? 3; 
 
 
 c 
 
 
SyD* 72 '?-/>/? 7r 
 
 FOR 
 
 RUR AL , RESIDENCES, 
 
 &C. &C.' 
 
RURAL RESIDENCES, 
 
 CONSISTING OP 
 
 A SERIES OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 COTTAGES, DECORATED COTTAGES, 
 SMALL VILLAS, 
 
 AND OTHER 
 
 ORNAMENTAL BUILDINGS, 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY HINTS ON 
 
 SITUATION, CONSTRUCTION, ARRANGEMENT AND 
 DECORATION, IN THE THEORY & PRACTICE 
 OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE ; 
 
 INTERSPERSED WITH 
 
 g>ome (^bserbattono on Landscape aatbemng : 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN B. PAPWORTH, 
 
 ARCHITECT, 
 
 AUTHOR OF ESSAY ON THE DRY ROT, &c. &c. 
 
 IlcmOott : 
 
 PRINTED FOR R. ACKERMANN, 101, STRAND, 
 
 By J. Diggens, 14, Sx. Ann’s Lane. 
 
 1818 . 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 
 If it be true that the Arts are relished in proportion as they are 
 understood, and encouraged, as they become familiar ; it is surely 
 the duty as well as the interest of every professor freely to com- 
 municate the principles of his art, and to make its practice gene- 
 rally intelligible. For these purposes the following designs for 
 rural buildings, accompanied by some practical observations, were 
 presented to the public in the “ Repository of Arts,” under the 
 title of Architectural Hints, during the successive months 
 of the years 1816 and 1817. — The proprietor of that work 
 having received such applications for the series of designs in a 
 separated form, as induces him to re-publish them ; further 
 observations have been added to supply, in part, the many defi- 
 ciencies which necessarily occurred from so desultory a manner 
 of publication. 
 
 There is much reason to believe that architecture in this 
 country has failed to receive its proportion of public patronage, 
 because the public has not distinguished it as a fine art, subject 
 to laws of fitness, and founded on a combination of brilliant 
 fancy and sound judgment ; but have rather considered it as a 
 mechanical operation, in which the mere builder is fully com- 
 petent to all its duties thus the villas that surround London, 
 
VI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the country residences of the most wealthy of its inhabitants, 
 not being designed by the architect, are little more than mere 
 cases of brick, in which a certain number of apartments are inju- 
 diciously arranged; presenting to the eye a continuity of ill 
 bestowed expense and tasteless absurdities; disgraceful to the 
 proprietors and offensive to true taste. In London; also; the 
 speculative builder has generally superseded the labours of the 
 artist; for the architect is there rarely called upon; unless it be 
 to remedy the errors; or supply some of the deficiencies as well 
 of art; as of practical science. The result of this system of 
 building is an obvious perversion of true architecture ; and; 
 consequently; the modern streets of London present repetitions 
 of the same vapid elevations of mere perforated walls; that 
 disgust the man of taste, and are too justly the theme of ridicule 
 to foreigners. 
 
 Some noblemen, and other enlightened persons have however 
 munificently encouraged architecture, by the erection of splendid 
 dwellings; and in several instances, the architect, engaged by the 
 liberality of public bodies, has been afforded an elevated and dig- 
 nified employment, by which he has, in some degree, rescued the 
 architectural reputation of the country, from that obloquy to which 
 it would have been abandoned, by the apathy, or ignorance, 
 which too generally prevails. 
 
 Sir William Chambers very justly observes that it must not 
 be imagined that buildings, considered merely as heaping stone 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vii 
 
 upon stone, can be of advantage or reflect honour either on 
 countries or particular persons. — Materials in architecture are 
 like words in phraseology, which, singly, have little or no pow- 
 er, and may be so arranged as to excite contempt ; yet, when 
 combined with art and expressed with energy, they actuate the 
 mind with unbounded sway. A good poet can move even with 
 homely language ; and the artful disposition of an able architect 
 will give lustre to the vilest materials, as the feeble efforts of an 
 ignorant pretender must render the most costly enrichments 
 despicable. The progress of other arts depend on that of archi- 
 tecture : — when building is encouraged, painting, sculpture, 
 gardening, and all the other decorative arts flourish of course, 
 and these have an influence on manufactures, even on the 
 minutest mechanic productions ; for design is of universal ad- 
 vantage, and stamps a value on the most trifling performances ; 
 the consequences of which to a trading people, are too obvious 
 to require illustration. 
 
 With this conviction the following designs and observations 
 were made, as an introduction to the threshold of art ; believing, 
 in the extensive circulation obtained by the publication in 
 which they first appeared, that they would afford useful in- 
 formation, and invite many to consider architecture as being 
 less dependant on physical, than intellectual skill, and in 
 some degree assist in removing the prejudices that obstruct the 
 progress of that encouragement, by which alone it can maintain 
 its power of executing works, capable of becoming national 
 
Ylll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 monuments, to mark to after ages, the prosperity, greatness, and 
 talent of the country. 
 
 To the architect, this little work neither affords, nor assumes 
 to afford information ; but, in a humbler walk, it seeks to unite 
 with the labours of many eminent men, in an attempt to instill 
 into the public mind a real love for architecture, by developing 
 its principles and its practice. 
 
 The Frontispiece, or Plate 1 , is a design for a bath and 01- 
 namental garden building. By an additional room in tne rear it 
 would be of sufficient size for the occupation of a labouring 
 gardener, — if the bath were wholly omitted. 
 
Plate 2. 
 
 A A. Kitchen,. 
 
 B.B. Parlor 
 
 JS.P. 
 
 ! 
 
 FOUR COTTAGES . 
 
 C . Area , . 
 
 D. D. Porch, 
 
 Pun? at P.At'KEhiCjWs JtEPCSlT( 1 PTofAKTS,2m,Strand,, Junc.jfad. 
 
DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 RURAL RESIDEHCES. 
 
 COTTAGES, 
 
 &c. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 FOUR COTTAGES FOR LABOURERS, 
 ADAPTED TO PARK SCENERY. 
 
 The habitations of the labouring poor may be rendered or- 
 namental, and the comforts of them increased, at a very trifling 
 charge beyond the cost of common buildings ; towards this pur- 
 pose the annexed plate is designed for four cottages, connected 
 with each other, and under one roof; a mode of building that 
 admits a considerable saving of expense. 
 
 Of these humble dwellings the character, or style, cannot be too 
 simple ; the ornaments which fancy in her playful mood may 
 suggest, ill associate with the modest and moderate claims of this 
 respectable and useful class of society ; the symbols of ease and 
 luxury are incongruous with the labourer’s busy life and frugal 
 means, and ought therefore to be omitted ; but a gracefulness 
 of form and proportion is as applicable to this edifice as to the 
 mansion, and there are also genuine embellishments belonging to 
 the cottage of the British labourer, which if denied, an important 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 labourers’ cottages. 
 
 source of rural beauty has lost its best sentiment with its great- 
 est charm : the broken casement, the patched wall, the sunken 
 roof, the hatch unhinged, the withered shrub, are corresponding 
 testimonies of the husbandman’s relaxed energies and broken 
 spirit. The porch in which he rests after the fatigues of the day, 
 ornamented by some flowering creeper, at once affords him shade 
 and repose ; neatness and cleanliness connected with these and 
 other means of external cheerfulness, bespeak that elasticity 
 of mind, and spring of action, which produce industry and 
 cheerfulness, and demonstrate that peace and content at least 
 dwell with its inhabitants. 
 
 The labourer’s cottage should be placed in a situation so raised 
 above the common level of the ground, that the rains and melt- 
 ings of the snow shall readily escape from it ; for, although the 
 chambers should invariably be above stairs, some part of the 
 family occasionally sleep on the ground-floor, which, notwith- 
 standing it may be boarded, is often rendered unhealthful by the 
 damps that are commonly concealed beneath it : the dryness of his 
 habitation is among the foremost of the husbandman’s comforts. 
 
 If it be possible, the lowest part of the wall should be higher 
 than the level of the highest standing water in the ponds and 
 ditches about its neighbourhood, or the foundation will partake 
 of their contents ; and drains should be made from it that the 
 water, which will from various sources collect there, may imme- 
 diately be carried off. Without this precaution, the trench that 
 is dug for the foundation becomes a reservoir for all the water 
 that falls about it; it is this water which, having no means 
 of escape, too frequently rises by capillary attractions, as also by 
 the absorbing nature of the materials of which the building is 
 composed, to some feet above the floor of the lower apartments 
 of a house, and damages the skirtings, dadoes, and plastering ; 
 and to this stagnant water is often traced that corruption which 
 
labourers’ cottages. 
 
 11 
 
 causes the dry-rot in its floors and timbers. Where a drain cannot 
 be made from the foundation,, owing to the necessity of building 
 in a low situation, the capillary attraction should be arrested by 
 a course of slates, lead, or other substance, placed all round the 
 building the whole width of the walls, and immediately above 
 the level of the ground. 
 
 It may be readily conceived, that when the earth is wet on 
 which a house is built, the consequent rarefaction of the air, 
 produced by fires o** by the mere inclosure, will cause an exu- 
 dation of moisture from it, that will render the lower rooms 
 unhealthful to the inhabitants. This will, however, soon be- 
 come dry, and cease to issue these vapours, unless the wet is 
 renewed by the progress of water through the substrata of the 
 earth : when this circumstance is suspected, and it is one that 
 must take place when the building is on the side of a hill, it is 
 judicious to cut a channel or ditch several feet deep a few yards 
 above the site of the house, and extending some yards on each 
 side of it, so disposing the channel, that the water it collects may 
 thence be conveyed to drains in the lower ground beyond the 
 building itself ; if the channel be made narrow at the bottom, 
 and large stones or brick rubbish be thrown in, to about two feet 
 deep, these covered with bush-wood, and the ground filled in 
 upon them, the drain will not be perceived, and large quantities 
 of water may often be diverted from its natural course, that, 
 without some such remedy, would render the building uninha- 
 bitable. These observations may be considered as applicable 
 to insulated buildings in general, 
 
 A gentleman in Surrey, whose name does not immediately 
 occur, has built cottages for his work-people, and of necessity in 
 a very damp situation, it being low, and near the current of the 
 river Wandle: he has succeeded in intercepting the floordamps, 
 by covering the area of the whole cottage, even including the 
 
 b 2 
 
12 
 
 labourers’ cottages. 
 
 walls, with the composition called tessera : it lies on the ground 
 and on the walls, both being prepared for it, one step or six inches 
 above the common level of the ground. The tessera being kept 
 at a medium temperature by the continually wet earth beneath, 
 fully answers this purpose : it is not, however, intended to be- 
 stow encomiums upon it for any other. 
 
 It is desirable, that every situation adopted for a cottage should 
 afford to it a piece of ground for a small garden : usually the 
 policy as well as the humanity of the proprietor will suggest the 
 necessity of such a disposition of a small part of his domain. 
 There are moments of leisure and remains of strength and spirits, 
 even after a hard day’s toil, that the uncultivated mind of the 
 husbandman cannot afford to lose in idleness, and he has but 
 little refuge from the temptations of the village alehouse, if the 
 culture of such a piece of ground is denied him ; a few fruit- 
 trees are planted at little expense ; they afford a produce to 
 his family of great value, and by the potatoes and herbage that 
 he cultivates as substitutes for more expensive fare, he is enabled 
 to save something for those little purchases which many cottagers 
 feel the want of severely during the inclemencies of winter. The 
 morals of the man are preserved, the example of a sober and 
 industrious father is before his children, the wife is happy in the 
 presence of her husband, and society rejoices that another of its 
 members is an honour to his humble state. There is no import- 
 ant moral work so cheaply effected, perhaps, as thus amending 
 the condition of the poor, in thus allowing them the exercise of so 
 much of the natural pride of the human heart as may be inno- 
 cently effective of the works of pride ; and happy indeed is he 
 who feels its influence, and evinces it only by the neatness of his 
 habitation, and by the quantity or quality of the vegetable which, 
 by his care and industry, his little garden produces. 
 
gardener’s cottage. 
 
 13 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 A COTTAGE ADAPTED TO GARDEN SCENERY, 
 
 OR AS AN ENTRANCE LODGE. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the annexed design was made expressly for 
 the residence of the gardener to a nobleman’s establishment, it 
 is quite applicable to the purpose of a lodge ; and if a little 
 simplified in point of embellishment, would also be proper for 
 the cottage of the husbandman : in each of these applications it 
 would afford convenience and comfort, and might receive suit- 
 able enrichment by the plantations which should surround the 
 two former, or by the more free and open scenery suitable to 
 the latter. The cottage of the gardener, in very many instances, 
 is considered to be a legitimate embellishment of the grounds, 
 being very properly situated near the forcing and succession- 
 houses, that they may receive the attendance of the chief 
 gardener, with as short intervals as occasion requires ; and 
 if he takes pride in the decoration of his abode, he has the 
 means of embowering it with shrubs, creepers, and flowering 
 plants, by which he may render it highly interesting, provided 
 the design is favourable, and the situation appropriate to its 
 object. 
 
 This building is proposed to be thatched with reeds, as the 
 most rural and picturesque covering ; the brown tints of its 
 surface oppose the various greens of the foliage by which it is 
 accompanied, and give a neatness of effect that is very prepos- 
 sessing, which may be improved by the colour given to the 
 walls, should they be built of materials that do not harmonize 
 with them. 
 
 For the covering of such buildings, rough-cast is very proper. 
 
14 
 
 gardener’s cottage. 
 
 which is plastering finished by a coat of lime mixed with small 
 stones about the size of a pea or small bean, and splashed upon 
 it before the plastering is yet dry ; or by paretta work, so called 
 from the French paroitre, to appear, to be seen — or from the 
 Italian paretta , a small net ; as in this case the plastering has 
 pebbles of a larger size pressed all over it, and which are not 
 afterwards covered by lime wash, or colour, but exhibit their 
 own surfaces, and the whole becomes enriched by the white 
 reticulation of the plastering in which they are set. The co- 
 lours of the pebbles should be selected with taste, as much of 
 the beauty of the whole will depend on their fitness to harmonize 
 with those hues by which they are surrounded. 
 
 Notwithstanding cottages of this description are usually built 
 with brick, yet as the complexion of them is at variance with the 
 green tints of the scenery, particularly if they are the red wood- 
 burned bricks of the country, the coverings before named are 
 usually adopted for small decorative buildings; and for this 
 purpose also a finishing of a very novel and fanciful effect is 
 produced by a sort of rough-cast composed of course sand and 
 small pebbles of various sizes, mixed up with Roman cement, 
 diluted to the consistency of common rough-cast, and thrown 
 upon the walls in larger quantities than is usual : this is 
 suffered to take the irregular and projecting forms of stalactites, 
 those concretions resembling icicles that are frequently found in 
 natural grottoes ; and they may be coloured afterwards by tints 
 representing them, or by others that seem to mark a lapse of 
 time : this has hitherto been practised only in two instances. 
 
 The mateiials of which a cottage is to be budt depend greatly 
 on the nature of the supply the county of its site affords ; wood, 
 with brick pannels, covered with rough-cast. Brick, rough- 
 casted or coloured, or stone, for the walls, is to be preferred ; 
 and reeds, straw, or slates for the roof. A tasteful mind will 
 
gardener’s cottage. 
 
 0 
 
 readily select those materials which,, when combined,, shall make 
 an agreeable whole. A cheap walling for cottages is made in 
 some counties of the west of England, which the builders deno- 
 minate cob-work : it is a compost of clay, small gravel and 
 straw, beaten well together, and applied of a substance sufficient 
 to form the wall, which is usually from 15 to 18 inches thick. A 
 more scientific and durable walling has been some time adopted, 
 introduced to us by the late Mr. Holland, the architect. It is 
 called pise, and is in great repute in Italy and the south of 
 France ; at this time it is well known in England. If several 
 cottages are to be built for the labouring class of men, it is on 
 every account worthy to to be adopted. 
 
 A foundation of stone or brick must be prepared to receive 
 the pise , about a foot and a half above the surface of the ground ; 
 the native loam is then prepared, and a species of coffer or chest 
 is applied to the foundation, and so arranged that the loam may 
 be thrown into it, and compressed, by frequent beatings with 
 a mallet, to form a portion of the wall the size of the coffer. 
 When this portion is complete, the chest is moved forward to 
 form the next portion, and so on until the wall is about two or 
 three feet high ; upon this, the same operation takes place, and 
 is repeated until the pise wall is high enough to receive the roof : 
 the doors and windows are cut out after the wall is otherwise 
 completed. The process at length will be found in the quarto 
 volume of Communications, published by the Board of Agricul- 
 ture about sixteen years ago : a greatly improved operation of 
 the pise walling has since been separately published. 
 
 In adopting this building for a lodge at the entrance of the 
 grounds, the porch end on the right of the design should be 
 presented to the road, as affording external shelter in its proper 
 place, for servants to wait under, and other such purposes ; also 
 because the effect would be more picturesque, and the building 
 
16 
 
 gardener’s cottage. 
 
 appear of a size less than its real magnitude, a circumstance to 
 be desired, for as residences to which such a lodge would be ap- 
 plicable are not large, the lodge should not assume to be a strik- 
 ing feature in the approach, but appear to be placed there rather 
 as a matter of necessity or convenience than of ostentation. 
 
 The pavement beneath the shelter should be composed of 
 picked and neatly laid pebbles, bordered and confined by stone 
 margins, on which the pillars would stand, and with which the 
 plinths of the walls would be surrounded. — The wood work 
 might be painted like dark oak, and the casements leaded in 
 diamonds, sexagons, or other forms. 
 
 The lean-to intended for a sort of w r ash-house or scullery, re- 
 cedes from both the ends, and thus admits of sufficient planting 
 effectually to conceal it, and yet allow the building, which is 
 ample for a lodge, to appear as compact as can be desired. 
 
Tlatt 4. 
 
 jsp 
 
 § TEWMB S € © TTAGE, 
 
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 3 est 
 Far lor 
 
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 TuJbf-aexAtxEKimrs Kmsrmarorj&Ts, strand, Juuadie . 
 
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steward’s cottage. 
 
 17 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 A STEWARD’S COTTAGE, 
 
 ADAPTED TO PARK OR GARDEN SCENERY. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL buildings of a rural character have been 
 so generally adopted during the last twenty years, that the prin- 
 ciples on which they are designed have become fully understood, 
 and a sort of systematized disposition of their parts, as also of 
 the materials with which they are composed, has taken place : the 
 eye expects therefore to find in the humblest tenements a taste- 
 ful display of this order of rural architecture, if it may be so 
 called. Vitruvius, and the best authors who have followed him, 
 endeavour to trace the origin of regular architecture up to that 
 period when buildings of wood were the habitations of man ; 
 the roofs being chiefly supported by trunks of trees, to which, 
 in process of time, by an insensible progress, succeeded the 
 polished orders of Grecian and Roman architecture. “ Man- 
 kind,” says Sir William Chambers, improving in the art 
 of building, invented methods to make their huts lasting and 
 handsome, as well as convenient. They took off the bark and 
 other unevennesses from the trunks of trees that formed the sides, 
 raised them probably above the dirt and humidity on stones, 
 and covered each of them with a flat stone or slate to keep off 
 the rain. The spaces between the ends of the joists were closed 
 with clay, wax, or some other substance, and the ends of the 
 joists were covered with thin boards cut in the manner of tri- 
 glyphs. The roof was raised in the middle, to throw off the 
 rains that fell in great abundance in the winter season, giving it 
 the form of a gable roof, by placing rafters on the joists, to sup- 
 port the earth and other materials that composed the covering.” 
 
 From this simple construction the orders of architecture took 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 steward’s cottage. 
 
 their rise ; for when buildings of wood were set aside, and men 
 began to erect solid and stately edifices of stone, they imitated 
 the parts which necessity had introduced into its primitive huts ; 
 insomuch that the upright trees, with the stone at each end of 
 them, were the origin of columns, bases, and capitals ; and the 
 beams, joists, and rafters, and strata of materials that formed 
 the covering, gave birth to friezes, triglyphs, and cornices, with 
 the corona, the mutules, the modillions, and the dentils. 
 
 The architects of the present day, attempting to combine 
 fitness and beauty in rural buildings, revert to the above practices 
 in the infancy of art, and, forming their designs upon these 
 simple models, gain some advantage by the association of ideas 
 produced in the mind of the spectator, by its legitimate, though 
 distant, affinity with the ultimate perfection of Grecian archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 The styles that have been introduced in small dwellings and 
 rural retreats have not been numerous, notwithstanding many 
 tastes have been consulted : sometimes it is formed from the 
 simple model of frugality, whence it was originally taken, with 
 a rigid adherence to its perfect simplicity ; at another, more 
 ornament is introduced, but of a very rustic character, with no 
 feature beyond what might have been the genuine effort of a 
 tasteful husbandman. A third style has advanced a little further 
 towards art, and forms from Grecian or Gothic architecture have 
 been adopted with a pleasing effect. In other instances, a more 
 extended licence has been taken, and the model entirely neglected 
 for further efforts of the fancy to obtain the sentiment of rural 
 or picturesque beauty. 
 
 The cottage represented in the annexed plate is designed upon 
 the earliest principle, and intended for the residence of the 
 under-steward to a nobleman’s estate : it would be ornamental to 
 
steward’s cottage. 
 
 19 
 
 the property, and form a picturesque feature to the adjoining coun- 
 try, as well as an agreeable residence. An out-house, at a short 
 distance, would contain the dairy and wood-house, which might 
 be connected by a passage from the cellars beneath the building. 
 
 The elevation, connected as it is with the fence, would be 
 suitable to a small lodge, or as a decorative cottage in a park ; 
 and being covered with thatch and the wood-work of oak, or 
 painted to represent it, the cottage would have a simple and 
 pleasing effect. In such buildings the neatness and durability 
 of the thatch is an important consideration, and for these pur- 
 poses reeds are greatly to be preferred to straw, as also for the 
 advantages that reed thatching has in point of colour. Straw 
 affords by the grain that usually remains in the ear, even after 
 the best threshing, a temptation to birds, mice, and many kinds 
 of vermin, and accordingly they assail the roof often before the 
 work is finished, for it is known that mice are frequently carried 
 to it even in the materials with which it is composed ; thus in a 
 short time it becomes damaged, and eventually destroyed as a 
 perfect covering by the havoc that these little creatures make 
 both on its surface and in its substance, and when once established 
 in their comfortable quarters, they are not easily dispossessed : 
 reeds on the contrary hold out no such temptations, and their 
 rigid and sharp ends present insurmountable obstacles to ail their 
 attempts to burrow or displace them. 
 
 The verges and ridges of reed-thatching, both in appearance 
 and in reality, are more substantial, firmer, and neater than the 
 best workmen can produce by means of straw alone ; and the 
 colour which it obtains by lapse of time, becomes earlier in har- 
 mony with the foliage that usually accompanies such rural edifices. 
 
 In counties where reeds are readily obtained, the expence is 
 a little more than straw ; but where labour and reeds are only 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 steward’s cottage. 
 
 to be had from a considerable distance,, it is proportionably an 
 expensive covering ; this circumstance is not however always 
 fatal to the use of it, for being less liable to take fire than straw, 
 in case of accident, either externally from the chimney tops, or 
 internally from negligence, many persons willingly submit to the 
 increased expense to obtain the additional security ; and although 
 very few accidents of this kind occur either to straw or reed thatch- 
 ing, the sum on every account is usefully expended. 
 
 The eaves should be amply substantial and cut so as to exhibit 
 a portion of its thickness to the spectator, which is done by 
 cutting off its sharp termination, and thus the eaves finish with 
 two obtuse angles, instead of an accute one. 
 
bailiff’s cottage. 
 
 21 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 A BAILIFF’S COTTAGE, 
 
 DESIGNED AS AN ORNAMENTAL BUILDING IN PARK SCENERY. 
 
 THIS small and ornamental building would contain six 
 rooms, three on the ground-floor, and three chambers above 
 them : if needfQl, and the situation would admit of digging for 
 under-ground cellars, they might be formed beneath one or 
 more parlours, as the family to occupy it should require. The 
 steward, bailiff, or farmer to an estate, would find this a conve- 
 nient and comfortable building ; and being notwithstanding, 
 small in its appearance, the cottage would be a pleasing and 
 picturesque accompaniment to rural scenery. 
 
 Few embellishments of an estate are more interesting than 
 those small buildings which compose the farm-offices and resi- 
 dences for the active, the superannuated, or other servants 
 of the domain, particularly if they are designed in a manner 
 conformable to the surrounding scenery, and distributed about 
 the property with judgment. Such buildings, neat, clean, and 
 in good repair, become testimonies of that liberality and care 
 of his dependants that have always been distinguishing features 
 in the character of a British gentleman. 
 
 The walls are designed to be of brick-work, and the roof to 
 be covered with rag-slating ; the ornamental parts being executed 
 in the Roman cement, and the walls coloured to match it. An 
 useful and durable paint for such purposes is manufactured from 
 the refuse materials in the preparation of other paints, and called 
 the Roman anti -corrosive ; it is not more expensive than paints 
 in general, and possesses several very important properties 
 suitable to outside painting. 
 
22 
 
 bailiff’s cottage. 
 
 The labouring class of agriculturalists being immediately 
 under the superintendance of the bailiff, and as the public 
 attention is now so fully called to consider the condition of the 
 poor, and particularly that of the cottager, and as so much 
 speculation has consequently taken place on the means of 
 increasing their comforts, and on lessening the demands for 
 parochial and other aid, a relation of any successful means 
 that has hitherto been employed for the purpose must be inter- 
 esting : the following having borne the test of experience it will 
 be the more acceptable, as it proves the advantages which result 
 from giving the labourer the means of employing his surplus 
 time. 
 
 A commonable land belonging to a parish was inclosed, and 
 an allotment, containing twenty-five acres, set out for the use 
 of such of the poor as rented less than ten pounds a year, to be 
 stocked in common. Previous to the inclosure, there were some 
 few cottages that had land let with them, to the amount of six 
 or seven pounds a year each. The occupiers of those cottages 
 with land annexed to them, were remarkable for bringing up 
 their families in a more neat and decent manner than those 
 whose cottages were without land ; and it was this circumstance 
 that led to the laying out of a plot of lands, besides the common 
 before mentioned, to other cottages, and to add a small build- 
 ing sufficient to contain a horse or cow ; and likewise to the 
 grafting of stocks to raise orchards. In some instances small 
 sums of money were lent to these cottagers for the purchase of a 
 cow, a mare, or a pig. 
 
 The following good effects were the consequence of this 
 proceeding : It has not in one instance failed in giving an 
 
 industrious turn even to some of those who were before idle 
 " and profligate ; their attention in nursing up the young trees 
 ff has been so much beyond what a farmer, intent upon greater 
 
bailiff’s cottage. 
 
 23 
 
 ee objects, could bestow, that the value of the orchard increased 
 “ to double its usual rent, and the poor’s rate fell from half-a- 
 * c crown to four-pence in the pound, when in some of the 
 « adjoining parishes they were at length so high as five shillings 
 «■ in the pound ; and it has also been the means of bringing a 
 « much larger supply of poultry to the market.” 
 
 By the feeling mind every increase of the means by which the 
 comforts of the labouring poor are established, is sure to be 
 promoted; and it being now no longer doubtful that a full 
 employment of his surplus time towards the cultivation of his 
 vegetable and other food is the most effectual of these means ; it 
 may be expected that not only the resident labourers to every 
 estate will be afforded the indulgence of a small piece of ground 
 for such purposes, but that the officers of parishes in the country 
 will, in good time, endeavour to provide similar means for the 
 poor, in lieu of the aid that is given to them in another way, 
 when winter or want of employment subjects them to the necessity 
 of appealing to their duty or their humanity. 
 
 To the want of such means for the employment of the labour- 
 er’s surplus energies throughout the year, much of his time is 
 wholly lost — much is abandoned to dissipation, or devoted to 
 idleness, and perhaps in bad company — poaching and theft are 
 his gradual steps towards greater vices: these present strong 
 claims to their active interference, and should induce the affluent 
 to arrest this progress by adopting measures of prevention, 
 particularly as the result must prove as beneficial to the opulent 
 as to the poor themselves. 
 
 These observations may not at first appear quite relevant to 
 the matter of the architectural designs, but as the grounds about 
 them are also a little under consideration, perhaps, on reflection, 
 it may prove otherwise. 
 
24 
 
 bailiff’s cottage, 
 
 Cottagers suffer greatly by the expense of fuel, whether it be 
 of wood or of coal, it is therefore highly important that the fire- 
 places should be so constructed that the apartments may be suf- 
 ficiently heated with the least possible quantity of supply. To 
 effect this, the fire-place should be so formed that the heat may 
 readily pass into the apartment from the front, ends, bottom 
 and top of the stove or grate in which the fuel is placed, and 
 that the draught shall be sufficient to keep the smoke from 
 issuing into the apartment, being at the same time so slow as to 
 prevent the escape of the heat upwards ; this may be effected by 
 judiciously forming the back of the chimney, and by allowing 
 the mouth of the funnel to be no larger than is absolutely 
 necessary for the escape of the smoke. 
 
 The observations on these subjects, published by Dr. Franklin 
 and Count Rumford, are important, as practical and theoretical 
 documents of their studies in the improvement of this branch of 
 knowledge, and ought to be consulted for the above purposes. 
 
DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 EUIAI 1ESIBEICES. 
 
 Ornamented cottages, 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE', 
 
 DESIGNED TO COMBINE WITH GARDEN SCENERY. 
 
 The cottage orne is a new species of building in the econo- 
 my of domestic architecture, and subject to its own laws of fitness 
 and propriety. It is not the habitation of the laborious, but of 
 the affluent, of the man of study, of science, or of leisure ; it is 
 often the rallying point of domestic comfort, and in this age 
 of elegant refinement, a mere cottage would be incongruous 
 with the nature of its occupancy. The lawn, the shrubberies, 
 the gravel walks, and the polish that is given to the garden sce- 
 nery, connected with such habitations, require an edifice in which 
 is to be found a correspondence of tasteful care : perhaps it is 
 essential that this building should be small, and certainly not 
 to exceed two stories ; that it should combine properly with the 
 surrounding objects, and appear to be native to the spot, and 
 not one of those crude rule-and- square excrescences of the envi- 
 rons of London, the illegitimate family of town and country. It 
 may be reasonably concluded, that many small dwellings, prior 
 
26 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 to the 15th century, were of the Gothic, and in the cathedral 
 or conventual church character : Where there are remains of 
 early cottages, we find some features similar to the large build- 
 ings situated near them. The master-workmen probably built 
 for themselves dwellings upon the principles of the edifices on 
 which they were employed ,* so that Gothic embellishments were 
 not uncommon in small buildings, and if we may judge of 
 former by very common practices in the present day, and by the 
 mode of such buildings a century ago, the introduction of Gothic 
 ornaments in cottages may be supported even on the authority 
 of early examples. Many ancient farm-houses and old manorial 
 buildings present curious copies of the porches and other parts of 
 the churches of the neighbourhood ; even the peculiarities in 
 framing of the timbers are imitated, and the ornaments in many 
 instances adopted, not immediately perhaps from the churches 
 themselves, but from the buildings that followed those, coeval 
 with their originals ; for, until a late period, when the great 
 improvements of our roads made way for innovations of all 
 kinds, architectural taste travelled at a very slow pace, and in 
 those places that are far from cities and manufacturing towns, a 
 very early character of building still exists favourable to the 
 support of the apothesis. 
 
 The plate annexed is a design for a small Gothic building. It 
 consists of a parlour and dining-room, a kitchen, scullery, and 
 larder, with four bed-rooms. The servants* apartments are 
 some steps lower than the other rooms, and being of less height, 
 they appear to occupy only one story, forming a sub-building 
 to the principal one. The cellars are under the dining-room 
 and parlour. Where the situation is favourable to this design, a 
 comfortable habitation for a very small family would be obtained 
 at a reasonable expense. 
 
 The cottage ©me, the casino, or the villa, should be designed 
 
COTTAGE ORN3E'. 
 
 27 
 
 with a studied reference to the spot on which either is to be 
 erected ; for circumstances of comlbination will make some 
 features to be desired, and others to be avoided, that wholly 
 depend on localities and surroundings scenery. There are also 
 considerations respecting’ the situationi desirable for a house that 
 deserve the most careful attention, ais they are intimately con- 
 nected with salubrity and comfort. Of these, the foremost are, 
 dryness of soil, with the conveniemcies of drainage and the 
 means for a plentiful supply of good water. A judicious writer 
 on architecture, who, if not an ancient, is the oldest of the 
 modern authors on that subject, urges forcibly and quaintly this 
 doctrine : — Be sure,” he says, tto build only where good 
 water is to be had freely, and where you can as freely get rid 
 of it.” Notwithstanding the intelligibility and simplicity of this 
 rule, it is not unfrequently neglected ; and, at this moment, 
 there are many dwellings, otherwise desirable, that owe the 
 want of occupancy to dampness and the scanty supply of perhaps 
 even bad water. 
 
 Buildings of this kind being insulahed, require shelter from ad- 
 jacent trees or rising ground, to protect them from winds that 
 are most prevailing, powerful, or unhealthy. It is therefore de- 
 sirable, that the house should be so> placed as to be benefited 
 by them, and also that the sun may visit the apartments 
 according as his presence may be wished for at the different 
 periods of the day. For the latter puirpose, supposing the house 
 to be square, and the corners presented to the chief points 
 of the compass, the morning rooms may be on the south-east 
 and south-west sides, the dinner-room to the north-east, and 
 the offices on the north-west. Thius the rooms of frequent 
 use command a variety of temperatmre from the morning and 
 evening sun, and the dining-room its situated so as not to be 
 inconvenienced on its decline, at whichi time it is usually occupied, 
 and its coolness in a summer residence is a comfort well appro- 
 
 d 2 
 
28 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE^. 
 
 ciated. A house thus placed, or within a point or two of this 
 direction, will receive the advantage of the sun’s beams on 
 every side, and be therefore rendered more dry than a different 
 mode of placing it admits ; for as no side is directly to the north, 
 the sun may be said to travel round it. 
 
 As a country residence, however commodious and tasteful, is 
 dependent on the soil by which it is surrounded for beauty and 
 external effect and embellishment, that of a good quality ought 
 carefully to be selected ; and there are few criteria of this so 
 demonstrative as the herbage, and its neighbouring trees and 
 shrubs. A vigorous and luxuriant growth of plants speedily 
 conforms to the proprietor’s wishes in the distribution and 
 arrangement of his grounds, and yearly effects both variety and 
 progressive improvement ; but a bad soil yields only mortification 
 and disappointment to the possessor, if he hopes to find the 
 creative images of his fancy realized, or a fair return for his 
 care, expense, and labour. 
 
/ . 
 
 V ' & 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 29 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE', 
 
 ADAPTED TO RECEIVE TRAINED FOLIAGES. 
 
 THE four indispensable requisites for the situation of a country 
 residence, its soil, water, escape of the latter, and the aspect 
 of the building itself, being considered, it will be proper to 
 notice other essentials, which, though of a secondary nature, are 
 of importance to its pleasurable intention. The roads by which 
 it is surrounded, and the communication with a city, a town, or 
 large village, should be such as will afford pleasant rides and 
 walks, and allow the supply of necessaries, which small grounds 
 cannot produce in themselves, and for which there is frequent 
 need. The casualties also, and indispositions to which the 
 members of a family are subject, render it proper that it should 
 not be far removed from medical aid ; and few proprietors would 
 choose to be a considerable distance from a church, which, if 
 situated beyond a mile, (unless a carriage is used for conveyance) 
 too readily admits excuses for the neglect of religious duties. 
 These considerations apply to every house, and notwithstanding 
 all may not be of equal weight with every individual, no site 
 should be adopted without giving to each a careful attention. 
 
 The result being favourable, and the surrounding scenery 
 affording those beauties which constitute the charm of the 
 country, it will then be proper to determine on the character 
 and form of the house itself; its size being determined by the 
 number and quality of the family, and by the nature of its 
 appropriation : the peculiar features of the spot itself, or the 
 natural character of the country, will properly give the style of 
 the building to be erected. If the spot be low and secluded, 
 overspread by large and embowering trees, and skirted by 
 
30 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 shrubs that altogether divide the appearance of the ground into 
 small parts, the thatched cottage will be in harmony with its 
 compact and rural situation ; if it be a plain, embellished with 
 tall aspiring trees, particularly a mixture of the pine, larch, and fir, 
 with the oak and elm, and the distant scenery composed of long 
 ranges of lofty hills and the spires of towns or cities, the features 
 of the architecture should be Grecian, as the prevailing lines 
 of its character harmonize both with the broad base on which it 
 stands, and the spiry forms by wdiich it is surrounded, with all 
 the advantages of proper opposition without the extremes of 
 contrast, between which distinction lie all that taste requires 
 towards the beauty of its linear composition. 
 
 Upon similar principles, if the ground be part of a hill and 
 the forms of the trees more round, or the situation broken and 
 romantic, the Gothic of massive or delicate forms may be used : 
 the former where the effect is rocky, bold, and prominent ; and 
 the latter where its parts are polished and refined. 
 
 As trees frequently operate as a scale by which we judge the 
 size of objects connected with them, the magnitude and elevation 
 of those near which a building is to be erected should be 
 properly considered, and indeed drawn with the designs of the 
 building on paper, that a defect may not occur which some- 
 times happens when the surrounding objects of the landscape 
 are not sufficiently regarded. 
 
 The plate annexed represents the elevation and plan of a 
 cottage orne : the apartments on the ground-floor are a hall, 
 parlour, dining-room, and study, a store-room, kitchen, and 
 scullery ; under the three latter are a larder, coal-cellar, ale 
 and beer-cellar, and a moderate-sized wine-cellar : the stairs to 
 these are under the best staircase, and commence at A. On the 
 chamber-floor w r ould be five bed -rooms and a closet. A verandah. 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 SI 
 
 formed by the roof, encompasses the principal apartments,, 
 affords shelter to them, and forms either a walk or a sort of open 
 conservatory for plants. By permitting the parlour to have 
 casements opening to the floor, and communicating to the 
 verandah on each side, a very pleasant and pictorial summer- 
 room would be obtained ; and if in winter outside shutters were 
 added, the quantity of window would not be objectionable to 
 many persons, even at that season. 
 
 The elevation exhibited is towards the garden, and is rendered 
 picturesque by the arched interruptions to the otherwise level 
 line of the verandah, and by the bay window which increases 
 the length of the parlour ; the roof is supported by the stems 
 of small trees, and an occasional trellis-work is introduced for 
 the purpose of receiving ornamental foliage, which may be 
 entwined about it : indeed, the construction of this cottage 
 would allow so extensive an application of plants, that the lower 
 apartments of the garden front might be completely embowered. 
 The entrance front would be more simple ; here the verandah 
 is abridged, the walls would be carried as high as the gable 
 of the garden front, and a small porch introduced, covered with 
 thatch and supported by plain octagon pillars. Trellis-work of 
 the forms introduced to this design may be manufactured of iron, 
 at a moderate expense, and also of copper, so as to make an 
 elegantly light support to the foliage, and if painted at proper 
 times, it would be very durable. 
 
 A cottage of this description admits a great variety of rural 
 embellishments that may be blended with its more polished 
 feature without impropriety, provided the arrangement displays 
 the interference of taste, and so that, although the materials 
 are rude, there shall be nothing vulgar or coarse in the disposal 
 of them : it is on account of the mode and not of the materials 
 adopted, in such cases, that the objection of incongruity is 
 
32 
 
 COTTAGE GENE'. 
 
 taken, for it is in such buildings, and such alone, that fancy is 
 at liberty to sport, and is subject only to just censure when there 
 is an evident deficiency of ability and decorum. 
 
 The grounds about this building should be laid out with small 
 shrubberies, enclosing portions of lawn, in which in some cases, 
 insulated trees and shrubs should appear, and in others of greater 
 size, small beds of flowers of various shapes may be properly 
 introduced, and if the situation admits of distant prospects ad- 
 vantage should of course be taken of the circumstance, so as to 
 give effect to occasional views of the country without permitting 
 the boundary of the property to be easily comprehended. 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 33 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE', 
 
 ADAPTED TO ROMANTIC SCENERY. 
 
 THE plate which accompanies these observations exhibits a 
 design proposed for a country uneven in its character and where 
 stone is to be had suited to the purposes of building : the plan 
 is however, arranged for the more general construction in 
 brick-work, consequently the walls would need to be of greater 
 thickness if stone should be adopted. The neighbourhood of the 
 lakes of Cumberland is admirably suited to buildings of this style, 
 which partake of that mixture of parts, which we may conclude 
 sometimes occurred in our domestic architecture, when the secu- 
 rity of the sovereign and the subject began to depend less on the 
 strength of fortifications and the force of arms, than on the equita- 
 ble administration of the laws of the country. 
 
 In scenery composed of those bold features which form a 
 whole that we term romantic, small buildings in this mixed style 
 are in perfect correspondence, and are indeed desirable ; for an 
 awe is inspired by the grandeur of fine ranges of distant hills, 
 views of extensive woods and lakes, in combination with broken 
 and rock scenery, that impresses the mind with the idea of soli- 
 tariness and insecurity, and makes agreeable every feature of pro- 
 tection and safety. Perhaps it is this selection from ecclesiastical 
 and castle architecture that ought to be combined and adopted 
 for romantic scenery, instead of either the one or the other only, 
 as is now a very common practice. The cathedral style is not 
 suited to domestic life ; the apertures are too large, and the gene- 
 ral proportions of its architecture inapplicable to such purposes. 
 The castle style, on the contrary, affords too little light and air, 
 and is cumbrous in its arrangements. When they are allowed to 
 
 E 
 
34 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE*. 
 
 blend their peculiar forms and proportions and these are modi- 
 fied and appropriated by a skilful hand, a style is produced capa- 
 ble of expressing all the beauties of each, affording at the same 
 time the most convenient arrangements for domestic and polished 
 occupation ; and the style is fully authorized by the documents 
 and the remains of thosebuildings which are the decorated English 
 architecture of the reigns of the three first Edwards. This is, 
 however, a style of architecture merely and best applied to small 
 buildings ; for there is a native classical refinement in Grecian 
 architecture, and a means of combining the features of intelli- 
 gence with beauty and dignity in so extensive a variety of form 
 and grace, that it is always to be deplored when other characters 
 of architecture are substituted for it, unless some imperious 
 circumstance of fitness which the situation or the purpose de- 
 mands, that makes it necessary. 
 
 The interior of the cottage represented in the engraving, admits 
 of a very interesting style of decoration : its little hall of entrance, 
 having a door of oak studded over with nail-heads, may be formed 
 into compartments, and painted in imitation of oak-panneling ; 
 Gothic pillars at the corners may support a groined ceiling, or- 
 namented with ribbs, and with flowers at the intersections. The 
 window being small, would subdue the light, so as to give it a 
 calm effect, and afford that repose to the eye which is alw ays a- 
 greeable after a long exposure to the greater quantity abroad, 
 and this is also desirable, as it prepares it to receive with greater 
 force the cheerfulness or the brilliancy of the best apartments ; 
 very desirable oppositions are to be obtained by a proper 
 arrangement of light in halls, vestibules, and corridors ; for the 
 finest apartments gain very much of the favourableness of first 
 impressions by the balance in their favour, which, in light and 
 colour, the former are prepared to yield to them. 
 
 The principal rooms of this cottage might be decorated in a 
 
COTTAGE ORNE / . 
 
 35 
 
 more finished style, still keeping in view a perfect fitness and 
 simplicity, the walls being coloured in warm or cool tints, ac- 
 cording to the fancy of the occupier; and embellished by tracery 
 in Gothic forms, to combine with the windows, which might be 
 enriched by stained or painted glass. The chimney-pieces, the 
 skirtings, the architraves, all should be designed to form a con- 
 gruous whole ; and although the inferior apartments would not 
 be equally embellished, yet the forms and the colours should 
 be such only as naturally belong to its general character ; and 
 these may be produced with quite as little expense as is usually 
 bestowed on buildings of a common kind. 
 
 This cottage would afford a tolerable number of apartments ; 
 namely, two best bed-rooms, one being on the ground -floor ; 
 and two servants’ rooms, a parlour, a dining-room, a hall, 
 kitchen, and pantry ; the larder being below : the cellaring 
 would be made in the declivity of the ground, here assumed 
 to be its natural shape. The real size of the building would be 
 concealed by the screen wall, as it appears, of the entrance front, 
 particularly if the room immediately behind it were covered by 
 a metal flat roof ; those of the other part would be protected by 
 a roof of rather a peculiar construction, which the thickness of 
 stone walls readily admits, being formed with pannier gutters, 
 which will not admit an overflow, so as to injure the apartments, 
 proceeding either from excessive rains, or accumulated or drifted 
 snows — a form very desirable in greatly exposed situations. 
 
 The best material for making gutters that has yet been used 
 for the purpose, is lead : copper and zinc are both objectionable, 
 on reasonable grounds. Compositions of many kinds have been 
 devised, but have failed in perhaps every instance ; the hard 
 ones crack with the least settlement of the building, or the 
 springing, swelling, or shrinking of the timbers connected with 
 them ; the soft ones soon lose their tenacity by the operation 
 
 e 2 
 
36 
 
 COTTAGE GENE'. 
 
 of the sun : and those that have been devised of a medium 
 composition, become hard in winter and dry in summer, and 
 consequently crack in both seasons. 
 
 For small out-houses, and such alone, a cheap and compara- 
 tively durable method of roofing is made by dipping sheets of 
 coarse paper in boiling tar, and nailing them on boards or laths 
 in the same manner as slates. The whole is then painted over 
 with a mixture of pitch and powdered coal, chalk, or brick- 
 dust. This forms a texture which completely resists all kinds 
 of weather, without requiring frequent repair. As the roof is 
 made to rise not more than two inches in a foot, the quantity of 
 timber required is much smaller than for any other mode. 
 
 This covering is very similar to the artificial slating manufac- 
 tured by the late Sir James Wright, which, during the American 
 war, was in great request in our West Indian colonies as a 
 substitute for shingle, not then to be readily obtained. 
 
A GOTHIC COTTAGE 
 
 JPlate q . 
 
 ™?atRACKEMmrs2UT0Smm'ofulRTS.. ja.Strand:, Jum.zAd. 
 
GOTHIC COTTAGE. 
 
 37 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 A GOTHIC COTTAGE, 
 
 DESIGNED FOR A VICARAGE OR FARM HOUSE. 
 
 THIS building is suited to a small family, and would make a 
 very convenient parsonage-house to a living of moderate income : 
 it consists of a parlour, dining-room, and library ; a kitchen, 
 scullery, larder, &c. on the ground floor ; and of four chambers 
 and a dressing-room on the bed-room floor. The design is 
 picturesque in its effect ; and if executed with a judicious atten- 
 tion to the forms of the doors, windows, ceilings, &c. it would 
 become a very simple and neat example of domestic Gothic 
 architecture. It is intended that the roof should be covered with 
 tiles, but great care should be taken that they are from some 
 other building, and have lost the offensive glare that red tiles 
 always possess when new, for such a colour would be fatal to 
 the pleasing effect of the building. 
 
 Buildings of this kind need considerable care in the formation 
 of the middle gutters, and lead only is suitable to the purpose : 
 roofs are unquestionably made in some countries entirely flat, 
 and secured by compositions, as those, for instance, at Malta, 
 where they are used for walking upon, or for the performance 
 of the common business of the day : but there the buildings 
 are chiefly of stone, with very little timber about them ; the 
 apartments are narrow, and arched over, and the coveiing is 
 exceedingly thick, so that the little water that penetrates the 
 surface is arrested by the substance it has to pass, until evapo- 
 rated at the surface again. The form and nature of our buildings 
 rarely allow of this construction, and the climate is not favourable 
 to it, if they did. The chief objections to lead for gutters, or 
 rather the difficulties that occur in the proper application of it. 
 
38 
 
 GOTHIC COTTAGE. 
 
 are, first, the contraction and expansion to which it is subject 
 from cold and heat, and from the sudden changeableness of our 
 climate the transition from one extreme to the other is very 
 great in the short space of twelve hours, the sun most powerfully 
 acting upon it at mid-day, when the succeeding night may be 
 as intensely cold. Architects are therefore very careful that lead 
 shall be put together in comparatively short pieces, and they 
 never admit the too frequent practice of soldering lengths of it 
 together, that the contraction and expansion may take place on 
 as short surfaces as possible. The pieces of lead are connected 
 with each other at a small step of about 1^ inch high, the under 
 sheet of lead rising upon the step and the other folding over it : 
 and here commences the second difficulty ; for so soon as the 
 water contained in the gutter (its free escape being prevented 
 by snow, leaves, or other impediment,) is deep enough to cover 
 this step, it finds a way under the covering sheet of lead, and 
 thence into the wall or the apartments. This overflow of the water 
 has never been wholly prevented, and perhaps it never will ; it 
 therefore becomes the duty of the architect to remedy the evil, 
 such as it is, in the best possible manner. A simple and novel 
 contrivance for the purpose is here submitted, that, in the few 
 instances in which it has been applied, has completely succeeded : 
 — Every step, or technically, every lap, should be formed as 
 usual, but the gutter-boards grooved, or hollowed, at the edge 
 of the under lead, and perforated so as to let the overflow water 
 pass readily into a small transverse sub-gutter, previously pre- 
 pared immediately under every lap, and discharging itself upon 
 the cornice, or from those masks or heads with which the 
 building is frequently enriched. These gutters would be about 
 a foot and a half long, and at intervals of twelve, fourteen, or 
 sixteen feet. The security is ample, and the expense inconsi- 
 derable : they are applicable in this way, however, only to the 
 wall-gutters ; those to the valleys of the roof must have a sub 
 trough-gutter also. 
 
GOTHIC COTTAGE. 
 
 39 
 
 Iii adopting this design to the purposes of a farm-house, some 
 differences of arrangement would need to be made in the plan, 
 which would readily present themselves according to the de- 
 mands of the family to occupy it. To a building of this descrip- 
 tion, casement or folding windows are properly introduced, but 
 sash-windows are often substituted for them, because they usually 
 afford a very imperfect security against wet, but this is only so 
 because adequate precautions are not taken to exclude it, or that 
 they are applied improperly. It is well known that so long as 
 the folding sash window is sufficiently at liberty to open and shut 
 with ease, the air will pass freely, and in driving winds the water 
 will of course pass with it, not only between the meeting stiles, 
 but round the whole margin of the sash, and frequently in such 
 quantities as to damage the carpets, and also the ceilings, walls, 
 and furniture of the rooms beneath. In damp weather a conden- 
 sation of vapours will often take place on the inside of the win- 
 dow, that runs down in streams, is equally injurious, and ought 
 to be conveyed away. These evils are easily prevented in the 
 first instance, and remedied without difficulty at any time ; to do 
 both it is essential to direct the course of the water rather than to 
 oppose it — to admit the water and air to a certain extent, and 
 then to divert their progress, for combined, they are too powerful 
 and insinuative to submit to direct opposition. 
 
 When the sashes are made with a rebate at the meeting stiles, 
 let two small grooves or hollows, a quarter of an inch wide and 
 three-eighths of an inch deep, be made entirely round the edges 
 of the folding or other sashes, one a quarter of an inch from the 
 outside, and the other a quarter of an inch from the inside faces 
 of the sashes, and make corresponding grooves in the heads, cills, 
 and stiles of the sash frames — these grooves will intercept the 
 water in its progress towards the apartment, and it will run along 
 the top rail and down the sides very freely at the first groove, and 
 any overflow will be received by the second channel and carried 
 
40 
 
 GOTHIC COTTAGE. 
 
 down also, and small appertures should be formed in the cillto 
 emit the water and the air that will form powerful currents in the 
 grooves, and otherwise find their way into the apartments. 
 
 To receive the water produced by the condensation of the va- 
 pours interiorly, a double fluting should be formed in the lower 
 bead of the frame and thence suffered to escape by small apper- 
 tures through the cill to the outside, which might be covered by 
 shields of lead to prevent the air from making its way into the 
 apartment. 
 
 These are in general ample securities when the sashes are well 
 made and well fitted, and if otherwise, stops, or fillets at the 
 joints, will remedy the evil entirely. 
 
FARM HOUSE. 
 
 41 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 A FARM-HOUSE, OR ORNAMENTAL COTTAGE, 
 DESIGNED TO ASSIMILATE WITH HOME SCENERY. 
 
 PERHAPS no sort of building; is more decorative to rural 
 scenery, than that which is designed in the " cottage style.” Its 
 fitness for the purpose is, however, wholly destroyed if adopted 
 for such villas, as it lately has been, that from magnitude and 
 cost might really be termed courtly mansions. This species of 
 architecture is applicable only to small buildings, and the more 
 polished and higher order of art should be employed in designs 
 for spacious edifices ; indeed, the quantity of a building, as well 
 as the purpose of its application, should be considered, and the 
 style to be adopted would properly be the result of the deliber- 
 ation. Another style has also been used for buildings of consi- 
 derable extent, that, as yet, has no name descriptive of its 
 character : it is composed of many parts, all selected from 
 houses that have been built piecemeal, from the time of James I. 
 to the present day, the more unaccommodating the parts are 
 to each other, the more suitable to the style proposed, and 
 if the several rooms have no other connexion but by stairs or 
 passages, the design is then approaching to perfection. Some 
 ancient houses that have been added to, altered, and repaired 
 from time to time, may present a variety of parts coming happily 
 together, and forming a picturesque whole, that pleases princi- 
 pally from the curious manner in which they are combined ; but 
 when an artist sits down to design a house, he is, surely, not 
 governed either by fine fancy or sound judgment, if he selects 
 such parts, and puts them together in this adventitious manner. 
 
 Mr. Pope, in reply to the Duke of Buckingham’s description 
 of his house, affects to describe that which he then inhabited, 
 
 F 
 
 
42 
 
 FARM HOUSE. 
 
 and it would suit exactly the style of building before alluded 
 to.— You must expect nothing regular/’ says he, £f in my 
 description, any more than in the house ; the whole vast edifice 
 is so disjointed, and the several parts so detached one from the 
 other, and yet so joining again, one cannot tell how, that in 
 one of my poetical fits I imagined it had been a village in 
 Amphion’s time, when the cottages, having taken a country- 
 dance together, had been all out, and stood stone-still with 
 amazement ever since.” 
 
 The design annexed is for the residence of a small family, and 
 would not be an expensive building ; it is of the cottage style, 
 and, probably, as large as is consistent with that character of 
 architecture : it consists of a parlour, (which would be also the 
 chief entrance of the house, a library,) drawing-room, store- 
 room, a kitchen, scullery, and also a small conservatory ; the 
 cellars are beneath, and it would contain five chambers and a 
 dressing-room on the upper floor. With a very little difference 
 of arrangement, this design would make a commodious faim- 
 house ; and in form and embellishment it is well suited to its 
 genuine character. The gables and porch would produce an 
 interesting effect ; the sashes are of quarry glass, in metal 
 diamond lights, with labels above them ; the roof is thatched, 
 and the chimney-shafts of those varied forms frequently found in 
 buildings of the seventeenth century, and which examples, it is 
 to be lamented, are now but rarely followed in structuies of this 
 description. 
 
 The picturesqueness which formerly prevailed in rural archi- 
 tecture, has long given way to that bare and bald style, evi- 
 dently the consequence of a too narrow economy in building ; 
 and this is almost as manifest in the simple dwelling of the cot- 
 tager, as in the closely-shorn and prim elevations of our London 
 ’ street-edifices, that so conspicuously betray the want of genius 
 
FARM HOUSE. 
 
 43 
 
 in the speculative builder, as well as a rigid curtailment of 
 expense, seeming to imply that he had advanced his money on 
 what he thought a forlorn hope ; the valuable blessing of a 
 fair purchase being rather to be prayed for than expected. From 
 such examples devoid of every external ornament, the impover- 
 ished and meagre character of buildings in the country of 
 its neighbourhood might be expected, these would naturally 
 become the models for structures farther removed from the 
 metropolis ; and thus, with few exceptions, we find them 
 adopted as examples, until the same vapid and monotonous 
 character prevails in nearly every new building in every town 
 and village in the kingdom. All this is to be regretted, parti- 
 cularly in such as are much elevated, for few subjects, the work 
 of art, become more interesting in the view of a distant coun- 
 try, than those objects that denote a village otherwise concealed, 
 and prevent its being wholly embowered in the intervening foli- 
 age. The spire of the church — the sail of the mill — the varied 
 chimneys that here and there indistinctly present themselves, or 
 are indicated by the ascending smoke, but which, on a near 
 approach, give elegantly varied and picturesque forms in har- 
 mony with the surrounding scenery ; these are admired, and 
 justly appreciated by every artist and by every man of sensibility 
 and taste. 
 
 It appears by some bills of tradesmen for works executed little 
 more than a century ago, that the chimney top or shaft was then 
 at least, an object of particular attention, and that the work- 
 men so vied with each other in this ornamental (for then it was 
 so considered) appendage to the house, that it was a custom in 
 buildings of a small or moderate size, to give the workmanship 
 of the “chimney device” as a present and testimonial of respect to 
 the employer; and the term " superior” usually preceded it in the 
 terms of presentation at the bottom of the bill ; and it may be pre- 
 sumed that an emulation existed amongst the apprentices and 
 
 f 2 
 
44 
 
 FARM HOUSE. 
 
 young men employed in such erections, working at “ over hours/* 
 to surpass each other in these conspicuous testimonies of then- 
 abilities. 
 
 It would be well if some such motive for industrious emula- 
 tion existed in the present day, not as regards the object in view 
 merely, but also that it might animate the conduct and conduce 
 to the welfare of the working classes of young men employed in 
 buildings, both in town and country. 
 
VICARAGE HOUSE. 
 
 45 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 A VICARAGE HOUSE, 
 
 IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE 
 NEIGHBOURING CHURCH. 
 
 THE annexed design is intended for the residence of a clergy- 
 man, and to be erected in a situation where the scenery is both 
 rural and romantic. 
 
 The parts of this design are supposed to be selected from the 
 church itself to which the vicarage-house belongs, and with which 
 it should correctly assimilate, particularly if the building be in- 
 tended to be placed in its immediate neighbourhood. 
 
 The practice of designing the residence of a clergyman with 
 reference to the characteristics of the church to which it belongs 
 where the style of architecture is favourable to such selections, is 
 desirable, not only as relates to a tasteful advantage, but as it 
 becomes another and visible link of connexion between the church 
 itself and the pastor who is devoted to its duties ; and also leads 
 the spectator very naturally from contemplating the dwelling, to 
 regard the pious character of its inhabitant. This association 
 has occurred to a poet, whose works indeed are nearly obsolete, 
 but which will always be admired for taste and feeling, and is 
 thus noticed by him : — 
 
 (( That simple dwelling shelter’d by the wood, 
 
 As courting now, now shunning solitude, 
 
 With Gothic windows, and with open porch, 
 
 In forms related to its neighbouring church, 
 
 Seeming less modern than of happier age, 
 
 Half hid by ivy — is the parsonage. 
 
46 
 
 VICARAGE HOUSE. 
 
 Its pious tenant, verging fast in years, 
 
 In grave but unaffected guise appears, 
 
 And blest with health, for fifty years have shed 
 No silver marks of Folly on his head : 
 
 For though Time’s hand, with ready, haste, bestows 
 The reverend furrow and the whitening snows; 
 
 Folly, more forward, lavishly supplies 
 All the much honour’d emblems of the w ise.” 
 
 It was a conviction of the propriety of adopting a similar 
 practice that induced the late ingenious and tasteful Mr. James 
 Wyatt to cultivate this kind of architecture, and afterwards to 
 unite the castle style with that of the cathedral and conventual 
 church Gothic ; for being about to make considerable additions 
 to buildings containing very noble apartments, so disposed as to 
 be inimical to Grecian symmetry, he reverted to the practice of 
 the early architects of our own country, and surmounted the diffi- 
 culties by aiming to produce grand and picturesque effects, rather 
 than those of stately elegance; and it is to the encouragement 
 given to this effort of art that we are indebted to so extensive an 
 adoption of many beauties in Gothic architecture. 
 
 Gothic architecture merits all the admiration it has obtained ; 
 its suitableness for buildings devoted to purposes connected with 
 religion is generally confessed, and it may be considered as in- 
 digenous to the soil of Christianity, for from a very remote time 
 within its era up to that of the reformation in our religion. Gothic 
 architecture advanced with it, and was cultivated by the same 
 zeal and talents that promulgated its holy doctrines. Constantine 
 himself, and the devout of his empire, were anxious to abandon 
 those systems of building which reminded the proselyte of early 
 habits and practices: they therefore banished the forms and de- 
 corations of the heathen temples, and adopted for the foundation 
 of their temporal church, a plan which was an image of their 
 spiritual comfort and consolation ; for, notwithstanding the in- 
 
VICARAGE HOUSE. 
 
 47 
 
 strument used for the crucifixion was hitherto the type of disgrace 
 and infamy, both with the Romans and the Jews, the cross speed- 
 ily became the memorial of salvation, and was held in religious 
 veneration by the early Christians. The blow that was fatal to 
 established art, elicited the spark of vitality in a new character 
 of building: the style indeed Mas barbarous; it Mas, however, 
 great in feature and solemn in effect; and being unlike the regu- 
 lar and systematic temples of the heathen, both in form and use, 
 the young convert was not reminded of the religious rites of his 
 forefathers. This plan and manner of building were adopted 
 Muth avidity in all the countries where Christianity was establish- 
 ed ; and were cultivated in proportion to the advancement of re- 
 ligion, and retarded by the persecutions it experienced. In 
 England, so soon as these troubles were quieted, and the feudal 
 system existed in its complete state, and before it was deranged 
 by the Conquest, Gothic architecture received great encourage- 
 ment from the spirit for building that prevailed among the clergy 
 and the temporal lords. It also obtained a considerable impetus 
 from the composition made by the bishops with the barons re- 
 specting the endowment of the first rural churches, which in a 
 short time became numerous, and eventually produced the paro- 
 chial division nearly as we find it in the present day, if we except 
 some small alterations made in the metropolis during the reigns 
 of Queen Anne and George I. The ecclesiastical laws of Edward 
 the Confessor, in an eminent degree, protected and benefited the 
 clergy and the church ; and the architecture of the time partici- 
 pated in the fostering results of his piety. 
 
 After William I. the debased vestiges of the Roman style be- 
 came neglected for a more systematic art, and with the progres- 
 sive improvement of religion and literature, ecclesiastical archi- 
 tecture improved also. The leisure of the monks, and the riches 
 which (lowed in upon the church, uniting with the emulation of 
 the bishops and abbots to surpass each other in the magnificence 
 
48 
 
 VICARAGE HOUSE. 
 
 and beauty of their establishments, tended to promote the culti- 
 vation both of design and construction, and enabled them eventu- 
 ally to execute the most daring works of the imagination. The 
 clergy continued this protection to Gothic architecture through 
 many ages, and reaping the advantages of dignified church and 
 state preferments, impressed with a love of learning, and emulous 
 to render it respectable and respected, they fostered with the ten- 
 derest care whatever conduced to its advancement, and by their 
 zeal and interest with princes and governments, enriched those 
 schools of literature, Oxford and Cambridge, that have proved 
 splendid conservators of Gothic art, and noble cherishers of the 
 human intellect. 
 
 With the reformation in religion, the church lost much of its 
 riches and more of its patronage of art ; the subsequent contests 
 on particular tenets caused a rapid increase of its calamities, and 
 the same motives perhaps which had twelve centuries before in- 
 duced the church to adopt the style that was now perfected under 
 its protection, forcibly operated to banish it altogether, and to let 
 in that perversion of the Roman and Italian style that was so pre- 
 valent in the reign of Elizabeth, to whom nothing that bore the 
 relish of Catholicism was tolerable. It may be perceived, that 
 works executed in the reign of Henry VII. promised a decline 
 of Gothic art, not more by the exuberance of its ornament, than 
 by that infallable testimony of decay, which in art and science 
 manifests itself, when the possible is substituted for the probable, 
 and the fallacious for the true. 
 
JSJ1 
 
 A COTTAGE OMITIE 
 
 Jftt&falJrMgMLVys MWSmmcfjmTSarn.Strand. Jioi^iAd 
 
 FLaJj’ 12. 
 
 Drawuta 
 
 Entrance 
 
COTTAGE ORNE ; . 
 
 49 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE', 
 
 DESIGNED FOR THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE LAKES. 
 
 THE plan of this rural building was arranged for the accommo- 
 dation of two ladies, whose establishment consists of three female 
 servants, and a gardener, his residence being at a small distance 
 from the cottage. Its situation combines the romantic with the 
 rural, and as it affords the view of a beautiful piece of water, 
 bounded by luxuriant overhanging woods, and a country rich in 
 cultivated scenery, the existing deficiency of ground belonging 
 to it is the less to be regretted ; because these supply the effect 
 of an extensive and well-arranged domain. 
 
 The ground, in fact, is no larger than just to admit a moderate 
 sized kitchen-garden, and a small lawn and shrubbery, which is 
 separated from the road, passing near the site of the house, by 
 a sloping fence, in the manner of a chevaux de frise. The ground 
 floor consists of a parlour, a small music-room, a dining-room, a 
 book-room, a kitchen, larder, and ante-kitchen ; the scullery and 
 cellars are below, the stairs of which commence at a, under the 
 best stairs ; the chamber floor contains five bed -rooms, four of 
 them having fire-places. 
 
 As this cottage has been decorated with great care and some 
 taste, a description of it will, perhaps, afford useful hints for 
 similar embellishments. 
 
 The entrance is by a rustic porch supported by the stems of 
 elm-trees ; the little hall and staircase are decorated with trellis- 
 ing, composed of light lath and wicker basket-work, very neatly 
 executed, and painted a dark-green : this is placed against the 
 
 G 
 
50 
 
 COTTAGE GENE'. 
 
 papering of the walls and ceilings, Avhich are of a deep buff co- 
 lour. Flower-stands and brackets are attached at various parts, 
 from the bottom to the top of the staircase. The railing of the 
 stairs being also of basket-work, the strings, &c. are painted buff 
 or green, as the occasion required ; for every part is so arranged, 
 that the green may be relieved by buff, or the buff by the green. 
 The most elegantly beautiful flowering plants are selected as em- 
 bellishments, and are tastefully disposed on the several flower- 
 stands ; thus the walls are every where adorned with them, and 
 some are trained over the trellis of the ceilings, whence they hang 
 in festoons and unite their branches : the plants are, however, 
 introduced with a sparing hand, so as to allow each to be exhibi- 
 ted to advantage, and the whole arrangement has a light and 
 tasteful effect. On the outside of each step of the stairs a bracket 
 is affixed, on which small and equal-sized green porcelain 
 garden-pots are placed, containing specimens of the most beau- 
 tiful plants. 
 
 A small lobby connects the music-room, drawing-room, and 
 parlour, so that they are en suite : in most cases it would have 
 been prefered perhaps, that the two latter should have changed 
 places with each other ; in this instance it was otherwise on ac- 
 count of the aspects. 
 
 The parlour, the music-room and the lobby are very simply and 
 neatly decorated by compartments coloured in tints resembling 
 an autumnal leaf, the yellow-green of which, forms the pannels, 
 and its mellower and pinky hues compose a very narrow border 
 and stile that surround them. The draperies are of buff chintz 
 in which sage-green leaves, and small pink and blue-and-white 
 flowers prevail ; the furniture is cane-coloured. Upright flower 
 stands of basket-work are placed in each angle of the room, and 
 the verandah is constantly dressed with plants of the choicest 
 scents and colours. 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 51 
 
 The drawing-room is fancifully ornamented with paper in imi- 
 tation of bamboo and basket-work, in the colour of cane, upon 
 a sky-blue ground ; each side is divided into compartments by 
 pilasters, which support a sort of roofing and transverse bamboo 
 rods, to which seem to be suspended the most exquisite works 
 of the Chinese pencil : these are the best that have appeared in 
 this country, and consist of views of their apartments, represen- 
 tations of the costume of the people, and of the natural produc- 
 tions of China. A very able artist has further decorated this 
 room, by painting a variety of Oriental plants, as supported by 
 the pilasters, &c. about which they entwine, and arriving at the 
 ceiling, they terminate, after spreading a short distance upon it. 
 
 The furniture and draperies are the same as in the parlour. 
 
 The book-room is coloured a tea-green, which is relieved by 
 blossom colour and brown. 
 
 The chambers are papered with a small and simple trellis pat- 
 tern, and the draperies white, with a mixture of lavender colour 
 and buff. 
 
 In the whole of this cottage there is no portion of gilding ; 
 the glasses are let into the walls and covered by the paper de- 
 corations ; and even the book-bindings are unornamented by 
 gold, the lettering being merely stamped upon them. 
 
 The decorations of apartments afford so great an opportunity 
 for an exercise of ingenuity and taste, that it is to be lamented 
 architects are not more generally consulted in the finishings as 
 well as in the designs of the furniture proposed to be placed 
 within them : — when this is not done, an incongruity is likely 
 to occur, that readily borders on the absurd ; for nothing less 
 than strange anomalies can be expected, when nearly as many 
 
 g % 
 
52 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE 7 . 
 
 opinions are to be consulted as there are articles of ornament and 
 furniture to be procured ; it thence naturally happens that fitness 
 is lost sight of, the essential principle of combination is neglected, 
 and it may be expected that all its precepts will be as necessarily 
 violated and profaned. 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 53 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 DESIGNED FOR AN EXPOSED AND ELEVATED SITUATION. 
 
 TO combine utility with picturesque beauty at amoderate ex- 
 pense in buildings of this description, is at all times the endeavour 
 of the architect ; he is aware that agreeable appearances must 
 be obtained, but that it is improper to sacrifice to them the real 
 conveniences of a dwelling, or to obtain both at a charge that 
 should belong only to buildings of greater pretentions. This 
 consideration has led to the devising of irregular plans for the 
 cottage orne, in which symmetrical arrangements of pure archi- 
 tecture are not observed, and the parts are then so disposed as 
 to form pleasing combinations of form, in which, of course, some 
 intricacy occurs, and to produce varied effects of light and shadow. 
 Additions to old buildings are sometimes made in this way, with 
 great advantage to the convenience of the interior of the house, 
 and to the beauty of the building externally ; for it not unfre- 
 quently happens, that concurring circumstances will effect a fa- 
 vourable peculiarity of character, that probably would not have 
 been the result of premeditation. This mode of proceeding, 
 however, in which the convenience of arrangement is made to 
 govern the design, is not suited to regular architecture ; in it the 
 proportions of the various forms and dispositions of the several 
 parts are adjusted by severities of rule, which make the contrary 
 practice indispensable. 
 
 The plan of the annexed design of a cottage orne departs but 
 little from a simply oblong form, but it marks that no attempt 
 has been made to complete it ; and in the elevation also, 
 the forms are disposed with a very limited regard to a perfect 
 symmetry of its parts. This building is arranged for a small fa- 
 
54 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 mily, and consists of a hall, staircase, dining and drawing-rooms, 
 closet for coats, &c. a kitchen, scullery, and larder, on the ground 
 floor ; on the chamber floor are five rooms and a closet ; and on 
 the under-ground story are proper wine, beer, and coal cellars, 
 a cold larder and store-room. Plans of this description have 
 the advantage of losing no space by communicating passages, 
 which too commonly increase the magnitude of buildings, and 
 consequently the expense of them, without a corresponding 
 benefit. The absence or spare application of passages consti- 
 tutes, perhaps, one of the perfections of a plan, provided all 
 the rooms are approachable independently of each other from 
 the hall, staircase, or vestibule ; and such simplicity of arrange- 
 ment should always have a due consideration. The roof of this 
 design is made to project beyond the walls of the house, and 
 thus affords an opportunity of forming a gallery and double 
 verandah, a very desirable appendage to a villa whose chief 
 apartments are presented to south or to south-western aspects. 
 However desirable very elevated situations may be as affording 
 pure air and extensive prospects, the difficulty of obtaining 
 good water in such places makes it sometimes necessary to relin- 
 quish them, and seek for spots of ground better calculated for a 
 pure and an abundant supply. 
 
 Good water should be beautifully transparent ; a slight opa- 
 city is a certain criterion of extraneous matter. To judge of the 
 perfect transparency of water, it should be put into a deep glass 
 vessel, the larger the better, so that we can look down perpen- 
 dicularly into a considerable mass of the fluid ; for by so doing, 
 we may discover any degree of muddiness much better than can 
 be done if the water be viewed through the glass horizontally, 
 or held between the eye and the place whence the direct light 
 proceeds. It should also be perfectly colourless, devoid of 
 odour, and its taste lively and agreeable. It should send out 
 air-bubbles when poured from one vessel into another ; it should 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 55 
 
 boil pulse soft, and form with soap an uniform opaline fluid. 
 The liability of water to spoil by long keeping in close vessels, 
 is by no means a criterion of its disqualification for the ordinary 
 purposes of life, as is often imagined ; it merely proves the 
 presence of organic matter. 
 
 To acquire a knowledge of the general nature of water does 
 not require much address ; it is only necessary to add to the 
 water we wish to examine certain chemical reagents, or tests, 
 and, from the phenomena which they produce, a sufficient 
 notion may be formed of the general constitution of the water. 
 Thus, if tincture or solution of soap in spirits of wine, dropped 
 into water, produces immediately a white curdy precipitate, the 
 water abounds in earthy salts, which are chiefly sulphate and 
 super-carbonate of lime, and sometimes magnesian salts. Such 
 waters are unfit for boiling peas, and all kinds of leguminous 
 seeds, at least if they contain more than four grains of solid 
 matter of these salts in a pint of water. They have usually a 
 cool brisk taste, which renders them more palatable, and there- 
 fore are preferred by water-drinkers. 
 
 Hard waters may, in general, be cured by dropping into 
 them a solution of subcarbonate of potash ; or, if the hardness 
 be owing to the presence of super-carbonate of lime only, mere 
 boiling will remedy the defect ; part of the carbonic acid flies 
 off, and a neutral carbonate of lime falls down to the bottom : 
 it is this that forms the stony crust, or fur, on the sides of the 
 vessel in which it is boiled. This water ought to be exposed to 
 the open air, that it may re-absorb a portion of carbonic acid 
 gas and common air, which it has lost by boiling, and without 
 which, water has a vapid taste, and cannot be used as a whole- 
 some drink. 
 
 Water which contains metallic matters, acquires a dark colour 
 
56 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 by the admixture of liquid sulphuretted hydrogene ; and it is 
 by this test that the presence of lead has been detected in waters 
 kept in leaden cisterns. In waters that abound with earthy salts 
 the oxalate of ammonia produces a white precipitate ; and if a 
 few drops of muriate of barytes occasion a strong precipitate in 
 boiled water, there is reason to believe that the lime is combined 
 with sulphuric acid ; and from the quantity of the precipitate 
 thus produced, when contrasted with good soft water, a suffici- 
 ent notion may be formed of the comparative goodness of the 
 water, or of such as is fit for the ordinary purposes of domestic 
 economy. 
 
Tlcutz 14. 
 
 ?.id>f L atR.AafflkhlAM'S MTPSJTOSJ or ARTS,. ia. Strand, JuneaAA. 
 
COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 57 . 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 A COTTAGE ORNE', 
 
 DESIGNED FOR GARDEN SCENERY AND GROUNDS OF 
 UNDULATING FORMS. 
 
 THIS building is designed to harmonize with garden scenery, 
 and to afford a degree of embellishment by its verandahs and 
 the variety of shadow which they project, that would be greatly 
 desirable where the landscape is not composed of very interest- 
 ing features. The cottage roof is well fitted to assist in this 
 endeavour, as its overhanging eaves produce a picturesque 
 effect, and give a considerable shelter to the house. On the 
 pleasing variety of shadow resulting from this design, its pre- 
 tension to notice would principally depend, for the parts 
 themselves are perfectly simple and unaffected. The objections 
 to this kind of roof, however, are not to be disregarded : the 
 water falling from it is destructive to the plants or herbage that 
 may be beneath the drip ; the walls are not only discoloured 
 towards the ground, by repeated splashing, but become damp, 
 and are eventually injured ; the windows also suffer from this 
 circumstance, and they are not always accessible without sub- 
 jecting the inhabitants to the inconvenience of receiving a portion 
 of the wet that is dismissed by the eaves, even after the gentlest 
 rains. Concealed or invisible gutters, as they are called, have 
 been devised to obviate this unpleasantness. They are formed 
 about a foot and a half above the eaves, and are so disposed as 
 to arrest the progress of the water before it arrives at the 
 extremity of the roof, whence it is conveyed to pipes prepared 
 at the end of the building to receive it. These gutters may be 
 made very small, and they would answer the purpose tolerably 
 well, if a material could be applied to form them not so subject 
 to crack by its expansive and contracting nature as lead is found 
 
 H 
 
58 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 to be, which, from this quality, renders the concealed gutter 
 unadvisable, except to small buildings, or where they can be 
 introduced in very short lengths : in other cases they cannot be 
 considered as affording security from the wet. The best means 
 of preventing the inconvenience generally, is to form a wood 
 gutter at the edge of the roof, so designed that it may appear 
 to be the finish of the roof, rather than a gutter ; and by giving 
 a fall for the water within its substance, the level line of the 
 edge is preserved, and it may be adopted without injury to the 
 lightness of effect that is desirable. The irregular and feeble 
 line which is produced by gutters of copper or zinc, is always 
 to be avoided. 
 
 The centre of this design represents a roof projecting over a 
 bow that forms part of the drawing-room, and as the wall also 
 recedes, a spacious verandah is produced, which is well sheltered, 
 and affords a prospect-gallery, or a sort of open conservatory ; 
 and balconies are formed on each side by the small verandahs 
 which shelter the windows of the ground-floor : the whole is 
 connected by a trellis roof, as described on the plan which 
 represents the line of connexion on the level of the chamber 
 floor. 
 
 The ground for which this design was in fact proposed, hap- 
 pened to be of a very peculiar form, although the general line 
 of it was not undulating, and led to a very careful attention of 
 the means for improving the site of a building variously circum- 
 stanced in this particular. The very ingenious observations of 
 the late Mr. Repton cannot but be acceptable for such purposes, 
 particularly as they frequently occur. There is,” he observes, 
 
 a natural character of country which must influence the site 
 and disposition of every house ; and though in the country there 
 is not the same occasion as in towns, for placing offices under 
 ground, or for setting the principal apartments on a basement 
 
COTTAGE ORNE 7 . 
 
 59 
 
 story, as it is far more desirable to walk from the house on the 
 same level with the ground, yet there are situations which 
 require to be raised above the natural surface. This is the case 
 at Welbeck, where the park not only abounds with bold and 
 conspicuous inequalities, but in many places there are almost 
 imperceptible swellings in the ground, which art would in vain 
 remedy, from their vast breadth ; though they are evident 
 defects whenever they appear to cut across the stems of trees, 
 and hide only half their trunks ; for if the whole trunk were 
 perfectly hidden by such a swell, the injury would be less, be- 
 cause the imagination is always ready to sink the valley and 
 raise the hill, if not checked in its efforts by some actual standard 
 of measurement. In such cases, the best expedient is to view 
 the ground from a gentle eminence, that the eye may look over, 
 and of course lose, these trifling inequalities. 
 
 All natural shapes of ground must necessarily fall under one 
 of these descriptions, viz. convex, concave, plane, or inclined 
 plane. Suppose it granted, that, except in very romantic situ- 
 ations, all the rooms on the principal floor ought to range on 
 the same level ; and that there must be a platform or certain 
 space of ground, with a gentle descent from the house every 
 way. If the ground be naturally convex, or what is generally 
 called a knoll, the crown of the hill must be taken off to form 
 a platform, and the size of the house must be adapted to the 
 size of the knoll ; for if it be too large it will not have sufficient 
 platform, but rather stand on the edge of a steep bank. It 
 therefore follows, that if the house must stand on a natural 
 hillock, the building should not be larger than its situation will 
 admit; and where such hillocks do not exist in places proper for 
 a house in every other respect, it is sometimes possible for art to 
 supply what nature seems to have denied ; a circumstance that 
 proves the absurdity of those who design and plan a house 
 without any previous knowledge of the situation or shape of the 
 
 h 2 
 
60 
 
 COTTAGE ORNE'. 
 
 ground on which it is to be built. When the shape is naturally 
 either concave or perfectly flat, the house would not be habitable 
 unless the ground is sloped sufficiently to throw off the water 
 from it : this is often effected, in a slight degree, merely by the 
 earth that is dug from the cellars and foundations ; but if, instead 
 of sinking the cellars, they were to be built upon the level of 
 the ground, they may afterwards be so covered with earth as to 
 give all the appearance of a natural knoll ; the ground falling 
 from the house to any distance where it may best unite with the 
 natural shape : or, as it frequently happens that there may be 
 small hillocks near the house, one of them may be removed to 
 effect this purpose. This expedient can also be used in an 
 inclined plane, falling towards the house, where the inclination 
 is not very great : but it may be observed of the inclined 
 plane, that the size of the house must be governed in some 
 measure by the fall of the ground ; since it is evident, that, 
 although a house of a hundred feet deep might stand conveni- 
 ently upon it. yet it would require an artificial terrace on one 
 side ; and where the ground cannot be made to look natural, it 
 is better at all times to avow the interference of art, than to 
 attempt an ineffectual concealment of it. 
 
 The plate would not conveniently contain a plan of the 
 design : it is intended, however, to consist of a small hall and 
 staircase, communicating with a breakfast-room, dining-room, 
 and drawing-room, each having a window to the principal 
 front, as represented in the elevation : behind these would be a 
 kitchen, servants’ hall, pantry, and other offices of domestic use. 
 The stables would be removed a short distance. 
 
DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 EUSA1 RESIDENCES. 
 
 ■C-frO^C* 1 
 
 V I JL JL"AS- f 
 &c. &c. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 A VILLA, 
 
 DESIGNED AS A RESIDENCE FOR A SMALL FAMILY. 
 
 A RESIDENCE may be considered under two points of view : 
 first, as relates to its fitness for the purposes of the family, em- 
 bracing the requisites of social life, which by education and habit 
 have become necessary ; and secondly, as connected with exter- 
 nal claims to respectability, including whatever tends to produce 
 those impressions which are recommendatory to the tasteful and 
 judicious. By the term Residence is implied, here, all that be- 
 longs to the mansion, its grounds and plantations ; for the build- 
 ing is but a part of the greater whole. In general, cheerfulness, 
 comfort, and a due proportion of elegance, are the prevailing 
 features desirable to the exterior : these are accompaniments to 
 the dwelling that ought at least to be expected, and the sources 
 which afford them should be simple and genuine ; for the 
 British prefer realities to the professing assumptions of fancy, 
 and in the arrangements where the arts are employed, care 
 should be taken to do nothing that may seem a violence to nature. 
 
62 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 Once, indeed, a style not so consistent had a temporary existence 
 with us ; then also painted facades, mock bridges, churches, 
 and even mock cathedrals, were ff quite in taste but these were 
 soon exploded, and if the imitative powers of art are employed in 
 the present day, it is generally in those things only that are ephe- 
 meral in their nature ; and here too the indulgence is not unlim- 
 ited, being confined to interior decorations. 
 
 The promise which a place of residence holds out to the visitor 
 on his approach, should be of the agreeable kind ; and this pro- 
 mise should, immediately on his entering the gate, be followed 
 up by the assurance, that he will not be disappointed : here the pros- 
 pects half concealed and half exposed, should leave enough un- 
 certain to allow the exercise of the imagination, but the objects 
 should be so arranged that they may lead the visitor to expect 
 something of what is eventually to be revealed ; for unless the fancy 
 is directed, it is so rapid in fabricating images which cannot be 
 realized, that disappointment must of necessity ensue, and with 
 all the advantages of tasteful arrangement, it requires a practised 
 hand to supply its expectations. Strong contrasts are not always 
 favourable ; generally they are the reverse; and certainly in small 
 residences they ought not to be attempted. A general harmony, 
 in progressive advancement to a beautiful climax, is compatible 
 with variety and those effects of opposition which the judicious 
 know how to cultivate with success ; and as there are situations 
 which make one feature proper and fair material for the de- 
 signer, that in another would be affected or absurd, it is there- 
 fore his duty to select only such as may be adopted consistently, 
 and with reference to the peculiar characteristics of the spot. 
 
 Warwick Castle, as a residence, is perhaps the most favourable 
 example we have of the effects of strong oppositions all conge- 
 nial to its character. The rocks, the fine dark heath and rugged 
 ground which mark the approach, are quite in harmony with the 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 63 
 
 ivy-bound and magnificent maiden towers that in former times so 
 successfully guarded its fosse and bridge. They rise out of this 
 spot like the sable guardians of some enchanted territory. But 
 no sooner is the warden tower passed, than the court of the castle 
 presents itself; its lawn, dressed in the freshest verdure and planted 
 with evergreens, manifesting the solicitous and peculiar care be- 
 stowed upon them, seems to tell how precious necessity made this 
 little spot to the comfort and recreation of its inhabitants in less 
 peaceful times. Three steps form the entrance to the great hall, 
 on crossing which a noble prospect of forest scenery presents itself, 
 exhibiting a vast domain, unquestionably an appendage to the 
 castle. The spectator is surprised by the depth that is immediately 
 beneath him : the rapid stream and the ruined bridge, no modern 
 contrivance, are fine accompaniments ; and the ancient little mill, 
 upon which the eye speedily falls, seems to form a scale by which 
 the magnitude of the castle and all around is displayed, and gives 
 a sentiment to the picture that art alone would fail to produce. It 
 is a beautiful emblem of power protecting industry. 
 
 There are fine models existing, both of large and small resi- 
 dences, where the architecture is harmonized with the landscape 
 with great judgment ; but there is yet much to be done towards 
 the proper embellishment of the estates of many ancient families, 
 and particularly of the country gentleman whose duties or whose 
 pleasures, do not lead him from his own domain. Many firm and 
 substantial residences, surrounded by extensive land possessions, 
 seem to promise only a bleak, damp, insecure, and comfortless 
 dwelling, although they may contain every desirable requisite; 
 merely from the absence of those features that evince a tasteful 
 care. It is not enough, that a fine growth of timber on the 
 property manifests that the occupier’s predecessors cultivated it ; 
 it is needful there should exist an obvious proof, that its every in- 
 habitant has followed the laudable example, forthe variety of young 
 and progressively improving plants give, by their size, forms, and 
 
64 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 freshness, and by their colour and opposition to those of earlier 
 growth, a charm that merits the highest cultivation. Where old 
 trees only prevail, and are thinly scattered over the grounds, the 
 near scenery is generally naked at the bottom, or towards the 
 soil, and has a very impoverished effect. 
 
 The building represented in the plate, is intended for the resi- 
 dence of a small family, and has its domestic offices situated in the 
 rear of the principal apartments, which are thence approached by 
 a door entering into the staircase at A. The dining-room is spa- 
 cious, and is decorated by niches and statues, which would com- 
 bine with the greatly projecting bay window, to give the whole an 
 appearance of architectural arrangement and classical finish. The 
 drawing and music-room, communicating with a small conserva- 
 tory, would form a very agreeable suite of apartments, wholly 
 unconnected with the dinner-room. The library is arranged for 
 a tasteful disposition of the books ; and, as being a room of busi- 
 ness, it is entered immediately from the small hall : this leads to 
 the principal staircase, and to a corridor containing a closet, coat- 
 room, store and china-room, &c. and is the passage by which the 
 house is entered from the servants’ apartments. These consist of 
 kitchen, scullery, and larder, servants’ hall, pantry, and house- 
 keepers’ room, with proper cellaring ; and above them are the 
 servants’ bed-rooms. The chambers over the chief apartments 
 are four in number, two of which have dressing-rooms. 
 
 The lawn front only would be architecturally decorated, the 
 remaining sides being disposed for finishing in the simplest style, 
 and for concealment by plantations ; indeed the offices might be 
 nearly excluded from view by the shrubberries between them and 
 the principal building. 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 65 
 
 PLATE XYI. 
 
 A VILLA, 
 
 ADAPTED TO PARK SCENERY. 
 
 THIS building' is designed to afford accommodation to a small 
 family of moderate fortune ; it consists of a spacious dining-room 
 and two drawing-rooms, a study, and five bed rooms, four dres- 
 sing-rooms, a principal and back staircase, with a servants’ hall 
 and butler’s pantry under the front apartments : the other offices 
 would be removed from the basement of the house, to which there 
 might be a communication by a passage, or area, as the nature 
 of the ground permitted ; the lawn in the present instance, is 
 supposed to incline rapidly to the river’s edge, and allow altitude 
 sufficient for the basement-floor and for proper drainage. 
 
 Irregular surfaces of ground sometimes admit of dispositions 
 and arrangements of the lower rooms particularly, that are ex- 
 ceedingly desirable, and which could not be provided for in the 
 design, unless the architect had an intimate knowledge of the 
 spot selected for the purpose. It has been too common a prac- 
 tice to adopt plans without this exercise of judgment; and hence 
 many buildings are so disposed, that some of the principal apart- 
 ments are properly above the surface of the ground, whilst others 
 are beneath it ; so that even in an elevated situation, parts of the 
 house suffer the injuries consequent on building in a hollow, and 
 the whole becomes damp and unhealthy ; when, had the inclined 
 lines of the soil been judiciously considered, and the natural forms 
 assisted by such artificial moundings as might be readily executed 
 at a small expense, the whole would have been complete, and 
 superior accommodation and effect obtained ; as well as health- 
 fuluess, and security from the result of damps and the ravages of 
 
 i 
 
66 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 the dry-rot. Few things in building so surprise an attentive 
 observer as the prevalence of the fault just alluded to ; it is a 
 common thing to find excellent houses so built in the ground, 
 that it mio-ht seem as if the heavens were forbidden to us, and that 
 every foot in altitude beyond the earth was a culpable trespass 
 upon the skies. 
 
 In the plan of this villa, the dining-room and library are in- 
 creased by bays, which project beyond the general outline of the 
 walls above them ; consequently so much of the upper walls are 
 without "substructure, and are dependant upon an artificial sup- 
 port, which is usually formed by beams of timber assisted by an 
 arch spanning from side to side : this is, however, inefficient in 
 most cases, the timber shrinks in its substance, and yields to the 
 weight above it ; at all times therefore it is proper to help it by 
 the introduction of columns, as in the dining-room, unless the a- 
 partment is so narrow as to allow the aid of transverse beams pas- 
 sing from the outside to the middle wall, as would be the case in 
 the library of this design. 
 
 The evidences of neglect in these means are seen in the cracks 
 which take place in the walls above the projections ; in the bro- 
 ken ceilings and cornices of the rooms beneath ; and in the 
 quantities of water which collect upon the flats of the bays, in 
 consequence of an alteration in their currents, and thence it too 
 frequently finds its way into and damages the apartment. 
 
 Much speculation has taken place on the subject of park scenery, 
 a style of rural embellishment that marks a superior rank in the 
 possessor, and is a dignified appendage to the domain : Within a 
 few years many sites have assumed this pretension, but its effect 
 has not been obtained unless the ground has been of correspond- 
 ing extent, and the plantations numerous and of ample dimen- 
 sions ; the latter is indispensible to the purpose, for single trees 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 67 
 
 scattered over the spot does not afford the grandeur essential to 
 the park character, but on the contrary produces an impover- 
 ished and meagre effect. 
 
 The fashion for planting in clumps, now sparingly introduced, 
 although its principle is invariably adopted, is said to have been 
 thus produced : — Mr. Brown was pursuing the style which has 
 always been considered as characteristic of park scenery, and 
 planted many trees near to each other, that they might form a 
 reciprocal shelter and obtain a more rapid growth, which is 
 known to take place when trees are placed together in sufficient 
 numbers. These were to be thinned, and the best selected for 
 standing in the manner common to parks ; but the richness ob- 
 tained by the concealment of the stems, and by the increased 
 foliage and shadow of the branches, caused them to be preserved 
 as clumps, and Brown did not object to be complimented on the 
 contrivance. The belt was adopted from the same circumstance, 
 and was planted for a similar purpose, of being judiciously thin- 
 ned, when the number, the form, the strength of the plant, the 
 colour and the variety, were again to be taken into considera- 
 tion. It was here that Mr. Brown expected to have exerted his 
 talents for pictorial fancy ; but a new feature presenting itself, 
 his works rarely had this devotion paid to them. Better times for 
 art and taste have introduced that mixture of seemingly insulated 
 trees, the spare aggregation of them, and the embowering cluster, 
 that so strongly imitates nature in her most agreeable forms, and 
 leaves nothing of her grace to be desired. The effect of planting 
 low shrubs near the house is invariable in its advantages : it is 
 demonstrative of cultivation ; it affords a variety of breaks to the 
 views around, and assists in blending the upright lines of the 
 sides of the house with the horizontal one of its base. If a house 
 be viewed, as it usually is when some distance from the public 
 roads, it may be assumed as a rule, that the base line should 
 be in part concealed by intervening plantations. 
 
 i 2 
 
68 A VILLA. 
 
 O 
 
 To the judicious arrangement of plantations, and a suitable 
 selection of the trees and shrubs which compose them, a villa is 
 indebted for many picturesque advantages, and to effect this 
 object in the fullest extent, the architect should possess many 
 qualifications of the painter and landscape gardener ; indeed 
 these accomplishments for the purpose are so necessary to his 
 design, that few professors of architecture are now without 
 considerable information upon the principles of both; and 
 applying them scientifically, they usually escape those errors 
 which almost of necessity occur when the purpose is attempted 
 upon no better authority than that of fancy, or of individual 
 opinion. 
 

. ACKmrm'sMPosiTokrofJKrs.Mastra^Ju^ i&e 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 69 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 A VILLA, 
 
 DESIGNED AS THE RESIDENCE OF AN ARTIST. 
 
 CLAUDE LORRAIN, Poussin, and other celebrated land- 
 scape-painters of the seventeenth century, introduced forms of 
 buildings in their compositions that were well suited to the poetic 
 feeling obvious in the works of those great masters ; the feature 
 is common to the countries in which they painted, but it was by 
 them brought to a higher degree of elegant and judicious con- 
 formity with the chief subjects of their pencils, than could be ex- 
 pected to exist in buildings generally erected without other 
 considerations than such as merely related to fitness and conve- 
 niency. From these artists our own painters have adopted a 
 similar contour in their representations of buildings in pictures 
 of ideal scenery, in which the higher or poetic class of landscape 
 is represented, and at length, it may be termed, in consequence 
 of its frequent use, the painter’s style of buildings: thus the sub- 
 ject of the annexed plate being a design for the residence of one 
 of our first artists, the forms have been selected from works of 
 pictorial beauty. 
 
 This villa is also suited to the man of literary study, or to the 
 amateur of taste, as the apartments arranged for the painter’s 
 accommodation are equally well disposed for a library, or for a 
 collection of works of art. 
 
 * A, is the entrance, approached by a flight of steps from the 
 carriage-road, and sheltered by a porch formed by a small 
 building of the Corinthian order of architecture, which contains 
 the ante-room B, or cabinet for small pictures : this room would 
 
70 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 also form the library, the books being contained in dwarf cases, 
 over which the paintings would be suspended. C is the picture- 
 gallery, lighted from above, and communicating with the painting- 
 room D : this room is the whole height of the building, and re- 
 ceives its light from above the lean-to a, which contains a room 
 for the preparation of colours and for the attendant. These 
 rooms are separated from the domestic part of the house, except 
 at b, by the entrance hall A, from which the hall and staircase 
 E are approached : this communicates with the drawing-room F 
 and the dining-room G, which open to each other by folding- 
 doors : the differing forms and proportions of these rooms, aided 
 by the symmetry of the other parts of it, would have a very 
 pleasing effect, particularly if mirrors were placed over eaeh of 
 the chimney-pieces. A jib-door forms an entrance to the pas- 
 sage H, and is used for the service of dinner. I is a closet, and 
 K the pantry. Lis the entrance for the servants. Mis the 
 kitchen, N the scullery, and O the larder. Cellar-room would 
 be obtained beneath the whole or any part of this building, 
 provided it were so placed as to allow proper means of drainage 
 from the parts excavated to form them. The staircase leads to 
 the chambers, and also to an observatory, which would afford 
 an agreeable study or secluded museum. 
 
 The situation for this building should be of the most pictu- 
 resque kind, and well supplied by plantations ; and as the 
 ground would probably be elevated and boldly Undulating, a 
 variety of prospect and scenery might be obtained, necessary to 
 harmonize with an edifice of this design : but as a good supply 
 of water is of the first importance, such situations should be 
 carefully examined, lest the expense or labor of procuring it 
 should eventually prove that the spot ought not to have been 
 selected . 
 
 In vallies, and particularly in the neighbourhood of rivers. 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 71 
 
 water is procured with ease; but upon the hill, unless it is seated 
 below still more elevated ground, springs are rarely found unless 
 at excessive depths, their sources being dependent on the vapour 
 and rain which fall and percolate the strata of the earth ; these 
 snbteraneous streams or depositories are frequently so much 
 below the surface of the ground that the wells made to intercept 
 or reach them, must necessarily be so deep as to cause a vast 
 expense, as well as the application of engines to raise the water, 
 and then only by great labour. Where precautions have not 
 been taken, the rain-water falling on the top of the house is 
 usually collected in tanks or cisterns, but it is not suited, to do- 
 mestic use unless purified by filtration. The city of Venice 
 being seated in the midst of the Adriatic, and chiefly built upon 
 piles, there are no springs of fresh water — the inhabitants there- 
 fore collect and treasure up every drop that falls, and by an 
 ingenious contrivance some of their tanks are made to perform, 
 by art, that sort of filtration which is effected by nature, on the 
 instant of its descent ; and this practice might be adopted with 
 advantage in most situations where rain-water is needful for 
 domestic use. 
 
 The Venetians form a large reservoir which is frequently the 
 area of the court or yard belonging to each building, and the 
 bottom of it is made to incline rapidly from the sides to their 
 general centre — at this point a circular walling is built, so as to 
 make a small well, which being continued to the surface is so 
 used ; — the remainder of the tank is filled with clean sand, of va- 
 rious granulations, and well rammed, becoming a compact mass, 
 upon which the pavement is laid, and forming the court or yard, 
 but first arched drains are built in the tank on every side, into 
 which all the water that falls upon the premises is conveyed, and 
 thence passing through the sand towards the well in the centre, 
 the water becomes purified, and is excellently preserved in large 
 quantities. 
 
72 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 An useful means of filtration is provided at a small expense by 
 layers of ivory black, being the charcoal of bones, placed between 
 folds of muslin, and enclosed in a box, pierced with many small 
 holes through both its bottom and its lid ; this box must be fixed 
 in the bottom of a large vessel, so that the water placed in it may 
 pass through the charcoal, whence it will become purified and 
 clear ; for charcoal, when employed as a filter, acts in two ways : 
 first, mechanically, as in the common filter, and secondly, it 
 possesses the power of acting chemically on the water, so as to 
 deprive it of any taint or smell that it may contain — the char- 
 coal of animal substances is to be preferred to that of vegetable, 
 and it should be renewed every three or four months. 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 73 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 A VILLA, 
 
 EXEMPLIFYING THE PROPER SITUATIONS FOR THE 
 DOMESTIC OFFICES. 
 
 THE elegancies of life are the results of prosperity in all 
 countries, but in none are the means of comfort so much culti- 
 vated as in our own. Splendour and magnificence are made 
 subordinate to the calmer enjoyments of domestic felicity, and 
 are far less the objects of an Englishman’s desire, than the means 
 of friendly intercourse and rational retirement. That our build- 
 ings should be designed with views peculiar to these objects, may 
 be well expected ; and they have been so successfully brought to 
 accomplish this end, that all countries have acknowledged the 
 superiority of our habitations for the purposes of life, and studi- 
 ously imitate the arrangements of an English dwelling. 
 
 There is within us, also, a native aversion to assume beyond 
 the limits of our means and of our powers ; and every thing that 
 seems to profess more than is warranted by its intrinsic merit, 
 becomes repugnant to our feelings. The architecture of this 
 country has very evidently been operated on by such impressions ; 
 for, the external parts of our buildings are too often neglected, 
 even to reproach, although the internal arrangements are studied 
 and executed with scrupulous discernment ; and there are few 
 houses that do not surprise us by the size and number of the 
 apartments, in proportion to the limited appearance of their 
 elevations. 
 
 The design is made to conform to this feeling, but it is hoped 
 without conceding too much of its exterior claims. It is intended 
 
 K 
 
74 
 
 A VILLA* 
 
 to effect the object of uniting architectural elegance with comfort, 
 for an establishment within the confines of a moderate fortune. 
 
 In forming this plan, care has been taken to avoid whatever 
 experience has found to be objectionable relating to the domestic 
 offices, and to afford facility of communication to the apartments, 
 without subjecting them to inconvenience or offence. The door 
 of separation in the hall completely divides the offices from the 
 superior parts of the house. The pantry is near the dining-room, 
 and commands the porch. The servants’ hall is beyond the door 
 leading to the yard, and has the effect of being detached from the 
 house, though really within it. The kitchen is arranged with the 
 same advantages ; the door opposite the pantry is only in use tor 
 the service of dinner. The scullery is wholly removed from the 
 house. The laundry and wash-house are yet more retired, and 
 immediately under the inspection of the house-keeper, who, in 
 this arrangement, is considered as cook also. The knife and 
 shoe room adjoins the servants’ hall. The larder and dairy are 
 farther removed from the inhabited parts ; and the offices on this 
 side are approachable by a trellis colonnade, so that at all seasons 
 they are accessible with safety. The minor staircase leads to the 
 chamber-landings and to the cellars ; there is a stair to the cellar 
 also, from the colonnade. The chambers contain three apart- 
 ments for the men, three for the maid servants, and a room for 
 stores. 
 
 From the porch, a hall of small dimensions communicates with 
 a waiting-room, which is a receptacle for coats, hats, sticks, &c. 
 Water should be laid on to a wash-stand near the window ; this 
 room contains a water-closet. The dining-room entrance is fiom 
 this hall, and is favourably situated for the service of dinner. The 
 dining-room is unconnected with the retiring apartments ; but a 
 jib door communicates with the vestibule, and precludes the ne- 
 cessity of passing through the hall to the drawing-room or galleiy. 
 
A VILLA. 
 
 *75 
 
 The niches to contain candelabra at the side-board end, and the 
 corresponding recesses at the other angles, are suited to an archi- 
 tectural decoration consonant with the purposes of this room. 
 The withdrawing-room, breakfast-room, and gallery or library, 
 are approached from the vestibule, and from each other. The 
 advantages of this arrangement are so obvious, that they are not 
 treated of; but in the general adoption of the connected drawing 
 room and library, the mind becomes highly gratified on con- 
 templating the acknowledged influence of female intellect, and 
 those charms of social loveliness, that have allured the apartment 
 of study from its obscure retreat. 
 
 The drawing-room is so formed as to avoid the dark shades 
 which invariably collect in the corners of all rooms, and affords 
 the means of a very elegant decoration. The gallery is lighted 
 from the top, as its purpose is to contain pictures, marbles, 
 bronzes, and books, and thus admit a beautiful variety of ar- 
 rangements. The vestibule is always a most desirable appurte- 
 nance to a dwelling, and is here situated so as to afford additional 
 ventilation ; it reaches to the top of the building, and is sur- 
 mounted by a lanthorn light ; a gallery round it, forms the 
 approach to the chambers. The vestibule opens to the staircase, 
 and the staircase to this gallery. A water-closet is contained in 
 the retired part of the staircase. The chambers above, are four, 
 three with a dressing-room, and one without it. 
 
 Simplicity of character has been the leading object of this de- 
 sign. It will be seen that the extent of the house is aimed to be 
 defined by the pilasters, which are, in number, four on the porch 
 front, four on the lawn front, and two on the returning end ; the 
 remainder being plain walls, would be planted against, and hid by 
 shrubberies, as there are no windows ofthe offices looking outwards. 
 
 The Palladian sashes of the dining-room, drawing-room, 
 
76 
 
 A VILLA. 
 
 and the door of the breakfast-room, open to a stone terrace, 
 which descends by two steps to the lawn. The terrace is so ele- 
 gant in its character, and so useful as a promenade after wet 
 weather, that it should be reluctantly, if ever, dispensed with. Op- 
 posite the pilasters are pedestals supporting vases ; they are dis- 
 tant fi om the building the width of the terrace : from the apart ments 
 they produce a beautiful contrast to the scenery ; to the front of 
 the house they are a substitute for columns ; and, in connexion 
 with the pilasters, they afford a portion of that variety which ren- 
 ders intercolumniations so fascinating by the change which is 
 transferred by the moving spectator to the building. 
 
DESIGNS 
 
 FOIt 
 
 M URdUL RESIDENCES. 
 
 
 
 PAM EIT1AHCES, LODGES, 
 ORNAMENTAL BITIUDINGS, 
 
 &c. 
 
 PLATE XIX, 
 
 A LODGE, 
 
 DESIGNED AS THE ENTRANCE TO AN ESTATE. 
 
 It will be perceived by this and the following design, that a 
 cheerful and inviting character of scenery is suitable to them, 
 being contrived to display it to advantage, and induce the tra- 
 veller to desire a further investigation ; but it requires a superior 
 order of landscape excellence in other parts of the grounds, to 
 fulfil the expectation that such a promise begets in the mind of 
 every intelligent visitor. When, however, such means are in 
 possession, it is very proper to give him at the entrance of the 
 park so recommendatory a foresight of its qualities ; for the 
 entrance of a property effecting the earliest impression on the 
 mind of a visitant, it is of some importance that it should be 
 of the favourable kind ; because in this as in other instances 
 of first impressions , it is not easily eradicated, and probably the 
 mind will be more strongly operated on should it have the 
 
78 
 
 A LODGE. 
 
 appearance of repulsiveness or other objectionable features. 
 
 This idea was some years ago oddly pursued by an old noble- 
 
 man, whose summer recreation consisted in making extensive 
 
 journies through England, Scotland and Wales : he amused 
 
 himself with speculations upon the character of the individuals 
 
 from the' entrances to their several properties as he met with 
 
 them upon the road ; .and he insisted, that he had become so 
 
 great a proficient in catching the predominant one of the 
 
 entrance itself, that he rarely failed in pronouncing that of its 
 
 owner ; until at length he declined to visit those with whom he 
 
 intended to pass short spaces of time during his tour, if he 
 
 thought that he perceived characteristics objectionable to him in 
 
 the entrances to their domains. It is very easy,” said he, to 
 
 say which belongs to the proud and lofty, and which to the vain 
 
 and conceited ; which to the liberal, the prodigal, the penurious, 
 
 the courteous, the frivolous, the reserved, or the nervous ; and 
 
 it matters not that they may have been made by the predecessors 
 
 of the present occupiers ; had there been great differences of 
 
 nature in them, the entrances would have been altered.” How 
 
 far his lordship’s theory might be practically correct to so great 
 
 an extent, may very properly be doubted ; but certain it is, it 
 
 often happens that prejudices are formed at this early period of a 
 
 visit, that are not readily removed even by manners the most 
 
 liberal and conciliating. 
 
 * 
 
 The lodge is not intended to be repeated at the other extre- 
 mity of the railing and gates, being designed only for an estate 
 of small dimensions ; but should it be desirable in a larger 
 domain to effect greater symmetry and convenience, it will be 
 proper to increase the length of railing to which the gates are 
 connected, or the buildings would be too near each other. 
 
 The railing and gates are proposed to be chiefly of cast-iron, 
 on account of economy and of durability. 
 
A LODGE. 
 
 79 
 
 The manufacture of iron has been greatly benefitted by 
 improvements in the art of casting it, by which the embossed 
 parts are relieved from the moulds with so much purity, that 
 little labour is afterwards required to complete the richest orna- 
 mental work in this metal, which is therefore performed at a 
 small expense compared with the execution of such work a short 
 time since ; and as iron itself is now at a very reduced price, it 
 may be expected that richly embossed works will come into 
 frequent use, particularly as this metal is now so generally 
 substituted for several other materials, that the century may not 
 improperly be called another iron age . 
 
 About ninety or a hundred years ago, superb works in iron, 
 as gates and railings, were very fashionable, and Mr. Adam, the 
 architect, did his utmost to revive the richness of them in all his 
 works ; but there was yet an error in connecting iron-railings 
 with stone-work injurious to their durability, that always 
 checked the encouragement so soon as the effects were disco- 
 vered : in fact, two or more pieces of iron ought not to be 
 placed together so that their flat surfaces come in contact with 
 each other, and the parts which join the several pieces should 
 be as small as possible, for the rusting of the connecting parts 
 speedily separates them ; the progressively accumulating rust 
 effects this still farther, and the repairs by lead which the smiths 
 supply, continue the advancement of the separation, until the 
 height and width of the whole work far exceed its original 
 dimensions ; and thus its own strength and fitness are destroyed, 
 and the stone- work with which it may be connected, is torn to 
 pieces. This circumstance has given some persons the false 
 notion that iron grows when in a manufactured state, and 
 increases in length and bulk by lapse of time. Curious examples 
 of what has been stated may be seen at the south front of the 
 Bank of England, where the basement of the building is dila- 
 pidated to an extraordinary extent ; and lately at the Adelphi 
 
80 
 
 A LODGE. 
 
 also, where the railing to the parapet of the terrace towards the 
 river was in a similar ruinous state, and exceedingly dangerous. 
 Architects now prevent these effects by correcting the error in 
 the practice of the manufactory, and by fixing the whole as 
 independently as possible of other parts of the building. 
 
TlaJr 20. 
 
 A PARK IS IT® AK - C JE 
 
PARK. ENTRANCE. 
 
 81 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 A PARK ENTRANCE, 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE RESIDENCE OF A NOBLEMAN. 
 
 AN entrance, whether it be to park or other property, should 
 be designed in strict correspondence of character with the 
 building to which it is the means of approach ; and also bear 
 a relative proportion to the extensiveness, or limitation of the 
 estate. The lodge and facade are appropriate to the park and 
 mansion ; the lodge and gateway to the villa and its plantations; 
 and to the cottage orne and its shrubberies, the ornamental gate 
 alone is suitable, which may be designed to accord with the 
 peculiar features of the building. 
 
 The annexed design was intended to become an unostenta- 
 tious entrance to a small property of the superior class ; it does 
 not therefore comprise lodges which, in this instance, would 
 have encreased the quantity of building beyond its proper limits, 
 for the mansion was supposed to be of moderate dimension, and 
 the domain of no great extent : it was, however, intended that 
 the residence of the porter should be in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood ; for without the certainty of attendance, a property 
 with such an inclosure has an inaccessible appearance. The 
 piers of this design are more decorated than usual ; those of the 
 centre support grecian vase lamps, and are embellished by 
 bas-reliefs of figures supporting ornamental foliages. The gates 
 are of iron, with iron standards supporting them independently 
 of the stone- work, and they are chastly ornamented ; the side 
 piers are made to receive the stone or brick wall with which the 
 estate is surrounded, or to be repeated so as to form a facade 
 of greater extent and importance. 
 
PARK ENTRANCE. 
 
 82 
 
 Whether the enclosures to parks are of stone, brick, or oak, 
 they are capable of producing very picturesque effects from 
 without, as they pass over the surface of undulating ground, or 
 wind amongst the trees and coppices that usually blend with 
 them : such fences if they are considerably extensive, may be 
 occasionally displayed to advantage, for they bespeak the wealth 
 or rank of the proprietor. This observation, however, refers 
 only to the exterior ; for having passed the lodge, the boundary 
 fence is no longer a desirable object, for there, every thing that 
 produces the feeling of restraint, or subtracts from the idea of 
 ample possession, is offensive. 
 
 The fences of the interior should likewise be formed so as to 
 avoid similar objections, and the utmost care should be taken 
 that fences erected as sub-divisions of the property should not 
 be mistaken for the actual boundary ; on the other hand, it is 
 possible by the occasional substitution of a park paling in lieu 
 of the brick or stone-work that forms the fence wall, to give 
 the appearance of a sub-division only, to that which is really 
 the remotest enclosure of the park, and thereby to remove much 
 of an objectionable feature. 
 
 The sunk fence, the ha-ha, and the invisible fence, are all 
 judicious means of separation for the several purposes to which 
 they are applicable, and the present mode of executing the 
 latter in iron, at a moderate expense, has given it an advantage 
 over the other two that it will probably maintain for a long time, 
 provided its merited reputation for superiority in many cases, be 
 not tarnished by the inadequate substance that is frequently 
 given to the standards and to the rods, for the purpose of saving 
 a small additional expense, which saving is the cause of its 
 becoming an inadequate barrier to cattle, who, therefore, injure 
 or destroy it by the common pressure that all fences are subject 
 to sustain. 
 
PARK ENTRANCE. 
 
 83 
 
 The approach, or road from the entrance to the house, should 
 appear the nearest and most eligible for the passenger to pursue, 
 and as a straight line is the shortest possible from one given 
 point to another, it would naturally occur in all cases ; but 
 being objectionable in point of taste, the curved line is adopted 
 with propriety when the causes of its deviation are natural, and 
 do no violence to art. Trees, banks, or other obstructions, 
 divert the passenger from the straight line, and he readily 
 inclines to the curve of path that leads from it without materially 
 swerving from the chief object of his pursuit. 
 
 In grounds that are undulating, curved roads would form the 
 natural lines of approach, for the foot insensibly seeks relief by 
 lessening the altitude of the plane by which it mounts and 
 descends, and seeks rather to go round the hill, than directly 
 over it : thus we find that the inartificial foot paths made over 
 newly ploughed fields are always curves or straight lines, as the 
 grounds over which they pass are level or composed of hill and 
 valley. 
 
 On these principles the approach should be formed, giving 
 the visitor a suitable display of the possessions through which 
 he passes, taking care at the same time that nothing shall seem 
 ostentatiously displayed, and nothing carefully concealed ; for, 
 in the first instance, the mind is offended by the intrusive 
 assumption of superiority, and in the second, by the imagina- 
 tion ; which, in such cases, readily supplies images less favour- 
 able than the real and objectionable thing attempted to be 
 hidden from the view. 
 
 It has been said that approaches should not intersect the park 
 or lawn ; neither should they skirt its boundary : the skilful 
 artist Mull, however, so support his road by bankings, bridges, 
 or plantations, that it shall neither be an undressed division line, 
 
 l 2 
 
84 
 
 PARK ENTRANCE. 
 
 nor be constantly in danger of exposing the limits of the 
 property. 
 
 Foot-paths of gravel or other material to permit the free use 
 of exercise at all times and seasons are absolutely necessary 
 in decorative grounds, plantations and gardens ; they demand 
 the best skill of the designer, who employs them to lead the 
 visitor to what is excellent, and to remove him from what is 
 objectionable : — by foot-paths he produces the intricacy that 
 delights by its rich variety, or by a more simple disposal, gives 
 effect to the lawns and shrubberies which accompany them, or 
 to the landscape and distant scenery. 
 
 Of foot-paths it may be observed that they should rarely cross 
 each other at right angles, or when branching out into other or 
 lesser paths; but that their junctions should be easy and natural, 
 and the lines continue to depart from each other so effectually 
 that they shall not at any time be seen to form parallel lines. 
 
SMtat&ACmMAM's BEPOSUOm . f. ARTS. la-Strand., Junea&tS . 
 
GOTHIC CONSERVATORY. 
 
 85 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 A GOTHIC CONSERVATORY, 
 
 DESIGNED TO BE CONNECTED WITH THE MANSION. 
 
 THE study of botany has long been added to the catalogue 
 of rural amusements, it has provided an embellishment of the 
 most agreeable kind to the garden and also to the mansion ; for 
 instead of being, as originally, in a removed situation, the con- 
 servatory is now placed in connexion with the house itself, with 
 which it elegantly combines, and gives an apartment highly va- 
 luable from its beauty and cheerfulness. When the conservatory 
 is included in the arrangement of the house on the first formation 
 of the design, it is capable of affording a large addition to its 
 architectural beauty ; and when it is joined to it as an appendage, 
 it frequently becomes so, though in a less degree perhaps, unless 
 circumstances are very favourable, as great judgement is required 
 to connect it with the building so as to display its proposed forms 
 without injury to those of the mansion itself; from which, indeed, 
 it ought to receive its character, and of which it should assume 
 to be a part ; for, however agreeable variety may be, incongruity 
 is always fatal to its charms with every well cultivated and taste- 
 ful mind. Habit perhaps has lessened the ill impression which a 
 conservatory makes upon us when formed without reference to 
 the edifice to which it is attached ; for at first being merely a 
 green-house placed against the building, which became gradually 
 increased to architectural pretension in form, the violence that has 
 since been done to fitness by strange mixtures of style, has been 
 too much disregarded. 
 
 The conservatory is distinguished from the green-house by the 
 circumstance of its affording protection only to the plants; where- 
 as the latter is used for rearing them, and it has become an apart- 
 
86 
 
 GOTHIC CONSERVATORY. 
 
 ment in which they are arranged for display, merely allowing 
 space for walks or a promenade., and is frequently used as a 
 breakfast or morning room. When separated from the house, it 
 forms a rural temple, or elegant central building ; when joined, 
 it should combine with the breakfast or morning sitting-room, 
 to which it is properly applicable, both as it relates to the time 
 of day in which these rooms are in common use, and to the 
 cheerfulness and health which plants afford at those times. It is 
 attached occasionally, but improperly, to the dining and drawing 
 rooms ; because, as is well known, plants absorb in the evening 
 a large portion of that quality of vital air that is essential to hu- 
 man existence, which in the day-time, and particularly in the 
 morning, they assist to supply. Plants, like animals, consume a 
 large portion of oxygen, and if this be denied to them, they wither 
 and die. Preparatory to some alterations of a conservatory a 
 short time since, the plants were removed into other apartments, 
 it being winter, and the weather severe, fires of charcoal were 
 made at night, and placed amongst them in braziers : as the 
 proprietor was not aware of the effects of charcoal on atmos- 
 pheric air, he ordered the doors to be closed, intending that the 
 plants should benefit the more by these fires : but as a due pro- 
 portion of fresh air was not supplied, in the morning they were 
 found to have suffered, as it is probable animals so circumstanced 
 would also have suffered. — The most tender were quite dead, 
 some lingered a short time and died, and only a few of the 
 strongest survived ; but they have not yet recovered their former 
 vigour, although this is the second spring since the circumstance 
 took place. 
 
 The conservatory represented in the annexed plate is designed 
 agreeably to the Gothic style, and is suited therefore to buildings 
 of the same or of the castle character. The ground-plan is di- 
 vided into three compartments : that attached to the house forms 
 the entrance. The centre would receive the highest stages for 
 
GOTHIC CONSERVATORY. 
 
 87 
 
 the plants, and it would be covered with a roof of glass. Small 
 aviaries might be made on each side of the third space, which 
 would complete the avenue formed from the entrance of the 
 apartments of the house. The interior framing of the centre 
 part might be constructed upon the same principle with the open 
 timber roofs of some of our ancient baronial halls and churches, 
 which, springing from slender pillars, would ramify with great 
 elegance, combine with the grouping of the plants, and very 
 properly harmonize with them ; for their forms are so like rows 
 of trees uniting their branches, that it has not been unaptly ima- 
 gined, that avenues of trees gave the first idea not only of the 
 pointed arch, but of the groins and vaultings that since decora- 
 ted our beautiful Gothic cathedrals. The close-groined ceilings 
 of the extreme compartments would give force and variety to 
 this arrangement, which would have a very novel and orna- 
 mental effect. 
 
 The glass of the centre part to the south is intended to be 
 removed at certain seasons of the year, and the whole is sur- 
 rounded by a low stone terrace, approached by two steps, and 
 terminated by small jets d’eau. This platform would be an 
 agreeable promenade, particularly if plants and flowers were 
 tastefully arranged in groups, forming its surface into a di- 
 versified parterre. 
 
 Ingenious stoves and apparatus have been lately invented and 
 used for the purpose of heating conservatories and green -houses 
 by steam, some of which have been employed with great ad- 
 vantage ; particularly that possessing the means to create at 
 pleasure an abundant vapour, which it disperses over all the 
 plants, and is an occasional substitute for watering them indivi- 
 dually. For this purpose, the steam tube that imparts the heat, is 
 fixed above a shallow and open trough, into which cold water is 
 turned when the vapour is desired ; the heated tube acting upon 
 
88 
 
 GOTHIC CONSERVATORY. 
 
 the surface of this water it is speedily converted into vapour, 
 which may be continued during any length of time, and when 
 no longer desired, the water is let out of the trough, when of 
 course the operation ceases. 
 
 The whole of this apparatus may be placed beneath the level 
 of the floor, so as to cause no interruption to the arrangement 
 of the stages ; and the stove and boilers may be placed at a con- 
 venient distance from the building. 
 
Ptate/32. 
 
 * » • “ « 
 
 -ZBJ* 
 
 A ©AIM'S'. 
 
 S'<6*ar ic.vsmam', T(EP0SUCXrnf.ARTS,jeiJt3arvi.June,aAd. 
 
A DAIRY. 
 
 89 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 A DAIRY, 
 
 PROPOSED TO BE SITUATED SO AS TO FORM AN 
 ORNAMENT TO THE SHRUBBERIES. 
 
 WHEN the fashionable amusements of the town are relin- 
 quished for those of the country, there are few so interesting to 
 the female mind as the dairy. Perhaps the poets have given a 
 sentiment to all that belongs to pastoral life, or in its own nature 
 the means of supplying pleasurable ideas, may have a real 
 existence : indeed it is probable, that nature and the poet may 
 have combined to give a relish for an amusement that is equally 
 engaging and healthful, and taste has not failed to add its 
 influence in favour of this subject ; for there are few residences, 
 whose possessors have been acknowledged to lead in the walks 
 of polished fancy or pictorial beauty, where the dairy has not 
 formed an agreeable feature in the order of its rural offices. 
 
 The design is of a rustic character, suited to the purpose for 
 which it is intended, yet not so simple in its form as to be 
 mistaken for a cottage ; its entrance is more elevated and more 
 embellished, and the windows of a superior description. The 
 eaves of the roof appearing to be low, the lofty interior has a 
 proportionably increased effect, as nearly the whole height of the 
 roof is occupied by the dome, into which the octagon plan 
 resolves itself, after forming four spacious niches, which it 
 obtains from the square basement of the walls. The glass door 
 opposite to the entrance communicates with a passage, in which 
 flowers of peculiar beauty and fragrance may be preserved ; and 
 terminates with the servants’ room, used for the cleansing of the 
 vessels, churning, and other business of this department of rural 
 economy. 
 
90 
 
 A DAIRY. 
 
 The folding door of entrance to the dairy would be of glass, 
 the pavement of marble, and the tables for the vessels are 
 designed to be composed of the verd antique Mona marble, 
 supported by terms of the same material, surmounted by China 
 vases ; the dado and pilasters to correspond, finishing the walls 
 by a verd antique architrave : It is proposed to fill up the 
 compartments, formed by these means, with glazed tiles of a 
 tone of colour harmonizing with the marbles. The niches are 
 designed to contain tripods, or urns, dedicated to the pastoral 
 deities, from each of which a jet d’eau would be made to spring, 
 as their lively, sparkling motion, joined with the coolness they 
 impart to the air in warm seasons, make them fit ornaments for 
 this species of building ; and the variety of gently splashing 
 sound which they produce, adds considerably to the interest 
 created in their favour. The dome would be divided into trellis 
 compartments, each rib being supported by a pilaster that forms 
 the subdivision of the side walls ; and the heads of the niches 
 are intended to be ornamented to correspond with the dome. 
 The windows are designed to be of the oriel kind, formed with 
 oak mullions, and embellished with painted glass, which would 
 throw over the whole a variety of brilliant and coloured light, 
 greatly improving the general effect. 
 
 This plan permits a considerable portion of the whole building 
 to have hollow walls, and the roof would be double also ; a 
 contrivance very essential to the dairy, but not of itself sufficient 
 to preserve that temperature which is desirable during the exces- 
 sive heats of summer ; but it has been found, that where a free 
 circulation of air has been created through the double walls and 
 roof, this is completely effected. Care should at the same time 
 be taken, that this circulation may be retarded, or wholly 
 prevented, by means of regulators easy of access, whenever a 
 change of circumstances may make it necessary. The servants” 
 room should be well supplied with water and with cisterns, for 
 
A DAIRY. 
 
 91 
 
 keeping the vessels, immersed in it, cool when out of use, and, 
 of course, with coppers and other necessary apparatus ; and it 
 is of the first consequence that the whole should be well drained, 
 and be built upon a dry soil, or so constructed as to be free 
 from damps. 
 
 The dairy is always a pleasing object : the situation in which 
 it should be placed is, therefore, worthy of consideration, as far 
 as it relates to ornamental effect. As it is an office of domestic 
 use, it should be near to other offices of a similar nature, and 
 should not obtrude itself into the plantations, but rather appear 
 to be screened from observation, or as retiring from that embel- 
 lished scenery, of which it merits to form a part, but to which 
 it asserts no claim. 
 
 The dairy may be thatched with reeds; and in this design the 
 projecting roof protects it from the sun. It should always be 
 well sheltered, and placed where its use will not be injured by 
 the extremes of temperature ; but it ought not to be too closely 
 surrounded by trees and shrubs, as many of them impart a 
 flavour to milk, and the fermentation of decaying leaves is most 
 detrimental to it : and although wood and trees afford shade and 
 break the violence of the winds, and after rain, or snow, they 
 produce cold, from the evaporation which takes place on the 
 leaves ; yet the moisture is often impregnated with injurious 
 matter. It has been said, that the best trees for shelter are 
 spruce firs, which, from the resinous quality, as well as the linear 
 form of their leaves, do not retain much moisture : hence, when 
 it rains on them, the water falls to the ground, and sinks into the 
 surface soil, consequently little evaporation takes place ; and 
 perhaps from this may be deduced the chief reason why the 
 spruce delights in a moist soil. Very pleasing combinations 
 may be formed at the back of the dairy, by means of the cow- 
 houses, pheasantry, poultry-houses, apiary, and pigeon-house, 
 
 m 2 
 
92 
 
 A DAIRY. 
 
 connected with a small grass paddock, and shrubs tastefully 
 arranged. 
 
 The dairy is usually built on a damp spot of ground, is often 
 a vault or apartment under ground ; and in all cases the foun- 
 dation and soil on which it is placed is made damp by the water 
 that is used in them, and not sufficiently drained away. All this 
 is done or permitted erroneously ; for the vapours caused by the 
 stagnant damps, as they may properly be termed, contain the 
 principles of fermentation, and consequently of corruption. It 
 should be built on the driest soil possible, and the extraneous 
 water speedily be conveyed away by proper drains : then, and 
 then only, that free use of fresh water can be safely permitted, 
 from which a desirable coolness is always imparted : the import- 
 ance of this observation towards the perfection of the dairy, 
 will be an apology for its repetition. 
 
FISHING LODGE, 
 
 93 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 A PISHING LODGE. 
 
 THIS building is planned for the convenience of small parties 
 engaged in the amusement of angling, and other sports of the 
 water, where accommodation cannot be obtained in its neigh- 
 bourhood. The cottage would also afford that temporary 
 retirement, which so often becomes delightful from the difficulty 
 there is to ensure it amidst the gay and bustling scenes of social 
 or fashionable intercourse. The neighbourhood of the Lakes, 
 the margin of some river, or an island, would afford a proper 
 situation for this building ; and should it be placed near other 
 property belonging to its possessor, the kitchen and a sleeping- 
 room might be the permanent residence of the woodman, the 
 shepherd, or other married servant of the estate, whose wife 
 would keep it ready at all times for the purposed occupancy : it 
 would consist of a parlour, a kitchen, a room for the fishing 
 apparatus, two closets, a staircase ; and above, of two bed- 
 rooms and a store-closet. Should it be desired as an ornamental 
 cottage merely, the room for the tackle would supply convenience 
 for the larder, wine and beer-cellars ; and, if properly situated, 
 the design would become an useful embellishment to extensive 
 grounds. 
 
 The front is ornamented by pilasters, and the sides by veran- 
 dahs, formed by the projections of the roof. 
 
 This dwelling may be executed in stone, brick covered with 
 stucco, or wood-framing and brick-work mixed, the framing 
 being filled up with brick-nogging, and the surface of the 
 timbers covered by tiles, which, if the brick-work is allowed to 
 project an inch before the timbers, makes a good foundation for 
 
94 
 
 FISHING LODGE. 
 
 stucco. This composition may be made of Roman cement, 
 unless where lathing is used, and then it may be covered by 
 any of those stuccoes that are chiefly composed of lime and 
 sand, provided the tops of the wails are well protected from 
 wet. In this case the Roman cement is not applicable ; it needs 
 a firmer ground-work than lathing affords to it, and it very soon 
 cracks and becomes disengaged from the tie it at first received 
 by means of the interstices between the laths. The Roman 
 cement, when used upon brick-work, forms a durable compo- 
 sition : it is prepared from a stone not uncommon in several 
 parts of the kingdom, but not usually found in quantities 
 sufficient for the consumption of a building. This is calcined 
 and reduced to a fine powder ; it is then mixed, in small quan- 
 tities at a time, with clean sharp sand and water ; and it requires 
 some dexterity to work, as it sets, as it is technically termed, in 
 a way similar to plaster of Paris. A notion has obtained very 
 generally amongst country working people, whether masons, 
 bricklayers, or plasterers, that the Roman cement may be very 
 properly and usefully mixed with lime, for stucco, or with mortar 
 for common purposes ; and lime is frequently added by them to 
 the cement, to make it f<r go farther that is, to make a 
 certain quantity at a less expense than if cement and sand only 
 were used. These practices are fatal to the intention ; the 
 cement is destroyed by any mixture of lime, and when used 
 with it for a stucco, it will remain on the walls but a very short 
 time. 
 
 If compositions or stuccoes are formed with good stone lime 
 and clean sharp sand in several degrees of granulation, mixed 
 with a small quantity of water, and well beaten together, 
 instead of using a large quantity of water to save this labour, a 
 very excellent stucco is produced, of a near resemblance to 
 Portland stone, which is a compound of a due proportion of 
 carbonate of lime, silex, and alumirie. The stucco should be 
 
FISHING LODGE. 
 
 95 
 
 made as long as convenient before it is used, and time will give 
 it considerable hardness, provided it is well covered by copings 
 on the tops of the walls. 
 
 In this design, as in several others in the series, a portion of the 
 building is covered by lead, and entered upon from the chamber 
 floor, by folding casements or glass doors. In the execution of 
 such works, great care is necessary to be taken, that a very usual 
 inconvenience does not occur from the external wet, which will 
 often make its way into the house, at the spot in which the flat 
 terminates at the window ; and there are several causes for this 
 circumstance, all arising from the means taken to finish the lead 
 at the apperture ; none of which w r ould exist if the lead works 
 were completed before the sash-frame was put into its place, and 
 so formed as to be a trough like receptacle for the cill afterwards 
 to be placed within it, allowing the trough to be ample enough 
 to receive any water that may overflow the cill, or run down the 
 glass on the inside of the apartment, caused by a condensation 
 of the vapours which sometimes takes place in the chambers. — 
 From both these causes it happens, not un frequently, that large 
 quantities of water pass through the floors and injure the ceilings 
 beneath, when it is supposed that the lead is itself imperfect on 
 the outside of the building ; consequently much time is lost in 
 useless search, and the evil left without a remedy. 
 
 The injury sustained by the appearances of wet or damps, is 
 not all the consequence of the very common error in this part 
 of a building, for it has very often occurred that the breastsum- 
 mer or beam that is the support of the wall over bay-windows 
 or similar projections, becomes rapidly decayed by the frequent 
 admission of w ater, and the dry-rot has often here taken place, 
 so as to destroy the timber in a very short time, causing an in- 
 calculable expense to restore the parts necessarily damaged 
 in its removal. 
 
96 
 
 FISHING LODGE. 
 
 Such lead flats should be laid with greater currents than 
 is usual, and then should invariably be from the house, for 
 if towards it — the water readily enters at the little cracks which 
 commonly take place at the spot most used, and which of 
 course is at the entrance of the apartment. 
 
 In the present design, cellars have not been provided, but if 
 situation would permit a sufficient depth for them, without a lia- 
 bility to damp, they might be approached by a continuation of 
 the staircase described in the plan. 
 
ICE HOUSE. 
 
 97 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 AN ICE HOUSE, 
 
 DESIGNED AS AN ORNAMENTAL BUILDING. 
 
 A command of heat and cold is so valuable towards a full 
 possession of the innocent enjoyments of life, that the cultivation 
 of them as luxuries might be expected in a degree much greater 
 than we find them even among the affluent, or those most studi- 
 ous of health or comfort. Baths, that in other countries, and 
 from early times, have been considered as essential parts of 
 healthful economy, are not in common nor in frequent use with 
 us, being resorted to merely as restoratives to health, rather than 
 as preventions of disease, or as the means of occasional refresh- 
 ment ; and this is the more extraordinary, as our country is sub- 
 ject to such variations of temperature, that the warm and cold 
 baths, if used properly, must become delightful resources and 
 means towards correcting the injuries incident to such rapid 
 changes and such extremes of change as frequently occur with us, 
 and which are attended with no little violence to our constitu- 
 tions. We possess also the means of preserving a certain degree 
 of cold, and though it does not afford benefits parallel with the 
 importance of those we obtain by a command of the more active 
 element, fire, yet it is worth an extent of cultivation that it has 
 never obtained with us : for in this country there are but few 
 conservatories of ice, except in the metropolis, from which the 
 public can be supplied ; and the few that are possessed by noble- 
 men and others of fortune, are not sufficiently spacious, nor suf- 
 ficiently used, to give the advantages they are otherwise capable 
 of affording. 
 
 Beyond the common uses of assisting in the department of the 
 
 N 
 
98 ICE HOUSE. 
 
 confection er, the ice-house forms an excellent larder for the pre- 
 servation of every kind of food that is liable to be injured by 
 heat in summer ; thus fish, game, poultry, butter, &c., may be 
 kept for a considerable time : indeed, in London they are used 
 for such purposes by persons who deal largely in either fish or 
 venison ; and for the table, where coolness is desirable, the use 
 of ice in summer is a great luxury. 
 
 By the proper introduction of ice into apartments in close and 
 sultry days, streams of cool and refreshing air are produced that 
 no other means can obtain ; for the air that is cooled^by the ice 
 beino- ur°-ed forward by the warm air, continued currents are 
 created, that prove as salutary as agreeable. 
 
 The preservation of ice is by no means difficult ; coolness, dry- 
 ness, and a confinement from external air, are all that are le- 
 quired ; and in some warm countries, and in Italy particularly, 
 great use is made of chaff towards the preservation of ice. The 
 ice-house for this purpose is then only a deep hole dug in the 
 ground on the side of a hill, from the bottom of which a drain is 
 made to let out the water that is occasioned by the partial melting 
 of the ice. If the ground is tolerably dry, they do not line the 
 sides with any thing, but fill the pit with pure snow, or with ice 
 taken from the purest and clearest water ; because they do not, 
 as is customary with us, set the bottles in the ice, but really mix 
 it with the wine itself. They first cover the bottom of the hole 
 with chaff, and then lay in the ice, not letting it any where touch 
 the sides, but ramming in a large bed of cliafl all the way between ; 
 thus they carry on the filling to the top, and then cover the sur- 
 face with chaff, making a further covering of thatch to preserve 
 it from the weather, and in this manner it will keep as long as 
 they please : when they take any out of it for use, they wrap the 
 lump up in chaff, and it may then be carried to a considerable 
 distance without waste or running. The best situation for the 
 
ICE HOUSE. 
 
 99 
 
 ice-house is the side of a hill, and the best soil is chalk or gra- 
 vel; its aspect should be to the south-east if possible, as the 
 damps which collect in the porches are more pernicious than 
 warmth, and the morning sun will expel them. 
 
 The design contained in the annexed plate is for an ice-house, 
 calculated for an embellishment to the grounds of a nobleman, 
 and contains in its plan and section all the requisites to the con- 
 struction of an ice-well. It shews the double wall for drainage 
 of surrounding water or damps ; the porches a and b to exclude 
 the external air ; the air-traps and drain c c, to carry off the 
 meltings of the ice, and to prevent the passage of air up the 
 drain, which would prove fatal to the purpose; and d repre- 
 sents the mouth of the drain terminating in a pond, to which 
 an iron grating should be affixed, to prevent the ingress of rats 
 and other vermin, that frequently destroy an ice- well without 
 exhibiting the cause which admits a concealed passage of air 
 into the cell, or chief apartment of the building. 
 
 Small ice wells may be executed at a very moderate ex- 
 pense, provided the means of drainage is easily obtained ; in 
 London residences, on this account, they would be formed 
 without difficulty in the vaults, without much additional 
 excavation, and here they would probably be more used, 
 but that the impression which prevails as to the enormous 
 expense attending the formation of an ice well in London, 
 has prevented it — this impression has arisen from the wells 
 made for confectioners, which, from the demands of their 
 trade, are necessarily very spacious, and the formation pro- 
 portionably expensive; for such large buildings, amidst the 
 various impediments and obstructions, opposed by the pave- 
 ments, vaults, water-pipes, common-sewers, and contiguous 
 buildings, must amount to a large sum ; and in several cases. 
 
100 
 
 ICE HOUSE. 
 
 where the site and other circumstances have been unfavour- 
 able, the expense of one of these depositories of ice, have 
 been almost incredible. 
 
 In the country these difficulties do not occur, and beside 
 the luxuries which the various use of ice affords, the building 
 to preserve it, may there be made usefully ornamental. 
 
GARDEN SEATS. 
 
 101 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 GARDEN SEATS, 
 
 DESIGNED AS EMBELLISHMENTS TO THE LAWN OR SHRUBBERY. 
 
 WHEN the style that prevailed in gardening seemed to de- 
 pend on geometric skill, and the walks, the shrubs, and the 
 parterres were disposed with all the formal accuracy of the line 
 and compass, it was considered that stone terraces, ballustrades, 
 fa5ades, and temples, were very suitable embellishments to such 
 scenery ; they were profusely employed to decorate every garden 
 that professed the least pretension to tasteful cultivation, and they 
 certainly formed the chief attraction in them. Much of this fashion 
 being abandoned for one in which the mason only was less em- 
 ployed, and where the gardener yet pursued his linear and sym- 
 metrical notions of grace and elegance ; vases and groupes of 
 figures, in fantastical shapes, were occasionally introduced for 
 “ eye-traps,” as they were called, and continued to promote the 
 encouragement of our lead-mines, if not of true taste, until the 
 simple, yet varied, beauties of rural nature obtained their well- 
 merited imitation. The business of the landscape-gardener was 
 now to disencumber the ground of such objects, and to give 
 strong effect to particular points of view composed of distant 
 scenery, which led to the present greatly improved and highly 
 esteemed practice of landscape gardening : which, however 
 beautiful, is yet perhaps a little unfurnished,” if the term may 
 so be used ; and partakes, therefore, too much of the bare and 
 bald that has long been complained of as prevailing in all the 
 constituent parts of our residences. Rustic seats, bowers, root- 
 houses, heath-houses, and such small buildings, now, though 
 certainly very sparingly, decorate our gardens, when propriety 
 would admit something in substitution for them, more correspond- 
 
 
102 
 
 GARDEN SEATS. 
 
 ing with the character of the place and of the scene, and more 
 analogous to classic art. Entertaining this opinion, but falling 
 in with the general practice, the designs of garden-seats is pre- 
 sented to our readers, as claiming a share of novelty, that perhaps 
 may be allowed to them, both on account of the designs them- 
 selves, and the peculiarity of their construction. The form of 
 the upper design is an imitation of those buildings in India that 
 were frequently erected for monumental or devotional purposes, 
 and very nearly resemble an umbrella : the stem and beams of it 
 are intended to be made of light work in iron, and the roof filled 
 in with copper sheeting. The stem being fastened tirmly into 
 the ground, the wind would have very little effect upon it, parti- 
 cularly as it would possess a certain degree of flexibility ; and 
 with very little trouble the whole might be removed from one spot 
 to another, and there fixed as in the first instance. The design 
 beneath this is of the marquee character, and the covering is 
 supposed to be of such cloth as is generally used for them, the 
 devices being either woven in the cloth itself, or painted upon 
 it. This is supported upon an iron framing, from which it is 
 farther extended by cords. By preparing sockets in several parts 
 of the grounds, so fitted to the stem or the upright as to receive 
 it, the whole might be removed and fixed in a few minutes ; and 
 in winter it could be put away, as the ribs of the top might be 
 prepared to fold into a small compass, and the covering packed 
 up as is usual with officers’ tents. 
 
Tubf-at 'R-AlK/HCMAXYS REPOSTIOKYofjlfifS, im.S trand. london \ JunMi&ld . 
 
A VERANDAH. 
 
 103 
 
 PLATE XXYI. 
 
 A VERANDAH, 
 
 SUITABLE TO TOWN RESIDENCES. 
 
 THE engraving which accompanies this article, represents a 
 verandah adapted to a balcony, as an useful and ornamental ap- 
 pendage to a London dwelling. No decorations have so success- 
 fully varied the dull sameness of modern structures in the metro- 
 polis, as the verandah, the lengthened window, and the balcony ; 
 they have produced an intrinsic elegance, and have done much to 
 overcome the architectural prejudice supported in this country, 
 which very unphilosophically adopts the proportion of windows 
 applicable to a clear and warm climate, in one not quite so 
 liable to the effects of light and heat. 
 
 The verandah would long ago have taken a substantial and 
 architectural character, but that an act of parliament is more 
 than impliedly fatal to the erection of them in streets and squares ; 
 but the magistrates, and indeed the surveyors of the districts, with 
 much good sense, have hitherto permitted them to be projected 
 in the light manner in which this design bespeaks them to be 
 executed. They are sometimes made of metal in this character, 
 and it would be incongruous to give them a more solid appear- 
 ance, where a seemingly adequate support could not be erected 
 from beneath. It is not improbable, that at some future day 
 the verandah and piazza will form a considerable architectural 
 beauty in this metropolis, and that they will be constructed in a 
 way suitable to the nature of our climate. 
 
 No colour is so proper for this sort of verandah as the bronze, 
 as it assumes a substantial, though light appearance ; every other 
 
104 
 
 A VERANDAH. 
 
 colour bespeaks it of wooden construction, and is offensive to the 
 eye of taste. The verandah is of Eastern and of very ancient 
 origin. 
 
 Whether the verandah be formed chiefly of wood or iron, 
 its smaller ornamental parts, such as frets, scrolls, or golosses, 
 may be made of lead, with great advantage, and at a small ex- 
 pense ; not by casting it into those forms, but simply by cutting 
 it out of thick sheet lead, and applying it by nails or rivets. — 
 This method of executing similar ornaments, will be found very 
 expeditious, useful, and of general application. 
 
A domestic chapel. 
 
 105 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 A DOMESTIC CHAPEL. 
 
 THIS small Gothic building is designed to be erected in the 
 park of a nobleman whose mansion is in the same style of archi- 
 tecture, and whose family are too far distant from the parish 
 church to ensure regular attendances at divine worship. 
 
 Every nobleman who respects the advantages resulting from 
 piety and order,, and weighs well the influence of example,, and 
 public testimonies of respect for religion upon the manners and 
 conduct of society, will be ready to afford a similar means for 
 divine service, when other opportunities are absent; for it is 
 alike his duty to the Almighty, and his dependants, to provide 
 this source of instruction, comfort, and consolation : — to which 
 the rich and the poor are equally directed by the founder of our 
 religion, and to which the privilege and claim of the poorest 
 man, is not lessened by an inferiority of wealth or birth. — 
 In the service of the church all stations are equalized ; the 
 same font is the threshold of divine favour to the infant of the 
 meanest as of the highest rank ; at the same altar the pledges of 
 mutual affection are exchanged by the poor and by the rich ; 
 and here, without distinction, they kneel and offer up to Heaven, 
 in equal communion, that purity of heart which is its only ac- 
 ceptable tribute ; and when the grave is prepared to receive its 
 alike regarded tenants, the same service consigns them to the 
 dust. 
 
 The plan represents the arrangement of the pews and seats, 
 the pulpit, reading and clerk’s desks. A is the principal pew ; 
 B the steward’s pew, or for the servants of the second table ; the 
 
 o 
 
106 
 
 A DOMESTIC CHAPEL. 
 
 seats are for the other domestics and the agricultural servants 
 upon the estate. C is the pulpit, D the reading-desk, and E the 
 situation for the clerk. It will be observed that the principal 
 pew is elevated and approached by several steps, and is separa- 
 ted by a small passage from the steward’s pew, which is also ele- 
 vated, but in a less degree ; and the seats are upon the floor of 
 the chapel. 
 
 This building might be erected in stone or brick, the latter 
 being covered with cement or stucco, and the inside finished with 
 oak. If this were done with taste, and the windows decorated 
 with stained glass, it would form a very interesting edifice, and 
 be highly decorative to the property. 
 
 THE END. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A DA M, Mr. 79 
 
 Additions to Buildings 53 
 
 Anti-Corrosive Paint 21 
 
 Apartments , Furnishing of 51 
 
 Approach 83 
 
 Architecture , Gothic 46 
 
 Architecture , Orders of 16 
 
 Aspects of Houses 27, 54 
 
 Bailiff's Cottage 21 
 
 Baths 21 
 
 Bay Windows 66 
 
 Beams 66 
 
 Belts 67 
 
 Brown , Mr. 67 
 
 Buckingham , Duke of 41 
 
 Building , Styles of 18 
 
 Cambridge 48 
 
 Cathedral , 33 
 
 Castle , Architecture 33 
 
 Cement , Roman 94 
 
 Chambers , »SVr William 17 
 
 Charcoal 72 5 86 
 
 Chimnies and Shafts 24, 43 
 
 Churches 26, 46, 105 
 
 Clergyman , Residence of a 45 
 
 Clumps 67 
 
 Cob-Walls 15 
 
 Composition , forming Gutters 35 
 
 Conservatory 85 
 
 Constantine 46 
 
 Contrasts 62 
 
 35, 58 
 
 Cottages , Labourer's 9 
 
 Cottage Orne , Description of 31, 34, 49 
 
 • Irregular Plans of 53 
 
 Decoration of 50 
 
 Crcc/w 66, 96 
 
 O 
 
 Cross, The 
 
 40 
 
 Dairy 
 
 89 
 
 Damps 10, 
 
 11, 65, 92, 95 
 
 Decoration 26, 50, 
 
 51, 64, 70, 75 
 
 Domestic Chapel 
 
 105 
 
 Offices 
 
 73 
 
 Double Wall 
 
 90, 99 
 
 Ditto Roof 
 
 90 
 
 Drains and Drainage 
 
 11, 27 
 
 Dry Rot 
 
 11, 66, 95 
 
 Eaves and Gutters 
 
 19, 57, 58 
 
 Edward the Confessor 
 
 47 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 48 
 
 Employment of Young 
 
 Artificers 44 
 
 English Architecture 
 
 34, 46, 73 
 
 Farm-House 
 
 41 
 
 Fences 
 
 82 
 
 Filtration 
 
 71, 72 
 
 Fire-Places 
 
 24 
 
 Foot Paths 
 
 84 
 
 Franklin , Dr. 
 
 24 
 
 Fuel 
 
 24 
 
 Garden Seats 
 
 101 
 
 Gardener's Cottage 
 
 12, 13 
 
 Gothic Architecture 
 
 46, 47 
 
 Decline of 48 
 
 Forms 30 
 
 Green-House 
 
 85 
 
 Grecian Architecture 
 
 34 
 
 Forms 
 
 30 
 
 Grounds , Cottage 
 
 32 
 
 Grounds , Observations 1 
 
 on 57, 58, 65 
 
 Gutters 
 
 35, 38, 57, 58 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 48 
 
 Hollow Walls 
 
 90 
 
 House , Situations for a 
 
 29 
 
 Ice-House 
 
 97 
 
 2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ice , Use and Preservation of 
 
 
 98 
 
 Roman , Style 
 
 47 
 
 Jets d'eau 
 
 87, 
 
 90 
 
 Roman Cement 
 
 94 
 
 Impressions , First 
 
 
 77 
 
 Romantic 
 
 33 
 
 Inclined Plane 
 
 
 60 
 
 Romford , Count 
 
 24 
 
 Iron 
 
 
 79 
 
 Roofing 
 
 36, 90 
 
 Irregular Buildings 
 
 
 53 
 
 Rough-Cast 
 
 13 
 
 Labourers , Employment of time 
 
 
 22 
 
 Rust 
 
 79 
 
 Lakes , Cottage near the 
 
 
 49 
 
 Scenenj , Romantic 
 
 33 
 
 Lead Ornaments 
 
 104 
 
 Site of House 
 
 29, 54 
 
 Lead and Lead Flats 35, 38, 
 
 57, 
 
 96 
 
 Slating , Artiffcial 
 
 36 
 
 Light , subdued 
 
 
 34 
 
 Soil , Dryness of 
 
 27 
 
 Lodges 16, 
 
 77, 
 
 81 
 
 Stalactites — Stucco 
 
 14 
 
 Lorraine , Claud 
 
 
 69 
 
 Steam , Apparatus 
 
 87 
 
 Malta 
 
 
 37 
 
 Stems of Trees 
 
 59 
 
 Materials for Cottages 
 
 
 14 
 
 Stoves , Green-House 
 
 87 
 
 Offices , Situations of 
 
 
 73 
 
 Straw Thatch 
 
 19 
 
 Old Buildings , Additions to 
 
 
 53 
 
 Stucco 
 
 94, 95 
 
 Orders of Architecture 
 
 
 16 
 
 Styles , Castle and Cathedral 
 
 33, 46 
 
 Origin of Buildings 
 
 
 17 
 
 Style , Cottage 
 
 41 
 
 Orne , Cottages , Styles of 
 
 
 25 
 
 Systematic Art , Revival of 
 
 47 
 
 Oxford 
 
 
 48 
 
 Tanks 
 
 71 
 
 Paint 
 
 
 21 
 
 Tessera 
 
 12 
 
 Paretta 
 
 
 14 
 
 Thatch , Reeds and Strata 
 
 13, 19 
 
 Park Scenery 
 
 
 66 
 
 Timber , Growing 
 
 63 
 
 Entrance and Enclosure 
 
 81, 
 
 82 
 
 Trees 27, 59, 63, 
 
 64, 67 
 
 Parsonage 
 
 
 37 
 
 /om a Scale 
 
 30 
 
 Passages 
 
 
 54 
 
 Venetian Well 
 
 71 
 
 Paths 
 
 
 84 
 
 Verandah 
 
 103 
 
 Pebbles 
 
 14, 
 
 16 
 
 Vicarage-IIouse 
 
 37, 45 
 
 Pise 
 
 
 15 
 
 Villa 
 
 26, 73 
 
 Plants , Green-House 
 
 
 86 
 
 Walls — Co55 
 
 15 
 
 Plants and Trees , Colours of 
 
 
 64 
 
 Warwick Castle 
 
 62 
 
 Planting , Effects of 
 
 
 67 
 
 Water 27, 54, 
 
 55, 71 
 
 Pope , Mr. 
 
 
 41 
 
 Overjlotd from Flats 
 
 38, 95 
 
 Water 
 
 
 71 
 
 Wells 
 
 71 
 
 Reed Thatching 
 
 13, 
 
 19 
 
 William , Rie EVr^^ 
 
 47 
 
 Reformation , T'Ae 
 
 
 48 
 
 Windows , Improvement of , pre- 
 
 Residence 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 39, 40 
 
 Repton , Mr. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Wright , Sir James 
 
 36 
 
 Ridges 
 
 
 19 
 
 Wyatt , Mr. James 
 
 46 
 
 Roads 
 
 
 83 
 
 Zinc 
 
 35, 58 
 
 5 
 
INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 1 FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 2 FOUR COTTAGES FOR LABOURERS, adapted to Park Scenery. 
 
 3 A COTTAGE, adapted to Garden Scenery, or as an Entrance Lodge. 
 
 4 A STEWARD’S COTTAGE, adapted to Park or Garden Scenery. 
 
 5 A BAILIFF’S COTTAGE, designed as an ornamental Building in 
 
 Park Scenery. 
 
 6 A COTTAGE ORNE', designed to combine with Garden Scenery. 
 
 7 A COTTAGE ORNE', adapted to receive trained Foliages. 
 
 8 A COTTAGE ORNE', adapted to Romantic Scenery. 
 
 9 A GOTHIC COTTAGE, designed for a Vicarage or Farm-House. 
 
 10 A FARM-HOUSE OR ORNAMENTAL COTTAGE, designed to 
 
 assimilate with Home Scenery. 
 
 11 A VICARAGE-HOUSE, in correspondence with the Architecture of 
 
 the neighbouring Church. 
 
 12 A COTTAGE ORNE', designed for the neighbourhood of the Lakes. 
 
 13 A COTTAGE ORNE', designed for an exposed and elevated Situation. 
 
 14 A COTTAGE ORNE', designed for Garden Scenery, and Grounds 
 
 of undulating Forms. 
 
 15 A VILLA, designed as a Residence for a small Family. 
 
 16 A VILLA, adapted to Park Scenery. 
 
 17 A VILLA, designed as the Residence of an Artist. 
 
 18 A VILLA, exemplifying the proper situations for Domestic Offices. 
 
 19 A LODGE, designed as an Entrance to an Estate. 
 
 20 A PARK ENTRANCE, adapted to the Residence of a Nobleman. 
 
 21 A GOTHIC CONSERVATORY, designed to be connected with the 
 
 Mansion. 
 
 22 A DAIRY, intended to be situated so as to form an Ornament to the 
 
 Shrubberies. 
 
 23 A FISHING LODGE. 
 
 24 AN ICE HOUSE, designed as an ornamental Building. 
 
 25 GARDEN SEATS, designed as Embellishments to the Lawn or 
 
 Shrubbery. 
 
 26 A VERANDAH, suitable to Town Residences. 
 
 27 A DOMESTIC CHAPEL. 
 
Printed by J. Diggens, St. Ann’s Lane, London. 
 
© IB CD 8 IP H © 5£' W Sfo 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 JOHNNY QILE GENUS 
 
 THE 
 
 LIT TLE FO UNDLING 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 DOCTOR SYNTAX, 
 a ^3ocm, 
 
 IN EIGHT MONTHLY NUMBERS. 
 
 No. t. was published on the 1st of August, and is continued 
 Monthly. — Price 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 Each Part contains Three Coloured Engravings , by 
 
 T. ROWLANDSON, Esq. 
 
 and Thirty-two Pages of Letter Press, by 
 
 THE AUTHOR OP THE 
 
 THREE TOURS of DOCTOR SYNTAX 
 
 In Search of the Picturesque — of Consolation 
 and of a Wife. — 
 
 The Dance of Death — and Dance of Life. 
 
 THE History of Doctor Syntax, in which the Public has been 
 pleased to take such uncommon Interest is, at length, brought to a close \ 
 nor is it found, that he left any of his family or name to continue that In- 
 terest, or perpetuate in any form or shape, the Eccentricities that marked 
 his actions, and gave a peculiarity to the Virtues that distinguished his Life ; 
 but Little Johnny, who was presented to him, by the hand of chance 
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 It is indeed such a one, as, from its singular circumstances and striking 
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 offered to his native Country. 
 
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 endeavours to please in the Life of Doctor Syntax, will not, it is hoped, 
 altogether fail in this Volume, which is offered to the same protecting re- 
 gard of the Public, as the late Doctor Syntax bestowed on the Hero of it. 
 
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