375000 
 51320800781250 
 
 588050.84228515625 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 237 
 
 Draughts ) 588050.84228515625 
 
 continued, / 7.5 draught at roving-frame. 
 
 294025421142578125 
 411635589599609375 
 
 4410381.317138671875 
 
 9.6 draught at mules. 
 
 26462287902832031250 
 39693431854248046875 
 
 Divisor 42339660.6445312500000 total draughts. 
 
 8 doubling 1st head-drawing. 
 8 doubling 2d head-drawing. 
 
 64 
 
 8 doubling 3d head-drawing. 
 
 512 
 
 2 doubling roving-frame. 
 
 1024 total doublings. 
 40's number spun^ 
 
 Dividend 40960 
 
 42339660.64453125)40960.000000000000(0.0009674 decimal, 
 38105694580078125 or proportion 
 
 of hank at lap 
 
 28543054199218750 ' machine. 
 25403796386718750 
 
 31392578125000000 
 29637762451171875 
 
 17548156738281250 
 16935864257812500 
 
 612292480468750 
 
238 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 The dividend for 30 inches is 6.9444, which, divided by 
 0.0009674, the decimal or proportion of the hank at the lap 
 machine, will give the weight of yarn in grains produced, which, 
 subtracted from the 18f ounces of cotton fed on the feed-cloth 
 at the lap machine, will show the loss sustained in working. 
 
 Dec. or prop, of hank, 0.0009674)6.9444(7178 grains or 16 oz., 
 
 67718 7 dwts., 10 grs. 
 
 of yarn produced 
 
 17264 from 18i oz. of 
 9674 cotton. 
 
 75904 
 67718 
 
 81864 
 77392 
 
 4472 
 
 oz. dwts. grains. 
 
 Cotton consumed at lap machine, 18 . . 9 . . 2| 
 Yarns produced, 16 . . 7 . . 10 
 
 Loss sustained in working, 2 . . 1 . . 16f 
 
 The weight of cotton fed on any given length of feed-cloth at 
 the lap machine, reduced to grains, may be divided by the 
 draughts, and multiplied by the doublings successively, through 
 each operation, which will show the gross weight in grains for 
 the same length, as the given length of feed-cloth at the lap 
 machine, which may be extended to any length, the weight being 
 in proportion. 
 
 The net weight of the same length, according to the hank or 
 proportion of hank in the same operation, being subtracted from 
 the gross weight, will show the loss sustained at each operation, 
 or the whole loss throughout the different processes of working. 
 
 I^. B. — Proceed with the same particulars as in the last ex- 
 amples. 
 
 If there be 18|- ounces of cotton fed on 30 inches of feed- 
 cloth at the lap machine, what weight should the same length 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 239 
 
 weigh at the different processes (allowing no loss), if the draughts 
 and doubling be as follows ? 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Lap machine, 2.75, or 2f. 
 Carding-engine, 130. 
 1st head of drawings, 6.25, or 6J. 
 2d head of drawings, 6.25, or 6J. 
 3d head of drawings, 6.125, or 6J. 
 Slabbing-frame, 6.875, or 6|. 
 Roving-frame, 7.5, or 7|. 
 Mules, 9.6, or 9^%. 
 
 DOUBLING. 
 
 1st head of drawings, 8. 
 2d head of drawings, 8. 
 3d head of drawings, 8. 
 Roving-frame, 2. 
 
 Reduce 18J ounces to grains for the dividend. 
 
 437.5 grains=l oz. 
 18.5, or 18J ounces of cotton fed 
 on feed-cloth. 
 
 21875 
 35000 
 4375 
 
 Draught at lap ma. 2.75)8093.75(2943.2 grs., or 6 oz., 13 dwts. 
 
 550 6-^ grs., weight of 30 
 
 in. of lap, 
 
 2593 
 2475 
 
 1187 
 1100 
 
 875 
 
 825 
 
 500 
 
 550 — nearly. 
 
240 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 2943.2 grains, weight of 30 inches of lap ; draught at the card- 
 ing-engine 130. 
 
 130)2943.2(22.64 grains, weight of 30 inches 
 260 of carding. 
 
 343 
 260 
 
 832 
 780 
 
 520 . 
 520 
 
 22.64 grains, weight of 30 inches of carding ; draught at the 
 1st head of drawings 6.25, and doubling 8. 
 
 22.64 grains, weight of carding. 
 
 8 ends, doubling at 1st head of draw- 
 
 ings. 
 
 Draught, 6.25)181.12(28.9792 grains, or 1 dwt., 4.9792 
 1250 grs., weight of 30 inches 
 
 of drawing at the 1st 
 
 5612 head. 
 5000 
 
 6120 
 5625 
 
 4950 
 4375 
 
 5750 
 5625 
 
 1250 
 1250 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 241 
 
 28.9792 grs., weight of drawing 1st head. 
 8 ends doubling. 
 Draught at 2d~| 
 
 head of draw- V 6.25)231.8336(37.093 grains, or 1 dwt., 13.093 
 ings, j 1875 grs., weight of 30 inches 
 of drawing 2d head. 
 
 4433 
 
 4375 
 
 5836 
 5625 
 
 2110 
 1875 
 
 235 
 
 37.093 grains, weight of 30 inches of drawing at 2d head ; 
 draught at 3d head of drawings 6.125, and doubling 8. 
 
 37.093 grs., weight of 30 inches of drawing. 
 8 ends doubling. 
 Draught at ") 
 
 3d head of V 6.125)296.746(48.448 grs., or 2 dwts., 0.448 grs., 
 drawing, j 24500 weight of 30 inches of draw- 
 ing at the third head. 
 
 51746 
 
 49000 
 
 27460 
 24500 
 
 29600 
 24500 
 
 51000 
 49000 
 
 2000 
 
 48.448 grains, weight of 30 inches of drawing at 3d or last head; 
 draught at slabbing-frame 6.875 (no doubling). 
 
242 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING, 
 
 Draught at slabbing-frame, 6.875)48.448(7.04698 grains, weight 
 
 of slabbing. 
 
 82300 
 27500 
 
 48000 
 41250 
 
 67500 
 61875 
 
 56250 
 55000 
 
 1250 
 
 7.04698 grs., weight of 30 in. of slabbing. 
 2 ends doubling at roving-frame. 
 
 7.5)14.09396(1.88 grains, weight of 30 inches 
 
 659 
 600 
 
 593 
 
 600 — nearly. 
 
 1.88 grains, weight of 30 inches of roving ; draught at mules 
 9.6 (no doubling). 
 
 Draught at mules, 9.6)1.88(0.195833 decimal of a grain, weight 
 
 48125 
 
 of 30 inches 
 
 of roving. 
 
 96 
 
 of 30 inches of yarn. 
 
 920 
 864 
 
 560 
 480 
 
 320 
 288 
 
 800 
 768 
 
 320 
 288 
 
 320 
 
 32 
 
144, the number of 30'iriche's in l'' 
 
 lea, or 120 yards. 
 
 783333 
 783333 
 195833 
 
 28.200000 grains, weight of 1 lea. 
 
 25 grains, weight of 1 lea of 40's yarn. 
 
 3.2, or 3^ grains, loss in working 1 lea. 
 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 22.4 grains, loss in working 1 hank. 
 40 hanks, ISb. 
 grains. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5)896.0(2 oz., 0 dwts., 21 grains, loss sus- 
 
 When 30 inches of feed-cloth is the length, any given weight 
 of cotton is fed on at the lap machine. The table on the next 
 page will show the multipliers for any number of yards weighed 
 at any operation. 
 
 The number of grains in any operation, multiplied by the 
 figures opposite the number of yards weighed, will give the gross 
 weight, from which subtract the net weight. The difference will 
 be the loss sustained in working the length weighed. 
 
 8750 
 
 tained in working lib. 
 
 21.0 
 
244 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 TABLE OF MULTIPLIERS. 
 
 For ascertaining the loss sustained in working any given 
 length or weight of cotton yarn, as 1 lea, 1 hank, or IK)., as 
 shown in a preceding example. 
 
 Length weighed. 
 
 Multipliers. 
 
 Yards. 
 
 1 
 
 1.2 
 
 2 
 
 2.4 
 
 3 
 
 3.6 
 
 4 
 
 4.8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7.2 
 
 7 
 
 8.4 
 
 8 
 
 9.6 
 
 9 
 
 10.8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 90 
 
 108 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 110 
 
 132 
 
 or 120 
 
 144 
 
 Leas 
 
 
 2 
 
 288 
 
 3 
 
 432 
 
 4 
 
 576 
 
 5 
 
 720 
 
 6 
 
 864 
 
 ik, or 7 
 
 1008 
 
 N. B. — Where 30 inches is the length any given weight of cotton 
 is fed on the feed-cloth at lap machine {ivhich is nearly gene- 
 ral), the above multipliers answer without exception. 
 
 The proportion of the hank, and the weight of any given 
 length, will be sufficiently explained in the foregoing rules, ex- 
 amples, and illustrations. However, it will not be out of place 
 
LOSS IN WORKING. 245 
 
 to give one or two more, as nothing in calculations is more essen- 
 tial to masters or managers. 
 
 According to a former example, 30 inches of roving weighs 
 1.88 grains (but no person can weigh to so great a nicety). I 
 wish to know what 30 yards of the same roving will weigh, and 
 what hank it is. 
 
 1.88 grains, weight of 30 inches of roving. 
 36 multiplier for 30 yards (see Table). 
 
 1128 
 664 
 
 67.68 grains, or 2 dwts., 19.68 grs., weight 
 of 30 yards of roving. 
 
 250 is the dividend for 30 yards, which, divided by the number 
 of grains it weighs, will give the hank roving. 
 
 grains. Dividend. 
 Weight of 30yards, 67.68)250.00(3.693, or 3/g hank rov. nearly. 
 
 20304 
 
 46960 
 40608 
 
 63520 
 60912 
 
 26080 
 20304 
 
 5776 
 
 If the hank roving when weighed be 4| or 4.166 hanks, what 
 will be the loss sustained in working 30 yards ? 
 
 250 is the dividend for 30 yards, which, divided by 4.166, the 
 hank roving, will give the number of grains net weight. 
 
 Hank roving, = 4. 166)250. 000(60 grains, net weight of 30 yards, 
 25000 of 41 hank roving. 
 
 N. B. — For loss sustained in working, see next example. 
 
246 
 
 LOSS IN WORKING. 
 
 If the weight of cotton required for 30 yards of roving be 
 67.68 grains, and the weight of the same length of roving be 60 
 grains, which is equal to 4.166 or 4| hanks, what will the loss 
 sustained in working be for 1 lea, 1 hank, and 1ft). ? 
 
 67.68 grs., weight of cot. req'd for 30 yds. of rov. 
 60 grains, weight of 30 yards of roving. 
 
 7.68 grains, loss at 30 yards. 
 
 4 times 30 is equal to 120 yards, or 1 lea. 
 
 30.72 grains, loss at 1 lea. 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 215.04 grains, loss at 1 hank. 
 4.166 hank roving produced. 
 
 129026 
 129026 
 21504 
 86016 
 
 895.85686 grains, loss sustained in working 1ft). of 
 
 cotton. 
 
 Or, 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grs.)895.85686(2.0477 ounces. 
 
 8750 437| grains are 1 oz. 
 
 20856 3339 
 17500 1431 
 1908 
 
 33568 238 
 
 30625 
 
 20.8687 grains, or 2 oz. 
 
 29436 0 dwts., 21 grs. 
 
 30625 — nearly. nearly. 
 
AVERAGE COP, ETC. 
 
 247 
 
 AVERAGE COP AND WEIGHT OF SETS. 
 
 To find the numbers of yarn and the number of hanks in one 
 set of cops (from an average cop), the weight of the set being 
 given. 
 
 RULE. — Multiply the length on one cop by the number of spin- 
 dles in the wheels for the number of hanks in the set ; then 
 divide by the weight of the set, and the quotient will be the 
 numbers of yarn. 
 
 If a set of cops from a pair of wheels containing 808 spindles 
 weighs 30 lbs., and the length on one cop be 1 hank, 6 leas, and 
 70 threads, what number of hanks will there be in the set, and 
 what number of yarn will it be 
 
 Hank. Leas. Threads. 
 One cop contains 1 . . 6 . . 70 
 
 10 X 10 X 8 add 8=808 spdls. 
 
 19 . . 5 . . 60 
 
 10 
 
 198 . . 1 . . 40 
 
 8 
 
 1585 . . 5 . . 0 
 15 . . 6 . . 0=8 
 
 ^Sht-°^sets I . . 4 . . 0 No. of hanks on 1 set. 
 
 53.4 nearly, hanks fineness of Nos. of yarn. 
 
 Or, 
 
 Reduce the length on one cop to threads, and multiply by the 
 number of spindles in the wheels ; then divide by the number of 
 threads in one lea, the quotient of which must be divided by the 
 number of leas in one hank, and that quotient will be the number 
 of hanks contained in the set; then the number of hanks con- 
 tained in the set must be divided by the weight of set, and the 
 quotient will be the number of hanks in lib. 
 
248 
 
 AVERAGE COP, ETC. 
 
 Hank. Leas. Threads. 
 One cop contains 1 . . 6 . . 70 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 13 
 
 80 threads, 1 lea. 
 
 1110 threads on one cop. 
 808 spindles in the pairs of wheels. 
 
 8880 
 88800 
 
 1 lea, 8.0 thrds.)89688.0 threads on 1 pair of sets. 
 
 1 hank, 7 leas,)11211 leas on one pair of sets. 
 
 1601.5714 hanks on 1 pair of sets. 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 3.9998 leas. 
 
 80 threads, 1 lea. 
 
 79.9840 threads. 
 
 The length of yarn on one pair of sets will be 1601 hanks, 4 
 leas. 
 
 Weight of set, 3.0 ibs.)160. 1.5714 hanks on one pair of sets. 
 
 53.3857, or rather more than 53^ Nos. 
 
 of yarn. 
 
 What will one set of cops weigh, if the wheels contain 808 
 spindles, the numbers of yarn 53 hanks to the pound, the num- 
 ber of stretches 1000, and the length of the stretch put up 60 
 inches? 
 
 Multiply the number of stretches, the length of stretch, and 
 the number of spindles in the wheels together respectively for a 
 dividend ; then multiply the numbers of yarn by 840 and 36 
 respectively for a divisor, and the quotient will be the weight of 
 the set. 
 
AVERAGE COP, ETC. 
 
 1000, Rumber of stretches on one cop. 
 60 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 60000 
 
 808 number of spindles in wheels. 
 
 48480000 dividend. 
 
 840 yards, 1 hank. 
 36 inches, 1 yard. 
 
 5040 
 2520 
 
 30240 inches in 1 hank. 
 63, numbers of yarn. 
 
 00720 
 151200 
 
 1602720 divisor. 
 
 1602720)48480000(30ibs., oz., weight of set. 
 4808160 
 
 398400 
 
 16 ounces, lit). 
 
 2390400 
 398400 
 
 1602720)6374400(3 ounces. 
 4808160 
 
 1566240 
 
 4 qrs., 1 ounce. 
 
 1602720)6264960(3 qrs. 
 4808160 
 
 1456800 
 
250 AVERAGE COP, ETC. 
 
 What -will the "weight of one pin or shuttle-cop of 86's weft 
 be, containing 450 stretches,]each stretch 57 inches net (allowed 
 for breakage). 
 
 450, number of stretches on cop. 
 57 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 3150 
 2250 
 
 1 yard is 36 inches,)25650(712.5 yards. 
 252 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 72 
 
 180 
 180 
 
 1 lea is 120 yards,)71 2.5(5.9375 leas on 1 cop. 
 600 
 
 1125 
 1080 
 
 450 
 360 
 
 900 
 840 
 
 600 
 600 
 
AVERAGE COP, ETC. 251 
 
 Leas. 
 
 Nos. of weft, 36's)5.937. 5(164.93 grains, or 6 dwts., 20.93 grs., 
 36 weight on 1 cop. 
 
 233 
 216 
 
 177 
 144 
 
 335 
 324 
 
 110 
 108 
 
 2 
 
 How raany leas and threads are there in one cop, containing 
 7121 yards ? 
 
 1 lea is 120 yards, )712. 5(5 leas, 75 threads, on 1 cop. 
 600 
 
 IJ yards is 1 thread, 1.5)112.5(75 threads. 
 
 105 
 
 75 
 75 
 
 B. — In ascertaining the weight of one cop, recJcon your divi- 
 dend as many thousands as you have leas; and ivhere the deci- 
 mal of a lea occurs, ^vhich is generally the case, put the point 
 in, reserving the tliousands, which, divided by the numbers of 
 yarn, will give the weight of the cop in grains. 
 
 What will one cop of 36's twist weigh, containing 900 
 stretches, each stretch 61 J inches, exclusive of breakage? 
 
252 AVERAGE COP, ETC. 
 
 900, number of stretches. 
 61.5 or GIJ inches, length of stretch. 
 
 r 6)55350.0 
 
 1 yard is 36 inches, < 
 
 t 6)9225 
 
 1 lea is 12,0 yards,)153.7.5 yards on 1 cop. 
 
 12.8125 leas on 1 cop. 
 
 Nos. of yarn, 36)12812.5(355.9 grains, or 14 dwts., 19.9 grains, 
 108 weight of 1 cop. 
 
 201 
 180 
 
 212 
 180 
 
 325 
 324 
 
 What ■will one cop of 48's twist weigh; if it contains 1200 
 stretches, each stretch to put up 61 inches, exclusive of breakage? 
 
 1200, number of stretches. 
 61 inches, length of stretch. 
 
 1200 
 7200 
 
 1 yard is 86 inches, 
 
 j 6)73200 inches on 1 cop. 
 1^6)12200 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yards,)203.3.3 yards on 1 cop. 
 
 16-944 leas, or 2 hanks, 2.944 leaa 
 — on 1 cop. 
 
WEIGHT OF SETS. 253 
 
 Leas, 
 r 4)16.944 
 
 Nos. of yarn, i8< 
 
 [12)4236 
 
 353, grains, or 14 dwts., 17 grains, weight 
 of 1 cop. 
 
 WEIGHT OF SETS. 
 
 The number of hanks, and weight of a pair of sets of cops, 
 are required from the following particulars: — 
 
 Number of spindles, 1008. 
 Number of stretches, 900. 
 Length of stretches, 61|- inches. 
 Numbers of yarn, 36 hanks to 1 lb. 
 
 1008 number of spindles in mules. 
 900, number of stretches. 
 
 907200 
 
 61.5, or 61| inches, length of stretch. 
 
 4536000 
 907200 
 5443200 
 
 55792800.0 inches of yarn on 1 pair of sets. 
 
 1 yard is 36 inches,)55792800(1549800 yards on 1 set of cops. 
 36 
 
 197 
 180 
 
 179 
 144 
 
 352 
 324 
 
 288 
 288 
 
254 WEIGHT OP SETS. 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 ycls.)154980.0 yards on 1 set of cops. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas,)12915 leas on 1 set of cops. 
 Nos. of yarn, 36, ■ 
 
 r 6)1845 hanks on 1 set of cops. 
 
 6)307.5 
 
 51.25 lbs., or 51 lbs., 4 oz., weight of set. 
 16 ounces 1 lb. 
 
 150 
 25 
 
 4.00 ounces. 
 
 The number of hanks in a pair of sets of cops is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Number of spindles in mules, 1340. 
 Number of stretches, 1200. 
 Length of stretches, 59.5 inches. 
 
 1840 spindles in mules. 
 1200 stretches. 
 
 1608000 
 
 59.5, or 59-J inches, length of stretch. 
 
 8040 
 14472 
 
 8040 
 
 1 yd. is 36 in. 
 
 ( 6)95676000.0 yards of yarn on 1 set of cops. 
 \ 6)15946000 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yds,)265766.6.6 yards of yarn on 1 set of cops. 
 1 hank is 7 leas,)22147.222 leas of yarn on 1 set of cops. 
 
 3163.888 hanks of yarn on 1 set of cops. 
 
spinner's book, etc. 
 
 255 
 
 -3163.888 hanks of yarn on 1 set of cops. 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 6.222 leas. 
 
 120 yards, 1 lea. 
 
 26.666 yards. 
 
 SPINNER'S BOOK, &c. 
 
 Where it is customary to pay the spinners at the rate of so 
 much per thousand hanks, the length of the average cop from 
 each set may be put down for the week; then add them together 
 and multiply by the number of spindles in the mules, as follows: 
 
 Number of spindles 
 in mules. 
 
 Weight 
 
 of sets. 
 
 Average cop. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 hanks. 
 
 leas. 
 
 threads. 
 
 1008 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 72 
 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 
 51 
 
 12 
 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 
 52 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 
 51 
 
 12 
 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 
 52 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 
 51 
 
 0 
 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 Total for 1 week. 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 Hanks. Leas. Threads. 
 21 .. 4 .. 23 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 151 
 
 80 threads, 1 lea. 
 
 12108 
 1008 spindles in mules. 
 
 ^6824 
 
256 
 
 spinner's book, etc. 
 
 96824 
 1210300 
 
 Threads in 1 lea, 8.0)1219982.4 threads. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas,)152497..64, or 152497 leas, 64 threads. 
 
 21785 . . 2 . . 64, or 21785 hanks, 2 leas, 64 
 threads, number of hanks on 1 pair of sets of cops. 
 Total weight, 620 lbs. )21785(35 J hanks, average number of yarns. 
 1860 
 
 3185 
 3100 
 
 85 
 
 The number of hanks per spindle will be ascertained by di- 
 viding the number of hanks spun, by the number of spindles in 
 the mules, or throstles. 
 
 If the total number of hanks spun in a week be 21745, and 
 the number of spindles in the mules be 1008; what number of 
 hanks per spindle will be produced? 
 
 1008)21745(21.5724, or 21 hanks, 4 leas per spindle. 
 2016 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 1585 4.0068 leas. 
 
 1008 120 yards, 1 lea. 
 
 5770 .8160 
 6040 
 
 7300 
 7056 
 
 2440 
 2016 
 
 4240 
 4032 
 
 208 
 
DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 257 
 
 The spinner's book should be made up so that the weight, num- 
 bers of yarn, the total number of hanks, and the number of hanks 
 per spindle per week, would appear at one view, for the satisfac- 
 tion of the employers, and the government of the managers. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING FORM MIGHT BE ADOPTED. 
 
 Date. 
 1S39. 
 
 April 
 17 
 
 Name. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Total number 
 of hanks 
 
 No. of hanks 
 per spindle. 
 
 Rale. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 John Pollard. 
 
 620 
 
 35i 
 
 21745 
 
 21.3724 
 
 
 2 8 U 
 
 iV. B. — The form of the book may he altered according to the sys- 
 tem of spinning and paging, but the above particulars should 
 always appear. 
 
 DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 Dressing machines are of various constructions, and, like most 
 other machines, have been greatly improved ; however, the neces- 
 sary calculations will be easily ascertained from the following 
 examples. 
 
 The speed of the crank-shaft, on which is fixed the top, or 
 large cone drum, is required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of driving-shaft a minute, 66. 
 Diameter of drum on shaft, 18 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft, 17J inches. 
 
 66 revolutions of driving-shaft a min. 
 18, diameter of drum on driving-shaft. 
 
 528 
 66 
 
 1188 
 
258 
 
 DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 In. diam. of pul. \ i7.5)ii88(67.885714 revolutions of crank 
 on crank-snait, j -inrA ^ ■ ^ i ■ i ■ c i 
 
 ' ■' lUoO shait a minute, on which IS nxed. 
 
 the top, or large cone drum. 
 
 1380 
 
 1225 
 
 1550 
 1400 
 
 1500 
 1400 
 
 1000 
 8T5 
 
 1250 
 1225 
 
 250 
 175 
 
 750 
 700 
 
 50 
 
 The speed of the fan at dressing machine is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Revolutions of crank-shaft a minute, 67.885714. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft for driving fan, 25 inches. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on the end of fan, 2 inches. 
 
 67.885714 revols. of crank-shaft per min, 
 25 in., diam. of pul. on crank-shaft. 
 
 339428570 
 135771428 
 
 In diam of pul. 12)1697.142850 
 on the end oi tan, j ^ 
 
 848.571425 revolutions of fan a minute. 
 
 The speed of the fan at dressing machine is required from the 
 following particulars : — 
 
DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 259 
 
 Revolutions of driving-shaft a minute, 66. 
 
 Diameter of drum on shaft, 18 inches. 
 
 Diameter of drum on crank-shaft, ITJ inches. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft for driving fan, 25 inches. 
 
 Diameter of pulley on end of fan, 2 inches. 
 
 66 revolutions of driving-shaft a min. 
 18 inches, diam. of drum on driving-shaft. 
 
 528 
 66 
 
 1188 
 
 25 inches, diam. of pulley on crank-shaft 
 
 5940 
 2376 
 
 for driving fan. 
 
 29700 dividend. 
 
 17.5 inches, diameter of pulley on crank-shaft. 
 2 inches, diameter of pulley on end of fan. 
 
 35.0 divisor. 
 
 35 < 
 
 r 5)29700 
 
 ( 7)5940 
 
 848.571428 revolutions of fan per minute. 
 
 If the fan of a dressing machine makes 848.571428 revolu- 
 tions a minute, and its diameter is 18 inches; how many yards 
 "will it traverse a minute ? 
 
 848.571428 revolutions of fan a minute. 
 1.5 foot, = 18 in. diam. of fan. 
 
 4242857140 
 848571428 
 
 1272,8571420 
 
260 
 
 DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 1272.8571420 
 
 3.1416 circum. when the diam is 1. 
 
 7637142852 
 1272857142 
 5091428568 
 1272857142 
 3818571426 
 
 1 yard = 3 feet)3998.8079973072 feet, fan traverses a minute. 
 
 1332.93566576906 yards, fan traverses a min. 
 
 The fan of a dressing machine (as in the above example) will 
 traverse a space equal to 1333 yards nearly. 
 
 The speed of the under cone drum is required from the follow- 
 ing particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of crank, or top cone drum-shaft, 67.885714 a min. 
 Diameter of top cone drum, llf inches. 
 Diameter of bottom cone drum, 4f inches. 
 
 67.885714 revols. of top cone drum-shaft a min. 
 11.75, or llf inches, diam. of top cone drum. 
 
 339428570 
 475199998 
 746742854 
 
 797.65713950 dividend. 
 
 Diam. of under cone drum, 4.75in.)797.6571395(167.9278 revols. 
 
 475 of under cone drum 
 
 a min. 
 
 3226 
 2850 
 
 3765 
 3325 
 
 4407 
 4275 
 
 1321 
 
 950 
 
 3713 
 3325 
 
 3889 
 3800 
 
DRESSING MACHINE. \ . " 261 
 
 iV. B. — The preceding example shows the greatest speed! that, the 
 under cone drum can work ; the largest diameter of the top coney 
 and the smallest diameter of the under cone being given, i. e., 
 the greatest speed that can be given to the motions connected 
 with the top beam on which the dress yarn is. 
 
 The speed of the top beam can be regulated by a worm, or 
 screw-shaft, which works the strap on the drums, and must be 
 done according to the heat, or drying, and fineness of yarns. 
 
 The speed of the top, or dressed yarn beam, is required from 
 the following particulars. 
 
 Revolutions of under cone-shaft a minute, 167.9278. 
 
 Wheel on the end of cone-sliaft, 74 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on foot of upright-shaft, 44 teeth. 
 
 Single worm on top of upright-shaft. 
 
 Wheel on shaft for working top beam, 68 teeth. 
 
 167.9278 revols. of under cone drum a min. 
 74 teeth wheel on the end of do. 
 
 6717112 
 11754946 
 
 12426.6572 dividend. 
 
 44 teeth, wheel on foot of upright-shaft. 
 
 68 teeth, wheel on shaft for working top beam. 
 
 352 
 264 
 
 2992 divisor. 
 
 2922)12426.6572(4.1533 revols. a min. of top, 
 11968 or dressed yarn beam, at 
 the bottom or beginning. 
 
 4586 
 2992 
 
 15945 
 14960 
 
 9857 
 8976 
 
 8812 
 
 8976— nearly. 
 
262 
 
 DRESSING MACHINE. 
 
 JW B. — The top, or dressed yarn beam, decreases in speed as it 
 Jills, continuing to traverse over the same surface as at the com- 
 me7icement, so that the yarn is dried regularly. 
 
 If the heat, or drying increases, or decreases, which is some- 
 times the case, then the top, or dressed yard beam, must be regu- 
 lated in speed accordingly, which will be done by moving the 
 strap on the cone drums by the worm, or screw attached for that 
 purpose. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF DRESSING FRAME. 
 
 Revolutions a min. of crank, or top cone drum-shaft, 67.885714. 
 Revolutions of fan a minute, 848.571425. 
 
 Revolutions of under cone a minute, at the bottom of beam, 
 167.9287. 
 
 Revolutions of top, or dressed yarn beam a minute, at the bottom 
 
 of beam, 4.1533. 
 Diameter of pulley on crank, or top cone drum-shaft, 17J inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on crank, or top cone drum-shaft for driving 
 
 fan, 25 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on end of fan, 2 inches. 
 Diameter of fan, 18 inches. 
 Diameters of top cone drum, 11} and 6 inches. 
 Diameters of under cone drum, 10^ and 4f inches. 
 Radius of crank for brushes, 3 inches. 
 Radius of crank for leverage. If inch. 
 Traversing of fan a minute, 1333 yards, nearly. 
 
 iV". B. — The dimensions of the cone drums are the tivo extremes. 
 
 What number of ends must there be on each twist beam, allow- 
 ing 8 beams to a machine, i. e. 4 beams to each side, to produce 
 a piece of cloth 29i inches wide, in a 72 reed, Manchester and 
 Stockport count ? 
 
 29.5, width of warp at the end. 
 72 reed, Manchester & Stockport count. 
 
 690 
 2065 
 
 Number of beams, 8)2124.0 total number of ends in the warp. 
 
 265.5 number of ends on each beam. 
 
POWER-LOOM. 
 
 263 
 
 N.B. — The numher of ends required for each beam is 265.5, 
 which may he made into 266, and make two twisters, or double 
 ends at the selvage, at each side of the machine. 
 
 What number of ends will it require to produce a top, or dressed 
 yarn beam, to fill b\\ inches in an 84 reed, Manchester and Stock- 
 port count ; and what number of ends must there be on each twist 
 beam, allowing 8 twist beams to a machine ? 
 
 51.5 in., width of top, or dres'd yarn bm. at reed. 
 84 reed, Manchester and Stockport count. 
 
 2060 
 4120 
 
 Num. of bms. 8)4326.0 number of ends in dressed yarn beam. 
 
 540.75 number of ends required on each twist bm. 
 
 N. JB. — Add as many ends as are required, according to the 
 number of double ends loanted at the selvages. 
 
 If there be 542 ends on a twist beam, and 8 beams to a ma- 
 chine; how many ends will there be in the dressed yarn or top 
 beam ? 
 
 542 ends on each twist beam. 
 8 beams to a machine. 
 
 4386 ends on dressed yarn, or top beam. 
 
 N. B. — The bell wheel at the dressing machine must be regulated 
 according to the size of your under roller, and length of inece 
 required. 
 
 POWER-LOOM. 
 
 The number of picks a minute is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of driving-shaft a minute, 102. 
 Diameter of drum on driving-shaft, 14 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on loom, 11 inches. 
 
264 
 
 POWER-LOOM. 
 
 102 revols. of driving-shaft a min. 
 14 in. diam. of drum on same shaft. 
 
 408 
 102 
 
 In. diam. of pul. on loom, 11)1428 
 
 129.818 number of picks a mln. 
 
 If the crank-shaft of a loom makes 129.818 revolutions a 
 minute, with a wheel 50 teeth fixed on the end, working into a 
 wheel with 100 teeth on the end of the tappet-shaft; what num- 
 ber of revolutions will the tappet-shaft make a minute ? 
 
 129.818 revolutions of crank-shaft a min. 
 50 teeth on end of crank-shaft. 
 
 Teeth on end of 1 ioO)6490.900 
 tappet-shait, J ' 
 
 64.909 revolutions a min. of tapt. -shaft. 
 
 N.B. — Tlie above examples only refer to plain cloths, but the 
 calculations of ttvills, fustians, and all other fancy goods, are 
 regulated by the number or different constructions of the tappets 
 tvorJcing upon the treadles, or levers, connected with the healds, 
 whereby nearly any pattern may be constructed and manufac- 
 tured as by hand-weaving. 
 
 The number of picks a minute is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of driving-shaft a minute, 98.25 
 Diameter of drum on driving-shaft, 15.5 inches. 
 Diameter of pulley on crank-shaft, 12.75 inches. 
 
 98.25 revolutions of driving-shaft a minute. 
 15.5, or 15J in. diam. of drum on driving-shaft. 
 
 49125 
 49125 
 9825 
 
 1522.875 dividend. 
 
POWER-LOOM. 
 
 265 
 
 12.75)1522.875(119.441 revolutions of 
 1275 crank- shaft 
 
 • ■ a minute. 
 
 2478 
 1275 
 
 12037 
 11475 
 
 5625 
 5100 
 
 5250 
 5100 
 
 1500 
 1275 
 
 225 
 
 The speed of the tappet-shaft is required from the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Revolutions of crank-shaft a minute, 119.441. 
 Wheel on end of crank-shaft, 50 teeth. 
 Wheel on end of tappet-shaft, 100 teeth. 
 
 119.441 revols. of crank-shaft a min. 
 50 teeth, •wheel on crank-shaft. 
 
 Whl. on tapt.-shft. 100 tth.)5972.050 
 
 69.7205 revolutions of tappet-shaft 
 
 a minute. 
 
 If the crank-shaft of a power-loom makes 129.818 revolutions, 
 i. e. picks, a minute; what time will he required to work suc- 
 cessively, to produce a piece of cloth 29 yards long, with 88 
 picks, or threads in 1 inch? 
 18 
 
 Inches diam. of pulley ) 
 on crank-shaft, 12|, ) 
 
 \ 
 
266 
 
 POWER-LOOM. 
 
 29 yards, length of piece. 
 
 37 inches, length hooked for 1 yard. 
 
 203 
 87 
 
 1073 number of inches in 1 pick. 
 88 number of picks in 1 inch. 
 
 8584 
 8584 
 
 Dividend 94424 total number of picks in 1 piece, 
 
 29 yards long. 
 
 Num. of picks a min., 129,818)94424.00(727.3567 mins. required 
 
 908726 to work successively, 
 
 to produce 1 piece of 
 
 355140 cloth, 29 yards long, 
 259636 or 12 hours, 7 mins., 
 
 21.402 seconds. 
 
 955040 
 908726 
 
 463140 
 389454 
 
 736860 
 649090 
 
 877700 
 778908 
 
 987920 
 908726 
 
 79194 
 
 The length of time required for the loom to work successively, 
 to produce 1 piece of cloth 29 yards long with 88 picks, or 
 threads in 1 inch, will be 12 hours, 7 minutes, and 21 seconds. J 
 N. B.—The distance of the hooks on all frames for hooking pieces 
 
 is 37 inches. 
 
POWER-LOOM. 
 
 26T 
 
 If the crank-shaft of a power-loom makes 119.441 revolutions 
 a minute, i. e. so many picks or threads; what length of time 
 must it work successively, to produce a piece of cloth 29 yards 
 •long with 84 picks, or threads in 1 inch? 
 
 29 yards, length of piece. 
 
 37 inches, length hooked for 1 yard. 
 
 203 
 87 
 
 1073 number of inches in 1 piece of cloth. 
 84 number of picks or threads in 1 inch. 
 
 4292 
 8584 
 
 Dividend 90132 number of picks in 1 piece of cloth 29 
 
 yards long. 
 
 Num. of picks a min., 119.441)90132.0(754.615 minutes, or 
 
 836087 60)754.615 
 
 652330 12.. 34.. 615 
 597205 eOs.lm. 
 
 551250 36.900 
 477764 
 
 734860 
 716646 
 
 182140 
 119441 
 
 626990 
 597205 
 
 29785 
 
 The length of time required for the loom to work successively, 
 to produce a piece of cloth of the foregoing description, will be 
 12 hours, 34 minutes, 37 seconds, nearly. 
 
 The weight of yarn is required, to make one piece of cloth, of 
 the following description :— 
 
268 
 
 POWER-LOOM. 
 
 Length of piece, 29 yards. 
 
 Count of reed, 72. (Manchester and Stockport count.) 
 
 Numbers of twist, 36's. 
 
 Width of warp at the reed, 29J inches. 
 
 Number of picks in 1 inch, 88. 
 
 Number of weft, 36's. 
 
 29 yards, length of piece. 
 
 72, Manchester and Stockport count of 
 reed. 
 
 58 
 203 
 
 2088 
 
 29J inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 18792 
 4176 
 1044 
 
 1 hank is 840 yards,)61596(73.328 hanks of twist required for 
 5880 the piece. 
 
 2796 
 2520 
 
 2760 
 2520 
 
 7200 
 
 2400 6720 
 
 1680 
 
 480 
 
 29 yards, length of piece. 
 88 picks or threads in 1 inch. 
 
 232 
 232 
 
 2552 
 
 29,5, or 29|- inches, width at the reed. 
 
 12760 
 
 n 
 
POWEE-LOOM. 26© 
 
 12760 
 
 22968 
 5104 
 
 75284.0 
 
 1 hank is 840 yards,)75284.0(89.624 hanks of weft required 
 6720 for the piece. 
 
 8084 
 7560 
 
 5240 
 5040 
 
 2000 
 1680 
 
 3200 
 
 3360— nearly. 
 
 73.328 hanks of twist. 
 89.624 hanks of weft. 
 
 {6)162.952 hanks of yarn required for 1 
 piece. 
 6)27.158 
 
 4.526 ft)S. of yarn. 
 16 oz., 1 ft). 
 
 3156 
 526 
 
 8.416 ounces. 
 
 4 qrs. 1 ounce. 
 
 1.664 qrs. 
 
 The weight of yarn required for the piece is 4 fts. oz., 
 nearly. 
 
 Or, 
 
 When the numbers of twist and weft are the same, the question 
 may be worked in one operation, by adding the Manchester or 
 
270 
 
 POWER-LOOM. 
 
 Stockport count of reed, and the number of picks, or threads re- 
 quired in the inch together, and then proceed as in either of the 
 last examples. 
 
 Tims, 
 
 72, Manchester or Stockport count of reed. 
 88 picks, or threads in 1 inch. 
 
 160 
 
 29 yards, length of piece. 
 
 1440 
 320 
 
 4640 
 
 29.5 inches width at the reed. 
 
 23200 
 41760 
 9280 
 
 136880.0 dividend. 
 
 Yards in 1 hank, 840 
 Numbers of yarn, 36 
 
 5040 
 2520 
 
 Yards in 1 ft., 30240)136880.0(4.526 lbs. of yarn. 
 120960 
 
 159200 
 151200 
 
 80000 
 60480 
 
 195200 
 181440 
 
 13760 
 
 The weight of yarn required for the piece is 4 lbs., 8| oz., 
 nearly as in the last example. 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANT GIVEN DRAUGHT. 271 
 
 THE DRIVING AND DRIVEN WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY 
 GIVEN DRAUGHT BETWEEN THE MIDDLE AND BACK ROLLERS, 
 AND BETWEEN THE BACK AND FRONT ROLLERS, THE DIAMETER 
 OF THE ROLLERS BEING GIVEN. 
 
 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANT GIVEN DRAUGHT FOR BACK 
 AND MIDDLE ROLLERS. 
 
 RULE. — Multiply the length you intend drawing, by the di- 
 ameter of the middle roller, for the driving-wheel ; and the length 
 you wish that drawn into, by the diameter of the back roller, for 
 the driven-wheel. 
 
 If a greater or less number of teeth be required in the wheel, 
 divide the driver and driven-wheels by any number that will di- 
 vide both without a remainder ; then multiply the quotients by 
 any number, according to the number of teeth wanted in the 
 wheels. 
 
 iV. B. — The diameter of the ivheels to ill he according to the pitch 
 of the teeth. 
 
 What number of teeth must there be in the wheel required, 
 for the back and middle rollers to produce a draught of 1 into 2, 
 allowing the back roller to be | inch, and middle roller 1 inch 
 in diameter ? 
 
 1 into 2 draught 
 Middle roller 1 inch, or 8 7, or | inch back roller. 
 
 Divided by 2)8 14 
 
 Quotients 4 and 7 
 Multipliers 5 5 
 
 Mid. rol., driving-wheel 20tth. 35 teeth, driven-wheel. 
 
 Required the draught between the middle and back rollers, 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, (driving-wheel,) 20 teeth. 
 Wheel on back roller, (driven-wheel,) 35 teeth. 
 Diameter of middle roller, 1 inch. 
 Diameter of back roller, ^ inch. 
 
272 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 In diam of 1 teeth. 35 teeth, 
 
 backroller'., U J_ ^ ^^i^^- «f '^'^'^^^ ^<^^- 
 
 140 140)280(2, or 1 into 2 draught, 
 
 280 between middle and 
 back rollers. 
 
 What number of teeth must there be in the wheels on the back 
 and middle rollers, to produce a draught equal to 2 into 3, if the 
 back roller be | inch, and the middle roller 1 inch in diameter? 
 
 2 into 3 draught, 
 Middle roller, 1 inch, or 8 7, or | inch back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 16 21 wheel on back roller. 
 2 2 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 32 tth. 42 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 16 teeth. 21 teeth. 
 Diameter of back roller, 7 8, or 1 inch diam. of mid. rol. 
 
 112 )168(1.5, or 2 into 3 draught. 
 
 112 
 
 560 
 560 
 
 Or, 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 32 teeth. 42 teeth. 
 Diameter of back roller, 7 8, or 1 in. diam. of mid. rol. 
 
 224 )336(1.5, or 2 into 3 draught. 
 224 
 
 1120 
 1120 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGIJT. 273 
 
 '■/■■_ 
 
 What number of teeth roust there be in the wheels on the back 
 and middle rollers, to produce a draught equal to 3 into 4, if the 
 back and middle rollers be the same diameters ? 
 
 3 into 4 draught. 
 Middle roller wheel, 21tth.28 teeth, back roller wheel. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back roller is required 
 from the following particulars, the diameters of the rollers being 
 the same: — 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 
 21 21)28(11 or 3 into 4 draught. 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 The wheels for the back and middle rollers are required to pro- 
 duce a draught of 3 into 4, the diameter of the back roller being 
 1 inch, and the middle roller 1|- or | inch diameter : — 
 
 3 into 4 draught. 
 Middle roller, | inch 9 8, or 1 inch back roller. 
 
 , 27 tth. 32 teeth, wheel for back roller. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 27 teeth. Diam. of middle roller, 1 J inch. 
 Wheel on back roller, 32 teeth. Diameter of back roller, 1 inch. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 27 teeth. 32 teeth. 
 Back roller 1 inch, or 8 9, or 1\ inch, middle roller. 
 
 216 )288(li or 3 into 4 draught. 
 216 
 
 72 
 216 
 
« 
 
 274 ■WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 What wheels will be required to produce a draught of 4 into 
 5, between the middle and back rollers, if the back roller be f 
 inch, and the middle roller 1 inch diameter ? 
 
 4 into 5 draught. 
 Middle roller, 1 inch, or 8 7, or J inch back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 32 tth. 35 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
 The draught between the back and middle rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 32 teeth. Diam. of middle roller, 1 inch. 
 Wheel on back roller, 35 teeth. Diameter of back roller, § inch. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 32 teeth. 35 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch or 7 8, or 1 inch, middle roller. 
 
 224 )280(1.25, or 4 into 5 draught. 
 224 
 
 560 
 448 
 
 1120 
 1120 
 
 What wheels will be required to produce a draught of 5 into 
 6, between the middle and back rollers, if the back roller be | 
 inch and the middle roller 1 inch diameter ? 
 
 5 into 6 draught. 
 Middle rollers, 1 inch or 8 7, or | inch, back roller. 
 
 Divide by 2)40 tth. 42 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 — or — 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 20 tth. 21 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 275 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wlieel. 
 40 teeth. 42 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, middle roller. 
 
 280 )336(1.2 or 5 into 6 draught. 
 280 
 
 560 
 560 
 
 iV. B. — The wheels may he reduced to 20 and 21, and the draught 
 will he the same. 
 
 What wheels will be required to produce a draught of 6 into 
 7, between the middle and back rollers, if the back roller be f 
 inch and the middle roller 1 inch diameter ? 
 
 6 into 7 draught. 
 Middle roller 1 inch or 8 T, or | inch back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 48 tth. 49 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 If there be a wheel 48 teeth on the middle roller, working into 
 a wheel 49 teeth on the back roller, and the back roller be | inch, 
 and the middle roller 1 inch diameter ; what will the draught be ? 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 48 teeth. 49 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch middle roller. 
 
 336 )392(li, or 6 into 7 draught. 
 
 336 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 — e 
 
 336 
 
 What wheels will it require to produce a draught between the 
 middle and back rollers of 7 into 8, if the back roller be ^ inch, 
 and the middle roller 1 inch diameter? 
 
276 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 7 into 8 draught. 
 Middle roller, 1 inch, or 8 7, or | inch back roller. 
 
 Divided by 8)56 56 
 
 Lowest number 7 7 lowest number. 
 3 3 
 
 Middle roller wheel 21 tth. 21 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars : — 
 
 Wheel on the middle roller 21 teeth, working into wheel on stud 
 40 teeth, which works wheel 21 teeth on back roller. 
 
 Diameter of the middle roller 1 inch, and diameter of the back 
 roller ^ inch. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 21 teeth. 21 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch 7 8, or 1 inch, middle roller. 
 
 147 )168(14, or 7 into 8 draught. 
 147 
 
 21 
 147 
 
 What wheels will be required for the middle and back rollers, 
 to produce a draught of 7 into 8 ; allowing the back and middle 
 rollers to be the same diameters ? 
 
 7 into 8 draught. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 14 tth. 16 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
 Or, 
 
 7 into 8 
 
 3 3 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 21 tth. 24 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 Or, 
 7 into 8 
 
 4 4 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 28 tth. 32 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 277 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the particulars in the last example : — 
 
 Driving- -wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 teeth. 
 
 14 teeth,)16(14, or 7 into 8 draught. 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 — or 4. 
 14 
 
 21 teeth,)24(li, or 7 into 8 draught. 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 — or 4. 
 21 
 
 28 teeth,)32(li, or 7 into 8 draught. 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 — or ^. 
 
 28 
 
 What wheels must there be on the middle and back rollers, to 
 produce a draught of 8 into 9, if the back roller be ^ inch, and 
 the middle roller |- inch diameter? 
 
 8 into 9 draught. 
 Middle roller, f inch, or 6 7, ov I inch, back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 3)48 tth. 63 teeth, back roller wheel. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 16 tth. 21 teeth, back roller wheel. 
 2 2 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 32 tth, 42 teeth, back roller wheel. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars;— 
 
278 WHEELS REQUIKED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGnT. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 Wheel on middle roller, 32 teeth. 42 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 7 6 
 
 224 )252(li or 8 into 9 draught. 
 224 
 
 28 
 
 or 
 
 224 
 
 What wheels will be required to produce a draught of 9 into 
 10, between the middle and back rollers, allowing the back and 
 middle rollers to be the same diameter ? 
 
 9 into 10 draught. 
 2 2 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 18 tth. 20 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 Or, 
 
 9 into 10 
 
 8 3 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 27 tth. 30 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 Or, 
 
 9 into 10 
 4 4 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 36 tth. 40 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 If there be a wheel 40 teeth on back roller, and a wheel 36 
 teeth on middle roller ; what draught will there be if the middle 
 and back rollers are the same diameter? 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 86 teeth. )40(1^, or 9 into 10 draught. 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 — or J. 
 36 
 
"WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 279 
 
 If the back roller be 1 inch, and the middle roller § inch di- 
 ameter ; what -wheels will be required to produce a draught of 9 
 into 10, between the middle and back rollers? 
 
 9 into 10 
 
 Middle roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 63 tth. 80 teeth, wheel back roller. 
 
 The draught between the middle and back rollers is required 
 from the following particulars: — 
 
 Wheel on middle roller, 63 teeth. Wheel on back roller, 80 tth. 
 Diameter of middle roller, | inch. Diameter of back roller, 1 in. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 68 teeth. 80 teeth. 
 Back roller, 1 inch, or 8 7, or | inch middle roller. 
 
 504 )560(1^, or 9 into ten draught. 
 604 
 
 56 
 604 
 
 If the back roller be | inch, and the middle roller | inch di- 
 ameter ; what wheels will be required to produce a draught of 10 
 into 11, between the middle and back rollers? 
 
 10 into 11 
 
 Middle roller, | inch, or 6 7, or | inch, back roller. 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 60 tth. 77 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 Or, 
 
 If the back and middle rollers were the same diameter. 
 
 10 inch 11 
 2 2 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 20 tth. 22 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
280 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Or, 
 
 10 into 11 
 3 3 
 
 Middle roller wheel, 30 tth. 33 teeth, wheel on back roller. 
 
 If the wheel on the back roller be 77, and the wheel on the 
 middle roller 60, and the back roller | inch, and the middle 
 roller | inch diameter, required the draught? 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 60 teeth. 77 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch, 7 6, or f inch, middle roller. 
 
 420 )462(1.1, or 10 into 11 draught. 
 420 
 
 420 
 420 
 
 TOTAL DRAUGHT IN ROLLERS. 
 
 KULE. — Multiply the diameter of the front roller by any num- 
 ber that will produce a wheel of a sufficient diameter for the first 
 driving; then multiply the diameter of the back roller by twice 
 the number the front roller is multiplied by for the first driven 
 wheel, which will produce a draught equal to 2. If a draught 
 of 3 be required, multiply the diameter of the back roller by 3 
 times the number by which the front roller is multiplied; if any 
 intermediate draught between the whole numbers be required, as 
 2|, 2^, or 2 J, add to the product in proportion; and if above 3 
 of a draught be required, proceed accordingly. 
 
 The first driving and driven-wheels being ascertained, divide 
 the total draught required by the draught produced ; the quotient 
 of which, multij)lied by the second driving wheel, will give the 
 second driven-wheel ; if more wheels are required, they will be 
 found in the same way. 
 
 iV. 5. — The second driving, or change-wheel may contain any 
 number of teeth, according to the diameter required. 
 
 If larger or smaller wheels be required, they may be increased, 
 or decreased, in proportion to each other, i. e., the driving and 
 driveu'wheels must be multiplied, or divided by the same number. 
 
WHEELS KEQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 281 
 
 If the back roller be 1 inch, and the front roller 1| inch 
 diameter ; what wheels will be required to produce a draught of 6 ? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 9, or IJ inches. 
 
 First-driving wheel, 27 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 8, or 1 inch. 
 3 X 2=6 
 
 First-driven wheel, 48 teeth. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 27 teeth. 48 teeth. 
 Back roller, 1 inch, or 8 9, or 1^ inch, front roller. 
 
 216 )432(2 draught. 
 
 2)6 total draught. 
 3 
 
 2d dving. or change-whl., 24 teeth. 
 2d driven-wheel, 72 teeth. 
 The draught is required from the following particulars: — 
 
 Driving-wheels, 27, and 24. Driven-wheels, 48, and 72. 
 Diameter of back roller, 1 inch, and front roller, 1^, or § inch. 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 27 teeth. 48 teeth. 
 24 teeth. 72 teeth. 
 
 108 96 
 54 386 
 
 648 3456 
 
 Diam. back rol., 1 in., or 8 9, or 1 J inch, diam. front rol. 
 
 5184 )31104(6 draught required. 
 31104 
 
 19 
 
282 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Wote. — Speeds, drauglits, ^c, may be wrought with fewer figures 
 by the follotving method of cancelling, viz., place all the driven- 
 wheels and the diameter of the front rollers as numerators, and 
 all the driving-wheels and the diameter of the back rollers as 
 denominators ; then proceed by dividing with any number that 
 will divide both numerator and denominator without any re- 
 mainder, and the results of the numerators multiplied together 
 for a dividend, and the results of the denominators for a divi- 
 sor, and the quotient will be the answer required. 
 
 If the driving-wheels are 27, and 24, and the diameter of the 
 back roller 1 inch, and the driven-wheels are 48, and 72, and the 
 diameter of the front roller 1^ inch; what will the draught be ? 
 
 6 3 
 
 48 X 72 X 9 6 or 6 draught. 
 
 27 24 8 1 
 9 
 
 If the back roller be | inch, and the front roller 1 inch diame- 
 ter; what wheels will be required to produce a draught of 5J? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 8, or 1 inch. 
 
 3 
 
 First driving-wheel 24 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of the back roller 7, or | inch. 
 3 X 2=6 
 
 First driven-wheel, 42 teeth. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 24 teeth. 42 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 168 )336(2 draught. 
 336 
 
 1 
 
\ 
 
 WHEELS EEQUIKBD TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 283 
 
 2)5.5 total draught. 
 
 . 2.75 
 
 2d driving, or change-wheel, 28 teeth. 
 
 2200 
 550 
 
 2d driven-wheel 77.00 teeth. 
 
 If the driving-wheels be 24, and 28, the diameter of the back 
 roller | inch, and the driven-wheels 42, and 77, and the diame- 
 ter of the front roller 1 inch, what will the draught be ? 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 24 teeth. ' 42 teeth. 
 28 teeth. 77 teeth. 
 
 192 294 
 48 294 
 
 672 3234 
 Back roller, I inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 4704 )2o872(5.5, or 5i draught. 
 ■ 23520 
 
 23520 
 23520 
 
 If the back roller be | inch, and the front roller 1 inch diame- 
 ter; what wheels will be required to produce a draught of 2 J in 
 the first driving and driven-wheels, and a total draught of 7? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 8, or 1 inch. 
 
 3 
 
 First driving-wheel, 24 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 7, or | inch, 
 3 X 2 = 6 
 
 42 
 
 Add 21 divided by 3 = 7 
 
 First driven-wheel, 49 teeth 
 
284 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT, 
 
 Driving-'wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 24 teeth. 49 teeth. 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 168 )392(2i draught. 
 336 
 
 168 
 
 2^ draught. 7, total draught. 
 3 3 
 
 7 7)21 
 
 3 
 
 ■ 21 second driving or change-wheel. 
 63 second driven-wheel. 
 
 If the driving-wheels be 24, and 21, and the driven-wheels 49, 
 and 63, the back roller | inch, and the front roller 1 inch diame- 
 ter ; what will the draught be ? 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 24 teeth. 49 teeth. 
 21 teeth. 63 teeth. 
 
 24 147 
 48 294 
 
 504 3087 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 3528 )24696(7 draught. 
 24696 
 
 If the diameter of the front roller be IJ inch, and the back 
 roller 1 inch ; what wheels will be required to produce a draught 
 of 41? 
 
 Diameter of the front roller, 9, or IJ inch. 
 
 2 
 
 First driving-wheel 18 teeth. 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 285 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 8, or 1 incli. 
 2 X 2=4 
 
 First driven-wheel, 32 teeth. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 18 teeth. 32 teeth. 
 Back roller, 1 inch, or 8 9, or IJ inch, front roller. 
 
 144 )288(2 draught. 
 288 
 
 2)4.5 total draught. 
 2.25 
 
 2d driving-wheel, 28 teeth. 
 
 2d driven- wheel, 63 teeth. 
 
 The draught in rollers is required, when the driving-wheels are 
 18, and 28, and the driven wheels 32, and 63, and the diameter 
 of the back roller 1 inch, and front roller inch. 
 
 1800 
 450 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 
 18 teeth. 32 teeth. 
 28 63 
 
 144 
 36 
 
 96 
 192 
 
 504 
 
 2016 
 
 Back roller, 1 inch, or 8 
 
 9, or IJ inch front roller. 
 
 4032 )18144(4.5, or 4i draught. 
 16128 
 
 20160 
 20160 
 
286 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 What wheels will be required to produce 7J draught, if the 
 back roller be 1 inch diameter, and the front roller 1| inch? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, inch, = 9 
 
 First driving-wheel, 27 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 1 inch, or 8 
 
 3 X 2=6 
 
 48 
 
 Add 24 divided by 2 for one-half =12 
 
 First driven-wheel, 60 teeth. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 27 teeth. 60 teeth. 
 Diam. of back rol. 1 in., or 8 9, or 1| in. diam. of front rol. 
 
 216 )540(2.5, or 2i draught. 
 432 
 
 1080 
 1080 
 
 7J is the total draught required, which must be divided by 2J 
 the first draught ; the quotient of which multiplied by the second 
 driving or change-wheel, will give the second driven-wheel. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 2.5)7.5(3 multiplied by wheel 26 teeth, will 
 75 be equal to 78 teeth, wheel 2d 
 — driven. 
 
 The draught in rollers, is required from the following particu- 
 lars: — 
 
 Driving-wheels, 27, and 26 teeth. Driven-wheels, 60, and 78 tth. 
 Back roller, 1 inch diameter; and front roller, 1| inch. 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 287 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 27 teeth. 60 teeth. 
 
 26 teeth. 78 teeth. 
 
 162 4680 
 
 54 9, or inch, front rol. 
 
 702 42120 dividend. 
 
 Bk. rol. 1 in., or 8 
 
 5616 divisor. 
 
 5616)42120(7.5, or 7i draught 
 39312 
 
 28080 
 28080 
 
 Or, 
 
 BY CANCELLING- 
 
 15 3 
 
 m 78 9 15 
 
 — — — = — = 7| draught- 
 27 26 8 2 
 
 9 
 
 If the diameter of the front roller be 1 inch, and the back 
 roller | inch ; what wheels will be req^uired to produce a draught 
 of 8 ? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 1 inch, or 8 
 
 3 
 
 First driving-wheel, 24 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, | inch, or 7 
 
 3 X 2 = 6 
 
 First driven-wheel, 42 teeth. 
 
288 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wlieel. 
 24 teeth. 42 teeth. 
 Back roller, ^ inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 168 )336(2d draught. 
 336 
 
 2)8 total draught. 
 4 
 
 2d driving-Trheel, 20 teeth. 
 
 2d driven-wheel, 80 teeth. 
 
 If the driving-wheels be 24, and 30, and the driven-wheels 42, 
 and 80, the back roller | inch diameter, and the front roller 1 
 inch J what will the draught be? 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 24 teeth. 42 teeth. 
 20 teeth. 80 teeth. 
 
 480 3360 
 
 Diam. of bk. rol., | in.,or 7 8, or 1 in. diam. of front rol. 
 
 3360 )26880(8 draught at rollers. 
 26880 
 
 If the diameter of the back roller be | inch, and the front 
 roller 1 inch ; what wheels will be required to produce a draught 
 of 9, i. e., 1 into 9? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 8, or 1 inch. 
 
 3 
 
 1st driving-wheel, 24 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 7, or | inch. 
 3 X 2 = 6 
 
 42 
 
 Add 21 divided by 3=7 
 
 1st driven-wheel, 49 teeth. 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 289 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wlieel. 
 24 teeth. 49 teeth. 
 Back rollers, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch front roller. 
 
 168 )392(2i draught. 
 336 
 
 56 
 1 
 
 — 3" 
 
 168 
 
 2J draught 9 total draught. 
 
 3 8 
 
 7 7)27 
 
 2d driving-wheel, 21 teeth. 
 
 2d driven-wheel, 81 teeth. 
 
 The draught in rollers, is required from the following par- 
 ticulars : — 
 
 Driving-wheels, 24, and 21 teeth. Diameter of back roller, | inch. 
 Driven-wheels, 49, and 81 teeth. Diameter of front roller, 1 inch. 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 24 teeth. 49 teeth. 
 21 teeth. 81 teeth. 
 
 24 49 
 48 392 
 
 504 3969 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 3528 )31752(9 draught. 
 31752 
 
290 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 If the diameter of the back roller be 1 inch, and the front 
 roller 1| inch, what wheels will be required to produce a draught 
 of 2J, between the first driving and driven-wheels, and a total 
 draught of 8.4375? 
 
 Diameter of front roller, 9, or 1| inch. 
 
 3 
 
 1st driving-wheel, 27 teeth. 
 
 Diameter of back roller, 8, or 1 inch. 
 3 X 2 = 6 
 
 48 
 
 Add 24 divided by 4 = 6 
 
 1st driven-wheel, 54 teeth. 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 27 teeth. 54 teeth. 
 Diam. back rol., 1 in., = 8 9, or IJ inch, front roller. 
 
 Divisor 216 486 dividend. 
 
 216)486(2.25, or 2i draught, between the first 
 432 driving and driven-wheels. 
 
 540 
 432 
 
 1080 
 1080 
 
 Draught required. 
 1st draught, 2.25)8.4375(3.75 = 2d draught. 
 675 
 
 1687 
 1575 
 
 1125 
 1125 
 
WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 291 
 
 3.75, 2d draught. 
 2d driving, or change-wheel, 24 teeth. 
 
 1500 
 750 
 
 90.00 2d driven wheel, 90 teeth. 
 
 The draught in rollers is required from the following particu- 
 lars: — 
 
 Driving-wheels, 27, and 24 teeth. Diameter of back roller, 1 inch. 
 Driven-wheels 54, and 90 teeth. Diameter of front roller 1 J inch. 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 27 teeth. 54 teeth. 
 24 teeth. 90 teeth. 
 
 108 4860 
 
 54 9, or IJ inch, front roller. 
 
 648 43740 dividend. 
 Back rollers, 1 inch, or 8 
 
 5184 divisor. 
 
 5184)43740(8.4375 draught required. 
 41472 
 
 22680 
 20736 
 
 19440 
 15552 
 
 38880 
 36288 
 
 25920 
 25920 
 
 If 5J hank roving produces No. 45's twist, what will the total 
 draught at the mules be ? 
 
292 WHEELS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 
 
 Hank roving, 45's No. of twist. 
 3 3 
 
 16 )135(8.4375 draught required at the 
 128 mules. 
 
 70 
 
 64 120 
 
 112 
 
 60 
 
 48 80 
 80 
 
 N. B. — When there are any fractional parts in the divisor, or 
 dividend, reduce them to the same name as in the last example. 
 
 •If the diameter of the back roller be | inch, and the front 
 roller 1 inch, what wheels will be required to produce a draught 
 of lOf, or 10,666; the draught between the first driving and 
 driven-wheels to be 2f , or 2.666. 
 
 Diam. of front rol., 1 inch, or 8. Diam. of bk. rol. | inch, or 7 
 
 3 3x2=6 
 
 1st driving-wheel, 24 teeth. 42 
 
 Add f of 21 = 14 
 
 1st driven-wheel, 56 tth. 
 
 Driving-wheel. Driven-wheel. 
 24 teeth. 56 teeth. 
 Back roller | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch front roller. 
 
 168 )448(2.66, first draught. 
 
 336 
 
 1120 
 1008 
 
 1120 
 1008 
 
 112 
 
WHEELS EEQUIKED TO PRODUCE ANY GIVEN DRAUGHT. 293 
 
 Draught required. 
 1st draught, 2.66)10.66(4, 2d draught. 
 1066 
 
 2d driving, or change-wheel, 22 teeth. 
 
 4, 2d draught. 
 
 2d driven-wheel, 88 teeth. 
 
 The draught between the back and front rollers of a throstle, 
 is required from the following particulars : — 
 
 Driving-wheels, 24, and 22 teeth. 
 Driven-wheels, 56, and 88 teeth. 
 Diameter of back roller, | inch. 
 Diameter of front roller, 1 inch. 
 
 Driving-wheels. Driven-wheels. 
 24 teeth. 56 teeth. 
 22 teeth. 88 teeth. 
 
 48 448 
 
 48 448 
 
 528 4928 
 Back roller, | inch, or 7 8, or 1 inch, front roller. 
 
 3696 ^ )39424(10.66, or lOf, draught be- 
 * 3696 tween back and froni 
 
 ■ rollers of the throstle, 
 
 24640 
 22176 
 
 24640 
 22176 
 
 2464 
 
 EXPLANATION TO THE REED TABLE. 
 
 1. Manchester and Stockport count by the number of ends in 
 
 1 inch. 
 
 2. Bolton counts by the number of beers on 24^ inches, 20 
 
 dents to a beer. 
 
 3. Blackburn counts by the number of beers on 45 inches, 20 
 
 dents to a beer. 
 
294 
 
 EXPLANATION TO THE KEED TABLE. 
 
 4. 6-4ths Preston counts by the number of beers on 58 inches? 
 
 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 5. 9-8ths Preston counts by the number of beers on 44 inches, 
 
 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 6. 4-4ths Preston counts by the number of beers on 39 inches, 
 
 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 7. 7-8ths Preston counts by the number of beers on 34 inches, 
 
 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 8. Nankeen counts by the number of beers on 20 inches, 19 
 
 dents to a beer. 
 
 9. Scotch and Carlisle count by the number of dents on 37 
 
 inches. 
 
 10. Silk counts by the number of ends on 36 inches. 
 
 11. Number of dents in 1 yard. 
 
 12. The United States of America, the number of splits or dents 
 
 in a reed 36 inches wide, indicates the count of cloth in 
 the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, 
 and throughout nearly all the States for all twilled goods, 
 but plain goods are counted by the number of threads on 
 an inch, each split or dent containing 2 threads. For 
 instance, 
 
 If we wish to determine the count of any particular 
 plain goods, we count the number of threads on an inch, 
 and that number multiplied by 36, and divided by 2, gives 
 you the reed on which the goods were woven. 
 
 In setting print cloths, the number of threads on an 
 inch are taken as the count, via. If you have cloth woven 
 in a 1200 reed, you multiply the count of the reed by 2, 
 which will make 2400, and that divided by 36 will be 66, 
 which will designate the count of that particular kind 
 of goods. Throughout New England generally, the above 
 count is used for all plain goods, and the number of dents 
 in a reed for twilled. 
 
 The first line in each division is the number of dents in 1 inch ; 
 opposite to which is the count of the reed, according to the sys- 
 tem of counting. 
 
 iV. B. — A dent is generally called a split in Scotland ; a beer is 
 generally called a porter in Scotland. 
 
 Bleached or finished goods generally decrease in width about 
 10 per cent. 
 
REED TABLE. 
 
 295 
 
 REED TABLE, 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 United States. 
 
 Bolton. 
 
 Blackburn. 
 
 6-4ths. 
 Preston. 
 
 9-8tlis. 
 Preston. 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 i n 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed . 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 > n 
 
 I in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 "S 
 
 ou 
 
 1 '\ 
 k o 
 
 1 S 1 87 
 
 1 o 
 
 7'S 
 
 1 
 
 43.5 
 
 15 
 
 O.J. 
 
 1 B 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 19.4 
 
 1 fi 
 
 O V/. 
 
 1 6 
 
 46 4 
 
 1 fi 
 
 Ti 9 
 
 1 7 
 
 ^4 
 
 1 7 
 
 20.612 
 
 1 7 
 
 38.25 
 
 1 7 
 
 49.3 
 
 1 7 
 
 ^7 4 
 
 1 H 
 
 ^fi 
 
 1 8 
 
 21.825 
 
 1 H 
 
 40 
 
 lO 
 
 18 
 
 52.2 
 
 1 R 
 
 O.7. U 
 
 19 
 
 oo 
 
 19 
 
 23.037 
 
 19 
 
 42 75 
 
 19 
 
 55.1 
 
 1 Q 
 
 1 i7 
 
 41 ft 
 
 
 ^u 
 
 
 24 9'^ 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 90 
 
 '58 
 
 90 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 4.2 
 
 21 
 
 25.462 
 
 21 
 
 47 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 60.9 
 
 91 
 
 4fi 9 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 22 
 
 26.675 
 
 22 
 
 49.5 
 
 22 
 
 63.8 
 
 99 
 
 4ft 4 
 
 1 
 
 4fi 
 ^ yj 
 
 23 
 
 27 RS7 
 
 4 .00/ 
 
 9^ 
 
 1 7'i 
 
 2*1 
 
 66.7 
 
 9^ 
 
 1^0 fi 
 
 I 24 
 
 
 24 
 
 29.1 
 
 24 
 
 54. 
 
 24 
 
 69.6 
 
 94 
 
 ft 
 
 1 25 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 30.31 
 
 25 
 
 56.25 
 
 25 
 
 72.5 
 
 9^ 
 
 o o . 
 
 
 
 2fi 
 
 31.52 
 
 2fi 
 
 58.5 
 
 26 
 
 75.4 
 
 9fi 
 
 ^17 9 
 
 27 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 32.73 
 
 27 
 
 60.75 
 
 27 
 
 78.3 
 
 27 
 
 59.4 
 
 28 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 33.95 
 
 28 
 
 63. 
 
 28 
 
 81.2 
 
 28 
 
 61.6 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 35.16 
 
 29 
 
 65.25 
 
 29 
 
 84.1 
 
 29 
 
 63.8 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 36.87 
 
 30 
 
 67.5 
 
 30 
 
 87. 
 
 30 
 
 66. 
 
 ^1 
 
 62 
 
 31 
 
 37.58 
 
 31 
 
 69.75 
 
 31 
 
 89.9 
 
 31 
 
 68.2 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 32 
 
 38.8 
 
 32 
 
 72. 
 
 32 
 
 92.8 
 
 32 
 
 70.4 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 40.1 
 
 33 
 
 74.25 
 
 33 
 
 95.7 
 
 33 
 
 72 6 
 
 34 
 
 68 
 
 34 
 
 41.22 
 
 34 
 
 76.5 
 
 34 
 
 98.6 
 
 34 
 
 74.8 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 42.43 
 
 35 
 
 78.75 
 
 35 
 
 101.5 
 
 35 
 
 77. 
 
 36 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 
 43.65 
 
 36 
 
 81. 
 
 36 
 
 104.4 
 
 36 
 
 79.2 
 
 37 
 
 74 
 
 37 
 
 44.86 
 
 37 
 
 83.25 
 
 37 
 
 107.3 
 
 37 
 
 81.4 
 
 38 
 
 76 
 
 38 
 
 46.07 
 
 38 
 
 85.5 
 
 38 
 
 110.2 
 
 38 
 
 83.6 
 
 39 
 
 78 
 
 39 
 
 47.28 
 
 39 
 
 87.75 
 
 39 
 
 J13.1 
 
 39 
 
 85.8 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 48.5 
 
 40 
 
 90. 
 
 40 
 
 116. 
 
 40 
 
 88, 
 
 41 
 
 82 
 
 41 
 
 49.71 
 
 41 
 
 92.25 
 
 41 
 
 118.9 
 
 41 
 
 90.2 
 
 ! 
 
 84 
 
 42 
 
 50.9 
 
 42 
 
 94.5 
 
 42 
 
 121.8 
 
 42 
 
 92.4 
 
 43 
 
 86 
 
 43 
 
 52.13 
 
 43 
 
 96.75 
 
 43 
 
 124.7 
 
 43 
 
 94.6 
 
 44 
 
 88 
 
 44 
 
 53.35 
 
 44 
 
 99. 
 
 44 
 
 127.6 
 
 44 
 
 96.8 
 
296 
 
 REED TABLE. 
 
 REED TABLE. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 It 
 
 4*4ths 
 
 i:^r6ston . 
 
 7-8ths. Preston. 
 
 Nankeen. 
 
 Scotch. 
 
 Silk. 
 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N . of 
 
 count 
 
 IN . 01 
 
 COU lit 
 
 N. oi 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 COUHt 
 
 N. of 
 
 dta. in 
 
 OI 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 d ts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 yard. 
 
 15 
 
 29.25 
 
 ;5 
 
 25.5 
 
 15 
 
 15.79 
 
 15 
 
 555 
 
 15 
 
 1080 
 
 540 
 
 16 
 
 31.2 
 
 16 
 
 27.2 
 
 16 
 
 16.842 
 
 16 
 
 592 
 
 16 
 
 1152 
 
 576 
 
 17 
 
 33.15 
 
 17 
 
 28.9 
 
 17 
 
 17.894 
 
 17 
 
 629 
 
 17 
 
 1224 
 
 612 
 
 18 
 
 35.1 
 
 18 
 
 30.6 
 
 18 
 
 18.947 
 
 18 
 
 666 
 
 18 
 
 1296 
 
 648 
 
 19 
 
 37.05 
 
 19 
 
 32.3 
 
 19 
 
 20. 
 
 19 
 
 703 
 
 19 
 
 1368 
 
 684 
 
 20 
 
 39. 
 
 20 
 
 34. 
 
 20 
 
 21.052 
 
 20 
 
 740 
 
 20 
 
 1440 
 
 720 
 
 21 
 
 40.95 
 
 21 
 
 35.7 
 
 21 
 
 22.105 
 
 21 
 
 777 
 
 21 
 
 1512 
 
 756 
 
 22 
 
 42.9 
 
 22 
 
 37.4 
 
 22 
 
 23.157 
 
 22 
 
 814 
 
 22 
 
 1584 
 
 792 
 
 23 
 
 44.85 
 
 23 
 
 39.1 
 
 23 
 
 24.21 
 
 23 
 
 851 
 
 23 
 
 1656 
 
 828 
 
 24 
 
 46.8 
 
 24 
 
 40.8 
 
 24 
 
 25.26 
 
 24 
 
 888 
 
 24 
 
 1728 
 
 864 
 
 25 
 
 48.75 
 
 25 
 
 42.5 
 
 25 
 
 26.31 
 
 25 
 
 925 
 
 25 
 
 1800 
 
 900 
 
 26 
 
 50.7 
 
 26 
 
 44.2 
 
 26 
 
 27.36 
 
 26 
 
 962 
 
 26 
 
 1872 
 
 936 
 
 27 
 
 52.65 
 
 27 
 
 45.9 
 
 27 
 
 28.42 
 
 27 
 
 299 
 
 27 
 
 1944 
 
 972 
 
 28 
 
 54.6 
 
 28 
 
 47.6 
 
 28 
 
 29.47 
 
 28 
 
 1036 
 
 28 
 
 2016 
 
 1008 
 
 29 
 
 56.55 
 
 
 
 
 
 9Q 
 
 
 
 
 1044 
 
 30 
 
 58.5 
 
 30 
 
 51. 
 
 30 
 
 31.57 
 
 30 
 
 1110 
 
 30 
 
 2160 
 
 1080 
 
 31 
 
 00.45 
 
 31 
 
 52.7 
 
 31 
 
 32.63 
 
 31 
 
 1147 
 
 31 
 
 2232 
 
 1116 
 
 32 
 
 62.4 
 
 32 
 
 54.4 
 
 32 
 
 83.68 
 
 32 
 
 1184 
 
 32 
 
 2304 
 
 1152 
 
 33 
 
 64.35 
 
 33 
 
 56.1 
 
 33 
 
 34.73 
 
 33 
 
 1221 
 
 33 
 
 2376 
 
 1188 
 
 34 
 
 66.3 
 
 34 
 
 57.8 
 
 34 
 
 35.79 
 
 34 
 
 1258 
 
 34 
 
 2448 
 
 1224 
 
 35 
 
 68.25 
 
 35 
 
 59.5 
 
 35 
 
 36.84 
 
 35 
 
 1295 
 
 35 
 
 2520 
 
 1260 
 
 36 
 
 70.2 
 
 36 
 
 61.2 
 
 36 
 
 37.89 
 
 36 
 
 1332 
 
 36 
 
 2592 
 
 1296 
 
 37 
 
 72.15 
 
 37 
 
 62.9 
 
 37 
 
 38.94 
 
 37 
 
 1369 
 
 37 
 
 2064 
 
 1332 
 
 38 
 
 74.1 
 
 38 
 
 64.6 
 
 38 
 
 40. 
 
 38 
 
 1406 
 
 38 
 
 2736 
 
 1368 
 
 39 
 
 76.05 
 
 39 
 
 66.3 
 
 39 
 
 41.05 
 
 39 
 
 1443 
 
 39 
 
 2808 
 
 1404 
 
 40 
 
 78. 
 
 40 
 
 68. 
 
 40 
 
 42.1 
 
 40 
 
 1480 
 
 40 
 
 2880 
 
 1440 
 
 41 
 
 79.95 
 
 41 
 
 69.7 
 
 41 
 
 43.15 
 
 41 
 
 1517 
 
 41 
 
 2952 
 
 1476 
 
 42 
 
 81.9 
 
 42 
 
 71.4 
 
 42 
 
 4421 
 
 42 
 
 1554 
 
 42 
 
 3024 
 
 1512 
 
 43 
 
 83.85 
 
 43 
 
 73.1 
 
 43 
 
 45.26 
 
 43 
 
 1591 
 
 43 
 
 3096 
 
 1548 
 
 44 
 
 85.8 
 
 44 
 
 74.8 
 
 44 
 
 46.31 
 
 44 
 
 1628 
 
 44 
 
 3168 
 
 1584 
 
COUNTING REEDS. 297 
 
 THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF COUNTING REEDS. 
 If there be 2X dents in an inch ; what count of reed will it be 
 in Manchester or Stockport? 
 
 21 dents in an inch. 
 2 ends in a dent. 
 
 42 count of reed. 
 
 If there be 26 dents in an inch, what count of reed will it be 
 in Bolton, allowing 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 24.25 inches. 
 
 26 dents in an inch. 
 
 14550 
 4850 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)63.0.50 
 
 31.525 count of reed. 
 
 If there be 26 dents in an inch, what count of reed will it be 
 in Bolton, allowing 19 dents to a beer ? 
 
 24.25 inches. 
 
 26 dents in an inch. 
 
 14550 
 4850 
 
 Dents in a beer, 19)630.50(33.1842 count of reed. 
 
 5T 
 
 60 
 57 
 
 80 
 
 35 76 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 160 38 
 
 152 — 
 
 20 
 
298 COUNTING REEDS. 
 
 Suppose a reed contains 33 dents in 1 inch, what count will 
 it be according to the different systems of counting? 
 
 UNITED STATES, MANCHESTER, AND STOCKPORT. 
 
 Multiply the number of dents in 1 inch by 2, and the product 
 will be the count of the reed. 
 
 33 number of dents in 1 inch. 
 2 ends in a dent. 
 
 66 count "of reed. 
 
 BOLTON COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 24J by the number of dents in 1 inch, and divide by 
 20, and the quotient will be the count of the reed. 
 
 24.25 inches. 
 
 33 number of dents in 1 inch. 
 
 7275 
 7275 
 
 Number of dents in a beer, 2.0)80.0.25 
 
 40.0125 count of reed. 
 
 BOLTON COUNT, 19 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 24J by the number of dents in 1 inch, and divide by 
 19, and the quotient will be the count of the reed. 
 
 24.25 inches. 
 
 33 dents in 1 inch. 
 
 7275 
 7275 
 
 Dents in a beer, 19)800.25(42.12 count of reed. 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 19 35 
 38 — nearly. 
 
 N.B. — Some hinds of goods manufactured in Bolton, reckon 19 
 dents to a beer. 
 
REED TABLE. 
 
 299 
 
 REED TABLE. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Bolton. 
 
 Blackburn. 
 
 6-4th3 
 Preston. 
 
 6-4ths 
 Preston. 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 coutit 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 01 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 45 
 
 90 
 
 45 
 
 54.56 
 
 45 
 
 101.25 
 
 45 
 
 130.5 
 
 45 
 
 99. 
 
 46 
 
 92 
 
 46 
 
 55.71 
 
 46 
 
 103.5 
 
 46 
 
 133.4 
 
 46 
 
 101.2 
 
 47 
 
 94 
 
 47 
 
 56.98 
 
 47 
 
 105.75 
 
 47 
 
 136.3 
 
 47 
 
 103.4 
 
 48 
 
 96 
 
 48 
 
 58.2 
 
 48 
 
 108. 
 
 48 
 
 139.2 
 
 48 
 
 105.6 
 
 49 
 
 98 
 
 49 
 
 59.41 
 
 49 
 
 110.25 
 
 49 
 
 142.1 
 
 49 
 
 107.8 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 60.62 
 
 50 
 
 112.5 
 
 50 
 
 145, 
 
 50 
 
 110. 
 
 51 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 61.83 
 
 51 
 
 114.75 
 
 51 
 
 148.9 
 
 51 
 
 112.2 
 
 52 
 
 104 
 
 52 
 
 63.04 
 
 52 
 
 117. 
 
 52 
 
 151.8 
 
 52 
 
 114.4 
 
 53 
 
 106 
 
 53 
 
 64.25 
 
 53 
 
 119.25 
 
 53 
 
 154.7 
 
 53 
 
 116.6 
 
 54 
 
 108 
 
 54 
 
 65.46 
 
 54 
 
 121.5 
 
 54 
 
 157.6 
 
 54 
 
 118.8 
 
 55 
 
 no 
 
 55 
 
 66.687 
 
 55 
 
 123.75 
 
 55 
 
 159.5 
 
 55 
 
 121. 
 
 56 
 
 112 
 
 56 
 
 67.9 
 
 56 
 
 126. 
 
 56 
 
 162.4 
 
 56 
 
 123.2 
 
 57 
 
 114 
 
 57 
 
 69.112 
 
 57 
 
 128.25 
 
 57 
 
 165.3 
 
 57 
 
 125.4 
 
 58 
 
 116 
 
 58 
 
 70.325 
 
 58 
 
 130.5 
 
 58 
 
 168.2 
 
 58 
 
 127.6 
 
 59 
 
 118 
 
 59 
 
 71.537 
 
 59 
 
 132.75 
 
 59 
 
 171.1 
 
 59 
 
 129.8 
 
 60 
 
 120 
 
 60 
 
 72.75 
 
 60 
 
 135. 
 
 60 
 
 174. 
 
 60 
 
 132. 
 
 61 
 
 122 
 
 61 
 
 73 962 
 
 61 
 
 137.25 
 
 61 
 
 176.9 
 
 61 
 
 134.2 
 
 62 
 
 124 
 
 62 
 
 75.175 
 
 62 
 
 139.5 
 
 62 
 
 179.8 
 
 62 
 
 136.4 
 
 63 
 
 126 
 
 63 
 
 76.387 
 
 63 
 
 141.75 
 
 63 
 
 182.7 
 
 63 
 
 138.6 
 
 64 
 
 128 
 
 64 
 
 77.6 
 
 64 
 
 144. 
 
 64 
 
 185.6 
 
 64 
 
 140.8 
 
 65 
 
 130 
 
 65 
 
 78.812 
 
 65 
 
 140.25 
 
 65 
 
 188.5 
 
 65 
 
 143. 
 
 66 
 
 132 
 
 66 
 
 80.025 
 
 66 
 
 148.5 
 
 66 
 
 191.4 
 
 66 
 
 145.2 
 
 67 
 
 134 
 
 67 
 
 81.237 
 
 67 
 
 150.75 
 
 67 
 
 194.3 
 
 67 
 
 147.4 
 
 68 
 
 136 
 
 68 
 
 82.45 
 
 68 
 
 153. 
 
 68 
 
 197.2 
 
 68 
 
 149.6 
 
 69 
 
 138 
 
 69 
 
 83.662 
 
 69 
 
 155.25 
 
 69 
 
 200 1 
 
 69 
 
 151.8 
 
 70 
 
 140 
 
 70 
 
 84.875 
 
 70 
 
 157.5 
 
 70 
 
 203. 
 
 70 
 
 154. 
 
 71 
 
 142 
 
 71 
 
 86.087 
 
 71 
 
 159.75 
 
 71 
 
 205.9 
 
 71 
 
 156.2 
 
 72 
 
 144 
 
 72 
 
 87.3 
 
 72 
 
 1'62. 
 
 72 
 
 208.8 
 
 72 
 
 158.4 
 
 73 
 
 146 
 
 73 
 
 88.512 
 
 73 
 
 164.25 
 
 73 
 
 211.7 
 
 73 
 
 160.6 
 
 74 
 
 148 
 
 74 
 
 89.725 
 
 74 
 
 166.5 
 
 74 
 
 214.6 
 
 74 
 
 162.8 
 
300 
 
 KEED TABLE. 
 
 REED TABLE. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 4-4th3 
 Preston. 
 
 7-Sths 
 Preston. 
 
 Nan]<een. 
 
 Scotch. 
 
 Silk. 
 
 
 N.of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N.of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 count 
 
 N. of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 of 
 
 dts. in 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 reed. 
 
 1 yd. 
 
 rtt) 
 
 87 7!^ 
 
 4 Pi 
 
 7fi f\ 
 
 4 
 
 47 1R 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 i 000 
 
 Af\ 
 
 Q94n 
 
 1620 
 
 
 ftQ 7 
 
 4fi 
 
 7S 9 
 
 ^ D 
 
 48 49 
 
 A (K 
 4 D 
 
 1 709 
 
 4R 
 
 
 1656 
 
 47 
 
 Q 1 fifi 
 
 i7 1 . Ut> 
 
 47 
 
 7Q Q 
 
 47 
 
 4Q 47 
 
 47 
 
 1 71Q 
 
 47 
 1 / 
 
 1184 
 
 1692 
 
 4R 
 
 
 4S 
 
 O 1 . u 
 
 48 
 
 f»n fi9 
 
 A 8 
 
 1 77R 
 
 48 
 
 14'iR 
 O40D 
 
 1728 
 
 49 
 
 
 4Q 
 
 oo.o 
 
 4Q 
 
 'i 1 Ii7 
 
 4Q 
 
 1811 
 I o 1 o 
 
 4Q 
 ^y 
 
 •JKOQ 
 
 0040 
 
 1764 
 
 ou 
 
 Q7 
 
 
 81^ 
 
 fin 
 
 ^19 fil 
 
 Ou 
 
 1 oOU 
 
 fin 
 ou 
 
 iRnn 
 
 1800 
 
 .J X 
 
 QQ 4^ 
 
 
 8fi 7 
 
 
 fS'^ fi7 
 
 Fa I 
 
 1 887 
 loo/ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 1R79 
 oO/ ^ 
 
 1836 
 
 O it 
 
 1 n 1 4 
 
 
 88 4 
 
 "19 
 
 f^i. 79 
 
 0^ 
 
 1 Q94 
 
 'i9 
 
 1744 
 
 1872 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 'S'l 78 
 t>0. / o 
 
 fSQ 
 Oo 
 
 1 QR 1 
 
 1 y o 1 
 
 oo 
 
 18 1 R 
 
 1908 
 
 
 1 O^i 9 
 J V . o 
 
 54 
 
 Q1 8 
 
 'S4 
 
 fifi 84 
 
 P>4 
 
 1 QQ8 
 
 fi4 
 
 1888 
 
 1944 
 
 55 
 
 107.25 
 
 55 
 
 Q1 
 
 
 fi7 8Q4 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 »jy ou 
 
 1980 
 
 56 
 
 109.2 
 
 56 
 
 el's 9 
 
 
 ii8 Q47 
 
 OO 
 
 9079 
 
 OD 
 
 4ni9 
 
 2016 
 
 57 
 
 111.15 
 
 57 
 
 96.9 
 
 57 
 
 fin 
 
 ^17 
 
 9 1 no 
 
 1^7 
 o / 
 
 4 1 04 
 
 2052 
 
 58 
 
 113.1 
 
 58 
 
 98.6 
 
 58 
 
 61.052 
 
 58 
 
 2146 
 
 58 
 
 4176 
 
 2088 
 
 59 
 
 115.05 
 
 59 
 
 100.3 
 
 59 
 
 62.105 
 
 59 
 
 2183 
 
 59 
 
 4248 
 
 2124 
 
 60 
 
 117. 
 
 60 
 
 102. 
 
 60 
 
 63.158 
 
 60 
 
 2220 
 
 60 
 
 4320 
 
 2160 
 
 61 
 
 118.95 
 
 61 
 
 103.7 
 
 61 
 
 64.21 
 
 61 
 
 2257 
 
 61 
 
 4392 
 
 2196 
 
 62 
 
 120.9 
 
 62 
 
 105.4 
 
 62 
 
 65.263 
 
 62 
 
 2294 
 
 62 
 
 4464 
 
 2232 
 
 63 
 
 122.85 
 
 63 
 
 107.1 
 
 63 
 
 66.316 
 
 63 
 
 2331 
 
 63 
 
 4536 
 
 2268 
 
 64 
 
 124.8 
 
 64 
 
 108.8 
 
 64 
 
 67.368 
 
 64 
 
 2368 
 
 64 
 
 4608 
 
 2304 
 
 65 
 
 126.75 
 
 65 
 
 110.5 
 
 65 
 
 68.421 
 
 65 
 
 2405 
 
 65 
 
 4680 
 
 2340 
 
 66 
 
 128.7 
 
 66 
 
 112.2 
 
 66 
 
 69.473 
 
 66 
 
 2442 
 
 66 
 
 4752 
 
 2376 
 
 67 
 
 130.65 
 
 67 
 
 113.9 
 
 67 
 
 70.526 
 
 67 
 
 2479 
 
 67 
 
 4824 
 
 2412 
 
 68 
 
 132.6 
 
 68 
 
 115.6 
 
 68 
 
 71. .579 
 
 68 
 
 2516 
 
 68 
 
 4896 
 
 2448 
 
 69 
 
 134.55 
 
 69 
 
 117.3 
 
 69 
 
 72.631 
 
 69 
 
 2553 
 
 69 
 
 4968 
 
 2484 
 
 70 
 
 136.5 
 
 70 
 
 119. 
 
 70 
 
 73.684 
 
 70 
 
 2590 
 
 70 
 
 5040 
 
 2520 
 
 71 
 
 138.45 
 
 71 
 
 120.7 
 
 71 
 
 74.737 
 
 71 
 
 2627 
 
 71 
 
 5112 
 
 2556 
 
 72 
 
 140.4 
 
 72 
 
 122.4 
 
 72 
 
 75.789 
 
 72 
 
 2664 
 
 72 
 
 5184 
 
 2592 
 
 73 
 
 142.35 
 
 73 
 
 124.1 
 
 73 
 
 76.842 
 
 73 
 
 2701 
 
 73 
 
 5256 
 
 2628 
 
 74 
 
 144.3 
 
 74 
 
 125.8 
 
 74 
 
 77.894 
 
 74 
 
 2738 
 
 74 
 
 5328 
 
 2664 
 
COUNTING REEDS. 301 
 BLACKBURN COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 45 by the number of dents in an inch, and divide by 
 the number of dents in a beer, and the quotient will be the count 
 of the reed. 
 
 45 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 135 
 135 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)148.5 
 
 74.25 count of reed. 
 
 PRESTON 6-4ths COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 58 by the number of dents in an inch, and divide by 
 20, and the quotient will be the count of the reed. 
 
 58 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 174 
 174 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)191.4 
 
 95.7 count of reed. 
 
 PRESTON 9-8ths COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 44 inches. 
 
 38 dents in an inch. 
 
 132 
 132 
 
 Dents in a beer, 20)1452(72.6 
 140 
 
 52 
 40 
 
 120 
 120 
 
302 COUNTING REEDS. 
 
 N.B. — Some manufacturers in Oldham count same as Black- 
 burn for fustians and velvets ; printing cloths are same as 
 Manchester. 
 
 PRESTON 4-4ths, OR YARD WIDE COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 39 by the number of dents in an inch, and divide by 
 the number of dents in a beer, and the quotient will be the count 
 of the reed. 
 
 39 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 117 
 117 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)128.7 
 
 64.35 count of reed. 
 
 PRESTON 7-8ths COUNT, 20 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 34 by the number of dents in an inch, and divide by 
 the number of dents in a beer, and the quotient will be the count 
 of the reed. 
 
 34 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 102 
 102 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)112.2 
 
 56.1 count of reed. 
 
 NANKEEN COUNT, 19 DENTS TO A BEER. 
 
 Multiply 20 by the number of dents in an inch, and divide by 
 the number of dents in a beer, and the quotient will be the count 
 of the reed. 
 
 20 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 660 
 
COUNTING REEDS. 
 
 303 
 
 Dents in a beer, 19)660(84.73, or nearly 34|-, count of reed. 
 57 
 
 90 
 76 
 
 140 
 133 
 
 70 
 57 
 
 13 
 
 SCOTCH AND CARLISLE COUNT. 
 
 Multiply 37 by the number of dents in an inch, and the pro- 
 duct will be the count of the reed. 
 
 37 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 Ill 
 111 
 
 1221 count of reed. 
 
 SILK COUNT. 
 
 Multiply 36 by the number of dents in an inch, and that pro- 
 duct by 2, -which will be the count of the reed. 
 
 36 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 108 
 108 
 
 1188 
 
 2 ends in a dent. 
 
 2376 count of reed. > 
 
 NUMBER OF DENTS IN A YARD. 
 
 Multiply the number of dents in an inch by the number of 
 inches in a yard, and the product will be the number of dents in 
 a yard. 
 
304 
 
 COUNTING REEDS. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 36 inches in a yard. 
 
 198 
 99 
 
 1188 dents in a yard. 
 
 Some manufacturers count calicoes, checks, and handkerchiefs, 
 by the number of beers in a yard, some 19, and some 20 dents 
 to a beer. 
 
 By"20 dents to a beer. 
 
 36 inches 1 yard. 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 108 
 108 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)118.8 
 
 59.4 count of reed. 
 
 By 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 36 inches 1 yard. 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 108 
 108 
 
 Dents in a beer, 19)1188(62.526 count of reed. 
 114 
 
 48 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 50 
 
 114 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 6 
 
COUNTING REEDS. 305 
 
 Some manufacturers of fustians, velvets, velveteens, velveretts, 
 satteens, &c., count by the number of beers set on 24 inches at 
 the reed, some 20, and some 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 24 inches. 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 Dents in a beer, 2.0)79.2 
 
 39. G count of reed. ' 
 
 If there be 33 dents in an inch, how many beers, 19 dents to 
 a beer, will there be in 24 inches? 
 
 33 dents in an inch. 
 24 inches. 
 
 132 
 66 
 
 Dents in a beer, 19)792(41.684 count of reed. 
 76 
 
 32 
 19 
 
 130 
 114 
 
 160 
 152 
 
 80 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 How many dents will there be in an inch, in a 6-4ths 145 
 Preston reed? 
 
 Multiply the count of the reed by the number of dents in a 
 
306 MANUPACTURING. 
 
 beer, and divide by the number of inches any given number of 
 beers is set on, and the quotient will be the number of dents in 
 an inch. 
 
 145 count of reed. 
 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 Inches set on, 58)2900(50, number of dents in an inch. 
 290 
 
 0 
 
 Whatever the count of the reed, or system of counting may 
 be, by referring to the table, you will find the number of dents 
 in an inch. 
 
 The number of dents in an inch multiplied by 2, and that 
 product multiplied by the number of inches intended to be filled 
 at the reed, will give the number of ends required in the warp, 
 for any kind of plain goods. 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 Rules and examples for ascertaining the weight of warp and 
 weft, required for the manufacture of any description of cotton 
 goods, according to the length and width of the piece, and the 
 fineness of yarns. 
 
 On account of some kind of goods requiring to be laid a 
 greater length on the warping mill than others, it will be found 
 the most accurate to ascertain the length and weight of twist 
 required for the warp, and divide by the number of cuts or pieces 
 in the warp, which will give the length and weight of twist (ac- 
 cording to its fineness) required for one cut, or piece of cloth. 
 
 N.B. — The general allowance for waste, is about l-50iA of the 
 weight of weft required to weave the piece. 
 
 TO ASCERTAIN THE WEIGHT OF A WARP. 
 
 RULE. — Multiply the length of the warp by the width in inches 
 required at the reed, and that product by the number of ends in 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 307 
 
 an inch, for a dividend. Then multiply the number of yards in 
 one hank by the number of hanks in the pound of twist for a 
 divisor, and the quotient will be the weight of the warp. 
 
 N. B. — By referring to the reed table, the number of ends in an 
 inch of any reed may be found, according to the system of 
 counting. 
 
 Required, the weight of number 36's twist, for a warp 146 
 yards long, 29 inches wide at the reed, and 72 ends in an inch? 
 
 146 yards, length of warp. 
 29 inches, width at reed. 
 
 1314 
 292 
 
 4234 
 
 72 ends in an inch. 
 
 8468 
 29638 
 
 Dividend, 304848 yards of twist in the warp. 
 
 840 yards, 1 hank. 
 36 hanks in 1 lb. 
 
 5040 
 2520 
 
 Divisor, 30240 yards in 1 lb. of 36's twist. 
 
 30240)304848(10 lbs., IJ oz. weight of warp. 
 30240 
 
 2448 
 
 16 oz.=l lb. 
 
 14688 
 2448 
 
 39168 
 
308 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 30240)39168(1 ounce. 
 30240 
 
 8928 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 30240)35712(1 qr. 
 30240 
 
 5472 
 
 The -weight of warp or weft may be found in a much easier 
 way, by dividing the number of yards of twist, or weft required, 
 by the number of yards in 1 ounce, which will be found in the 
 yarn table according to the fineness of the yarns, as in the follow- 
 ing example: — 
 
 Required, the weight of 36's twist, for a warp 146 yards long, 
 29 inches wide at the reed, and 72 ends in an inch ? 
 
 146 yards, length of warp. 
 29 inches, width of warp at reed. 
 
 1314 
 292 
 
 4234 
 
 72 ends in an inch. 
 
 8468 
 29638 
 
 Dividend, 304848 yards in warp. 
 
 Yards in 1 oz. of 36's twist, 1890)304848(1611 oz., or 10 lbs., 
 
 1890 1 J oz., wt. of warp. 
 
 11584 
 11340 
 
 2448 
 1890 
 
 558 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 ( 309 '"^ 
 
 1890)2232(1 qr. ■ , 
 
 1890 ■■^^A'R' 
 
 342 
 
 If there be 304848 yards of 36's twist, in a warp containing 
 5 cuts or pieces; what weight of twist will there be in 1 piece? 
 
 Cuts, or pieces in warp, 5)304848 yards of twist in warp. 
 
 Yds. in 1 oz. of 36's twist, 1890)60969.6(321 oz., or 2 lbs., Oi oz., 
 
 6670 wt. of twist required 
 
 for 1 piece of cloth. 
 
 4269 
 3780 
 
 489.6 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 1890)1958.4(1 qr. 
 1890 
 
 68.4 
 
 Required, the weight of number 36's weft, to weave a piece of 
 cloth 30 yards long, 29 inches wide, and 84 threads, or picks in 
 an inch, allowing l-40th for waste? 
 
 30 yards, length of piece. 
 29 inches, Avidth of piece. 
 
 870 
 
 84 threads or picks in an inch. 
 
 3480 
 6960 
 
 73080 
 
 Allowance for waste, 1-40 1827 
 
 Dividend, 74907 yards required to weave a piece. 
 
1 
 
 310 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 Yards in 1 ounce, 1890)74907(391 oz., or 2 lbs., 7J oz., weight of 
 
 of cloth. 
 
 18207 
 17010 
 
 1197 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 1890)4788(2 qrs. 
 3780 
 
 1008 
 
 Or Tims, 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yds.)7490.7 yards of weft required to weave a piece. 
 1 hank, 7 leas)624.225 
 
 6)89.175 hanks, or 2 lbs., 7^ oz., weight of 
 
 6)14.8625 
 
 2.477083 lbs. 
 
 16 oz., 1 lb. 
 
 2862500 
 477083 
 
 7.633333 oz. 
 
 2.533333 qrs. 
 
 Or Thus, 
 
 840 yards, 1 hank. 
 86 hanks, 1 lb. 
 
 5040 
 2520 
 
 Divisor, 30240 yards in 1 lb. of 36 's weft. 
 
 5670 
 
 weft required to weave a piece 
 
 weft required. 
 
 4 
 
MANUFACTURING. 311 
 
 30240)74907(2 lbs. TJ oz., weight of weft required. 
 60480 
 
 14427 
 16 
 
 86562 
 14427 
 
 30240)230832(71 
 211680 
 
 19152 
 
 Required, the weight of number 60's twist, for a warp 146 
 yards long, 39 inches wide, and 106 ends to an inch ? 
 
 146 yards, length of warp. 
 39 inches, width at the reed. 
 
 1314 
 438 
 
 6694 
 
 I 106 ends in an inch. 
 
 34164 
 56940 
 
 1 lea, 12.0 yards)60356.4 yards of twist in warp. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas)5029.7 leas of twist in warp. 
 
 Numbers of twist 6.0)71.8.52857 hanks of twist in warp. 
 
 11.9754761 lbs. of twist in warp. 
 16 ounces, 1 lb. 
 
 58528566 
 9754761 
 
 15.6076176 ounces. 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 2.4304704 qrs. 
 
312 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 The weight of twist required for the warp, is 11 lbs., 15J oz. 
 
 If there be 603564 yards of number 60's twist in a warp; 
 what will it weigh ? 
 
 Yards in 1 ounce of 60's twist, 3150)603564(191J ounces, or 11 
 
 3150 pounds, 15J oz., 
 
 weight of warp. 
 
 28856 
 28350 
 
 5064 
 3150 
 
 1914 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 3150)7656(2 qrs. 
 6300 
 
 1356 
 
 If a warp, 146 yards long, 39 inches wide, and 106 ends in an 
 inch, weigh 12 lbs., what numbers of twist will it be ? 
 
 146 yards, length of warp. 
 89 inches, width of warp at reed. 
 
 1314 
 
 438 
 
 5694 
 
 106 ends in an inch. 
 
 34164 
 56940 
 
 Wt. of warp 12 lbs.)603564 number of yards in a warp. 
 50297 
 
MANUFACTDRmG. 
 
 313 
 
 1 hank is 840 yards)50297(59.87 nearly, number OO's twist. 
 4200 
 
 8297 
 7560 
 
 7370 
 6720 
 
 6500 
 5880 
 
 620 
 
 What length and weight of number SO's weft, will it require to 
 weave a warp 146 yards long, 39 inches wide at the reed, and 
 120 threads, or picks in an inch, allowing l-50th for waste ? 
 
 146 yards, length of warp. 
 120 threads, or picks in an inch. 
 
 17520 
 
 39 inches, width at reed. 
 
 157680 
 52560 
 
 683280 
 
 Add l-50th for waste 13665.6 
 
 696945.6 yards required to weave the warp. 
 1 lea is 12.0 yds.)69694.5.6 yds. of weft required to weave a piece. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas.)5807.88 leas of do. 
 
 829.69714 hanks. 
 
 7 leas, 1 hank. 
 
 4.87998 leas. 
 
 120 yards, 1 lea. 
 
 105.59760 yards. 
 
 21 
 
314 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 The length of weft required to weave the warp will be 829 
 hanks, 4 leas, and 105| yards. 
 
 Numbers of weft, 8.0)82.9.69714 hanks of BO's weft. 
 
 10.371214 lbs. 
 
 16 ounces, 1 lb. 
 
 2227284 
 371214 
 
 5.939424 oz. 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 3.757696 qrs. 
 
 10 lbs. 5f oz., nearly 10 lbs., 6 oz. weight of SO's weft, required 
 to weave the warp. 
 
 What length and weight of number 60's twist, will it require 
 for a piece of cloth 29i yards long, 39 inches wide, and 106 
 ends in an inch ? 
 
 29.2 yards, length of piece. 
 39 inches, width at reed. 
 
 2628 
 876 
 
 1138.8 
 
 106 ends to an inch. 
 
 68328 
 113880 
 
 Dividend, 120712.8 yards of twist required for a piece. 
 
 840 yards, 1 hank. 
 60's twist. 
 
 Divisor, 50400 yards in 1 lb. of number 60's twist. 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 315 
 
 50400)120712.8(2 lbs., 6} oz., weight of twist re- 
 100800 quired for 1 piece of cloth. 
 
 19912.8 
 
 16 ounces, 1 lb. 
 
 1194768 
 199128 
 
 50400)318604.8(6 ounces. 
 302400 
 
 16204.8 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 50400)64819.2(1 qr. 
 50400 
 
 14419 
 
 The weight of number 60's twist required for 1 piece of cloth, 
 is 2 lbs., 6|- oz., or 11 lbs., 15J ounces, for 1 warp containing 
 5 pieces. 
 
 What weight of number 80's weft, will it require to weave 1 
 piece of cloth 29i yards long, 120 picks, or threads in an inch, 
 and 39 inches wide, allowing l-50th for waste ? 
 
 840 yards 1 hank. 
 80's weft. 
 
 67200 divisor. 
 
 29.2 yards, length of piece. 
 120 picks, or threads in an inch. 
 
 3504.0 
 
 39 inches, width at reed. 
 
 315360 
 105120 
 
 136656.0 
 Add l-50th for waste 273312 
 
316 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 Yds. in 1 lb., 67200)139389,12(2 lbs., l-5th oz,, weight of weft 
 134400 required to weave a piece of cloth. 
 
 4989.12 
 16 
 
 2993472 
 498912 
 
 67200)79825.92(1 ounce. 
 67200 
 
 12625 = l-5th. 
 
 What number of ends will it require in a warp, to fill 50 inches 
 in a 96 reed, Manchester count? 
 
 96, count of reed. 
 50 inches, width at reed. 
 
 4800, number of ends required in warp. 
 
 What number of ends will it require in a warp, to fill 40J 
 inches in a 118 Manchester count? 
 
 118, count of Manchester reed. 
 40.5 inches, width at reed. 
 
 590 
 4720 
 
 4779.0 number of ends in warp. 
 
 What number of ends will it require to fill 50 inches in a 60 
 reed, Bolton count, 20 dents, or 40 ends to the beer ? 
 
 60 reed, Bolton count. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents in 1 beer. 
 
 2400 
 
 50 inches, width at reed. 
 
 120000 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 31T 
 
 24J inches, or 24.25)120000.00(4948 ends required in the warp. 
 9700 
 
 23000 
 21825 
 
 11750 
 9700 
 
 20500 
 19400 
 
 1100 
 
 N. B. — It is not requisite to carry out the decimal fractions of 
 an end. 
 
 For the different systems of counting reeds, see the reed table, 
 with rules and examples. 
 
 What number of ends will be required in a warp, to fill 51 
 inches, in a 66 reed, Bolton count ? 
 
 66 count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 2640 
 
 51 inches, width at reed. 
 
 2640 
 13200 
 
 134640 dividend. 
 
 24J, or 24.25 inches. )134640(5552 ends required for warp. 
 12125 
 
 13390 
 12125 
 
 12650 
 12125 
 
 5250 
 . 4850 
 
 400 
 
318 MANUrACTURING. 
 
 What number of ends -will it require in a warp, to fill 30| 
 inches in a 7-1 reed, Blackburn count? 
 
 74 count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 2960 
 
 30.5 inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 14800 
 88800 
 
 Beers set on 45 inches. )90280. 0(2006 ends required for warp. 
 90 
 
 280 
 270 
 
 10 
 
 What width will 2006 ends fill, in a 74 reed, Blackburn count ? 
 74, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 2960 divisor. 
 Number of ends in warp, 2006 
 
 45 inches, number of beers set on. 
 
 10030 
 8024 
 
 90270 dividend. 
 
 90270 dividend by 2960=30.5, or 30i in. nearly, width of warp 
 at reed. 
 
 What number of ends will it require in a warp, to fill 49^ 
 inches, in a 135 reed, Blackburn count? 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 319 
 
 135, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 49.5 inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 5940 ends required in the warp. 
 
 What number of inches will 5940 ends fill, in a 185 reed, 
 Blackburn count ? 
 
 185, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 5400 divisor. 
 
 5940 ends in the warp. 
 
 45 inches, number of beers set on reed. 
 
 29700 
 23760 
 
 5400)267300(49.5, or 49J inches, width of warp at 
 
 6400 
 
 27000 
 48600 
 21600 
 
 45 inches, or 
 
 21600 
 
 the reed. 
 
 51300 
 48600 
 
 27000 
 27000 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 48 inches 
 in a Bolton 54 reed ; allowing onlj 19 dents, or 38 ends to a 
 beer? 
 
320 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 54, count of reed. 
 
 38 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 432 
 162 
 
 2052 
 
 48 inches, "width of warp at the reed. 
 
 24.25)98496.00(4062 ends required in the warp. 
 
 What number of inches will 4062 ends fill in a Bolton 54 
 reed ; allowing 19 dents, or 38 ends to a beer ? 
 
 64, count of reed. 
 
 38 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 432 
 162 
 
 2052 divisor. 
 
 4062 ends in the warp. 
 24.25 inches, numbers of beer set on. 
 
 20310 
 8124 
 
 16248 
 
 8124 
 
 2052)98503.50(48 inches, width filled at the reed. 
 
 8208 
 
 16416 
 8208 
 
 9700 
 
 14960 
 14550 
 
 4100 
 4850- 
 
 •nearly. 
 
 16423 
 16416 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 321 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 39^ 
 inches in a Bolton 44 reed ; if there be 19 dents, or 38 ends to 
 a beer ? 
 
 44, count of reed. 
 
 38 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 352 
 132 
 
 1672 
 
 39.5, or 39J inches, width of 
 
 warp at the reed. 
 
 8360 
 
 15048 
 
 5016 
 
 No. of beers set on 24.25 in.)66044.00(2723 ends required for 
 
 4850 the warp. 
 
 17544 
 16975 
 
 5690 
 4850 
 
 8400 
 7275 
 
 125 
 
 What number of inches will 2724 ends fill in a 44 reed, Bolton 
 count ; allowing 19 dents, or 38 ends to a beer? 
 
 44, count of reed. 
 
 38 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 352 
 132 
 
 1672 divisor. 
 
322 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 2724 number of ends in the warp. 
 24.25, or 24| inches, number of beers set on. 
 
 13620 
 5448 
 
 10896 
 
 5448 
 
 1672)66057.00(39.5, or 39i inches, width filled at 
 5016 the reed. 
 
 15897 
 15048 
 
 8490 
 8360 
 
 130 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 51J 
 inches, in a 6-4ths 110 reed, Preston count ? 
 
 110, count of reed, 6-4ths Preston. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents in a beer. 
 
 4400 
 
 51.5, or 51| inches, width of warp 
 
 at the reed. 
 
 22000 
 4400 
 22000 
 
 No. of beers set on58in.)226600.0(3907. No. of ends required 
 
 174 for the warp. 
 
 526 
 
 522 
 
 400 
 
 406 — nearly. 
 
 What number of inches will 3907 ends fill, in a 6-4ths 110 
 reed, Preston count ? 
 
MANUFACTUKING. 
 
 323 
 
 110 count of reed, 6-4ths Preston. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 4400 divisor. 
 
 3907, number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of beers set on 58 inches. 
 
 81256 
 19535 
 
 4400)226606(51.5, or 51i inches, width filled 
 22000 at the reed. 
 
 6606 
 4400 
 
 22060 
 22000 
 
 60 
 
 iV. B. — The GAths Preston count of reeds, is the number of heers 
 set on 58 inches, 20 dents, or 40 etids to a beer. 
 
 The small difference which appears in the last two examples 
 arises from the decimal of an end. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 51J 
 inches, in a 6-4ths 144 reed, Preston count ? 
 
 144, number of beers set on 58 inches at the reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 5760 
 
 51.5, or 51J inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 28800 
 5760 
 28800 
 
 296640.0 
 
324 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 58 inclies.)296640. 0(5114, number of ends required for the warp. 
 
 290 
 
 66 
 58 
 
 84 
 58 
 
 260 
 232 
 
 28 
 
 What number of inches will 5114 ends fill, in a 6-4ths 144 
 reed, Preston count? 
 
 144, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 5760 divisor. 
 
 5114, number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of beers set on 58 inches. 
 
 40912 
 25570 
 
 5760)296612(51.5, or 51i inches, filled at the 
 28800 reed. 
 
 8612 
 5760 
 
 28520 
 
 28800— nearly. 
 
 N. B. — The divisor is ascertained hy multiplying the number of 
 beers set on any given number of inches {according to the 
 adopted rule), by the number of ends in a beer at the reed; 
 and the dividend by multiplying the number of ends in the 
 warp, by the number of inches any given number of beers is 
 set on at the reed. 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 325 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp to fill 40J 
 inches, in a 9-8ths 125 reed, Preston count? 
 
 125, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 5000 
 
 40.5, or 40|^ inches, width of warp at 
 the reed. 
 
 25000 
 200000 
 
 No. of beers set 1 44)202500.0(4602, number of ends required 
 on mcnes. l n ,t 
 
 ' •' 7o lor the warp. 
 
 265 
 264 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 What number of inches will a warp containing 4602 ends fill, 
 in a 9-8ths 125 reed, Preston count? 
 
 125 count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents in a beer. 
 
 5000 divisor. 
 
 4602 number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of beers set on 44 inches. 
 
 18408 
 18408 
 
 5.000)202.488 
 
 40.4976, or nearly 40J inches, width the 
 warp fills at reed. 
 
 iV. B. — The 9-8ths Preston count of reeds is calculated according 
 to the number of beers set on 44 inches, 20 dents to a beer. 
 
326 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 When calculating the width at the reed any -warp will fill ac- 
 cording to the number of ends, the count of the reed must be 
 multiplied by the number of ends filling 1 beer at the reed, for 
 a divisor, whether 2, 3, 4, or more ends be in a dent, which will 
 be according to the kind of goods made. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 39| 
 inches, in a 9-8ths 105 reed, Preston count? 
 
 105, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 4200 
 
 39.5, or 39J inches, width of warp 
 
 at the reed. 
 
 21000 
 37800 
 12600 
 
 No. of beers set on 44 in. )165900. 0(3770 number of ends required 
 132 for the warp. 
 
 339 
 308 
 
 310 
 308 
 
 20 
 
 What number of inches will a warp containing 3770 ends fill, 
 in a 9-8ths 105 reed, Preston count? 
 
 105, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 4200 divisor. 
 
 3770 number of ends in the warp. 
 No. of beers set on 44 inches. 
 
 15080 
 15080 
 
 165880 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 327 
 
 4200)165880(89.49, or 39J inches, width filled at 
 
 39880 
 37800 
 
 20800 
 16800 
 
 40000 
 37800 
 
 2200 
 
 iV. B. — Some manufacturers in Preston count their 9-8t7is, 
 AAths, and T-Sths reeds, in the same proportioyi to a 6-4i7iS, 
 set on 58 inches. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 37 
 inches in a 4-4th, or yard wide 115 reed, Preston count? 
 
 115, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 4600 
 
 37 inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 32200 
 13800 
 
 170200 
 
 No. of beers set on 39 in.)170200(4364 number of ends required 
 
 250 
 234 
 
 160 
 
 156 
 
 4 
 
 12600 
 
 the reed. 
 
 156 
 
 for the warp. 
 
 142 
 117 
 
 How many inches will a warp containing 4364 ends fill, in a 
 4-4ths, or yard wide 115 reed, Preston count? 
 
328 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 115, count of reed. 
 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 4600 divisor. 
 
 4364 number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of beers set on 39 inches. 
 
 39276 
 13092 
 
 4600)170196(36.999, or 87 inches, width the warp 
 13800 fills at reed. 
 
 32196 
 27600 
 
 45960 
 41400 
 
 45600 
 41400 
 
 42000 
 41400 
 
 600 
 
 N". B. — The AAths, or yard tvide Preston count of reed, is calcu- 
 lated according to the number of beers set on 39 inches, 20 
 dents to a beer. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 34J 
 inches, in a 4-4ths, or yard wide reed, Preston count ? 
 
 96, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 3840 
 
 34.5, or 34J inches width of warp at 
 
 ■ the reed. 
 
 19200 
 15360 
 11520 
 
 132480.0 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 329 
 
 No. of beers set on 39 in.)132480. 0(3397, number of ends required 
 117 for the warp. 
 
 154 
 117 
 
 378 
 351 
 
 270 
 
 273 — nearly. 
 
 How many inches will a warp containing 3397 ends fill, in a 
 4-4ths or yard wide 96 reed, Preston count ? 
 
 96, count of the reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 3840 divisor. 
 
 3397 number of ends in the warp. 
 No. of beers set on 39 inches. 
 
 30573 
 10191 
 
 3840)132483(34.5, or 34i inches, warp fills 
 11520 at the reed. 
 
 17283 
 15360 
 
 19230 
 19200 
 
 30 
 
 N.B. — The 9-8^As set on 43 J inches; the 4-4i7«s, or yard wide, 
 set on 38f inches, and the 7-8ths set on 33 1 inches, will be in 
 proportion to the 6Aths reed being set on 58 inches. 
 22 
 
330 
 
 MANUFACTURING, 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a warp, to fill 32| 
 inches, in a T-Sths 66 reed, Preston count? 
 
 66, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 2640 
 
 32.5, or 32| inches, width of warp at 
 the reed. 
 
 13200 
 
 6280 
 7920 
 
 No. of brs. seton 34 in. )85800. 0(2523 number of ends required for 
 68 the warp. 
 
 178 
 170 
 
 80 
 68 
 
 120 
 102 
 
 18 
 
 How many inches will a warp containing 2523 ends fill, in a 
 7-8ths 66 reed, Preston count ? 
 
 66, count of reed. 
 40 ends, or 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 2640 divisor. 
 
 2523 number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of beers set on 34 inches. 
 
 10092 
 7569 
 
 85782 
 
 I 
 
MANUFACTURING. 331 
 
 2640)85782(32.49, or 32i inches, warp fills at the 
 7920 reed. 
 
 6582 
 5280 
 
 13020 
 10560 
 
 24600 
 23760 
 
 840 
 
 y.B. — 77ie 7-8tJis Preston count of reeds is calculated hy the 
 number of beers set on 34 inches, 20 dents to a beer. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a nankeen warp, to 
 fill 31J inches, in a 60 reed ? 
 
 60, count of reed. 
 
 38 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 480 
 180 
 
 2280 
 
 31.5, or 31A^ inches, width of warp 
 ■ at the reed. 
 
 11400 
 
 2280 
 6840 
 
 No. of brs. set on, 2.0in.)7182.0.0 
 
 3591 No. of ends required for the warp. 
 
 What number of ends must there be in a nankeen warp, to fill 
 21 inches, in a 48 reed ? 
 
332 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 48, count of reed. 
 
 88 ends, or 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 384 
 144 
 
 1824 
 
 21 inches, width of warp at the reed 
 
 1824 
 3648 
 
 No. of beers set on 2.0 in.)3830.4 
 
 1915 No. of ends required for the warp. 
 
 What number of inches will a nankeen warp containing 1915 
 ends fill, in a 48 reed? 
 
 48, count of reed. 
 38 ends in a beer. 
 
 384 
 144 
 
 1824 divisor. 
 
 1915, number of ends in the warp. 
 20 inches, number of beers set on. 
 
 1824)38300(21 inches, width warp fills at the reed, 
 3648 
 
 1820 
 
 1824— nearly. 
 
 ^. — The nanJceen count of reeds is calculated hy the number 
 of leers set on 20 inches, 19 dents to a beer. 
 
 How many ends must there be in a warp, to fill 51| inches, 
 in a 1850 reed, Scotch count? 
 
 t 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 333 
 
 1850, count of reed. 
 
 51.5, or 51J inches, width of warp 
 
 at the reed. 
 
 9250 
 1850 
 9250 
 
 95275.0 
 
 2 ends in a dent, or split. 
 
 No of dents set on 37 in.)190550(5150 number of ends required 
 185 for the warp. 
 
 55 
 37 
 
 185 
 185 
 
 0 
 
 Now many inches will a warp containing 5150 ends fill, in a 
 1850 reed, Scotch count ? 
 
 1850, count of reed. 
 
 2, number of ends in a dent, or split. 
 
 3700 divisor. 
 
 5150, number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of dents set on 37 inches. 
 
 36050 
 15450 
 
 3700)190550(51.5, or 51J inches, warp fills at 
 18500 the reed. 
 
 5550 
 3700 
 
 18500 
 18500 
 
334 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 iV. B. — In Carlisle, Scotland, Ireland, and the United States of 
 America, they calculate their reeds hy the number of dents set 
 on 37 inches. 
 
 In Carlisle and Scotland a dent is generally termed a split. 
 
 How many ends must there be in a warp, to fill 49 J inches, in 
 a 2150 reed, Scotch count ? 
 
 2150, count of reed. 
 
 2, number of ends in a dent, 
 
 or split. 
 
 4300 
 
 49.5, or 49J inches, width of warp 
 
 at the reed. 
 
 21500 
 38700 
 17200 
 
 No. of dents set on 37 in.)212850.0(5752, number of ends re- 
 
 185 quired for the warp. 
 
 278 
 259 
 
 195 
 185 
 
 100 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 How many inches will a warp containing 5752 ends fill, in a 
 2150 reed, Scotch count? 
 
 2150, count of reed. 
 
 2, number of ends in a dent, or 
 
 split. 
 
 4300 divisor. 
 
 5752, number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of dents set on 37 inches. 
 
 40264 
 17256 
 
 212824 
 
MANUFACTURING. 
 
 335 
 
 4300)212824(49.49, or 49|- inches, nearly, 
 17200 warp fiUa at the reed. 
 
 40824 
 38T00 
 
 21240 
 17200 
 
 40400 
 38700 
 
 1700 
 
 must there be in a silk warp, to fill 19 
 
 3700, count of reed. 
 
 19 inches, width of warp required 
 at the reed. 
 
 33300 
 3700 
 
 No. of ends in 36 in.)70300(1952 number of ends required 
 36 for the warp. 
 
 343 
 324 
 
 190 
 180 
 
 100 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 How many inches will a silk warp containing 1952 ends fill, 
 in a 3700 reed ? 
 
 1952 number of ends in the warp. 
 Number of ends in 36 inches. 
 
 11712 
 
 6856 
 
 What number of ends 
 inches, in a 3700 reed ? 
 
 70272 
 
336 
 
 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Count of reed 3700)70272(18.99, or 19 inches, nearly, width 
 3700 the warp fills at the reed. 
 
 33272 
 29600 
 
 36720 
 33300 
 
 34200 
 33300 
 
 900 
 
 iV. B. — The silk manufacturers generally calculate their reeds hy 
 twice the 7iumher of dents, or the number of ends in 36 inches 
 at the reed. 
 
 LINEN YARN TABLES. 
 
 Showing the weight of 1 lea, or cut, English hank and bundle, 
 Irish and Scotch hank, spangle, or spindle, and bundle, from 1 
 to 300 leas or cuts in the pound progressively. 
 
 The following are the different sizes of reels in use, with the 
 different systems of making up yarns. 
 
 YORKSHIRE REEL. 
 
 3 yards, or 108 inches in circumference. 
 100 threads, 1 lea, 300 yards. 
 10 leas, 1 hank, 3.000 yards. 
 20 hanks, 1 bundle, 60.000 yards. 
 Sells per bundle. 
 
 DORSET REEL. 
 
 2\ yards, or 81 inches in circumference. 
 40 threads, 1 knot, 90 yards. 
 20 knots, 1 ran, 1.800 yards. 
 12 rans, 1 dozen, 21.600 yards. 
 Sells per dozen. 
 
 N. B. — This reel is not much in use, the Irish reel being gene- 
 rally adopted. 
 
LINEN YARNS. [ / 387 X 
 
 IRISH AND SCOTCH REELS. > <. . ' i/-;-^. \ 
 
 yards, or 90 inches in circumference. V,> ^ ^ - / 
 120 threads, 1 cut, 300 yards. -^-5 j-,.-'^"' 
 12 cuts, 1 hank, 3.600 yards. 
 4 hanks, 1 spangle, 14.400 yards. 
 12J spangles, or 60 hanks, 1 bundle, 180.000 yds. 
 Sells per spangle in bundles. 
 
 POINTS IN WHICH THE THREE REELS AGREE. . 
 
 40 knots, or 2 rans, make 1 hank Irish and Scotch, 3.600 yards. 
 8 hanks Dorset, or 4 hanks Irish and Scotch, make 1 spangle or 
 
 spindle, 14.400 yards. 
 1^ spangles or spindles, make 1 dozen Dorset, 21.600 yards. 
 12J spangles or spindles, or 50 hanks Irish and Scotch, or 8 
 
 English bundles of 60.000 yards each, make 1 Irish bundle, 
 
 180.000 yards. 
 
 EXPLANATION TO THE LINEN YARN TABLES. 
 
 The first column is the numbers of yarn, opposite to which is 
 the weight according to the length weighed. 
 
 JV. B. — The pounds and ounces are avoirdupois weight, and the 
 pennyweights and grains are troy loeight. 
 
 oz. dwts. grains, grains. 
 
 14 11 16 or 7000 troy are equal to 1 lb. avoirdupois. 
 18 5J or 437J troy are equal to 1 oz. avoirdupois. 
 
 The following are the dividends according to the length weighed. 
 
 Yards. Dividends. 
 
 1 lea, or cut 300 7.000 
 
 1 English hank 3.000 70.000 
 
 1 Irish and Scotch hank 3.600 84.000 
 
 1 spangle or spindle 14.400 336.000 
 
 1 English bundle 60.000 1.400.000 
 
 1 Irish bundle 180.000 4.200.000 
 
 1 knot, Dorset 90 2.100 
 
 1 ran, do. 1.800 42.000 
 
 1 dozen, do. 21.600 504.000 
 
 JV. B. — By dividing any of the above dividends, according to the 
 length weighed, by the number of grains in the weight, it will 
 give the numbers of yarns ; or divide by the numbers of yarns, 
 and it ivill give the number of grains weight, according to the 
 length weighed. 
 
338 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 LINEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 1 to 110 leas or cuts in the pound. 
 
 Weight per lea or cut of 
 
 Weight per English hank 
 
 Weight p 
 
 Br English bun- 
 
 300 yards. 
 
 
 
 of 3000 yards. 
 
 die of 60,000 yards. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 10 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 200 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 100 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 2 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 25 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.27 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.27 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3.05 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.83 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 22.63 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13.72 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.96 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 14.61 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 19.3 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5,16 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 17 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.76 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 12.14 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6.94 
 
 18 
 
 
 16 
 
 4.88 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 4.88 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.27 
 
 19 
 
 
 15 
 
 8.41 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 16.21 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 16.21 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 25 
 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 17.33 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 35 
 
 
 8 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 40 
 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 45 
 
 
 6 
 
 11.55 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3.05 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 0.61 
 
 50 
 
 
 5 
 
 20. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 55 
 
 
 5 
 
 7.25 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13.72 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7.54 
 
 60 
 
 
 4 
 
 20.66 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 65 
 
 
 4 
 
 11.69 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9.92 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.96 
 
 70 
 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 75 
 
 
 3 
 
 21.33 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10.33 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 80 
 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 85 
 
 
 3 
 
 10.35 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 2.02 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 19.08 
 
 90 
 
 
 3 
 
 5.77 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.27 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3.05 
 
 95 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.68 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 11.3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 11.34 
 
 100 
 
 
 2 
 
 22. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 105 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.66 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 13.1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 6.33 
 
 110 
 
 
 2 
 
 15.63 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.8 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 15.77 
 
LINEN YARNS, 339 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 lea of number IS's yarn? 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 18)7000(388.8 grains, or 16 dwts., 4| grains, 
 54 weight required. 
 
 160 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 160 144 
 144 
 
 16 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English hank of number 18's yarn ? 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 18)70000(3888.88 grains, or 8 oz., 16 dwts., 
 54 4| grains, weight required. 
 
 160 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 160 144 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 160 144 
 
 144 
 
 16 
 
 How many ounces, pennyweights, and grains, are there in 
 3888.88 grains ? 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5)3888.88(8 ounces. 
 
 35000 
 
 1 pennyweight is 24 grs.)388. 88(16 dwts. 
 
 24 
 
 148 
 144 
 
 grains. 
 
 8 oz., 16 dwts., 4.88 grains, weight required. 
 
340 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 LINEN YARN TABLE* 
 
 From Number 1 to 110 leas or cuts in 1 pound. 
 
 Weight per Irish and 
 Scotch hank of 3600 yards. 
 
 Weight per spangle or 
 spindle of 14,400 yards. 
 
 Weight per Irish 
 bundle of lbO,000 yards. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 48 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 600 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 300 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 200 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 150 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 120 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 100 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 85 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 75 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 60 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.86 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 21.95 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 6.1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 0.53 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 9.65 
 
 46 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9.9 
 
 14 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0. 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 15 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 16 
 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 17 
 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 8.67 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 5.2 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 20.8 
 
 18 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 19 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22.05 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 16.21 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 19.1 
 
 20 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 25 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 9.5 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 3. 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0- 
 
 30 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 ; 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 35 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 4.5 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 40 
 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 45 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 20.66 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.16 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 13.5 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 55 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 22.77 
 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 13.59 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 22.6 
 
 60 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 65 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 9.3 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 20.73 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 14.8 
 
 70 
 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 13. 
 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 75 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 9. 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 80 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 85 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 17.23 
 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 15.44 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 17 
 
 3.7 
 
 90 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10.33 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 17.33 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 95 
 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 9.21 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 12.84 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 23.0 
 
 100 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 9.5 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 105 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 17.5 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 110 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14.13 
 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 21.54 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 23.3 
 
LINEN YABNS. 341 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 spangle of number 19's yarn ? 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 19)83600(17684.2 grains, weight required. 
 
 19 
 
 
 146 
 
 
 133 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 38 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 How many pounds, ounces, and pennyweights are there in 
 17684.2 grains ? 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 lb. is equal to 7000)17684.2(2 lbs., 8 oz., 7 dwts.,16| grains. 
 
 14000 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grs.)3684.2(8 oz. 
 
 35000 . 
 
 1 dwt. is equal to 24 grs.)184.2(7 dwts. 
 
 16^ grains. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English bundle of number 34's yarn? 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 34)1400000(41176 grains, or 5 lbs., 14 oz., 2 
 136 dwts., 3 J- grains. 
 
 260 
 
 40 238 
 
 34 
 
 220 
 
 60 204 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
342 
 
 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 LINEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 115 to 800 leas in 1 pound. 
 
 Weight per lea, or 
 cut of 300 yards. 
 
 1 Weight per English 
 
 Weight per English bundle 
 
 hank of 3000 yards. 
 
 
 of 60,000 yards. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 115 
 
 2 
 
 12.86 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3.1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 1.41 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 10.33 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 125 
 
 2 
 
 8. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 5.84 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.96 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 5.23 
 
 135 
 
 2 
 
 3.85 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9.03 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 19.87 
 
 140 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 14. 
 
 145 
 
 2 
 
 0.27 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21.25 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6.17 
 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 22.66 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.18 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 155 
 
 1 
 
 21.16 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 14.11 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18.25 
 
 160 
 
 1 
 
 19.75 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 165 
 
 1 
 
 18.42 
 
 
 17 
 
 16.24 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 4.34 
 
 170 
 
 1 
 
 17.17 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.74 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 0.29 
 
 175 
 
 1 
 
 16. 
 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 180 
 
 1 
 
 14.88 
 
 
 16 
 
 4.88 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.27 
 
 185 
 
 1 
 
 13.83 
 
 
 15 
 
 18.37 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10.06 
 
 190 
 
 1 
 
 12.84 
 
 
 15 
 
 8.42 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 8.42 
 
 195 
 
 1 
 
 11.89 
 
 
 14 
 
 22.97 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 11.48 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 205 
 
 1 
 
 10.14 
 
 
 14 
 
 5.46 
 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 2.76 
 
 210 
 
 1 
 
 9.33 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.33 
 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 8.16 
 
 215 
 
 1 
 
 8.55 
 
 
 13 
 
 .13.58 
 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 2.62 
 
 220 
 
 1 
 
 7.81 
 
 
 13 
 
 6.18 
 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 22.63 
 
 225 
 
 1 
 
 7.11 
 
 
 12 
 
 23.11 
 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1.22 
 
 230 
 
 1 
 
 6.43 
 
 
 12 
 
 16.34 
 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 15.45 
 
 zoo 
 
 i 
 
 0. / 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 O.VO 
 
 240 
 
 1 
 
 5.16 
 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 245 
 
 1 
 
 4.571 
 
 
 11 
 
 21.71 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 2.785 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 4. 
 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 255 
 
 1 
 
 3.45 
 
 
 11 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 0.196 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 2.923 
 
 
 11 
 
 5.23 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 14.615 
 
 265 
 
 1 
 
 2.414 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.14 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 9.018 
 
 270 
 
 1 
 
 1.925 
 
 
 10 
 
 19.25 
 
 
 11 
 
 il 
 
 12.685 
 
 275 
 
 1 
 
 1.454 
 
 
 10 
 
 14.54 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 14. 
 
 280 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19. 
 
 285 
 
 1 
 
 0.561 
 
 
 10 
 
 5.67 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 3. 
 
 290 
 
 1 
 
 0.137 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.37 
 
 
 11 
 
 • 0 
 
 15. 
 
 295 
 
 
 23.728 
 
 
 9 
 
 21.28 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 10. 
 
 800 
 
 
 23.333 
 
 
 9 
 
 17.33 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 8. 
 
I 
 
 LINEN YARNS. 343 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish bundle of 66's yarn. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 66)4200000(63636.36 grains. 
 396 
 
 240 
 198 
 
 420 
 
 396 
 
 240 
 198 
 
 420 
 
 396 
 
 240 
 198 
 
 420 
 396 ■ 
 
 24 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 1 lb. is equal to 7000)63686.36(9 lbs., 1 oz., 8 dwts., 6.86 grs. 
 
 63000 weight required. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grs.)636.36(l oz. 
 
 4375 
 
 8 dwt. is equal to 24 grns.)198.86(8 dwts. 
 
 192 
 
 6.86 grains. 
 
344 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Or, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 66)600(9 lbs., 1 oz., 8 dwts., 6.86 grains, 
 
 594 weight required. 
 
 6 
 
 16 oz., 1 lb. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 66)96(1 oz. 
 
 66 
 
 30 
 
 487.5 grains, 1 oz. 
 
 Nos. of yarn, 66)13125.0(198.86 grains or 8 dwts., 6.86 gra. 
 66 
 
 652 
 594 
 
 585 
 528 
 
 570 
 528 
 
 42 
 
 t 
 
LINEN TARNS. 
 
 345 
 
 LINEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 115 to 300 leas, or cuts in 1 pound. 
 
 Weight per Irish and 
 
 Weight per spangle or 
 
 Weight per Irish bundle of 
 
 Scotch hank of 3600 yards. 
 
 spindle of H,400 yds 
 
 
 180,000 yards. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 oz. 
 
 d w ts . 
 
 grains. 
 
 uz. 
 
 
 gfiiinSi 
 
 lbs. 
 
 OZ. 
 
 d wts 
 
 grains. 
 
 115 
 
 
 12 
 
 4.93 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 8.74 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 17.23 
 
 120 
 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 F, 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 125 
 
 
 9 
 
 18.5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 15. 
 
 A 
 
 4: 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 130 
 
 
 8 
 
 16.65 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 13.11 
 
 A 
 'i 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 10.19 
 
 135 
 
 
 7 
 
 16.72 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 13.38 
 
 4. 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 0.61 
 
 140 
 
 
 6 
 
 18.5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 20.5 
 
 A 
 rt 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 146 
 
 
 5 
 
 21.81 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9.74 
 
 A 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 18.51 
 
 150 
 
 
 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4.5 
 
 A 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 155 
 
 
 4 
 
 8.43 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 9.74 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 1.37 
 
 160 
 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 O 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 165 
 
 
 2 
 
 23.59 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 22.36 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7.54 
 
 170 
 
 
 2 
 
 8.61 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 10.47 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 13.87 
 
 175 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.5 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2. 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 180 
 
 
 1 
 
 5.16 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 20. ()6 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.83 
 
 185 
 
 
 0 
 
 16.55 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 18.21 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 6.2 
 
 190 
 
 
 0 
 
 4.6 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 18.42 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 14.26 
 
 195 
 
 
 17 
 
 22.76 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 2.57 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.96 
 
 200 
 
 
 17 
 
 12. 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 7 5 
 
 q 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 205 
 
 
 17 
 
 1.756 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 14.52 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 2.8 
 
 210 
 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 23.5 
 
 0 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 215 
 
 
 16 
 
 6.69 
 
 o 
 ij 
 
 10 
 
 10.29 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 20.88 
 
 220 
 
 
 15 
 
 21.81 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 2"> 77 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 14.41 
 
 225 
 
 
 15 
 
 13.33 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12.84 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.66 
 
 230 
 
 
 15 
 
 5.21 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4^37 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 1L36 
 
 235 
 
 
 14 
 
 21.44 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 21.28 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 12.34 
 
 240 
 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 245 
 
 
 14 
 
 6.857 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10.928 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 8.357 
 
 250 
 
 
 14 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 7.5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 255 
 
 
 13 
 
 17.411 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 5.147 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 19.088 
 
 260 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 076 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 9.307 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 19.846 
 
 265 
 
 
 13 
 
 4.981 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 8.924 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3.054 
 
 270 
 
 
 12 
 
 23.111 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 9.444 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3.055 
 
 275 
 
 
 12 
 
 17.45 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 10.81 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 17.72 
 
 280 
 
 
 12 
 
 12. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 13. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 285 
 
 
 12 
 
 6.73 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 15.94 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 11.34 
 
 290 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.65 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 19.62 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21.25 
 
 295 
 
 
 11 
 
 20.74 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 23.98 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 21.28 
 
 300 
 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 " 1 
 
 23 
 
346 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Required, the weight of an Irish or Scotch hank of number 
 68's yarn :■ — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 68)84000(1235.29 grains. 
 68 
 
 160 
 136 
 
 240 
 204 
 
 360 
 340 
 
 200 
 136 
 
 640 
 612 
 
 28 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5)1235.29(2 oz., 15 dwts., 0.29 grains, wt. 
 
 8750 required. 
 
 Idwt. isequalto24grns.)360.29(15 dwts. 
 
 24 
 
 120 
 120 
 
 0.29 grain. 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 lb. and in 1 oz. of number 68*3 
 yarn ? 
 
 300 yards is 1 lea, or cut. 
 Numbers of yarn, 68 
 
 20400 number of yards in 1 lb. 
 
LINEN TARNS. 347 
 
 1 lb. is equal to 16 oz.)20400(1275 yards in 1 oz. 
 16 
 
 44 
 32 
 
 120 
 112 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 spangle of number 85's yarn: — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 85)336000(3952.94 grains. 
 255 
 
 810 
 
 765 
 
 450 
 425 
 
 250 
 170 
 
 800 
 765 
 
 355 
 340 
 
 15 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5)3952.94(9 oz., 0 dwts., 15.44 grs., weight 
 39375 required. 
 
 15.44 
 
 If 1 spangle of linen yarn weighs 9 oz., 15 J grains; what 
 nuEQbers will it be ? 
 
348 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 9 OZ,, 15.5 grains. 
 437.5 grains are equal to 1 oz. 
 
 3953.0 grains. 
 
 Grains. Dividend. 
 9 oz., 15J grns. are equal to 3953)336000(85 leas, or cuts in 1 lb. 
 
 31624 -which is the nos. of yarn. 
 
 19760 
 
 19765 — nearly. 
 
 How many yards of number 85's yarn are there in 1 lb. and 
 in 1 oz. ? 
 
 300 yards, 1 lea, or cut. 
 85, numbers of yarn. 
 
 16 oz., 1 lb. 
 
 4)25500 yards in 1 lb. 
 
 4)6375 
 
 1593.75, or 1593f yards in 1 oz. 
 Required, the ■weight of an Irish, or Scotch hank of number 
 95's yarn: — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 95)84000(884.21 grains, weight required. 
 760 
 
 800 
 760 
 
 400 
 380 
 
 200 
 190 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 
1 
 
 LINEN YARNS. 349 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5)884.21(2 oz., 0 dwts., 9.91 grains, weight 
 8750 required. 
 
 9.21 grains. 
 
 If 1 Irish or Scotch hank of linen yarn weighs 2 oz., 0 dwts., 
 9 J grains, what numbers will it be? 
 
 437.5 grains are equal to 1 oz. 
 2 
 
 875.0 grains are equal to 2 oz. 
 Add 9.25 grains. 
 
 884.25 grs. is equal to 2 oz., 0 dwts., 9J grs. 
 Grains. Dividend. 
 
 884.25)84000.00(9499, or nearly 95 numbers of yarn. 
 795825 
 
 441750 
 353700 
 
 880500 
 795825 
 
 846750 
 795825 
 
 50925 
 
350 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish hundle of number 107 's yarn : — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 107)4200000(39252.83 grains, weight required. 
 321 
 
 990 
 963 
 
 270 
 214 
 
 660 
 635 
 
 250 
 214 
 
 360 
 321 
 
 390 
 321 
 
 69 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 lb. is equal to 7000)39252.33(5 lbs., 9 oz., 13 dwts., 283 
 35000 grains, weight required. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grns.)4252.33(9 oz. 
 
 39375 
 
 1 dwt. is equal to 24 grains)314.83(13 dwts. 
 
 24 
 
 74 
 72 
 
 2.83 grains. 
 
 If 1 Irish bundle of linen yarn weighs 5 lbs., 9 oz., 13 dwts., 
 2.83 grains, or 39252.33 grains, what number will it be? 
 
39252.33)4200000.00(107, numbers of yarn. 
 3926233 
 
 Grains. 
 
 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 27476700 
 27476631 
 
 69 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English bundle of number 138's yarn: — 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 138)1400000(10144.927 grs., weight required. 
 138 
 
 200 
 138 
 
 620 
 552 
 
 680 
 552 
 
 1280 
 1242 
 
 380 
 276 
 
 1040 
 966 
 
 ■74 
 
 1 lb. is equal to 7000)10144.927(1 lb., 7_oz., 3 dwts., 10.427 
 7000 grains, weight required. 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grs.)3144.927(7 oz. 
 
 30625 
 
 1 dwt. is equal to 24 grains)82.427(3 dwts. 
 
 72 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 10.427 grains. 
 
352 LINEN TARNS. 
 
 If 1 English bundle of linen yarn weighs 1 lb., 7 oz., 3 dwts., 
 10^ grains, what numbers will it be ? 
 
 Grains. Dividend. 
 1 lb., 7 oz., 8 dwts., lOi grs., =10145)1400000(138, numbers of 
 
 10145 yarn nearly. 
 
 38550 
 30485 
 
 81150 
 
 81160— nearly. 
 
 Kequired, the weight of 1 English hank of number 138's yarn : — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 138)70000(507.246 grains, weight required. 
 690 
 
 1000 
 966 
 
 340 
 276 
 
 640 
 552 
 
 880 
 828 
 
 52 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 1 oz, is equal to 437.5)507.246(1 oz., 2 dwts., 21f grns. nearly, 
 4375 weight required. 
 
 1 dwt. is equal to 24 gr3.)69.746(2 dwts. 
 
 48 
 
 21.746 grains. 
 
LINEN YARNS. 353 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English bundle of number 12S's 
 yarn : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 128)1400000(10937.5 grains, weight required. 
 128 
 
 1200 
 1152 
 
 480 
 384 
 
 9C0 
 826 
 
 640 
 640 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 lb. is equal to 7000)10937.5(1 lb., 9 oz., weight required. 
 7000 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grs.)3937.5(9 oz. 
 
 39375 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 lea, or cut of 154's yarn: — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 154)7000(45.45 grains, or nearly 1 dwt., 21i 
 616 grains, weight required. 
 
 840 
 770 
 
 700 
 616 
 
 840 
 770 
 
 70 
 
354 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English hank of number 154's 
 yarn: — 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 154)700000(454.54 grains, "weight required. 
 616 
 
 840 
 770 
 
 700 
 616 
 
 840 
 770 
 
 700 
 616 
 
 84 
 
 How many ounces, pennyweights, and grains, are there in 
 454.54 grains? 
 
 1 oz. is equal to 437.5 grns.)454. 545454(1. 03896 ounces. 
 
 4375 437.5 grains =1 oz. 
 
 17045 19480 
 13125 27272 
 
 11688 
 
 39204 15584 
 
 35000 
 
 17.045000 grs., or 1 oz. 
 
 42045 0 dwts., 17 grns., 
 
 39375 weight required. 
 
 26704 
 20250 
 
 454 
 
LINEN YARNS. 355 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English bundle of number 165's 
 yarn : — ■ 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 ' Numbers of yarn, 165)1400000(8484.848 grains, weight required. 
 1320 
 
 800 
 660 
 
 1400 
 1320 
 
 800 
 660 
 
 1400 
 1320 
 
 800 
 660 
 
 1400 
 1320 
 
 80 
 
 How many pounds, ounces, pennyweights, and grains are there 
 in 8484.848 grains ? 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 lb. =7000)8484.848(1 lb., 3 oz., 7 dwts., 4.348 grains. 
 7000 
 
 1 oz. =437.5 grns.)1484.848(3 oz. 
 
 13125 
 
 1 dwt.=24 grains,)172.348(7 dwts. 
 168 
 
 4.348 grains. 
 
 If 1 English bundle of yarn weighs 1 lb., 3 oz., 7 dwts., 4.348 
 grains, or 1484.848 grains, what numbers will it be? 
 
356 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 1 bundle weighs 8484.848 grns.)1400000.000(165's nos. of yarn. 
 
 8484848 
 
 65151520 
 50909088 
 
 42424320 
 42424240 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 pound of 184's yarn ? 
 
 184, numbers of yarn. 
 
 300 yards are 1 lea of number 1. 
 
 55200, number of yards in 1 lb. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish or Scotch hank of number 
 184's yarn : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 184)84000(456.52 grains, weight required. 
 736 
 
 1040 
 920 
 
 1200 
 1104 
 
 960 
 920 
 
 400 
 368 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 oz. =437.5)456.52(1 oz., 0 dwts., 19.02 grains, weight re- 
 437.5 quired. 
 
 19.02 grains. 
 
LINEN TARNS. 857 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English hank of number 180'a 
 yarn : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 180)70000(388| grains, weight required. 
 540 
 
 1600 
 1440 
 
 1600 
 1440 
 
 160 
 
 1 dwt. is equal to 24 grns.)388|(16 dwts., 4| grains, weight re- 
 
 -4 quired. 
 
 148 
 144 
 
 4 8-9ths. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish spangle, or Scotch spindle of 
 number 196's : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 196)336000(1714.285 grains, weight required. 
 196 
 
 1400 
 1372 
 
 280 
 196 
 
 840 
 784 
 
 660 
 892 
 
 - — 1120 
 
 1680 980 
 1568 
 
358 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 oz.=437.5)1714.285(3 oz., 16 dwts., 17.785 grains, 
 13125 weight required. 
 
 1 dwt.=24 grains,)401.785(16 dwts. 
 24 
 
 161 
 144 
 
 17.785 grains.* 
 
 How many yards are there' in 1 oz. of number 196's ? 
 196, numbers, or counts of yarn. 
 300 yards are 1 lea of number I's. 
 
 1 lb. = 16 oz.)58800(3675 yards of nos. 196's in 1 oz. 
 48 
 
 108 
 
 96 
 
 120 
 112 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 lea, or cut of number 2l5's weft: — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 215)7000(32.558 grains, or 1 dwt., 8| grains, 
 645 weight required. 
 
 550 
 430 
 
 1200 
 1075 
 
 1250 
 1075 
 
 1750 
 1720 
 
 30 
 
LINEN YARNS. 359 
 
 Required, the ■weight of 1 Irish or Scotch hank of number 
 235's yarn: — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 235)84000(357.446 grains, vreight required. 
 705 
 
 1 dwt. = 24 grains, or 
 
 1350 
 1175 
 
 1750 
 1645 
 
 1050 
 940 
 
 1100 
 
 940 
 
 1600 
 1410 
 
 190 
 
 ■ 4)357.446 grains. 
 6)89.3615 
 
 14.89358, or 14 dwts., 211 gts,, nearly. 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 pound of number 235's yarn ? 
 
 235, numbers of yarn. 
 
 300 yards 1 lea, or cut of number I's, 
 
 70500 number of yards required. 
 
860 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish bundle of number 130's yarn: — 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 130)4200000(32307.692 grs. weight required. 
 390 
 
 300 
 260 
 
 400 
 390 
 
 1000 
 910 
 
 900 
 780 
 
 1200 
 1170 
 
 300 
 260 
 
 40 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 lb. -7000)32807.692(4 lbs., 9 oz., 15 dwts., 10^ grains 
 28000 nearly, weight required. 
 
 1 oz.=*437.5 grns.)4307.692f9 oz. 
 
 3937.5 
 
 1 dwt. =24 grains,)370.192(15 dwts. 
 24 
 
 130 
 120 
 
 10.192 grains. 
 
 If 1 Irish bundle of yarn weighs 4 lbs., 9 oz., 15 dwts., 10.192 
 grains, or 32307.692 grains, what numbers will it be ? 
 
LINEN YARNS. 
 
 361 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Weight, 32307.692)4200000.00(130, numbers of yarn. 
 32307692 
 
 96923080 
 96923076 
 
 40 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English hank of number 245's 
 yarn : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 245)70000(285.714 grains, -weight required. 
 490 
 
 2100 
 1960 
 
 1400 
 1225 
 
 1750 
 1715 
 
 350 
 245 
 
 1050 
 
 980 
 
 70 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 dwt. =24)285.714(11 dwts., 21f grains nearly, weight re- 
 24 quired. 
 
 45 
 24 
 
 21.714 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish or Scotch hank of number 
 240's yarn : — 
 
362 LIXEX YARNS. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 240)84! '00(350 grains, Treiglit required. 
 720 
 
 1200 
 1200 
 
 1 dwt. =24 grns. 
 
 2)350 grains. 
 
 12)175 
 
 14 dwts., 14 grs., "weight required. 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 Irish or Scotch hank of yarn ? 
 
 300 yards, 1 lea, or cut. 
 12 leas, or cuts, are 1 Irish or Scotch hank. 
 
 3600 yards in 1 Irish or Scotch hank. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 Irish spangle or Scotch spindle of 
 number 2G5's yarn : — 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 265)38000(1267.92 grains, weight required. 
 265 
 
 710 
 
 530 
 
 1800 
 1590 
 
 2100 
 
 1855 
 
 2450 
 2885 
 
 650 
 530 
 
 120 
 
LINEN YARNS. 363 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 1 oz. =437.5)1267.92(2 oz., 16 dwts., 9 grains nearly, weight 
 875.0 required. 
 
 1 dwt. =24 grs.)392.92(16 dwts. 
 24 
 
 152 
 144 
 
 8.92 grains. 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 oz. of number 265's yarn? 
 
 265 numbers of yarn. 
 300 yards, 1 lea or cut. 
 
 (4)79500 
 
 1 lb. =16 oz.-l 
 
 (4)19875 
 
 4968.75, or 4968f yards in 1 oz. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 lea, or cut of number 298's yarn? 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 298)7000(23.49, or 23i grains nearly, weight 
 596 required. 
 
 1040 
 894 
 
 1460 
 1192 
 
 2680 
 
 2682— nearly. 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 English bundle of number 295's 
 yarn : — 
 
364 LINEN YARNS. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 295)70000(237.288 grains, weight required. 
 
 590 
 
 1100 
 
 885 
 
 2150 
 2065 
 
 850 
 690 
 
 2600 
 2360 
 
 2400 
 2360 
 
 40 
 
 1 dwt. = 24 grains)2B7. 288(9 dwts.,21i grains, weight required. 
 216 
 
 21.288 grains. 
 
 How many yards are there in 1 lb. of number 295's yarn? 
 
 295, numbers of yarn. 
 300 yards in 1 lea or cut. 
 
 88500 yards in 1 lb. of number 295's yarn. 
 
 In calculating the weight of linen yarns required to produce 
 any fabric of cloth, the rules are the same as those in cotton, 
 with this exception only : 300 yards constitute the lea, or cut in 
 linen, which counts in the numbers of yarn the same as 840 
 yards in cotton. 
 
 What will the weight of a linen warp be, 124 yards long, con- 
 taining 2160 ends made from 80's yarn? 
 
LINEN YARNS. 
 
 365 
 
 2160, ends in the warp. 
 124 
 
 8640 
 4320 
 2160 
 
 1 lea =3.00 yards)2678.40 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 8.0)89.2.8 
 
 11.16 lbs. 
 
 16 oz. are 1 lb. 
 
 96 
 16 
 
 2.56 oz. 
 
 4 qrs., 1 oz. 
 
 2.24 quarters. 
 The weight of the warp will be 11 lbs., 2 oz., 2.24 qrs. 
 
 If a warp be 84 inches wide at the reed, containing 2160 ends, 
 how many ends will there be in the inch ? 
 
 34)2160(63.53, or 63J ends in an inch at 
 204 the reed. 
 
 120 
 102 
 
 180 
 170 
 
 100 
 
 102 — nearly. 
 
 What weight of number 95's linen yarn will it require to weave 
 a warp 124 yards long, 34 inches wide, and 76 picks, or threads 
 in an inch? 
 
366 
 
 LIXEN TARNS. 
 
 124 yards, length of warp. 
 34 inches, width of warp at the 
 reed. 
 
 496 
 372 
 
 4216 
 
 76 picks, or threads in an inch. 
 
 25296 
 29512 
 
 1 lea is equal to 3.00 yds.)8204.16 
 
 Numhers of yarn, 95)1068.0533(11.2426 lbs. 
 
 95 16 oz. are 1 lb. 
 
 118 14556 
 95 2426 
 
 230 3.8816 
 
 190 4 qrs. are 1 oz. 
 
 405 3.5264, or 11 lbs., 3 oz., 
 
 380 3J qrs. neat weight 
 
 required to weave 
 
 253 the above. 
 190 
 
 633 
 570 
 
 63 
 
 JV. B. — Allowance must he made for waste. 
 
 The length and weight of linen yarns required for manu- 
 facturing any fabric of linen cloth, may be ascertained in the 
 same manner as illustrated in the two preceding examples. 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 367 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 All worsted and woollen yarns being sold by the gross, it is 
 necessary that the manufacturer of worsted and woollen pieces 
 be well acquainted with the weight per gross according to the 
 fineness of the yarns, in order to insure the proper weight of the 
 piece he is making. The yarn being too heavy, even if made 
 from wool of a proper quality, gives an inferior appearance. 
 
 It is particularly necessary for the spinner to keep a strict 
 check upon the working of his machinery; wool being much 
 sooner affected by the atmosphere than cotton. 
 
 The usual plan of trying the fineness of worsted, or woollen 
 yarns is, to weigh 1 hank, and if the result be doubtful, to take 
 a quarter of a gross from each frame, or collectively, as circum- 
 stances may require. 
 
 The following tables will show the weight of 1 hank, 1 dozen, 
 and 1 gross of worsted, or woollen yarns, from number 1 to 270 
 hanks in the pound. 
 
 If the weight of a less quantity than 1 hank should be re- 
 quired, rules and examples will be found after the next table. 
 
 EXPLANATION TO THE FOLLOWING TABLES. 
 
 The first and last columns contain the numbers or counts of 
 yarn ; opposite to which in the table is the weight according to 
 the lencrth weighed. 
 
 660 yards make 1 hank, 
 12 hanks make 1 dozen. 
 12 dozens, or 144 hanks make 1 gross. 
 
 N.B. — The pounds and ounces are avoirdupois weight; the 
 ■pennyweights and grains are troy weight. 
 
 24 grains are equal to 1 pennyweight. 
 
 18 pennyweights, 5|- grains troy are equal to 1 ounce avoirdupois. 
 16 ounces are equal to 1 lb. 
 
 Or, 
 
 24 grains make 1 pennyweight. 
 437i^ grains make 1 ounce avoirdupois. 
 7000 grains make 1 pound avoirdupois. 
 
368 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN TARNS. 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 1 to 40 hanks in the pound. 
 
 
 Weight of 1 hanlf. 
 
 Weight of 1 dozen. 
 
 1 Weight of 1 gross. 
 
 
 Nos. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 1 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 1 grains. 
 
 I lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 44 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 72 
 
 0 
 
 c 
 
 0, 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 48 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 36 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 24 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4.2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 16 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.8 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6. 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 0.5 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.9 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 8.6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 15.6 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 
 16 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 
 15 
 
 8.4 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22. 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 19.1 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.3 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 
 13 
 
 6.1 
 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 6.1 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 5.75 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 
 12 
 
 16.3 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8.1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 9.5 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 22. 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 
 11 
 
 5.2 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 0.2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 5.2 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 10 
 
 19.2 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 
 10 
 
 10, 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 1 
 
 7.5 
 
 4 
 
 ID 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 4. 1 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 
 9 
 
 17.3 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 30 
 
 Q 1 
 O 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 12.6 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 21.1 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 9 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 
 8 
 
 20.1 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 21.9 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 21.6 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 
 8 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 19. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 22.5 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 
 8 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 20.5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2.5 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 
 8 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 
 7 
 
 21.1 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 10.7 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 22.2 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 
 7 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 23. 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12.3 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 
 7 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 19.8 
 
 3 
 
 ] 1 
 
 1 
 
 14.45 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 40 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 369 
 
 If the weight of any shorter length than stated in the pre- 
 ceding table should be required, it may be ascertained by taking 
 the number opposite the length weighed as shown below for a 
 dividend, and the numbers, or counts of yarn for a divisor, and 
 the quotient will be the weight in grains; or, take the number of 
 grains any given length weighs for a divisor, and the number 
 opposite that given length for a dividend, and the quotient will 
 be the numbers, or counts of yarn roving, &c. 
 
 Given lengths. 
 
 Yards. Dividends. 
 
 1 gross, or 80640 10U8000 
 
 1 dozen, or 6720 84000 
 
 1 hank, or 560 7000 
 6 leas, or 480 6000 
 5 leas, or 400 5000 
 4 leas, or 820 4000 
 3 leas, or 240 8000 
 
 2 leas, or 160 2000 
 1 lea, or 80 1000 
 I lea, or 60 750 
 I lea, or 40 500 
 i lea, or 20 250 
 1 lea, or 10 125 
 y'g lea, or 5 62.5 
 4'o lea, or 2 25 
 g'o lea, or 1 12.5 
 
 H.B. — The ivorsfcd reel is 2 yards in circumference, and 40 
 threads round the reel make 1 lea, and 7 leas make 1 hank. 
 
 Required the weight of 40 yards of a hank roving : — 
 
 Look opposite 40 yards in the above table, and you will find 
 500, which is the dividend, and divide by 4, the numbers, or 
 counts of roving, and the quotient will be the weight in grains. 
 
 Numbers, or counts of roving, 4 hanks)500 dividend. 
 
 125 grains, or 5 penny- 
 weights, 5 grains, 
 weight required. 
 
70 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 41 to 80 hanks in the pound. 
 
 
 Wght. of 1 hnk. 
 
 Weight of 1 dozen. 
 
 1 Weight of 1 gross. 
 
 
 Nos. 
 
 
 Midi llOa 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 grsiDs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 OZ. 
 
 d w ts. 
 
 grain!.. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 2.7 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 10.7 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 13.3 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 22.6 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 18.7 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 11.4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 14.3 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 6 
 
 15. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 15.1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 14.8 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 11.5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 20.6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 8.1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14. 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 4.9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 13.2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 9.3 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 22.8 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 17.7 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 8.9 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 20. 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 7.5 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 17.2 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 22.5 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 5.2 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 14.6 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 14.8 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 14.6 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 12. 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 8.4 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 14.3 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 9.6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3. 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 15.6 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 7.2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 22.7 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 5.7 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 19.5 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 2.8 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 17.1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 16.2 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 0.6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 15.7 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 4.8 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 22.6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 15.2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 22.2 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 20.6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 18.7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 16.5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 0.1 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 4 
 
 16.9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 18.3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 22.5 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 15.1 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 20.8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 lo. 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 13.3 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 11.6 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 9.3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3.2 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 4 
 
 10. 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13.7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13.7 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 4 
 
 8.4 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 18.7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 1.7 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 6.9 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 0.3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 2. 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 4 
 
 5.4 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 6.4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3.2 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 4. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 13. 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 20.1 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 5.1 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 4 
 
 1.2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 23.9 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 5.7 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 22.6 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 20.1 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 11.1 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 21.3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 3. 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 3 
 
 20.1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 18.1 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 18.9 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 23.9 
 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 19.4 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 3 
 
 17.7 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 19.5 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 16.6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 20.3 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 0. 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 80 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 371 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 lea of number 36's yarn: — 
 Look opposite 1 lea, or 80 yards, and you will find 1000 which 
 
 is the dividend, the numbers of yarn,2. e., 36's will be the divisor, 
 
 and the quotient will be the weight in grains. 
 Dividend. 
 
 Numbers of yarn, 36's)1000(27.77 grains, or 1 dwt., 3f grains, 
 72 weiglat required. 
 
 280 
 252 
 
 280 
 252 
 
 280 
 252 
 
 28 
 
 If 1 lea, or 80 yards of yarn weigh 27.77 grains; what num- 
 bers, or counts will it be? 
 
 1000 is the dividend for 1 lea, or 80 yards. 
 Weight of 1 lea, 27.77 grs.)1000.00(36, numbers, or counts of 
 
 8333 yarn. 
 
 16666 
 16666 
 
 Required, the weight of 1 hank of number 80's yarn: — 
 7000 is the dividend for 1 hank, or 560 yards. 
 Numbers of yarn, 8.0)700.0 
 
 87.5 grains, or 3 dwts., 15^ grains weight 
 
 required. 
 
 If 1 hank, or 560 yards, weigh 3 dwts., 15J grains, or 87.5 
 grains; what numbers Avill it be? 
 
 7000 is the dividend for 1 hank, or 560 yards. 
 Weight of 1 hk. 87.5 grs.)7 000.0(80, number of counts of yarn. 
 
 7000 
 
 0 
 
 I^. B. — 77ie above examples luill he sufficient to illustrate the 
 tables; but if more should be required, see cotton^ the only 
 difference being the length constituting the hank. 
 
372 
 
 WORSTED AXD WOOLLEN TARNS. 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 From Number 80 to 120 hanks in the pound. 
 
 
 Wo-t 
 \ \ I 
 
 nf 1 hk. 
 
 1 
 
 1 Weight of 1 dozen. 
 
 Weight of 1 gross. | 
 
 
 
 ^ r<iin s . 
 
 oz. 
 
 d wts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 iOS. 
 
 oz. 
 
 1 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 81 
 
 3 
 
 14.4 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 18. 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 9 4 
 
 1 
 
 0 I 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 13.3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5.4 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 R R 
 X o . u 
 
 ft 9 
 
 83 
 
 3 
 
 12.3 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 7 
 
 X . 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 X t> 
 
 90 
 
 00 
 
 84 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 X 
 
 7 
 
 90 ^ 
 
 At\JtO 
 
 ft J. 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 10.3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 7 2 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 X X 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 99 
 
 ft ^ 
 
 86 
 
 3 
 
 9.4 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 0 
 
 X \J 
 
 X ^ 
 
 Q Q 
 
 Rfi 
 00 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 8.4 
 
 9 
 
 Q 
 
 1 8 'S 
 
 
 1 0 
 
 X \J 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 1 Q 9 
 
 ft7 
 
 88 
 
 3 
 
 7.5 
 
 2 
 
 Q 
 
 7 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 0 
 
 X \J 
 
 q 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 ftft 
 
 89 
 
 3 
 
 6.6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 4 Q 
 
 ftq 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 5.7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1 fl 
 X w . o 
 
 
 q 
 
 1 0 
 
 X \J 
 
 99 
 
 qq 
 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 4.9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 q 
 
 
 1 Q 4 
 
 q 1 
 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 i. 
 
 X T- . 
 
 
 q 
 
 u 
 
 1 Q 
 X «7. 
 
 Q9 
 
 93 
 
 3 
 
 3.2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 1 J. 
 
 9 7 
 
 qQ 
 yo 
 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 2.4 
 
 9 
 
 u 
 
 X o . u 
 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 q 
 
 7 4 
 
 q/t 
 
 95 
 
 3 
 
 1.6 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 Q '2 
 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 /I 
 
 1 4 
 X 4:. t> 
 
 qf^ 
 y t) 
 
 96 
 
 3 
 
 0.9 
 
 9 
 
 u 
 
 0 
 
 \J . 
 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 U 
 
 n 
 
 U. 
 
 qfi 
 y 0 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 90 4 
 
 
 / 
 
 X t> 
 
 1 7 9 
 
 q7 
 y / 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 23.4 
 
 
 1 7 
 
 X i 
 
 1 1 R 
 
 X X . LI 
 
 -. 
 
 / 
 
 q 
 
 7 9 
 
 qft 
 y 0 
 
 99 
 
 2 
 
 22.7 
 
 
 1 7 
 X / 
 
 9 Q 
 
 
 7 
 
 J. 
 
 9^ ^ 
 
 qq 
 y y 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 22. 
 
 
 1 R 
 X u 
 
 18.5 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 10. 
 
 1 no 
 
 101 
 
 2 
 
 21.3 
 
 
 1 6 
 X u 
 
 10. 1 
 
 
 fl 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 X ^ 
 
 14 1 
 
 
 102 
 
 2 
 
 20.6 
 
 
 X \J 
 
 9 
 
 
 A 
 
 \j 
 
 X f 
 
 17^ 
 X / .0 
 
 1 09 
 
 103 
 
 2 
 
 19.9 
 
 
 X 
 
 X o . 
 
 
 fl 
 
 u 
 
 fl 
 t) 
 
 17 4 
 
 X /.4r 
 
 1 HQ 
 
 104 
 
 2 
 
 19.3 
 
 
 X u 
 
 10.2 
 
 
 fl 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 X €7. 0 
 
 1 qj. 
 
 105 
 
 2 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 X u 
 
 9 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 7 
 
 4 fi 
 
 1 n ^ 
 1 u«> 
 
 106 
 
 2 
 
 18. 
 
 
 1 4 
 X ^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 1 »5 
 
 Q Q 
 
 1 OA 
 
 107 
 
 2 
 
 17.4 
 
 
 14 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 17. 
 
 107 
 
 108 
 
 2 
 
 16.8 
 
 ; 
 
 14 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 108 
 
 109 
 
 2 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 13 
 
 21.1 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 12.2 
 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 15.6 
 
 
 13 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 5.6 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 15. 
 
 
 13 
 
 7.2 
 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 19. 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 2 
 
 13.9 
 
 
 12 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2.3 
 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 2 
 
 13.4 
 
 
 12 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 20.1 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 2 
 
 12.8 
 
 
 12 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 15.2 
 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 2 
 
 12.3 
 
 
 11 
 
 22.0 
 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 17.1 
 
 116 
 
 117 
 
 2 
 
 11.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 16.4 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 14.8 
 
 117 
 
 118 
 
 2 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 11 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 13.8 
 
 118 
 
 119 
 
 2 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.3 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 14. 
 
 119 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 120 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 373 
 
 Required, the length and weight of number 56's yarn, for a 
 warp 128 yards long, 3G inches wide at the reed, and to have 
 84 threads in an inch: — , 
 
 128 yards, length of warp, 
 36 inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 768 
 384 
 
 4608 
 
 84, threads in an inch. 
 
 18432 
 36864 
 
 387072, total No. of yds. of yarn in the warp. 
 Yards. 
 
 1 gross contains 80640 yd3.)387072(4 gross. 
 
 322560 
 
 1 dozen contains 6720 yds.)64512(9 dozen. 
 
 60480 
 
 1 hank contains 560 yd8.)4032(7 hanks. 
 
 3920 
 
 1 lea contains 80 yds.)112(l lea. 
 
 80 
 
 1 thread contains 2 yds.)32 
 
 '16 threads. 
 
 The length of yarn required for the above warp will be 4 gross, 
 9 dozen, 7 hanks, 1 lea, and 16 threads. 
 
 560 yards, 1 hank. 
 66, numbers of yarn. 
 
 3360 
 2800 
 
 31360 number of yards in 1 lb., of 56's yarn. 
 
374 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 121 to 160 hanks in tlie pound. 
 
 
 Wght. of] hnk. 
 
 Wei 
 
 ght of 1 dozen. 
 
 Weight of 1 gross. 
 
 
 Nos. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 121 
 
 2 
 
 9.8 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 16.7 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 18. 
 
 121 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 9.3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 11. 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 8.8 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 2 
 
 8.9 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 5.4 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 8.1 
 
 123 
 
 124 
 
 2 
 
 8.4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 23.9 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5.9 
 
 124 
 
 125 
 
 2 
 
 8. 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 18.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 21. 
 
 125 
 
 12(3 
 
 2 
 
 7.5 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 13.1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 2 
 
 7.1 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 7.9 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 14. 
 
 127 
 
 128 
 
 2 
 
 6.6 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2.7 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 128 
 
 129 
 
 2 
 
 6.2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 21.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 16.4 
 
 129 
 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 5.8 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 16.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 4.3 
 
 130 
 
 131 
 
 • 2 
 
 5.4 
 
 -t 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 11.7 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 17.1 
 
 131 
 
 132 
 
 2 
 
 5. 
 
 -t 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 6.8 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6.8 
 
 132 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 4.6 
 
 -t 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 20.7 
 
 133 
 
 134 
 
 2 
 
 4.2 
 
 -1 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 21.8 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 12.8 
 
 134 
 
 loo 
 
 2 
 
 3.8 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 16.7 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.1 
 
 135 
 
 16b 
 
 2 
 
 3.4 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 12.1 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 17 
 
 8.7 
 
 136 
 
 13/ 
 
 2 
 
 3.1 
 
 -t 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 7.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 14 
 
 21.6 
 
 187 
 
 138 
 
 2 
 
 2.7 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8.2 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 16.3 
 
 138 
 
 loy 
 
 f) 
 
 2.3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 22.8 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 11.8 
 
 139 
 
 140 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 18.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 8. 
 
 140 
 
 141 
 
 2 
 
 1.6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 14.2 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 4.9 
 
 141 
 
 142 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10. 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 2.5 
 
 142 
 
 14o 
 
 o 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5.9 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0.9 
 
 143 
 
 144 
 
 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 
 1 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 144 
 
 14o 
 
 - 
 
 0.2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 5.2 
 
 145 
 
 l4b 
 
 1 
 
 23.9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 5.6 
 
 146 
 
 147 
 
 1 
 
 23.6 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 18.9 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 6.6 
 
 147 
 
 148 
 
 1 
 
 23.3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10. 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 8.3 
 
 148 
 
 149 
 
 1 
 
 23. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 10.6 
 
 149 
 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 22.6 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 18.5 
 
 150 
 
 151 
 
 1 
 
 22.3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 16.9 
 
 151 
 
 152 
 
 1 
 
 22. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 19.1 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 21. 
 
 152 
 
 153 
 
 1 
 
 21.7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1.7 
 
 153 
 
 154 
 
 1 
 
 21.4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11.9 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 12.4 
 
 154 
 
 155 
 
 1 
 
 21.1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8.4 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 18.8 
 
 155 
 
 156 
 
 1 
 
 20.8 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 0.5 
 
 156 
 
 157 
 
 1 
 
 20.5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 7.8 
 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 1 
 
 20.3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 22.1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 14.7 
 
 158 
 
 159 
 
 1 
 
 20. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 22.6 
 
 159 
 
 160 
 
 1 
 
 19.7 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 7. 
 
 160 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN TARNS. 375 
 
 Yards. Yards in the warp. 
 1 lb. of No. 56's =31360)387072(12.34 lbs., or 12 lbs., 5h oz. 
 
 31360 16 oz., 1 lb. 
 
 73472 
 
 204 
 
 62720 
 
 34 
 
 107520 
 
 5.44 
 
 94080 
 
 4 
 
 1344001.76 qrs. 
 125440-8960, remainder. 
 
 The weight of yarn required for the above warp will be 12 
 lbs., 5J oz. nearly. 
 
 Required, the weight of number 66's yarn, to weave a warp 
 128 yards long, 36 inches Avide at the reed, and to have 88 picks, 
 or threads in an inch : — 
 
 128 yards, length of warp. 
 36 inches, width of warp at the reed. 
 
 768 
 
 384 
 
 4608 
 
 88, number of picks, or threads in an inch. 
 
 36864 
 36864 
 
 405504 No. of yds. of yarn required to weave 
 
 the warp. 
 
 Yards. Yards. 
 
 1 gross contains 80640)405504(5 gross, 4 hanks, and 32 threads, 
 403200 length of yarn required to 
 
 Aveave the warp. 
 
 1 hank contains 560 yds.)2304(4 hanks. 
 
 2240 
 
 1 thread contains 2 yards,)64 
 
 32 threads. 
 
376 WORSTED AXD WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 560 yards, 1 hank. 
 66, numbers of yarn. 
 
 8360 
 3360 
 
 36960, number of yards in 1 lb. of 66's yarn. 
 
 4 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. 
 
 377 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARN TABLE. 
 
 From Number 161 to 200 hanks in the pound. 
 
 
 Weight of 1 hank. 
 
 Weight of 1 dozen. 
 
 Weight of 1 
 
 gross. 
 
 
 Nos. 
 
 
 d wt. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 d vv ts . 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 
 grams. 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 1 
 
 19.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 15.8 
 
 161 
 
 162 
 
 
 1 
 
 19.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9. 
 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1.2 
 
 162 
 
 163 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.9 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 11. 
 
 168 
 
 164 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 21.3 
 
 164 
 
 165 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 23.6 
 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 13.6 
 
 165 
 
 166 
 
 
 1 
 
 18.1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 13' 
 
 16 
 
 0.7 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 
 1 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 17.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 12.4 
 
 167 
 
 168 
 
 
 1 
 
 17.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 
 
 1 
 
 17.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 18. 
 
 169 
 
 170 
 
 
 1 
 
 17.1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 1.9 
 
 170 
 
 171 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.9 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 15.2 
 
 171 
 
 172 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 4.9 
 
 172 
 
 173 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0. 
 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 19. 
 
 178 
 
 174 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21.2 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 9.6 
 
 174 
 
 175 
 
 
 1 
 
 16. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 0.5 
 
 175 
 
 176 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 15.7 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13. 
 
 
 13 
 
 0 
 
 7.4 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.3 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10.4 
 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 4.9 
 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7.7 
 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 21.2 
 
 179 
 
 180 
 
 
 1 
 
 14.8 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 180 
 
 181 
 
 
 1 
 
 14.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 7. 
 
 181 
 
 182 
 
 
 1 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0. 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 0.4 
 
 182 
 
 188 
 
 
 1 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 21.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 18.1 
 
 183 
 
 184 
 
 
 1 
 
 14. 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 19. 
 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 12.2 
 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6.6 
 
 185 
 
 186 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 1.3 
 
 186 
 
 187 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 11.7 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 20.3 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 
 1 
 
 13.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 9.3 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 15.7 
 
 188 
 
 189 
 
 
 1 
 
 13. 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 11.3 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.8 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 7.2 
 
 190 
 
 191 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 3.4 
 
 191 
 
 192 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.4 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0. 
 
 192 
 
 193 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 2.3 
 
 193 
 
 194 
 
 
 1 
 
 12. 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 23.3 
 
 194 
 
 195 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.8 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 22.7 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 20.7 
 
 195 
 
 196 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.7 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 2o!5 
 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 18.3 
 
 196 
 
 197 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 18.4 
 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 16.2 
 
 197 
 
 198 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 14.4 
 
 198 
 
 199 
 
 
 1 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 12.8 
 
 199 
 
 200 
 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 12. 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 11.5 
 
 200 
 
 25 
 
378 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN TARNS. 
 
 Yards. Yards in the warp. 
 1 lb. of No. 66's = 36960)405504(10 lbs., 15i oz., wt. of weft re- 
 
 36960 quired to weave the warp. 
 
 35904 
 
 16 oz. 1 lb. 
 
 215424 
 35904 
 
 36960)574464(15 oz. 
 36960 
 
 204864 
 184800 
 
 20064 
 
 4 qrs,, 1 oz. 
 
 36960)80256(2 qrs. 
 73920 
 
 6336 
 
 If it requires 12 lbs., 5J oz. of yarn for a warp, and 10 lbs., 
 15|- 0^. of yarn to weave the -v^rp ; what weight will it require 
 for 1 piece, if there be 4 pieces in the warp? 
 
 lbs. oz. 
 
 12 . . 5f, weight of the warp. 
 
 10 . . 15J, weight to Aveave the warp. 
 
 No. of pieces in warp, 4)23 . . 5 
 
 5 . . 13J, weight of 1 piece. 
 
 jy. B. — The rules, examples, and illustrations laid doivn for the 
 manufacture of cotton goods, may he applied to the manufac- 
 ture of any other fabric of cloth, such as linen, worsted, ivoollen, 
 or silk ; the system of calculation being the same, with the ex- 
 ception of the length constituting the lea and hank, all particu- 
 lars of which will be found in their proper places in this book. 
 
WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARNS. , -. -3^9 
 
 WORSTED AND WOOLLEN YARN TABLE. ' -'X/^, p 
 From Number 201 to 270 hanks in the pound. 
 
 
 Wgt. of 1 hank. 
 
 Weight of 1 dozen. 
 
 Weight of 1 gross. 
 
 
 Nos. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwts. 
 
 grains. 
 
 Noe. 
 
 201 
 
 1 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 17 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 10.4 
 
 201 
 
 202 
 
 1 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 17 
 
 7.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 9.6 
 
 202 
 
 203 
 
 1 
 
 10.4 
 
 
 17 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 9. 
 
 203 
 
 204 
 
 1 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 8.6 
 
 204 
 
 205 
 
 1 
 
 10.1 
 
 
 17 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 8.5 
 
 205 
 
 206 
 
 1 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 16 
 
 23.7 
 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 8.7 
 
 206 
 
 207 
 
 1 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 16 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 9. 
 
 207 
 
 208 
 
 1 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 16 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 9.6 
 
 208 
 
 209 
 
 1 
 
 9.4 
 
 
 16 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 10.4 
 
 209 
 
 210 
 
 1 
 
 9.3 
 
 
 16 
 
 16. 
 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17. 
 
 210 
 
 211 
 
 1 
 
 9.1 
 
 
 16 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 18.2 
 
 211 
 
 212 
 
 1 
 
 9. 
 
 
 16 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 19.7 
 
 
 213 
 
 1 
 
 8.8 
 
 
 16 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 21.3 
 
 213 
 
 214 
 
 1 
 
 8.7 
 
 
 16 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 23.2 
 
 214 
 
 215 
 
 1 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 16 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 1.3 
 
 215 
 
 216 
 
 1 
 
 8.4 
 
 
 16 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 3.6 
 
 216 
 
 217 
 
 1 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 16 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 6.1 
 
 217 
 
 218 
 
 1 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 16 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8.8 
 
 218 
 
 219 
 
 1 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 15 
 
 23.5 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11.7 
 
 219 
 
 220 
 
 1 
 
 7.8 
 
 
 15 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 14.8 
 
 220 
 
 221 
 
 1 1 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 15 
 
 20.1 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 18. 
 
 221 
 
 222 
 
 1 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 18.3 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 21.5 
 
 222 
 
 223 
 
 1 
 
 7.3 
 
 
 15 
 
 16.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 1.1 
 
 223 
 
 2.1\ 
 
 1 
 
 7.2 
 
 
 15 
 
 15. 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5. 
 
 224 
 
 225 
 
 1 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 15 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 9. 
 
 225 
 
 226 
 
 1 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 15 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 13.1 
 
 226 
 
 /~j O T 
 
 227 
 
 1 
 
 6.8 
 
 
 15 
 
 10. 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 17.5 
 
 227 
 
 228 
 
 1 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 15 
 
 8.4 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 22. 
 
 228 
 
 229 
 
 1 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 6.8 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2.7 
 
 229 
 
 230 
 
 1 
 
 6.4 
 
 
 15 
 
 5.2 
 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 7.6 
 
 230 
 
 231 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 15 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 18.1 
 
 231 
 
 232 
 
 1 
 
 6.1 
 
 
 15 
 
 2. 
 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23.3 
 
 232 
 
 235 
 
 1 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 14 
 
 21.4 
 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 15.8 
 
 235 
 
 240 
 
 1 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 22.5 
 
 240 
 
 245 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 14 
 
 6.8 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8.7 
 
 245 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 4. 
 
 
 14 
 
 0. 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 22.5 
 
 250 
 
 255 
 
 1 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 13 
 
 17.4 
 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 15.4 
 
 255 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 13 
 
 11. 
 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 16.9 
 
 260 
 
 265 
 
 1 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 13 
 
 5. 
 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 15.7 
 
 265 
 
 270 
 
 1 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 12 
 
 23.1 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 17.3 
 
 270 
 
380 WORSTED REEDS. 
 
 WORSTED COUNT OF REEDS. 
 
 The following are the general acknowledged methods of 
 counting and expressing reeds in the manufacturing of all 
 worsted goods. 
 
 1st. The plain back, or three ends in a dent, the counts, or 
 fineness of the set, which is expressed by the number of scores, 
 or beers, 20 dents to a beer set on 6-4ths, or 54 inches at the 
 reed. Thus, a 42 contains 42 scores, or 42 beers, 20 dents to a 
 beer, or 840 dents on 54 inches at the reed. 
 
 iV. B. — This reed is the viost common one in use at the present 
 time. 
 
 2d. The wildbore, or 4 ends in a dent, the count, or fineness 
 of the set, which is expressed by the number of scores, or beers, 
 20 dents to a beer, set on 8-4ths, or 72 inches at the reed. 
 Thus, a 50 wildbore slaie, or reed, contains 50 scores, or 60 
 beers, 20 dents to a beer, or 1000 dents on 72 inches at the reed. 
 
 B. — This method is very little in use now. 
 
 3d. The 2 ends in a dent is coming more into use, the fineness 
 of the set, which is expressed by the number of scores, or beers, 
 20 dents to a beer set on 4-4ths or 36 inches at the reed. 
 
 4th. Lastings. The count, or fineness of the set, which is ex- 
 pressed by the number of dents set on 30 inches at the reed. 
 Thus a 4 contains 400 dents, a 4 J contains 450 dents, &c. &c. 
 
 The following tables will show the count, or fineness of worsted 
 reeds, according to the number of dents in an inch, and the 
 difi'erent systems of counting. 
 
 EXPLANATION TO THE REED TABLES. 
 
 The first line in each division contains the number of dents in 
 an inch ; opposite to which in the table is the count of the reed, 
 according to the different systems of counting. 
 
 N. B. — The decimal in the line expressing the number of dents 
 in an inch, is the decimal of a dent. Thus, 20.5 is equal to 
 20J dents, and the decimal in the lines expressing the counts 
 of the reeds, is the decimal of a score, or beer containing 20 
 dents. Thus, 40.5 is equal to 40J scores, or beers. 
 
WORSTED REEDS. 381 
 
 WORSTED REED TABLE. 
 
 c . 
 
 
 
 o c " 
 ^ o ^ 
 
 
 .= ^ 
 
 °-5 J 
 
 ° §1 
 
 1 = 1 
 
 
 OD O 
 
 g „ — 
 
 o " -2 
 
 S £ tj 
 
 o 2 H 
 ir ^ 
 
 2 o 
 
 c .5 
 
 S £ w 
 
 t. QJ C 
 
 S ? o 
 2. c3 
 
 o £ 
 
 k. C 
 
 o 4, 
 
 p c 
 
 
 W lO 
 
 
 to 
 
 (U 
 
 crj 
 
 ^ — 
 Q 
 
 Z '^ Z 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 o ^ o 
 
 CO 
 
 c 2 
 
 CO 
 
 8. 
 
 21.6 
 
 28.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 240 
 
 25.5 
 
 68.85 
 
 91.8 
 
 45.9 
 
 765 
 
 8.5 
 
 22.95 
 
 30.6 
 
 15.3 
 
 255 
 
 26. 
 
 70.2 
 
 93.6 
 
 46.8 
 
 780 
 
 9. 
 
 24.3 
 
 32.4 
 
 16.2 
 
 270 
 
 26.5 
 
 71.55 
 
 95.4 
 
 47.7 
 
 795 
 
 9.5 
 
 25.65 
 
 34.2 
 
 17.1 
 
 285 
 
 27. 
 
 72.9 
 
 97.2 
 
 48.6 
 
 810 
 
 10. 
 
 27.. 
 
 36. 
 
 18. 
 
 800 
 
 27.5 
 
 74.25 
 
 99. 
 
 49.5 
 
 825 
 
 10.5 
 
 28.35 
 
 37.8 
 
 18.9 
 
 315 
 
 28. 
 
 75.6 
 
 100.8 
 
 50.4 
 
 840 
 
 11. 
 
 29.7 
 
 39.6 
 
 19.8 
 
 330 
 
 28.5 
 
 76.95 
 
 102.6 
 
 51.3 
 
 855 
 
 11.5 
 
 31.05 
 
 41.4 
 
 20.7 
 
 345 
 
 29. 
 
 78.3 
 
 104.4 
 
 52.2 
 
 870 
 
 12. 
 
 32.4 
 
 43.2 
 
 21.6 
 
 360 
 
 29.5 
 
 79.65 
 
 106.2 
 
 53.1 
 
 885 
 
 12.5 
 
 33.75 
 
 45. 
 
 22.5 
 
 375 
 
 30. 
 
 81. 
 
 108. 
 
 54. 
 
 900 
 
 13. 
 
 35.1 
 
 46.8 
 
 23.4 
 
 390 
 
 30.5 
 
 82.35 
 
 109.8 
 
 54.9 
 
 915 
 
 13.5 
 
 36.45 
 
 48.6 
 
 24.3 
 
 405 
 
 31. 
 
 83.7 
 
 111.6 
 
 55.8 
 
 930 
 
 14. 
 
 37.8 
 
 50.4 
 
 25.2 
 
 420 
 
 31.5 
 
 85.05 
 
 113.4 
 
 56.7 
 
 945 
 
 14.5 
 
 39.15 
 
 52.2 
 
 26.1 
 
 435 
 
 32. 
 
 86.4 
 
 115.2 
 
 57.6 
 
 960 
 
 15. 
 
 40.5 
 
 54. 
 
 27. 
 
 450 
 
 32.5 
 
 87.75 
 
 117. 
 
 58.5 
 
 975 
 
 15.5 
 
 41.85 
 
 55.8 
 
 27.9 
 
 465 
 
 33. 
 
 89.1 
 
 118.8 
 
 59.4 
 
 990 
 
 16. 
 
 43.2 
 
 57.6 
 
 28.8 
 
 480 
 
 33.5 
 
 90.45 
 
 120.6 
 
 60.3 
 
 1005 
 
 16.5 
 
 44.55 
 
 59.4 
 
 29.7 
 
 495 
 
 34. 
 
 91.8 
 
 122.4 
 
 61.2 
 
 1020 
 
 17. 
 
 45.9 
 
 61.2 
 
 30.6 
 
 510 
 
 34.5 
 
 93.15 
 
 124.2 
 
 62.1 
 
 1035 
 
 17.5 
 
 47.25 
 
 63. 
 
 31.5 
 
 525 
 
 35. 
 
 94.5 
 
 126. 
 
 63. 
 
 1050 
 
 18. 
 
 48.6 
 
 64.8 
 
 32.4 
 
 540 
 
 35.5 
 
 95.85 
 
 127.8 
 
 63.9 
 
 1065 
 
 18.5 
 
 49.95 
 
 6G.6 
 
 33.3 
 
 555 
 
 36. 
 
 97.2 
 
 129.6 
 
 64.8 
 
 1080 
 
 19. 
 
 51.3 
 
 68.4 
 
 34.2 
 
 570 
 
 36.5 
 
 98.55 
 
 131.4 
 
 65.7 
 
 1095 
 
 19.5 
 
 52.65 
 
 70.2 
 
 35.1 
 
 585 
 
 37. 
 
 99.9 
 
 133.2 
 
 66.6 
 
 1110 
 
 20. 
 
 54. 
 
 72. 
 
 36. 
 
 600 
 
 37.5 
 
 101.25 
 
 135. 
 
 67.5 
 
 1125 
 
 20.5 
 
 55.35 
 
 73.8 
 
 36.9 
 
 615 
 
 38. 
 
 102.6 
 
 136.8 
 
 68.4 
 
 1140 
 
 21. 
 
 56.7 
 
 75.6 
 
 37.8 
 
 630 
 
 38.5 
 
 103.95 
 
 138.6 
 
 69.3 
 
 1155 
 
 21.5 
 
 58.05 
 
 77.4 
 
 38.7 
 
 645 
 
 39. 
 
 105.3 
 
 140.4 
 
 70.2 
 
 1170 
 
 22. 
 
 59.4 
 
 79.2 
 
 39.6 
 
 660 
 
 39.5 
 
 106.65 
 
 142.2 
 
 71.1 
 
 1185 
 
 22.5 
 
 60.75 
 
 81. 
 
 40.5 
 
 675 
 
 40. 
 
 108. 
 
 144. 
 
 72. 
 
 1200 
 
 23. 
 
 62.1 
 
 82.8 
 
 41.4 
 
 690 
 
 40.5 
 
 109.35 
 
 145.8 
 
 72.9 
 
 1215 
 
 23.5 
 
 63.45 
 
 84.6 
 
 42.3 
 
 705 
 
 41. 
 
 110.7 
 
 147.6 
 
 73.8 
 
 1230 
 
 24. 
 
 64.8 
 
 86.4 
 
 43.2 
 
 720 
 
 41.5 
 
 112.05 
 
 149.4 
 
 74.7 
 
 1245 
 
 24.5 
 
 66.15 
 
 88.2 
 
 44.1 
 
 735 
 
 42. 
 
 113.4 
 
 151.2 
 
 75.6 
 
 1260 
 
 25. 
 
 67.5 
 
 90. 
 
 45. 
 
 750 
 
 42.5 
 
 114.75 
 
 153. 
 
 76.5 
 
 1275 
 
382 TVORSTED REEDS. 
 
 To ascertain the count, or fineness of worsted reeds. 
 
 RULE. — Multiply tlie number of dents in an incli by the 
 given number of inches any reed is set on, according to the sys- 
 tem of counting, and divide by 20, •which is the number of dents 
 in a score, or beer, and the quotient will be the count, or fine- 
 ness of the reed, and if the number of dents in an inch at the 
 reed be required, multiply the count of the reed by 20, and 
 divide by the given number of inches the reed is set on, and the 
 quotient will be the number of dents in an inch, according to the 
 fineness of the reed, and the system of counting. 
 
 The system of ascertaining the count, or fineness of reeds for 
 lastings, difi"ers from the others, but will be found by multiplying 
 the number of dents in an inch by 30, the product of which will 
 be the count, or fineness of the reed, and if the number of dents 
 in an inch be required, divide the count, or fineness of the reed 
 by 30, and the quotient will be the number of dents in an inch, 
 according to the fineness of the reed. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 The count, or fineness of the plain back reed containing 19 
 dents in an inch is required: — 
 
 19, dents in an inch. 
 
 54, number of inches the reed is 
 
 set on. 
 
 76 
 95 
 
 Score, or beer, 2.0 dents,)102.6 
 
 51.3, or 51 scores, or beers, and 6 
 dents set on 54 inches at the reed, or nearly 51J count, or fine- 
 ness of the reed. 
 
 What number of dents will there be in an inch of a 51.3 plain 
 back reed ? 
 
 51.3, count of reed. 
 
 20 dents, 1 score, or beer. 
 
 No. of inches reed set on, 54)1026.0(19, number of dents in an 
 
 54 inch at the reed. 
 
 486 
 486 
 
WORSTED REEDS. 
 
 383 
 
 WORSTED EEED TABLE. 
 
 43. 
 
 43.5 
 
 44. 
 
 44.5 
 
 45. 
 
 45.5 
 
 46. 
 
 46.5125.55 
 
 47. 
 
 47.5128.25 
 
 48. 
 48.5 
 49. 
 49.5 
 50. 
 50.5 
 51. 
 51 
 52 
 52 
 53 
 53 
 54. 
 
 57 
 57.0 
 58. 
 58 
 59. 
 59. 
 60 
 
 o ° ?, 
 
 Q « O 
 
 03 in 
 
 116.1 
 
 117.45 
 
 118.8 
 
 120.15 
 
 121.5 
 
 122.85 
 
 124.2 
 
 126.9 
 
 51 
 
 129.6 
 130.95 
 132.3 
 133.65 
 135. 
 136.35 
 137.7 
 9.05 
 140.4 
 .75 
 143.1 
 5 144.45 
 146.8 
 54.5147.15 
 
 55. 148.5 
 55.5 149.85 
 
 56. 151.2 
 56.5 152.55 
 
 153.9 
 155.25 
 156.6 
 7.95 
 159.3 
 65 
 
 162. 
 
 515< 
 
 5160. 
 
 154.8 
 
 156.6 
 
 158.4 
 
 160.2 
 
 162. 
 
 163.8 
 
 165.6 
 
 167.4 
 
 169.2 
 
 171. 
 
 172.8 
 
 174.6 
 
 176.4 
 
 178.2 
 
 180. 
 
 181.8 
 
 183.6 
 
 185.4 
 
 187.2 
 
 189. 
 
 190.8 
 
 192.6 
 
 194.4 
 
 196.2 
 
 198. 
 
 199.8 
 
 201.6 
 
 203.4 
 
 205.2 
 
 207. 
 
 208.8 
 
 210.6 
 
 212.4 
 
 214.2 
 
 216. 
 
 77.4 
 78.3 
 79.2 
 80.1 
 81. 
 81.9 
 82.8 
 83.7 
 84.6 
 85.5 
 86.4 
 87.3 
 88.2 
 89.1 
 90. 
 90.9 
 91.8 
 92.7 
 93.6 
 94.5 
 95.4 
 96.3 
 97.2 
 98.1 
 99. 
 99.9 
 100.8 
 101.7 
 102.6 
 103.5 
 104.4 
 105.3 
 106.2 
 107.1 
 108. 
 
 1290 
 1305 
 1320 
 1335 
 1350 
 1365 
 1380 
 1395 
 1410 
 1425 
 1440 
 1455 
 1470 
 1485 
 1500 
 1515 
 1530 
 1545 
 1560 
 1575 
 1590 
 1605 
 1620 
 1635 
 1650 
 1665 
 1680 
 1695 
 1710 
 1725 
 1740 
 1755 
 1770 
 1785 
 1800 
 
 60.5163 
 
 61. 
 61. 
 62. 
 62. 
 63. 
 63.5 
 04. 
 64 
 65. 
 65.5 
 66. 
 66 
 67. 
 67.5 
 68. 
 68.5 
 69. 
 69 
 70. 
 
 5166. 
 
 5168. 
 
 51 
 
 71. 
 71 
 72. 
 72.5 
 73. 
 73.5 
 74. 
 74.5 
 75. 
 75.5 
 76. 
 76. 
 
 1 1 . 
 77.5 
 
 1^ 
 
 .35 
 164.7 
 
 05 
 167.4 
 .75 
 170.1 
 171.45 
 172.8 
 74.15 
 175.5 
 176.85 
 178.2 
 5179.55 
 180.9 
 182.25 
 183.6 
 184.95 
 186.3 
 
 .65 
 189. 
 
 5187. 
 
 70.5 190.35 
 
 5193. 
 
 191.7 
 .05 
 194.4 
 195.75 
 197.1 
 198.45 
 199.8 
 201.15 
 202.5 
 203.85 
 205.2 
 5 206.55 
 207.9 
 209.25 
 
 a 5 
 
 217.8 
 
 219.6 
 
 221.4 
 
 223.2 
 
 225! 
 
 226.8 
 
 228.6 
 
 230.4 
 
 232.2 
 
 234. 
 
 235.8 
 
 237.6 
 
 239.4 
 
 241.2 
 
 243. 
 
 244.8 
 
 246.6 
 
 248.4 
 
 250.2 
 
 252. 
 
 253.8 
 
 255.6 
 
 257.4 
 
 259.2 
 
 261. 
 
 262.8 
 
 264.6 
 
 266.4 
 
 268.2 
 
 270. 
 
 271.8 
 
 273.6 
 
 275.4 
 
 277.2 
 
 279. 
 
 108.9 
 
 109.8 
 
 110.7 
 
 111.6 
 
 112.5 
 
 113.4 
 
 114.3 
 
 115.2 
 
 116.1 
 
 117. 
 
 117.9 
 
 118.8 
 
 119.7 
 
 120.6 
 
 121.5 
 
 122.4 
 
 123.3 
 
 124.2 
 
 125.1 
 
 126. 
 
 126.9 
 
 127.8 
 
 128.7 
 
 129.6 
 
 130.5 
 
 131.4 
 
 132.3 
 
 133.2 
 
 134.1 
 
 135. 
 
 135.9 
 
 136.8 
 
 137.7 
 
 138.6 
 
 139.5 
 
384 WORSTED REEDS. 
 
 The count, or fineness of a wildbore reed containing 19 dents 
 in an inch, is required : — 
 
 19 dents in an inch. 
 
 72, number of inches the reed is set on. 
 
 38 
 133 
 
 Score, or beer, 2.0 dnts.)136.8 
 
 68.4 count, or fineness of the reed, i. e., 
 68 scores, or beers, and 8 dents, or 
 1868 dents set on 72 inches at the reed. 
 
 What number of dents will there be in an inch of 68.4 wild- 
 bore reed ? 
 
 68.4, count of reed. 
 
 20 dents, 1 score, or beer. 
 
 No. of inches reed set on, 72)1868.0(19, number of dents in an 
 
 72 inch at the reed. 
 
 648 
 648 
 
 The count, or fineness of a reed, is required from the follow- 
 ing particulars : — 
 
 Number of inches the reed is set on, 36. 
 Number of dents in an inch, 19. 
 Number of dents in a score, or beer, 20. 
 
 19 dents in an inch. 
 
 36, number of inches the reed is set on. 
 
 114 
 67 
 
 Score, or beer, 2.0 dnts.)68.4 
 
 84.2, count, or fineness of the reed, i. e., 
 34 scores, or beers, and 4 dents, set on 36 inches at the reed. 
 
 If 34 scores, or beers, and 4 dents be set on 36 inches at the 
 reed, how many dents will there be in an inch ? 
 
WORSTED REEDS. 385 
 
 Beers. Dents. 
 34 . . 4 
 
 20, number of dents in a beer. 
 
 No. of inches reed set on, 36)684(19, number of dents in an inch 
 
 36 at the reed. 
 
 324 
 324 
 
 The count, or fineness of lasting reed containing 19 dents in 
 an inch, is required : — 
 
 19 dents in an inch. 
 30, number of inches the reed is set on. 
 
 570, or nearly 5f count, or fineness of the reed. 
 
 reed contains 570 dents, 
 ich? 
 
 No. of inches reed set on, 3.0)57.0 dents. 
 
 If a lasting reed contains 570 dents, how many dents will 
 there be in an inch? 
 
 19, number of dents in an inch at 
 
 the reed. 
 
 How many dents will there be in an inch of a 50 plain back 
 reed ? 
 
 50, count of reed. 
 20 dents, 1 score, or beer. 
 
 No. of inches reed set on, 54)1000(18.518, or rather more than 
 
 54 18|- dents in an inch at the 
 
 reed. 
 
 460 
 432 
 
 280 
 270 
 
 100 
 54 
 
 460 
 432 
 
 28 
 
386 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 N. B. — Warps are warped quite indepmdent of the set for which 
 they may he used. The common tvay of warping is hy portits, 
 portives, porters, or heers, tvhichever they may he called. 
 Some xoarp hy 48 ends, and lasting warps are generally 
 warped by 48. Of course it does not matter in ivhat numbers 
 they are tvarped, if the warp only contains the number of ends 
 required, according to the ividth and fineness of the reed. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 The revolutions a minute of a shaft are required from the fol- 
 lowing particulars : — 
 
 Double strokes of steam engine, 19J per minute. 
 
 Wheel on crank, or fly-shaft, 64 teeth, working into a wheel 49 
 teeth on the first line of shafts. 
 
 Wheel 63 teeth on the first line of shafts, works into a wheel 36 
 teeth on foot of an upright shaft. Then, wheel 70 teeth on 
 the top of the upright shaft, works into a wheel 39 teeth on 
 lying shaft ; the speed of which is required. 
 
 Driving-wheels, &c. 
 
 19.5 double strokes, engine makes a minute. 
 64 teeth, wheel on fly, or crank shaft. 
 
 780 
 1170 
 
 1248.0 
 
 63 teeth, wheel on first lying shaft. 
 
 3744 
 7488 
 
 78624 
 
 70 teeth, wheel on top of upright shaft. 
 
 5503680 dividend. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 387 
 
 Driven-wheels. 
 
 49 teeth, -wheel on first lying shaft. 
 
 36 teeth, wheel on foot of upright shaft. 
 
 294 
 147 
 
 1764 
 
 39 teeth, wheel on lying shaft, the speed 
 
 of which is required. 
 
 15876 
 5292 
 
 68796 divisor. 
 
 68796)5508680(80 revolutions per minute, speed 
 550368 of shaft required. 
 
 0 
 
 Suppose a shaft be making 80 revolutions a minute, with the 
 following driving and driven-wheels on the intermediate shafts ; 
 what number of double strokes per minute should the engine 
 make? 
 
 Driving-wheels, &c. 
 
 80, revolutions of given shaft per minute. 
 39 teeth, wheel on do. 
 
 720 
 240 
 
 3120 
 
 36 teeth, wheel on foot of upright shaft. 
 
 18720 
 9360 
 
 112320 
 
 49 teeth, wheel on the first lying shaft. 
 
 1010880 
 449280 
 
 5503680 dividend. 
 
388 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 Drivenw-heels. 
 
 70 teeth, wheel on top of upright shaft. 
 63 teeth, wheel on first lying shaft. 
 
 210 
 420 
 
 4410 
 
 64 teeth, wheel on crank, or fly shaft. 
 
 17640 
 26460 
 
 282240 divisor. 
 
 282240)5503680(19.5, double strokes of steam- 
 282240 engine a minute. 
 
 2681280 
 2540160 
 
 1411200 
 1411200 
 
 If a drum 42J inches diameter, drives the beaters of a blow- 
 ing-machine 1344 revolutions per minute, what must the diameter 
 of a drum be, for the beaters to make 1560 revolutions ; and if 
 the present drum is to be lagged, what thickness must the lags be ? 
 
 Revols. Inches. Ilevols. 
 If 1344 .• 42.25 1560 
 1560 
 
 253500 
 21125 
 4225 
 
 1344)65910.00(49 
 5376 
 
 12150 
 12096 
 
 .04 inches, diameter of drum required. 
 
 5400 
 6376 
 
 24 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 389 
 
 49.04 inches, diameter of drum required. 
 42.25 inches, diameter of given drum. 
 
 2)6.79 inches, difference of diameters of drums. 
 
 3.395, or nearly 3.4 inches, thickness of lags 
 
 required. 
 
 If a drum 42J inches diameter drives the beater of a blowing- 
 machine 1844 revolutions per minute; what number of revolutions 
 will the beater make if driven from a drum 4:9^^^ inches diameter? 
 
 Inches. Revols. Inches. 
 
 If 421 or 42.25 . • 1344 . • . • 49.04, or 492^ 
 49.04 
 
 5376 
 120960 
 5376 
 
 42.25)65909.76(1560, revolutions of beater a 
 4225 minute, nearly. 
 
 23659 
 21125 
 
 25347 
 
 25350— nearly. 
 
 If a pulley 13 inches diameter drives the main cylinder of a , 
 carding-engine, at the rate of 126 revolutions a minute ; what 
 diameter must the pulley be, to reduce the speed of the cylinder 
 to 112 revolutions? 
 
 126, revolutions given. 
 13 inches, diameter of given pulley. 
 
 378 
 126 
 
 1638 
 
390 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 Revolutions req'd, 112)1638(14.625, or 14| inches, diameter of 
 112 pulley required. 
 
 518 
 448 
 
 700 
 672 
 
 280 
 224 
 
 560 
 560 
 
 How many grains will 30 yards of 3J hank roving weigh ? 
 
 Hank roving, 3.25)250.00(76.92 grains, or 3 dwts., 5 grains, 
 2275 nearly. 
 
 2250 
 1950 
 
 3000 
 2925 
 
 750 
 650 
 
 100 
 
 If 30 yards, or | of a lea weigh 76.92 grains, what hank 
 roving will it be ? 
 
 30 yards of roving weigh 76.92)250.00(3.25, or 3i hank roving 
 
 23076 
 
 19240 
 15384 
 
 38560 
 38460 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 391 
 
 The weight of 1 pair of sets of cops is required from the 
 following particulars: — 
 
 Numher of spindles in pair of wheels, 1016. 
 
 Length of stretch put up (breakage allowed), 61J inches. 
 
 Number of stretches, 900. 
 
 Number of yarn 36's. 
 
 1016 X 900 X 61.5 = 56235600.0 dividend. 
 
 840 X 36 X 36 =1088640, divisor. 
 
 56235600 divided by 1088640=51 lbs., lOJ oz., weight of 
 
 pair of sets. 
 
 How many hanks, leas, and yards, will there be in a pair of 
 sets of cops, of which the following are the particulars ? 
 
 Number of spindles in wheels, 808. 
 
 Number of stretches on set, 450. 
 
 Net length of stretch put up, 57^- inches. 
 
 808, number of spindles in wheels. 
 450, stretches on set. 
 
 40400 
 3232 
 
 363600 
 
 67.5, or 57| inches, length of 
 
 stretch put up. 
 
 1818000 
 2545200 
 1818000 
 
 {6)20907000.0 number of inches on pair of 
 sets. 
 6)3484500 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yards,)58075.0 yards. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas,)4839 leas, and 70 yards. 
 
 691 hanks, 2 leas, and 70 yards, 
 length on pair of sets. 
 
392 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 If there be 691 hanks, 2 leas, and 70 yards on 1 pair of sets 
 of number 36's pincop weft; what weight will they be? 
 
 1 lea is 12.0 yards, )70.0 yards. 
 
 1 hank is 7 leas,)2.5888 leas. 
 
 691.36904 hanks, divided by 86=19 lbs., 
 3J oz., weight of 691 hanks, 2 leas, and 70 yards of 36's weft. 
 
 If 20 ounces of cotton were fed on 30 inches of feed-cloth at 
 lap-machine, and to pass through all the operations of working 
 without loss; what numbers of yarn would it produce, allowing 
 the following draughts and doublings? 
 
 487.5 grains, 1 oz. 
 
 20 ounces, weight of cotton fed on 
 
 feed-cloth. 
 
 Draught at lap-machine, 2)8750.0 grains, do. 
 
 Dght. at card, engine, 12.0)437.5 grains, weight of 80 inches of 
 
 lap. 
 
 86.458333 grains, weight of 30 in. 
 No. of ends put up at 1st drawing, 6 of carding. 
 
 Dght. 1st hd. of drng., 6.22)218.750000(35 grains weight of 80 
 
 1875 inches, at the 1st head 
 
 of drawings. 
 
 3125 
 3125 
 
 35 grs., wgt. of 80 in. of drng. 1st head. 
 6, No. of ends put up at 2d hd. of drngs. 
 
 210 
 189 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 393 
 
 33.33 grs. wgt. of 30 in. drag. 2d hd. 
 
 8, number of ends put up at 3d 
 
 head of drawings. 
 
 Dght. at 3d hd. drngs., 6.4)266.66(41.666 grs., weight of 30 inches 
 
 256 of drawing at 3d head. 
 
 106 
 64 
 
 426 
 384 
 
 426 
 
 384 
 
 426 
 384 
 
 42 
 
 Dght. at slabbing frame, 5)41.66 grains, weight of 30 inches of 
 
 drawing, 3d head. 
 
 8.33 grs., wgt. of 30 in. of slabbing. 
 2, no. of ends put up at rov. frame. 
 
 Draught at roving frame, 7)16.66 
 
 2.38095 grains, weight of 30 inches 
 
 of roving. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Draught at spinning, 11.5)2. 38095(.20704, decimal of a grain 
 
 230 weight, of 30 inches 
 of yarns. 
 
 809 
 .805 
 
 26 
 
 450 
 
 460 — nearly. 
 
394 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 .20704 grain, weight of 30 inches of yarn. 
 36, a multiplier for 30 yards. 
 
 124224 
 62112 
 
 7.45344 grains, weight of 30 yards of yarn. 
 4 — 4 times 30 yards = 1 lea. 
 
 29.81376 grains, weight of 1 lea of yarn. 
 
 The weight of cotton, according to the foregoing draughts and 
 doublings, required to produce 1 lea of yarn is 29.81376 grains, 
 or 1 dwt., 5.81376 grains. 
 
 Weight of 1 lea, 29.81376 grns.)1000. 00000(33.54 hanks in 1 lb. 
 
 8944128 
 
 10558720 
 8944128 
 
 16145920 
 14906880 
 
 33.54 hanks = 1 lb. 
 8.385 hanks = 4 ounces. 
 
 41.925 hanks = 20 ounces. 
 7 leas = 1 hank. 
 
 293.475 
 
 29.8137 grains =1 lea. 
 
 2054325 
 880425 
 293475 
 2347800 
 2641275 
 586950 
 
 8749.5756075 grains weight, or 20 ounces 
 fed on 80 inches of feed cloth at lap machine. 
 
 12390400 
 11^25504 
 
 464896 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 395 
 
 If 20 ounces of cotton fed on 80 inches of feed cloth at lap 
 machine produces number 36's twist, or weft, according to the 
 following draughts and doublings ; what will the loss sustained 
 in working be? 
 
 Draught at the lap machine, 2. 
 Draught at the carding engine, 120. 
 Draught at the 1st head of drawings, 6.25. 
 Draught at the 2d head of drawings, 6.3.- 
 Draught at the 3d head of drawings, 6.4. 
 Draught at the slabbing frame, 5. 
 Draught at the roving frame, 7. 
 Draught at the spinning, 11.5. 
 Multiplier for 30 inches, 6.944. 
 
 Doublings at the 1st head of drawings, 6. 
 Doublings at the 2d head of drawings, 6. 
 Doublings at the 3d head of drawings, 8. 
 Doublings at the roving frame, 2. 
 Numbers of yarn produced, 36's. 
 
 Draughts. 
 
 2, lap machine. 
 120, carding engine. 
 
 240 
 
 6.25, first head of drawings. 
 
 1200 
 480 
 1440 
 
 1500.00 
 6.3, second head of drawings. 
 
 4500 
 9000 
 
 9450.0 
 
 6.4, third head of drawings. 
 
 37800 
 56700 
 
396 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 60480.0 
 
 5, slabbing frame. 
 
 302400 
 
 7, roving frame. 
 
 2116800 
 
 11.5 mules. 
 
 10584000 
 23284800 
 
 24343200.0 
 Mult.forSOin., asper table,6.944 
 
 97372800 
 97372800 
 219088800 
 146059200 
 
 169039180.800 dividend. 
 
 Doublings. 
 6x6x8x2x36 = 20736 divisor. 
 
 169039180.8 divided by 20736 =8152 grains, or 18 oz., 11 dwt., 
 13 grains, weight of yarn produced from 20 oz. of cotton. 
 
 oz. dwts. grs. 
 
 Weight of cotton fed on feed cloth at lap machine, 20 . . 0 . . 0 
 Weight of yarn produced, . . . . 18 . . 11 . . 13 
 
 Loss sustained in working, . . . . 1 . . 6 . . 16.5 
 
 Suppose there be a 48 teeth wheel working into a 36 teeth 
 wheel, and finding them of a finer pitch than they should be ; 
 what wheels will work in the same place to pi'oduce the same 
 speed with the same diameters of wheels? 
 
 RULE. — Reduce the wheels to their lowest terms, by dividing 
 them by any number that will divide the number of teeth in 
 the wheels without a remainder ; then multiply the lowest terms 
 of the wheels by any one number that will produce the number 
 of teeth required. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 Tims, 
 
 397 
 
 12)48 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 2 
 
 12)86 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 
 3 lowest number. 
 2 
 
 Wheel, 8 teeth, and wheel 6 teeth. 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 3 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 3 
 
 Wheel, 12 teeth, and wheel 9 teeth. 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 4 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 4 
 
 Wheel, 16 teeth, and wheel, 12 teeth. 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 5 
 
 Wheel, 20 teeth, and wheel, 15 teeth. 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 6 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 6 
 
 Wheel, 24 teeth, and wheel, 18 teeth. 
 
 Lowest term, 4 
 9 
 
 3 lowest term. 
 9 
 
 Wheel, 36 teeth, and wheel, 27 teeth. 
 
 N.B. — The same system will answer, either for increasing or 
 decreasing the number of teeth in tvheels. 
 
 Any of the above wheels working together will produce the 
 same speed. 
 
398 
 
 JUDKINS' AMERICAN HEALDS. 
 
 JUDKINS' AMERICAN HEALDS, OR PATENT 
 HEDDLES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 The machine shown in the drawing is so constructed as to 
 double and twist the yarn from single of itself, and at the same 
 time, at certain points, is converted into a braiding or platting 
 machine, by which the eye or loop of the heddle is formed, with- 
 out knots of any description. 
 
 The advantages of this machine are many. A set of healds is 
 produced by it at a much less cost than by any other method, and 
 without a single knot at any point, the whole being one continu- 
 ous twine or cord. 
 
 By the drawing is also shown a set of healds made by this 
 machine, with the eye or loop as described, which is coated, lined, 
 or covered with a metallic substance, suitable for the purpose. 
 
 One set of patent healds will last fifteen of any other kind, 
 and a greater number of yards of cloth, heavier and more perfect, 
 can be produced through it, in a given time, in consequence of 
 less friction upon the warp. 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 399 
 
 MASON'S SELF-ACTING MULE. 
 
 PLATES II. III. IV. V. 
 
 Of this machine we give the inventor's specification complete : 
 The schedule referred to in the letters patent and making part 
 of the same. 
 
 To all to whom these jyresents shall come — Be it known, that 
 I, William Mason, of Taunton, in the County of Bristol and 
 State of Massachusetts, have invented a new and useful self-acting 
 mule for spinning cotton and other fibrous substances, and that 
 the following is a full, clear and exact description of the principle 
 or character which distinguishes it from all other things before 
 known, and of the manner of making, constructing and using the 
 same, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, making 
 part of this specification, in which Fig. 1 is an elevation of the 
 head of the mule next the carriage — Fig. 2 an elevation of the 
 opposite side — Fig. 3 a plan — Fig. 4 a back elevation — Fig. 
 5 a longitudinal vertical section taken at the line (XX) of Fig. 
 3, looking in the direction of the arrow — Fig. 6 a front eleva- 
 tion — Fig. 7 a section of, and through the friction clutch — Fig. 
 8 separate view of the scroll or volute cam — and Fig. 9 a ver- 
 tical cross section of the head taken just in front of the shipper 
 lever. The same letters indicate like parts in all the figures. 
 
 The motions of the mule may be divided into three series, which 
 are subdivided in the action of the apparatus. The first series 
 consists of the drawing out of the carriage, the revolving of the 
 draw-rollers and the whirling of the spindles, by means of which 
 series of motions the rovings are drawn out and the threads spun 
 and twirled. The second series consists of backing ofi", as it is 
 termed, that is, turning the spindles the reverse direction, to un- 
 coil the threads from the points of the spindles to the cops and 
 turning down or depressing the front filler, at the same time to 
 place all the parts in a proper con-dition for the third series of 
 motions, Avhich consists of putting or running in the carriage, 
 winding on the yarn or threads by giving a vai-ying motion to the 
 spindles corresponding to the form and size of the cops, and ope- 
 rating the faller to give the proper shape to the cops. 
 
400 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 The first series of motions is regular. The carriage is drawn 
 out by a regular motion, effected by a train of wheels from the 
 driving pulley to a line shaft, which carries endless chains con- 
 nected with the carriage at different parts of its length to insure 
 steadiness of motion. During this the draw-rollers are rotated, 
 to give out the staple as it is spun by another train of wheels 
 deriving motion from the same source as the preceding, and in a 
 manner substantially similar to other mules. And at the same 
 time the spindles are whirled or rotated by a band receiving mo- 
 tion from a pulley on the shaft of the driving pulley as in other 
 mules. This completes the first series of motions, in which I 
 claim nothing new. 
 
 At the end of the first series of motions, the threads that have 
 been spun are coiled on the spindles from the cops to their points 
 — it is therefore necessary to uncoil them (called "backing off") 
 preparatory to winding on, and at the same time to depress the 
 front faller to place it in a proper position for winding on. The 
 second series of motions en'ects these purposes, and the various 
 parts of the mechanism are put in a proper condition to effect 
 this by the momentum of the moving parts at the end of the fix'st 
 series of motions. This constitutes the first part of my invention. 
 As the carriage approaches the end of the out motion, the driving 
 belt is shifted from the first driving pulley to a loose pulley by 
 the side of it, to permit the momentum of the moving parts to 
 complete the movements, and so soon as these are accomplished 
 a balance weight is carried beyond the vertical line and falls over, 
 which shifts the belt from the loose pulley to a second fast pulley 
 on the same shaft with the others, at the same time the trains of 
 wheels that operate the carriage and the draw-rollers are liberated 
 by the shifting of a clutch, and at the same time a friction clutch 
 is brought into action, thereby connecting the band that drives 
 the spindles with a sliding rack (called the "top-sliding rack") 
 which, in consequence of this connection, is carried by the mo- 
 mentum of the spindles sufficiently far in one direction to give 
 by its return the required motion to the spindles in the reverse 
 direction to uncoil the threads from the upper parts of the 
 spindles. Whilst the rack is thus moved, the second fast pulley 
 sets in motion, by a train of wheels, a crank pin that works in a 
 slot in a connecting rod, and this crank pin when set in motion 
 is a little below a line passing through the connecting rod and the 
 axis of motion, so that the crank pin moves a short distance before 
 it begins to move the connecting rod — this period of time is suffi- 
 cient to permit the momentum of the spindles (as above stated) 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 401 
 
 to draw the sliding rack to the distance required to be in a con- 
 dition, by its return movement, to give the "backing-off" m-otioii? 
 to the spindles. The ci'ank pin then in making a semi-revolution 
 carries the connecting rod with it, and this being in connection 
 with the lever of a rock shaft, provided with a toothed pulley, 
 around which passes a chain attached to the end of the sliding 
 rack, draws it (the rack) for a short distance in a reverse direction, 
 and thus causes it to give the backing-ofF motion to the spindles, 
 to uncoil the threads, at the same time depressing the front faller 
 to bring the threads in a proper position for winding on, this latter 
 being effected by having one end of the shaper or coping rail 
 jointed to a lever on the rock shaft above-mentioned. The chain 
 attached to the rack and which communicates motion to it, is kept 
 tight by being passed over a pulley and having a weight suspended 
 to it. 
 
 When the top-sliding rack is carried forward by the momentum 
 of the spindles at the end of the first series of motions, it is gra- 
 dually arrested, and with it the spindles, by means of a spring 
 brake of a peculiar construction, viz. : — On the rock shaft there 
 is a bent lever, to one end of which is connected a helical spring 
 also attached to an arm jointed to the other end of the bent lever : 
 and by the side of and attached to, the toothed wheel, around 
 which passes the chain on the end of the sliding rack, and which 
 turns freely on the rock shaft, there is a ratchet wheel and by 
 the side of it a cam plate provided with a hand or catch, by 
 means of which the ratchet and toothed wheels are carried ai'ound, 
 when the cam plate is carried around by the action of the spring 
 brake on the cam form of its periphery. And when this has 
 been carried far enough arOund, the catch is liberated to permit 
 the return of the parts by means of an arm or lever jointed to 
 one end of the bent lever which is made to lift the catch from 
 the teeth of the ratchet wheel. As the cops increase in diame- 
 ter, it is evident that the backing-off motion must be diminished, 
 and this is effected by making the connecting rod above-mentioned 
 in two parts, the first connected by one end (as above stated) with 
 the crank pin which actuates it and which works in a slot to give 
 motion to the rod in one direction only (the crank being then at 
 liberty to turn without imparting any motion longitudinally to the 
 rod), the other end being jointed to a curved arm that vibrates 
 on a stud pin, and the other part of the connecting rod is jointed 
 to the arm of the rock shaft and to a slide that works in a curved 
 groove ia the vibrating arm, so that as this slide is moved from 
 or towards the axis of motion of the arm, the rock shaft will be 
 
402 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 vibrated more or less and this slide is moved in or out by being 
 in connection with the mechanism that operates the motions of 
 the coping rail, and which will therefore be described under the 
 third series. At the end of the backing-off motion, the vibrating 
 arm of the connecting rod is hooked and held by a catch until 
 the carriage is run up, and then liberated to permit the parts to 
 resume their appropriate positions preparatory to a repetition of 
 the operation. 
 
 At the end of the second series of motions the third series of 
 motions commences, and these constitute the second part of my 
 invention. The carriage is run in by a crank motion, which has 
 the effect to gradually start it from a state of rest, and accele- 
 rate its motion to the middle of its course, and then gradually 
 diminish its motion until it is brought to a state of rest — thus 
 avoiding all tendency to break the threads consequent upon all 
 sudden motions. This is effected in the following manner, viz. : 
 When tlie shipping lever is operated at the end of the first series 
 of motion, a clutch on a shaft carried by the second fast pulley 
 is shifted, and on this clutch has but one tooth, the shaft is there- 
 by permitted to make part of a revolution, during which the 
 second series of operations takes place before it (the clutch) be- 
 gins to act, and then it communicates motion to a large cog- 
 wheel provided with a crank pin, that actuates a connecting rod 
 jointed to a rack (below the top-sliding rack above described), 
 the teeth of which take into the teeth of a pinion on the shaft 
 of one of the train of wheels that communicate motion to the 
 carriage, thereby imparting the desired movement. The wind- 
 ing on of the yarn during the running in of the carriage is ef- 
 fected by the top sliding rack, which for the purpose is carried 
 by the rack just described, by means of such connections as ad- 
 mit of modifying the motions of the top-sliding rack which drives 
 the spindles in winding on. Motion is communicated from the 
 bottom to the top rack in the following manner : — On the end 
 of the lower rack and by the side of it, there is a stud pin 
 on which turns a scroll cam, and to that part of its periphery 
 which is nearest the axis is attached one end of a chain, which 
 passes from thence around a roller that turns on a stud pin at 
 the side of the lower rack, and is then carried back and attached 
 by a short arm to the top-sliding rack, so that when the lower 
 rack slides the top rack will move with it, provided the scroll 
 can remain immovable on its axis, but as the motion of the top 
 rack during each operation must have a motion accelera,tcd rela- 
 tively to that of the lower rack, to increase the rotation of the 
 
 a 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 403 
 
 spindles, as the threads are wound on a gradually diminishing 
 diameter of the conical form of the cops — this is eifected by 
 causing the scroll cam to turn on its axis during the motion of 
 the rack, by having a wheel attached to and turning with it, to 
 the periphery of which is attached one end of a chain, that 
 passes around it, and is attached by the other end to another 
 part of the machine, so that if this part of the attachment re- 
 mains fixed, a regular accelerated motion will be given to the 
 top rack, relatively to the motion of the lower rack, and neces- 
 sarily the spindles will have their rotation accelerated relatively 
 to the motion of the carriage. These relative motions of the 
 two racks, as described, are such as are required after the base 
 of the cops has been formed, for then the threads are wound 
 regularly on a cone : but in forming the base of the cops the 
 first winding is on the naked spindles, at which time the motion 
 of the spindles should correspond with that of the carriage, and 
 from the commencement until the base is formed, the accelerated 
 motion should be gradually brought into play, to give the conical 
 form to the cops. This is effected by having the chain that 
 winds on the wheel that turns with the scroll cam, attached to a 
 slide that works on a screw in a vibrating arm, the outer end of 
 which is jointed to another arm of equal length, that turns on 
 the end of the stud, on Avhich the scroll cam and wheel turn, so 
 that when the slide is at the lower end of the arm, the two arms 
 being of equal length, the motion of the wheel with the rack will 
 not cause it to wind up the chain, but, as the slide is drawn up 
 towards the axis of vibration of the arm, one end of the chain 
 Avill necessarily move through a less space than the other, and 
 thus cause the wheel, with the scroll cam attached thereto, to 
 turn on its axis, and thus to vai-y the motion of the top rack, 
 and thereby adapt the motion of the spindles to the varying 
 diameter of the base of the cops. The screw in the vibrating 
 arm that carries the slide, is in connection by means of appro- 
 priate cog-wheels with a horizontal ratchet wheel, which is free to 
 move when the arm vibrates in one direction, but held by the 
 hand or catch when the arm vibrates in the reverse direction, 
 for the purpose of turning the screw to move the slide : and this 
 hand or catch is governed by an apparatus called a butterfly, 
 which is acted on by an arm from the counter-faller, when the 
 tension of the thread is too great, and thus throws the hand into 
 the teeth of the wheel, that the vibration of the arm shall ope- 
 rate the slide — the hand or catch being disengaged at each run- 
 ning out of the carriage. The last of the third series of mo- 
 
404 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 tions is the operation of the coping rail for operating the faller, 
 which being essentially similar to others, needs no special notice 
 here. 
 
 At the end of the running in motion of the carriage, a pin on 
 an arm projecting from the shaft of the crank that operates, the 
 under rack liberates the catch that holds the connecting-rod, by 
 which the backing- off motion is effected, and so soon as it is 
 liberated, the weight of the machinery attached draws it back 
 — and to prevent any sudden jar by this operation, the crank 
 pin which operates the connecting rod in one direction, is so 
 governed in its revolutions as to be neaidy a semi-revolution from 
 its point of departure, at the commencement of the backing-off 
 operation, so that the force required for carrying it back to this 
 position is sufficient to ease off the motion of the returning parts. 
 This crank pin is held in the position just indicated by a brake 
 within the second fast pulley, and this brake is connected by a 
 joint link and lever with the arm of the connecting-rod of the 
 backing off apparatus, which, when drawn back, forces the brake 
 in contact' with the pulley, and arrests the train of wheels and 
 this crank pin in their appropriate place. 
 
 When finishing the caps it is important to wind the threads on 
 tight at the point, particularly as the upper ends of the spindles 
 are tapering. This is effected by forming the connection between 
 the chain and the end of the top sliding rack by means of a vibrat- 
 ing frame, from Avhich projects another arm that has a chain 
 jointed to it, extending to and winding on an arbor, which arbor 
 has a ratchet-wheel on it, which is carried a part of a revolution 
 at each operation of the mule by a hand on the arm of the con- 
 necting rod of the backing-off motion ; and this auxiliary chain is 
 of such length that it continues to be wound upon the arbor with- 
 out affecting the operations of any part of the machinery until 
 the caps are nearly completed, and then it becomes so short as to 
 be brought in contact with a permanent arm towards the end of 
 the winding-on operation, and when thus brought in contact with 
 this arm it suddenly shortens the chain that forms the connection 
 between the two racks, and necessarily increases the rotation of 
 the spindles, which, as a necessary consequence, draws the threads 
 tighter on the spindles. 
 
 In the accompanying drawings (A^) represents a frame pro- 
 perly adapted to the operative parts of Avhat constitutes the head 
 of the mule, the carriage not being represented, as it is in every 
 particular similar to other mules. (A A' A") are three pulleys 
 of equal diameter and placed side by side on the main shaft (B). 
 
mason's SELF-ACima MULE. 
 
 405 
 
 The one (A) is the first fast pulley attached to, and turning with 
 the shaft (B). (A^) is the second fast pulley, carrying a pinion 
 (D), and turning freely on the shaft (B), and (A") is a loose pulley 
 placed between the other two and turning freely on the shaft. 
 A driving belt from some first mover passes over these pulleys and 
 is guided to either of them by a shipper lever (C) that vibrates on 
 a steel pin (W), and connected with a weighted balance lever (C^), 
 by which it is operated when the belt is to be shipped from one 
 to another of these pulleys. [At the commencement of the first 
 series of operations, the belt runs on the first fast pulley (A'), to 
 give the first series of motions. The pinion (J) on the shaft (B) 
 communicates a positive and regular motion to the shaft (G), 
 (which is in connection with the draw rollers in the usual manner), 
 by means of the first train of wheels (K, L, J), and from the 
 shaft (G) by the second train of wheels (N, 0, P, R, S, X), to 
 the line shaft (Y) that drives the carriage by means of endless 
 chains (Z) connected with the carriage by one of the links (Z^). 
 
 There is but one of these chains represented in the drawings, 
 and the shaft is shown as broken off", as the connections with the 
 carriage present nothing new, and therefore need not be repre- 
 sented. And at the same time the spindles are rotated or whirled 
 by the usual band (T'), diiven by the pulley (0'), on the same 
 pulley shaft (B). This completes the first series of motions, 
 viz : drawing out the carriage, rotating the draw rollers, and 
 whirling the spindles, to draw out, spin and twist the threads. 
 
 Towards the end of the running out motion of the carriage, 
 the belt is shipped from the first fast pulley (A) to the loose pulley 
 (A") which removes the driving power from these motions. This 
 shifting of the belt is effected in the following manner, viz : the 
 weighted balance lever (C^) is jointed to the shipper lever at 
 (2), and above the stud pin (3), on which it vibrates, its upper 
 end being weighted to enable it to fall over by gravity, after the 
 weight has been carried a little beyond the vertical line. The 
 lower end of this balance lever is T formed, and one of its short 
 arms is jointed by a link (4), with a short lever (5) that turns on 
 a stud pin (6), and this lever is also connected by a link [d) with 
 another lever (A) that turns on a stud pin (c), and this last lever 
 is depressed when the belt is to be slipped by means of a pin [a) 
 in a vibrating arm (L') on the shaft (K^) of the wheel that carries 
 the connecting rod by which the carriage is run in. The balance 
 lever is by this means carried a little beyond the vertical line, 
 and then carried entirely over by the weight of the lever (C^). 
 On this same shaft (K'), and on the opposite side of the frame 
 
406 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 there is another arm (M') provided with a pin {g\ which at the 
 same time depresses another lever (N^), converted by means of a 
 jointed rod (/<) with an elbow lever (7) that operates a clutch (M) 
 on the shaft (G) by means of which the cog-wheel (I) is clutched 
 to its shaft, or unclutched, so that when the driving belt is re- 
 moved from the fast pulley (A) to disconnect the parts that give 
 the first series of motions to the wheel (I) is unclutched, which libe- 
 rates the draw rollers, and the second train of wheels that com- 
 municate motion to the carriage from the parts that drive the 
 spindles, so that they (the spindles) are free to continue to move 
 by their momentum independent of the draw rollers and carriage. 
 The clutch (M) is held open until the belt is again carried to the 
 first fast pulley at the end of the third series of motions by a 
 pin (y) in one arm of the balance lever (C^) which bears against 
 one side of the arm of the clutch lever (7), for the lever (N') that 
 operates the clutch lever is provided with a helical spring [i) 
 attached to it and the frame, for the purpose of forcing the clutch 
 in the moment that the pin ( /) of the balance lever (C^) liberates 
 the clutch lever (7). The parts being thus situated, and the 
 driving belt in the loose pulley, the momentum of the spindles 
 will cause them to continue to turn for some time, and thus com- 
 mences the second sex'ies of motions. 
 
 The band (T') that carries the spindles, and which, as stated 
 above, passes around and is carried by the pulley (0') on the main 
 shaft (B), passes around a guide pulley (R') at one end of the 
 frame, and another (S') at the other end, and also around another 
 pulley (P^) that runs freely on a shaft (Q'), except when clutched 
 to it, which is done at the time the driving belt is slipped from 
 the first fast pulley (A). This pulley (P'), called the "friction 
 clutch pulley," is a hollow cone lined with leather, into which is 
 received a conical friction clutch (P") attached to the end of the 
 shaft (Q'), which slides endwise in its bearings, and in the friction 
 pulley, which is prevented from sliding endwise with the shaft by 
 a collar (8); so that, when this shaft (Q') is moved in one direc- 
 tion, the pulley (P') is clutched to it by the friction of the conical 
 surfaces, and when moved in the reverse direction, it is unclutched, 
 and turns freely on the shaft. This clutching and unclutching 
 is effected by an arm (Z^Fig. 5), on the spindle (XT') of the shipper 
 lever (C), which embraces a collar on the shaft (Q'), so that when 
 the shipper (C) shifts the belt from the first fast pulley (A), it at 
 the same time gives the requisite movement to clutch the friction 
 clutch that connects the spindles with the shaft (Q'), which will 
 be carried by their momentum, and as this shaft is connected by 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 407 
 
 the train of wheels (X', Y\ 7} and C"), with a horizontally sliding 
 rack (W'), it (the rack) will be carried for a short distance in the 
 direction of the arrow thereon. See Fig. 5. When the shipper 
 transfers the belt from the first fast to the loose pulley, a clutch 
 (D^) Fig. 9, on the shaft (Di) is shifted by the forked lever (/), 
 which turns on the stud pin (10), and is operated by a spur (11) 
 on the balance lever (C^), which bears on the end of a volute 
 spring (12) attached to the lever (/), the tension of which forces 
 the sliding part of the clutch against the permanent part, which, 
 having but one cog, causes it to clutch, when by the rotation of 
 the shaft the parts coincide. The sliding part of the clutch is 
 feathered to the shaft (D'), which is carried by a train of wheels 
 (C^ B^), and pinion (D), on the second fast pulley (A'), driven by 
 the driving belt, when it is shifted by the shipper, which carries 
 it from the first fast pulley (A) to the loose pulley (A''), and then 
 to this, the time required for this transfer of the belt by the mo- 
 tion of the shipper being sufficient for the preparatory movements. 
 
 So far, it has been shown, that the second fast pulley carries 
 the shaft (D') of the clutch (D^) a part of a revolution, before 
 clutching the pinion (E^) which gears into the wheel (F^) that 
 runs the carriage in (as will be hereinafter described), this period 
 of time being required to enable the momentum of the spindles 
 to run back the rack (W*) preparatory to the backing-o£F motion. 
 
 As the rack (W') is carried by the momentum of the spindles 
 in the direction of the arrow, preparatory to the backing- off mo- 
 tion, it is necessary gradually to arrest this motion, which is 
 effected by a friction-spring brake, constructed and connected 
 with the rack in the following manner. To the end of the rack 
 is attached a chain (w), which passes over a pulley (o), and then 
 around a spur-wheel (p), attached to a ratchet-wheel (ff), and 
 with it turning freely on a rock-shaft («), and then it passes over 
 another loose pulley (D^), and to the end of it is suspended a ten- 
 sion weight (E^), which takes up the slack of the chain. On the 
 said rock-shaft (*i), and by the side of the ratchet-wheel, there is 
 a cam plate (^), that also turns freely on the shaft, and which is 
 carried in one direction by the ratchet-wheel, when the catch or 
 hand (w), which is jointed to the cam-plate, takes into the teeth 
 of the ratchet, the two turning independently of each other in 
 the reverse direction, or in the same direction, when the catch or 
 hand is lifted out of the teeth. When the rack is drawn by the 
 momentum of the spindles in the direction of the arrow, the 
 chain {m) attached thereto turns the spurs and ratchet-wheel in 
 the direction of the arrow, and the cam-plate is also turned in 
 
408 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 the same direction, by the catch or hand (v); this motion is gra- 
 dually arrested by the enlarged or scroll-form of the cam-plate, 
 which forces out a friction arm (6'), one end of which is jointed 
 at (a'), to one arm of a lever (F^) attached to the rock-shaft (w), 
 the other arm of this lever being connected with the friction arm 
 (Z') by a helical spring (S), it will therefore be perceived, that as 
 the friction- arm is forced out by the cam-plate, the tension of the 
 spring increases the friction of the brake on the periphery of the 
 cam-plate, which gradually arrests the motion of all the parts in 
 connection with the rack (W'), and of necessity the spindles. 
 When these parts are arrested, the rock-shaft (n) is turned in the 
 opposite direction, and carries with it the cam-plate, ratchet- 
 wheel, and spur-wheel by the pressure of the brake, and of ne- 
 cessity reverses the motion of the rack and spindles to uncoil 
 the threads from the spindles. At the end of this motion, the 
 catch (u) of the cam-plate is liberated from the ratchet-wheel 
 (H^) by a spur (x) of a lever (?/) jointed at (14), to the arm (F^) 
 of the rock-shaft (n), the spur being forced on to the back end 
 of the catch by the rotation of the rock-shaft, the lever (?/) hav- 
 ing a slot in it which turns and slides upon a permanent rod {z). 
 This reversed motion of the rock-shaft (n) is effected by a crank 
 motion in the following manner, viz. : The pinion (D) on the second 
 fast pulley (A') communicates motion by the train of Avhcels (B^ 
 and R^) to the wheel (Q^) in the direction of the arrow, and 
 this wheel carries a crank pin (7i'), that works in a slot (/t^) of a 
 connecting rod (0^), jointed to a curved arm (K^) that vibrates 
 on a fixed stud-pin (15), and this arm has a slot in it which works 
 a slide (e'), for the purpose of graduating the backing off motion, 
 and to this slide is jointed another connecting rod (J^), the other 
 end of which is jointed to the arm (I^) of the rock-shaft (/;). At 
 the time that the driving belt is shifted to the second fast pulley 
 (A^), which takes place while the momentum of the spindles pre- 
 pares the parts for the backing-off motion, the crank pin (h^) is 
 at (7i^), a little above a line passing from the centre of the wheel 
 to the junction of the connecting rod (0^) and the arm (K^), so 
 that the crank pin on this wheel can move around to the position 
 represented in Fig. 2, before it begins to draw the connecting rod, 
 to give time for completing the preparation of the parts for back- 
 ing off. In rotating from (A') to {h*), the crank pin carries the 
 connecting rod the required distance to give the required backing- 
 off motion to the spindles to uncoil the threads, and at the same 
 time depresses the faller to guide the threads to the cops, prepa- 
 ratory to winding on by means of the coping rail or former (G^), 
 
 ■ 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 409 
 
 one end of which is connected by a slot with a wrist (q) on an 
 arm (F^) of the rock-shaft (n), the elevation of which by the back- 
 ing-olF motion of the rock-shaft (n) depresses the faller. So soon 
 as the connecting rod (o^) has been carried to the point (h*) by 
 the crank pin, which is the extent of the backing-olF motion, the 
 catch lever (U^) takes hold of the pin (13) on the arm (K^), and 
 there holds all the parts of the backing-ofF operation until re- 
 leased towards the end of the running- in motion of the carriage, 
 the liberation of the parts being then effected by means of a pin 
 (P) on the arm (L^) on the shaft (K') of the wheel (F'), which 
 runs in the carriage. So long as the backing-ofF apparatus is 
 held by the catch lever (U^), the crank pin (A^) can revolve freely, 
 the slot in the connecting rod (0^) admitting of this. When the 
 backing-oif apparatus is liberated, it falls back to the position 
 indicated in the drawings by the weight of the coping rail and 
 the other parts attached to the rock-shaft ; and to prevent jar, 
 this return motion of the parts is eased off by the connecting rod 
 (0^), coming against the crank pin (h^) at the point (h^), the power 
 required to turn this train of wheels in the reverse direction being 
 sufficient to ease off and gradually arrest the moving parts without 
 jar. This return motion of the backing-off apparatus at the same 
 time arrests the second fast pulley (A^) and the train of wheels 
 in connection with it, by means of a brake {j'-) connected by the 
 arm (T^), and link (S^) with the arm (K^) of the backing-off ap- 
 paratus, and the train of wheels and the connection of the brake 
 are so regulated as to stop the crank pin (7i^) at the point (h^), 
 where it is required to be when the second series of motions is 
 commenced. The link (S^), and the connecting rod (J^), are pro- 
 vided with adjusting screws for the proper adjustment of all these 
 parts. 
 
 As the backing-off motion must be gradually decreased ^s the 
 cop is formed and increased in length, the vibrating motion of 
 the rock-shaft is gradually shortened by means of the slide (e^) 
 in the arm (K^) to which the connecting rod (J^) is jointed. 
 
 For this purpose, the slide is attached to a chain (c?'), which 
 passes over the upper end of the arm, and is gradually wound 
 upon the arbor (e^'j of a cog-wheel (L^) that gears into a pinion 
 (/') of a ratchet-wheel (N^), which receives motion from the 
 vibration of the arm (K^) of the backing-off apparatus, by a hand 
 or catch (M^) jointed thereto at (g^). It will be evident that, as 
 the slide is drawn up by the chain towards the axis of motion of 
 the arm (K^), the motion of the connecting-rod (P) will be di- 
 minished, and with it the motion of the backing-off apparatus. 
 27 
 
410 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 This completes the second series of motions, and the mule is 
 then in a condition to commence the third serifs. 
 
 When the clutch (D^) at the end of the backing-off motion 
 clutches the pinion (E'), it begins to turn, -which communicates 
 motion to the cog-wheel (F') on the shaft (K') ; and to the 
 periphery of this wheel at (G'), is jointed a connecting-rod (H'), 
 the other end of which, at (I'), is jointed to a horizontal sliding- 
 rack (V) that runs on ways (W), that carries, by means of the 
 pinion (U), the train of wheels that communicate motion to the 
 carriage. The wheel (F") is carried but part of a revolution 
 (nearly one-half) in one direction by its connection with the 
 second driving-pulley (A'), when the clutch (D^) is closed, which 
 gives, by the crank-motion in consequence of the connection 
 above pointed out, the peculiar running-in motion to the carriage, 
 as pointed out in the description of the general characteristics of 
 this invention; and, as the carriage approaches the end of its 
 running-in motion, the jiinion (E') is unclutched by the reversed 
 action of the shipper-lever (C''), this reversed motion of the ship- 
 per and its appendages being effected by the pin (e) on the arm 
 (L^J of the shaft (K') of the wheel (F'), this pin (e) being on the 
 side of the shaft (KM opposite to the pin (a) which first ships it. 
 The unclutching of the pinion (E') leaves the wheel (F') free to 
 be turned back by the reversed motion of the rack (V) by the 
 train of wheels which run out the carriage in the first series of 
 motions. 
 
 As the carriage is run in by the means just described, the 
 spindles must be turned to wind up the threads which have been 
 spun during the first series of motions, and this is effected by 
 means of the top sliding-rack (W'), by which the backing-off 
 motion is given, and which is placed on top of the main rack (V). 
 The oonnection of this rack (W) with the spindles, by means 
 of the friction-clutch, having been described, it is only necessary 
 to describe the manner in which the winding-on motion is com- 
 municated to it by the main rack (V), and the manner in which 
 this motion is varied and regulated to correspond with the vary- 
 ing size of the cops as they are formed. To the upper rack (W'), 
 and near one end of it, is jointed a lever (ra'), to the short arm 
 of which is attached a chain (/'), which thence passes around a 
 pulley [k^) that turns on a stud-pin projecting from the side of 
 the main rack (V), the other end of the said chain being attached 
 to the smallest diameter of a scroll-cam (n') connected with the 
 end of the main rack (V). From this arrangement it will be 
 obvious that if the cam (n) be prevented from turning on its 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 411 
 
 axis, the motion of the main rack (V) will carry the top rack in 
 the same direction and Avith the same varying velocity, which 
 would give to the spindle a winding-on motion corresponding 
 with the running-in motion of the carriage, such as would be 
 requii'ed if the cops were to be formed cylindrical and did not 
 vary in diameter ; but such is not the case, as clearly pointed 
 out in the general description. To give the varying motion 
 required and fully pointed out above, the scroll-cam (n^) is 
 attached to and turns with a wheel {v) on the stud-pin (P) on 
 the main rack (V), and to this wheel, at (w), is attached a chain 
 (x^), which, after passing around a portion of the circumference 
 thereof, is attached by a link (?/') to a slide (2") that travels on a 
 screw (a") that turns in the arm (V^) of a rack-frame (V^), the 
 lower end of the said arm being jointed to another arm of equal 
 length (W^) that vibrates on the stud-pin (I') on which turn the 
 wheel [v^) and the cam f?i'), so that when the slide (2'^) is at the 
 lower end of the arm (V^), that end of the chain (x^) which is 
 attached to the slide, during the movements of the main rack, 
 will not communicate motion to the wheel (w") and cam (n^) ; 
 hence the motions of the two racks (V) and (W), will correspond 
 and give to the spindles the motion required for winding the 
 threads on the naked spindles, and, as the base of the cops is 
 increased in diameter, the slede (2'') is drawn up towards the 
 axis of motion of the arm (V^) to decrease the motion of that 
 end of the chain (x^) attached to it, which will cause the wheel 
 and cam to turn on their axis, and thus give out the chain (Z'), 
 thereby giving to the top rack (W), and, consequently, to the 
 spindles, a gradually reduced motion relatively to the main rack 
 to correspond with the increased diameter of the base of the 
 cops. The motion required is given to the slide (z^^) by the 
 vibrations of the rock-frame (V^j, the screw (a") that operates 
 the slide being connected by a train of cog-wheels e", 
 7i", j^^), with a horizontal ratchet-wheel which turns 
 freely by the rucking motion of the frame (V^) in one direction, 
 and which, therefore, does not turn the screw but which is pre- 
 vented from turning in the opposite direction (during the running- 
 in motion of the carriage) by a catch or pawl (r") to turn the 
 said screw. 
 
 Whenever the tension of the threads in winding on is too 
 great, it bears down the counter-faller (not represented in the 
 drawings), the arm of which in the running-in motion of the 
 carriage sti'ikes an arm (S") of what is termed a butterfly, 
 that turns on a stud pin (^''j, on which the catch or hand (r'^) 
 
1 
 
 412 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 of the ratchet (P) also turns, and with which it is connected by 
 a spring (see Fig. 1), and throws it into the teeth of the 
 ratchet-wheel — the wheel being thus held, the farther vibration 
 of the rock-frame turns the screw, and carries up the slide to re- 
 duce the motion of the spindle, and on the return motion of the 
 carriage, the hand or catch (r") is thrown out of the teeth of the 
 ratchet-wheel by the arm of the counter-faller, which then comes 
 in contact with another arm (f^) of the butterfly, the end of which 
 extends lower down than the arm (S^), and low enough to be 
 struck by the arm of the counter-faller, when it is not under the 
 action of the tension of the threads. The catch or hand then 
 remains out, until the tension of the threads again requires the 
 motion of the spindle to be reduced. The butterfly is connected 
 with a hand-catch lever (m^) that turns on a stud-pin (m^), by 
 which the attendant can throw the butterfly in and out of play. 
 So soon as the base of the cop has been formed, the scroll form 
 of the cam (m^) gives the regular varying motions to the spin- 
 dles to wind the cone of the cops, as fully pointed out in the 
 general description. 
 
 It has been stated that in finishing the cops, the threads are 
 wound on harder at the point of the cops — this is effected in the 
 following manner. On the shaft (e") which regulates the back- 
 ing-off motion as described above, there is a hub (^^) from which 
 projects a crank arm (^'), to the pin (S') of which is jointed by 
 a link (r^), a chain (|j>'), the other end of which is jointed by a 
 link (0^) to the long arm of the lever (w'), which forms the con- 
 nection between the top rack (W) and the chain (Z'), which forms 
 the connection between the top and main racks. This shaft, as 
 heretofore described, is connected Avith the ratchet-wheel (N^) 
 which is operated by the catch or hand (M^) of the lever (K^) of 
 the backing-off" apparatus, and the chain {p'^) is of such length 
 that it is wound up by the rotation of the shaft, until towards 
 the completion of the cops, at which time it is drawn sulRciently 
 tight to strike against a permanent arm (m') towards the end of 
 the winding-in motion, which causes the lever (m^) to turn on its 
 axis, and by its connection to draw up the chain (Z'), and hence 
 to increase the velocity of the rack (W"), and, therefore, the ro- 
 tation of the spindles which winds the threads on tighter — this 
 operation gradually increases to the completion of the cops. On 
 this same shaft (e'^) is placed the coping arm (?/^), the periphery 
 of which acts on the lever (x^), to which the coping rail or former 
 (G^) is jointed at (r) in manner Avell known to those acquainted 
 with the construction of self-acting mules, and which, therefore, 
 
 V 
 
mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 413 
 
 needs not to be described. This completes the whole series of 
 motions, but it will be obvious that when one set of cops has been 
 completed, the parts employed in giving the progressive move- 
 ments, such as the shaft (e") that rotates the coping or forming 
 cam (Y^) winds the chain which carries the slide (e^) of the back- 
 ing-olf apparatus, and the crank arm (i') that winds the chain (p') 
 to increase the tension of the threads in finishing the points of 
 the cop, and also the ratchet-wheels (V) which governs the mo- 
 tions of the slide (2'') on the arm (V^), by which the winding-on 
 motion of the spindles is regulated to form the base of the cops, 
 are to be turned back by hand to their original positions by the 
 attendant preparatory to commencing a new set of cbps. 
 
 I have thus described the general character of the invention, 
 and the manner of constructing and using the same, but before 
 pointing out what I claim as my invention, I wish it to be dis- 
 tinctly understood that I do not limit myself to the precise form 
 and construction of the various parts employed, or to the pre- 
 cise arrangement described, as I consider all mechanical equiva- 
 lents as within the limits of my invention. 
 
 What I claim, therefore, as my invention, and desire to secure 
 by letters patent is — First, the disconnecting of the mechanism 
 employed in running out the carriage and turning the draw roll- 
 ers, from the mechanism which gives the whirling or spinning 
 motion to the spindles, when the driving power is shifted from 
 these the first series of motions, to enable the spindles to con- 
 tinue their motion by inertia, independent of the other motions, 
 by means of the clutch box (or its equivalent) which forms the 
 connection between the three movements constituting the first 
 series of motions, whereby the momentum of the spindles can be 
 employed for preparing the parts for the backing-off motion, 
 substantially as described. Second. The method of preparing 
 the parts for the backing-off motion by means of the momentum 
 of the spindles, by connecting them with the backing-olf appa- 
 ratus by means of the friction clutch, or any equivalent there- 
 for, substantially as described. Third. The backing-off appa- 
 ratus consisting of the combination of the top-sliding rack, which 
 communicates motion to the spindles, the rocking shaft with its 
 cam and spring brake and other appendages, and the connecting 
 rod operated by the crank, all substantially as described. Fourth. 
 The method of decreasing the backing-off motion to correspond 
 Avith the increased length of the cops, by means of the slide in 
 the intermediate arm of the connecting rod (between the two 
 sections of the connecting rod), by means of which the rocking 
 
414 
 
 mason's self-acting mule. 
 
 motion of the rock-shaft is gradually decreased, substantially as 
 described. Fifth. Combining the train of wheels which actuates 
 the backing-off motion of the carriage, by means of a clutch 
 substantially as herein described, which admits of the necessary 
 backing-ofl' motion before the tooth of the clutch starts the car- 
 riage, whether this be effected by a clutch or by any other means 
 substantially the same. Sixth. Running in the carriage by 
 means of a crank motion which actuates a sliding rack that com- 
 municates the desired motion to the carriage, so as to start and 
 arrest it gradually, substantially as described, to avoid any sud- 
 den strain or jar upon the threads. Seventh. The method of 
 communicating the winding-on motion to the spindles from the 
 main rack, which runs in the carriage by combining the said main 
 rack with the top-sliding rack by means of a chain and scroll 
 cam, or their equivalents, by means of which combination in 
 connection with the form of the cam, the motions of the spin- 
 dles so correspond with that of the carriage, as to wind the 
 threads on the conical form of the cops as described. Eighth. 
 The method of varying the winding-on motion of the spindles to 
 form the base of the cops, by means of the slide and chain which 
 vary the motions of the wheel that is attached to, and which 
 rotates the scroll cam substantially as described, whether the 
 slide be opei-ated by the vibration of the arm on which it slides, 
 or by any other means substantially as herein described. Ninth. 
 The method of regulating the motion of the slide that varies the 
 motions of the scroll cam of the winding-on motion, by means 
 of what is termed the butterfly and its appendages, when this is 
 acted upon by the counter-faller, operated by the tension of the 
 threads, substantially as described. And, Tenth. The method 
 of winding on the threads tighter at the points of the cops, 
 when finishing them by means of the apparatus, which gives to 
 the top-sliding rack, an increased motion towards the end of the 
 operation, the said apparatus consisting of a chain which is con- 
 nected with the chain that forms the connection between the 
 main and top racks, and which is gradually wound up, and strikes 
 against an arm towards the end of the operations of the mule, 
 to shorten the connection between the two racks, and thus in- 
 crease the winding-on motion of spindles as described. 
 
NIAGARA THROSTLE, OR McCULLEY'S 
 SPINNING FRAME. 
 
 PLATES VII. VIII. 
 
 This machine possesses the following advantages over all other 
 kinds of Thi'ostle or common Ring Spinning Frames : — 
 
 1. A saving of one-half THE POWER consumed by the Spin- 
 ning Frames now in general use. 
 
 2. It occupies one-fifth less space. 
 
 3. It is operated with one-third less LABOR compared with 
 its product. 
 
 4. It requires but one-half the Oil of other Spinning. 
 
 5. All Banding is entirely dispensed with. 
 
 6. The Repairs are not one-half that of frames running with 
 bands. 
 
 7. It is not affected by change of weather; therefore it uses a 
 uniform amount of power. 
 
 8. It can be operated at much greater speed and without a 
 corresponding increase of power and wear and tear. 
 
 9. It gives a stronger and more uniform motion to the spindle 
 and a more even twist to the thread. 
 
 10. It combines superior advantages for Spinning fine Worsted, 
 with great speed and perfection. 
 
 11. It is particularly well adapted for doublers and twisters for 
 thread, and many are now in operation. 
 
 There are many minor advantages with this, over all other 
 spinning now in use. It does not throw olf the oil — it is a much 
 more durable machine, and gets rid of bands with all their ex- 
 pense, annoyances, imperfections and uncertainties. It does not 
 require that attention and skill in the overseer to regulate it, 
 after it is adjusted to give the twist intended ; and when once 
 adjusted, so it will remain and continue to operate. If required, 
 the Spindles may be driven 10,000 revolutions per minute. 
 Nearly two-thirds the power of a Cotton Mill is wanted to drive 
 the spinning, and the great saving in power by this frame reduces 
 the weight and expense of main gearing, shafting, pulleys, and 
 
416 
 
 NIAGARA THROSTLE. 
 
 belts correspondingly. It can be readily changed from coarse 
 to fine yarn. Either side of this frame may be operated indepen- 
 dently of the other, and stopped at pleasure, without affecting 
 the operation of the other side. 
 
 These are believed to be fair statements of facts, which the 
 operation of this machine with more than two years practical 
 test fully confirms. 
 
 These Spinning frames may be seen in operation, in many 
 sections of the country. 
 
 The novelty consists in the mode of driving the Spindles, 
 Flyers, and Bobbins by friction pulleys instead of bands (the 
 old way), as invented and patented by Francis McCulley, Jr. 
 The lithograph represents a Ring Spinning Frame, in which the 
 usual cylinders and bands are dispensed with, and the friction 
 pulleys are introduced. The invention is as applicable to driving 
 flyers, and also for Douhlers and Twisters, and Worsted Frames. 
 It may be applied to all kinds of throstle spinning, with similar 
 advantages. It is very largely in operation, and with the univer- 
 sal testimony of those using them, that the motion to the spindle 
 is stronger, more regular and uniform driven by friction pulleys, 
 than when driven by bands. There is a whirl made fast to the 
 spindle, the underside of which is covered with leather, and rests 
 upon the periphery of the pulley. These leathers will last for 
 many years, and the spindles and beai-ings wear but very little, 
 having no bands pulling them. 
 
 Fig. 4, Plate VIII. is an end elevation, showing the arrange- 
 ment for the gears and belts for driving the rolls and lifting motion 
 for the rails. 
 
 Fig. 1, Plate VII. is a front elevation, showing the rolls, 
 spindles, and an edge view of the friction-disks for driving the 
 spindles. These disks and the whirls running upon them consti- 
 tute the parts patented by McCulley. 
 
 Fig. 3, Plate VIII. is a vertical section of the machine through 
 the centre of one section, showing the roller-stands ; the manner 
 of weighing top-rolls by the weights ; the bearings for the side- 
 shafts, stands for the spindles, guide-rod for raising top or ring 
 rail. 
 
 Fig. 2, Plate VIII. is an end elevation. 
 
 Further information may be obtained of the Agents, Miner & 
 Pitman, 171 Milk Street, Boston, Mass., or of Arthur M. East- 
 man, of Boston, the proprietor of the patent, and who has been 
 chiefly instrumental in bringing this admirable machine to its 
 present state of perfection. 
 
Pl.itc III 
 
FOLDOUT BLANK 
 
e®TT®!M SlPDKIfSIEIS. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PRACTICAL MODE CALCULATOR. 
 
 BT 
 
 OLIVEE BYRNE, 
 
 CIVIL, MILITARY, AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 (SUCCESSOR TO E. L. CAREY,) 
 
 SOUTH-EAST CORNER MARKET AND FIFTH STREETS. 
 
 1851. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbreviation of the reduction of decimals, 1 7. 
 
 Abrasion, limits of, 301. 
 
 Absolute resistances, 2S8. 
 
 Absolute strength of cylindrical columns, 274. 
 
 Accelerated motion, 386. 
 
 Accelerated motion of wheel and axle, 419. 
 
 Acceleration, 415. 
 
 Acceleration and mass, 422. 
 
 Actual and nominal horse power, 240. 
 
 Addition of decimals, 22. 
 
 Addition of fractions, 20. 
 
 Adhesion, 297. 
 
 Air, expansion of, by heat, 173. 
 
 Air that passes through the fire for each horse 
 
 power of the engine, 210. 
 Air, water, and mercury, 355. 
 Air-pump, 254. 
 
 Air-pump, diameter of, eye of air-pump cross 
 head, 145. 
 
 Air-pump machinery, dimensions of several 
 
 parts of, 144. 
 Air-pump strap at and below cutter, 147. 
 Air-pump studs, 144. 
 Ale and beer measure, 8. 
 Algebra and arithmetic, characters used in, 12. 
 Algebraic quantities, 134. 
 Alloys, strength of, 287. 
 Ambiguous cases in spherical trigonometry, 
 
 381. 
 
 Amount of efifective power produced by steam, 
 266. 
 
 Anchor rings, 90. 
 Angle iron, 91, 408, 409, 410. 
 Angles of windmill sails, 445. 
 Angles, measurement of, by compasses only, 
 382. 
 
 Angular magnitudes, 359. 
 
 Angular magnitudes, how measured, 373. 
 
 Angular velocity, 412. 
 
 Apothecaries' weight, 6. 
 
 Apparent motion of the stars, 353. 
 
 Application of logarithms, 334. 
 
 Approximating rule to find the area of a seg- 
 ment of a circle, 67. 
 
 Approximations for facilitating calculations, 
 55. 
 
 Arc of a circle, to find, 49. 
 Arc of one minute, to find the length of, 361. 
 Arc, the length of which is equal to the ra- 
 dius, 357. 
 Architecture, naval, 453. 
 Arcs, circular, to find the lengths of, 68. 
 Area of segment and sector of a circle, 51. 
 Area of steam passages, 220. 
 Areas of circles, 57. 
 
 Areas of segments and zones of circles, 64, 
 
 05, 66, 67. 
 Arithmetic, 10. 
 
 Arithmetical progression, to find the square 
 
 root of numbers in, 126. 
 Arithmetical solution of plane triangles, 366. 
 2x2 
 
 Arithmetical proportion and progression, 35 
 to 38. 
 
 Ascent of smoke and heated air in chimneys, 
 208. 
 
 Atmospheres, elastic force of steam in, 195, 
 196. 
 
 Atmospheric air, weight of, 356. 
 
 Average specific gravity of timber, 396. 
 
 Avoirdupois weight, 6. 
 
 Axle and wheel, 417. 
 
 Axle of locomotive engine, 168, 169. 
 
 Axle-ends or gudgeons, 301. 
 
 Axles, friction of, 298, 300. 
 
 Balls of cast iron, 407. 
 Bands, ropes, &c., 267. 
 Bar iron, 400. 
 Beam, 151. 
 
 Beam, the strongest, 276. 
 
 Bearings of water wheels, 285. 
 
 Bearings or journals for shafts of various 
 
 diameters, 287. 
 Beaters of threshing machine, 445. 
 Before and behind the piston, 232. 
 Blast pipe, 171. 
 Blistered steel, 281. 
 Blocks, cords, ropes, shelves, 428. 
 Bodies, cohesive power of, 175. 
 Bodies moving in fluids, 324. 
 Boiler, 171. 
 
 Boiler plate, experiments on, at high tempe- 
 ratures, 220. 
 Boiler plates, 403. 
 Boilers, 256 and 257. 
 
 Boilers of copper and ii-on, diminution of 
 
 the strength of, 219. 
 Boilers, properties of, 215. 
 Boilers, strength of, 218. 
 Bolts and nuts, 406. 
 Bolts, screw and rivet, 220. 
 Boring iron, 445. 
 
 Bossut and Michelloti, exiieriments on the 
 
 discharge of water, 319. 
 Boyle of Cork, 200. 
 Bramah's press, 427. 
 Branch steam-pipe, 148. 
 Brass, copper, iron, properties of, 280. 
 Brass, round and square, 408. 
 Breast wheels, 328. 
 
 Breast and overshot wheels, maximum ve- 
 locity of, 443. 
 
 Buckets and shrouding of water wheels, 446. 
 
 Building, to support with cast iron columns, 
 293. 
 
 Bushel, 5. 
 
 Butt for air-pump, 146. 
 Butt, thickness and breadth of, 143. 
 Butt, to find the breadth of, 141. 
 Byrne's logarithmic discovery, 340. 
 Byrne's theory of the strength of materials, 
 272. 
 
 5G9 
 
570 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Calculation in the art of ship-building, 453 
 to 500. 
 
 Canvas of vessels, 488, 500. 
 
 Carriages, motion of, on inclined planes, 429. 
 
 Carriages travelling on ordinary roads, 307. 
 
 Carrier or intermediate wheels, 434. 
 
 Carts on ordinary roads, 311. 
 
 Cases in plane trigonometry, 363. 
 
 Cast iron, 174. 
 
 Cast iron pipes, 404. 
 
 Centre of effort of sails, 483, 490. 
 
 Centre of gravity, 175. 
 
 Centre of gravity of displacement of a ship, 
 
 456, 457, 458. 
 Centre of gyration, 180. 
 Centre of oscillation, 187. 
 Centres of bodies, 386. 
 
 Centres of gravity, gyration, percussion os- 
 cillation, 391. 
 Centripetal and centrifugal forces, 178, 450. 
 Chain bridge, 412. 
 Chimney, 171, 208, 257. 
 Chimney, size of, 212. 
 
 Chimney, to what height it may be carried 
 
 with safety, 212. 
 Circle, calculations respecting, 48, 49, 50, 53. 
 Circle of gyration in water wheels, 444. 
 Circles, 57 to 61. 
 Circles, areas of, 57 to 63. 
 Circular arcs, 68. 
 Circular motion, 422. 
 Circular parts of spherical triangles, 375. 
 Circumference of a circle to radius 1, 361. 
 Circumferences of circles, 57. 
 Cloth measure, 7. 
 CoefBeieut of efflux, 314. 
 Coefficients of friction, 299. 
 Cohesive strength of bodies, how to find, 281. 
 Collision of railway trains, 452. 
 Columns, comparative strength of, 294. 
 Combinations of algebraic quantities, 134. 
 Common fractions, 15. 
 Common materials, 2S0- 
 Complementary and supplementary arcs, 374. 
 Compound proportion, 14. 
 Condenser, 226. 
 Condensing water, 223. 
 Conduit pipes, discharge by, 322. 
 Cone, 82. 
 
 Conical pendulum, 185 to 187. 
 Connecting rod, 140, 141, 253. 
 Continuous circular motion, 432. 
 Contraction by efflux, 316. 
 Contraction of the fluid vein, 313. 
 Contractions in the calculation of loga- 
 rithms, 348. 
 Copper boilers, 219. 
 Copper, iron, and load, 405. 
 Cosine, to find, 361. 
 
 Cosines, contangents, &c., for every degree 
 
 and minute in the quadrant, 540 to 576. 
 Cosines, natural, 411. 
 
 Cover on the exhausting side of the valve, 
 
 in parts of the length of stroke, 231. 
 Cover on the steam side, 226. 
 Crane, 427. 
 
 Crane, sustaining weight of, 285. 
 Crank at paddle centre, 135. 
 Crank axle, diameter of the outside bearings 
 of, 168. 
 
 Crank axle of locomotive, 169. 
 
 Crank pin, 170, 252. 
 
 Crank pin journal, 252. 
 
 Crank pin journal, to find the diameter of, 139. 
 
 Crank pin journal, to find the length of, 139. 
 
 Cross head, 252. 
 
 Cross head, to find the breadth of eye of, 139. 
 Cross head, to find the depth of eye of, 139. 
 Cross multiplication, 27. 
 Cross tail, 253. 
 Cube, 79. 
 
 Cube and cube roots of numbers, 100 to 116. 
 Cube root of numbers containing decimals, 
 128. 
 
 Cube root, to extract, 32. 
 Cubes, 397 to 400. 
 Cubes, to extend the table of, 128. 
 Curve, to find the length of, by construction, 72. 
 Curves, to find the areas of, 453. 
 Cuttings and embankments, 97. 
 Cylinder side rods at ends, to find the diame- 
 ter of, 143. 
 Cylinders, 80, 397 to 400. 
 Cylinders of east iron, 404. 
 
 Dams inclined to the horizon, 316. 
 
 Decimal approximations for facilitating cal- 
 culations, 55. 
 
 Decimal equivalents, 56. 
 
 Decimal fractions, 22. 
 
 Decimal fractions, table of, 73. 
 
 Decimals, addition of, 22. 
 
 Decimals, division of, 24. 
 
 Decimals, multiplication of, 23. 
 
 Decimals, reduction of, 25, 26. 
 
 Decimals, rule of three in, 27. 
 
 Decimals, subtraction of, 23. 
 
 Deflection of beams, 295. 
 
 Deflection of rectangular beams, 294. 
 
 Depth of web at the centre of main beam, 150. 
 
 Destructive effects produced by carriages on 
 roads, 311. 
 
 Devlin's oil, 297. 
 
 Diagram of a curve of sectional areas, 460. 
 Diagram of indicator, 265. 
 Diameter of cylinder, 251. 
 Diameter of main centre journal, 143. 
 Diameter of plain part of crank axle, 169. 
 Diameter of the outside bearings of the crank 
 axle, 168. 
 
 Diameters of wheels at their pitch circle to 
 contain a required number of teeth, 436. 
 
 Dimensions of the several paa-ts of furnaces 
 and boilers, 254. 
 
 Direct method to calculate the logarithm of 
 any number, 346. 
 
 Direct strain, 278. 
 
 Discharge by compound tubes, 321. 
 
 Discharge by different apertures from differ- 
 ent heads of water, 318. 
 
 Discharge of water, 446. 
 
 Discharges from orifices, 426. 
 
 Displacement of a ship when treated as a 
 floating body, 455. 
 
 Displacement of ships, by vertical and hori- 
 zontal sections, 460, 500. 
 
 Distance of the piston from the end of its 
 stroke, when the exhausting port is shut 
 and when it is open, 231. 
 
 Distances, how to measure, 369. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571 
 
 Division by logarithms, 336. 
 Dodecaedron, 89. 
 
 Double acting engines, rods of, 250. 
 
 Double position, 44. 
 
 Double table of ordinates, 457. 
 
 Drainage of water through pipes, 325. 
 
 Dr. Dalton, and his countryman, Dr. Young, 
 
 of Dublin, 
 Drums, 422. 
 
 Drums in continuous circular motion, 432. 
 
 Dry or corn measure, 8. 
 
 Duodecimals, 27. 
 
 Dutch sails of windmills, 333. 
 
 D. valves, 233. 
 
 Dynamometer, used to measure force, 269. 
 
 Eduction ports, 171. 
 Effective discharge of water, 314. 
 Effective heating surface of flue boilers, 256. 
 Effects of carriages on ordinary roads, 311. 
 Elastic force of steam, 188. 
 Elastic fluids, 205. 
 Elliptic arcs, 69, 70, 71, 72. 
 Embankments and cuttings, 97. 
 Endless screw, 431. 
 
 Engineering and mechanical materials, 386. 
 Engine, motion of steam in, 206. 
 Engine tender tank, 92. 
 Enlargements of pipes, interruption of dis- 
 charge by, 321. 
 Evolution, 29. 
 
 Evolution by logarithms, 339. 
 Eye, diameter of, 251. 
 Eye of crank, 136. 
 
 Byo of crank, to find the length and breadth 
 
 of large and small, 142. 
 Eye of round end of studs of lever, 143. 
 Examples on the velocity of wheels, drums, 
 
 and pulleys, 438. 
 Exhaust port, 230. 
 Expanded steam, 236. 
 Expansion, 237. 
 
 Expansion, economical effect of, 216. 
 Experiments on the strength and other pro- 
 perties of cast iron, 174. 
 Explanation of characters, 12. 
 Extended theory of angular magnitude, 374. 
 Exterior diameter of large eye, 252. 
 Extraction of roots by logarithms, 339. 
 
 Fall of water, 444. 
 
 Feed pipe, 150. 
 
 Feed water, 222. 
 
 Felloes of wheels, 309. 
 
 Fellowship, or partnership, 41. 
 
 Fire-grate, 171, 214. 
 
 Fitzgerald, 264, 269. 
 
 Flange, 91. 
 
 Flat bar iron, 407. 
 
 Flat iron, 400. 
 
 Flexure by vertical pressure, 292. 
 
 Flexure of revolving shafts, pillars, &c., 296. 
 
 Flues, 256. 
 
 Flues, fires, and boilers, 217. 
 
 Fluids, the motion of elastic, 205. 
 
 Fluids, to find the specific gravity of, 392. 
 
 Fluids, the pressure of, 448. 
 
 Fluid vein, contraction of, 313. 
 
 Foot-valve passage, 149. 
 
 Force, 267. 
 
 Force, loss of, in steam pipes, 221. 
 
 Force of steam, 188. 
 
 Forces, centrifugal and centripetal, 178, 450. 
 
 Fore and after bodies of immersion, 456, 460. 
 
 Form, the strongest, 275. 
 
 Formulas for the strength of various parts 
 of marine engines, 251. 
 
 Formulas to find the three angles of a sphe- 
 rical triangle when the three sides are 
 given, 385. 
 
 Formula, very useful, 271. 
 
 Fourth and fifth power of numbers, 129. 
 
 Fractions, common, 15. 
 
 Fractions, reduction of, 16, 17, 18, 19. 
 
 Fractions, addition of, 20. 
 
 Fractions, subtraction of, 21. 
 
 Fractions, multiplication of, 21. 
 
 Fractions, division of, 21. 
 
 Fractions, the rule of three in, 21. 
 
 Fractions, decimal, 22. 
 
 Fractions, table of, 73. 
 
 Fractions, addition contracted, 78. 
 
 Fracture, 292. 
 
 Franklin Institute, 172, 219. 
 French litre, 355. 
 French measures, 5, 6. 
 French metre, 347. 
 Friction, 238. 
 
 Friction, coefficents of, 300. 
 
 Friction of fluids, 325. 
 
 Friction of rest and of motion, 267. 
 
 Friction of steam engines of difl'erent modi- 
 fications, 302. 
 
 Friction of water against the sides of pipes,321. 
 
 Friction of water-wheels, windmills, <tc., 267. 
 
 Friction, or resistance to motion, in bodies 
 rolling or rubbing on each other, 297. 
 
 Friction, laws of, 298. 
 
 Frustums, 83. 
 
 Frastum of spheroid, 87. 
 
 Furnace, 256. 
 
 Furnace room, 213. 
 
 Gallon, 5. 
 Gases, 394. 
 Geering, 422. 
 
 General and universal expression, 376. 
 General observations on the steam engine,259. 
 General trigonometrical solutions, 365, 369. 
 Geometrical construction, 362. 
 Geometrical construction of the proportion 
 
 of the radius of a wheel to its pitch, 440. 
 Geometrical proportion and progression, 38. 
 Gibs and cutter, 140, 253. 
 Gibs and cutter through air pump cross-head, 
 
 146, 147. 
 
 Gibs and cutter through cross-tail and 
 
 through butt, 141. 
 Gibs and cutter, to find the thickness and 
 
 breadth of, 143. 
 Girder, 275. 
 
 Girth, the mean in measuring, 94. 
 Glenie, the mathematician, 287. 
 Globe, 85. 
 Grate surface, 255. 
 Gravity, centre of, 175, 386. 
 Gravity, specific, 391. 
 Gravity, weight, mass, 386. 
 Gudgeons, 420. 
 Gyration, centre of, 180, 390. 
 Gyration, the centre of different figures and 
 bodies, 181. 
 
 r 
 
572 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Heads of water, 318. 
 
 Heating surface, 256. 
 
 Heating surface of boilers, 215. 
 
 Heights and discharges of water, 319. 
 
 Heights and distances, 359. 
 
 Height of chimneys, 210. 
 
 Height of metacentre, 470, 483. 
 
 Hewn and sawed timber, 95. 
 
 Hexagon, heptagon, 48. 
 
 High pressure and condensing engines, 234. 
 
 Hollow shafts, to find the strength of, 284. 
 
 Horizontal distance of centre of radius bar, 
 
 246, 247. 
 Horse power, 240. 
 
 Horse power of an engine, dimensions made 
 to depend upon the nominal horse power 
 of an engine, 147. 
 
 Horse power of pumping engines, 447. 
 
 Horse power, tables of, 243, 244. 
 
 Hot blast, 174. 
 
 Hot liquor pumps, 446. 
 
 Hydraulic pressure working machinery, 330. 
 Hydraulics, 267, 312. 
 Hydrogen, weight of, 356. 
 Hydrostatic press, 448. 
 Hyperboloid, 88. 
 
 Hyperbolic logarithms, 130 to 133. 
 Hj'perbolic logarithms, how to calculate, 353. 
 Hypothenuse of a spherical triangle, to find, 
 378. 
 
 Hypothenuse, 47. 
 
 ICOSAEDRON, 89. 
 
 Immersed portions of a ship, to calculate, 
 456. 
 
 Immersion and emersion, 493. 
 Impact, 449. 
 
 Impinging of elastic and inelastic bodies, 
 452. 
 
 Inaccessible distances, 372. 
 
 Inches in a solid foot, 96. 
 
 Inclined plane, 428, 429, 430. 
 
 Inclination of the traces of ordinary car- 
 riages, 311. 
 
 Inclinations, discharge of a 6-inch pipe at 
 several, 326. 
 
 Increase of efBciency arising from working 
 steam expansively, 262. 
 
 Index of logarithms, 334. 
 
 Indicator, 264, 266. 
 
 Indicator, the amount of the effective power 
 
 of steam by, 266. 
 Induction ports, 171. 
 Inelastic bodies, 449. 
 
 Influence of pressure, velocity, width of fel- 
 loes, and diameter of wheels, 309. 
 Initial plane, 456, 480, 500. 
 Initial velocity with a free descent, 388. 
 Injection pipe, 150. 
 Inside discharging turbine, 330. 
 Integer, 10. 
 
 Integers, to find the square root of, 125. 
 Interest, simple, 42. 
 Interest, compound, 43. 
 Involution, 28. 
 
 Involution, or the raising of powers by loga- 
 rithms, 338. 
 Irregular polygons, 54. 
 Iron, forged and wrought, 272. 
 Iron plates, 403. 
 Iron, properties of, 175. 
 
 Iron, strength of, 173. 
 
 Iron, taper and parallel, angle and T, rail- 
 way and sash, 408, 411. 
 
 Jet, specific gravity of, 394. 
 J ournal of cross-head, to find diameter of,139. 
 Journal of cross-head, to find the length 
 of, 139. 
 
 Journal, the mean centre, to find the diameter 
 
 of, 143. 
 Journal, strain of, 252. 
 Journals for air-pump cross-head, 145. 
 Journals for shafts of various diameters, 287. 
 Julian year, 357. 
 
 Juste Byrge, the inventor of logarithms, 133. 
 
 Kane, Fitzgerald, 269. 
 Keel and keelson, 433 to 500. 
 Kilometre, 5. 
 Kilogramme, 6. 
 Knots, nodes, &c., 412. 
 
 Lathe spindle wheel, 435. 
 
 Laying off of angles by compasses only, 384. 
 
 Leg of a spherical triangle, to find, 377. 
 
 Length of crank pin of locomotive, 170. 
 
 Length of paddle-shaft journal, 138. 
 
 Length of stroke, 227, 251. 
 
 Lengths that may be given to stroke of the 
 
 valve, 229. 
 Lengths of circular arcs, 68. 
 Lever, 426. 
 
 Light displacement, 459. 
 
 Line of direction, 390. 
 
 Link next the radius bar, 242. 
 
 Living forces, or the principle of vis viva,270. 
 
 Load immersion, 456, 457. 
 
 Load-water line, 456, 470. 
 
 Locomotive engine, parts of the cylinder, 171. 
 
 Locomotive engine, diameter of the outside 
 
 bearings for, 163. 
 Locomotive engine, dimensions of several 
 
 moving parts, 171. 
 Locomotive engine, dimensions of several 
 
 pipes, 171. 
 
 Locomotive engine, parts of the boiler, 171. 
 Locomotive engine, tender tank, 92. 
 Locomotive and other engines, 233. 
 Logarithmic calculations, 376. 
 Logarithmic calculations of the force of 
 
 steam, 190 to 193. 
 Logarithmic sines, tangents, and secants for 
 
 every minute in the quadrant, 540, 576. 
 Logarithms applied to angular magnitudes, 
 
 359. 
 
 Logarithms, hyperbolic, 130. 
 
 Logarithms of the natural numbers from 1 
 
 to 100000 by the help of differences, 503 
 
 to 540. 
 
 Logarithms, the application of, 334. 
 Long measure, 7. 
 
 Longitudinal distance of the centre of gravity 
 
 of displacement, 470, 500. 
 Loss of force by the decrease of temperature 
 
 in the steam pipes, 221. 
 Low pressure engines, 243. 
 Lunes, 54. 
 
 IMachinery, elements of, 425. 
 Waehinerv worked by hydraulic pressure, 
 330. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 573 
 
 Major and minor diameters of cross-head, 
 253. 
 
 Main beam at centre, 249. 
 Malleable iron, 396. 
 ]\larble, 288. 
 Marine boilers, 217. 
 Mass, 267. 
 
 Mass, gravity, and weight, 386. 
 Mass of a body, to find, when the weight is 
 given, 389. 
 
 Materials employed in the construction of 
 
 machines, 267. 
 Materials, their properties, torsion, deflexion, 
 
 &c., 267. 
 Ma.ximum accelerating force, 421. 
 Maximum velocity and power of water 
 
 wheels, 443. 
 Measures and weights, 5. 
 Measurement of angular magnitudes, 374. 
 Measurement of angles by compasses only, 
 
 382. 
 
 Mechanical effect, 417. 
 
 Mechanical powers, 422. 
 
 Mechanical power of steam, 261. 
 
 Mensuration of solids, 79. 
 
 Mensuration of timber, 93. 
 
 Mensuration of superficies, 45. 
 
 Mercury, density of, 350. 
 
 Mercury, to calculate the force of steam in 
 
 inches of, 201. 
 Method to calculate the logarithm of any 
 
 given number, 340. 
 Metacentre, 453, 466, 483. 
 Metre, 6. 
 
 Midship, or greatest transverse section, 460, 
 
 488. 
 Millboard, 405. 
 Millstones, 445. 
 Millstones, strength of, 451. 
 Modulus of elasticity, 278. 
 Modulus of logarithms, 343. 
 Modulus of torsion and of rupture, 279. 
 Moment of inertia, 412. 
 Motion of elastic fluids, 205. 
 Motion of steam in an engine, 206. 
 Multiplication of decimals, 23. 
 Multiplication of fractions, 21. 
 Multiplication by logarithms, 335. 
 Musical proportion, 40. 
 
 Natural sines, cosines, tangents, cotangents, 
 
 secants, and cosecants, to every degree of 
 
 the quadrant, 411. 
 Naval architecture, 453. 
 New method of multiplication, 342. 
 Nitrogen, weight of, 356. 
 Nominal horse power, tables of, for high and 
 
 low pressure engines, 243, 244. 
 Notation and numeration, 10. 
 Notation, trigonometrical, 369. 
 Number corresponding to a given logarithm, 
 
 351. 
 
 Number of teeth, or the pitch of small 
 
 wheels, 435. 
 Numbers, fourth and fifth powers of, 129. 
 Numbers, logarithms of, 640, 756. 
 Numbers, reciprocals of, 73 to 78. 
 Numbers, squares, cubes, &c., of, 100 to 116. 
 Numeral solution of the several cases of 
 
 trigonometry, 361. 
 Nuts and bolts, 406. 
 
 Oak, Dantzic, 280. 
 
 Obelisk, to find the height of, 371. 
 
 Oblique triangles, 368. 
 
 Observatory at Paris ff = 9-80896 metres,346. 
 O'Byrne's turbine tables, 331. 
 Octagon, 48. 
 Octaedron, 89. 
 O'Neill's experiments, 447. 
 O'Neill's rules employed in the art of ship- 
 building, 454. 
 Opium, specific gravity of, 394. 
 Orders of lever, 426. 
 
 Ordinates employed in the art of ship-build- 
 ing, 455, 456, 458, 500. 
 Orifices and tubes, discharge of water by, 312. 
 Orifices, rectangular, 314. 
 Oscillation, centre of, 187, 391. 
 Outside bearings of crank axle, 168. 
 Outside discharging turbines, 331. 
 Overshot wheels, 329. 
 
 Overshot wheels, maximum velocity of, 443. 
 Ox-hide, 299. 
 Oxygen, 214, 356. 
 
 PADDLE-shaft journal, 137, 251. 
 Paraboloid, 88. 
 Parabolic conoid, 88. 
 Parallel angle iron, 409. 
 Parallel motion, 242 to 246. 
 Parallelogram of forces, 422. 
 Parallelopipedon, 80. 
 Partnership, 41. 
 
 Partial contraction of the fluid vein, 316. 
 
 Passages, area of steam, 220. 
 
 Peclet's expression for the velocity of smoke 
 
 in chimneys, 213. 
 Pendulums, 183, 391. 
 Pendulum, conical, 184. 
 Pendulums, vibrating seconds at the level of 
 
 the sea in various latitudes, 393. 
 Percussion, centre of, 391. 
 Periodic time, 179. 
 
 Permanent weight supported by beams, 284. 
 Permutations and combinations, 44. 
 Pillars, strength of, 293. 
 Pinions and wheels in continuous circular 
 
 motion, 432. 
 Pipes, discharge and drainage of wnter 
 
 through, 321, 322, 325. 
 Pipes of cast iron, 395. 
 Pipes for marine engines, 149. 
 Piston, 251. 
 
 Piston of steam engine, 414. 
 
 Piston rod, 140, 171, 253. 
 
 Piston rod of air-pump, 146. 
 
 Pitch circle, 436. 
 
 Pitch of teeth, 441. 
 
 Pitch of wheels, 435, 439. 
 
 Plane triangles, solution of, 364, 365. 
 
 Plane trigonometry, 359. 
 
 Planks, deals, 94. 
 
 Polygons, 47, 48. 
 
 Polygons, irregular, 54. 
 
 Port, upper and lower, 229. 
 
 Position, double, 44. 
 
 Position, single, 43. 
 
 Pound, 5. 
 
 Power, actual and nominal, 241. 
 Power and properties of steam, 261. 
 Power that a cast-iron wheel is capable of 
 transmitting, 442. 
 
574 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Power of shafts, 294. 
 
 Practical application of the mechanical 
 
 powers, 425. 
 Practical limit to expansion, 261. 
 Practical observations on steam engines, 260. 
 Principle of virtual velocities, 423. 
 Prism, 80. 
 Prismoid, 85. 
 Properties of bodies, 401. 
 Proportional dimensions of nuts and bolts, 
 
 406. 
 Proportion, 14. 
 Proportion, musical, 40. 
 Proportion and progression, arithmetical, 35 
 
 to 38. 
 
 Proportion and progression, geometrical, 38 
 to 40. 
 
 Proportion, or the rule of three by loga- 
 rithms, 338. 
 Proportion of wheels for screw-cutting, 433. 
 Proportions of boilers, grates, Ac, 213. 
 Proportions of the lengths of circular arcs, 68. 
 Proportions of undershot wheels, 328. 
 Pulleys, 422, 427. 
 Pump and pumping engines, 446. 
 Pumping engines, 422. 
 Pyramid, 82. 
 Pyrometer, 63. 
 
 Quadrant, 359. 
 
 Quadrant, log. sines, cosines, &c., for every 
 minute in, 540, 576. 
 
 Quadrant, natural sines and cosines for 
 every degree of, 411. 
 
 Quadrant, to take angles with, 370. 
 
 Quantities, known and unknown, 134. 
 
 Quantity of water that flows through a cir- 
 cular orifice, 313, 319. 
 
 Quiescence, friction of, 299. 
 
 Radius bar, 242. 
 
 Radius bar, length of, corrected, 248. 
 
 Radius of the earth at Philadelphia, 356. 
 
 Radius of gyration, 412. 
 
 Radius, length of, in degrees, 357. 
 
 RaUs, temporary, 411. 
 
 Railway carriage. 268. 
 
 Railway iron, 410. 
 
 Raising of powers by logarithms, 338. 
 Reciprocals of numbers, 73 to 78. 
 Recoil, 449. 
 
 Rectangle, rhombus, rhomboides, to find 
 
 the areas of, 45, 46. 
 Reduction of fractions, 16, 17, to 19, 20. 
 Regnault's experiments on oxygen, &e., 356. 
 Regular bodies, 90. 
 
 Relative capacities of the two bodies under 
 the same displacement, 456, 470. 
 
 Relative strength of materials to resist tor- 
 sion, 294. 
 
 Revolving shaft, 250. 
 
 Riga fir, 290. 
 
 Right-angled spherical triangles, 374. 
 
 Ring, circular, to find the area of, 53. 
 
 Ring, cylindrical, 90. 
 
 Roads, traction of carriages on, 307. 
 
 Rolled iron, 395. 
 
 Roman notation, 11. 
 
 Rope, strength of, 282. 
 
 Ropes, bands, &c., 267. 
 
 Ropes, blocks, pulleys, 428. 
 
 Ropes, stiffness of, resistance of, to bendin 
 302. 
 
 Ropes, tarred and dry, 304, 306. 
 
 Rotative engines, 260. 
 
 Rotation, moment of, 414. 
 
 Rotation of a body about a fixed axis, 416. 
 
 Rotations of miUstones, 452. 
 
 Round and rectangular bars, strength of, 2S1. 
 
 Round bar-iron, 4U3. 
 
 Round steel and brass, 408. 
 
 Rules for pumping engines, 448. 
 
 Rule of three, 13. 
 
 Rule of three by logarithms, 338. 
 
 Rule of three in fractions, 21. 
 
 Rupture, 272. 
 
 Safety valves, 149, 150, 224. 
 Sails of windmills, 332. 
 Sash iron, 410. 
 
 Scales of chords, how to construct, 360. 
 
 Scale of displacement, 465. 
 
 Scantling, 95. , 
 
 Screw cutting by lathe, 433. 
 
 Screw, power of, 430. 
 
 Screw, to cut, 434. 
 
 Sectional area measured, 456. 
 
 Segments of circles, 64 to 67. 
 
 Shelves, cords, blocks, 428. 
 
 Ship-budding and naval architecture, 453. 
 
 Sidereal day, 9. 
 
 Side lever, to find the depth across the centre 
 
 of, 144. 
 Side rod, 246, 254. 
 Side rod of air-pump, 146. 
 Sines, cosines, &c., 411. 
 Sines, tangents and secants, 359. 
 Singular phenomena, 237. 
 Sleigh, 268. 
 Slide valve, 225. 
 
 Slide valve, a cursory examination of, 232. 
 Slopes li to 1, 2 to 1, and 1 to 1, 97. 
 Sluice board, 316. 
 
 Smoke and heated air in chimneys, 202. 
 
 Solid inches in a solid foot, 96. 
 
 Solids, mensuration of, 79. 
 
 Space described by a body during a free de- 
 scent in vacuo, 388. 
 
 Specific gravity, 386, 391. 
 
 Sphere, 85. 
 
 Spheres, 397 to 400. 
 
 Spheroid, 86, 87, 88. 
 
 Spherical trigonometry, 373. 
 
 Spheroidal condition of water in boilers, 236. 
 
 Spindle and screw wheels, 434. 
 
 Square, to find the area of, 45. 
 
 Square and sheet iron, 402. 
 
 Squares and square roots of numbers, 100 
 to 116. 
 
 Square root, 30. 
 
 Square root of fractions and mixed numbers, 
 31. 
 
 Square measure, 6. 
 
 Stability, 459, 499. 
 
 Stars, apparent motion of, 353. 
 
 Statical moment, 417. 
 
 Steam engine, 135. 
 
 Steam dome, 171. 
 
 Steam passages. 220, 
 
 Steam pipes, loss of force in, 222. 
 
 Steam port, 147, 148. 
 
 Steam room, 259. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 575 
 
 Steam, elastic force of, 188 to 202. 
 Steam, temperature of, pressure of, 172. 
 Steam, volume of, 202 to 206. 
 Steam, weight of, 204. 
 Steel, 408. 
 
 Stiffness of a ressel under canvas, 485. 
 Stiffness of ropes, 302, 306. 
 Stowage, 503. 
 
 Stowing the hold of a vessel, 453, 456. 
 Strap at cutter, 141. 
 
 Strap, mean thickness of, at and before cut- 
 ter, 143. 
 
 Strength of bodies, 282. 
 
 Strength of boilers, 218. 
 
 Strength of materials, 173, 271. 
 
 Strength of rods when the strain is wholly 
 tensile, 250. 
 
 Strength of the teeth of cast iron wheels, 437. 
 
 Studs of lever, 14.3. 
 
 Stud-wheel and pinion, 434. 
 
 Subtraction of decimals, 23. 
 
 Subtraction of fractions, 21. 
 
 Table by which to determine the number of 
 teeth or pitch of small wheels, 435. 
 
 Table containing the circumferences, squares, 
 cubes, and areas of circles, from 1 to 100, 
 advancing by a tenth, 57, 68, 59, 60 to 
 63. 
 
 Table containing the weight of columns of 
 water, each one foot in length, in pounds 
 avoirdupois, 401. 
 
 Table containing the weight of square bar 
 * iron, 402. 
 
 Table containing the surface and solidity of 
 spheres, together with the edge of equal 
 cubes, the length of equal cylinders, and 
 weight of water in avoirdupois pounds, 
 397. 
 
 Table containing the weight of flat bar iron, 
 400. 
 
 Table containing the specific gravities and 
 other properties of bodies; water the stand- 
 ard of comparison, 401. 
 
 Table containing the weight of round bar 
 iron, 403. 
 
 Table containing the weights of cast iron 
 pipes, 404. 
 
 Table containing the weight of solid cylin- 
 ders of cast iron, 404. 
 
 Table containing the weight of a square foot 
 of copper and lead, 405. 
 
 Table for finding the weight of malleable 
 iron, copper, and lead, 405. 
 
 Table for finding the radius of a wheel when 
 the pitch Is given, or the pitch when the ra- 
 dius is given, for any number of teeth, 439. 
 
 Table for the general construction of tooth 
 wheels, 442. 
 
 Table for breast wheels, 329. 
 
 Table of polygons, 48. 
 
 Table of decimal approximations for facili- 
 tating calculations, 55. 
 
 Table of decimal equivalents, 56. 
 
 Table of the areas of the segments and zones 
 of a circle of which the diameter is unity, 
 64, 65, 66, 67. 
 
 Table of the proportions of the lengths of 
 semi-elliptic arcs, 69, 70, 72. 
 
 Table of tiat or board measure, 93. 
 
 Table of solid timber measure, 94. 
 
 Table of reciprocals of numbers, or of the 
 decimal fractions corresponding to com- 
 mon fractions, 71 to 77, 78. 
 
 Table of weights and values in decimal 
 parts, 79. 
 
 Table of regular bodies, 90. 
 
 Table of the cohesive power of bodies, 175. 
 
 Table of hyperbolic logarithms, 130 to 133. 
 
 Table of the pressure of steam, in inches of 
 mercury at different temperatures, 172. 
 
 Table of the temperature of steam at differ- 
 ent pressures, in atmospheres, 172. 
 
 Table of the expansion of air by heat, 173. 
 
 Table of the strength of iron, 173. 
 
 Table of the superficial and solid content of 
 spheres, 96. 
 
 Table of solid inches in a solid foot, 96. 
 
 Table of squares, cubes, square and cube 
 roots, of numbers, 100, 101, 116, 125. 
 
 Table of cover on the exhausting side of the 
 valve in parts of the stroke and distance 
 of piston from the end of its stroke, 231. 
 
 Table of the proportions of the lengths of 
 circular arcs, 68. 
 
 Table of the fourth and fifth power of num- 
 bers, 129. 
 
 Table of the properties of different boil- 
 ers, 215. 
 
 Table of the economical effects of expan- 
 sion, 216. 
 
 Table of the comparative evaporative power 
 
 of different kinds of coal, 218. 
 Table of the cohesive strength of iron boiler 
 
 plate at different temperatures, 219. 
 Table of diminution of strength of copper 
 
 boilers, 219. 
 Table of expanded steam, 239. 
 Table of the proportionate length of bearings, 
 
 or journals for shafts of various diameters, 
 
 287. 
 
 Table of tenacities, resistances to compres- 
 sion and other properties of materials, 
 288. 
 
 Table of the strength of ropes and chains, 
 288. 
 
 Table of the strength of alloys, 289. 
 Table of data of timber, 289. 
 Table of the properties of steam, 261. 
 Table of the mechanical properties of steam, 
 263. 
 
 Table of the cohesive strength of bodies, 281. 
 
 Table of the strength of common bodies, 283. 
 
 Table of torsion and twisting of common ma- 
 terials, 286. 
 
 Table of the length of circular arcs, radius 
 being unity, 63. 
 
 Table of experiments on iron boiler plate at 
 high temperature, 220. 
 
 Table of the absolute weight of cylindrical 
 columns, 274. 
 
 Table of flanges of girders, 276. 
 
 Table of mean pressure of steam at different 
 densities and rates of expansion, 239. 
 
 Table of nominal horse power of high pres- 
 sure engines, 244. 
 
 Table of nominal horse power of low pres- 
 sure engines, 243. 
 
 Table of dimensions of cylindrical columns 
 of cast iron to sustain a given load with 
 safety, 293. 
 
 Table of strength of columns, 294. 
 
576 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Table of compnrntive torsion, 294. 
 
 Table of the depths of square beams to sup- 
 port from 1 ewt. to 14 tons, 295, 296. 
 
 Table of the results of experiments on fric- 
 tions, with unguents interposed, 29'J, 300. 
 
 Table of the results of experiments on the 
 gudgeons or axle-ends in motion upon their 
 bearings, 301. 
 
 Table of friction, continued to abrasion, 301. 
 
 Table of friction of steam engines of differ- 
 ent modifications, 302. 
 
 Table of tarred ropes, 303. 
 
 Table of white ropes, 305. 
 
 Table of dry and tarred ropes, 306. 
 
 Table of the pressure and traction of car- 
 riages, 308. 
 
 Table of traction of wheels, 309. 
 
 Table of the ratio of traction to the load, 
 310. 
 
 Table of the coefficients of the efflux through 
 rectangular orifices in a thin vertical plate, 
 315. 
 
 Table of the coefficients of efflux, 315. 
 
 Table of comparison of the theoretical witb 
 the real discharges from an orifice, 317. 
 
 Tabic of discharge of tubes of different en- 
 largements, 322. 
 
 Table of the comparison of discharge by pipes 
 of different lengths, 323. 
 
 Table of the comparison of discharge by ad- 
 ditional tubes, 323. 
 
 Table of the friction of fluids, 325. 
 
 Table of discharges of a 6-inch pipe at seve- 
 ral inclinations, 326. 
 
 Table of the velocity of windmill sails, 333. 
 
 Table of outside discharging turbine, 331. 
 
 Table of inward discharging turbines, 332. 
 
 Table of peculiar logarithms, 3-10. 
 
 Table of useful logarithms, 345. 
 
 Table of the specific gravity of various sub- 
 stances, 394. 
 
 Table of the weight of a foot in length of flat 
 and rolled iron, 395. 
 
 Table of the weight of cast iron pipes, 395. 
 
 Table of the weight of one foot in length of 
 malleable iron, 396. 
 
 Table of comparison, 396. 
 
 Table of the weight of a square foot of sheet 
 iron, 402. 
 
 Table of the weight of a square foot of boiler 
 plate from J of an inch to 1 inch thick, 403. 
 
 Table of the weights of cast iron plates, 403. 
 
 Table of the weight of mill-board, 405. 
 
 Table of the weiglit of wrought iron bars, 406. 
 
 Table of the proportional dimensions of nuts 
 and bolts, 406. 
 
 Table of the specific gravity of water at dif- 
 ferent temperatures, 406. 
 
 Table of the weight of cast iron balls, 407. 
 
 Table of the weight of flat bar iron, 407. 
 
 Table of the weight of square and round 
 brass, 408. 
 
 Table of taper T iron, 410. 
 
 Table of sash iron, 410. 
 
 Table of rails of equal top and bottom, 410. 
 
 Table of temporary rails, 411. 
 
 Table of natural sines, cosines, tangents, co- 
 tangents, secants, and cosecants, to every 
 degree of the quadrant, 411. 
 
 Table of inclined planes, showing the ascent 
 or descent the yard, 430. 
 
 Table of the weight of round steel, 408. 
 Table of parallel angle iron of equal sides, 408. 
 Table of parallel angle iron of unequal sides, 
 409. 
 
 Table of taper angle iron of equal sides, 409. 
 Table of parallel T iron of unequal width and 
 depth, 409. 
 
 Table of change wheels for screw-cutting, 
 435. 
 
 Table of the diameters of wheels at their 
 pitch circle, to contain a required number 
 of teeth, 436. 
 
 Table of the angle of windmill sails, 445. 
 
 Table of the logarithms of the natural num- 
 bers, from 1 to 100000, by the help of dif- 
 ferences, 602 to 640. 
 
 Table of log. sines, cosines, tangents, cotan- 
 gents, secants and cosecants, for every de- 
 gree and minute in the quadrant, 540 to 
 676. 
 
 Table of the strength of the teeth of cast iron 
 wheels at a given velocity, 437. 
 
 Table of approved proportions for wheels 
 with flat arms, 441. 
 
 Table showing the cover required on the 
 steam side of the valve to cut the steam off 
 at any part of the stroke, 228. 
 
 Table showing the cover required, 227. 
 
 Table showing the resistance opposed to 
 the motion of carriages on different incli- 
 nations of ascending or descending planes, 
 429. 
 
 Table showing the number of linear feet of 
 scantling of various dimensions which are 
 equal to a cubic foot, 95. 
 
 Table showing the weight or pressure a beam 
 of cast iron wiD sustain without destroying 
 its elastic force, 292. 
 
 Table showing the circumference of rope 
 equal to a chain, 282. 
 
 Table to correct parallel motion links, 248. 
 
 Table of parallel T iron of equal depth and 
 width, 410. 
 
 Tables of cuttings and embankments, slopes, 
 1 to 1 ; 14 to 1 ; and 2 to 1, 97. 
 
 Tables of the heights corresponding to differ- 
 ent velocities, 389. 
 
 Tables of the mechanical properties of the 
 materials most commonly employed in the 
 construction of machines and framings, 
 280. 
 
 Tangents, 360. 
 
 Tangents and secants, to compute, 362. 
 Taper angle iron, 410. 
 Teeth of wheels in continuous circular motion, 
 432. 
 
 Teeth of wheels, 422, 436. 
 
 Temperature of steam, 172. 
 
 Temperature and elastic force of steam, 188. 
 
 Tension of chain-bridge, 414. 
 
 Tetraedron, 89. 
 
 Threshing machines, 445. 
 
 Throttling the steam, 234. 
 
 Timber measure, 93. 
 
 Timber, to measure round, 95. 
 
 Time, 7. 
 
 Tonnage of ships, 461. 
 Torsion, 279. 
 
 Torsion and twisting, 286. 
 Traction of carriages, 307. 
 Transverse strength of bodies, 282. 
 
 » 
 
INDEX. 
 
 577 
 
 Transverse strain, 278. 
 Transverse strain, time weight, 273. 
 Trapezium, 47. 
 Trapezoid, 47. 
 
 Triangle, to find the area of, 46, 47. 
 
 Trigonometry, 359. 
 
 Trigonometrj', spherical, 373. 
 
 Troy weight, 7. 
 
 Trussed beams, 291. 
 
 Tubes, discbarge of water through, 312. 
 
 Tubular boilers, 257. 
 
 Turbine water-wheels, 330. 
 
 Ultimate pressure of expanded steam, 236. 
 
 Undecagon, 47. 
 
 Undershot wheels, 327, 443. 
 
 Unguents, 299. 
 
 Ungulas, cylindrical, 81. 
 
 Ungulas, conical, 83, 84. 
 
 Unit of length, 5. 
 
 Unit of weight, 5. 
 
 Unit of dry capacity, 5. 
 
 Units of liquids, 5. 
 
 Units of work, 269, 297, 414, 4lo. 
 
 Universal pitch table, 442. 
 
 Upper steam port, 229. 
 
 Useful formula, 271. 
 
 Use of the table of squares, cubes, &c., 127. 
 
 Vacuum, perfect one, 235. 
 Vacuum below the piston, 251. 
 Vacuo, bodies falling freely in, 388. 
 Valves, different arrangements of, 233. 
 Valve, length of stroke of, in inches, 228. 
 Valve shaft, 147. 
 Valve, safety, 224. 
 Valve, slide, 225. 
 Valve spindle, 171. 
 Vapour in the cylinder, 229. 
 Vein, contraction of iluid, 330. 
 Velocity, force, and work done, 267. 
 Velocity of steam rushing into a vacuum, 207. 
 Velocity of smoke in chimneys, 209, 213. 
 Velocity of piston of steam engine, 266. 
 Velocity of threshing machines, millstones, 
 
 boring, &c., 445. 
 Velocity of wheels on ordinary roads, 307. 
 Venhiri, experiments of, on the discharge of 
 
 fluids, 421. 
 Versed sine, tabular, 52. 
 Versed sine of parallel motion, 244. 
 Versed sine, 359. 
 
 Vertical sectional areas, 454. 
 Virtual velocities, 424. 
 
 Vis viva, principle of, calculations on, 276, 
 388. 
 
 Volume of a ship immersed, 456. 
 Volume of steam in a cubic foot of water, 
 202, 205. 
 
 Water, modulus of elasticity of, 190. 
 Water level, 214. 
 Water, feed and condensing, 223. 
 Water, spheroidal condition of, in boilers,236. 
 Water in boiler, and water level, 358. 
 Water, discharge of, through different orifi- 
 ces, 312, 318. 
 Water wheels, 327. 
 
 Water wheels, maximum velocity of, 443. 
 Web of crank at paddle shaft centre, 136. 
 Web of cross-head at middle, 139. 
 Web of crank at pin centre, 142. 
 Web at paddle centre, 252. 
 Web of cross-head at journal, 140. 
 Web of air-pump cross-head, 145. 
 Wedge, 85. 
 
 Wedge and screw, 430. 
 
 Weights and measures, 5. 
 
 AVeights, values of, in decimal parts, 79. 
 
 Weight, mass, gravity, 386. 
 
 Weirs, and rectangular apertures, 314, 323. 
 
 Wheel and axle, 417. 
 
 AVheel and pinion, 427. 
 
 Wheels, drums, pulleys, 438. 
 
 Windmills, 332. 
 
 Wine measure, 8. 
 
 Woods, 280. 
 
 Woods, specific gravity, 394. 
 Work done, weight, 267. 
 Wrought iron bars, 406. 
 
 Yard, 5. 
 
 Yacht, admeasurement of, 469 470. 
 Yarns of ropes, 303. 
 Yellow brass, 281. 
 Yew, 280. 
 
 Zinc, 280. 
 Zinc, sheet, 288. 
 Zone, spherical, 86. 
 
 Zone, to find the area of a circular, 53. 
 Zones of circles, to find the areas of, 64, 65, 
 66. 
 
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 against the effect of Damp in AValls ; the various- Cements and Pastes adapted to 
 the several purposes of the Trade; Observations and Directions for the Panelling 
 and Ornamenting of Rooms, &c., &c. By Jajies Aerowsmith. In One Volume, 
 12mo. 
 
4 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 THE PAINTER, GILDER, AND VARNISHER'S COMPANION: 
 
 Containing Rules and Regulations for every thing relating to 
 
 the arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, and Glass Staining ; numerous useful 
 and valuable Receipts ; Tests for the detection of adulterations in Oils, Colours, 
 &c., and a Statement of the Diseases and Accidents to which Painters, Gilders, 
 and Varnishers are particularly liable ; with the simplest methods of Prevention 
 and Remedy. Second Edition. In One Voliune, 12mo, cloth 76 cts. 
 
 Rejecting all that appeared foreign to the subject, the compiler has omitted nothing of real practical 
 worth. — Hunt's Merchants' Magazine. 
 
 An KxceUent practical work, and one which the practical man cannot afford to he without. — Farmer and 
 Mechanic. 
 
 It contains every thing that is of interest to persons engaged in this trade. — Bulklin. 
 This book will prove valuable to all whose business is in any way connected with painting. — Scott's 
 Weekly. 
 
 Cannot fail to be useful. — N. Y. Commercial. 
 
 THE DYER AND COLOUR-MAKER'S COMPANION: 
 
 Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making 
 
 Colours, on the most approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now 
 in existence ; with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, 
 Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. Second Edition. In One Volume, 12mo, 
 cloth 75 cts. 
 
 This is another of that most excellent class of practical books, which the publisher is giving to the 
 public. Indeed, we believe there is not, for manufacturers, a more valuable work, having been prepared 
 for. and expressly adapted to their business. — Farmer and Meclmnic. 
 
 It is a valuable book. — Otsego Republican. 
 
 Vie have shown it to some practical men, who all pronounced it the completest thing of the kind they 
 had seen. — N. Y. Nation. 
 
 THE BUILDER'S POCKET COMPANION: 
 
 Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Archi- 
 tecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions connected with the subject. By 
 
 A. C. Smeaton, Civil Engineer, &c. Second Edition. In One Volume, 12mo $1 
 
 Contents. — The Builder, Carpenter, Joiner, Mason, Plasterer, Plumber, Painter, 
 
 Smith, Practical Geometry, Surveyor, Cohesive Strength of Bodies, Architect. 
 
 It gives, in a small space, the most thorough directions to the builder, from the laying of a brick, or the 
 felling of a tree, up to the most elaborate production of ornamental architecture. It is seientitic, without 
 being obscure and unintelligible, and every house-carpenter, master, journeyman, or apprentice, should 
 have a copy at hand always. — Evening Bulletin. 
 
 Complete on the subjects of which it treats. A most useful practical work. — Baltimore American, 
 
 It must be of great practical utility. — Savannah Republican. 
 
 To whatever branch of the art of building the reader may belong, he will find in this something valuable 
 and calculated to assist his progress. — Farmer and Mechanic. 
 
 This is a valuable little volume, designed to assist the student in the acquisition of elementary knowledge, 
 and will be found highly advantageous to every young man who has devoted himself to the interesting 
 pursuits of which it treats. — Virginia Herald. 
 
 A TREATISE ON A BOX OF INSTRUMENTS, 
 
 And the Slide Rule, with the Theory of Trigonometry and 
 
 Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Measuring of Timber, Cask 
 and Malt Gauging, Heights and Distances. By Thomas Kentish. In One 
 Volume, 12mo. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIitD. 
 
 5 
 
 THE CABINET-MAKER AND UPHOLSTERER'S COMPANION: 
 
 Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making 
 
 and Upholstery, with familiar InstructioBS, illustrated by Examples, for attaining 
 a proficiency in the Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabinet-Work ; the processes 
 of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl Work ; the art of Dyeing and Staining AVood, 
 Bone, Tortoise-shell, &c. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnishing ; 
 to make French Polish ; to prepare the best Glues, Cements, and Compositions, 
 and a number of Receipts particularly useful for Workmen generally, with Ex- 
 planatory and Illustrative Engravings. By J. Stokes. In One Volume, 12mo, 
 with Illustrations 75 cts. 
 
 A large amount of practical information, of great service to all concerned in those branches of business. 
 — Ohio State Journal. 
 
 PROPELLERS AND STEAM NAVIGATION: 
 
 With Biographical Sketches of Early Inventors. By Robert 
 
 Macfarlane, C. E., Editor of the " Scientific American." In One Volume, 12mo. 
 
 Illustrated by over Eighty Wood Engravings 75 cts. 
 
 The object of this " History of Propellers and Steam Navigation" is twofold. One is the arrangement 
 an' description of many devices which have been invented to propel vessels, in order to prevent many in- 
 gc^n.ous men from wasting their time, talents, and money on such projects. The immense amount of time, 
 study, and money thrown away on such contrivances is beyond calculation. In this respect, it is hoped 
 that it will be the means of doing some good. — Preface. 
 
 TABLES OF LOGARITHMS FOR ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS: 
 
 Containing the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to 
 
 100000, by the help of Proportional Diiferences. And Logarithmic Sines, Co- 
 sines, Tangents, Co-tangents, Secants, and Co-secants, for every Degree and Mi- 
 nute in the Quadrant. To which are added. Differences for every 100 Seconds. By 
 Oliveb Byrne, Civil, Military, and Mechanical Engineer. In One Vol. 8vo. cl.... $1 
 
 THE FRUIT, FLOWER, AND KITCHEN GARDEN. 
 
 By Patrick Neill, L. L. D., F. R. S. E., Secretary to the 
 
 Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Adapted to the United States, from the 
 
 Fourth Edition, revised and improved by the Author. Illustrated by fifty Wood 
 
 Engravings of Hothouses, &c. &c. In One Volume, 12mo .$1.25 
 
 This volume supplies a desideratum much felt, and gives within a moderate compass all the horticultural 
 information necessary for practical use. — Newark Mercury. 
 
 A valuable addition to the horticulturist's library.— .Bai(imo)-e Patriot. 
 
 This work is the production of a most celebrated British horticulturist, Dr. Neiil, of Scotland, for up- 
 wards of thirty years the Secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, and in every way qualified to 
 make a standard book upon the subject it discusses. The careful adaptation of the work to the peculiar 
 circumstances and necessities of our own people, is a subject of congratulation, since good books upon hor- 
 ticulture cannot be too much multiplied. We are pleased with the comprehensiveness of Dr. Null's 
 treatise. — Southern Literary Gazette. 
 
 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. 
 
 By Thomas Tredgold. In One Volume, quarto, with nume- 
 rous Illustrations $2.50 
 
6 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF HENHY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMISTRY, PRACTICAL AND 
 THEORETICAL : 
 
 Embracing its Application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, 
 
 Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By James C. Booth, Melter and Refiner in 
 the United States Mint, Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, 
 &c. ; assisted by Campbell Morfit, Author of "Chemical Manipulations," &c. 
 Complete in One Volume, royal octavo, 978 pages, with numerous Woodcuts and 
 other Illustrations. Second Edition. Full bound $5 
 
 Tt covers the whole field of Chemistry os applied to Arts and Sciences. * * * As no library is complete 
 •without a common dictionary, it is also our opinion that none can be without this Encyclopedia of Chemis- 
 try. — Scipnlijlc Amerii-nn. 
 
 A work of time and labour, and a treasury of ohemieal information. — JVorth American. 
 
 By far the best manual of the kind which has been presented to the American public. — Boston Courier, 
 
 An invaluable work for the dissemination of sound practical knowledge. — L^'dr/cr. 
 
 A treasury of chemical information, including all the latest and most important discoveries. — Baltimore 
 American, 
 
 At the first glance at this massive volume, one is amazed at the amount of reading furnished in its 
 compact double pages, ahout one thousand in number. A further examination shows that every page is 
 richly stored with information, and that while the labours of the authors have covered a wide lield, they 
 have neglected or slighted nothing. Every chemical term, substance, and process is elaborately, but in- 
 telligibly, described. The whole science of Chemistry is placed before the reader as fully as is practicable 
 with a science continually progressing. * * * Unlike most American works of this class, the authors have 
 not depended upon any one European work for their materials. They have gathered theirs from works on 
 Chemistry in all languages, and in all parts of Europe and America; their own experience, as practical 
 chemists, being ever ready to settle doubts or reconcile conflicting authorities. The fruit of so much toil is 
 a work that must ever be an honour to American science. — Evening BuUelin. 
 
 SYLLABUS OF A COMPLETE COURSE OF LECTURES ON 
 CHEMISTRY : 
 
 Including its Application to the Arts, Agriculture, and Mining, 
 
 prepared for the use of the Gentlemen Cadets at the Hon. E. I. Co.'s Military 
 Seminary, Addiscombe. By Professor E. Solly, Lecturer on Chemistry in the 
 Hon. E. I. Co.'s Military Seminary. Revised by the Author of " Chemical Manipu- 
 lations." In One Volume, octavo, cloth $1.25 
 
 The present work is designed to occupy a vacant place in the libraries of Chemical text-books. It is 
 aflmirably adapted to the wants of both teacher and pupil; and will be found especially convenient to the 
 latter, either as a companion in the cla.ss-room. or as a remembrancer in the study. It gives, at a glance, 
 under appropriate headings, a classified view of the whole science, which is at tlie same time compendious 
 and minutely accurate; and its wide margins afford sufficient blank space for such manuscript notes as the 
 student may wish to add during lectures or recitations. 
 
 The almost indispensable advantages of such an impressive aid to memory are evident to every student 
 who has used one in other branches of study. Theiefore, as there is now no Chemical Syllabus, we have 
 been induced by the excellences of this work to recommend its republication in this country; confident 
 that an I'xamination of the contents will produce full conviction of its intrinsic worth and usefulness. — 
 EdiUir's Preface, 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY COURSE OF INSTRUCTION ON ORDNANCE AND 
 
 GUNNERY. 
 
 Prepared for the use of the Midshipmen at the Naval School. 
 
 By James H. Wakd, U. S. N. In One Volume, octavo $1.50 
 
 STEAM FOR THE MILLION. 
 
 Vn Elementary Outline Treatise on the Nature and Manage- 
 ment of steam, and the Principles and Arrangement of the Engine. Adapted for 
 Popular Instruction, for Apprentices, and for the use of the Navigator. With an 
 Appendix containing Notes on Expansive Steam, &c. In One Volume, 8vo...37J cts. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 7 
 
 HOUSEHOLD SURGERY ; OR, HINTS ON EMERGENCIES. 
 
 By J. F. South, one of the Surgeons of St. Thomas's Hospi- 
 tal. In One Volume, 12mo. Illustrated by nearly fifty Engravings §1.25 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 The Doctor's Shop. — Poultices, Fomentations, Lotions, Liniments, Ointments, Plasters. 
 
 Surgery. — Blood-letting, Blistering, Vaccination, Tooth-drawing, How to put on a 
 Roller, Lancing the Gums, Swollen Veins, Bruises, Wounds, Torn or Cut Achilles Ten- 
 don, What is to be done in cases of sudden Bleeding from various causes, Scalds and 
 Burns, Frost-bite, Chilblains, Sprains, Broken Bones, Bent Bones, Dislocations, Rup- 
 tures, Piles, Protruding Bowels, AVetting the Bed, Whitlow, Boils, Black-heads, In- 
 growing Nails, Bunions, Corns, Sty in the Eye, Blight in the Eye, Tumours in the 
 Eyelids, Inflammation on the Surface of the Eye, Pustules on the Eye, Milk Abscesses, 
 Sore Nipples, Irritable Breast, Breathing, Stifling, Choking, Things in the Eye, On 
 Dress, Exercise and Diet of Children, Bathing, Infections, Observations on Ventilation. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD MEDICINE. 
 
 By D. Francis Condie, M. D. In One Volume, 12mo. Uni- 
 form with, and a companion to, the above. (In immediate preparation.) 
 
 ELWOOD'S GRAIN TABLES : 
 
 Showing the value of Bushels and Pounds of different kinds 
 
 of Grain, calculated in Federal Money, so arranged as to exhibit upon a single 
 page the value at a given price from ten cents to two dollars per bushel, of any 
 quantity from one pound to ten thousand bushels. By J. L. Elwood. A new Edition. 
 In One Volume, 12mo Si 
 
 To Millers and Produce Dealers this work is pronounced hy all who have it in use, to be superior in ar- 
 rangement to any work of the kind published — and unerring accuracy in every calculation may be relied 
 upon in every instance. 
 
 [[y A reward of Twenty-five Dollars ;s offered for an error of one cent found in the work. 
 
 PERFUMERY ; ITS MANUFACTURE AND USE : 
 With Instructions in every branch of the Art, and Receipts 
 
 for all the Fashionable Preparations ; the whole forming a valuable aid to the 
 Perfumer, Druggist, and Soap Manufacturer. Illustrated by numerous AVoodcuts. 
 From the French of Celnart, and other late authorities. With Additions and Im- 
 provements, by Campbell Moefit, one of the Editors of the "Encyclopedia of 
 Chemistry." In One Volume, 12mo, cloth $1 
 
 ELECTROTYPE MANIPULATION: 
 
 Being the Theory and Plain Instructions in the Art of "Work- 
 ing in Metals, by Precipitating them from their Solutions, through the agency of 
 Galvanic or Voltaic Electricity. By Chaelf.s V. AValkee, Hon. Secretary to the 
 London Electrical Society, &c. Illustrated by Woodcuts. From the Thirteenth 
 London Edition. In One Volume, 24mo, cloth 62 cts. 
 
8 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 PHOTOGENIC MANIPULATION: 
 
 Containing the Theory and Plain Instructions in the Art of 
 
 Photography, or the Production of Pictures through the Agency of Light ; in- 
 cluding Calotype, Chrysotype, Cyanotype, Chromatype, Energiatype, Anthotype, 
 Amphitype, Daguerreotype, Thermography, Electrical and Galvanic Impressions. 
 By George Thomas Fisher, Jr., Assistant in the Laboratory of the London In- 
 stitution. Illustrated by Wood-cuts. In One Volume, 24mo, cloth 62 cts. 
 
 MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: 
 
 Being a Common-Place Book of Principles, Theorems, Rules, 
 
 and Tables, in various Departments of Pure and Mixed Mathematics, with their 
 Applications, especially to the pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, and 
 Civil Engineers. With numerous Engravings. By Olinthus Gregory, L. L. D., 
 F. R. A. S $1.50 
 
 Only let men awake, and fix their eye, one while on the nature of things, another whOe on the application 
 of them to the use and service of mankind. — Lord Bacon. 
 
 SHEEP HUSBANDRY IN THE SOUTH : 
 
 Comprising a Treatise on the Acclimation of Sheep in the 
 
 Southern States, and an Account of the different Breeds. Also, a Complete Ma- 
 nual of Breeding, Summer and Winter Management, and of the Treatment of 
 Diseases. With Portraits and other Illustrations. By Henry S. Randall. In 
 One Volume, octavo $1.25 
 
 MISS LESLIE'S COMPLETE COOKERY. 
 
 Directions for Cookery, in its Various Branches. By Miss 
 
 Leslie. Forty-first Edition. Thorouglily Revised, with the Addition of New 
 
 Receipts. In One Volume, 12mo, half bound, or in sheep $1 
 
 In preparing a new and carefully revised edition of this my first work on cookery, I have introduced 
 improvements, corrected errors, and added new receipts, that I trust will on trial be found satisfactory. The 
 success of the hook (proved by its immense and increasing circulation) affords conclusive evidence that it 
 has ol)tained the approbation of a large number of my countrywomen; many of whom have informed me 
 that it has made practical housewives of young ladies who have entered into married life with no other ac- 
 quirements than a few showy accomplishments. Gentlemen, also, have told me of great improvements in 
 the family table, after presenting their wives with this manual of domestic cookery, and that, after a morn- 
 ing devoted to the fatigues of business, they no longer find themselves subjected to the annoyance of an 
 ill-dressed dinner. — Preface. 
 
 MISS LESLIE'S TWO HUNDRED RECEIPTS IN FRENCH COOKERY. 
 
 A new Edition, in cloth 25. cts. 
 
 TWO HUNDRED DESIGNS FOR COTTAGES AND VILLAS, &c. &c., 
 
 Original and Selected. By Thomas U. Walter, Architect of 
 
 Girard College, and John Jay Smith, Librarian of the Philadelphia Library. In 
 Four Parts, quarto $10 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 9 
 
 STANDARD ILLUSTRATED POETRY. 
 
 THE TALES AND POEMS OF LORD BYRON: 
 
 Illustrated by Henry Warren. In One Volume, royal 8vo, 
 
 with 10 Plates, scarlet cloth, gilt edges $5 
 
 Morocco extra $7 
 
 It is illustrated by several elegant engravings, from original designs by Wabren, and is a most splendid 
 work for the parlour or study. — Boston Evening Gazette. 
 
 CHILDE HAROLD; A ROMAUNT BY LORD BYRON: 
 
 Illustrated by 12 Splendid Plates, by Warren and others. In 
 
 One Volume, royal 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges $5 
 
 Morocco extra $7 
 
 Printed in elegant style, with splendid pictures, far superior to any thing of the sort usually found in 
 books of this kind. — iV. T. Courier. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF THE BRITISH POETS. 
 
 From the time of Chaucer to the end of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury. By Thomas Campbell. In One Volume, royal 8vo. (In press.) 
 
 THE FEMALE POETS OF AMERICA. 
 
 By KuFUS W. Griswold. A new Edition. In One Volume, 
 
 royal 8vo. Cloth, gilt $2.50 
 
 Cloth extra, gilt edges $3 
 
 Morocco super extra $4.50 
 
 The best production which has yet come from the pen of Dr. Griswold, and the most valuable contribu- 
 tion which he has ever made to the literary celebrity of the country. — iV. Y. Tribune. 
 
 THE LADY OF THE LAKE : 
 
 By Sir Walter Scott. Illustrated with 10 Plates, by Cor- 
 
 BOULD and Meadows. In One Volume, royal Svo. Bound in cloth extra, gilt 
 
 edges $5 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $7 
 
 This is one of the most truly beautiful books which has ever issued firom the American press. 
 
 LALLA ROOKH; A ROMANCE BY THOMAS MOORE: 
 
 Illustrated by 13 Plates, from Designs by Corbould, Meadows, 
 
 and Stephanoff. In One Volume, royal Svo. Bound in cloth extra, gilt edges. ..$5 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $7 
 
 This is published in a style uniform with the •' Lady of the Lake." 
 
10 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAHEY BAIRD. 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF THOMAS GRAY: 
 
 With Illustrations by C. W. Radcliffe, Edited with a Me- 
 moir, by Henrt Reed, Professor of English Literature in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. In One Volume, 8vo. Bound in cloth extra, gilt edges $3.50 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $5.50 
 
 It i.i many a day since we have seen issued from the press of our country a volume so complete and truly 
 elegant in every respect. The typography is faultless, the illustrations superior, and the binding superb. — 
 Troy Whig. 
 
 We have not seen a specimen of typographical luxury from the American press which can surpass this 
 volume in choice elegance. — Boston Courier. 
 
 It is eminently calculated to consecrate among American readers (if they have not been consecrated 
 already in their hearts) the pure, the elegant, the refined, and, in many respects, the sublime imaginings 
 of TuoMAS Gray. — Richmond Whig, 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW: 
 
 Illustrated by 10 Plates, after Designs by D. Huntingdon, 
 
 with a Portrait. Ninth Edition. In One Volume, royal 8vo. Bound in cloth extra, 
 
 gilt edges $5 
 
 Morocco super extra $7 
 
 This is the very luxury of literature — LoNOFELLOvr's charming poems presented in a form of unsurpassed 
 beauty. — JVeaVs Gazette. 
 
 POETS AND POETRY OF ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH 
 
 CENTURY: 
 
 By RuFUS W. Griswold. Illustrated. In One Volume, royal 
 
 8vo. Bound in cloth $3 
 
 Cloth extra, gilt edges $3.50 
 
 Morocco super extra $5 
 
 Such is the critical acumen discovered in these selections, that scarcely a page is to be found but is redo- 
 lent with beauties, and the volume itself may be regarded as a galaxy of literary pearls. — Democratic 
 Review. 
 
 THE POETS AND POETRY OF THE ANCIENTS : 
 
 By "William Peter, A. M. Comprising Translations and Spe- 
 cimens of the Poets of Greece and Rome, with an elegant engraved View of the 
 
 Coliseum at Rome. Bound in cloth $3 
 
 Cloth extra, gilt edges $3.50 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $5 
 
 THE FEMALE POETS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 With Copious Selections and Critical Remarks. By Frederic 
 
 RowTON. With Additions by an American Editor, and finely engraved Illustra- 
 tions by celebrated Artists. In One Volume, royal Svo. Bound in cloth extra, 
 
 gilt edges $5 
 
 Turkey morocco $7 
 
 Mr. RoWTOM has presented us with admirably selected specimens of nearly one hundred of the most 
 celebrated female poets of Great Britain, from the time of Lady Juliana Bernes, the first of whom there is 
 any record, to the Mitfords, the Hewitts, the Cooks, the Barretts, and others of the present day. — Hunt's 
 Merchants' Magauine. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF HENKY CAREY BAIKD. H 
 
 THE TASK, AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 By "William Cowper. Illustrated by 10 Steel Engravings. In 
 
 One Volume, 12mo. Cloth extra, gilt edges $2 
 
 Morocco extra $3 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF NATHANIEL P. WILLIS. 
 
 Illustrated by 16 Plates, after Designs by E. Leutze. In One 
 
 Volume, royal 8vo. A new Edition. Bound in cloth extra, gilt edges $5 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $7 
 
 This is one of the most beautiful works «ver published in this country.— Cburier and Inquirer. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN SIMON SUGGS; 
 
 And other Sketches. By Johnson J. Hooper. With Illus- 
 
 trations. 12mo, paper 50 cts. 
 
 Cloth 62 cts. 
 
 AUNT PATTY'S SCRAP-BAG. 
 
 By Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz, Author of " Linda." 12 mo. 
 
 Paper covers 50 cts. 
 
 Cloth 62 cts. 
 
 BIG BEAR OF ARKANSAS ; 
 
 And other Western Sketches. Edited by W. T. Porter. In 
 
 One Volume, 12mo, paper 50 cts. 
 
 Cloth 62 cts. 
 
 COMIC BLACKSTONE. 
 
 By Gilbert Abbot a' Becket. Illustrated. Complete in One 
 
 Volume. Cloth 75 cts. 
 
 GHOST STORIES. 
 
 Illustrated by Designs by Darley. In One Volume, 12mo, 
 
 paper covers 50 cts. 
 
 MODERN CHIVALRY; OR, THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN 
 FARRAGO AND TEAGUE O'REGAN. 
 
 By H. H. Brackenridge. Second Edition since the Author's 
 
 death. With a Biographical Notice, a Critical Disquisition on the Work, and Ex- 
 planatory Notes. With Illustrations, from Original Designs, by Darley. Two 
 
 Volumes, paper covers $1.00 
 
 Cloth or sheep $1.25 
 
12 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BATED. 
 
 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF LORD BOLINGBROKE : 
 
 With a Life, prepared expressly for this Edition, containing 
 
 Additional Information relative to his Personal and Public Character, selected 
 
 from the best authorities. In Four Volumes, 8vo. Bound in cloth $6.00 
 
 In sheep $7.50 
 
 FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 Of Useful Knowledge and General Literature; containing 
 
 about Four Thousand Articles upon Scientific and Popular Subjects. With Plates. 
 By John L. Blake, D. D. In One Volume, 8to, fiill bound $5 
 
 CHRONICLES OF PINEVILLE. 
 
 By the Author of " Major Jones's Courtship." Illustrated by 
 
 Daklet. 12mo, paper 50 cts. 
 
 Cloth 62 cts. 
 
 GILBERT GURNEY. 
 
 By Theodore Hook. With Illustrations. In One Volume, 
 
 8vo, paper 50 cts. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GENERALS, COMMODORES, AND OTHER 
 COMMANDERS, 
 
 Who distinguished themselves in the American Army and 
 
 Navy, during the War of the Revolution, the War with France, that with Tripoli, 
 and the War of 1812, and who were presented with Medals, by Congress, for their 
 gallant services. By Thomas Wyatt, A. M., Author of "History of the Kings of 
 France." Dlustrated with Eighty-two Engravings from the Medals. 8vo, cloth 
 
 gilt $2.00 
 
 Half morocco $2.50 
 
 VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES : 
 
 Old Halls, Battle Fields, and Scenes Illustrative of striking 
 
 passages in English History and Poetry. By William Howitt. In Two Volumes, 
 8vo, cloth $3.50 
 
 THE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS OF WILLIAM HAZLITT ; 
 
 Including Table-talk ; Opinions of Books, Men and Things ; 
 
 Lectures on Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth ; Lectures on the Eng- 
 lish Comic Writers ; The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits. Five 
 
 Volumes, 12mo, cloth $5.00 
 
 Half calf $6.25 
 
 FLORAL OFFERING: 
 
 A Token of Friendship. Edited by Frances S. Osgood. Il- 
 lustrated by 10 beautiful Bouquets of Flowers. In One Volume, 4to, muslin, gilt 
 
 edges $3.50 
 
 Turkey morocco super extra $5.50 
 
 THE HISTORICAL ESSAYS, 
 
 Published under the title of " Dix Ans D'Etude Historique," 
 
 and Narratives of the Merovingian Era ; or, Scenes in the Sixth Century. With 
 an Autobiographical Preface. By Augustus Thiekry, Author of the "History 
 
 of the Conquest of England by the Normans." 8vo, paper 75 cts. 
 
 Cloth $1.00 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY CAREY BAIED. 
 
 13 
 
 BOOK OF THE SEASONS ; 
 
 Or, The Calendar of Nature. By William Howitt. One 
 
 Volume, 12mo. Cloth $1 
 
 Calf extra $2 
 
 NOTES OF A TEAVELLER 
 
 On the Social and Political State of France, Prussia, Switzer- 
 land, Italy, and other parts of Europe, during the present Century. By Samuel 
 Laing. In One Volume, 8vo, cloth $1 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. 
 
 By General Count Montiiolon, the Emperor's Companion in 
 
 Exile and Testamentary Executor. One Volume, 8vo, cloth S2.50 
 
 Half morocco $3.00 
 
 MY SHOOTING BOX. 
 
 By Frank Forrester, (Henry Wm. Herbert, Esq.,) Author 
 
 of " Warwick Woodlands," &c. With Illustrations, by Darley. One Volume, 
 
 12mo, cloth 62 cts. 
 
 Paper covers 50 cts. 
 
 MYSTERIES OF THE BACKWOODS : 
 
 Or, Sketches of the South-west — including Character, Scenery, 
 
 and Rural Sports. By T. B. Thoepe, Author of "Tom Owen, the 13ee-Hunter," 
 
 &c. Illustrated by Dauley. 12mo, cloth 62 cts. 
 
 Paper 50 cts. 
 
 NARRATIVE OF THE LATE EXPEDITION TO THE DEAD SEA. 
 
 From a Diary by one of the Party. Edited by Edward P. 
 
 Montague. 12mo, cloth $1 
 
 MY DREAMS : 
 
 A Collection of Poems. By Mrs. Louisa S. McCord. 12mo, 
 
 boards 75 cts. 
 
 RAMBLES IN YUCATAN : 
 
 Or, Notes of Travel through the Peninsula : including a Visit 
 
 to the Remarkable Ruins of Chi-chen, Kabah, Zayi, and Uxmal. With numerous 
 Illustrations. By B. M. Norman. Seventh Edition. In One Volume, octavo, 
 cloth $2 
 
 PICKINGS FROM THE " PORTFOLIO OF THE REPORTER OF THE 
 NEW ORLEANS PICAYUNE ;" 
 
 Comprising Sketches of the Eastern Yankee, the Western 
 
 Hoosier, and such others as make up Society in the great Metropolis of the South. 
 
 With Designs by Barley. 18mo, paper 50 cts. 
 
 Cloth 62 cts. 
 
 THE AMERICAN IN PARIS. 
 
 By John Sanderson. A New Edition. In Two Volumes, 
 
 12mo, cloth $1 
 
 This is the most animated, graceful, and intelligent sketch of French manners, or any other, that we have 
 
 had for these twenty years. — Lowlnrt Mmllihi Magptinf. 
 
 B 
 
14 
 
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